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THE NEW YORK I
PUBUC LIBRARY
141029
ASTOK. LENOX AND
TILOEN FOUNOATlONt
1900
^tmtm4 at Suiioo«r's Hall. London, tmgtmmd
f^yright^d, Washlnetoo. U.S.A.,
BY
WiLUAM Mill BuTLeir.
1898.
Ai: richts
• •
• •. • •
• • • ••• <
k •
•-,•••
• • • • I
• • •
. • • ••
• •• • •• <
• • •
•• •• •
• • ■ ••
- •-. • •
«• • • • «• •
• • • •! •
•••• •*••
• : :
• • ■ • •
• • • • •
*•• •• •
• • • •
« • • •
• • • • •
• • * • • «
• • • ••• ••••
• •
THE
WHIST REFERENCE BOOK
SI
K^^ISI^ ^
IhKjttt^iM^^fcM (t* •iM
^Rb
^
!':
» •
4«
YC IJOYALL f?CCa>CICH»N."
■•M, WW— P t<»MWCt r.ia TMI4 WON*
Uppom ft grtt€ Wbiiia Rif'rtncg ^Hook*.
"Sov, tBjjf/g," qttoib h4 "/«/ aJi jt plavff^
\%'* mtet im bMlail* my ibgir prajerti ' "
It^btrtai jt $olemm Kumvtt kowt low ;
Amd qnoib yt \^U4m4, " Aye, truly to '. "
*• *l 4m^ •■ 11 ■ •»- ■ • ^i .1 • •>r I ■. *
• -
t r
4<
YC fX>YALL r?CCa>CICM.fN."
>'« /uv 'rf*/ (^MM ^'<4 'pltunuct looke
Upptm ft gf*U H^'bitit Re/'rtnc* 'Bookt.
"Sov, vtffft^** qiioih h4 " l€i all jt plaint ^.
W% mtet Iff halJnU %ay Ihtir prajcres ' "
It'^bertaS ft toltmn Kmsvts bowt low ;
And qmotb jrt Qiumt, " Af*, trutf so ! "
.ii'K>>ri^'-'.? »/.v'.-/ '/
-IT »--»«^^ ■•
^\
\
t .• .M
THE
^HIST REFERENCE BOOK
. . . . Wherein Information is presented
ynceming the NOBLE GAME, in all its
specis, after the Manner of
CYCLOPEDIA, DICTIONARY, AND
DIGEST
ALL COMBINED IN ONP:
BY
WILLIAM MILL BUTLER
ILLtfSTRATED
HILADELPHIA: . . PRINTED AND PUB-
ISHED BY THE JOHN C. YORSTON
UBLISHING COMPANY. . MDCCCXCIX.
iii
ir DBDICATION
womra especially have it in their power to maintain ita purity mm
attractivencaA. To them we look to keep it, as it now is, a game for tbi
home circle, an educating influence, as well as an amusement.
*' In view of these facts, it would give me much pleasure to dedicat
my forthcoming work, * The Whist Reference Book,* to the two Leagues
Permit me to ask you, as the presidents of your respective organizations
whether such de<lication would l)c pleasing and acceptable?"
The answers received are herewith reproduced by permission :
Philsdclphia, Ps.. December 7.
Ms. WiLUAM Mill BuTLsa.
fJear .Sir .-
Allow me, in behalf of the Wonmii'i Whist Lcagve, to thmnk yoa for t hi
proffered drdication of your maicntficent work. It U • Tery Krrat cumpUment
and appreciated and accepted in the npirit in which It it offered. Every woman coa
nected with our organiiation will heartily afree with the aentimentt ezprrawd ooa
cerninK the Kame. A^ain thanking you cordially for the courtesy, and wiahinf yo«
every possible mcccaa. I am.
Very truly youra,
KMMA D. ASVDSBWSk
1 1 19 Spracc Street Prenident Woman* • Whiit League
American Whi^t league,
office of the I*rcM«lrnt,
Detroit, Mich.. December m2
Ms. WiLUAM Mill Bctlss,
/Vu» .Sir
It bronmc* my duty and very great pleasure to acknowle«!ge. on behalf o(
the American Whi«t Leaicue. the grrat compliment paid the I^eague in harini
deilicated t-i it >-our «plendiil work I take y«mr kindly act an rrcognitmn nf the succr«(i
nf thr I^raeur in purifying and t>"puUrixing. a« u mran* of r«Iut-:ktli>n and ■« an iulel
le«-tual {Mittime, the n'i*.|rsl of indoi>r g.imrs. llavinK dcvtlnpeil. »incT the organisa
ti >n of the I^Ai(tir from a mrtr ijamr iiitu a •t-icnce. it i* in *»c bin**"! that whi*t. a« it
l» a great ili^icipliner of niiu'l* •• well a« a true te*l of mrntAl »kill. may w«»n bf
nnlTer«al1)r reci>gnifrd a* thr mcMi popular American game. A% an instrument tc
this end I am tare your work will t« welcomeil by every lover of whut.
Your* sincerely.
HiifST A. Mamdbll.
Prtiftdcat Aacfteso Whist Lcagvc
A
^ h
;. L .'
■ 1 '*'-' i ►'■ V
Lord Folkestone*
From the family portrait in possession of
the Countess of Radnor ; now published for
the first time. He was the first to en-
courage the systematic study of whist.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
•• Yb Royaix Rkcepcioun" {Printed in Colors) Frontispiece
Te King and Quene with plesaunce looke
Uppon ye fpc^it Whiste Ref 'rence Booke.
"Now, W3rffc," quoth he, ** let all ye playeres
We meet in bataile say their prayeres ! "
Whereat ye solemn Knaves bo we low ;
And quoth ye Quene, " Aye, truly so f "
( Chaucer Redivivus. )
Reproduced from the original picture by Maxfield Parrish,
designed expressly for this work.
Portrait of Lord Polkbstonb Pacing Preface
He was the first to encourage the systematic study of whist,
in 1736. From the family portrait in possession of the Countess
of Radnor ; now published for the first time.
Modern Masters of Whist Pacing page 44
Portraits of *' Cayendish," James Clay, William Pole, A. W.
Drayson, and Richard A. Proctor.
Leaders of the " Cavendish '' School in America, Facing page 88
Portraits of Nicholas Browse Trist, Fisher Ames, C. D. P.
Hamilton, Charles E. Coffin, and Cassius M. Paine.
Opponknts of the ** Cavendish** School Facing page 132
Portraits of R. P. Foster, " Mogul," Charles Mossop, " Pem-
bridge," and B. C. Howell.
PRBSIDBNTS OF THE AMERICAN WHIST LEAGUE . . Facing page 1 76
Portraits of Bugene S. Elliott, John M. Walton. Theodore
Schwars, Walter H. Barney, and H. A. Mandell.
OF Whist Facing page 230
Portraits of Miss Kate Wheelock, Mrs. M. S. Jenks, Miss
Bessie B. Allen, Mrs. S. C. H. Buell, and Miss Gertrude B.
C3app.
xii LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS
Whist ANAtvsrs Facing ptgc 964
PortrmiU of W. H. WhUfeld, John H. Briggs, George L. Bnnn,
Chmrles M. Clay, and Bond Stow.
Teachers op Whist Pacing page 506
FortraiU of Mm. T. H. Andrewn. Mrs. Lillian C. Noel. Mrs.
William Henry Newbold, Mrs. George de Benneville Keim,
and MiM Frances S. Dallam.
Advocates op American Leads with Modifica-
tions Facing page 553
rortraits of Milton C. Work, George W. Pettea, John T.
Mitchell, Charles S. Street, aud P. J. Tormey.
Women Who Write About Whist Pacing page 396
PortraiU of Mrs. Henry K. Wallace. Mrs. Mary d'InvUliers
Levick. Mrs. Klixabeth Wager-Smith. Mrs. P. H. Atwater, and
Miss Annie Blanche Shelby.
Teachers of Whist Pacing page 440
PortraiU of William S. Penollosa, Klwood T. Baker, Charles
R. Keiley, P. H. Otis, and c;eorge B. Duggan.
The Famous Hamilton Team Pacing page 484
Milton C Work. Gustavus Remak. Jr.. B. A. Ballard, and
Prank P. MogridKc. winners uf the first A. W. L. Challenge
Trophy, for which thry scored twenty victories, being thus
entitled to its permanent possession.
The Champions of 1897 Pacing page 528
Joftcph S. NeflT. K- Stanley Hart. Leoni Melick, W. T. G.
Bristol, and T. A. Whrlan. who acte<l as nubstitute during the
illness of one of the i>Iayers. This tenm. from the Philadelphia
Whist Club, won the Hamilton Trophy at Put-in-Bay, in
thirteen matches, without suffering a single defeat.
I
▼i PREFACE
to-day the whist-player who wishes to be thorotighly grounded
in its history and practice Snds himself confronted by a bewilder
ing array of authorities and isms, such as might well dishearta
all but the most courageous.
The necessity for some method whereby order may bi
brought out of chaos is obvious; and we believe this can beil
be accomplished by means of a well -arranged and thoroughlj
impartial description and review of everything relating to tbi
game. It is not our purpose, therefore, to add to it any nev
theory or hobby, but rather to so indicate those things whid
are already in existence that the earnest student may infom
himself concerning them, and, by using his individual judg^
ment, as well as the judgment of others, accept that which ii
good, and reject that which is of no permanent value.
In order to make the gathered information easily accessible;
the articles are arranged in alphabetical order, and supple
mented by an exhaustive index of cross-references. Ever)
authority, from Hoyle down to the present day, is quoted,
and the quotations will all be found of great value and benefit,
c*?pccially in matters upon which there exists a difference ol
opinion. In order to enable the reader to estimate at its full
value ever>- statement made, the school to which each author
ity quoted Wonjjs is plainly indicated by means of a system d
abbreviations, enclosed in brackets, printed after each name.
The task of digesting and arranging in orderly form tbi
accumulaiwl knowledge of centuries, as well as the informatioc
concerning multitudinous changes and improvements of recent
years, has been a fascinating, if somewhat prolonged anc
arduous, one. We have endeavored to treat everything upot
PREFACE vii
its merits, and to be absolutely fair to every school and every
individual. We have deemed it our duty to mirror whist in
all its vigor and sometimes overflowing exuberance. It is
whist with all its glories as well as imperfections — whist as it
exists, and not as we or any other individual might wish to
see it in narrower confines. The book necessarily contains
some things which we may not personally favor; some views
with which we may not personally agree; some methods of
pby which we may not personally endorse; but in each and
every instance where there are grounds for a difference of
opinion, where usage is not general, or where a thing is
Toondly condemned by one side or the other, we have tried to
present the weight of authority, both for and against, in order
that the reader may be in a position to examine and decide for
himself. The only liberty we have taken is to speak freely on
in matters affecting the morals and good repute of the game.
There can be no doubt that the evolution of whist has
brought with it a higher type of play in America than the
world has ever known before. Its chief distinguishing feature
is the abolition of stakes — no money consideration of any kind
being found necessary to lend interest to the game. The
credit for this great advance is very largely due to the Ameri-
can Whist League, which, at its organization in 1891, adopted
the seven-point game, eliminated the count of honors and the
preponderance of luck from the play, and above all adopted
the splendid motto of, ** Whist for Its Own Sake/' The efforts
of the League to promote higher ideals, and maintain the purity
tnd integrity of the game, are nobly seconded by the Woman's
Whist League, a more recent organization, which is the out-
viii PREFACE
come of the immense activity of the fair sex in whist matte
in this country. That activity, inspired by the modern scie
tific game, and by the instructions of a host of faithful ai
devoted whist teachers, is constantly growing, and cannot b
have a great and beneficial eflect, so that with woman and t1
home, as well as man and the club, behind it, whist may sooi
OS Dr. Pole puts it, *' assume the position of a great soci
element which Herbert Spencer must reckon with in his pri
ciples of sociolog>'."
Much has been said about the conflict which has been £
some years going on between the advocates of the long at
short-suit games, and between the advocates and opponents
American leads and other conventional signals. We believe th
all fears that these differences of opinion may prove injurioi
to whist may be dismissed as groundless. The splend
vitality of the game has withstood all the rivalries and antag
nisms of the past, and will, wc are ctMifidcnt. sur\'ivc those <
the future. The sturdy oak lauy^hs at the storms which bci
its boughs, and finds them l>eneficial in the development of sti
greater stren^cth. Whatever is best in whist will survive, ac
whatever is worthless will succumb to the force of honest cril
cism. The final result must l>e, and will be, still better whia
In presenting the "Whist Reference Ikx)k" for the approv
of the whist world, wc Ix*k to extend our warmest acknow
edgments to the host of cor resjKMi dents, l)Olh in this at
foreign a^untries, who so lilKrr.illy seconded our efforts "
obtain correct and authentic information for its {xiges. Amoc
those whose personal co-operation and unfailing courtesy wj
especially helpful, we cannot forbear mentioning Henr>' Jon<
PREFACE
iz
("Cavendish'Oi N. B. Trist, General A. W. Drayson, Dr.
William Pole, R. F. Foster, C. D. P. Hamilton, Cassius M.
Paine, Milton C. Work, John T. Mitchell, Eugene S. Elliott,
Matthias Boyce (*' Mogul '*), Charles Mossop, P. J. Tormey,
E. C. Howell, Judge George L. Bunn, C. R. Keiley, W. H.
j Whitfeld. W. S. Fenollosa, Charles M. Clay, and Charles S.
j Bontcher. Also, among the ladies, Miss Kate Wheelock, Mrs.
T. H. Andrews, Mrs. Henry E. Wallace, Mrs. M. S. Jenks,
and Mrs. Elizabeth Wager-Smith
Among the many portraits of whist notabilities with which
the volume is embellished we have the pleasure of giving that
of Lord Folkestone, who was the first to recognize the merits
of whist and actively promote its study and improvement. For
the likeness, now published for the first time, our acknowl-
edgments are due to the Countess of Radnor, who kindly
placed it at our disposal. All efforts to obtain portraits of
Hoyle, Payne, Mathews, or Deschaf>elles proved unavailing.
Should there be found, despite the care which has been
exercised in its preparation, any serious errors or omissions in
this book, we shall at all times be pleased to hear from those
in possession of the facts, in order that the proper correction
cay be made in subsequent editions. In this way, with the
active co-operation and support of the lovers of whist, wherever
found, it is hoped that there may be maintained, as long as the
king of card games endures, a standard work in which any and
every reasonable question concerning whist, its history, science,
practice, laws, and usages may be found intelligently answered.
Philadelphia Whist Club.
October, /SgS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
"Yk Royaia Rbcbfcioun" {PnnUd in Colors) Frontispiece
Te King and Quene with plesaunce looke
Uppon ye grete Whiste Ref 'rence Booke.
"Now, wjrffe." quoth he, " let all ye playeres
We meet in bataile say their prayeres ! "
Whereat ye solemn Knaves bowe low ;
And quoth ye Quene, '* Aye, truly so I **
( Cha ucer Redivivus. )
ReT>rodaced from the original picture by Maxfield Parrish,
designed expressly for this work.
Portrait op Lord Foucbstonb Facing Preface
He was the first to encourage the systematic study of whist,
in 1726. Prom the family portrait in possession of the Countess
of Radnor ; now published for the first time.
Modern Masters op Whist Facing page 44
Portraits of *' Cayendish," James Clay, William Pole, A. W.
Drayson, and Richard A. Proctor.
Leaders op the *' Cavendish *' School in America, Facing page 88
Portraits of Nicholas Browse Trist, Fisher Ames, C. D. P.
Hamilton, Charles B- Coffin, and Cassius M. Paine.
Ofponents op the *' Cavendish" Schooi^ Facing page 132
PortraiU of R. P. Poster, " Mogul.'* Charles Mossop, " Pcm-
bridge," and E. C. Howell.
Presidents op the American Whist League . . Facing page 176
Portraits of Eugene S. Elliott, John M. Walton, Theodore
Schwarx, Walter H. Barney, and H. A. Mandell.
OP Whist Facing page 220
PortraiU of Miss Kate Wheelock, Mrs. M. S. Jenks, Miss
Bessie E. Allen, Mrs. S. C. H. Buell, and Miss Gertrude %,
Oapp.
zii LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS
Wiusr Analysts Ftidng p^ge :
P«ortrait« of W. H. Whitfeld. John H. Brigs*, George I#. Bnnn,
Charles M. Clay, and Bond Stow.
Teachers op Whist Pacing page ;
PortralU of Mrs. T. H. Andrews. Mrs. Lillian C. Noel. Mrs.
WillUm Henry Newbold. Mrs. George de Benneirille Keim.
and MiM Prances S. Dal Urn.
Advocates op American Leads with Modipica-
TIONS Pacing page ;
Portraits of Milton C. Work, George W. PeUes. John T.
Mitchell, Charles S. Street, aud I*. J. Tormey.
Women Who W^rits About Whist Pacing page ;
Portraits of Mrs. Henry K. WalUce. Mrs. Mary d'InTilliers
I^Tick. Mrs. KlisAbeth Wager-Smith. Mrs. P. H. Atwater, and
Miss Annie Blanche Shelby.
Teachers op Whist Pacing page »
Portraits of WilliAm S. FenoIloM. Klwoud T. Ilaker. Charles
K. Ket'.ey. F. K. <nii. and (;corge H- Duggan.
The pAMors Hamilton Team Pacing page
Miltun C. Work. Guntavu% Rcmak. Jr . K. A. Rnllard. and
Prank P. M'tgrvlt;?. winnrr* of the fir»t A W. L Challenge
Trc»;»hy. for whkb they tc- rc<l twenty victories, being thus
entitled to its permanent tJu^<»eMtun.
The Champions op 1S97 Pacing page
Joseph S Srtf, H Stanley llsrt. I.rooi Mrlick. W. T. G.
Bri«t'il. An<l T A. WhrUn. who note*! a* ftuMtitute during the
iI]oe«« (ifitne of the p1.tyer« Thi* tr:im. frum the Philadelphia
Whi«t Cliil>. won the HamiU<in Trophy at Put-in*Bay, ia
thirteen matches, without suffering a single defeat.
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS
USED AFTER THE NAMES OF QUOTED AUTHORITIES
Indicating at a glance the school of whist or ^yle of game followed
and advocated by each.
JU <A.— Advocates of the long-suit game and American leads.
X. A-i — Long-suit advocates and players who are friendly to American
leads, or who employ them to some extent.
Xr A.— Adherents of the long-suit game, in the main, who are liberally
inclined toward short-suit play, and who employ American leads.
Xr^+ —Advocates of the fundamental long-suit game who have liberal
views concerning the use of short-suit play in emergencies, and
who are friendly to American leads.
L* A, H, — Long-suit advocates and players who employ American leads
with Hamilton modifications.
£. A. P. — Long-suit advocates employing American leads with Pettes'
modifications.
X* 0.— Long-suit advocates and players who employ old leads.
X. 0 Long-suit players and advocates who employ old leads, but are
liberally inclined toward the modem scientific game.
Z^0.~ Advocates of the long-suit game who make a liberal use also of
short-suit tactics, and who employ old leads.
0.— Plavers and advocates of the old leads as practiced by Hoyle and his
immediate successors.
S. J?.— Advocates of the short-suit game who follow^the Howell system.
S. O. —Advocates of the short-suit, or "common-sense,** game who
employ old leads.
8-f-O.— Short-suit advocates who are liberally inclined toward the long-
•ait game, but employ old leads.
(xia)
The Whist Reference Book.
indon«d Hand. — A hand at
or so much of it as remains
yed, thrown face upward upon
ible by a player or players,
y reason.
four plajrers throw their cards on
>le. face upwards, no further play
hand is permitted. The result of
ad &s then claimed or admitted, is
shed, provided that, if a revoke is
^^cd. the revoke penalty attaches.
I o/ IVhist {American CoiU). Sec. r?.
II four players throw their cards
table, face upwards, the hands are
med; and no one can again take up
irds. Should this general exhibi-
ow that the game might have been
>r won, neither claim can be enter-
unless a revoke be established,
roking players are then liable to the
ng penalties : they cannot, under
cumstances, win the game by the
>f that hand, and the adversaries
id three to their score, or deduct
rora that of the revoking players.
o/ tVAist (EnglUh Code), Sec. 59.
, Y-2. — The commonly ac-
l manner of indicating the
-s or hands at the whist table
means of the letters A-B,
the former two beine partners
it the latter two. The letters
C-D, have also been used to
extent in the past, among
. by James Clay and G. W.
They are now used to des-
the challengers at duplicate
when two teams of four
^lay against each other, the
club, or holders, being desig-
as W-X. Y-Z.
3ng several other writers on
It whist, "Aquarius" used
lers A-C, B-D to represent the
layers at a table. In other in-
s the figures 1-2, w have
employed. In the JVestmin-
hinrrs the editor used A-B,
although his correspondents
employed other formulas as welL
In his recent work on ** Short-Suit
Whist,*' E.G. Howell adopts North-
South, East-West, the terms ^n-
erally used to indicate the positions
of the players at duplicate whist.
The great preponderance of usage,
however, is in favor of A-B, Y-Z,
which is nearly always used in pe-
riodicals and in the daily press
when recording whist-play, ana also
in most of the late text-books. It
is used in the works of ** Caven-
dish,** Pole, Drayson, Proctor, Fos-
ter, ** Pembridge,** and many oth-
ers, although in some instances the
same author makes use of more than
one kind of notation. The main
objection to the N-S, E-W nota-
tion is, that explanatory notes are
required to give the positions of the
dealer and the lead, and without
these the hand is unintelligible.
A is the first hand, or leader, and
B is his partner, or third hand;Y
is the second hand and partner of
Z, who is the fourth hand and
dealer in the opening play. There
is a growing custom among writers
on whist to speak of the first hand
as A, the second hand as Y, the
third hand as B, and the fourth
hand as Z, without any qualifica-
tion or explanation, the terms being
regarded as synonymous.
Ace. — A card containing one pip
or spot. In whist the ace is the
highest card in rank or value, ex-
cept in the matter of cutting, when
it IS lowest It is one of the four hon-
ors counted in the English game.
The ace is led more frequently
than any other high card except the
king. Under the old leads system
(0
ACB
ACB
it U led from ace and fbar or more
others without the kinj; ; and from
ace, queen, and jack, with or with-
out others.
Under the system of American
leads, ace is led from any suit of
five or more which does not contain
both king and queen; and from
any combination which contains
both ciucen and jack, but does not
include the kinj^. Here are the
leads in detail in which the ace
6fn>res •
From ace, king, jack, and two or
more others, lead ace followed by
king.
From ace, king, and three or
more others, lea<l ace followed by
king. ( In trumps, lead fourth best,
unless holfling Re>-en. )
From ace, queen, jack, and two
or more others, lead ace followed
by jack.
From ace. queen, jack, ten, lead
ace followed by ten.
From ace. queen, jack, and one
other, lead ace foUowfri liy queen.
From ace and four or more
othrn*. the orlhorlox practice is to
lead ace foll<»we<l by fourth Ijest,
although many first-<'la»s players
believe thai in the Atnencan game,
and e^|>ecially at duplicate, it is
better to Ic.id fourth l»est. In
trump**, the f»rth'»<iox practice is to
lead fntirth lK*st, nnlef« holding
seven when the ace is letl.
In forred IcaHs, from ace, <|ueen,
jack, lead ace followe<i by queen.
.\rlherrnt5 of the oM leads olyect
to ih«- .Xmeriran lead of ace from
ace. king, au'l r>ihers, ^xcause, they
claim. It doen nr>t at oncrgive your
partntr inffirination (V)nreriiini; the
wht-falnnits <*( the king. ( Relow
will \/c found *' Caven«lish*» " argu-
ment in favor of the American
lead.)
The ace lead does not figure in
the so-called short-suit game. In
fjKt, when led by short-suit players,
it means either that they hai
eluded for that particuUr hi
play according to loog-auit t
or they are playing the I
variety of the short-suit gam
Mr. Howell's S3rstem, the lead
ace figures in two of the five
of strategy adopted to me
various conditions of the has
followed by king, it memr
high-carrl game, in which yov
expect to make anything ex'
trick or two in your stroni^ si
followed by a small card, it
the ruffing game.
Acs AND Por».— There is n
•ait from which a hand is more frn
opened than ftce and (our or more
and there in, therefore, no comb
from which it i« of more importac
the t)e«t trick-takinK lead ftboald
termined. In Rpite of this ther
whint quefttion to^lay upon whic
i« a wider diTcrKence of a|>ink>ii
f ood plaverv • • • After com
the whole ground, the writer ia i
to aide with ihoM; who believe I
lead in five-card ftuttM to tie a «
one in the long run. nnd ndrinea it
tion by playerti <>f the fimt claaa.
more than five c.nrd«, hoi*rvrr, il
distinctly danfcrn>tt<« unlr%t the hj
auffi- lent MrriiKth in tninip« to
taking the Ah-;rt end of the rhai
the pr«»<»i>rct of a bijc K'tn. The
mrndation to lead the f<Mirth tirnt
iled to playrr* «.f thr firM cla%i.
brinKinf( in i>f u Iouk O'uit requirr%
erable ••kill. nn<l jicwjirr Td4\e>
adiipt thr fotiithlx^t Irail nn
%itff*-T all M% lo«%e« without the at
Tofit bv It* Kain*. - Sttlttn C
I. A H !. • H'ht^tof T>^dat"
IfnIilinK mce and (>aix I>«1<iw the
it i« now th'iuKht wi«e to Wm\ fr»ur
unle^wi trump ^treiiKth i-dr<:lnre«l
you Wtth nrc nnd fotir '.ther*. t
thr qurrn or knavr. many of rn
player^ ure leailinjf fourth l»r»t rrg
of trump *tr»nifth. to ■iraplify th(
n.il \r.\t\ «»f arc. whith then ir
either the kinif. or lx>th quern and
or *i» <ir more in null —KaU H
[I. A . ■ Ukut KnUt ■■
SbouM acr l>e lr«l from ace ai
pmnll cif a tiUin «uit. or •houhlthc
lie*t l«e le<1 » Thi» ha« l*eeQ a
question U*t aonie yearn A» «
plavetl in Kn^land (^tratght, ive i
counting bonor«». it •e<em» probal
the on^nal lead of ace ta tK«t. Th
ia too abort to admit of not ma
I
ACB
ACE
rkk (bar tmmping:) when able.
i, perhaps, one exception, viz.,
h atren^th in trumps as to war-
amp lead if partner can assist
Saoit headed by the ace. Bnt
Icate whist on the American
a the game, and every hand is
or what it la worth, the matter
qaite a different aspect. Accord-
te beat modern calculations, for
rectse accuracy is not claimed
blem not lending itself to abso-
tonatration), there ia a slight ad-
ao fisr aa the probability ot
tricks in the suit is concerned,
jf the fourth best rather than the
ta, however, may be offset by
naiderations which are of too
nd technical a character to be
1 here. One, however, may be
ed, vis., that the lead of ace at
lares great strength in the suit,
■ lead of fourth best leaves such
uncertain during the early |>art
uid. Hence, it may be fairly
that there ia not much to it one
the other; this bears out the
that when doctors disagree, both
jr be justified in their opinions. —
fsk'* [L. A.]t Scri^ner's MagO'
St published hand in which ace
tstead of king, for the declared
of showing five in suit, as dis-
ated by the notes accompanying
. appeared in the IVestmiHsUr
«Jovember, 1869. Here it is, the
le turned by West, North to lead:
tat- North.
East.
South.
3 4A
410
4 5
3 '4 K
4Q
4 2
L 1^ Q
9 2
^ 4
K 4 4 4
2 4
9 4
34 5 4
3 4
^ 6
^ 7
^ 8
K4
0 ^3
^ J
» 64
^ K
5 0 4 9
4 7
5 4 7 0
7 4
^ 5
04 4 J
3 0 4 6
14 4 4
40
20
10 9 0
100
60
AO
( ^! 8 0
QO
pe: N and 8, 9: B and W, 4.
The information given by North's leads
should have enabled Baat to save a trick
by refusing to trump at trick eight; be
cause if North had five spades. South haa
only one more.
See also anawers to correspondenta,
explaining the reason for leading the
king only when the suit contains less than
five cards (July, 1868, p. 45; August, 1869, p.
63). Later numbers of the Westminster
Apers seem to indicate that the system
of showing number was of no value and
was abandoned. — R, F. Foster [S, 0,\,
Whist, October, 1897.
Ace-Kino.— In an original lead from
a long suit containing ace and king, the
orthodox practice was to play out the
king first, then the ace, for reasons well
considered and well known. But, in
1888, Cavendish proposed to adhere to
this only for a suit of four; if it was longer,
this (act was to be intimated to the part-
ner by beginning with an ace and follow-
ing with a iiing^ William fbU [L.A+1
^'Evolution of Whist:"
I ignore the so-called American leads of
ace from ace, king, and three or more,
snd of queen from king, queen, and three
or more. These are theoretically plausi-
ble, but practically tend to cause tempo-
rary doubt and confusion. In the first
place, if the ace be trumped in the first
round, aa will happen occasionally, the
partner of the leader is left in doubt aa
to where the king is. In the second place,
there are other leads commencing with
the queen, snd it is simpler to keep them.
The object of these leads is to induce the
partner to unblock: thw.evcn with the
oest of intentions, he is not always able to
effect.— W'. M. Deane \,L.A-i-\, ''Letters on
Whist:' 1894.
CavendLsh, in a letter to Theodore
Schwa rz, published in Whist for Febru-
ary. 180;^ gives the hi.story of the change
in the lead as follows : "You ask me for a
history of the lead of ace. from ace, king,
and more than two small; and of queen,
from king, queen, and more than two
small. I have much pleasure in comply-
ing with your request When the maxims
of American leads were first formulatol
hy Mr. Trist, I saw that the information
given by these leads (the maxims being
taken for frranted) must result in a mo(£
ification of the play of the third hand for
unhlockiuK purposes when hr hold« four
cards exactly of the suit originally led.
•• I thereupon set to work to make an
analvHiis of all the cases in which the
third hand should begin to unblock on
the firnt round of hi^ partner's suit, a high
card being led originally.
"I came to this very remarkable con-
clusion, that when ace, queen, knave, or
ten is led originally, the tnird hand, hold-
ing four of the suit exactly, should always
retain his lowest card on the first and
ADMISSION TO CLUBS
ADMISSION TO CLUBS
Mcnnd rounds; hut thnt, when kinf^ 14
lr«l <iii<.;iii:illy the thinl hnnd nhoiild not
nttriii;ii lo tinhI(H-k by rftaiuinK hinlow-
rit I ,iril oil Ihf tir*t fouii'l. Thi; «:xCfi>-
tKiii .!•> t< ,:iird** tlu' kill); sn'iiied lo iiic to
In* v« ry "tKiiiKt*, I'lnd I •>oii};ht lor an fx-
|ii.iii.tii<iii, ami, utter st)iiie trouble, 1 got
It.
" Thi- • x|il:ination is thin : Wlirn nee,
qii'i-ii. kii.ivt*, iir trii i-^ lf>l oriKiiKilly, n
(i-il.i:ii iiMiiMini of slrciifjih is <lfrl.iri-d.
Th'- ln,::i ^.-.inl '..uti dri'l.irf. aco, fiuti-n,
Lii:i-. •-. '-ti... or at least hv<: 111 suit. The
1} :' • II >!■ <'1a:<'s at l^ast kii.iVf and ten.
'1 h<- W'MVf lii-cl.irrs kiiii: ipi'-t'ii, and at
U'H-t I. v. Mr II qii.irt iinj r The tni dc-
(l.tr> •> .tt :• a<*t kiiit; an^l kii.ivc. In n'inc
of 1 1. 1'-- 1 .1 -.«•'«■ with r.tr* * xcfjitimi- i t.in
I hi- {'t.;.l h.iiiil Iif*' a nythniK by unblock-
ing; *.i> li •>.
•■ h'M kMij;. Ifd ori^'in.illy, orilv dcclarrM
cith'-r t f ir quirn i -r jHis-ii.ly iMithj.
Kin,: III iv, lh'-r« !■ ti . b«' ai-i-inii>.iiiit-il Iiv
iinl\ -i:!' i'lht r hii;li r.itl an- 1 lw«j Mtiafl
ori'-s l:i fvry olM'-r i" i*<' at Iv.ist five in
sill If- li' l.ii'-il. or il ii"l. llirti lit least
two..t'i' r hiKh (..iT-<!si»i tip.- Miit remain-
ink* ::i ih»- I'Md* r's hand
•■ 1 'ir ,1 time I subtiiittrd to this conclu-
sion. th.it k:!]^. b'd c>Ti;:ni:illy. is the
Ir.Khc.i'il of If .lot iiif>>;iii.iti<i)i and th.it,
th» •• t r**. unlilokiii'.; t.u Uc-, iiMi-.t \»- sur-
ri n !•■:• 1 wh' n kni;: i- bd <itii;inaily.
wh.t- viT iitiinlK-ro! cMrds ihi- !• ;id' r iii.iv
h'>*ii in lU't'^iiit. r>iit I W.I- r."l ^titistiiif.
I ar^'u. .1 w:!h ii:>s»!t 'W'Uv ih-.u!! I
bad tl:«- liiv:h ear i i>: b .ist iiit <rMi:ition
mid s'. ; r-vnt iti> iiarin- r Jrom nriMiM-k-
iiv: wl; TI I h"'. ! Tii'T'" till!! Ii:r«'f tlit:
Milt • \V';»-n I h ivr t"iv» ■>■: iii'-rf- and
liiv •■ .'r-'T h IS f -ir t x.i- t:y Ih tt i^Mist
t'.'- • '.•■i'-r:;ili'.ii uiih w!.; :i I w.inthun
ti ■.!■:': L I th«r'f-r j'T';-'--d the
■ • fr'-iri :i •'.kitK.iM ?•• th in two
I 1
s'lt.i ;. . :i I «■■ «4i;' • :i "• "i kii'i* 'ju*' n.
l;«. .• • ■ ■ M ?«.v I •■••1 ".'.'■■ I" ■ in d« t ill thr
%■■•■ :- I '.V.I III. Ik."- .III! ■'.."• I'iv.iiit.ie' '",
.,..,!■ . -. • ii.t mv r<- 'lb r* *. ■ **-^i»»' b»twf»"Ti
t' • •% . Mt« r*» Vi-r i! >*■ • -" »'xt>» i I'li. ••.
I •■ ! . Xhf nin« 'mm "n t». i' ']^•■ ]> .I'U I
J • ■■. - -1 i'»'Of ni'i h iisf \ . ],\ iviTs who
i V- • • *:■.•.:'■:• ;.i:n'il.V: i! '. I ii'lt
I* •■ ■• I- I h;iv. ?h' '• ! •r»- II -iw inn b*
t' ■ '• 1 !- a -n'l-i.ir.'iv ; i;t '■< ;ny w iTk
III \\ '
: ;• ! st-it»- th it. •• fr»* pri.'i «i;iv:
t*" - ■ . - "1 t-nn; I -i' m:"** ! iS.'im t'»
M* :■. • w!h .': !'.•/' .iii!.-»r. and
tr...l *.!■ 1':: -•. t-.i* v .i;;-:- vi t .-! t!:'-ri
Admission to Clubs. — The ;ii1-
lui --:■.•« of u::rtiiiv.'i tii;«l |il;iyfrs,
aipl I s^if-ri.iiiv tif I'l-rs^'iis ^^\\n JH.T-
sist in ^I'.iyinu hiiiiiMip'ippy iii-
stf.pl of wh'si. has tit-cii Ihi* i-.'itise
of the (l:ss<.Iuti'.iii id* uiaxiy whibt
clubs. Gnrat care should be exer-
cised in adtniltiii^ candidates to
nicnihcrship, anil tliu plan upon
which Ihc ManhattAn Wliist Club,
of New York City, has recently
been organized, cannot be too
hij^jhly reconinicnde<l . Tliis or);an-
izatioii is devoted exclusively to
whist. Its certificate of incorpora-
tion states its objects as follows:
**The promotion and encourage-
ment of the 8tudy and play of sci-
entific whist." The constitutioa
provides that the menil>ership com-
mittee shall inquire as ri);{idly into
the candidate's skill as a whist
])]ayer as thev do into his personal
character, if any doubt exists as
to his ability as a player, the matter
must be detenu ined by a careful
examination and obser\'ation of his
play at dujil irate whist. R. I', ros-
ter,' the well-known whi.st teacher
and attthr>r, is secretary of this
club, and we have nodou!>t he had
much to do with the formulation of
its excellent rules and re^ilatir^na.
New York has also a new whist
club for ladies, modeled on the
]>lan of the Manhattan Club.
That the example of the Manhat-
tan Whist Club is not. as vet, WT\
j^enerally known or followed, seems
to }iv. indicated by the following;
cju«"-iions and answers ap|x.*arin); in
U'/n'\/ of July, 1S97:
(!! I-. it customary to rrfjuirr appli-
emit" t'lr whi»t ehib iiirin1>rrshi{i t-> }••««
nn examination on the fundamrnLiI
rules ?
( .-' If not. what metho<l U Id u%k ?
< ■» If rxaniiii.ttions nre adrisat'e. are
th" wlii-it te.it hrrn win* are memlwr^ •.(
thi* elub ii'ii.illy jMit uiKJii the lkitur>l •
t I! j.!.tm:s nTf classified, by n horn
i% the I !.issi:ii.-atJ":i ni.idr ?
An^wpr«: 'n N'«. examination* are
not custiimary The mrre fact of apph-
cation (ur membership i» prelum ptiwe
rvi>!encc that the applicant play* Ihc
Knmr.
ij^ The name that i« Kener«11v iiant ia
all clubs that arc formed for Kjclal p«r-
puses.
ADVERSARIES
5 ADVICE FOR BEGINNERS
f 7o« b«ir« may wbist tcttcben
: yoor members, pat tbem on the
by an means. It is decidedly for
seftt of the dub to do to.
jiy system of classification is un-
uy. If scores are kept, the players
ttlckly. and accurately, classify
•Ives better than any arbitrary
icoalddoi.
lyjkisi for October, 1897, how-
Lhe organtzadon of the Capitol
: Clnb, of Washington, D. C,
notinocd. It ia a woman's
tnd is presided over by Mrs.
, wife of Dr. George walla,
; fame as a v^ist-plaver is
stablished. With a view to
mining a high standard of
n this dub, applicants for ad-
» are reqnired to pass an ex-
itioa by experta.
rtos. — ^The players sit-
to yoor right and left; the
»ponent8 who play against
elf and paxtner. In " Mort "
Prendb form of dnmmy) the
** adversaries ** is used exclu-
to indicate the two players
ue opposed to the mort (aead
or aammy) and vitnint (the
; hand, dummy's partner).
rord '* opponents ** is used in
ber cases where opposition is
ited.
mfnMrf% temcy Playing
-Playing a losing game
gh carelessness, recklessness,
lorance; employing a line of
gy unsuited to your hand and
oed to benefit the adversaries.
L«t. therefore. It is true thst one
ise of trumf>s is to extract trumps
he sdvenaries. and thus to mace
w or your partner's long suit, yet
att be careful that in this endeavor
} aot play the adversary's fpime,
hilst yon areeztractinK his tnimps,
Mm are also extracted, and you
ij your own act disarmed youmelf
mr partner, and left the adversaries
Baand of the trump suit: that is.
He rrmiaimna tmmp and a long suit
tSK in.— A. ty. Drayum \L-^A-Y\
An mf I^^mcHcal HnUtt.**
Advarsc Laad. — The lead of a
suit, command of which is held by
your adversaries.
§^d^ffmm Trick. — A trick which,
at that stage of the rotmd, or upon
final play, belongs to your oppo-
nents.
Advie« for Baginncrs. — Avoid
all mannerisms in play.
Always return partner's trump i-
lead.
Be careful to play the correct
leada
Silence is golden — especially in
whist
Don't gloat over yotur opponents*
defeat.
Sort and count yotur cards before
playing.
Observe how many times a stut
goes round.
Don't ignore the value of the
small car&
Don't play false cards; win with-
out deception.
Count your hand before the first
card is played.
Remember the suit originally led
by each player.
Play your own and partner's
hand combined.
Get rid of the command of part-
ner's strong suit.
If you must discuss the play, do
it between deals.
Force opponents when they sig-
nal or leaa trumps.
Lead to the weakness of your
right-hand adversary.
Never throw your hand down
before it is played out
Avoid changing suits unless there
is good reason for so doing.
First learn the rules; then learn
when you may break them.
Do not refuse to win a trick un-
less sure of gaining by the play.
Don't speak as if your ill-luck
were entirely due to your partner.
AGB
cc
ALBANY LEAD »
Fty penalties cheerfully and re-
■olve to be more careful next time.
Avoid banging the cards on the
table; you arc not playing base-
ball.
Don't criticL<ie your neighbor's
play or call attention to his mis-
takes.
Watch the signals of opponents
as well as of your partner, as far as
|)Oss>ibIe.
Return partner the highest of
his suit from three, and the lowest
from four.
Play, if possible, against better
players than yourself, and learn
from them.
Watch the fall of the cards, and
reuiemlx.*r which high cards have
been played.
Bl* philosophical; take a weak
hand and play it just as you would
a strong one.
I>)n*t hesitate in playing. You
may convey information thereby
to your opponents.
Count each trump as played, so
that you may know how many are
still out at any stage of the game.
Refuse to plajr for stakes, how-
ever small. Wliist is worth pla^dng
for its own sake, without any
money incentive.
Don*t lead from weak trumps
simply because you have a strong
plain suit; you may strengthen
your a<lversaries' luimls therebv.
Bear in mind the state of the
score. If you only want one trick,
take the safest way of making it; if
soveral, risk a bold game to obtain
them.
Age.— The eldest hand; the first
player to the left of the dealer.
Agcr«««hf« teftic — A game in
which the opponents are put upon
the defensive; a great game.
When trump* air drclared In voitr
favor, ynu pUv an avrrriwiTr irame.frar-
IcMly weakening ^-uur weak solta and
keeping vonr long salts IntaeL— C A
P. NamiUom [L. A.], **Jlfydem StiimtUt
•« Albany Uad/'— A conircB.
tional and commonly accepted lead
in America, whereby a player indl*
cates exactly four trumps withoot
playing them. It conaiata in throw*
mg a strengthening card, such as
queen and a small one, or jack and
a smaller one, and letting your
partner take the initiative if he de-
sires to do so. Popularly to called
because it was supposed to have
originated with the players of the
Albany Club, of Albany, N. Y.
This, however, is a mistake, al-
though this club brought it into
prominence by its play.
There Ih nothluR new in the tcad of a
fttretiKthening card from a weak haad.
but the players of the Albany Club make
it a rule never to open with anch a eird,
holdinf( leM than four trumpa. Wjtk
three tnimpii or leaa ther prefer to open
a four-card Huit, althougn ft contains ao
high card. That is why wc haTe tciMLd
this play the " Albany lead,*' as it !■«••
riably ahowa four trumps.— JSipAfrl 0,
l^'rems [L. A.].
The "Albany lead *' la another netted
of showinK trump strength. When tte
original leader bcgius with a atrengthce"
ing card, it i* assumed to t>e the Icm of
three, and that he has no four<ard aaift
in his hand but the trumpa, therefiora
he has four trumps. The lead • • •
is usually taken as an indication of great
weaknesa in plain suits, for if there weie
any goitd winning cards in the ahon ante
the leader would protmbly proc<cd_tP
make thrm white in the lead.— J7. F.
ter \S. (> 1. "It'ktit Tactusy
Mr. J. T. Mitchell spoke of this briaf
an olil Milwaukee lead, and I have gooa
Milwaukee authority for stating that this
wan first introduced into the Milwankce
Club bv Mr. Rheinart.andthaithc latter
gut it from I>eschapelles. The qoealiea
then arisea. is this a good or bad Icadf
I think that answer depends largely apoa
the character of one's hand. Dcacna
pelles WAS pronounced by Clay to lie fcr
and awav tHe brut whist-ptayer that
liTed. and anything that originated
with him or was practiced by him mnflC
certainly hare lome merit.— 'TTIwdftf
Sc^tK-atg \i^ A.y
The lead is not generally mugulMd
fay the texl-txK>ka as having bfonme n
recognised ooaTcational play (allboagh
ULBN, MISS BBSSIE B. 7
ALLISON, JAMBS
KJBd PcMter meatkrn tbe piMy) mad
ct may account for the wide diver-
' vievrs coaccming this lead. As
leratand the history of the play, it
rat used to show exactly lour
» and three three-card suits, and
sorted to by players who were
to leading from only foar tnampa,
lioldinc no suit. The play as orifi-
was coained to the lead of toe
en. or nine, on the theonr that the
larity of the lead would, in most
be apparent on the first round,
from the drop, or the cards that
r m:^ht hold in the suit. We think
Id be dangerous to extend it below
se or above the queen, for it would
-e likely to be very misleading.—
t M. P^in€ \U A\ WhiU^ October,
Mi^ Miss Bcssi« E.— A very
nfnl whist-teacher and player.
I a native of Milwaukee, and
le inclined to whist by inher-
;, her fitther, '^Uncle Dick
,*' oneof the best-known mens*
if the BfUwankee Whist Club,
g been for many years an
at the game, plapng it con-
y in his family. Obliged
to be "fourth hand" at home,
interest was aroused. Her
; for the game being per-
1, her father assisted and en-
fi^ed her. Her instruction was
\y at home. A writer in the
tnown ladies' journal, Vog^ue,
Luuary. 1897, gives the foUow-
iteresting particulars concem-
[iss Allen's whist career:
1 1893 * Cavendish ' visited Mil-
ee, and on becoming ac-
ted with Miss Allen's style of
invited her to be his partner
tire evening, against all chai-
rs, an honor up to that time
accorded to any lady in this
xy. In 1895 she attended the
^^liist Congress in Minneapo-
rhere. by her brilliant play,
amed the title of the Whist
ress, by which her friends and
rhist world know her. In 1896
Allen attended the Sixth
t Congress in Brooklyn, add-
ing to her reputation and firmly
establishing her ri^^ht to be called
Whist Empress. Miss Allen's game
is brilliant, and often original. She
is quick to detect her partner's
plan, and alert to assist him. Her
memory is perfect, her judgment
almost faultless. Yet she is modest
and deferential to her partner, is
free from irritation, and never finds
fault Miss Allen has taught the
game in Milwaukee, and in Flint
and Detroit, Michigan, and has
been compelled from lack of time
to refuse classes in other places.*'
Miss Allen is a conscientious and
intelligent teacher, and has a rare
gift of imparting the science of
whist. With beginners she is ar-
bitrary, though with her * 'percep-
tion" scholars she explains the
opportunities of the * 'advanced
game," bringing into use the strat-
egy and finesse of the finest play.
She is domestic in her habits and
retiring in her disposition, and for
some years has been the head of
her father's family.
In 1897 Miss Allen devised a
pack of "Whist Quiz Cards," by
means of which beginners may be
drilled in the leads and other essen-
tial features of whist. There are
fifty cards in each pack, and on one
side of each card queries are
printed, which one is expected to
answer, the correct reply being
printed for purposes of comparison
on the other sioe. Rules are given
for using the cards as in a game,
which can be played by any num-
ber of people.
Alilson, James. — The inventor
of an important improvement in
duplicate whist; born in Glasgow,
Scotland, February 21, 1848, where
he is now engaged in business as a
merchant, at 48 Bedford street. He
first became interested in whist in
1880, and in 1886 assisted as one of
AMERICAN. BNGUSH LAWS 8
AMERICAN GAMI
the " sorters " in a duplicate match
between eif^ht players of his club,
the Carlcton. The old method em-
ploye<l by ** Cavendish '* and his
friendfl in 1857 was used, but it was
vcr\' slow and cunil)ersome work,
an({ nettled Mr. AllLson when he
found that the ** sorters *' could not
keep up with the players. Soon
thereafter he devised his method by
which the hands were kept separate
as they were pla^e<l, and the neces-
sity of registenng and re-sorting
them was done away with. Each
player was now reqiiire<i to play
nis cards, not in the centre of the
table, hut in front of and near him-
self, canls of tricks won being placed
perpen<licularly, and cards of tricks
lost horizontally. After scoring,
each player took hin cards, shuflled
them a little, and left them lying
at his place, ready for the overplaj*.
No trays were use<l, the players of
one table exchanging places witli
those at the other table. The new
system was first used in a public
match at Glasgow, on April 16,
1888, by two teams of four from the
Carleton and Wanderers* Clubs,
Its success caused its immediate
adoption in America, where the
?lav was further improved bv John
. Mitchell and others. ( Seej ** Du-
plicate Whist, History of.")
American and English Laws. —
The principal f*oints of difference
between the I'jigMsh whist laws
and those ad«>i»te«l by the Amer-
ican Whist Lea^^ue. anti acceple<l as
rrpn-sentatively American, are as
follows: The American laws do
away with the scoring of honors,
and alM) do awav with ** singles,"
"doubles," and the rubber. The
game is made seven points, instead
of five. Stakes are alx)lishe<i. It
it nttt permitte<l to ask partner
whether he has any of a suit which
he renounces. Silence is promoted
as an important factor in th
The penalty for leading out
is reauced from the double
of ^ call or lead to the siu;
alty of a lead, and the pei
a revoke is reduced from
two tricks to be taken frotr
yoking side. No one is all
examine a trick after it
turned and quitted. In tl
lish code there are ninety-o
in the American code bu
nine. This is exclusive of '
of duplicate whist, howe\
latter are not recognized
English code at all, being
paratively recent origin.
The Uwit In both countricn ai
identicnl; the frw tliflcrcncen m.T
Amcricaiiii orr, in my opinion,
evf rv c.ijir, improvement!!.— ^4.
son [Lk^A '].
They [the Americnn^] have «
pi1r<i a new c«j<le of l;tw«i wh
enormouK imiirovcmrnt u|K>n t
Inr jumble of lau a, clefinilionH, i
trarv decisions under which i
tcnlly wrilhe.— •'/Vjw^r/i/j?'/'" (A
In conrne of time American
alioHxhcd the rubl)cr, best <
games, an<l the iicore of honni
tutiuf; hingle icamen without
Thi.H must T»e allowed to \\r a *
tion and an improvement; it is*
thiuKs that America has d'>n(' t
But. in ulMilishiuK tK^int«n)*><-i t)i
•♦•eniH to thr writer to have Ik-*
WTon^ directi'in. A t<crirv of jw
better tr*t nf •.kill, in thr lonvr j
a NC'irr ol f(ame». — ^'Caifndisk"
tn Siifibn^^'s Monthly ^ /S^.
American Code. — See.
of Whist, American Code."
American Game, The.-
as pi aye* I in America, fur
tallv the same as that pi
Knj^'land from the earliest
but with certain changes ;
provements which Engli*'h
])layers have iK-en slow to a<I
tact, some of the changes—
that by which the ]x>ints of tl
are made seven instead «
LMHRICAN GAMB
AMERICAN GAMB
sot coanting — have obtained
r no encouragement in the
ative mother country. Aside
le above, and the American
luplicate play, and other
^ the Americaji game is dia-
led by important differences
IW8 of wnist, as adopted by
lerican Whist League, and
zed in by American play-
lerally. (See, "American
'••American Whist," *' Eng-
/hist in/' and "Laws of
erica short whist haM by no
eenKenerallv adopted. Regular
St. tea up, IS, indeed, but little
t>ut long whist, seven up — that
itt honors — is so generally played
ountry that it is quite properly
.merican whist.— .^. /f. Rhein-
tVhist Scores and Card TabU
Zavendish '*] has reneatedly de-
at there is no sort ot comparison
•dc between the European and
n plaTers— the latter possessing
1 quality of excellence which u
nknown here— or which, at any
las been the habit to attribute
exceptional persons like Des-
ft, appearing once in an age. —
Pble [L. A-k-l '^ Evolution of
xcitement consequent on the
matches, and the preliminary
required for any chance of
the more important prizes pre-
by the League, cause the game
imestly studied. The outcome
■amestness is that, at the pres-
nent. there are more and better
in the United States than in any
untry. And, be it observed in
on. whist as now played in
. is as big an advance on the
thirty vears since, as that was
aroe of Hoyle and of the Crown
House-— •• Cavendish " [/.. A .],
ufft., 1897.
irnist was played in America ac-
to the old method, honors count-
il the middle of thi.o century. In
of 1857, when the Ohio Life and
>npany of Cincinnati made one
KMt diMStrous failures of the dec-
ttrty of gentlemen at the Tre-
oone, Chicago, solaced their grief
>rtnne by a game of whist. The
sme very interesting, and lasted
oora. For the first time within
er'a kaowlcdfc, honors were not
counted: and after that date the playera
made the game of seven points the game
of long whist.— ^. W. Ar/^j [L. A. /».],
**Amef^an U'hist fllMstrated.**
It is contrary to the general principle
of counting, in any game of cards, that
more tricks can be made in one hand than
are necessary to win the g^me. This
principle was acted upon in the original
count in whist, whicn consisted of ten
points — four by nonors and six by cards —
the most possible, for the game m its in-
cipiency was played with forty-eight
cards, the four deuces being withdrawn
from the pack. The points were after-
wards arbitrarily reduced to five. * • •
In the game of seven points, single
games, and not rubbers, are played, and
the losers get credit for any points which
they may have won ; for instance, with
four scored, they lose but three. This is
somewhat analogous in its result to the
English method of scoring. The seven-
point game has the advantage of being
shorter than the rubber, consequently
the players who are out have not so long
to wait before cutting in. Again, that
game is akin to long whist, which Clay,
"Cavendish," and other authorities pro-
nounce to be a superior game to short
whist— A^. B. 7>ist \L. A.], Letter to First
Cong^ress of the A. W. L.
We learn [from "Cavendish"] that in
the ordinary American social clubs, where
whist is not the chief object, but is merely
an sccidental recreation, it is customary
to pla;^, not rubbers, but single gamea,
in which five is the winning score. The
points are gained by tricks only, honors
not counting at all. The stakes vary from
one or two to five dollars per game, and
when five points are scored by either
party the game is won, no allowance
Deiiig made for any points that have been
scored on the opposite side. Thus, when
I and mv partner have scored, say four,
if the otlier party make five, our four are
entirely lost, doing us no good at all. [In
the English rubber they are counted on
the next game.] In the whist clubs
proper, however, established for whist
onlv (and generally known as League
clubs), a different form of scoring is used.
In this, also, honors do not count; the
only score is by tricks, each trick above
six counting one. Single games are
played, the winning score being s^ven;
the value of the game is determined by
deducting the loser's score from seven.
The rea.son for choosing the number
seven is that this is the maximum which
can be obtained in one hand. In thes^
clubs, although money stakes are not for-
bidden, it is unusual to play for money,
as the executive of the League wish that
the play should be for the love of_the
Kmealone.— fTtV/iaM /MrfL. A +]/*i
Mon of Whist:'
AMBRICAN LBADBR
lO
AMBRICAN LBAI
Aificriean immdmr. — One who
employs American leads in hia
Ela%'; an advocate of American
aida
American Leade.— A system of
leads at whist devised by Nicholas
Browse Trist, of New Orleans, and
Henry loncs {•' Cavendish"), of
England, and named American
Ica'ls by the latter in honor of Mr.
Triftt's native land. Both had been
working in the same direction for
some time, in their efforts to im-
prove the old-style Rsme, by taking
previous suf^gestions and plays, add-
ing many new ones, and remodeling
and systematizing the whole in a
simple, lucid, and easily understood
manner. They corresponde«l fre-
quently, and arrived almost simul-
taneou&lv at the same conclusions
in reganl to some of the principal
features of the new leads ; ** but,'*
says ''Cavendish " in a letter pub-
lished in H^hisi of Msrch, 1893, i°
speaking of the time* 'when the
American A\*stem of leading from
high cards '* was first mooted by
Mr. Tri.<^t and him.<ielf. " I think N.
B. T. wan a little bit in front. •• A
complete history of the leads will
be found in another article (see,
•* American LeaiU, Historj' of *'), to
which is ad<le<l the testimony of
••Cavemli'ih/* Foster, Pettca. and
Trist concerning them. Another
article tells of the changes which
have l)cen proposed, and another
treats of the onjections which the
opiMtnents of the leads have urged
against them. Opinions on both
sides are freely quoteil, in onler
that as fair a presentation of the
subjt-ct as |Kissit>te may lie ma<ie.
.\iiiehcan leads are designee 1 to
in<licate numlier as well as charac-
ter ill suit, so as to enable partner
to form an accurate idea concern-
in|c the same, as well as to estimate
with some degree of probability
what cards are held in suits other
than the one led. America
are one of the distinguish!]]
ures of whist as played in
ica. Even those who are 0
to them, or wedded to t
leads, are obliged to reoogn
teach them as well aa the
theories; and portions of tl
theory^^speciall V the tram]
and the use of the phraae *'
best" instead of **ante|
mate," etc. — find nniverMl
ance in this country and in
countries as well. Americai
are sometimes also called *
ber-showing Leads," "The
matoryGame," and the *'i
ing Game" {g. v.).
The first step toward com
scientific play is a thorough
edge of these leads. By theii
legitimate information isezcl
between partners^ so that in t
fection of observation and p
both handa may be prac
played as one. Atableofthe
pal leads, showing first and 1
round Dlay to complete the
or information in each c
given below. This table W)
sonally approved by the 1
advocates of the American I
1894, and showe<l the play th
versally followed. Since th
eral changes have been propoi
accepted by many of the dci
ers. although "Cavendish " at
both adhere to the svstem a
nally promulgated by them.
"American Leads. Changes
The following explanations
abbreviations uaeu in the ta
ma<ie for the benefit of the s
A stand* for ace: K. for kins
qiicrn : J. \ux j»ck ; T. for ten.
II in4lK-^tc-« the hiKhrM card In
I. inflicalr« the lowest card in «
¥ indicatcfi the original fou
cAd, count tng frum the htf he«l.
A. ThU tttylc of letter indkai
lead or play.
A. ThU ityle of letter indloi
ksd or play on iccond ronad.
AMERICAN I^BADS H
h die oolomii under '* Cards at
kidcrfiiit*' will be found the va-
lioai ooobtnationa from which the
lodi ve made, as follows :
fuur
■jnib
Otftbtt
kBMior
ICuitna OF CAaDS xit
Suit.
AKQJ J{? I JAT
AKQ ^MT
AK
AJC
AQJT Ay
AQJ lAy
^A-
A AT
Ay
Ay
KQJT
AFlAF
JQ \JQ
JfA
QA
AAT
Ay
Ay
AF
JJC
KQJ \JQ\JQ\JJf
T«
A T
AQ
AQ
IsA
T« T K
« I
Ij«
QJ
F»
F' i«y
iSLiS;*'* !*••
F« I F» HZ,
•PBCXAL TmUMP SUIT LSADS.
A»J
AAT A/rlAAT
K/f K/4
4K
AATl FA" fa:
1
FA-
K^
A
A/* ,F/< |F^ F^
I«^
SQT
^t i^t
«t HLi iK(?
XQ
^« Fi?
Fi?
iFA-
K{?
Ib all other cmsen, trump leads are the
aame m» in plain tuita.
) If K wins. Icttd original ^, other-
• IfC^ wisa, lead F remaining, otber-
AMBRICAN LEADS
• If T wina, lead F; if Q falls, lead K
to show four.y to show five; if A falls,
lead AT.
« If A falls, lead AT, otherwise L.
• If A or K falls, lead Q, otherwise L,
• Nor L according to fall of cards.
American leads have revolutionized the
game, and the changes have all been in
tne direction of simplification.— C D,
P. Hamilton [L. A.\ ''Modern Scientific
tVhutr
If it were allowable to exercise some
judgment in using these leads, they
might not be open to so many objections:
but they are worse than useless unless
the partner can depend on their being
uniformly adopted.— Af. F. Foster [S. O.j,
''CompieU HoyUr
The new, or American leads, are at
times wonderfully effective iu assisting a
player to read his partner's hand, but
there are times when they leave him ut-
terly in the dark on the all-important
first round, and do not give as much in-
formation as the old leads would uuder
the same circumstances.— VaL IV. Stames
[S. a], ** Short-Suit lyhist.*'
The changes in the [old] leads by the
new system are not so many or so great
as is sometimes sup|x>sed, and being in
the direction of simplicity, and based on
a principle which is of quite general ap-
plication, ought not to be confusing. By
the old system, the Icing led indicated
nothing as to the number in suit. Now,
it always means four, at mont; and the
ace or queen is led, instead of king, from
suits of five or more. — Fisher Ames [L,
A.], ''A Practical Guide to lyhist."
The most notable contest has been be-
tween the advocates of the various sys-
tems of leads. It has proven a long and
arduous di^*cussion. which, at the pres-
ent writing, is still bein^r carried on, al-
though any one. viewing the whole sit-
uation from an unprejudiced standpoint,
must at present, of necessity, admit that
much the largest of the expert opinion
of the country has declared in favor of
the system commonlv called American
leads.— ilfi/Zow C. IVork [L. A. H.], " IVhist
of To-day. "
The penultimate of "Cavendish" ad-
vised simply that there was a card re-
maining in the hand lower than that led,
nomatter how many higher. The Ameri-
can lead [of fourth best) informs that
there are exactly three cards hij^her than
the card led, no matter how many
lower. The second lead from the penul-
timate play gave no indication of the
quality or number of high cards left.
The second lead by the American play
gives information of both— (7. fV. Pettes
[L,A. P.], ''American lyhist Illustrated r
AMERICAN LEADS
12
AMERICAN LEADS
The fir>it in.-ixim nf thr American letidii
U: Wht-n yuuoiK-na null willi alowcanl,
Ivitil \iiur i'liirtti lic*tt. Thr si-i-iind inaxiiii
la 111 ilowii ti> AiiieriiMii It ailn may t>e
thuH •.i.ttcil: Wht-n yon opi-ii n '>triii^
Milt Willi .1 hiKh «..ir«l. anil next Ii'u>l a
low vr.it'i, Ir.i«l ><Mir Imirth licnt, couiilitiif
fiiitit .tii'l iiu'lu-ling the c.ir<l tirsi Wtl,
The ti:iti{ in.ixiin nt V\v Amc-ric.iu lr:tils:
^\'h« n \-'ii "(M-n .1 •^irnnx mmI wit)i a hit^h
cant. iiiKl r« mam with twi> hi^h in«ltf'
Irri III i.ii'N. It ad t)u' hiKhr-r it >imi
ci|K-ii' «1 a Huit III luiir. t]i( I'lWCT if yoii
0|»<-n' <la •'Uit III fivr -"Cii:^'»i// '*"(/- -' !•
'It'htit jMiYUtpmenti" \joufth etlttiom,
Thr A:niTic.tn lra«N h;ivr now tH-cime
of It nioir inttK-itt- charaitir. tml thfin^h
thr-v nn ,ii!>i;it"l Ml nio-t III thf I.<>n<Ioii
clubs Ny *<i>iii- ul ti:<.- IraillllK iillthoiitli-H
uii wi:i>i lh«-y luivc ui't \i'l ctjinv iiitu
Kt'iifi.ii i:^> liy thf iiia;i>rity nt )ila\t-r*».
Mn:iv •'( Ihriu'ri i4iiitf liiii;: aM«l(l.i)M'iiate
exp<iii it'.tjii .iiiil I. IV i'li:i.r haii.l-, who
kic "U i -I tn--J 'Illy in nui>il>ir. have mil
Iraitit t> .-ipjfif r.it'- tkcr \.tlue. The
wiiTi 1 «t Wiiiol i-< ji.iN-in^ thritii^h a {k-
riift *'( lt.iti«-iii>in, .iti'l in a Uw >(-.irs
iii.i!i> !■: -Jit s;>'» ■• ^ hi» n :ir»' n»>w ii«'r» pit il
with •l-iuM. *'T i\rn •ipiiily nji-t liil. mny
ha\t'l' ''II niii'i!>i.rt- t miiun.: Die iiiili!*-
l>iit.it''.«- axi'iiii-* ot thi- K«"""— "'• ^
<'.'Hr;if/-» /- - ('. . "/.«.<■ /ij/i li'htU and
H hist J i\i \ff .' t^',4.
It w I* 'nt'iT i' th it wjii*n th* •.v-ti-m »>f
Anii'ti- ifi l»-a«N w.i •»;»"•'"''•'■'' '" K.iii;l.iii'l
the '.ji^w-itiiin t<i:l"» aiJij-ti-in sh'niliH'e
ri ■hrit' iiil -"infrr'-. • • • TJi» rr werr.
Ihrr»- .ir»-. oh-lin.il»" «i]ii'r;nT« • • •
T^'»-v "".iv thf p.»mr i«» c init-hi i!*-*! • • •
Th* V ill TMt trll whfffin. •'ttu*- th» Amrr-
ic.iM •.v*»'*ni Ti-'i'tir* * i-nlv. thnt th**
1f.i'1i-r hiM fx." rlv thn-f i.ii !- hichrr
th.i! th«- ! .«-r ir-l > ■!. i .• t'l i» it hf It nU
II I'v'h I i: 1 111"! t?i' n a 1 iw ■ fM-. h»- h.i-i
e«.i '.\\ •\^ 1 1 »• U hi^h'-r th.m hi- •»»'t'infi
\f\^. kv \ ■ 'ii .! Mavin-j '• 1 i htirh v'iir-l.
w}i»ti !.."iinif:i.' with mt'ith'-T h»L'h nn**
h** ;■!:•%- t';-- ^!^■^♦ >i "f t «■! • ■!'»••' 'V !{•»<'" 1
i; h- ■ I' ' ut r 'IT i ir-N «r" ll;« -ml aiid
fh- ! ■.*. -t -i! t'M- ?w ' It h' »ni* :i-.' •••
T';'- i-i .«! .iJinir I'-Jr "-x fc'i Ml ■■! Atri'Ti'in
Ir.iil- ■:■ \ »f;;-'-'M.f JT' it'-t a !^ .i :it l|f«:
l>v :■' ^ T- '•*. X'l.'ft- 1*1 ■•'-'. l-"ii.'':-h
wh"-«t tli» .'.t. , t;.,ri^ ti» -.t *i« tiii: itivi'.i I.
it ■■ I .• •:!■ Mit ■ 'itji' ■ r«»al •!*■ -<» H'.
/v.* / .1 .'■ . ' .tmrf:..in tl'hi t II. u-
tf.i:f :
I 1 !•■« r- ■•tT ■iik:!v««« VI r 'irrhips rvf n
ni'i'f .••■I- ,;:\ ♦. •»!»■ •■pini 11 that .irhi.
I:.ir\ w "k «.:.!' f.v'iij in»«i:Miiri iii. Anirt-
irnti !i '!- "n- 1 i l^-i an- ti^'.-ifc-'-l \-* the
trii'- ••Tif :l ■'"!h» u iiiw .lu-l !■ n-I with an
rv I ■!! rr.i-in,: !"TC« i'i*«-'il It .!• m in-
t»-,l«- till' I'tKi-rni'iit N -l ' nlv t\'fr%
thr «.tf iiu ■« !h»- attrnii .ti to jtrtiy de-
tails which wuulil oibeiwiae have no Im*
portance, make playinic more of a taak
than a K'^'^i^t '>ut it prevent<« thr manH of
players from nulinf( the broader featurca
of the play, and they t>ecomr mere iKMjk-
pinyets, truhtiiiK to their iiicniory uf all
thi-'y have leatiie«l by heart. They are
>ilavi-H to th«' riile^ in^trad ot brin;; their
inaHtcTH. With nilch of play ns in Clay
and the earlier edition*! uf *' Cai'mdinh.*'
which were purely rational, nn intrlli-
Kent plftver ctiuhl' easily nia*>lfr thr rea-
fHiiiH nnil M-e whrn thi-'y no l"nK'r ai>-
plicil: but with arbitrary tiil(-<)<>f play he
cannot do n«>. uihI hr must rithrr fidopt
them or deceive hi-* jiartner. — " -t/ix««' '
[/. ■ 0.\. hxttait Jtom letUt , AufiuU //,
During the lant twi-nty vears the prac-
tirr oi whi«>t-i>layri«> has iini|t-if;i»nr con-
Mili-r.ible niiMliliiation Tlu* di-^ciiril trom
thv sttonK ituit (Oil ailvc-ioc d'-claratitm
ot coinniand of trump<«i. th«- If.td of the
pnuillinwitr • fr -m siiito 'it more than
t-iii! C.I tils I, the rcho III till- call for
trumps, aii'l variatiniiN in Ihi- nuMle of
liaiiii:^ fr>iin certain com^ itiati'nin of
lii>:h c;<!d*>. have li(-r 11 intrii<I)ii f-d at va-
ruMis tmii !«. and have inrt uilh the a|>-
) roval ot thi- crtal m.'ij<irity «>f Kood
i>la\rrH. Rrci nily. still ttiithrr ulvancei
Uivr In-rn m.idr Thr- b .ols ot th*' luw-
r»l ti'im Mills .it' four catiU. anil of the
t>eiiultimate from Hints n: five curda,
nave Ik en shuwn to b*- nu iilv pail of a
leener.il law whii h rc<|iiirr'4 thr lead of
the fuutth he\t s::\'.\\ when a ••Iroiii! suit la
tiirf-iitil with n low caril: and the h.'tme
law r< (pun •) its a coioilaiy. thr le.id of
tl;r t'luttk hfit on the steond round
(I •■ui.'in^ Iroin t1i«' I- iTit fiT»t b d .when
n hi*:h card is led f-illnwdl >iy i ^•w i nrti
of tlH" s:iinf taint AImi '.t 1m- b* t n sreil
tti it Ihi- ]iT:u:Kr. whiili l:.i«- ■■'■tained
wh< n leaditik: rrntn ctTiati •-•>!ii* iti.ttKina
<it hr.;h iM.iiff trnr r.iii!- i- i\ip.ii-le of
K'lM r.«li7 ill III. wliifh brj!ii'«« b .i<i* from
hirli card», as wtl'i as rr- "i biw one«,
nii-b-r iinif'/rin niU s -(,.:.•« Ju A ' {L.
A.,. "H'ktit Jtxf.i'pmrnti, ' f'y.
American Leads, Changes in.—
Dimtli; sevrral yvafs pasl thftf has
Ik*i:ii (rirmiiliri^lr dis<-ti-s!<»n nviT s
lii:iiil»»-ri»f i"li;itiv.'<-^ \\hirl'. havi: iHrcn
pr<>]">-«rrl in thr Anil-: io ill Iir.uls.
\r. l.ul, fmni tlirir viry adujdion,
t)lt-r MM'!> h.ivi.'!nrn tlu- ••n^jit.'l of
criiifistiis atnl Mij;j>jt-s!i'tris, uxiiong
tlu' timst radii'.il iii<Mhtii'atioiislH'ing
l)io-*f j)r.u'tn*r<l a lid HdviicaUil by
t!u* l.iU* Crriifj^r W. IVtti-s i^. rJ.
TlifS4« di<) iifil niifl uith anv rx-
tcndetl acct'ptaucc, and have falleo
IMHRICAK LBADS
13
AMERICAN LEADS
mat. But other sufgested
ements have receivca more
and general attention, e»-
r those known as the Hamil-
difications (see, "Hamilton
), originated and practiced
ton C. Work and his asso-
on the famous Hamilton
rom which they derive their
The idea of Mr. Work and his
aes is to remove from the
an leads what is by many
red an objectionable feature,
, the uncertainty in the lead
fn. that card bem^ led from
ifFerent combinations — ^ace,
aeen, more than four in suit ;
aeen, more than four in suit ;
een, jack, ten, four or more
rder to simplify the queen
he Hamiltons abolished the
the queen from queen, jack,
i substituted in its place the
r the ten. In order to do
y were obliged to take away
epted lead of ten from the
u:k, ten combination, which
id» by substituting for the
the latter case, the common
the fourth best.
solves the difficulty, and
way with the previous un-
y of the c^ueen lead, so that
iat card is led, and forces
, partner knows you have
na of the suit ¥rith king,
ict your partner cannot be
. if the queen is led from
:injf. queen, and three or
nail cards, and from queen,
•n, and othera The Hamil-
ds — or, more strictly, the
on modifications of Ameri-
is — have met with very large
nee in America, and it is by
loaght not improbable that,
e future day, they may be
ly incorporated in the sys-
American leads. Among
leading players who have
given them their endorsement, are
C D. P.Hamilton, John T.Mitchell,
and P. J. Tormey. The latter two
have also accepted another change,
which consists in substituting for
the lead of king that of queen, in
suits headed by ace, king, queen,
jack ; or ace, kiug, queen. This was
first suggested by R. F. Foster, in
H^Aisl tS* July, 1895, when he said :
•'Suppose that we say that it is
pretty generally agreed that the
fourth best is a good lead from
king, jack, ten, and others, and that
the ten is the best lead from queen,
jack, ten, with or without others,
as it reduces the present confusion
of the queen leads, why is not the
queen a good lead from ace, king,
queen, jack, and others? Such a
lead would be about the same
change as that from ten to jack,
from king, queen, jack, ten; would
not materially anect the mean-
ing of a queen lead, and would
restore to the jack that very val-
uable and absolute denial of the
ace in the leader's hand. Second
rounds might be: Queen, then ace
with five; queen, then king with
six; queen, then jack with seven or
more. A very careful analysis, just
finished, of all published hands, and
the one hundred and twelve of the
correspondence tourney, prompts
this suggestion."
In the New York Sun of March
I, 1896, Mr. Foster argued further
in behalf of the proposed lead of
queen from ace, king, queen, jack,
and others: ''This would," said
he, '* restore to the jack its old
value as a card absolutely denying
the ace, and warning partner, if he
did not hold it, that it was held up.
Tlie queen would then be led from
two combinations only: one with
and one without the ace, but always
with the king, and at least three
others in the suit."
Mr. Tormey, in 1896, published
AMERICAN LEADS
14
AMERICAN LEADS
ill his "Whist I)on*t«,'* a tabic of
le.n is rontainmj^thf various chanj^jes
n;;ri«"«l uj)oti hy Mr. Mitclicll and
hitiiM-lf. ;is follow-:
Nl'MIIKK (IK CAkDa IN
Rr
irs
III
uv
:aii
J-.li
■
Sr
ir.
k
4
S
6
/
1.
A
•J
J
0 A
ij K
y J
y J
J
A
K
« 1
(>
«J V
n K
n K
y K
\
A
K
n
0
A K
A K
A K
A K
4
A
y
.!
M
A 1 .
A J
A .1
A J
«
A
*J
I
II
A 0
A J
A J
A J
f.
A
u
«>
( 1
tth
».. -.1
4th
l.-Kt
tth
A 4II1
J
A
0
0
« 1
J K
,t!i
J y
nil
A 4th
f
K
J
'
J I-
J «■'
•j
K
< )
.1
( 1
J K
I y
J 'J
T 'J
— -
—
—
■^
. -—
— -_
1 •
K
1 )
1 1
(1
KH'i
K tth
K.4M1
K.'.th
II
K
J
I'-
(1
41 h
jth
,ih
i'h
!.■
y
J
;■ 1
0
I., u
= ■ J
'» J
: J
Triiinji > i<\% nrr tJi** » ipi*- .^s Ti!.iin
*!ii?s. •\t«;i:in< N ■* ; an I : ■ c«j!nli!'i;i-
lln"*
N I I'-'-rnSiTi'intt. 1' a-l f .urth 1--t.with
fi-.i' :,:•■ -r '•i\ ;:i •».!.: w :.}» ^' '. • ni:i s;ni,
!• '«■■•.'■ .t- J.! Ill ^■:;i
N' • i' .'■■ I'... . \*;;Ji Vi!;iv c|M' f n.
t* Ti ' ■ -r ■ •» "1 1 "1 • '11'. ' ■ I I. ;" • \" :! ''-
• ■;■. :'.■ t ■.. • ■. 1 ■ . !:• I 1 . : ■ ■;■ >s ... ." n
i-t '-iLl. :»! ti : i.| kr: '. -i::-.'- .-1- ;.! i::i
>■..:
» ' ;-: ' T:: •■ \f ..I. f :.. ■ .'.^- :i -l ^ r »■
c! :■■! ..- V • ,::■. .■ .: ■. : .;: .. , ■ j.:..;,
t .• ' . r ■«:'.... I .V •. r ■ 'T • '.■ ! • f
Ri ■ - ■ . r ?:■••: 1 ;i -, i. ■.■•./.■•• I •■ r
* '* ' ♦. ■ ■ •■••■,:.',.. t n- < ' t:: r»"
I ■ • . . r ■ '•." \ •'.'■■•- ' I ?:• »■*■■■■
I •■ ! ' •"■'■■ f; : ■ ! ■■ t?i' •-•■ .".
A I" ■ • ■ .' r"n- !• 1 J I r I in." :. ' w iv^
m;« ' I '^ ■ 1'v- ij:;* • II ; .tjT IT tni-ff in
hilt. • !• r • t!i« .1 - ;.Kk '■
"I '■ 11 V.::i.: :iiiil mr, f«uir t-r ni-.ir in
*-ir.
/'r ' .'■.! f T?T»" l*"..!! t.f i I* k. ] r ■liiim*
,. ■ ■
■'■•'» ■ '. V n.-.y-iit i.r 1:; : ■ i:i • -iit. i ml
ti'-n.t « t!ie jicr.
Ten-lead.— 'tYi^ Irad of trn procUimi
JACk aii<l ({ucc-n, four or more in wuit, and
di-nirH the LinK nnd acr.
Mr. MitchclU in a letter published
in U '/lis/ for Scptcnilx-r, i.*V/6, say a
of the changes em braced in the
atxive t.iblc:
" Now that the ad(>])tion of the
ten -lead from queen , knave, ten,
ha.s iK'Conie almost >;euer.il, and in
view uf tlie fact that the knave is
con tillered the proper leiul from
king, (|Ueen. knave, and the mieen
the pro]M.*r lead from ace. king,
(}ueen, it seems to nu* that the com-
miltee which was apiK>inted at the
last congress to fornnilate a code
of lea<Nand follows for recommen-
<lation to the League sliould con-
hi'lcr the advis:ibility of revising
the t.ilile of American leads in con-
fonnitv with a general rule, such as
the i«»l lowing:
** With three or more carils in
f«e(|iieiu'e. the lowest of whiih il
not below the ten, lead the third
from tile top.
"Willi only two honors in se-
rpi«Mii-e. iNith higher tlian the knave,
le.nl th<* hi^l:er. Willi are, «|M<-vn,
kn:i\r. le.id mc; ffillow with rputril
to sliow four, knave U> show five or
more.
*' Without any ln\'h-raT-rl hoMing
as ;;r»."l ;is t illhT of \hv aliove, leail
your f inrlhOM't <.-ird.
" If I In- .ibove ru'.r wa«» nilojiti'd,
it U'".:M «lo .IV.. IV \\\\\\ tl:«' l«-:i-ie.id
fr":Ti 1::::::. k::.T.«'. U n. ai-.^l tin* .icc-
li:.l irtiin aiT :ii;d li-i-.r or n.ire
^i::.i!'. ; b'-.l. jt*^ tl:'. -■ li I'N Imvi- \;r-
tn.illv 1" r:i ;•.'.. iri'l- :u- \ i:\:' a-l-. . the
Tiiw r'.:!r \\oi:!«l v.*'\ intrrlir. with
til- v« !ii T il ni'i'le of ].' .\ iM that
ri-««:nTt. Tlie ni-w :i:!- . Ih-uever,
w'K.iM iM.Lke a ra<lii-.tl t '.i..Tivi- in
one f'-'-'KTi, vi/.. in the !•■ .d of
fpi'-'-Ti ti »-ho\v five or niofe in suit,
and the le.ul of king to show ex-
ac-tlv four; ami tli:it is wht-re the
princiiKil objection tu th'j pro{KM«d
AMBRICAN LEADS
15
AMERICAN LEADS
change will come in. However,
according to some anthorities,
whoae opinion is shared by quite
a number of experts, the number
of amall cards shown by a lead is
not so important as the exact
stren^^th displayed, and there is no
question as to the superiority of
the proposed change in the latter
•• The lead of the ace would pro-
claim the king or queen, knave;
the lead of the king would proclaim
the qneen; the queen would pro-
claim the king and ace; the knave
would show me queen and king;
and the ten, the knave and queen.
Each of the high cards from the
ace down to the ten, with the ex-
ception of the ace, would proclaim
a certain holding, and, as the ace
vnally wins, the next lead would
dear away all uncertainty in regard
to that also.
•• The high indifferent cards left
tahand after the original lead could
be nsed under the new system to
show number of small cards in suit
jirt the same as under the old, and
the table of leads would not be al-
teved much in this respect.
Number Cards
IK Suit.
BOLDnVG.
4
L. F.
5
L. F.
6
L. F.
AKQJ
Q A
Q K Q J
^»Q
Q A
A
QK
• • •
AK
A • • •
Aft J
AQ
A J
• • •
J 10
• • •
> • •
»ftJio
J K
J Q
J Q
KftJ
J K
««
K
K
tjl»
'o Q 10 J ...
the Hamilton modifications (to
^ aolhing of the other proposed
changes) have thus far failed to re-
ceive the approval of the two lead-
ing authorities on American leads
— Trist and * * Cavendish " — al-
though the latter has admitted
their merits, while pointing out
their disadvantages. (See, ** Ham-
ilton Leads. *M Mr. Trist says, in
a letter to IVhisi for February,
1895: *• Would the added strength
to the queen-lead brought about by
the proposed change compensate
for the complication it brings to the
present ten-lead?" He adds: **I
am ready to take the negative side
of that question." In the issue of
Whist for June, 1895, he says fur-
ther, in his argument with Dr. Bond
Stow, an ardent advocate of the
changes: " He claims that it [the
proposed new ten-lead] will anect
another lead favorably — that is, it
will free from ambiguity the pres-
ent lead of the queen, which would
then show five at least in suit and
the holding of the king. To this
I will answer that the showing of
five cards by the first lead — except-
ing when knave is led — is of no
practical advantage, because the
unblocking is begun on the first
round on all high cards led, except
the king, the second round disclos-
ing number and rank of cards. In
the case of the queen as now led,
the nature of the holding is often
immediately made manifest, when
third hand holds one of the three
tell-tale cards, the king, knave, or
ten, or when one of them falls
from an adverse hand. Should
neither contingency happen, the
second lead settles the question in
ample time for all useful purposes.'*
In a letter under date of October 2,
1897, he adds:
** I am still of the opinion that
the ten-lead, from king, jack, ten,
is a much better one than the fourth
best; therefore, I adhere to the old
queen-leads, which do not bother
AMERICAN LEADS
i6
AMERICAN LEADS
nie a bit on account of their dual
siji^nirication. I al.so jirffcr the prc.*;-
ciU U-.iil tif j:u*k from ace, kinj^,
<|umi, jack. livr or more, to the
({ueC'.i, jis ]>r(){)0>eil, lH.'cau-e it ii«»»-
ses-^'N tile c«nisi«IcraMi.- ailvantaj^e
of keipiii;^ the atlversiiries in the
(lark a> to the positi^in of t!ie ace,
if jack takes the trick — presumin;;,
of c-'urte, th.it if either of them
hel«l l!ie ace. he vvoiiM liave taken
t!ie nick — wliiNt. if jack denies
the ai'f. it must Ih* iti third hand, a
fact which it is ht-lter that the op-
poiirn:"* should not know."
O'.iii.r advocate-* <if American
lead» Inve also pl:ice«l themselves
on rv.»'i»rd as nj)posL-d tt) tlie ll.unil-
ton ni' clitic, 1 1:0ns. \V. S. I'enol-
I0S.1, in /('/?; 5/ for May, 1S96,
says:
" In the March nunilnrr I ail-
vancfil S4»nir ark»nni!-Jits io en-
de.»vor to show, iitini actual trick-
in ikin*^ i'litisiiK-r.itions, that it is
nns:ifr to li-.!«l W:\ iVoni <puen, j.ick,
ten, and cttlnT-, t-xcfpt iroiii .i very
lonvc ^u:t, aii«l accordiir^^ly tliat the
lead of fjtK-en froTn tliat c unhina-
tion is tiir correct one. Tin* only
«»])jfCt:i»M ev'/r v.r^^eil Mijiin^t the
latter Itad is tlie incoTivi-nifUce and
Confus'.i^Ti arisiri-^ :'r<i:ii ihi- thn-efold
ch.iri-tt-r of t};--- n'.ievn-leads. It
has ,ii.\avs M-i in- •! to nn* that tliis
suifT'-wil d:i:ii uilv was more ini-
iyS'.v. ir\ ill i!i ai liial.*'
1'f'^ir.^t.- I.. I'.::rj:i, in the whist
il-]i irisn-Mil «if til'- St r.ml 67i'V,
s.i-.s "It is vt-ry r.in* indenl. in
ai-^'.jd ;■' IV. til It ihi-re is aiivi-on-
fiiN-.. iri ..r: -.r.:: !'r'»'Ti :he two niean-
inL.'-* ■■t"*'.K- •jv.-vTi-i.Mil. Thr sli^'ht
ailv.i::*. I.:* -^'li'i'd hy «liiinv; .r-v.iy
w!:h o"r «»f tliesf nieanirii^s is. wc
tlifik. V. *i ^-'.iiTi.u :it to compen>,iti!
for whit wi* consider the dsstinet
li>ss 111 trick -takinv:. which comes
from \]\" .l^anl!•^nnlent of the ten-
le id f'l'TTi kvi'/. vick. ten."
I'lsher Anic<, in H'htit of Tcb-
niar%', 1897, sums up the situstion
as follows:
" 1 desire to place myself on
record as op]>osed to the lead of tiie
ten from queen, knave, ten, etc.,
and of the lourth !)est, or low card,
from kinj<, knave, ten, etc. Having
experimented with these new leaila
for now about a year, I have not
noticeil any material advaiita^
from them. init. on tlie contrary, a
failure tu clear the suit so (]uickly
by them as by the leads according
to the regular rule. This is cspe-
ci<illy so lately, now that coveniig
by tlie second in hand player » so
much more free and {general than
formerly. One may ar>;ue himself
'black in the face' that the ten- lead
will l)e covered as often as the
(pieen by second hand ht>idin>; the
kin;; and two Itw, even though
knowing; the leader to lead the ten
from (pieen. kn.ive, ten, etc., bnt
the fact is otlit-rwise. It m.iy, per-
haj)s, Ih.' s.iid that it isn't well to
cover with tlie kiti>; in either CAJie.
That I admit; but it df>e«n't alter
the (.\v\. It is when second hand
holds ace iind low he hardly ever
pi lys ace on the ten li*il, no matter
wh it rule the leadi-r adopts; for
there is always a chance, ainl latelT
a ^01 h1 chance, that the ten is a
s'.i]>i>*inin;; cird; whi-rea^. if the
(}uei:i is Ird, M'Ci>niI hrtnd, holding
ac«* .iii'l low. almost always covers
or hiildxivj k;n^ and low, generally
covi rs. In >horl. the play of .Sfecond
hand is very diffrreiit in actual
praitui- fr«i:n what it iisi-d to l»e.
"Tin* s.i:tio ari^unieiits ap5.ilv Xo
the Ir.i.l of ihr tell from king,
kn.ivi*. i«-n. to wit, that the leail of
the ten wi',! clr.iriip the snil better.
on tlu'aver.ige. th.tn the lead of the
fourth N'st. I nei-d not amplify on
this, as itM*ems to nie a stdf evident
))ro|Kisit:iin. The ]H\ssibiIity of
secfitid h.ind hnldin*^ .tci* and queen
isn't worth considering, it wonld
lmbrican lbads
17
AMERICAN LEADS
1 so seldom, and then it
I't make mnch difference
8 led.
e confusion in the meaning
queen-leads is not a sum-
round or reason for changing
ids. There is vexj little, if
njury resulting from such
ion, as compared to that re-
: from a failure to clear the
One is occasional and not
robable; the latter most prob-
1 every lead.
batever confusion it may
s no greater than the confu-
the meaning of the l^ul of
I by the new method. The
I Tery important and useful
It is led as a supporting card
Tquently under the present
la of play, and adopting it as
d to leacf from queen, knave,
introducing just as much new
ion as is taken out by the
i in the lead.
cse two rules have had the
over one hundred years* ex-
oe, and have stood the test
it a waver. And now, for
eems to me a fanciful whim,
re to be thrown overboard,
ly part, I need more solid
ent than any I have seen
id yet to change my belief,
be present meUiod of play
oakea the suggested changes
to me more emphaticauy
»f
lore tliaa a hundred ycftrtithas
c mle to lead the ten from king,
91, and others: but of late the ex-
mrt been adiFOcating the lead of
an card, and this has led to cor-
ling changes in the play of the
hand. Itls remarkable that the
■nee of one hundred and fifty years
« been suAcient to settle this
B. Thirty years aso " Pem-
' sofTgestea the lead of the small
st some of onr foremost players,
them the (amoos analjrst, George
a. still insist that the ten is the
emA^^M, F. F^UrXS. 0.\, RocheS'
Y.) ^ti-Exprtu, Oct, J#, 1896,
American Leads, History of. —
It would be absurd to claim that
the American leads in their entirety
are the marvelous product of one
or two whist brains. These leads
embrace to a large extent leads
which are almost as old as whist
itself; they are naturally grafted
upon and preserve what is best in
the parent tree. They are simply
the outgrowth and systemization
of informatory play. Information
has always been conveyed by the
fall of the cards at whist, but as the
game developed it ivas deemed wise
andgood to sdd certain conventional
plays, and to give them a meaning
in card language that should be
understood by all who would take
the trouble to learn them. Lord
Heniy Bentinck*s trump signal was
the first great innovation of this
kind, and marked a distinct era in
the history of the game. Thirty
years later, in 1865, Waller A. Lewis,
better known in the whist world as
** Cam,'* advanced the idea, in his
"What to Lead," that small cards
could be profitably used in convey-
ing information aside from their
employment in the trump signal.
His proposition, that long suits
which did not contain an honor be
opened with the smallest card but
one, in order to give partner infor-
mation to that ef^t, met with some
approval, but more opposition, and
is now remembered only as an ex-
periment. Among those who ob-
jected to it was a writer in the
IVestmifisUr Papers for November,
1868, who thought his own proposed
mode of leading the lowest of a se-
quence, in intermediate sequences,
was more important. Thus, from
kine, six, five, four, two, he would
lead the four.
All these, and similar discussions
and proposals, seemed to make no
permanent practical impression,
until "Cavendish" brought the
AMBRICAN LB ADS
I8
AMBRICAN LBAD8
force of his whist gjniitis to beAr
apoa the situation. His book, " The
Ptinciples of Whist,*' had long since
given him a standing with whist-
players the world over, and every
succeeding edition gave fresh evi-
dence of nis progressivenesB and
agf^remivcness as well. His keen
insight into the very heart and
myster>' of the game, so to speak,
and his ability to grasp and solve
its greatest problems, made him
the acknowledged leader and ex-
ponent of its latest improve-
ments. The system which culmi-
nated in what is now pooularly
known as the American leaas, had
its real inception in a number of
innovationsproposed and advocated
by him. and not the least of these
was his famous " penultimate** lead
from suits of five containing no
hif^h-card combination to lead from.
Thts useful informatory device was
. incorporated by him in his book, in
1872, and met with general favor,
although it caused no little discus-
sion as well. The idea of lending
the la«t but one from suits of five
naturally suggested other varia-
tions, and .imong these was a prop-
osition publi^he^l in the U'eslmin'
iter Paf^rs for January, 1875, that
•* while you ought to lead the low-
est card in four-5uits (f. r., suits of
four'i, you should lead the third from
the top in five-suits." This was the
first sprouting of the idea which
was to figure so prominently in the
American leails tn a s^miewhat dif-
ferent and more comprehrn5i\'e
form as the fourth-be^t principle;
but the sTijj^estion of 1S75 fell un-
heal r I up'tn the ears of conserva-
tive Hnjjland. Likewise unheeded
was a nofible impro\*ement pro-
posed by Colonel fnow General)
Dravsonl in his ''Art of Practical
\niUt.'* in 1879. The latter had
ingeniously supplemented "Caven-
dish's" penultimate by the ante-
penultimate lead from snits o
Recognition of the valoe o4
idea first came from Ami
where both the penultimate
antepenultimate were prad
and where they led to the fn
extension and development all
alluded to. Among the moat <
nal and brainy advocates of
whist in America was Nichol
Trist, of New Orleans, a re
correspondent of **Cavendis
who had discussed many impo
points of whist practice wftl
great English anthority. ** Q
dish,'* as editor of the whiai
partment of the Fields freqQ<
gave Mr. Trial's ideas to the pi
In 1883, Mr. Trist conceivet
idea of combining all the ac
tages which had previously atti
K09 the old lead of the lowest
four, the penultimate, and the
penultimate, in one seneral
and that was to lead the f<
best from all suits in which t]i<
no combinstion suitable for a 1
card lead. The fourth bei
counted from the top of the
and this important ciistinctior
ried with it an additional a^
tage. By means of the fourth
thus counted from the highest
down, exactly three cards hi
than the one led are a]wa3rs it
to be in the leader's hand,
new fourth-best genermllzatioi
communicated to and fully
provetl of by " Cavendiidt*'
curiously enough, bad anrivf
about the same conclusion in n
to a uniform rule, independei
Mr. Trist, their letters on the
ject crossing each other on
ocean. ** Cavendish** inristed.!
ever, thst his American frieiM!
a little ahead, and fredy gaw
the credit, at the same time ai]
ing himself with energy to tb
troduction of the new lead, i
ing it, among the ynrj ftnt, li
LMBRICAN LEADS
X9
AMERICAN LEADS
The latter " fully concurred
elesance of the simplifica-
Loa remarked that it seemed
i been in the air for some
nd might now be consid-
Ij established as a principle
i was another direction in
fr. Trist rendered important
oe in perfecting the new sys-
e followed up some valuable
ions of " Cavendish,'* who,
years previously, had intro-
da now recognized leads of
3fwed by queen to show ace,
ack, and one small, and ace
1 bv jack to show ace,
jack, and more than one
ind who had also formula-
rule that the higher of two
mt cards on se^nd round,
a maximum of four; the
I minimum of five. Mr.
sving thus noticed the ad-
ouB use that had been made
itions in the play of '* in-
t high cards ' ' — that is, cards
il value for trick-making
s — proposed to carry this
Says Pole: *'The cases were
rfaere a player had to lead
d of a sequence; and, Mr.
laoned, acceding to the new
e, the leader might, by
g different cards for the
, convey by convention dis-
sna of information for each
Ln settling how this should
Bged, he ingeniously took
ge of some ordinary expe-
rhich had already prevailed
k-making purposes. Mr.
saaooed thus: * Here are
ea where it has been settled
fcreiicf are made in the
[^ for the purpose of obtain-
Eenent results conducive to
iking; why should not these
oea be utuized also for giv-
paftner information ? why
we snake it understood that
in all cases of the leading of indif-
ferent high cards, whether the gen-
eral policy of trick-taking dictates
it or not, the same rule shall ap-
ply?* He consulted 'Cavendish,'
who warmly approved of the sug-
gestion, and this at once was refi[is-
tered and widely adopted as another
item of American leads."
After receiving all of Mr. Trist 's
suggestions, from time to time,
'*vfavendish" rounded out and
finished the whole scheme, and en-
ergetically advocated it in public.
He wrote, argued, discusschd, an-
swered Questions and met objec-
tions in the I^t^id and other period-
icals. He also lectured on the
subject of the new leads, and in the
following year ( 1885) published his
book entitled "Whist Develop-
ments, American Leads, and the
Plain Suit Echo," which he dedi-
cated to Mr. Trist, in honor of
whose native land he had named
the new system American leads.
He described the leads at length,
and laid down the following max-
ims in defining them: " i. When
you open a suit with a low card,
lead your fourth best. 2. On quit-
ting the head of your suit, lead
your original fourth best j^This
maxim caused considerable discus-
sion for several years, and ** Caven-
dish " now prefers to say, lead the
fourth best remaining in your hand,
while Mr. Trist holds to it as first
formulated.] 3. With two indiffer-
ent high cards, lead the higher if
you opened a suit of four; the lower
if you opened a suit of five."
Although the promulgation of
the leads gave rise to controversy
and much violent opposition, whicn
has by no means subsided as yet,
they have been accepted by the
g^at majority of whist-players in
America. They were duly incor-
porated, in 1886, by '* Cavendish,"
m the edition of his " Laws and
AMERICAN LBADS
ao
AMBRICAN LBA
Principles oi WUM," MesUblidied
rules ot pmctioe, mod the Americsn
Whist Lesgne, at its fint annusl
congress, in 1891, formslly sdopted
them ss the svstem thst should rule
in the interpUy of Lesgue dubs.
As TOLD BT "CATKifPita.'*—Lonf be-
fore the sytlem of American leads was
thoaght 01 there were certala combina-
tions of high oartU. led in a particular
wav. which fthowed more than four in
Milt in the leader's hand. The moat oot-
able, and perhapa the moat aadent, oT
these, was the lead of king, from king,
queen, knave, and one small card; the
lead of knave, from king, queen, knaTe,
and more than one small card. These
leads are to be found in Boyle, as early
as 174a.
But little pi ogress was made in the di-
fection of imparting information of num-
her. until I suggested that frcmi ace,
queen, knave, and one small, ace then
queen should be led; that fhmi ace,
oueen, knave, more than one aouUl, aoe
taen knave should be led.
This was originally proposed by me at
the same County Club where the penulti-
mate was first {Majred (see M^ii/ of lanu-
ary. 1894). A remarkably good pla jrer,
my partner, led ace then queen from a
very long suit, of which I had king and
two small. I did not unblock, and the
con«e<|uence^ were disattruus. liy part-
ner maintained that I should have pUyed
king on hi« queen. I maintained. If nis
suit was so krag that he wished me to
unblock, he should have followed the ace
with the lowest of his queen-knave se-
qurnce A discussion ensued (I wish I
had noted the date), and after consider-
ing and analysing the cases, I shortly
after electrified the County Club players
b>- announcing that, in future, from ace.
aueen. knave, more than four in suit, I
snould lead ace, then knave; and that
from queen, knave, ten. more than foar
in suit. I should lead queen, then ten.
This. I was informed, was another of my
"dodges" for showing number, for
which I was told later I had a " veriuble
crate.'
I replied that the exhibition of number
was only s collateral iasue of such leads,
the true principle being that if you want
your partner to win the second round
you ah I mid play the lowest of cards in se-
quence, such a card being a card of pro*
tection in case jrour partner is weak.
Thi« IS invitation to him not to pass the
trick nnlesa soch a play snita his hand;
the reverse play ia a distinct invitation to
kim not to win the trick. Now. as it
happened, from my analvala, that I
■kmild seldom lose 1^ iavUui( my part-
ner lo win my trick when I hi
the suit, bat that I aboukl cite
h<4ding out the invitation to wi
twice over, with only four. I
eluded only to make the winnl
when I had more than fonr 1
originally.
Finally. I carried my point, •
these two leada, and also as re
lead of knave, from knave, t
etc. now abandoned in plain m
higher of two indiflerent cani
second round, meant a maxims
the lower, a minimum of five,
the matter remained for a 1
until Mr. Triat proposed to 1
same rule of play to the lead oi
king, knave, ten, etc. on tl
round, when queen is forced o
round. Then simultaneonaly U
crosMd on the Atlantic), we u
the rule: with two high indi£Rpr
lead the higher if yon opened
four cards; the lower if you o|
of more than four. The adn
this policy, once pointed out,
vious. that no aeriona otppos
ever been offered to the abov<e
method of leading fnnn high i
cards.
It also became obvions that 01
of a knave, from king, queen, ki
which shows five to start with,
queen become high indiflH^
Hence, the second Tesd of kinjr
the original possession of fivi
the second lead of queen eoi
claim* the possession original!]
more.
Later on. the ace. king. qnee»
to be reconsidered. It was fina
that an original lead of queen, w
the trick, shows your partner
suit of more than four, provide
not hold both ace and kln|r. Tl
king become high indlUbre
hence, queen followed by ace s
exactly; queen followed by ki
more than five.
It is not agreed that any gn
tage results, aa a rule, from shot
thsn five. As I sUted in the
article (tee H^isl of January, t
of «ix or seven cards in most
cUre themselves fronk the fi
csrds. Still, it is adviaatOe. ii
complete the system, and to i
cards can be made to talk, to ii
cases where more than five
held. The most important c
enable partner to dtstingnish
four ana more than four.
The American system of lead!
yet incomplete, as no provision
made for the case of leading a
and then a low one. Thna. Trm
four or more saall. lend ace, tl
Bnt whkk of tkn smU oacs 1
iBRICAM LBAD6
21
AMBRICAN LEADS
ICr. Triit And I set Co work to
lis ouesUon. Piire at least in
lajreci on the aeoond lead. It is
lat with kna^re, ten, nine, etc,
c card to lead after the ace is
to protect the suit if partner
)ld neither king nor queen.
*r cards, the beat second lead is
itcd. Mr. Trist is of opinion
3tiginal fonrth best should be
ace. With all respect to that
inthority. I am of opinion that
I beat oi those remaining in
be preferred. Thus, from ace.
ne. ^h£ two. Mr. Trist would
then eignt; I should lead ace,
I haTe worked out all the
combinations, and I find the
€0ms may be summed up as
The lead of the original fourth
ace, gives the third hand a
better dianoe of unblocking on
d round, than the lead of the
t of those remaining. On the
i, the lead of the original fourth
ace, gives the second hand a
better fiance of finessing
ly on the second round, than
of the fourth beat of thoae re-
n band. Hence, what has to be
I the relative advantage or dis-
r of these possibDities to either
lea. In my opinion , the balance
ige to the leader and his part-
ihtlv with the lead of the fourth
linmg in hand after ace has
Mr. Whitfeld is of opinion that
:perience is required; he favors
li of thoae remaining in hand,
the original fourth best; but
not feel sure that any but the
mid be led after the ace. Hence,
to the title of these articles, the
of American Leads.'* I cannot
;hia branch has as yet had an
beyond the origin of consider-
St and I agree as to the best
id on the second round, when
ed from king, queen, and three
nan cards and queen wins, only
the lead somewhat differently.
fourth best of those remaining
Mr. Trist leads the original
It. ignoring the king (which is
ritk the leader). Thus, from
ren, ten, eight, five, two, we
th lead queen, then five.
tly unconsidered case, nnder
L la that in which ten is led
; from king, knave, ten, etc..
third hand must hold
f . a snusll card has to be next
led from a four-card suit. I can-
ine with the fourth best of those
I Hi hand, as I only have three.
id my only low card, and can
tIbnntioB aa to number. I am
inclined to the view that if I had five
originally, I ahould still lead the lowest,
i. e.y the fourth of those remaining in
hand, and not attempt to give evidence
of number. With more than five origi-
nally, I don*t think it is of much conae-
quence which of the small cards I lead,
but I am prepared to lead the fourth best
of those remaining in hand,if I have four,
and Mr. Trist and other authorities
agree. The lead of ten, from king, knave,
ten, etc., is exceptional, in that it defies
claaaification with other leads, and the
subsequent play also defies classification.
— "CatwrfiM" \L,a:\, Whist, Feb., iS95-
As TOX.D BY P08TBIL— *' An^erican
leads,'* as they are called, may be divided
into three parta, none of which origi-
nated in America: x. The lead of the penul-
timate and antepenultimate. "Cam,**
about 1860, suggested the lead of the low-
est but one, when holding suits of five or
more, not headed by an honor. This was
published in 1865. "Cavendish.** ia the
jFteld, November, 1871, suggested the lead
of the lowest but one from all suits of
five or more when a high card was not
led originally. Dravson, in 1879, ^or the
first time, proposed the antepenultimate,
stating that he had played it for several
years previously. Prom an American
player, N. B. Tnst, came the suggestion
to count from the top instead ortiie bot-
tom. The idea had already been sug-
gested in the Westminster htpers, eight
years before (see vol. 7, p. 189, January,
1875). 3. The principle Of long and short
jumps, fully explained in P. W. M., pages
40 and 4a. This has been so long a part
of the game that it is not peculiar to any
system of leads. It is given in early
editions of "Cavendish*' long before
American leads were heard ou 3. The
unwritten fourth rule of American leads,
which involves the most radical changes
in all leads from high-card combinations.
In the fourth edition of [" Cavendish *s *']
** Whist Developments,*' pages 7 and 17,
the first two rules are given, and the
third on page 99, all in red ink; but the
most important of all is in a two-line
paragraph at the bottom of page 17. This
nitherto unpublished fourth rule of
American leada is as follows: "Never
lead a king if ytm have more than four
cards of the suit.'* This • • • is
"Cavendish,** pure and simple, with
nothing American about it. Por the sake
of clearness, I have always called the
svstem of leads which the adoption of
tnis fourth rule entails, the anti-king
leads.-^. F. Foster [S. O,]. "DupiicaU
Whist and Whist Strategyr 1894.
As TOLD BY FBTTBS.~The history of
American leada is as follows: Six years
ago in April, an illustrated hand of
whist, by "N. B. T.,'* of New Orleans.
was printed in the I/mdon Field, In it.
AMERICAN LBADS
33
AMERICAN LBA
A held ftcc, que«n. kiuire, ten, ■erea, of
ft suit, ftod he led first ftce, then ten. It
wfts the germ of a revolutionary plan.
"Cavendish" annotated the hand, and,
as hid comments clearly show, did not
suspect the announcement of the fourth*
be«t card. In Tune Mr. Triat printed
another hand, in which A leads the
onginal fourth beat, and Z is made to
lead first ace. then fourth best. Two
weeks later "Lincoln's Inn" furnished
a hand in which A leads first ace spades
then two spades, holding three more,
and Y. holding ace. king, queen, seven,
six diamonds, plays ace. then king, then
queen No adverse comment to either
mode of play is editorially made. Mr.
Trist, a few weeks later, in a letter to the
Fields proposed that after the head of a
suit had been ouitted, the next lead
should properly be the original fourth
best, showing exactly two card* higher.
"Cavendish" wrote that "to formulate
such a rule would be more difficult than
Mr. Trist expected." Mr. Trist printed
his illustrated play of the original fourth
best, in defense of his position, in May.
1884- That " Cavendish " had not at that
date agreed to its supremacy is evident,
for in Tune following ''Cavendish" printed
one of his own hands, leading the pen-
ultimate from a suit 01 seven cards.
Mr. Trist, having promulgated his plan
of the leads of ace. then fourth best, and
of original fourth l>est.and haviiy^ clearly
shown to the satiKfaction of nrst-class
players everywhere that his system was
to supersede all others, printed his ex-
planation of the manner in which the
original leader, when he t>ecame second,
third, or fourth player, should use his
equal trick-making cards. He says: 'As
some of your readers may not be umiliar
with the American rule. I state it as fol-
lows 'On the second round of your suit
which 3rou originally led, if jrou remain
with two high indiflferent cards, twth of
which your partner can infer to be in
your hand, play the higher if you opened
a suit of four cards, the lower if a suit of
five or more.' "
Meantime, while Mr. Trist was pre-
senting hi« American leads, he was met
by the mo4t determined opposition. The
vituperative article* he distilled in his
mental alembic The following remark-
able passage in one of his letters admit*
of no reply : "The great minority t>f
plavrrs lack the quick perception which
will enable them to take full advantage
of the information imparted, bnt this is
no reason why really first-rate players
should be deprived of that information."
"Cavendisn" and some others began
U> see that the American srstem of leads
must displace that to which they were
accustomed, and they frankly made
kaowa their opiuiona. Bat the Jcnlooay
against Mr. Triat crept oat am*
of the Bnglish players. 80m
wanted that "Cavendish." becni
previously used the penultima
share the credit. But the edi
Field would not have it so. ai
" N. B. T.": •* 8urely a man
ceives a general principle of p
on a higher pedestal than
proposes a special course in t
stances."
One of the English playcr^v
vocated the claim of " Cavend
share in the authorship of
leads, on the ground that he
posed a knave from a aueen, 1
in suit. The editor of the i
properly said to him: " You
well credit Hoyle with the autt
the American leada t>ecause, i
proposed the lead of knave ft
queen, knave, and two others.*'
editor of the Field does not h
state with emphasis: " The fo
of a general principle of play
proposed by N. B. T. To him
extension to other cases, and
of the generalisation."
Mr. Triftl gives "CavendUt
praise for bis assistance in th
tion of his plans In a letter
P." Mr. Tnst says: •It is a
great satisfaction to me to mc th
can leads meet such hearty s
And he adds: "'Cavendish o;
accord has admirably analyze
blocking system of tne third
he should nave the credit, by fa
efforts in the Field, mags sine*
turc-rooms. of getting Ameri<
adopted by the r»est plavers."
lil«<lcing system i* as ola as F<
but its application in the very
analysis in "Whi*t I>evelopm
on the pa It of ••Cavendish.'* i
and. before the recent introdud
" New l>Uy." was well-nigh ex
The enmity to anything orig
e\'er good, did not abate amoni
lish players. On the twenty
January, 1HS5. "Merry And
rsnxe<r a hand which i>y the
American leads might lose a t
f>lacing nut of view the whole
n formation given to partner
upon leading the lowest card fr
01 six. On January 10. 1*9^5. '
one of the " uncompromising b
who "agree to nothing." wh<
sonal rights are paramount to a
erations" (the quotations are t
of one of •• Mogul's" contem
determined not to acknowledge
could be considered an innovat
a plan that once having beeo
proper, must be forever defende
in the Field that A. holding qv
eight, serea, four, two of a an
IfBRICAN I^EADS
23
AMERICAN LEADS
two. *« Civeadlsh.** who had
pelted Co the new theory, en-
to show him that even the
ita** idea of the penultimate
1 not answer, bat that the Amer-
tf theaeren waa the only i>roper
ike
^h'* tella ** Ifocnl/* aa *'Mo-
». **with the tone of an abao-
dktator. that the penultimate
olishcd altogether--that it will
1 &vor of the card of uniform-
9orth beaL" '* Mogul " says:
lah*twiU me with being, aa
ly view, a minority of one. bat
pffovea his iffuorance of the
be players. Does he think his
OBStitnte the entire world ?"
letter of an American whist-
quote: ** The short-whist play-
9 have an idea that Hoyle pat-
it, and that his patent having
* Cavendish' alone sells the
ired article/* And there are
> cry: ** Hoyle is great, and
h ' is hia prophet P' But " Cav-
a the evening of Wednesday,
?» 18S5, in the drawing-room of
Whist Club, in London, read
e upon American leads, ad-
rir adoption because of their
r, and stating that " they owed
levelopment to Nicholaa Browse
(ew Orteana, U. S. A.**
,n leads were adopted in this
ind put into practice immedi-
n their announcement. The
t. as a matter of principle and
not as a penultimate card,
licative of one lower held, was
in favor here among the best
G. W PttUs \L. A. P\ *'Awur-
( ItlustraUd.'^
> BT N. R TmiST.— N. B. Triat,
of American leads, given their
an exhaustive and mo9t inter-
icle in Harper's Mar a tine for
\i. He begins by calling atten-
e fact that the great majority
( have rather confused ideas
time when some of the most
features were incorporated
:ame. Laboring under the im-
:hat all there is good in whist
introduced in comparatively
me*, they arc surprised to learn
od many of the rules, as laid
loyle are now followe<l bjr them
practice. Among these is the
iown in his book, in 1743. that
. queen, jack, and two or more
Is. the jack should be led. The
when returning partner's lead.
d play the hiti^her card having
emaining. and the lowest hav-
is also old. having been first
J Payne. The next important
development was the call for trumps,
and then came " Cavendish,'* with nis
protective discard from strength (1867),
the penultimate lead from suits of more
than five cards (1872), the echo of the
call (1874): and on September 11 and Oc-
tober 16, 1875, he published in the Fitld
two articles which, to Mr. Trist's mind,
**are so important as forerunners of the
present system of American leads, show-
ing what was then * in the air,* as it has
since t>een called,*' that he quotes from
them at length.
** From ace. queen, knave, and two or
more small ones." said "Cavendish," in
one of these articles, " the proper lead is
ace, then knave, instead of the usual ace,
then queen; because, with five of suit,
you want partner, if he held king and
two small ones originally, to put his king
on second round.** He also says: " The
usual lead from ace, queen, knave, ten,
is ace, then queen. This, however, is
wrong, as it is not the game for partner
to put king on queen led aAer ace, he
having king and two small ones origi-
nally. He, therefore, blocks the suit on
the third round. The proper lead from
ace, queen, knave, ten, with or without
small ones, is ace, then ten. • • • The
partner of the player who leads ace, then
ten. should put the king on the ten— in
plain suits — if he had three originally,
but not if he had four. Hence * * * the
third player's hand can be counted when
he has the king.** He then proceeds to
show that, by a parity of reasoning,
the proper lead from the queen, knave,
ten combination is queen, then knave,
with four in suit; and queen, then ten.
with more than four.
** These leads," says Mr. Trist. "were
evidently so correct that they found im-
mediate favor. They are introduced in
the eleventh edition of 'Cavendish on
Whist,* 1876. From the foregoing.** he
adds. " it would appear that n great whist
advance was made between the years 1867
and 1876."
Drayson*s recommendation, in 1879, of
the lead of the antepenultimate from a
suit of six cards, is next noticed. Dray-
son ''furthermore susrgested. with ace
and five others, to lead the ace, then the
smallest but one — that is, the original
fiflh best. This, to some extent, fore-
shadowed American leads, although the
object of the Drayson rules was solely to
show number. In the Field for April 8,
1882, the same author suggested that,
when the trumps were all out, the play
of an unnecefisarity high card woula be
a direction to change the suit. He argues
that the call for trumps is. in reality, a
command to 'change the suit to trumps:'
consequently when, the trumps being all
out, you play an unnecessarily high card,
you can only imply that you want the
AMERICAN LBADS
24
AMERICAN LEAI
■nit changed to another plain suit. This
»u|Egefttion appears to be lound* and will
no ooubt be eventuall v adopted aa a rule
of play by advanced playeni.
" In three articles, the first of which
appeared in the Field of April 28, 1883.
Dr. William Pole applied the laws 01
probabilities to the everovezed question
of the play of the king and a small card,
second hand, with the result of confirm-
ing the practice of playing the small card,
as a general rule."
With these preliminaries lir. Trist ap-
proaches the epoch of American leads;
and first of all he states the rules by
which they are governed, as follows:
" I. When you open a strong suit with
a hw card, lead the fourth btsl,
" a. When you open a strong suit with
a k^h card, and next lead a low card,
lead the otiginal fourth best, igrwriug in
the count amy high card marked tn your
hand,
••5. When you remain with ivtohirh in-
different cards, lead the higher, i! you
opened a suit of four; the lower ^ if you
opened a suit of^more than four.
"Rules land 2." he continues, *'are
component parts of the principle govern-
ing the original lead, which demands that
it should t>e from the longest suit, inas-
much a!i they provide a system which
points out the card to be uniformly led
from the long suit, under the contingen-
cies mentioned in those rules. The aelec-
tion of the particular card to be led is not
purely arbitrary, but is founded on rea-
son.** This he next demonstraUs, say-
ing among other things:
"A suit of four csrds is considered to
be numerically strong, because it con-
tains a number of cards over the average
due to rach player. It is the long suit of
minimum strength, and therefore is the
one held most frequently. It is, so to
speak, the type of the long suit
" One of the results of opening a four-
suit from the tiottom is, that the leader
remains with three cardft higher than the
one led The information contained in
thia simple fact is very important, as it
often enables the partner of the leader
to place certain cards in his handa."
The opening of a four-card suit thus
affording valuat)le information, he asks,
"can not thin information be imparted
in the opening of long suits containing
more than frnircanlA? The solution of
the question is simple: Bring that class
of cases under one svstem and treat every
iong suit of<ned wtth a low card as tf it
contained four cat ds only: therefore, lead
yomrfourih test, and thereat follows.
"Yne second branch of American leads,
which comes under rule 3." continues Mr.
Trist. "rebites to the lead of high indif-
ferent carda, narked in the player's hand,
aad is baaed oa the priac4>lc that with
such carda, in opening suits of i
averasre numerical strength,
should be to get the master a
partner's hand so as to free the
principle is at least as old aa I
tie put it in practice, aa we 1
above, by directing that, with kii
knave, and two small onea, y
begin with the knave, and g
reasons for so doing. This wai
ted case, which * stood alone in
until ' Cavendiah.* carryingth4
one step further, introaucra, ii
modification of the three lea<
above."
In July, 1883, Mr.Trist propoaei
in a letter which he wrote U
dish ** snd in which he sars:
suit headed by king, knave, ten
of the ten forcing out the queen
follow with king when I nad
five or more. I have no book
for this, but I find it gives m;
valuable information." In i
the letter. "Cavendish" said hi
mitted the lead to several goo
and they were all of the opinl
was correct and justifiable. Th<
susceptible, however, of bein,
still further, snd in March, 1884
sent to the Field sk short article it
suggested the sdoption of the n
ally accepted rule for the pla
iiioifferent cards, arguiuff thi
based on the extension of a r
principle, and giving a number
pies. lie comments as follows
" Mark how slowly the applic
whist principle aeems to work
the human understsnding. H<
sn isolated case— king, quee
lead— involvings principle. On«
and thirty-oda years elapse be
endish' spplies it to other let
years more go by before the pt
extended to another isolated a
knave, ten example: and it tak4
twelve months^ mental incn'
bring forth the generalisatio
principle. What appears to be
worthy of note is the fact that
knave, ten example was before
whist-players of the world fo
months, snd not oue of them
have perceived that it was bat 1
cation to one case of the eztei
well-established principle, and «
susceptible of being generalise
embrace numerous cognate ca«
" During the interval betweei
lication oi the two articles on tl
high Indifferent cards, I furnisl
Field a letter on * the penultlmat
the second round of the suit* In 1
penultimate was recommendc
proper lead after quitting the hi
suit, in order to show number,
menting on this suggestrd ■
BRICANLBADS
25
AMERICAN LBADS
■disli.* in ft 5&Af article. After
fiiipotmble podtion ftnd two
oaeiL concluded by sayinp
'. will cte« the cases after
whkth ft trick cannot be given
method, and can thence for-
In mlc of play, I think his pro-
ad might be advantageously
Perhaps he will kindly try
tMa, and send result to the
ink. however, he will find it
saome than he expects.'
ited the snggcsted analysis
I the /keU. April 5. 1884, the
ich was the formulating of a
which would leave a never-
erval of two cards between
t led and the one led to the
d; afterward pat in a more
by directing the follow of
I fourth bcsL^
1 of the fourth best when
dt with a low card was not
r me in print, but was settled
ivendish* and me by corre-
What is not generally known
Bfenrv Jones has modestly
imseif--is that he indepeno-
Ited this rule of play in a
crossed one from me of the
u In his letter ' Cavendish *
four the normal number in
. It is the type; more than
f strong. Treat every suit
mitsand king, queen, knave-
re) as though you held only
t the supernumerary small
jte: * Treat every long suit as
riginally the ordinary long
airda; consequently, lead the
the top, or drop down to the
the top, on quitting the head
I from the above that our
e subject ran parallel, and
edit may attach to the intro-
Lhe fourth best when a low
* Cavendish ' is certainly en-
Share of iL
e time after the publication
:s in the Field, nothing more
print on the subject. In the
waa evident from the letters
that * American leads,* as he
were growing in his estima-
mted me to publish them in
rm, bat not being inclined to
it for him to champion the
on the ninth of August, 1884,
red in the Field the first arti-
can leads by ' Cavendish,' in
ictioa to which he Mid:
tisfied ourselves that these
Ntnd and in harmony with
idirfesof play, and that they
reoQS to those who practice
la evidently but one courne
ix^ to give tnem our unquali-
fied support' In this, and in two other
articles which followed daring the same
month, he explained the whole system
of American leads in a clear and forcible
manner, which must have carried con-
viction to any unbiased mind.
" That an unknown individual, signing
himself N. B. T., was suggesting some
innovations to the game seemed to be a
matter of perfect indiflference to the con-
servatives, who paid not the slightest
attention to his articles; but when * Cav-
endish' declared that he intended to give
his unqualified support to American
leads, the medieval division of players
rose up in arms against the i>roposed
improvements.
''^^ Mogul,' a whist celebrity, put on his
warpaint, and made some savage attacka
in the Field on American leads and their
authors, denouncing the leads as * abomi-
nable miodern inventions.* ' Pembridge,'
the clever author of * Whist, or BnmUe-
puppy?* rushed into print with *The
Decline and Pall of Whist' in which he
gave vent to his pent-up feelings * of ab-
orrence of the recent proceedings of the
new academy;* and several of the lesser
whist lights also entered the lists against
American leads.
" The denunciations of these parties
did not in the lea.«t alter * Cavendish's'
opinion, for he continued to champion
American leada in every possible man-
ner. In February, 1885, he delivered a
lecture on the sublect to a large wither-
ing of prominent whiflt-players, in the
drawing-room of the United Whist Club,
in London, a summary of which appeared
in the New York Spirit of the Times,
March 14. 1885. The following month he
published, in the same paper, an article
entitled * Mr. Barlow on American Leads
at Whisf containing an instructive lea-
son under the guine of a clever travesty
of the old-fashioned style of 'Sandford
and Merton,' and of the pompousness of
Mr. Barlow, who did not forget to back
up Harry and snub Tommy, as was his
habit. In December of the same year
he published an article on American
leads in BaileYs Afajfaeime, and, finally,
after the *roj and cons had been pretty
thoroughly threshed out in the Field, he
incorporated the whole system of Ameri-
can leads in the sixteenth edition of his
*Laws and Principles of Whist,' 1886, the
recognised text-book of the whlst-player.
Prom that moment the future or those
leads, as a permanent feature of the
game, was assured."
American Leads, Objections
to. — The four tnost consplcuons
opponents of the Atnerican leads
amone whist-writers of acknowl-
edged ability were: "Mogul'*
AMERICAN LEADS
26
AMERICAN LEADS
(MatthiAfl Bovce), R. A. ProctoTp
and "Pembridge** (J. P. Hewby),
in Bnxland; and R. P. Foster, in
America. Bitter, indeed, was the
war of words which these gentlemen
waged upon the new system of
lcail*i, fn>m its first protniUgation.
'*rvinhridge'* wrote his "Decline
and Fall of Whist" for the purpose
of conihatting the rapidly spread-
ing heresy, and **Mo|^'^ was
savage in his denunciations, de-
claring that "the modem signal-
game is fit only for sharpers and
rogues, who may constantly play
together and invent their own sig-
nals. It is,** he continued, "put-
ting the cart before the horse to
say that the old rules for leading,
etc., were devised to give informs-
tiou; the fact being that such rules
are the result of calculation and
experience as to the best chances
of trick -making, and the inferences
made fn^m the play are rational and
logical de<luctious, and not merely
conventional knowledge.** He in-
sisted that arbitrary conventions
were not only useless from a trick-
making standpoint, but an insult
to the intelligence of partner, who
must be assumed so stupid that he
can do nothing without special di-
rections. If the system is known
to all the players at the table, why
not announce the combination by
wonl of mouth ? ** Partner, I have
six cU\\fs, ace, king, queen, at the
head." This, he argued, is done
in sovrral card games, notably,
manilU, which closely resembles
whi«il; and he further auoted, as a
precedent, that in the old game of
triomphr^ or triumph, the part-
ners could show their hamls to
each other. Proctor attacked the
new system in numerous essays,
among' otliers in Longman* i Mag-
azine for April. 1886. Mr. Foster,
on this side of the water, also car-
ried on a determined warfare against
the new system; but so strongly
in its favor was the weight of pul^
lie opinion, swayed by the logic
of "Cavendish,** Trist, Ames, Ham-
ilton, and other well-known ad-
vocates, that the doughty champion
of the old leads incorporated in
his own works on whist disserta-
tions on the heretical leads, and
instructions how to learn them.
Mr. Foster has not only constantly
opposed the new leads on theoreti-
cal grounds, but he has sought in
every way to belittle the work of
" Cavendish** and Trist in invent-
ing and perfecting the new system,
claiming that there is. practically,
nothing new in it. In one of his
recent articles in the Monthly lUus-
iraior, he savs of the leads: " The
author had tfie pleasure of discuss-
ing them with Mr. Loraine Bald-
win, the author of ' The Laws ol
Whist.* snd in his day one of the
most distinguishetl players in Eng-
land. He could not see the slight-
est advantage in the new leads,
and said none of the best playen
of his acquaintance had sidoptcd
them. Mr. Trist, on the other
hand, thinks their introductiofl
'marks a great whist ad%*anoc.*
* Pembridge* says the advance if
toward the decline and fisll of
whist.*'
Owfnir to the unrrrtainty on ttaeinl
rotind AH to what combinations Amerkaa
Iradii may tir from. tho«« aftoptinK tiMSi
are tauieht never to trump the 6rBl boaer
led by their jMrtners, and nerer to bej^
a trump «lRnAl with only two carda. Of
courve. the longer the miit. the Men
pn>hability of M>me one beinn rxjkd of H.
and many are the irickn lout by fftUlag
to trump the rinrrna of Americao-lcal
partner*.— A*. /* Foster [S. O.].
"American lead«" are a Jumble ofl»
coniii»trnciet. They are not Americaa at
all. having been umiucceaafuny arii^
upon the attention of whUt-playcfS
ac%'erKl timea during the century: alarafS
by Engllfthmen in Kng1i«h works aai
Kpera. They are calfed modern. feSl
ry were first auncMed ninety yvsB
ago. They arc called scicntlSc, bal tti^
AMERICAN LBADS
27
AMERICAN LEADS
mC aUad the most mperfidal com-
ive aiuilysis. They arc Mid to give
informatioa than the old leads,
; baa been conclusively sbown that
do not give aa much. They are aaid
ivc been invented for the aole our-
of showing the number of cards in
ndt, bat tneir inventor aavs they
designed solely to avoid unblocking
ic king. They are said to take the
of the old leads, and to necesaitate
ne who haa learned thoae "UU"
ing'* them in order to play the
rm game; tmt no one can play the
rican leads with less than five cards
mit. so they all have to learn the old
m, in order to know the leads from
Bore common suits of four cards,
are said to be the most ** complete.
oniotts. and perfect system 01 play
invented;" but their advocates are
anally suggesting new remedies for
admitted defects, and their original
itor. " Csvrndish." even goes so far
acknowledge that he thinks the
d maxim is a fallacy. They are said
ivc been adopted by all the best
rStbttt the players who have adopted
hnvc lost every duplicate whist
% on record, in whicn they have
9ppoaed to players of the old fcada.—
F^Ur [S. 0.\'*tyhui Manual**
t €d»lum, 1396).
en ** Cavendish ** visited this conn-
* met most of our strongest players,
« stated it as his opinion tnat Mr.
r S. Stevens, of the Chicago Univer-
l«b, was the best player ne met in
ica — an opinion which is well sup-
i by Mr. Stevens's enviable record
successful tournament player,
ng from the published examples of
lay, he is a staunch adherent of
ican leads: yet here is a [quotation
a] letter from him which will sur-
manr of our leading piajrers:
im gUd of the opportunitv of stating
Miition to you. I have felt from the
ning that for whist-players of the
clasa, the number-stiowing leads
I prove a positive injury to the
. It seemed to me that the very
hat they would furnish an eaaier
sd of counting partner's hand was.
syers of the highest order, against
for they then must handicap in
degree the finer whist perception
I, tiefore their adoption, was accus-
I to count the hands, not from any
nanirest indications, but from the
difficult data aflbrded bv the fall of
nail carda. As I wished to give
s thorough trial before making up
hKl in regard to them, I have used
la my play. But the more I use
aad stody their use by others, the
firmly I am convinced that my first
impressions in regard to them were
sound."
Coming from such a well-known player,
this is a very strong argument against
American leads. At the same time, we
should be very sorry to see them set
aside, for it is unlikely that we shall ever
again have such a powerful recruiting
agency. In the whist literature of the
past few years we find a vast army of
writers and players upholding American
leads as the quintessence of scientific
whist. Opposed to them we find a single
author wno has consistently fought tor
what he considers the more intellectnal
game — the old leads, with an occasional
resort to the short suits. The sdvocates
of the new leads base their srgument
chiefly on their almost universal adoi>>
tion in America; but to our mind this
only goes to support our assertion that
the great majority of whist-players are
still in the preliminary stages of their
development.—/?. F. Foster [S. O.J, New
York Sun^ January a, 1896.
There are only four combinations of
cards affected by the new sjrstem of lead-
ing, which sre ss follows:
mi) Ace, king, queen. Jack, and another;
(2) ace, king, queen, and two others; (3)
ace, king, and three others; (4) king,
queen, and three others.]
Under the old system these were all
king-leads, and if the player adopts the
system of unblocking on the king, they
are still king-leads, according to"Cav-
endish," who sasrs that failure to unblock
on the king was the only reason for
changing them. The name, "American
leads." originated with "Cavendish,**
and waa given as a sub-title to his
"Whist Developments," published in
1885. The work contained no mention
of American leads, ss we understand
them, but on page 83 an attempt waa
made to show tnat it was unsafe to un-
block on a king led. Not until some
years afterwards was it proposed to in-
vite the partner to unblocx by not lead-
ing the king, thepresent S3rstem of leads
being invented for that purpose. The
system has been widely advertised and
tried. In England it has been rejected
as confusing and unnecessary, but in
America it has been very generallv
adopted, even bv good players. When ft
was found thst ft was not unsafe to un-
block on a king led, the apologists for
these lesds claimed that they should still
be retained because they g«»ve " fuller
and clearer information." This also haa
been shown to be a fsllacy, because they
give no definite informstion on the firA
round, and add little to the old leads on
the second. The chief objection to them
is that they necessitate a backward game,
for the partner mnst refuse to trump any
AHBRICAN I.BAD8
38
AHBRICAN WHIST
orifioAl lead of a hiffh card, and cannot
aafcly befin a atgnalon the firat roond.
If we carefttUv stitdy theac new Ieada»
we ahall find them naily learned by the
application of the fbllowinir rulea, the
firat of which might be called the fourth
maxim of American leada: Nerer lead a
king if you have more than four carda
of tne ftuiu llaTing applied this rule,
we shall find that the following will en-
able us to lead correctly from any of the
four combinations under consideration:
Always lead the lowest of jrour head se-
qnence.-i?. F. FotUr \S. 0\ '' Whixt
Mammal*' {third edttiam, iSgd).
"American leads" propose a syste-
matic course when opening the strong
suit at whist, thus bringing the whole
scheme of leading within the purview
of general principlea. Three otigections
have been urged against the adoption of
Amerigo leads:
(i) That thry complicate the game.
It is no objection to an intellectual game
that 4t exercioes the miuds of the play-
ers. There is yet another answer to this
srxalled " objection." viz.. a simple de-
nial of its truth. Seven years' experi-
ence has caused many thoushtful players
to conclude that American leads samplify
the game; and others admit that, at
least, the complication argument has
been grossly exaggerated.
(3) That they seldom affect the result.
The explanation is that American leads
add little which is new to the game. They
rather aim at consolidating the old prac-
tice, and at extending a law of uniform-
ity to cases not hitherto provided for.
(t) That the precise information af-
forded may be 01 more use to the oppo-
nents than to the leader's partner. Under
similar whist conditions, it is an acknowl-
edged advantage to convey information
of strength, notwithsUnding that it is
published to the whole table. It seems
unlikely thst a pUycr will be at a di«ad-
vantage. in the long run. because he im-
parts aw mtmck information. No further
answer could tie made to this objection on
the first introduction of American leads.
Now the necessar>' experience has been
obtained, it may be statrd without fear
of contradiction, that no players who h.ive
once adopted these leads have volun-
tarily relinquikheil them, un the ground
that the adversaries hsve benefited more
than the leader and hi« partner, in con-
sequence of the information afforded.
So doubt, moderate players may lack
the quick perception which would enable
them to take full advantage of the Amer-
ican maxima. Thb is no reason why
better players should be deprived of that
advantage. Beginners can at least be
drilled into playing according to rules
which practical espierienoe baa shown to
be aoond in theory. Whether the atadeBt
wUl be able to profit by the appl
of such rules mnat depend upon h
tude for the game. At all eventa, I
easily learn to speak its language
gibly. for the Senefit of partnei
understand it.
Two cautions are necessary to the
be American leader as reicards t
to be made by the adveraaries of
formation given. The first id, tha
leads are valueleas unless partn«
player who counts the cards and
prepared to unblock the long suil
manner detailed in this volume
second ia, that when the opponent
ahown considerable strength in t
and especially when they have tli
mand. it is not advisable, in man^
to provide them with opportnnit
counting, with precision, the un
cards in the weak hands. This is
ler of JudfmenL for which no n
mlc can be laid down.—" Caue
[L. A.l "IVkist Deveicpmumts " {
ediliom, 1891).
••American Whist."— Thl
WAS brought into prominen
George W. Pettes, the 6rst A
can to publish an on;^nal wo
the ^ame. Mr. Pettes was a
thu8ia.*itic advocate of Americ
distinguished from Engl is
foreign, whist. He was one •
first in this country to pla
now generally accepted gac
seven points without honors
while his writings and ideas
not lacked opposition and criti
in some respects, even io
native land, tnere can be no <
of their interest and value,
the influence which they h^s
ercised upon the developnie
whist in America. It seen
have been his ambition to ha^
the improvements and systei
play in this country unittxl 1
the'name of American whist,
himself as special advocate ac
fender. In conformity with
idea, he incorporated the Amc
leads as part of his system, so
menting the labors of TrisI
'* Cavendish '* with what be 1
the ''New PUy" (^. i^.).
material diflferences bctwcci
AMERICAN WHIST
29 AMERICAN WHIST LBAGUE
■jitcm and the American leads
pcoper were as follows: Leading
ace also from ace, queen, ten,
nine; and from ace, jack, ten,
nine. Leading aueen from queen,
jack» and two below the seven:
and from queen, jsck, nine, and
two or more. Leading jack frx>m
jtut^ ten, nine, and one or more;
and horn jack, ten, and two small.
Leading ten frtmi aoe, king, queen,
jack, and ten only; frxxn king,
qaeen, jack, ten, and one or more;
and from king, jack, ten, and one
or more. The mne he treated as a
Irigli card, and led from a single
combination — Idns, jack, nine,
with or without oUiers (except ace
ftDdqneen).
whist, not oouDtliiir bonors, as
in America and Prmnce, is known
' n whist. It is pUved now •
1 in England, and u tnere grow-
C( la i
fai fKwor.-'A. /. Mclniath [JL A\
HHkutr tm.
la 197a, tlie Berkeleys, of Boston^framed
of orders to govern the revision
«f loaiir whist, and called the new play
the American game. In 1889. the Des-
Clnb, of Boston, adopted a com-
oode of laws for the government
mvryx\A.-'G.IV.MUs[L.A,P.\
tykut niustrated."
ten years ago a small dnb was
in Boston, wnoae members, hav-
Im great respect for the creed of the
PoKCsCone circle, determined to study
whist to the promotion of a like purpose.
the glory of the game. Study convinced
theai aot only tliat it was necessary for
the development of the power of the
flsrda that all of them should be played,
Wt that It was not essential to shoHen
by givinr points to cards
did not maae tricka. They
James Clay's golden maxim, ** It
lore importance to inform your
than to deceive voor adversary;*'
hia ]»recept, '*The oest whist-plsyer
ii he who plays the game in the most
and intelligent way." They be-
t the la ws lor that plaver should
and intelligible, ana framed a
'distingnished difference from the
one that regulates the Bng-
tUk flaj. Their method waa at once
fMMUPea lor as^milatlon with and ac-
*7*wr* of improvements and inven-
ttns which were somewhat rapidly to
hOsw each other, and whicn were
destined to be of the first importance to
the permanency and credit of the game.
The discard from the strong suit upon
the opponent's trump play, the lead of
the penultimate, and the echo of the call
had been incorporated into the play of
both long and short whist; but it was
after the introduction of the amended
and revised game, in practice in this
country, to which these students gave
the name of American whist, that the
leads of ace. then king, if no more of the
suit are held; of kine, then knave, from
the four honors; ana of the nine when
king and knave, and not ace or queen,
are in hand, were adopted as standara
plays in the best-ordered game. — G. AT.
fttles [L, A. P.], '^American iVhist /llui-
iraUd?*
American Whiat League. — ^This
great organization, to which more
than to any other one cause may
be ascribed the wonderful popular-
ity which whist enjoys in this
country, was formed at Milwatikee,
Wis., April 14-17, 1891. It was the
outcome of the enthusiasm in whist
play aroused by the Milwaukee
Whist Club— the first at which
whist was exclusively played at the
time. Its high standard of play,
and its almost unbroken line of
victories over all the teams that
could be mustered against its chief
players, had given it deserved pres-
tige at home and abroad, so that
when it issued an invitation to the
lovers of whist in America, to meet
in the first whist congress ever held,
the response was hearty and gen-
eral. The leading spirit in the
movement was Eugene S. Elliott,
the founder of the club, and he is
universally honored now as the
founder of the League and its first
presiding officer.
The opening session of the con-
gress was called to order, in the
Ladies' Athenaeum building, by
Cassius M. Paine, president of the
MilMraukee Whist Club, and Mr.
Elliott was made temporair and
then permanent chairman. Twen-
ty-five clubs were represented, and
at various times^ dining subsequent
AMERICAN WHIST LEAGUE 30 AMERICAN WHIST LEAGUE
sessions, thirty-nine clubs partici-
pated, being represented by eighty-
throe delegates. The work of the
Cijngress includeil the appointment
(if A cuniniittee which formulated
a ccMie of laws f(»r the American
game, differing in many important
respects from that in force in Eng-
land. Another important action
was the adoption of the following
resolution, olferctl by A. G. SafTonl:
•• A'esolied, That the First Ameri-
can Whist Congress, while it does
not assume to <lictate to the players
of the game of whist whether or
not hucli players shall lay wagers
uix>n the result of the game, hereby
declares itself of the opinicm that
betting on the result of the game
by players or outsiders is contrary
to goo<l morals, tends to injure the
game, and to deteriorate the style
of play." The congress also re-
commended the American leads, as
si-t forth in the appendix of the
eighteenth e<lition of'* Cavendish/*
as the system for the interplay of
League clut)S.
One of the most interesting feat-
ures of each annual congress of the
League are the matches played by
individuals and clubs. At the first
congress, the straight whist match,
twenty-.Hix Ubles, Milwaukee vs ,
Vi.sitors, was won by Milwaukee,
by a score of 1525 to 125S. The
Streeter <liamond medal, for highest
individual score at duplicate play,
was won by K. Price TownsenS,
of the Hainilton Club, Philadel-
phia. The duplicate whist match,
OrndoriT system, two tables, twenty-
four deals. Milwaukee vs. Visitors,
was won by the visitors by one
trick. At this congress the cele-
l>rate<l Hamilton Trophy (q, r. )
was tendere«l to the League by Dr.
M. H. F<»rrest, of the Hamilton
Whist Club, Philadelphia, and duly
accepted.
Henry Jonet ("Cavendish**} and
N. B. Trist were elected hononuy
members. Of the thirty-nine cinn
represented at the congress, twenty*
five Joined the League, which was
organized with Eugene S. KllioCt
as president, as did also twenty-
three clubs not represented at the
congress, thus making the total
membership forty-eight clubs at the
end of the firvt year.
The Second Annual Conzress.-^
At the second congress, held in New
York, July 19-2J, i8q2, with an at-
tendance of two nundred and thirty-
eight delegates and sixty-nine ^-
temates, representing thirty-^oor
clubs, the laws govemmg the Atncr*
ican game, adopted at Milwaukee,
were revised, as was also the Lea^ne
constitution, and Eugene S. EllioCt
was unanimously re-elected pres-
dent. Sixteen clubs participated
in the first match for the Hamilton
Trophy, and in the final contcit
the Hamilton team and the Capital
Bicycle Club team were tiea fer
first place. The tie was played off
at the next congress, when the
Capitals, consisting of Messrs. Low,
Wooten, Barrick, and Bonlen (the
latter two taking the places of
Messrs. Bingham and Eakin in the
previous play), came off victoriouL
The total membership reported it
the second congress was 69 clubi.
The Third Annual Cbir^ms.—
Tlie third whist congress^waa held
at Chicago, June 20-24, 1S93, and
was attended by two hundred and
eighty-four delegates and fifty-
three alternates, representing forty^
six clubs. At this congress the
work of the previous gatheringi
was ]>erfecte<], the laws of whMt
being again revised and adopted,
togetlier with the etiquette oTwhiaL
Eugene S. Elliott was again elected
president. The match of Chicago
vs. All-Amencans, duplicate whist.
eighty pla^-ers on a side, was woa
by Cliicago, by nineteen trickiL !■
OUCAN WHIST LEAGUE 3 1 AMERICAN WHIST LEAGUE
■tch of Chicago vs, AU-Amer-
straight whist, the visitors
l>j one hundred and thirty
The first prize went to
s. Hinsley and Carleton, of
urthage Whist Club, and the
1 firize to Messrs. Flint and
n, of the Chicago Whist Club,
lamilton Club Trophy (eiffh-
dubs entering) was won oy
allowing team from the Min-
lis Chess, Checkers, and Whist
J. IL Briggs, J. P. Whallon,
Briggs, and Geor^ L. Bunn.
Mitest for club pairs (twelve
entering) was won by the
il Bicycle Club, of Wasbing-
The nee-for-all match, dupli-
rhirt, progressive pairs, was
>y W. H. Hawes and J. H.
tn, of the Chicago WhistClub.
g the vear five clubs withdrew
Minded, and thirty-one joined,
ig a total of ninety-five when
lext congress assembled at
lelphia. There were thirty-
dependent whist clubs; eigh-
if which were departments of
dubs; three chess, checkers,
hist clubs; five athletic clubs,
lirty-three social clubs. The
r-five clubs were situated in
four cities and towns, in
v-three States and the District
tmnbia. The total member-
i the clubs was 14,455, ^^^ of
I 5166 were active whist-play-
There were also five honorary
icrs of the League — Henry
(••Cavendish"), N. B. Trist,
r Ames, William Pole, and
Drayson— and fourteen as-
• Fourth Annual Congress. —
e fourth congress, held at
ielphia. May 22-26. 1894, the
of duplicate whist were
9d. At this meeting there
present about four hundred
■ty-foar delegates and forty-
aiteniates, representing fifty
clubs. Captain John M. Walton,
of Philadelphia, was elected presi-
dent, to succeed Eugene S. Elliott,
who, having served continuously
from the organization of the League,
declined further election. The
organization of State leagues of
whist clubs and inter-State leagues
was suggested. The Hamilton Club
Trophy (twenty-three clubs enter-
ing) was won by the following team
from the University Whist Cuib, of
Chicago: J. L. Waller, W.Waller, J.
H. Baldwin, and H. Trumbull. The
progressive match for fours ( twenty-
nine teams entering) was won by
the Albany (N.Y. ) Whist Club. In-
dividual prizes went to E. L. Smith
and B. Lodge, Jr., of the Albany
Club, and Messrs. Walker and Star-
ford, of the Hjrde Park Whist
Club. The American Whist League
Challenge Trophy, played for the
first time (sixteen clubs entering),
was won by the following team from
the Minneapolis Chess, Checkers,
and Whist Club: J. H. Briggs, O.
H. Briggs, W. H. Wheeler, and W.
G. Bronson, Jr. The straight whist
match (one hundred and twenty-
four players) was won by E. C.
Howell and L. M. Bouv^, of the
American Whist Club, Boston. In
the progressive match for pairs (fifty
pairs entering), the winners were:
Messrs. Taylor and Harban, each
eleven tricks ahead of average
north and south score; and Messrs.
Evans and Russell, ten tricks ahead
of average east and west score.
The record prize was won by the
University Whist Club, of Chicago.
During the year eleven clubs
withdrew or disbanded, but forty-
four were added, making the total
membership one hundred and twen-
ty-eijjht These clubs were situated
in eighty-seven cities and towns,
in twenty- five States and in the
District of Columbia. New York
State had twenty-eight clubs, in
AMERICAN WHIST LBAGUB 32 AMBRICAN WHIST LBA(
eleven cities or towns; Illinois, thir-
teen, in eight cities or towns; Penn-
sylvania, eleven » in two cities or
towns; Massachusetts, nine,in seven
cities or towns; California and Wis-
consin, seven each, in six cities or
towns each; Missiouri and Indiana,
six each, in five cities or towns
each; Michigan and Minnesota,
five each, in five cities or towns
each; New Jersey and Iowa, four
each, in four cities or towns; Rhode
Island, four, in two cities or towns;
Washington, three, in three cities
or towns; Oregon, three, in one
city; South Dakota and Nebraska,
two each, in two cities or towns;
Delaware, Maryland, North Caro-
lina, MiasissipDi, Louihiana, Ohio,
Tennessee, ana West Virginia, one
each. Brooklyn had fourteen
League Clubs; Philadelphia, ten;
Chicago, six; Providence, Albany,
Boston, New York, and Portland,
Ore., three each; Indianapolis,
St. Louis, Oakland, Cal., and Mil-
waukee, two each. The clubs rep-
resented in the League had a total
membership of 21,758, of which
6956 were whist-pla}*erB.
ike Fifth Annual Congress. — At
the fifth congress, held at Minne-
apolis, Minn., June iS-22, 1895,
fifty-five clubs were represented by
delegates, and the attendance was
large, as usual. President Walton
was unable to attend, much to his
regxet In a letter to the congress
he made the following reference to
a most important su)>ject: "As
long as our contests are not
prompted by motives of gain they
will commend themselves to the
consideration of honorable and
culturefl men of all ages; and to
maintain the integrity of our great
American Whist League, so favor-
ably known throughout the land,
the policy inangurated of depre-
cating the playing for profit ahoold
be fevleiuy adhered ta" These
words met with the hearty api
of all present. Attention was <
to the fact that the League hi
February, been incoiporated \
the laws of Rhode Island, " f<
encouragement and promotii
the study and play of whist
for other literary, educational
social purposes connected \
with or incident thereto.'*
executive committee rcporte
following concerning private
ventions, which was adopted 1
League: ** The committee
knowledges the right of coute
to use any well-known and <
lished method of pla^, and
original method not given a t
pre-arranged meaning; but
committee emphatically <
S roves of private conventioni
efincs a private convention
any unusual method of play
uix>n a prior secret agreeni
Theodore Schwarz, of Cnicag<
elected president of the Le
an<l Walter H. Barney, wh
four years had faithfully serv
recording secretary', was made
E resident; B. D. Kril>lK*n, c
ouM, was elected recording :
tar>-; R. H. Weems, of Broo
was re-elected corresponding
retary, and B. L. Richards, of
Rapids, Iowa, was re-elected
urer. A cup was donated b
Minneapolis Chess, Checken
Wliist Club, to be used as a ti
to l)e played for by pairs at
annual congress. The holdin
correspondence tourney bel
League clubs the coming v
was approved.
The matches at the congrc
suited as follows : Tlie contc
the Hamilton Trophy for the
i895-'96, was won bv the
from the Hyde Park ^liist CI
Chicago (Messrs. Rogers, Mit
Walker, and Panons), by t
txickiL The oootcit for the
RICAN WmST LEAGUE 33 AMERICAN WHIST LEAGUE
ion of the American Whist
Challenge Trophy for 1895-
i won by the team from the
Ue Whist Club (Messrs.
Cooper, Branner, and Mc-
, by 6ve tricks. In the
for club pairs, Messrs.
and Snow, of the Albany
I Whist Club, were the win-
The first progressive match
irs was won by Messrs.
Parsons, Mitchell, and W.
:er, of the Chicago Whist
For the second progressive
for fours, the Executive Big
(Messrs. Morse, Weems,
i,and Knbben) and the four
e Hamilton Club of Phila-
( Messrs. Work, Remak,
.and Mogridge) were tie for
ce, and prizes were awarded
teams. The straight whist
iras won by Messrs. Sperry
therle, of the St. Paul Chess
list Club.
iR the year the League lost
•£ree clubs and enrolled
making the total member-
ne hundred and thirty-four
located in ninety-two cities
wns, with 25,765 members,
Ji 7208 where whist-players.
Sixth Annual Congress, —
:th cong^ress of the League
;ld at Manhattan Beach,
yn, N. Y.. June 23-27, 1896,
Bxty-seven clubs were rep-
i by a large number of dele-
President Schwarz, in his
I address, made the follow-
trence to a very important
*' There is still another sub-
lich I approach with some
on, because there is a differ-
opinion as to the policy to
ned. At the first congress
st was not present, but he
a communication in which
icated the adoption of some
ok upon the game, for the
! of making whist what it
was intended to be, a language, and
every card an intelligible sentence.
He said, in that paper, that if a
whist-player from the East met one
from the West, it should not be
necessary for them to ask each other
what system they played, but the
cards should speak for themselves.
Nothing was aone at that congress,
and nothing has been done since.
In common with others, I hoped
that after that congress there would
be a blending, and that the annual
meetings would have a tendency to
harmonize different systems and
different methods. Instead of that,
however, we have been getting
wider and wider apart, until to-day
a whist-player cannot sit at a table
with a stranger without asking him
what system he plays. New con-
ventions have arisen. The echo
means two or three different things.
There are a half-a-dozen different
methods of discard; there are long-
suit theorists and short-suit theor-
ists, and taken altogether there is
a wider difference to-day than there
was at the start. Now, it seems to
me that it is the duty of the Ameri-
can Whist League to correct this
state of affairs, if it is possible. We
can appoint a committee of expert
players, men who have fought their
way to the front, and let them sift
the different methods in vogue at
the present time, and recommend
to the whist-players of the country
that which they think is best. I do
not mean by this that we should
adopt any text-book upon the game,
or that we should arbitrarily impose
upon the players of the country
any system, nor would I restrain
individual liberty of action. It
would be simply in the nature of a
recommendation, and would tell the
players of the American Whist
League, and the whist-players at
large, just what we thought was
best, without preventing them
AMERICAN WHIST LBAGUB 34 AMERICAN WHIST LBAGUB
from playiii};; something else, if
they ilfsiri'il tf> do so.'* A resolu-
tion was arlopted later, that the
pn-sidcut apjxiint an advisory com-
miitn* to consiilcr the fe<isibilitv of
carrying out the suK^estion in his
openiuK a<Mrt'KS, "that a standing;
coniniittfc U- apt>ointed to sifl the
dilTrrenl nii'thtMis or systems of
play, trtc, and recommend that
which, in tht-ir judgment, is the
l>est.** The prrsidt-nt appointed as
such advisory c(»niniittee: P. J.
Tf)rnu-y, Milton C. Work. R. H.
WVenis, Cas>iiis M. Paine, N. B.
Trist. H. A. Manth-ll, C. A. Hen-
riciues (Vcnrm* I^. Huiin, and K. C.
Howfil. Til is oMnniittce, with one
dissciiitT only — and that one with
an ** if" — .ij)i»n>vi-<l the recommen-
dation t»f Prcsidtni Schwara, and
askcfl thr apfMiintment of a per-
manent stand in v; ronimittee to re-
port at the seventh conj^ress a sys-
tem of play whii-h, in their ju<ljf-
m<-nt. was the lK*«it, etc., and this
was «lnne, as follows: Committee on
Sy^item of Plav— Milton C. Work.
Philadelphia; John H. HriKKS Min-
neajK^lis; <KH>r>je W. Kcchn, Chi-
ra^n,: (;eorj^#* h. Hunn. St. Paul;
Thomas A. Whelan. Iteltimore; K.
A. nnfTinton, BrcK>klyn; L. M.
Hnuv<5. linston.
It was announced that the act of
inciirporalion hail Iwcn aniende<l
so as to pri»vide for the ailmis^^ion
t<« the Leai^ne of •* \f >hintnrv associ-
nlvins anil clul»s " of forei;!n coun-
tnes as well as those of this cnin-
trv. A res«.lii!io!i was adoptr«l
Ilia* "'tlie nainiltt»:i Cluh Trophy Iw
am', tin* s,nnr is lirrel.y dt*cl.in-«l to
!•»■ the Ch.impi' unship Troj)hy of
tlif Anierir.in Whist I^paijue for
t»-,»in«i of fntir rejire-ientin^ Ixrajjue
c'l^-s " It was alsi> tlecidefl that
I! I'f k<*pt as a jieqietual tn»phy to
l>e jilayed for at each annual con-
gress, and held by the club winning
It until the next succeeding con-
gress. The annual dues of
ciate members were raised from
two to five dollars. It was decided
that the committee on laws con-
sider the ouestion of revising the
c(Nle of l>ot}i straight and duplicate
whist during the coming year, and
receive recommendations from
clubs or indiyi<luals, and formulate
a report. The only change in the
officers made was the election of
W. II. Barney as i>resident. and H.
A. M and ell as vice-president.
The various contests at this con-
fess rcsulteil as follows: The Ham-
ilton Trophy was won by the tram
from the Ilamiltfin Club, of Phil-
adelphia (Messrs. Milton C. Work.
CvUstavusReniak.Jr.. H. A. Ballard,
and Prank P. Mogridge). The A.
W. L. Challenge Tri»]>hy was won
by the team from the Whist Club^
New York ( Messrs. C. A. Hefl-
riqucs, W. Iv. Hawkins, C. R.
Keilcy, and K. .\. lUitVinton). Thf
contest for the MinneaiK>lis Tro-
phy, for iviirs representing League
clul)s, resulted in a tie between
the piiir from the Hamilton Clnfa^
of Philadelphia ( Mes.srs. Paul Claf-
ton and Artlnir I). Smithy and tbc
team from the Baltimore }MM
Club ( Messrs. Beverley W. Smith
and A. H. McCay). Tlie tinal R^
suit was detennine<l by the triA
score, anr] the Italtinioreans therebj
won the tn)phy. The contest (or
the BnK)klyn Trophy, f or te.ims rep*
resenting auxiliary associ atioMk
was won by the fourteen playcft
rcy>rrsenting the New Knglaod
Whi>t .Association, by nine trKklL
In the first pr(»v;ressive match for
jiairs, Messrs. FhNt and Rich had
the biv;h score for north and sontlu
and Mi-ssrs. Langmuir and StQa
for ea.ei and west. In the
match, the winners of north
south were Messrs. Neuman
Ronton: and east and west. Ml
Williamson and Brit ton.
UCAN WHIST LHAOUB 35 AMERICAN WHIST LBAGUB
for progressiTC fburB was
Y the team from the Balti-
IHiiat Club (Messrs. Thomas,
oa, Huntley, and Dr. W. P.
|. The straight whist match
cm by Mr. and Mrs. Payot,
le match between men and
1 was ungallantly carried off
t former by twenty tricks.
^est scores for women were:
. H. Andrews and Miss Bessie
m, pins 3^; Mrs. PenoUosa
las Harrison, plus 2,}i\ the
t score for men, W. H. Whit-
id C D. P. Hamilton, plus
Seventh Annual Congress. —
renth congress of the League
Id at Put-m-Bay, Ohio, July
897. Sixty-eight clubs were
nted, and upwards of three
;d whist-players were in at-
ce. Among these was a del-
I from the newly-organized
n*s Whist League,
ident Walter H. Barney, in
inml address, noticed the for-
1 of four local or auxiliary
t during the past year,
f , one in the State of Michi-
ae in Tennessee, another in
'ork, and another under the
of the Atlantic Whist Asso-
, consisting of clubs in the
of Pennsylvania, Delaware,
uid, and m the District of
bia. Two had been admitted
dliary membership in the
t. After dwelling upon the
ance of such organizations
proper supplement to the
;, and warmly commending
looming the Woman's Whist
^, he touched upon an old
eresting subject, as follows:
e work of the American
League in creating interest
d wnist-play — whist in its
WTO — is now practically an
>liahed fact; and the League
DOW devote its energy and
efforts to the development of the
game. The contests held at these
annual gatherings, and the matches
for the Challen^ and Brookl3m tro-
phies, with their published scores
and play, are doing a work of the
greatest educational value; but it
tails far short of what our members
have a right to expect of an organi-
zation l&e the American Whist
League. The countnr looks to the
League for a standara of play. The
failure to meet and present a re-
port on the part of the special com-
mittee on system of play, appointed
at the last congress, is most unfor-
tunate. Very many looked forward
to this report as something which
would form the beginning of a
foundation upon which a more en-
during structure could be erected.
« « « Xhere is a great demand
for something which the young
student may tie to, as agreed upon
by the majority of players. ♦ * •
We need something which can be
referred to as the 'standard system;'
and to which all can refer their own
game as presenting such and such
variations. Although the work has
difficulties, it should not be impos-
sible to present some scheme which
would be accepted as a standard;
though, I have no doubt, there are
few players who would not, in a
plater or less degree, vary from
it in some particulars.
** It seems to the chair that the
League should go further in the
work of assisting its members and
the thousands of students of the
game. We ought to use our great
organization for a more systematic
study of the game. Our efforts
should be combined; the results of
those efforts should be classified.
Thousands and tens of thousands
of experiments are tried almost
daily m clubs of the League, and
the results are kept in a most lim-
ited circle. Still more would be
AMERICAN WHIST LBAGUB 3^ AlCBRICAN WHIST LBA<
tried, if the results of those exper-
iments could be made more gener-
ally useful."
Upon the president's recommen-
dation, vacancies in the committee
on system of play were filled, and
the committee was asked to report
at this cun)<ress. The committee,
as thus coustitute<l, consisted of
George W. Keehn, Lander M.
Bouvc. K. A. Buffinton, W. G.
Bronson, Jr., Charles F. Snow, and
H. A. Mandcll.
Tlic most important thing done in
the way of legislation was the re-
vision of the laws of duplicate whifit,
the law.s of straight whist being left
untouched. Tlie report of the com-
mittee on laws contained the fol-
lowing explanation for this action:
** I>uring the past year very many
changes in tlie co<le have l)cen sul>-
mitted to an<l «>nsiilenMl bv your
committee, but after careful cfelilnrr-
ation the committee is unanimously
in favor of leaving wholly un-
change<l the present code, which
is the work of masters, and which
has Inren in existence for four years,
S'ving, u|)on the wli<»le, entire sati.s-
ction. Tinkering and t^impering
with such a cotie is to be <le|)rerate<l,
and we l)clieve that no change
should ever be made in it unless it
should l)e vitally important This
is not the case at present, nor is it
likelv ever to l>e. RcsiHrcl for a
good cofle grows and increases as
time jKissc's. and the various pn>-
visions lH*come iml)e<lde<l in the
minds of the whist-players of the
world. Duplicate whist, however,
reiiuires M»me siK'cial provisions,
and hence this I^eague pronmlgatetl
a C(Hle for its government at the
Chicago congress in iS9^. At tlie
fourth conf^ess in Philaillelphia, in
1894, the present code was enacted,
and has stood without change since.
Your committee proposes certain
changes in the Uwt of duplicate
whist, as hereafter stated, a
believes that whist-players gen
will apply to straight whist st
the special laws of duplicate
applicable, and thus the allege
fects and deficiencies of the p
code will be obviated.*'
The committee was compos
P. J. Tormey, San Francisco,
man; Gustavus Kemak, Jr.,
delphia; Irving T. ILirtz. Ch
Robert H. Weems, Brooklyn
sius M. Paine, Milwaukee.
The amendments, as adopt
the report of the committee,
as follows:
(1) Law "A." Amend p«niffra|
as to read: " Kach side shall kcru ;
Korv, and it i» the duty of the pia
each table to coiniMrv the iicurei
made, and ice that thry c<)rrr!i|>on
ij) I^w "A." Amend section 5
read: " In a match )>etwei-n two
the total numlKTof trickhftliall )« i
by two, and the team whu*^- K.*ore o
taken exceeds nuch diviilrud. wi
match by the numl>cr of tricka in
thereof."
(.0 L«w "D." Amend AG aatc
" The trump card mu!it t>e rccurded,
the play t>eKin«, on a slip pruvitj
that purpose. When the: deal ha
played, tne slip on which the trum
han l>ern recorded niunt )»e place
upwards by the dr.ilrrdn the tof
cardft, but the trump caid muM
afnin turned until the hnnd« are ta
for the puriMwe of overphiyintf tt
which t!me it mu>t l>e turned at
face upward* on the tray until it
dealer's turn to play to the'first trici
fclip <m which t!ir trump card \% re
mu»t lie turned face downwards 1
aft the trump card i« taken up
draler: if the trump card ha»beer
wi*e recorde<!, such rer»ird must a
then turned face downwiinl*
" The dralcr niuj»l Icirr the truir
facv upwsrdo on the tr.iy until it
turn t<i pbiy to the first' irirk. %■
should t>e taken into his hand,
not taken into the hanfl until aO
secoiiil trick has tireii turned and q
it is liable to lie called.
"Advr it has lieen lawfully takei
must not be named, and any
naminie it or loukinK at the truir
or other record of the trump is In
have his hiKhest or lowest trump
by his riffht-hand adversary at an
durinjr tne play of that deal belbi
adTersary has played to any c
UCAN WHIST LEAGUE 37 AMERICAN WHIST LEAGUE
before the preceding: trick is
and quitted, in case it l» the
'a torn to lead. The call may be
1 until the card is played, but it
■e changed."
w " G." Add an additional para-
ia.: **A player may ask his ad-
t if they have any of the suit re-
- but the question establishes
ke. if it is his partner who has
ed in error."
d the following: " Cards liable to
L— The holder of a card liable
kd can be required to play it only
ght-hand adveraarv: if such ad-
plays without calling it. the
lay play as he pleases; if it is the
turn to lead, the card must be
fore the preceding trick is turned
ted, or the holder may lead as he
The unseen cards of a hand
t the table are not liable to be
rdng penalties.— A player hav-
ight to call a suit loses such right,
tc announces to the adversary
ning a trick, before the trick so
•och adversary is turned and
what particular suit he desires
jrer has the right to remind his
:hat it is his privilege to enforce
r, and also to inform him of the
ae can enforce."
yer has the right to prevent his
from committing any irregu-
coept renouncing m error."
nfirmation of the action of
cntive committee, the con-
aended the rules governing
ntests for the Challenge
so as to stimulate interest
fnrts of the country. (Sec,
enge Trophy.'*)
nnoal report of the record-
rctary snowed a member-
one hundred and fifly-six
i the League, with a total
rship of 31,733 persons, of
number 8655 are active
layers. New York State
vith thirty-two clubs; Illi-
[assachusetts, and Pennsyl-
lave fourteen clubs each;
rsey has twelve; Michigan,
-i, and Ohio, seven each;
■n, six; California and Min-
fivc each; Iowa and Ten-
Ibar each; Indiana, Rhode
Island, and Washington, three each;
District of Columbia, Maryland,
Nebraska, and South Dakota, two
each; and Colorado, I>elaware, Ken-
tucky, Louisiana, Oregon, Texas,
Vermont, and West Virginia, one
each. Among the cities, Brooklyn
leads, with fourteen clubs; Philadel-
phia has twelve; Chicago, six; Al-
bany and Boston, four each; New
York, Providence, and St. Louis, ^
three each; and Indianapolis, To- •»
ledo, Milwaukee, San Francisco,
Loe Angeles, Washington, Kala-
mazoo, St. Paul, Utica, and Seattle,
two each. Thirty-one clubs were
added to and eleven taken from the
membership during the past year.
The present membership is made
up as follows :
-^ If©. TOUI
cSL. '"^"^ """^
Plajrwi. bWBhlp.
Independent Whist
Clubs .66 4,430 4,430
Departmental Whist
Clubs 16 669 6,348
Chess and Whist
Clubs II 709 1,597
Social Clubs .... 52 2,194 12,677
Athletic Clubs ...it 653 6,643 •
Total 156 8,655 31,695
Associate Members 33
Honorary Members 5
31,733
The recommendation of Presi-
dent Barney, with regard to the es-
tablishment of a bureau for experi-
mental play, was referred to the
executive committee to report at
the next congress. The committee
on system of play was, on motion,
continued, ana directed to report to
the executive committee at its mid-
winter meeting, and afterwards to
the next congress.
It was decided to limit the League
membership to one hundred and
seventy-five clubs, and the associate
membership to forty persons. One
of the novel features of the congress
was the publication of a aaily
whist journal called Echoes, whicn
AMBRICAN WmST LBAGUB 3^ AMERICAN WHIST LBi
was abl J edited by Tracy Barnes, of
Toledo.
The thirteen eeneral contests
participated in by the various
teams and indiWdual players re-
sulted as follows: The Hamilton
Trophy (fourteen teams contesting)
was won by a team from the Phila-
delphia Whist Club, consisting of
Dr. Joseph S. Neff, B. Stanley
Hart, Leoni Melick, and W. T. G.
Bristol. Out of the thirteen
matches, not a single defeat was
recorded against the Philadelphia
team. The play was begun at
two o'clock Tuesday afternoon, and
continued every afternoon and
evening for the rest of the week.
In the final match, Philadelphia
was opposed by the team from the
Chicago Duplicate Whist Club
(John T. Mitchell, captain; J. B.
Norton, G. W. Keehn, and W. J.
Walker). Philadelphia won by
twelve tricks.
The contest for the first jsosses-
sion of the new Challenge Trophy
was won, by sixteen tricks, by the
following team fit>m the Toledo
(O. ) \STiTst Club: Dr. Frank Hart,
captain; Clarence Brown, C. H.
Beckham, and C. L. Curtis. The
other team in the final match
consisted of E. Le Rov Smith, cap-
Uin; C. D. P. Hamilton, C. F.
Snow, and D. Muhlfelder, repre-
senting the Albany Whist Club.
Fourteen clubs participated in this
contest.
In the contest for the Minne-
apolis Trophv (g. v. ) for club pairs
there were fiAeen entries. Six sit-
tings were held, and P. W. Mathias
and L. J. Mathias, the pair from
the Toledo Whist Club, won, with
the lowest losing score of 76, the
next being 85.
In the contest for the Brooklyn
Trophy i^- v.) for teams represent-
ing auxiliary associations, there
were three contestants— the New
York State, New England, i
lantic Whist Assoaations.
York was the victor, wiunir
matches against the othen
lantic won one match froi
England and lost one to Nev
New England lost both mat
In the first progressive
match (Tuesday;, forty-twc
participated. F. S. Wilson
U Clark, of the Dartmoutb
New Bedford, made high
north and south, with one h
and fifty-two tricks; plus
nine. William Gorton a
McL. Jack.*ion, of the
Yachting Association, mad*
score east and west, with on
dred and thirty-eight tricki
score, eight
In the second progresaiv
match (Wednesday), there
fiftjr entries. The Columbi
letic team (Dr. George Wa]
George W. Monte) mad
highest score north and
with one hundre<l and eight
tricks; plus score, eleven.
Top-of-Nothing team ( R. F.
ana Miss C. H. Schmidt) nu
highest score east and we
hundred and fifty-eight
plus score, eleven.
In the third progressive
match (Thursday), there
thirty-four pairs. The highes
was made by B. T. Baker ant
Foster for nortli aiul soutl
hundred and twenty-nine
plus score, six; and for ea
west two pairs were tied
ha\nng one iiundred and five
with a plus K-orc of seven,
were Dr. George Walls and
Henriqucs, and E. C. Kieb 1
J. Bnick.
In the fourth progressive
match I Friday ) . fort y-fou r pai
entered, and the successful «
of the priies were: Yale
Bryant and N. B. Beecher),
aCAN WHIST LBAGUH 39 AMBRICAN WHIST LEAGUB
[th, one hundred and forty-
idks; plus score, thirteen.
New York (E. T. Baker
P. Foster), east and west,
idred and fifty-nine tricks;
>re, nine.
i first profj^ressive fonrs con-
lesday), for individual prizes
Ml by the Trial Duplicate
'lub, of San Francisco, thir-
tables were filled — match
} win. The four from the
Whist Club (M. E. Auder-
P. Thayer, C. S. Davis, and
□herd ) won by twenty and
t matches. Three teams
second place, and of these,
>of-Notning team (R. P.
Miss C H. Schmidt, E. C.
r, and Mrs. C. S. Water-
made the highest score for
being twenty points plus,
nffalo was seventeen.
>e second progressive fours
;sday), fifteen tables were
jick score to win. The suc-
contestants were H. K.
W^illiam C. Emerson, C. J.
mid, and C. P. Johnson,
ting the Cincinnati team.
core was two hundred and
:ks.
le third progressive fours
lay), nineteen tables were
natch scores to win. The
New York team was de-
he winner by thirteen and
r matches, the players con-
l the team being E. T.
Mrs. F. H. Johnson, Dr.
Walls. and Miss M. H. Camp-
he Top of-Nothing team
Foster, Miss C. H. Schmidt,
Fletcher, and Mrs. C. S.
3«ise ) being second,
e fourth progressive fours
), nineteen tables were filled.
of Detroit (J. W. Weston,
to^rs, C. H. Springer, and
lei>^hs ), tied with Nashville
iVnght, Jr., C. S. Lawrence,
J. E. Shwab, and E. B. Cooper),
the trick score standing two hun-
dred and forty-two each; but on the
match score Wayne won, being
twelve and one-half matches to ten
for Nashville.
In the progressive straight whist
contest, on Saturday evening, twen-
ty-two pairs entered. The winners
were Mrs. Clarence Brown, of To-
ledo, and Walter H. Barney, ex-
president of the League, who made
one hundred and fifty- four tricks.
Miss Bessie E. Allen, of Milwaukee,
and William C. Harbach, of Des
Moines, were second.
The highest scores for the indi-
vidual eveuts were mostly made by
the advocates of the short-suit
game, but in the main the long-suit
game predominated. The teams
which reached the finals in the two
most important contests ( Philadel-
?hia ana Chicago for the Hamilton
rophy, and Toledo, Albany, and
American for the Challenge Tro-
phy), are all adherents of the long-
suit sjrstem.
It was decided to hold the eighth
annual congress in New England,
at a place to be designated by the
executive committee.
The officers and committees of
the League for i897-'98, are as
follows:
Henry A. Mandell. president, Majefitic
Building. Detroit. Mich.; E. Lc Roy
Smith, vice-president, 619 Broadway, Al-
bany. N. Y.; Clarence A. Henriques, re-
cording secretary. 25 West Forty-ninth
street. New York City, N. Y.; L. G. Par-
ker, correspondine secretary. L. S. & M.
8. Building. Toledo, Ohio; Benjamin L.
Richards, treasurer, Rock Rapids, Iowa.
Buarene S. Elliott, ex-president. Pabst
Building, Milwaukee, Wis.; John M.
Walton, ex-president, 420s Chester ave-
nue. Philadelphia, Pa. ; Theodore Sch warx.
ex-president, 517 Roval Insurance Build-
ing, Chicago. 111.: Walter H. Barney, ex-
president. Indt»trial Trust Co. Building,
Providence, R. I.
Directors— Term expires 1900: S. St. T.
McCutchen, 170 Broadway, New York;
P. J. Tormey, aao Sutter street, San Fran-
A. W.UCHALLBNGB TROPHY 40
AMES. PISHBR
daco. Cal.; Bertram D. Kribben. Bank of
Commrrcc lIuildlnK, Si. Louia. Mo.; Wil-
liam MiiiImiii, .v)2 Main at rrrt. Buffalo. N.Y.
Trmicxiiirr«iH/if: J K Shwab, Naahville.
Tcnn. John T. MiUhrll. ITnion National
Brfok. Chicikso. 111., Thcimaa A. Whclan.
Piilriit%- BiiiMinK. Baltiinorr. M<1.: Kob-
rrt il Wrrin^. n.t Lincoln piacc, Btimk-
lyn. N. Y. Term rxtun-a iS^K: CVr*). L.
Bunn. Nrw Yurk Lifr Building. St. Paul.
Minn . O'lrur II Fi*h. corner Seven-
teen Hi vlrert nntl Brcidway. New York;
(;rorKe W Morsr. j^ SUte »»trcct. Bonton.
Mavi.; J(Mei»h s Nrff. M. D.. i.vju I.,ocuiit
atii-et. rhiiadrlphia. Pa.: Ca»»iua M.
pBine. 3^ Chamber of Commerce, Mil-
waukee Win
Committee on Ijiw*— P. J. Tormev. Ban
FranL-i<H<i. Cnl . K<>t»rrt M. Weem<i,
Bnioklvu, N Y : Thr.Hl ire Sch wars. Chi-
ciiK(>. ill.: I.ei«ni Mrlii-k. Philadelphia,
Pa : .Miltim F. Suiilh. Haltimore, Mu.
Tournammt Ci mi m it lee— Walter H.
Barnry. i-hnirinan. Providence, K. I.
C'lniinittrr ''n Sv«trm of Play— tieorge
W. Kct'hn. ChuMico. 111.; loiniler M.
Bouv6. Ikiotiiii. yiiiss , K. A. Buffi nton,
iack'<jn. MKh ; W <*,. Brr*nwn. Tr . St.
>aul. Minu.. Ch.irlet F. Snow. Albany,
N Y : II. A. .MandUI. iv-trmU Mirh.
luindrr M Iloiiv6. ^s: Waihinictim
atreet. Il<Mi*n. M:!-*** . Trprr«»cntalive to
esectitivr oinimittre fnim New Kuxland
Whi*t Aft^'HMatinii.
I^ J llruck ki'lk'^wnotl. N. J. , repre«icn-
talivr !■■ r\»i iiisv ixMiniittee from New
Jerv\ Wln-l .\omm i.iti •ii.
Iljtf :ii-v.'t->n I,»"U' Jr . 6g Firil utrrft.
AlTi.inv N V r';'r»-«.»-ni.ttiv#- liirxrciitivc
c<ni:njttf-^- Ir-'iii Nt w York Stale Whist
AKotxl ill-iIl
i.' I> I' ll.inii!l<Mi, K.iN|.)n. Pn , repre-
arnt.itivf i • « xr. uitvr oiiiimittee fr-im
All mill- \^ M!-t \t<.4iii.iii'iti
(>i]*-r,i: I. W II-,.th. •■■". JflTrrvtn nve.
mir.iir.m ' K;!;!"!" Mirh . rr^irr«.rii[.inve
t'l rsfi-.tf. » cMiMkittcr from MichiK'in
Whi-*? A''«""Tili'#n
American Whist L«agu« Chal-
l«ns« Trophy.— Sec, "Challenge
Tro|.h.v.*
Amctt, FItthcr. — .-Xn Aiiu*nrrin
whi*»t aiillT»r, .mil onv of the chief
ili*^: ;»'.•■'» ;i:'.il f xi"»:ii-tltH of the
•n'h-in'. iif " Civi-ii-li-h •• ;ini! Tri-t.
Mr. Afiji— \*M». Ihirii in I^iwi-U,
M.i'^s.. J Miu.trv 21. iS^s. and m a
i;r.«ilii.iif <•! Il.ir\.i'd Ci>lli'gf. He
has jir.n tuml l.iu in t hi* city of IV»«t-
ton f« 'f iiT'W irils of ihirtv vi-ar», hav-
inK fK-cii fttr.i lar^i* part of tlic time
one of the a**si^tant citv lolicitcjn.
He comet of a renowned
hit grandfather having been Piiktr
Amea, tlie great orator and triboai
of the people during the ^Umtf
times ot the forming of the Co^
stitution of the Unitnl SUtea Tht
father of the auhject of oar
was Seth Ames, one of the ji
of the Supreme Court of Mi
chusetts, of whom it was Mid bj
tlie chief justice that his style m
speech and writing embodied tht
purest and best English of ttdl
generation.
rishcr Ames has the wrMimtlf
attributes and ciualities of his la-
cestors, all of wnom. like
were Harvanl men. He
" Mo«1em Whist.*' which was
lished by the Harpers in 1879.
'* Practical Guide to Whist " «■
publishetl by the Scribners in 189I,
and his '* American Lends tf
Whist," in 1891. Thelatter
have had several revisioiuand _
through many eflitions. Heia|
the inventor of tlie Ames
Less(»n Canln. by means of whkfe
the proper leads are taught, bcfa|f
inrlicate<i on the margins oC tht
can Is. Another helpful contiivaMt
of his is '* Whist in Krief ** { iSmK
which he himself considers abo^
as ^(Mxl as anything which he hM
accoinplisheil in the whist line. M
contains almost every eMential 4U
rection for c<irrect play in wUl^
all in the comiuiis of a card tht
si/e of an on li nary pi
(printeil on Uith s'dei^).
As u whist -player, Mr. Ai
stiKlinii^ analytical, au'l coi
tive. He has stiulieil all the
(wis and systenis so that be
know how to meet them and
sinnally adopt them as
hamls may apply. However.
own system of play is the lon|
game with American leads,
very effective. He resides at HtH^
ton, a suburb of Boston,
AMUSEMENT
41
ANSON, GEORGE
11^ time a member of the
I Cinb team, which held hij^^h
iriiiiiiiig in two successive
Dents of the New England
Lnodation.
Pnctkml Guide to Wbist." by
kmes, of Boston, is a Taluable
ition of the *' Cavendish **-Trist
f play.— If^. P. Ctmttney [Z,+a],
i WktsV*
iher Ames has added to his book,
tical Guide to Whist/' a chapter
**9oine Modern Innorations in
in which he discusses all the
«Tclopments. explaining the^r
Lion and criticising their ment.
% does not accept erery new idea
ents itself. On the contrary, he
the conserratiTC side, and so
does approve an innovation it is
rtaia to possess merit. His plan
■ing the questions is of great
re to student^ as it gives them
ientanding of the plays, which
ft desirable, even if thev do not
a iato practice.— Whist \L.A.\
97-
i«ni«ftt, Playing lor. — The
it whist in played for amuse-
i often made an excuse for
ij by bimiblepuppists. A
has no more right to inflict
ay upon his partner, or op-
i, however, than he would
play wrong notes in music
bad grammar, simply be-
e found enjoyment therein.
in general entertain strange
concerning; whist. Many say,
on't know much about the game.
ay for amusement. You must
rt me to know about iL I haven't
." As well say. "Oh. I don't
icb about the meaning of words.
ad for amusement ' Ivanhoe,' or
oarch.' You must not expect
nderstand them. I haven't the
J IV. PetUi \L. A.P\ 'Ameri-
\t nimstrated."
pople sit down nriminallv to play
ben suddenly one of tnem an-
to the consternation of his
that he is not there with any
rntion. but solely for his own
mt • • • Now. no one has the
otjjection to your amusing your-
ng as j'ou do not annoy anj'bodv
fo further than this, and admit
iract right to amuse yourself at
tiler's expense; but I protest
fonr ezpc^rting him to rejoice
with yon in his own dlscomfittire.—
''Ptmbridge" [L-k-O.]
Analyst.-See/ 'Whist Analyst.''
AndrcwSiMra.T.H. — First presi-
dent of the Woman's Whist League
of America (jg. v. ), which she was
largely instrumental in organizing,
at Philadelphia, April 27-29, 1897.
Although Mrs. Andrews had never
played whist up to within five
years prior to the organization of
the League, she soon developed
into a player and teacher of na^
tional reputation. She organized
the Trist Whist Club, of Philadel-
phia, in 1894, and originated a
whist tournament for women in the
fall of 1895 (the first of the kind
ever held), out of which grew the
still broader idea of the Woman's
League. On June 20, 1896, she was
elected to associate membership in
the American Whist League.
Mrs. Andrews is very success-
ful as a teacher, her keen percep-
tion, quick insight into character,
and ready sympathy contributing
largely to the efficiency of her in-
struction.
Anson, George. — One of the
foremost of English whist-players
in his day. He was a brother of
the first Earl of Lichfield, and
served in the army as an ensign at
the battle of Waterloo. Later in
life he was made commander-in-
chief of one of the Indian depen-
dencies, and this was followed soon
after by his appointment to the
post of'^commanaer-in -chief of all
the British forces in India. To him,
John Loraine Baldwin first sugges-
ted his plan for revising the Eng-
lish whist laws. He was named
second in the list of the best play-
ers he had ever met, by Lord Ben-
tinck. His mo<le of play appears
to have included some ideas which
to-day would be classed with those
of snort- suit players. For in-
ANSWERING TRUMP
4«
ARTICLBS ON WB
■Unce, he claimed that it waa the
height of bad play to lead from a
long suit containing nothing higher
than a ten if you had a suit with
an honor to lead from, unless from
strength of trumps there was a pos-
sibility of bringing in the small
cards. He diecfin India, May 27,
1857, and hLs remains were brought
to England and buried in Kensal
Green cemetery, three years later.
Answering Trump Signal. — See,
••Echo."
Antepenultimate Lead. — The
lead of the last card of a suit but
two, first announced by A. W. Dray-
son, in 1879, to indicate the pos-
session of six cards. (See, "Ameri-
can Leads, Histor>* of.")
* * Aq uarius. " — A pseudonym
under which Lowes d'Aguilar Jack-
son, an English writer, published
a number of books on the game.
His best-known compilations are
••Easv \\Tiist" (1S83) and "Ad-
vanced Whist " ( 1884 ). Copies of
his books were sent to * 'Cavendish**
for review in the Fields but the
latter declined to notice them, as
he considered them "downright
rubbish."
A neries of text-book^, ranfinir from
•*Kii»y WhUt" in iMv to "Improved
Whi«it" in iHgo. have been favorably re-
ceived by the voun^er lovcmof the ffame.
Their authonibip is concealed under the
title of "AqtiariuA." but he is understood
to be I^wea d'Aguilar Jucluon, % civil
engineer.— If. /». Couttne^ {L^O.\,'*Eng'
Arbitrary Sign ale. — Signals to
which a meaning; is attache<l by
agreement, as distinguished from
natural inferences drawn from the
fall of the cards. When the mean-
ing of such arbitrary' signals is
known only to those originating or
employing them, they are culed
private conventions (^. v.).
Arlington Club. — A a
whist club in London, fi
1863, appointed a comn
nine to co-operate with J
raine Baldwin in revising \
lish laws of whist. The <
originally called the Tiuf <
in order to rid itself of s
jectionable members, dissc
reorganized as the Arlingto
on the club moved to the
it now occupies, and at t
time resumed its original c
ing now known as the Tur
«« Artful Dodger, Th<
Dickens's novel of " Olivei
the Artful Dodger^ when
dummy in Fag an* s den,
mendecl for *' wisely regul
play by the result of his
tions on his neighbor's car
Artlclee on Whiet In I
eale. — An attempt is here
present, in alphabetical o
titles of the more importan
that have appeare<l in Hn{
American periodicals, u]
subject of whist, from th<
times to the present dav.
taken in connection with
merous text-b<K)ks and ot
umes publishe<i upon the '*
games" (see, " Books on ^
this list may well impress
dent with the magnitude
portance of the subject, wl
engaged the attention of
the ablest minds of the da'
«
"American I^eada." by A. W.
Tkf Field, London, Jan. 31,
"American Lead*." by '^ Merry
The Field, I»iidon. Jao.
March jS, 1885.
"American LeacU." by " Mof
thian Boycel Tlu FieUL Xjoa
X). 1884; Feb. 7 and March 1
^'American Leada,'* by N. B. '
laa Browse Trist). Tke Pi
don. Feb. aS, 1885; March 16
"American Leads," by ** fittia^
FUld^ London, Pen. u, jM^
hMTIChBS ON WHIST
43
ARTICLES ON WHIST
ficu Leads at Whist," P. H. l>wis,
l« fligid, London, March ?, 1885.
Ticsa Leads at Whist and their His-
ry." by N. B. Trist, Haffer's Moga^
■s; irol. 8a, p. 599, March, 1891.
ricaa Leads at Whist," \xy ^' Caven-
•h,** Macmillan^s Magazine^ n>L 53,
r£n Whist,'* by G. T. Lanigan,
merican Magazine, vol. i, p. 55.
ficaa Whist," SaiurtUy Review^ vol.
Upiayini^ and Free Whist," Na-
mat Kevitw, vol. 16, p. 347. Reply
creto, by H. A. Cohen, National Ke-
rm^ Tot. 16. p. 614.
Is rwhist] Played by Machinery,"
illmxn Pole, Afacmillan*s Magaxtnt^
1. 13, p. 241, Jan. 1876.
ictaMOi of Whist," Blackwood's Mag-
imz^ToA.. 38, p. 637. (Humorous.) Nov.
Sng at Whist," Spectator, London,
prUs, 1879.
> Wnist," Blackwood's Magazine,
•y, xS77-
fentkms at Whist." by W. Pole,
¥rtmghtly Review, vol. 31, p. 576,
pril, 1879.
elopments of Whist " (a review of
Oavcndish "), London Spectator,
Aicate Whist," by G. Pletcher, New
lisb Whist
r, vol. II, p. 490. Nov. 1894.
: and Enslbh Whist-Plav-
a," Temple Bar, vol. 97, p. 527, April,
«; voL 98, p. 103, May, 1893. Same
tkle in Uttetl's Living Age, vol. 197,
51S, May 27, 1893. and vol. 198, p.
7. Wy 39. 1^3-
■e of Whist, The," All the Year
9mmd, vol. 2, p. 480.
■c of Whist, the." by " Cavendish."
mdon Society, vol. 9, pp. 65 and
f.
■e of Whist, The, ^^ Chambers' s Jour-
il *o*-_». P »33
■e of Whist, The," London Society,
*• 7, Pi57-
•e oTWhist, The," by William Pole,
'mcmiOan's Magazine, vol. 7, p. aoi.
Is to Ptayers of Whist." by "T.
ta,** London Magazine, vol. 14, p.
2. Jan. 1826.
r to Flav Whist," (a review of Proc-
f*t booK) by J. I. Minchin. Acad'
n„ vol. 27, p. 128.
■e Wliist," by R. A. Proctor, KnowU
rr, voL 8^. xix, Oct. 9. 1885.
loved Whist,'^ Saturday Review,
L 7«* P* 419-
any Science in Whist ?" by R.
r, Knowledge, vol. it, p. 34.
SifrnalinK Honest ?" by R. A.
r, Longman's Magazine, vol. 7,
"Language of Whist, The," by R. A.
Proctor, Longman's Magazine, vol. 6,
p. 596, Oct. 1885.
"Mrs. Battle's Opinions on Whist," by
Charles Lamb, London Magazine, voL
3, p. 161.
" Modem Whist," by William Pole. Quar'
tzrly Review, vol 130, p. 43, Jan. 1871.
Same article in Ltttelts Living Age,
voL 108, p. 707, March 28, 1871.
"Modern Whist," Temple Bar, vol. 79,
"Our Whist Column." by " Five of Clubs"
(R. A. Proctor) , Knowledge, vol. 5, pp.
153. 489; vol. 6. pp. 19-534; vol. 7, pp.
39-513; vol. 8. pp._ 103-148; vol. 9, p. 33.
r, i88j
I, March i, 8, 15, 30
"Rational and Artificial Whist," by M.
Same in New York Tribune, i88s.
Feb. 8, 15, 22, March i, 8, 15, 30, April
5, 12, May
e** Whiat," London Spectator, vol.
p. 47, Jan. 10, 1891.
("Mogur*). Comhill Magazine, voL
53, p. 143, Feb. 1886.
" Rules for Plaving the Game of Whist,"
sporting Magazine, 1793.
** Short Whist." Blackwood's Magazine,
vol. 97, p. 4iSi.
"Teaching Whist." by E. L. Godkin,
TTu Nation, New York, vol. 45, p. 187,
"Trump Leads in Whist," Outing^ N. Y.,
April-Sept. 1885.
" Unscientific American Whist." Knowl-
edge, vol. 6, p. 307, Oct. 10, 1884.
" Varieties of whist," Saturday Review,
London, vol. 66, p. 533.
" What America has Done for Whist." by
" Cavendish," Scribner's Magazine,
New York, vol. 20, p. 540, Nov.
1896.
*« Whist," Temple Bar, vol. 91, p. 521.
"Whist," Blackwoods Magazine, voL
157. p. 64, Jan. 1895.
"Whist," by "Cavendish." London So-
ciety, vol. 7. p. 57. Jan. and Feb. 1865.
•* Whist," Eclectic Magazine, vol. 72, p.
687; vol 84, p. 523; vol. 108, p. 707; vol.
133, p. 636.
"Whist," by William Pole, Chambers's
Journal, vol. 39. p. 133.
" Whist." by B. E. Pole. Foreign Quarterly
Review, No. 48.
" Whist and its Masters," by R. Frederick
Foster, Monthly Illustrator, Sept.
i«o6, to March, 1897, inclusive. I. The
Old School. II. The New School.
III. The Signaling School. IV. The
Scientific Sichool. V. The Number-
showing School. VI. The Duplicate
School. VII. The Private Conven-
tion School
" WhUt and Whist-Players," by A. Hay-
ward, Fraser's Magazine, vol. 79,
P 487.
"Whist as a Business." London Socieiy,
vo^- 37. P- 42, Jan. 1880.
"Whist as a Recreatiou," Knowledge, voL
" Whist atbur Club," Blackwoods Mag-
azine, vol. iJi, page 597, May, 1877.
ASK FOR TRUMPS, THE 44 ATWATBR, MRS. FRAl
** White At the KnrlUh Court** by Oca
W. CurtU, Harper'i MagOMtng^ Baay
Chair. toI. 5a. p. 936.
** WhUt hv DcuchJipcflcs," Foreign Qmar-
ttrijf Revrw, vol 14, p. -m.
"Whlrt F«d»,"by " CavcndUh,*' Scrik-
nrr't Magasinr, July, 1897.
•* WhUt in Amertca." liy F. W. Crane.
Cotmutpolttan, vol. 19, p. 196, J«uic«
**Whut Chat," by R. A. Proctor, Lcmg-
mtan's Magaxtme, vol. 5, p. 369, Feb.
1W5.
**Whi«t Convention of iftA The.*' by
P. W. Crane. fUuttvatfd Awurtcau,
vol. ao, p. 56. June 4, 1896.
**Whtstolo(cy." AU the Year Round, vol.
t, p. 4flo. March 17. tA6a
** Whtat Rcmini«crnce " (a story). Black*
WMMtt Mararttu, vol x>^. p. 345
** Whiat Siicnalinic anil WhUt Stratejry,*
by R. A. PToct*»T,
nnr. vol. 9, p j6V
by R. A. Proctor. Lomgiman't Maga
irai5Ky,"
'i Maga-
** Whist Spoilers," by A. Stuart, TempU
Bar, vol. 9°^ p. I If*.
** Whist Stories,'' Lomdan Society, vol. 45.
P 95
**Yoauff Whist PUyers* Novitiate.'* by
P. B. Goodrich, Harper's MagOMtn^,
vol. 81, p iia.
lUk lor Trumps, The. — See,
"Trump Signal."
Associate Members of the
League.— The Inlaws of the
American Whist Lraj^e provide
that indi\'i(lual whist-players may
be admitted as associate members
of the Leajfue by a vc»te of the ex-
ecutive commiltee, pro\"ide<l they
are not mcmU*rs «»f any League
club. The a^r^jrrj^ate number of
associate meniWrs Miall not ex-
ceed fortv. .Asiw>ciate meml>ers
ha VI* the ni^bt.s of dclf>;atrs at all
mif linijs of the lA*a>»:ue so far only
as to |K'nnit them to s^icak, make
motions. skt\^ on committfes. and
partici|vite in rtmlcHl'i f(»r individ-
uals; but thfv sh.ill not l>c eligible
to officf . <»r pnvile>»ed to %*ote unless
olhiTwtsc «;ti.ililied. The dues to
be paid bv rach a«vs*iciale memlwr
are five dttMars j»er annum. The
numlier of associate ineml>ers re-
portetl at the annual meeting of the
League in iSgy, after deducting
eleven resignationft. was tbirtv, at
foUowt: Mra. laabelU H. Adiuna,
Mrs. Charlotte L. Ainswort
Bessie B. Allen, Mrs. T.
drews, Mias Stiian D. Bidd
Julia B. Bradt, Mia. C
Brown, Colonel A. S. Btu
William B. Harle, H. H. F
Mrs. S. B. Famum, Richard
Mrs. Martha W. Penollos
Uin B. B. Fuller, Miss R.
Harrison, Mrs. J. R. Hawle
Holman, Mrs. M. S. Jenk
B. Lundstrom. Mrs. Henrv 2
Mrs^ William Henry Newbo!
Lillian C. Noel, Mrs. I^^
Nowell, Mrs. J. W. lillin
Charlotte H. Schmidt, Mac
Vicomtesse de Silnjur, Mrs,
K. Wallace, Mrs. Hattie Wa
Miss Kate Wheelock. and S
sohn.
AtUntion at the Whist T
One of the first re<iuisitca <
whist is attention. No one
attempt to play who is not
to pay the ^ame that respei
tention which its high me
uiand. This cannot l>c too ei
urged upon the beginner, ai
other players as well who
the nonle game !)y treatic
they might euchre — as an
for social intrreoursc and
SMtion. Nolxnly can play c
that manner.
To t^ecome a whi*t-pla>-er. o
Irnrn to tee what is takin'^ plac
hi» ryes, and to comptehend the 1
ot'xK.—^'Majf* Temafe J/. O \.
Carrfully studv yuur hand w
take it nj». • • • ll.inait d«
k(r(»y>'ur ryes ctitist.tntl> on tl
n» vrr t-iokinx at yitr hand, eact
It i« your turn to pKiv- No one
Cittir even a rni»i!rrjlrly x*>*'
I>l.ivrr whi>%^ nttrnti^n i* not o^
Ktvcn to the tati)'-. /amrs kla^ \t
Atwater, Mrs. Franli
highly-esteemetl whi.st-wor
Petaluma, California, whos
work as a contributor to th
journals, and as a teacher
game, has made her kno
AUTHORITY, WHIST
45
AUTOMATON
an the Pacific coast, bnt else-
^ She is an earnest student
hist for its own sake. For
elI years she has taught a class
•m ten to twenty interested
s, and many of them have be-
very proficient as players,
las persistently and continn-
refused remuneration of any
for her labors, the love of
being sufficient inspiration
tT best efforts in its behalf. It
ilmost wholly through her
s, and those of her husband,
he Petalunia Whist Club was
ized and kept alive until able
nd alone. Mrs. At water was
an associate member of the
ican Whist League, January
I96. She is also one of the
active and energetic members
e Pacific Coast Whist Associa-
of which she was elected cor-
nding secretary in 1897. She
I advocate of the long-suit
and American leads. Mr.
ey says of her in the San
nsco Ca/i: " In the whist de-
lent of the Cal/ Mrs. Atwater's
on is frequently asked, and in
:e to her ability we will say
she is without doubt one of
neatest students and expert
rs in the State. Her writings
hist have attracted the atten-
>f the whist world."
hority. Whist. — An authority
list is one who has made the
ci a profound study, and who
e to give opinions or advice
on correct principles and
I knowledge. An expert
r who has tested every mode
ly, and whose judgment and
ies recommend him to the
majority of players, is an au-
y upon whist-play.
ill the amusing t3rpefl of whist-
9. perhaps the most amusing is
a1 whist authority who is in real-
ly a third <lass performer.— ^4. IV*
Drayson [L^A +], "The Art of Practicai
IVhisr*
Automaton Whist-Playcr, An. —
Dr. Pole, in Maanillan's MagO'
2ri«^ for January, 1876, described a
wonderful automaton, exhibited at
the Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly, Lon-
don, which, among other things,
could play scientific whist. The
name of this marvelous contri-
vance was "Psycho." He was a
little less than adult size, and sat
cross-legged. Oriental fashion, on
an oblong box, about 22 x 18 x 15
inches. The box, with the figure
on it, was entirely detached and
carried about by those in charge.
When in action, '* Psycho** was
placed on the top of a strong hollow
cylinder of transparent glass. The
cylinder was placed on a loose
wooden platform about four feet
square, which in turn rested upon
four legs about nine inches clear of
the floor. Before the performance
began the platform was turned over
and shown, as was also the cylinder.
When placed in position, the spec-
tators were requested to walk
around the fi^re, and to pass their
hands over his head, to satisfy them-
selves that there was ho wire or other
means of communication between
"Psycho" and the sides or ceiling
of Uie room. A whist-table was
now prepared, and three persons
from the audience invited to play,
• * Psycho* ' making the fourth. The
cards were dealt, and " Psycho's**
taken up and placed upright, one
by one, in a frame forming the arc
of a circle in front of him. When
it was his turn to play, his right
hand passed with a horizontal cir-
cular motion over the frame until
it arrived at the right card, which
he seized between his thumb and
fingers. Then, by a vertical move-
ment of his hand and arm, he took
it up, lifted it high in the air and
exposed it to the view of the audi*
ArXILIARY ASSOCIATIONS 46 AUXILIARY ASSOCIATIONS
enrc: after which the card was
taken \}\ an atteiwlant and p1ace<l
wjKMi llie tahlf. to \w ^uthere<l into
Ihf irick. *' l\vchf)" also playe<l
otht-r >^inii'*i at cinls, and cuuld
ar!<l. mil 111 ply, and {KTrfonn se%'cral
tricks <»t" rnnjnrin^. The fijrure
was operated an the same princi-
ples as the aiit<Mnalr>n chess-])layer,
" Ajeeb," in tlif Ivien Mus^-e, New
York. an<l •ilill more closelv re-
jvniMed the 1. minus " Yellow Kid'*
automaton <if the New Y(»rk Jour-
no/, which was exhibited in i>V>.
All the figures n.inie<l, it is said,
were buill l>y the same y^enius.
On «nn- ot-»:tHi.»n, C'll- ■!!».! n nn«l fCharlpn]
Rr:i''«.' w» nt lo I'lr l%.;v^»ti.tti ll.t!]. wht-n
it w-f in thr h.iiiiN (A Ma>ikilyncr aiwl
Cf>»k' l'>'«'-f !'->yiIiM ■ ^,lriv a rubtn-r lif
tvlsi-'t. K' .il»- «;!■♦ rmiviiii i-illhat tic h.'nl
disi'nvtri 1 til'- II! Vol • I y >*{ xh- prrfwrin-
miif -inl tii'iutitfil llir i>1:itfiirni wtlh
thf ii'.je. I III pniviiii; his s><«tiin to Ihc
di-*'<'T!jJii!i:'- i{ ■■ I'-\i l:o " Tfi** •s'im»-
rt-wiili iK.ciiirf-il t'l k« .I'!'- iliat h.-iiipcii^ to
thr 1. 1 oil {i^rS'iinuTs wh'> fliyim a *' s\ s-
t^m" it M-^tiir Carlo Hr 'k-M fnil»:«! fmiii
thr {M.it! •mi th« vi< tun; of thi; ilfr'»'«l
WfK* ' T»» hi»« :i'«t- ■i'.i««hin»-nt hr h.-nl li«-* ii
iMMtrii (vi-ilv .iliii '<«t iL!iitiiiitniiiii>Iv "
III- Tn-'r::ti''.iM«in UM". vi-iMf- in hi* fTice
niM HI h!< T><ii*-- Ifp r>iin;iViiii« •' without
o-n^inu Ih it hr hml !>• f-n lur-.tfii "lhr'"»'
Etiiii-H riuiniii;! 'tv.i l-'ii-flv Hiit'itTiRtiiit '
It' P t'<Ji'.'w/-> ./. ■ "j. Iln^lnh li'hiit."
Auxiliary Associations.— The or-
{^a iiiz.it 1011 »)f the American Whi^t
I^-aLrm* was followed hy the estah-
lishnu-nt of niixiu'rf>us sul)ordinate
le:ii;iifs, iiilfr-»«tal«* a»iS'K'iations,
e!i\. iTi variou- ti.irts of the conn-
try. Al ih«- eloN»- of the year l*^<>4
til* ff wrre ill exi^tiMice. anmn;;
r»'ii'— ^. \\\*' ffi!!"uinj; b'Mlifs: The
N'W I",r-..:'.;i:'.d W'hi-l As^imriation.
C'lTi; r:-::!.; ^tf:;n- tliirty-'xM clu!'*.;
l!ir I;*'rihib Whist I.c ij^ie. of
I*riM.k!\:i. N. V.. twelve cluhs;
thf Inii.rrluS Whisi Le:iirne. of
A.^Mny. N. Y.. twelve clnt)s; the
Nfw jiTscy State Whi-'t Leajfue,
somi: Xwr or »;ix cluhs; the Slate
\Vh:<it I^i;::ie of Indi;ini. in pro-
cess of funi: ilion, the Iowa Whist
LeafTu^i nnd the Interstate Whul
League, formed at Portland. Ore-
>;on, with ten cluhs. The Pacific
Coast Whist Association had alio
Ixjen formeil in San Krancisco.
Amony; those who foresaw that
such a.ssr)ciations could l)e made a
jjreat element of strenj^h in the
American Whisl Leajjue was P. J.
Tonney» of San I*raiiciscf>, and hu
suKKt-'stion, acltMl u|xin hy the
fourth congress, at Philarlelphia, in
1.S94, led to the adojition of provi-
sifMis in the hy-lawsf>f the I^af^ue,
June 21, i.Sg5. wheri hy any tenor
more cluhs 1 at least three of which
are iiieml)ers of the lA'a^iie) which
are associated toj^ether for the pnr-
|>«»se f>f pn»moiinK the irame in any
])articular locality mi^ht he admit-
te<l to the Leav!iie as an auxiliary
as^iociation. I-!;ifh a«'sr»cialion 01
this kin<i is "entitled to one rcpre^
sen tall ve to the exet iitive commit-
tee of the I.e;ij;iu-. w ;th the privi-
leLfe of the flfxir and of dehate in
matters relating; to such associa-
tion."
In 1S95 the Intt-r-.tate Whist
Lea);ue, or^ani/eil ihe pre\'ioiis
year at Portlaii'l. Orej^jon. channd
its name to the North Pacific Whist
A'-sociation. :\\ it-* secnd anniul
iTitetinK a meiii^K r».hu» t-f twenty-
one cluhs, ni.re-' t'.triL: ei^rht cities,
was n |»*irtfij. Us ii-rritory com*
]iri«*'s the States «it' < )reji»on and
Washinvrton. and ISritish Cflunihia.
The Ni-w I" n I' land Whi«*t Associ-
ation, with a nutnUMshipof thirty-
1*1 ve duh-. was tin- ojily auxiliary
a^'.fH'iition r»i'iisi«nleil in the
l.«-if:ue nl the i"i}"lii ron;irc»,in 1^51
hut at thf sixth ccmj^ress the New
Jersey W]:ist As'-<»ei.iiion, oom-
posff] of fourteen cliil>«. and the
1 11. liana Whist .Xs^^ik i.ition. com-
j>»«^-d of irn cluhs. wen- a!K> re-
ported as havinjiT he^n duly iidmit-
te<l. At the seventh whisi congmiL
the Atlantic Whi&t As»ocialion ana
B
47
BAD PLAYER
rw York State Aasodation
tter OTi^anized in 1897) were
pfteaented, and similar asso-
s were reported as recently
xd in Michigan and Ten-
I96, at Manhattan Beach, at
th congress of the American
Lea^pe, a trophy for auxili-
xriations was nrst pla3red for,
m by the New England As-
m; in 1897, at Put-in-Bay,
iron by the New York State
ition. (See, ** Brooklyn Tro-
«1 importance of aisociatioiiJi be-
ftozilury to the trcag^e is that
arcure a unification of interests.
LBiT^r adoption by such associa-
I coming into the League, of the
es, and practices of our organ ixa-
irea harmony and uniformity in
tice of the game throughout the
which cannot be otherwise ob-
^ • • These associations are a
rsnlt of the League movement,
proper supplement to its work;
l>eyoDd question destined to be*
most important feature in the
nent of whist in the next decade.
mi IValter H. Barney \L. A.],An-
iras be/ore tfu A. IV. L., 1B97.
rhe letter B is usually em-
in published whist games
cite the partner of A, the
slaving against Y-Z; the
tand; '* south," in duplicate
Play. — Play made through
ice or carelessness, or both,
y tricks or games are lost at
A severe form of chronic or
ted bad play is known as
>lepnppy'* (a. v.). Bad play
times made by even the best
era, through errors of judg-
A good player, however,
t slick to his bad play, or
it.
•ccuatotn yourself to judge by
racca. Bad plav sometimes sue*
ties good would wA,^Th9imu
\L. a].
Bad play is any kind of solecism per-
petrated by somebody else; if by your-
self, it may be either just your luck,
pardonable inattention, playing too
quickly, drawing the wrong card, or— in
a very extreme case— carelessness, but it
is never bad play. Sometimes the differ-
ence is evenj^ater than this, and what
would be baapla3ring in another in your-
self may be the acme of skill.— '* /Vat-
bH4re**XL-^0.\.
Bad Player.— One who plays at
pla3Hng whist, or who, in ignorance,
carelessness, or with malice afore-
thought, manages to make life mis-
erable for his partner at the whist-
table; a bumblepuppist {g. v,),
Deachapelles, the great Prencn
|>layer, Deing suspected of revoln-
tionary tendencies, a search of his
private papers revealed a list of
persons whom he had selected for
the guillotine. Among these was
a citizen against whom he had
marked the accusation of being a
very bad whist-player. Although
a rather summary manner of dispos-
ing of such players, it is needless to
say that Deschapelles* plan had
many admirers.
The bad players are divided into two
classes. The one set plays by rule, the
other by instinct.— C Mossofi [Z.+C?.],
IVestminsUr Papers.
The usual fault of bad players is that
they play whist apparently with an ab-
sence of common sense, and commit acts
which, in anv business habits of life,
would cause them to be considered little
better than imbeciles.—^. W. Drayson
[^+/j+], • The Art of Practical Whists
There is nothing so tnring to the pa-
tience and temper as when there are three
Kod players and one bad player. This
d player spoils the rubber, and entirely
upsets all tne calculations of the good
players; and as there seems to be com*
Knsation in some games of chance, the
d player usually holds very good cardf^
and necessarily wins. He then boasts
that, in spite of his adversaries being
supposed first-class players, yet he won
the rubber against them, so that be must
be more skillful than they are.— ^4. iV.
Drayson {L-\-A +] , •* iVhistLaws andiVhtst
Decisions.'*
Some twenty years ago 1 was playing
whist, mv partner being the governor,
and one or my adversaries a distinguished
BAKER, K. T.
48
BAKER. E. T.
genrml. My itartner played execrably,
ami loNt wlirii nrinittht ti>h:tvc won.
When otir kiiiuc h;iil fiiii^hf i|, the Kcn-
er.il viiil I'l iiiir I |iitu-i| y-m h.iviiiK the
f'ljvniiiir I'.ir yoiir ji.iitmr. hr ii terribly
Mil. JmiI It i- ti> bf rX|i« « t' '1 "
"Why i-\;>i'i'ti il ■ I iiuiuircfl.
" Ili-c:iii»c- ht; h.iH bi-( n Ml luiit; an nm-
l>.is<«.il<>r ;i:j'I it KDVtinnf, .mil is so very
pDtnjx'U-. th.il H" i»m- ]»reMunrs to find
full It uitli hi- jil.iv. so he fnncies he
is a tJr-t-i!.i'«H ]il.i\i-r. If hv h.ni l»cen
aci'n*-loTiM •] :is I um-. when a subaltern,
to hf si\>i:n nt wlieii h«' madi: n Kf<'*t
hlnniler. hi: niitjht h;ive becmie a ki^>»\
player, bii: lujw it i- linpe'.esi." — ^I. H'.
J>ru\ivn i/, • .1 • ], li'hiit. .Vuv. 1S97.
Baker, E. T. — A liij^lily succesfv-
ful Ifiulitr of wl'.i.sl. and a fine
pl.tyt-r <»f the j^anie, wa^ born in
Slari«»n. ()lii<», July 12. 1S53. After
leavinv; school he Ncrvi*<l sev-
eral viMfs in a Kink in his na-
tive ciiv. ami then retnoveil to
I'*vans\ ille, Iii«l. Hv wa»i jirivale
seerelary in the j^eiieral freij^ht
a>;ent r»f a leaMinj^ r:iilrnail thrre
for a tiiue, an«l eniharked in the
telei>h"nL' business with him in
1S79. This businos took Mr. Haker
lo Na-'hvilk-, Tenn.. in I^^;, where
he w.i*. iriMsiiri-r ami in.in.iyrr of a
tvlfj»hn:ii- eoinjj.uiv, an<l wheri-, a.s
ft nuinbt-r of tlie Ilfrniil.i.iit- Club,
he first KvirntMl to y\.\\ the I'*n>.jlisli
fivi:-])oM'.l Li-iiiie of whist. L.iter he
remove' 1 l«» Chi«'ty^«», whrn- he ))C-
canii- .i*fiu:i:n!i»l \\\\\\ J'>hn T. Mil-
ciull -.wA ••♦luT''. who ha«l just
fi»riiu'''. \\\v f»in<»:is Chicaj^i* I)uj)li-
e itf V.'!'.:-t Club. IK- j^layrd with
Mr. Mi*' ':ii-ll, as |i.;rlner. .ill one
\\::;tiT. ir.-l in 1*^(^1 reniovf«l ti* Nrw
Yurk; .»:.<! ••:! loi .\\\\\\i in I'.moklyn
he n.iMiri'.ly bt'r.tnu- ai*iju.iinlc«l
wiih K-' «:t 11. Wi'vins. .mil \\i\s
by hi:ii i:: I'mt'I to j.'in t!:e Cark*-
lon C! '.:'■. lU- ;'I.iyi'l 0:1 the team of
the C.ir'.'t'U Club for three sucres-
si\e wif'.'.ers :n ihr Int»'rclnb Whist
I^ai:!!-. .i:i'! u.is oiif t»f ihf team
that UX'^I SI -cure' I ihi* haiul.sfime
silver i«'.;icfjiif, the Imphy of the
Lca^ie. Afterwards, aii a member
of the Union Lea^n^e Club team, he
a^^in helped to win this placque,
and at this writinj^ (October, 1S97)
it is once more held by the Carleton
Club, of which he is a niemlier.
The Brooklyn Whist Club was
started by Mr. Weems and Mr.
Baker, who associated with them-
selves a nimil>er of prominent gen-
tlemen who were interesteil in the
Kame. Mr. Baker has Iieen its
trea,surer ever since its ur^^aniza-
tion, and was captain of its team at
the Minueai>olis congress and after-
wards.
Mr. Baker has only devoted a
portion of his time to teaching
whist, but has lK*en very successful
in New York ami ISrooklyn during
the l.'Lst twr) years.havin^ had in that
time some of the l)est t)layer8 as his
pupils. Anion;; these is ^Irs. Baker.
who is very tlu> rough in Uith the
long and short-^uit game, and
adapts herself to any kind of part-
ner with ease. With her as a tiartner,
Mr. Riker got into the finals at the
first Woman's Whist Congress, in
rhilailel]ihia, and \v(»n Si.-ron<I prue
in the tournament i>f the New York
Whist Club, in the spring <»f 1897,
fH.'ing in the lead u]i tn the final
game. Ai the recent i-otigress of
the American Whisi l^eagtie. at Pnt-
in-Bay, he arcomp.ini* d the presa-
dent and treasurer of the I^adiei'
Wliist Club of New York. Mn.
Johnson and MissC:tmpbell, whom
he had instructeil fur a short time
previously in the short -suit game.
Asa team of four, with I )r. Walls, of
Washington, they tie«I fur ficcond
place in the first match fur fourth
and in the third malcli they
first i»ri/c. Mr. Baker also
two other prizes in tlie jiair conl
Mr. Baker was. until a year ago,
a firm iK-liever in the long-suit
game, although he never advocated
or endorsed American leada. Hc
played the American leads wbcs
BAUDWIN, JOHN UKRAINE 49 BARNEY, WALTER H.
•Mociated with those who preferred
theca, bat always leaned toward the
old leads in preference. Daring
the past year he has given the
aliort-sait theories and varioos fads
that have been introduced into the
game a thorough examination and
trial, and has adopted and recom-
mended as his choice what is known
as the '* Common Sense '' ^me, or
as he calls it, the "Combination"
game {q. v.), with certain features
and moidifications of his own. He
aays: '* That it is not a losing game,
the result of my experience, and
of scores of my pupils who have
adopted it, will prove, and that it
is a Detter intellectual exercise, and
a more enjoyable game to play, all
will testify who have once given it
a £ur trial."
Baldwin, John Loralnc— The
£itber of the present English code
of whist laws. Through nis efforts
a revision of the laws (which had
received but slight alteration since
the days of Hoyle) was brought
aboat, and in 1864 he published
"The Laws of Short Whist,'' to
which was added a treatise on
the game by James Clay. The fact
that short whist (the five-point
game) had almost entirely super-
seded the old style, or long wnist
of ten points, was one of the chief
reaaons for the revision of the laws.
These were framed by a committee
npointcd by the Arlington (now
mt Tuxf ) Club, and by this club
sabmitted to the Portland Club.
The latter appointed a committee
<af which Henry Derviche Jones,
F. E. C &, father of " Cavendish,''
waa diairman) to consider them.
The Portland Club made some sug-
gBitioos and additions, which were
accepted, and on April 30, the Ar-
Umgpim Oub, with the Duke of
fcaufort !n the chair, resolved
viHsimoiisly, "that the laws of
short whist, as framed by the whist
committee and edited by John
Loraine Baldwin, Esq., be adopted
at this club."
Mr. Baldwin died in London in
the latter part of November, 1896,
at the age of 87 years.
Barney, Walter H. — Fourth pres-
ident of the American Whist
League, was bom September 20,
1855, at Providence, R. I., the son
of Josiah K. and Susan (Ham-
mond ) Barney. He was educated
in the common schools, and in
Mowry & Goff" English and Classi-
cal High School, in which he pre-
pared for college. He was gradu-
ated from Brown University in
1876, with the valedictory, and took
the degfree of A. M. in course, in
1879. He next studied law in the
office of Colwell & Colt, and was
admitted to the Rhode Island bar
in January, 187^. He has been
engaged in active practice ever
since that time. From i88j to 1894,
he was associated with his old in-
structor, Judge Colwell, taking the
place in the firm of the Hon. L. B.
B. Colt on the latter 's election to
the United States judgeship. In 1893
the partnership was dissolved on the
election of Judge Colwell as city
solicitor. Mr. Barney has been
engaged in many large corporation
and equity cases, ana has been in
most of the important constitu-
tional litigation carried on in his
State. He was a member of the
State legislature in i892-'93, and in
the city council from 1892 to 189(5.
He has been a member of the school
committee of the city of Providence
since 1888, and president of that
body since 1889. He is very deeply
interested in educational ques-
tions, and has been largely in-
strumental in bringing the school
department of his native city to ita
present high state of efficiency. He
BARNEY, WALTER H. 50 BARNEY, WALTER E
has been especially interested in
the subject of special training for
teachers^ in the arrangement of the
public school courses to meet the
special rcouirements of different
classes, ana in the modification of
the administration of the school de-
partment so as to eliminate politics
and personal influence in the se-
lection of teachers and other em-
ployees.
He has been interested in whist
since his college days, and was
among the charter members of the
famous Narragansett Whist Club,
of Providence, which was oivan-
ized in 1884; was president of the
club from 18^2 tilt 1807, and has
been active m the whist depart-
ment of the Providence Athletic
Association since its organization,
and also as a member of the Provi-
dence Whist Club. He was a dele-
gate to the First American Whist
Congress at Milwaukee, in 1891,
and has been present at every suc-
ceeding congress. He was chair-
man of the committee on consti-
tution at the first congress, and
reported the constitution under
wnich the American Whist League
was organized. He was elected
recording secretary of the Ameri-
can Whist League at the first con-
gress, and held that position till
the fifth congress, at which time
he was elected vice-president. At
the sixth congress he was electe<i
president, and after the custom
of the League, retired at the
next succeeding congress. He was
a member of the committee on
laws of the first and second con-
gresses, and chairman of the special
committee appointed to revise the
laws in the interim between the
second and third congreasei. He
was chairman of the committee on
laws at the third congreat which
reported the final revision of the
kwaofwhist He was also a mem-
ber of the committee on laws
fourth congress, and made tt
jority report on the Uws of
cate whist which ^'as adopt
that congress. He took an
girt in the oi]ganization of th<
ngland Whist Association, j
&11 of 1894, and was its pre
until the annual meeting oi
at which time he was elected
orary director.
He has been actively inte
in the movement for the fore
of auxiliary associations in v
parts of the country, especis
the formation of the New
State Association, of which h<
honorary member. In 1897 1
made chairman of the tourni
committee in charge of the ar
ments for the eighth annual
gress.
Mr. Barney is a skillful ai
thusiastic whist-player, and )
advocate of the long-suit gan
American leads. He is ah
originator of an important im
ment in the arrangement c
players in duplicate whist ms
By his method a difficulty ia
ted in the moving of piaye
trays in matches between tea
eight. (See, ** Duplicate
Schedules.'')
Wben Aeveral qusrtette teams a
with each other. Howell's sysl
arrangement will be fouod tiM
There are two methods: for odd «
even numbers of teams. • • • 1
a choice between two systems of 1
inip even numbers of teams. The
Mr. W. H. Barnes's improwm<
Howell'ji Kvstem. The other is Mil
which is better suited to social |
inirs, at which persons aatiirmlly ^
play all the time. The former
more accurate for match play.-
J^slrr[S. O]. ''CompkU HoyUr t
There is little that has been writ
the frame but he has read and ci
conindered. and tmt few whisi f
tkms. modem or aatkjoe, bat are
shelves of his library. Hehasalaoi
the game from a matbcmatkal ai
lytical side, and has worked oat
of the moat intricate
BATH COUP, THE
51
" BATTLE, SARAH "
; be has devoted weeks of labor,
idreds of pages of figures, to aa
bj the doctrine of probabilities
ftiae of the G. W. P. play of the
m. Idag, knaTe, nine, in soits not
ng the ten. He has also a Tery
r prepared analysis of the situa-
relative Talae of the lead of ace
t fixmi ace, queen, ten, nine, and
ve, ten, ni ne. Some of his friends
he would rather work out these
a than to play the game itselt
rever. will not admit that any-
itranks the game in interest.—
nicker [L. A.l *' IVhisi SketcJUs,**
I Coup, The. — A Strategic
whist which originated at
BnffUnd, in the time of
ne fourth hand, holding
k, and others, refuses to take
when it is led, presumably,
Ing, queen, and others. He
the ace and allows the king
lor the chance of winning
xt two tricks, or perhaps
o^ the adveisaries and pront-
lIT more by the demorali-
which sometimes ensues.
are circumstances under
this coup, or any other non-
tkmal play, is justifiable; but,
lie, it should be employed
atition, as it may prove a
habit of fourth-hand players is to
Lbe tenace, ace. jack , when a king
t is led originallv. This is called
h csoap. and the suit must go
three times for it to succeed Tn
two tricks. The holder of the
ibonld equally make two tricks
nm tbe ace at once, provided he
t lead the suit back.— ^. F. Fd§-
\ '*C0mpUU Hoyle:'
ader must be governed by circum-
m auJdag this play. If the ad-
s are not Hkely to be deceived by
Idloi; up the ace. do not attempt
I strong in trumps, for you msy
ick, and can only gain the one
\ frooi the tenace. But if you
c enemy are likely to be misled
OKpw you should adopt it by all
far vnder the most unfavorable
taaees yo« lose only one trick,
m Jmaj gain three or four if the
Tccka his hand by leading trumps
kc ispressioD taat his suit is 1
tablished.— Ka/. JV, Siarmts\S, 0.\ ''Sh^rU
SuU Whist:*
•«B«tU«, 8arah."~An imagi-
nary character described in one of
Charles Lamb's *' Essays of Blia.*'
She was a gentlewoman with a
great fondness for whist, and em-
bodied Lamb's ideas of what a per-
fect whist-player should be like.
Several laaies* whist clubs in the
United States have been named in
her honor.
When asked whether he regarded
Sarah Battle as simply a creation
of fancy or a real personage, *' Cav-
endUh'* replied: ''Sarah Battle \
know nothing about, beyond what
I have read in Lamb's 'Essays.*
Many writers of fiction draw their
charactera from life, but you can-
not be sure of Lamb's methods."
W. P. Courtney, on the other hand,
says: ** Every one knows the per-
fect picture of a whist-player given
to us in the person oi Sarah Battle;
and from Lamb's own opinions, and
the habits of those around him at
these festive gatherings, her char-
acter must have been painted."
"A dear fire, a clean hearth, and the
rigor of the game.** ThU was the cele-
brated wish of old Sarah BaitU{nom with
God), who, next to her devotions, loved a
good game of whist. She was none of
vour lukewarm gamesters, your half-and-
half players, who have no objection to
take a hand if you want one to make up
a rubber: who affirm that they have no
pleasure in winning; that thev like to win
one game and lose another; that they can
while away an hour very agreeably at a
card-table, but are indifferent whether
they play or no; and will desire an ad-
versary, who has slipped a wrong card,
to take it up and play another. These
insufferable triflers are the ctirse of a
table. One of these flies will spoil a
whole pot. Of such it may be raid that
they do not play at cards, but only play
at playing at them.
Sarah Battle was none of thst breed.
She detested them, as I do, from her
heart and soul, and would not, save upon
a striking emergency, willingly seat ner-
self at the aame table with them. She
loved a thorough'paced partner, a deter-
mined enemy. 6he took and gave no
BBGINNBR
52 BENTINCK, LORD HE?
concMflions. She ne^er made • reroke
nor even pftsned it over in her adversary
without ezactinK the utmost forfeiture.
She (oueht a ffood fifcbt— cut and thruiit.
She hct«Tnot her grxxl aword (her cards)
"like a dancer.' She sat bolt upright,
and neither showed you her cards, nor
de«ired V) see jrours. All people have
their blind hide—their superstitions, and
I bavr henrd her <leclare, under the rose,
that hearts was her favorite suit.
I ne\'rr in my life — and I knew Sarah
Bait.'f many of the best years of it — saw
her take out her snuflT-b'ix when it was
her turn to play, or snuflT a candle in the
midst of a same, or ring^ for a servant
until it waft fairly over. She never intro-
duced or connived at miscellaneous con-
versation durinfir Its progress. As she em-
phatically obscrvetl. "cani* were cards;"
and if I ever saw miuRled distaste in her
fine Inst-century countenance, it was
at the airs of a youn&c gentleman of a
literar% turn, who had l>een with diffi-
culty {>ersuaded to take a hand. an<l who.
in hi* excess ol candor, dcclarrd that he
thought there was no harm in unbending
the mind now and then, after seri ms
atudle«. in recreations of that kind! She
could not bear to have her noble occujia-
tion. to which she wound up her facuUif*s.
considered in that lifj^ht. It was her buni-
nesK. her duty- the thinip she came into
the world to do— and she diil it. She un-
bent her mind afterward* over a book.—
ChatUi Lamb, " Essays 0/ Klia."
Beginner. — A bc^nner at whist
is one who is learninj^, or trj-ing
to learn, the rudiments of the
game. Strict attention to rules Is
necessar>' on his part; he must learn
to creep before he can walk. When
he has learned the rules, and l>e-
come proficient in applyinjj them,
he may pn)cee<l to learn how to
play in exceptional cases, often
contrary to yjeneral rules.
Maxims snd rules adapted for begin-
ner* are «lisrcj{ardr«l as the player ntl-
vance«i Charles Afosu>fi [/. ■ O ], H'tst-
#
Beginners, Mistakes of.— Mis-
takes of be)^nners are excusable in
• measure, esp(K:ially if an effort is
made to correct the errors and to
profit thereby. Three common
mistakes of be^nners are thus
sUtcd by Milton C. Work [L. A.
H.] in hii "WTiiit of Tcxlay:"
" I. Trying to learn all at
2. Imagining you know it all
you know it half. 3. Tr>'
learn without combining p!
with precept"
A be||r{nner who attempt to hat
weapons of the expert simply pis
edfced tools, which will proliably
one but himaelf and his partner.
FosUr [S. O.], •• Compute Hoyler
Study and become familiar n
laws and the leads. I'lay printed
with the cards before you. TniJ
the reason for each play. I'lay \
f^amea with koo«1 player*. —C/. 'li
L. A. P\ ''Amerxcan H'histHlm\
Bentlncky Lord Henry.
originator or inventor of the
signal, or *'blue peter,*' as
humorously dubl)ed upon
pearance, the phrase l>eing m
and referring to a signal h<»ti
shipboard. He was l>om S
her 14, 1774, and was a broi
the fourth l>nke of Portland.
1827 to 1835 he was Govemc
eral of India. He was also
eral officer in the army, coh
the Eleventh Dragoons, and
ber of Parliament for Glasgc
dieiljune 17, 1839.
Lord Bentinck was one
players at Graham's Coffee \
a celebrated whist beadav
and was considered one of ut
players of his day, being
onlv by James Clay. He h
on f)eing asked whom he com
the four best whist-plavera I
knew, mentioned Ix)rd Gra
the Hon. George Anson, and !
Lord de Ros. The fourth he
not mention by name; but hi
to l>e in ferret! that he con
himself entitled to the place,
he did not mention at all.
Lord Bentinck was the in
of the trump signaL He dc
or noticed some contrivsna
high cards for the parpoae
ting trumps led; and, bein
particular himaelf in the i
BBST CARD
53 BLIND WHIST-PLAYERS
:ftrds» it occntred to him that
logous means he could make
ingement of the play of small
rhexeby a similar request for
ip-lead could be communi-
to his partner. Clay repre-
tiim as deeply regretting his
ion of the signal uiter in life»
use it deprived him of half
[vantage which he derived
is superior play." (See, also,
np SignaL' )
Henry B«ntinck was another
ci the past generation, of high
* ^ * He was no doubt a fine
bat tenax ^opositi to a degree
litated against very perfect wni^
Lance, when he bad made up his
ot to be forced in trumps, I have
im to allow a whole suit to be
L in against him rather than take
e. Again, he made no distinction
a partners, playing the same game
good as with a bad one, whereas
of the highest class vary their
> suit their partners. His strong
as his accurate observance of the
be cards. He was very particular
be play of the small cards, and
> dcNibf, led him to conceive the
the call for trumps, which was his
Ml.—" Cavendish " [L, AX " Card-
alky
* is a house in I/>ndon which
be the Mecca of all whist-players
lieve in the new school and the
uUion*' game; a shrine before
tbej should bow refipectfully as
atam-head of all that is modern in
Be. This is 87 St. James street,
is within sight of Marlborough
Its &me rents chiefly on the fact
vas at one time known as Gra-
Clnb, and that within its walls
eary Bentinck first introduced the
eter." or signal for trumos, which
» in playing a higher cara before a
rhen no attempt is made to win
Ic. That signal has been to the
lajrers of the world like the pillar
to the children of Israel. For
ma Ibrtv years it has led them up
m in the wilderness of arbitrary
iofia, bat it has never brought
o the promised land of better
R. F. FosUr [5. 0.\, *'MonthIjf
Bsr.»'
/•MasterCard."
Card.
locraphy of Whist.— See,
;s 00 Whist"
Blind Whist- Players.— When
Disraeli in his romance, ** The In-
fernal Marriage,'* represents the
sa^e and prophet Tirestas^ although
blmd, as a phenomenal whist-
player, we are led to wonder where
the author obtained his inspiration
for this character. Had he lived
in this country we might accoimt
for it by facts as strange as fiction
which nave came to light concern-
ing blind whist-players in actual
life, who enjoy the game with as
much zest as tiieir more fortunate
partners. One of these is Henry K.
Dillard, of 234 South Twentieth
street, Philadelphia, of whom
IVhist of December, 1804, savs:
* * He may never have delivered a
great oration, nor led an army to
victory, nor written an epic, nor
created a great character in fiction,
but he has, without eyes^ become a
master of the most intellectual
game in the world.'* Mr. Dillard
IS a native of Philadelphia, and was
engaged in business until 1883,
when he was obliged to retire on
account of the gradual loss of his
eyesight, caused by a disease of the
retina, which was brought on by
overwork. He knew something of
whist when overtaken by his misfor-
tune, but through a suggestion made
two years later he was not only able
to continue the study of his favorite
game, but to become an adept at
it. The idea of raised cards was
brought to his attention, and since
then, through the devotion of his
wife, he has been enabled to keep
himself in active practice. Mrs.
Dillard keeps constantly on hand,
for his use, cards pricked by sten-
cil in such a way that by his aelicate
touch he is able to play the game
as readily and accurately as any
others at the table, each player
calling out his carid as played.
"Few men can discuss the nner
points of whist with more intelli-
BLIND WHIST-PLATBRS 54
i<
BLUB PBTBS.
f»
gence/' Mjri I. W. Holmmn, in
•peaking of Mr. Dillard. **Am illns-
timting his remarkable memoiy,
one evening during his visit m
ChicflKO. at the end of a ' rubber/
a discussion arose relative to the
first deal, when, to the astonish-
ment of those present, he placed
the entire fifty-two cards in their
onler of play from beginning to
end."
Cecil Smith, a young student in
the University of California, is
another blind whist-player. He
has made the game his favorite
pastime, and plays it as quickly
and as accurately as any good
player, recognizing the cards he
nolds in his hands, and using them
alwa>'s to the best advantage. He
has a little machine with which he
punctures each card. So fine are
the tiny holes made that none of
the other players notice them. The
cards are in no way marred for prac-
tical use, and may be shufflra as
any other pack.
The following particulars con-
cerning other blind players are
contained in W. P. Courtney's
** Knglish Whist and Whist-PUy-
ers:" ** The enthusiasm for whist,
which overcomes all obstacles, was
never more markedlv shown than
in the case of some blind players.
The svstem adopted by Stanley,
the blind organist, and leader of
the oratorio band in * Drurv Lane,'
ift p;«rtly exp1aine<i by Laetitia M.
Hawkins, in her 'Anecdotes' ( 1822).
The cards were marked for him by
his sister-in-law, and a pack was a
•great curiosity, eagerly acquired.
The "court-card" s\-stem had slipped
her memory , but the numbers of the
pi|>s were prickc<i on the others with
a very fine needle,' the suits being
marked in the different comers.
His cards were arranged for him by
tome outsider, and ' each person as
he played named the card which
he had selected for that pnrpoae.*
Dr. Thomaa Campbell, who came
from Ireland in 1775 and wrote his
' Diary of a Visit to England,' de-
scribed Stanley ' as a venr agreeable
person, and comely for a blind maa.'
He played with * as mnch ease and
qnickness as any man' Campbell
ever saw.
*' Charles Bennet, the blind or*
Snist of Truro Church, played cm
e same plan, and soon became an
expert when Mr. Hemry Paw-
oett lost his eyesight, his secretuy,
Mr. Dryhnrst, himself a whist*
player, devised a similar plan for
nis chief, who learned to ]>lay eor^
recUy with remarkable qnicknei^
Three days after he had begun the
experiment, he could play and wis
a game without making mistakci^
and without hesitating over the
cards longer than his antagonist.'*
Blocking.— Obstructing paitacr^
long suit by failing to get rid in
time of the commanoing csurd in tbt
same. (See, *' Unblocking.")
BkxkioK a ftoit, kecpina a high card if
it, so that a player witn a ansibcr if
smaller cards cannot win tficka wtt
them.— i?. F. Foster [& 0,\
•• Blue PaUr."— A name bmD-
iarly applied to the trump s^gasl
upon its introduction in M^laad,
and used synon^-monsly to this dw.
Sometimes it is spoken of aimm
as '* the peter.** Hence, to "Ite
peter,** or to "peter,*
signal for trumps. Hence,
the colloouial phrase, "to
out." nsen without lefc
whist ( See. " Trump SignaL*')
In a poem entitled "The ?'
Peter," published in the Wkiimm
sier Papers, the nautical or^^ia ef
the term is fullv indicated, and M
the same time the fondness el te
fair sex for holding back iMr
trumps is also mildly sstiriMd A
BOARDMAN, HBIBRY 55 "BOB SHORT'S'* RULES
jpoong lady is supposed to be speak-
Oft wten I see the cmel pennon flyinsT,
Bofw toy heart bounds and palpitates,
and thumps;
8nc, *tis encugk to set a poor girl sigh-
ing
To see this cmel flag— this call for
"tramps."
Perhaps the /ks/ trumps— the tvrf best of
all.
My ooIt one, may be, "my own dear
Jackf"
And yet I'm bound to answer to the call.
And send him forth to strengthen the
attack!
Is It not quite nnjust— nay, almost " pelf-
ish/'
Por a strong tyrant thus my all to
Ib hooors rich himself; it seems so selfish
Tb wrest £rmn me the omiy one I have.
roald ft not be— I ask you, in all meek-
FrodoctiTC of results at least the same,
te him to leave me— pitying my weak-
With little Jack to pUy my litUe game ?
I hope be soon will go for his last sail;
Tsen, when I greet him once sgain on
shore,
m prmy, henceforth near methods may
prevail
To ask for trumps, and ** peters*' fly no
aK>reI
The peter, simple in its inception, and
incdbly stupid in its execution, • • s
was the moneer of the mass of wood-
Mvia|F which has since been laid down. —
^iitmlridge,'' [Z,+a]. "^ Decline and FaU
^ WkisL''
loardmaw, Emery. — The author
of Winning Whist, " a harmonious
SjFSleui of combined lon^-suit and
nort-soit play, was born m Belfast,
lfatii«, March 23, 1849, where he
idn resides. He received a semi-
edncatioa ; was admitted to the
is October, 1873; married, June
IX, 1^78; baa held the offices of city
clerk* city treasurer, jud^ of police
eovt, also of the municipal court;
has been editor of the Belfast Ad-
tMuer and Belfast CUy Press, In
Us book be recommend the Ameri-
r ttn leads from all suits, but not an
invariable adherence to the long^
suit system of play.
Mr. Boardman defiues two styles of
game— one the long-suit system, and the
other ss comprising the tactics of weak-
ness, consisting of concealment, artifice,
deception, finesse, underplay. It has
always been our understanding that
finesse and underplay are mure partiott*
larly attributes of the long-suit game;
and even the other tactics come within ita
scope. We cannot, therefore, subscribe
to this classification.— M^Afi/ {L. A.\, Oct-
Nov.jS^
««Bob Short's" Rules.— *< Bob
Short's ' ' Rules for pla^ng whist
appeared in 1792, and enjoyed great
popularity, many editions being dis-
posed of. It is said 7000 copies of
the book were sold during the fiiat
twelve mouths. These rules were
based on Hoyle, and only professed
to be "Hoyle Abridged.'* They
were compiled by Anne Lsetitia
Aikin, afterwards Mrs. Barbaud,
the authoress of '* Evenings at
Home," and *' Early Lessons for
Children. * * The rules are herewith
reproduced as a matter of interest
and curiosity.
X. Lead from your strong suit, and be
cautious how you change suits, and keep
a commanding card to bring it in again.
a. Lead through the strong suit and up
to the weak, but not in trumps unless
very strong in them.
3. I^ad the highest of a sequence; but
if you have a quart or cinque to a king,
lead the lowest.
4. Lead through an honor, particularly
if the game is much against you.
5. Lead your best trump if the adversa-
ries are eight [long whist] and you have
no honor, but not if you have four
trumps, unless you have a sequence.
6. Lead a trump, if you have four or
five, or a strong hand; out not if weak.
7. Having ace. king, and two or three
small cards, lead ace and king, if weak
in trumps; but a small one if strong ia
them.
8. If you have the last trump, with some
winning cards, and one losing card only,
lead the losing card.
9. Return your partner's lead, not the
adversary's; and if von had only three
originally, play the best; but you need
not return it immediately when you win
with the king, queen, or knave, and have
only small ones; or when you hold a good
f
BOOK
56
BOOK-PLAYER
■eqnence, haTe « ■trony eidt, or h«Te five
tnimpH.
10. Do not l«ad from ace-qiieen or ace-
knare.
11. Do not lead an ace unleaa you have
akinK-
i.\ Do not lead a thirteenth card, unleaa
tmmm arc out.
13. I>o not trump a thirteenth card,
nnlciw you are a lakt player, or want the
lead.
14. Keep a small card to return your
partner's lead.
15. Ue cautiouK in trumping a card
when i«tronK in tnimpa, particularly if
you have a fctroug Kuit.
16. HaTing only a few small trumpa,
make them when yuu can.
17. If your partner refuiies to trump a
auii uf which tie known you have not the
best. lead your l>est trump.
18. When you hold all the remaining
trumpH, play one, and then try to put the
lead III yuur partner h hand.
19. Kcmemr>er how many of each suit
are tnit. and what ia the best card left in
each hand.
JO Never force your partner if jrou are
weak iu trumfM, unleM you have a re-
nounce or can en.sure the odd trick.
ai. When playing fur the odd trick, be
cauliouA of Iruinping out, especially if
jour partner 14 likely to trump a suit; and
make all the tricks you can early, and
avoid t)iic«MnK
72. If >outakr a trick and hare a ae-
qnence. win it with the lowest.
ix. (Secnnd hand ) Having ace. king,
and hniall one^. play a small one, if htrong
in trump*, but the ting if weak: and hav-
inir ace. kin^. queen, or knave only, with
a small one. play the small one.
24. (Third hand.) Havine ace and
queen, play the queen, and if it wins, re-
turn the ace: and in all other canes plav
the be»t. if your partner leads a small
one.
a^ Ne elect not tn make the odd trick
when in vour p'lwer.
a6. Attend to the score, and play the
game Hccordincly.
77 Retain the card turned up aa long
as po^-iMr.
at*. When in doubt, win the trick.
Hovle's more important teachin^r mat-
ter i- e**»'ntially reprorluced [in "Bob
8hnTt-" Kul«*1. t»«t with con«iiderable
alter.-it:i>n* nf the wi»rdin»:. nicMttIv quite
■rHtrnrvnnd unnece*'«nry. Thedivi-«ion
Into ch.ipter« i< al*M> aliandoned. which
makr-4 ihr book ap|»ear still more cnn-
fuse«! and nnniethndical — MV/mm /Wr
{L.A-1 "Evolution of IVhut,"'
Book. —The ciinls comprising the
firat six tricks taken in play, and
gathered into one lot All the tridn
taken above a book count towud
game, one point for each trick.
Book 6amo. — ^The playing of
whist in accordance witn rules and
directions given in books. A book
game is one abounding in theoreti-
cal knowledge, but very often lack*
ing the skill which comes fron
practice.
The ^mc aa laid down in the books li
Btratesical and acientific, and embodks
the wisdom and Judgment of whist aagca
acquired after lone, acute, and aoaod la-
Testigation.— i4. J. McInlMh \L. A.\.
'* Modern H'kistr t8S8.
What ia required of the gamcof whiit is
to make the tricks by the moat ootreet
play. In very many caaca the book ~
are right, and you are not unreas
to play contrary to their dictation:
not surrender your common seaae to a
reKulation.-6\7r. P^tUslL.A.i'X **Amtt-
icam H'kist lUusifattd:*
tsome players seem fond of msklag
mention of the fact that they do notjplBV
the "book f^ame." prefer to play lUr
own hand, in their own way. etc. Aa
illiterate person might explain that ht
did mit talk 1xx>k K.nglish. but mck c»
planation would be entirely aoAcei^
sary^( karUi E. Coffin \L.AX^ Cut^
H'histr
Do not run awav with the ioM
that a thoroiiKh knowledge of^ All
conventionalities of the game will
you to win ever>' time you play, or'
even give you any great adrantagv
thof>e who <io not posaeiui thia '
to the same extent I am of opiokM ClMft
a book knowledge of whist la of Mtk
▼alue ao Car as winning games Is CM*
cerned. Ignoramuses sometiraea felt aa
plays that hurpass the clevereat «lcvlcaB sf
genius. The areat value of the coaaCB*
tional knowledge of whiat liea in the fat
that the game bccomea an intctlcctsil
recreation, and the buok-player
an inward satisfaction from it that It*
not yield to others.— Af. F. Fbater (51 A^
Book-Playor.— One whoplmia
accordance with the rules laid oowB
in Y>ooks. but who very often li
lacking in practical knowledge cf
the game, or liandicapped by a IM
rigid adherence to rule.
The book-player la a safe rnaa asapM^
ner. but is not vrry dangmoa ■• ■■ s^
versarv.-zf. ir. Dwmrtmm {L-^A-i-V **iM
^ Fractuul WkiU:*
OP THE FOUR KINGS 57
BOOKS ON WmST
«>k-pU3rcr depends entirely on
led^ of certain conventionali-
iynals, and when he cuts in with
> do not know them he is remlly
than if he knew nothing.—^. F,
aj, " Hlkist Strategy.'^
>lcs of th« Four Kings."—
inmorous expression, mean-
ck of cards. Now obsolete.
nsed to t>e called in Bngland
cs of the Four Kinn." Thebest-
istance is that saidto be used by
din "Retrospection/* where she
that it is a well-known vulnrity
md to say: "Come in: will you
troke at the history of the Pour
-IT. P, Couriiuy [Z+O.], '' Eng-
rl."
% on Whist. — A complete
apby of whist would ntim-
lareds of volumes. The
{^ is a carefully arranged
tical list of the more im-
works that have been pub-
m the eame. In this list
found all those books which
ected or influenced the de-
»t of whist, from its in-
own to the present day:
•t
need Whist," by " Aauarius
Jackson). London, 1884 ; New
4-
•e to the Young: Whist-Player •»
as Mathews. London and Batn,
hteenth edition at Bath, 1828;
k. 1857.
ican Hoyle, The." edited by
I," New York, 1865: thirteenth
1 18B0.
ican Leads Simplified." by "Cav-
(Henry Tones). London, 1891.
-ican or Standard Whist," by G.
eorge W. Pettes). Boston, 18S0.
litions.)
ican Wbist." (by Jacob A. Hoek-
riginally published in the Roch-
Y.) I^tst-Expreu, 1888. Second
1893.
ican Whist Illustrated." by G.
;. W. Pettes). Bo-Hton and New
ow (Ten editions.)
f Practical Whist. The," by A.
aon. London snd New York,
1897 it had passed through five
■ya. Clay's Decisions, and
»le Talk," by "CavendUh"
ones). London, 1880.
Don Sense in Whist," by Charles
J. New York, 1898.
*' Compend of Short Whist, A,'* by &
Seymour. Quebec, 1878.
'''Correct Card, or How to Play at
Whist, " by Arthur Campbell- Walker,
London, 1876; New York, 1876. (Thir-
teenth thousand published in 1885.)
" Das Edle Whist" (" The Noble Game
of Whist" ), by T. S. Ebersberg. Vienna,
Leipsic, etc., 1836. (Eighth edition in
xM8 )
"Decline and Pall of Whist, The,'*
by "Pembridge" (J. P. Hewby). Lon-
don, 1884.
"Duplicate Whist," by John T. Mit-
chell. Chicago, 1891; second edition, Kala-
masoo, 1897.
** Duplicate Whist and Whist Strategy,*'
by R. Y. Foster. New York, 1894.
" Easy Whist," by "Aquarius^ (L. d'A.
Jackson). London. 1883; New York, 1881.
" Encyclopedia or the Game of Whin,
Prefaced with Words of Advice to Young
Players," by William Cusack-Smith. Lon-
don. 1891.
" English Whist and Whist-Players," by
William Prideauz Courtney. London and
New York, 1894.
*' Epitome of the Game of Whist, An,"
by E. M. Arnaud. Edinburgh, 1829.
"Evolution of Whist, The," by Wil-
liam Pole. New York and London, 189s.
"Poster's Complete Hoyle," by R. F.
Poster. New York, 1897.
" Genie du Whiste," by Gen. Baron de
Vautr6. Brussels, 1843. The fourth edi-
tion appeared in Pans, 1847; fifth edition,
Paris, 1848.
" Gist of Whist, The," by Charles E.
Coffin. New York, 1893; fourth edition.
New York, 1894; fifth edition. New York,
'vkandbook of Whist, A," by "Cap-
tain Crawley" (George F. Pardon). Lon-
don, 1863.
" Handbook of Whist," by " M^or Ten-
ace" (George W. Bailey). New York,
1886; second edition. 1888.
"Handbook of Whist," by "Trumps"
(W. B. Dick). New York, 1884.
" Hands at Whist, The," by "Aona-
rius" (L- d'A. Jackson). London, IW3;
New York, 1884.
"HinU to Whist-Players. A Few." by
Percival Haslam. Privately printed in
London, in the latter part of the eight-*
eenth century.
"Home Whist," by "Five of Clubs"
(Richard A. Proctor). London, 1885. Sec-
ond edition, London, 1889; New York,
1889.
" Howell's Whist Openings," by Edwin
C. Howell. Boston. 1896.
"How to Play Whist," by "Five of
Clubs" (Richard A. Proctor). London,
1885; New York, 1885: London, 1W9.
"Hoyle Abridged: or. Short Rules for
Short Memories at Whist." by *'Bob
Short" (Anne Lctitia Aikin). Bath,
BOOKS ON WHIST
58
BOOKS ON WHIST
iTot. Many cditlooi. Over 70Q0 oop4ct
•Old dunnx the first year.
**Law> aud Practice of WhUt," by
**CKleb«" {K. A.Carlvon>. London. 1851;
•econd cdttiua, ims6: New York, ib^
"L4iwsand Principles of Whist. The,'*
br ** CaTendtsh " ( Henry Junr*). London.
iASj; New York, 1864: tweuly-two cditiuns
up to iSijr;.
"Laws snd ReffulAtions of Short
Whlit." hv "A. Trumi.. Jr.". WillUini Pern-
tvroke Hetridire). I^udun and Paris.
I Mi; Nr-w York. i^^A.
*' Law* of Short Whi^t." edited by John
Loraiue Baldwin; with a Treatise on the
Game, by James Clay. Ijondoii. 186a;
New York, 1M6. Sereral editions. Dutch
translation. GrsTrnhaKe. 107^.
"Maxims lor PlavinK the Game of
Whist." by William Payne. Ijr>nflon. 1773.
(The fir«t e<liti<m was published anony-
Bouslv. al>Mit 1770 )
" Moflrrn ScirnliAc Whl«l," by C D. P.
Ilamiltiitt. New York. iSy^; second edi-
tion. 1H./1
"M'Mlrrn Whist." bv Clement Daries.
I>>ndun tiii'l NVw Y«'rk, iv»6
"MiMlern WhiHt with I'urtland Rules,
and I>ecision« Thereunder." by (A. J.j
MclntiMh. Ctioa, N. Y.. second edition,
iBiM
•• Philo^ojihy of Whiat.The." br WUlUm
Pole. Ivond.jn. i*^y. New York, ifih4.
Fifth edition. I./>n>!rin. 1*^1
"Practical Ciui-J*- to Whist. A," by
Fisher Ame«. New Yurk. iByi. (Sixth
edition, z'^ti >
**Rationcne Whi*t. Das." by RittfT
fKniicht) Lu'lwit; ^"n CtcckclberKle-
Diitsele. Virtin.i. iKx\.
" Shi>rt*Stnt VVhi-t.- by Val. W. BUrnem.
New Y«»rk. «*/•.
••Sh.irt Trr.iti*e on the (^ame of Whi«t.
A." bv lvlm>Mi I Hoyle I>*n'lr>n. 174^.
<Si»tr' n r Ittinri-* were tiulitiohnl in K"i:-
land iliirttiK H14 '.i(rttiiie), ((Othi ( («erman
e<lUto:i >. ITS'*. Vifiina f French 1, 177^;
Pan« i-m; Am^trr^lam n»'.iti-h». iS:o.
'■>h.>rt Whi-l. Its Pr..;:rr»*. Rl*e. and
l^w« " by •• M.iior A." «v.h.ir>* H. Coir*'.
L'H !<)n. ' i<iu Mxt'-enth rditton. i*^;
eiKhlTHth nliti »ii. with Pole's K*aay on
thi* "Thr.iry of the Mc»>U;n Scientific
Gamr :v \
'• -h .ri WhiHt to whifh U \diVd Iy>nc
Wht-l *.v .\ Irniri! " ! TAmr* Iiurney J •' by
F p. U'.i!*in l^nil'.ii. f 'iirth e>iitioti.
tfU^ . Hurnev's rtt^.tv wn« (•ninnally
pab:i«hrli:i :'»ii.a ^''t'lnd rtlitifiiiaitiiear*
lUiC in :•>. : »
■Tlif.ry and Practice of Whist." br
•Cant-iin Cr.iwley'" l^lrorice Fre<lerick
Pard-mi I^mdi>n.'i«^ tenth edition, t**?^.
"Thecrv «»f thr Mndern licienttfic
CUmr. The." by William Pole. I^ontloa
(anonvm"Usly). |Vv|; I«ondnn. ll7>r». with
•■Ihnr • n ime: New York, 187a. (Scrca-
tccD editions up to lay;.)
** Traits da Whiatc/* by G. Ic
Dcacbapcllca. Bccoad Paftic. Li
latk>n. Pari*. 18J9. (Part 1. nev
llahed.) Kngliab edition, called ** :
on Whist, with l^ws." London .
" Traits du Whiste I'ing^nu. cm
k Trois," by G. le Breton Deach
Paris. ift4a.
" Universal Whist," by G. W. P. {
W. Pettes). Boston, ibfe?. (1^
tions.)
"What to Lead." by "Cam-
A. I«ewis). London, ih6^
" Whist l>cvelopmcnta, Ai
Leads, and the I'lain Auit Kcl
*' Cavendihh " (Henry Jonca). I
1885. (In later e«litions the latter
the title was changed to " Vnb
Game")
"Whist for All Playera," by **«
Crawley" (George F. l*ardon;. 1
1873.
" Whist for Beginners." by C. 1
land. London, 188^: London. iM
York. 1884.
" Whist: How to Play and How ti
by Thumaa Britlain. Manchcalc
land, iKnj.
"Whist in I>lsirrams."byG. W
W. PettcA). ll<M»ton. iK^i.
" Wbikt. Its History and Practl
**An Amateur." with IlluatraU
Meadows. I^ndon, new edition.
" Whi%t I^wsand Whi«t I>eciala
A. W. Dray^fin New York. 1(196^
" Whist Manual, A." bv R. F.
New York, fvjo: three e«litt<in«up
" Whf t of To-djy." bv Milton C
Phil.i'lelphia, four rilitii>n«. iK/*.
" Whint. *n IlutiiMrpuppv » ' br
bridice" \). P. IIewb\ ). l^twl^
U<*«ton, l»v^^: London, 1**.*^
■ Whi*t liaver. The.* bv " Uc«
Col-iiirl II." (|[. c Ittinbury;. X
lh^. Mvon-I etlitl'in i**^^-
" Whi*t IMavrr * r.uulr. The." b
Morjr.m. I.'<ti-l'in. i*"-"!.
"Whi»t SkMihes." by C. ». Be
KA«ton. Pa . |N,i
"Wlii.t Strjterv."bvR P Vm^i
li«hed in the s,imc volume with h
plii-ate Whi«t " Nrw York \^h
"Whi%t Table. The. A Trrmi
NoCe« on the R"t.iI (i«me." ed
" PwrtLin ! " N-w York. 1%^
•■ Whi't Ta'ti.-«." by R. V. Foatc
York sii'l l.tin'lon !•*.*.
" Whi^t rp t » I>atr. • bv C. % R. ((
Stusrt Mrret- New Y'»fk. i^i/.
-Whi«t Htniich Ciir«l to lje%
"Cam ' (Waller A I.'-wi^) U^nA
editions. iV^: third edition. i"A6.
edition. :V7
"Whl«t, With and WIthoat
tlon." by "CawndUh" (Henry
Lond«in. iWt^
"Winning Ulilat." by Emery
in. New York, ityfi.
<c
BOSTON
ff»
59 BOSTON DE FONTADSTBI^EAU
to obtain even mediocrity at
t it i* neoeMary to read some of the
■ that have been written on the sub-
and it is better to read them alL~^.
^niMt JZ, +A +] ''Tk4Ari of Prac-
Boston.*' — One of the earliest
most popular o£bhoots of whist,
tally aoapted for betting por-
s. It is supposed to have orig-
mI in Boston. Rules for its play
t published in Paris as early as
** Boston ** is played by four
MIS with a full pack of fifty-two
i. The dealer gives four cards
kch pla3rer, then four more, and
fire. No trump is turned, but
9ond or still pack is cut, and the
ard tumea up for the trump.
■ait to which it belongs is fint
sence (after the manner of
renne '*), and the other suit of
une color is second preference.
two remaining colors are plain
for that deal. "Boston"
ly resembles ** solo whist ** (a
soc»essful o£&hoot) in the mat-
f bidding, and one player play-
ingle-handed against Uie other
5. Bach player, in turn, an-
ices the number of tricks which
I willing to undertake to win,
lowed to name the trump suit;
> lose a certain number, the
to proceed without trumps.
bids range from five tricks,
h ia now called "boston"
ongfa formerly ** boston** was
grand slam), to the winning
liirteen tricks (the "grand
"J. To lose twelve tricks, with
privilege of first discarding a
which is not to be exposed, is
dthc "little misire;** to lose
f trick, the "grand mis^re.*'
"little spread '* is the same as
' little misire,** with this addi-
il feature: the single player's
I is exposed on the table. To
every trick under the same cir-
fiances is called the "£[rand
id." The snocesaful bidder
tries to win or lose a certain nnm*
ber of tricks, and the other three
players combine in their efforts to
prevent him from so doing. If he
IS successful, his adversaries are
obliged to pay him a certain num-
ber of counters or chips, according
to a fixed schedule. If he fails, he
is obliged to pay each adversary,
also in accordance with a fixed
schedule. There is also a pool,
made up at the beginning of the
game, by each player depositing a
counter or chip in a small tray or
basket. This pool ^oes to the suc-
cessful player, provided he made a
bid of seven or better. If he loses,
however, he is obliged to double
the pool — f.^., put into it an equal
number of counters. The game is
finished by the play of twelve
hands.
The stakeii at ** boston" depend upon
the value of the counters. One cent for
a white counter is considered a pretty
sti£f g^ame; because it is quite possible for
a single player to win or lose a thousand
white counters on one hand, and the pay-
ments very seldom fall short of fifty.— ^.
F. Foster [S. O.], *' Compute HoyU:'
In ** boston " and *' boston de Pontain-
bleau," in addition to making the trump
suit, instead of turning it up, further de-
partures are introduced by naming the
number of tricks to be played for, allow-
ing the player to take all or none without
any trump suit, and by "spreading" cer-
tain hanos, without allowing the adver-
saries to call the exposed cards.—/?. F,
Foster [S. O.].
** Boston de FontJiinbleau." —
This is " boston " with slight varia-
tions. Instead of doubling the pool,
the unsuccessful player puts into it
an amount equal to that which he
loses to each of the other players.
The bids rank in a slightly aiflferent
order, and there is an additional bid
called the " piccolissimo.'* This
means to win one trick exactly,
after discarding an unknown card,
there being ^o trump suit. The
order of the suits is always: dia*
monds, hearts, clubs, and qMuleaL
BOYCB, MATTHIAS
60
II
BRIDGB ••
Honors are counted in the game
abroad, but not very often in
America. Unlike in ** boston," a
player, having once pas8e<l, cannot
bid again; and before playing, the
bidder who is successful ma^' call
for a partner, although this is not
oAen done.
Boyce, MaUhiaa — See, *' Mo-
gul."
•« Bridg*."— An offshoot or va-
riety of whist, played after tlie
manner of dummy, with certain
additions which greatly facilitate
betting. Like ** lx)ston '* and ** solo
whist," it lends itself readily to
gambling purposes, and is largely
used at the clubs by those who play
for money. It is said to have orig-
inated in Athens, and to have
spread thence to Russia and France,
and from one of these countries to
England, where in 1897 it had be-
come a craze which was viewed
with grave apprehension by the
lovers of true whist In a letter
receiveil from Walter M. Deane, of
Bath, under date of September 6,
1897, occurred this doleful observa-
tion: ** I regret to say that whist is
greatly on the wane in England,
owing to the prevalence of a gam-
bling spirit that has favored the in-
troduction of the game of * bridge.*
It is with difficulty now that at some
clubs a whist table can be formed."
"Cavendish" denlored the same
state of affairs, anct had not been to
the Portland Club for over a year
because "bridge" was in full pos-
session. "It is disgusting," he
wrote, " to think that the temple
of whist has \ycn thus desecratea. "
All this seems to be but the natu-
ral outgrowth of the English mode
of playing whist for stake8,although
Charles Mossop. in a letter dated
September 15, 1897, expresses it as
his opinion that " Cavendish " and
the American leads "had som
to do with it," his idea bein
Englishmen were driven fron
by these innovations. It wo
pear rather curious, though,
case, that they should fly to a
innovation, such as " bridge
doubtedly is. It seems moi
ural to trace the craze tcrmi
in " bridge " to the same
which were at work when, i:
or thereabouts, luiglish play
the game of whist in two'
behest of tlie gamblers (see, '
Whist "), in order to make
circulate faster at play. 2
seems, they are reauy ( let m
onl^ temporarily) to throt
whist altogether in favor of ;
bling game pure and simple
to Ix: regretted that " bndg«
found its way also to Amenc
that many of our whu«t-|
have yielded to its tempt
They will undoubtedly live
gret it, and more es])ecia]ly
troduction into whist clubs,
it is as much out of place as
or other games of chance; esp
as the by-laws of nearly cvci
prohibit play for money, a
American Whist League
record as opposed to such pL
The laws of " bridge" conf
general to the laws of d
whist, with certain ezcepcic
cessitated by the di£ference
tMO games.
The rubber. l>est of three j
is playe<i, and the trump is di
bv the dealer, or may be pu
him, at his option, to his p
in which case the latter mi
clare it.
A game consists of thirty ;
scored bv tricks, the same
whist Irhe value of Um
points varies with the tnu
clared, being two in spades,
clubs, six in diamoncis, and
in heaita. When "no tmn
«c
BRIDGE
>9
6i
"BRIDGE"
declared, the value of each trick
point is twelve.
When trump is declared the
hoooiB are ace, king, queen, jack,
and ten of the trump suit; other-
wise, the four aces. Three honors
ooont the same as two tricks in the
suit declared for the side holding
them; four honors count the same
as four tricks, and five honors the
■ame as five tricks. When held in
one hand, four honors count the
same as eight tricks; four in one
hand, with one in partner's hand,
equal nine tricks, and five in one
hand equal teu tricks. When " no
tnunp" is declared, three aces held
by one side count thirty; four aces,
lorty; and four aces held in one
hand, one hundred.
The slam adds forty points to
the honor count, and the little
slam, twenty points.
Chicane, one hand containing no
tmmpa, is equal in value to simple
hooors. If the partner of a player
bayiDff chicane scores honors, he
adds uie value of three honors to
Ins score. If the adversaries score
hoooca, an equal value must be de-
ducted from their score.
When a rubber is concluded the
total scores for tricks and honors
(tncfaiding chicane and slam) made
fay each side, are added up, and
OBe hundred points are added to
tbtt score of the winners of the
nbber. The difference between
the two scores, when thus com-
pleted, is the number of points won
or lost by the winners of the
As in dummy, there is no mis-
The dealer hss the first privilege
ef declaring a trump, or "no
tramp;" in the latter case, the hand
be played without a trump
If he does not desire to exer-
his privilege, he must say,
Make it, partner,** and the latter
is bound to declare a trump. Now
we come to the most objection-
able feature of the game. The
dealer or his partner having made
a declaration, the opponents have
the privilege of going "over** or
" doubling" the value of the tricks,
if they do not think the other side
can make the odd trick. The latter
may "redouble,** and then the
others again have the say; and thus
the thin^ may go on, like the
"raise** in draw-poker, until one
side or the other backs down. Here
is where ** bridge" reaches the level
of poker. The raising of the value
of the trick points does not, how-
ever, affect the value of the honors,
slam, or chicane.
The dealer's partner holds the
dummy hand, and as soon as all
the preliminaries are over and the
first card is led, the dummy hand
is placed upon the table face up-
wards, and the cards are played by
the dealer unassisted by his partner.
A significant section appears in
the "etiquette of bridge,*' as fol-
lows: "While there is nothing in
the code to prevent * going over*
ad infiniiutn, such a practice may
be attended with undesirable re-
sults: such as carrying the cost of
the game far beyond its original
design. Therefore, it is suggested
that one hundred points be the limit
for any one trick."
Dummy " bridge ** is played by
three persons, usually in single
games instead of rubbers, the win-
ner of the game adding fifty points
to his score. The original dummy re-
mains such during the entire game,
or rubber, if the rubber is pm3red.
Dummy is held by the player who
draws the lowest card, and dummy
always has the first deal. The
dealer makes the trump from the
hand for which he deals. The
dealer's left-hand adversary is the
only player who has the privilege
BRIGGS. J. H.
62
BROOKLYN TROPHY
of *'K<>i"K over." Otherwise the
plfiy Is the same as in ** bridge."
In many clubn *'hH«!t:r" ha* tnkrn
thr pl.u" or whNt, but I do uut think
" liriilx*' '* h:*** omic t«> May. In my
Of>iniiMi. th'- two v;;tnu'*« will not f>eiir anv
omp-irin lit --.'I. //'. /hiiviim [L • -^-^].
Thf «•'"»•■ i"» i»!:i\t«l. nflcr the Irad of
thr tir-t v-.ii'l, .-ilni'i-t fx.utly a* if it wcrr
(luininv whist. Thi- «!itfTrfice* l>«twrcn
thr tw> i;.iin'-<( liv m.iinly in thf* (l'*cla ra-
tion <>1 tninipH ami the ini rcusin;; values
by K"i"« ovrr. tlu- iliffi-rinj^ v;ilur«» of
milt"., ni'lho-lo iif •H.fjriiii;. and niblKir
count ( ■. A'. AVjVv \. /' ]. "7'hr /mws of
in ' ?»f j.l.:' .' thr *eak»* i«*.-i unit. «oniuch
a ;»<»int Tlir nuni^MT nf iKitntn won or
li><st 'Ml i!i» rn*i>»».i tnriv b-- milv two or
thrr*'. nr th**y tn.iv run into thr hun«lrr«N.
Thr :iv»r ik;r \\\'.\ v.irv. :ii .urilinv; t» the
ntv!^ ■•t']i' IV ■ 'M^ f't-t ■•f. h r*"/if.i.*7v *i«/-
«/i»rj; H*' '1 jri /. /.i mtt.h ^^\-*n.t thfir im/ma
In vf tt^iM^ a I ihr rn'l "I' the niblK-r. it i*
utu.i! f- r t .iih i-iHinv; pl.tyrr tn p.iv hin
ri.:*r h iti'I .1 1v r- irv. — Af. F. J-os/rr
[S ti -, .'mp:'r t! •\:f '
■ Uri !.:■■■• i- «i:u- ol" ihr mo^t valuable
ai !•« I'" » "ii-! t'l it h.iHi vrr 1>e»-n rx;»loitt.Ml,
eni:*f'\ .: J if fn'Mt :h-' **^!t.»^ '^.ttfttri nf
thf K'^i'tf uht' h ittr mi**r ft U\s pfptfh^n-
w*.>. ib-'i. •i.Jiii;^ on thr |K»;nt *ti virw.
An vonr wh'i jil.i% «. Ihr i^tmr c.ittnrjt fiil
t>< Ym' iiniirrxH- «I liy th* vi'«t.i of ^•osA:!iiIi-
li"H it n])»-ns ii]i in iMf w ly t»f tena'T an«l
finc^T iP.uotr.itiiUo An t x]K>'M-it-h.iniI
f.iMi'- ni ly n-'t br -.vhi-^t. btit on*; mu«it
ram \'t i*r.i\*l b'-tm'- h" « in run. ami
"bn-liir" i:ivr»i .111 ••|i|Mirtu:iltV t«»r ac-
qiiinnif th!"« jinin itv kii'»w:»-.li:". AK:ain.
it w;t! t' .i< h thr !•• ^mip r n<« no ••thrr
Ifainr th.il 1 k:i ■«• the .1 Iv.ml tk."* or di*-
■ Ivaniatf'- 111 riirf-inrlv :ii:i:r'-^»ivc j>lav.
— ( A'. AVi.Vi ".V <' ,. lyiUt , \Kt. li, /<;7,
Briggs, J. H. —A !• Ml lint; whist-
ji!.i\ir .i!i«l wh-.^t aii.ilvst of the
\Vi-si. Mr. T'.f i/^'. w.i-^ TtiTii July 5,
i*^^;. \\\ Aii*«*.>Tii. Miiiif. jiinl aftiT
^r I'l'.i itiii^ :it V.il'*. in I^•^^. iriiiiic-
ili iN-l\- \\i-m t«i MiTUU*»-»li, wlicre
}i«- \ I'.i'j'it f"r .1 tiTT!", ainl then rn-
;:.i.»'- 1 \\\ til* li:»' ins'irann* l»iisi-
iir-N In !"'<". aftrr a nnivrp'itv
cmir-r in a«»-ayi!ij^ aii«l nrncralo;jy,
hi- wrnt tn Ori-j^on and i*nji»a^:fd in
proHpci'tini; f«»r k*'1'^- J I*-' ^bis al-
ways fnJMvril sports and oiitdrMr
exiTcisiv 1*1 1 r three yoars ht* wan
R nienilior of the Yale athletic
team (ca]Hain in his senior ycar)i
R
and in 1895 he made the State
record of 207 as a sharpehooler
in Minnesota's champion militia
rifle team. He has for many yearB
licen a devote«l student of whiat,
and an expert in plav and analyiia.
With his hn>th(*r, '(). II. Bnm
(als<i a g<Kxl player), ht- wtis a del^
gate from the MinneaiM>li9 Chcaa,
Checkers, and Whist Club to the
first congress of the Axnericaa
Whist I^^.igiie, in 1891. He waa
a delegate t<i the second congreaai
anil chairman of the tournament
committee, which position he also
held at the fifth congresA. At the
thinl, fourth, and fifth congreaKfl
he was captiiii of the Minn^
npolis team which won the Ham-
ilton Trophy in 1.H93. the Chal-
lenge Trophy in 1S9). anil which
was 1>i.-aten in tlie tiiial match for
the Il.iniilton Trophy in 1S95. At
the sixth congress he w.is a mem-
Ikt of the St. I*;iul team, Miniie>
ajxjlis having no team that year.
Mr. Hriggs was elected a director
<if the Le.igne at the second con-
grt»s, auil re-electe<l at the fomtfa
congress. ( See." Wliist Analyst^'*)
Bring In. — To sncce***. fully maiH
age the cards mi a«* t<> take all the
trii'ks in a snit, afli-r the advene
trutniis are ix!i.in»«te«l. To orer-
conie all diflii'iilt!es .iii>l brin||^ in
the long suit of :i han>1 is one of the
chief (itijects nf the moilern scieii*
tifn* g.iiiie.
l'"lrHH T'Mi h ivr .» hmI ri'ii* of rr-cBtry,
or k'--i! fir<fH*M . : ■•;■-, ! !:tik; I.ihk trumps
d'l I! ■• ••%■ !'• Till 'I i' •. ■• I -'i!t 11! which roB
h.iv II .t ji'iftil . iiirMiinl —A" ■! ^mt^
W'i" n \iim: •'III! I* 'inrr r«t ibli^hrd. if
th'- .1 1 ■. • r*.ir;»*"«' !' i'ri;i- ir» iiiit. and TOS
can v!'-T thr Irn) \\ |« ••?■%■!■ in« yna oiay
niak'- a trick with • v*-i\ • .ir 1 of it ytM
h<iM and thi« i* 1 1II-! brinirins it in ^
U'i::i.:m IS.lf \l. ,1 . ■. " Thr^r^ ^
li'hi * ■• • ^
Brooklyn Trophy. — A tropliT
preseiitwl !)v t)ie whi<>t -pi nven of
Brooklyn, N. Y., to the Amerk
3H " TRAMP TRAYS »* 63 BRUSH " TRAMP TRAYS »'
>«giie in 1896. It is in the
' a handsome shield, made
Ij polished hardwood, and
r inscribed. The trophy is
ed for by teams of not less
zteen players, representing
y associations, at each an-
ongreas, under rules pre-
from time to time by the
ve committee. It is held by
ociation winning it at the
congress until the first day
ollowing October. It is held
to challenge from October i
e end of the following May,
m the last of May until the
ngress, it is held by the win-
the last match played for it
June I. The trophy remains
perty of the League.
Brooklyn Trophy was played
first time in 1896, at Man-
Beach, by the New Jersey
w England Whist Associa-
ad was won by the latter by
ricks. The New England
tion afterwards ag^n sue-
y defended it against a
ge from the New Jersey
tion.
« seventh congress, at Put-
1897, the trophy was played
three organizations — the
»k, the New England, and
lantic Whist Associations.
nociation presented twenty
. and the arrangement was
bat each league played a
against each of the two
The result was a victory
New York State Associa-
bich defeated New England
e tricks, and the Atlantic
tion by one, winning both
I and the trophy. Tlie At-
beat New England by thir-
ckA.
h " Tramp Tfajra."— Early
ftmi 1896, it occurred to W.
h, of Austin, Texas, to send
out a number of duplicate whist
trays, with hands to be played by
whist-players in various cities
throughout the United States. The
deals were prepared by the editor of
Whist y having occurred in actual
play, and being especially desirable
for the opportunities whidi they
contained for loss or gain. Mr.
Brush had a large tin box made to
contain the trays and accessories,
and after a sufficient number of
volunteers had been obtained to
play them, and a route laid out,
they were started on their way
February 26, 1896, going from
place to place by express. The
route, witn some variations ^return
journeys to States already visited),
was as follows: Prom Texas to
New Mexico, California, Utah,
Washington, Montana, Dakota,
Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Kan-
sas, Tennessee, Missouri, Illinois,
Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsyl-
vania, South Carolina, District of
Columbia, New Jersey, New York,
Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massa-
chusetts, Maine. Nearly one hun-
dred sets of players agreed to play
tbe hands, subject to rules wnich
contained the k)llowing provisions:
The party receiving the trays im-
mediately notified the next one on
the list, by means of a postal card
found in tne box, and also notified
Mr. Brush, to whom, copies of all
scores made were forwarded as soon
as possible after the play. The
players in one city prepaid express
charges to the next, attaching a
shipping tag provided in the box.
All players were on honor not to
examine the previous scores before
playing the hands, and no player
was to examine the hands in the
trays, or allow anyone to do so»
prior to playing tbe same, in order
that all players might have abso-
lute confidence that all scores were
honestly made. In case the cards
BUBU, MRS. SARAH C. H. 64
BUMBLEPUPPIST
in any of the trays should get
mixed, an envelope marked
** Paine*s Whist Hands " was pro-
vided, containing information by
which they could be rearranged.
By June, 1896, the trays had arrived
at Milwaukee, Wis., and on July
14, 1897, they were at Ashtabula,
O., which was number fifty-one on
the list Mr. Brush wrote us about
that time, stating that although the
Erogress made had been very slow,
e was in hopes that the trays
would move faster in the East than
they did in the West. He said:
** These * tramps * will have covered
over twenty thousand miles when
they get to their journey's end.'*
On September 3, 1897, they were at
Fredonia, N. Y.
Buell, Mrs. Sarah C. H. — An ex-
cellent teacher of whist, and a
player of more than local reputa-
tation, residing at Providence, R.
I. Mrs. Buell has been familiar
with card games all her life, and in
years past, when considered a hope-
less invalid, was wont to bury her-
self in her whist- books and forget
her aches and |)ains. Thus she be-
came thoroughly acquainted with
the theory an<l science of the game,
and this was very noticeable in her
play. Friends urge<l her to take
up the teaching of the game pro-
fessionally, and in the spring of
1896 she formefl her first classes in
Providence. Since then she has
taught in other places as well.
Vo/^ue of July, 1897, said: "Mrs.
Buell has had the advantage of
living amid whist surroundings,
the effects of which are readily
seen in her ^ame. Mr. Walter H.
Barney, president of the American
Whist Lea^e, is among those
who appreciate the fact that Mrs.
Buell 1ft a partner at whist to be
desired, ana an adversary to be
'*Bumbledog." — A hni
variation of the word '* b
puppy" iq. v.), intended t
vey the idea of a bad player a
who has grown gray in tbi
tice of bumblepuppy; one
irreclaimable and hopeless <
whist-butchers.
** Whist" and " burablrpupfyy
long been clearly defined and aa
claMicft; but there also ezintft. i
playing circlem a mauifeatation c
trictty in principle and raelh<M
compels classification as *' bum^
This variety of whiftt is confinei
games plaved bv elderly gentle
8tublx>rn disposftion — those c^m
time cavaliers who fancv they
whist in the early part of their
and who still persist in counting
card" as if there were now anytl*
by which to count. These droll
gentlemen always talk over tli
and bumble worse than the wor
bumblers. "That's my king"—
the best out"— " Now I want the
"Why didn't you return my hcai
a few of their pet phra*e«. The]
take tricks — the^ olMtinate old
dogs do— and to force a partn
from a sneak, and play entirt
reference to their own hands, at
few of their exasperating oflfet
their minds, age snd custom 1
hallow their nefarious practices
younger whist-player, or even an
bumblepuppy" who ventures li
monstrance, is met with the jocof
"Teach me whist? Why. blesa j
I played whist l)efore you wen
On accotmt of respectable cont
these wicked l>unibledogs are c1
in society; and so go quaintly
way. alwavs demanding yoang
ners at table, always rejecting ac
any suggestion or advice, and in
disrupting the hsrmonions flow o
game. Dear old bumbledogs !
your gray hairs and shaky ks
respect your clean life-recnrds a
les* linen; we dote on vour old-l
lantry and thread-barefests: b«rt<
wr dare to say it— we detest yow
whist-playing, and when cards
we shall 'dodge you whenever w
C. E., IVhtst, Afarck. i^.
Bumblepuppist. — A pen
imagines himself a wnist-
but is only a pla3rer of b
pnppy ; a bad player.
The bumblepoppiat, Hke At
Ward's bear, **caabe Unght
BUMBLBFUPFY
65
BUMBLEPUPPY
thiajfA. bvt ii unreliable;*' he only
!• hfi own eocentricitic«t %nd if a
I of respectable antecedents gets np
pjrotecbnic display of fiilse canu
own private delectation, the bom-
vpist utterly misaes the point of the
lie fails eren to see that it is clever;
1 a comparison may be drawn with-
^nuK, be doesn*t consider what is
forthe coose is sauce ibr the gan-
iWmpuppf* — Playing at whist
;nofance or defiance of the
, or both. This Indicrona^ de-
ion of bad whist-play is a
ncial English term, and was
islly used to describe the an-
gmme of nine-holes, of which
ton sings:
Bhappy wags which let their cattle
itmy,
le-bolea on the heath while they
»gcCher play.
le-boles was a game in which
boles were made in the ground
e angles and sides of a square,
tie purpose of bowling a bail
hem according to certain rules.
quare naturally suggested the
, table, and in that manner the
lar derignation of nine-holes
to be applied to the blunder-
ttempts at whist made by the
or the wilfully ignorant and
tse. The word is used in this
in a note in Stmtt's '* Sports
Pastimes'* (i8oi), volume 3,
ler 7, page 242. In the London
nctay Review of October 25,
we find ** bumblepuppy, or
Stic whist, at shilling points*'
m of. And in Lang^nan^s
izin€, volume 6, page 597
), there is mention of *• a com-
form of home whist called by
ibridge* btmiblepuppy . " It
•Pembridge" (J. P. Hewby)
was really responsible for the
■ml acceptance of the term by
hist world. In his deli^htfuf-
morous lectures on whist en-
• 'Whist, or Bnmblepuppy ?"
he discourses as follows: " 'Bnmble-
Euppy was played in low public
ouses.' *Here and there were
bumblepuppy grounds in which
players rolled iron balls into holes
marked with numbers.' — Chronu
cles of NervgaU, From whidi I
infer that in the good old times this
game first drove its votaries to
drinking, and then landed them in
a felon's cell." And he might have
added that heavy consequences have
also been known to fall upon the
unfortunate partners of bumble-
puppists who went unsuspectingly
¥rith them to the whist table. In
fact, it is claimed by some that
bumblepuppy is responsible for not
a little in sanity. ** Pembridgc,** evi-
dently forgetful of this, spreads
broadcast the following rules for
the practice of bumblepuppy:
1. \fiaA a singleton whenever
you have one.
2. With two small trumps and no
¥rinning card, lead a trump.
3. Ruff a suit of which your part-
ner clearly holds best, if you are
weak in trumps.
4. Never ruff anything if you are
strong.
5. Never return your partner's
trump, if you can possibly avoid it,
unless he manifestly led it to bring
in a suit of which you led a single-
ton.
6. Deceive him whenever you get
a chance.
7. Open a new suit every time
you have the lead.
8. Never pay any attention to
^our partner's first discard, unless
It is a forced discard. Lead your
own suit.
9. Never force him under any
circumstances unless you hold i2k
least five trumps with two honors;
even if you lose the rubber by it,
play "the game !"
10. Devote all your retnaining
energies to looking for a signal in
BUMBLEPUPPY
66
BUNN, GBORGE U
the last trick. If unable to discover
which was your partner's card —
after kcc]>ing the table waiting for
two minutes— inquire what trumps
are, and lead him one on suspicion.
'*I really do not know what to Icftd.'*
The lady or KcntleniHn who habitually
iadulfccft in thin npo«ttrophc had better Miy
at uncc, *' I rt-.tliy do not kuow how to
play."— ^. /iitY:rtitd iO.).
A player o( thin bumblepuppy |ra*ne,
whoiiai* t>ecn lucky in Kettiofc a nunil>er
of \niHn\ h:ind«. dor« indeed urroj^ate to
hiniHelf th( char.icter of a Rood plaver.—
K. A Fufctor I A. O.], Ijongmam't Slaga-
Thiir Kjnir is ;i miwrellaneoua acramble
for (rickn with master cards, and their
iileal a ruff. After the smoke of buttle of
the aces and kinfc* has cleared, their
minor canin arc either helpless or but
factors of chance. Doubtless this affords
them amusement, ami they fnncy they
are pla\in:; whist.— C S. BouUher [L.
A J. "IVktstSkfUhesr /.Spy.
In this, a.s in other whist points, he
must reason, and if he cannot reason, he
c^innot plav whist. That there are a
iartce numi>er of playi-rs who think
they pl:iy whist, and tlo not reason, it is
tuu true . but we say that such play may
be bumblepuppy, or some other ^ame— it
certainly ts not whi>t —Charles Mossop,
J. •- <'.|, l^'eitmtnstrr I\if>ets.
In the library or drawing-room a table
is made. an«l A says, as he looks over his
thirteen cards, "i declare I don't know
what to pluv!" B re<«pf)nds. " You would
if you had my hand: it's awful!" And C
says. " Well, play somethtm/f; I can follow
suit Xoanythimf^r" And D groans. " Yes.
tjive us s<mu-thin<*: I want to Ret throuirh
with this h^nd!' Not one of the party
hapi>en'» to hold three aces, three kings,
three queens, and fourtrump;* — and is not
satisfied. They do not thinic that among
them are distributed all the cards there
are. and that it is by the best use of such
as ruch m^v chance to hold, thr gre.it
game is pl.iyed. — r; H\ P.-tUs [L. A. P.\.
It is f>f\en said that everv one in Knif-
land loves whi^t. It would be truer to ^ay
thai every one loves a game which is suj>-
pi»*^«l to \te whiMt. Unt ninety niue out
of a hundrr-d of tho»r who suppose they
play whi«>t hirdly know what the game
IS The game at which they really play
has »>een called by the ingenious " Tem-
bhilge" bumblepuppy. It is • sort of
blunder-blinilfold game, which must be
interesting. I suppose, since so many play
It N.iy. let us i»e honest. Kren we who
know what whist is (which is by no
mr.tns claiming to pUy finely) have moat
of u» had a per lud of bumblepuppy. "J?.
A, Ftoetor [A. 0.],Lim£W9au*t M^gm.
February, iBfj.
Specimen of bumblepuppy in tJta
Score, love all. Trumpa« dtatnoad i
Z is a bumblepuppiat with the hie
opinion of himself:
d
1
A
Y
B
z
H
1
^ 6
C? 6
^ 2
9 4
2
02
0 5
04 1
OK
3
♦ 3
4 K
4Ai
44
4
♦ 7
4 J
4 2
4Q
6
0 8
01O
*io!
4 0
6
0 3 1
0 7
06 j
90
7
4 3 ;
0 J
0A|
0 0
8
44
fO 8
* 8 <
42
«|
46
48
* e
40
IO|
4 7
^Q
♦ b!
4 J
11
;?io
C? A
^ 3
9 0
12
^ 7
4 A
46 !
4K
13
1
4Q
410
9K
This is the worst hand ever ptey
without exception : it ia a microcoi
complete in itself, and conUina esaMi
of stupidity, selfishness, duplicity. A
ance of all recognized principlei, i
every conceivable villainy.
Tnck 2. -The misplaced ingeMrftr
deceiving Y as to the positioa or i
queen ia worth notice.
Trick ."!.— The lead of the oulv «i
auit. in preference to the atronv sail
cIuIm. playing up to declared weukacH
hearts or returning the tmaipi. to «
neat.
Trick 5— The force here of tlK tf«
leader. Inducing him to belleire that 1
any rate holds the remaining apnclc^
illusion carefully fostered by B» la oa
ially good. ^^
Trick 7.— The retnm of the trvMS
this point, with the best trump|pnAnn
and three long spades (certainly Jdcctot
acainst him in one hand. {• a real aw
puppy f ••
Bumper.— Winning two gsa
running before the sdvemrict hi
scored. (An English tem. \
Bunn, 6Mr«« l«— G«ora»
Bnnn, whist analyst, and cmior
the questions and anawcn dtpc
ONN, GBORGB L.
67 BURKEV, ADMIRAL JAMES
Wkisi^ wms bom at Sparta,
ae 25, 1865. Moved with
nts to Madison, Wis., in
IS graduated from the Uni-
f Wisconsin, June 24, 1885.
me interested in the game
le year 1880, through the
t both his iMurents were
ijers, and he was often
x>n to take a hand in their
Before leaving college he
onted a fairly good player,
. a thorough study of Pole,
, "Cavendish," and "G.
he rapidly improved. In
88, he was admitted to the
in September of the same
emoved to St. Paul, where
ssaded ever since, being at
ing district judge of that
e joined the St. Paul Whist
n after his arrival, and also
\ member of the Minneap-
st Club, and of the Caven-
ist Oub of St Paul. He
b first appearance at the
mgrtsm of the American
^ea^e, in Chicago, as a
Of the Minneapolis team
on the Hamilton Trophy,
imable to attend the fourth
i, but played at the fifth, in
x>lis, m 1895, with the St
m, which was defeated by
miltons; and likewise in
t Manhattan Beach. He
a the Minneapolis team in
of 1894-S in Its challenge
for the A. W. L. Challege
the team winning every
bijed. He was a member
L FsqI team that won this
at St Louis in January,
d played with that team m
equent matches during the
Doing every match.
Bonn was elected a director
American Whist League in
le edited a whist column
St. Paul Globe for one year,
ig Janaary i, 1896, bat
abandoned it upon his appointment
as a judge of the district court
He has idways been a consistent
advocate of the long-suit game,
although willing to five new ideas
a fair trial. His labors as a whist
analyst consist largely of published
analyses of deals played in trophy
matches, noteworthy deads played
by himself and associates, ana deals
submitted by correspondents. He
has also written many original arti-
cles, both elementary and on ad-
vanced points in play.
There are few better whist*players in
this country to^y than the captain of
the St. Paul team, George In Bunn. His
analyiea of the recent A. W. L. hands are
the heat we have, and the published rec-
ords of his indlTidual play show that
11m in a match.
▼cry few tricks escape hi
But Mr. Bunn is not a short-suiter. On
the contrary, he is bitterly opposed to the
short-suit game.—/?. F. Foster\S. O.J, Nem
York Sun, March jj, 1896.
We congratulate ourselves, and our
readers, upon having arranged with Mr.
George L. Bunn, the well-known whist
expert, to take charge of our "Whist
Catechism '* department. Asa player he
ranks with the finest in the country, and
his powers of masterly analysis have
earned him a well-deserved and well-
established reputation. No department
of this journal more fully comoines the
features of present interest and perma-
nent value than the "* Whist Catechism,'*
and it could not possibly be in more capa-
ble care. Mr. Bunn^s acknowledged
ability is now at the service of our read-
ers, through these columns, and they
could not nave a sounder authority ra
which to refer as adviser, or as referee la
disputed points of play.— ff^ij/ [L. A\
Junt, 189T'
Bumvyy Admiral James. — A
very skill^l player of whist, and a
friend of Charles Lamb. He pub-
lished, in 1821, *' An Essay, by Way
of Lecture, on the Game of Whist,"
in which he criticised the opinions
of Mathews. His death occurred
suddenly in November of the same
year, and in 1823 a second edition
of his book was published,with the
title changed to *' A Treatise on the
Game of Whist*' In 1842 the title
BYE, DRAWING THB 68 •• CALCULATION PU2
was again chaneed by Francis
Paget Watson, who incorporated
the essay in his volume on ** Short
Whist,*' calling Bumey's work,
*'Long Whist, With Instructions
for Young Players.**
Bye, Drawing The. — In dupli-
cate whist matches it sometimes
happens that three sets of adversa-
ries can meet only two at a time, in
which case one set must sit out
during the first round. This is
decided by lot, and those who re^
main out are said to draw the bye.
Byetander. — One who witnesses
a game of whist without being ac-
tively engaged; a spectator.
In all Cftiies of dis|Hiie. the bystanders
•hall act as umpires. — Detchapelles [0\
**Lawi^*' Section tj9.
No bystander has a right, either (i) to
walk round the table at which the game
is playing; or (a) eren to place himself so
as to be able to look over two hands. —
DeickaptlUi \q\ *'Laws,*' Section ijH,
Bystanders should make no remarks,
neither should they by word or gesture
fire any intimation of the state of the
game until concluded and scored, nor
should thev walk round the table to look
at the d{fl?rent hands.— f/ti^ai^/// o/
HTkist (English Code).
Bystanders should not, in any manner,
call attention to or give any intimation
concerning the play or the state of the
game, during the play of a hand. They
should not look over the hand of a player
without his permission: nor shouM they
walk arouna the table to look at the dif-
ferent hands.— A7f^Mr/£r of IVkist {Ameri-
can Code).
If a bystander make any remark which
calls the attention of s player or players
to an oversight affecting the score, he in
liable to l>e called on. by the players only,
topavthe !it:«kesand nets on that game
or nitiber. A bystander, by agreement
among the plnye'r^ may decide any ques-
tion.—A'liiP'/fiA ii'kut Code, Sections 8» and
$9. (.See. also, quotations under " Dis-
putes About Penaltiea.")
*'C«l#be.*' — ^A pseudonym of
Bdward Augusttis Carl yon, a Com-
ishman, who was born near St.
Anstell in 1823; called to the bar at
Lincoln's Inn, London, 1850; and
subsequently removed to
land, where he died, a
December 4, 1874. His *'
Practice of Whist,'* first
in 1 85 1, contains his fa
sumed name, which w«
** Coelebs,** but in subsec
tions "Cselebs** was ad
This has occasioned some
of opinion as to which lb
rect His book is the firs
the game which contain
ence to the trump signal,
peter," as it was then cal
second edition, published
contained the laws which
** specially revised, in o
with the rules of the
Club.** "Caelebs's** chief
ity in the leads is that 1
mends always the leac
highest or lowest of a suit
intermediate card. He mh
avoiding leads from aniti
ing tenace, and stopping
from those that develop ii
suits. He is celebrated
maxim: *' Strong cards 1
of themselves; scheme, th<
protect the weak. *' An i
tiis book was published
York in 1859.
Calcu ation. — One of
damental principles of pi
cated by Hoyle, Mathews,
successors. Calculation,
tion, and position, or ten
the three points specially
served by the player who
be successfuL It is needl
that this holds good Uydm
Calculation teachea yoa to
game, and lead origiaalhrlo
— Thomas Mathews [L, O,}.
««Caleylatloffi Pustle,
An enthusiastic bat eutij
and generally nnfoftmiati
of Hoyle, satirised in **
mours of Whist '* (f. tr.).
CALI^THB
69 CAMPBELI/-WALKBR, A.
kkmimiwn P^mmU^ a MMioBAte ad-
f whiat, and one of that nuntenma
r anea who imagine themaelTca
layen^ yet -alwaya loae — I*'. P.
, Th«. — In long whist, when
•core of eight, and having
won in his hand, one partner
ed of the other, "Can jron
—that is, "Have jon an
V* If so, the game was ended,
;e honors counted two points
f side holding them. It was
itom to thus call as soon as
inds were taken np, in ofder
irtner, if he did not hold an
might lead trumps at the
•pportnnity. (See, *'Tnimp
'kiti, VOL 3. P- 15^ **Caveiidiah*'
aa a carkma conom, ia the old
tiat, of a certain intentional iireg"
in **calUng honors,*' which was
»od to be a reqneat for the partr
lead tnnapa, as mentioned by
Mathews, and a writer in i8ai,
IBnuey. The latter aays: **Thia
4Kad to be an intmaion on the
!fla a ad integrity of whiat, bnt hav-
a allowed and generally practiced.
tandta, and is to be received as part
aoM.** The contriTance can hardly
H«d aa anticipating the modem
or tramps, though it may be fitirly
as a j>recedent for the common
Ace Off the latter, when *' allowed
nerally practiced."— ITtZ/iaM /Wf
], *'£mlmiwm of IVkuL''
♦t
fDC Trumps. — See, "Trump
IflC a Card. — Naming a card
has been improperly played
oaed, and requiring the player
se it, face up, on the taole, so
nay be played whenever an
ent wishes. Such a card is
I aa a called card. (See,
^I^iabletobeCaUed.")
IfiC Atlafitloffi.— Partners are
ilo'wed to hold communica-
itk each other bv means of
^jltTFfft^^ play of their respec-
' »; I. r., they may make
use only of the languas^e of the
cards. An exception to this occtirs
in the Bi^lish game, where it is
allowable to ask a partner whether
he has not a card of the suit which
he has renounced, thereby calling
his attention to the fact, and saving
a possible revoke. Another excep-
tion occurs in duplicate whist, as
played in America, where, in ac-
cordance with a new law adopted
in 1897, a player is now permitted
to ask the adversaries if they have
any of the suit renounced; but the
question establishes the revoke if
it is his partner who has renounced
in error.
If any one, prior to his partner plav-
ing, calls attention in any manner to tne
trick or to the acore, the adversary last
to play to the trick may require the of-
fender's partner to play his highest or
lowest of the suit led or, if he has none,
to tmmp or not to tmmp the trick. — Imws
«^ IVhisi (Awterican Code)^ Section js.
Calling Honors. — In the Eng-
lish game, honors must be callra
or claimed before the trump card
of the following deal is turned, or
they cannot be scored. In the
American game, honors are not
called nor scored.
••Cam." — A pseudonym used bv
Waller Augustus Lewis, an Englisn
whist-player of note, author of
**Whist: Which Card to Lead.*'
This work, first published in Lon-
don in 1865, at once became popu-
lar; a second edition bein^ issued
the same same year, a third in 1866,
and a fourth in the year following.
The author was a physician by pro-
fession, being chief medical officer
of the London post-office. He died
at Whitby, September 8, 1882.
Campball - Walker, Arthur.—
Author of •' The Correct Card, and
How to Play at Whist," which was
published in 1876, and by 1880 had
reached a sale of 9000 copies, its
CANADIAN WHIST LBAGUB 70 CANADIAN WHIST LBA<
f Amc beine world-wide. Dtmjsoii,
in the preuice to his ** Art of Prac-
tical Whist," mentions it as one of
the valuable works on whist then
in existence. Captain Campbell-
Walker 8cr\*ed in the Seventv-ninth
Cameron Highlanders, and later as
captain of the Queen's body-guard.
He died at 29 Palmeirm square,
Brighton, April 2, 1887.
Canadian Whist l.«agu«. — The
first Canadian whist tournament
was held at the rooms of the Vic-
toria Club, Toronto, Ont, April 5,
1896, and at this tournament steps
were Utkcn for the organization of
a whist lca>^c. B v the rules of the
tournament, a cluD might enter one
or more tcnran, and teams might be
maile up of members of different
clubs, or of individuals repreaent-
ing no club, providing they called
themselves oy some distinctive
name. Twenty-two teams of four
plavcrs each were brought together,
as /ollows:
Tcsmii.
Victoria Club. Toronto (A, B. and C) . 3
Conftcnrative Club, Toronto (A, B, and
C) , 3
ComtiH Cluh, Toronto (A and B) . . . . 3
Canur Club, Toronto (A and B; .... a
Went Kiid CIut>. Toronto
Wan'li'rcr** Club, Toronto
Toronto Athletic Club, Toroato ....
Athrncutn Club, Toronto
Thirty Club, Torrmto
••CavcmlUh" Club. Toronto
Itoyal Canndian Yacht Club, Toronto .
OranflTc^illr Whl«t Club
Wooditock Whi^t Club
Collinmrood Whi»t Club
Hamilton WhUt Club
Midland Dintrict Combiaatkm
Tlie contestin jf cluljs were divided
into three sections of eight clubs
each, but as two clubs made default,
two of the sections were short one
team each. The scofe was kept by
matches of twelve hands each at
duplicate whist, and tricks decided
whenever a tie was made by two or
■lofvdubtw A matchwoocoonled
one point, and a tie half a
Bach team in a section plsye
match with every other team
section. The rMilt of the pf
nary section matches waa s
lows:
MldUnd Difttrict
Victoria (a)
Victoria (C)
Canoe (B)
Canoe (A)
Athcnicum
Victona(B)
Conaervaiivea (B)
Woodstock
Wert Knd
Comua(A)
Comna(B)
Hamilton
Toronto Attiletic
ColIinfTwood
Royal i anudian Yacht Club . . .
Conacrvntivcii (A)
OranKcville
••CavrndlPh"
Conaerrattves (C) ,
Wandercm
By the rules, the leading te
each of the three sections an
team with the fourth-best reo
the tournament were entitle
play in the semi-finala. These
as follows:
Section 1. Victoria (C)
3. Midland
3 Vtctoria (B)
Fourth -»>nit, Victoria (A) . . .
The semi-finals and finals
played off on the second da
matches Ixring twenty-four
each. The players in the
four teams were as followa:
Victoria (C). Toronto —Waller
Samuel May. V. C. Browa, ft. B. W
Midlnnd I>i->trict.~I>r. K. A. L
and W. C. HerrinKton. Napaacc. 4
J. W. Burton and A.WInalow. rofi
victoria (B). Toronto. » Vkctor
atrofiK. O. C. Bixgar. A. H. Balaca,
CauU.
Victoria (A), Toronio— A. IL C
K. Cameron, H. J. Cnliaaa,
Clx>|>pin.
In the semi-finals MidlMk
trict beat Victoria (C) brooe
and Victoria (B} bant Vklari
CANADIAN WHIST LEAGUE 71 CANADIAN WHIST LEAGUE
V
I
by foniteen tricka. This left the
MidUnd Dbthct team and Victoria
(B) for the fiaala, which were won
bj the latter by three tricks, after a
hard and prolonged struggle.
The committee managing the
tonmament were: Walter Read,
chairman; Fred Stronger, J. M.
Verral. W. Draper. H. E. Ridley,
Victor Armstrong, Fred Woodland,
M. Macdonald, A. H. Collins,
H. Sinclair, and J[. J. Higgins
all members of various Toronto
tlnbs), and W. A. Hunter was sec-
retary, to whoae exertions the suc-
cess of the tournament ^as mainly
owing. Seth a Smith, of Port
Hope, and J. M. McAndrew, of
Torooto, were the umpires. Hand-
some gold souvenirs were presented
to the winners, and souvenirs in
aflver to the second team.
After the tournament a meeting
held for the purpose of forming
permanent organization, to be
as the Canadian Whist
Lcfl|n*^ A. committee of seven was
appointed to draft a constitution
and bjr-laws, and the following offi-
oen were elected: Honorary presi-
dent. Sir Thomas Gait, Toronto;
preandent, Walter Read, Toronto;
first vice president, Henry Robert-
aoB.Collingwood; second vice-presi-
dcot, Seth S. Smith, Port Hope;
tinpd vice-president, A. S. Ball,
Woodstock; secretary and treasurer,
W. A. Hunter, 235 Yonge street,
Xofonto.
Of the winning team at the tour-
■ameiitf Messrs. Biggar and Gault
are lawyers, the former a Toronto
Uaifciaity man, and the latter a
gradnate from Scotland. Mr. Arm-
sCrh^ ia a banker and foot-ball
aatbority, and Mr. Baines is re-
ported to be an excellent bowler
tmst of September, 1896, in
coonneiitiiig upon the tournament
the state of whist in Canada,
says: "The Canadian Whist League,
which is now folly organized, is ex-
pected to do good work for the
game in Canada. It is already
arranging for the season's work,
and proposes holding a congress in
18^7. The league being now com-
missioned to represent whist-
players in Canada, it is hoped that
some international contests will be
arranged. We have international
yachting, rowing, golf, curling,
cycling, and cricket. Why shouM
we not have international whist,
and what enthusiast will present
an international trophy to be bat-
tled for by the rival chiefs of the
American and Canadian whist-
Ubles?
** Canadian whist-players have
not had much opportunity of com-
petitive play so far, but the intro-
duction of the American system of
duplicate whist has been taken up
by many of the whist-pla^ers, who
see that it is the only fair way of
testing the strength of rival systems
and players. Up to the past two or
three years the only wuist played
in Toronto, which is probably the
centre of Canadian whist, was on
the English system of scoring the
double, treble, and rub,with honors,
and the American system of scor-
ing was looked on as an innovation
of very doubtful advantage. How-
ever, the idea has gained ground
lately, and we now niid so conser-
vative a club as the Toronto Club
adopting the American seven-point-
without-honors system. When the
Toronto Club takes the lead, it be-
ing the oldest club where whist is
played in Ontario, if not in Canada,
the other clubs will doubtless follow
suit, and the American system of
scoring will, no doubt, be very ex-
tensively adopted. The system of
duplicate whist, except in matdi
games, is, however, a matter
which will probably not be ao gen-
CANADIAN WHIST LEAGUE 72 CAPITAL BICYCLE CLUB
erally adopted — in Toronto,at least
In the clubs there, as in many
English clubs, H-hist is played as a
social umuscnient, with the adde<l
interest of a small bet, in the shape
of the amount agreed to be pLiycd
for by the point, anfl Canadians,
who flo not care for the exhilara-
tion of the great American game of
poker, get a lot of amusement out
of a small game of whist. For
these, and as a club amusement,
duplicate whist has not so great a
charm; and while it will no doubt
flourish in tournaments, and pos-
sibly at whist-parties, it will hardly
obtain with tlie men who like a
3uiet • rublier * before and after
inner at their club."
The conser\*atism of Canadian
players at the time of the formation
of the league is also intlicated by the
following extract from a letter writ-
ten on March 12. i.S^.by W. C Fur-
ncss, secretary of the L<inflon (Ont. )
Whist Club, an organizati<m which
was not represented at the first
tournament: "We plav the Eng-
lish club game here — five pomLn,
full honors. We would Ik» willing
to play duplicate whist one night
ami our own game the next. We
have not yet arrived at the dupli-
cate stage; if it were intnxluced I
think some of our members would
be willing to continue it.'*
The M*cond annual congress of
thf league was held at the Victoria
Club, Toronto. April 16. 17, 1S97.
Tile attendance was very s:itisfac-
tory. alllumgh the ntmilier of teams
cntiTe«l fir comiK*titif»n was not so
la r^e as the yea r pre vi ou s. Twel ve
tfinis enl'.Te'i. and the Victoria H
teini prove«l the victor in the final
ni .Itches, thus becoming for the
second time champions of Canada.
The .-Xthenurum A team, which
was a cU>se competitor, played the
short -suit Howell game.
It was decided to establish a
challeni^ trophy, and the league
also decided to establish district a»-
soctations for the promotion of
whist in Canada. The following
officers were elected for the ensil-
ing year:
Honorary praridrnt, Hon. Sir Thoous
Gait; preMdent, Walter Read; first vice-
f>residcut. Henry Robcrtaon. Q. C. Col*
injprood; second Tice-prcaidcnt. W. &
Herrinston. Napanee; third vice-pml-
dent, w. L. WaUn.Orangeville: •ecretarrw
treasurer, W. A. Hunter: com m nice, W.
R. I>mpcr. James S. Wallace. J. L. Coa
(Toronto). J. H. llutchetoa (OrockTlllc).
J. D. Kuuwlson (Lindsay). D'Arcy Martia
(Hamilton).
An invitation from the American
Whist League to attend the annual
congress at Put-in -K^y was read
amid warm applause, and icfeiied
to the executive committee. Greet-
ings were also received from the
Pacific Coast and Northern Pacifie
Whist Associations.
Capital Blc]fcl€ Qpb Team.—
R. P. Poster dedicates his ** Unpli-
cate Whist" (1894) as follows:
''This lxx>k is respectfully dedi-
cated to the members of the Capitd
Bicycle Club team.— H. N. Low,!.
P. Wooten, C. M. Barrick. T. P.
Borden, J. McK. Borden, W. T.
Bingham, and L. G. Kakinsi — who
have alwavs paid me the ooBiptt-
ment of following my tenchingi^
adopting the methods of plaj re>
commemled in these pa^ea, umI
whu won the championship of the
I'nited States at the 189a uuugieM
with the magnificent score ol u-
teen more tricks and two moiv
g:imes than any other dub, the
largest .score against any individnil
oppcment, and the greatest gain oa
any hand during the congma. Tht
same team won the champioMhip
for pairs at the i8Q3congreH."
Tne correaponcieiit of the Ncv
York Evenin}^ /bst, in commcmiiH
on the play at the aerentb congnm
I
CARD
73 CARDS, ARRANGBMENT OF
Imerican Whist Leagne,
atement claiming that the
earn "are the only short-
any of the major contests,
tal Bicycle Club team of
r has disappeared com-
rith all other aggregations
nature.''
-One of the fifly-two pieces
ented pasteboard compris-
ck, and used in playin^^
id other games; one of
«n pieces of such paste-
nposing the hand of each
whist.
' cards torn or marked must be
laced by agreement, or new
d at the expense of the table.
IVhisi (Em^lisM Cod£), SectioH
fer (on payinir for them) be-
st after, tne pack be cut for the
call lor fresh carda. He must
fo new packs, of which the
>a his choice.— /^a» of tVMut
'od4)f Section 8j.
»f Ufilf»miKy. — A name
s i^lied to the fourth-
. — A quality distin-
a good player which is not
e to rules or books. It is
f instinctive or intuitive
do the right thing at the
iCto draw correct infer-
i to make successful plays.
tkat those diflerent methods
:b there is a dsflerenceof optn-
tlie ttest players, are of small
aipared with that peculiar and
akin which fer want of any
e we can cmrd senu.—R. F. Fb»-
, ^DupHcmU WhiU and WkUt
-—In the Ei^^lish game, the
by cards " is largely em-
points being counted by
\ wdl aa by cards. In the
I game, sU points counting
frame are made by cards,
gwith aU
(See, also, *'Card,*' and *' Fresh
Cards.'*)
Cards, Arrangamant of. —
Hoyle professed to have a system
of arranging the cards in a player's
hand whereby the memory mieht
be materially assisted. Many dif-
ferent arrang^ements have been sug-
gested from time to time, some wim
the above object in view, and others
for the purpose of convenience and
ease in playine the hand. The best
players sort their cards into suits,
red and black alternately, and place
the cards in each suit according to
their rank. There are pla^^ers who
always place the trump suit in one
position, in order to assist the mem-
ory. In doing this thev must be
careful lest an unscrupulous adver-
sary be enabled to locate and cotmt
the number of trumps, especially
if a slight division or gap should
inadvertently be allowed to appear
between the suits. There is a dif-
ference of opinion amon^ the lead-
ing authorities as to this matter.
James Clay [L. 0+] advises against
getting into any particular habit
of sorting the cards, " such as al-
wa3rs putting your trumps in the
same place,*' as players of no great
delicacy might easily gain informa-
tion concerning them, "and even
the most loyal may find difficulty in
not noticing them." C Mossop
[L-f O. ], in the IVestminsUr Papers,
IS of a similar opinion, saying:
•• Any one watching the sorting of
the cards will soon ascertain the
number of trumps such a sorter
has." Arthur Campbell- Walker
[L. C] is also opposed to the prac-
tice, and so is Miss Kate Wbee-
lock [L. A.].
On the other hand, Hoyle, Math-
ews, Drayson, Foster, G. W. Pettes.
and other authorities distinctly re-
commend it. Hoyle [O.] says:
** Place of every swt in your hand
CARDS, ARRANGEMENT OP 74 CARDS, ARRANGEMEN
the worst to the lefl hand, nnd the
txfst (in order) to the right, and
the trumps in the hke order, al-
ways to the lefl of all the other
suiu.** Mathews [L. O.]. while
differing; in regard to the general
arrangement, agrees with lloyle in
regard to the trump suit. He says:
" I'lace the trumps in the back part
of your hand, your partner's leail
next, and vour own outside.'* R.
F. Foster fs. O. ] is of the opinion
that the placing of the trumps in
a constant position, such as to the
left or right r>f all the other suits,
is of assistance to the memory,
'* which shoulfl not Ihi burdenctl
with anything of which it can l>e
relieveii" ( " Whist Tactics "). G.
W. Peltes [L. A. P.] says: "Place
the trumps always in the same rela-
tive position;" and Gen. Drayson
rL^A+] makes the following de-
fence of the practice in his **Art of
Practical \Vhist:" ** If your oppo-
nent watches you sort your cards
for this purpose, you mast lie very
dull if vou don*t perceive it, and
if you do find he (Iocs so, you can
very soon mislead him by going
through the motions of holding
many trumps, when you have onl^
a few, or vice versa. It is a terri-
ble error to mistake the trump suit.
and if tnirnns are always sorte<l
into one position such an error is
not likely." We agree with (jen.
l)raysr.>n, and hav«» never found any
trouble resulting from always kec|>-
ing the trump suit in a given j>o*ii-
tion. A whist-player who would
try to take advantage of this would
also try to overlook vour h-imi if
opportunity oifere<l. or commit any
other whist enormity. If found
out. his proper punisliment would
lie to have all fair-minded players
refuse to sit at table with him.
I mav ftuRKc^ thai yoa will fain ap*^
bv wtrtinic two auits at a time— i?. F, Fot-
Sort your cards csrefally. lx)Ch
iiiK to «uit and rank, and cuant t
iMrr of each nuit. This will Kreat
the memory.— lfV//i«iw /Wr \L. ^
Sort your cards quickly anil •>
cally. arraufciofc the auil» alterni
and black, and the cards of e.nct
the ordrr of their relatire ra
M' fyraywn [L^A f J, *A9t of .
H'hisl."
Arranirethe aeveralcard* in c
in numerical order from lowe»t
e»l, that the proper card to plin
readily founa, and the chance or
errors reduced to n mmiiiiun
CoJiM [/..A.]. "Gut of Wkiitr
Aa noon an the card* are demit *
we arrange them acccnlinjc to th
or. at leaki. virt them in the mar
we are accustomed to; the extent
t>rinK to impress them well on tt
orv. We have seen plavers w
their cards in their hands just
h.tve taken them up from the t«1
if this mode lead them not luioc
couftuler it the best —Detrhapeik
WhiHt-player« sort their cards ii
and in doiox m) make a gap or
in the appearance of the fan
enrh suit, as if one of the lisi
broken. By the appearance of t
of the hand, no one ou|cht to k
divisions of the nuita- 1. e . Ih«^
ntA know how the hand ik divw
three threes and a four-auit. Tl
very little care, all players can
H'fstmtnster iMpers lA ♦ O:,.
rpcm pickintr up vour hand
count your earns. Tfii« has a dn
vantafl^e, aa it not only make* y
that the proper number vi cai
l>rrn dealt to you. but also help
im pressing upon your mind toi
and strrn^th of your four aaita, i
you in mapping out the Rvncra]
cnmp.iign that you propoac to i
the m.inaRement or the haad
dome this you can also be srrana
linn.lfor \\%y.SUlUm C. W^^k \k
" H'htit n/ To-day."
Th'.* method of arranrrmefll
ni'-ndrd \s to pUce the smallesi i
rril plain suit on one end. and ll
rs,\. card of a black plain salt oa tl
In r:tch nse arrance la order
!»fiillr«t card of the suit to the
Th^n in each case lake the suit o
ferent color and arranKe froa II
est to the highest of that. Voo \
have one suit on each end of jrc
and two tn the middle, one oT tl
brinx the tmmp. and will have li
at each end of the hand. By iMi
of arranicement the danirrr vi
tlon brine oMaincd by an advi
regard to the ooalcmU of
CARDS, CAU.BD
75
CARD OP RE-ENTRY
i tnm whAdh yoa pnll yoor cards
xd to m minimnm. — MUtom C.
- A. H.\ **HnkiMto/T>dajfr
• Liable to b« Called.-
id cards, or cards improperly
are liable to be called by
verasries, sccording to the
r whisL The player liable
penalty is required to place
ra or cards face np on the
so that the same may be
n asked for when the adTcr-
lesire them played.
Bnglish code, the catd led to er>
be called, or a suit can be called
r adTeraary when it is the tnm
id^ndinc player, or his partner,
lead. By the American code, law
lay player leads oot of turn, a
r be called from him or his part-
first time It is the tnra of either
to lead. The penalty can be en-
oly by the adversary on the right
layer from whom a suit can be
caBed.** Thus, by the English
> peaaltles may be enforced, vis..
the card or calling a lead, and
IvcTtary may elect to enact this
By tBe American code, a lead
I be called, and only one adver-
enact the penalty. This is cer-
rednction of the punishment for
play.— >4. IV.Drarson fA+>4+),
L»wt and tVkiU Decisions^
ards ** cards liable to be called,'*
'rican laws differ from the Eng-
the English code, you may lower
ie of yonr hand so that your part-
' are nearly ererv card in it. but
BO penalty fordoiingto. * * * By
rican code, an attempt is made to
this defect (Law ao. Sections 3
Who is to be thejudge as to
the cards were ku Anciently low-
aable partner to see them ? * * *
if the English code, if two cardn
■id together or led together, either
lAlled, and the card not called is
ird card. By the American code,
aifd thrown with the one led or
0 the cvrrent trick " is an ca-
rd. "The plarer mu< indicate
Irdor played.'^ Suppose I hold
ra of a soit, and am last player:
ttd plays king: I throw ace sna
1 the table at the same time. I
ClMt I play the ace, and then lead
ea. By the American code I
aafler for this carelessness; by
Hah code, my queen can be called
iag. I do not think this Amefi-
' la B^od, aa tt glvca ao autay
chances for a careless plsyer to escape
from any penalty.— >4. W. Drayum \L +
yf+], ''Whisi Laws and iVkiU Dtct'
SWIU **
The following cards are liable to be
called by either adversary:
Every card faced upon the table other-
wise than in the regular course of play,
but not including a card led oot of turn.
Every card thrown with the one led or
played to the current trick. The player
must indicate the one led or played.
Every card so held by a plsyer that his
partner sees any portion of its face.
All the cards in a hand lowered or
shown by a player so that his partner sees
more thsn one card of it.
Every card named by the player hold-
ing it.
All cards lisble to be cslled must be
placed and left face upward on the table.
A player muHt lead or play them when
they are called, provideo he can do so
without revoking. The call may be re-
peated at each trick until the card is
played A player canuot be prevented
from leading or playing a card liable to
be called: if he can get rid of it in the
course of^ play, no penalty remains.
If a player'leads a card better than any
his adversaries hold of the suit, and then
leads one or more other cards without
waiting for his partner to play, the latter
may be called upon by either adversanr
to take the 6rst trick, and the other cards
thus improperly plaved are liable to be
called; it mskes no difference whether he
plays them one after the other, or throws
them all on the table together, after the
first card is played the others are liable
to be called.
A plsyer having a csrd liable to be
calico must not play another until the
adversaries have stated whether or not
they wish to call the card liable to the
penalty If he plays another card with-
out awaiting the decision of the sdversa-
ricA, such other card siso is liable to be
cttWf^.—Latus of Whist {.American Code),
Sections jo-^. See, also. Section 35.
Card of Ra- Entry.— Any win-
ning card held in his hand by which
a player may again obtain tne lead.
Where a player has five or more trumps,
he may safely resrard all above four as
cards of re-entrv, but he must be careful
not to reduce their number by trumping
in before the adverse trumps are ex-
hausted.—J?. F. Faster [S. O], ** Wkisi
Strategy.'*
Carda of re-entry arc at times ynrj val-
uable, and great care should be taken in
some situations not to part with them,
even to the extent vi passing a trick or
twa But they are iwdnelcsa aa rc-eotiy
CARLBTON, J. W.
76
«<
CAVBNDISH
—when yoa baTe nottaing to bring in.— •
C. D. P. HamiUom \U A.\, *' Modem Set-
emiific fVkui.*'
Carfcton, J. W.~The manual of
whist in Bohn's well-known Bng-
lish **Handlxx>k of Games," was
compiled by Caotaiu J. W. Carle-
ton, of the Second Dragoon Guards,
who divided it into four sections:
" Whist d la Mathews," " Whist k
la Hoyle," *' Whist k la Descha-
pelles, " and '* Whist k U Carleton. * '
Carfyon, Edward
"Calebs.'
A.—
»>
** Catch - th€ - Tan.**
••Scotch Whist"
oee,
oee,
••Cavandiah."— A pseudonym
under which Henry Jones, M.R.
C. S., of London, Eng., is known
wherever the language of whist is
spoken. The name was taken by
him from a club to which he be-
longed at the time he first took up
his pen in behalf of the modern
game. •'Cavendish," universally
recognized as the leading whist
authority of to-day, was bom in
London, Nov. 2, 1831. At the age
of nine he was sent to King*s Col-
lege School, where, he assures us,
he was more attentive to his duties
in the play-ground than in the
class-room. He subsequentlv at-
tended a private school at Brignton,
and at the age of eighteen he was
entered as a student at St. Barthol-
omew's Hospital, London, where
he did good work, being for a year
drefiier to the distinguished sur-
geon. Sir William Lawrence, Bart.
After passing his examinations, at
the age of twenty-one, he immedi-
ately be^n his professional career.
He remained in active practice as a
surgeon in London until the year
1872, when, finding it impo«ible to
do fiill justice to both his medical
and literary engagements, he de-
cided to give up the fomier.
"Cavendish" wasthirty-
of age when he published
book on whist. The pt
was brought about by Dr.
Pole, who had written an 1
" Games at Cards for iht
Winter," which appeared
millan*s Magazine for E
1861. Dr. Pole had rec
come greatly interested
and read several books on 1
but found that thou^ 1
man^ useful hints, they
furnish any intelligible 1
instruction. This though
him to append the folloii
note to his article in the i
** It would be a great boot
good authority would put
of model games at whist,
planatory remarks, such
found so useful in chess, f
pie. ' ' A few days after th
ance of the article, he r
letter, signed **H. Jonea,
which the writer said: *•
ence to your article in M
of this month, I beg to inl
that I have for some t
adopted the course sufc^
you in note (p. 130). viz.
positions and games at wfa
farly to chess problems an
It nas been my practic
meeting with unusual or
hands, to plar them ovei
self aAerwards, and to wi
down. I take the liben
closing you a specimen
method. Like you, I had
that the publication of a ac
moilel games would be m
hesitated to publish. If
sufiicient interest in my ;
see my collection, and ii
the porter at the * Cavendi
with your name and addn
communicate with yon agi
Dr. Pole answered the
Dec. 4, encouFaging the I
this led to ftathcr cocwa|
" CAVENDISH "
77
tl
CAVENDISH
If
» nimienms interviews and
oons; and the irpshot of it all
at about the middle of 1862,
kppeared a work bearing the
ing title: '*The Principles
list Stated and Explained,
I Pmctioe ninstrated on an
a1 Sj8tem« by Means of
Fla jred Completely Throngh.
ivcndish.* London: Bancks
rs, 20 Piccadilly.*'
ITS fond of games and pas-
tiie yoong man had begun to
whist seriously about the
I54 or 185^ He was a mem-
idiat suBsequently became
to fame as the '^LitUe
School" {(7. v.), a coterie
ents who, like himself, were
Ito the game and anxious
pore Uieir play. They held
' meetings, jotted down in-
ig hands, and discussed im-
t points, being neatly as-
3jthe advice ana decisions
es Clay, M. P., to whom they
xtm at the Portland Club.
>nng medical student from
thoTomew's Hospital was a
I spirit in these gatherings,
e results of his experience,
e knowledge gainea by him,
Bbodied in the now famous
». In publishing the book
not wish to use his own
and so, without giving the
smch thought, he appended
Be of the club in liangham
(bow long extinct), with
lie was then connected. Dr.
rote a review of the new
I tlie F^ld of May 10, 1862,
Sff It np also with a more
9? and genoal one in Afac-
s for January, 1863, all of
bdpea to Wng it to the
of whist-players. It has
one through more editions
ly other book on whist, ex-
that of Hoyle, and there is
3t that it will in time even
exceed the latter. In 1897 the
twenty-second edition was on the
market, and upwards of seventy
thousand copies had been sold up
to date.
Shortly after the publication of
his book he became a member of
the Portland Club, which has been
for over a century the acknowl-
edged centre of European whist,
where for years he played fre-
quently. In 1864 he became edi-
tor of the card and pastime depart-
ment of the J*ield, and two years
later he took charge of a similar
department in the London Queen,
Both of these positions he has hdd
these many years, and he has also
contributea numerous articles on
games and kindred subjects to the
leading maeazines, as well as to
various wonLS of reference. And
thus it came about that in 1872, in
order to meet the many demands
made upon his time by literary en-
gagements, he found it necessary to
five up the practice of surgery,
[is history, since the first appear-
ance of bis ** Laws and Principles of
Whist " (as it was re-named in later
editions), is the history of the mod-
em improved scientific ^ame. His
labors in largely originating and
perfecting (in conjunction with N.
B. Trist) the system of play named
by him the "American leads,** is
told elsewhere. (See, ''American
Leads, History of.**) Although his
theories and improvements in whist
have encountered the violent oppo-
sition of Foster, "Mogul,'* "Pem-
bridge,** Mossop, and other advo-
cates of the old-style game, he has
always enjoyed great popularity at
home, ana greater popularity still
in America, where ne was lionized
in 1893, when he made a five
months* tour through the United
States and Canada. Upon that oc-
casion he attended the third annual
congress of the American Whist
II
CAVENDISH**
78
"CAVENDISH"
Lea};uc, whicii had elected htm an
lioiivirary tiiciiiber at ita or{|;aniza-
tion in i«S9i. He cnme again in
1896, and was a conspicuous figure
At the sixth coivrfss of the League,
at Manhattan lieach, Brooklyn.
Among tliL* many pleasant things
s:ii(l 'it' him at this time, in the
American press, the following was
}>ariicnlarly noteworthy, appearing
Its it did in the New York Sun,
the whist department of which is
edite<l by R. F. Foster:
*' The central figure of attraction
will, of course, Inr Henry Jones, or,
as Home {xrrsons insist on addressing
him, ' Mr. Cavendish,* who has
come all the way from London just
to take part in the whist congress.
* Caventiish' is unquestionably the
father of modern whist, and lias
watch eil over tlie interests of the
game with paternal care for more
than thirty years. His remark-
able abilities as a writer and anal-
yst have set him so far alx>ve
all others, that his name is synony-
mous with whist all over the worltl,
and the works of antece<lent writers
are regirde<l simply aa curiosities
in whist literature."
Besiiles many articles in English
and American periodicals (see,
*• Articles on Whist in Periodi-
cals ** ), " Cavendish *' has alsopulv
lislied the following works: ** Card
Kvsavs. Clav*s Decisions, and Canl-
Table Talk." iSHo; "Whist Devel-
opments. American Leads, and the
Main -Suit Kcho," dedicate<l to N.
U. Tri'it. 1S.S5 ilhe latter part of the
title wjis change<] from ** Plain-Suit
Kcho" to "Tnblocking Oame" in
snbstMjuent editions I ; "Whist, With
and Without Perception,'* iS«9;
".\merican I^ads Simplified,"
1S91; and "Musical Whist With
Living Cards." 1892. It is in each
sncceitiing issue of his *' Laws and
Principles of Whist,'* however,
that his latest and beat thoughts
and endonctnents of other idcaa
and improvements are crysLUised
and given to the world.
" Cavendish's " position ■• a
player is generally acknowledged
to be that of the first nuik, and
among English players eapeciallj
he must be given a place at the very
top. In years gone by he was ia
the habit of keeping a record of bii
play, and this shows that from Jan-
uary, i860, to December, 1878, he
won 15,648 rubbers and lost 15.000^
or, counting points, which tell §u
more, he won in all 85,486 and last
81,055. ^ balance of 443 1 points in
his favor. Proctor, in commentinf
upon thi.s saya it ia impossible thai
so large a lialance shoold have beta
due to mere chance — " the diSti^
ence must have been due to pUy."
"Cavendish's** game, during his
first American tour, in 1803, fns
closely observed bj the leadw
whist-players of this countiy, ul
their impressions and opinions wot
freely expressed and pnbli^fld.
Several of these will be loud
among the quotations which fellofnb
The invefitijcatioiis of *'
whicli hsre hrtu punned by blM
m.iny year* with a patience and
CHii^hneM without rivnl ia Ibc
whist, entitle him to the warmest
from ev^rv admirer of the leaaw.
n.ime will lonff live In the history of]
linh amuwmenta. and will acwr bei
tione<i without the warmeia
of approbatinn.— IT. P. CNirtfn#vl£-f O-L
" Emgltsk Ulkistr '
The question la often pat to aw, **
did you chooae the nmh d> Shiawof *
emiUh'?" I can honcMly 1 _
first ru«hinflr into print I had no
pnrtirulnr raliie attached to thee
of a small book, or to ■■ anlliof^
f>lumf. So I n%-e the matter of a
nym but little thouffhL and
on the tltle^ire the name of a clnlb
I niier! to play smalt whiat.— *«
[U A.], 'Card-nhU TkiM."
We tniat we haw mid _.
that in running down *' Cs
not easy to do ao withont at the m'
running down Mathews. If r
are not Identical. It la lalkar
«•
CAVENDISH
t>
79
II
CAVENDISH
>>
« the ooe befins and the other
is nnneccMary to say anything
modem theories. • • • They
iBight not be approved by Math-
in the bnik the two systems
Fesimmsigr fnpers [Z,-f Oj.
ly years* experience at the table,
1 with his power of instantly
I positions and conditions,
B a master of erery point of the
i he looks upon slavish adher-
Mok as mere machine whist,
mr hand correctly in accorditnce
system which experience has
be the best in the long run, and
as observation and perception
r to be best,*' seems to be his
^im.—Brookljm Eagle^ /89J.
r amusing pen-and-ink contest
n this week on the subject of
le questions seem to be whether
i date of ** Cavendish '* the gume
lad ever been treated on a sys-
Rsis, and whether the Renllemen
scnssions were publi&hed by
sh *' are entitled to the credit of
lertcd any marked influence on
of Uie present day. We are in-
the view that the first question
answered in the negative, and
id In the affirmative. Had the
Kinff men referred to never met
lid nave been no ** Cavendish."
IDS no Clay, no Pole, no article
;»layers in Praser nor the Qnar-
aird department in the Fuld—
•o modem scientific whist puh-
the world.— 7*^ Fitld^ London^
ndeavor to trace out the evolu-
rhist I hare found one name
itly before me in every stage-
Cavendish.** It is he who, by
trioas invcstifnitions, has en-
«■ as to the fashioning of its
c elements in the di.«tant and
«st, while it had only a vague
It is he who has pointed out
slicd upon society at its birth,
loog period daszled the intellect
oa of Bnrope. It was he who,
■rity, took the chief part in de-
I proclaiming its great powers.
be who, largely by his own
• invesled its ola sge with new
s, asd spread them over a new
::Bv«ndish '* dedicated his work
oat eminent whist personage
g; I hope yoa will not think me
■Kotiotts in doing the same.—
% §7 'The Evolution of IVhiUr
t with B concentration impossi-
■ft men.bnt his interest is by no
nftned to his own hand or the
tbe gsme, which at>aorb the
tayer. His eyes are everywhere,
lia la HOC apparent niucas the
observer watches him closely— as closely,
indeed, as ** Cavendish " watches his op-
ponents. • • • But his face is immo-
bile. It is as grave as though his life
depended upon the game. Another thing,
his play is unhesitatingly rapid. In the
lead he seemingly tables the right card
intuitively. In second,third,or fourth hand
his card is laid almost simultaneously
with those he follows. He plays as though
he had fully decided in just what succes-
sion he should throw his cards, without
regard to what the others might put upon
the board. It would seem that much of
his skill depends upon this— that with the
rapidity^ born of long practice he decides
upon his plan of action in the various
contingencies likely to arise, and while
his opponents are more slowly reasoning
out one course of play he is lying in wait
for them at almost every point. • • •
The careful observer of "Cavendish's"
play cannot fail of being impressed with
the fact that three important lactors of his
skill are, trained alertness, wonderful
memory, and the faculty of '* sising up '*
the capabilities of his opponents. His
alertness and powers of memory are put
very much in evidence by his at times
seemingly erratic, but really scientific,
change of lead; and his ability to estimate
his opponents is shown by the fact that
those playing against him rarely fare so
well in the succeeding as in the first
f^rnc- Brooklyn Standard- Union, /8oj.
The first edition of "Cavendish's"
work [*' The Prindplesof Whist "] was a
modest volume of eighty pages, and only
250 copies were printed. Of the eight-
eenth impression, in 1889, no less than
5000 copies were struck off. • • • His ob-
ject was to give the reasons upon which
the principles of sound whist were based,
and to bring them home to the student by
illustrative examples. Its sale has been
little short of that accorded to the tract
of Hoyle. The fiAh edition, called, as all
its successors have been, by the fuller title
of "The Laws and Principles of Whist,**
was ushered into the world in the follow-
ing; year (1863), and the additional matter
which it included comprised a code of
laws, while the text was carefully re-
vised, and the chapter on trumps was re-
cast. When the eighth edition appeared,
in 1868, the text had again been revised,
and manyof the author's conclusions haa
been recast in a different form, while
some cases and decisions approved by
" J. C." had been added. The ninth edi-
tion ( 1868) was, with especial appropri-
ateness, dedicated to Mr. Clay. 8ix years
later the tenth edition came into life, and
was adorned by a frontispiece (since fa-
miliar in successive reissues to all whist-
players) of several players and onlookers
around a card-table. It was taken from
Cotton's "Compleat Gamester," aad la
••CAVENDISH," ANECDOTE 8o
•• CAYENNE "
the original compilation was used as mn
illustration to ** KuflTand Honours." This
edition formed another landmark in the
hintory of "Cavendish," for it contained
many additionn. such as a hrief historical
sketch of the game, a fuller statement of
the di ward, a number of fresh hands, and
sppendices on the leads from more than
four carda. and on trumps. A few edi-
tions came out in subseau«nt years with-
out the addition of any fresh matter, but
with the sixteenth impression, of 1886,
there was incorporated an appendix
which explained the American leads, and
a second chapter on the plaiu'suit echo.
Its successor, which was dated in 1888,
was unaltered, but to the eighteenth issue
(i8te) was added a third appendix of
leads from ace-king and king^ueen suits.
A considerable change was effected in the
twentieth impression, for in it the original
lead of the fourth best was included as a
subsuntive part of the game, and the
third appendix was abolUhed, aa its re-
commendations were incorporated with
the analysis of leads. — If\ /I Courtmtjp
«*Cav«ndlsH," An«edoU by.—
Among the many good things in
his *• Card-Table Talk" "Caven-
dish '* tells the following anecdote
concerning the first appearance of
his book at home, and the reception
accorded it bv his father, to whom
the authorship was unknown:
" When my book on whist was
first published the authorship was
kept a profound secret I sent a
copy, 'with the author's compli-
ments, ' to my father, and great vras
the amusement of my brother (who
knew all about it) and myself at
the 'governor's* guesses as to
where it could have come from.
•* One evening, when about to
play a family rubber for love, we
propose<l to the * governor ' to play
one of the hands in the book, ' to
see if the fellow knew anything
about it,' He consented. We
started one of the hands (Hand
No. 56, p. 246, twelfth edition),
giving my father Y*s hand, others
of our circle taking the other
hands, and mv brother dtting out,
book in hmikC to tee whether we
foUowed the 'book' pljij.
" The * gpvemor* played
all ri^ht till he came to t
at tnck nine, when he
with his established diamo
*' Prater (interrupting
book says that is wrong.'
•* Pater—* WeU, what <
book say ? '
"Prater— 'The book 1
should lead a trump. '
•* Pater—* But there are
trumps in I ' (Hetitatea,
ing tnat he has two tra
that leading one of them
do any harm, leads it^ a
turns round and tnnx
says:) 'Now, what does \
say?'
" Prater (very ouietb
book says you should leaj
trump.'
"This was too much.
thirteenth trump when
give yonr partner a discai
no ! So the * governor ' w
and did not, lead the tnins
8Core«l four.
" We then persuaded hu
the hand again, and to
thirteenth tnmip. To hta
he scored five.
" He then admitted tfa
*very good,' but could i
who in the world had tent
book."
•• Cayenne."— One of
teen or more so-called ¥i
whist It is played by foa
and consists of ten yo\\
trick af>ove six countinn
game. Honors are coi
those holding a majoritj, a
One for each honor held
of their opponents*, mad
honors in general. \(
hand has been played, tl
made hj cards and hy 1»
multiplied by the vahi
trump suit, and this it dc
by the foit whkfa k tame
CAYBNNB
>»
8 1 CELEBRATED PEOPLE
lied ••cayenne" •'Cay-
!8 not necessarily become
J the dealer and his
ive the option of naminjg^
it, if better suited to their
he ••cayenne'* gives to
first rank for that game,
it next in color the sec-
The opposite colors
and fourth, for the pur-
nting. Ifthe** cayenne"
should be clubs, for in-
ides would be the second
rts the third, and dia-
fonrth. If clubs should
m1 as the trumps, the
ie by cards and nonors
nultiplied by four; if, in-
is, spades snould be de-
Q as trumps* the points
mnltipliea by three;
Tumps, would cause the
e multiplied by two; and
by only one. The dealer
le privilege of announc-
ana," which is playing
ly trump suit, in which
s are not counted either,
rick taken in excess of a
iltiplicd by eight Still
privilege accorded the
the ••nuUo." When he
this, he and his partner
usual order of play, and
> take as few tricks as
Every trick taken in ex-
book counts for the ad-
nd is multiplied by eight
•c not counted. If the
kes his choice, his part-
ad by it; but if the dealer
han^ justifying him in
be may leave the choice
his partner. The latter
de. The cards are usu-
not one at a time as in
: four, fonr, and five. No
turned from the ^ck
used in the distribution,
cavenne " is turned from
mdL Tht game is ten
points, honors counting, as well ■•
slams. Of these, the little slam of
twelve tricks counts four, and the
slam propo-, consisting of all the
thirteen tricks, coimts six. The
rubber is won by the side first
vanning fonr games of ten points
each, and any excess of points made
over ten in one game counts on the
next Extra points are scored by
the winners of a game as follows:
Four points, if they make a quad-
ruple (i. e.f if their adversaries
have not scored); three, if they
make a triple, the adverssries not
having taken four tricks; two, if
they score a double, the adversaries
having taken less than seven tricks;
and one, or a single, if Uie adver-
saries have scoreif eight or nine.
"Cayenne" and "bridge** introdnce
the first cbausTS of importance. In " cay-
enne," the dealer and hia partner have
the privilege of changing the tnimp from
the suit turned np.^i?. 7*. FauUr (S. O.],
''Compute HoyUr
Cclcbratad Paopla Who Playad
Whist. — Many of the world's most
celebrated men and women have
been fond of whist, and some at-
tained to great proficiency in the
game. The most profound jurists,
Uie most subtle diplomatists, the
greatest soldiers, the most eminent
divines, and the foremost scholars
and thinkers of the age, have been
among its votaries. Royalty itself
lias Irequently acknowledged its
fascinating sway. In England, the
land of its birth, whist was formally
received at court in 1754, and has
since that time been much enjoyed
by those upon and around the
throne, with perhaps one singular
exception. Whist - players were
among the chief aversions of that
prosaic monarch, George III. No
wonder he lost the American colo-
nies! His predecessor, the second
George, we are told, disliked poets
CBLEBRATBD PBOPLB 82 CELEBRATED PBOPl
and painters, *'but at whist he
never tired.** In personal courage
this monarch resembled Napoleon.
The present occupant of the British
throne has been familiar ^ith whist
from her youth up; and her son,
the Prince of Wales, is also fond of
the game. He was a patron of the
late James Clay, M. P., who dedi-
cated to him, by permission, his
celebrated treatise on "Short
Whist.** E<lward Everett once
told an amusing story, how he and
the Neapolitan ambassador, afler
haWuj^ been presented to Queen
Victona, were informed by Lord
Melbourne that they would be ex-
pected to join in a game of whist
with the Duchess of Kent Mel-
bourne intimated that he played but
a very poor game himself. The Nea-
politan ambassador remarked that,
oeing a bad player, he hoped that
forl>carance would be exercisctl
toward him by the American envoy,
should they chance to be partners.
Everett was forced to acknowledge
that he knew very little of tne
game himself. ** Ilere,*' said he,
in re kiting the story, '* were three
dignified persons, clad in gorgeous
attire, solemnly going to play a
game they imperfectly understood,
and for which none of them cared
a straw.** Upon reaching the
duchess*s apartments they were
formally presente*!, and, upon her
invitation, they all sat uown to
play. To their surprise, as soon as
the canls were dealt, a ladv-in-
waiting placed herself at the hack
of the duchess llie latter remark-
ing, ** Your excellencies will exctLse
me if I rely upon the advice of my
friend, for I am really a poor
Slayer.** The incident, while lu-
icrous in itself, showed how strong
a hold the game had ^ined since
Hoyle first gave it publicity in 1742,
being now considered almost a part
of oonrt etiquette, and OMjred evcii
by those who had no natur
or ability for it
Whist was played in Pn
Louis XV.; and under the £
pire it was a favorite gan
Josephine, and also with t
cessor, Marie Louise. It is r
that Napoleon was in the I:
playing whist at Wurtemb<
not for money. He did n
attentively, being possibly o
with otlier schemes. One e
when the queen dowager w;
ing against him, with her L
and his daughter (the Qu
Westphalia, wife of Jerom
kin^ stopped Napoleon, w
taking up a trick that did
long to nim^ saying, *\Sin
joue fas ict en conquh^m
nis exile, we are told, the e
spent nearly every evening 1
or inns^t-et'Un^ and it is to
sumedhe had more leisure t<
strictly to the game. Cha
was another unfortunate
monarch who loved his rul
whist He was playing I
save the game, at St Cl<
Jul}^ 29, 1830, when the
waving over the Tuilcri
nounced that he had 1*
throne. Still another ezai
furnished by Napoleon I
" Napoleon the Little,** as
Hugo loved to call him. H:
training was obtained in Bi
where he played frequently
Egl i n ton *s. Throughout
was devoted to the game.
beginning of his career he
a lx>1d game, but later on tl
acteristics which marked hit
in the political world we*
revealed in his play. He
seemed to know his own mi
the scheme of the game wit]
he started out he frequentl
doned. Of all the royal or |
whist-players of Prmnce, th
diftinpufhfil wiSy pt^hipt.
!ELBBRATBD PEOPLE 83 CELEBRATED PEOPLE
jmiid. He was considered
f the first pluyers of his day,
in his old ase whist was part
s pleasant daily occupation.
Atf" said he, addressing a
g man who had confessed that
:new nothing of the game,
I do not play whist ? What a
>ld age you are preparing for
tel£ ** It is related of him that
when in England, on affairs
ite, in his younger days, he
1 leave the whist table at three
e mormng, and then go home
rtate dispatches to a secretary
1 hour or two.
:e Tallejrand, the polite but
tdljr distrusted Cnesterfield
ft life-lon^ whist-player, who
Ivanced life was accustomed
' erening to play his rubber.
Beaconsfield loved the game,
fireqnently played with the
e 01 Wides, and also with
I Cla^, who was his friend
xaveling companion, and the
player in all England in his
Speaking of prime ministers,
^oiint Cavour, of Italy, was a
-player whose zeal for the
was unquenchable. He
ted the Soa^t^ du Whist at
i, and was a dashing and ven-
3ine player. Prince Metter-
for nearly half a century
! minister of Austria, was
ler example. It is related that
red to a single game the great-
ifTOw of his lue. One even-
rhile he was engrossed in his
ite play, an express arrived
ismttdies from Galicia. He
1 tne papers on the mantel-
snd tne play continued until
tto the morning. When the
broke up, he was horrified to
that npon his immediate
depended the fate of two
ana innocent persons. *' Had
mich loved whist less pas-
' %" Mdd the chronicler of
the event, "history had never re-
corded the infamous Galician mas-
sacre."
Marlborough, Wellington, Blu-
cher, Von Moltke, were all skilled
in whist as well as war. Of Napoleon
we have already spoken. Marlbor-
ough played the game a great deal
in his old age, and he recognized
its merits long before it had become
fashionable, filucher lost heavilv
at whist in Paris, after the victori-
ous entry of the allies, especially
when pla3ring against the great
player, Deschapelles, who rejoiced
m thus being able to revenge him-
self upon the enemy of his country.
Von Moltke, the greatest strategist
of recent times, played his usual
rubber the night before his death.
On this occasion he had remarkable
luck, and his partner, who usually
held poor hands, was equally for-
tunate. The old field-marshal was
in high spirits. **JVun haben wir
sie!** (Now we have them!) he
exclaimed with a smile, as he
placed his last hand. Without any
assistance from his partner, he won
the rubber with a slam, taking all
thirteen tricks. It was a remark-
able performance, even though it
was afterward asserted that the
game was **cayenne,*' a species of
whist in which the dealer and his
partner have the privilege of chang-
ing the trump from the suit turned
up, if they so elect
And speaking of Von Moltke, we
are reminded of the following: It
is said that late on the night of
February 26, 187 1, after the peace
negotiations between Germany and
France were concluded at Ver-
sailles, the four men who had been
foremost in overturning one empire
and founding another — namely.
King William, his son, the crown-
prince of Prussia, the all-powerful
Bismarck, and the veteran field-
marshal — found themselves worn
CBLBBRATBD PBOPLB 84 CBLBBRATBD PEOPl
out with the anxiety of the day,
and the magnitude of the event
just concluded. Not one could
sleep* and the kins |>roposed a
game of whisU The suggestion
was hailed with delight^ sjnd duly
acted upon. After the last rubber
was concluded, Bismarck voiced
the sentiments of each one when
he remarked: "Now we shall be
ready for whatever may turn up to-
morrow."
There is no limit to tlie audience
to which the game appeals, unless
it be that of intelligence. In music,
Rubinstein, in art, Dante Gabriel
Rossetti, were numbered among
the lovers of whist Among men
of science. Sir Charles Lyell took
a lively interest in the game. Adam
Smith sometimes tore himself away
from his political economy to take
a hand at it. Proctor, the astrono-
mer, was not only a good player,
but a writer and authoritv on the
game. The great English physi-
cian, Sir Astley Cooper, when out
of Ix>ndon on business or pleas-
ure, always played whist even-
ings. George Pcabody, the famous
philanthropist, was fond of whist,
and as rigorous a player as the cel-
ebrated Sarah BattU, immortalized
by Charles T^mb. Among the legal
profession, good players have been
so numerous that we can hardly
particularize, although the palm
must be awarded to Sergeant Ballan-
tine. of Kn^jland, who once playe<l
for six-and-thirty hours at a stretch.
Some of the most noted English
churchmen, too, were fond of whist.
Among others we may mention
Paley. Toplady, Bishop Green.
Home. Bisnop Bathurst, uean Mil-
man, Dr. Parr, the saintly Keble,
Dr. Priestly, Dr. Alexander Car-
lyle. Dr. Robertson, Dr. Blair, and
Btshon Colenao. Of Buller, a fa-
mous bishop of Exeter, it was said
that whiflt had a aof tening influence
on his dispocttion. Man}
brated churchmen in othei
tries also loved whist An An
traveler in Rome, in 183
■even cardinals^ clad in the
ments of their order, pla;
different tables; and Charlej
was of the opinion that C
Antonelli might sit down
Portland or at the Turf (En;
leading whist clubs) and o
on equal terms with such an
sary as Payne. Nor are the
in America, aa a rule, unfrie
whist. Bishop Phillips Bro<
fond of a quiet rubber; a
David Swing played his last
eleven days liefore his deat
Henry K. Dilhird, the blind
as partner.
James Payn, the novelist 1
a good hand at whist, says:
of letters are rarely go«l
players — Lord I*3rtton and I^
almost the only exception]
call to mind — but some o;
have been fond of whist, an
vene<l it by their sallies.'*
few of them were first-class f
it is certain that plenty o
tried to be. Even before
was heanl of. Dean Swiil re<
his memoirs that in No%
1709, he won two shillings a
pence at oml>re and whis
Messrs. Raymond and Moigi
in his journal to *' Stella,'
date of Marrh 2, 1712, he sn
a visit to I^dy Clargesa
where he " found four of t
whist. " John and Henry Fi
Churchill, and Oliver Gol
were among those who naed
at a gossiping, shilling mbb
at the Bedford Arms, in
Garden. Of Hume, the hif
it is laid that* 'till his dyi
whist continued still his' 1
play. ' ' Gibbon, another f(r
torian. Mid: " I play three 1
with {Ueasaie.*' MidBynm
LBBRATHD FBOFLH 85 CHLBBRATBD PEOPLE
± a popular dub in Pic-
and he it was who made the
comparison, "Troy owes to
what whist owes to Hoyle."
Hnnt, Lamb, Hazlitt, and
liers plajred whist regularly.
Rcaae was a clever player,
caused him great chagrin
e was beaten by •* Psycho,"
deriul automaton. Anthony
e inherited his mother's
B for the game, as well as
itude for novel-writinff.
•peaking of Mrs. Tr<nlope,
be said that whist was her
digfat, and the great feature
weekly reunions at Plor-
I which city she had retired
ars of literary labor. Mrs.
a, another well-known lit-
Oman, came to one of these
ma; but great was Mrs. Trol-
egret upon learning that her
id not Know one card from
One of the earliest refer-
0 whist among women is
ed in a letter from Lady
^OTtley Montagu to the
m of Bute, in May, 1749.
J return (from Constanti-
• she writes, ** I found them
MDmerce, which gave place
trille. and that to whist"
rry clever women, Fanny
i and Mra. Proctor, were de-
t the game, although not as
nl pUyers as some others
sex. Harriet Martineau
whist from James Payn,
oyed the game exceedingly,
lebrated Mrs. Grote was
woman whose fondness for
as characteristic. Of Mad-
Stael it is related that she
lie game with eagerness and
oerica whist has been held
1 esteem from the earliest
As eariy as 1767 Beniamin
n became acauaintea with
K in Pluis, ana he noted the
fact in his diary that *' quadrille is
out of fSEudiion, and English whist
all the mode." Among American
statesmen who were devoted whist-
players we may mention Henry
Clay. One night while engaged at
a rubber the cry of fire was raised.
Upon ascertaining that the flames
had not yet reached the adjoining
apartments, although they were
near at hand, he remarked to his
friends, "Never mind; we have time
for another hand." At least, so
goes the story. Washington Irving
played whist regularly, and in his
declining years could not sleep
nights unless he first played a few
gamea He died on November 28,
1859, and on the day previous he
wrote to a friend: ** I shall have to
get a dispensation from Dr. Cooper
to allow me to plav whist on Sun-
day evenings," Edgar Allan Poe
admired whist, and rhapsodized
upon it in his story of "The Mur-
ders in the Rue Mor^e.*' Nathaniel
Hawthorne's enthusiasm for it be-
gan in his college days, but the
only stakes he would play for were
the honor of victory. His son
Julian tells us his father " was a
very good hand at whist.*' Charles
Sumner also liked a rubber. James
Russell Lowell had a steady admi-
ration for the game, which he often
played at the house of Mr. Carter,
secretary to Prescott, the historian,
at Cambridge. John Bartlett, of
** Familiar Quotations" fame, and
John Holmes, brother of the genial
"Autocrat," were the other mem-
bers of the coterie, which played
together regularly for years. Upon
his return from England, in 1074,
Lowell wrote: *' Last night was our
first whist club since my return. I
looked in the record, found it was
John's deal, and we began as if
there had been no gap."
With one more whist incident —
and this an international one-
CHALLBNGB TROPHY 86 CHALLBNGB TROI
must close the preaent article. Gen-
eral Grant, "the sUent man/* was
perhaps }>articularly adapted to the
silent )<anie. At any rate, he loved
it for its own sake, and played it
well. During his famous tour
around the world, in 1877, he was
the >oiest of the Reform Club, in
London, and on June 18 some fifty
menil>ers of the club tendered him
a memorable dinner. Contrary to
his usual custom, the guest of the
evening would not smoke, and after
the banciuet a rubber of whist was
proposed. This pleased him, and
ne sat tlown at a table with Lord
Granville, son of the ambassador to
Paris: the late foreign secretary,
W. li. Forster, and Colonel Strode.
The latter played once against the
general, and once as his partner.
Both games were won by tlie distin-
guishe<l visitor to English shores,
who thus carried oflf the honors of
the rubl)cr. ( See, also, '* Famous
Whist-Players.'*)
Whi4«t haA t>rcti the preferred pattime
of the KreatcHt mm of modern days. The
most prolound philodophers, the g^reate^t
warriors. thoHc who nave attained the
hiKhe<«t rnnk in the pulpit and at the bar,
have made of whint a faTorite game —
'A. Tfump^Jr " [L. O.}.
In a whi>>t coterie at one of theae [I^n-
don club«] may be noticed cabinet
mioi!>oterH. ambanAadors, peers, aenatorn,
statesmen, judfi^cis magistrates, college
profes*-»r-*, literary and scientific celebri-
ties, and other.H oi public reputation, who
euf^aK^ in the NTame with an earnestness
that ••h'lWH it is not an idle pastime, but
a raent:»l exerciM? in which they find renl
attraction —li'tlham /\>U{L. A-i-], "linl-
osopky 0/ H'htstr
Challenge Trophy. — The Amer-
ican Whist League Challenge Tro-
phy originated at the third congress
of the League (Chicago, 1893), at
which time the detirability of
having a trophy that could be
played for between congresses, and
thereby stimalate interclub play,
was diacusaed. The exact atattu of
the Hamilton Trophy (tt
pionship trophy of the Lc
teams of four representinf
clubs) had not yet been
and was not until the si
gress. A committee to t
challenge trophy was in ti
time appointed, and the tr
first played for at the fov
gress. The rules ( as amer
7, 1897) provide that th<
shall be held by the club
it at an annual congress 1
end of the following Septc
shall be held subject to c
from Octol)er i until thi
the following May; and
held from the end of May
opening of the next con
the winner of the last mate
prior to the first of June
League club has the right
lengc, but the holder canr
quire<l to play more frecjue:
once a week without its
The trophy becomes the pc
property of the club whi<
(a) wins it at three annua
ment«%, or {b\ in twenty
actually played. It is also
that a contest for the tro]
take place (during the •»
subject to challenge) at 1
winter meeting of the «
committee. For this pur
surrendered to the comm:
week afler the last match
an'. For such contest t
mittee is to designate two
the section other than thi
last holder. The clubs ]
nated sliall be the two tb
the highest scores of thei
at the last preceding cong
for this purpose the territo
League is divided into two
the East and the West.
comprises all territory ei
east lines of Ohio, Ke'otoc
nessee, and Alabama* the ^
balance of the United Stat
CHALLENGE TROPHY 87 CHALLENGE TROPHY
winners of the trcmhy at the mid-
win termeetinghola it, asbefore, sub-
ject to challenge from any League
dnb in any part of the country.
The matches for the trophy are
played under the system generally
known as the **two table" or
"team of four*' game. Matches
consist of forty-eight deals, and are
divided into two halves, the first
half to be played in the afternoon
and the last naif to be played in
the evening of the day desi^ated.
The players change positions at
every four deals according to the
following schedule, in which the
numbers i, 2, 3, and 4 represent the
players of the challenging club,
and the numbers 5, 6, 7, and 8 the
players of the home club:
FIRST HALF.
FIRST TABUS.
Deals.
l-t
9- xa
13 — 16
17 — ao
ai — a4
8SC0ND TABIDS.
north. South. Bast West
1 and a against 5 and 6
I and 2 against 7 and 8
I and 3 against 7 and %
I and 3 against 6 and 8
I and 4 against s and 8
I and 4 against 6 and 7
North. South. Sast. West
7 and 8 against 3 and 4
< and 6 against 3 and 4
8 and 6 against a and 4
7 and 5 against a and 4
7 and 6 against a and 3
5 and 8 against a and 3
SECOND HALF.
FIRST TABLE.
Worth. South. Bast West
I and a against 6 and 5
I and a against 8 and
I and 3 against 5 and
I and 3 against 8 and
t and 4 against 8 and
I and 4 against 7 and
7
I
SECOND TABLE.
North. South. East West
8 and 7 against 3 and 4
and 5 against 3 and 4
and 8 against 2 and 4
and 7 against 2 and 4
and 7 against 3 and 3
8 and 5 against a and 3
Fifty-six challenge matches, not
indttdnng play-off of ties, and three
tQamaments were plajred for the
trodby from the beginning down
to Satnrday, April 24, 1897, when
the celebrated team from the
Hamilton Club, of Philadelphia —
Mevra. Milton C. Work, Gustavus
Ronak, Jr., B. A. Ballard, and F.
F. Mogridge — took permanent pos-
iCMioii ci it, under the rules, by
aeorinf their twentieth victory.
The ml owing table shows the de-
telt oi this remarkable contest, be-
gmning with the first occasion upon
wbkli the trophy was competed
1894 CONORBSS, Won by MlNlfSAPOUS.
1894.
November 10— Minneapolis vs. Chicago,
a^-io.
December aa— Minneapolis vs. Still-
water, 30-17.
December ag— Minneapolis vs. Fergus
Falls, 3>-5.
1895.
January 11— Minneapolis vs. St. Paul,
24-13-
Under the rules, the Minneapolisdnb
surrendered the trophy to the executive
committee, who selected the teams from
the Bast nnd West to play for the trophy
at the midwinter meeting.
January ao— Hamilton vs. Chicago,
30-^6.
February 8— Hamilton vs. Knickcr>
bocker, 39-16.
CHALLBNGB TROPHY 88 CHAIXBNGB TROPB
Febnury aj— Hamilton vt. Newton,
ao-13.
March 9— Hamilton vs. Brooklyn. 37-19.
March 16— Hamilton vs, Baltimore,
17-16.
t March aj—Park vs. Hamilton. h-s3<
March 30— Park vs. Philaclcluhia,35-aa.
April 6— AltMti^ vs. Park, at^22.
April 13— Continental vs. Albany. a6-ao.
April a»— (Continental vs. Hamilton),
ao>».
April 37— Hamilton vs. Continental,
189s COIfORBU, WOSf BY NaIHVILLB.
October 19— Hamilton vs. NaahTille,
-13-
November 9— Hamilton vs. Park, 37-11.
November 23— Baltimore vs. Hamilton,
■I&.
December 7— Philadelphia vs. Balti-
more. 30-13.
December 14— Continental vs. Philadel-
phia. 3I-I.V
December 3i— Albany vs. Qmtinental,
34-17.
December 39— Albany vs. Brooklyn,
34-30.
1896.
January 4— Capital Bicycle Club vs.
AIiMiny. 31^22.
January 18— Capital Bicjrcle Club vs.
Hamilton. 27-21.
January 25— Baltimore vs. Capital Bi-
cycle Club. 21-17.
Trophy surrendered for the mid-winter
meeting.
January 2B~8t. Paul vs. American, 35-
II.
February 33— St. Pan! vs. Chicago, 31-19-
March 1— St. Paul vs. Pergua Palls, 41-
13.
April II— St. Paul vs. Chicago. 31-13.
April 37— St. Paul vs. Duluth. 37-11.
1896 CoRoaBaa. Wow by Nbw Yobk.
October lo-New York vs. Philadelphia,
39-21.
October 34— Narraganaett vs. New York,
J6-17
October 31— Narraganaett vs. Brooklyn.
November 7— Hamilton vs. Narragan-
aett. 2&-9.
November 14— Hamilton vs. Boston Du*
plicate, 36-16.
Noverat>er 21 — Hamilton vs. Amrita
(Poughkeepftle). %<(-(».
November 38— Hamilton vs. Baltimore,
36-21.
December 3— Hamilton vs. Capital Bi-
cycle Club. 29-14.
December i3~Hamiltoa vs. Wilming-
ton. 3S-30.
Peeember 19— AmericBB vs. HaialltOB,
•B.PBt1t(Ftela-
icld), iS-17.
1897.
January 3— AmericBn m. atntci
19-30.
January 9— American m. Newtc
anuary 16— Albany vs. America
anuary 33— Albany vs. Alban
I 33-18.
January 30— Albany vs. Cc
(Washington, D. C), si-ij.
February 6— Albany vs. New
33-16.
February 13— Albany stt. New 1
»9-
Trophy surrendered for the mli
meeting.
February 30— Albany vs. St. Pat
March 6— Albany vs. Boston Di
17-16.
Msrch 13— Albany vs. Narragan
16.
March 30— Hamilton vs. Albany
March 37— (Hamilton w.Baltimt
32.
April I— Hamilton vs. Baltimon
April 3— Hamilton vs. Walbroo
April 10— Hamilton vs. Park. 34
April 17— Hamilton vs. America
April 24— Hamilton vs. New Jei
13.
The following is a summ
the winners in toe various o
for the trophy:
Nai
Name of Clab. mau
Hamilton Club, of Philadelphia
The Albany Club. Albany. N. Y.
Minneapolfi Chess, Checkers,
Whist Club
St. Paul ChcM and Whist Club .
American Whist Club. Newton, K
Park Club. PIsinfield, N. J. . . ,
ConlinenUl Club. New York . .
Baltimore Whi»t Club
Capilsl Bicycle Club, Waahini
D. C
The Whist Club, of New York .
The Nsrragansett Whist Club
Providence
The Philadelphia Whist aub . .
The Nashville Whist Oub ...
ToUl
The trophy having been ]
nently won. a new one wa
chased, and plajred for th
time at the seventh congi
the LeajB^, at Pnt-tn-Bay.
made ofstcrling silver, line
gold, with three supporting
and stands on a broad haw
the oataide, within a ah id
CHAMPIONS
89 CHANGE THB SUIT SIGNAI<
*' The American Whist
Trophy Challenge Cup,
are enameled. Its fint
on was contested for by
a clnba, Toledo finally win-
ovcr Albany, by sixteen
(See, ''American Whist
npions, — The winners in a
at whi&t, arranged for the
i of testing the respective
of individuals, teams, or
The Hamilton Trophy is
impionship trophy of the
an Whist League, and the
lyers winning it at each an-
>ngTess are entitled to the
.tion of champions of the
for the ensuing year.
npioffiship Trophy. — See,
Iton Trophy."
ic«s at Whist.~Hoyle was
: to make elaborate calcula-
' probabilities in whist. This
of his teaching was satirized
e H u mours of Wh ist . * ' He
rds wrote a separate book on
bject, entitled, **An Essay
3 Making the Doctrines of
s Easy to Those Who Un-
d Vulgar Arithmetic.'* Ma-
ilso mentioned the calcula-
probabilities as useful in
; early leads, but did not
out the subject in detail.
Lit of the science of whist
rds became neglected, until
many years later by Dr.
d others in the philosophi-
le.
d at whist will last only a few
we may have a hundred of them
xeniniT'. and yet. throu^:hout a
whole life, no two nimilar ones
' ocxruT— tVtJham PbU[L. A-\-\.
hi«t player's maxim, that "the
rer fonci"^." l« based upon expe-
' the (act that when yoa hare got
kc in yoar hands, and throw it
•way, the peculiar combination under
which socoeas was possible is not likely
to^xxur again.— TV IVhist TaibU.
There are no less than 635,011,559.600
ways in which a hand can l>e made. That
all the cards in the hand may l>e trumps
(the dealer'sL of course, must be taken),
the chance is but one in I58i753.389«9oo
(one>foarth of the numt>er just men-
tioned). A few years ago (see. ** Whist
Whittlings** iu **How to Play Whist,"
pp. 190, 191), two cases of the kind were
recorded, and many seemed to suppose
that there must t>e something wrong In
the mathematical computation of the
chance. For, they said, in 158,753,389,000
cases only one would give this particular
hand, and yet two cases occurred within
a few years of each other, within which
time so many hands could not possibly
have been dealt Now, there was here at
starting the fallacy that. t>ecause but one
case in so many is favorable, so many
trials must be made to give an even
chance of the event occurring. As a mat-
ter of (act, a much smaller numt>er of
trials is necesssry to give an even chance.
Take a simple case— the tossing of a coin.
Here there are two possible results, but
it does not take two trials to give an even
chance of tossing head— one trial snfiicea
for that' and the chance of tossing head
once at least in two trials instead of t>eing
one-half is three-fourths; the odds are not
even, but three to one in favor of tossiug
a head. In like manner, if 158,753.389,900
hands were dealt, the odds are not even,
but largelv in favor of a hand of thirteen
trumps being among them. Moreover, if
the odds were shown to l>e ten, or even
twenty,to one asrainst the event occurring
in a much smaller number of trials, y^
there is nothing very surprising in an
event occurring when the odds against it
are ten or twenty to one. But large
though the numberJuHt mentioned may
seem, the number of whist-players is also
large. It would not be much out of the
way to suppose that among all the whist-
playing nations of the earth a million
whtst parties play per diem, and to each
we may fairly assign twenty deals. On
this assumption it would require only
7950 days, or not much more than twenty
years, to give 159.000,000.000 trials, or
much more than an even chance of the
remarkable hand in question.—^. A,
Froctor \L. 0,\.
Change the Suit Signal. — The
idea embodied in the trump si^al
is to ask or call for the lead of
tmmps, which seems to have had
its inception in the generally ac-
cepted irregularity in long whist
CHANGB THE SUIT SIGNAL 9^
CHANpiNG SUITS
whereby a player, in calling for
honors, aim. under certain condi-
tiuns. called for trumps. General
Drayson. in an appendix to the
thirc'l e<lition of his **Art of Prac-
tical Whist." argued that a l)etter
way of defining tne meaning of the
motlern signal was that, when a
person played an unnecessarily
Iiigh card followed by a lower one,
he winbed his ])artner, on obtain-
ing the lead, to ** change his suit to
trumps.'* Tliis might by some be
consiilere«l a distinction without a
difTerence. but it is merely the pre-
]tniinar>' to a development, or im-
provement, which the author now
proposal, and which, he claimed,
wouid enable those adopting it to
convey information that would, on
many m-casions. !>e worth two, or
even thn-e, tricks. He savs:
**At the early stage of the play
of a hand. I suggest that playing an
unnecessarily high canl means
* chart i^r your suit to trump^.*
When, however, the trumps have
all txren played, or when r>nly one
or two remain in, and when the
play of an unneci-«s:irily high card
cannot mean Mead a trump,* then
the play of an unnecessiinly hi^jh
rar«l me in** than-'C your suit.** In
other wort Is. when lliere is no dan-
ger I if mistaking it for a signal or
an rc!:o. one player may request
hi!>;i:tr:ner t«» change fnjin the s;:it
the J. liter is Ir. tiling by making a
trump M..:n:il in it. r,eneral I>ray-
siiTi « I.iiins ih.ii hi>:hly inti'lli>^ent
pla>«Ts in.iy mikr use of the mn-
vin:;'-ii a'sd* when st»me trumps
<V.\ ren;.ii:i in I'l.iv. He m*. -^r
mm m
" At T ri— ■•:! \\w iil.iv of an unne-
rfs-,.iri!y \\\^\\ i iril xnv.ins «»ri'iy.
•j'lay me a trump as &«iun as you
grt the Ir.i-l.' If, however, we
ai!(i].t the r'^U* I recommend, and
u>;ri-e that the fir.\t meaning of the
plav Iff an ntineeefLsarily high card
mcan^ '(.-han>;e your suit to trumps,*
bnt that if the previous pUj of the
cards shows that this unseccHsrily
high card cannot memn ckamge
your suit to trumps^ then it mesas
change your suit to one of the two
others which you are not leading—
in other words, it says, * any ocEcr
suit will be better for me than a
continuation of a thinl ronod oC
the suit you are now leading.* "
In conclusion. General Draysoa
savs thst this is not the introdnctaoa
o( a new conventional signal, bat
merely increasing the poweis oC
one at present in ase, and ** whidi
is now rather cramped and arfai-
trary in its meaning.'* In _ ~
to possible conflict with other
nals, he says: '* When
trumps are led by your
the present conventional system ol
intimating that you holci fov ii
suit by playing the lowest bat ooj^
followed bv the lowest, woald slw
be followed without any cbaaoe ef
confusion. The play of aa oi^
necessarily high trump would— If
we kept to the letter of the ptte*
ciple— mean, change your sot l»
ti-umps, as the first meaning; a^
however, trumps were being le^
the play of the unnecessarily h^
card in trumps amid only maiB
that the player held four tinnpaM
least,"
Changing Sulla. ^There it M
rule without its exception, bat Iht
authorities arc all agreed that l»
change huit» in playing i
to lose tricks thereov.
pnppists and fKrginners love to
tlienii^h
i^ii cards in e%'ery suit in
}] ind. in turn, for the p!ei
gives them to temporarily plaja
winning game; but the final MM
is disastrous, and there is no p»
tense at partnership play. In |n>!^
ing whist, pmperly spcmkiag, it ■
better to stick to snd retvra to jmm
best salt, which you originallj Idl
CHANGING SUITS
91
CHEATING AT WHIST
oagh you are obliged to lead
which you know will be
>y your opponent. The ex-
Eil conditions under which it
to change suits are such that
perts can take proper ad-
r of them. The novice had
»bey the rule until he learns
disobey it with profit.
ing ituils is one of the most com-
;hods of dropping tricks.—^. F.
'. O.]. 'IVhislTactici."
•s mischievous, generally, to lead
losing card, than to open a fresh
hich you are very weak.— "Caw"
'kat to Lead."
eneral rule la: avoid changing
ut the development of the hand
ider a change necessary under
onditions.— AuA^r Ames [L. A.]
common delosion to fancy that
Hiit is declared against 3rou, you
ent it making by leading some-
te; whereas you merely postpone
lay, and do mischief in the in-
"Armbrtdge " [L-^O.].
I changing suits." This maxim
lot t>e departed from unless the
r of vour hand or the fall of the
tify it. There is, perhaps, noth-
xxiuctive of loss as injudiciously
X suits.— C D. P. Hamilton [L.
dem Scientific Whist r
are five good reasons for chang-
^ tmt unless one of them can be
the suit should be continued:
-der to lead trumps to defend it.
irder to avoid forcing partner,
der to avoid forcing both adver-
[4) Because it is hopeless, and
lome chance in another. (5) To
a croas-ruff. by leading trumps. —
xter [5. O ). 'CompleU Hoyler
nly l>elieve the greatest failure of
age whister is a wonderful desire
e the suit. Our advice is. when
e the lead, having won a third
hand. t>e absolutely sure it is the
•lay to shift the suit before you
» do so. and if there is any doubt
nind on the subject, give the ben-
lat doubt to the suit that has just
1- Remember, every time you
lew suit you place yourself at a
itage. unless it is headed by a
rd sequence of which the queen
r»onent part.— .V/Z/on C Work [L,
^tladei^kia Telegraph.
changing suits. * * * If you
d the lead before, it is generally
r to pursue your origiiial leaa.
If yoD have not had the lead be-
fore, it is in most cases advisable to open
your stronjg suit, when you possess great
strength in any suit, for you open such
suit to advantage; but witn weak or only
moderately strong suits, which you open
to a disadvantage, you would, as a rule,
do better to return your partner's original
lead, or to lead up to the weak smt of
your right-hand adversary, or through
the strong suit of your left-hand advert
sary.— *'Cat*rm/«A '^ [/.. A.\, ''Laws and
Principles of Whist.''
Character and Whist. — If you
wish to discover the real character
of a man,play whist with him. The
whist-table will reveal his peculi-
arities, if he has any. It will re-
move the mask from his face, if he
is wearing one.
There is no game which reveals to as
more the character of a man than whlst.-~
A. C. Ewald.
Here the true gentleman appears in his
real element; here may be compared the
silence in prosperity with the pretentious
braggadocio of^ the winner; the kind for>
bearance to the faults of a partner, with
the angry looks, the shrugging shoul-
ders, ana oflen the irritating remarks of
the loser. In no place in the social circle,
nor in the free and easy haunts of club
life, can one cultivate so well that equa-
nimity so necessary to the polished gen-
tleman as at the whist-table. — "/f .
Trump, Jr:' [/.. O.J.
Cheating at Whist.~Whist in
its earliest and but partially de-
veloped stage was much used by
card-sharpers as a means of fleecing
the unwary. Cotton and Seymour,
in their several editions of **Thc
Complcat Gamester," showed this
to be a fact; and Hoyle, the first
teacher of whist, not only taught
the game itself, but showed how to
counteract the tricks of the gam-
blers and blacklegs. It is surmised
by some that he was something of
a gambler himself, and gained his
knowledge in this way. Every im-
provement in whist which tended
to make it more a game of skill and
less a game of chance, lessened the
opportunities for cheating. The
fact that whist in Bngland and
CHEATING AT WHIST
92
CHBATING AT WHIST
Europe is played for small, ver^'
often uoiiiiiial, stakes, aiul in this
country, as a rule, entirely without
staki's, also Uikcs away a powerful
inciniivL* for chi'atin>;. ProU'S-
sional cHKtks flo not waste Uieir
talents <in the desert air, and have
lon}{ sinci.* <liscovcred more con-
^ciii.il j^.LHies of chance at which to
ply lluir vcKMtion.
Till* d.inj^cr from professional
clic:ilin>; U-iiif; practically nil, there
remains t«> he consi«lcr«l the chance
of chcatini^ Hmon}{ amateurs.
Hnni.m nature and vanity is such
th;»l «'ccasi'»nally s«»nu* ])!ayt-rs are
n«>t unwiliin^^ to takeadvanta^^e of
unfair means in their etTorts to
arliiv-ve a victory, althou);h such a
victory, in Hit* i-nd. must be dearly
Ih>uj^!iI, ])rinj;iiij^ with it slin;»s of
con^Lii-nce instead of no])k* satis-
f.iittoti. Many wht> practiie little
deci-Mions would perh:ii>N Ik.* ln»r-
rifu-il ti» hear them plainly charac-
terize* I as t'heaiin>;, such as the
revoke on punxj-r. the nverseein;^
of an anta;^onist's haul, ' in l-ln^-
laii'lj the claiming; of l:««nors wlii.'h
were never held, ami other like
])r.ict:iis. One «if the iimsi serious
con-i>l'» in collusion l»elween jiarl-
ner-* in setTellv convex inj^ inf<»rin.i-
tiiiii i-nnt'ernin;; the hands or play.
l*riv:iti' i<»n\rniion< or j>rearra!i]L:i'd
signal- nre rhe.i*.iiivr. a:id should at
onee *-llS'' I t the I'MeUiler- t«» exvul-
sion from tht- chih f»r whist cir<'le.
TI-.' :■ I- .1 i-'piil iT ' ♦ liff tli.il I iT«l !.iw«
;i»,. ..ii -i-Ii -I !-i •■?• v!ii t li'.it ini: T^'iiN
'•!.■! ': w v ' "." a'\' :••■' ''•■* ' I r ■"• "1*
'\".\'- ;■• t: i"'v ■ t '■'••■ i?m' 1* rx-"'n*i"M tr itti
*.-.:■:. . .J : ■■ r. /. . ^ I . .{ \tltJJj-
\\' '.-t r.'f. »w vrry Irxr ' yy irtuiKtitH li
tJ.f T '. '.'■.. i:;i«r W'.' :: li n-r- .it'-
c ■■.•■. '. y.r ••: \\ 1-r ,".*i> t-i ki i ji •■rirt^n
111- '- i\ -"i ■ r t'lr ]i.ick iinti! lh»- e«im].;i'.
ti- !i ' '.v.' ''.i-.il ^ \ iti.-ikiiik' th* ii.!*". .put-
li"i; t'»»- twii ]"rt«. of iSi tiifk ^a^fc a«
l!v\ u. n- :.rf,.ri Ihr rut'i iih»-r thr cnri!*
ii.iv»- '••■•: I -it • • • WSrn whi*! n.nl.iv'l
with i!; v.iii»- |Hi.-k a very *ki". If 111 fclmftlcr
may gaihrr the card* without duturbiof
the tricks, and hv Rtvlajc then a aingSc
intricate MhufHe, then drnwinir the midillr
of the pack from between the end* aad
givinK them another single intricate
hhnfflr, he may occnmonaliy micceed in
deulinif himielf and hia partner a vrry
striinic hand in trunipa, nu matter bow
tht- curdh are cut. m> that they jire noC
shuffled again. A hand dealt in thu
manner i» fmnied on the walU nf the
CuhimbuH (O.) Whikt Club; elveen trnrntia
hnvinff ttecu dealt tu the ^rint-r. and the
tweinn turned up. In th» caac the ahuf-
fling dexterity wan the reault of filteea
veatH' practice, and was employed aiwplv
Icir nmiiwenifnt.— /^. /'. /'v^lrr [S. Ol
"C'ompirU Huyter
A story* is totd of a doctor who drctiaed
to play with n man and hia wife, who al-
ways jilayed h« p.irtners. On tieiBK asked
why. he Vuiul- "It is very curiou*. btfl X
n I liter that whene%-er it is the lady's tara
lu Ii-iiil. she h'-^itates. Then if her has-
lMin>l s.iy». 'llniric-t. my dear, it i« >oar
Ir.nl.' hhi- leads M heart. If he !>^y». 'Come.
d<-.ir, U-ad,' ••he leaiNa club and soon. I
don't i'lrelo p]a\ anain^t Iheni "
More than thirty ye:ir<i .iicfj ■ rinitor
w:ii ititro€liKc-<| at a cluh ol whiih I wsj
a nil ii;:>er !(«■ w.ii tall ami v« r> ut. acd
w.LHwl:.ii •>:iil •r^lcrni ' diif( riKK^ • "—that
i«. wht-n hf sal in a chair hr w.i« neariy
:i« tall .10 whr-fi he otix} up. X Mwm ob-
M rve>l lh;it hr h:iii a habit ut Klanrin^ at
hiH :i(lvM>yir> s t:«rdo. As he salon my
r\^\\\ I i^Iaye i after him. mj I arranged my
c.ir-U .i«.vori|iiii(:y
I heM acr. ten. tinir. and two of spadnL
»o 1 i-iiiii-i-:iU'l my ten tfi-hind the fo«r.
ThiH •.iiu w.i^ !• d up to mr. and I took ■•
rxira prfCttr.Kni* to prrTriil my"dct|*
ruKrd ' ailvi ;<mr.\ :roni M:rinK mv can&
.Mti-r II slight hr-'tiniitfit h*-. thinlin haad.
)i'i.«\<-il thf ciKlilol *i;».iilr4 I (tullrdoSl
my trn .ind wi>ii Ihr tnrk. and saw Ihtl
th'fo w.(- .1 •'h•P^ k At llir- rnd of the haad
I rf:n. irked t> hi:r: That was a vrrv
(li> ]i tiii«-hMr you iiMdc with ttie eight Of
^{<.l■lf *
\V<;i I thoiiijht you had DoCktag
hij:'!* '• '":t iJi* ai • "
" ll'^w did >nu know I ha • :he ace**
' Wi-ll. I f.iiiiU'l >ijii ir.iiot haTr it '*
T!rit iiikThl thi^ Krnliirian rrreired ■
hint l!i ii Mio :u!.iTr vi-it« to the clab
llil^^t Im- i!l«;i*'i:*r'l witJi
Tu • tistii u«* •! I • jiiiu a rublter brt
w ii' ) ; ' ji\ >in!y as {-.irtncTM The reaa«,a
lh« y .i»-ii;ii>-i1 i'lr dn^m; ^o wa« that tbcj
went •'hnrr^ in Ihrir !• «•«-« i r ninniagi^
and if Ihry wrrr a'ivrrviri* «lhe\ t-jok ■•
ii;t'rr -t ill Ihr n suits It »«« remarked
th It Ihry wrrr v»ry surer *sf!i!. e^peciallv
in 1'*Bdine that *uit which w!«« hr%t swiUa
to {lartnrr. I wa« R«kff>tl to visit the wMA
rc-ra and try if I cimld diacnrer any 11^
CTCL Ilcfore two nibticn bad brca pUy«d
" CHINESE WHIST "
93
<l
CHINESE WHIST "
ty told Home looken-on that I had
rred something, and to prove m^
■aid I would indicate what suit
be led by each of these men at
periods of the same, especially
here was a slight hesitation. Dur-
e play of two hands I named the
U would be led nine times out of
M this result was considered to
t to prooi; I was asked to supply
r, which was very simple,
e are four fin^^ers on each hand,
m are four suits. Arransring the
alphabetical order they stand, C.
a. The first finger represented
he second diamonds, and so on. A
holding his cards in his left hand.
g the aecond finger outside, wished
kds led. Sometimes, as a variation,
tit hand was brought up and the
an through, the indicating finger
Mttaide. The operation was per-
very quickly, Irat would be per-
at a glabce, and I saw that each of
men, when it was his lead, did
at bis partner's hand,
e are scoresof other wajrs in which
information could be given, but
ic come under the head of private
, or, in other words, cheating.—
Drmon [L-^A-^], IVhist, May
lilfiCM Whist."— Another
ot, or variety, of whist, some-
resembHng double-dummy.
played with a full pack of
wo cards, by two, three, or
tenons. The game usually
ts of ten points, honors not
Off except by agreement.
Rntr F^y, the partners sit
lie each other, as in whist
rds are dealt to each, one at a
and spread out face down
it being examined. Six more
ire then dealt to each player,
lese are sorted into suits and
, face up, upon the other
Lastly, one card is dealt to
ilayer, and this he holds in
»L It must not be exposed
aed. Then follows the play,
ijer to the left of the dealer
Lone of his exposed cards.
f» must follow suit if they
rther from their exposed card
1 the CBid in hand. Having
of the suit, a player may
throw away or trump. Before the
next lead, all the cards which have
been uncovered are exposed face
upwards. Thus the game proceeds
to the end. All tncks above six
count towards game, as in whist
In the three-handed game each
player plays for himself against the
other two, as at three-handed
euchre. The two-handed variation
appears to have become popular in
this country of late years, as the
following description bv a writer
in the New York Tribune (Sep-
tember 8, 1895) would seem to in-
dicate:
" Two-handed whist is being
played at some clubs and private
parties, and a variation has been
introduced which makes it resemble
more than ever the regular four-
handed game, and has infused new
interest in it As has been before
explained, the game is played by
dealing to each of the two players
one- half of the cards, one at a time,
as in the regular game. The cards
are then placed on the table in piles
of two, so that each player has
thirteen piles. The top card of
each pile is turned up at the begin-
ning of the game. This leaves
thirteen cards in each hand ex-
posed. Play begins with the non-
dealer, who plays one of his
exposed cards, and, as soon as the
trick is taken, he turns up the card
that was beneath it. In this way
all the cards are finally exposed
and played.
"As two cards make a trick, there
are naturally twenty-six tricks in
all, thirteen of which it takes to
make a book, after scoring whicdi
every trick counts one point Thtis,
while it is possible to make thir-
teen points in one deal, it is also
possible to have no count whatever,
and in actual play it frequently
happens that neither player nuikct
a point in a particular ded.
CLAPP. MISS GERTRUDE 94 CLAPP, MISS GERTRU
** The variation of the {^atne is to
arrange the canls as before de-
scril>ed, wlien the non-dealer be-
gins the play. As soon as he has
made the play, he turns up and ex-
i)oses the canl which was covered
l>y the card playe<l. The other
player then plavs, and likewise ex-
poses the card uncovered. The
first player tlien plays another card
on the saine trick, again exposing
the face of the card underneath tlie
one played, if there be one, and the
second player has the last plav.
This, of course, makes only thfr-
teen tricks, and the regular rules
of whist govern in counting the
points."
" Chinese whUt *' ia double-dummv for
two, ihrcc, or four pernuuH. ouly half of
each pluyer's cards being cxiK>8rd, the
others being turned un an the cxiK»sed
cards are got rid of in Ine coume of p'.av.
—H. F. Fostrr \S. 0.\, *'CompUU Hoyle:^
Clapp, Miss Gertrude. — One of
the earliest and foremost lady teach-
ers of whist Miss Clapp began
teaching the ^mc in New York
City in the spnng of 1887, and has
tau'i^ht there every winter and
spnng since that time, beginning
with January i, and ending
with June i. She averages four
classes a day, making about one
hundred and fifty persons each
week. In addition to her work in
New York, she has also taught
largely in Philjidelphia, Pittsfield,
Lenox, \Villiamstown,.'\lbany, Hart-
forl, Southampton, Orange, Wash-
ington, Pitt-slmrg, Milwaukee, and
Mt. Desert. Among her pupils are
manv who have become distin-
guisfied as players.
Whist is one of Miss Clapp*s
earliest recollections, as both her
? grandfather and grandmother were
ond of the game, and in their dav
and generation noted for their skill.
She was not quite nine yean of age
when she was admitted to the
of filling a vacancy at the
**The next evening after s
attempt,'* said Miss Clapp, i
rating the incident, '*! ren
telling my grandmother that ]
like to play again, as * now ]
whist.' Her reply was mos
acteristic, to the effect that ;
who knew so much must :
more sleen, and I was sccoi
sent to l)ca instead. I menti
incident because it illustrmt
respect for the game; and all
I smarte<l under a sense of si
justice at the time as to e
her words indelibly upon m]
ory, I have long since loo
myself from her standpoinL
** Later, as a young girl
continued, '*I had the adv
of plfiying continually witl
players outside of my own 1
One in particular stands out
relief—^ man of such geniui
game that very few cared I
with him in the small whist
of a country town, fesrir
wounds to their amour pro^
his cutting frankness and m
criticism spared neither friet
foe. I have often said I wi
trolled by two fears on thos<
sions when I had the proud
of lx:ing his partner: the fii
that he should see the tears
were more than often in m
and the other, the dread t
woul<1 never play with me m{
** When, later, drcumstsn
duced me to teach whist, I
how much good such a 1
master had done for me; and
plaining the many points
practiced for yeas s, sim^y t
ne commamied me to («
going into the reason of thi
ave found how philoso|>hic
logical his conclusions were.
*' The gift of impsrtinip, it
to me, is a game in ifelf c
CLAY, CHARLES M.
95
CLAY, CHARLES M.
ndent of the game one is at-
ng to teach; and it is just
in this thought, that the
of saccess in teaching seems
to lie. It is an excitement
the different avenues to dif-
minda— a problem which
dres, because it is so difficult
ft
V Charles M. — A well-known
inal3rst and composer of what
itly c^led whist perception
ma. He was the first to ori^-
tieae fascinating exercises in
and has occupied the field
entirely alone up to the
tdate.
Clay was bom in Gardiner,
, October 7, 1847; the son of
K> Clay, a leading lawyer of
nnebec bar, and Abby Bourne
I member of the old Massa-
ts family afler whom the
»f Bourne was named. Both
Clay's parents were fond of
and his mother had a re-
blc faculty of guessing where
■ds lay — a faculty which, it is
SB to say, descended to her
irelve jrears of age he began
c an active interest in the
forming with other boys a
Ic club which was conducted
II the gravity of their elders.
:ecn years of age he tried to
p a bent for business in a
a Illinois, but he soon found
le preferred an intellectual
vcn at the price of being
i to educate himself In this
nor he succeeded, and in 1869
I graduated from Dartmouth
e. During his college course,
r a year after graduation, he
school. In 187 1 he became
igineer on the European and
American Railway, and a
ear later assistant chief en-
of the Boaton, Hartford, and
Erie Railway, in Boston. Here he
was burned out in the ^reat fire of
1872, and this, in addition to the
general railroad depression in 1873,
caused him to leave the profession
and return to teaching. In 1883
he became head master of the Rox-
bury High School, a position which
he still holds.
All this time Mr. Clay continued
to play his favorite game during his
leisure hours. In 1880 he was in-
vited by Fisher Ames to join the
Boston Whist Club, but would not
( much as he appreciated the honor)
because they did not play the
American game of seven points
without honors. In 1886, in con-
junction with G. W. Pettes and
other believers in the American
game, he helped to form the Des-
chapellesCluD, in Boston,** which,"
he says, * * we fondly hoped was to
begin a new era in whist The
club had a mission to fill, undoubt-
edly, and filled it; but it was not
established upon a right basis, and
so died an inevitable death.** He
felt honored to be asked to under-
take its reorganization and accept
its presidency; but it did not seem
to him to be founded upon correct
principles, and consequently he de-
clined. He subsec^uently organized
the American Whist Club, of Boa-
ton, of which Fisher Ames became
the president upon Mr. Clay's invi-
tation. "At last,** to quote his
own words, ** we have in Boston a
whist club founded, it seems to me,
upon a right basis, playing the
American game, and with every
element of permanency.**
In October, 1893, he sent to l^htst
a hand taken from actual play, in
which he had been able to place
nearly all the cards after five tricks.
Studying such hands seemed to
him to be of much more value to
the average player than dummv
problems, and he had used his
CLAY. JAMKS
96
CLAY. JAMES
mctlincl for several years to teach
friends wlio had n])plie(l to him fi>r
assistance in learn iiij^ the ^anie.
The warm recejHion accorded his
"perception problem" upon its
appearance in the November num-
ber of H'hist encoura^e<l him to
continue similar contributions, and
he adopted the principle of ilhis-
tratinjL^, in turn, all the UifTercnt
phasfs of actual play.
Whist of July, 1S97, calls atten-
tion, as follows, t<i another whist
invention ni Mr, Clay's: *' The new
Clay movement, for u^e in cnnipass
{{.'itne'i ami tor multiple fours, is a
v;»st improvement over former
metlnnU wlienev«T an even number
of trays can be UM-d at each table.
This systiin, and the sche<lule for
eij^h'iS. are by far the most valuable
reci-nt rontribulions to the prartice
of duplicate whist, and New Ijij^;-
land will l)e thankful for the
cretiit.**
Clay, James. --The li-adin>; whist
authoritv of his dav, and one of tlie
linesl jtlayers of thc^^anie j»rodured
by l^n;;'.and, the lionie of wbist.
Mr. Clay was b()rn in London, I)e-
cember 2(», iS<i5. His father, a
merchant, was the brotht-r of Sir
William Clav, M. I*. James Clay
was edu(\(te(f at Winchester, and at
Riliol College, Oxford. In iS;r>.
in cr>mpany with l)israeli. who
maiiitainetl a cli'se and life-Ion);
friendship with bim. he traveled in
the I'la'-t. In 1^47 lie was elect isl
to Parliament, as a Liberal, f«ir
Hull, and he conlitiued to represent
th.tt borough u:Uil l:is death, which
trn.k jlaie in 1M7;. at R»-;^ency
S' 1 11. ire. Hri;^htiin. Mr. Clay was
mirried to tbe daughter of (General
Woiiiryrh. one of Wcilin^tturs ofli-
cirs, and IkvI a family, tlie liest-
known of whom are: Krnesl Clay
I now Clay Ker Se\Tiier), a distin-
guished diplomat; Frederic Clay,
the musician (who was also a gov-
ernment official of position, private
secretary' to Mr. Gladstone and
many of the cabinet ministers of
his time), and Cecil Clay, well-
known in literary and artistic
circles. To tlie latter we are tn-
debtc*tl for the rare photograph
from which the engraving of hif
father was made for this work.
Janu^ Clay's fame rests chiefly
upon his arfmirable "Treatise on
the (lame of Whist,'* which was
aflixe<l to John I^oraine Baldwin's
" Laws of Short Whist," London.
iS6.|. It has gone through many
editi<ms, being a logical, succinct,
and lYleasmtly writt(*n book, whicb
has won favor in all parts of the
worl<I. The laws of whist accom-
pany in^ it were drawn up by a
c«>nimittee, oi which he was chair-
man (see, " I«:iws of Whist, Eng-
lish Code "), and were adopted not
only in England and the Huropcan
capitals, but in America, ami held
sway here until the ailoption of the
American ccKle. In 1K81 an editioo
of Mr. Clay's l>ook was published
containing; a short preface coninb-
uteil by his sons, in which tbcj
stated that tlieir father, before hii
death, ha<l given his jidhesion to
the lea<l of the penultimate fraa
suits rjf five cards or more, and to
the discard from the strongest sail,
instead of the weakest, when
stren>rih of trumps is shown by the
adversjiries.
During; his long career in rarlia-
ment Mr. Clay was intimately aac^
ciated with many of the IeadiB|C
men of the day. Despite thor
ditTerence in politics, as already
stated, he was the life-long friead
of Lord IWaconsfield. and maoy
friendly references to him tn
found in the published correapond*
ence of the great prime minblcr.
In a letter dated September 27. iSn
he speaks of CUy*a ** life of sploM
CLAY, JAMES
97
CLAY, JAMBS
are,*' and, after chronicling
rions triumphs, concludes
he following characteristic
on: "To govern men, you
ither excel them in their ac-
ihments or despise them.
MS one, I do the other, and
both equally popular.'*
Zlay was a most admirable
r the old-fashioned player —
t>urteou8,and imperturbable,
(h he could occasionally say
-e thing when addressed by
bom he disliked. Under the
f Castlemaine he is described
»rge Alfred Lawrence in his
'* Sans Merci '* (diapter 32),
emark is put into his mouth
we are assured on good au-
was, in fact,actually made by
id is about as severe a rebuke
'as ever known to administer
ad partner. Castlemaine is
I with Vincent Flemyn^, and
ter, having backed himself
' because he had a tower of
h to assist him, loses the rub-
failing to lead trumps from
an honor. The story goes
sav: ^^ Vincent held the
and four more trumps. If
only gone off with that suit,
ne was over. True, he had
cry powerful hand, so he led
:h his own strongest suit,
was trumped by Hardress
x>nd ronna, and the critical
ick was just barely saved.
if^ said, ' I ought to have
nps; there's no doubt of it.*
ked at his partner (Castlcr
as he spoke, but the latter
ed never a word till Vincent
d the question pointedly. It
n before stated that Castle-
% manner to men whom he
not was somewhat solemn
Tmal. 'It has been com-
be said very slowly, 'that
tbonwsnd youiK^ Bnglish-
ice heizB to fair fortunes, are
wandering about the Continent ia
a state of utter destitution, because
they would not lead trumps with
^ve, an honor in their hands.'
The ultra-judicial tone of the reply
would have been irresistibly comic
at any other time.**
The following parallel stories to
the above are told by ** Cavendish:"
The great authority was looking on
at whist when the second player,
whom he favored not, holding ace,
king, knave, instead of playing
king as he should have done,
finessed the knave. The queen
made, third hand; ace and king
were afterwards trumped. The
player then turned to Clay and
asked whether the finesse of the
knave was justifiable. To him the
following crushing rejoinder,
spoken very deliberately at the
wall opposite, instead of to the
querist: '*At the game of whist, as
played in England [pause], you
are not called upon to win a trick
[another pause], unless you please."
A player having asked for
trumps, though he did not hold a
trump (a most outrag^eous whist
atrocity), his partner said, after the
hand, " I presume you did not in-
tend to ask, but pulled out a wrong
card." *'No,'* was the reply, "I
had a very good hand, and wanted
trumps out" Then, turning to
Clay, he inquired, if, with a very
good hand, his play was defensible.
Clay threw himself back in his
chair and stared at the cornice in
the next room. He had a long
djgar cocked out of one comer <3
his mouth, and as he spoke, in his
"ultra-judicial tone,*' his voice
seemed to proceed, in a most comi-
cal and indescribable manner, from
behind the ci^ar. He said: "I
have heard of its being done once
before [pause], by a dear old friend
of mine [pause].'* "And,** inno-
cently pursued the victim, "was
CLAY, JAMBS
98
CLERICAL BRKORS
yoax friend • ipood judm of whist ?*'
"I am bound io aad^** resumed
Clay, as though he had wished to
conceal the fact, but that the recital
of it was wrung from him by this
question, *' I am bound to add, that
he died shortly aflenn'ards [pause,
and then very distinctly] in a luna-
tic asvlumi**
In answer to a question as to
what Mr. Clay*s attitude toward
the modern developments of whist
would be. were he alive to-day, his
son, Cecil, writes as follows: •* I
should Ik- loath to speculate on that
point, and, indeed, could not do so
with any confi<lence. There is no
ground to go on, unless it may be
consiiliTefl that a small inference
maj- be drawn from the fact of his
giving his a<lherence to the then
new system of leading a penulti-
mate card in the case of an inter-
mediate sec^uence: a fact which we
mentioned m a subsequent edition
of his lx}ok. As tliat ma^ be con-
sidered, I imagine, the initial stage
of the system which has culminated
in American leads, and also as my
father was first the mentor and sub-
sequently the fellow-counsellor of
my friend •Cavendish,' it would
seem that the adherents of modem
whist developments might with
some justice entitle themselves to
consider that he would have par-
ticipited. to some extent at least, in
their views. I could not, however,
commit myself to any opinion on
that point."
K
I am often iMked my opinion of Clay's
,lay In the fmt place, what partiou-
arfy struck me wa4 th** extreme bril-
li.ince of hi« K^me. • • • In the iiec-
ond plfice. thoujrh no one knew better
than Clay when to depart from rule, no
o«» was more rej-ular in his ottvrrance
of rule*. He comhiiied the carefulneaa
of the oM «choot with the dash and bril-
liancy of the new.— "C;Btir«tffiA " \L, AX
"Card Table Talk."
As to Clay's manner of playing, I have
heard him called a alow player. Thai,
however, Is hardly oorrcct He abortl
rather have t>eeB called a deliberate
player. Hia system was to plajr e««ry
card at the same pace. Heaitatioa m
often to the plasrer's dlaadvaatace; aai
mitcly, m
Clay's ot^ect. In ptasrinf dclitwratcl
that hia pause, when doubcfal as ib tke
correct play, should not be taken for bc»
iUtion. but should be attributed to his
natural habit of machine-like play.—
*'CavendiMk " [L. A. I "Gsrtf.ThMr Mi.-*
It ia, of course, a pure matter of
Ution as to how far Mr. Clay wonld
given his adherence to the recemi !■■»
vations in the frame. It la a lact, how-
ever, that he admitted hisadhesioa to the
lead from the " intermediate ocoaei
and even looked with favor on the
from the penultimate card, and aa
leads were the first step in the directka
of the present system of Icadlag. k li
quite possible that were he here now. we
should find him leading the "card of m^
formity" with the same coBaclcBtloos
nesa as the mont faithful adhereat of If r.
Trist-C. .V. BouUker [L, A.\, " mw
Sketches," 1891.
In 1864 appeared "Short WhlsC** bf
James Clay, tne acknowledged aotherflT
on the game in his day. Tbia ia aa ait
mirahle work, and is full of aaggcsUoa
for those who read between the liaca
Unfortunately, however, it ia not ap is
date. It is well known that Clay iatcaM
in a second edition, to recast a portioa m
his treatise. Illneas, terminating fiitaliy,
prevented the execution of thia n*witw,
and the author's sons, with whew ifet
copyright rested, decided, with filial d»
Totion. not to make anv alteration ii
their father's work. notwfthsUndinglbrt
they were aware of the Intention abeit
expressed.— "CasMtfuA '* {L. AX an ** lite
Hlktst-TabUr
Clear a Suit, To.— To dear a
fuit is to force out the
cards contained therein.
when they are held tiy the adi
ries. A player alao clcais a
when he unblocks, to as to give kii
partner full awing in it. (S«^
••Unblocking.")
Clerical Crrora. — Emn in
due to careleasnefs or dcfaLtin
memory; miatakei which aie mC
due to inherent bad play,
which the player himadf «
immediately conect had ht
oppofftnnity to do aa
CLUBS
99 •* COMBINATION GAME "
Bjr dericml errors I mean sach twlpable
fltmakes as leading out of turn, mistaking
tlftc tramp suit. pla3ring a club to a spade
B«it when you nold a spade, or a diamond
to a iKart suit when you hold a heart. —
A. ty. Drayson [Z.+^+], ''The Art of
FrmauMl W%isty
Clute. — One of the four stiits
into which a pack of cards is divi-
ded; one of the two black suits.
On Gennan cards clubs are repre-
sented as acorns, and in French
Aey are called treJUs (trefoils).
Ourds used in English-speaking
countries are directly derived from
the French, but the name clubs,
applied to the trefoils of this suit,
is taken from the Italian dasloni
(batons or clubs), which was de-
rived from the Spanish (dasios,
batons), the first modem cards hav-
ing been printed in Spain.
Ouhm — See, "Whist Clubs.''
Coat Cards. — See, '* Court
If
—See. "Laws of Whist."
Cofffiffiv Charles Emmet. — Amer-
ican whist author, was born in
Salem, Ind., July 13, 1849. He is
a descendant of Tristram Coffin, of
Nantucket; was educated at Bloom-
ington College, studied law, and
was admitted to the bar in 187 1.
Now carries on a successful real
and banking business in In-
dianapolis, Ind. A clear, concise,
•ad sole exponent of the " Caven-
dish " school of modem scientific
Mr. Coffin, like thousands of
othen, bad played at whist in the
oidinary way for many years. In
iSoo he organized a small club of
Bagfabors for the systematic study
of the game, using the works of
••Cavendish," Drayson, Pole, Proc-
tor, and Ames as text-books. He
•000 became impressed with the
fiKt that only a small proportion
of the persons who claimed to be
good players possessed any knowl-
edge of the modem scientific game,
the principal reason being that they
had been lost in their efforts at
studying whist in a labyrinth of
laws, leads, rules, etc. In analyzing
the leads and reducing the rules to
a concise and comprehensive form
for his club, Mr. Coffin conceived
the idea that his condensation
might prove valuable to other stu-
dents of the game, and so pub-
lished the work in 1894, under the
happy title of "The Gist of Whist.*»
It became popular at once, and in
four years reached its fifteenth
thousand. In 1893 Mr. Coffin joined
the Indianapolis Whist Club, which
was one of the charter clubs of the
American Whist League. In 1894,
at the fourth congress of Uie
League, in Philadelphia, he was
elected a director of the League.
"Combination Game, The.'* —
The ideas which as successful a
teacher as Elwood T. Baker em-
bodies in his whist instruction, must
have merit enough to command
attention and respectful considera-
tion. What he calls the common
sense or " combination game " is,
what its name implies, a combina-
tion of both the long and short-
suit principles guided by the teach-
ings of experience and sound, prac-
tical judgment. At our request,
Mr. Baker has ^ven the following
details concemmg his method:
* ' The more I investigate and play,
the more deeply am I convinced
that the best game of whist is that
which is as tree as possible from
all arbitrary conventions and sig-
nals, and one in which no absolute
or arbitrary meaning should attach
to any particular card or style of
play other than what is naturally
indicated by the card itself. I
believe that to use the queen, ten,
144029
" COMBINATION GAME ** lOO '• COMBINATION GAME "
or nine, ns plnyed by Phila<lelp]iia
play ITS, to mean a call throuj^li an
iionor*. or, that the piny of an
intrrniLMlintc canl as a linl f<ir a ruff,
ns :ulv<K"atc«l by Howell; a two,
Ihrti-, fonr, ami five, as a ]x>sitivc
call fnr trumps (or the lowt-si of a
loni( suit ), as in the ' invitation
^auH-.' t-mbarrasses and cripples
tin* fret'ilcim ami scoi>e of the player,
ami js a ])€»siiivi* detriment, tor the
rca-oii tiiat one does not always
tlnd the ei >nditions to suit the play.
In iTiy «»wn ]»niciice f«>r a lon^ time
I hivi* eiilin-ly abandotu*<l the call
for trumps, num)H.*r-sh<iuinv; leails,
niKl .ill otlirr (on volitions iiicludeil
in tlif sy>tfm of Ami-ritan li*ads,
nnti h.ivc fuuixl it much more en-
joy.ibU*. ;nid. if anylhiTii;, a belter
intcllrrtnal exercis*-. aii«l at the
A.imr time, have t:ot ft>und it auy
less surrfssful. Amerir.iM lea* Is
are inti-nde«l in maki* the ^ame
easy. n» that the merest tyro eaii
WKin kMrn tf) count the c-irds and
combinations from whii h they are
le«l. but the jjame of thr futurt". in
my opinii>n, will rcriuin- tin* ]ilayer
to usi- his jKrrceptions mon- in de-
lermitiiTii; proper play by iiit\-rc»ice
aii'i •Itduction from the fill '>f the
carils; .iiiil. tluTi-fore. it will Ik;
nioTi- il-.rtlcult ami rerjuire j^ri-ater
ex]"Tii-iire and skill.
" \u oriK-r to play the ' combina-
tion.' or any vrJiint'. f<»r lh.it matter,
t!i' vl.iyiT !!mst havf a wi'U-knowl-
I'dj-- -'f tin- pf>ssibilitifs of the
r.ir-I ' .1!-. I the bt-t mrt!io«l of tn-at-
iiij 'I'.tit-rt III liau'ls. Ann'ti.: Die
ihrii's thai I insist on in playinj^
th> v;:imi-. an- : : i . That tlu* h;id **(
a c -r-i n:di4-;it:n^ a shiiit su^t must
)k- iMui .1 slmrt suit, except in rare
casi-s. In other wurds. I think the
• lop of n«»thi!i>»,' or th«- tf»ji i>f a
Um^ wi-ak suit, is a li><iinf; >^imp.
f 3 I ifiiiilini; the command of a nuit
which your partner ojkmis as short,
and you are also short, you must
not part with the command on the
first trick. For instance, if partner
leads a nine, secon<l hand coven
with jack, and you hoM ace and
two small, ycm must on no account
cover ami ^ivc up command of
arl versa ries' suit. (3) IIoldini{ two
short suits, one a three-card and
the other two, lead from the longer
if you are stnui^ in trumps, the
weaker if you are willing to be
forced. Tlie reason for tlii.s is, that
when you lea<l a short suit it ii
generally to assist your |>artner in
his long suit, and if you have trump
strength you can iK-tter <iu this
with the longer than with the
tw(.>-caril suit, if it proves to be
your partner's. There arc other
iKHniliarilies <}r styles of play,
which cann<it l>c called conven-
tions, but grow out of a cluae
study of the cards from actnal
play, and are suggested by com-
mon sense.*'
Mr. Itaker adds that, although be
fx'lieves in playing the long-ssit
game, he dm-s not lielieve in open-
ing with a low card from an unes^
tablished long suit, unl«fS5 he hai
suflieii.-nt tninip strength or n^
entry cards, or iKith. to warrant iL
•* In actual practice.'* he cmtiniieik
" following the foregoing line of
])lay, it will l>c fouml that in not
monr than one out of vvcty eight
han<ls will one be justified in opea-
iiig w itli a low card of his long suit,
w) til at the * combination game * u
very nearly like what is generally
known .IS thf short-suit game. 1
am convinced that in the great m*-
joritv'if h.iii'ls ii short-suit ofieniM
Is the s;ifer rtnd sounder play, and
that it results more frniuriitly m
getting yrmr long suit establislMd
tlian if you were to lead it yoanrif
in the first place. When to Idd
short suits, and what kind of opca-
ings to make from the multitude oC
combinations, requires much jn^K*
COMBINATION PRINCIPLE lOI
COMMENTS
ment and experience, and adds
nmch to the zest of the game.'*
Combination Principle^ The. —
The whole practice of the modem
adentific game of whist may be
•aid to rest npon the fundamental
principle of combination of the
naods of partners. The exposition
and philosophic application of this
winciple is due to the labors of Dr.
Pole, who also showed that the
most efficient way in which to apply
it in actual play is through the me-
dium of the long suit.
The adrantage of combinatioii in whiat
it BOW impreaaed npon every atudent of
ha BicctieaL The practice of plajring: for
Sir own hand alone waa condemned by
y, ** aa the worst fault which I know in
a fmd .ptajy.;'— /T. P. Courtney [Z,+a].
** Why ahould men play whist ao that
yon can know by the cards they play
what they hold In their hands ? " On this
depends the beauty and the principle of
the gaase. In whist, it is a combination
of yoor own and your partner's hand
•onnat thoae of your two adveraaries.—
jfTiy. Drarum \L->fA->f\ '"Tkd Art of
Prmauml WkisV
R la aaid that you might aflen play your
own band to more adTsntafpe by treating
It in yoor own way, and that the com-
hincdprtodple mny lead you to sacrifice
IL Bat this objection is merely founded
on a misapprehension as to how the prin-
ciple ia apfMsed; for a study of the resutt-
iaur system will show that it is calculated
wly to realise any advantages your own
hnad may possess, while the cases in
wlikli ancrinoe is required are only thoae
in which the Joint interest is indubitably
pfwnoted Uiereby. Then, secondly, it is
rtjtcted that all indications given to your
paftaer may also be seen by the oppo-
nents mad turned against you; and it ia
aMBCtimes argued that by enlightening
fai tMa way two enemies and only one
establish a balance to your
But this involves a con fa-
in reaaoning; for, if the oppo-
nre equally good plavers, they will
the same system, and the positions
be equal; and if they are not good
; Cbey win be incapaole of profiting
ive, and tne whole
ith yon. Besides,
ikycrado not pay ao much heed to
a* aa to tneir partner*a in-
attention bong alwaya
most prominently directed to the part-
ner's xA^v.— William PoU\^L. A-\\, ^^^^Tu
Theory of IVkiit,'*
Come to Hand.— An expression
used by some English whist-
players, meaning to obtain the
Command.— The best card or
cards of a suit, the holding of which
gives the player control; the win-
ning cards over all those which are
in play. A player has command
of a suit from the moment when he
is able to take every trick in it, no
matter by whom led. This is com-
plete command. He may also hold
strength enough in the suit to give
him temporar3r or partial command.
It is highly important to obtain
and retain the command of an ad-
versary's suit, but more important
still to get rid of the command of
your partner's suit, in order not to
block him in endeavors to bring it
in. (See, " Unblocking. »»)
Keep the commanding card, or the
second best guarded of your adversariea*
suit, as long as it is safe to do so: but be
careful of keeping the commanding card
aingle of your partner's, lest 3rou should
be obliged to stop his s\xii.-^ames Clay
Keep the command of your adversary's
auit, and get rid of the command of your
partner's suit In the first case, you ob-
struct the adversaries' suits, and prevent
their establishing themj in the second
caae, you assist in clearing the suit for
your partner.— **CtfWf#K/«A " [L. A.].
Commanding Cards.~The best
cards unplayed in any suit; the
cards which give the command to
a player.
Comments. — As silence is one
of the essentials of good whist, all
comments should be barred during
the play of the hand. (See, ** Con-
versation.")
It ia positively unfair to make any com-
ments upon your hand before the play,
COMMON SBNSE OP WHIST I02 •<COMPLHATGAMBSTB&"
and it it In wretched taste to complain
about your weak handa at any time.— C
D. R Hamilton {L. A.\.
After a hand in played, comments, in
niiir caHeM out of trn erroneoua— for the
aamc result would have eventuated from
diflrrent play— are made, which provoke
reply.— «'. M. iMatu [L, A +].
Common Sense of Whist.— The
quality in a good player which en-
ables iiiui to solve uifficnlties and
suniiount critical situations where
no rules apply, or where he must
violate the rules in order to win.
At one time the maxim, '* When in
doubt, win the trick," was much
applied. A better maxim is,
** When in doubt, tise your common
sense.
•I
Succe^v at whl^t dependti upon the fac-
ulty of ctimhinatitm and the rapidity aad
accuracy with which correct inferencea
can 1>e ilr.iwn from the fall of the cardii,
and if informatiun i« to l>e withheld be-
cause the ndversaries may make uac of it
iot the ]>urix)*« of their atratcKy. the
whulc MTirnce of the K^nie in Roue. But
there ni.iy he. and frequently ia. an abujie
of uniformity, where, in order th.it his
hand may 1>e' counted or hiscardA knuwo.
a player will, under nil condition* and
without reference to the Kore, play ac-
cording to conventional rule. G^xxl play-
ers will, however, frequently deviate from
recognized play, antl indulge in what I
hope I may ne permitted to call the com*
mon hcnseof whi«t.— ^ //. I^wti \L OV
Fooi-nott tn /doctor' s *' How to Play iVkittr
"Common Sense School." —
A name applied to a school of
players who follow the teaching
of R. V. Foster, eschewing Amen-
can leads, si};nals, and con vent urns
of all kinds, and confining; them-
selves to this simple mode of pla}*:
To lead fmm short suits when they
have no Icmi]; suit which they can
reasdnablv hope to brin^ in. (See,
'•Short-Suit Leads, Foster's.")
Compass Whist.— A variety of
prof^ressive duplicate whist {q. r. ),
in which the pla>'erB are arranged
according to toe points of the com-
pass (north ana south playing
against east and west), and reCaitt
tlieir relative positions throoghont
the play. Sometimes the p&ycrs
move in one direction while the
trays containing the hands for the
overplay are moved in another.
Sometimes the trays only are moved,
and the playeis sit still. It is the
earliest form of the progressive
game, and is well adapted to lar;^
numbers of players, especially m
informal gatherings, where no
special number of tables has been
agreed upon. The players having
the greatest number of tricks
above the average are declared the
winners.
In the Rast. however, for
the title " profcreanlTe whint *' has ai
heen popular, while the HVfttero lurlf has
flourished under the title of "compaM
whist," so called t>ecause the four players
at each table occupy the four poiata or tlM
compass. — Stilton C. Work [L. A. NX
** Wkist o/ To-day."
Before the invention of apparalva Ibr
carryinir the canls from one room to tkt
other without mishap or confuaion, tlw
players were in the habit of alif htly shet
tlin)( their thirteen canla. and tlwB kaw^
injcthem face down on the table, withtkt
trump turned, the four in one roooi thca
ezchanKioff seats with the four In tkt
other room, each retaininx the poiiit tt
the compass he original ly occupied.— Jf#
F. Foster [S, O.].
•* Com pleat Gamester^ TIm.**
— .\ book of instruction on
chess, etc., published in
by Charles Cotton, in 1674. It
taine<l a description of ** Rnff
Honours," the game from
whi.4t was directly developed
Whist is incidentally mentioned n
the introduction. In a suhaeqncM
e<lition ( 1680) occurs the first pffifll>
etl attempt at a description of the
present game, which was said ts
have been named "whist, fnmi tbe
silence that is to be observed in the
pUiy.*' It is suted to be s
not difiiering mtich from " Ri
Honours,*' of which the detaila Mi
given. Cotton also sets «iat it
CONGRESS, WraST
X03 CONVENTIONAL SIGNAI^S
length the tricks of the profes-
saonal sharper, saying: " He that
can by craft overlook his adversa-
ries' game hath a great advantage. "
He points out that by winking, or
by moving the fingers, the knowl-
edge of the honors in his posses-
sion can be communicatea by a
player to his partner. He declaims
against '* rene^n^, or renouncing —
that is, not following suit when you
have it in your hand. It is very
fowl play/* he says, "and he that
doth it ought to forfeit one.** A
subsequent edition of the work was
brougnt out by Seymour. (See,
•'Whist, History of.'*)
Congirmmm, Whist. — See, "Amer-
ican Whist League.**
Consultation. — In the English
game, except in the case of a re-
voke, partners are not allowed to
ooosolt as to which of any given
penalties to exact They may,
oowever, agree as to which partner
is to exact the penalty. In the
American duplicate ^ame {Law /.),
** a player has the right to remind
his partner that it is his privilege
to enforce a penalty, and also to
inibnn him of the penalty he can
Coflwsffitionsl. — Of established
onge; generally accepted; as, the
conventional lead of the ace from
•oe, queen, jack.
Coiivcfitionslities.— The con-
vestionalities of whist are those
things pertaining to the game
wU^ are established by usage,
piecedent, or general acceptance.
In the earlier history of the game
the conventionalities were com-
paiatitely simple, and few in num-
oer, trot as whist became more
scientific and intricate, convention-
alities nraltiplied, nntU to-day it is
hard to draw the line between con-
ventionalities proper and plays that
are merely aroitrary arrangements
or expedients.
The Americaus, taking hold of the fact
of the " mutual understanding" neces-
sary to communicate information be-
tween partners, include under the name
of "conventionalities" all sorts of infor-
mation, making no distinction between
an inference drawn from the normal
play of a card for ordinary general ex-
pecfiency, and an arbitrary interpretation
of it, which only acquires meaning by
special compact between partners. They
forget that the former is as old as Hovle,
and is an essential element of whist pLay;
the latter is of quite recent introduction. —
IVilliam PoU \L.AV[. ''Evolution of
Whist:*
Conventional Play. — Any gener-
ally accepted and understood play.
Conventional Signals. — Gener-
ally accepted and understood sig-
nals, by means of which legitimate
information is conveyed between
partners at whist; such as, for in-
stance, the play of an unnecessarily
high card followed by a lower one,
known as the call for trumps; the
return of the highest from a short
suit; the play of the lowest of a
sequence; the discard of the high-
est of a suit when you have entire
command, etc. Conventional sig-
nals are as old as Hoyle, in principle.
They must be generally known and
accepted. In this manner they are
distin^ished from private signals,
or private conventions, which are
condemned by all fair-minded
players.
The conventional methods of commnni-
cation, which every player should know
by heart, may be divided into two classes:
those used in attack, and those required
for deferne. In attack, the facts required
to be known are: (i) The general
strength or weakness of the hand.and the
best suit it contains- shown by the origi-
nal lead. (2) Whether the suit is estab-
lished or not, and if not, how much es-
tablishing it needs— shown by always
leading from certain combinationa of
CONVENTIONS
104
COUNTERS
ciird<« in crrt.iin way;* umlrr niniiliir con-
diilini- ( \i The iiiiNiHiuni'c that can lie
givfM l'> Ihc jKirliirr— shown by the re-
tor 11 IiM<!s nntl tlir nijn.i(|;rini'nt nf
tnii:i;io. ■41 Thr iinniY»rr of trumiKi held
— •«hii\Mi \i\ U-ailuiK thrni. by "culling,"
by ■■ «-i lunuff." by "iM-MnK.'* and by
••'fon-iiik: " In lU-lrnsr. ihi* uartnerH re-
quire til knitw- \i) U'h.it cfiunce there
in ot ••t";»|iiii^ the a<lvrr;>e huitii— ohown
bv the •>! .1 mil- ha ml plav. nnd bv the Innt
player wiiinhiK t^*^ trick with the lowest
KioViiMc i-.ir 1 til The Miitn which are
■«t i>T>it(cti-il I ;i The Miitu which it ii
deniraMr bi h.ivf b-il: nnd 14) the nuits
whicti It io dr<«irable to nvtiid -nl\ Hhown
by Mir di^'.iTil -A'. /•". /,»^/rr |.V. ().],
Conventions. — Set.% '* Private
CoUVl-Ml'.nlls."
Conversation. — The conversa-
tion nfic'ss.irv to carry on a f^fKnl
g:iiiK- ot" whist coiiM tMsily Ik" siip-
phfil hy iniiti'S. In other wort is,
no ron\vrs;iiion is ncccss:iry dtirinf;
actii.i! }>'fiy, if nil the phiyers
Rlriclly ohst-rve the rules nnd play
whi>t. Conversation Ix-tween <ienls
is pennissihle, hut should not lie of
A nnture to disturh otlier jihiyers in
the r(M>ni. 1 See, :ilso, "silence.";
It i*. an axiom that th** nrarrr ytnir jilay
a|ip: ■ t '■•■'• t . ih'- '!iimS man. th*.- l>ettvr.
— 7*. « : .^/.i.'hru I ./,.«' |.
N>> -Tiv. !«..iiiiiii -hiiiiM br inilu1;;ed in
during t!i» jii.tx ixi-i i»t '.iii-h an i«. n'ili>weil
bv l':»* law- ••'. th'- ^.ii\\f ~/:ti.;urtU v/
U'Hi.f .1 '^•*» ii 1/ »» I •'•if ■ .
N'l 1:1" "i iti-n w*! il'Vfr. by wird or
ir«'sl!:r' -' ii:*! b«' yiveii bv a iil.iVfT a* to
th»- •■! ■:■ ■■' *!•- ':.i"t! •>: •»( tr.r- v;anie. —
/■;/V' •■'•'■ ■ ' it ni ! / fiL-'i h I •■*//■
W:.;-* •- t!i' n «'"• •■• "ib-rwf T.tlkini;
m'!'>? • - wl"-Mt!i«- fir»»! b I'b-i thrnwi
ht- I- . ^.I' !i • inaot I •■niiiiuf until Ih^
In*.: . : I ■• t?i- !-.i!i I ■.-. ].:.»\'i! (, H'.
/V.'.v / I . : .■tni/ni,:m fifiiiS Jilut-
tfj:- i
" W" ' :«'^ Tr'iMiT'- ' ■■ "'Draw yciiir
ra" ' i ■?» \"ii T:-t fill'iw *>i:! '" '"I
thiTi'ik " ■ :• :h i r» V Vr ' Th*- a^Nivr jr-
ITll*V:- .." T»- .-f ii; i! 1:^ 'iH. ;irr th^ unlv
on** ! ■.*■■! '.I b- !i-»-? a«:il ■ inly l>v the
l»^i«- v -A ';■■«■ tiiMi It !>• "'I jiliiv - /Vii Atf-
/^;^- /.i-i T .•' li'hi't " .tr/n'f //•>.
yr'f ..Ti ; *■'.] .'.i*i.u--i 11 '"' lb'" hand, of
th'-;/'>\ .1:1. •: I): i>; nil II '.I- uiviilvril III
Uul 'jI:'.. .•>:::ii-'>:b*.t:. I.;;: hifsSily <!r%irab!e.
with A Tiew orpromotinr Rood whi*l:b«l
such converiiittiun hIkjuIcT only be earned
uii alter the play of the hond. ad'I before
Iwifiniiinv the nrxX.-dfotge i'. Maymafd
[L A.], iT'k ist, Ju JtA / V-
You may remind >'our pnrtner, if dealer,
to take up hin trump card: caution hia
to hold up hiH hand; and warn hini oul
tu throw down his cardi. Thr qurMioa.
" Who dealt >" i.t hebl to lie irxei{uUr bal
on what K^'ound is nut clear; lor you may
inquire whether the card* are iFuriectly
placed bir the next deal.— M'f//i«iH (.'a-
sack-Smttk {L. 0.\.
" Coroner's Tabic."— A Uble.
ST>ecially provided, at which hands
are examined and criticiacd after
they have been played.
Correspondence Match. — See.
" Whist Match by Corrvspond-
ence."
• I
Cotton, Charles. — The author
of the ** Cr mi pi eat ("iain ester," mi
lK>rn in I^>nilon, Kn^land. 1650.
\\\^ volume, which was the 6rst
printed TKM>k to contain a de<icnp>
tive allusion to whist, was published
in 1674. He was the adopteil son
nnd fellow-anfi^ler «)f Izaak Walton,
and added a second part to the fifth
eililion of the hitter's ** Ciixnpleat
Anj^lcr," in 1676.
Count. — To count the cardi it
whisi In to watch and remember
how ni.iny of each suit are played.
Chily players with most fxtraonli-
nary nu-niorii-s ran rt-niember errry
card Ordinary players are sat:*-
fii'd if ihfy ran rmienilier the hiyfh
c inls out and tlu* nuniln'rof trump*
pl.iynl. Kfi'pin>{ count of the Kamc
IS to riTord tlu* num1>er of tricks
or Ljatnfs sfnriil.
Tr ivr>r<i tr'l ii« that «aTare« canaoi
ciiiint •ii\.iiirl tr n I. .n? rsfirnrncr al
uhiHi bit rfiii\iii.>#il ifir tb^t It i« far
ni- re iliffii'iilt than i«mmmonlr vuppoartf
for rivi'irtil ptopl^ to rviiint thirtrea.^
" I J:^if./o4 ■ [/.. A j. ■■ CawJ-Taf^U FsJA."
Counters. — I*ii»m« of i^-orr or
metal by which the tricks, gi
i
COUP
105 COURTNEY. WILUAM P,
ibers won by each side are
indicated, so that the state
core may be ascertained at
ge of the eame. Counters
[oently maide of one piece,
rolvin^ or other devices, by
j( which the desired infor-
is^ven.
tphcate whist, it was at first
iry. in this country, to use
counters, or poker chijys,
ce the same on the tray in
re of the table at the begin-
the hand. Each side, upon
I a trick, took a chip, and
having a majority of the
on, and counted the num-
r six. On the overplay of
is some players did not use
Iters, but played and gath-
; tricks in the ordinary way.
nprovements in the play of
e have caused the majority
;>layers to go back to the
Allison {q. v.) method of
g the tricks, which is the
iple, and contains the great-
ibcr of checks upon niis-
By this method each player
lays each card which wins
or his side ( whether taken
elf or partner) straight be-
i, top toward the centre of
e. Cards of a losing round
down horizontally. Thus
e for each hand is kept by
sons.
understood, of course, that
icate whist score-cards are
stead of counters, in record-
final result of play.
. — A brilliant play, not di-
by any special rule (and
ade in defiance of rules), by
n advantage is gained, or a
situation met. Some of
e £smiliar examples of this
whist strategy are: The
up, Deschapelles* coup, and
Id coop, by means of which
a player rids himself of a anper^
fluous trump. **Cavendi^*' de-
scribes seven different coups in his
" Laws and Principles of Whist.**
Fisher Ames also mentions the fol-
lowing as coups: Leading from
weakness in trumps with a desper-
ate score and a poor hand; treating
a long suit as if it were a short one;
leading the weakest suit; refusing
to trumpj or to overtrump; holding
np the wmnin^ card on tne second
round; refraining from drawing the
losing trump; leading a losing card
to place the lead, and playing high
canis to avoid the lead.
A coup is a well-judged departure from
rule.— C. D. P. Hamilton {L. A.].
What are called "coups'* are often
cases where to follow the rule ensures
your losing the game. — A. IV. Drayton
\L->rA->r\^''Artof Practical Whist:*
Coups, * * ^ when divested of mist and
halo, are found to be the result of quick
apprehension rather than the flight of
genius.— C7«M^/ Daviei [L. A-\-}, ''Mod-
em Whist."
Coup d« Sacrifice. — The play
by which a master card, sure to
take a trick, is intentionally given
to the opponent. Named a ** coup
de sacrifice" by G. W. Pettes.
Court Cards.— The ace, king,
queen, and jack are popularly
S|x>ken of as court cards, although,
strictly speaking, the term applies
only to the king, aueen. and jack,
being corrupted from coai card —
I. e., a card tearing the representa-
tion of a coated figure.
Courtney, William Pridcaux.—
English whist author. He is the
fifth-bom and third surviving son
of John Sampson Courtney, of
Alverton House, Penzance, his
brothers being the Rt. Hon. L. H.
Courtney, M. P., and John Morti-
mer Courtney, C. M. G., deputy
minister of finance, Canada. Mr.
Courtney was bom April 26, 1845,
COURT OP APPEALS
I06
COVER
at Penzance, and educated at the
local grammar school, 1856-9; and
in the London city school, from
1859 to 1864. He entered the office
of the ecclesiastical commission
the year following, and retired in
April, itS9i, at which time he was
head uf the pay-room.
Mr. Courtney has played whist
privately for many years, but since
1885 has been a regular player at
the Reform Club. He is also a
menil)er of the Baldwin Whist
Club, in Pall Mall, and a player at
the Sussex Club, in Eastbourne,
the new club at Cheltenham, and
the Malvern Club, at Malvern. He
favors the long-suit game, ii^-ith
modi fioat ions to suit emergencies,
and plavs the old leads.
His "'English Whist and Whist-
Players" is an important contribu-
tion to whist literature, being chiefly
historical in its nature. It was pub-
lished in New York and London,
in 1H94. He is also the author of
one or two other works, not in the
line of whist. He has been on the
staff of the * * Dictionarv of National
Biography,** and was a contributor
to the concluding volumes of the
last e<lition of the *' Encyclopeedia
Britannica."
, "Judg<
Court of
of Appeals."
Cover.— To play a higher card on
a high card Iccl; as, for example, to
cover an honor with an honor — the
king U-ing led, you put on the ace,
second hand.
Fundamentally, the duty of the
second hand is to play low, liut this
conventional and natural procedure
has been modified materially from
the earliest times in cases where an
honor is led originally. Thus,
second hand is expected to corer a
high card led with the lower of any
two high cards held in sequence; lie
is expected to cover an honor witli
the ace if held withont any other
high cards; to cover an honor with
an honor, if holding three caida;
to cover an honor if holding any
number of cards including the ten;
and to cover a nine, or htshcr.
when holding king, queen, or jack,
and only one smaQ.
In recent years, however, the
question has arisen whether it it
best for second hand to cover when
holding king and one small card
only. Dr. Pole, at the suggcstioa
of "Cavendish," inveatigaied the
matter scientifically, and came t»
the conclusion that it waa not. la
fact, he became convinced that the
second hand should not cover ■■
honor led with any other card b«t
the ace, no matter wliat nnmher
was held in suit. But W*. H. Whit^
feld, on examining Dr. Pole*a aigi^
ments, and making calculations ef
his own, came to the concli
that no advantage is gained by
covering queen led, holding kti
and one small. He itatea tSat,
the contrary, there is a distinct dii
advantage in not covering, if the
queen should be led from ahoit
suits. He fonnulates the followhig
rule: The second player, holding
two canls (not the ace) only of the
suit led, should, if possible, coftr
the nine, or any higner card led.
Cover a hlfch canl, aa • mlc. aeesai
hanil.-^. !#'. Drayion U+wfrL ^AH^
FracUcal What "
t
It \» umtIcm fur him [the
layc-r] to cover an honor with •
«iiior. un1ei« it i* the ace.->i?. ^.
[S. O], "tompJeU //.»i/r.'*
Many do not cover the 1
kiDK. holtlinie king and twooChrf^ IM
it can easily be deinonalraled lo be At
currect tAHV—CMar/fs S. SirtH IL-^'A.'L
Dr. Pole, applsrina hia hich
leal and logical altainmcata to Um I
tion of the qneation of aecoad kapA
crioK SB honor with an booor.
fewer thsB foar !■ salt. p«ML^.
nsalts of his ^•v-»<"^'fttff i^ tba
COVER
107
CROSS-RUFF
, 1884. by which be denumstnted
t coming was diaadTanUgeoua.
lat period this time-honored prac-
» been abaiidoiied.~A^. B. Tirut
Hmrper's Magazine^ Martha 1891,
ocstion of covering, second hand,
1, in my opinion, depend so mnch
eolation of the number of times
ty will win or lose a trick in the
«i the consideration of the amount
lief done b^ assisting an adver-
establish his suit, and especially
irst round. I do not see how this
iscertained, and until it is ascer-
: look upon the discussion more
icademic than a practical one.—
Usk" [L. A\ Field, 1894.
ana the recoffnixed play [second
rith either king, queen, or jack
e small card, tor years was the
Of late, however, it has been
ooaduaively proren that with
lag and one small, or queen and
til, unless the nine or ten is led,
sr is a trick-losing play, as it en-
le leader to finesse too freely in
m. With the jack and one amalL
itkm is much more doubtful, ana
sion of the best players is very
divided. The writer believes it
this case to t>e governed by the
be card led. If it is so high (nine
) as to indicate great strength in
er*s hand, it is probably best to
Jack on the first trick; otherwise
tikm C. l^'ork [L. A. H.], '* Whist
rr rS96.
"Cavendish" was in America,
Bt [covering an honor with an
:ame up in conversation, and he
d bow the change of rule came
From time immemorial the ac-
ule of play had been to cover an
ith an hooor. holding but three
it- **Cavendish." plajring against
sard Dalby Dalby, led a queen.
:>y, holding king 'and two small.
sand, pas&ed. At the end of the
Cavendish" remarked: "Dalbv,
nly had three cards of the suit,
In't you cover?" Mr. Dalby re-
I have long since made up my
at it is disadvantageous at second
cover queen with king, holding
the suit." Mr. Dalbv's observa-
*• Cavendish " to thinking, and
: to Dr. Pole, asking if it was pos-
lacertain by calculation whether
was riffht tor the second hand to
ader the circumstances stated,
made an exhaustive calculation,
ibaolntely demonstrated that it
irrect to cover an honor led with
or except the ace, irrespective of
in the suit, snd this calculation
clashed in the Field— Robert H,
L,A.\ fVhist, May, 1894,
«« Crawley, CapUin."— The pen
name of George Frederick Paroon,
an English whist author who, in the
estimation of "Cavendish/* wrote
**the worst book on ^ames ever
published." All his life he was
an industrious booksellers* hack,
rarely appearing before the public
under his own name. His ventures in
the domain of whist were: "Whist:
Its Theory and Practice,*' which
appeared in 18^9, and was dedi-
cated to his " friends and partners
in many hard -fought games,
Thomas Ridgway and Tnomas
Clementson;** "A Handbook of
Whist on the Text of Hoyle,"
1863; "Theory and Practice of
Whist," 1865; and "Whist for all
Players,** 1873. He died August 5,
1884, at the Fleur de Lis Hotel,
Canterbury, England.
Critical Endings. — Pinal rounds
in a hand at whist when extraordi-
nary skill may be displayed, or
fotmd necessary, in wiumng or sav-
ing the ^ame. Hamilton, in "Mod-
ern Scientific Whist," illustrates
sixty critical endings, which are in-
valuable to the whist student. ( See,
also, "Perception Problems.")
The end-hand in whist is very often
susceptible of brilliant treatment. It is
here that the liability to error is g^reatest.
To insure correctness in end-play the
most consummate understanding of the
entire game is requisite. —C. D. P. Hamil-
ton [L, A. \*' Modern Scientific Whists
The chief points arising at the close of a
game are these: (i) The ri^ht choice of
cards to throw away to winning cards
either of the enemv or of your own part-
ner; (a) placing tfie lead, and (3) what
may be regarded as a combination of both
points, the recognition of the necessity
which sometimes arises for throwing
away a winning card or an extra trump-
playing what is called(arter Deschapelles)
ih:t grand coup.— R. A. Froctor\L. 0.\.
Cross- Ruff. — The play by which
each partner ruffs or trumps the
other's suit, alternately led for that
CROWN COFPBB-HOUSE lOS CURIOSITIBS OF WHIST
<<
>f
purpose. Also called
There it nothinir no dentmctive of good
•uitu a< a croM-ruff, if allowed to con^
tinue.— A\ F. FoiUr \^S. 0\ " WhUt Ttu-
tics."
Crown Coff«« - Hous*. — A coffee-
house on Bedford Row, at that time
an anst(x:ratic locality in London.
The Crown was one of a number of
such resorts of hi;^h character, cor-
respondinf^ to Uie social clubs of the
present dav. and within its portals
whist received its first serious con-
sideratiun as a >(anie. Up to this
time it had l)cen crudely played in
taverns und low reS4)rts, but about
the year 1728 the first Lord Folke-
stone and a ])Hrty of gentlemen
made a regular study of it at
the a>x>ve-inenti()ne<l house. ( See,
** Folkestone." ) It is also surmised
that Hoyle may have been a fre-
quenter of the Crown, which soon
set the fashion for other coffee-
bouses. At all events, he was fa-
miliar with the teachings of the
Folkestone school, to which he
addetl a numl>er of improvements,
an>l after the publication of his
"Short Treatise." in 1742, there
ensued a great whist lK>om in Bng-
land. (See, "Hoyle.")
About
►out 6fty yenM aico Ji7jt6) whiwt wi
h Htuilit'cl by n set of Kriitlrmen wh
ras
much Htuilit-cl by n set of Kriitlrmen who
frcquriilrij I he Cr-iwn Coffer- HoU'*c. ia
Br'li>ir>l Row. Before thnt time it was
chietlv c'»nfinr«l tothe «rrvHnt>»' hall. with
•all four-' and "put " Thry Ijid duwn the
f»n..witi}: ruli-"»: To play from the »trouf(-
e»t -tiit. til Htti'ly your fmrtner'n hand as
mu'-!i a* your own: ritver to force your
pnrtitrr u'iiiirrr»^.iri]v. and to attend to
the scirf .— //i'«. thitnrs Bafpington^
Curiosities of Whist. ~ A volume
might l>e filled with curious inci-
dents and matters connected with
whist, both of a technical or scien-
tific, as well as of a historical, na-
ture. '* Cavendish/' in his *« Card-
Table Talk," devotefl considenbic
space to matters of this kind, as
does also Proctor, nnder the liesd
of ** Whist WhittlingB,*' in his
book, " How to Play Whist," sod
W. P. Courtney, in his '* Bngliih
Whist and Whist- Players." Aside
from the curious features connected
with the play or distribution of the
cards, there are many intererting
things to be told; as, for ««■— -^
the following:
Lord Clive, the Indian nsboli,
was an inveterate player and gam-
bler. He played whist on the dar
of his suicide, excusing himsrfr
from the table during; an interral
in the game, and killing himself a
few mmutes later. Lord Mouil-
ford, another great gambler, played
whist the last night of his hfe, OB
I>eccml>er 31, 1754. Next dajr ha
committed suicide. Lord Riven
sat down one night at the UnioB
Club, in London, to plsy wfakl,
with /'loo.ooo in bank-notes bcfm
him. By morning he had kit
ever\'thing, and on January 25, \%^Vt
his txxiy was found in the rivs.
The Duke of Clarence, exactly oac
year to a day after this erent, M
stricken by death while piayii
whist, after dinner. Lord Lm
downe was taken ill while plajiag
a rubber in the drawing-i
White's Coffee-House. in July. i8fil
and died verv soon afterwardi^
Von Moltke, the great field nai^
shal, played a remarkable game sf
whist on the night before hisdeatk,
making a slam and winning tin
ruhlnrr.
Stories of players who
so absorbefl in the _
they played for twelve to
four hotirs at a stretch
common. Such a player
Grannlle; and B1wes«'the
torious miser in all Bnglaad,
another. Although be
with might and main the
^3
CURIOSITIES OP WHIST 109
CUTTING
of a few pennies in the ordi-
r transactions of life, at whist
was carried away with the
e, and frequently risked thou-
Is of pouncls. Upon one occa-
he is said to have played for
da3rs and nights without inter-
ion.
r. John Moore, father of the
mt Sir John Moore, tells in his
ews of Society in Italy '* (1790),
, at Florence, he was invited to
me one of a whist-party in a
at the opera. In vain he
ed that an adjournment might
taken to a more convenient
e. The answer was that ** good
ic added greatly to the pleasure
whist-party; that it increased
oy of good fortune,and soothed
iffliction of bad." From that
forward, during his stay, a
er of whist in the sta^e box,
I a table provided for the pur-
, was the regular thing every
a night
curious interlude in a game of
t happened at Edinburgh. It
rise to a humorous remark by
d Hume which was remem-
i for more than seventy years,
rpears that a married lady was
ing a rubber of whist at a table,
3 suddenly she was seized with
throes of labor. Hume, who
one of those present, playfully
ed the child the little *' Paren-
s,*' and by that appellation she
it was a girl) was known all
ife, as is told in a letter writ-
by Sir Walter Scott to his
d Morritt.
good story is told of Catherine
tnsna, who was devoted to
t, among other things, and
lently gave " little whist-
es at which she sometimes
ed, and sometimes not." On
3f these occasions, while pass-
from table to table, watching
>laj, she had occasion to ring
for a page. The latter was busy in
the ante-room, also at whist, and
could not tear himself away at a
critical stage of the game. Her
majesty rang again and again, and
still receiving no answer, became
furious. Upon going to the ante-
room in person to wreak vengeance
upon the luckless wight, it is said
her anger gave way to kindly sym-
pathy such as she was rarely guilty
of, and instead of having him
knouted or transported to Siberia,
she dis|>atched him on his errand,
and played his hand for him until
his return. All of which is an ad-
ditional proof of the fascination,
power, and civilizing effects of the
great game. (See, also, " Duke of
Cumberland's Famous Hand,*'
' • Phenomenal Hands, '* * * Prob-
lems,'* and "Vienna Coup.**)
Cusack-Smith, Sir William.—
An English whist author who pub-
lished, in 1891, a small text-book,
which he called an " Encyclopedia
of Whist, Prefaced with Words of
Advice to Young Players.**
Cutting.— The act of dividing
a pack of cards to decide who
shall play at a table, who shall
be partners, who shall deal, or as
a preliminary to the deal. A
cut must be at least to the depth
of four cards. If, after the caida
have been cut, the dealer drops a
large portion of the p>ack under the
table or on the table, so that they
cannot be put together exactly at
they were cut, Clay's decision was
thai there must be a new cut. (See,
also, " Cutting to the Dealer.**)
The ace is the lowest card. In all caaca,
every oae must cut from the same pack.
Should a player expose more than one
card, he muAt cut z^in.^Lawt of Whitt
{English Code), Sections ijr'S.
In cutting, the ace Is the lowest auid.
All must cut from the same pack. If a
player cxpoaea more than ooe card, lie
DALE, PARSON
»f
III
DEAL
•aler reshuffles the pack after it
»roperly cut, he losen his deal.—
^u/ {A9t€ricaM Code), Sections
r» Parson.'* — A character
X I#ytton*8 romance, ** My
Ptrson Dale is a model
iver, as good in his wa^ as
jUU in hers. So anxious
to play correctly that he
ed even by his adversa-
takes. He was completely
hen matched against foe-
thy of his steel, and only
in the game when con-
n legitimate and scientific
ii» Miss Frances S. — Miss
B a teacher and player of
^ ability, and has many
Baltimore, where she re-
he informs us that she has
hist all her life, but began
the game in 1893. To Miss
k.*s instruction she owes a
.re of her present profi-
She has played constantly
? Baltimore Whist Club,
formation a few years ago,
ig the first season she won
es' first prize, receiving
^ Work's new book on
ler team won in two severe
Lgainst the strongest team
>hia could muster. Miss
8 a strict adherent of the
school and American
he is a very steady player,
reives her partner, and fol-
-ules. She has been pres-
Lhe Woman's Whist Club,
lore, but in 1897 declined
tion, as her work as a
ccupied all her time.
, CIsmsnt. — An English
thor, whose book, " Mod-
5t: the Complete Theory
!ttce," was published in
I it he emphasizes the im-
portance of playing to the score,
which he claims is fundamental,
and should receive the first consid-
eration. His instructions follow
those of the ** Cavendish" school
and the American leads. Mr. Davies
is a graduate of Trinity College,
Cambridge.
Dead Suit.— A suit in which the
player holding it cannot possibly
take a trick.
Deal.— To deal is to distribute
the fifty-two cards at whist The
deal means the privilege of thus
distributing the cards, and the
cards themselves when distributed
are also spoken of as the deal.
Each player deals in turn, the
one who cut lowest in the selection
of partners dealing first. The deal
passes around the table, always to
the left.
The cards are dealt, one card to
each player, beginning to the left
of the dealer, and continuing until
the entire pack is exhausted. They
should be dealt slanting downward
on leaving the hand, so that their
faces may not be exposed to any of
the players. In the early history
of whist it was customary to deal
four cards at a time to each player,
"but," says Seymour, in 1734, **it
is demonstrable there is no safety
in that method,'* and "now the
cards are dealt round one and one
at a time as the securest and best
way." It is a curious fact that
Deschapelles, the great French
player, favored the original mode
of dealing more than one card at
a time. In his "Laws" (article
36) he says: " It is singular enough
that the plan of dealing out an en-
tire pack of cards, one by one,
should have ever been adopted. It
is sometimes a great fatigue, and
one which has imposed upon a
class of persons who would willingly
c«
DALE, PARSON
»f
III
DEAL
t dealer reshuffles the pack after it
m properly cut he \o9e» his deal. —
r H^kut (Awurican Code), Sections
■l«» Parson." — A character
wcrl#ytton*s romance, **My
," Parson Dale is a model
player, as good in his wa^ as
BaitU in hers. So anxious
c to play correctly that he
affled even by his adversa-
listakes. He was completely
when matched against foe-
rorthy of his steel, and only
1 in tlie game when con-
l on legitimate and scientific
pies.
lam, Miss Francas S. — Miss
n is a teacher and player of
lized ability, and has many
in Baltimore, where she re-
She informs us that she has
I whist all her life, but began
ng the game in 1893. To Miss
lock's instruction she owes a
share of her present profi-
'. She has played constantly
the Baltimore Whist Club,
its formation a few years ago,
iring the first season she won
idies* first prize, receiving
1 C. Work's new book on
Her team won in two severe
ts against the strongest team
lelphia could muster. Miss
n IS a strict adherent of the
oit school and American
She is a very steady player,
deceives her partner, and fol-
lie rules. She has been pres-
>f the Woman's Whist Club,
timore, but in 1897 declined
^lection, as her work as a
r occupied all her time.
ics» Clem ant. — An English
author, whose book, *' Mod-
liist: the Complete Theory
tactioe/* was published in
In it he emphasizes the im-
portance of playing to the score,
which he claims is fundamental,
and should receive the first consid-
eration. His instructions follow
those of the *' Cavendish *' school
and the American leads. Mr. Davies
is a graduate of Trinity College,
Cambridge.
Dead Suit.— A suit in which the
player holding it cannot possibly
take a trick.
Deal.— To deal is to distribute
the fifty- two cards at whist The
deal means the privilege of thus
distributing the cards, and the
cards themselves when distributed
are also spoken of as the deal.
Each player deals in turn, the
one who cut lowest in the selection
of partners dealing first. The deal
passes around the table, alwa3rs to
the left
The cards are dealt, one card to
each player, beginning to the leit
of the dealer, and continuing until
the entire j>ack is exhausted. They
should be dealt slanting downward
on leaving the hand, so that their
faces may not be exposed to any of
the players. In the early history
of whist it was customary to deal
four cards at a time to each player,
**but,*' says Seymour, in 1734, **it
is demonstrable there is no safety
in that method," and **now the
cards are dealt round one and one
at a time as the securest and best
way.'* It is a curious fact that
Deschapelles, the great French
player, favored the original mode
of dealing more than one card at
a time. In his •* Laws '* (article
36) he says: * ' It is singular enough
that the plan of dealing out an en-
tire pack of cards, one by one,
should have ever been adopted. It
is sometimes a great fatigue, and
one which has imposed upon a
classof persons who would willingly
DEAL
112
DHCI^RBD TRUMP
dicpenae with it'* This objection
be<x>mes intelligible when we re-
member that D^hapcUes had but
one arm, havinj^ lost the other in
the defense of his country. There
can be no dtmbt that the plan of
dealing one card at a time is the
safesvt and best.
In duplicate whist, on the dupli-
cate or overplay of the hands, pro-
vision is made whereby each player
has every position at the table an
equal number of times, or as nearly
•o as possible. The leader is indi-
cated by an index finger or other
mark on each tray or other device
for holding the hands, and the po-
sition is varied in the different
trays. As the dealer always comes
just before the leader, the supposed
advantiiges of the deal and lead are
preserved in this way, although no
cards are actually dealt iu the over-
play.
Rach pUyer dealff in his tnm; the right
of deahnf; jjocti to tht* left.— /uia-t of
Wktst (English Code), Srction jj. (See,
alio. "New Deal.")
A deal mav be \o%i irrespective of any
mi^eal, ana a miMleal does» not in every
instance forfeit the deal—Sir IVilliam
Cusack'Smtth [L, O ].
A player has a rii^ht, if he chootie. to
allow Hi'm deal to be taken from him; but
never, (U-^iKnedly. to take th.it of others.
—DfuhapfUfi [(>],"/^i'u-s." ArttcU f?.
Durint; the deal \% \\\r term npnltcd to
the time ttetween the taking: of tne last
trick of a hand and the turning of the
next tnrnp cauX.— Rules of the Descha-
pelles Club, Boston.
The total numt>rr of different yrnyn in
which the hfty-two carils* may l>e dis-
triliutrd a mollis the four players • • •
amounts lo «i;.'»44.T^?."''.S.4'^\792.'<.;9.2^7.-
44>..,r» —H'liluim Pitle [L. A -J."73li</*»/-
outfhy of H'htst:'
The deal i< %o decided an advantare,
where tive in the numt>er to lie played for
[at «hort whi«t]. that I am ctmnde'nt two
bad plsyern with the fir*t deal in every
En me w'ouM in the Ions run heat the two
e<»t plaversin Hngland. — 7*AoMai J/j/4>
«J [A. '0\.
The deal and the lead are the original
oppoatnc elements in the frame of whist.
Here IS the uarting point ol aaalyMa, the
foundation of the philoaophy an*
egy of the game. The aealer 1
advantage, being the only player
from the 6rst abbolutely Kure of 1
a trump or having the last play
Xt\c)l.— Emery Boardman [LrA.\,
nimg^ tVhist.'*
/>ra/f N/-.— When the pack has hec
crly cut and reunited, the deale
distribute the cards, one at a time,
player in regular rotation. l»egin
his lea. The last, which is the
card, must be turned up before the
At the end of the hand, or when t
is lost, the deal passes to thr play
to the dealer on nis left, and so on
in turn.
There must be a new deal by th
dealer: (i) If any card except thi
faced in the pack; (2) if. durinic tli
or during the play of the hand. Ik
is proved incorrect or impertrct: I
prior score made with the pad
stand.
If. during the deal, a card is e:
the side not in fault may demand
deal, provided neither of that s;
touched a card. If a new deal d
take place, the exposed card is no
to be called.
Any one dealing out of turn, or 1
adversaries' pack, may l>e stoppe<)
the trump card in turned, after wli
deal is valid, and the tMicks, if chat
re ma i n , — /m ws 0/ H'htst { A mencat
Sections tj~t6.
Dealer. —One who deals <
tributes the cards.
Dcane. Walter Meredith.-
tcr Mere<lith Deane, C. M. (
A., was bom in London, 1841
graduate of Cambridge; was
civil servncc for many year
tioned at Hong Kong.' Ciiina
1S62 to 1891; captain-supcT
dent of police of the coloni
1866 to 1 891. He also act
colonial secretary', and as 00
treasurer, and ineml>er of the
utive and legislati\*e councils
whist-plavers he is best knoi
his ••lA-ttcrs on Whist Add
to Moderate Players." a aeri
articles first appeanng in A
Maf^azine, and publi&ed in
form io 1894.
Dadarad Trump. — In dB|
whist it is largely a cmUMn, u
DBCLARED TRUMP
"3
DECLARED TRUMP
ing trumps, to declare a cer-
lit trumps for the occasion.
ITS of duplicate whist adopted
, make no provision for thia,
in the single-table or mnemo-
>licate game, where it is said:
ad of tumine the trump, a
fuit may be declared for the
' The general sentiment of
tte whist-players is largely in
>f the declared trump, and
^o so far as to advocate a
lent trump for the game,
lestion of allowing a Lea^e
depart from the rule which
8 tne turning of the trump,
ought to the attention of
;nt Schwarz, in October,
y Norton T. Horr, president
Cleveland Whist Club. The
nt referred the matter to the
of appeals, whose opinions
ublkned in Whist^ Novem-
^, and were to the e£fect
hile it was a breach of
law for a club to declare a
instead of turning it, there
seem to be any way to pre-
le members from making
lange, especially if unani-
acquiesced in by the players
:ed. In the issue ot U^hist
cember, 1895, Sidney Lovell
> far as to advocate not only
red trump in duplicate, but
aal trump suit for all forms
(t, and he suggested clubs,
next issue of IVhtst a writer
: himself '* Prex '* argued
fdared trump in duplicate,
3 far as straight whist is con-
*' said he, " we may dismiss
cussion. Chance enters so
into it that the chance of
: up an honor may as well
" But as to duplicate whist,
tinned: ''To my mind, the
m of duplicate whist will be
direction of uniformity and
ity. I do not believe m de-
tmmps at every sitting, but
believe we will evolve a higher
form when we make one suit
trumps permanently.'* In the Feb-
ruary issue Mr. Lovell returned to
his argument in favor of clubs as
the permanent and national trump
suit On February 19, 18^7, Fisher
Ames sent a communication to the
executive committee of the Ameri-
can Whist League, in which he
suggested that it would be ** for the
advantage and interest of the dupli-
cate match games in tournaments
and contests for trophies, and in-
deed for all duplicate whist games*
that a rule be established forbidding
the turning of a trump in the pack
in play, and requiring the umpire,
or parties, to cut a trump suit for
the session, in another pack.*' He
continued: **The true theory of
duplicate whist is that each side at
beginning has no knowledge of the
resources or strength of the other
side. The turning of a trump card
is in violation of this principle;
and although the same conditions
are in turn imposed on the other
side, two wrongs do not make a
right. The recording of the trump
turned adds greatly to the labor,
trouble, and difficulty of keeping
the score. If the trump turned is
so small as to affect the play in no
degree, it is only so much more
trouble to record and keep the run
of it; if sufficiently high to affect
the play, it is contrary to the true
principles of the (2[ame.**
No decisive action was taken on
the trump question at the seventh
congress of the American Whist
League (1897), although an effort
was made to get the executive com-
mittee to declare in its favor. This
occurred on July 5, when Director
P. J. Tormey offered a resolution to
the effect that *' in contests Nos. 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, II, and 12 of the
schedule of contests for this con-
gress, the executive committee re-
DBSCHAPBLLES
114
DBSCHAPBLLES
commend that in all plays no trump
shall Im: turned, and that cluM
shall l>e dcclare<l trump." Director
B. Le Roy Smith moved, as an
amendment, that the rule apply to
all contesU. Lost On a vote, the
orifpnal resolution was also lost.
Dcschap«ilcs» 6uiilaum« !•
Breton. — A phenomenal whist-
player, considcrwl by James Clay
as ** the finest, l>eyond any compar-
ison, the world lias ever seen.**
Tliis vcnlict has been generally
concurred in, not only by I>escha-
pelles* coiittrniporarics, but by every
writer on whist since his time.
Descha^K'Hes was lK)rn in France,
in i7.Sri. and came of >ff>od family.
His fatiier was j^ontleman of the
be<lch amber to Louis XVI., and the
same position was held by his
bmther in the court of Charles X.
Desrhapelles himself <liii not take
kindly to royalty, and his republi-
canism came very near gettinj( him
intr> serious trouble in the earlier
days of the reiRU of Louis Philippe.
On one occasion a seizure ot tits
private papers discloseil the fact
that he had plotted revolution. In
a list of persons to be summarily
dispa<<ed of were found many names
of prominence, and amonfs^ them
the following, with the accusation
as staled: ** Valry (Alphic), to be
I0ii11'»tiiif<l. Reason — Citoyen in-
uiiit'." A worthless citizen, and
whv? Ill* was a notonouslv bad
whist -J il aver!
Descliapelles is mentioned by
I lay ward as one of the principal
players of whist at the T'nion Club,
in i*aris. wliere he frcfjuently met
and pl:iyed with I^rd (tran\'illc,
the Knf^lish ambassador. Count
Merlem. Count Watewski, the Due
de Richelieu, General Michelski,
Comte .Achille Delamarre. M. Bon>
G'erre, and other famous players,
e 9\9o excel Icfl in other garnet,
notably at billiards, Pdiah drttaghtii
and chess, being for yeari witboot
a rival in the Utter. Despite the
fact that he had lost his right hanid
at the wriat, in the war with the
allies, he could play billiards with
wonderful dexterity. At whist he
dealt the same as other playcn,
and collected, sorted, and played
his own cards with his left hand.
He was a brilliant and dariiw
pla^'er, and a perfect tnastcr ol
whist strategy, as is shown by the
coups which he invented, especially
the one which still bears his name.
In his day, whist was played tat
high sums of money, and he fiv-
qnently staked and won imncBK
amounts. Upon one occaaoo a
match was proposed between Ua
and Lord Granville, another dariaji
player, for 200,000 francs, and ha
part of the stake was pnnnplly
sulMcribed in shares. Bnt the coa-
test never came off. being stopped
by friends of the Englisli playci;
who feared the consequences of a
possible failure to him.
Deschapelles published ia
in 1839, the fragment of a _
projected work on whist It
entitlc<l "Traits du Whiate:
Partie, La legislation,** and«
by Furne, dtuxlecimo, at 6ve
Part I. was never publiahcd. la
the same year there was piiMiihnl.
in I^ndon, through Hooldiaai, a
English translation entitled, "A
Treatise on Whist. With
two volumes, octavo, at
shillings. Tlie work wai
pointing, inasmuch aa Deac
iiad spent such leisure as he
find (luring twenty
preparation. It wi
the Foreign Quarterijt
(vol. 24, p. 355.) The
hafl it ever been
undoubtedly have
satisfactory work. In 1^49
pmrcd hia**TiBit^daWhkitn»>
'
DBSCHAPELLBS
"5
DEUCE
ff6na, on Whiste & TroiA,*' pnb-
liBhed by Perrotin, in Paris. Five
yemn later, his death took place in
the same city.
Deachapelles' brilliant manner of
playing tne game was exemplified,
to a certain extent, in America, by
his pupil, the late John Rheinart
{q. V. ), who had frequently played
as his partner before coming to this
coontiy.
I bad rather he [Deachapelleft] would
lead or play tbird hand than be at my
left when in an exigency I am to play.
He plajrs aecond band to win with it; and
he doea win with it. His fineaae it
terrific — Lassave {0.\.
in ne Deacbapellea, is it g^enerally
kBowB that the Boston Herald published
twentT-two bands, alleged to have been
plajrea by him? Some of them show
that be was quite familiar with the lead
oftbe foorthbest (see Augrust ii, 1889).
And yet be died in 1847 ! I Truly, there
is aoUiins new this side of the graTe.—
Jt, F. FbUer [S. 0.\, Hlkist^July, 1893,
R woald probably have surprised Des-
chapelles had he been told that the time
woold come when persons calling them-
sdves whist-players would think more
of a number of arbitrary niguats, taxing
oaly the attention, than of all the points
of strategy which he and his contempo-
TBfies regarded an the essenoe of the
Base.— iP. A. Proctor \L. O.]. Longman* s
Mmgrnxine, April, 1887.
The "Trait* dn Whiste" was devoted
■liJuolly to the laws of the game. The
Mthor Mid little about the plav: but
tmtcd the subject in a manner highly
i^irUmel. He reasoned on immensity and
dervity: on metaphysical necessity and
trial ty jury: he invoked the sun of
taboo and the star of the Magi; he
Imstigated the electric affinities of the
olinrcn; and illustrated a hand by ana-
SStel mcamtXry.—WMiam BtU \L. A->t\
*EmhSkm of Urhistr
■hrly in the present century the great
■lover. Deschapelles. introduced his won-
demi play to toe Parisian clubs, fiir the
Moot offghial and brilliant ever known.
The fine ** coops," as may be known by
the Freoch term for his startling acU.
were of his invention; but the record
if ploy not being kept, the many in-
Otooccs of victory achieved by the aid
if hio foresight and practice of strange
Deschapelles' Coup. — A cele-
brated stratagem in whist, named
after its inventor, Deschapelles. It
consists in the play of king, or other
high card at the head of a suit, for
the purpose of forcing out the ace
or other high card held by the ad-
versary, thereby making good a
lower card in partner's hand, and
thus giving him an opportunity to
obtain the lead and make his es-
tablished suit. The situation justi-
fying the sacrifice is when trumps
have been exhausted and you have
the lead, but are unable to play a
card which would give the lead to
your partner, he having an estab-
lished suit which it is necessary to
bring in.
Its object is to save any card of re-entry
that may be in the partner's hand when
trumps are out, and you have none of his
established suit to lead him.— i?. F. JR>sUr
[S. a], " IVhist Strategy:'
Detached Card. — A card taken
out of the hand and entirely sepa-
rated from the rest, as in the act of
play. Very often an error is com-
mitted by players returning such
card and taking another, ana play-
ing it instead, after they have partly
or wholly exposed the first cbtcL
In such case it is liable to be called,
according to section 60 of the
English code. In the American
code, the word " detached*' is not
used, and no penalty is prescribed,
because, as Mr. Trist informs us,
** it does not cover the case of a
card, turned face outward, in the
player's hand ; and the seeing of the
card by the partner was made a
condition precedent to the right of
calling it, because in almost every
case of a detached card the adver-
saries alone can name it; and no
injury being done, no penalty
^ould be suffered."
«■ ■» KjvyHK"^ ■ "i^J> s^^.r/ M Bi Deuce.— A cara witn two pipe
wsTS are kist to no. — G tV.fyttesxL. A.F.i *. xi_ * a. # \ vCt^
^SsMTkoo tykist lUmsirmt^'' OT spots; the two-spot (q. v.). The
DIAMONDS
Il6
DISCARD
word is derived from French detix^
Latin duo^ two. It has no connec-
tion with deuce^ an evil spirit, not-
withstanding the popular notion
that such is the case.
When partner leads low cards, or cards
which are not the bent, the moat impor-
tant thinj^ for the third hand is to locate
the iiruce. So well is this known among
czperta, that very few of them will Rive
up the deuce of an adversary's suit, if they
have any other small cards to play, a • a
The abaence of the deuce is a moat im-
portant factor in estimating whether or
not the lead is from five or more carda,
and in judging whether or not the part-
aer is echoing. It has lately become so
much the practice to play false in the
•mailer cards of the adversaries* suits
that the plain-suit echo is almost useless.
— i?. F. FoUer \S. 0.\, '^Whut Tactic*:'
Diamonds. — One of the four
suits composing a pack of cards;
one of the two red suits. On Ger-
man cards the corresponding sym-
bols are bells {SchelUn). In the
original Spanish cards, from which
all modem cards are derived, the
symbol is oroSy or dinoros (money).
In Italian it is calle<i danari, also
meaning money. In French it is
cartraux, or diamonds, represented
the same as in English, and show-
ing that Bngli& cards came
through a French source.
Dlllard, N. K.— See, ''Blind
Whist- Players."
Discard. — The card from another
plain suit which a player puts on
the round, or trick, when he is un-
able to follow suit and does not
wish to trump. To discard, in a
general way, means to throw away
useless canls, but there has l)een
method and meaning in the discard
from the earliest history of the
game. The ordinary rule is to dis-
card from short or weak suits, and
an especial importance attaches to
the tirst discard, which conveys
positive information to partner. In
case the adversaries call for or lead
trumps, or otherwise indii
trump strength, it is cost
reverse the ordinary rule, .
vour original discard iff
longest or strongest suit-
you desire partner to leai
Being on the defensive, it
sary to protect your weal
far as possible; and it is
discard from vour long sui
case, as you nave but littl'
bringing it in. Discards,
first, are not intended t
special information, but
to suit the exigencies of
Here, however, it is well t
that of late several othe
by means of the discard, 1
proposed and, to some e
cepted, although not by a
like ••Cavendish.'* Sucl
stance, is a new trump sif;
by discarding a card at lea
as an eight, second hand
unplayea suit This mus'
early m the game, bowevi
the first three rounds of t
•*Caycnd»h"says: •*Iti!
a brainy player, finding st
trumps and strong plain
his partner, might often b
to lead a trump in conseqi
high discard, when othc
would not. That is a poin
ment The exercise of jm
quite different from blind
ment." Other innovat
Complete control of a sui
indicated by the discan
commanding card in it,
non -possession of the best
suit is sliown by the disci
second-best.
We may also add that
natural that in this perioc
activity and change there \
found those who object to
of the discard as frindi
laid down by the earlies
of whist, and followed t
thorities erer siact. laca
DISCARD
117
DISCARD
, no doubt, the rules of the
rd, like other rules of whist,
be profitably set aside; but
is no reason why we should
Ion what in normal conditions
wlways been found most ezcel-
rulea. Whist geniuses may
no rules whatever, but they
d not on that account throw
less gifted into chaos.
fint discard is the most important,
le information given by it mnst be
Uy noted.— ^uA^r Aims IJL A.},
^ical Guide to IVhist.*'
eak in tmmps, keep guard on yonr
wrics* suits; if strong, throw away
Vb/cm.^Tk4»mas Mathews [L. 0\
ce to the Young IVhut-Player"'
•n the adTersaries have declared
th in trumps, my discard (snd my
!r*s) shoula convey no definite in-
tion whatever.— iV. S. FenoUosa \JL
Ikist, A^ril, 189J.
r orMnal discard indicates your
at sntt. if trump strength is not de-
against yon; your longest suit, if it
tbseqnent discards have no such
cancc— i?. A. /doctor [JL O.].
system of discarding moat con-
; to trick-taking seems to be to al-
dixcard the card that can best be
t from the player's htind.^AfiJton
rh[L. A. M.l" IVhist of Tihday.'*
dangerous to nnguard an honor or
nk an ace; and, also, to discard a
card when the game is in an un-
j»ed state, as it exposes 3rour weak-
fmost as soon as the smt is led.—
mdish*' [JL A.\.
la and the play of second and third
are in most cases governed by
f understood rules, but in the dia*
Boch mnst be left to the whist
( of the player.— ^*»rr* y. Maynard
\ Whiii, Mar, 1893.
aycT havins full command of a suit,
bow it to hui psrtner by discarding
It card of iL Discarding the sec-
!St is an indication that tne plaver
( the best; and. in general, the als-
f any small card snows weakness
t sutt-— ^. F. Foster [S. O.), "Owi*-
Hoyte.'*
ud from the weak suit if strength
npa is with partner, and from the
soit if the stren^h is with the ad-
les: and that side is considered
is tramps which remains with the
r^, ao matter from which side came
^paal lead of trumps.— />«(i!rr*cA
H. Lewis [L. 0,l London Field, November,
1887,
If early in the hand (before the fourth
trick) as high a card as a nine is discarded
from an unplayed suit, it is generally
safe to consider it a call for trumps. • s s
The discard of the command indicates
complete control of the suit. * • • The
discard of the second best indicates no
more of the suit.-ATa/tf H^heelock [L. AX
*' tVkist Rules,'' 1896.
The long suit is or may be (after
trumps) the most valuable you have, and
every card of it, even the smallest, may
make a trick. Hence, you must discard
from a short or weak suit, s s s But
if strength of trumps is declared against
you, reverse the rule, and discard from
your most numerous %vAt.— lVilliam /Mf
[L A-^], ''Philosophy 0/ IVhist,''
Your partner should understand that
your Srst or original discard is from your
weakest suit, iust as he understands that
your original lead is from your strongest
suit. But, as in the case of leads, you are
sometimes obliged to lead from a weak
suit, or to make a forced lead, so some-
times jTOU have to make 9i forced discard.-^
'*Cavendish" \L A.], ''Laws and Prind^
pUs of IVhist."
The play introduced by Rufus Allen, of
Milwaukee, is to discard from your strong
inally. That is to say, if no plain suit has
yet been shown by sny one. you discard
from your best suit, or the one you wsnt
your partner to lead you* but if some one
has shown a suit, you discard from the
one of the other two in which you are
weak, or which you do not want him to
lead you.— /oAm T, MiUhell \L. A.\, "Du-
pUcaU Whist."
Your original diacard is from yonr
weakest suit, the suit in which you are
least likely to make a trick. It is under-
stood, however, that this is before strength
in trumps hss been declared by the op-
ponents. If partner hss asked for trumps,
or led them, it does not affect this rule^
?ou still discard from your weakest suit.
f the opponents have 6r8t called, or first
led trumps, your first discard is from your
best protected suit. When trumfM are
declared against you. you plsy a defen-
sive game, and husband what little
strength vou have in your weak suits.—
C D. P. Hamilton [L.A\, "Modem Scien^
tific IVhist."
The present Sjrstem of discsrding, as
laid down by '* Cavendish," is full of dif-
ficulty. It is to discard from your weak
auit under ordinary circumstances, and
from your best protected suit when the
DISCARD
tl8
DISPUTES
•trenKth in tnimpfl is declared airainiit
you: and that these should be distinctly di'
rective to your pattnet (twentieth edition,
page 1 1^). I find this system is no longer
adopted by players of the fir»t-class.
They claim it is folly to bctrav to an
enemy, who has declared superiority in
truiiip'«. the exact location of what little
drfeusive fttrenKth you have. • • • The
nioilcrn theory ot the discard is: In
attack, or when playiug a forward game,
prrsrrve your own and your partner's
suitH, letting evrrything else go, even un-
fuaniing liotif>r8 and leaving aces blank.
II dcfi-nsic*, discard from your own and
your {Nirtner'n Kuitn, keeping guard on
those ol the advcrjtary. The player must
1>e particularly on nis guard against
dm wing too rigid infrrencrs from tlis-
canlrt. It muAt be remembered that the
fali»e dijicard ih to*) often a straUij^em to
mask a wdl-placcd Icuace.— /f. /-. Foster
[.S. O] 'U'hist Stfalejiv," /^W-
The di-M-ard Irmn the lK*»t protected
suit, on adwrMr declaration of htrciigth
in lrump<^ hast lutelv Inren a»hau1ted, and
hab even l>een called an eaplo<led fallacy.
• • • The inan(cuvre*> of tntelliKent
p!ayers. with the exception of Khort-^uit•
cr<i. tend to this: TocHtahlish aniiit; then,
with reavtuaMe streiiKth in trumps, to
exlijur«t the opiHinentn; and. fiiiallv, to
bring ill the established Huit. If th(-«>e
tactics work successfully, or seem to give
promiHe ot a successful issue, long c.trds
of an established suit should t>e nltgi-
ously preserved. Hut it may be. and often
is. in actual play, th.it the wary adversary
oiunterplots and strives to obstruct the
design. Then the bicger battalttm will
Senemlly carrv the tlay, nnd, it acxinst,
efense must \tc substituted lor attack.
The question then is What is the best de-
fense? When the opfwnent is fn MiK olT
his trunii) artillery. an<l is kiuiwii to have
plenty of^ aniinuniti«-n in reserve, there is
no cli.ince fi>r the dcfentler liyorilinary
mt-thfuls. Hr must, therefore, reverse
his tactics, and tr> to save what little he
can. by prote«-tiiiij hiswrak siK)ts. and, to
revert to cird l.inifuage, must discard
from the suit in which he is well pr'^trcl-
e«l. but ifchich he c-.itinot hope to brinjr in.
Then is .luother side to the shield The
m.iii who «tarts the sh<x>tinf( may have
enc'iuntered an a<lversary with as much
amniunitiitn as himself, or more, and
who may sho^it Ki«.k. Then cuiiies the
trout-le. 'Are the discards to lie protective
or the reverse? They l^ecome entirely •
matter of judgment: and. as no rule can
be l.iid flown for judgment, the discanli
are often misleading. Then ensue re-
Cfimin.itiims, ami the diiicard from
strenisth is sneered at as an exploded
fallacy. If the players who desire to ex-
plode'it would only turn their attention
to the fact that the fint discard depends
on who has the command of
when it is made, they would prohi
prove their game, and would displ
exploded -fallacy fad from their it
tion. still, it has to be allowed tl
der certain circumstances, the <
discard is beset with difficulties,
however, is no reason for attemf:
explode a fallacy which is unt a
The accepted style of discaniing ti
nant with sound reason; the oul;
tion to it. and one which cannot
mounted by introducing any oth<
is that judgment is often requisite
correct interpretation —"CuirmUt
A.]t Scribmr^s Magaxine^July, /j$
Discard Call. —See,
Discard Call.*'
4« t
Discard, RoUry.— See, *' I
Discard."
Disguising the Number.-
in^ a card fur the purpose \
ceiviug as to iinmber in stiit.
Disputes About PenaKlei
this countr}', where whist is ]
chiefly for the sake of the
disputes over the penalties
scnbefl bv the laws are not .
quent or serious as in cot
where stakes are the rule j
whist-table. One of the et
playin};^ for money is plainly e
in the obstinate wrangling to
it frecjueiitly leads. Dray see
A • ] .in his "Whist I«aws and
Decision.s," .savs: "When di
occur relative to penalties i
fenses committed against thi
of whist, these usually come
three lirad.H, viz. : ( I ) ignorat
the laws; (2 \ misreading or I
ting the law suitable to dea
the offense; <3) incompetent
reasoning soundly on the af
tion of the law." C^neral Di
has done his share in tn^-ing
(luce these disputes to a mini
by giving in his book npwa
one hundred and seventy-five
cases which he has decided
course of his thirty yesn' c
cnce as an ezponenl of whui
DOMESTIC RUBBER
119
DOUBLE-DUMMY
•yer should object to referring •
1 question of fact to a bystander
»fesses himself uninterested in
lit of the {^arae and able to decide
\XMa.—£itqu€tU of WhiU {Amtri-
r).
ayer should object to refer to a
er who professes himself unin*
in the Rame, and able to decide
>uted question of facts — as to who
any particular card, whether
Rrere claimed though not scored,
uersa, cXc.—Ettqu£tU of WhiU
\ Cod€).
itigious player ^ * ^ ia a man
ivrn to arRument and dispute,
h there are certain rules laid
>r whist, yet these rules do not,
mot. meet erery variation in the
r solve all the cases that crop up.
gious player is perpetually start-
I cases. —-(4. (f Drayton fZ,+^+l,
Practical IVkiU."
icstic Rubber, The. — A
of whist played in the
circle, as disting^shed from
at the clubs, especially in
id. In domestic whist, natnr-
loagh, players who are not
t participate, and the habitui
club is apt to find the game
dng, if not trying to his
ature.
:ame. even when mitifi^ated by
music, and the humanizing
e of woman, is inexpressibly
-"nmbridge" [L + O.].
^mestic whint'* I have found it an
It plan never to lead originally a
ard of a suit in which I have
ace nor king. It discourages an
It partner to find you with noth-
Ler than jack or ten when he
jrour suit. The long-suit theory
not understand, but to find you
e or king every time he returns
It. gives him great confidence.
no ace or king, I lead a singleton
kton lor a ruff Failing in that,
-umps and trust to fortune. — R. F.
5. 0\.
•t».— P J. Tonne V, the well-
Pacific coast wliist enthu-
1 1896 issued a small booklet,
i •• Whist Don'U,'* in which
nnlates about one hundred
:▼ bits of advice, or maxims,
following vein:
Don't ever try to undo a pla^^ at wbiat.
Don't try to establish two suits in one
deal.
Don't touch a card while the deal is
going on.
Don't ever compare scores during a
match game.
Don't bother your head how the last
deal worked.
Don't guess at a signal; it is better to
be sure than sorry.
Don't ever lead until the preceding tri^
ia turned and quitted.
Don't iump at every fad the "whist
wind" blows your way.
Don't ever draw a card out of your hand
until it is your turn to play.
Don't try to tell all you know every time
3rou sit down at a whist-table.
Don't hesitate to false card in trumps
on your adversaries' lead of same.
Don't think you can ever get a trick
back that ia once lost; so don't worry
over it.
Don't forget that a poor hand requires
greater whist skill to play well, than a
good one.
Don't hold '*poat-mortems" except in
the " morgue; ** every whist club shoald
have one.
Don't forget we are all human and
liable to err in whist as well as in other
walks of life.
Don't look at the bottom or trump card
before the deal is completed; if you do, a
new deal can be had.
Don't cut unless you take off at least
four cards or leave at lesst four. If yon
do, you have to cut again.
Don't lose sight of the fact that yon
should make tricks in your partner's
hand as well as your own.
Don't forget thut a card led out of turn
must be taken back into the hand, and is
not a " card liable to be called."
Don't di«coura^ >rour partner if he is a
beginner: if he is willing to learn, assist
him. We were all beginners once.
Don't accustom yourself to saying, "It
made no difference my plaving so and
so; " the reverse is generally nearer the
mark.
Double. — In the Bnglish game,
scoring five points before your op-
Sonents win three, is called a
onble.
The winners ^in • • • a double, or
game of two points, when their adver-
saries have scored less than three.—
Laws of l^hist (Enghsh Code) Section S,
Double-Dummy. — Whist plajred
by two players each having a
dtmmiy, or exposed hand, for hk
DOUBI^DUBIMY
X 20 DOUBLE-DUMMY PI
fMirtner. It is governed by the
tame laws as dumuiy (g. v. ), ex-
cept there is no misdeal, the deal
being a disadvantage. The player
who cuts lowest deals first, for his
dummy. He also has the privilege of
selecting his own seat, and usually
takes the position on the right
of the living player, as it is better,
in case doubt should arise as to
whether certain cards have been
played or not, to lead up to an ex-
posed hand than up to a concealed
one.
Some players go so far as to ex-
pose all tour hands upon the table,
in which case the play is simply an
analytical problem like a game of
chess. Wnile not in high favor
with the average whist-player,
double-dummy is very useful for
purposes of study, and especially
m working out problems like the
grand) Vienna coup, the Whitfeld
problem, and many other whist
puzzles. One of the finest double-
dummy players, and constructor of
double^ummy problems, was the
late F. H. Lewis, who contributed
a large number to the WestminsUr
J\tpers during its eleven years of
existence. W. H. Whitfeld U the
best we now have.
Double-dummy U not whist, nor Any-
thing like it; it much more closely retiem-
bles ches^: one is a K^nie of inference,
the other in an exact «:iencc, where the
position of every card is known— "/¥*•-
Neithrr <lnmmy cnn revoke, and there
are no much thiuK* ss exposed canlft. or
card« played in error. It in very common
for one player to claim that he will win a
certaiti numtter of tricks, and for hin ad-
Ternary to a<tmit it. and allow him to
•cure t^rm without pla\inK the handout.
—R. F. FosUrl.S. of. ''Complete HoyUr
There is notninc: in the frame beyond
the skillful use of the tenace position, dis-
carding, and establishinf cros<>-ruflii.
Analysts is the mental power chiefly en-
nfed • • • The practice of the ((a me
u totally different from aar other form
of whist, and much more closely resem-
bles chesa.—^. F, FosUr [S. 0.\, ^'C^mpUU
The best preliminary practio
dummy, for which no advict
^udjnncnt are neceaaary, wtaic
ess memory than the ordinary
exercises (greater analytical
proximatinff tochcaa,though m
ins, through the variety of cl
with the same advantage of
partner to abuse.— CIrs£ni/ J
A -It], "Modem H^kist."
The player should first cat
amine the exposed hands, aa<
parinff them with his own. tv
should fix in his mind the car
his living adversary. This ti
and in many places it is the
expose the four hands upon
Players who have better mem
their opponents object to thi
same reason that they prefer
the right of the living play«
case they forget whether cer
have been played, they prefer
to an exposed hand rattier th
whose contents they are doubtf
The hands once fixed in the n
time should be given for a care
eration of the best course to pa
which the plav should proci
rapidly until the last few tri
another problem may present
F. Foster [S. O.], "CompUU No;
Double-Dummy Pusxl*
eral A. W. Drayson is the
tor of the following ingeni
double-dummy puzzle: <
adversaries four by honors
suit; give yourself and p«]
of the other canls you chc
win five bv cards against tl
to have the lead. Two :
mav be found in Proctor's
Play Whist," as follows:
rirst Solution, — A hoi
seven, five, two of diamoi
nine, eight, seven, six, fi'
three, two of clubs; no sp
no hearts. B holds ten, ei
four, three of diamonds; t
eij^ht, seven of spades; tc
eight, seven of nearts; r
Y holds kin^ and jack of di
king and jsck of spade
i'ack, six, five, four, thret
learts, and king and jack
Z holds ace, queen of di
ace, queen, six, fire, foti:
two of spades; ace, queen c
TBLB-DOHICV PUZZLB 131
DOUBTFUL CARD
«. queni of dnba. Z deals; Whether Y leads a heart or
ada are trampa, and A lead*: *pa^> A is bonnd to brine in hit
diamoDda. Beginniii^ wiUi trick
three, Proctor also gives the M-
lowing alternative pUiy :
A
V
»
^
3
* J
8-?
*Q
20
J 0
♦ 0
QO
B?
J •
?♦
2 •
3
«K
OO
• A
70
KO
80
AO
i2.
=3 J
t? 7
tj A
en brings in his clnba, V aod
Hng any cants they please,
retaina hb long trump until
rtccnth trick. Proctor adds:
obvioa* that Y and Z are
caa. If Z leads djamoad ace
k thiee, the order of tricks
fonr, aud five ii simply
al, hot the lesult is the same.
nd Solution. — Clubs are
t. A holds ten, six, five, four
!•; ten, nine, eight, seven,
e, four, three, two of dia-
; DO hearts or spades. B
line, eight, seven, three, two
c, four, three of hearts; no
ids or spades. Y holds ace,
rdubs; guecn, jack ofhearts;
«en of diamonds; king, jack,
ne, eight, six, five of spadea.
la the queen, jack of clubs;
ng, twoof hearts; ace, queen,
'
T
'
20
QO *2
J 0
4 *K |«3
« J
a 9 J k> 3
d 2
30, AoUt,
KO
1
A
V
„
z
*-
3
30
64
• 7
Z 4
■♦
*6
*A
48
4Q
B
« e
8 «
0 3
34
e
40
AO
4 e
KO
7
*IO
0 J
c t
0 2
It does not matter, at trick five,
what Y plays.
Double Echo.— An echowhidt
indicates more than four trumps in
the hand of the placer making it
It is made by echoing twice oAer
paitner's signal for trumps or lead
of trumps. (See, also, " Fonr Sig-
nal.")
XS.'l
mp siRnil
Hartnl DO .« or klnR. I lead ■ alBElf
Ion ot de,.»lrlB- for » ruff—*. F. FinUr
Doubtful Card.— A card led bv
the opponent on your right whicn
your partner may or tnav not be
able to take. It may have been led
from strength or wealtnesa. It is
well to take it, second hand, unless
there be a good rea-son for passing
it. (See. hUo. ■' Doubtful Trick.")
brokrn, and In a dlrccl InlimaKon to part-
Bct lo iHd Lhrm, if hr haa anr awlM-
■Dce.— C. D. P. Hamillan {L. A,].
DOUBTFUL TRICK
1 22 DRAY80N, ALPRBD W.
Doubtful TriclU'A trick which
your partner may or may not be
able to take; a tnck in which the
canl first le<l is a doubtful one, and
you, having none of the suit, second
hand, must decide whether to
trump or discard. This depends
upon the trump strength or weak-
ness in your hand. If strong {i.f»,
possesksing at least four), you pass
tlic trick, and thereby convey in-
formation to your partner which
may cause him to lead trumps at
the first opportunity.
Passinff doubtful triclu is usnallv con-
Bidercd uii indication of at least four
trumps. -A*. F. Fostrr [S. a J. **lVhisi
If >-<iu arc weak in trumps thry are
only 'k"^1 tt^r trunipinf:. auti you may use
thc'm uiihcMtatiuKly for that purpose.
But if >uu arc nuiucricullv strong in
truinfM. Ihcy are m> valunnlc that jrou
ouKht not t ) wAAtc any on the chance of
Its l)einK an unncccMaVv Kncri6cc: in this
cane. tur>. your diMnrd from a nlain suit
may Ik: advantatcconn to you ncreafler,
anu may n\\'t vahinhle information to
your jKi'rtncr.— Wi/Zifliw f^>U {L, ^+Jf
^'Philosophy of Whiit:*
Doubtf In.— An uncomfortable
frame of mind in which a player
sometimes finds himself when he
has not paid strict attention to the
game, or when for some other
reason he does not remember the
fall of the cards. Hoyle's advice
is: " Wlien in doubt, win the
trick. »•
Draw of Cards.— Players draw
their cards fnmi the centre of the
table, and place them in front of
themselves, to indicate how thej
were played, if for any reason this
becomcA necessary and is demanded
during the play of a round or trick.
It is not allowed to draw yoar cards for
your partner, unless he request it. The
cause of this prohibition is erident: here
Is the Umndary within which Intimatioiis
are confined.— ZVjrAa^/ri \0\ "iMms.**
Any one during the |>lay of a trick, and
before the cards haTt been toucbcd far
the pvtrpoM of cathetiiif them fnf tktff.
may demand that the playen draw tkclr
CkT^H.-iMws of iyhM{Amtgri£mm Gi*k
Section 34.
Any one during the play of a tridk. m
after the four cards arc played, aad b*>
fore, but not after, they arc toochcd far
the purpose of iratnering them togctkcr.
may demand that the cards be plaecd b^
may
ff>re their respective players.— ^
Whisi (English Code), Seettom 8s,
Each person in plasring ougbl to lay bto
card before him; after he has dooc ao^ AT
either of the advcme partica mis tMr
cards with his, his partner is evtitlcd la
demand each person to lay his card bcfaie
him; but not to Inquire who played aay
partknilar CATd.^iidmomd HoyU {0\
Any pla3rer,befbre the cards are loachii
for the purpose of beinff gathered, cia
require each player's cara to be aaaMir
K laced before them. In former timc^ k
I sup})osed that each player pat Ms cm
in front/>f him insteaaof thnmiagthfla^
as we ilo now. in the middle of the laMa,
—Charles Mossop \L'^0.\, WtMimm^m
Papers, Aprtl /. £$79.
Drayson, Alfrad WHlMa. ^
Among the many eminent aca
who have brought genius
scholarsliip to bear npon the
dation of^ whist, and who
helpe<l to make the gsne a ddigM^
ful study, General Diaysua
ever beheld in high and '
remembrance. He was
Waltham Abbey, Essex. Englaal,
April 17, 1837, and now lit
quiet retirement at Southsea.
General I>rayson*s life has
an eventful one. His cdi
was obtained in part at the Ri
ter Grammar School, to
was sent at the age of eleven. AA«
two years he was obliged to dMM
tinue his attendance owing to a i^
vere atUck of scarlet lever. Hi
was then taken in cbai^ge bgr M
elder brother, a civil enf ' --
with him he went on sni
petlitions, which afforded
outdoor ezerdse.reti
and useful knowledge,
we find him taking a thne^Mflf
ootirse as a cadet at the Ko|w lllfr
tarj Academy, Woohvi^
lYSON, ALFRED W. 123 DRAYSON, ALFRED W.
camination, he duly passed,
{ a commission in the Royal
\ Shortly afterward he was
to Africa, where he arrived
time to participate in a
ar. He served ten months
ontier, and saw much rough
He was then ordered to
colony of Natal, where he
ree years with the Zulus
al Kaffirs, and eained those
ices which enabled him to
vend interestins^ and sue-
Kx>ks about Sou& Africa,
the young soldier's return to
i he was promoted to a cap-
nd made adjutant at Worn-
He was next appointed
>r in surve3ring ana practi-
nomy at the Royal Military
y, and soon after became
r at the same institution.
ion he took charge of the
Irtillery Observatory, and
id the officers in the various
I of astronomy. He was
-appointed, and served fif-
rs in these positions.
76 he served in India^ as
t of two committees for
-ovement and re-armament
arious forts in Bengal^ .nnd
aluable services he received
nks of the government
lis return home he was
n command of the Royal
in British North America,
idquarters at Halifax, Nova
rhere he resided nearly five
[n 1882 he retired on a pen-
:h the rank of major-g^n-
tcr thirty-eight years of
al Drayson's books, other
use on whist, are: *'Sport-
nes Among the Kaffres,'*
ras published in 1858 and
through several editions;
at the Outspan,*' ** Among
s," '•The Woolwich Cadet, '^
iences of a Woolwich Pro-
fessor," **From Keeper to Cap-
tain," "The Diamond Hunters,"
"The White Chief of the Umzim-
vubu," etc. Among his scientific
works are: " Practical Military Sur-
veyinjf," for many years a text-book
in military colleges; "Common
Sights in the Heavens," "The
Cause of the Glacial Epoch," " Un-
trodden Ground in Astronomy,"
etc He has also been a frequent
contributor to the magazines and
scientific journals. His discovery
of the second rotation of the earth,
and the true cause of the ice a^e,
was received with incredulity
twenty-five years ago, but Amen-
can scientists first admitted its
correctness, and to-day General
Drayson*s position is vindicated.
We think we have said enough
to show that he was by his training,
intellect, and achievements superb-
ly equipi>ed for the study ana im-
provement of whist, a science in
which he is universally admitted to
be one of the masters. When men
of his calibre and attainments seri-
ously devote themselves to its ad-
vancement, lovers of the game may
well rejoice. He began his whist
studies when a child of six years.
His father, a good, old-fashioned
whist-player, considered that whist
was a good training for the intel-
lect, and frequently indulged the
lad with a game of double-dummy
as a treat. This early exercise in-
duced a love for the game, and dur-
ing his long residence at Woolwich
whist of an afternoon was a fre-
quent attraction at the Royal .Artil-
lery mess. When in India his
proficiency as a player soon became
known, and he was asked to write
some articles on whist for the
Pioneer. This led to the produc-
tion of his splendid book, "The
Art of Practical Whist," which in
1S97 had passed through five edi-
tions, and which contains, among
DRAYSON, ALPRBD W. 1 24 DRAYSON, ALFRED
other orifpnal suggMtions, the pro-
posed lead of the antepenultimate
from suits of six, supplementing
"Cavendish's" penultimate lead
from five. General Drayson*s im-
provement found favor in the Uni-
ted States, where N. B. Trist, in
collaboration with ** Cavendish,"
subsequently rounded out the idea
by the establishment of the fourth-
best principle, counting from the
top of the suit down, instead of
from the bottom, and showing be-
sides numlx:r in suit also the pos-
session of exactly three cards
higher than the one led.
The "Art of Practical Whist"
was published in 1879, and con-
tained the first announcement of
the antepenultimate lead. In the
second edition General Draysou
adde<l some interesting suggestions
on the subject of drawing the last
trump. In an appendix to the
third eilition he announced and
discussed his well-known develop-
ment of the ask for trumps, which
he name<l the** change the suit**
signal ig. :'.). In the appendix to
the fourth e<lition, publishc<l in
18S5, he addcil a numl>er of sug-
gestions for the simplification of
the discanl, and also a ver\' clever
and humorous description of
twenty-six tyj)cs of whist-pIaycrs.
In the fifth edition ( 1S86). he'pays
attention filso to the American
leads, which, he personally a5Uiures
us, he coii*.idcrs good in ni<»st
cases. He i*; an advocate of the
original lead from long suits, as a
rule, but says there are exceptions.
He adopts no cast-iron rules for
leads. l»ut i*4 guidrd by the score,
and by his p;irtner*s and ailver-
saries* skill and perception.
Of the **Art of r»ractical Whist "
it has been well said : ** It is a bafe
guide to the l>eginiier, and an in-
structive companion ami sagacious
counselor to the mofe expert It
is the science of common 1
His next work, *' Whist La
Whist Decisions,'* appeared i
and is admirably adapted
inculcation of an accurate
standing of the laws of th<
and their proper constructi
application.
General Dravson was ele<
honorary member of the Ac
Whist League, at its secox
gress, in 1892, and although
not been able to attend any
annual gatlierin^s, he takes i
and sympathetic interest
League and American whist
eral, as witness the followi
tract from a letter written
to R. H. Weems, corresp
secretary of the organization
date of May 25, 1896:
much gratified to know th
tcnis of play which I a
twenty-five years ago, and
fell flat in England, except
personal frientls, have in A
been lately appreciated. It
to me that in England, whi
novelty is brought forward,
ask, * Who has brought il
wanl ?' If the * who * ts not
mitted authority, the nor
ignored. In America it is
* What is the novelty ?* and i
amined, and, if found to be
is aflopted. It is progress
stick-in-the-mud. I can asm
it is a very great disappoint!
me to feel that in spite of a
kind suggestions, I dare ik
ture on a trip to Brooklyn,
service in South Africa and i
have taken a great deal out
thus having passed thre
years and ten, I am obliges
careful. Any disturbance
usual quiet habits sets me m
General Dravson has
whist for more than sixt^ ji
England, Prance, Spam,
Africa, India, and "^
DRIVE WHIST
"5
DUFFER
be a regret to American
that he could not have
to his record the United
WhtoL'A method by which
t whist is played at social
by a large number of per-
omewhat after the manner
jpressive euchre. As many
IS possible are filled by the
^ who select their partners
first hand, unless the hostess
to do so by some other
such as drawing lots. A
lumber of hands are played,
le is set for play to cease,
tlsare shuffled and cut for
tiand, which constitutes a
Both winners and losers
il the tricks which they take,
ids being played out The
s at each table drive the
to another table. In some
iftners play with each other
Uie entire evening; in other
he arrangement is preferred
y partners change at the
each hand. Prizes are
0 the lady and gentleman
1 the highest score during
ming. Refreshments also
feature of the evening's
inment.
parties where " drive " whist i»
are apt to be "bumblepuppy '*
nstead, for when a lot of women
guests of another woman, there
to be some who only play for
who seem to think that that pre-
ly knowledfr^ of systematic play.
Sreat neceitsity of whist, silent
I. The Tolume of talk that comes
'hist-party would (generally) put
e a fiiir or a sewinsr society. But
resent it is a society fad, and un-
y drops that and taces up some-
•e, wnist-lorers suffer and wait
at patience thev may. — Harriet
nderion [L. A.], Home Maga-
5
KC. — A player who is all at
Aoeming the principles of
De whicm he is attempting,
but who thinks he knows it all; a
bumblepuppist (q, v.), "Caven-
dish" has formulated the follow-
ing amusing satire, which he calls
«* The Duflfer's Whist Maxims '» :
1. Do not confuse your mind by
reading a parcel of books. Surely,
you've a right to play your own
game, if you like. Who are the
people that wrote these books?
What business have they to set up
their views as superior to yourv
Many of these writers lav down
this rule: *' Lead originally from
your strongest suit;" don't yon
do it, unless it suits your hand.
It may be good in some hands,
but it doesn't follow that it should
be in all. Lead a single card
sometimes, or, at any rate, from
your weakest suit, so as to make
^our little trumps when the suit
IS returned. By following this
course in leads you will, nine
times out of ten, ruin both your
own and your partner's hands;
but the tenth time you will per-
haps make several little trumps,
which would have been useless
otherwise. In addition to this, if
sometimes ^ou lead from your
strongest suit, and sometimes from
your weakest, it puzzles the adver-
saries, and they never can tell what
you have led from.
2. Seldom return your partner's
lead; vou have as many cards in
your hands as he has; it is a free
country, and why should you sub-
mit to his dictation? Play the suit
you deem best, without regard to
any preconceived theories.
It is an excellent plan to lead out
first one suit and then another. This
mode of play is extremely perplex-
ing to the whole table. If you
have a fancy for books, you will
find this system approvea by "J.
C." He says: " You mystify alike
your adversaries and your partner,
you turn the game upnde down,
DUFFER
126
DUPPBR
reduce it to one of chance, and, in
the Kcranible, may have as good a
chance as your neighbors."
3. KsjHrcially do not return your
Sartner's lead in trumps, for not
oin>( so now and theu turns out to
be advantageous. Who knows but
^ou may make a trump by holding
It up, which you certainly cannot
do if your trumps are all out.
Never mind the fact that you will
g^ncnilly lose tricks by refusing to
play your partner's game.
\\nicnever you succeed in making
a tnimp by your refu.sal, be sure to
point out to your partner how for-
tunate it was that you played as
you did.
Perhaps your partner is a much
better player than you, and he may
on some former occasion, with an
exceptional hand, have declined to
return your lca«l of trumps. Make
a note of this. Remind him of it
if he complains of your neglecting
to return his lead. It is an unan*
swerable argument.
4. There are a lot of rules — to
which, however, you nee<l pay no
attention — about leading from se-
quences. Wliat can it matter which
canl of a sequence you lead ? The
sequence cards are all of the same
value, and one of them is as likely
to win tbe trick as another. Be-
sides. if vou look at the books,
you'll fill A the writers don't even
icnow tlieir own minds. They ad-
\ns«f in s^>me cast's that you should
lea«l the highrst. in others the low-
est, of the sequence; and in leading
from act", kinij, queen, they actually
reroninif-nd you to begin with the
midiUc r.ird.' Any i>erson of com-
mon senv must infer from this
that it don't matter which canl of
a sequence you lead.
5. There arc also a number of
rales about the plav of the second,
third, and fourth fiands. but they
are quite unworthy •crioua consid-
enition. The exceptions are almoit
as numeroni as the rules, so if joa
play by no rale at all you are abovt
as likely to be right as wrong.
6. Before leading tramps, always
first get rid of all the winning caidi
in your plain suit. You will not
then be bothered bv the lead after
tramps are out, and yon thus shift
all the responsibility of mistakes
on your partner. But if 3roar part-
ner has led a snit, be careful when
vou lead trumps to keep in joar
hand the best card of his lead. Bf
this means, if he goes on with his
suit, you are more likely to get the
lead after trumps are out, which,
the books .say, is a great adTantage
7. Take every opportunttj of
playing false cards, iioth high and
low. For by deceiring all roand,
you will now and then win an estia
trick. It is often said, **Oh,blt
you deceive your partner." That
IS very true. But, then, as
have two adversaries and only
partner, it is obvious that fay
ning dark you play two to one hi
your own favor. Besides this, it li
very gratifying, when your tritfc
succeeds, to have taken in yonropp^
nents, and to have won the applaaie
of an ignorant gallery. If ym
play in a commonplace waT, cva
your ]->artner scarcely thanks yo&
Any1>ody could have done the
same.
8. Whatever you do, nerer atfead
to the score, and don't watdi the
fall of the cards. There is so
earthly reason for doing either flf
these.' As for the score, yonr «!►
ject is to make as many as yon
can. The game is five, bat if
play to the score nx or sen
blame to you. Nerer mind
the risk of not getting
chance of making even five. Ken
as many pictures and winning CHW
as you can in yonr hand. TneyaR
pretty lo look at, and if yo«
J
GGAN, GEORGE E. 12? DUKE OF CUMBERLAND
s best of each suit you ef-
r prevent the adversaries
inging in a lot of small
the end of the hand. As
Edl of the cards, it is quite
at it is of no use to watch
)r if everybody at the table
\ to deceive you, in accord-
ith maxim 7, the less you
he cards they play the less
be taken in.
lenever you have ruined
md and your partner's by
in the way here recom-
, you should always say
' made no difference."
letimes happens that it has
) difference, and then your
8 clearly valid. And it will
ppen that your partner does
: to argue the point with
which case your remark
ike it clear to everybody
1 have a profound insight
\ game. If, however, your
chooses to be disagreeable,
ceeds in proving you to be
ignorant of the first ele-
f whist, stick to it that you
right, that good play will
les turn out unfortunately,
ase your partner of judging
Its. This will generally
lim.
variably blow up your part-
le end of every hand. It is
a most gentlemanlike em*
it of spHire time, but it gains
reputation of being a first>
^•cr.
iffif George E. — An emi-
uccessful teacher of whist,
Hamilton, Ontario, Can-
[845. He played whist as a
ghteen, and in social circles
many years considered a
lycr. In 1882, however, he
» seriously study the game,
1890 beg^n his work as an
JT, in New York City. He
went to Chicago during the World's
Fair, and liked the city so well that
he remained permanently. Many
of the best whisters have been since
numbered among his pupils there,
both men and women. ** I am sat-
isfied," he says, " from a long and
varied personal experience, and a
study of the various systems that
have of late sprung up like mush-
rooms (some points in each, like an
extra course at dinner, being occa-
sionally desirable), that there is
only one system for regular daily
diet, that of the * master,* * Caven-
dish.* So I teach it, with the oc-
casional other pointers, as oppor-
tunity presents.**
Duke of Cumberland's Famous
Hand.— One of the most widely
quoted and astonishing hands at
whist is the famous Duke of Cum-
berland hand. Proctor uses it as
a frontispiece to his book, **How
to Play Whist,'* and quotes from
The Kaleidoscope (evidently a jour-
nal published m England) a state-
ment to the effect that the hand
'*was dealt to the Duke of Cum-
berland, as he was playing whist at
the rooms at Bath,'* a great resort
in its day for whist-players who
played for heavy stakes. "Port-
land," in his volume of whist lore,
entitled "The Whist Table,'* gives
the hand as a striking example of
how *' good cards " may be *' beaten
by sheer bad luck . " 1 1 is a veritable
whist curiosity, but despite the gen-
eral acceptance of the story con-
nected with it, we seriouslv doubt
whether the cards were dealt in
actual play. We believe, with
Fisher Ames, that while the bet
may have been made, and the
money lost, the hand itself was
prepared beforehand. This docs
not detract from its interest, how-
ever, as a whist puzzle. The duke,
it is said, lost /'ao,ooo on the play.
DUKE OF CUMBBRLAND 128
DUMMY
The following diagram will show
the play of the haiid in detail. A
is the hand played by the duke.
The underscored card wins the
trick, and the card under it is the
next one led :
- , Trick.. 1
A
Y
B
z
♦ 7
A a
C? 6 !4 2
2
KO
3 0 J 0 4 3
3
49
410 6 4 4 4
4
AO
2 0[ QO 4 5
6
♦ J.
4Q .^7 4 6
6 4 K
4 A 7 4 2 4
7
^ J
loo ^ e |c? 2
8 \^ Q
9 0 84! 3 4
9 Q#
8 0^9 ^3
10 ^ K
7 0 : 9 4. 4. 4
111 K#
6 0 c?io ;c? 4.
12 <7 A
5 0 104 6 4
13 A #
40
J 4
^ 6
Score : A-B, o; Y-Z, 13.
Dr. Polespves the hand (although
with a different suit for trumps,
etc. ) m his ** Theory of Whist/' as
an example ** to show how singu-
larly, unaer extreme circumstances,
the bringing in of a long suit may
annihilate the most magnificent of
cards,*' and adds: ** The hand is a
very remarkable whist curiosity."
Of the opening lead he says:
** There can Iw no doubt about this
being the proper lead." Of Z's
lead on the thinl round he has this
to say: "The propriety of this lead
is ofien questioned, but it is de-
fended by the impolicy of leading
either of the extremely weak plain
tnits, and by the leacl of trumps
being np to a renouncing hand,
and therefore the most favorable
k. Also, by giving Y the lead
again, it enables him t
the diamond, for Z to
small trumps upon."
The hand was probably n
one hand given to the duke
being aflked what he would
and replying that he should
he was offcre<l a heavy bet t
not make a trick if he did ■<>
accepted the wager, he lost
Some such story is protiabl
with it. as the hand is so
manufactured one. — Fisher y
Whtit, May, 1893,
Dummy. — Dummy
played by three playei
whom has for partner 1
hand known as the dum
are several varieties o
chief among which mi
tioned the English gamt
players; the French gaj
as ** tnort " (q, v. ), fo:
four players; and the n
ported game of ** bridge
Onlinarv, or Englisit,
governed by the same lav
with the following excef
1. Dummy deals at
mencement of each rubb
2. Dummy is not lial
penaltv of a revoke. 1
versaries see his hand;
revoke, and the error not
ered until the trick is t
quitted, it stands good
hand proceeds as though
had not been discov
should be remembered,
that it is dummy's hi
which is exempt from tl
of the revoke. If this |
vokes, he is liable to
penalties.
3. Dummy being blind
his partner is not liab
penalty for an error whei
gain no advantage. Tht
expose some or all of hi
may declare that he has
or trick, etc., without
any penalty; if, howere
DUMMY
129
DUPLICATB WHIST
dummy's hand when he
t lead from his own, or vice
a suit may be called from
nd whi<^ ought to have led.
re can be no doubt that
y has been most popular in
e, in its French form. Des-
[les says that in pla}ring the
decisive strokes are in favor
e defense (*. e.y dummy) in
rst rounds, after which the
tage gradually leans to the
mts. He therefore recom-
» that the defender should
th energy in the commence-
having little or nothing to
or when the play assumes its
I course.
; sometimes agreed that each
' shall take his turn in play-
ith the dummy, a change
made at the end of each
Thia is especially well
^ to the American game of
points, honors not counting.
I play three rubbers, or a
\e, each player having dum-
ir a partner during one rub-
Others again agree that one
shall play with dumm^ con-
tsly throughout the sitting,
ich case it is usual for him to
his adversaries one point per
r for the advantage of play-
ith the exposed hand, which
% dommv's partner to ascer-
le cards nela collectively by
ar ia not coniddeTed the same
I inOa^—A . If. Draysan [L-\-A-\-],
and fVkist Decistons.^'
do Dot play whist. When
ty iHiat they call whist, it is nearly
amwntnj. Potir form a table and
mtt.'-^Oivendish'' [L.A.], LetUr
■J** partner can play hia cards as
sly mM be pleases, with no fear of
m dsmmv, and this is a great ad-
•te isself/trat it is about offset by
anorded the adrr rsarien for
play with regard to dura-
i.— CVurrafi M. Baint {L.
',1892.
It is much played in Prance under the
name of '' U mart,'* and in Germany un>
der the name of **iUr BItHde" [the
blindl ; in fact, in the latter country, more
especially in private society, it is prefer-
red to whist; and it is no uncommon
thing to 5nd a fourth player cutting in in
his turn, one of the players at the table,
of course, being cut out for the time. —
Frederick N, Lewis [a], Th€ Field, Febru-
ary /<, 7*79.
This [dummy whist] as played in Eng-
land is to me a dull game, especially so
to dummy's opponents. The game ia
frequently over, and the cards thrown
down, before the hand is half played out;
and as the player with the dummy can-
not deceive his partner, it is his interest
always to play Ulse cards, whereby the
ordinary calculations of whist become of
little use.— ya«« Clay {L. 0+], ''TVeatise
on the Game.**
Writers on whistpay little or no atten-
tion to dummv. The English authors
mention it only in connection with laws
and decisions. No American text-book
makes any allusion to the game, and
there is no reference to it in the American
Whist League's code of laws. Neverthe-
less, it is believed by many that the day
is not far distant when dummy will super-
sede all other varieties of whist among
the most expert players. — R. F. Foster
{S. O.yCompleU Ho^U,'* 1897.
The advantage or disadvantage of plajr-
ing with a dummy depends largely upon
the card.s in the exposed hand and the
relative positions of the other cards. We
think, however, that it is quite generally
considered to be an advantage to play
with the dummy; in fact, so great an ad-
vantage that when stakes are played for
the players rotate regularly in taking
the aumray. The advantage lies in the
fact that the dummy's partner knowa
absolutely every card held by his aide,
and in tne raaionty of ca.nes he will be
able to use the information to the fullest
advantage. * • ♦ If there is any time
when the adversaries have an advantasre
it is when dummy's hand is very weak,
for they then know that they have only
one opponent to contend with, and
keep leading up to the weak hand at
every opportunity. — }Vkist [L. A."].
Dummy ** Bridge." —See,
*• Bridge."
Duplicate Play. — See, "Over-
play/'
Duplicate Whist. — Duplicate
whist is ordinary whist, with this
exception : The hands are kept sep-
arate as played, and are then played
DUPLICATB WHIST
130
Dm>UCATB WHIST
aj^in. each lide in the ovciplay
receiving the hands previously
hcM by their opponents. The idea
is to place all the players on an
eouality, so far as the distribution
of the cards is concerned, the ele-
ment of chance being eliminated
as far as possible, and the element
of skill corresp>ondingly increase<l.
It now becomes a contest to see
which side can make the moat
tricks oui of the same hands, the
losses or ^i^ains made by each being
indicated on a score card or sheet
provided for that purpose.
A s^'parate pack o\ cards is used
for caih hand played, and each
player's cards are kept apart by
means of trays. At first, envelopes
were nsc<l for this purpose, but
this methixl was crude and unsatis-
factorv. Since then many different
devices have been invented an<i
put upon the market (see, •*Tray,
Whist"), but the one ba.sed upon
the fundamental and controlling
patent is known as the Kalamazoo
whist tray. Tlie object of the
whist tray is to keep each player *s
hand separate for the duplicate or
over])lay; to indicate the hands
which each player at a table shall
have in the overplay, and to show
who is the leader, each hand.
The tray is each time placed in
the centre of the table, with the
side marked by two stars, or some
other device, turned toward some
particular player, say, north. In
this position an index hand in the
centre of the tray points to the
player w!io is to Uad, the preceding
player l>eing, of c<iurse, tne dealer.
Care is taken to j^ive each player
the SkIuk* numlxT of deals or leads,
>)y v;irying the direction in which
the hand p')ints on the various
trays l>elonging to each set.
Theic are two methods of kee|>>
ine count of the tricks won by each
side during the play of a band.
One b by meant of thirteen chtpi*
or checks, which are placed iipo0
or nest to the tray, one chip boas
taken for each trick won by the
side winning it. This method of
keeping count is not as aatiafadory,
in our estimation, as the following,
originally used by James AUisoo
(q. v.), in his improvement of the
game: Each player places in a
horizontal posiiion before htm his
cards in all tricks won by himself
and partner, and places croHwitt
the cards belonging to those tricks
which are won Dy the advenatioL
The cards are made to iliglttlf
overlap each other, after the nnd
manner. When all four playcn
thus keep the count, which M soon
learned and pnurticed witboot c^
fort, they act as a check upon CMh
other, and errors, ahonld soch be
made by any player, are enailj n^
tified.
Acconling to the lawa of tke
game, the trump is tnmed for 1
original deal, as in stndght
For the overplay the tmmp in <
hand is tlie same as it was in tke
original, and a low card of tfcc
trump suit is generally placed iMi
up in the dealer*s hand. Mbiny
players, however, prefer to
one suit trump lor the
(sec, "Declared Trump ")»
some have even gone so mr 1
advocate a permanent tramp
which undoubtedly would aimpmy
the play by removing an
ance frequently inflicted obob
others by plavcrs who haTe nort
memories. The declared tniaps
permitted under the lawa fa
mnemonic, or single-table,
cate, but in other forma of
cate the American Whigl
favors the turning of tramp
deal.
After the cards have bees
the first player placet the eard ht
wishes to lead before him. inee
J
DUPLICATE WHIST
131
DUPLICATE WHIST
tsnally toward the centre of
>le, next to the tray. On
tion of the round (the others
played likeMrise). he takes
a and places it face down-
nd nearer to himself, on the
' the table. After the entire
IS been played, and the re-
ive been scored, each player
ip his cards, shuffles them
r and then slips them, face
into his ride 01 the tray, un-
t mbber band or aperture
^ for the purpose. The tra^
laid ariae and another is
on the table, with the stars
g the same as before. The
pointing to the leader shows
player is to deal this time,
e latter takes another deck
Is and distributes them as in
7 whist The cards are then
and pat awa^, as previously-
OS any desired number of
are played, and placed in
y trays. Bach tray is num-
>n the tinder ride, for con-
re in keeping the score,
comparing corresponding
of the original ana dupli-
number of tables that can be
Qodated ma^ play duplicate
the trays heme paasea from
> table, and jnayed by each
; or both players and trajrs
* made to ^ from table to
ometimes in opyporile direc-
Many ingenious systems of
r have been devised for this
e. (See, "Duplicate Whist
lea. * * ) When onl y one table
»d it is known as single-table
monic duplicate (q. v.), in
each pair replays the hands
tsly played by the other
This is the rimplest and
bvioos form of the game, but
t is the chance of remember-
rticnlar hands (even though
ij% are mixed for the over-
play, and the overplay itself post-
poned for a time), that many good
players refuse to play it, and in
some clubs it is entirely prohibited.
John T. Mitchell endorses the re-
mark of the late George W. Pettes,
that it is not duplicate whist, but
whist in duplicate; just as '* Caven-
dish" and Drayson declare that
dummy is not whist
All whist matches in this country
are now decided hy duplicate play.
The oldest form ot such contests is,
no doubt, that of team against
team. Four players are usually
selected to represent a club, and
they play against a rimilar number
or team from another club. It is
also customary to form teams of
this kind in clubs, under respective
captains. Other contests at dupli-
cate are: dub against club, pair
against pair, and individual
matches.
In private, duplicate whist is also
largely played at parties, where the
host or hostess usually performs the
duty of pasring and caring for the
trays, or looking after the players,
to see that they move correctly
from table to table. Prizes are
usually awarded at such ^therings
to the couple making the highest
score. Refreshments are generally
served after the play of the original
hands, the duplicate play following
after the intermisrion. (See, also,
*« Duplicate Whist, History of,"
•* Laws of," etc)
The object of duplicate whist is to tnp-
pletnent the greneral game of whist vj
distributing equal strength in cards to
each side engaged in play.— CajxiMi M.
Ftiitu [A. ^.]. *^»*', October, 1892.
Duplicate whist, as ordinarily plsyed,
greatly reduces, but does not ent{rely
eliminate, the element of luck. In pairs
and teams, the chance of cutting in with
good or poor partners, or against good or
poor opponents, is ever present. As the
strength of a chain is its weakest link, so
the strength of any pair or team is the
play of \Xm weakest member, and the
DUPLICATE WHIST
132
DUPLICATE WHIS
■core or any jrnme cannot be a fair test of
the ftkill of all the playera.— C K. Coffin
[/-./I.J. ^ -^
We read with pride that the moAt in-
ten!4e interest in the Kame. and esiK-cially
in thr Anirrioan K^nie of whist, the tlu-
plicate Rvsteni— which every yrnr elimi-
uateft more and morr thp liicK of hnnd%
and reduceii it more and more to a hci-
enci — in extendi n}C to the rrnioteiit
rrpions of our c«>iintry. even into the
nitninL; campts where once other (cnmes
were the favorite; in the logfc^rV camps
■'wh»Tr roIN thr <.)rei{on." and on Ihe
Sierra Nevada^, and into far-off Alaska,
as far westward of San Francisco asi the
latter in of Ho^t/m.-//. W. Afotsr [L. A.],
Spefih at Snfnlh Omgtfss 0/ the A. If. /,.,
Hvery whist-player know« that when
the hieh carditare airainNt him it is im-
posHitilc for him to take a maj'>rity of the
trick*; and while thrre may Ik: siime-
thin^r in kecpint^ down the majnritv of
hiA up|>>inents. it is nothing ci>in]Mred
wilh I he certainty Ih.il t»t-nir»* the close
of thcK''»"^<-"thfChance«i will iK-rvcnnl up,
and Iviih Hides ffiven Ihe sjune op^mr-
tunitics. Thii certainty addo ze.Ht tuthe
conte«*l. and m.iken ev«ry jil lyer iK-nd nil
hi-i rnrrifir* ti the k.'« trie, know in ;: full
wcllth.it il heletf«op|»>rttiiiitir'ss]inthrrr
IS nn way tu recover thtin; lor tli-n- is
practically n»luck in i!u;>!ic:tte whi'>t, and
thrri'tor»* n" Kiiini: lit'hini! the rrttirn'*.—
John T StU.hrll (A. /I.]. • I >hNu ate
H'ki*t"
So far AS IS j»..-i«.il.:e. all influence of
Mick is eltmMin'.i I It is ii;i;.ii<>sih!i-. hnw-
ever. in i:tk»- -mt thi-. r!i-inrnt entirelv,
antl Ituk or ch iiict hno much to do with
the ri ""lilt of :iiiy ntic mati'h, «ir s^-rit-H nf
a fiw iii.ili ]".■■<. at •tiifilicrit'* \thiot The
w:iv !h»"l':' < h.i«»ii"n'« tiic'im**. th»-«»iii-t f«.H
or fai'iire il .1 !ii:i-««.i-. whfther jnolifi.'ililc
or ii'-t the ch 11 "e i.i| on*- suit r.ithi r than
.in<'tlicr «-«;iir!y k ■j>il to «.ji?-ii. an-I ot'.i«-r
plav-* w»!ich are y^»t\ ni firinrijile and
judi'uif nt. ni.ivre-iilt in vicnt di lie retires
111 thf I'.-'.iill A t .■.*•■ c:inif t'l the atithMr's
kii'^wV :j» wh* re i?!«- ••• I'rtiiin<if oTir-otiit
m-t' i-l t.: M I'hvT f! I fjiJil ctr H!i,'hi!y
hiKh- I \ ill!- r'*u'»«il in i lmhi irl ti»ii'r
truk-. the o:h»-r -.i:i liMiii; Icil on the
ovfrjf!.iy —/■>*■■? .^»l^^ ■/. .f )
I nru '.!";• :i ;i«ke J. lJ«iv* r^.-.iu/ ' !iip!i-
r.it'- n-»:.-! • Mtir-ly i!ii!iin.itf- lii.k » " aii-l
Z m-i-' -1% t:i.4t It ill.*-* n-it. I am r-infi-
•Jeiit I'll! 1:1 -I seru-s of mnti he* or "it-
tink'* the lient ;>1ayrr wi!'. criinrout aliead
Ml the rn-! ^-i! Z -houM l>e n-ry *"rry lo
ifuar.int'i hi- wnitiinie rvtry time he sat
■i'lWTi III jilay. ereii iiii'ler ah«<>liilrlv
c^'.i.i' r •iiifitiiins an to {partners an'l ai('
Tet'.trir^. The rari!s may n-it faeur his
style of Kame. however fcoicHlit mav Iw on
gcberal priDciplea. I oucc played' twelve
hand* up and back at the clah, ,
what I thought very Rootl ci
aomehow mv partner nadnothir
port me, •' • • and hand af
was butchered. When the hai
p1aye<l at the other table, the %
mt^ht lie Nupi>o«ed to await then
playera nt the other table did m:
in lone suits, and never led tmm
in doubt. The cardu just suited
game, and I lost ele^'en point'
aeries. • • • You may have a '
ncr for a particular 'hand, w
player to whom you are nppr»*«i|
the one with whom you are cov
has a very k^mI •>ne. Of course.
have the ^moA and he the \kxA or
while, but the Tiad one may he <
when you have a critictil han<!. i
aome little detail of fiiicMe or of
inK niay make a difference of
four trickb; whereas, when ynu
KnoA partner, the hand he plnvs'
may not 1>e capable of the diffr
more than cme trick, huwevr
plaved • • • I have »ecn a I'
iirr'« nexlrct to play ace on ten \*
holding oiilv ace- and queen, to
ilifTereiicc of five tricks. • • •
th'- Ihrte players left in im the fin
for thf tliaiiiond medal, at Mi!
wouM have w n in the first roun
liiH .suppi>sin-< that a very kohI p
his ri^ht hand had no trum{is, tiri
ih<l ni>t answer a call for them «
h:ii! ni>t seen. Of Ihe two el»-n
luck ^{k'mI cnrd« and K<^id pa
tf,'i,uf certainly il'*cs eliminate t
but I do not think that anv arrai
of the piayerv would eiitiielv ■
with the List— A' F. Ftnter ^,<. t"
pitiale K'hist," /.v/.
DupllcaU Whist, HIster
Diiiilicatc whist marks the
anil iiKist iiii{x>rtant phaw
f^fal evniulion hv which wl
iKrcoiiie more and ni<ire a ^1
skill, and \vss a game of c
Thr first marked step in Ihi*
tifiii \v;ts the intrr>iructinn
sik^nal for trumps, in Kn
This was strongly ol'iecttti
first, iK-caiisc it would '* ii
the power of good plarer
p<M>r ones, already too ercat
this si>nial was allowed. wY:
tile re lo prevent the intm!
of others which would ena
expert player ** to determ
the more important features
[)UPLICATB WHIST
133
DUPLICATE WHIST
''8 hand, as if it was before
—prophetic words! The next
ent in reducing the game to
scientific basis was the elim-
from the American play of
lement of luck known as
Then came the American
0 enable the partners to do
ig so dreaded by the English
ayers — to thoroughly know
le of each other's hands, and
em practically as one. Pi-
comes duplicate whist, to
ill, by eliminating the laige
t of chance which in tne
y game attaches to the draw-
cards. Although there is
t luck of the lead (whether
t be opened or another), as
some other matters in which
e or another may be favored,
te whist ma^ be said to
illy afford a &ir test as to the
merits of whist play, and,
long run, of the relative
df the players themselves,
principle of duplicate whist
i>f placing the players on an
f so far as the hands are
led — is very old. General
n states that in his boyhood,
ing double-dummy with his
after the hands were dealt
tribution of the cards was
d on a sheet of paper. After
d was played and the result
the c^ds were sorted out
distributed according to the
mdum previously made, and
Dravson then took the hand
lyea by his father, and saw
le could make out of it.
1 Draysou does not mention
it all original with his father,
nitive form of duplicate
taid to have been played in
ind Paris, and is mentioned
1 T. Mitchell in his book on
icate Whist." Foster and
idi^,*' however, after due
Ration, fail to find any basis
for the assertion. Certain it is that
the first authentic record which we
have of the employment of what
may be fairly called duplicate whist
is the matdb which was described
l^ "Cavendish" in BelTs Life,
London, March 6, 1857, over Uie
signature of ** Ezperto Oedo." It
was also noteworthy as his first
contribution to whist literature. In
his account " Cavendish" tells of
an experiment made by the stu-
dents of the * Xittie Whist School, * »
to determine the value of skill at
whist. In the coarse of his com-
munication, he says: "The scheme,
t>esides possessing the greatest sim-
plicity, almost entirely eliminates
luck. * * * In each of two sepa-
rate apartments a whist-table is
formed, each table being composed
of two good placers against two
confessedly inferior ones. A hand
is played at one table; the same
cards are then conveyed to the
other table, and the hand is played
over again, the inferior players now
having the cards which the good
players held, the order of the hands
of course being preserved. The
difference in the score will mani-
festly be twice the advantage due to
Slay in that hand. It is necessary,
owever, to bear in mind that
chance is not entirely eliminated,
inasmuch as bad play might, and
frequently does, succeed; again,
some hands offer a greater scope
than others for the exercise of tal-
ent Still, all that portion of luck
(by far the largest) arising from
good and bad cards, is by thk
method done away with."
The four good players in the
historic contest were: "Caven-
dish," " Mogul" (Matthias Boyce),
Daniel Jones (brother of " Caven-
dish"), and E. Wilson. The con-
fessedly poor pla vers were: Messrs.
Bullock, Izard, Cninery (afterwards
editor of the London Times) ^ and
DUPLICATE WHIST
134
DUPLICATE WHISl
John D. Lewis ( subsequently mem-
ber of Parliament). Thirty-three
hands were played in each room.
•'In room A/' says "Cavendish,'*
in his ••Card-Table Talk," '•the
good players held very good cards,
and won four rubbers out of six;
in points, a balance of eighteen.
In room B, the good players had,
of course, the bad cards. They
played seven rubbers with the
same number of hands that in the
other room had played six, and
they won three out of the seven,
losing seven points on the balance.
The difference, therefore, was
eleven points, or nearly a point a
rubber, in favor of skill." '^Caven-
dish" also gives the arrangement
of the players at the tables, as
follows:
Daniel Jones.
•
r
a
Tsble I.
4
n
F
0
Edward WUaon.
Bollock.
•
s
i
Table x
9
«-■
0
B
•
P
91
Isard.
"In this match," lays Poster,
" most of the prindplet still in nae
were introduced. Two of t
representing system sat not
south in one room, and thei
ners sat east and west in thi
The hands were dealt in on<
only, and the cards were
corded, but were kept in f
the player holding them,
of gathering them into
They were then carried ii
adjoining room on little tra
there overplayed."
There can be no doubt tJ
was the true beginning of
cate whist, even though the
diate object was to find the
ence between good and i
play generally, rather than
the comparative skill of
of equal, or nearly equal, m
is generally the case in dt:
whist nowa(la>'s. The ez«
was commented upon by I>i
in his "Philosophy of Wh;
1883, and subsequently alsc
6pace in the London rir/d,
soon the attention of the
whist world was obtaineil fo
In this countrv, E. H.
now of Kansas City, played
plicate ^ame awav oack
6u's, but it was cfuplicmte •
dummy, like that enjoyed t
eral Drayscm and his lathe
Sadler's method was for the
to announce in advance hoi
tricks he could take; and
dealer thought he could do
he overbid the leader, aoo
after the manner of ** solo '
The hands were then plajred
in)< to the leader's iaeas, ai
afterwards replayed, the
taking the leader's hand
whether he could make mt
of it. Another claim for a
periments in duplicate ia
by P. Sanderson, of Chiau
states that he played H, u
with GeoTve B. Smith, B.
Un, and otocn, emplojiac
DUPLICATE WHIST
135
DUPLICATE WHIST
method, each hand being
in a receptacle, properly
d, numberea, and tied up in
res. Chips were used in
ag the tricks during play.
882. N. B. Trist, of New
s, having read about " Cav-
*s" famous experiment, in-
ed duplicate play into the
!>rleans Chess, Checker, and
Club. It came about in this
rhe club appropriated every
certain sum for prizes to be
for in tournaments. After
these tournaments, the de-
contestants complained of
1 luck in the distribution of
ds, and thought their defeat
ae to this fact. Mr. Trist,
as amone the winners, pro-
that the mree other success-
testants should join him in
iging any four members of
tb to play, for a special prize,
-four hands, which were to
:rplayed. The match was
aunng the month of July,
e result was that Mr. Trist 's
KX>rcd 321 tricks, and their
!nts 303.
:ome now to the first inter-
uplicate match in America,
en there is any record. It
ayed in West Philadelphia,
the spring of 1883, at the
ice of Captain John P. Green,
esident of the Pennsylvania
id. It was a match game
n a team from the Saturday
Whist Club and a team from
niversity of ^Pennsylvania.
>rmer consisted of Messrs.
recn, E. P. Townsend, J. C.
ton, and Dr. Jones; the latter
isrs. Gustavus Remak, Jr.,
C. Work. E. A. Ballard, and
Cowperthwaite. (The first
players on the University
t may be mentioned in pass-
e now members of the &mous
xm Whist Club team. ) The
University team won the match by
seventeen tricks.
Going back to the old world once
more, to note in chronological
order the events connected Mrith
the game, we find that on April 16,
1888, a duplicate match was played
at Glasgow, Scotland, between
teams from the Carleton and Wan-
derers' clubs. An account of this
important contest appeared in the
London Fields whicn stated that
on this occasion '* a new system of
duplicate pla^,*' the invention of
Mr. James Allison, was tested. The
cards, at the commencement of
each hand, were dealt in the usual
manner, but in the course of play
were not formed into tricks. Eacn
player kept his thirteen cards
before him till the finish of the
hand, and aAer playing to eadi
trick he placed his card either lonfi^-
wise or shortwise, to show by which
side the trick had been won. This
arrangement prevailed at two
tables, the hands being simulta-
neously played. The hands, as
soon as finished, were gathered up
by each player and placed, backs
up, on the table, the aealer leavins^
the trump card, face up, on top of
hispack. The players then changed
tables and re-played the hand, the
players being reversed. A deal was
only necessary every two hands,
and but little more time, after some
practice, was taken than in playing
one hand in the ordinary way.
This certainly marked a distinct
advance in the history of duplicate
whist, doing away with the task of
noting down or registering the
various cards originally held by
each player, and of re-sorting them
according to the register, for tlie
overplay. The true rise and popu-
larity of duplicate in America also
dates from the year of the Glas-
gow match, for among the whist
enthusiasts in the city of Chicago
DUPLICATE WHIST
136
DUPLICATE WHIS*
who read the account in the London
Fields and were rh armed with it,
was John T. Mitchell, who soon set
al>out and organized a match to be
played in tlie same manner. It
took place at the residence of Dr.
Camp, in the spring of 188S,
and IS the first match of the kind
on record in the West The eight
Slayers participating were: John T.
litchell, Harry and Kzra Booth,
G. K. Mitchell, J. W. Mitchell,
Frank Huntress, George Owen,
and G. C. Aldrich. The play was
so satisfactory* that it resulted in
the organization of the Chicago
Duplicate Whist Club, which cre-
ated a great furore by suocessivel v
defeating half a dozen other organi-
zations at duplicate. The matches
attracted wide attention. On one
occasion there were forty plavers
on a .side (at Milwaukee), and at
another sitting as high as two hun-
dred took part. Mr. Mitchell l>e-
came the leading spirit in the du-
Elicate whist movement, and soon
is quick perception and ingenuity
suggested notable improvements in
the play, which he publishe<l in
the Chicago Globe of I)ecenil»er 2,
188S, and in the Chicago Tribune
of January 20, 1 8S9 This brought
him a f!<x>d of letters from all parts
of the country, and kept him more
than ever busy answering inqui-
ries. He also continue<l to lead his
club to victory, and to advocate the
new St vie of game until iU pf)j>u-
larity was assured. This popularity
Wcis so largclv due to his efforts
that his admirers named him the
father i)f duj)lirate whist. The Al-
lis(m syslfui was generally adopted
in this country, with the folloMring
impn>vcment»: The players were
reversed prior to the commence^
ment of the game, the plavers of
one team sitting north and louth
at the first table and east and west
at the Mcood table, while the op-
posing four were placed e
west at the first table an(
and south at the second; thi
being passed from one tabl(
other by means of tra\-s or
specially designed to ho
hands.
The invention of these
formed still another impr)rtii
in the progress of duplicate
The credit (or this iuipro
largely belongs to Cassius M.
to whom, jointly with Jai
Sebring, a patent was grar
November 3, 1891, for the
which to-day is in univers
and which assured the succ
peniianent popularity of tl
tomi of whist.
In 1892, Mr. Mitchell pa
the first text-book of the
containing a description
various methods of play in
including his own. The titl<
lK)ok is •* Duplicate Whist."
1897 a second, revised ami
enlarged, edition, was puL
Another volume, entitle*! **
cate Whist and Whist Stn
by R. F. Foster, made its i
ance in 1894. In the same y
American Whist Ix'ague a
special la^-s for tlie play of
cate (revi.Si.-d at the seveotli
congress, 1897), and the gaj
received a large share of atl
ill every book on m-hist pal
since. It is now also pla;
some extent in conser\*atiTi
land, in Scotland, in Austn
Canada, in India, and in
countries, and bids fair befoi
to conquer the entire whist \
Thrre are four varieties of com
now In common usie: Clnb ■(**>
team airaiii»t team, pair noia<
man avainiit man. Tnr fir«t Is
only where clutm are within ma
of each other. It coo«ftt« of the
club |>tittinfc eTer\- available men
the lleM, and the lanrer f«1ectja(
of Ua BMaOicn to OMUta tbca.
DPUCATE WmST
137
DUPLICATB^WHIST
n may be credited to the Mil-
Wbiftt Club, whcMC greatest
mt has been puttinfl^ fifty-two
I playera into the field against
leiegates from all parts of the
nd defeating them nandsomelv
i hours' play. The team-against-
bod is the oldest, and consists
g oat four players from one
ay against four from another;
t>e that four players with a cer-
y agree to try their strength
nr holding contrary views. In
s it is a popular plan to elect
ins and allow them alternately
rom the members until each has
The Commonwealth Club, of
, Mass.. seems to have been the
this at duplicate whist, in 1890.
ifl:ainst-pair method was prob-
■ug^ested by T. T. Mitchell, of
nd tt is probaSly the mostcom-
of the game now. as it requires
same numt>er of players that
necessary to make up an ordi-
t-table. The man-againtit-man
my own idea, and although,
rat proposed it several writers
tow that it was not a fair test,
proved that it is probably the
as it is the only one iu which
ilities of combinations of play-
lausted.— ^. F. FosUr {S. aj.
r Whist and Whist Strategy i*
Whist, Intcr-Club.—
b duplicate whist is the
opted by the American
eague for final play in
bur matches, the prelimi-
y being regelated by the
progreasive system,
r-club duplicate, the dupli-
ovexplay, of the hands is
^ at Uie same table nor by
J players who played the
hands, but by co-partners
r table; hence, it is known
eam-of-four ^ame. Two
f one four sit north and
the first table; the other
positions east and west at
nd uble. The east and
tions at the first table, and
b and south positions at
id table, are filled by the
team of four. Thtis when
cate, or overplay, is com-
K>th teams have held all
the hands at both tables, and each
side should have taken thirteen
tncks for every hand. The differ-
ence between Uiat and the number
actually taken shows the loss or
gain. A diagram showing the po-
sition of the players in 3ie forty-
eight deals of the final play of
team-of-four matches will b^ found
in the article on ** Challenge
Trophy."
When the system is used for a
larger number of players or teams
from each club, the travs containing
the hands are passed from table to
table, so that all the players play
the same deals, an average beins^
struck for the north and south and
east and west players, thus giving
a basis from wnich to count indi-
vidual gains and losses to the re-
spective halves of each team of
four.
The inter-club game may be used to ad-
vantage within clubs for tournaments
between individuals, pairs, or fours. It
has been the style of game played at the
ChicaKo Whist Club almost since its very
organization; and as this club is where
the writer has gained most of his experi-
ence in such matters, the game which it
has adopted naturally suggests itself to
him as tne best that nas been so far de-
vised. From eighty to one hundred play-
ers have taken part in the weekly tourney
of the Chicago Whist Club for more than
four years, and there is no demand for a
change of style yet. When everybody
wanted to play the individual game, the
players had to be divided into sections in
order to accommodate the schedules
which it was necessary to pla;^ by; and
when there were entries for pairs, teams
of four, and individuals all at the same
time, all were allowed to play according
to their inclinations; but the game was
always inter-club duplicate whist, with
the exception of a lew months at the
start, before this satisfactory game had
developed.— /oAw 7*. Mitchell {L, A,\.
''DupiuaU Whist:' ^^97.
DupMcaU Whist, U¥imof.~The
laws of duplicate whist were
adopted at the fourth congress of
the American Whist League, which
was held at Philadelphia, May 22-
DUPLICATE WHIST
138
DUPUCATB WH
26, 1894. Before this there existed
no regular code of rules and regu-
lations. Since iS^^^ the necessity
for further legislation manifested
itself from time to time, and ac-
cordingly the laws underwent a
thorough revision at the seventh
congress, held at Put-in-Bay, in
1897. (See, "American Whist
League.**] The laws, as now per-
fecteil and in force, are as follows:
Duplicate whist is governed by
the laws of whist, except in so far
as they are modified by the follow*
ing special laws:
l^aw A — Th€ Ganu and the
Score.-^A game or match consists
of any agreed number of deals,
each of which is played once only
by each player.
The contesting teams must be of
the same number, but mav each
consist of any agreed number of
pairs, one-half of which, or as near
thereto as possible, sit north and
south; the other half, east and west
Every trick taken is scored, and
the match is determined by a com-
parison of the aggregate scores won
oy the competing teams. In case
the teams consist of an odd number
of pairs, each team, in making up
sucti aggregate, adds, as thougn
won by it, the average score of all
the pairs seated in the positions op-
pO!(ite to its odd pair.
Each side shall keep its own
score; and it is the duty of the
players at each table to compare
the scores there made, and see tliat
they correspond.
In a match between two teams,
the total numT)er of tricks shall \>e
divide<l by two, ami the team whose
score of tricks taken exceeds such
dividend wins the match by the
number of tricks in excess thereof.
In a match between more than
two teams, each team wins or loses,
as the case may be, by the number
of tricks which its aggregate score
exceeds or falls short of t
score of all of the
teams.
In taking averages, fn
disregardea, and the nea
number taken, one-half c
a whole, unless it is ne
take the fraction into 1
avoid a tie, in which case
is scored as won by *'tl
of a trick.**
Law B — Forming ifu
Tablet may be formed 1
or by agreement.
In two-table duplicai
tables are formed uy c
four having the preferer
one table, and tlie next
other. The hif^hest two a
are partners with the lo%
the other. The highest t
table sit north and soutl
est two, east and west.
Law C^Dealinfr anc
injjT, — The deal is never 1
of a misdeal, or of the e:
a card during the deal
must be redealt bv the aa
Law D— The Trump C
trump card must be rec
fore the play begins,
provide<l for that purpo
the deal has been playc
on which the trump can
recorded must be place*
wards, by the dealer, on
his cards; but the trump
not be again turned until
are taken up for the f
overplaying them, at wh
must be turned and lei
wanls on the tray nnti
dealer's tarn to plav t
trick. The slip on which
card is recorded must
face downwards, as so
trump card is taken
dealer; if the trump can
otherwise recorded, so
must also be then turned
DUPLICATE WHIST
139
DUPLICATE WHIST
dealer must leave the trump
&ce upwards on the tray until
lis turn to play to the first
when it should be taken into
ind. If it is not taken into
and until after the second
has been turned and quitted,
able to be called.
T it has been lawfully taken
must not be named; and any
- thereafter naming it, or
ig at the trump-slip or other
of the trump, is liable to
his highest or lowest trump
b^ his right-hand adversary
' time during the play of that
before such adversary has
I to any current trick, or be-
le preceding trick is turned
[fitted, in case it is the offend-
im to lead. The call may be
ed until the card is played,
cannot be changed.
ff £ -Irregularities in the
f.— If a player is found to
either more or less than his
t number of cards, the course
>ur8ued is determined by the
It which the irregularity is
•cred.
Vhere the irregularity is dis-
!d before or during the orig-
tay of a hand:
re must be a new deal.
Hicre the irregularity is dis-
;d when the hand is taken up
erplay, and before such over-
las begun:
hand in which the irregular-
90 discovered must be sent
o the table from which it was
ceivcd, and the error be there
td.
Vliere such irregularity is not
ered until after the overplay
gun:
iro-table duplicate, there must
new deal; out, in a game in
the same hands are played
"e than two tables, the hands
be rectified as above, and
then passed to the next table with-
out overplay at the table at which
the error vras discovered, in which
case, if a player had a deficiency
and his adversary the corresponding
surplus, each team takes the aver-
a^ score for that deal; if, however,
his partner had the corresponding
surplus, his team is given the low-
est score made at any table for that
deal.
In the overplay of a deal, if a
trump is turned other than that
recorded on the trump slip, in a
game of three or more tables, the
player at fault shall be given the
low score for that deal; and, in
single or two-table duplicate, there
must be a new deal.
Law F— Playing the Cards, —
Each player, when it is his turn to
play, must place his card, face up-
wards, before him and towards tne
centre of the table, and allow it to
remain upon the table in this posi-
tion until all have played to the
trick, when he must turn it over
and place it face downwards, and
nearer to himself, placing each suc-
cessive card, as he turns it, on top
of the last card previously turned
by him. After he has played his
card, and also after he has turned
it, he must quit it by removing his
hand.
A trick is tnmed and quitted
when all four players have turned
and quitted their respective cards.
The cards must be left in the
order in which they were played
until the scores for the deal are
recorded.
Law G— Revoking,— K revoke
may be claimed at anv time before
the last trick of the deal in which
it occurs has been turned and
quitted and the scores of that deal
recorded, but not thereafter.
A player may ask his adversaries
if they have any of the suit re-
nounced; but the question eitab-
DUPUCATE WHIST
140
DUPLICATE WH:
lishes the revoke, if it is his part-
ner who has renounced in error.
Law H^Cards Liable to he
Called. — The holder of a card liable
to be called can be required to play
it only by his right-hand adver-
sary; if such adverearv plays with-
out calling it, the holder may play
as he pleases; if it is the holder's
turn to lead, the card must be
called before the preceding trick is
turned and quitted, or the holder
may lead as he pleases.
The unseen csirds of a hand faced
upon the table are not liable to be
called.
Law I—Enforciftfr Penalties. —
A player having the right to call a
suit loses such right unless he an-
nounces to the adversary first win-
ning a trick, before the trick so
won by such adversary is turned
and quitted, what particular suit he
desires led.
A player has the right to remind
his partner that it is his privilege
to enforce a penalty, and also to
inform him of the penalty he can
enforce.
A player has the right to prevent
his partner from committing any
irregularity, except renouncing in
error.
Single- Table or Afnemonic Du-
plicate. — The laws of duplicate
whist govern, where applicable, ex-
cept as follows:
Each player plays each deal
twice, the second time plaWng a
hand previously played oy an ad-
versarv.
Instead of turning the trump, a
single suit may be declared trumps
for the game.
On the overplay, the cards may
be gathered into tricks instead
of playing them as required by
Law F.
In case of the discorery of an
irregularity in the hands, there
room, alwajrs be a new desL
DuplleaU WhM, Lu
While luck is eliminated i
tribution of the cards at
whist (the first and grei
sideration), it still fi^:un
matter of playing aeainst
bad opponents, when
critical hands, at certain 1
cutting in with good or
ners; in opening one sc
other when both are equa
in your own hand; and ii
cess or failure of a finessi
special play at any sta£
game. The luck of the
Be aptly illustrated by the
tion of a number of ha
actnal pla^< Here is o;
was dealt m the Providen
Whist Club in 1895. A
five-card suits of precis*
strength, and it was pure
ter of chance which he wo
his original lead from; bi
be seen from the overpla}
ence of six tricks was
Hearts are trumps; th
scored card takes tne tricli
card under it is the next <
r
' 3
1 A
Y
B
1 "C
1
1
1
' H
.
1
1
1 ■ —
< 8 0
1
10^
3<
! ^
' 60
A^
5<
■ 3
^ 5
so 7
K> 2
,4
c? e
> 2
to 3
1
; 6
^ J
«3
^ B
6
« 6
«4
so 0
7
« 8
A#
2 i
8
« G
G#
3 i
0
G 0
«6
4 i
\o
J 0
; 20
5^
1 1
KO
1 ^0
e i
12
« J
I4Q
7<
13
4K
i QO
74
. kr% o; T-«, I
PLICATE WHIST
141
DUPLICATE WHIST
OTeiplay, the player hold-
A hand opened from the
:ead of the diamond suit,
result was quite different:
Y
B
Z
42
94
^ 3
410
104
44
43
A4
^ 2
47
84
3 4
44
2 0
^ 8
4A
J 4
2 4
0
100
30
Q4
0^7
^ 9
^10
0
40
50
^ A
4 6
5 4 ^ K
0
QO
6 4^Q
4Q
7 Oi^ 4
0
AO
7 4
K4
Score: A-B, 6; Y-3E, 7.
n Collins, in Whist for
895. describes another in-
example, as follows:
the onginal leader, had
and three clubs, with the
t the head, which were
the jack and deuce of
the ace, jack, eight, and
r spades; and four dia-
including the ace and
His partner, although
Id not know it, had the
id queen of spades; the
diamonds, with others,
• the king of hearts, as the
d cards en his hand. North
ague feeling that on the
play the hand for their
1 some way gone wrong,
mbined with the fact that
rrcd not to lead from his
and ace-queen tenaces in
od diamonds, induced him
to make an irregular lead from the
heart suit, whi(£ proved to be the
worst thing he could possibly have
done.
** North leads the jack of hearts:
east, next, has but Xhc queen ana
trey, and plays the queen; south
has but the king and four, and
covers the queen with the king;
west finally takes the trick wim
the ace, and has left in his hand
the ten, nine, eight, seven, six, and
five, the six best that remain. The
temptation was great to lead trumps,
of which he had three, headed dv
the king. He does so with a small
one, and hits upon a partner with
six trumps in his band, headed by
ace and jack, who finesses with the
jack; leads the ace; leads a third
time, west taking with the kin^;
and now, having the lead in his
hand, he takes successively with
hearts, the ten, nine, eight, seven,
six, and fiv^^ his partner discarding
all the cards in his hand except the
three trumps which he lays aown.
The result for east and west is a
slam.
** Of course, north was greatly
upbraided by his partner lor the
jack of hearts lead, but his reason-
in^, that he wanted his other suits
lea up to, was not so bad when ex-
plained. Combined with this un-
fortunate lead, it required the
lucky lead of trumps on the part
of west, and the finesse of the ace-
jack by east to fill up the cup of
woe for the unfortunate ones. The
fain, if I remember, was four or
ve on the hand."
The following hand, showing a
difference of seven tricks, is re-
ported by Fisher Ames as having
oeen dealt at the Newton Club,
with the exception of the substitu-
tion of the queen of clubs for a low
one in B*s hand, in order to make
it a little more pointed. Hearts are
tnmips, and A leads:
DUPLICATE WHIST
q K ,C O
O A |0 S
<7 3 1 1? 10
B *,*2
7 t^AO
20:*T
7 O *0
|3 miFtflCATB WHIST
ence of ^ trick* on the cmtfltij.
> « S
I « S
l « S
eo!»Q
too * A
«I0
"The proper lend from A'a
hand," tava Mr. Adies. " b^ all the
canottH of whist, in the jack at
»pa'le«." On the ovetpliy, lhi«
IcBil wax made, with the roUowing
* B • '<? a ;
' 2 ' * 3 q 2 I • Q 1*7
3 8 *. 8*' 7* O 9
4. »8 O 7 «K « 2
, B 4* 9* 6 * qlO I
1 e • e <? J •A « o :
7 90 .A0_ 7o; 20l
Tbi- reit are token by A-B, who
icore fi to 7 for Y-7.. This hand
cost a Rood iKiir of playem a mBtch
Americf ■ . . , stoi
which tilt? play of a single <
(the ten of ipadc*} made ■ di
i\
l\ '
I ,0 J 03
<0 S
7A
2 : 7 • e*
A^
8*
3 1 Kf S«
3*
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80
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fcam A-B, -6: V-Z, T-
Tlie overpU V of thclmd icadlii
more favonbij to aiinrtnf itrf
pUTera, whonuuufedkMAilaM
li-
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8
■
, 1 7 J
(73
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)UPUCATE WHIST
143
DUPLICAfE WHIST
trick two, A'8 play of the
q>ades, instead of seven of
makes the difiference, or a
lit of the difference, in the
' sajTS Fisher Ames. "Al-
aomewhat peculiar play, it
inded on a good and valid
to wit, a desire to win the
' possible, and continue the
At trick three, B*8 play of
diamonds, instead of com-
his call in spades, was good,
card of the ten was as good
I, and it was worth while to
of diamonds. At trick five.
Id have covered queen of
\Gmtm Whist, Procrcsslve.
ctem of duplicate whist in
the trays containing the
ire passed in one direction,
he east and west players
1 the other direction from
table; sometimes also called
las whist" (^. r.). It is
ntion of John T. Mitchell,
igo, and the best descrip-
Doth the system and its
itions is contained in the
tion of Mr. Mitchell's •* Du-
Whist,'* published in 1897
g Bros. & Hverard, at Kala-
Mich. Says Mr. Mitchell:
form of the pro^essive
troduced by the writer into
cago Whist Club in 18^2
f)ted by the American Whist
for the preliminary play for
Hilton Trophy at the con-
1893, and nas been a feat-
all succeeding congresses,
aber of hands to be played
led equally among the num-
ibles, and the quota at each
played before any pro-
takes place. When a set
1 played, the east and west
move to the next higher
td table, while the hands
ed to the next lower num-
bered table, and another set ia
played. Then the east and west
players move again in the same
direction as before, and the hands
are passed in the opposite direction
as before, and so on until a com-
plete round of the tables has been
made. The hands are passed from
the first to the last table, while the
east-west players move from the
last table to the first. At the con-
clusion of the game, every east and
west pair has played against every
north and south pair, and every
pair has played all the hands. The
gain or loss to each team is com-
puted by the average for the respec-
tive hands, which is figured by
dividing the aggregate score by the
number of tables.
* * The above directions applv only
to games in which the numoer of
tables is odd. If the number of
tables is even , after the east and west
players have made half the circuit
they strike the same hands that
they started with. This difficulty
has been very cleverly overcome by
the invention of Professor A. Haa-
lock, of Kalamazoo, Mich., whose
method is as follows: * Divide the
total number of hands to be played
into two equal parts, and finish
one-half before starting the other.
When the east and west players
get half-way round in the pro-
gression they remain for another
hand, or set of hands, at the table
at which they find themselves, and
then pass on to the next table.
This makes them finish the first
half with one table yet to play.
When the second half of the game
begins, the east and west players
move back to the table next follow-
ing the one at which they played
the double set, and prcx^eed as be-
fore. When they get half-way
round the second time, they find
themselves at the table at which
they did not play at all the first
DUPLICATE WHIST
144
DUPUCATB WHIST
time; and an that is where they now
pLiy a double set of hands before
passing to the next table, when
they get around the second time
they have played an e<iual number
of hands at each table.* Profes-
sor Hadlock'8 game will applv to
any number of even tables; and in
the case of four tables, it may l)e
remarked, there is no change of
positions between the first and
second halves of the game, as at
the thinl change the east and west
players finish the first half, and are
seate<1 at the proper tables for com-
mencing the second.
** If the numl)er of tables is an
even numl)er not divisible by three
(such as four, eight, ten, fourteen,
etc.), there is another way, the in-
vention of the writer, to get around
the <li faculty, as follows: Start the
game exactly as described in the
irections for odd tables, but di-
vide the quota to be played at each
table into two equal |x)rtions, and
let the east an<l we.st players move
af\er every half set of hands has
been nlaye<i, and go the round of
the t.ioles twice. The han<ls, how-
ever, only make the round once,
and are played in exact succession
by the north and south players,
who play the unplayed halt of the
first set ai^ainst the next comers;
then the first half of the next set,
and so on. If the number of tables
is so great that only one deal can
be started at each table, neither of
the alM)ve methods of getting
around the even-tible difficulty
can >>e adopted, in which case the
ski;»ping-<>ne- table game invented
by !■:. r. Hiker, of Brooklyn, N. Y.,
coni.'S in»o play. This is as fol-
io-as: * .After the east and west
plnycrs have gone half-way around,
they skip one table and continue
tile progression. This brings them
to the uble at which they started,
with one hand to play, and they
play that hand against their origl*
nal opponenta.'
" There are two prosfenive 'foar"
games. One, also the inventioa
of the writer, is applicable to any
number of tables which diividcd
by two brings an odd remit, sodi
as six, ten, tonrteen, etc. In this
game, half the north and MOth
plavers move, and half the east
ana west plajrers sit stilL The
four players move as a unit, er
remain seated aa a nnit, the north-
south players at the odd-nnnbcred
tables ana the east and west at ths
even being the sitting ffoniiL wUk
the east and west at the odd md
the north and south at the even
the moving fours. The hands SR
passed }}SLaL and forth between tki
odd-numbered tables and the
higher, and between the evei
bcred tables and the nest low
( thus completing a match bctneM
the two fours at contijpioaa tabkiL
and are then passed m blo^s if
two to the next lower two UStkH^
while the moving fonn go to tkt
next higher two Ubles. At tkt
conclusion of the game all tkt
moving fours have plajed all tkt
sitting fours, and tnej have bslh
played all the hands.
" If the number of tables dMM
by two is even, the quota of
to lie plaved against each fc
be halveo, and the moving
the round of the tables twlei^ a»
cording to directions in the
game. This would not do^'
ever, in the case of twrtv
tH'enty-fonr tables, as the
these numbers divide evcalj |y
three.
**The other progreahw *9Bmf
game is the invention of Mr. ILC
Howell, of Boston, and 1
in the programine of thft
American whist
Minneapolis in 1895,
modification of the John T.
DUPLICATE WHIST
MS
DUPLICATE WmST
Mtve sjrstem.' It provides
plAytng of every four against
other four, and also for com-
matches between them. In
iter's pair game no attempt
e to have tne east and west
mersof any north-south team
le same hands in duplicate
t the north and south co-
rs of the east-west team that
them. This is accompli^ed
Howell method by the fol-
process: * The players move
Hitcheirs system, but the
ire carried, not to the next
but from the middle to the
with the others in natural
With only three tables in
lie two systems are identical.
ive tablo, Howell moves the
ap two tables; with seven
three; with nine tables,
nd soon.'
ben the nnmber of players
d make an even number of
an extra table is put in, and
the play there are always
bles which are idle; but the
are passed back and forth
e same as though the tables
illy occupied.
e effect of this scheme is to
about the overplay of the
eals by the same teams, and
ore is usually counted by
» won instead of tricks
. In case of a tie, the tricks
sen both sexes participate in
ne. and one sex is not op-
:o the other, the ladies may
th and east, the gentlemen
id south; and if the gentle-
love in one direction while
irds are passed in the other,
idy will meet every gentle-
rtber as partner or opponent,
there is time for a number
ings, both the ladies and
nen may change opponents
(ive games, nsiug the in-
dividual schedules for multiples of
four, and the pair schedules for
other numbers, as guides in seat-
ing themselves at the commence-
ment of each game. If one sex is
opposed to the other, and the num-
ber of tables engaged divided by
two brings an odd result, such as
six, ten, fourteen, eighteen, etc.,
the game in which the sitting fours
and moving fours oppose each
other may be played, tne ladies, of
course, being the sitting fours.*'
Progreisive duplicate whist is the fen-
eric name by which those systems of du-
Elicmte are known in which the purpose
( to have as many as possible of the
players meet one another during the prog-
ress of the match.— <^. /\ Foster [S, 0.],
'*CompUU /foyU."
John T. Mitchell, of Chicago, some
years ago invented a system of play
which is especially attractive for club or
social purposes when twelve or more
players get together for a whist sitting, or
series of sittings. Mr. Mitchell gave his
system a very appropriate name, vis.:
progressive [aupltcatej whist, as it con-
sists of the east and west pairs all pro-
gressing, while the north and south pairs
remain seated.— J/i7/<m C. IVork \L. A,
N.], *'lVhisto/Tb-dayr
Duplicate Whiat, Schcdulas
for Playing.— A great deal of in-
fenuity and hard study has been
rought to bear upon the subject
of arranging and moving the play-
ers and trays at the tables for du-
1>licate whist Among the first to
abor in this direction was Thomas
C Omdorff (q, r.), and although
his efforts were mainly devoted to
improving the manner of engaging
two teams of four in matches, the
results of his labors were valuable,
as was attested by all who saw his
method used at the first congress
of the American Whist League
(Milwaukee, 1891).
Others whose arrangements of
schedules for duplicate play have
been especially noteworthy are W.
H. Whitfekl, of Cambridge, Eng-
land, the noted whist analyst; Pro-
fessor E. H. Moore, of the University
EO
DUPLICATE WHIST
146
DUPLICATB WHIST
of Chicago, a mathematician of fine
ability; A. G. Safford, of Washing'
ton, I). C, a pioneer in this line of
whist development; Profeaaor Had-
lock, of Kalamazoo, Mich.; B. C.
Howell, of Boston, the short-suit
expert; Charles E. Coffin, author
of •* The Gist of Whist," and John
T. Mitchell, who brought duplicate
whist to the front iu America. Mr.
Mitchell says:
*' Formulas for eight, twelve, and
sixteen players were published in
IVhJsf ot Tanuarv, 1892, by Mr. A.
G. SafTonf, of Washington, D. C.
who was the first in the field with
solutions of problems of this nature;
but until Mr. W. H. Whitfeld came
to the rescue, in 1895, I was unable
to obtain a formula for any number
higher than sixteen, with the ex-
ception of thirty-two. The latter
I obtained in the following manner:
Mr. Safford had told me if I num-
bered the players from one up,
placing one and two against three
and four, five and six against seven
and eight, nine and ten against
eleven and twelve, at successive
tables for the first game, and for
the second game placed them in
numerical onler down the north
seats at the successive tables, back
along the south seats, down ag^in
along the east or west seats, and
back again to the first table along
the west or east seats, and made
the players take a similar course
after every change, I could work
out a fr>nnula. I went to work on
the idea, but after countless experi-
nient** found that it wotild only
w«>rk f«»r eight, sixteen, and thirty-
two, and it is because I found it to
work for thirty-two that Mr. Whit-
feld lia«% not given us a solution for
that number."
Mr. Whitfeld, althongh withont
practical experience in duplicate
whist, took tne matter of arranging
progressive duplicate achednlcs np
an interesttnjg mathcmaticd
Suzzle. For individnala, he pffo>
uced achedulet for twelve, twentj,
twenty-four, twenty-eiffht, thirtjr-
six, forty, forty-eight, fifty-two^ fifty*
six, and sixty-four plasrera. For
teams, he produced achedulet lor
eight, tweiT^ fourteen, Azteca,
eighteen, ana twentjr, and the
tame are publithed in MitcheU't
*' Duplicate Whist." Other tcati
scheaules for four, six, and tea
will be found therein, at well
as additional achedulet covehag
the tame ground at thamJ
Mr. Whitfeld. Profeator Mom
of Chicago University, pabliahad
some elaborate and highly origiaal
calculationt on the tubjed in tht
American Journal o/Moikemaiia
(volume 18, pp. 264-503, 1896, Bd-
timore), and hit labors are ate
utilizea by Mr. Mitchell, riufiww
Moore orifpnated what he calli t
** tn'p/t'vrhist tournament
ment," by means of which, in
bi nation with known
he is able to constmct other tf^
rangements. **Thnt,*' aays k^
'* from the known arrangemeat «l
four and sixteen players I coa*
structed for the Denver Whial ddb
an arrangement for
players. Again, using Mr. ..
feld's ordinary arransemeiit fari
hundred playera, ana my tri^ H^
rangement for sixteen and <
drcfl and sixty players,
construct two ordinaiy
ments for sixteen by one
and one hundred and sixty by
hundred pla3rer8, and
arrangement for tixteen faj
hundred and sixty plavefiL**
Mr. Howell it the ditooftnr iff
Howeirs law for writing
by meant of which it it
arrange the playen ia
in a few minntca^
there thonld be a
Hit method of daplioia
DUPLICATE WHIST
147
DUPUCATE WmST
lately completed, provides
ales for pairs from seven pairs
mty-eight pairs inclusive, and
lumber of pairs can be pro-
for. Every pair is made to
every other pair, and to over-
an equal number of hands
every other pair. Many re-
the pair-against-pair play the
interesting form of compe-
•
Safford has been for several
at work upon a complete set
ledules covering what he calls
comparative system. It in-
» all methods of play and any
•er of players. Among other
3, he has arranged a schedule
ght married couples, where-
3 husband or wife is ever
i same set at the same time,
^et they overplay the same
rduU for Single-Table (or
%onu) Duplicate. — In the
stable game, each player plays
deal twice, the second time
ig a hand previously played
a adversary; a single suit
be declared trump for the
, and on the overplay the
may be gathered into tricks.
• * Laws of Duplicate Whist. ' ')
^-table duplicate is played by
ling a pack of cards and a
w every original deal. When
greed number of hands have
played, the trays are turned
rr way around. If the play-
sh to avoid the part which
cmory may play in the game,
cond half, or overplay, may
tponed until a future sitting,
nether game begun. If it
nred to show a record for
Inal play, the players may
e partners after every four,
eiffht hands. This is done
onUnce with the following
lie formulated by Mr. Mit-
N. 8. B. W.
Deals ito4,6,or8 1 a 3 4
Deals5 toS, 7to 12, or9to 16 134a
Deals 9 to 12, 13 to 18, or 17 to
M 14 a 3
Mitchell says: ** Players should
not try to memorize the location of
cards so as to take advantage of
their mnemonic ability in the play-
oflf. It may help them to win
mnemonic ^ames, but it will not
improve their whist-playing.**
Coffin's Three-Table Schedule.—
Charles B. Coffin has devised, and
the American Whist Club of In-
dianapolis, Ind., has adopted, what
Mr. Coffin calls the *' Individual
Merit Score Card,** which is so
arranged that each player will have
each of the other players for a
partner in one-third, and for an
opponent in two-thirds, of the
deals. The result of their play in
a series of sittings must nearly, if
not entirely, eliminate the element
of luck, and show the true indi-
vidual merit of all.
The deals are divided into three
equal parts, and designated as series
A, B, and C.
In series A— N. and 8. are partners
against B. and W.
In series B— N. and B. are partners
against S. and W.
In series C— N. and W. are partners
against S. and B.
North remains seated, and keeps
the score. Let the score card re-
main on the table all the time, to
avoid errors.
"Any number of deals divisible
by three may be played,'* says Mr.
Coffin. ** Seven in each series is
the usual number for one sitting.
The average time for each deal,
forward and back, is ten minutes.
It will require three and a half
hours, therefore, to play the twenty-
one deals. If more or less are de-
sired, change the figures on the
margin of the card to correspond
with number used.
DUPLICATE WHIST
148
DUPLICATE WHIST
" Play the ori^nal of all deals
before cuniiiienciii^ the duplicate;
then resume the on){inal positions,
anil overplay in same order. The
deals in each series should be in ir-
rejjular onler.
**ln cIuIm, or matches of more
than one table, the method of
' Individual Merit* mav be used in
a proj^ressive way. Let all players
take ])reccdence in order of rank in
the score. Tlie four hij^hest take
table No. I ; the next four, table No.
2, and so on to the foot table. In
case of an odd numl>er iK'ing pres-
ent, the lowest i>layers cut in with
the last table accord in){ to the laws
of whist. This order of sejiting
the players is now use<l in many
clubs, and is an extra incentive to
study the >;ame."
Mr. Coftin*s score card is here-
with reproduced, slij^htly reduced
in si/e:
INIilVXDUAI* MERIT SCORE CARD.
B
8
Playrn Sittinf^ S. and K.
Change bcala.
9
, ■
10
'
"
1 =
12
1
13
._l _.-■_.
1
1
1
1 . .
N. K. 1 " S. W.
Cain. 1 r.ain.
C
PlayerH Sittiofr S. and W.
Changr ScaU.
15
"" *^ ■" ~ ^^ ~ ~ ~ — — -^._«
16
17
,'
— - . - _ .
31
-■- — - -_.. __
~- "
N W. " - S. E.
('•ain. r.ain.
Tabtr .V(0.
iftg
DtaIk :irr rqually tlivicl(.-<I into Series A,
B. C. ri.iycr!«chjnKc partnetMadcr each
series.
N
S
H
W
III Of initial, HOirr in^ks taken by N.
Rn>! *^. {*I.<vrr>» only. In Dujiliratr, score
tncWs l.ik'-n !»y M.'anil W. jil.iyrrs only.
.N«»IITII
ANIJ Si.! Til.
an:» Wkst. .h
Trick.'*. Cf.titi. Trkk* r.ain. X
1
i
4
6
N S
('•ain
E W
<«ain.
I
2
\
4
S
h
7
Resume Orixinal pD^ition* fur itrrr
INDIVmrAt RECORD.
The Rain of one Aide i« the loss 01
other Sc'ire the net irAin or l-jfM uf
player at the end of e^ch scrie*.
North. South
c
'SI
•>.
A
' B
C
Nrt
I I
B
3
O
EaiL
1 1
I i
Do n«tt compare scnrr* with other ta'
Schedules for Large .Vmm^er
Indh *t duals. —Several i n jjm
methorls have been devised
handling large numbcn of pliv
DUPUCATB WHIST
149
DUPLICATE WHIST
illy in domestic parties,
duplicate whist is also con-
r growing in favor. " Safford
Mitchell have both distin-
d themselves in this line,"
^oster. **The simplest form
ni suggested by Mitchell, and
cially adapted for social gath-
of ladies and eentlemen."
jrding to Mitcheirs arrange-
[it mav again be explained
when both sexes participate,
lesex is not op|>osed to the
the ladies may sit north and
the gentlemen west and
and if the gentlemen move
direction while the boards
ned in the other, each lady
eet every gentleman, either
tner or opponent When
s time for a number of sit-
>oth the ladies and gentle-
ay change opponents at sue-
games, using the individual
les for multiples of four, and
r schedules for other num-
s guides in seating them-
at the commencement of
ime. If one sex is opposed
other, and the number of
engaged divided by two
an odd result, as six, ten,
1, eighteen, etc., the ganie
b the sitting fours and mov-
-s oppose each other may be
the ladies, of course, being
ng fours."
are Mr. Mitchell's sched-
four ladies and four gentle-
K ladies and six gentlemen;
dies and eight gentlemen;
een ladies and sixteen gen-
in which ladies play once
ich gentleman, and once
•ach lady; gentlemen once
:h lady, and once against
ntleman. The ladies sit
nd east; the g^tlemen,
d wesL
ale for four ladies and four
;n:
Table I. Table 2,
Gamx. N. & B.W. N. 8. B. W.
Fiivt 1433 3341
Second 1334 4321
Third 134a 2431
Fourth XI aa 3344
Schedule for six ladies and six
gentlemen: '*If it is not desired
to have the ladies play with the
ladies, nor the gentlemen with the
f^entlemen, it takes but six even-
ings to make a complete circuit.
Number the ladies from one to six,
the gentlemen from seven to twelve,
and play on the successive evenings
by the following formula:
Table I. Table 2. Table 3.
Gams. N.S.B.W. N.S.B.W. N.8.B.W.
Pint ...iioaii693ia^84 7
Second ..1113133104869^ 7
Third ..1124 83115 9 a 10 6 7
Fourth ..18^94136103113 7
Fifth .. .196 10 58311413} 7
Sixth ..173839410511613
" The above is not a perfect for^
mula, but it answers for the ladies'
and gentlemen's progressive games.
'* The following is a formula, for
eight ladies and eight gentlemen,
which will answer for either the
ladies' and gentlemen's progressive
game or for the inter-club game, the
changes in the latter case being
made on successive rounds or
games, and no movement of players
taking place during any one round
or game.
Tabic I. Table 2.
Gams. N. 8. E.W. N. S. E.W.
Firat 1726 5438
Second 1S37 6543
Third 1348 7653
Fourth 1352 8764
Fifth 1463 3875
Sixth 1574 3286
Seventh 1685 43a7
Eighth 1133 3344
Table 3- Table 4.
Flrat 8345 6371
Second 3456 7381
Third 356? 84*1
Fourth 4678 2531
Fifth 528» 3641
Sixth 6833 4751
Seirenth 7234 5861
BIffhth SS66 7788
DUPUCATB WmST
ISO
DUFUCATB WHIST
**The last line ia not in the
schedule, but ia necessary to com-
plete the circuit. This ia Safford'a
tonnula for eight players extended
to suit the requirementa.
* 'The ladies sit north and east, and
the gentlemen south and west, or
I'icf versa t each lady pla3rs once with
and once against eirery gentleman,
once against every lady, the gentle-
men contra,**
Formula for sixteen ladies and
sixteen gentlemen on the same
basis:
Tablet i & a. Tables 3 & 4.
Gams. N. 8. B. W. N. S. K. W.
PirKt I 7 2 la 9 i« 11 8
Second .... X 8 3 13 10 16 la 9
Third I 9 4 14 II a 13 10
Fourth ' '^ $ *$ la 3 14 II
Fifth I II 6 16 13 4 15 la
Sixth I la 7 a 14 S 16 13
Seventh .... i 13 8 3 i^ 6 a 14
BifChth .... I 14 9 4 i^ 7 3 15
Ninth X IS 10 S a 6 4 16
Tenth 116110 395 a
Blevrnth . . . . i a la 7 4 "> <> 3
Twelfth .... I 3 13 I 5 " 2 4
Thirteenth ... i 4 14 9 6 la 8 «
Fourteenth . . i 5 15 10 7 >3 9 ^
Fifteenth . . . . 1 o 16 il 8 14 10 7
Tables 5 &
Gamb. N. S. B.
Firmt 16 14 5
Second a 15 6
Third 3 16 7
Fourth 4 a 8
Fifth 5 3 9
Sixth 6 4 10
Seventh .... 7 5 II
FiKlitb 8 6 la
Ninth 9 7 13
Tenth 10 8 14
Hcvcnth .... II 9 15
Twelfth . . .. 12 10 16
Thirteenth ... 13 11 a
F Mirtef-nth . . 14 la 3
Fifteenth ... 15 13 4
6.
W.
»3
14
i.S
16
a
3
4
I
I
9
10
II
la
Tables 1
r8t8.
N.
Is. tS. ^v.
3
4
6
10
4
\
7
II
1
8
la
\
9
»3
I
10
14
9
II
;i
9
10
la
10
II
»3
a
II
la
14
S
la
«3
«5
4
13
14
16
5
14
a
s
6
;i
3
4
I
a
3
5
9
•' To complete the circuit the two
i'5> play against the two 2*a, the 3's
against the 4's, and so on. Only
half the figiires are given, as the
second half is only a repetition of
the first, except that the figures are
reversed. Taole I, for instance, is
juHt as above, while table 2 would
read 12, 2, 7, i. The ladies rit
north and cMt, the geatlemcB
■outh and west, or vice tvrsB.
" In regard to fijjnring the ' avow
age,' that ia done simply by addiqg
aU the north and sontn toovea U>>
gether, and dividing the loUl }af
the number of tablet in the game;
and addinff all the east and west
acorea, and dividing in the aaow
manner. Of couvae there can be
no 'average' iinleM there are at
least three tablea in the ganic.*'
Here ia Mr. Safford'a ingenioM
ichedtile for eight married couplesi
•o arranged in two seta that so
husband and wife are ever in ttt
aame aet at the aame time. When
seven sets have been played iiuy
lady will have ovemayed low
hands against every otner ladvaad
gentleman, including fcmr held fay
er husband. The aame win lit
true of every man. Indictton an
placed on the tablea to ilKnr piay^
ers their successive poaitiona. Tut
numbers represent the hnafaaad^
and the letters the wive% ttt
couples being a-i, b-t, etc. The
couples a-i alwajrs sit atill; the
ladies go to the next higher lettr
of the alphabet, and the men to the
next higlier number; h going It K
as a sits still, and 8 U> a.
7
•©a
K W
s
d0i
•
s
N
f
c
i©b
B W
40k
6
S
One hand iadeah at
and overplayed act
UPUCATE WHIST
151
DUPLICATE WHIST
A different point of the
I shoold deal at each table,
• to equalize the lead. ♦ ♦ ♦
re of each four hands should
;d up by each individual
and the results tabulated at
of every four hands. ♦ ♦ ♦
tner is the player who loses
est tricks. "This/* says
'* is the only known system
lin^ whether or not a man
whist better than his wife. *'
» S. Carter, in 1893, pub-
1 arrangement for ten ladies
gentlemen seated at five
:he ladies north and east,
gentlemen south and west,
nd south playing against
I west ''By this plan,"
. Carter, *'each lady plays
ery gentleman, and each
an puiys vrith every lady
lie progress of the game;
in^ abundant opportunity
ability, and for strangers
ae acquainted with each
BIGHT PI^AYBRS.
Table 1.
S. K. W.
2 4 X
6 8
10 13
14 16
N.
3
7
II
19 18 ao
Table a.
N. S. B. W.
5
9
13
17
7
II
15
18 ao
a
i
5
9
13
19 10 la 17
3 14 16 I
Table 3. Table 4. Table 5.
S. E.W. N. S. E.W. N.S.E.W.
14 16 9 15 10 12 13 19 6 8 17
ihdo 13 19 14 16 17 3 10 13 X
2 1 17 3 18 ao I 7 II 16 5
681 73451118309
10 12 5 II 6 8 9 IS a 4 13
desired that the ladies and
n should play both witli
isi each other, formulas for
elve, and sixteen players
>und in the January, 1892,
of Whist, in an article
y A. G. Safford, of Wash-
fford's achednles were as
Gamb.
First. .....
Second i
Third i
Fourth X
Fifth I
Sixth I
Seventh x
Table z.
N. 8. B.W.
I a
3
4
5
6
I
II
M
4 a
Table 3.
N. S. B.W.
846
a
3
4
5
6
7
il
l\
2 4
3 5
I
a
3
4
i
TWBI*VB PUkYBRS.
Gamb.
Firat . .
Second .
Third . .
Fourth .
Fifth . .
Sixth . .
Seventh .
Biffhth .
Ninth . .
Tenth . .
Bleventh
Table 1.
N.S.E.W
1363
3 7 4
4 8
5 9
0x0
I
8 za 9
9 a zo
I 10 3 IX
III 4 Z3
I 13 5 3
Table a.
N.S.B.W.
xa II 79
a xa 8 xo
3 a 91X
4 3 xo xa
5 4" 2
o .-Sia 3
634
I
9
zo
XI zo
l\i
'U
Tables.
N.S.BW.
zo 5 8 4
XX 6 9 5
X3 7 10 6
3 I XX 7
3 9"*
4 10 a 9
IX 3 xo
xa 411
XI
a
9 4 7 3
i
8IXTBBN PLAYBRS.
Gamb.
First .... X
Second ... I
Third . . . x
Fourth ... X
Fifth. ... I
Sixth ... X
Seventh . . x
Bighth. . . X
Ninth ... X
Tenth . . . x
Bleventh. . x
Twelfth . . I
Thirteenth . i
Fourteenth i
Fifteenth . x
Table 1.
N. S. B. ^^.
a xa
3 13
4 14
I \i
a
Table 3.
N. & B- W.
x6
a
I 1 II
i
9
10
XI
13
«3
14
M
3
4
9
10
XX
xa
13
14
3
4
t
I
a
3
4
i M
I
a
3
9 4
10
XX
I
9
xo 9
XX xo
13 XI
13 X3
«4 13
15 X4
9
xo
XX
xa
»3
"4
:i
a
3
4
I
13
"4
!l
a
3
4
i
I
9
xo
XI
xa
First. .
Second
Third .
Fourth
Fifth .
Sixth .
Seventh
Eighth
Ninth .
Tenth .
Bleventh . 9
Twelfth . . 10
Thirteenth zi
Fourteenth 13
Fifteenth . 13
Table 3.
14 6 5 3
\i I ^ *
a
3
4
I
I
9
zo 9
zx 10
I
7
8
13 IX 9
13 13 XO
14 13 IX
14 13
16 14
' 'J
3 16
4 2
Table 4.
8 IX 10 4
9 13 XX
10 13 13
" 14 13
II '*
:i
3
3
4
5
13
13
14
:i
3
3
4
3
3
4
I
I
9
10
:i
a
3
4
I
I
9
I
I
9
XO
IX
la
13
14
:i
a
3
A seven-table ^[ame, for ladies
and gentlemen, is described in
WhisTiot March, 1896, by Harry
DUPLICATE WHIST
I5«
DUPLICATB WHIST
F. Stafford, of Los Angdes, Cal.,
as follows: *' I bad seven tables.
After playing tbe hand placed at
each table, I bad everybody move,
and left the hand at the table. The
f^entlcmen play north and east, the
ladies south and west. I then
moved the gentlemen up, the north
gentlemen two tables, the east gen-
tlemen one table; and I moved the
ladies down, the south lady two
tables, and the west lady one table.
After playing the seven deals, it will
be seen that every player has
played every deal. Every gentle-
man has had half of the ladies for
partners, and half of the gentlemen
for opponents. I then changed east
gentlemen with the north gentle-
men, and brought on a new set of
deals, and proceeded as before. At
the end of fourteen deals each gen-
tleman has played partners with
each lady, and against one-half of
the gentlemen twice. I got the
comparative standing of each player
by the averaging method. I found
this methoil quite satisfactory, and
but little confusion after the first
move."
•* E. R. D," in HTiist for Febru-
ary, 1897, gfives the following ar-
rangement of twelve players: In
eleven sittings each player will
play with the eleven others, once
as partner and exactly twice as ad-
venary. Namber the pkyen fra
one to twelve. The firal and •eooa
sittings are •• follows:
First Ritting
N
Second saUi
1
1
1
1
la 6
B
W
I
« 7
1
8
N
8
N
4
7 9
5
B
W
4
9 M
II
8
N
8
N
S
8 II
10
B
w
6
B
8
During all the eleven stttingi No
I occupies the same position. BW}
other number increases by one si
each successive sitting. No. la be
coming No. 2.
Another individual schedule Im
twelve, arranf^ed by Hugh McI>od>
gall, is published' in l^kisi foi
April, 1897, as follows:
First Table.
Second Table.
Third Table.
N. S. E W.
N. 8. K. W.
N. 8. B. W.
I — aw 3 — 4
5— 6w. 7— 8
9 — 10 OT. II -» IS
I — 3 t'j. 10—8
9 — 1 1 w. 2 — 6
7— 4M. ia~ 5
I — 4 tj. 8—11
a — 5 w. 10 — 12
3— 6w. 9— 7
I - 5 vs. 9—2
6—10 vs. 12—3
II— 7W. 4— •
1 — 6 w II — 5
10 — J vs. 8 — 9
12— Bvs. 9—4
4~iaM a— 3
I — 7 I'j J — 10
5— 3 w. 6— II
I — b fj 6—12
3— 9 vs. 4— 5
10— iiM. J— a
la— aM. t— 6
1 — q t/J. 7 - X
1 — 10 w 4—6
II — 4 w. 5— 10
7— I2W. 3—11
a— 8m. 5— 9
I — II w 12— 9
4 — 2 vs. 6 — 7
8 — 3 w. 1 1 — a
8— 5w 3— !•
1 — 11 w 5— 7
6 — 9 M. to -> 4
Note I. — That in the eleven games
each player plays one game with
each of the other eleven.
Note2.— Thstintheelevcorooaii
esch plajrer is opposed to esc^ odBT
player (st the ssme table) t«te
rpLICATE WHIST
153
DUPLICATE WHIST
. — ^That after the tourna-
ompleted, each player has
wo games against each
lyer (sitting at the two
les), whether north, east,
west, in the same position,
iltiple of four hands may
I at each table to equalize
ind the lead.
les Showing Team Pla^,
^n.—A writer in Whtst
iry, 1895, describes the
lodification of the Mitchell
progressive play for teams
as follows: **A new
if duplicate play, devised
I C, Howell, was tried on
sion. It was completely
I, and competent judges
e it by far the best system
in a tournament for fours,
•dification of John T. Mit-
progressive' method, in
Ler every round, the north
3 pairs move to the next
ne direction, and the trays
ixt table in the op{X)site
so that if the number of
xid every team eventually
the deals.
Mitchell's plan, however,
jnt of match plav between
the overplay o( the same
deals by the same two teams, is
absent. For instance, with five
teams competing, if the north and
south pair of team Na i plays the
first set of deals against the east
and west pair of team No. 5, the
east and west pair of team No. i
plays the same deals, not against the
north and south pair of team No. 5,
as it would in match play between
the two teams, but against the
north and south pair of team
No. 4.
" This deficiency Howell has sup-
plied by a simple change in the
manner of movmg the trays. The
players move as in Mitchell's sys-
tem, but the trays are carried, not
to the next table, but from the
middle table to the head, with the
others in natural order. With only
three tables in play, the two systems
are identical. With five tables,
Howell moves the trays up two
tables; with seven tables, three;
with nine tables, four, and so on.
The effect of this scheme in bring-
ing out the overplay of the same
deals by the same teams, as well as
the general manner of using the
system, will appear from the follow-
ing illustrative schedule for five
teams:
INITIAL POSITION.
3
I a
rliTL'li"*^'^ *° "^"^ }^^ pUvers by teama. There is no plmy. The nortli
p«lr» now move one place to the rijrht.
First Playing Position.
3
*^*L5''* ^*?J* ?*^ Indicated, the north and aouth pain again move one
e right, and the tray* two placea to the left
DUPLICATE WHIST
154
DUPLICATE WHIST
4
8BCOND Plating Poution.
5 I 9
1
4 5!
L
3
Dealii
■ I 3
Deals
13—16
a 3
Deals
17— ao
3 4
Deals
1-4
Deals
5-»
s
Move players and trays as before.
Third Playino Poamoit.
4 5 1
1
DealA i
17— iO
DeaU
«— 4
2 3
DeaU
5-8
3 4
Deals
9-ia
4 5
Deals
13—16
3
Move as before.
4
5
I
a
1
I I><ralH
1 1 o ' I a
Fourth Playino Position.
3 4 5
Deals
9—12
I I DeaU
I' h „-.,* 3 4
13—16
.1
Deals
17— JO
4 5
DeaU
1—4
^ 3
The play is thus completed.
Examination of the foregoing
8che<lul(.-s will show that teams i
an<l 2 have overplaywl deals 5-8;
teams i and 3, deals 17-20; teams
I and 4, deals 9-12; teams i and 5,
deals 1-4; teams 2 and 3. deals
9-12; teams 2 an«l 4, deals 1-4;
teams 2 and 5. deals 13-16; teams
3 and 4. deals 13-16: teams 3 and
5. d< als 5-S; teams 4 and 5. deals
i7-2«>. In short, everv' team has
playrd a match of four deals against
everv other team.
Rv rff>eatin>^ the schedule, or hv
playinj; a irreater number of deals
at each table, the matches between
teams may be made as long m
desired.
If the number of teams is ereo. •
dummy team may be entered, or.
better, an extra table may be
a<lded, and the Rche<1ule Itc carmi
out exactly as though the numte
of teams were odd, except that tkc
north and south |>air of one tcoi.
and the east and west pair of
another, sit out during each nmuL
This variation of lioweirs foranli
was suggested by Walter H.
It adapts the system to an eren 1
as well as to ano<ld number of I
For example, take four
INITIAL POSITION.
I !
I
IVaU
1—4
DeaU
5-8
3
DeaU
9— li
3 4
DeaU
13—16
North and sooth pairs move one place to the right.
DUPUCATE WmST
155
DUPUCATE WmSt
PnLST Plathio Position.
a 3
Deals
1—4
I 3
» 3
3 4
be cast and west pair of team i and the north and south pair of team 4 sit out, and
la 1-4 and 17-ao are not in play.
Sbcond PLAYiifO Position.
A I a «
Deals
9-1 J
I a
Deals
13—16
a 3
DeaU
17 — ao
3 4
DeaU
x-4
4
4
4
DeaU
5-«
4
3
I a
Thibj> Pijltino Position.
4 X
3
a
Deals
17— «
I a
Deals
1—4
a 3
Deals
5-8
3 4
DeaU
9— la
Deals
13—16
3
s
4
Fo
3
UKTB
Playing F
4
muni
I
3N.
a
I
DeaU
I a
Deals
9-1 J
» 3
Deals
13—16
3 4
DeaU
17— ao
DeaU
1-4
Szjuninations will again show
t everv team has here oveq>layed
r dous with every other team,
t as in the schedule for five
schedules of Play for Ptiirs^
tms of Four^ etc, — A most im-
tant system is described in the
ly, 1897, number of Whist^ hj
tries M. Clay {q. v.), its oriei-
or. It is a universal system tor
Dpass matches between paim, for
Itiple teams of four, or for two
ns of any number, and with any
nber of tables whatever, though
practical limit is probably six-
II tables, on account of the time
uiied.
Hien the match is between fours,
b four seat themselves together
\ table, then the east-west pain
move up one table before beginning
play.
After each round the east-west
pairs move up one table.
When the match is between two
teams of more than four on a side,
the visiting team seat themselves at
tables I, 3, 5, etc., and the home
team at tables 2, 4, 6, etc., then the
east-west pairs move up one table
before beginning play. After each
round the home pairs move, the
visitors sitting still throughout the
play.
When the match is between pain,
no preliminary arrangement is
necessary.
The system of play consists in
placing upon each table more than
one bcwrd, and p1a3ring, each ronnd,
only one-half the boanla, or, in
DUPUCATE WHIST
156
DUFUCATB WmST
case of five boards, say, playing only
two the first round, ancl the remain-
ing three the next round. This sys-
tem requires that the moving play-
ers shall make the circuit of the
tables twice, so that there are always
twice as many rounds as tables.
For each different number of
tables it is necessary to write down
in advance a simple schedule, as
follows: Write in numerical onler
the number of rounds to be played.
Beneath, in vertical lines, write the
numbers of the trays, in regular
numerical order, which are to be
played each round. For six tables,
four trays at a table, the schetlule
would l>e written thus:
> ' 3 4 S ^ 7 8 9 to it ti
I 3 S 7 9 " t3 15 17 19 " n
a 4 6 8 10 la 14 16 18 ao aa 34
Now place on the tables, l>egin-
ning with table i, the trays under
the odd numbers first, and after-
ward these under the even num-
bers. That is, place on table i,
trays i, 2, 5, 6; on table 2, trays 9,
10, 13. 14; on table 3, trays 17, 18,
21, 22; on Uble 4, trays 3, 4. 7, 8;
on table 5, trays ii, 12, 15, 16; on
tabic 6, trays 19, 20, 23, 24.
The deals are to l)e played in reg-
ular numerical order, except, of
course, that when the last numbers
occur on the same table with the
first, they are to be played before
the first. That is. deals 23, 24, are
to l>c played Inrfore deals I, 2, if
they come on the same table. On
the first round, deals i and 2, 9 and
10, 17 and 18. 3 and 4, ii and 12,
19 and 30, are to be played at the
resjxTtive tables.
If the number of trays on a table
is fxld. the formula varies slightly.
Thuis. for five tables, fi^-e tni>*s on a
table, the schedule is:
/
»
.?
4
5
6
7
«
9
#0
1
3
6
9
II
«3
16
19
ai
*3
s
4
S
I
10
la
14
15
12
*
sa
M
«
Here, since esch tet of timys,
being five in number, cuiaot be
divided evenly, it is divided as
nearly as posmble into halvea^ the
parts consisting <^ twoa and threes
First write down two, then three;
then three, then two. and ao on,
every time alternating the order of
division. The trays are placed on
the sevenil tablet thus: Table i.
trays i, 3, 6, 7, 8; table a, trays 11,
12, 16, 17. 18; table 3. txaya 31, ^%^
3, 4, 5; Uble 4, trays 9, 10, 13, 14,
15; Uble 5. trays 19* ao. 23, 24, 2$.
On tlie first round, the firrt two
deals at each Uble are to be played,
then the next three, and so on. On
Uble 3, of course deals 31, 33, ate
to be played first.
After each round the pixels
move up one table, mlways takimg
with them ike deals Jusi plmyei^
and placing them beneath the
others which they find there. Of
course, thev are to plajr thoie
which they have not plsyea befofc
In matches between fonn Ite
east-west players will meet, at the
end of the first circuit, with thdr
north-south partners. Ther ihoald
seat themselves at the table with
them and note what boards ilionid
be played according to the schednle.
These boards they may pUy irsin^^
their north-south partners, if thg
wish to, but, evidently, they wiO
not affect the result. Therefcie it ii
better to consider these boards si
played— that is, to omit iilijint
them — and to pass on to toe aert
Uble, playing there the nest
in onler. When the second
is completed, it will be found
each team plays and
against each other team the
boards; also, that the sane at iff
boards has been played by
than two teams.
Unfortunately, there ii oa
ception to the luivnaal appi
of thissystem. Thai i% ia a
BAST
157
ECHO
sn mnltiple teams of four, it
ot work with an odd number
rds upon an even number of
The only cases where that
be likely to occur are eight
tables of three boards each,
defect is that it makes team i
aly two boards against team 2,
irboardsaeainstteam3. This
e obviated in either of two
first, by using a dummy
as in the Howell system;
I, by a device of Walter H.
jr, of putting only two boards
h tame except the last, and
g npon that all the remaining
i. This necessitates, how-
roing round three times.
I not necessary to place the
according to the formulas
They can be placed in their
1 order, if preferred. The
:age of the formula is that
?am plays against each other
boaia in consecutive order,
[vantage of placing the boards
tables in their normal order
; the pairs sitting still play all
>ards in regular numerical
while those moving plaj
in reverse order, hence it is
&sy to detect any mistake.
Barney has given the system
study, and has done much to
it, and is fully convinced of
eriority.
r the first circuit, all north
I should exchange places
leir south partners.
- — The player who, in part-
> with west, sits in opposition
th and south at the whist
This designation is more
Jly used at duplicate whist.
the second hand when north
In the more common mode
gnating the players, east is
mted by the letter Y.
>. — A response to partner's
signal or call for tnmips.
The echo is made by repeating the
signal, in trumps or plain suits. In
other words, your partner having
called, you respona by pla3ring a
higher card, followed by a lower
one. The echo is only made if you
hold four trumps or more, and is
intended to convey that important
information to partner. If you do
not echo, he understands that you
hold three trumps or less. Several
other ways of echoing to partner's
call have been devised; such as,
refiising to take the trick when
partner leads trumps, trumping
with a higher card than necessary
when takmg a force, etc. Some
players even go so far as to echo on
a trump lead or call on the part of
the adversaries; but ** Cavendish,"
the original inventor of the echo
(who announced it in 1874), de-
clares that to echo on the adver-
saries* lead of trumps is a violation
of the underlying principle of the
echo. (See, a&o, "Plain-Suit
Echo.")
It is important that the echo should be
made at tne earliest practicable moment.
— <7. H^. Pettes \L, A.P.\,
Bv the " echo*' in a plain suit yxxa may
avoid a sacrifice of a high trump card, to
make it in trumps. — A.J.Mcintosh \L.A\
''MoiUrn Whist^ iS88.
This echo is a most powerful aid, as it
is almost certain to enable you to win an
extra trick.— /I. IV. Drayson \L->rA\\
''The Art of Practical WhUt:'
When yon have four or more trumps,
and jrour partner leads them, you "echo"
in the same way. if you do not try to take
the trick.- Val. W. Sfarnes [S. O.].
On being forced, you may "echo" by
trumping in with a higher card than you
subseiquently play. To an adverse trump
lead or "call," ir yourself strong enougn
to "call" originally, you may likewise
"echo."— i?w/rr Beardman IL-^A.V
''IVinntng IVhut.*'
There is another echo which is made to
show the possession of four trumps, irre«
spective of partner's lead of or call for
trumps, which is made with three indif>
ferrnt cards of a plain suit by playing the
middle card first, the higher next,and the
lower lulL—Jokn T, MitduU lUA.].
ECHO
158
ELEVBN RULE
Tht echo !« rrported to bean ntennion
of thr siv:ii.-il. and is the ino*«t iiiiKxruous
of tlu- SI I uh; ii d<K"«i very little hnriii. and
alw:iy»t :iniU'>cs MiinelMMly. When the
M^ii.il lUiin h«>l4l*ihall the trunipMinil the
ev^iiN-r till- rrniiiinder, it uiuust", ilicni
ami ilois not hurt the advc-rs;iry. tor
W(. ii(ht w.!l tell wholly irrt •JjK'Ctivc »>f
c>u\' uii'fU'*.— "J'irmf»rttijif" [/. i iK\, "JJe-
c/inr an.i hV.l! of II /itii. '
Till- trlio ' sik;nal has like the *>i^nal
for iMiiiip'', ith ni i;ntiv(.* as well as itM i>o!«i-
tivt* .iK}K(t. Just as not RiKnalniR fur
truni;i<«. wht-n >uu liave the opportunity,
uu-^in- iii.it you Ikivc not more than acir-
t^un i:'.-^!' e' '/t •-trvnKth in trunipN and
I>I till still-* conitiini.*<l, jio, not to echo the
fci^n.il. if viiu li.ive the chan(^>. nican^
th- 1 V- 11 h ivc not more than three
trusiij^ A'. A. rfoit-jt f/,. 0.\.
\\ !ii n y !ir jxartnrr lendif a tiunip or
a^k". fi.r trumps, if you have numerical
MrrnKtli in trumps y">i should Ksk at tlie
fir-t op:i«.rtunity. This is called the
<i // » I'/.'/j/' . .///. though it is n-.adc use of
also ill r'*''p iT-v to a l'-:i! The advan-
t.n;''H <»f til-* 'cho ar»- ni:init<>ld. Your
pirtii'T, I" -p"^ str-iH:; in trur.ij's, may
ni'sit.itf to I »kr a forrf, t-ut your <'ch<i 1 n-
a*>'.cs Iiim to do sn without f"nr. and to
pers»'v»T*' with the trump l-.ad. — ' ('.'.ten-
atih' I/,., I.', "/j3:t* t7*i'i /Vi«if//Vi n/
T?i«' .nUMiitn^i sof theech»arefvid«.nt;
if p itlTi- r i-.iu i.i:;iit \our Irumj's. lir dms
ni't ^o on w.th ..n unm I • s'>.iiy round.
Th" <■ ho i* ii'-UTl'.y a verj" simide thin;;,
hut at ti:ii< •• it i< not ao casiiv :i(.v 'm-
pli-ihi- 1. it s!i.-,i:: I l>c m idc-. h'wcvir,
e\«n .it s. jjjr s.'iTifi-.''- of •.ir«-n.:th; Iml
situ.iti ms will '■»i:jur--li MitiK <x:tctly
f-'ur truTMp"*. t'lr^r high ^.iri!-. and t'V
Rm.ill :!'.■— -.v!!' Ti von wi!l j'i«r a trick if
voji .lit' r*:; t t » • !;o. nf rour^t. when it
I- rvi'« "t tMit 1 -* wii' r»"in'». vou will
n t 'Ml r />. /• /ftmu'irt ■;/.. .-f.j.
•■ U/'-f if > :.'rfff*: ■ U'h- .' '■
'■ C ivrn')"~'i" wn< in'!'-'"'!ii.':«*i'»'in*»rinfr-
inir Kill '!«» ilir ii«vv s\^Iiti • T i-:ivrovrd
C'>*'i; Tior* II'* :•■♦•■ t-!ii.-» d .1 ftr»h
i-ri" if ''"ly "1 i?i i ••••>■ Ttn»il w.iv II'p
n v ■.: »t •■• t--;"i:.* W'vti i :-'.ivi-r
ff« -'v "■ ' I ',' n! i'i**'*i !t **T"m'"* v» '■v '!•'*
vi* 1' '.■ * - hi:Ti ;.i know t-» w ^i:it ixt'Ut
]•;» • .•*•■.■» !»i ;i'.'f t- I s'l^'T*" 'T'? )*''T! T?'i*
i«, iv '■• «' ■■?! t- '"«■:•••■ I xt»'iit ^\' !'■•• r iri!
h'- r * - '-Mt i'l th* thirst ''*■ !T:f rrn-
ti-'i :•! ;'■.' vT' ■>.• lit ■'. jvitc.inn'it l»e wa'ted
f . ...... i>^>< i*.,:i{^ *iiip;w^«c. th- rr-
f-iT^ I f "'■• r !r:id t»'«iint»«. f»r rail f'lr th^m:
t*if ••; i"ii ft fiv r-'irtn^r ^frt ihi*. \\ he
h.it':»«-n'. I'l hf.M murr than three h^ alto
r.ill* f'lr !"!rip« whirh i« to l»r uti'ler-
•ff*...^ f., r mniuniml^ fh.it fnct to ni^.
T*ii- •- nl'- ! tl;f *.hn I f ih« trump rill,
ui cvuiw. if I do not mc an echo I under-
iitand he holds only three, or Icfls. Thia
wan published by ''^CaTcndish.*' In 1^74.- •
U't/ham JifU [/.. A-*-], '•Hvolmium cf
Eight-Spot.— A low card, nhich
ranks seventh in the pack; often
spoken of as the middle card, as
there arc six higher and six
lower ones than it. It is led onlr
as a fourth-best card in the Ameri-
can leads, and as a low card in the
old-leads system. In the Howell
(short-suit) system the lead of the
ei^lit, seven, or six indicates the
ni fling game, ifinth generally not
more than two in suit, and none
higher than the card led.
Eldest Hand.— The player to the
left of the dealer; the one who
makes the ojxrning lead.
Eleven Rule. — A rule fonnulated
by K. l'\ Foster, and first publidied
in his "Whist Manual/' in 1889^
It is a])plic:ible to the fourth -
lead, and shows the exact number
of cards in the suit higher than the
one led. This is done by deducting
from eleven the numtief of pips, or
M>t>is, on the card led; the remain-
der shf»u-s the number of cards in
the suit against the leader higher
til an the one led. For instance:
Tile seven is led; if the pips 00 it
arc dc<luctc<1 from eleven the rp-
maindor will l>e four, which is the
niimlKT of cards, higher than the
one led, which are out against the
leridor. Thofso not in hw partner's
hand mu««t l»c held by the adrrm-
rirs. The same nile may be ap
plied to the second round of a lost,
if the leader follows a high caid
with the fourth l)est.
Thi^ i« a tiiinple and n«rfu1 mlr. sp^Hcfr
hie when a foiirth-be»t card i« led ~<* A
P. Hamilton \t.. A ]
The latr«t whi»t norrlty Is the tit its
nil^. th^ ohjed of which •• In vivp a sii^
p!r mrthM hv which the nnnhrrof rai^
superior to the fovrth beat led tkM alt
.EVENTH CARD
1 59 ELLIOTT, EUGENE S.
t the leader may be auickly
I. This is accomplished by de-
; number of pips on the fourth-
-om eleven, the remainder be-
aberof the higher cards. This
erisively called plaving whist
tic The eleven rule was first
t by Mr. R. F. Foster, of New
however, did not divulge it,
IS pupils; it was afterward in-
y discovered by Mr. E. F. M.
\ Oxford, England, and given
lie in the Field of January 4,
. THst [A. v4.] , Harper's Maga-
k. 1891.
Ltural order of denominations
one-spot, would be low and
il equivalents [in a suit] would
a one to thirteen, but the
' regarding the ace high makes
f numeral equivalents two to
tience fourteen is the base
f the rule]. When a player
burth-best card, the numeral
on of that card deducted from
U give the whole number of
r cards. As the leader is
emain with three of the inter-
Is, it is possible to determine
)W many are held by the re-
ayers. The process is short-
(t deducting ttie three higher
rn to be in the leader's hand
en, and then usinir eleven as
rhe difference between eleven
^nomination of the card led
( how many intervening cards
rthe three other players.—
.], November, i8gj.
h Card. — The master card
remaining ones in a suit
have been played.
•nth. so called because it is the
ee remaining of the suit, is
a power, if you know that the
r«f divided between the oppf>-
IV PetUs [L,A.P.]/'A merican
tratedr
rnth card is the best one of the
three of a suit, and can be led
It if voti know the location of
no', (a) If they are divided be-
two opponents, you can give
rr an opportunity to trump or
idvantage. (d) If the two are
eft opponent, vou can force a
. right opponent and make him
r own or partner's advantage,
wo are on the right, you force
im left, and partner may dis-
rrtmmp to advwnt^ge.— C E.
I.). "7** Gist of Whist:'
Elliotty Eug«n« S.—The founder
and first president of the American
Whist League, was bom in Vermil-
ion county, Illinois, August 13,
1842. He entered Dartmouth Col-
lege in September, 1861, and was
to have graduated with the class of
'65, but caught the war fever, and,
with eighty other students, mostly
from Dartmouth and the Norwicn
Military Academy, he enlisted in
Company B, Seventh Squadron,
Rhoae Island Cavalry. After being
mustered out at the close of the
war, he engaged for a time in busi-
ness pursuits, and then studied law,
being admitted to the bar of Mil-
waukee county in 1876. He was
elected city attorney of the city of
Milwaukee in 1886; was renomi-
nated by both the Republican and
Democratic parties, and re-elected
in 1888; was renominated by his
party (the Republican) in 1890, but
was defeated with the rest of the
ticket upon the Bennett law issue,
which was construed as an attempt
to interfere with parochial and
other separate schools. Mr. Elli-
ott's party claimed that it was the
duty of the State to provide every
child with such an education in the
English language as should enable
him to adequately perform the
duties of citizenship.
Since 1890 he has held no salaried
office, but has continued to be ac-
tively engaged in the practice of
his profession. He has retained his
interest in politics, however, and
usually takes an active part in cam-
paigns as a stump speaker. He was
a delegate-at-large from Wisconsin
to the Republican National Conven-
tion at St. Louis, which nominated
William McKinley for the presi-
dency . He has also for years taken
an active part in Masonry, beine
past grand master of his State, ana
past grand commander of the
Knights Templar of Wisconsin.
ELLIOTT, EUGBNB S. i6o ELLIOTT, BUGBNB &
Mr. Elliott knew nothing about
whist until after the organization
of the club now known as the Mil-
waukee Whist Club, but had always
been fond of chess, which he began
to play at the age of ten years, at-
tainin^r to great proficiency. He
had l^etMi instrumental in organiz-
ing several chess clubs at various
times, without achie\'ing for them
any permanent existence, but in
Septemlxjr, 1H75, he made one more
eflfort. He proposed to his brother,
Theodore B. PUliott (now deceased),
then a lawyer of high standing at
tlie Milwaukee bar, and to Rufus B.
Allen (l>oth of whom were fond of
euclin.M, that they should assist in
the or«{anization of a chess club,
in which card -playing was also to \)e
permitted as an inducement. To
this they assented, and the Milwau-
kee Chens Club was the result. Mr.
Elliott was chairman of the first
meeting, and the club was organ-
ized with ex- A ttomey-( General Win-
field Smith as presiclent; James G.
Jenkins, now I nited States circuit
judge, was the second presiding
officer, and Mr. Elliott the thiro.
The game of euchre soon gave way
to whist, which was intro<luce<l to
the club bv Mr. Allen, and soon
also supplanted chess.
In 1S7S Mr. Elliott removed to
St. Louis, with the intention of
periiiatu'iitly locating there. He
remained and practiced his profes-
sion about eighteen months, when
he rciuniefl to Mil^^-aukee. During
his al>si'nce the play of chess had
fallen into great decay, and the
miinbers of the club changed its
name in the Milwaukee Whist Club,
play Ix'iiiij restrirteil to whist and
chess undcT the rules; but, in fact,
whist nione has ever since held
sway. Thus Mr. Elliott became a
whist -player by force of circum-
stances, to the joy and lienefit of
all lovcn of whiit in America, for.
with his accnatomed enemr, he
now besan to work for the aovance-
ment of the greatest of all gamca.
He offered the resolution which waa
passed by the Milwaukee Whiil
Club in September, 1890, for the
appointment of a committee to
consider the feasibility of holding a
whist congress. He waa appoinled
chairman of the committee; waa
made temporary and afterwaidf
permanent chairman of the firrt
congress, and was honoced by
being choaen as the fint pieaideBt
of the American Whiat Lcane,
which was formally organiaea at
the congress held at Milwaukee, in
1891. (See, "American Whist
League. '* ) * ' Hia judicial tenpcn-
ment," said C. S. Boutcher, in de-
scribing him at thia conj
" eminently fits him for a pi
officer. Cool, diplomatic,
tial, firm, he directs a conventiaa
so that harmony prevail a and bori-
ness progresses. The delegatea to
the congress were by bo sncaai a
unit in their views on whiit, and tht
conduct of its affairs. The tioid
ance of dissension, and the aaooMi
of the congress, were lanely dnt
to the breadth and scope uown by
Eugene S. Elliott in the dindiM
of Its proceedings."
This was the univerml
and succeeding congreaea
upon keeping him at the
until at tne fourth congn
|>ositively declined farther
tion.
In a letter received ftooi
Mr. Elliott ftpeaks thna mffi___ ,
of his own abilities aa a plajv:
"While extremely fend of tht
nme, and appreoatini^ ita wmt
beauties, I hove never reMM
myaelf aa an expert, nor cBttOad li
claim rank among fdaycra of te
first force. If I had bcgHi tht
study of whist at aa eariy aa
I began loplay chcaoi it ia
EMBLEMS, WHIST
1 6l ENGLAND, WHIST IN
might have attained higher
bat I began too late to obtain
I first-class player must have,
.'Ct whist memory and correct
ve inference from the fall of
rds."
le he has given the game
time and study, he has never
d it to supplant more serious
He finos it, however, a
olace when professional cares
wearied the mind, and a
nt relief from those responsi-
i which his profession im-
apon the busy lawyer.
ilcms, Whist. — Devices
are selected by clubs or other
zations as their distinctive
, or badges. Thus, the em-
f the American Whist League
ace of clubs, with the letters
'. L." inscribed on the lobes,
emblem of the Woman's
League is the ace of dia-
with the letters *' W. W. L. "
d on it
. certain sense, playing cards
jred at whist ana other games
d to have some emblematic
::ance, each card in accord-
ith the picture or represen-
which it contains.
land, Whist fn. — Short
or the game of five points,
( counting, is the wnist of
id, and stakes are played for,
le, at the clubs and in pri-
The element of chance in
irbist is so large that it is ad-
y adapted for quick play, and
pid consummation of bets,
are also freely made upon
^me, or the rubber, as the
lay be. This love of play for
or loss) seems ingrained in
itish whist-player, and dates
the very beginning of whist,
i^omary for those who frown
gambling to draw a fine dis-
II
tinction between that vice and the
playing of whist for stakes, the
universal plea being that it lends
additional interest to the game, and
that the stakes are small and insig-
nificant in themselves. And yet
we know, as a matter of fact, that
when men once begin to play for
money, and the gambling instinct is
thoroughly aroused, bets and stakes
may become quite important. In-
stances are on record in England,
where thousands of pounds have
been lost on a single rubber; ;^25,-
ooo at a single sitting; and in one
case, it is said, as high as /'20,ooo
was lost on a single hand ! (See,
"Gambling.*') We are aware that
gambling is as prevalent in America
as elsewhere, and have no right,
therefore, to assume a higher virtue
for our people on that account; but
it certainly does seem fortunate
that gambling has been thoroughly
eliminated from whist, which is
thus made a home game and a pure
game, such as may safely be recom-
mended to the young, without fear
of demoralizing influences. When
whist is played for money in Amer-
ica, it is played by those who play
for money at whatever game they
undertake. Such men are at once
classed as gamblers. As a rule,
however, they find the American
seven-point game without honors
less suited to their purpose than
draw-poker, or other games of
chance.
Whist is sometimes played for
**love** in England {i. e.^ without
stakes), and duplicate whist is also
played to some extent; but so long
as the five-point game (with honors
counting greatly in excess of what
they should) prevails there, any
game, except that which Eng-
lishmen are accustomed to, will be
found rather dull. English con-
servatism will make a change from
the five-point game a difficult mat-
BNGLAND, WHIST IN 162 ENGLAND^ WHIST IN
ter, but, if the step should ever be re-
traced which was taken in 1785, or
thereaboutA, when lone whist was
ctit in two bv the gambling frater-
nity to accelerate their bets (see,
"Short Whist," and " Peterbor-
ough, I^>rd"), there can be no
dotil)t but the Bnglish people as a
whole would rejoice, as did the
people of this country when Ameri-
can whist was placed upon a higher
plane.
Although this is a consummation
devoutly to lie wished, the outlook
for whist is said to be rather
gloomy in England at the present
writing '. 1S97 ) . The gambling spirit
so .avMduously fostered by play<
ing fi>r stakes seems to nave
broken through all restraints, and
to have developed into a mania for
'•bridge** {g. v.), to the disgust
of all true lovers of whist. It can-
not be that the craze will last, but
in the meanwhile genuine whist
seems to l>c under a clf>ud at the
London clubs. As regards whist
play in other parts of England, we
are infonned by a correspondent,
writing under date of September
4, 1897. that during the winter
there is a good deal of whist in the
club at Rath, in that at Bourne-
mouth, and in the new club at
Cheltenham. Bath is the winter
resort for those suffering from rheu-
matism; Bournemouth, for weak
chi'sts. and Cheltenham, for hunting
men and tho«4e who are fond of gay
society. There are .«!ome good
pliiyiTs among the residents of each
placn, and their ranks are often re-
cniitfd fr«»m London an'l else-
whtTi*. "Vory good whi^t and
piquet." say^ our correspondent,
*' ui'-d to prevail in th*.* Union Club
at Brighton, but it has fallen off
dnring recent yeani Sir Richard
Rennie is one of their most trust-
worthy pla>'ers at both fp^mea. An
excellent rubber can still be foand
at the Snaaez Clnb, Baatbonme, M
there, too, death and old age tunc
made gaps among the playera.
There is good whiit, alao, at South-
tea. During the autnmn aeaaon a
good deal ofwhist, chiefly by yndU
ors, is played at Scarboroiigh, Har-
rowgate, and Bnzton. In ooe
August, three or four vcm ago.
no less than eleven membeim of the
Baldwin Club, in London, niglrt
have been seen playing in the card*
room of the club at HarrowgalCi
Whist can be obtained in the club
at Great Malvern, where Majoi
Wintour is their chief peifonDcr.
Also, at Leamington, Esefeer, and
Ezmouth. The Marquia of Di»
fheda plays at the last-named plan:
[e excels at piquet nther thaa «l
whist."
(See, also, " American and B*^
ii T n». *> •* American '^— — ^
lish Lows,
"International Match," "
Whist,** and "Whist anba.")
The Knglinh plav
Thry trum to " h<
a ni
ionon" tot a latat
of t heir nuccrM. Thry play • sboct i
and a ftmart tcIMalc icamc. lor a
Brilliant plav with them Is tl.
aional. -6. W*. /V//« [L. A. R\,"A
Hh$5t IliuitraUd."
It will cMiiiic Americans to
they Irarn that in a late ia«ae eC tkr :
doii Hfid an adverttaemcBt ai
fullowA
" Whifct enthuftlaat deaim to 1
oChern who have maftered
will meet frequently and
practice, without »tAkcn or
**D.C.
J11M fancy what th1« mraas
irreat metro|ioltii o< I^ondon a
■ome whUt-nlayrr deairra to
others who do not »corn
onmrnt« and procrea*.
Knffli«hman. If he ^ -_-^_
thu ffrtat and xlorioaa eoantnr. aadlito
op ht!! residence in any litlw tova m
io.o(jo or more people. He will lad tkt 1^
■ociatea he aeekn wMhont
a paper of the /i^JVi aUadiaB.
calla to my mind what "Cai
me when he Ant tMIc4 tMs(
tflu- The day of bis anivBl
poblicty anaoaaecd. aad tkc
era of ibiacUy kacwIlHlbewMtslifl^
They csltod
latcr-dsy 4
I pl^tkt
NGLAND, WHIST IN 1 63
EQUAL CARDS
ir rcapecU to the srreat whist an-
id CTcry day and for many hours
red whist. " Cavendish" thought
revioosly arrang^ed for him to meet
t players in this vicinity, and it
nost an imposstbilitv for him to
that such was not the case, and
was simply meeting the general
I^ayers. It was a revelation to
!cause the average of play here
noch higher than he was accus-
0 at home that he thought, and
[y, that the best players had been
1 to meet him. It nas been, and
iie exception for him, to get three
ood whfst-players at the whist
; Bogland. He very soon found
ras the exception to have any but
7 good players at the whist table
nca. I nave heard that since his
to England he informs his coun-
that they have been distanced in
r, and that if they want to plav
rell and intelligently they will
do as we have done — study the
I all its phases, and not, as has
»ir custom, to consider it merely
of chance, the main object beine
he other fellow's money.— ^. /f.
[L. A.], Brooklyn EagU, tSoj.
can be little question that whist
and to-day does not occupy the
that it does in this country, and
on for it is self-evident. It is the
e feature that has caused the
I attain the height of popularity
as now reachea in almost every
n city. The Enjflishman is too
itive to adopt this, and too fond
ake to play straight whist for the
he game. There are many games
admirably suited for those who
the sake of the stake, not for the
of the game. Whist, however,
t»e numoered in that category,
r Englishman chan^^es hiH habits,
r. the outlook for whist in the
Ales is far from bright. As for an
ional match with England, that
e circumstances seems absolutely
The writer consulted with Mr.
id others on the subject, but when
ed with the condition of the
England, he realized how futile
y schemes he had to propose
to the accomplishment of this
bed-for ipme. If the American
,eague wishes to win the inter-
honors it will have to look for
ewhere. There is at present no
tT of sach an event being ar-
v4th any of the members ox the
cHibs. The average English man
I man who will play a game of
r the love of the nme and the
victory as a sort of rata avis to
or less pitied — a kind of dime
ircak. One fine old barrister, •
gentleman from the top of hia high silk
hat to the rather heavy sole of a large-
siaed and ill-fitting shoe, in talking over
American whist with the writer, asked,
as a matter of curiosity, how many
nights, on an average, an American whist
expert would devote to the game. Upon
his query being answered as accurately as
its general character permitted, he in an
absolutely dumfounded manner inquired
whether all play was without a stake.
Being assured that this was so beyond a
doubt, he lifted his hands in horror and
said: *'And yet you tell me you have no
leisure class in America; venly, men that
you say are busy must have much val-
uable time to waste." This man was a
typical Bngliah whiat-player, and he hon-
estly thought that he was fond of the
Sitnc—MiltoH C. IVork {L, A, H\ Phila-
iphia Telegraphy 1S96.
English Code— See, *'Law8 of
Whist"
English Whist Clubs. — See,
"Whist Clubs."
Entry and Rs- Entry. — ^The laws
of entry and re-entry to the whist
table in the English code (sections
21-25) provide as follows: A
player wishing to enter a table
must declare his intention before
any of the players have cut a card;
those who have neither belonged to
nor played at any other table have
the prior right of entry; a player,
with consent of the other three
players, may appoint a substitute
during a rubber; a player cutting
into one table, while belonging to
another, loses his right of re-entry
into the latter; if anyone break up
a table, the remaining players have
the prior right to him of entry into
any other.
To entitle one to enter a table, he must
declare his intention to do so, before any
one of the players has cut for the purpose
of commencing a new game, or of cut-
ting out.— /^sffo/^f^ti/ly^jM^rxcaM Cod£)f
Section 6.
Equal Cards. — Cards of equal
value, in seouence originally, or
after intermeoiate cards have been
EQUIVOCAL CARD
164
ESTABLISnED SUIT
p1aye<1. For instince, ace and king
of ihe same suit, held in the same
hatul, are of equal value. The ten
and ei^ht s|x>t arc of efjual value
when the nine has been pluycd.
Equivocal Card.— See, " Doubt-
ful Card."
Error, Cards Played in.— Cards
are plaved in error when thev are
|)layr<l contrary to the rules; as, f«)r
instance, playing out of turn, re-
voking, etc. The Knglish c<Kle
K seriion«4 67-70 1 j)ri»vides that if the
third hand plays In.* fore th«* second,
the fourth hand inav plav iK'fore
his ]):inn(*r; should the fourth haufl
play out tif turn, he may be refjuinti
to win <»r not win the- trick; ii" any
one omits to i)lay to a trick, and the
error is not discovered until he has
pl:iye<l t«> the next, tin- adversaries
may claim a new deal; if any one
plays twf) cards ti) the sime trick.
or mixes his trump or «'tlier card
with a trick, and it is nfil <liscovere«l
until the hanrl i^ played, he is an-
swerable for all subsefjuent revokes
he may have maile.
The American code (sections 24-
261 ]»rovicU's that if a plaver leads
out of turn, a suit mav f)e calleil
from hiMi r)r his p.irtner tlie fir«»t
linn* it In the turn of either to le;iil.
the suit t«) 1h» calleil by the rigl;t-
hand ;nlvrr>.:jry; but if the pl.iyer
has TM::e of tliv suit, or if all have
play I d lo the f ilse load, no penalty
cm ^■«- e:i forced; ami if all h.ive
IK't p! l^■e^l to llir f iiM* le:Ml. tile
c.iril- froTjeor.-ly ji'ivid may be
t.ik' M I .irk. a:ii a:e !U»l liable to
Ik- r '^1 il. The jKMial'ies for pbiv-
inj; «''.!l of turn by third an«l fnurth
ban- Is are precisely the s;inje as in
the I-ingiish Coilc, above statefl.
Errors. — Mi-Mkes inadi* in play,
poh', .ills attention to several kind*:,
diiTerni; much in their imiMirtance.
Hrroi:* uf form — iu fraction 5 of the
hook rules — such as leading 1
ly, playing faUe cards, not r
ing trumps, etc., are cul{Mbl
ought to be reproxed. ICrr
oliservation or memory — xw
ing to take advantage of ti
of the cards, and plaving
in consequence — sluiulff be \
more leniently. Or, havin>>
observetl, a player i!iay pla
advantageously. This is an
of judgment, and is still nn
cusable. Kveii gcx>d playe
liable to such errors, ami
been said of whi.st-p!ayers. j
poleon stiid of his general Is, "
are the best who make the
blunders." Clay sonieiim<
clare<l that he w<m more by 1
versaries* mistakes than ' b
own skill.
Nut c.'irr>'inK out oriifinal pTaii'
of the nio^t fatal errtirt in whi«i
ilrlL-rminfft tu ]>lay a v-rrlAin *u:t.
t<i the riiii lldVinK i)"trrniin'-i!
out lhrtrniiip» t<>deti-nii 1: iff! •^'
1 1 :i Vint; ('>t;iijliHhr«t 11 t'TiiH<k-r'.i:r
>;oin;;. Having 'leciiiril In wr.*k'-B
vrr^ary hy f-rrinjf iiini. Icrfp ai
hr i-* h.irinlfss • • • j^jj, j
mlvrrvarics iriKhten you out i>
K.imr, rithrr l»v fals#: c.iri!% i.r fj
n:iN — A*. /*. /i-j/rr [.Si/., li ki
EsUbliah.— To establish
is to exhaust the lH*st card*
which are a.v;ainst you. then^
taining complete command o;
EsUbiiahed Suit.— A «i
whii h \ou are pre]>.irdl to ta
the tricks, bar tnnnp:ng.
ailversnrie-' and isirl:ur'>
having U-en deareil of ail
maii-ling caril> in tbnn. y-a
the best.iir all the rf>l. an^I a*
as trumps : ■•• imi of the wji
you have t e leail. ynu are
position to bring it in; i r., *.o
tricks with all the canLv T
the essence of the long -suit
{q. ;.). A suit may also I**- %
be establi.^ed, ao f ar as rcMiI
[QUBTTE OP WHIST 1 65 ETIQUETTE OP WHIST
ed, when yon and your
are able to take all the
lit
I established suit and a card of
n the adversary s suit, a four-
ad U almost invariably justifi-
/Am C IVork [L. A. H.\, '^Hliist
«t
nay be established without ever
ren led; as. when you hold the
£St cards of it; or it may become
rf in one or two rounos.— ^. F.
O.j. '' W^hist Strategy.''
I established when the holder of
gth in the suit has the best card
with the certainty of drawing
;rveninK between it or them and
es.— ^. A. Proctor [L. O.], *'How
Ikist."
ett« of Whist.— Rules of
at whist observed by all
IS and reputable players,
h. no definite penalties are
1 for their infraction, as in
I of whist proper. The eti-
3f whist was promulgated
lection with the English
an early date. The Ameri-
uette of whist was adopted
third American whist con-
I 1893.
^iU of Whist^ American. —
lowing rules belong to the
led code of whist etiq^uette.
e formulated with a view to
ige and repress certain im-
ies of conduct, therein
out, which are not reached
laws. The courtesy which
le intercourse of gentlemen
rulate other more obvious
conversation should be in-
in during the play, except
is allowed by the laws of
e.
player should, in any man-
tsoever give 'ly intimation
t state of his Hand or of the
r of approval or disapproval
y.
placer should lead until the
ig tnck is turned and quitted.
4. No player should, after having
led a winning card, draw a card
from his hand for another lead
until his partner has played to the
current tnck.
5. No player should play a card
in any manner so as to call particu-
lar attention to it, nor should he
demand that the cards be placed in
order to attract the attention of his
partner.
6. No player should purposely
incur a penalty because he is will-
ing to pay it, nor should he make
a second revoke in order to conceal
one previously made.
7. No player should take advan-
tage of information imparted by
his partner through a breach of
etiquette.
8. No player should object to re-
ferring a disputed question of fact
to a bystander, who professes him-
self uninterested in the result of
the game, and able to decide the
question .
9. Bystanders should not, in any
manner, call attention to or give
any intimation concerning the play
or the state of the game, during
the play of a hand. They shoula
not look over the hand of a player
without his permission, nor should
they walk around the table to look
at the different hands.
Etiquette of Whisty English. —
The following rules belong to the
established etiauette of whist. They
are not called laws, as it is difficult
— in some cases impossible — to ap-
ply any penalty to their infraction,
and the only remedy is to cease
playing with players who habitually
disregard them.
Two packs of cards are invariably
used at clubs; if possible, this
should be adhered to.
Any one, having the lead and
several winning cards to play,
should not draw a second cara out
of his hand until his partner has
ETIQUETTE OP WHIST l66 EVOLUTION OF WHIST
played to the first trick, sach act
r>ein}{ a distinct intimation that the
fontier has played a winning card.
No intimation whatever, by word
or ^L'sture, should be given by a
player as to the state of his hand,
or of the game.'
A player who desires the cards
to Ik.' placed, or who demands to
sec the last trick,* should do it for
his own information only, and not
in order to in\'ite the attention of
his )>artner.
Nf) player should object to refer
to a bystander who professes him-
self uninterested in the game,
an<l able to decide any disputed
question of facts, as to who played
any particular canl, whether hon-
ors were claimed though not scored,
or vice versa ^ etc., etc.
It is unfair to revoke purposely;
hnving made a revoke, a player is
not justified in makim; a second in
onliT to conceal the first
Until players have made such
bets as they wish, beta should not
be made with bystanders.
Bystanders should make no re-
mark; neither sliould they by word
or >!csture give any intimation of
tlif state of the game until con-
clu(Ie<l and scfired, nor should they
walk around the table to look at
the different hands.
No one should look over the
hatirl of a player against whom he
is iK'tting.
C«»'irtr«y \% nowhrre more reqiiloite, or
itfr .ibMriK-r more rmiarkaMr, th.in at the
m\\\^ilX\Ar.— ' Ltrutmant'L'oiontl fi." [L.
C,
It t« not etiqurttr or honriit toclaim the
Itittt:'- nhrn yoii have it not, or a trick
in«irr th.-m ybu have, or to tlUputr the
•c<'*rr (if your adveriMines who have pr«*|^
erlv «c»fcd. It is not etiquette, either
by looka, smiles, frowns, or s|ci
intimsu any knowledac, fooa or bad. of
your hand. It ia not etiqactte lo a»k whit
are trumps, to induce > our partner to lca4
them. It is not etiauettc to hesitate ts
the play of your caras. to show that yos
could have played dlfTcrently. It Is aoC
etiquette to frown or look aavniee whn
your partner plava a suit yon do not waiL
— IfeAtmiiuier fk^s {L^ a).
The " Ktiouette of Wbist" by the Amer>
lean Code differa. aa far as I can ace. is
no respect from the Bnglish; they aic
both framed to repress in proprieties of
conduct not reached by the laws, and for
which no penalties coald be well f»
forced. • • • Pages miaht be written «■
the breaches of etiquette comariitcd
by persons who Join a rabbcr of wUit
and who consequently tend to prcvnt
this rubber from being the intrllcctHl
and social enjoyment that it ouibt to te.
In the Fields March lo. and April ^iBk
I wrote twoarticlea on " The Bliqacttc cl
Whi»t." Unfortunately those who ce»
mit the moat M-rious breaches of etiqncnt
seem to be those who never read as!
never learn; as I have (band, evm odH
recently, many perMms who invarially
commit day afler day tboac ftn
breaches of etiquette to which I dirccM
attention in those articles.—^. W.Dt9»
ion \L*A->,\r'H'hut Law* mmd WlSk
Dectstons.**
Evolution of Whlst.^Tlic d>-
velopment of whist from its lowOli
or primitive, form to ita lihju<
scientific stage, and ita atill ohR
perfect future condition. I^olewM
the first to philoaophtcally tncc
this process, and to point <mt thi
underlying: principles or liocs apoB
which it has iMen.and iaMill brM.
made. In his opinion, not o^
the game, but the playcra
been subject to this evoli
(See, also, '* Pole, Williaa,"
"Whist, History of.")
IT lie queiition " Who dealt?" is Irreg-
ul.ir. and if asked should not be an-
swrred
Hit. who asks what the trump suit is.
— " Lavemduk* {L.A\.
Any proficient who has
mastrr of an imprcived style of gsat H
accustomed to despise, as oaclcaa aoi a^
interrftting. the earlier farms^ GftailM
Lamb, fur example, playing tke W0g^
game of Afrs. BattU, characti rin< SI
more primitive practice aa **aick wMA*
and a little later we find IhCaMiM
■cientlfic" experts dtspisl^ Ikt m
tiqnated one of Chartea IamIl km
such haa been tae prog ma oi w|
lotion in the last two oT
ber of ibe piescBt Ai
»BRIMENTS, WHIST 167 EXPERIMENTS, WHIST
k down, even on the fine play-
eschapelles or CUiy. — fyuiiam
i-l
ini«nU,Whist.^President
in his annual address be-
seventh congress of the
n Whist Leaeue, advised
mization to take such con-
iction as would tend to
-actical results out of the
IS number of whist experi-
hich are daily made at the
dubs. These experiments
ire too valuable to be lost,
^ would, if preserved, tend
many disputed points in
±ics. •* It seems," said he,
;e League should go further
>rk of assisting its members
many thousand students
ime. We ought to use our
^anization for a more sys-
studv of the game. Our
lould be combined; the re-
those efforts should be
I. Thousands and tens of
Is of experiments are tried
lily in clubs of the League,
results are kept in a most
circle. Still more would
if the results of those ex-
Ls could be made more gen-
seful.*' Later in the sea-
solution was a«lopted,'* that
>mmendation of ex-Presi-
Tiey, with regard to the es-
ent of a bureau of experi-
referred lo the executive
ec, to report thereon at the
igress. "
Foster made a similar sug-
in the Sun of June 6, 1897.
i that the whist-players of
ntry should be organized
investigating basis, so that
ependent experiments of
ottered players could be
[, classified, analyzed, and
ts submitted to other play-
aerification. His idea was
tod deal of time and energy
is wasted in analyzing and experi-
menting with exceptional, or
** freak," hands. What is more
important is to study the every-day
hands, those occurring most fre-
quently, just as in learning a lan-
guage the beginner is first taught
the words that occur oftenest. 1 he
first step, therefore, in the procesB
of a practical analysis of whist
strategy would be to find out what
are the most common hands, and
then to ascertain the best mode of
treating them in actual play. In
order to do this he asked two hun-
dred readers of the Sun to assist him
in noting down, at least, 10,000
hands at whist, actually dealt.
These hands were received in due
time, and classified and arranged
in two gradually ascendinj^ scales:
the first according to their trump
strength, and the second according
to the plain suits.
The committee on experimental play
will not. as Aome seem to imagine, con-
cern itself officially with any coni|)arisons
of systems; nor is it likely to declare in
favor of any particular teacher <>t text-
book. • • • The game is still in a
transitive stage. Hence, innumerable
new ideas ana suggestions are contin-
ually being brought forward. That theae
may often seem to run counter to the
present practice is not a reason for incon-
tinently rejecting them; yet it is not safe
to adopt them, however plausible, without
testing them. Here is where the work
of the committee will come in. To them
can be referred all proposed innovations,
and it will be their work to purge the
fiure metal from the dross by passing it
hrough the crucible of practicable expe-
rience —/f A ij/ [L. A.], Septfmber, jSyj.
What are grammalogues of whist?
What are the common, every-day handa?
It may safely be asserted that there ia not
a whiht-player to-day, who could so for-
mulate the most common hand at whiat
that everyone would agree with him. As
already stated in these articles, the prob-
lem does not admit of mathematical
demonstration. The protjabilitiei of
holding a given hand can be calculated,
but whether or not it would be more com-
mon than any other, ia a very intricate
Sueation. It la not a difficult matter to
nd the odds against a player's holding
BXPOSBDCARD
l68
HXPOSBDHAND
■iz tnimpa and •eren cards of an eilab-
liahcd suit, but it would take a man sev-
eral years to calculate the exact propor-
tion or all the various hands that a
whibt -player could possibly hold. Some
idea ofthiM proportion is necessarv in the
solution of t lie problem before us, because
accoinpaiiyiiix the most common hands
for the leader must be the most usual
distribution of the cards in the other
hands. • • •
Wht-n the entire 10,000 deals have been
received, the results of their analysis will
be publi»hed in thet»e articles, and when
the niOMt frequent conditions have been
ancertiiined in this manner, it is proposed
tu take up the typical hands, one by one,
begfinninfc with those that are found to
be the moHt common, and by a series of
ex{>erinientM. which will be explained at
the piofHrr time, to ascertain the best
opeinni( lend from all such hands. After
the more common hands have been dis-
poned of. tho^e next in order will be taken
up. au<i it IS hope<l that, by following nut
thirt plan until nil the familiar varieties
have iMrrn investiKi'tcd, we shall be able
to arrive at Mime K^neral principles of
whist Htrnte^y which shall be iMsed on
facts, before which all theories will have
to tfive way. — K. F. FmUr \S. t?.J, Sew
York Sun, Aug. /, 1^7.
Exposed Card. — Any card drop-
pe<i, or in any other way exposed,
on or al>ove the table, except in
the rc|2^ular course of play. Such
canls are liable to l>e called, but if
not called thev niav l)e plaved
when opp>ortunity offers. A card
led or played out of turn is not an
exposc'd card, in the above sense,
but subject to other penalties.
( Sec, '• Cards Liable to be Called,**
and "Leading Out of Turn.**)
Exposed cnrds [are] canls played in
errnr. or dnM»i»<'d Jace upward on the
table or heM v) that the partner c:in Mre
Ihem— A'. F. Foitrt [S. t>.j. ^* Complete
Thi't I.1W [Liw sixty-six of the V,nf(i{%h
Cfwl'-i jn ca*c iiMiely^ix (Drayson's " I>e-
(isititi^'j h.iH )»efn cin^truvd to mean
thit i! .1 •••lit h.is been c^H'-il or attempted
to Sr i.iK'il th:it thr u-hiife pennlty for
Ira'IiHK fit **f turn h:ts lieen p:i{d. and
th.it V.w i-ff: niler can then feplare the ex-
p»f.' ■! i- iT-\ in his hand This construc-
tion 1- v*^rt:iiiily more e<)uitable than our
own. .1- It 'loe«' not make the penalty for
lemlini; out of turn a double one, in case
a suit i" c.iUed l>efore calling the ez]
card.-/rAij/ [JLA.]. Afar, 1896,
The law of the game la very slricf «rilk
regard to shown carda^ but ncvcrthclcH
cases occur every day which do sot a^
pear to us to be punished with suflkiefll
severity. A card is shown either intca-
tionally or through swkwmrdneaa; kt mn
either serve to discover the weakncaa «■
a hand, or it may not be of any nHUcrial
consequence. It appears anjuat to apvly
undue correction to this fault, but. on h*
other hand, too great lenity will
age speculation, which it is of the 1
importance to repress by every ,
means.— /ViCiba/«//M [aj. "Zdvs."
tion 6.
One of the players, after the cards arc
dealt, but before the play has mm im mi it
gets into a discussion with anoilicr. ay
one of his adversaries, and, in a ninwii
of thoughtlessness, lays his hand (cardt)
upon the table, lace upward. Oaly tht
tup card can be seen, bat the advenaffai
demand that his hand be all spread oaL
and called as they please. He oMccUsa
the ground that only the top cara caa ht
called. Who U right ? This point aioH
many 3rears ago. before these ntperg ««nr
in existence. Beits Life decided that al
the cards were exposed. We 1
against the decision at the time, tmt '
out effect; and. although we think
decision harsh, we have never fonnd aay
satisfactory milder tmnishroeat. and feast
been obliged to follow the
Chatles Moisop [L t a j. IVesimu
October /. 1878.
Exposed Hand.— In the
of a game of whist which waL ,
played at the Washington Oaf
Paris, one of the plajrers made tht
statement tliat he could ezpoae Ui
entire hand and none of hts caidi
were liable to be called, and thit
he would 1ea\*e it to '* CaTeadHh.*
thewhisteditorof the I^ondon^tftf.
Ona wH^j^er, the case wassnbmtttedia
the following form: ** A in playhv
whist exhibits his hand to the other
three players so that erery ctfd
may be seen, but without sepantim
them or layin>( them on the tabk.
Can these cards he considered tf
exfXMed, and called as snch ?** tb
which ** Cavendish*' answered m
follows in the Fieid of Mafdi %,
187^: " A player mar expoK Hi
entire hand, so that all the mhm
can see it. withoot a card peadtfj
if done intentionallj, no one wodtl
FACB CARDS
169
FADS
f with bim again. ' ' James Clay
other eminent players coin-
id with this view, out the editor
the Westminster Papers pro-
noed it ** monstrous," and
togul" and "A. Tmmp. Jr.."
e eqnally emphatic in their dis-
roval. holdine that the cards
e ex|x>9ed and liable to be called.
: entire controversy is given in
aws and Regulations of Short
ist,'* by "A. Trump, Jr." It
the Washington Club to drop
Bnelish rules and to adopt
era, based upon Deschapelles.
on^ these is one to the effect
t ^all exposed cards can be
ed, no matter in what manner
f axe exposed — if dropped on
table, thrown on the table, or
i above the table, detached, or
tt
Cards. — ^The king, queen,
jack: the three cards in each
bearing a representation of the
\an face. Some authorities in-
e the ace among the face cards,
his is clearly incorrect
te. — There are fads in whist
other things. The difference
en a fad and an improvement
5t is that the fad eventually
ut, while the improvement
\s recognition and general
ince in time. ** Cavendish,'*
ist for July, 1896, in com-
what he saw in this country
with what he saw on the
I of his second visit in
vs: '• I will take the play
here can be no reasonable
at there has been a vast
lent all around, I do not
o enter into details, but
\y say I have fonned this
»artly from looking over
id partly from assistinj^
«. The introduction of
s does not seem to have
damaged play as much as I ez-
pectea. Inis may be partly ac-
counted for by the fact, which I
have not been able to verify for
myself, and of which I have been
informed, that many players hav-
ing experimented witn tads, and
having found them trick -losers,
have abandoned them. I do not
include among fads the views of
certain experts, such as Hamilton
leads and ace leads from a numeri-
cally long suit, as these are worthy
of serious consideration; I may
state, however, that up to date I
have not found myself in a position
to approve them.*'
In a paper entitled ''Whist
Fads," in Scrihner^s Magazine for
July, 1897, he returns to the sub-
lect Among other observations,
he says that the practice of leading
nine instead of fourth best, from
king, jack, nine, and one or more
small cards (an invention of the
late G. W. Pettes), *♦ has been tried
and is now generally given up."
He is opposed to the fad of discard-
ing an eight, or higher, second
hand, as a discard trump signal.
He thinks it should be treated only
as a suggestion and not a com-
mand to lead trumps. He finds
several grave objections to the four-
signal, although he recognizes the
fact also that it has the approval of
a number of distinguished players.
He dismisses the various signals to
show two, three, or four trumps,
with the remark that exhibition of
weakness in trumps is more likely
to be of advantage to the adver-
saries than to the exhibitor. He
also condemns the fad of an irreg-
ular original lead in plain suits,
when an honor is turned up to the
leader's right hand, as a signal for
partner to lead a trump through the
honor. The practice of leading
originally from a short suit in pre-
ference to a long one is also nn-
FALLACY i;
ftvorably comineiital upon, wbtle
the " rotary discard and like fads"
are pronounced beneath notice.
In ri'^ard to the Hamilton leads he
is still in doubt, but oKiervei:
" When bands nf ezpeitA differ on
a KivL'u pnipOHition, tlie probability
iit that there in not much to it either
way." ThiHinallusion to the ques-
tion whether these lead* brinf; with
tltem the risk of losing; tiiclu by
leading amnll from king, jack, ten.
PALSBCAKD
Um thm yvan a
mtKr (hnl during
UM uallkely I
U4by'» fml* will i"
"londconu* ciMue
l/..
.]. (fhiit
Fall«cy. -
n whist pUy
orpr.-iL-iice whicb is enlertainerl and
lielicvcil and acted upon by certain
players despite all evidence to the
contrary, bometimesso-calleil im-
provements, or new mo<les of play,
are also found to be faUacies, or
r«h.
c mrd pl«veni of
1*r M rr t>ier he-
En(l*n.l I.
rr-rounh* of th
H'l ul
fi;;",s':,
■hvljr
lacht I
./^-rt^-.[/-^<>l-
n thl> rat-
io li«!—
Fall of th* Cards. — The order
in which the canlsare played. The
canU f.ill upon the table ns they are
plavivl, and to observe and remem-
ti-jr those which arc out. is to watch
tlic fall of the cards.
iM i.j
fthfinlnrm
'. Wr^SiTm Sci
I. hail (Tilent
ta hive fadrd
II miny. ir b'*
■■ II ta
Eartner. This play ii
y nearly all anthoriliea on vfai^
while those who countenance it do
so only upon ezccplionaJ gruuBda
and under esceptiooal circnai-
■tancea; aa when, for inaUBCC,
there is no danger
or, when jd
r, when playine with a fii
id partner, ifayers of
rank who frequently play I
lesa of rule, aonietiniea mtki
tive use of false cards, but e
the bands of cxperta tlicj tatj
prove b
partner; or, when jdayine ■ coob;
or, when playine with a hopelcHf
bad partner, ifayers of the fi^
UoB't pl*y f*l*t cardi
» [f-l-
IddIiv for laliv-^nl lilaT ihad matmS*
y^itioB.-K. F HaOtt \S. O.l.
Tlir ulsy «f biw cutdt, wiibo^ lOT
Eo.>.lmion.fiichin(ifriMlcoDlyatkaf*-
r«Hii1ylw]pUjrrn>.— H-iI/nm AnIrlZ-^H
lirayvin \L-rA->
\. -Iht AH tf.
t^rtt'-Ajf.
■: n P Hamilbm
careful io plivlni t.ro Ibc .—J
The playlnc of blH carda ■ a • b
bui liitl- BUTC raniBirii'lahlc ta «tM
than )i Ihc like Is Iht ordinary aSUnZ
dailv Mt.~F.mn,, ttiM.^mam [L^Jl
prifn-lly f.ir ■ ml J luJiJUMj^Sni^J
eoilftc whiti i-i [.lar • t«W end aA
The tbifd hiad
la wlikh bij pan .
md,aBdlB«Ud !ir:
1
FALSBCARD
171
PALSB CARD
tbc •dyenaries.— <^<Vtoit C. Work
/.J, ''IVkiUof Tb-dayy
ot playfinlse cards. You will de-
our partner in nine cases out of
i Ceaerally to his and your injury,
nay, perhaiM. be times when it can
iarxn, but they are few. and must
en, if at all, with sjeat skill and
Fitket A mes {L. A .J.
in^ is more tempting to some
than the play of a false card; that
a two or more cards of equal con-
^ value are held, and the highest
d second, third, or fourth in hand.
' It loses more tricks than it
-IV. M. Deane [L. A-k-}.
1st not be confounded with one
merely irregular in lead or follow,
ird that may be made. Instead of
t couid have been made, is not ne-
y false play. Coups are always
ir. but they are not false, but bnl-
ariations from routine. — G. IV.
L.A.P.], ''American IVhist lUus-
* are numberless instances where
\y i4ay a false card which cannot
your partner, and if it misleads
rill do no barm, whilst it will mis-
e adversaries, and may probably
m an adrautage. Again, a false
lyed may not oe a false card as
yxMir partner, and cannot mislead
t it maybe a false card for the ad-
ra.— /f. W. Drayson [Z,+/l+], "/Ir/
heal Ulttsi."
' play false cards. The habit, to
there are many temptations, of
to deceive your adversaries as to
e of your hand, deceives your part-
rcll, and destroys his confidence
A ffolden maxim for whist is,
is of more importance to iuforra
rtner than to deceive your adver-
rhe best whist-player is he who
le game in the simplest and most
ible w^y .—James Clay [L. O-y].
' scientific game of whist you ^ive
irtner (always at the beginning,
aost always throuKhout the play
uind) all the information in ('our
rithtn the rules of the game, cfases
ij»e towards the end of a hand
t t>ecomes clear that your partner
nothing, and nothing can be lost
eading him; then, and then only,
rds (deceiving him, but deceiving
rersaries also) may be usefully
— i?. A. Ptoctor [L, O]
'. are three kinds of false cards:
•c that deceive everybody; (2)
lat deceive ^ur opponents only;
e that deceive your partner only;
parioff use of the first two— espe<
iwarothe end of a hand— is often
tgeons; bnt in playing cards that
deceive everybody you must be prepared
to take entire charge of the game your-
self, or vou will probably have your con-
duct referred to alterward. The third is
sacred to bumblepuppy.— *'/V>«^na5jr*"
[L-i-O.].
False cards are dangerous weapons, and
should be used with great care. They are
commonly employed by expert players,
and frequently give an opportunity for
the exercise of rare whist judgment. We
believe that a player has a perfect right
to give or withnold information. He cer-
tainly is under no obligation to make the
game easy for his adversaries. While we
agree with Mr. Coflfiu in his general re-
marks, that the indiscriminate and con-
tinual use of false cards and deceptive
leads is neither desirable nor bright, we
hardly think that he is justified in placing
welMirected false cards in the same class
with low trickery and private convention-
alities.—M^Am/ [L.A.], 1897.
On the whole, it seldom happens that a
balance of gain results from the adoption
of deceptive play. Occasionallv, how-
ever^ a false card may be playea with a
special object. For instance, ace is
turned up to your right, and when the
dealer gets in. he leads a small trump.
If you, second hand, have king, queen
only, you would be justified in playing
the king in hopes of inducing the trump
leader to finesse on the return of the
suit. • • • If your partner has exhib-
ited vreakness in one or more suits, you
would frequently be justified in playing a
false card. You are driven to rely solely
on yourself, and are entitled to adopt
every artifice your ingenuity cim suggest
in order to perplex the other side. — "Lav-
endisM" [L. A.], ''Laws and Principles of
WhisV'
If the play of one false card is sanc-
tioned, so may the play of two be: or you
may play one card conventionally and
the other not, and the integrity of the
game is ^one. • • • If tne right to
play false is recognized, there is then no
limit to its pernicious and disintegrating
practice. Besides, there is nothing to be
gained by playing false cards. If A wins
the first game by a cheap deception prac-
ticed upon D, he (D) in turn is at liberty
to win the second by a similar chicane.
• • • But above all other objections
against the play of fnlse cards stands the
fact that the play may deceive partner,
and there is nothing to be gaiuea by the
play that will begin to compensate for
the loss of confidence such a plav is sure
to create.—C D. P. Hamilton \L. /<.],
''Modem Scientific H'htst."
False cards in adverse suits are some-
times very effective, as the following
hand, played in 1871, will show. Z dealt
FALSE CARDING
1 73 FAMOUS WHIST-PLAYHRS
•od turned the heart teren. The Kore
was love-alt, EuKliib five-point whiat,
oountinK honori.
^ Q
^ 5
^ J
:^ 8
KO
.4 9
90
6 4
1
9#
to*
44
' J*
4K
8 *
M
I
2
3
4
6
6
7
8
9
10
1 I
12
13
At thf itiiitli trick it is very clear tu Z
that A .iiul B will win the i^ame unlruN he
diK-« KoniMhiuK to thiow thrin off the
track. They arc iilrea«ly two by honors,
ami mu<*t have txith Hce and kinfcof cliilia,
which win make them three bv cards and
ipiiiie. The di<<c:ird i>t' the club ten in to
lead A to l>elitrve that Z orii;inalIy led
from acr. jack, ten, (ive: because it is
verv pn^ti.inlr that A has the club kiufC.
anil pl.iycd in from king, queen, small, at
trick two. nnil if / Ciin deceive him. he
will iiv.iii! leaiHuK up to the supjiosed
major tt n icr in chilm Thedii«cardof the
spiiclc qiit en is him ply carry iiiK out the
samr pi .111 It Z iJt*«nrdH another club
he >M tr.iVH hitiiM If. If he keeps the un*
|[iiar«!e<l •«;•:• lie qnrrii. he will \^ forced
intii thf If.'id. aiii! c.iiiiiot Mive the game.
His only chiincc i^ that A will l>e coaxed
by thf<»c f:iUc ciidi^ Id lead «>i>adc9(. and
that Y will be :iMr to «sive the same in
tluit «>uit. Thr riiilini: i^ one of the finest
ezainpl'.-<> of {EinmI !aUi--i-;ird play in exi>t-
en«.r. ;iii>I wetl witithvitf i.-arrful <tiidv.~
A'. /■ /-. j.V» [.V. (».]. Momthh /i/itstnitar.
False Carding. — The practice of
leading or playintj^ false cartU.
FalM Lead.— See, ** Irregular
Ua«i.*'
False Scoring at Duplicate, —
See, ••Scoring."
Famous Whist • Players. — We
have already said something about
''Celebrated People Who PUycd
Whist " {g. V, ) . Great whist-pUy-
ers are more rare. In fact, it hiu
been asKrted that not more than
two or three men ever completely
mastered the game. The great
players, who were universally ad-
mitted to have been such, can
almost be counted on one*a fingcts.
To begin with the beginning of the
game, Hoyle, its father, was a great
teacher, but not a great player. A
writer in the Westminster Jf^OLpert
says: " To many it may seem Itte
in tlie day to refer to the writing
of Mathews. That j^cntleman was
the finest player of huday, wheress
his predecessor, Hoyle, was noL**
Thomas Mathews knew this, too^
for he takes pains in his book to
cast a reflection upon the play v€
Hoyle. Greater than Mathew^
however, was Deschapellea. Savs
•'Cavendish:** ••It is remarkabW
that the * finest whist-pla ver * who
ever lived should have been, ac-
cording to Clay, a Frenchman, M.
Ileschapelles. ' This praise is now
universally admitted to have bees
justly be^wed. James Clay him-
self, however, was an extraordinaiy
player, the finest in all Kngland is
nis day, althou^^h his fame as as
autliontv on the game perhaps
ovt*rshauowe<l his fame as a plavcr.
Charles Hcrvey, in **The WWt
Table,*' tells us that ** a master of
tlie art (Lord Henry BentinckK
who had surnved a gencrstios,
was asked who were the best wbiilp
playeni he ever knew. He toatastly
n allied three: the late Earl Gnu-
^-ille, the Hon. George Ansoo. sad
Henrv Lord de Ros. On bcisg
asked for the fourth, he psnscd,^
tliere wss no need of ' ' ~
* * * Thepslm wsspopiilsrlT(
sidered to lie between Lofd Hi
fienUnck and Mr. Clay.
FAMOUS WHIST-PLAYERS 173 FAMOUS WHIST-PLAYERS
styles were so essentially different
that an instructive parallel might
be drawn between them after the
manner of Plutarch.*'
"Since Deschapelles," says a
writer in Blackwood* s Magazine^
'* there has been no such player in
Borope, except perhaps a Greek —
a M. Kalergi, the brother of the
minister of that name.*' Charles
Mossop, in the Westminster Papers
for April, 1879, speaks of another
foreigner, •' Belaieff," as, "in our
judgment, the best whist-player
that ever lived.**
In our own day ** Cavendish** is
looked upon as England's repre-
sentative player and exponent o\\
the game. But " Pembridge,** in
a letter to Whist ^ declared that
"there is no finer player in all
England'* than J. C. Davis. Mr.
Davis plays a game which is as
difRerent from "Cavendish's" as
James Clay's was from Lord Ben-
ttnck's. ** Cavendish*' dedicated
his •* Card Essays*' to Edward Tav-
cncr Foster, whom (on pa^e 178) he
mentions as "the finest whist-player
I have ever met.*'
It has been remarked by com-
petent judges like "Cavendish,**
that the average of skill is much
higher in this country than in
Borope, and that Deschapelles him-
sidf might have looked to his
Ijuxrels in contests with members of
the American Whist League.
The late John Rheinart, of the
Milwaukee Whist Club (who years
•go played frequently witii Des-
chapelles), was considered one of
the very best players in this
ooantry. N. B. Trist placed J.
M. Kennedy, of New Orleans,
in the very first rank of whist
ad^ts; and R. P. Foster, in his
"Whist Strategy,** speaks of Ru-
ins Allen, of Milwaukee, as " prob-
ably one of the strongest whist-
plmyen living, if we may judge by
his record extending over many
years.**
It would be a most serious task
to attempt, without an exhaustive
competition, the classification of
the leading players of the United
States. There are so many really
fine players that opinions must
vary as to which are the very best.
Bearing this in mind, yet anxious
to throw some light on the sub-
ject, if possible, we invited a
confidential expression of opinion
from twenty-five experts in various
parts of the country — those thor-
oughly conversant with the subject
through personal knowledge and
experience — and the result is given
below. The (question was: "Who,
in your opinion, are the twenty
foremost wnist- players of this coun-
try ? '* Not more than twenty were
named by each, and in no case was
any one allowed to vote for himself.
The result was as follows:
Group No. t. — Receiving from ten to
tiventy-four votes.
Votes.
X. Geo. L. Bunn, St. Paul, Minn. ... 24
1. John H. Brings, Minneapolis. Minn. 23
3. Lander M. Bouv4, Boston, Mass. . . ao
4. Thos. A. Whelan, Baltimore. Md. . ao
5. Milton C. Work, Philadelphia, . . . ao
6. %. A. Ballard. Phildaelphia 19
7. Gustaviis Reraak, Jr., Philadelphia. 19
8. W. G. Bronson, Stillwater, Minn. . 17
9. Prank P. Mogrridfre, Philadelphia. . 17
10. C. A, Henriques, New York .... 16
11. W. J. Walker, Chicago x6
la. W. E. P. Duvall, Baltimore, Md. . . 15
13. C. D. P. Hamilton, Easton, Pa. . . 15
14. John T. Mitchell, Chicago 15
15. David Muhlfelder, Albany, N. Y. . 15
16. A. E. Taylor, Brooklyn, N. Y. . . . 15
17. G. W. Keehn. Chicagfo la
18. J. B. Klwell, Brooklyn, N. Y. . . . ix
19. C. P. Snow. Albany.' N. Y xx
ao. Joseph S. Ncff, Philadelphia . . . . xo
ai. Jules P. Wootcn, Washington, D. C xo
Croup yo. 2. — Receiving nine votes or Ust.
Allen, Rufus, Milwaukee. Wis.
Amea» Fisher, Newton, Mass.
Aymar, H. F., Newark, N. J.
Baker, E. T.. Brooklyn. N. Y.
Baldwin. John H., Chicago.
Becker, Cnarton L., Boston, MaM.(9)
Bieelow. I. H., Boston, Mass.
Biiggs, O. H., Minneapolis, Mhin.
FANCY WHIST
174 PBN0LL08A, WILUAM &
BriBiol. W. T. C. ChioiKO.
Clay. CharlcM M., Koxbury,
CurtU, C. I.., Toledo. O.
FenolloM. William S.. Aalem,
Foster. R F.. New York.
Gleaston, John B., New York.
Oeorge, J. A., Pro\'icience, R. I.
Gordon, Charles, St. Taul, Minn.
Hnrt. K. Stuulev, rhiladelphia.
Hawkinn. W. iC, New York.
Hill. Chester W.. Philadelphia.
Howell. K C. Uoston. Maaa.
Iluditon. William, liuflfulo. N. Y.
Keilev. CharleM R.. New York.
Low. H. N.. Washington. D. C.
ManKon. Thomas. Nl-w York.
McCay, A. Hurvev, Baltimore, Md.
McKay. Thtodore. New York.
MontKumrry, K. A.. Minneapoliii, Minn.
Morsie. (ieor^e W.. Boston. MsM.
Paine. CiNsiua M.. Milwaukee. Wit.
Parry, N. H., Chicago.
ParMms. k. L.. Chicago.
Richter, otto. Tac«>ma. Washlogtoii.
Rogers. <;. T.. Plain field, N. J.
R<^er!(, R. M., Chicago.
Smith. He vrrlev W.. Baltimore, Md. (9)
Smith. K. l.tRoy. AUmny. N. Y.
Smith. Williur F.. Kiltimore. Md.
Steele. J. N.. H.iUimore. Md.
Stevens, llarrv S.. Chicago.
Street, W J . S>w York.
Talmadi:e, Henry P., New York.
Tormry. P. J., Snn Franciaco.
TuwnjK'nd. Siiniuel. Plain field, N. J.
Tr.iinor. William. ChicaKO.
Tri«t. N. H,. New Orleans.
WalN, OrorRe. Wa^hinirtoii, D. C.
War<l. H. H.. B^iston. MaM.
Watw,n. W. H . Philadelphia.
Weems. R H.. Bn«klyii, N. Y.
Wijod. J. H.. Chtcago.
Fancy Whl»t.— Whist introduc-
ing strange or unauthorized plays.
Father of the Game. — A name
bestowcil upon I'tdniond Hoyle, the
author of the first published trea-
tise on whist. (See, " Hoyle.*')
In T74i whi»l w«« adopted by Rdmond
Hoylc. who i^ tothi^ d.iy called'the father
of the K>tni( — "Cavemjtik" [L. A.], fit
*'77tr U'hnt Table:-
Faulta. — Whist - players have
thfir f.iuUs— t'ven the beat of them
have their failings. Let us, there-
fore, be charitable to one another,
slow to anger, and constantly on
the alert to correct oiirselvea before
we attempt the correction of others.
The worrt two lanlU that
mitted at whist are: (1) To mrca voar
partner after he haa led trvmpaw <3) Ta
play a card of which neither of yoor ail-
▼enariea hare one, ao aa to caaUe Iht
weak hand to trump and the alfXMif lo_gct
a diacard.— •MVilMiNXtrr/li/tfrf [L-¥0.\.
I have frequently aat opporitc a oartacr
who. at the end of a hand In which be
had loat two or three tricks, would his*
aelf commence the conrcriatloa byao^
remarks as these: ** Now, partaer. yoa
muit not find fanlt with me; if yea Bad
fault it makes me play far worse thaa I
otherwise should play. I do my bcaC aad
that Is all I can do, so it*s no use oooMiac
me." Now. if you found fault
man's stature, or the shape of hia noac,
or the color of his eyes, or anythinir elst
belonging to hiro which he eoald aol
alter, the above renmrks might
some reason. When, however, any iad^
▼iduat asserts that he not only doea aot
wiah to know by what means be
tricks, nor does be want to know Im
might plav a better game than be
play, and that supplying him with ihia
information actually makes him pin
worse, it exhibits a peculiarity of mm
which, In any busineaa habits of Uf^
would almost auallfy a man for a Innalk
asylum.—^. 9V. DruxtonlL-rA-^].
•• Favorlta Whist."— One of the
many variations introduced ioto
the game of whist. It is onliinfy
whist, with or withoat honon, ili
distinguishing characteristic
the a<lilitionaT valne which is p\
to the first trump suit every time it
is turned up again daring the ff«^
ber. This suit is called the favoi^
ite. and tricks and honora in it
count double after the fint time it
is plaved. The game haa aevml
varmtfona.
Parorite whbt simply cbaagea ttt
▼slue <'f tricks in sconng. aiiwdlag tS
the trump suit.— ^. /•' /'oabv (S. 0.\.
FenolloM, William S.— A
cessful teacher of whist aod
ezfiert. He was bom
BIaa.s., December 3, 1854;
l^raduated from Harratd
in 1875; followed moMc m
fession for some jrcon, appevteci*
public occasSonally aa a piaadrtff
fine ability. AbooK tht
■
J
FBNOLLOSA, WILLIAM S. 1 75
" FIELD, THE "
whist-teaching supplanted music
with him, however, and since that
time he has devoted all his time to
^▼ing instructions in the game.
Mr. Fenollosa was very fond of
caxd games as a child, but did not
like whist, against which he had
formed a prejudice. He disliked
the sound of *' second hand low"
and *' third hand high," and fan-
cied it a sort of old fogy's game.
An aunt of his persisted in saying,
however, that it was just the kind
of game that he would enjoy most,
if he would only give it a trial.
When he was seventeen years of
age she presented him with a cop^
o? Pole, and upon reading it his
interest was at once aroused. He
gractically learned the book by
eart before playing a single game.
Prom that time on he was a self-
taiiKht player, thinking things out
for himself, and, in addition, study-
ins: All new works on whist as they
appeared. He informs us, in a
letter, that *' Cavendish's'* has ever
seemed to him the standard work
on whist. ** I am," be continues,
"a firm believer in the long-suit
system, but with a touch of bold
tmmp-leading added to it. I think
most players are too conservative
on this point. I always lead trumps
from four with three of each plain
soit. Moreover, I believe it to be
better to lead from four trumps than
from a four-card plain suit of indif-
ferent strength; e. g.^ from ace,
jack, and two small (trumps); ten,
three small; king, two small; king,
one small, I lead a small trump. I
riiould almost never open a nand
with a foor-card plain suit, all below
the ten; bnt I also very seldom open
with a short plain suit. I prefer the
shoft-tmmp opening, or the four-
card trump. I almost invariably
lesd tramps from five; am rarely
deterred by an honor cut. Prom
eight, seven, six (trump); nine,
three small; king, two small; ace,
two small, I lead the eight of
trumps. From queen, one small
(trump); king, three small; four
small; queen, two small, I lead
queen of trumps. I bel ie ve strongly
in American leads, unblocking, and
the four-trump signal. I am in-
clined to the four-trump echo, or,
perhaps, some combination of the
four and three. I suspect that the
Boston echo for exactly three trumps
is a trick-loser, but am in some
doubt. As a member of the Amer-
ican team, I have had much practice
with this echo, and am inclined to
think it helps the clever adversary-
even more than the partner" — an
opinion whi^h accords wiUi what
'* Cavendish" says in the article on
**Fads" {q. v.),
" I am," continues Mr. Penol-
losa, "a firm believer in the lead
of queen from queen, iack, ten,
and others, and not the teny His
arguments on this subject were
gublished in Whist for March and
lay, 1896, and are quoted from in
our article on "American Leads,
Changes in" {q. v.).
Mr. Fenollosa played on the
team from the American Club, of
Boston, which defeated the Hamil-
tons in December, 1896, at Phila-
delphia, in one of the very few
matches which the latter lost in the
contest for the Challenge Trophy.
He also played on the teams which
represented Boston at the fourth
and sixth congresses of the Ameri-
can Whist League. He has taught
whist professionally for eight years
past, mostly in Boston, Salem, Na-
nant, and Mt. Deseret Island. Be-
sides numerous contributions in
Whist f he has also written articles
for the London Field.
•-Field, The." —A London
weekly journal, devoted to sports
and pastimes. It was estabhshed
•• FIELD. THE "
1 76 FIELDING AND WHIST
abont forty-fi\'e yenn ago, and is
Ci'k'firatcrl anioiif; uhist-pluyvrs by
reason of its can! (ltf})artiniMU,
which was tH-Kun ))y •' Cavviuhsh/'
I)eci*iii)>cr 6, 1S62, and has tKren in
his i-liarxc ever since. At first
there was no if lea of making it a
regular department. The publica-
tion <»f his " Principles of Whist"
had drawn public attention to the
autlior, and he was invitetl to write
sonic articU's on the game. He was
paid the same as any uther contnl>-
utor. at s(> mucli }K*r column. A
DunitK-r <if Iflters wi-re received
which he answered, and eventually
lu' was ])iiid a rt'gul.ir Kilank'. and
becanii*, in fact, the (.*<littir of a card
de{Kirtnient. It w.is iit first lie.icled
*' \VhiNt." but <»thir games being
men till lied and oimniented upon,
the title W.XS rh.ingiMl to "Cards.**
The ]ieniianent engagement of
•' Cavi-nilish" was brought about
without any formal agreement, n<ir
has th<Te ever W'vn any. He in-
foniis us that it lias worked well,
as hf li.is never ]i.<d an un]i1tMSiint
word wiili the Fit' Id peoplr all
thi'M" yeirs.
The chanirter r>f the Field is f>f
the hiyliet gr.ttle. "Cavendish"
says ■■ We do not like to hear it
cill' d a 0*f.';rj pajn-r. h\\\ a
5/^.'// *rt,!v's T i]-er. I «lo!rt know
whf!?:»r v«iu ilraw the same dis-
tiin !• iri in AimriiM. !•' very thing
till! Mi'.:r si"!' r«, or y<ir.r female)
CoiisjriN.or yo'.r .I'.xit?*. cannot reatl.
is «■ iTi f'.:!ly ki Tit o:jt. One of the
si:S-< ■!:V'rs .i:;Mi*>rd me the other
d.4v. Tu-iiit'.k; ••^»•r s«>!!ie pr«K»{'. he
s;r..I. ■ J 'V.! -. this is ii.it a liews-
]i.i: ■ r' 'fJh.' I .iiisWfTe<l, 'then
y^':^ ■*. i^ it ""■ He nj.licd. 'It is an
T::-- Fir.'d is the only paper in
I* ;:l:'.i!1': \\}::''h lias a reguhir «le.
p.t: !:::•::•. iNvi.'.rd to whist and
nth- r I- '.r I ;.' .nu-*-. .ind it is the ac-
ku'jw*.'. 'l^nl a'.:'.l: -rity.
Ficldinc and Wlilsl.^The csr^
liest references to whisi which
occur in standard litrnitiifv ait
tliosc contained in PicldioK's cele-
brated novel of "Tom Jones,**
which was publish e«l seven jcan
after Hoy]e*s treatise. Fonr of
the characters — Lady Beiimsiem,
Lord Feiiamar, Tom hd wards,
and the lovable S^i/Aia herself —are
*' engaged at whist and in the lasi
game of their niblier/* when, st
the instigation of Lady BeiimsUm,
Tom rattles off the fiction of the
death of Tom Jones in a dncL
Amid the agitation ptudnced hy
Uiis piece of alleged news, poor
Sophta resumes the deal, which sbc
had momentarily inteminted. "sad
having dealt three canls to one,
seven to anotlier, and ten to a
third," now drops the rest of the
pack on the table, and falls back ia
a swoon.
Tlie other reference to wUrt
occurs when Sightingaie ezplaias
tr> Tom Jonn the reason for di»
mi.ssing his man-servanL He jnsli-
fies his concluct by the hetnoB»aca
of the offense which the foolBSl
had comniitteil. It was not the
first of his faults, tor nianv of ha
"provoking" acts liail ticrn over*
lfMike«l by hi*> master; but the
oife!iM\ SighStngaU plesiled.
inexi-iisable. He had come
to his IiMlgings in li«»nd street thfl
night Siveral houn tiefare his nsasl
time— an act which is al«avs o^
m
pnnlent on the {nrt of a IdSger—
and hill found " four sen tlemeaef
the cloth" com fort. ibly vstrd bf
his fire>iile, in all the plcasorcaef
a game <if whist. Tliis piece of ia-
discretion he would hare passed bf
ill silence, or, at the best, with a
wonl of warning that it most aSl
he repeated. There was wone la
come, and that consUtvtcd Ihi
gravamen of the offense. "Vf
Iluyle, sir," he cries aloud in ha
nrn-BEST lead
177
FINESSE
my best Hoyle, which
I guinea, lying open on
with a quantity of porter
>ne of the most material
the whole book!" Even
oking as it was, might
overlooked, but the ser-
vered with the pertuess
iss, that '* several of his
nces had bought the same
ing," and that his master
p that much in his wages,
•leased!" This, and the
t proceedings, rendered
ng a matter of necessity.
lie lost his servant and
in the possession of a
aoyle.
est Lead. — The second
the American leads pro-
when a player opens a
t with a high cara, and
s a low card, he should
riginal fourth best, ignor-
\ count any card marked
id. ** Cavendish" subse-
iopted the rule of leading,
i round, tlie fourth best
in the hand, or in
ds, the fifth best origi-
rist, while adhering to the
originally promulgated,
jxception in the case of
' the queen, which is com-
mon in Hamilton's " Mod-
ific Whist" (1896). When
is led and wins, Mr. Trist
o next lead the fourth
tiftfrfrom and including
rst led. As, from king,
, eight, seven, lead queen,
gueen winning) then
reby showing two cards
^diate rank between the
i the seven-spot. The
d is, in effect, a fifth-best
m says: ** There are ad-
n favor of this mode of
opening this combination as com-
pared with queen, then original
fourth best. It will be found upon
analysis that the lead of the ongi-
nal fifth best, after queen winning,
will often yield information that
the lead of the fourth best will
withhold, and no disadvantages at-
tend the play." The same author
is, however, opposed to the lead of
the fifth best as a second lead after
the original lead of an ace. He
says, in Whisl for March, 1895:
" It appears clear that the balance
of advantage is overwhelmingly in
favor of the lead of the original
fourth best, after ace, as aj^ainst the
second lead of the original fifth
best, or any lower card."
«« Fifth Honor, Th«."— In Eng-
land the ten of trumps is frequently
spoken of as "the fifth honor,"
from the fact that it is the card
next in rank to the true honors —
ace, king, queen, and jack. **A
century ago," says Courtney, '* it
was dubbed ' the Welsh honor,' an
expression which may be taken,
according to the desire of the
reader, as a compliment or an
insult to that ' gallant little ' princi-
pality."
Finesse. — An artifice or strata-
gem in whist which adds greatly to
the interest and scientific value of
the game. To finesse is to try to
take a trick with a card which is
not the best that you could have
played. As, for instance, holding
ace, queen, and others, you play
the queen upon the lead of a low
card, in the nope that the king lies
to your right. If you are correct
in your inference, you have gained
a trick. Finesses are made second,
third, or fourth hand, and upon
cards led by opponents as well as
those led by partner. Fine}«e
deeply in your own or opponents*
FINESSB
178
FINBSSB
suits, at the same time taking care,
if possible, to leave your hand in
good condition, in case the finesse
should fail. As a rule, do not
finesse in your partner's suit; you
do not wish to save the high canls
in it, but rather to get rid of them,
so as n<it to )>Iock his game. Fi-
nesses in your own and partner's
weak suit is advisable when trump
strength is against you, and you
have p<K>r pros|K'cts of winning. It
is also advis;i))le to finesKe more
deeply in trumps than in plain
suits. The finesse has l>een used as
a formidable weapon by goo<l play-
ers since the days of Hoyle. IX*S-
ch.iiM'ileh <lev<>te<i much attention
to It in his play, and describes
several different kinds of finesses in
his treatise on the game.
Failure Id finctn« at the riffht time ia a
more comniiifi error than injudicious
hnrKsiiiK-A'. F. Foster [S. O], "IVknt
Tacius '
The law of fine^ae, the strength and
benuty <>t whist, has never chan^^d. will
never ch.»iiKi-r;. ir fVIUs [L. A P.],
"Amffi.Atn li'htst lUu^ttaUd "
Piiies»i-s .ire ufiierally rii;ht in tnimpa.
or, if -t:i>iit{ in tniniii'*. in other Miit^;
otherwi-f ihey.ire nut to be risked but
with cMiitiiMi —Ihi'mas .\fatkru-s [L. ('.],
"Advti-r i,i thr y'i'UHjc H'hiU I1a\rf,'' JS04.
With orduKiry han<U, finesse may be
deep nt thf-ir cnnimcncf-nient, ahould
rontr.ut a^ thev rw on, until the lant fuur
i>r live <-.tril- there is scarcely any oppor-
tunity l«'t l.ir fines'»e. prujjerly fiO called.
—Jnmf" f . :» \' . (' * ].
The pl.ivr r\\\\>\ be takinR a chance
when li»- ijiiisM'^ I! the l«xMti'»n of the
c.ir<l is kn wn either fruni l>eiiiic turned
or niaTk»-'ll'\ th«."ilrvel"]>nient, itreijuirea
uo ariit:- r -tr.it:ii{eni to play the lower
c.ird i< ni : /. A j . /*•, ,-w V»". /t^?.
V'-u trr ». \>\ til finesse iic-i'**'^ the in*
trrii'.f !: it- 1 i:<!. anil siinnlinirs alv>
af-ti<i>t I?'.'- ;"T-'in wh'i lioMs it. l-ul aa,
hv the ii.itu:< ot the case it should t«
a:ikn>>uTi wri'T" the card lies, the latter
BMtiiii.! is Mft ti>i'reatt' cimfusioii. The
p^fftn .ti;-tii:st whom y<iu act isniorecur-
fertlv the I -iirth pl.iver ~-/l'i//wi«i /Wr
\l. .4 . ;. ■/*/■->#» of UMut"
The best pi .1 vera du nrjt advocate rery
irreat fir'->«ini; t>v a third-hand player in
hiA (lartucr't auit. Mlhtn Itac unginal
lead b a conrmtional one, practieallj
the only Ancaac JuatiAable in a plain aiut
on a small card led is the queen, with ace
queen. Any face cnrd led, however, is
nneased witn any other face card In hand.
^Aft/ion C. IVork \L. A, ii.\, "H'hui ^
To-day**
The word is sometimes applied to
where it iMcertatn the inferior card will an-
swer the purpose intemled; a*, for esaa-
ple.where the left hand haa already shown
weakneas. But thia is clearly a mtsu«c at
the term, for unless there Is a risk of the
card being beaten it is cmly ordinary
play, and can involve no fineaaioc. w\^
eriy ao called.— I#^i//mm i^»ie [L. A •'
"7%foryo/ n'kut."
Thia term ta applicable to any form of
strategy, underfiiay. or artifice. ■ • >
Many plavera imsgine that fincnsc Is aa
artibce to^ practiced only by third hand.
it lie Ion ga. however, to every scat at the
table. Fourth hand may refuse to take s
trick; leader and second hand may «»
derplay. You cannot lay down apcofis
rules governing finesse. Rob whist of
fi nettle and >-ou take from the game itt
greateitt charm.— r. H. P. HamnltmmXL
yf . ], * - Modern Si ttnh/ic H 'k tsi. "
The finea^e obliKatory moit commonlv
occura on the aeoiid round uf a suit In
oriKinally liy the player who. on Ifet
second round. i« the third hand In iMi
situation, with the beM card marked a
the fourth hand, and the second ani
fourth-best cari!« in the third hand, orlfet
fourth beat led and the sroond bnC in At
third hand, the finc^isc should be msdl.
aa if the third liest is al«o la the fofaffi
hand, no harm ia done: if it Is in III
second hand, a gain i« made.— '.VkflM C
li'urk [I^A./i], •• tfku/ 0/ ~
If, when a auit la played, each pi>9
were to haaten tr force it with their M
card, the moat hklllful player woold br kt
who i% heM. fnrniahed wit'h that ami. tki
strongest card wmild. in all caacat diHf
mine the fortune «if the plavrrs. ail K^
ence and skill would entirely dtssnc*
frr>m the game, and the empire of Vrti'
forre. operating in all caaea with the saai
pfiwer. would tie firmly cstabiwktd
Fmmui wouM «oon gi^-e nic to newiaa^
rations, the uflele^s trouble of dealing ihl
canU would be diflcontlnoed, and lia*
that licautiful problem, whiit,
degraded into the common aa
game of romff nm aoir. All thia Ilk
ever, prevented bv the fineai
ciple of thia practVr. which
sential part in all the varioaa
tinn« we are here invcaligatlasjknd wkkft
la ha«ed upon acnte dlaoertiment aai ■
well-calculated doctrine ttf chance, la A»
metrically opposed to mtpw chaaac ■
deprives the latter, oam by om, af At
FINESSING
179
FIVE-SPOT
Ages it poMCflses, and erentually
rtes the triampta of mind over
.—IMsckapelUs [O.].
Dommon-sense finesse is when yon
iaooTrred that the highest card out
a suit has been played third in
br yonr left-hand adversary, and
la the best and third-best card in
L The finesse speculative is this:
>ld the best and the third-best card
it — say ace and queen- your part-
ids thu suit, and third in hana you
your queen. ^ * The principles
nnesse are that you play against
n chance that the king of the suit
lur right, and that your partner,
Mding the suit, will probabt^^him-
Id knave or king. The arbitrary
is the following : You hold queen,
nd three of spades; vou lead the
partner wins with the king, and re-
roa a small spade. You know that
! is now to your left, but you do not
irhere the knave is. It may be to
:ht: your queen if played wilt be
t>y the ace. If both ace and knave
lie left, both will win. If, however,
sve be to your right, your ten will
he ace, and your queen remain the
rd. Consequently, you are bound to
he ten.— ^. IV. Drayson [Z,+^+],
\rt of Practical IVkuL*'
tcssing Against Yourself. —
>f the most common errors
I beginners make is to cover a
ed with queen, second hand,
holding ace, queen, and
i. The proper play is the
The play of the queen, under
circumstances, is what is ex-
vely termed finessing against
df.
t finesse against yourself. If 3rou
>d from ace, knave, etc., and your
r has made the queen, the king is
ily not on your right. If, on the
land, you have led from kinfs:, and
irtner again has made the queen,
ye no use to put on the king; the
tat be over yotx.—" Pembridge'^ [L-\-
king by the Eleven Rule.
% is explained by R. F. Foster,
riginator of the eleven rule
). as follows: " It is based on
inciple that you have a right
Mse against one card on the
round of a suit, whether you
have strength in trumps or not,
just as with ace, queen [with or
without small cards], on your part-
ner's lead. You should have
pretty strong trumps to justify a
nnesse in the second round of a
suit, as it is unlikely that it will go
round a third time. Suppose yon
hold king, ten, three. Your partr
ner leads eight; four second. Yon
deduct eight from eleven and find
that there is only one card out
against your partner, but you know
neither the card nor where it is.
Pass the eight led. Remembering
that your partner cannot have ace,
aueen, jack, you can demonstrate
lat out of six possible positions in
which all the cards above an eight
can be placed, there are only two
in which your finesse will fail. In
other words, it is two to one that
the trick is won by the eight led.
♦ • * One of the chief advantages
of this mode of finessing is that
the original leader, if he knows
that his partner uses it, can often
assume that his suit is established,
although it has been led only
once.'*
First Hand.— The player to the
left of the dealer; the eldest hand;
the player who makes the opening
lead.
••Five of Clubs." — A pseudonym
under which Professor Richard A.
Proctor wrote many articles, and
several books, on whist. (Sec,
"Proctor, R. A.")
Five-Point Whist.— Short whist
without counting honors; much
played in this country before the
American seven-point game came
into vogue.
Five- Spot. — A low card, the tenth
in rank in the pack. It is led only
as a fourth b^ in the American
FOLKESTONE, LORD
l8o
FOLLOW
leads, and a penultimate or ante-
penultimate in the old leads. It is
one of the desirable cards with
which to start a trump signal. In
the Howell ( short-suit-) system the
lead of tile five, four, three, or two
indicates the loiif^-suit g'^^me, with
trump stren)(th and prolxibly a gocxl
suit, and commands partner to
lead trumps.
Folkestone, Lord. — One of the
first plivers in Kn^land to take up
and make a systematic stud v of the
game of whist. He was origmally
Sirjacol) de Bouverie, and, after
serving in Parliament, was elevated
to the peerage June 29, 1747, by
the titles of Lord Jx)nj5ford, Haron
of I^)ngfonl. and Viscount Folke-
stone. Hedied in 1761.
I^)rd Folkestone should ever be
held in high esteem by whist-play-
ers for his services in taking up and
develo])ing the game, which at that
time was just emerging from ol»-
scurity an«i from its verv humble
surroundings. He formt*d one of a
select circle at the Crown CofFee-
Housc '^. I'. I, in Ik*<lford Row,
London, and here is when' scien-
tific whist had iLs first U^ginningin
172S; for these gentlemen, under
his le;nler>hip, deviseil a code of
regnl.iiioiis ami otherwise greatly
imprnvol the game. The deuces
wi-ri- ris'nrfd to the pack, and the
whole 111: y-lwi> can Is brought into
I>l.tv. Tlie c>M trick lK.*came a
permiinrii ftMlure of the game,
an'i tt!i ] Joints instead of nine were
m.ili" iiu- mil.-. The origin. d le:id
fro: 1 1 tin- sirong<*st suii was recom-
me'il''l..tnd partner's hanil wasalw)
to '«'i:in' fxlent considered. Thus
the V.' t:n'- w:isTnade readv for Hovle
to ii'kc It Up an 1 bring it into great
rKVj.iil inty. .\nd, by the way,
r'o!kr«.t'»ne is held by some author-
ities to have been an altogether
difiereut player from Hoyle.
George W. Pettes quotes Dr. Dakin
as saying of him: ** He was a
startling contrast to Cotton atid
Curll, and Seymour and I may.
and, I may adcl, to Hoyle, who was
one of the gamesters; for not one
of these cared for the quality of a
game, but only for the money that
any game caused to leap from the
pockets of the unwar>'." What-
ever we may think of this severe
arraignment of Hoyle, it is cer-
tain that Lord Folkestone was a
credit and honor to whist, and sin-
cerely devoted to its improvement.
The portrait published in this
volume is from a photograph of a
painting by Hudson, kindlj fur-
nished by the Countess of Radnor,
of Longford Castle, Salisbory, Eng-
land. In a letter she calls attention
to the fact that her illustrious kin**
man was also a great patron of art,
having l)een the fint president of
the Royal Society for the Encoor-
Bgcmcnt of Arts and Sciences.
It wa« nlwiut thin timr draS) Uut tke
first \jotA Folkestone a od hlsMrtvasH
to nlriy whi%t srtfmttr taiuJ at the Crova
CoflTrr IliiitMc. in R^lfortl Row. TliU ta
the fir«t mention we hnreof whi«l hctaf
plavfil wrientific illv.— "CMVtnd^tk '* ^
A.]."Thf ll'htit Tahur
It Mrema n pity that the soofl eaaatple
Bet hv Folkestone did not necomea per-
petuity. I cannot find that moaer w«« al
any time u»ed mi an incenttre totBC play.
At .111 y r.tte. as there were nil lit j »f iImjiI
iramrii for the icnme«teri». thi* adble oar
shnuM tuA. have been dcbaard. —
rothf
It hnppened that a party of
who frr<]uented the Crown Col
in Ii'-ilf'ird Row. and of whom the ir«
Loril l'oIkr«tone wa« one. had hacoa*
acquninlc'l with the Kame. and ia de^
aiu-i- of it.x tiad rrpiiiation. tried II al
thrir mcrtinc*. Thry «oi->n Caond aatM
ha'l ni'>rit« Thry studied h oarrfellf.
an«l arrivril. for the fir«t time, at anma
princti>lp« I if play.— H'tlham t^U iLA-^
Follow.— The play of
thinl. or fourth nand
tlie follow, the plar of the fim
hand being the ttmi. An
J
FOLLOW SUIT
l8l
FORCE
frequently used by G. W.
I in nis '* American Whist''
low Suit. — To play a card of
me suit as the one led. Failure
so when you have the suit
lutes a revoke.
c«. — To force is to lead a card
1 an opponent must trump in
to take it, or to play a losing
►urposely for partner to trump,
bject is to extract trumps and
>y weaken the adversary, or
able your partner to make
with trumps which would
urise be lost. The rule is to
the opponent who is shown to
ong in trumps, but not his
rr, who must not be allowed
:e tricks with his trumps, if
le. You force the adversary
you are weak in trumps and
strong. You force partner
you are strong in trumps and
weak. But there are cases
you must force partner, even
fi you are weak yourself; for
ce, if he has shown a desire
forced; when you can estab-
:ross-ruff thereby; when over-
ling strength in trumps has
shown by the adversaries, or
you need but a single trick
i the game.
re is another somewhat allied
of forcing which does not
e the use of trumps. It con-
>f leading a strengthening
> your partner, by means of
you force out a high card
may be held by the ad versa-
ad help establish his suit.
ate about trumpinit^An intentional
crni yoar partner, if you are long
im and hold a sood and welt ca-
rd plain »uil.—A. J. Mcintosh {L.
fotUm IVkutr 1888.
f% force the strong, seldom the
le^cr the two; otherwise you play
▼rraariea' game, and give the one
>rtimit7 to make his small trumps
while the other throws away his losing
c&T^%.^Thomas Mathews [L. 0.\ ^^ Advice
to the Young IVhut-PUsyerr
At best, the forcing game is a poor one.
It is a cheap way of making tricks. There
are comparatively few hands where the
best play— the play which will make the
most tricks— renders it necessary to delib-
erately force your partner.— C D. P. HamF-
iJton [L. A.], ''Modem Scientific tVhist.**
With a weak hand, seek every oppor-
tunity of forcing your adversary. It is a
common aud fatal mistake to abandon
your strong suit because you see that
your adversary will trump it. Above all,
if he refuses to trump, make him, if you
can; and remember that when you are
not strong enough to lead a trump, you
are wealc enough to force your adversary.
—James OayiC 0-\-].
It does not mean never force your part-
ner if weak in trumps yourself; but it
means if you see a good cnance of mak-
ing more tricks by not forcing jrour par^
ner than 3rou could make by forcing nlm,
then refrain from the force; but you should
always remember that it does not follow
that your partner must take a force, even
though you offer it him. — A. W. Drayson
[/.+/!+], ''The Art 0/ Practical Whist »
It is usually very difficult to convince
the beginuer that the weaker he is him-
self, the more reason he has for forcing
the adversaries to trump his good cards.
He is constantly falling into the error of
changing from a good suit, which the ad-
versaries cannot stop without trumping,
to a weak suit, which allows them to gee
iuto the lead without anv waste of trump
strength.—-^. F. Foster [S. a], "CompleU
Hoyle."
When the player forced holds only four
trumps, he trumps with his fourth best.
If he then leads a low trump, he goes on
with his lowest remaining card. * • •
When the player forced holds five trumps,
he takes the force with his fourth-best
card. If he next leads a low trump, he
continues with his lowest. • • • The
rule of taking the force with the fourth *
best, holding five trumps, is subject to a
rather large exception. When the fourth-
best trump is ot such value that taking
the force with it may imperil a trick later
on, it must be reserved. For instance,
with such cards as king, knave, nine,
seven, three, a careful player would
rightly trump with the three and lead the
seven. For the time, partner is not in*
formed as to the number of trumps held,
• • • With more than five trumps, the
fourth best would frequently be too high
to trump with for the mere sake of show-
ing number. • • • The simplest way
of treating six-card suits is to trump wita
the penultimate, and then to lead the
PORCBD DISCARD
1 82 FORMING THB TABLB
fourth bTKt. When the inuill tramp
conirs down later, the original poaaeiiaion
of MX is bhown.
Will* 11. utter a force, the player hold*
im-h hi^h trunipn that he hA« to open the
suu with a hiKh canl, he leadH according
to ilir number oi trumpa he now holdiL
not .iccordiug to the number he held
orii<itiiilly.
The ti in-going instructlonaaMume that
thr tniitiij Iciui in of the leader's own
motion. If, fur instance, hi« partner had
callt'l fir trumps, be would follow the
ordiii.iry b(x>k rule, riz., with three
trunipA,' trump with lowe«t and lead
hikli'''*t; with tour trumpa, echo with pe*
nuliiiiiute and lead irum highent down-
wards, with five trumpm echo with
peiinlliiii.'ite and lead lowrHl ezce]^ with
act- . that card being led irrespective of
nuin>xr after a chW —"Cat»fndtsA" [L.
A.]. 'IfyitstDtif/opmemij," lify/.
Forced Discard. — A discard
from your licst protectwl suit be-
cause the adversaries have aliown
great strength in trumps.
Forced Lead. — A lead which is
undesirable, but which is forced
ui>un the player as the lesser evil,
owin^ to tlie condition of his hand.
Forcc<l leads are ori>;ina] leads
made from suits of tliree or less,
Ijec.iu.se you have nothing better.
Your only long suit may consist of
foi'.r cards all Iwlow the nine, or of
four Muall trumps. In such case it
is Ijetter to lea<l from a bhort suit,
in the ho|)c that it may strengthen
partnvr's hand.
Players who play what is called
the short -suit game, do not regard
a Ic.id from three ranis or less as
f<i:rrd. but give it the preference,
unliss they have overwhelming
re;isi)iis for tr\Mng to establish and
brini; in a long suit. I See. '*Iwonjf-
Sui: Crame," and •'Short-Suit
G.ime.";
Thr ortinnal lead from a ^nit of three
or 1f-*>« i« rrffanl«*d by long-auit playcra as
fori-:! - 1 u/ tr. Siiirmrs [S. 0.\.
If vou can place all ihecard^ from the
on»* fi"! t'l the ten indnaive. the lead \n
fun ' •! If yuii can p!ace alt the cardi
from \}'.r nnr led to the nine inclii»iTe,
and can also locate the ace. the lead la
Ibrced. If you caa place all the csartia boi
one, from tne one led to the ten locliuive,
and can alao locate the queen and iack.
the lead is forced.— Z>r. Samd St»m [L.
A.].
You are aometimea fbroed to opea a
numerically weak suit; that ia, a aoit of
leaa thau four cards. ^ * You may (et ia
the lead after a round or two, aod the
character of your hand may force jom to
open a three-card auit. when yoa are
forced to do this, and your three tarda arc
In sequence, open with the highrat. no
matter what the cards arc^C* V. P.
HamiUoM [L. A.\, "A/M^r« SntuiUU
It will aometlmes happen that the oaly
ftmr-card suit in thr leader's hand will he
trumps, which it ia not dcalmhlc to lend.
In Buch cahea, if there la no hIgh-CBfd
combination in any of the ahovt aatUL k
is usual to lead the nighcal cmrd. anlcai II
is an ace or king. Many good playen
will not lead the queen from a thrcc-card
auit, unlesA it in accompanied by the laA.
All such leads are called lorccd, aad arc
intended to aisist the partner, by playiag
cards which may strengthen hua, af
though of no use to the leader— iP. F.
Foster [.V. a], "L'ompleit HoyUr t*n-
When your only long soit \m very
you may resort to a fhrrr rard ami
The highest is usually lead fi
except as shown below :
raoM
A K O,
A K J.
A K and i low.
A Q J.
A Q and 1 low,
A and a low,
K U J,
K Q and I low,
K J 10
K and 2 low,
Q J 10.
Q and a low.
From any other three carda. lead Cht
highest. If you know the miiBL fta
partner's, by hi* discard of it oa 1
nent»' lead of trumps, or their taad'af
other «uits. lead the highest of Asy thita.
— /■iiA/r Awui [/.. A.\.
Forminp the Table.— Gettnff
the requisite number of plaren to*
gether at a table to plav wniil« ^
pecially in regular dubs; if
than the required nnmbcr be
K
K
A
K
10
A
Q
\
ent. the selection of foer pleycn ii
a manner fair to all
If there are
the playcra an
FOSTER, R. F.
183
FOSTER, R. F.
room having the preference.
«o cut the lowest cards play
ain cut to decide on partners;
west play against the two
lowest is the dealer, who has
irds and seats, and having
lis selection must abide by it.
re are more than six candi-
who cut the two next lowest
g to the table, which is com-
ix players; on the retirement
ese six players the candidate
next lowest card han a prior
y after<omer to enter the
y of IVhist {English Code),
nd 17.
t in the room have the prefer-
r reason of two or more arriv-
same time, more than four
ae preference among the last
terra ined by cutting, a lower
tie preference over all cutting
»mplete table consists of six:
»ving the preference play,
e determined by cutting; the
play against the lowest two;
deals, and has the choice of
rds.
lycrs cut intermediate carda
ue, they cut again; the lower
cut plays with the original
players cut cards of equal
cut again. If the fourth has
est card, the lowest two of the
e partners, and the lowest
le fourth has cut the lowest
Is, and the highest two of the
partners.
i of a game, if there are more
>elouKing to the table, a suffi-
ler of the players retire to
r riwaitin? their turn to play,
ling which players remain in.
lave playea a leas number of
games have the preference
> have played a greater num-
een two or more who have
qual number, the preference
«i by cutting, a lower cut giv-
erence over all cutting higher.
one to enter a table, he must
intention to do so before any
layers has cut for the purpose
ring a new game or of cutting
oj U'^hist {American Code),
R. F. — A noted whist au-
:her, and expert player;
opponent in this country
ndish" and the American
ijjgressive advocate of the
and the so-called short-
He was bom in Edin-
bargh, Scotland, May 31, 1853, and
came to America in 1872. He was
educated for the profession of archi-
tect and civil engineer (like Dr.
Pole, another leading whist author-
ity), but in 1888 began to devote all
his time to the teaching of whist,
in response to the many demands
for his services. In 1889 his *' Whist
Manual" was published, follo¥nug
closely upon nis invention of the
** self-playing whist cards'* (g. r.J.
In the ** Manual** he tells us his
object was simply to arrange the
matter common to all books on
whist in such a manner as to render
it easy for the student **The
recognized authorities were pretty
closely followed, and little or no
discussion was entered into as to
the merits of their various teach-
ings.** On the other hand, how-
ever, systematic exercises with the
cards were given for the first time;
the play of the second hand was
simplified, and his discovery of the
*' eleven rule** (q. r. ) announced.
A second series of self-playing cards
and a '* Pocket Guide to Modem
Whist" followed, and in 1894 " Du-
plicate Whist and Whist Strategy*'
was published. In the latter the
author made a wide departure from
the course pursued by him in the
"Manual.** He announced his
rejection of **the invariability of
the lead from the longest suit,
whatever the score; the reckless
giving of information, whatever
the hand; the useless and confusing
system of leads, erroneously called
American; the assumption that the
discard is alwavs directive; the
total disregard of finesse and ten-
ace; and the refusal to acknowledge
the merits of the short-suit ^me.**
In 1895 Mr. Foster published a
highly original work, entitled
** WTiist Tactics,** in which he cm-
bodied the results of a notable whist
match by correspondence {g. v.)
FOSTER, R. P.
184
POURCHBTTB
which had been previously insti-
tuted b^' him. The 112 hands
played in that contest were taken
by him and analyzed, with a view
**to ascertaining, not what sliould
be done, so umch as what is done
by the best players, under the most
favorable conditions. ' ' The results
were Ixjth interesting and instruc-
tive. In his latest work, *' Foster's
Complete Hoyle'* (1897), which
will probably remain his chef'
d'truvre^ Mr. Foster has given a
l)ricf statement of the methods
adopted by all the various schools
of modem whist- players, and has
added to the description of the
standard game that of some twenty
varieties of whist, such as **bridge,*'
*Mx>ston,*' ** cayenne," and ** solo
whist" In the series of sixteen
)>ooks which he Ixrgan preparing
for Hrentano's Pocket Library in
1S97, there is no work on wnist,
but all the other important card
and table games are dealt with.
Mr. Foster resides in New York,
and is the whist etlitor of the New
York Sun, As such his influence
is widely felt in the whist world.
i>erhaps even more so than through
liis ]M)<>ks. He is also a fref^uent
ccMitribut«»r to other pnlilications.
his reivnt series of articles 1 1896-
*97 ) in the Monthly Illustrator^ and
his weeklv articlfs in the Rochester
(N Y. I f\r<t-Exf*rtss, conuining
nmch valiia])le ancl interesting mat-
ter, ahhoti^'h tinctured with his
likes and dislikes, which are very
sir««n>:. His |><>siti<in on whist in
):enrr.tl is thus define*! for us by
«>ni' who spe:tks for him with au-
thnrity: "Mr lM»sler is oppose*! to
i\\\ .'ir!)!trary r<niventions, which
itunlv complicate an alrt*ady very
fliii'i'-iilt game. Years of patient
st::<ly and analysis have failed to
show t1:e hiighte&t advantage in
Anit-ncan leads, or any of the
modern conventions. That good
winning whist can be plajred witl^
out any such adventitious aids wm
proved by the filanbattan temm,
who never lost a match, altbongh
they played all comcn during tSe
winter of i895-'96. Foster was
captain of this team, and played
in every game. They leil uippoct-
ing cards from short auiu when
they had hands of only moderate
strength, finessed freely, and paid
great attention to tcnace positiona.
In the New York Sun of Pebraair
23, 1896, it was shown that in all
the cliampionship matchea played
in this country, the player who
opened long suits only took foor
tricks in them, to five won by their
adversaries, without trumping.
Foster claims that the only faculty
use<l by modern playen is attea*
tion: the reasoning powers are
never called into play.*' He pi»
fers to call his own style of play the
** Common -Sense Game '* {q, r).
Mr. K. P. Focter U a native ot
hurKh.but he nettled in and learvt Us
Slay m Nrw York. When the fira ef
[udic & Son*, of is Coventry ftrcil.
ixiMH-il thruufch the preM. in 1891K Ui
'* WhiHt Manual." there sppenrcd on tkl
titlc-pafce the notification that it wm
written " bv K. P. Porter. Nrw York."—
li '. P. Com riney [L^O.], "English U lul"
Mr Foster's fame chief! v re»t» on ftii
in veil lion uf the eleven rufe. and hia a^
p<j?«itiun to American leads and loiv
suits. Neither ridicule nor ahnoe kas licca
ablr to nit>vc him from his poaition.
mt* ix)intrd out by Hond Slow, the
known HUMlynt. hi* aripimenta rcaaa
uniinnwrrtd to-dav. Both in theory ani
prHctioe, his phiuMophv of whist hss
Kovett tti he the best.—A^orArjtcr (.V. Kj
it-HxpreM^ LKtubtr lo, t6^.
Fourchctte.— Two cards of a
suit, one of which is next hightf
ancl one next lower in value to tki
canl led; as, jack and nine art a
fourchette when the ten is lead.
The fourchette m
common defenses of
It consi^ti in plavtaa Uw higher
when holding the
J
FOUR SIGNAIi
185
FOUR SIGNAL
•bore and below the one led. lU moit
frequent use is in coverinff itrengtben-
iac cAitSs.— ^. F. Faster {S. O.V '^IVhisi
TmttUs.'*
four Signal. — A signal by which
the player shows the possession of
four tramps, but does not ask to
have them led, his hand not being
strong enough to warrant this. It
ismsSe in a plain suit led origi-
zudly by the adversary, and is
played with three small cards in
the followine order: The second
best first; the highest (not above an
eight), next, and the lowest last It
may also be made on partner's lead
in any suit except his long suit, in
which it is the duty of the third
hiod to unblock. It may be turned
into a trump signal on the second
roand, shomd it be deemed wise by
that time to ask to have trumps lea.
The four signal is objected to by
naoy because it conflicts to a cer-
tain extent with the plain-suit echo.
"Cavendish** does not approve of
it, terming it a fad, and Foster also
is on recoxtl a^inst it.
The four signal seems to have
had several independent births,
being one of those cases where the
■une idea has suggested itself to
ieveral minds. Milton C. Work,
in his •* Whist of To-day " (1896).
ttys: ** The four signal is a device
first suggested by the writer in
1S80, and since that time used in
every match in which he has
played.** But R. A. Gnrley, of
Denver. Col., gives a circumstan-
t:al account, in Boutcher's "Whist
Sketches ** (1892), of his first sug-
l^esting the play in 1876. Mr. Gur-
Icy says:
"The four-trump signal and its
history, in so far as I am concerned,
is in brief: During 1876 there was
considerable rivalry manifested
among a few of us players in this
city [Denver]. Particularly was
this true of B. P. Jacobson and
self, on one side, and my brother
(C. D. Gurley) and John L. Jerome,
on the other. We had played a
sort of neck-and-neck race for over
two years, neither deriving much
vantage ground. We were playing
the seven-point game. On ^e
evening of the Hayes-Tilden elec-
tion, in November, 1876, Jacobson
and myself were to meet my brother
and Jerome at Jerome's house, to
have a sitting. On the way up I
asked Jacobson if it did not often
happen that he held four trumps,
and would ^eatly desire to play
out a trump if he could feel certain
that his partner had four, or would
be able to echo if only three strong
ones— ace, king, and small, or king,
queen, jack. He answered that was
often the case, and cited many in-
stances where the odd trick was
lost by adversaries trumping in on
our long and strong suit; whereas,
if he knew I held K>ur trumps, he
would lead them earlier. I then
asked him how it would do to make
the four-trump signal in the follow-
ing manner, viz.: To play, in plain
suits led by others, or partner first,
next to the lowest, then next
higher, and afterwards the lowest.
We agreed on this method. In
1883, being a guest at the old Buf-
falo ( N. Y. ) Club, I introduced it
there, and I understand that some
of their strongest players adopted
it. It is possible that the signal
was played in the East before we
adopted it, but I had never heard
of it, and in all my whist life, at
other places, I never heard of it
until Trist called my attention to
an article in the London Fieldy in
February, 1889, when I was in New
Orleans.'*
Mr. Work, when his attention
was called to Mr. Gurley*s state-
ment, did not question it in any
way, but simply said it was a case
where each unaoubtedly had inde-
FOUR SIGNAL
l86 FOURTEEN RULE, THE
pendently arrived at the same con-
clusions. He had never heard of
any euiploynient of the stj^nal be-
fore he suggestetl and introduced it
in the play of the Hamilton team.
^hist of September, 1892, stated
that the Hamilton team were at
that time making use of the four
signal, " which they claim to have
invented."
The four iii((iinl in sometimen uAed in
the triiuip Huit »a a Mub-eclio, to Hhow
three truinpH exactly. — R, F. i'OiUr
[S. ().].
II i.s not often that it is completed ia
time to Ik' of line, hui in frftiufiilfy turned
to f^ooil account l>y chauKiuK it iriti>a call
on thr ''rL-oud round. Some playerft are
very cuiitidi'ut that it i» a powerful aid to
atrate^;y, while nther* reject it «< uhcIc!**.
I do not ai>prove of it. l>ecauMr it conflicts
with the miK'h more useful plain-suit
echo, and tiecaui-c it often misleads your
partner to l)elieve you can rufT. • * •
Proha>>ly the four «ikcnal will alwavN he
part of the tcanu*. and every player sfiould
know It when he wen it.— A*. /•. FoiUr \S.
a]. " « AiJ/ StraUgyr i^%4'
The four hignal i« a device first suf?*
gested by the writer in ivso. and since
that time u*>ed in every match in which
he has played. He has found it to l>e a
decided trick-winner, even afpninst the
stron(;<-*<t opponents. • • * One of the
advantaKc^** of the play is that it can, on
the srcuud trick, be turned intoeither a
signal or echo, sa the exhfencies of the
ca^c mav demand— the f<>rmer. should
the situ.ition change so a« to render a
trump lead advanta|ceous: the latter,
should the partntr lead or call for trumps
prifir to that time. — .Vi.7/»n c'. U'ork [L,
A. H\. "li'htitof r.f^avr
f >rave objections may t>e urtretl against
the tour ^iKual. The concealment of a
sniiT. c.'ir.t Imm }Nirtnrr during two
f.-uTiil- 'if n ••uit may cau«^ him to miv
plai#- a!l thf rrm.iininK I'ardi of it. and
ni iv r I •.■.»!! »M hi- playing the remainder
of i>i»' J'tri'l nn erriihrou* a*>«umption«.
until h< Is M-t rii;ht by the lead of a third
routid .| hi- "luit. or by "tome t'ther means,
suih .IN a ill -tar ■! The more obM-rvant
and NL!!''til thr pirtner. th« more likely
in li»- t'. 'tr nii-.r.l by Nurh ]>lay. ur, st
leant »■■ 'ir put Jn t;uf;»«iing by it ' A more
fornii 1 i*'j»' •»' j«-i ti-n. aitil ouf more read-
ily c<iniprr>hen<lcd. is prii!iab|y tolic found
in thf firt that when the four signal is
deTe'.i*{M-d, later in the game, it triU the
adverMrif« just what it i« to their advan*
lage t'l know, vii . that the poHHessor of
four truuip» i* not strong enough to lead
them, nnlcM he finds aomc
from his partner. The opponenta^ adiog
on this information, will shape their
course accordingly, by endeavoring to
force the four signaler, and then to draw
his residual teeth, or to weaken him ia
other ways patent to whist-playerib It
cannot, however, be denied thai the four-
signal fad has the approral of a number
01 distinguished players. Therefore il
must not be hastily oisparagcd; perhaps
the Scotch verdict of not proven may
meet the case aa it at present stands.—
'*Cavendtsh" [A. ^.], Scribmtr't MmgmMtm,
Juiy, tH97.
Pour-Spot.— A low card, the
eleventh in rank in the pack. It
is led only as a fourth belt in tbe
American leads, or as a pcnnlUaiAte
or antepenultimate in the old leedft.
In the Howell (short-suit) system,
tlie lead of ii\'e, four, three, or two
indicates the long-suit game (whick
is occasionally pla\-ed by ahor^
suiters), with probably a f^ood soil
and certainlv trump strength; It is
a command to partner to lead
trumps, if he gets m early.
Fourteen Rule, Th^.— P. J. Tor-
mey. of San Francisco, has elab^
rated Foster's eleven rule into a
formula which makes it muck
easier of explanation to beginncn^
becatise the reasoning is so sppsi^
ent.
The ace being counted high ia
whist, makes the denomii
of the cards run from
fourteen. WHien a ph , _.
fourth best he remains with tkm
higher cards in his hand, and
ing to the denomination and
tracting the sum from fourtef,
givtLH the number of high
inally held by the other
For example: A plaver ]
eight; he holds three hi|[ht
which makes the sum elevea, aal
this uken from foiutecB ghci
three, which is the nnmbcr of Ti^
cards in the aoit held hj the
playi
J
•OURTH-BEST LEAD
187
FOURTH-BEST LEAD
rth-Best Lead. — The lead of
irth-best card in a suit, count-
Dtn the highest held. This
an important factor in the
i known as American leads
I, and was almost simultane-
lug^ested by N. B. Trist and
rnd^, • ' their letters crossing
ther on the ocean. Prior to
luls somewhat akin to the
best had been introduced —
>en ultimate " lead from five
avendish," and the *'ante-
imate" from six by A. W.
)n. These were indicated
anted from the bottom of the
lit the fourth best was an im-
aent, inasmuch as it pro-
a broad general rule, em-
^ leads from all sizes of suits,
3ur cards up, which did not
1 a high-card combination to
[>m. The counting was done
he top instead of from the
1, ana always showed, not
umber, but the possession of
r* three cards higher than the
Hi. The idea was nearly
ed upon in England as early
5, as will be seen from the
ng extract from the IVrst-
r Papers of January, 1875,
:h occurs the first mention
intin^ from the top: "We
le opinion, never published,
rsonal friend, that while you
to lead the lowest card in
its (f. e.y in suits of four),
ould lead the third from the
five-suits.'*
first maxim of the American
lys: '* When you open a suit
low card, lead your fourth
The second maxim is to
fct: **On quitting the head of
lit, lead your original fourth
Trist and *' Cavendish"
K>th agreed upon this until
rhen " Cavendish V* doubts
iroused by a communication
^. S. Fenollosa, published in
the Field of August 13. Mr.
FenoUosa pointed out that the
principal advantage obtained by the
selection of a small card is that it
enables partner to count number.
He therefore proposed that on
leading a high card, and then a low
one of the same suit, the selection
should be the fourth best of the
small cards remaining in hand.
The lead of the original fourth best,
it was pointed out, gave the second
hand an opportunity of a sure
finesse, without any corresponding
advantage to the leader or his part-
ner; but the lead of the fourth best
remaining in hand, except in very
rare cases, did not give the second
hand this advantage. * *Cavendish, * '
in Whist for September, 1892, says
he thinks Mr. FenoUosa's proposed
play *'is sound in principle,*' al-
though he has not yet had an op-
portunity of testing it in actual
play, and he also wished to consult
with Mr. Trist before giving it his
adherence. This he subsequently
did, but Mr. Trist preferred the
lead as first fonnuiated. (See,
"American Leads, History of.**)
The fourth best is led Trora all suits of
four or more that do not codtain one of
the five hiRh-card leads. — C. E. Coffin
{L. A.], ''Gist of IVhistr
The lead of the fourth best stands upon
unoccupied ground, and pushes nothing
else or oettcr out of the way. — R. F. Fos^
Ur [S. a], H'hist,June, 1894.
A good deal of valuable space is wasted
on the question of leading fourth or fifth
best af\er ace, when holding ace and four
small. The common-sense game has set-
tled that question long ago by leading the
ace when a player is " running,'* and the
small card, not the fourth best, when he
is playing the invitation game. — R. F.
FosUrXS. O], New York Sun, July it, 1S97,
When there is no high-card combina-
tion in the suit selected for the lead, it is
usual to lead the penultimate of five, or
the antei>enultimate of six, now com-
monly known as the fourth best, countiog
from the top of the suit. This is of no
advantage to the leader, but is considered
bv most good players as of great use to
his partner, because it shows him jntt
FOURTH-BEST LE-\D
1 88
FOURTH HAND
hoiv fnr from v^t;ll*li«)1c<l hU Knot\ nnit lit.
—A'. /•'. /-w.v [.S <>.]. "irAij/ 7'aitics,"
Then came Ihf jiniuMiili- of the fourth
!>i'«.t Irmu Mr. Nit litil.iH lirowM* Trisi. uf
New u:li-.iii«. • • • Ml . Tri^t r.i.Nlf<«tly
flischiiiiis h.ivitii; i:i:iili :iiiy dtii'iVLTy
here, lie- {•i-i>i-»l'< in h.iniluii; over to me
Ihc crnhl. •<iioh .f it m.iy be. ot slartuik;
the ii<»(i>iu Ml li-:iilMt< .iMv other th;iii the
lowi st cii I wlicn !•; I niiii; a *>tr n^ suit
with :i low i>ni-. I ]m rsi-i in h.tuiliii^ over
to liini I hi- CI I -lit lit /'i.;. tn_^ r>t>!.,i into a
pfiH<:fi^ wli.it \v.i"» 'iti-Moii-lv .« ruli- of
;i!.ty —"i utrnUish ^A. .^ ]. lVh;*t,JanH-
Th'- lirKt e«liti<>nnf this IhHtk wii.'« |m!>-
li«.h'- 1 III 1-7*. rp t'l lh.:t il.iti- It h.id
bi-fii the f ir-u-tu-f I • it-.iilihi- fii-iiiiltim:ite
f.itl !rii::i .i!iy '•uit t<>n-i-l.ii^ il hvi- "if
ni n- • • • il iv:iiL' <liitin.' iiiinv >iMr«
;i<lii]il«-<! ;i ih;f> rc-nt k-.i-l. I i tlh-il :itt< ii-
tiiin, III the tif'^t I'hii'ii •>*• thi- )••.••: to
l!ii ^v-ti-in I h.i 1 I'l.ivli .1. will -h %%.!» to
|i--i'! thf- p' Tiiiitini it'- \\\\\\ rive in i snit.
th«- aiiti-p' uiiltiin.kli ut.h -ix I i!iv •l>il
!<iiir ji.i.:' - ■! Ill" Ihi ik to k\' nil I II «t I I'.iri.;
t*i< .<>Sv.int.i.:i s i.r !hi'« U.i'l wlit. I-, i;i.iy
Jk- r.il!>-.l iii«- p- ti itiimti .m '. .inii ]»■ 'mi-
tiiii.itf. !■: the ( •uitli-)<< si I .iTil, .ici'iitihiiK
t.i l.i-:. -.( /r /••.;»-.« I. ■ A .■ Ihr
A*l "f I*» ;..';..;/ li ht\t \ Xf'f'tHdii /.« ihf
f 'Utth t i:ti"H 1.
Th" fi^ht. hfven. six. livf. four, three.
\vnt .ire ic<l, its firi«:ni:il NmiI-. only hk
tiMirth-lK-'*i s..i!ils .iinl .IN in :)ie c.isc nf a
Ii'.^h iM! 1 l.tMip; !• •!. fvt sMii ihc \»'^\
s'lii in h iTi'l The l»-.«I'r hri* rx.utlv
t'ln-f i.i! !■> Ml the »iiii ..i^hrr in i.iiik
than th- f.-r-l 1« •'.. anil .iii mfrrcni f is ih.it
ih-«i- tiiTei- i*iril- .iM- II-: liiKh i.inls m
•<ei{M n <-. Wlii-ii .1 liwiaitl plniii smt |
I- 1" I ■»i:i'-ii.»l.y. th»- !• .i-l- r e.iiiiMt h-ihl
K\\ i:ii- "..it \\ \ .. iiil Kiiik!. ki:i< .i;i<i
i|!i''i; •; !■ ■ It. kti iv-". .i:i 1 l-n. or kiiik;.
k'i.\' t» n t)ie,iii i-.ils.! >Ii-]iu- ! it th»"
! I.; ^!' ■.*-!"; -l Mi^ ;■■ ..'.« r 'i.T- :itivcnr-l 'if
f.i »..:;■■•»': lM.i;i '. *if t'jiT.I '.r-",. as w-.th
::•..'■ :?i*i : ;:'.':" n ■ i- om :l'y 1- ! —
i /' '• /.':i»i/..' 'H /. .1 .■ .*/■• ir* ri .V, /f-w-
*»!! iI 1 t:n nr.ir'.M.t! f-iirth h'st. or
• ii-"'! »■• -t I." t':--! r* ••■..i:!iMn: in lh«"
;: ii. 1 ;■■• '■ 1 .it'll : iii ••: ;.':i:.i! Ii-.nliil .m
.11 " '.'. ••; . ■■ ••■! { "i: ■: TT.-ir ■ sm iH
.;!•«■ ' i! ■ i: -' ■'!''•• ■ !• r i' ■ lit w hi>
■ '.-•« M ' !• ■■i.i •■ i: ■.■::! •" A ...:.'■.' ,'.■«./•■.';■«.
I'^i • ■. ■ I : If'! i- ■■■;:■■ j» s I, II- N.iit.
|-t;» > i ;;\isi. II ..! Ti.L." .?• .lo t'> the
J." »T . • ! with u'lih ! ■ •.■•■"•til Frr>m
a •■iri*'il .in.r.\'*l'*. lU.i-l»" \f\ Ihr }irr »f 111
w: '.I I. r. -• •■Ml" t \'V .1 c.i»-»- ' f >ix ■ ! <»nc
.■;:! hi"! .i-,..frn ' T'-.»- i-'Ji-r nr iif irly
" ■ a:!'! 1 1" TV j^'t^''.: .1 •v..ir..-i,i- .1* It ap-
p'-fs t" hi "1 til IM» Ir I J ol the liuirlh
bc*l rci:iaiiiiii|{ in \\\k hauJ. The •'.itTLr-
encc. however, if any. is<M)triilii:e
ileterniiiiatioii <!ep'. n<ts u|m<!I s.
I actors, that ni> one cm !•« s.ii
wruHK ill aitopiiiiv: tith'r iif
"Ca'.fHtlt>h" [L A.], .Stuhnrt ^
sine, Juh, /.V/7
The f|iie'«tion next .iris- ... Wh:.
of the strong snit s)i>mM Ih- ir.ln
ly? The key t'l this pr >?::• in i^ !u
by the r«-niafk th.it it ^ -ri'hu ■ s t j I
in.ite establi^hiiK nl u! a stm \,, k
hiKh or coiiiin.tiriin;: i.nils nt i:
hamlthal has nuiii'-Ti' li "trr d.-i :
Ffoiii fi-nr caTi!s. i»ii-ii. y :i I
lnwest, f*v J'tMitn V/ |-To;n •::..
lour caiMs you still li .nl \>iiii t'l.ii
UA a curd ot prote^ ti .:i .i:i \ it r:
• • • TluT" ;ii*" l»-i • \i • {111 -i:
rule of ori^Mii.tlU '■• > ii:.,; th : >-i!
• it II Mlri mr smt ■ : W lu n \.iu ',r.
.ice, with ftiur lii i:: •t- "*::! !' ■ n *.
suits In thi*. c.ise It 1- k 'i.s: :.••. '
ln'ijin w ith the ace. Ir-i t :■.•■ «-;iii ^'i
tt nni]M •■. on the s ■■«■ .n 1 r- -"iii \
yiiiir suit ^iiiit.iiiis iir'..iin t. itn: i
i'»l huh k-.lT«ls It '.sri.:\ i-.i" :r- ti^Ir.. 1
<-.*Til. Ill ofiji r t'» 111 ik» «i!'r II' |.T»-'
llie a<lv. rsary li<'i:i w.::!!.-!^: tr
trif-k with il VI r\ liiW I irl i .j- ^
[/.. -I ]. Ijiici iin.t /SiH, ./..' ^ .
Fourth Hand. — Th-j j.l.i\ i-r
ny;lil of llu' liMilcr; i1k- l.i.st i
pl.iy to a roiiiul •irlrifk. <
<>jK.*fiiii^ roiiipl of :i h.iri'l. thr
i.s thf fotirth h.iti'l. .tinl i^.
n:it<.-«l ;is Z ill ^iiil'.i-'itil sc!;
of ]»l.'iy, bfiiiji jitrltii.T w,
jij^aiiist A H. fii •l•.:J.^.^.^v.l■
lu- is iK-si;^n.itf''l a" W'st.
Tlu* nl.i ).:.'iu r.il riilf !•» \r
|»l.iycr ill lhi«» iwiKiiimi :s 1. 1 1.-
tri;k. if not .tlrculy !'.:«. jur
:iii<l to t.ikc it a-* cIu-p.: \\ i
siMt-: liiJl ihrrc :iri l^.Il:•.l-^.;
rf]>tioiis to tlii'-in fiiiHit rii •<:•
jtl.tv; as, f«»r iiL-^LiXiv. u!u!
a-lvisiihii* III Jiltiv t!if 'rA<l «
t'> t:iki" it; til avir.'l TipH-ku'W
ipt'n si.iii. nr to r*-! liii .i I'.ir-!
fvtry. Thf ftmriM h.ifpl .ii**:
many i»j<j»ortnniMi*«i l«» ]«I«t
iMnls. :ilth(>u>:h tliL-NC .irr i«i V
nratfil, fxct-iit in ilc»']>rratc
ati'itii; even tlu-n it tikcs an (
to ii.M." ihcm I' tTcc lively,
win the trick .mil endramr. if >
to do Mj without pU>-inc a UI*
FOURTH HAND
189
FREAK HANDS
thinfi:s that are difficult at first,
find it becomes comparatively
practice.— "/Vw^r/tde-^" [L-\-0.].
fourth player there is little to be
: except that it is his business to
trick if he can, unless it is al-
9 partner's, and if he cannot do
ow away his lowest card.— y*"/*
-hand player is not merely a
having but to trump a trick or
he can do so bv overplay. He
ow when to take a trick, and
t to do so. though in his power.
Pf/trs [L. A. P.], ''American
HStraUdy
is little for the fourth hand to
pon, except between his play
■onscience. If he believes in the
me, let him win the tricks as
as he can. If his object is to de-
; will have abundant opportu-
F. Foster [S. O.],'' ^tyitst Tac-
e duty of the fourth hand to win
: if he can. and with the lowest
card, unless this trick be his
V, or unless he wishes, for good
to leave or place the lead in the
that player whose trick it may
0 be. — A. if. DraysoH fZ,+/l-t-J,
'. 0/ Practical Whtsty
you have in most cases little to
win the trick as cheaply as you
* Cases sometimes arise m which
table to win a trick already your
'; as, for example^ to get high
ng cards out of his way, or to
■y\x to lead up to a weak hand, or
e to alter the position of the lead.
n fbIe[L. A -\-].
ly of fourth hand is usually com-
y simple, except when the posi-
I'e card*, calls for some special
refusinv; to take the trick against
s lo place the lead to your or
1 advantage, or throwing a high
et rid of Inking a subsequent
the same reason, or to avoid
partner's ^uit. — Fisher Ames [L.
xrth-hand player who thinks he
e every trick that comes to him,
tea use he can take it, has much
and much to unlearn. • • * A
ne is sometimes made by taking
it« partner h.i« already won. or
[he opportunity to take a trick,
in hi-* power to do so.— C D. P.
[A. A\ 'Wfodern Scientific
not win the adverse trick when,
isr. you can throw the lead lo
I or partner's advantage, or can
a card of re-entry that may be
used more effectively on next round. (2)
Win the trick already your partner's,
when it is desirable to get high cards out
of his way, or when, for any reason it is
to 3^ur advantage to have the lead.— C.
E. Coffin [Z.. /I.J. "Gistof IVkisty
The general rule for fourth-hand play ii
to take all the tricks against you that you
can, and as cheaply as possible. It is
sometimes an advantage, nowever, not to
take the trick; ns, when it is desirable to
throw the lead in one of your opponents*
hands, or where it is seen to be possible
to take two tricks in place ot one. Such
exceptional cases, however, are rare, and
it requires a player of long experience to
detect them. — •* Cav^rfijA " [L. A.],
''Laws and Principles 0/ IVhisty
The player, fourth in hand, may be
unable to win a trick except by rumng,
and ruffing may mean giving up all
chance of commanding the run of trumps
and bringing in a long suit; in that case,
he would pass the trick. Or it may hap-
Een that tne card of the suit with which
e could alone take the trick would obvi-
ously be likely to serve as a re-entering
card, after trumps were exhausted; in
such case, if the chances were clearly in
favor of that power of re-entry being ob-
tainable in no other way, fourth hand
should pass the trick. * * * In all such
cases, a good general rule to bear in mind
is that a certain trick ought not to be
passed, unless there is a probability of
making two by so doing. — R. A. Proctor
[L. a], ''How to Play W%istr
A ca.se in which the fourth hand should
not take the trick is when the trumps
are established in one adverse hand,
and the length in the suit led declarea
by the other. In such case, if the
fourth hand has the master card of the
suit led.and smaller ones, he should refuse
to part with the master until he is satis-
fiea that all the cards in the suit are ex-
hausted in the hand still retaining the
trumps, as otherwise, by winning the
suit, he will merely clear it for the adver-
sarj'. • • • There are cases in which
it is not always well for the fourth hand
to take with the lowest of a sequence.
For example, holding the king, queen,
and one small, and the play of one of the
face cards being necessary to win the
trick, it is often wise to take with the
king, as the play of a false card may in-
duce the original leader not to finesse if
the suit is returned by his partner. —
Milton C. H'ork [L, A.M.], "H^isto/Tb-
day."
Freak Hands. — Hands in which
unusual or highly remarkable com-
binations of cards occur, and to
•• FRENCH BOSTON "
X90
GAMBIT OPENING
which the ordinary rules of the
f^mc cannot well )>c applied. (See,
•* rhenonicnal Hands.")
•« French Boston. "--This, like
'* Russian lx)ston," is simply a va*
riely of •* lH>ston." Among the dif-
ferences arc Ihe following: Forty
deals constitute a game, the first
thirty-two l>eing ** singles/' and the
last eight * ' <louhlcs. " The rank of
the suits is {KTmanent, as follows:
hearts, diamontls, clubs, and spades.
The diamond j.ick always ranks as
the best trump, unless diamonds
are tnrnefl up, when the jack of
hearts becomes tlie )>est trump, and
the jack of diamonds takes his
proper place, ranking Ik* low the
queen. A player may take a part-
ner, as at **solo whist. **
French Game, The. — The na-
tional characteristics of Uie various
nations are n'flected in their whist.
Thus, French whist has always
l)ecn considered mf»re l)rilliant and
dashini; than the careful, steady
play of the Hritoii. Deschapelles
was the great exjHinent and ex-
ample \%luwe j)l-iy largely influ-
enced that of his countrymen.
Inasmuch as whi-l was intro-
duced into rnince frtun Kngland,
the game, in its early history, was
much alike in the two countries,
long wl::st. ten {x^ints. with honors
counting Ik-iuv: l"f»l lowed by short
wliist, five |H>iiits. with h<mors
ri Jim ting. Of Lite years, ht^wever,
Treneh | •layers have taken kindly
to the American iilea <*( dispensing
^ith the ('III 11: <'f honors, anu
a!K»ve eviT" tbitig else they have
cultiviit«tl the dummy game — I. e.,
whi«'t with an ex]M».< 1 hand — which
Ihey call '' tft'^tT q, v.). Their
fondness for this stvlc of game has
given ri^c to Ihc criticism of ** Cav-
emlislr* an*1 other nuthorities, who
claim thai uhist. properly speak-
ing, is not played in Prance, as 1
do not regard dummy aa whiiC
Nor \n the daihinn charBctcr of
Frrnch Rame to hasardoiu an mea d
it generally. The fraok lead of tmm
Just a« often aecurity aa mahncaa.
partictilarly In this cane, when the nil
perceiving that hi* own aharr In
coiutmt muat l>e that of a aabordiaat
once tlevotea hia whole atrencth to
■upxiort of hla atronicer partner. In
quick, almoat inntinctive. apprecta
of the part ai«i|rned to him by fcMft
the French player la vastly avprric
the EnRlish.— ^/aciliraotf 'j Magmi
•• Franch Whlst."^A variety
"Scotch whist," differing from
latter in regard to the ten, wli
capture is the great object of
game. In *« Scotch whut/* the
of trumps is sought after, 1
counts ten for those taking it;
" French whist/' it is the ten ol c
monds, and it counts ten for th
winning it, whether it is tnmp
not.
"French whlat." to called, iia vatkC;
** catch-ihc-ten." and In p1a«cd then
ah KnteliHh whint, with the lulluwiac
crption^: (1) The game ia forty vA
{i} The honom count fur thoiwwtao'
them, not for thoae who bold Ik
(x) The ten of diamonda cnunta m
tnote who win it. Il i« not a In
lr«« fliamonda are trump.— "At
f rcah Carda. — If for any
a player is diflaatis6ed
cards which are being used, il
cu.stomary for him lat the dobs
call for two new packs, at his c
exi)en««. He mnst call for tk
Yjefore the pack has been cut for
next deal, and give the dealer
chr)icc of the two new pack&
GambK Opening.— The lead
a supixjrtingcard from a weak hi
at whist; a sacri6oe lead, larf
made use of by shnrt-uui pUy
The idea is taken fmtii the gaa
opening at chcai^ where a pia
Mcri6ccs a pawn at tlw begin
CAMBUNG
191
GAMBLING
me, and, alter freeing his
Ays for position and attack
; exposed lines of his ad-
I thlM difTerence between the
ind the short-suit opening, that
aer the original leader and his
y to win the first trick, whereas
ter they only try to make the
rthe tnck as expensive as pos-
le adversary. Tnis is the Bam-
iU inteRTity.— ^. C. HotvtU \S,
ist Openingir
spter [the play of the eldest
Bmery Board man's ** Winning
t by far the most interesting re-
ibation to whist mathematics,
rs to the conclusion from Pole's
Mt that the gambit opening is a
:inal lead from hands of ordi-
w than ordinary strength. — D,
IVhtst, August, iBtjTj
Inal lead of a short suit may
ice. It is the gambit opening,
imeas pawn to queen's bishop
lich is a free jrifl of a pawn that
:he most skillful chess-players
.. This giving the adversary an
tdvantageat the start, the more
y to trip him up, is a character-
lany intellectual games, and
> rxception to the rule.— ^. F.
O.J, Sew York Sun, March 22,
rs thj^t the distinctive feature
ailed <short-<iuit game is in the
md, the afterpla v of the hand
icd entirely by the fall of the
nings in other scienti6c games,
e»«, are known by the names
mentors — the Evans gambit, the
le Philador. the Ruy Loper,
iz. the Allgaier. the Cunning-
K% the short-suit opening is
ly a gambit, and was orisrinally
by pi>st^r, and [has been] con-
!»v him for the past five years,
•• Foster gambit." This would
fine the Kame. restricting it to
3)2 lead, recogniring it as a sac-
ambit, and placing the praise
that the future may have in
it where it belongs, on the
of the father of short-suit
B. L., in New York Sun, July
lin£. — Broadly speaking,
^ means to play for money
\ of chance. Some people
it pla>'ing for money only
gambling when more is
risked than one can well afford to
lose. According to this standard,
it would not be gambling for a
Rothschild to risk a million on a
rubber of whist, or for an Astor to
put up a similar amount on a game
of poker. Where it is obviously
so hard to draw a proper distinction,
the safest rule is not to play for
money at all ; then the player is sure
he is not gambling.
Although modem scientific whist
is a game in which skill plays a
more important part than chance,
and betting on the result of play is
almost unknown in America, the
old style of whist, and particularly
short whist as still played in Eng-
land, has always been a game in
which stakes figured to a large ex-
tent, especially at the clubs. At
its very origin, whist fell into the
hands of gamesters and sharpers,
whose tricks were subsequently
exposed by Cotton, Seymour, and
Hoyle, although these played for
money themselves, and stakes con-
tinued to be the rule of the game. In
fact, after whist had been advanced
toa state of respectability and taken
up by fashionaole and royal circles,
we hear marvelous tales of reckless-
ness in connection with it. It
would be impossible to give them
in detail in this volume. They
form part of the history of gam-
bling. Among the more familiar
examples we may mention a few:
as, for instance, that of Lord
Granville, ambassador to France,
who delayed a journey to Paris and
played whist eighteen hours, while
nis horses were kept waiting? for
him; and when he finally tore him-
self away he was poorer by from
eight to ten thousand pounds. Lord
Sefton was one of a set at Brooks*
Coffee-House that played hundred-
guinea points, besides bets, as a
regular amusement. Henrv Lord
de Ros atone time lost a rubber, on
GAMBLING
192
GAMBLING
which three thousand pounds was
st'iki'd. by niiscc)untin>; a truuip.
The ai'cusiilion of cheating? matle
aj^aiii^t him on another (xrcasion,
and thf ])uhlic exi><>Nurfs uhich
follfiwfil. were slid to have >fiven a
severe check to }^anil)lin)( in Kn^;-
land. It was well, in the face of
cases like that of G. H. Dnnn-
xnonil, <if the famous Charing;
Cross Hankinv; House, who lost
/'25.«*x) to Heau nrummel at one
s'.ttinj^, as well as his connection
with the firm, who fc»rced him ir)
retin-. The Duke of Cumberland
is s:ii«l to liave made a wa^^er of
/"2c».'ii'» on a sin>:le hand at whist,
in which he held three aces, four
kin^N. two queens, an«l two jacks,
and yet did not take a sinf^le trick,
nor diii his partner take one. The
chan>ie fr«»m the oM ten-ix>int
game to the five-jK)inl K^'^c u»r
short whist ), fiUMii the year iSfo,
issaid to haveorij:inate<\ in aj^am-
blini^ incident. Lord I'eterl mrou^h
havint; one nij^ht lost heavily, his
friei'ids jjrop<t«.L-d Ut j^ive him the
reziific/w a I five points instead (»f
ten. in o!«Ut to attord him a (quick-
er chanct' of recr)veriiij^ his hjsses.
Tlie Til III WIS fo«;nd su livelv that
th'»sL' wiio ]M.iye»i whist fiir money
t<»<»'ii !'u- v.vw slylr ««f )i.ime up. and
lo!!-^ V. }n>i was j.r.iriically a thin>;
or" 1 :■.«■;• 1st. J'.».-itin>» at whist was
a'.'-» I 'trivl to excess in l''rance
;i::d «•!'•■•.% h»*re on the crmtinent.
I* :• r.::atd tV.Mt l-ielil Mar^ilial
I'.!-:i !:■ r i: ltd Med heavily at whist
x\ '.\v.^ !■:> s; i\ ill i'ari*i. after the
v: !!•:: >•.:- itr.r'.' of the allies in
I"-:.: Hi- '.1".: ;'.lv I'ist ;ill his money
a:;- 1 ..'." *'■. \*. \.\ . si v.. int. \\\\** waited
isi \':\'- iT-.t«--i I: iTn'itr, couM supply.
I^•^v;». vi:\ ir.i'.ch vriveii to cur-*-
i:i'^ his \\\kV iii(»erman. In a mild
fi-rvi -' j: -.1 to li-nd interest to the
V: i*:;»" '■-- p'. r.iiiv; fi»r money con-
t:r'i:i'- •.! Ii-- .» ftature of the game
at Hn;::;Oi and other clut>s, t(><Iay;
and one of the chief <li(iicc
which tlie modem soientitic %
so blronj^ly advocate<l by "Ca
dish" and his school, encounlc
Enji^Iand is this rdd love for t
stakes, which is found wbereve:
English game, with honurs. is
rule. This reminds us of a cui
little incident which may W ff
in Cha tnbns ' Jon 9-n.1l for i )ct t
iSSi, where it is related that a jj
of whist ))eing pro{x)sed in a m;
ter's hut in New Ze.iland uj
\tTsions locate the occurrenc
Australia), the stranger, who
the guest of the evening, in'jai
••What points?" The ready
swer came: " The usual gazne
course— sheep- points, and a buii
on the rubber!"
At the same time it is curioa
note that even the ailvricales
a|>«)!oi:i.sts f<ir stakes frown u
what they call gamblini;. and
clare lh;»t whist 1 ewn short nh
isunsnitL'ii to that fonn of anr
nieiit. The American Whist Lea
took a correct stand, ami voicrri
sentiments ni the l)est whist p
ers in this conntr>', when that \
erful organi7ation. at its \-cry
congress. declared against all |
for m«iney, ..ml to<ik the gn>
that wliist is worth playing fof
own sake, and for the Siike of
healthful mental training anil
reation which it alTurds whrn rij
ly playe<l.
At this writing OS97^ anol
ganit»ling wave seem* to J»c «wi
irg over till- Hni;li«ih clu*«* e
ci.iily in Lo!id«»n. where the w
ta'les are tle*ierte«l fr»r " br.*'
\q. :.i. The opj»onenl« of \
eiidi-h*' are trying tr> h*'W hu
novations res|K>nsible for
revolt, as if freemen could roC
oIil-fa.«»liione<l whist, or anr 1
Uiey wished, in spite of his ir
ingH. Rather let us call a spn
spade, and point to the habiu
GAMBUNG
193
GAME
by table-stakes as respon-
he lemporarj'aberratiou.
ling spirit which, in 1810,
d game in two, to make
rculate faster, has, in
aken up ' * bridge* ' in order
ther accelerate its travels.
oushlr opposed to gambling
rhut in nigh esteem, as the
tirely unsuited for gambling
4. Ttump.Jr. {L aj.
bcrs of the club respect the
aw that the dignity of their
ts no wager.— G; W. Ptttes [Z-
kaptlUi Club RuUs), '^Amtri-
UustraUd:'
no dcn3ring that the inborn
i of the^^Niij komoB.% a gam-
r1 appeared in the game of
rll as in many other gentle-
tements. The long game (of
found too slow to allow the
ion of money, and it was cut
vducing short whist. Many
isiasts protested against the
onderance of luck caused by
ention of the value of all the
1 a score of only five (allow*
an double the winning score
r in one fine hand), out in
ccitement of the turns of for-
referred to the milder stimu-
in the play, and short whist
ind unassailable in the public
« in England.— W^i7/»a»i Pble
volution of Whist y
x natural gamblers, althoup^h
i be filled with horror and in-
t being so classed; let them
» squarely and own the truth
rment. All clubs to which
ong plajr for prizes. Sorae-
eiy meeting a prize is given,
after a series of games; but
end and aim is a prize of
rss value, according to drcum-
think I may safely say that
cent, of these same women
scandalized were the prize
snv amount instead of the
This tame question of prizes
1 sorry state of feeling among
at 01 very bitter jealou.sy.
woman be fortunate enough
ral prizes in succession, there
f unfair play, and so on. that
ar the harmonv of the meet-
-iet Allen Anderson [L. A],
\xine,July, 189$ -
is not gambling; it is a game
forth some of the best tacul-
brain, and causes chance to
lore Kieiicc. • • • It is to
be regretted that at most of the [Bngliahl
clubs so fine a game should be placed out
of the reach of many on account of the
high points that are played. Whist ia a
study so pleasurable in itself that it can
entirely aispense with the pernicious ex-
citement of the gambler; to play for points,
which may involve a heavy pecuniary
loss, is utterly destructive of the beautv of
the game; instead of a pleasant, intellect-
ual excitement, it then degenerates into
anxiety, and is the fruitful parent of ill-
tcmT>er, worry, and a fevensh state of
things utterly at variance with thesi>irit
of the eame. • • ♦ Half-crown points
are quite sufficient to create excitement.
* * * but when it comes to crowns and
pounds, or ten-shilling points, and a fiver
on the rub^ or pounds and fives, a few
nights of misfortune signify the loss of a
small income. Whist should be played
for the love of the game, and not for the
money it may be the means of obtaining.
—A. C. Ewald, in 'The Whist TabU:'
Game. — A game of whist is a
contest between four players, two
on each side, to see wnich can first
score a certain number of points.
The number of points necessary to
make in order to win is called the
game. The English, or short-whist,
^ame consists of five points, count-
ing honors. The American game
consists of seven points, not count-
ing honors. The word is some-
times used to denote correct play;
as, for example, " It was the game
to cover the honor led.'* (See,
also, "Open Game.")
A game consists of five points. Hach
trick above six counts one point. — Laws
of K^ist {Enj^lisA CoeU), Section 2.
Try and forget the little vexations, and
make the game what it should be, an
amusement for gentlemen. — Fisher Ames
[L,A.].
The game is finished when, one side
having gained it without dispute, the
cards are reunited in one mass. — Descha-
prlUs [O], 'Ijatvsr Section 130.
To play a strong game you must play
so as to make your own hand as clear as
possible to vour partner. — A. W. Drayson
lL^A^],"'Artof Practical lyhist.'*
A c:ame consists of seven points, each
trick alx>ve six counting one. The value
of the game is determined by deducting
the losers' score from seven. — Laws of
Whist {American Code), Section /.
GAME
194 GRAHAM'S COFFEH-I
When the mlvcrsiiricK are four to your
love (ill thr KiikIiMi ^rum ], you must plny
quite a fliirrreiit uaiue froin that wiiicn
yiMi wxuM play .it lnve-all. ARain, it' you
nre luiir and llieuilvirsjtrie*) love, it woulil
Ik* aboiirl t') filay a ^^nie which tniKht
will V'lU thne or even two liy cards, hut
niiKht I'»e vou tlie tiikk. — .7. '//'. Ihavson
[LyA ■ ;. -Thr AttoJ I*taitual U'Mn/.'
Game, Each Playing His Own. —
Am aiiuisin;^ story is told in WAtsi
of July, 1S96, concerninjj J. 1*.
\V4x>li'n and C. I). 1*. Hatnilton,
two a«lv(K*atcs of (iiainetrically op-
posed systems of i)lay, who !iap-
|h.mkm1 to Ih.* ])artiicrs in tlie contest
lor ]^.iirs at the con)^ress of the
American Whist Leaj^ne. Ilefore
coiniMfiKMn)^ \i\>iy Wnoleii be^^j^ed
Ilamilton to try short suits for
once; I tut Hamilton, true to his
pnniiplrs.ilerliMeil; so hehtaiinchlv
demi»n<ttr.itc'l lii^ belief in Anierf-
ean leads, loni^ suits, echoes, snb-
ech«K.*s, four si;^!i:i'.s, etr., in sjnle
ot" Wojiten's alleinpls to coax him
by le.iilin^ MnirUtons and snpj)orl-
in;^ eards. When the play was
nvt-r, i-Meh sluMik hands with the
othiT and licipid lu- hail nf»t tlirown
him d«i\vn. Im.iLfin'* their surprise*
when Ihry f<»unil that they ha«i
lu-.irly wim the pri/i-, <»nly tme ])air
Ijivin-^ a hi;^her scnre ill an theirs.
" If \<iu h:;il shi»\\n me five," s;tid
Hamilton. **No, sir; if you ha«l
led me a Mil.-'-m-.ik," s;iid Wooten.
'■ Wf would have won in a walk."
"German Whist."- One of the
numiT'i'.:^ an<l h- ist ol'ii'eti<inal>h"
v.iii.iv.i'TT^of whi-t It is play It i by
tvvf ]iir~o;is. 'Ih'.itet-n cards are
■ lvi!i til e;ti h ]»i ivrr. and the
l\M::*\-'.«viir.li iMfd !'« {ilaceil face
\\]i\\ it'l-^ ti{ii>n till- ifinainder of
iV.t I'.ick, The ilealer*s I'is-a-vii
Ti'.f. - nrsi liv le.i'iin;^ a canl, and
tl'.f d'. .iliT fiili'iws suit, as in whist,
or i! lu- iMiij.o:. either trumps or
thr-iws aw.'iy ,1 usclfss card. The
dinner of the trick lakes the trump
card into his hand, and \\
nent takes tlic next canl.
however, showin)^ its fac
tliird ami on tlie puck
turned up and goes to tlu
of the second trick, tlic lus
drawing the one umlerne.i
.so on, until the rest of the
exhausteil. Thus each pi
ceives and plays twenty -si
in all. Kacli game is com
one deal. The player wh
the most tricks wins. Thei
a twodiande<l variety cif "
whist" which somewhat re
tile above.
" Orman whi^l" U played by
crn. .iiid intriMliiccH tht eirnxeni<
ishii.^; the h.ind ntter ejich iriiik
11)^ c;iril*i from the rr-ni.iinder ••;
until the- Mink ih exh.iU^ted * *
the t.ii'jii [•■! stii^k,^ i'« i.xhi-«ii«te«!
t'. L'li c.«rdN iiie.ich hand should 1
III Uith pliiyerN. if they hav»- lie.
vant, .tiui the eml Kanic l<\v>mf
1mm I'i ilimhlr d!ini!n>.— A' /.
< ' j . "t ompieie Hoy if. '
Golnz On With a Suit.
on with a suit is to continue
it, a iter havinj^ ofMrned it.
Ix.' trumpefl by an advert
h.ivin^ established it. you •
the trumps and then gu on
Uj^'ain.
Graham's Coffee- Hoia
r.imous he.idquarters fur wl
uated at 87 St. James stm
drin. Here, for many %ej
most s<*ientific wh:st<p!aye
wont ti> con>(re){Ate, and mai
ble contests look placi*; and
was where I*on! Hcnpk- P
divivid the *' trump si^^njl'
Tile frequenters of llie pUcc
what was known as (iraham
the name ))einK taken fr
proprietors of the bouse.
and son, who kept it succv
On Decemlier 31, 1836. t]
was tempormrily dissolved
GRAND COUP
195
GUARDED
s of excluding a dozen un-
le members who had crept
who were kept out upon its
itzation, which occurred im-
tly. The club was perma-
diflsolved a few years later.
irtexB are now occupied by
I known as the St James
ia A well-Autbenticated story of
Lord Granville's de/otion to
[ntendinff to set out in the course
flcmoon K>r Paris, he ordered his
and four posters to be at Gra>
Coffipe-House, London] at four,
rre kept waiting until ten, when
oat to say that he should not be
tr another hoar or two, and the
ad better be changed. They were
1 three times in all. at intervals
oars, before he started.~y(. //Suv-
.). **iyhistand WltiUPtayersr'
id Coup. — The grand coup
i in throwing away a super-
trump to avoid the lead; or,
ng partner's trick by trump-
order to be able to throw
d back to him; or, in under-
Qg a trick in order to avoid
quent lead.
Bng to my experience, the oppor-
plaring the grand coup occurs
ace tn a thousand rubbers; to an
al player, about once in four thou-
^bers. I can only remember to
[Janoary. 1879] to have played it
aes.— "Cii^iMraA" \L, A\ '^Card-
tJk,"
ooe who has played whist much
ive observed tne not unfreqiient
I when a player has found nim-
bably in the last three tricks of
d. with a trump too many. He
I obliged to trump his partner's
» take the lead himselt, and to
m bis tenace instead of being led
Uch a trick is tost. The triumph
rcmt whist-player is to foresee this
. aad to take an opportunity of
rid of this inconvenient trump. —
Tmy[L. 0+].
nrlHe, Cmi of.— A famous
h whist-player and diplomat,
"as named by Lord Henry
ck (q, r. ) as one of the four
hiit^pUyen he ever knew.
Lord Granville was bom October
12, 1773, and was the youngest son
of the first Marquis of Stafford by
his third wife. In 1804 he was am-
bassador extraordinary and pleni-
potentiary to Russia, and subse-
quently ambassador to the court of
France. He was created Viscount
Granville, of Stone Park, August
12, 18 15, and advanced to an earl-
dom May 10, 1853. He died Janu-
ary 8, i&|6.
When Henry Bentinck was asked for
the names of the best whist-players that
he knew, Lord Granville's name was first
on his list; and across the "silver streak"
an even greater authority, Deschapelles,
the fincM performer at the game that the
world has ever produced, was repeatedly
known to assert, that with Lord Gran-
ville as his partner, he would play dum-
my against an archangel. — Iv. P. Court'
ii<y[Z+a], **£M£luA IVhisr'
Great Game, Playing a. — Flaying
with the object of making as many
tricks as possible out of the hand,
as distinguished from the more cau-
tious procedure of '* playing for the
odd trick" {g. v.).
There are, generally speaking, two
methods by which tricks may be msde
by cards, to which their intrinsic value
might not necessarily entitle them. One
is by the establishment of a long suit, the
holder being left with the leadafter the
adverse tnim^w have l>een exhausted. ^
^ ^ This course, as contradistinguished
from " plsving for the odd trick,'* was
styled by the esriy writers as ** playing a
gr^at game."— ^iw/ry Boardman [£+/!.].
^'H^inning IVhtst."
Great Suit. — A suit of more
than four cards, all of them very
strong; a strong suit
Guarded. — A high card is said
to be guarded when one or more
smaller cards of the same suit are
held with it, to be played upon
higher cards that may oe led by the
adversary.
The second card of a suit is aaid to be
guarded if you hold a small one to play
against the best card. Two "guards^*
GUBRILLA TACTICS
196
HAMILTON, C D. P.
are generally required for a third-beat
card.-"7Tk^ U^ul TabU:*
This combination is an important one.
having an advantage analoconn to that
ot the tcnace; nameW. that if the suit is
leii by your left-hand advenary. you are
crrtain (lur trumping) to make your
second-best carA.— lfrlHiam B^e [A. «4 - ],
"Tluiyry of Whist. *
Guerilla Tactics. — The tactics
employed by players who employ
shi>rt-suit leads in preference to
leads from long suits. So named
by long-suit extremists who hold
that methoil of play in contempt
••C. W. P."
CI
Pettes, G.
Hamilton, C D. P.— One of the
moNi thorough and masterly expo-
nents of the modern scicntitic
g.iuie, was lK)rn at Cochniiiville,
Chester county. Pa., cm Decern l>er
I' I. 1S51. His ])arent.s ii-ere strict
Quakers, and he was educated in
Quaker private schools. Prom
early childho'Ml he displaye<l a
fondness for games, and at twelve
years of age he was the cliampio;!
checker-player of the \nllage. lie
becauie mfatuate<l with ches»i at the
age i)f fourteen, and niaile his first
set of chessmen from sp(M)ls which
came from his mother's sewing-
b:Lsket. Later he iK'came famous
as .1 composer antl waiver of ch<»ss
proMrnis, anil his compilations in
thi-. line have l>een published by
chiN- eiiitors th»' worbl over.
He maile his first pack of canls
fro:* I cardlxMrd Ixmght at the vil-
1 I'ji* >lore. atid learueil aUnil every
g.iTiu- of canls from all-fours to
\%]i!-t. an«l was deemed an expert,
M^Y I : illy at cribbage an«l sixty -six.
11:^ .(ttention was calle<l to Nmk
whist early in the seventies, and
this n]H'ne<l up a new and delight-
ful vista to him. In iSSo he began
to p'.ul and study the game, in com-
pany with three other players, at
Easton, Fa., where he still rewkiL
They were known aa the Basifli
Qtiartette, and met at each other*!
homes twice ererjr week. For ioar
years they did httle elae in thdr
leisure momenta ** but play, talk,
read, study, dream, and discwn
whist,** to use Mr. Hamilton's ova
expression. All this time he made
notes of e\'erT new theme and ptey
that came up'in practice, and looi
he had several hundred sheets fiM
with \-aluable obserrationSb He
read ever>* work on whiat wUch bf
could buy or borrow, and bccsBi
convincca that existing teKt-boob
were not as thorough and ezhaort-
ive as they should be to meet the
wants of students, who might be «
eager to learn as he himself via
&) he resolved to write a book oi
the game, and for four jears bmR
he aevotcd his spare moments It
this congenial task, and ** Moden
Scientific Whist" waa the icssk.
It was all written at night, motflf
after the rest of the family hsd w
tire<l. A large share of the
was tjiken up in analyzing
proving that his position
and he often spent weeks on •
single phase or maarim. Staitim
without prejudice or biaa, he eoifr
tinned with a determinatioa li
reject anvthing he found,
monstration. to be im
matter how it might ran
his prexnous views.
This thoroughneaa of
and honesty of purpose,
once recognised in *' Modern I
tific \Vhi.st/' and iU pnbUcntiQikki
i'"^. placed him at one banal
among the foremost whiit ■iifhiai
of the day. It was pronounced iht
most complete work that had y#
been published on the game, aad te
chapters on second and thsrMMBl
play, as well aa those on diauudiig
and critical endinga,
be a icrrlation A 1
i
HAMILTON, C D. P.
197
HAMILTON LEADS
IS poblkhed in 1896, with an ap-
aoiZy in which the author gave
i Tiewa apon leveral whiat quea-
ms of the day. While a staunch
id able supporter of ' * Cavendish, '*
e long-suit game, and American
ids in the main, he nevertheless
fiers from ''Cavendish," and
Tees with Mr. Trist, in leading
e original fonrth beat on second
and ux>m ace and four or more,
■lead of the fourth best remain-
t, as practiced by the great Bng-
o advocate of American leada.
e also devotes a chapter to the
Aoulton modifications of Ameri-
n leads, as originated and prac*
cd by the fiunous team from the
tmilton Club, of Philadelphia,
d fully endorses the improve-
ents. (See, ** Hamilton Leada.")
e also gives Mr. Green's three
pal an extended analysis, and
ggests that it be given a practical
C (See, "Three Signaf*')
!>. Pole, in ''The Evolution of
list,** praises Bir. Hamilton's
)k very highly as "the great
erican work which must be
•after regarded as the fUya
iav of whist. He adopts, of
»c." continues Dr. Pole, "all
new latter-day modes of com-
Ication between the partners,
e largely extends the system;
Uows up the influence tnis has
lie general play of all the
I, and shows how great this
ticc has been. ♦ ♦ ♦ It is
of the uncertainty and want
lity that still prevails in the
lay game, that although Mr.
on*s book is founded on the
yslem that is explained in
St editions of ' Cavendish,*
e are many points on which
authorities do not agree, as
seen by the review of the
the FiM of May 26, 1894.
. the book is very interest-
lowing not only the sston-
ishing change which the new
improvements have wrought in the
game, but the remarkable earnest-
ness with which they appear to be
studied in the New world. "
Mr. Hamilton is one of the leading
whist experts of America, and aa an ana^
yst probably hat no auperior in thia
coonUy.— If^M/ [L. A. I September, 1893.
Mr. Hamilton's aptitude for investiga-
tion and analysis, coupled with his exp^
rience, has made him extremely acute as
well as sound in reaching the pith of any
knotty problem, or question 01 difference
in wnist system or whist play. As a
whist-player he it flexible, adaptable, im-
perturbable, and deliberate. He is a mas-
ter of whist strategy and resource in
difllcult situations.— ff^M/ [L. A\ fkb-
rmaty, 1893.
Hamilton Lsads. — American
leads, with certain modifications,
made by Milton C. Work and his
fellow-players of the Hamilton
Club team, of Philadelphia, and
¥racticed hj them in their play,
hese modifications consist m (i)
leading ten (instead of queen) from
?|ueen, jack, ten; and (2) in leading
ourth best (instead of ten) from
king, jack, ten. The result is the
simplification of the queen lead,
which by the American leads is led
from three combinations, and
leaves partner in doubt as to
whether king or jack is also held.
By the Hamilton arrangement this
doubt is removed.
The Hamilton modifications have
found 90 much favor with leading
players and authorities that by
many it is thought their incorpora-
tion into the system of American
leads will eventually be universal,
although ''Cavendish*' at present
still holds out mildly sgainst them,
because he is afraid the fourth-best
lead from king, jack, ten is a trick-
losing one. (See, also, "American
Leads, Changes in.")
Another innoration. which is being
nsed by many good players, is the lead
of fonrth best max king, kasipe, tea, sad
HAMILTON LBADS
198
HAMILTON LBADS
otherii. in order to simplify the queen
lend- A u/^ IV/uelock {L A.], "Ivkisi
Rules :' iS^.
A recent examination of the king,
knavr, ten combiuntion convinces the
writer that the fourth beat, and not the
ten, Mhoiild l>e led front this holding. If
the lead uf the ten from th la combination
ia aliondoned, 11 iii then self-evident tuall
whist-playern that the system of Ameri*
can leadH will Ik: Improved by adopting
the leiid uf the ten from queen, knave»
ten, etc., as tluH eliminates all uncer*
tainly, and renders all the high-card
Ieu«lM free, practically, from duality of
inference— C". V. P. Hamilton \L, *^.J,
"Modern Scientific ll'histr
With other player -• I analyzed R40 hands
conUuniiitc this combination [king, jack,
ten], and obtained the following result:
In 52K hands, it made no difference
whether the ten or the fourth best was
led; in i'^\ hands, the lead of the fourth
be^t wi>n J17 trickn over the leail of the
ten; iind in v.f) hun<I>«, the lead of the ten
won I. "6 trivrks more than the lead of the
fourth licst. The results were conclu-
sivr. that the chaufse to the fourth best
from kniR. jack. ten. etc., with the
chnn^e to the ten. frr>m queen, jack, ten,
etc . was • • • a trick-winner. — T. E.
Otl^ \L. -1.1, H'kist, January. iS^.
That the Hamilton idea simplifies the
leads, and would l>e, in the long run, iid-
▼antaKt'ous (o the leader and his partner,
goes without snvinjf. were it not that the
risk is run ofloMug tricks by leading
small frr>m king, knave, ten, etc . which
is its necessary comfilement. The argu*
ment then is narrowed to this: Is it better
to run the statt-tl risk for the sake of giv-
ing valuable information at once? This
quest iim is not susceptible of decision by
CttKu'i.ition. It c.tn only tie determine<l by
a Ii»nK ^crie* of experiments. Those who
adopt the Hamilton scheme are of opinion
that t>ir occasional failure to obtain com-
ma n-l i;i kiutf. knn%*e. ten suits is of less
imixirtancr than the certainty of giving
deiinit'- information by the first card letf;
thosr who n-u-ct the llamilt'in lead, uf
O'ursr. h'il<! til'- contrary. Anil, as l>e fore
ot'srrvcd. when bands uf eapert* tliffcron
a Kivrn proixvkition. the prr>tiability is
thrrr IS not much tti it either way — "C'av-
enJi'-h" [L. A ]. Sitibner's Monthly, July ^
W IS merely a nuMlification of the sys*
teni ••' Amrhcan leads, which, it is
tbritik:?.t n-muvvH frmi them their great-
est n'-;'-. tinn. to wit. uncertainty as tothe
conil-Miaiiun uf high cards from which
the quern is led. • • • The only ob-
jection that can t>e urged to the lead of
thr irn rithf-r than the queen from the
qurrn, j.ick. ten comKinstion is that it
conflicts with the lead of the ten from
Ung. jack, ten. This system proposes to
I
do away with the Utter lead allofctkcr,
making the king. Jack, ten ■ comfaiB«»
tion from wbkh the fiMitb beat ia Ic4.
* * * The argument in tavor of tbc
fourth-best tcacT from tbia oombinatkHi
seems to lie a strong one It ia, tbat tbc
lead uf the ten, Irom king. lack, lea,
I vrs too great inlbrmatlon to toe arcoit
and adversary, aa itcnahlca him. with
oce. queen, ana one or ^orc amall carttai.
or with queen and one amall ooc, to moat
advantageously cover tbc lea with Ibe
uueen. The information tbat the lead of
the ten conveys to the third hand dor*
not. in any meaaurable degree. oAci thuL
anil the only argument tbat can tie wkA
in lavorof its retention, lathat it isnc«r»>
sary for the purpoM of forcing a high
card to take the trick in the caae whcrt
the partner hat not either Ibc ace.qaeca.
or nine. It is bard to un«lerataBd. bo«^
ever, why it is more nrcrsaary. for tbc
purpose of forcing a high card.lo lead lea
irum kinff, iack, ten than from acr.jack,
ten. as the latter is the stronger anit; aad
vet a high-card lead from ace. jack, tra
has never been advocated.
The players of theUamilloa tram.ate
have given the subject a tbonghtful aai
c:«ref nl test, in a long series uf importaac
matches, slate aa their nnantmoas
opinion, as the result of that test, that la
pr.ictical play the cases in which t ' ~
ar«- lost liy thefourth-t>est lead from !
jack, ten* are nearly olTsrt bjr
which the retaining of the le* w tbc
orl>;inAl leader's band gives hiai the
strength necessary to eventually
lisli his suit. If this opinion is 1
tilt rr can be no question that the doing
away of the ten lead from king. jsck.lca
is an advantage, as it will be admitlc4
that all the tnlormatkn it gives is faff
more valuable to the opponent 1 baa to Ibc
partner. Should this irad be abaadoaaC
there can tie no possible ohieclkm lolbc
substitution of tbc ten lor the qaeen fraai
queen, jack. ten. and the siroBgrsl ul^ic
lion evrr urged against tbc sy*icai sf
Americflii leads is thereby rrOKivrd.
The queen, if this nwdi^cstftoa ii
adopted, l>ecomes a fivr<ard^au lead
without exception, and always shows Ibt
prisrnce of the king. The tra Is kd
only from queen. jsclL, lea. and while II
dues not, on the first trick, show tbc
nunilwr of the suit, the second Inrk
ernlly gives that informatloa.
is playrti or led. as the case 1
five or more, the queen wllb
With this system adopted, tbr' iMd
hand, uf course, beats a tea led by Mi
partner, as he formerly did a ^acea, aai
jinesuM with the ace; bai
anil one small, or ace, kt
small. p>aya tbe king la
block. -AffUoa C. I^mk
**lfOluf 4/ r»d^." MifL
ace; bat with htaf
lU A. #4.
IILTON TROPHY
199
HAMILTON TROPHY
>n Trophy.'The cbam-
trophy of the American
mt for teams of four rep-
Ceague clubs. The trophy
red to the League, at its
ress in Milwai^ee, 1891,
H. Forrest, a prominent
of the Hamilton Whist
Philadelphia, and a man
ulture, who had traveled
y. Dr. Forrest's esteem
ime found expression in
hich he tendered in a let-
was read at the congress.
:d no conditions upon the
:cept that it should be
for at duplicate whist by
our representing League
'. Forrest was made an
member of the League.
1 1894. The trophy was
0 frequently spoken of as
t trophy.
sixth congress of the
n 1896, it was decided
Hamilton Club Trophy
a perpetual trophy, to be
at each annual congress,
held by the club win-
itil the next succeeding
phy is in the form of a
t\, about fourteen inches
The shank is square in
ornamented with the fig-
e four kings chased in
he bowl is ornamented
ed figures, and the base
aces in relief. It has
:essively won by teams
>m the following clubs:
Capital Bicycle Club,
m. D. C. (Messrs, H. N.
'. Bingham, J. P. Wooten,
Bakin).
inneapolis Chess, Check-
rhistClub (Messrs. J. H.
F.Whallon, O. H. Briggs,
re L. Bunn).
Jniversity Whist Club,
11. (Messrs. J. L. Waller,
W. Waller, J. H. Baldwin, and H.
Trumbull).
1 895- Hyde Park Whist Club,
Chicage, 111. (Messrs. R. M. Rogers,
J. T. Mitchell, W. J. Walker, and
R. L. Parsons).
1896 — Hamilton Whist Club,
Philadelphia (Messrs. Milton C.
Work, Gustavus Remak, Jr., E. A.
Ballard, and Frank P. Mogridge).
1897— Philadelphia Whist Club
(Dr. Joseph S. Neff, E. Stanley
Hart, Leoni Melick, and W. T. G.
Bristol, with T. A. Whelan as sub-
stitute for Mr. Melick, during the
latter's illness).
The one criticism that fyktsCs New
Bngland correspondent feels constrained
to make upon the seventh confess it
concerning the plan of the championship
or Hamilton Trophy contest. It was too
long and arduous, Just as it has alwajrs
been, and still the individual matches
played were not long enough to satisfy
the old war horses. An endeavor to
shorten it was made this year. What did
the attempt amount to? The winner of
the contest had to play 204 deals in five
days, an average of forty-one per diem,
which is inconsiderably less than the
forty-ei^ht that used to be required, and is
too much when the inconclusive charac-
ter of each match is considered. As a
consequence, the finals of the champion-
ship contest were, as usual, a trial of en-
durance, in which several men were
wrecked. One of the New England mem-
bers of the 1897 tournsment committee
wanted to have the preliminaries of the
championship contest fought out before
the congress, but the plan received scant
notice. The idea was to divide the coun-
try into not more than six or seven sec-
tions, have a series of club matches in
each section during the winter and
spring, and admit to the congress contest
only the winners in the several sections.
This plan is now being discussed.— A!nir
England Corr., IVAisi, August^ 1897.
The chief interest, of course, centres in
the play for the Hamilton Trophy, which
carries with it the championship for
teams of four. A different method has
been tried at every congress, and none
of them has been entirely sstisfactory.
Most of the plans proposed have been
bailed on some scheme for limiting the
entries or dividing them into sections,
the winner of each to meet in the finals.
• • • No scheme of play for the cham-
pionship can ever be satisfactory in
which the winner has not sctually.de-
HAND
300 HANDS, DIFFICULT
feated every other contenUnt, cither In
the trial hcata or iu the final.
The toiiruament committee evidently
AKrcc with thi» view, for they proixxse
that the* preliminary rounds shall t>e
playiil on Tuesday afternoon and evrn-
inK*. iimler the Howell ayntcm for foiirou
cvrry tram entered actUitlly meetiuK una
piny I UK a{c>iinst every other. For the
Denrht of tho!»e not Tamiliar with thin
nifrtlio«l it may be explained that each
team of f'»ur nits at ita own tahle and
plavh one deal, or as mnny aa the iniiivid-
ual' ni:itchr» will consiiit of. The N and
8 pair rc-nialn at that table and iu that
poMti.iu during the entire play of the
tournanic-nt, but the K and w pair move
nmnd llie room from table to table. In
doin^ ^> ihrv of conr«(e meet and play
ai(:iin*>t (lie Nand S i>3ir on every other
team. Tiu* schc mtr uf movini^ the travff ia
Huch th.it when the K and W pair of team
A play iiKainHt the N and S pair of team
I), the (leal that they play will be ^-ame
that \%ill l>e playetl by the K and W psiir
of tram I) when they get round to the
N and S {Mir of team A. The play on
this ileal, ur on two or three deala, if
there are m) many at each table, forms a
match }>etween thrne two cIuIm, and the
team wiiininfi: the moiit matches makes
the hi;;h jtoore. At the eml of theie two
sittin^^ the eistht clubA with the highest
match score will be selected to play the
finaN. nil tho»e failing; to Ret as bymxI as
eighth pl.ice being dropped. Knch of the
eight ti-aran will then play a mutch of
twent>-four deals againnt each of the
seven other survivors, and the winner of
the in'»t.t mutches will be the champion
team f-r is^*^^. Aa the last match will
l>e played on Saturday afternoon* the
eveninl: will be available to nettle any
p<issil.;e tie*..— A'. F. FosUr [S. 0.\, Kew
York Sun, yotfmbtr iS^ /Ay/.
Hand.— The thirteen cards held
by .1 player at whist; also, collec-
tively, one <leal of the cards. The
.second, third, and fourth hands arc
the playiTs who play after the leader
in e.ich ruund, in the onler indi-
cate-1.
N'ver plsv a birkwani game with a
St r. n .' Ii.i n l'. - A'. F. Fostff [S. 0.].''H 'ktst
Tactu • •
No intimation, by word «r eesture.
shiMil I !••• i»ivrn by a plnyrr as to Ihertate
of In* h ind nr of Ih- g.ifiie. — Ftiquette of
H'htit ' / Hr.'ftsk Code\.
Thi- ''.,«i.' 11.5^*.'**'] i< the number of
diflff r> nt h.tmis whirn anv «inKle player
at whist mav obtain. — ll'iA'iaat /wr XL,
A-^]r l%tls*iopky of It Tkisi."
Never know of food liaads, or of poor
ones. • • • The credit tics ia pimof
each hand properljr.~a. tV. /¥Ua iL A.
P.], **AmfncaM IVkia tllmUrmUdr
In all the recorded games of dnpUeitc
whist, there is not one in which the wmmt
hand was played twice in the name way.
— ^. F. FotUr \S. aj. "If^utf Tm€i»cM."
If yaa have a moderate hand yoarsclC
sacnfice it to your partner; he. if he be a
good player, will act in the same manner.
"Thomas Maikewt {L. O,], *'Advwegt9lkt
young It'kisi'Flayer.'*
No plaver abould in any manner what-
soever give any intimation as to the stale
of his nand, or of the game, or of a^
proval or disapproval of a play. — £tammtilg
of WhiU {Amfriean Code).
A general order belongs to each hand
held: to the first, play from vonr master
suit; to the second, play your lowest card:
to the third, play your highest card; and
to the fourth, play whatever will ukr the
trick. The rule ia positive; the raer»
tions are powerful.^^. IV. ^tUt \L. A.
P.], "Amurtcan HTkui /Umsttaifd."
The variety of hands that can be heM
are infinite. It is useless to speak of a
million, because a million is an iBeo»
prehensible number; bat we knowtfesi
some men can hold trump and court eifdi
to such an extent as to be aici
while others appear to get neither traans
nor court cards.^ IVtMimttuUr ^0fn [L*
O.].
Hands, Arranf •mcnt of.
** Cards, Arrangetnent of.'*
Hands, Difficult, to Lead fnm>
— Tlie c|ucstion. Which is the no*
difficult hand at whist to lead froa?
is a fa.vinatinfi; one, considcnig
the many billions of combiiiatMi
that are possible with the cartb R
is a fact, also, that what appcan It
be a difficult and dangrront leal
may turn out to be fortunate ud
advanLi)?eous owinj; to the conbi*
nation of cards in the other haadi;
and. vic^ irrsa, what Kcnia a Isl*
erahly safe lead mar turn oat
astrously. An approvimate k
of some of the moat diffictilt
to lead from waa recentiv obtatacl
by Milton C. Work in 'the
column of the Philadelphia
by means of a pdoe
i
HANDS, DIFFICUI.T 20I
HANDS, DIFFICULT
line most striking examples
ch hands were selected and
tted to a committee, which
nined the correct leads, and
*• ^ve the reason in each case,
Atmj of November 21, 1897.
ve the hands, the names of
Proposing them as the most
:, and the decision of the
ittee in each case as to the
r lead:
—Prom W. B. P. Dttvall, of Balti-
kfd.
Trump, King Diamonds.
10. 5» 3. 2
8, 6, 5, 4, a
a
ads Jack, 3, a
d ten of spades; the best
thening and least deceptive
any other is more apt to re-
itally.
f— Prom A. Hanrey McCay, of Bal-
, Md.
Tmmp, Qneen Diamonds.
King, Jack
Ace, Queen
6, 4, 3, a
ads King. Jack, 9, 8, a
d six of clubs; it forces a lead
some tenace, and may give
3* a ruff.
-From P. W. Benson, of Philadel-
a.
Trump, Queen Diamonds.
4, 3, 2
4. 3, a
4, 3. 2
■da 5*4, 3. 2
i four of spades, hearts, or
less apt to be dama^i::^ than
ip lead.
t— prom Prank P. Mogridge, of
rlphia. Pa.
Trump, Three Spades.
Ace, King, 10, 9, 4, a
10. 9. 7. 3. 2
Queen
ids jack
d ten of hearts; safest play;
s can be led after a force
St danger.
No. 5— Prom C. P. I4ndsay, of Wssh-
tou, D. C.
Trump, Queen Hearts.
Spades Ace, Queen, 4
Hearts Jack. 3, a
Clubs Queen, 6, 5
Diamonds 7i 6. 5, a
Lead seven of diamonds; the
least apt to result fatally of the four
choices.
No. 6— Prom James S. Peckham, of
Newport, R. I.
Trump, King Spades.
Spades Ace. Queen, 10,9,7,5,3
Hearts 5, 4, 3. a
Clubs King, a
Diamonds None
Lead ace of spades; about as good
a chance of catching the king by
leading the ace as any other waj;
if unsuccessful in this respect, will
at least force a lead up to the part-
ner.
No. 7— Prom William 8. Penollosa, of
Salem, Mass.
Trump. Three Spades.
Spades King. Jack. 10, 8
Hearts Kiug, 9. 6, 5
Clubs Queen, 10, 7, a
Diamonds Ace
Lead any spade, except king; the
all round strength justines a trump
lead.
No. S— Prom Charles W. Dana, of
Wilkesbarre, Pa.
Trump. Nine Hearts.
Spades Ace, King, 10. 7, 5
Hearts Queen, 10, 8, a
Clubs Queen. 6
Diamonds King, 8
Lead ace of spades; the most con-
servative play; the fall on the first
trick will (letermine whether to con-
tinue the suit or shift to a trump.
No. 9— From Mrs. James M. Reagan, of
Drifton, Pa.
Trump, Six Clubs.
Spades None
Hearts King, Jack, 7, a
Clubs Ace, Jack, 10, 9
Diamonds Ace, jack, 8, 6, a
Lead ace of diamonds, instead of
fourth best, because the band is
HANDS, ILLUSTRATIVE 202
HRARTS
blank in one snit; Uktc is, there-
lore, prohal)!)' sonic jihiycr who is
vcrv sliorl of <lianiun(I>.
Thesf exdMi])les arc very interest-
in ^, II' tt only on acconnt of the
ditJirultirs ])rt*sent('(l in the choirc
in v.wh instance, but as showin}^
how i)rotessc<l lon.';-suit advocates
\vi;i irc<jufntly make use of sliort
sint, or < itUer irregular tactics, in ex-
treme cases.
Hands, Illustrative.— See, ** II-
hist ra live Hands."
Hands, Instead of Points.->.\
writer in Whi.U for March and
June. iS(,2. ar;^ms that to fix a cer-
tain nunitH-r oi {Hunts as ai^aine of
whist isirraMoTial ami !inneo<rssarv.
Tlie iJiavers, he liold"*. should enjoy
ab-olntelv i'<jual jinvilej^rs; /. r.,
thev sliould plav four or a multitile
of four h.inls. I\verv trick taken
should be c«)iinteil, and the score
sliould be the tiitfen-nce in tlie
nuinf)er of tricks taken by the two
side-i.
We have seen something; of this
kind follow.'d bv jilaNer** at straij^lit
whist, wl:o made nT» a party for an
evening;"-* ]'"ay. No ^.p-cial nnnilKT
of htn'l-* was a;:n!Ml u|kmi. but
l!n-y jil i\td .is loiiv: -ts they felt in-
di!;-'!. All the tricks t.iken by
e.uli si#Ic were coniueil, insii.-a<l of
llio^-' Mv -r a book, and the siile
wliii'h s.-.rcil th'* larif'st Tinniber
of ir-.i k«. «:iirinj^ the s-.iiinjr wit*. the
viciiir bv !;i.il many iHtinis. i See,
n'i-^t, '■ .^c »r:rij^. ' )
Hands Played by Correspond-
ence. S* •■, •■ Whis: Match by
L"r:« ^Ti-'ii'ii nee."
Hands, Unclean. — Cleanliness
!- i.-.\! ! I i:ii«l!i:u -.s. and this ai>-
»'i>— \\\')i i-iiTi'«i'b.-rable force to tlie
h tri'N t-f !!;e |ilay»'rs at the whist
t . i b! e . .\ w ri : e r i 11 Fraser* s Mai; a -
}
zine tells a story to the effec
Charles I^mb, iioticin){ H.
soiled hands while playing
him, drily oltserved, " If di
trumps, what hands you
hold!" Courtney, in hii. " li
Whist and Whist- Players," .i
to the story, but puts Si art in I
in phux* of Hazlitt, and make
ativeof the latter declare lliai
never orixinated the joke, bi
it "was made by a ;{entlemfi
never uttered a secmil witt:c
the whole course uf his lift
who thoujzht it a little hanl
robbe<l u? this unique oc
nient."
Harvard-Yale Whist Mat
See. " Whist in Collej^es am
vcrsitica.**
Hayward, Abraham.— .\
known contributor to the Ki
magazines, who wrote a n
article on " Whist an«l Whi*-*
ers" for hraser's Mai^tizme
79. paK<i 4'**7». which h:xsiifM
referre<l to by su)iser|uenl w
He was a crmtributur also I
Quarterly h**'Z'ir:t\ and viv
IMi-^pil by many to have wn!-«
it the ar:icle on " Mi»tl«Tn W
uhich aptM-ared January. i*»;
th<Mi;{h "Cavendish" mforr
that this is a mistake, anil Ir,
pole was its author. \\v
playefi whi^t at the Athci
Club; he was not a p] lyer ■
!ii>^}ie«<t rank, but had {^rest
tie.s as a critic.
Head.—To head is a |
iis(<l in l£n}(land. meaning to
The head of a suit mean
highest card or can Is in it.
Hearts.— One of the font
into which a pack of car!«
viileil; one of the two rni
In the ori|pnal Spanish cardi
IGH-CARD ECHO
203
HOLDINGS
odem cards are derived,
ere represented by cups
The Italians have the
opp^). The Germans
pted hearts {Herzen)^ and
:h did the same, naming
TS. English cards being
from the French, hearts
»me the recognized em-
Echo. — This echo
n playing, third hand, an
irily high card upon a
rd led. when winning or
5 to vrin the trick. The
show four of the suit led,
more frequently used in
lan plain suits.
-card echo is a recent innova>
third-hand play on small card
FosUr {S. O.], *'fVhtsi Toe-
Card Game. — Generally
the manner of play fre-
dopted by novices, where-
eaa, successively, all the
gs, etc., from their best
the temporary advantage
a few tricks. Soon, how-
hand is left bare and use-
3f all the systems of
^," says Foster, in his
trategy" (1894). **this is
discourag^ing to a part-
bwell, however, has made
zard game one of the five
>f play, which are used in
iuit system under varying
9 of the hand. When a
ds high cards (not accord-
le system of American
from the top downward),
his partner, according to
■ell : ' * Partner, here is a
ig suit, the only thing in
worth considering. Let
hat I can out of it. and
out for yourself. ' * This,
however, is quite different from the
bumblepuppy play of jumping
from suit to suit in search of trick-
winners, and ruining what, if other-
wise used, might have proved a
great hand.
High -Card Leads.— The leads
from high-card combinations; the
leads other than fourth best, in the
system of American leads (^. v.);
tne lead of ace, king, queen, jack,
or ten.
The opening of a high card from cet^
tain combinations is universally adopted
for the purpose of trick-nnnning. The
choice of the particular high card is a
matter of convention, sim|>ly to glrc in-
formation. The information given is
either (i) as to the remaining high cards
in the hand (old system); or (2) the num-
ber of small cards in the hand (Ameri-
can leads).— ^//li Ames Ballard {L. A,
//.I, M^'Aw/, April, 1894.
Hl£h Cards.— The five highest
cards, from ace to ten inclusive.
Some writers on whist, notably G.
W. Pettes, include the nine among
the high cards.
Try to remember as many as possible of
the high cards played, particularly those
of your own ana partner's long suits, that
you may know when they arc estab*
lished.—C. E. Cojffin [L. A.], ''Gist of
IVhist:'
High cards in plain suits are usually
looked upon as more desirable than smafi
trumps, because they are always good for
tricks as long as the adversaries are able
to f(jlIow suit, and are powerful forcing
cards when the strength of trumps is
asrainst you— ^. F FosUr [S. 0.],**lf'kist
Strategy:' 1894-
High cards are led to take the trick and
escape bein^ trumped, to catch other
high cards in opponents* hands, or to
force out higher cards and promote the
rank of those held by the leader; and
also to iudicflle the character of the suit,
and the number of cards held in it.—
Fisher Ames \L. A.].
History of Whist.— See, "Whist,
History of. »»
Holdings.— The cards held by
the various players; the hands.
HOLDING UP
2<H
HONORS
Holding Up.— To hold np it to
underplay, in order to retain the
commanding card of a suit; not
to take a trick when you can; as,
for instance, kin^ beinj^ led, the
second hand, ha\ntig the ace, does
not put it on. (See, also, •* Under-
play.")
ThiA i^ a np«clra of underplay, and con-
niftts in rtrtainiriK the best card in hand
for a round or two, in order to play it with
f^rcitcr eflfect later. It is quite effective
wh^n used with good Judgment, particu-
larly in the trump ruit, or in plain auita
aArr the trum]M are out. — Emery Boatd-
man [L-rA.], "H'inntng l^'histr
Home Player.— One who plays
whist at home, instead of at the
club, or in matches; a plaj-er of
domestic whist; a player of limited
experience. In another sense, the
home players are the players who
accept a challenge, and engage the
visiting or challenging team.
By home player ia meant one who, from
the comparative Mrclusion of a amall
placf having no cliih, or from perw>nal
choice, playti the game moatly at home —
in hi4 own family circle, or with imme*
diate ncight»or}» — ^ujiiuj .V. I^ine {L,
A.], li'htU, JVovtmbrr, /^7.
Honorary Members of the
League. — The by-laws of the
American Whi.st league (article 2,
section 5) provide that "indinduni
whist-players, on nomination by
the executive committee, may be
made honorary memliers of ' the
lA.'a>»ue by the unanimous vote of
any annual meeting. Honorary
members shall not l>e liable for any
fee, nur sball lliey be eligible to
office or privileged to vote at any
meeting f»f the League, unless they
are i»llierwise f|ualifiefl.**
The honcirary memliers of the
I^\'»giie,wiih the dates of their elec-
tion, are as follows: Henr%* Jones
('•Cavendish*'). April 17, 1691; N.
li. TriM. April 17. 1891; Fisher
Amt^. July 22, iSq2; M. H. For-
rest (since deceased ), July 32, 1892;
A. W. Dr»78oii, Jane sa, 1893; ^^
liam Pole, June aa, 1893.
Honorm. — The ace, king, qneca,
and jack of trumpa. Alao^ ape-
dally in America, the fonr higMK
cards, beginning with aoe, in any
suit In the whiat ofMBoon.
known as "bridge,** "carciuie,'*
etc., the ten ia alao included amosf
the honors.
The exact date when the ace,
king, oueen, and jack were fim
called honors it wonld be dsflknk
to fix. It appears, however, to be
aomewhere in the beginoiog of the
seventeenth century, when the
priniiti\'e game of "tmnp^ b^
came "ruff and hommiiL" The
attachment of the extra raloe to
the four highest cards of the tnmip
suit thus marked an important ctt
in the development of the
which soon thereafter
'* whisk." and
"whi.st.** Upon the introdnctioaal
short whist (five jKNnta. inslcad of
ten as in the old Hoyle game), Ike
honors were retained and imrtri
at their full value, instead of hcim
cut in two, or at least materially »
duced, as thev should have iMk
Thus it is possible in whiit, m ■■■
played in England, for a pteyVt
sinf^ly, or in conjunction with Hi
partner, to hold the four hoMfl
and count four points, leaviagoailf
one more point to tie made ay a»
tual play in order to win the
Thus luck becomes a larger
than skill. In America,
not counted in the game, which ii
made seven points, a _ _
between the old ten-point _
the too-short game of five
and thus skill txcomea the
important factor in the gaow ia tUi
country.
It is a noteworthy fret thm te
American mode 6f_ Moriqg hm
J
HONORS. SCORING
205 HOWELL, EDWIN C.
ise and issue an edition of his
urork to conform to it, '* Cav-
i/' in 1895, published, in New
and London, an "American
1'* of his world-famous '* Laws
rinciples of Whist," in which
rs: "In the present edition
ly has been made to conform
American standard, and the
lies and hands have been re-
ith the same object." Thus
ve the progressive spectacle
English author writing a text-
on whist, and treating it as
I by single games instead of
•%; omitting all references to
i, doubles, trebles, and rub-
oints, and abolishing the
t custom of counting honors.
no secret that the committee ap-
I in 1864 to revise the laws of whist
:land] had the question of the re-
of honors bronght before them;
■y feared to make so larg^e an al-
t in the same, lest the new laws
only meet with partial adoption. —
rfuil" [L. A.l ^' Card Essays."
t always seemed to me that by our
I laws honors count too much, and
ance, or luck, has too much influ-
> the result of the g^ame. My part-
I I may be at the score of three,
r adversaries also at the score of
►y careful play I may win the odd
lut the adversaries* hold two by
and score game, and the odd
rhich I won. is not of the slightest
ige to me. Again, when the score
til, I hold four by honors, but lose
Jc; the score is, therefore, four
one to the adversaries. In the
ind the adversaries hold four by
bat I win the trick; and. as tricks
•efore honors, I win a aouble on
ne. though I and the adversaries
Hilar cards. Had the order of the
;en reversed, and the adversaries
It held the four by honors, then
told have won a double on the
These chances necessarily reduce
aces of good, sound play, and tend
e whist more a game of chance
skill. * * * Eliminating honors,
king the game seven instead of
r, I consider, great improvements
— /f . ff. Drayson [/.+/!+]. " Whist
id IVkist Dectsians."
ors. Scoring. — In the Eng-
ine, hoDon most be called or
audibly announced at the end of
the hand, before the trump card
of the following deal has been
turned, or they cannot be scored.
Once claimed, they may be scored
at any time during the game.
The English code (section 3),
provides that honors shall be reck-
oned as follows: If a player or his
partner, either separately or con-
jointly, hold the four honors, they
score fbtir points; any three honors,
they score two points; only two
honors, they do not score, being
even.
Howell, Edwin C — A leading
short-suit advocate and player,
originator of the Howell game. He
was born April 21, i860, at Nan-
tucket, Mass., the son of a clergy-
man who did not allow cards to be
played in the family circle. Young
Howell made their acquaintance at
college, and to use his own expres-
sion, it was " poker first, and then
bumblepuppy . " Chess was his
favorite game, at which he excelled.
However, he soon learned to play
whist, for Foster speaks of nim
{IVhist, September, 1893) as fol-
lows: ** He could play whist in
championship form twelve years
ago, to my knowledge, and years
before that he was the best player
at Harvard. He was an honor man
at college in mathematics."
Mr. Howell was graduated from
Harvard in 1883, and went to Balti-
more, where he taught school for a
time. He gave much attention also
to chess, and became the amateur
champion of the city. It was there
that he met Mr. Foster, when the
latter was first beginning to take an
interest in whist.
In 1887 Mr. Howell entered the
newspaper business, and in 1889 he
went to Boston, where he became a
member of the //miA/ staff. There,
he modestly tells us, he '* began to
HOWELL. EDWIN C.
206
HOYLB. EDMOND
study whist in earnest.** In 1893
he became a charter member and
thf lirst secretary of the American
Whist Club, and in I)eceml)er of
that year tliere appeared in Whtst
the first of a senes of interesting
and valuable papers from his pen
on the probabilities of whist. He
played as a memlxrr of the Amer-
ican Whist Club team at the Phila-
delphia, Minneapolis, and Brook-
lyn conjjresses of the American
Whist I^*ague. In 1894 his high
abilities as a player were demon-
strated in the whist match by cor-
res|x)iiilence (q. v.) institute<l by
R. F. roster, ll^hist^ in reporting
the result. February, 1895, sain:
"If individual duplicate is any
test, and the ' I*ro(}abilitics of
Whist* are of any value, their
chntnpion deserves liis victory, for
K. C. Howell has fought hard for
both." Out of the sixteen well-
chosen players who took part in
this correspondence tourney, Mr.
Howell won 6rst place, both in his
eight and in the sixteen. In the
New I'!ngland Whist Association
conte«5ts, he subsequently repre-
seiite<l the Boston Press Club; and,
in iSi,7. the Howell Whist Club, of
which he is president. At I*ut-in-
Bay, in 1S97, he playe<l on the
team of the Boston Duplicate Whist
Club. He has l)een secretary of the
New I'jiglnnd Whist Association
since its organization.
In the early })art of 1S96 ap-
jH-.'ired ** Howell's Whist Open-
ing's." a successful volume, setting
f<irth his system of play, which
Pi>-ler christened "the Howell
;:amc." This game, the Howell
WhtNt Club and its team, under
Mr. Howell's captaincy, is pledget!
to T>l:iy, and its popularity is
St ea' lily increasing m New Eng-
1.ii:il. roster's influence had ranch
to ilo >%ith Mr. Howell's develop'
nient as a whist author, and with
the game advocated in hu book,
'* although,** •a>;t Mr. HowcU, **he
subaequently ol^cctcd to the color
of the child's eyes, and it now
' groping for the true paUi ' n
whist**
During the summer of 1897, Mr.
Howell published the **Howdl
Method of Duplicate Whm far
Pairs,*' consisting of indicatim
cards, with instructions and sample
score sheets, which adapt to gc»
eral use the system of playing evcfj
pair against every other. The
schedules on which the method ii
based are essentially Uie wmutt m
Safibrd's, but were dSsooteied^|nHi
independently. (See, ** Dnplicali
Wliist Schedules.**} Mr. Howdlii
also joint author, with P. K. Yc
of *' Minor Tactics of Chess."
HoMTsll Cams, The. — ^The s;
of whist-play advocated br
C. Howell in his **Whi^
ings" (1896), whereby he
to provide for the play of five
ferent styles of gamea, each
to some peculiarity of the
Although long-suit
out American leads) is to
tent used, under
favorable circumstancca, ttie
in its entirety is a short
tern. ( See, *' Short-Soil
Howell's. ••)
Hoyte^ Edmond* —
Hovle, bv his ardent
8tyie<l the' ** Father of Whisk,** «•
born, according to what seems te
most trustworthy authority, ia ifA
although a widely- accepted diisfi
1672. He is said to fattw hMI
called to the bar, aad he miB
himself " a gcntlcmsB" in thrMI
edition of his book. Fols
" It is clear he was a naa «f
education, and mofcd fa
society." He was poosMj
the players who
Cfown C(^ee-IioQaC| la
aOYLE, EDMOND
207
HOYLE, EDMOND
bout the year 1730, when
as taken up by the leading
3f that resort. It had a
unsavory reputation as a
game, played chiefly by
^ and snarpers, and was in
ive and undeveloped stage,
IS its structure, laws, etc.,
ncemed. Hoyle was greatly
ed with its merits and possi-
and after having studied
stered it, he determined to
professionally, and to take
' the hands of the gamblers
sing their tricks, although
thorities suspect Hoyle of
been something of a gam-
oself, and a man who lived
wits. However this may
I certain that better whist
d, and that his fame as an
dt spread throughout the
It is recorded that in 1741
living in Queen Square,
, successfully pursuing his
I as the first teacher of
It appears that he had
ip manuscript notes of rules
ections for his pupils, and
f these having been surrep-
obtained, and put in circu-
hc determined to publish
mself in book form, under
ection of the law. Thus, in
peared his famous volume,
[>ng title, beginning as fol-
A Short Treatise on the
jf Whist, Containing the
the Game, and also Some
^hereby a Beginner May,
mc Attention to Them,
to the Playing it Well.''
editions were rapidly ex-
and thus the g^me was
iilv studied by thousands
lid otherwise have remained
tnce of its true merits. The
•elf was much improved,
recisely the form of long
irith nonors, as it has
>wn to the present day.
" The essential difficulty to be met
with in the game of whist,*' says
Dr. Pole, " always has been, and is
still, the fact of all the cards except
the player's own (and the turn-up
when he is not the dealer) being
concealed from him. In the primi-
tive game this difficulty was simply
ignored. The player considered
his own hand alone, and did the
best he could with it. Hovle soon
saw the influence that the concealed
cards had on the art of trick -
making; he taught the policy of
considering them, though they
could not be seen; and he showed
the possibility of inferring, to some
extent, what any hand contained
by the cards which fell from that
hand in the course of play. This
was the great lesson of attention to
the ' fall of the cards,' which was
one of the most salient features of
his instruction."
In the early editions the author
offers for a j^uinea to disclose the
secret of his ** artificial memory,
which does not take off your atten-
tion from your game." The suc-
cess of his first book encouraged
Hoyle to bring out similar manuals
on "Backgammon," "Piquet,"
"Quadrille." and "Brag." An
amusing skit, "The Humours of
Whist" ( 174^), satirized the teacher
and his pupils, and alluded to the
dismay of sharpers who found their
secrets made known. The princi-
pal characters are: Professor Whis-
ton (Hoyle). who gives lessons in
the game; Sir Calculation Puzzle ^
an enthusiastic player who mud-
dles his head with Hoyle's calcu-
lations and always loses; pupils,
sharpers, and their dupes. In the
prologue Hoyle's devotion to the
game is thus alluded to:
Who will believe that tntn could e*er
exist.
Who Rpcnt near half an age in studying
whist?
HOYLE, EDMOND 2o8 ^HOYLB, EDMOND
Grew irrey with calculation, labor hnrd,
An if life s buffineu centered in a card?
That such there in, let me to thoitc ap-
peal.
Who with such liberal hands reward his
zeal.
I40I Whist becomes a science, and our
petTS
Dei^n to turn schoolboys in their riper
years.
Other satirists also pokc<1 fun at
Hoyle. In the Rambler for May
8i 1 750, apjK'ars an epistle from **A
I^dy that had I^ost her Money/*
who states that she was a pupil of
Hoyle, who, when he had given
her not above forty lessons, de-
clared she was one of his best
scholars. The W 'orld of February,
1 753. comments on the *' Offensive
Manners of Whist players," and
suf;;}^osts the publication of a book,
to Ik; called ** Rules of Behavior for
the Crame of Whist,'* "in imita-
tion of the great Mr. Hoyle.** The
same jf)urnal, in April, 1754, re-
marks that while the science of
whist **has been renderc<l syste-
matical by the philosophic pen of
Mr. Hoyle, the art still requires
treatment,*' and that a gentleman,
now in the Old Bailey urisrMi, at his
leisure hours, has nearly completed
a work which will **make the art
clear to the meanest capacity.*' In
1755. Col man and Thornton, in The
Connoisseur, remarke<l that Hoyle,
having "left off teaching,'* the
formation of a school was in order,
•* where young ladies of quality
might be instructed in the various
>)ranclu"s of lurching, renotuicing,
fiiiL-ssii!^. winning tlie tenace, and
getting the odfl trick, in the same
m.iiincr as common misses are
taught t«> write, read, and work at
their m-cille.'* John Carteret I*ilk-
ingtoii. in his memoirs, «pcaks of
gratifying the mania of the fine
la>1ies of the day for "canls, cards,
can is," by "a paraphrase upon
Hoyle. which, neatly bound in
turkey, a lady may resd at church
instead of her prayer-book." B»
garth, the caricaturist, introduoed
into the breakfast scene, in " Mar-
riage d la Mode," a volume lyiog
on the carpet in the centre 01 the
room, and inscribed "Hoyk oa
Whist"
Hoyle was frequently mtntiffitf^
in the literature ol the day, as «c
have already seen. In 1758 hs
name is enslmned in a " Hymn lo
Fashion. * ' His teachi wa are ooM'
mented upon in the uimUemgm*t
Magazine tor V^hruMxy^ 1755. AIm
in Fielding's novel, ** T<xn JimoT
(book 13, chai»ter 5); in ai«.a»A>
Thomson's epic entitled, " Whaf
(1792), and in B3rron's "Don Joan"
(canto 3, verse 90), whidi fint ip>
pearcd in 182X.
Very little else Is known «f
Hoyle, except that he gave np p^
son'al teaching in 1755, and that ii
1769 the newspaoen contained a^
counts of his death,
him as a well-known public
acter. A writer shortly after
quotes from the pariah regialer of
Marylebone, showing that he wm
buried on August 2^ 17^ Ml
adds: '* He waa ninety yean of M
at the time of his detniae.'* In nt
Gentleman* s Magazine^ i?^!
463, his death is said to have ~
place August 19, 1769. at
street, Cavendiflh Square,
age IS f^ven as ninctj
was buned in Maryle
yard. His will, dated
a6, 1 761, waa proved in
September 6, 1769; the
were his sister, Eleanor, a
and Robert Crispin (A'iB
Queries, 7th scr., vil, 481-9). lb
authentic portrait ia know*; te
picture by Hogaith, cshifailBi A
the CrysUl PkOace in 18711^
aents a Yorkshire Hoylc^ aad
the Hoyle of whom Byioa
Troy owes to
J
HOYLB, EDMOND
209
HOYLE. EDMOND
parallel, in the opinion of
le, hardly does justice to the
"for he was far more than
dorian of whist; he may es-
ly be considered its founder. * *
e was the first to write sci-
illy on whist, or, indeed, on
rd game. Hia * * Short Trea-
oon became popular. He
areless editor, out possessed
rous style of writing and
originality. He seems to
rofited by the experience of
t players of the day, and in-
.^ many improvements in
xssive editions. The "Short
e" was entered at Stationer's
1 November 17, 1742, by the
, as sole proprietor of the
rht. The price, one ^inea,
se to piracies, of which the
pearea in 1743. Hojrle's own
edition (1743), with addi-
VBS sold at two shilling, ** in
pocketsize.*' Thethirdand
editions were published in
a the fourth edition the laws
educed to twenty-four, and
lined until the twelfth edi-
hen the laws of 1760 were
In the eighth edition ( 1748)
a new cases are added, to-
with the treatise on quad-
riquet, and backgammon.
nUi edition (1748) appeared
le Accurate Gamester's Com-
." The tenth edition (1750
55) bears the same title as
hth, with which it is identi-
or many years every genu-
py bore the signature of
In the fifteenth edition
it is reproduced from a wood
Boyle's laws of 1760, re-
)y members of White's and
Ts*. ruled whist until 1864,
hey were superseded by the
rawn up by the Arlington
Turf) and Portland Clubs.
aoyle's death, C Tones re-
nany editions. The book
'4
has been frequently reprinted down
to recent times. The word * *Hoyle* '
came to be used as representative
of a ny book on games. An * * Amer-
ican Hoyle'* was published about
i860. **A Handbook of Whist on
the Text of Hoyle" was published
by G. F. Pardon in 186 1, and
*' Hoyle's Games Modernized," by
the same editor, in 1863, 1S70, and
1872. '*The Stondard Hoyle, a
Complete Guide Upon all Games of
Chance," appeared in New York,
18S7. A French translation,
"Traits Abreg^ de Jen de Whist."
was issued in 1764, 1765, and I77is,
as well as in the **Acad6mie Uni-
verselle des Jeux," 1786. A Ger-
man translation, "Anweisung zum
Wistspiel," was printed at Gotha,
1768. An exhaustive list of the
publications of Hoyle was pub-
lished in English Notes and Queries
in 1889, by Julian Marshall.
Hoyle was more than the chronicler —
he was practically the inventor of the
game. To him. in a metaphorical sense,
might be applied the words used of the
Roman emperor, " He found it brick, and
left it marble."— W'. P.Courtney IZ.+ai,
''English iVhistr
A teacher was urj^^ently needed, and the
occasion produced the man. The sage
was Hoyle — the mighty Edmond Hoyle —
whose nsmeand death are about the only
solid facts definitely ascertained about
him. The incidents of his life are almost
a blank. He was a preceptor in whist,
giving lessons in the gay science at Bath
and I^ndon, and for a time he conde-
scended to '* wait on ladies of quality, at
their own houses, to give them lectures'*
in the art: but this was before 1755.— W.
P. Courtnry [L-^-0.], ''English Whtsty
The fiah edition of Seymour's " Com-
pleat Gamester" was printed in 1734, and
in it he designated wniat as a " very an-
cient game among ua." Hoyle has erro-
neously been styled its father. His trea-
tise was not printed until 1743, and there
is no evidence that he devised a lead or
invented a play. He did but set down in
pamphlet form the current business of
the uay concerning it. He was a recog-
nlzed gambler, who made calculations
upon chances and arranged tables of
computations for laying wagers upon all
manner of games and sports.— Cr. IV,
PttUs [L. A.P.\, "WhUt UnivertaW*
HOYLB GAME. THE
2IO ••HUMOURS OP WHIST**
Hoyle Came, The— Whist as
taught aud played by Bdmond
Hoylc and his school; the old
EiiKlii^h );aine of long whist, ten
points, with honors counting.
This vnnie ffiren Rreat Kope to prmonal
skill, which m iudccd its main chsrac>
teristic and its chieC requirrment. as it
depriids chiefly on personal skill for
its Mioci-ssful practice. It embo<lies no
enunciation of any K^neral syntem of
pLty. or of any fiindamental fruiding
princii»lrA; attention is directed to a great
variety of iAuluted occurrences that may
be met with, and advice is given as to
what "hiiuld or may l>cdone in each case;
so th:it the niayer, keeping these exam-
ple?! in mind, may use his own discretion
in their application when analogous cases
arise. And by frequent practice, the
power TH'Comes matured of dealing suc-
ce^iHfullv, nnil often brilliantly, witn the
many cn.ince conibinatiomithat may pre*
sent'thrmselveM in thccourne of 'p'^X-
Fur this reason, the Hoyle game han al-
w:ty4 been peculiarly acceptable to intel-
ligent anil clever players, as giving them
an oi);K>rtnnity of exercising their powers
of profiling bv them. It may be said to
have prevaile«\ in the l>e«it w'hivt circles
unch.ini;ri1 for more than a century after
its intrtvlnction. • • It still retains a
larijr hold »»n whint-plaven — /f'i//iam
/W/ (/.. .^ -). 'Hvolutton'o/ liTknt."
Hoyle Player. — A whist-player
who plays the old-fashioneil game
of Hoylc, or after the manner of
Hoylc iind his school, in whose day
the idea of playing both hands as
one h.id not yet Jieen evolved,
and soicntitic whist, as played to-
day, was entirely iniknown. There-
fore, a Hoyle player is, practically,
an oM fogy: one opposed to new
and improved nietluxla.
TtTit the Hoyle player will probably
answff "It ni'.iv lie ^o. but I do not like
no- w.ini your impnivement. I decline
to «'i*>!nit tny plav ti> the tyranny of kva-
tvn.iV.r luli'ft ttTi.l principle*, or to the
fiti< '-s.i| niv j»anner. I prefer the free-
•l<iMi 'tl a.'tini; us my own iudgmenl may
■ •ir'-'.-t v.\- I ili> not approve your com-
>'in«* 1 .1 -tiiin. I can lake care of myself; I
sh iM pliy whnl I think proper, and my
piriM'-r can do the *ame. Take your
philos-i]>hv to the wnmen and the tyroa
i<ir wh'iMi Vint wrnie it. and do not bring
it t. mr ^~~HVI^amfi^le[L,A■^]r'iit»'
tmtl.m of H'hut/'
•• Humbug Whist.*'— A Taridr
of douhle-dummy, in which the two
players ait facing each other. AAv
the cards are acalt they ezanriae
their own hands, but not thoae of
the dummies. If a player is dir
satisfied with his hand he may takt
up the hand on his right instcod. Ii
case the dealer exchanges his hnd
thus, the trump renuins the Maie,al-
thonj^h he, of courK, looea the tUB-
upcard. Only the hands held by the
livin)^ players are plajred, and esck
deals in turn, there being no dol
for the dummieSb The n^
English game, with honors
ing> ill generally placed. In
places the game u played with
variations; as, for instance, givivf
the dealer the privilege of annoa^
ing trump, after ezamining hb
hand, instead of tnming iq> tti
last card.
**Hnmbuir whist** is a vsriety oTi
dummy, in which the playen way ^
change their hands for fliosc dealt Istti
dummies, and the dealer tamy loacCiHV
nt:<ke the trump to aait hlmaclL^tA
J-'usUr [S. O.].
••Humoura oT Whint.'*— Ibi
full title of this amnsing
which followed closely npon
?ublication of Ho%-le*s "^
realise." was: ••Th'eH
Whist, a Dramatic
every day at White's and
cofTee-houaes and Aaoenhlie
stated in the article on Hoyl^
principal characters w
li'histon, or Hoyle. in
ami Sir Catcuiatiom AuvsCr.
latter gives some amnai
tions of his had lock at
instance: "That ccrtaiBly
mofst out-of-the-way bite
of. Upon the pinch of the
when ne must infallitily *
it. the dog ate the loif
which meana we dealt
faith, he won Che gauK.
elaborate methoda of
MOURS OF WHIST " 211 IGNORANT PLAYERS
it play are given in the fol-
rcre nine-all. The adver-
three and we four tricks,
tmmps were out. I had
id two small clubs, with
Let me see: It was about
Ired and twenty-two and
ves to— 'gad, I foreot how
lat my partner haa the ace
; ay, that he had not both
seventeen to two; and that
ot one, or both, or neither,
nty-five to thirty-two. So
ing to the judgment of the
1 a club; mv partner takes
le king. Tnen it was ex-
r hundred and eighty-one
two hundred and twenty-
em. He returns the same
I win it with my queen,
-n it again; but the devil
Lufchum^ by passing his
r, he took the trick, and
vo more clubs and a thir-
rd, egad, all was over.*'
pporters of Hoyle are full
ition for his book. Chief
hem is Sir Calculation
vho says: *' There never
xcellent a book printed,
e in raptures witn it I
rith it, sleep with it, go to
it with it, go to church
I pronounce it the gospel
;)layeT8." Lord Slim re-
I have joined twelve com-
the Mall, and eleven of
re talking about it. It's
:t of all conversation, and
the honour to be intro-
ito the cabinet Why,
t laughed intolerably un-
can tell how many hun-
odd it is for or against one
' partner has or has not
rd or such a card."
tan Jobber is much in-
. his son's taking lessons
\sar WhUion instead of
to hia buiinesB. He
breaks in upon the two, and asks
the Professor to ** desist his visits
for the future.*'
*'Pro/,—0, sir, there was no ne-
cessity for this abruptness. I shall
certainly obey you. I don't want
hall a word. For know, sir, it is a
favour that I attend your son.
''Young Jobber — O yes, sir, a
prodigious favor.
**^/^.— Favour, blockhead!
*'Prof, — Yes, sir, a favour; for at
this instant, half-a-dozen dukes,
and as man^ earls, lords, and
ladies, are waiting for me."
And so he makes his exit, while
the young man whispers: **Pray
don't mind the old gentleman, Mr,
Professor, he*s non compos. Please
accept of these five pieces.**
The Professor is elsewhere
handled in this fashion:
••^<ra«.— Ha! ha! ha! I shall
dj^e! Yonder is Lord Finesse and
Sir George Tenace^ two first-rate
players; they have been most lav-
ishly beat by a couple of 'prentices.
Ha! ha! ha! They came slap four
by honours upon them at almost
every deal.
*' Lord Rally— I find. Professor,
your book does not teach how to
beat four by honours! Ha! ha! ha!
''Prof (aside)— Curse them: I'd
rather have ^ven a thousand
pounds than this should have hap-
pened. It strikes at the reputation
of my treatise.
''Lord Rally — In my opinion,
there is still something wanting to
compleat the system o7 whist; and
that is, a Dissertation on the Lucky
Chair ! ( Company laugh. )
"/Vr?/.— Ha! ha! ha! Your Lord-
ship's hint is excellent I 'm obliged
to you for it."
Ignorant Players. — Players who
have not yet learned Uie game
properly, but very often imagine
they know all aboat it, thereby
ILLUSTRATIVE HANDS 2 1 2 ILLUSTRATI\^ HANI
making themselves great nuisances
at the whist-table. Ifpiorant play-
ers, coiifinncfl in their ignorance,
often rejoicing in it, and scorning
tlie l)ook game, may be iset down
as bumblepuppists.
Thrrr in a Mtncr in t^ie projfreJi* of most
whistpIayiTS where they think they
know it all. It in, however, nu enrly
.xt.iKr, anil when they have emerged from
it they l»fi{in to know numcthing alKiut
The i»retoncr of ii^nornnce an to cti-
qnrtte is often ns rlisgustinf; as the com-
nii-siitn fif the otfenne. KeiK'at day after
il.iv that such a thin^ i^* wnm^. ni'ul you
fin'i! the ofTcn^e nTiiin committed; and
nir.iin you rrctive n denial that theoffencU
ink! l>-'irty knt w that he was doin>; wrong,
ami thus insult iH addeil t<i injury.— /nV
Illustrative Hands. ~The hands
in a g;itnc of whist shown in a dia-
gram rt'ortrding the play and pub-
lished for inf(>rmiitir)n, instruction,
or criticism. Although it is (»nly of
latf yc;lr^l that the full value of this
UKxlf of instruction has lieen recog-
nized, illustrative hands, or at least
doscriptive hatids, were fmblished
as early as the time of Hoyle. In
1743. shortly after the publication
of his celcbratwl *' Short Treatise."
there was pu1>li<heil in I^ondon a
s.iiire, "The Humours of Whist"
\q. :".\ which contained an example
of the latter portii>n of a liand in
which the game is won by a bril-
liant CMiip. It has Ixren suggested
th:it this may have lK*en devise* I
an-l l.n:v:ht by Hoyle himself.
■■ vJiveiiilisir* ingeniously supplied
th" eirlier portion of tht? hand, so
thit W" h.ivr here the earliest ex-
;i::r,''.e -if iliU-ilnitiveyilay publishetl.
Sp t'lr^ .ire tminps the six l)eing
turned >iy Z • .S'/> Calculation Puz-
:r . V I . w ho i s Y ' s part n er . A ( Shuf-
/if' and B ' l.urihum ! are the other
j-artner*;. The score is nine-all
(e<j!iivalent to fonr*aII at short
whi^t. the present Kngli&h game,
or six-all in the American game).
1-
1 ^
1
! ^
1
B
!«
60
2 0 KO
!2
3 #
2 # A #
3
xo 2
,^;? 7 ;^ K ^
i 4.
9 3
:^ 8 ^ Q ^
1 B
fO 4.
I^IO 9 A
6
9 #
4 #
7 #
7
io#
6 # 8 #
8
«io
«K
«4 «
9
« J
« 6 « 6 «
10
70
♦ 3 ♦A ^
1 1
^ 6
CIA ♦B
12
100
«A ♦7
13
QO
90 C> 5
Score: A-B. 7; Y-Z. 6.
The part described in the '
moun of Whist" begins at
eight, where LurchunCi iB'sl
is ver>' good. He allows Y t
with the king of clubs, Iha
partner may be led up to.
Calculation Puzzlers (Z'si \
s:i\-s ** Caven'iish," "is vrn?
At trick nine he should fines
nine of clubs. Not having
so. he should see that the a
chil>s is being held up agaiufi
and at trick ten shouM lesi
four of diamonds. If Sir Co,
tion finesses the club at trick
then comes Shuffle's turn to ]
grKvl coup. Hanng wcin wit
knave of cIu^m at trick nin
should lead the six of hea
triok ton. and next the aeri
diamonds f not the queruK"
Tweh-e %-enrs after the abcr
ample, stifl in Iloylc's time,
was publishetl in a litcr«nr yc
called 'rh€ Connoisseur, for 2
ao. 1755. a description of a cob
game; and though the cards a
given in detail, eaoogh to ■
LUSTRATIVB HANDS 2 1 3 U^LUSTRATIVB HANDS
a skillful and experienced
to discover how they must
Cavendish" has again suc-
7 made out the hand, which
tculiar one in this respect,
tch player has only three
id that to no trick do all the
follow suit. It is repub-
in Pole's " Evolution of
* together with a third
whist hand, which origi-
ppeared in 1791, two years
loyle's death, in an epic
•• Whist, '» by Alexander
m. There is connected with
ad the following little love
Pusillo^ before demanding
ad of Smiiinda, desires to
n whether she can keep her
at cards. The opportunity
s itself at whist, when Smt-
nd he are partners against
Rebecca and Squire Booby.
r to try his lady love, Pusillo
\j omits to trump an oppo-
nnning card, thereby losing
le. At this
ted ui>, the tUmp'd, she raged,
ied her wrong, and threw the
t away,
(er in his presence deign'd to
-se, the match was o£f, and
h Smilinda subsequently
d, and wrote to him *'no
o resent her rude mistake,"
was inexorable. The play
land is not of a very high
og down to more recent
re find the first suggestion
ralue of illustrative hands,
mms, as a means of instruc-
"The Whist-Player," the
tion of which was published
ion, 1856, by *'Lieutenant-
R" (H. C. Bun bury).
raly merit to which this
can lay claim," says the
'* ia novelty in the plan
pursued. It being generally al-
lowed that no one can learn the
game of whist, and acquire a facility
of readily playing the different
hands, without having the cards
spread out before him; and being
aware of the silly objection most
people entertain against being
found 'leamin£[ to play cards,^
although they will, without hesita-
tion, openly sit down to learn to
play anythm^ else (a distinction
without a difference) — the idea
struck me that a book of instruc-
tion might be so contrived as to do
away, in a great measure, with the
necessity of strewinjg a pack of
cards on the table, viz. : by annex-
ing sketches or drawings of the
different suits or hands which the
writer's instructions attempt to ex-
plain, and to which the reader can
without trouble immediately refer.
I ima^ne that the memory will be
materially assisted by recalling
these pictured impressions."
This was a good beginning, but
Dr. Pole went still further when, in
Macmillan^s Magazine for Decem-
ber, 1 861, he sufirgested that '*it
would be a great boon if some good
authority would publish a set of
model games at whist, with ex-
planatory remarks, found so useful
in chess, for example." This sug-
gestion led to the publication of
** Cavendish's" great work, ''The
Laws and Principles of Whist,"
which was the result of actual play,
and in which the desired illustra-
tive hands were freely given. Dr.
Pole himself, in an appendix to his
•'Theory of Whist," gives five in-
teresting hands illustrating the
long-suit theory, and he says in a
foot-note: ** This mode of illustrat-
ing whist by model g^mes was first
suggested by the author of the
present work in Macmillan' s Magor
zine for December, 1861." The
London Field, the WesiminsUr
ILLUSTRATIVE HANDS 214 ILLUSTRATfV^E HA!
Papers (London), and numerous
books on whist published since
*' Cavendish'* first set the example,
have descnlK'd whist-play by means
of illustrated or model hands. In
this country they have been a rej^u-
lar nunithly feature of Whist ( Mil-
waukee, Wis.,) ever since its first
publication. In a recent number
of that journal (Septemlx-T, 1S97),
John \V. Roji^ers, of Mansfieltl,
Slass., makes the following suggef*-
tion, which is endorsed by the
editor: *' Would not your readers
be interested in airing their opin-
ions as to pro|)er leads of hands
which you might publish? The
cards to be dcall — one hand jnib-
lishcd, rc(|ucsting correspondents to
give l>cst opening lead of han<ls,
and their reasons therefor. The
replies from short-suiters, middle-
of-the-road, or intermediate card
leaders, .straight long-suiters, invi-
tation card leaiU-rs, etc., might, it
seems to me, furnish very interest-
ing reading. The later publication
of the hands as dealt, witfi results of
different systems suggeste<l, should
help the game, and would at lea.st
prove of interest to outsiders."
Twenty examples of illustrative
ham Is are given by O. W. Pettes in
his •• .-Vinerican Whist Illustrated,"
and C. I), r. Hamilton's " MtHleni
Scientific Whist" is largely ex-
i>lained bv the use of diagrams and
hands. Foster's "Whist Tactics"
cont.iins 112 hands taken fnmi
actual play, an<l many are also
found in Howell's *' Whi.st Open-
in;^N." Ill fact, nearly all the recent
writers on whist use illustrative
hands with g<K«i effect (See. also,
" Duke of Cumberland's Haml,"
and " Phenomenal Hands.")
IfHTi'l* [takrn fnim actual play] nhow-
ioic Ktfiil. N;i<l. anil iii<liffrrcnt play, with
omiiirnts, wrr^ cm^idcred of more value
than the iIlii«>irMti<in of iire-arrangcd
banda.— C*. U. P. liamtlUm {L.A.\.
The author feels that nothinR
of illustration of uriucipleh. cat
iilructive as a aefvctioii of h;io<
cumpk-tely throuf^h, autl accuin
copiouM cxplRUotionn. — *'Ca-ifn
W,J, •* Imu'S and Ihtncipirs oj H
The publicntiou of even a laru
of hands to illustriitconciiiJc kh
should be received with caiitii't
they are to be re^^arded af» pro
thiuK. The variety 01 conilni
immense, un<l alm«iht any ccci
will M)metimes win tricks ll.ii
picked out to supptjrt almost m
"/•'likrr Ames [A. /I. J, ii'ktit. >
You will find in the latter par'
endikh^" in ihe Af<^A/occusi.iii.i:
the U eslmtnsler I\ip^»M, whjt .li
"illuktrutcd hands"— that is 1
firty-twocardsarranicetl ill ihr (•
— and the play K^ven by whuh
nuintier of^tricks were won i.n
or the other. To arranue thr
K<ven, and to work out tnt- h^i
excellent method ti> diftcuver at:
on the memory what may !•«' i'
till* cnnls. — A. W Prii><<>N
''ThfArlo/HaLtualliktit '
Illustrative Hands, Rec
— Numerous methods of n
and illustrating whist pla
lx.'en deviived during the j^a-
five years. Illustrative h:
order to l>e most useful ai.
tive, require a simple. c!l
attractive .svstem of nota:!«
US the reader will find u^d T
out this volume. Our pu:
the present article is to rex
various stages through hii
highly improved and sun
representation has l>een art
We have alreadv traced *
m
tory of illustrative hAi:-!*
idea of publishing hand
pletely played through a.s :
of imparting instruction «
geste<l by che*w, and firsit rr
by " Cavendish'* in a h\<
and thorough manner. A
nally conceived, the systcn
tation was ver}* crude, and r
a constant repetition of espl
notes to make it undcrrstooH
Uture cmnU in type were tl
wLUSTRATI VE H A NDS 2 1 5 ILLUSTRATIVE HANDS
1, aad the size and suit were
I by ordinary type and figures.
» necessary to have a separate
n to show who led in each
and another column to show
iron. The cards were given
e order in which they fell,
lit any efifort to keep the hand
;h player in a separate col-
Tnis made it impossible for
the reader to pick out the hand of
any individual to see what he held
to justify his play, and necessitated
a separate diagram, ^ving the dis-
tribution of the suits among the
four players. The following dia-
fiTam, from the first number of the
tVestminster Papers^ pubhshed in
April, 1S68, will show the system of
illustrating the play thirty years ago:
Trick I.,
W leads.
C 6
3
10
A
Trick I.,
won by Z.
Trick II..
Z leads.
S 3
Kv
A
4
Trick IL,
won by X.
Trick ni.,
X leads.
H3
5
K«
6
Trick lU.,
won by 2S.
ew months later, we find the
aces taking the place of the
s and figures; but the old
l^exnent of separate columns.
to indicate the leaders and winners
in each tnck, is retained, as shown
in the following illustration, which
is from a hand published in 1868 :
Trick I.,
A leads.
Trick II.,
D leads.
Trick in..
D leads.
^
9? <9
m*
m
<?
^
^ ^
am
^ 1^ o ^ *
Trick I .
won by D.
Trick n.,
won by D.
Trick m..
won by C.
[>ecember, 1868, Sydney King
sted the foundation of the
It system, which is to keep
land of each player in the
same column. He proposed to
do away with the two side col-
umns, and to indicate the winning
cards by placing heavy mlet on
IIXUSTRATIVB HANDS 2 X 6 ILLUSTRATIVB HAND
each side of them. An explan-
ator>' note stated that the card
under the mai^ined card was the
next one led. The original leader's
hand was always placed in the
first column, the dealer's in the
last; and tbe letters A and B were
use<I to distinguish the leader and
his partner from Z and X, who
were the dealer and his partner.
The new diagrams presented the
following appearance:
A
X
B
z
* *
1
1 0
r- — 1
0
1
1
0
0
0
!♦♦♦
—9...
This system of notation retained
its popularity for several vears, the
only change being for a short time
in 1872, when the winning card
was entirely enclosed in black rules
for the sake of greater distinctness.
This was found to be troublesome
and expensive to set up in type,
and soon fell into disuse. Several
years later the side rules were also
aK'iT:<loned, and a single heavy un-
<UTline was eniplove<l to flesignate
the winning card in each trick.
ThisnieiluMl is still in use, wherever
thf old style card-faces are used to
sh^'W the hands, and it has the
advantage of enabling the reader to
place the lead, and to count up the
winning tricks with greater ease;
but it is still defective, l>ecause it
fails to present a clear picture of
the di.stribution of tlie suits in the
various haodt. The following illus-
tration is from one of the
hands shown in this way:
A
z
B
0 0
0 0
Ojii^
mXf!
0 0
0 0
iSSl^
9 <s?
9 r?
<7 ^
5
♦_♦. L
As a variation from the co!
system, some writers were ir
habit of asing what is knon
the "Catherine wheel** noti
in which the four cards of
trick were represented ss
would appear upon the tab!
pointer of some kind bcstng pi
Detween the leader's card sad
played b^r second hand, to 9
the order in which the cards k
r
+
+
+
This system, while well sdi
for anah-zing hands trick by t
takes up a ^n^at deal of »pac
very expensive in type^scttin|E.
has the old defect' of reqmh
separate diagram to show tbe
tnoution of the anita
player's hand.
^USTRATIVB HANDS 2 1 J ILLUSTRATIVB HANDS
ier to save space and com-
1, the earlier newspapera
I the initial and figure sy^
eeping the hand of each
In a separate column, and
ng the winning card by an
or cross, as £own in the
ig example:
Thx Plat.
torth.
Batt.
South.
West.
sH
6H
Ic^s'
AH
ss
n
7Dx
3D
aD
ADZ
IP
KCz
li
8D
KDz
3C
4C
method, while enabling the
x> follow the course of play,
it Tery difficult for him to
it the distribution of the
In order to remedy this de-
was suggested by R. P.
in 1891, to place the initials
(lack suits on di£ferent sides
column of fig^ures, and to
lish black from red by using
Eind lower case. This en-
he reader to pick out the
- of each suit in the hand
player at a glance, and
^atly to the interest in fol-
thc play. The following
ion will show th^ appear-
the same cards as those in
t diagram, when they are
xl on this plan:
7
s »
\ D
t, D
K*
H6
I
s
D
D
4l>*
Ks
3 D
8D
C3
HA
7D*
AD*
KD«
C4
iifference in the upper and
::ase, and the necessity for
each initial always on its
le, led to many mistakes in
wading, and the confusion
esulted often spoiled an en-
ticle. But the system was
rlcdged to be better than any
sufps^ested, and needed only
diuon to make it perfect.
This was a very simple thing when
found, but for six years it does not
seem to have occurred to any one.
It was to take the ordinary card-
pips and make those for the red
smts with outline faces, leaving
those for the black suits solid, and
then to arrange them so that only
one red and one black suit should
be on the same side of the column
of figures indicating the size of the
carda This is now generally
known as Poster's notation, and
was introduced to the whist world
by the New York Sun, of which he
is the whist editor, special matrices
bein^ cut, from which fonts of self-
spacing type were cast. The clear-
ness of the new diagrams were
immediately recognized, the reader
bein^ able to see not only the exact
distribution of the suits, but the
cards remaining in each player's
hand at any sta^ of the game.
Whist, the official organ of the
American Whist League, adopted
the new system for the official rec-
ords and illustrative hands, and it
is now used by all the leading whist
writers, both in their text-books
and in news|)aper articles.
The examples of whist strategy
that are given in illustrative hands
are now frequently taken from im-
portant matches. When it is de-
sired to keep a record of the play,
the cards are left in the exact order
in which they fall, and are replaced
in the pockets of the duplicate
trays without shuffling. They are
then taken to the official scorers,
who lay them out on the table and
put down the size of each card on
a blank prepared for the purpose.
These blanks have sixteen vertical
columns ruled on them, four for the
hand of each player. At the top
of these columns is an indicator to
show the four suits, and in record-
ing the hand the scorer need not
put down the initial of the suit, but
IMPERFECT PACK
2lS
INATTENTION
places the size of the card in the
cohiTun heacle<l bv the mark of the
suit to which the card l>el(>nj;rs. The
following illuiitration will give one
an idea of these diagram
hands of three pla3*ers only
shown:
Trick*.
^
•
0
- #
^
4
0
1
•
^
4
1
2
6
a
1
6 ■
,
2 •
1
3
6
.
1
1
1
J
li
4
K
1
i
i
6
3
These blanks are printed on thin
paper, so that five or six copies can
be taken at a time by using carl)on
betwetrn. One copy is given to the
captain of each team, and one is
tiled with the recording secretary
of the League. Any extra copies
are usually for whist editors, who
may wisli to make a detailed analy-
sis of the play.
Imperfect Peck. — A pack of
canls which is faulty, unfair, or
unsuitable for play; one containing
duplicate canls, or from which a
card or cards are missing, or which
contains cards which are torn or so
marked that they can be identified.
A pack may he iinpcrft'ct or incorrrct
by h;ivint; a cafil shnrt. or from having a
(lii;>!icntr cipI, or I'r'im haviiiir a cnni of
Ihroiht-r laok in it. —Char .'rs Mossop [L -
Sii;i;*U'«r- n {xirk c ntiimA twij four* of
sjinlto. in>:«;ii) <<f a f 'iir ami fivr; this i%
unitnix<rt.ir;t. htiiI mikfht rcrmain lonf^un-
ilctrclrij. Al leiiKth thfv are itlayfd ti>-
jrrthrr anil iiUTiuiIiutciv {K-rceivnl: \c^,
ftTj i t«-;i tO'Hi'- \hA\ It hi* fi'it l»crn th«:f>c«t
♦■' ivrr wli'i y-.i* tir-l m:i(1r Ihr «li'4C*>very.
'I'ni* .tri iir li.to 'iftrn maile a «iiSjt-ct fur a
;<k^. :iriii ]■• rh.i}ifi a by>tan«1cr wouUi l>c
wriiti^ ! 1 intrrJrre in such a ca*r. Wr
h ivf *rt-ii ii crirried lo f^rrat lrneth«: the
iliiyT'-rrrl.iMily "were very unskillful."
•■.:t It w.i« fttrauRe that out of four play*
^r- :i »t one ^hnuM have iliNcoveretl the
i!»-frit • • • F'lr two hour* the party
hiij »Trn playinfc with two pack*, one of
which hi«:l no ace*, anil the other no
kin^^. It wan amuaiog to hear the dls-
!
cuxiona at every roand on the c»1
and the honors; at every tnumrr
appeared on the point of di^ccivrrt
deficiency, ami then aicain their
tion waa diverted into another chi
DtuhapelU* {0.\, "Laui," A fUci^ ,
In. — Unplayed canis are s
be "in/' or " in play."
Inettentlon.— The first gre
son which Iloyle strove to inci
in the then limited science of '
was for the player to watch tl
of the cards; iii other wonLs. \
strict attention to the play, in
to l)e able to remember what
were out, and to draw proper
enct^. Inattention at the y
table, on the }>art of play en
ought to know liettir, haf
many games, and led to mud
pleasantness between partuen
Nnfi!»!tervant playercan have (k
notice thv Ioha he auflera bv monet
t ikiuK hift eveiiofl'the ta\>le.~ ITi
ttfw faprti :/.-«>, J.
Fully twenty per cent of the poii
by aiiynwrntee player mav T« wi
tf» shr't-r inattention Fortuaair
him. hi'o atlver^iriet are general'^
o> oiMurir cireleaaneaa.— ' H'llh^m ..
Smttk [I. O.].
AlltKi'd foq^tfulnefl* at «h^«
m'>«t other thinK«. i« far more frr»q
inattention than fornctfnlnraa T
of the carda haa not bevn walrkv
the proper jnferencea have net
drawn at the moment. A pUyrr c
fir ftaid to have forip^ira what kc
knew.~/>ajrr'i Mmgrnnrng^
:OME FROM WHIST 2 1 9
INFERENCES
ie from Whist. — The
' playing for stakes, in-
n in England for a century
alf, has produced another
effect, wnich is thus no-
y "PorUand,'* in "The
'able:** "There are many
:hat believe a certain in-
to be derived from whist,
r on record men that eked
ir income by this means,
icceeded for a series of
)ut the time came when
I their season of adversity,
rir winnings melted like
fore the sun.'* (See, also,
ling.*')
cndent Players. — A cer-
>unt of independence on the
\ whist-player may be evi-
' his mastery of the game,
is knowledge when to obey
bey the rules to advantage,
irried to excess, and espe-
hen backed up only by a
ited knowledge of the game,
railed independence is al-
bad as downright bumble-
7. v.).
the irood pUyers who prefer the
ned rules, there are occasionally
independent players, who ridi-
n(( according^ to rules and con-
it all . They are {[generally great
t. They cannot play a card
>Ilowinff some conventional svs-
^ rule wnich gives, or is intended
to give, information; only they
eirown rules and conventions,
are always poor and ineffective
I with those which are the re-
r experience of the best players
generations. They are ge'ner-
e cranks than the players who
closely bound by the rules. —
nti [L.A.].
stors. — In duplicate whist,
r other devices, placed on
tes to show the players
««t8 they are next to oc-
rhen pla3ring a schedule
ng many changes.
Indifferent Cards. — Two or more
cards of a suit which are held in
sequence, or which become of
equal value after the intermediate
cards have been played; cards of
equal value for tnck-making pur-
poses.
Mr. Trist had noticed the advantageous
use that had been made of variations in
the play of indifferent high cards — 1. e.,
cards of equal value for trick-ma kin|^
purposes.— If i/ZiViiw /b^ [L. /l+l, **-£«>•
luiioH of Whist:*
Individual Record.-— The record
of any one player, especially at
duplicate whist, in playing which
it is possible to accurately deter-
mine, not only the relative merits
of the play of pairs, teams, or clubs,
but of single players. This is ac-
complished by means of play con-
ducted in accordance with individ-
ual schedules.
Inferences. — Information drawn
from the play, or fall of the cards,
in accordance with the rules. For
instance, if your partner, having
taken the trick, aoes not return
your trump lead, you infer he has
no more. The many latter-day re-
finements in whist signals, echoes,
etc., make it more diflScult at all
times to draw the correct inferences,
and care should be exercised not to
arrive at too hasty conclusions.
There are certain conventional
plan's from which inferences may be
easily and accurately drawn, how-
ever, especially when players em-
ploy the same system of play.
In fact, the chances for drawing in-
ferences are so freauent that every
round must be closely watched.
The finest players are those who
can most quickly and accurately
detect the proper inferences, and
make the best use of them. Here
are some of the more important in-
ferences that may be drawn from
high-card ori^nal leads, as laid
down by Hamilton:
INFE&HNCBS
330
XMFBRBNCB8
LBAD.
First. Bbcokd.
XNFSRSlfCBa
Jack
Quecii
Queen and Jack
Oueen. or Jack and ten
Two higher
Ace
Two amall
Ace and queen
lueen
icen and lack
{ueen and ten
icen
.ing
Ace
It
mg
Jack
Fourth
Ten
ack
ack, ten
injc. ten. nine
KinK and two higher
KiiiK, queen
Ace, queen
Queen
Ace. king
King
Jack
King
King, jack
1 King winning.
*KinK loMng.
*Qiiccit winning.
4 Queen loaing.
If partner leads a trump, the com-
mon inference is that he is possessed
of K^eat strength, and wishes trumps
drawn. If he leads from a plain
suit, it is obviouii that he is not vcr^
stn)n>r in tnnnps, hut that the suit
led is his strongest, which he de-
siri.>s to establish (tnkinj,; for
^rrantfd. of course, that he plays
the lon^-^tiit ^aine). If he leads a
small card, he says he has no com-
binatinn from which a high -card
lead would l>c proper. If you led
orivnnaily, and partner is returning
your suit, you infer that he has not
the master card if he docs not lead
Queen
Ring
King
King
King
King, qncea. aad Ja^
Seen
:k
Ace
Ace and lack
Ace and jack
ack
ack
ack
Ace. king, nine
Ace, king
Ace, king
Ace, jack
Ace, jack
}
Ace
Ace
Ace, qnccn
Ace, queen
Ace. queen
or
latkifd
In third
* Jack winning,
* Jack loaing. or
V Ten forcing qocen
*Ten winning.
it, and that it ia Agaiiwk 70a. If !■
returns your plain
showing you his own fint, joni
that he has no good long anit
is ready to play yonr gaa
and many lige mfeienoc^ ,
from conventional play. Dr.
treats the snbjecl c«hMiatifilf h
his "Philosophy of Whkf
60-64), snd Charles E.
**The Gist of Whist," also ^m
concise and minute intemsiia^ii
tabular fonn, showiay the pnjf
inferences from the wsiioui wA
All the leading test-books mji
fill attention to the "
!••
INFORMATION
221
INFORMATION
i inference from each play made
•dversary or partner. — Milton
L. A . H.y' pyhist of Txiayr
px>d whist it is necessary to be
raw the important inferences
dity and accuracy.— C D. P.
[JL A.], '^Modern Scunit/lc
Lt Strength of the expert lies in
Y to draw correct inferences
fall of the cards, and to adapt
the circumstances. — R. F. Fos-
"CompUtt HoyUr
aces for drawing inferences be-
ery round played. The neces-
«e attention to the business of
is enforced by this considera-
V. PttUs [L.A. /»], *'AtruricaH
straUd."
lot be overlooked that unsound
en deceive unintentionally, and
. sometimes with intention. It
tre. necessary to be on your
kinst drawing inferences too
Cavendish'* [Z. A.\.
lation. — Intelligence con-
• means of the play of the
whist. Legitimate infor-
s a necessary part of the
pecially so between part-
Drder that they may play
nbined hands to the best
e. To some extent all
y is informatory, although
a difference of opinion
layers, and especially the
is to how much informa-
jecially of an arbitrary
ihould be given. All are
lat too much information
3e given to partner, but
information should always
him at the risk of the ad-
obtaining and making use
, is the mooted point. As
players of the long-suit
nd American leads are
give the widest publicity
bands for the sake of in-
p)artner. Short -suit play-
especially the opponents
merican leads, pursue the
course.
er should take advantage of
m imparted by his partner
throogh a breach of etiauette.— £/i(r««Mr
of Whist {^American Code).
The more plainly you demonstrate yonr
hand to your partner.the better.— 7)k^ma«
Mathews [A. O.], ''Advice to the Young
Whist-Player:' JS04.
No sooner does the play begin than in-
formation is at once conveyed as to the
contents of the various hands, by means
of what is termed the fall of the cards.—
WiUiam PbU [JL A^\, ''Philosophy qf
Whist.**
Instead of the maxim, " It is more use-
ful to inform jovlt partner than to deceive
your adversary," I would substitute this:
^* Your single partner can do more good
than both your adversaries can do harm,
by utilizing information you may give by
your play.' — ^. A. Proctor [L, O.].
Play accordinjg to the rules and conven-
tions, soastogive as much information
to your partner as you can; but do not let
these stand in the way of making the best
■core possible under the circumstances of
the hand, as there are exceptions to every
rule- Clement Davies [L, A \-], "Modem
Whist.**
I am not an enemy of the information-
riving game. It is not on account of its
informatory character that I object to the
long-suit game. The player must give
information, or a partnership game is
out of the question. The only matter of
choice is, what sort of information is the
most advantageous. — E. C. Howell \S. //.],
"Howell s IVhist Openings:'
Experience has shown that leads which
g^ve the most information, are also those
which lead to the greatest success. When,
however, to give this information to both
partner and adversaries, and when to
withhold it, becomes a question for rea-
soning. Yet every person who desires to
become a 6rst-class whist-player, must
know, and be able to make the best use
of, American leads.— <H(. W. Drayson rz,+
A +1, "The Art of Practical WhisC* (Ap-
pendix to thejijth edition).
The new school adopted the golden
maxim of Clay: " It is of more impor-
tance to inform jronr partner than to de-
ceive your adversary." The experience
of twenty-five years has exploaed that
theory, and it (s replaced by the axiom
that ^'information is of more use to the
strong hand than to the weak." In
"WhTst Tactics," p. 136, we find: "The
modern verdict is that it is not advisable
to give information to weak partners or to
strong adversaries."- A?. F. Foster [5. O.],
Monthly Illustrator^ tSgj.
The foundations of modem whist la
giving information, and the chief pillar*
are the number-ahowing leads and tlic
INPORMATORY GAME 222
INSTINCT IN WmST
plain-^iuit rchn. It in claimed that these
Kivc ilu- piiriiKTH an in»iu;ht into each
oihcr's h.tiKl.s. which ia of the fcreatcAt
%-alue nnil iiiii>ijrt:iiice. But there is not a
line in any liiiblishcd work on whibt
tfUinu what the partners can do with this
iutVirniatiiMi when they kcI it, that can-
not Ix- •'fr^c-t. and ottcrn to much better
advanlaK*.'. ^v the adversaries. — A^. F.
It is 4>ft( n ar^tK-d. and with much show
of rt-asdn. that as alni'^t evcrv revelation
conct rnin^ voiir hanil nin>t W given to
tht- whi>lc tafilc, and an you ha%*e two ad-
versa rics and only one partner, you pub-
lish inhirroution at a di>advnntage. No
d'»nl>t this areunicnt would have consid-
er.ihlc force ii ytiu were compelled toez-
p«jsc the whuk- of >-(jur hand. But you
P<j-.m:s«j the p'^wcr. to a Rreat extent, of
s<.-lit.-tinK what facts shall be announced
and wh.it concealed. Hxix^rienced play-
ers are unanimouH in admitting that it is
an adv.intaKe to inform your partner of
strent:th in your own suits, althoufrh
soint* ailvi.stf concralment of strength in
suit9 in which the adversaries have
shown strength.— *(a:r»i«/r3A" {L. A.]^
"fuiTii ami I*nmtpifs of H'htst."
Informatory Came. — The style
of whist in which information is
freely cxrhanjijjed l)etween partners,
even at the risk of the adversaries
ndtinx and profiting by it; espe-
cially the lon;(-suit game and
Anurican leads, as advocateil bv
'* Cavendish" and his school, whicii
freely uses all manner of conven-
tional sij^nals; the mo«lcm scien-
tific js'ame. as distin}{uishe<l from
the ol<l Hoyle game, and distin-
guislud, alsi). to a certain extent,
from the modem short-suit game.
Fiiv card* arc the ^«-at modem
w« i;-iTi riL'.nnst th" tn:'rniati>ry jjame of
n'.<-!irTi whist. J\\ their <>y9>t(. malic use.
♦■sxi. . i.,;lv wh'-n ^'mkI jii>I|{nii lit is em-
]<', \*'[ th»' ;m-iiii-^u'.! txho anti all 9uch
r' f, Ti- :i.» rits art- ri-!i'li rril usrless. ~/f. /■',
/■■y:.v» .N « ». . '• It flat /.:./u-s"
Innovations. — Xcw things, novel
niiidt- I't' T>lay, or departures from
e*it-^>:ishe«l usa^c. introduced into
wh:-:. Innovations may prove to
}h' nn\y f.ii'.s of the hour, or per-
manent improvements.
The call for tramps, the ayslem kaowa
as the American leads, with the reaolttag
eleven rule, comprise the grvat iniiova-
tions since the iltkyn of Hoyle. Pavac. aad
Mathews.— £'M^r> Boardatam it-^A.l,
••/fiMiciV^Aij/.'*
In Play.^Unplayed; said of the
canls which are still held bv any
of the playen. (See, also, *''Ib.'*)
Instinct In Whist.— Manj play-
ers who do not attach any import-
ance to rule or reason, are fond of
saving that they play by in-
stinct. '* No doubt instinct is s
ver>' valuable quality if yon have
it, " says the editor of the HVi/aiis.
s/er /bptrs, "and some playen
certainly think they have thu ^na)-
ity in the same way that a pouter
or setter has it. * * • We prefer to
be guided by what every man bM
if he chooses to use his facnltiei:
the power to observe; the power tD
draw inferences; the power to inw
from the play of a given card, lad
to make a reasonable dednctiM
from the absence of any caida."
Interior Cards. ->Cards from the
interior of a suit; intermedial
canls. The phrase is used by E. C
Howell [S. H.] in his "WUt
Openings;" as when, for instance,
he says: "As tlie best cird iack ii
led from not more than three is
suit, but as an interior card it is kd
also from qneen, jack, and one or
more others," etc
Intcrmcdlats
m«ide with cards which are neitbef
very high nor very low, sodi ■
jack, ten, nine; much used is tht
short -suit game.
The •hort'Suit fame coalraplalfls Ifei
entlowment of the intermediate cards tf
all «uiu. trumps inclnded. with tkc «i»
ntns properties, by taking advaMagt tf
their portion in tcnace. by andcipli^
and by strenKtheniac leads which shsE
be jucflcioaslT ftnessca by panarr — IV
H^Slarmu [S. O.}, "SktlriSmtt H'MmM.'
J
NATIONAL MATCH 223
INVITE. THE
Uonal Match, a Pro-
rhe idea of an intema-
it match, somewhat after
nal matches at chess,
c, has been discussed for
•ars past in this country,
Qg practical has as yet
L The organization of
lian Whist Xeague, it is
many, mav eventually
contest of the kind, and
Iter induce England to
; also.
fourth congress of the
Whist Lea^e ( 1894),
. Weems, of Brooklyn,
»f the League, announced
tad formally challenged
ih" to play America
igland, and that he had
Cavendish's** reply, stat-
the latter did not think
any chance for an inter-
natch, one of the chief
in the way being the dif-
ween English and Ameri-
Another similar challenge
:o "Cavendish** by P.J.
president of the Pacific
list Association, during
part of 1895, and this
mented upon in the
number of Whist.
mdon Field of April 4,
eared a communication
Weems, to the following
xth American whist con-
convene in this city
] on Tune 22, 1896. There
'sal desire on the part of
-players of America to
temational match during
f the congress, and when
can players are congre-
1 all sections of the coun-
is possible to arrange for
f four or more English
> visit this country, to
igainst a team to be se-
e, I should be very glad
indeed to do what I can to bring it
about.**
This did not meet with any re-
sponse either, and on May 7, 1896,
Mr. Tormey dosed the incident, for
the time being, with a suggestion,
which also was not acted upon. He
proposed that, "if we cannot coax
or induce a whist-team across the
Atlantic to meet us at the Brooklyn
congress, let us send one to Eng-
land—and beard the lion in his
den.*' His firm, he stated, would
pay the entire expenses of one mem-
oer of such a team, and suggested
the idea of sending the team that
should win the Hamilton Trophy.
In the Lead. — ^The player whose
turn it is to lead the first card in a
round is in the lead.
Intimations. — See, " Conversa-
Uon."
«« Invincible Whiat."— A modi-
fication of the game of whist in-
vented by F. T. El li thorp, of New
York. It is played by six persons,
with a full pack of cards, together
with the joker and the '* invincible"
card. It is played with partners,
three on each side. The cards rank
as follows: ** Invincible," joker,
ace, king, etc. All tricks over four
count towards game, and the latter
consists of five points, honors not
counting.
••InviUtion Came, The."— An
opening play at whist whereby the
player invites his partner to lead
trumps, if strong enough to lead
them. Used in some of^the short-
suit systems.
Invite, The. — The lead of a card
in a suit which you desire your
partner to return; generally, the
lead of a small card from your long
or strong suit.
INVITING A RUFF
234
IRRBGX7I#A& PLAT
Inviting a Ruff. — Playing a caid
which your partner or adverBary
can trump. (See, ** Force.*')
Irregular Lead.— A lead which
is made contrary to the usual play,
but uiade from choice by the player
for some reason; such aa, n^r in-
stance, desiring the lead through
an honor turned, in which case
some players regard an irregular
lead ns a signal for trumps. '* Cay-
end ish** is opposed to tliis play,
claiming that if a player is strong
enough to call for trumps he should
be strong enough to lead them him-
self " Having refrained from lead-
ing them, he can only request, and
not command, a tnmip lead from
his partner."
An irregular original lead which
a player makes Ixrcause he cannot
help himself, is also called a forcctl
leaa (q. v.).
In the latter part of the hand,
when no special importance longer
attaches to them, irregular leads
are frecjuent Whitfeld says: " Ir-
regular leads nsually occur late in
a hand, when the general scheme
of play has already been decided
on, and when judgment, based on
previous o))servation of the fall of
the cards, and on the score, over-
ride.'^ nile.** No rule can be laid
down in such casesw
Wi«hinK thr 1«»d throa^fh an honor
turncfl at your ri|?ht. oprn irrcKiiUrly
(th.1t i'>. Iriid a knave, not hoUlinK kinn^
aiitl iiiicrn. or the ten. not holilinK qutren
nn<! kinvr. etc ). It is o command for
V'»nr i».irtnrr to lead trumi>« — A. H\
*/>f.jn -w '/.*A-,\.'TJU Art 0/ I** actual
iTT'-k'NlAr m.ir be another won! for
fnn «■■! IrTrjjiikirity is v>metime*nn'»ther
tt-rin \w. Tirtlliiim'V* An irrc|ipilar lead is
n htirii^r iiptin the lend. An irrcffular
kM<l. niiiikr thr play of a falnecard, miut
be made only when It can do the partner
no harm Lewi». of London. calU a well-
judKcd irregular lead one of the triumphs
of cunimnn-Henfic whiit— ^. It^. ^ttei li^
A, y.J. "Amertcam IVkut iUuUraitd,*'
Plain salts are led irregalarlv, dlkcr ts
•trenjcthen the partner, to call tkiwah
an honor tnmed, to throw the Icad^ or w-
cauae it would be damaginf to con^nni
with one'a long suiL Waea Piajriac
againai longnmit advenarleiklcad thran
the left-hand opponent where ttt
strength of the tntt baa Iwcs dedaivd;
but with the tlioft-aailemt the rcpuat ■
the case.— A'aiaia D. Amiwtwm \U A\,
''The X Y Z t^ WhifV*
The good whial-playvr Is aol ■ nMchtai.
He has certain conientional baar ttaca
iHit he ia prepared to take aoy Ha* «
strategy the derelopmeat of toe
sugi^esta. Ifhehaswhat hci
exceptional hand, be is free to opea ft
with an irregular Icadi and If
disclose the atronff haadiL he
play and lead falae tarda, if hia partocr §
hand be also weak. Bvt it ia better. bo<
learnera will piogiw flHire mpadty if
they will learn to walk lieforc tbcy ttr lo
xxLn.-^CharUi S. SotUck^r [L. A.\.
The main objection to_aB trregalar lead
la that It IS Irremlar.
ahould be directive. 1
noM traporUnt iafMrmatloB be
nicated to partner. If tUaiofbiiBatlBaii
withheld for the sake of a poaaible rndbm"
quent lead through an nooor, tbc on
leader is paying very dear for hia whMla.
Hesrond this, it may be that iiiefnlatty
of the lead is not developed oatil laolMi
for advantage to accrae frooi it;
while partner ia in a potilr. aad
miscalculates the leader's boidlMa la
auits.— "Caiv^tfiM*- [i^ A.^ ~ '
Afontkljr.Jmfy, iSgj.
There iaone case In wblcb an
opening has found aoch noHenal
among good players that It ouy beahaiM
aaidto haveliecomccoHveBtioaal aaittrt
Is where an honor la turned and tbai
inal leader desires to have to tod €
either \ty reason of havlac tbc
sequence below It, a tcnace oaar IL ort^
catitc he has the card Immcdtalc^ abnc
It. and hopes that hia naftocr May bealli
to U*ad him a card whicb be e
fully fineMie. In aocb casell
to be a custom among eapiHa all <
country to originally lend as
CHrd. Such a lead, witb I
Is considered the aM
trump signala. and la
mand to the partner io get the
exi'eilitiously as poaaibto and lead
--Milton c. W09I (£. A. jy.]. -m
Irragular ft«y.— plaj
not acoordtng to nUow bat
may have aonie
tkrnt to Juitity it.
J
IEGUI.AR WHIST
225
JACK
ategy contains numerous
e *' good bad players "] play
nay term an irrei^lar game,
lay this irregular game well. —
ttvsoH [Z,+wl+], '^Th€ Art of
vhistr
• play should not be con-
ith false play. • • • The
>rms of finesse — underplay.
, throwing high cards — are all
>lay, but they are part of the
the game. — C. D. P. Hamil'
i, "Afodem Scientific IVAistr'
ular Whist.— Mongrel
so whist played irregu-
not in accordance with
; bumblepuppy.
mrHif in the Hand*.—
ities in the hands consist
n more players having
> many or not the requi-
>er of cards.
d dealt irregularly may be
It or wrong. As long as the
Y iscon6ned to two cards, the
lily rectified; but when it ex-
ree, the possibility of correct-
aes doubtful, and the estab-
r is that the deal is lost.—
•s [O.l ''T>aiU du IVhist,**
' time after all have played to
ick, the pack being perfect, a
>und to have either more or
is correct number of cards and
iries have their right number,
apon the discovery of such sur-
ctency, mav consult and shall
loice: (1) TV) have a new deal;
have tne hand plaved out, in
the surplus or missing card
are not taken into account,
ber of the adversaries also
T less than his correct num-
must be a new deal. If any
a surplus card by reason of an
■> play to a trick, his advcrsa-
ercise the foregoing privilege
be has played to the trick fol-
one in which such omission
'/mws of IVhist {.American
on ig.
de heading, " Irregrularilies in
*' the Americans have made an
difference in the law. By law
A. Bnglish code, should a
« foartecn cards, and either of
the other three less than thirteen, it la a
misdeal. In the first edition of 'The
Art of Practical Whist,*' I called atten-
tion to the defect or obscurity of this law.
By the American code an attempt is made
to remedy this defect, but it does not
seem to me that the difficulty is entirely
avoided. Rule 19 of the American code
(k/ supra) is certainly a far better one
than our English law. as it prevents the
careless players who play with fourteen
and twelve cards from scoring anything
if a new deal is demanded. If, however,
the non-offending players elect to have
the hand played out, they may have over-
rated their strength, and may lose two or
three on the hand. That which I sug-
gested in case 19, ** The Art of Practical
whist," seems to me to more fully meet
the case: ** If two partners hold twenty-
six cards, between them, one holding
more, the other less, than thirteen, while
the adversaries hold thirteen each, no
score made by the partners holding the
unequal number ofcards can be counted
in that hand, whereas any score made
by the partners holding thirteen each can
be counted." —.*4. IV. Drayson [Z,+./4+],
" Whist Laws and Whist Decisions.**
«Mt Didn't Matter'* Player,
The. — This kind of self-sufficient
and generally undesirable partner
is thus gently pilloried by ** Caven-
dish" in his '^ Card-Table Talk:'*
** A companion to the * If you had*
player is the * It didn't matter*
player. My partner trumps my
Dest card, or does not trump a
doubtful card after I have called
for trumps, or commits some other
whist enormity. We win the game
notwithstanding, for we have pro-
digious cards. If I suggest that
there was no occasion to perpetrate
the enormity in question, my part-
ner triumphantly informs me, *It
didn't matter.* This view is alto-
gether fallacious. It did not hap-
pen to matter in that particular
nand; but my confidence is im-
paired, and it will matter in every
nand I play with that partner for a
longtime to come.'*
Jack. — The fourth card in value
or rank. It is also called the knave,
especially in England. The two
terms are synonymous, and in as-
JACK
226
JENKS, MRS. M. S.
much as it is easier and more simple
to t)>e the letter J than the abl>re-
viaii<)ii Km, in (k^sij^natin^ thecanl
by iiiiiial, the >;c-neral usii^^e in this
country hirj^jcly favors it. The gen-
eral a(l'i])tion of the index or
**sc|ucezer'* marks on the edj^jes
of the cards also affords a reason
for tiu* adoption of J as a wfiy of
indic.itin^ it. It may he inteVcst-
inj^ to thi>se who prefer ** knave/*
on account of its lon)^ use, to learn
that **jark" is the older term,
and that at one time it was consid-
vu'i\ much more ])o]ite and respcct-
ahlir than " knave."
AirortliuR to the system of
A UK- r lean leads, the jack is led
friini two coHiliinalions, in suits of
live or m-tre: ( i 1 I'roni ace, kin;^,
t|iieen, jaek, and one «)r more.
I 2 ■ Troni kinji, quern, jack, and
tw«»ormore. (i. W. IVltes also led
jack from jack, ten, nine, and one
or more, and jack, ten, and two
small.
The old system of lea«ls provides
for the le.id of jaek from kin>^,
cjueen, jack, and two or more; from
jack, ten, nine, with or without
small om-^; and from jaek and one
or two others -forced leatls).
In tile Howell ( sh'>rt-suit : >(amc,
jack. Ii»l*mwi-<1 by (jueen, indicates
the hivrli-canl ^aine; foUowetl bv
act- iir kinj^. or by a small canl, ft
imliiMU-N the >u|)]M>rtinf;-card game,
anil three in suit.
Kii iv*- it n'»w Nrin:: Id only from kini^,
fj'i'-' :i kti.iv. :tni! ■■Ibt-r*. lUtiyiiii; iic«'.
:■■ k-:-. ■ pirtnrr iii' rin.tti-ni Ih.il iwli'ii
wi ! •.••.\^ i!:*- v.iii J, MM*''.: .V'.:^l'.i il. iinlio^
)■.■■ ■ N:*'..- .IP A;.'.- lf*-r^;- t :/,. A .
T:-.'- ivrm "i irk." f.ir the StMii'lin.ivi.'io
t' ■ : '.r c ipt lin, i- )ii*>i<i:ic.i'.iy cwrn-ct.
I • t- Ttji ■ kTi;ivr" i« rriiTiii:ir..tivrly
: -ri .iivl a^llsive: th>iii.:h nnw f.mh-
'■ :i •'■■^. it w.i«. A liiw irrni n!M.Hit !?«
A :• ■ l;Niiiut" \I.. ii\, "Thf Hands
f
•»ir u^r ..! tJ^p w.-iT'l 'j.ick" l« ftimplv
• :jiivriiifDcc in iliAtinguikhing it frum
the kiiifr in nbhrrriation. • • •
in{^ the matter from the imAieinrd
pnnt uf R purist, we sec nuthiiiji p
larly vlevatius in the won! " kw
H'hnt[L, A. I December. iS-^.
Miibt of the auttaoritien. and nu
the finett playem, have aluandoni
lead Iff kn.ive fixim knave, ten, nit
Analysiii<lcnionRtratet«th.tt there ii
if any. advautaxe in favor ni the 1
the kuare a« aieainKi the fourth he
/). /» Hamilton \l..A\, " Modern
ttjic H'hntr
Jcnks, Mrs. M. S.—Amon
women of this country who
devoted their talents' to th«
vancement of whist, anil wb«>
won hif(li and wcll-deacr\-c«l
tations a.s teachers of the %
Mrs. Marta S. Jenks nccuj
prominent position. Mrs.
was l)orn at Randolph, Tenn'
received her e«lucatioii in a con
in the city of Memphis. She
initiated into the mysteries of ■
by her father, at an early aj^
was able to play an intelligent |
while still in her teens. In
wonianluxKl she removifl tr» I
delphia, and soon after was
ried. She liecanie well knnn
whist circles in the ^u^kir 1
an<l in iSSS. wiih her huOiam
moved to Chicago. There sbi
>;aKe<l in the stmly of «ciei
whist, with three other Uihes, !
as a matter of mental disci]
th.in as a preparation for her «
quent work. PUrly in the fo!
inj^ year, however, she wis prev;
n{M)n \t\ devote at 1ea«t a pnrtk
her time to the instruction of po
Iler sui-eess provnl Krratrr
she anlirijNite<l, and she there
devntitl all her time to what
si nee In'come a profeaaion.
Mrs J en ks has been very sac
fnl as an instructor. She has
many ver>' interestinf^ papils u
classes in Chicago and elsrwl
amouK tbeni have been siiooe
men from all the vocationa in
from the tnTeling
IROBOAM HAND "
227
JUMPING A SUIT
>f the president's cabinet
ly of the brightest and
rming women of the land,
t been graduated from her
She has also'written much
subject of whist for IV hist
r journals, especially the
fnter-Ocean^ the whist
>f which she edited with
ility for ten months, suc-
the late G. W. Pettes.
> the increased demands
time as a teacher she was
o resign the position, al-
he still remains a regular
or to the paper, which she
ed at the organization of
nan's Whist League, in
»hia, 1897. From there
to California to join her
who had settled at San
n February, owing to ill
In the winter of i897-'98
-ned to Chicago, and re-
r teaching there, and also
ngton, D. C. (See, also,
re of Whist." and *' Whist
icator.")
beam Hand."~In the
t of the present century,
ad, if a player held cards
belming strength he was
lave a ** Jeroboam hand,"
nee to the division of the
Israel, when Jeroboam ob-
n and his rival but two.
se is now obsolete.
>n on Whist.— Dr. Samuel
in the Rambler for Mav,
ws the character of a lady
obliged to drudge at whist
\ was ** weariea to death
game."
Menfy.— Sec, ** Caven-
\ of Appeal*. — ^The by-
e American Whist League,
cd in 1895, provide for "a
board of three judges of appeals,
whose duty it shall be to consider
and decide all (j|uestions concern ine
the interpretation or application of
the laws referred to them by any
member of the League. Their de-
cisions shall be pul>lished in the
official org^n of tlie League."
At the annual congress, in 1897,
the by-laws were so amended as to
abolish the judges of appeals, and
to cause the duties above outlined
to hereafter devolve upon the pres-
ident of the League. The motion
for the change was made by Eugene
S. Elliott, the senior member of
the board, or "court," who felt
convinced that the laws of whist
are so plain that a special tribunal
to interpret them is unnecessary,
and that an^ possible questions
that might arise could safely be left
with the presiding officer of the
League.
Judgment. — Good judgment in
whist is an important and highly
necessarv quality. Quick percep-
tion and judgment enables the
player to do the right thing at the
right time. Judgment must be ex-
ercised, not only m opening a hand
correctly, but in adapting the play
to its aevelopment as aSectea by
the holdings of partner and the
adversaries.
A certain class of persons, amons: whom
we often find players of considerable
skill, consider tnat the pLav of a hand is
entirely a matter of indiTiduaHudnneiit.
It would be so if the player had full data
to act upon, and towards the end of a
hand, when the positions of the cards
may oe pretty well known, these persons
often play very well. But thev forget that
durinf^ a large portion of the nana no suf-
ficient data exist for Judgment, properly
so called.— W^iZ/ifliw PoU\L. A-V\,*^Pk%l'
oiophy of Whist:'
Jumping a Suit. — To lead a
winning card in one suit and lead
another suit next — a play sugges-
tive of an exceptional condition of
JUNIOR WHIST CLUB 228 KEILBY, CHARLE5
the hand, or strongly suggestive of
buniblepuppy.
Junior Whist Club.— This novel
ami successful organization was
started in Philadel]>hia, early
in 1897, for the puri>ose of iiiter-
estiiij^; the young men in a game
wliicli would afford them gofxl
mental training and discipline, and
draw their attention awav from less
d I'M faille games. The movement
was starte<l by Mrs. T. H. Andrews,
president of the Woman's Whist
League, and her son, T. H. An-
drews, Jr., l)ecame president of the
Juniors; J. I). Andrews, vice-presi-
dent; R. Sterling I )upuy. secretary;
and Henry L. Kox, treasurer.
The Juniors acted as ushers at
the first congress of the Woman's
Whist League, in April, 1S97, and
on .May 20 of the same vf^ar lliey
wt-rc adniittc<l to nu'inlN-rship in
thf American Whist Leagui*, tln-ir
nuTuhershij) Ix'ing given in tlie
aniui.il report Jis twenty-six. Thi*y
are also charter meniliers of the
Atlantic Whist AswHiialioii. They
havo a conifortahle cluh-lioust* of
their own. ami have takm pari in
a nninlH-r of important matohfs
a.; lin*-! oldtT players. In the Thila-
drl^ihi.i inler-rily match thvy de-
fei! d the Ilaniihon Club, the .Art
C'lu'i. and tJu* Columbia Club — a n--
m '.-ic »'i!f arhievenuMil. They s^'ut
a i» tir to thf st-vt-nth congress of ihc
Atrn-riciri Whist I.ei^^'.n-, at I*ui-in-
Iliy, X'^r,. and the y«)unij men dis-
til? ^'li-hed themselves in makiTi.i^
ti»:i -.11. re f'lr their si<le north and
fo-.;*.':; i'l \\\k: match for the I'.ronk-
IvM Tri'phy. In the Minneapolis
Tr. »:-hy cntest forrlub pairs, they
s* —I ».rv«!iih amonjij fifteen om-
le-'.:rv^' T-.iirs. The same {Mirmatle
t'»j. ^-..j-,. rii^n alJiTsey City, in the
i'Mt= h for th" Itrr>oklyn Tnij»hy.
Tlrs record for the year 1S97 gives
pro mi be for still better things in
the futnre. We may add
ages of the Junion range f
teen to twenty-one years.
Kcllcy, Charles R. — A
advocate of the short -sui
and a whist-teacher of re<
ability. He was born in Kic
Va., July 3. 1859; rvcci
early education mostly ft
father (a ju.stice of the
tional Court of Appeals of
and sul)seauenth'attendeii
versity of Virginia. He ha
been a contributor to the pi
engaged in various busintr
prises also at various times,
ing that of publisher.
Sir. Keiley l>egan playir
in Richmond, his old' h
numl>er of years agf». a:
tinned in a desultory niann
1SS5. when he plaveii con>
'•rrA/i/ 1) trois*'' in Tar
straiv^ht whist in Kngland
that he droj>peil the game t
early nineties, when hccfitn
playing again, and was ex
annoyeil at In-ing outpoii
men who were noi in t^
cl.iss with him in «>thcr
This eause'l him to t:ike u
and study it sy«temitir.-il!v
then he \\i\s taken high ni
jilayer, and also as an in?
\\f has represented New '
the inter-city contests fortt
eii^ht as a member of the fir
he has been a member of i!
of the Continental Club. 1
York. <Mplain of the Cher
niond Club's team. an<! a;<t7
of ihe Whist Club team.
York, which won the Ch
Troj)liyat the sixth conjjrrs
.American Whist Lea^e.
ganize*! the Syracuse iN V
Club <now the Chess. Checl
Whist Club^. and ha* brr
editor of the New York .V.
Express^ Ei'tning TcUgr^
MRS. GBORGE DE B. 229
KING
His first venture as an
as "Whist Points," a book
ners, now out of print. In
>ublished another volume,
iws of Bridge," and in the
ir he finished his most im-
vork, ** Common Sense in
This book is devoted to
s in the lonsr-suit game;
ler words, it advises a long-
zk whenever the chances
xessful issue are favorable,
es against the lead of the
suit without taking into
Ltion the remainder of the
t is an amplification of the
»f pla^ which he devisi^
am of the New York Whist
ea of pla^ng weak smts
leading m>m the '*top of
" originated with Mr.
His idea was always to tell
iiat when the lower card
the leader's hand the lat-
0 more. This scheme of
ssitated his abandonment
rican leads, except in
(See. also, ** Short-Suit
eiley's.")
Mrs. George de Benne-
n efficient whist teacher,
also done much good work
izing whist clubs among
i. Mrs. Keim first became
1 in whist after her mar-
ing to her husband's devo-
the game. About seven
:> she began to study the
stematically, during her
in Philadelphia, being a
Miss Gertrude Clapp, of
k, for three years. Then
led two years with Mrs.
, of Philadelphia, and
one year with Mrs. T. H.
She began to teach the
rself during the winter of
at Richmond, Va., her
ty. The desire to learn
the modem game had not yet been
awakened in that city, and Mrs.
Keim found some difficulty in intro-
ducing it By degrees she was
able to inspire a few of the ladies,
and finally she succeeded in form-
ing a number of classes, and also
in establishing two whist cIuIm,
which she named respectively the
Emma D. Andrews Whist Club (in
honor of Mrs. T. H. Andrews), and
the Milton C Work Whist Club.
The former started with forty and
the latter with thirty members, and
both joined the Woman's Whist
League. In 1897 she began teach-
ing in New Jersey, at Burlington,
Beverley, and Bdgewater Park (her
place of residence), and at the lat-
ter place she organized another
League club, nam^ also the Emma
D. Andrews, of which she herself
is president
Mrs. Keim teaches the long-suit
system with American leads, and
recommends Work's ** Whist of
To-day " as the authority on the
game. She is also a good player.
In the ladies' whist tournament
at Philadelphia, during Novem-
ber, 1897, she played on the Cam-
den team, ana succeeded in hold-
ing second place at the close.
King.— The second highest card
in the pack; one of the four hon-
ors counted in the English game;
one of the three court cards. It
is led more frequently than any
other high card.
Under the system of American
leads, the king is led originally
only from suits of four or leas,
when accompanied by ace, or
queen, or both. The king led,
therefore, indicates a suit of not
more than four, and either ace or
queen, perhaps both.
Under the system of old leads,
the king is led only when the card
next to It is also held in the hand.
KING
230
LANGCAGB, A
Thus, from ace, king, and others;
from kin^, (}uet'n, and others (un-
less thcst." others, lacing ni<ire than
two, inchuie the jack); from king
and two olliers (forced lead ), if you
have ri'ason to !)i*Ueve pannor lias
strength in the suit; ana from king
and one other ( forced lead), what-
ever thai otlier card may Ik.*.
In the Howell (short-suit) sys-
tem, king followed by ace, iinli-
cates the hi^h-canl game, l)ut
greater accc^mj)anyin^ stren^^lh
than ace followed hy king. King,
unarctuniMiiied by ace, indicates
the high-card game, with pn>l>ably
queen, jack, and others in ha ml.
In the Hamilton lea<U, theff»urth
best insteatl of the ten is led from
the king, j.uk, ten combination. «
The (juestioii is often asked,
whether, holding king and one
small card, the king should be
playe<l. .•^conil hand, on a lr)w card
letl ? Pole, in "The rhiloso])hv of
Whist." hi.lds that it is llis'\dvan-
lage^.>ustod^>so•, and ** Cavendish"
agrees with him thtit the small card
sliould l>e playetl, but recognizes
the fact that there are exceplii'us
to the rule, such as urgent neci*s-
sity for stoj)ping the trump lead
— (juet-n turned uj) to the left — ace
turned at the right, etc. In Amerira
opinion st-rnis divide«l on the sub-
j»;ct. Tin- e«li!or of Whist, in the
issue for .\j»nl. i*^X4. stati**! that liis
o!-H<Tvalion \\as that "the kini; is
gemrallv plaved in our leading
tli:>.<." ■ ■
.A Tint her <jue».tioii on which there
i- a «l:ver-i'. V of npiiiifin is A\hetlier
t'l'- vt.-i'Ti'l b.in«i, hulding kii^g
si: -/Iv i;'.:.iril' «1, should cover the
cjTi' • !i ltd. Milton C. Work, in his
*■ Wliist of Tn-day" ' pa^^e 41 ». re-
cotTTP n«K tin- piay. luil the wlitor
of li'/ii^f Asij^ust. lS<yS, issue) siiys
l:e f L" iTiN it as " one of tlie worst
trii k-l'fsiii'^r plnys that it is ver
well 2>o<vsible to conceiv
though," he admits, *'it is a
tice followed by many very
players."
Having kiiiR. knave, and trn. Ici
trn. For if your }iarttirr h<>lil« 1)1
you liavt: o kcxh) chancr to makr
trickK whfi)u-r he fxiMc-iklhf trn -r t
H'tlhamt IU\nr {/.. 0.\, U htU .\Ua
'77 >■
The olf] rirtbndoz liabit f<ir a Ion:
headed t>v kiiiK and qiirrn «ra« I
with the kiiiK: l>ut iht^ a mi wuh nuv
fini-d !■• Mill Mil fuurc>iii\ . lur l«iiit;*:
the new pn •^rii'linii piy " C.-\rii<!
lh^8| w:iM !•« Y><-;:io with the i^u'
li lUui m IXfle I /L .^ • J , ' ' /. : \' li/u
Uhntr
Kln£ Card. —See," Ma.sterCa
Knave— The fourth canl in \
or value; the jack \q. :•. 1.
Lady Whist - Play«rm. -
** Women as Whi.st-l']a\ ers. "
Lamb» Charles, at Whia
Charles Lamb, tlir genlle t-*v:;
who pi rtraytd and inailc ran
the w«>i' at. wliist-plHver knn«]
Sarah littttU\ Mas hini*>elf a k
admirer of the game. Talfourc
his *' Meniorialsof Charles L^n
mentions him at a silting an
lows :
*' Land>himsrlf, yet unnrla^r<
the Khivs. is sittirj* with a v-r
Quaker primnevsjt !he%»hsV-t«
the gentleness of his mrlan^!
smile half lost in his intt nirrs*
the game: his partner, the .-■j'
of * Tolitical Justice,* i* rtjri".
his hand with a phil«>«oph:c bjt
a I'arelessexe. Captain Burrri *
not veneraliie liecaiLSr mi yi'UT|
s])irit, sits )K'tMi*en thrni. xt\\
C. K.. who alone ni>w .ind •
breaks the pro|K:r silencr t'-
c<'>nie s(»nie incoming guc«t, \s
partner "
It
II IS very
•e of, af-
Languagc, A.~Tbeffv can >«
doubt that whist has a langixafc*
ita own. From almoit cverr 1
TRICK, SEEING THE 23 1
LAWS OF WHIST
some inference may be
Each partner speaks to the
I plainly as though he em-
irords, when botli are mas-
Lhe game and its conven-
es.
s a lanj^uifife, and every card
\ iutellig^ble sentence.— ^aM^x
st-players understand that the
ik. Some can comprehend all
la say. — H^estminsUr Papers
11 that the whist world is gov-
wtantially by the same code of
would be better if it were alto-
; then even different languages
A. separate ffood whist-players.
St, they would form a common
od the world over and therein
•ntly one language.— y4.y. Mcln-
.]. 'Modern IVhut;' tSiiS.
ntlemen or ladies, from the four
)f the earth, perchance meet on
train or ocean steamer. Each
a tongue unknown to the other,
'ney promises to be tedious,
nesorae, and even disagreeable.
one produces a pack of cards,
around a table, the cards are
cut, and dealt, and thenceforth
r converse with an intelligence
oquence never surpassed bv the
3lg:ue the world ever heard, "their
IS ifAa/— every card properly
ing an intelligible sentence^ and
each understand its inflections,
in its infinite variety of expres-
l the journey is ended. What a
lauguace it is \—P. J. Tormey
'htst, July, 1894.
Trick, Seeing the. — See
d."
frump. — A most important
regaining the lead, and
I in an established suit,
rhirteeiith Trump.")
of Whist.— Rules and reg-
for the practice of whist,
government of whist-play-
le laws have certain penal-
iched for their infraction,
very whist-player should be
familiar with, submit toon his part,
and exact from others, in order that
good whist may prevail. ** Caven-
dish'* says: ** Card laws are intend-
ed to effect two objects: ( i ) To pre-
serve the harmony and determine
tlie ordering of the table. (2) To
prevent any player from obtaining
an unfair advantage. The word 'un-
fair ' must be taken in a restricted
sense. It does not mean intentional
unfairness. This is not to be dealt
with by laws, but by exclusion
from the card table.'*
Whist-players in America have
generally accepted and are gov-
erned by the American code (see,
** Laws of Whist — American
Code"), which is based on the
English laws, but so changed and
amended as to suit the American
game. English players generally
adhere to the laws of short whist,
which were promulgated in 1864,
and are basea on the long-suit code
of Hoyle, as amended in 1760.
Both the English and American
laws are supplemented by *'The
Etiquette ot Whist" {q. vX a
number of rules which are in effect
laws, although it would be difficult
to prescribe any p)enalties for their
transgression other than those vis-
ited upon persons who are guilty
of bad manners or unfairness in
other walks of life.
Laws for the playing of card games
were framed for the purpose: (i) Of or-
dering and determining the conditions
and (ormalitits of the game: (2) of pro-
moting harmony; (3) of establishing and
maintaining equity. — H'illiam Cusack-
Smith [L. O.].
The law-makers, anticipating that
through inadvertence, accident, or care-
lessness the rules would be violated by
f)lnyer». and that thereby the player vlo-
ati'ng, and his partner, would obtain an
undue advantage, as a compensation to
the adversaries for this advantage thus
gained, proviHion is made under the
rules — generally called penalties— to
equal the advantage. — A.J.Mcintosh [L,
A.], ^'Modern k^hui,'* 1888.
LAWS OP WHIST
232
LAWS OF WHIST
Laws of Whist — Amcricsn
Code. — A c<Kk' for the Koverniiieiit
of American whist was flrawii up
under the jfuidance of (Veorj^^e \\.
Peltes, and aduplcd, in i«SS9, i>y the
DeschapellesCluh, of Ikwton, Mass.
It contained hut ei^^hteen sections,
ancl inarkLMlaradical <U*parture from
the ICny^lish system of laws. Tliis
cjxle, together with the club rules,
niayhf f'iun<l in Tetles' *• American
Whist lihislraled," jwi^es 21-25.
The ;ienerally accepte<l and rc-
cojjni/ecl laws for the American
^aine were, however, enacted in
i-Siyi, at the first coii}^re*iS of the
Ar.ierioan Whist Le.iK'**'. '** Mil-
wauk«:e. \Vi«».,and in fraTninj^them
the Miij^lish cixlf was t.iken as a
tiasis. and jiracti^-'al su;^j»fstions,
made in a letter t'l the conj^ress, l>y
N. H. Trist, were carried ont.
Aniou^ other thinj^s he s.iiil : " It is
needlevs to s:iv that I consider the
de«hirtion or arMin)^ of ]X)ints. ex-
cei>t in cases of revoke, as jienallies
for whist offenses, to he contrary to
the i»rinciple on which whist laws
shouM be based; consequently, I
advise that we profit tiy the expe-
rience of our Kn>jjlish cousins.
They alrcarly have an e\aborale
C'wle of laws, which is authority all
over Knj^land ami in many clut>s
in this country, anil which will
snhs^Tve our ])uq>'>se very well, by
elitniri iMnj^ from it all matter per-
tain:::.: l«i the rf>:ir.tinj; «if honors.
whi ;i Imn l»veri ahno»«t n:]ivers;illy
a''»Ii-.!uil in th:** fMinlrv, as a
b'.ei:i:*-h «»m n j^anie whii'!i claims to
},.. v.ri T.tific. It is ]»n>b«ble th.it
s'lm*- ehaiijs'es al-'> in the niiMh- of
s. iT :■!;.: will bf pri'j>'.s«-.!. The
l'Inv;'.:h ••ysteni t!'»eN n"! si—ni toln:
J- 'T-nlar. as is shown by llie fact
t:'..it 1: a if- a -dozen way> of conntinjj
|«revail in this country. • ♦ •
In my Mjjiriiun, the vranie. where
liiri'-rs are n'»t cr>u:iti-d, should
c«»nsisiof seven points."
The work be^un by Ihr nr-s*
gress wiis cmttinucil at \\w s*
conjfre&s, in New York, an«l nn
at Chicago, in 1S93, wliere
])ort was made by a comni
consisting of Theodore Sch
chairman, and Nicholas H.
Walter II. Ikirney, C. U. I\ H
ton, lM.sher Ames', Cawius M. i
and Henry Jones ('•Cawnili
who had given the matter
careful attention.
The new code reduced llie
her of laws from ninety -one ■ i
ICn;rlish code) to thirty-iiiiie.
made hannonious the gre.it •
sity of us.igc in vogue in t!iis«
try. (See, also, •'American
ICnj^lish I/iws.'*) Brn;iilly sjna
the American co<le is bis*.-l
the f d lowing postulat:< <n<:
r. The contiuct of the .\mf
game she mid Ik: govi-rnei! ' y a
iiased <m whist for wh:^t,
from slakes.
2. Infractions of whist 1 iw<
rules of table etiquette are
tentional.
3. No player takes advar.l *
informatKHi affonletl by Ire.
of the law.
4. Whist laws hhr>u!d W fr
with these objects in view, m.-
define the general orler o! i 'j
jir<imote d riser attcnti«'«n. ar
maintain drcornm.
5. The jKMially for the infr.i
of a law IS nf»t for lh»* pur;*^
restitution for damaRi-s 'ixcr
the c.isi- i.f the revoke-, l»ut *
to s*inH:l.ite precaution ani! rr
impr »;»rir:its of p!ay.
TIk- .Amt-rican co«le also in.-
biws fi»r the govemmt-nt of -i
cate whi*t "»ee. " Dnp'icatc W
I^ius of" I. which were a-b^p!
the ff>nrth congress of the he
Philadelphia, iS<^. .\i the
congress, held at Manhattan P
Brooklyn. 1896,8 .«tani!inu' o^f
tec on laws was appointeil t j
fiWS OF WHIST
233
LAWS OF WHIST
1 revisions of the code
' straight and duplicate
their judgment mignt dic-
» committee invitcS every
b, and every individual
«rho had any suggestion
nendation to offer ou the
o forward the same at
onvenience. The report
imittee, made and adopt-
seventh congress, at Put-
397, was somewhat of a
tment to those who be-
revision, for the general
left untouched, and only
f duplicate were amended,
aws of Whist —Proposed
" ) We give herewith the
le game as now in force:
me. — I. A game consists
points, each trick above
ng one. The value of the
letermined by deducting
* score from seven.
^ the Table, — 2. Those
le room have the prefer-
by reason of two or more
at the same time, more
assemble, the preference
le last comers is deter-
cutting, a lower cut ^v-
•eference over all cutting
K complete table consists
e four having the prefer-
Partners are determined
g; the highest two play
le lowest two; the lowest
has the choice of seats
0 players cut intermediate
qual value they cut again;
of the new cut plays with
al lowest.
ree players cut cards of
le they cut again. If the
1 cut the highest card the
0 of the new cut are part-
the lowest deals. If the
s cut the lowest card he
1 the highest two of the
re partners.
5. At the end of a game, if there
are more than four belonging to the
table, a sufficient number of the
players retire to admit those await-
ing their turn to play. In deter-
mining which players remain in,
those who have played a less num-
ber of consecutive games have the
preference over all who have played
a greater number; between two or
more who have played an equal
nimiber the preference is deter-
mined by cutting, a lower cut ^v-
ing the preference over all cutting
higher.
6. To entitle one to enter a table,
he must declare his intention to do
so before any one of the players
has cut for the purpose of com-
mencing a new game or of cutting
out.
Cutting, — 7. In cutting, the ace
is the lowest card. All must cut
from the same pack. If a player
exposes more than one card, he
must cut again. Drawing cards
from the outspread pack may be
resorted to in place of cutting.'
Shuffling. — 8. Before every deal,
the cards must be shuffled. When
two packs are used, the dealer's
partner must collect and shuffle the
cards for the ensuing deal, and
place them at his right hand. In
all cases, the dealer may shuffle
last.
9. A pack must not be shuffled
during the play of a hand, nor so
as to expose the face of any card.
Cutting to the Dealer. — 10. The
dealer must present the pack to his
right-hand adversary to oe cut; the
adversary must take a portion from
the top of the pack ana place it to-
wards the dealer; at least four cards
must be left in each packet; the
dealer must reunite the packets by
placing the one not removed in cut-
ting upon the other.
II. If, in cutting or in reuniting
the separate packets, a card is ex-
LAWS OF WHIST
234
LAWS OP WHIST
posed, llic p:iclc must l»e rrsluifHed
!)>■ iIk* <K*aler and cut n^^aiii; if
there is nny confusion of tlic cards,
or iloulit as to the place where the
jKick was separated, there must be
a new cut.
12. If the dealer reshufTles the
pack afier it has Ixren properly cut,
lie ]o-iis his deal.
Ihaiiujr, — 13. When the pack
];as lieen prixjH'rly cut and reunited,
the dealer must <listril)Ute the cards,
one at a time, to each ])layer in rej^-
til.tr rotation, hej^innin;^ at his letl.
The lasi, which is ilie trump canl,
must 1k' turned up ])efore the dealer.
At the eu'l (»t the hand, or when the
deal is l<»sl, the deal j>a»ssi's lo the
player next ti» the dealer on his
left, and so on to each in turn.
14. There must be a new deal by
the same dealer:
I. If any card except the last is
fared in the pack.
II. If, during; the deal or durinj^
the play of the hand, the pack is
]ir'»ved iniv)rreet or imperfect; but
any ])rior scrire made with that pack
shall stand.
15. If. durinjj the deal, a canl is
exp(»"i«'il, llie side iiol in fault may
demaiul a new deal, prfivii'.ed
neiiluT '-f that side has touched a
rani. If a r.i-w de.d diK-s not take
I'?.^i-e, !h'- 1 xposedcard is not liable
tu l-e (■ d!«-i!.
1^). .\\\y «»ni' flealin;; out of turn,
or with 111"* a'lver-arivs' jurk, may
b'.' vt-iiiju-l before the trump card is
li:::i"]. tr.rr wb.ii h the deal is valid,
;.;,''i t:.'- J !• ks, if c!i.in>:eil, Sf> re-
»«i . 1 ■ I
I >
V. V ■/•'.'i.'. — 17. It is a m!»-leal:
I I: r:,' dr t]«T iimiis 111 h.ive the
1 a. k I 'It. a:!'l hi*, ailversiries dis-
■
%■' ' ^"r *.'\\i- errnr b'-fore the trump
r :rd i'* 'urn'-il and bi-f«»re 1o(jkin){ at
ar:\ 1 •;' ;!:i"ir cards.
II Ii !:■ lb d'^ .". card incorrectly
an- 1 i \\\^ til cttrrfcl the error l>efore
• b ..'.ii:^' a:;other.
III. If he counts the c.inis <
table or in the remainder r
pack.
IV. If, having a perfect |vir
does not deal to each pla>i
pn»per numlhrr of cards, iw.'
error is discovered iM-t'ore a'li
played to the first trick.
V. If he 1rK>ks at the trurnj
before the deal is completed
VI. If he places the trum:.
face downwanis u|on hi*i ov
any other player's cards.
A misdeal Iomts the ileal, \:\
during the deal, either if tJ:i
versaries touches a canl ■ r i!
other manner i n term j its th-.- •!•.
The Trump CarJ, — i s. TV.*- 1!
must leave the trump card :a
wards on the Lible unii! :t :
turn to play lo the fir*.i ir-.^k
is left on the taltle until .\i\r.
.second trick h.is U-en f.ir::»-i
quitted, it is liable To N- i':
Afler it has l»cen lawful I v t.i'k*-
it must not be nanie<i, a: •;
player naming it is 'iiabk- i <
liis hij^hest i»r his lowi^i ::
calk*d bv either adxer-^irv. A : \
may. however, ask wb.al the ::
suit is.
Irrrf^uhritu'^ in the Han.U •
If, at any time attir all l'a\f- \ '.
to ihe iirst trick, the p uk V
jxrfect, a player is fou::.* '.«*
either more or less than h:««' ;
nnmlHT of cards, ami his .i'!v-
ries have their riKhl rumrrr
latter, ujum the iliNCivtry • :"
surnlus <»r det'iciency. \\\\\ ».iv;
ami shall have the ch'<i< e
I. To have a new deal, r^r
II. To have the han^l p'..^- f*
in uhich case the •'Urj-lu* «■: r
ini.; card or cards arc not tj^'^* n
accriunt.
If cither of the aiivcrvtr:*-*
has mt^ri* or less than hi* c*
numluT, there must Iw a new
If any player has a sur; *.::«
by reiison uf an oini»ion lo ;I.
LAWS OP WHIST
235
LAWS OP WHIST
c, his adversaries can exercise
»regoinf privilege only after
s pUyed to the tnck following
ne in which such omission
•ed.
ds Liable to be Called. — 20.
>llowing cards are liable to be
by either adversary:
Bvery card faced upon the
>therwise than in the re^lar
r of play, but not including a
td out of turn.
Every card thrown with the
id or played to the current
The player must indicate
le led or played.
Every card so held by a
' that his partner sees any
n of its face.
All the cards in a hand low-
r shown by a player so that
rtnersees more than one card
Everv card named by the
holding it.
All cards liable to be called
be placed and left face up-
on the table. A player must
)r pla^ them when they are
, provided he can do so with-
voking. The call may be re-
l at each trick until the card
''ed. A player cannot be pre-
1 from leading or playing a
table to be called; if he can
1 of it in the course of play,
lalty remains.
If a player leads a card better
ny his adversaries hold of the
nd then leads one or more
cards without wailing for his
T to play, the latter may be
upon by either adversary to
he first trick, and the other
thus improperly played are
to be called; it makes no dif-
e whether he plays them one
he other, or throws them all
". table together, after the first
I played the others are liable
:mlled.
23. A player having a card liable
to be called must not play another
until the adversaries have stated
whether or not they wish to call
the card liable to the penalty. If
he plays another card without
awaiting the decision of the adver-
saries, such other card also is liable
to be called.
Leading out of Turn.— 2^, If
any player leads out of turn, a suit
may be called from him or his part-
ner the first time it is the turn of
either of them to lead. The pen-
alty can be enforced only by the
adversary on the right of the player
from whom a suit can lawfmly be
called.
If a player, so called on to lead a
suit, has none of it, or if all have
played to the false lead, no penalty
can be enforced. If all have not
played to the trick, the cards erro-
neously played to such false lead
are not liable to be called, and must
be taken back.
Playing out of Turn. — 25. If the
third hand plays before the second,
the fourth hand also may play
before the second.
26. If the third hand has not
Elayed, and the fourth hand plays
efore the second, the latter may be
called upon by the third hand to
play his highest or lowest card of
the suit led; or, if he has none, to
trump or not to trump the trick.
Abandoned Hands — 27. If all
four players throw their cards on
the table, face upwards, no further
play of that hand is permitted.
The result of the hand, as then
claimed or admitted, is established,
provided that, if a revoke is discov-
ered, the revoke penalty attaches.
ReiKfking. — 28. A revoke is a re-
nounce in error not corrected in
time. A player renounces in error,
when, holding one or more cards
of the suit lea, he plays a card of a
different suit.
LAWS OP WHIST
236
LAWS OF WHIST
A renounce in error may be cor-
rectc<l !)>• the player niakinf^ it,
iK^forc the trick in which it occurs
has Ik'cii turne<I nnd quitted, unless
cither he or his partner, whether
in his ri)^ht turn or otherwise, has
led or j)l.iye<l to the following; trick,
or unless his partner has asked
whether or not he has any of the
suit renouncinl.
2y. If ii j)layer corrects his mis-
take in time to save a revoke, the
card improperly playe<l by him is
liable to be called; any player or
players, who have playetl after him,
may withdraw their cards and sul>-
stitute others; the cards so with-
dr.iwn are not liable to Ik* calie<l.
31 >. The penalty of revoking; is
the transfer of two tricks from the
revokitij^ side t<» their adversiiries;
it can l)e enforceil for jls many ri^-
voke'i Hs (H'cur durinj; the hand.
Tile revokinj; side cannot win tlie
^ame in that hand; if lx>th sides
revoke, neither can win the game
in that hand.
31. The revokin;^ player and his
I)artner may require the hand, in
whieh the revoke has }>een made,
to Ik' played out, and score all
IK'iiil'i made by them up to the
score rif six.
^2. At the end of a hand, the
claimants of a revoke may M.*arch
all the trirks. If tlie cards have
been mi\eil. the claim may be
ur^T'l and pro\ed. if jKissilile; but
no Jin 'id' i-* niTessiiry and the re-
voke i- i-lablishi**!, it, after it h.is
!■• ■. :i I l.tiKud, ihe accused player or
lii-* I a:l:j'T iiji\es the canls In-fore
tl;» y li iM- boiTi examini'il to the
sa*:'-' !• *i -n oj' tlie .tdversaries.
^\. Tl.r revf'ki- can l»e claimed
at .I'ly liirie lieli-re the canis have
biv II pn-^ :ili il and rut for the fol-
lii\\i!:;^ ilr.u. Iml n« it thereafter.
^/^ ^. e .';\i/te-i*i4 ». — ;4. .Any one. liur-
inv: llu- jii.ty of a trick, ami before
the card> have been touched fur the
purpose of feathering them tog
may demand that the players
Uieir cards.
35. If any one, prior to his
ner playing, calls attention X!
manner to the trick or lo the
the adversary* last to play t
trick may require the offei
partner to play his highest or 1
of the suit led, or, if he ha&
to trump or not to trump the
36. It any player bays, "
win the rest," " The rest arc t
• * We have the game, ' ' or wni
that effect, his ]Mrtner's card**
be lai<l ujxjn the table, and ai
ble to lie calletl.
37. When a trick has l»een t!
nnd (piitted, it must not nga
seen until after the hand has
phtyo<l. A violation of thn
sulijects llie ofTendtrr's Mde t
same jK'nalty as in caM.- f>f j
out of turn.
3S. If a jilayer is lawfuiiy <
ui>on to play the highest or i
ot a suit, or to trump or n
trump a trick, or to Icati a sni
unnecess;irily fails to comply,
liable to the same penally jn
had revoked.
3<^. In all cases where A j<
has been incurre«l the oiTt ndrr
await the decision t»f the a i
ries. If either of thrm. wi
without his partner's cun^rr
ma;;ds a ]>i-naliy to which tht
entitled, Mich ilect>ion is bca!
the wn">ng adversary ilrniat
]M.*nalty. or a vtrong penalty
n:aiiile<I. none can be enforiT^
^ jSee. al>o, *' Ktiquette of Wh
Uwm of Whist- Cnclitth C
— Ib)\lefir«t gave a pnntet*
ence to the laws uf nhist :n
The fourteen laws thrn iSMidi
sulisccpiently incT\'a«etl to tw
four, and thenc were the anti
until 1760, when they were rr*
and the revision was agrcrd
LAWS OP WHIST
237
LAWS OP wmsT
fmbere of White's and Sann-
chocolate houses. These
x)vided for the old ten-point
or long whist, of Hoyle.
emained in force until 1864,
he supremacy of short whist
,'come a fact, and the neces-
* a change in the laws was
felt by players ever^here.
st to suggest a revision, and
an active part in bringing it
was John Loraine Baldwin, a
lown player, who wrote as
1 concerning it in May, 1864:
t years ago I suggested to
e Hon. George Anson, one
most accomplished whist-
» of his day, that as the
tacY of short whist was an
vledged fact, a revision and
ation of Hoyle*s rules would
a boon on whist-players gen-
and on those specially to
disputes and doubtful points
constantly referred.*' Their
coincided, but the project
' a time abandoned. In 1863
ildwin renewed his efiforts.
May of that year one of the
whist clubs, the Arlington
tilled the Turf), appointed a
ttee of nine, with James Clay
irman, to co-operate in the
After preparing the new
; was sent to another leading
he Portland, and considered
committee of which H. D.
(father of " Cavendish*') was
lan. The suggestions offered
latter committee were ac-
, and on April 30, 1864, the
ras formally adopted by the
ton Club, on a resolution
by the Duke of Beaufort as
lan. The code was shortly
ublished in conjunction with
Clay's treatise on "Short
" and was at once adopted
principal clubs. It has ever
emained the standard author-
Bngland and other English-
speaking countries, with the excep-
tion of the United States, where a
new code is now in force. The
Eng:lish code consists of ninety-one
sections, as follows:
The /Judder, — i. The rubber is
the best of three games. If the
first two games be won by the same
players, the third game is not
played.
Scoring,— 2, A game consists of
five points. Each trick above six
counts one point.
3. Honors — i.e,^ ace, king, queen,
and knave, of trumps — ^are thus
reckoned:
If a player and his partner,
either separately or conjointly,
hold —
I. The four honors, they score four
points.
II. Any three honors, they score two
points.
IIL Only two honors, they do not score.
4. Those players who, at the
commencement of a deal, are at
the score of four, cannot score
honors.
5. The penalty for a revoke takes
Precedence of all other scores,
ricks score next; honors last.
6. Honors, unless claimed before
the trump card of the following
deal is turned up, cannot be score£
7. To score honors is not suffi-
cient; they must be called at the
end of the hand; if so called, they
may be scored at any time during
the game.
8. The winners gain —
I. A treble, or game of three points,
when their adversaries have not scored.
II. A double, or j^me of two points,
when their adversaries have scored less
than three.
III. A flingle, or ^me of one point,
when their adversaries have scored three
or four.
9. The winners of the rubber
gain two points, commonly called
the rubber points, in addition to
the value of their games.
LAWS OP WHIST
938
LAWS OP WHIST
10. Should the rubber have con-
sistetl of three games, the value of
the loser's game is deducted from
the gross number of points gained
by their <ipponcnts.
11. If an erroneous score be
proveii, such mistake can be cor-
rected prior to the conclusion of
the game in which it occurred, and
such game is not concluded until
the trump card of the following deal
has been tume<l up.
12. If an erroneous score affect-
ing the amount of the rubber be
proved, such mistake can be recti-
fie<l at any time during the rubber.
Cutting. — 13. The ace is the low-
est card.
14. In all cases, every one must
cut from the same pack.
15. Should a player expose more
than one card he must cut again.
Formation of Table, — 16. If
there are more than four candidates
the players are selected by cutting,
those first in the room having the
preference. The four who cut the
lowest cards play first, and again
cut to decide on partners; the two
lowest play against the two highest;
the lowest Ls the dealer, who has
choice of cards and scats, and bav-
in.1^ once made his selection must
abide by it.
17. \\nien there are more than
six candidates those who cut the
two next lowest cards belong to the
table, which is complete with six
players; on the retirement of one of
these six players the candidate who
cut the next lowest canl has a prior
right to any after-comer to enter
the table.
Cutting CarJx 0/ Equal Value, —
18. Two players cutting canls of
espial value, unless such cards are the
two highest, cut again; should they
be the two lowest, a fresh cut is ne-
cessary to decide which of those two
deals.
19 Three players cntdng cards
of equal valne cat agua. Sboold
the fourth (or remaining) canl bs
the highest, the two lowest of tht
new cut are partneiSi the lower of
these two the dealer; should te
fourth card be the lowest, the twt
highest are partners, the origiMl
lowest the dealer.
Cutting Oui.^atk At the end of
a rubber, shonld admissioB bt
claimed by any one or two candi-
dates, he who has, or they wbs
hsLve, played a greater nttmocr of
consecutive rubbers than the othoi
is, or are, out; but when sll hmt
played the same number, ther hmiI
cut to decide upon theont-flocfl(
the highest are out.
Entry and Re^eniwy.^^u Aci»
didate wishinjj; to enter a taUe hmiI
declare such intention prior to an
of the players having cut a osii
either for the purpose of ■ ■' —
ing a fresh rubber or of cnttipgoil
22. In the formation of BiA
tables, those candidates who
neither t)elonged to, nor playsd ^
any other table have the prior li^
of entij; the othen decide thrii
right of sdmissicm hj cutting.
23. Any onequitting a table
to the conclusion of a rubber
with consent of the other
players, appoint a sufastitnfee in Ik
absence during that ruUicr.
24. A player cutting
table, whilst belonging to
loses his right of le^ntiy ialD
latter, and takes his chaaot ef
ting in, as if he
didate.
25. If anv one MeaK vpa I
the remaining plajren bbvi
prior right to him of catij
anv other; and should thciv m
suftcient vscanciea at
Uble to admit all
they setUe thcfar |ihihi1im If
cutting.
Skmffiing.
oehhcr be ifavfled
uAWS OP WHIST
239
LAWS OF WHIST
lat the face of any card be
te pack must not be shuf-
ng the plaj of the hand,
pack, having been played
1st neither be shuffled by
it into packets nor across
k
ich player has a right to
once only, except as pro-
f Rule 32, prior to a deal
false cut. or when a new
occurred.
le dealer's partner must
Lhe cards for tlie ensuing
d has the first right to
iiat pack.
Lch player, after shuffling,
ice Uie cards, properly col-
nd face downwaras, to the
le player about to deal,
le dealer has always the
shuffle last; but should a
cards be seen during his
^, or while giving the pack
t, he may be compelled to
^tal, — ^33. Each placer deals
urn; the right of dealing
lie left
le player on the dealer's
Is tne pack, and in dividing
not leave fewer than four
I either packet; if in cut-
in replacing one of the two
on the other, a card be ex-
r if there be any confusion
ards, or a doubt as to the
ice in which the pack was
there must be a fresh
lien a player whose duty it
It has once separated the
; cannot alter his intention;
leither reshuffle nor recut
s.
hen the pack is cut, should
er shuffle the cards he loses
w Deal, — 37. There must
r deal —
I. If during a deal, or duHne the play
of a haud, the pack be proved incorrect
or imperfect.
II. If any card, excepting the last, be
faced in the pack.
38. If, whilst dealing, a card be
exposed by the dealer or his part-
ner, should neither of the adversa-
ries have touched the cards, the
latter can claim a new deal; a card
exposed by either adversary g^ves
that claim to the dealer, provided
that his partner has not touched a
card; if a new deal does not take
place the exposed card cannot be
called.
39. If during dealing a player
touch any of his cards, the adver-
saries may do the same without los-
ing their privilege of claiming a
new deal, should chance give them
such option.
40. If, in dealing, one of the last
cards be exposed, and the dealer
turn up the trump before there
is reasonable time for his adver-
saries to decide as to a fresh deal,
they do not thereby lose their
privilege.
41. If a player, whilst dealing,
look at the trump card, his adver-
saries have a right to see it, and
may exact a new deal.
42. If a player take into the hand
dealt to him a card belonging to
the other pack, the adversaries, on
discovery of the error, may decide
whether they will have a fresh deal
or not
A Misdeal, — ^43. A misdeal loses
the deaL
44. It is a misdeal —
I. Unless the cards are dealt into four
packets, one at a time in regular rota-
tion, beginning with the player to the
dealer's left.
II. Should the dealer place the last
card (f. e., the trump) face downwards,
on his own, or any other pack.
III. Should the trump card not come
in its regular order to the dealer; but be
does not lose his deal if the paidc be
prored imperfect.
LAWS OF WHIST
240
LAWS OP ^I'HIST
IV. Shriiilcl a plnycr have fourteen
cards, ami frither ut ihc other three Wsb
than thirteen.
V. ShouM the dealer, under an Impre^-
dion that lir has made a uiistnke, either
count the cafiU un the table or the re*
uiaiuder of the {Mick.
VI. ShouM the dealer deal two cards at
once, or two canls to the funie hand, and
then d«;.il a tliitd; but if prior to tleahnic
that tliird card thedraU-r can, bynlterinK
the {Misition o( one card i>nly, rectify such
ern>r, he 111:1 v do so, except hn i»ro%-ided
by the MTund fiaraKraph nf this law.
VII. Sliould the dealer omit to have the
pack cut tu him. and the ail^'emaries di>»-
cover the error, prior to the trump card
l>eiuK turned up, and before l(K>kiaK at
their cardH, but Qui after having done
•o.
45. A misdeal docs not lose the
(leal if, (luriii); ihe (U-aliii^, either
of the adversaries touch the cards
prior to the dealer's partner having
done so; l>nt should the latter have
first interfered with the cards, not-
withstanding? cither or both of the
adversaries liave subsequently doue
the Mime, the deal is lost.
46. Shouhi three players have
their iij^ht numl)cr of card.s, the
fourth have less than thirteen, and
not iliscover such defirieiicy until
he has piaye<l anv of his cards, the
deal stands (^oofi; should he have
played, he is as answerable for any
revoke he may have made os if the
missing card, or cards, had been in
his han«l: he may search the other
pack fnr it, or them.
47. If a ])ack, during or after a
rubbtr, be proved incorrect or i ni-
pt-rfect, such proof does not alter
any past s<ore, ^anie, or rubber;
that h;iiiil ill wliich the iniperfcc-
li«in w;t«. dfUi'te«l is null and voi<l;
the jlr.iler doals :i>^ain.
4S. ,\iiy «i!u* dealing out of turn,
or with tlie :iilversar\''s cards, mav
be stiiTiped iH'fore the trump card is
tunu-ii up. after which the game
must pr'iceed as if no mistake had
l>een made.
49. A jilayer can neither shuffle,
cut, nor deal for his partner with-
out the permiMton of hit c
nents.
5a If the advenariei in ten-
dealer while dealing, eithci
(luestioning the score en* a»flc
tnat it is not his deal, and fa
establish such claim, shouhi a
deal occur he may deal again.
5 1 . Should a placer take his
ner*s deal, and misdeal, the 1
is liable to the usual penalty,
the adversary next in roUitK
the player who ought to have
then pla^.<i.
The Trump Cflrrfl— 52. The
cr, when it is his turn to play t
first trick, should take the U
card into his hand; if left ut
table after the first trick lie tn
and f|uitted, it is liable to be ci
his partner may at any timi
mind him of the liability.
53. A Aer the dealer has uke
trump card into his hand it ca
Ik! asked for; a player naming
any time during the play \4
hand is liable to have his hij
or lowest trump called.
M- If the dealer take the ti
card into his hand liefure it i
turn to play he may be flean
lay it on the table; shunld be
a wrong card, this card ibj
called, as al.so a second, a t
etc.. until the trump cmnl be
duced.
55. If the dealer declare hti
unable to recollect the trump
his highest or lowest trump m
calleil at any time during that 1
ami, uiileiv it cause him to m
must l>e pla^Td; the call ms
n']>eate«l, but not changed^
fnjni highest to lowest, or
ivrsa — until such card is plavi
Cards L\abl€ to be CaiUi.
All exposed canls are lialde )
called, and most be left oa
table; but a card is not an ex|
card when dropped on the flo(
elsewhere below the tabic
LAWS OP wmsT
241
I*AWS OF WHIST
following are exposed cards:
3 or more cmrds pUyed at once,
y card dropped with its face np-
r in any way exposed on or abore
t, eren though snatched up 10
that no one can name it.
f any one play to an imper-
:k the best card on the table,
I one which is a winning
against his adversaries, and
ead again, or play several
inning cards, one after the
inlhout waiting for his part-
lay, the latter may be called
in, if he can, the first or any
r those tricks, and the other
bus improperly played are
1 cards.
f a player, or players, under
pression that the game is
won, or for other reasons,
lis or their cards on the table
>wards, such cards are ex-
sind liable to be called, each
I by the adversary; but
one player alone retain his
le cannot be forced to aban-
r all four players throw their
n the table face upwards,
ds are abandoned; and no
a^ain take up their cards,
this general exhibition show
t game might have been
»r won, neither claim can be
ned, unless a revoke be es-
•d. The revoking players
n liable to the following
a: they cannot, under any
tances, win the game by
lit of that hand, and thead-
s may add three to their
r deduct three from that of
»kinf players,
card aetached from the rest
land, so as to be named, is
» be called; but should the
ry name a wrons^ card, he is
• have a suit called when he
artner have the lead.
* a player, who has rendered
himself liable to have the hig^hest
or lowest of a suit called, £bi1 to
play as desired, or if when called
on to lead one suit lead another,
having in his hand one or more
cards of that suit demanded, he
incurs the penalty of a revoke.
62. If any player lead out of turn,
his adversaries may either call the
card erroneously led, or may call a
suit from him or his partner when
it is the next turn of either of them
to lead.
63. If any player lead oat of
turn, and the other three have fol-
lowed him, the trick is complete,
and the error is rectified; but if
only the second, or the second and
third, have played to the fisUse lead,
their cards, on discovery of the mis-
take, are taken back. There is no
penalty against any one excepting
the original ofiender, whose card
may be called, or he, or his part-
ner, when either of them has next
the lead, may be compelled to play
any suit demanded by the adversa-
ries.
64. In no case can a player be
compelled to play a card which
would oblige him to revoke.
65. The call of a card may be re-
peated until such card has been
played.
66. If a player called on to lead
a suit have none of it, the penalty
is paid.
Cards Played in Error ^ or not
Played to a Trick,— ^t. If the third
hand play before the second, the
fourth hand may play before his
partner.
68. Should the third hand not
have placed, and the fourth play
before his partner, the latter may
be called on to win or not to win the
trick.
69. If any one omit playing to a
former trick, and such error be not
discovered until he has played to
the next, the adversaries may claim
LAWS OF WHIST
242
LAWS OF WHIST
a new deal. Should they decide
that the deal stand ^(xxl, the sur-
plus card at the end of the hand is
considered to have l)een played to
the iin]K*rfect trick, but does not
constitute a revoke.
ya. If anv one play two cards to
th«* satm- trick, orniix his trump or
otluT card with a trick to which it
d(K**i not proi>erlv helonj;, and the
mistake hi' not discovered until the
hand is playt'd out, he is answer-
alile f'lr all consequent revokes he
may have made. Jf during the play
of the hand the error l)c detected,
the irirks may Ik? counted face
dnwn wards, in order to ascertain
wlurllur tlu-re be amcmj; them a
canl t<x» many. Should this Ik* the
case, they may be searche<l and the
card restored. The i)layer i«*, how-
ever, liable for all revokes he mav
meanwhile have ma'le.
V'/ir AVr-'/v. — 71. Is when a
player, lutldiu)^ one or nioro cards
of the suit led, jilays a card of a
clifTerent suit.
72. T!ie iK-nalty for a revoke:
I, N nt til? -ijiii'iii Iff the aclvrrtiario*,
who. ;it tV.r rii'l i»f \hv h.iriil. may rilhrr
t.ikf tJini- tti k-J r-i!!! Ill*" rc-vnkinK
MT'irr, nr ail ! thrri- i- 1 ihiirnwii hOire;
II. Coi '■•■ c'. t\r\' '\ fir iis ni.iiiy ri'Viikrs
ns mtii: ilisr'.Ti^ th-- l::':i!.
III I- .i;ii»!i ■ iM'- iiTi'v to the score nf
f ],,. }.-,vii iji w )i;< h it HI riir««:
IV I. i!!!'it }■•■ i'.:vi'i»t! t ^., n playrr
cinii ••» :il 1 nil' .ir tw-i !■» )U"» «iwii *<-irp
; ii'l I'.i- 111. I MMv "-r l\M} fr<iir. thr r'.-vi>kiTi)f
].l i\i ;.
V T.ik'-^ limn Irn. c of rvi-ry "th'T
«i r«' r- .- t' ■■ I ! •:'T..'n;'» 'w-i tlwir <tjv-
;■■■;•;.■•• r r';!!!.:. ll-.' f ; :•!• i ■ I'l ihri^ :•>
t:;« i: -»■:•. .:i\ \ Il:'r«'\ wi'i :i tiiJ'V
;:i:'i". *\'': •?' m! ; t*r 1 ••! i fi.tvf iii.iilc
liiirti • I] l;i k« .i:<.<I "^i . ' I !> <'.i: hu:ior«.
7^. A revoke i^icstabli-ihtvl, if the
Irirk in wliii.li it «K:rur Ik* turned
and ouitlt-d — f. i"., tlie haml re-
nmvi'M from th.it Irii'k after it lias
be«-n turned fa«vilown ward son the
tatilc; or if either the rc\'okinjj
{>1ayer or his partner, whet
lis ri}(ht tuni or otherwise, 1
play to the foUonnng trick.
74. A player may iLsk his p
whether he has not a card
suit which he h^is ren'>i
should the question be askiil
the trick is tunieil and quiue*
sequent turnin^^ and quittin*
not establish the revoke, at
error may l>e corrected, unit
question I;e answered in the
tive, or unless the revokin;:
or his partner have lef! or \
to the following trick.
75. At the end of the ha:
claimants of a revoke uiay
all the tricks.
76. If a i)layer discover hi
take in time to save a rrvol
adversaries. whenev«*r they
fit. may call the cant thus pi.i
error, or may require him t'
his hi){hest or lowest cini t
trick in whidi he has rtrnoi
any player or playir« wh'^
played after him may wi*.
their cards and substitute •.
the cards withdrawn are not
to be calleil.
77. If a revoke be clatmo
the accused pliyer «>r his p
mix his can Is l>efore I hey
l>een sutTicientlv examinetl }
m
arlversaries, the revoke i»
lished. The mixing; of the
only renders the proof of a r
difficult, but dfK.'S not preve
claim, and yx)Ssible estabh^h
of the iKMially.
7S. A revoke cannot he cl
after the can Is have l>crn c
the followinjj deal.
7y. The revoking playrr ai
partner may. nndrr all ci
.stanres, rec|uire the h.md in
the a*vokc lias been detrctni
played out.
K>. If a revoke occur, be c!j
anil prove«1, liets on the old
or on amount of toorv, bi
LAWS OP wmsT
243
LAWS OF WHIST
[ by the actual state of the
her the penalty is paid,
hoald the players on both
bject themselves to the pen-
>ne or more revokes, neither
the game; each is punished
iiacretion of his adversary.
a whatever way the penalty
breed, under no circum-
can a player win a game
result of the hand during
he has revoked; he cannot
ore than four.
"^/^ A'?2«/ Cards. — 83. Any
on paying for them) before,
after, the pack be cut for
1, may call for fresh cards.
St call for two new packs,
ch the dealer takes his
ra/ Rules, — ^ Where a
and his partner have an
of exacting from their ad-
s one of two penalties, they
asree who is to make the
:, but must not consult with
>ther which of the two pen-
t is advisable to exact; if
so consult, they lose their
.nd if either of them, with
out consent of his partner,
, a penalty to which he is
, such decision is final. This
s not apply in exacting the
>s for a revoke; partners have
Hght to consult.
ny one during the play of
or after the four cards are
and before, but not after,
e touched for the purpose
ering them together, may
that the cards be placed
heir respective players.
' any one, prior to his part-
ying, should call attention
rick, either by saying that
or by naming his card, or,
being reouired so to do, by
; it towaros him, the adver-
lay require that opponent's
to play the highest or low-
est of the suit then led, or to win or
lose the trick.
87. In all cases where a penal^
has been incurred, the offender is
bound to give reasonable time for
the decision of his adversaries.
88. If a bystander make any re-
mark which calls the attention of a
player or players to an oversight
affecting the score, he is liable to
be called on, by the players only,
to pay the stakes and all bets on
that game or rubber.
89. A bystander, by agreement
among the players, may decide any
question.
90. A card or cards torn or
marked must be either replaced by
agreement, or new cards called ix,
the expense of the table.
91. Any player may demand to
see the last trick turned, and no
more. Under no circumstances
can more than eight cards be seen
during the play of the hand, viz.,
the four cards on the table which
have not been turned and quitted,
and the last trick turned.
(The " Etiquette of Whist, *» and
laws of •* Dummy ** and " Double-
Dummy'' will be found under
these heads.)
Tb« laws of whist, though very ^gooA ia
the principles on which they are based,
are, it must be confessed, loosely worded.
It is to be hoped that some day the drafl-
\n% may be reconsidered. If this were
done with the consent of the clubs that
have adopted the laws (which one would
think could be readily obtained), a boon
would be conferred upon whist-players.—
^CavendislC' [L. A.}, 'Card-TabU Talk;*
1880.
These laws fulfill their purpose no far as
promotinji: harmony and maintaining
equity. But they are not well wordco;
their verbiage is excessive; and they do
not ever>'where follow in appropriate soe-
cession. Some are merely club rules, and
others might be dispensed with as sel^
evident and superJSuous. In the event of
future revudon, some of the conditions of
the game might be reconsidered, as fol-
lows: (i) Pour by honors to count only
two points, and two bv honors one point,
towards the game, (a) No game to b«
LAWS OF WHIST
244
LAWS OP WHIST
won hy honors without the trick. (3) The
penally for a revoke tu bv exacted an fol-
lows: [tn The rcvukiiiK player t«* at once
forlVii three points to each 'of hi* a«lver-
•arii'H. {t) The revoking; side not to score
ganu* on the hand duiinK the play of
which thp re%'oke occiim-tl. <4.) A trick,
onct.' "lurnctl anduuittcd," not to be Keen
m^ain iluriuK the play ni the hand, except
to ]»rovc a revoke. —.!>»r H'illtam Cutack'
SmUh [L. 0.\.
L«wm of Whist— Proposed Re-
vision.— Alth()U}{h all the Icadin((
Hn>;lish authorities on whist a)^rec
that the KtiK^i-'^^i code is defective,
and should he revised, there does
not seem to l>e any practical move-
ment looking towards revision.
The previous co<lc, baf»ed on the
Iloyle game, remained in force for
over one hundre<l years, until the
radical chan^^e in the yt^sxiwe from
long to short whist made it aliso-
lutely neccssiir>-. It may be that
an event of similar importance in
the evolution of the ^ame will be
necessary before the i)resent code
is changed.
In America, the code adopted at
Milwaukee, in 1S91. was revised
two years later, but since that time
the American Whist I^aj^e has
become quite conscrwitive, and al-
thoui;h a committi-e on revision
was appointed in 1S96, it reporte<l
against any change in the code
in 1.S97 «sec. "American Whist
Leagui-"», contenting itself with
amending the laws of duplicate
whi-t. This was disii)p<)intmg to
tho«.f who dfsire to M:e the code
ini]tri>veil whenever necessity for it
arist'M. Among the suggestions
sul tnittc-il to tht* committee, at the
l.ittcr's riMjuest. were the following
from N. \\. Trist, who has taken a
prominent and active part in Per-
fect) ug the American code from
the vt-ry beginning:
X^w ^— After "place them.*' loaert
*'pri<[irrly c<i)lrcled anil face down-
wards " 'This it the wordinaof the Knu-
tiah law. I wotikS not have auucstcd
this addition were it not for the Ck
the American law> for cutting and
inff Ko iolo *tilt minuter dctaiTa.
Same Ijiw 8. —Strike out the Ian
tence and iiuliMtitute the follow ing:
dealer also has the right to ahuflc."
Kugliah law allow* everv plajrer to
fle and the dealer to abulBr last,
wording of our law tieinc almoat the
as the Knglinh. ha«i sireu nae to the
—made in H'hiU.ii lam not miata
that all the playera bad the right tc
fle. The propoaed change would if
the ambiguity.
Law lu.— I think "either" won
tietterthan '*each.'*
Law 17. VI.— After " manner," 1
" intcrferen with." Tbia would pe
give greater acope lor the applicali
the law.
Law IS.— After ** called by." itTik
"either advenary" and inaert
right-hand advenary at any time d
the play of that hand, before be pL
any lurrrut trick, or tieftjre the tr
turnc-d and Quitted, in caar the cA
getH the Icau. The call nuy be rep
until the card ift played, but it cam
changed." A* our law Mand«, it ia 1
letter, a^ nolxMly can tell when the
alty iM t<i lie rsuctcd. lM.>me bold I
niiiMt W dune immediately, and <
thnt there must be a trump lead ua 1
to eacrcise the right. The penoi
is to exact the penalty, and the reair
as to time, arc provisions on the
lines as those regarding eapoacd
and lending out of turn — •• Dcrcta
Law 20 — Mrike out " by either 1
aary."
Same I..aw, L— Add " or any m
card!* uf a hand faced upon the ti
This ift to ctiver the much-dincnaaed
to m^ mind, atwurd Kngltsb dec
that if a hand is placed face npwar
the table the whole thirteen cardac
caUe<l. nithungh only the top one e
seen. <See JrAii/. A uguat, itos'
Same Unw. V.— Add " but noc the t
card which ha«t been named bv the
er." (11 her wise, it coald be trnUcd
exposed card, which woald not A»
penalty i« provided for i^nmtng tte I
card.
I«aw 2.V— Re-enacted na nnder- "
the right-hand adveraary can call a
{WM-ii cMrd. if he playa withoot caS)
the player having the espuaed cnH
play afi'he pleasea. Should the lat*
the lead, the eipoaed card can m
called before the trick b tnitd
Quitted." Thi« la an attempt 10 get
tne di Acuity of a player having ic
the pleasnrc of tne adveranrim >
calling or not calling.
Law 14— After " Uwfklly callc4." I
**and who wUI loae hta pAvilmr m
■Bh, BBlcm he gives aoiiei ofW i
LAWS OP WHIST
245
LAWS OP WHIST
o to before the trick is turned
ted.'* Same remarks as abore
i. — Add a third paragraph as
A player, however, mav ask his
les if Ihey hare any of the suit
Ml; but the question establishes
ke if it happens that it is his
who has renounced in error."
u/.Ausnut. 1805.)
0.— Instead of present penalty
e: " The penalty for revoking is
ig of two points to the score of
rsaries." For reasons given at
August IVktst^ 18^5, I consider
nt penalty s bungling affair, and
cases totally inadequate as a
ent for a revoke. The change
£, in my opinion, a great im-
Dt in the law.
L— After "is final," insert "if a
rminds his partner to enforce a
3r if the wrong adversary," etc.
iragraph, same law. " A player,
has the right to prevent his
Trom committing any irregular-
pting renouncing in error."
langes and additions to settle
i-disputed questions. (See H^ist^
1894. p. 48; October, 1894, P- 77*,
r. X894, p. 123; January, 1895, p.
'al A. W. Drayson, of South-
gland, some of whose pre-
i^estions had been incor-
m the original American
so responded to the request
ommittee. His suggestions
follows:
he value of the game is deter^
deducting the losers' score from
aw i), the penalty for a revoke
ntJ. For example, north and
i at the score of five, east and
x. North and south win two by
1 game; east and west have re-
By Rule 30, two tricks can be
ed from east and west to north
b. but this makes no difference
lue of the j^ame, as north and
re game without the aid of the
Hence no penalty can be in-
east and west for their revoke,
a to me that the following slight
I in Law 30 would meet such a
p. The penalty for revoking is
fer of two tricks from the revok-
;o their adversaries, or deducting
Uu scare of the revoking play-
r 30, Section i. " Kvery card faced
table otherwise than in the regu-
e of pUy (can be called)." If a
player, therefore, place his cards face nth
wards on the table, the whole of his caras
can be called, though he onlv expose the
top card. This is the English law, and it
is most unjust to inflict so severe a pen-
alty for sucn an offense.
I venture to suggest the following as a
remedv for this injustice: If a player
place his cards face upwards on the taole.
the card or cards exposed can be called, ana
in addition one extra card for each card
exposed, the extra card being that immedi-
ately below the exposed card or cards.
By Law 11, English Code, " If an erro-
neous score be proved, such mistake can
be corrected prior to the conclusion of the
game in which it occurred, and such
game is not concluded until the trump
card of the following deal has been turned
up." I cannot find in the American laws
any reference as to when an erroneons
score can or cannot be corrected. It
might be as well to insert such a law. In
the event of such a law being introduced,
say that after the game is finished the
score cannot be corrected, and more than
one game is to be played by the same
partners, we might encounter this diffi-
culty: Suppose north and south, at the
score of four, win two by cards, but by
mistake count three, and hence game.
North commences to deal for the second
game, but east then remembers that
north and south won only two bv cards,
and are not game. He stops norih in the
deal and points out the error in the score,
which north and south admit, and ex-
press regret. North continues dealing,
out misoeals. North claims Law 17, Sec-
tion 6, that he must deal again, as he was
iuterrupted during his deal.
Mi^ht it not be well to embody Law 50,
English Code, in Law 17, Section 6,
American Code? vix.: " It the adveraa-
ries interrupt a dealer whilst dealing,
either by questioning the score or assert-
ing that it is not his deal, and fail to es-
tablish such claim, should a misdeal
occur, he may deal again."
I venture to offer these few suggestions,
as I believe cases must occur where their
application may be of benefit, and having
found that suggestions I made In 1879
were adopted by the framers of American
whist laws eleven years afterwards, I
trust that my remarks may not be con-
sidered presumptuous.
The action of the seventh con-
gress reserves for a future coneress
the credit of acting upon the above
suggestions. The members of that
congress seem to have been swaved
by such loeic as this: "A bad law
that is unoiangeable ia better than
LEAD, THE
346
LEAD, THB
an uncertaiti gotxl one, and in our
01)11)1011, the (l:Lmu>{c that would
result from continuous changes in
the hiws would hirgely outweigh
any advantage that might be de-
rivf<l Ihfrefrom.** {li'/iisl, July 9,
iS<;7 . ) This is, indee<l, conservatism
run mad. The MedeN and Persians
at \{:iisi claimed that their laws
Were gotjd before making them un-
allv-rable. As N. B. Trist savs, in a
letter received from him under date
of August 23, 1.S97: "This kind of
ultra conservati.sin would act as a
jK-riK.-tual \xir to any improvements
111 our c<Mle. I believe the code
should 1)e amende<i whenever it can
l>e improved, but that this shouhl
be ilone only after due care aiiil
del i1 K-ration. ♦ * * U looks, too,
as if the congresn hafl taken a
s iniewhat aiurmalous position
wlu-n it assumes the ccmIc of laws
U) l>e too i>erfect to l>e amended,
and then su;:gests a virtual abroga-
tion of some of the laws (an ac-
knowledgment of deficiencies in
the c<i«le» by rc-cotn men ding that
whi^t-i*! avers should * apply to
Ftraiglit whist such of the s{)ecial
l:i\\« (»f duplicate whi>t as are a{>-
p'.ii'iMe, and thus the alleged
dei'-ctN aii'l deficiencies of the
I>resvnt code will be avoided.' *'
Lead, The. — The first card plavefl
ij( .t:iv r-'iiii"! or trick. The origi-
II 1I It 111 io i!ie Itarl with which the
jjlMvrr nn the de.di-r\ left 1 the tld-
€'-•- )i i!i«l ) brvjin-^ the game; nlv>,
tlu' l« I'l with which any other
jl i-.rr oiH-n** hi*4 hand. The uses
fit* I":-- 1- I'l ;iri' manifold; in fai't,
t:i'- 1 .1-1 i*. thi' mnsi im]Hirtant far-
ter in whist tilav. lU* its means we
<lr.i\v I lie adv<■r^e tnimi»«4, e*it:dilish
ctur ^"^l suit, or that of partner:
C!:.i^<!>- panu'^r to n:ake his small
IruTH] •.; fi.rce tlie adversiiries'
stfiiiii; tnimps; bnng in otir CKt4il>-
li shell suit, and do many other
things, such as answer sign
throw the lead, give partna
chance to finesse, etc.
The lead in tnimpi differs in 1
important respect Irotn the lead
plain suits: it involves no dar.
that high canls will be lost if k
back. With trumps it is^ thcrefc
often advantageous to play a «
ing game ami win the last rou
thus retaining the lead and niak
it i>ossible to bring in your 1<
suit, especially if you are witlici
card of re-entr>* in another soiL
Original or opening Icails h.
an important influence on ei
hand played. They are alw:
made in accordance with sc
recognized system or corle when
im])oitant infurmation is cunvr,^
to partner, esfieciully when lai
in connection with the card pla;
on the second round. (See, "Ac
ican Leads." " OH Leads." J
•* Short-Suit Leads.")
The \te%% leadji are frnm >rmicurti
thrt-c c:iTi!» ur niurr. XI yuu have bj
lead fnini your m(»«t numrrnu« mwl
ktrong in truiupii.— TThwmuj Ai^tk^ma
O.].
Never lend a cnrd without ■ rrw
thiMiKh a wniiiR 'inc. He («nicsli
caiiiiiiiis not tu tlrceive \i>ur partnn
his 'If yuur uwii leads. — 7kjmt^M M^U
ThoUKh with enod playcnL tte 1
nciirly ctiuntertuil.inceii tnc adraau
of the deal, with badonca It U of iml
no ntlv.int.iKc; nf citarar if incrvaan t
uf the dealer.-- 7%4«at«i J <l/ii /Aral '/. i
No p!.-i%-er should IraJ nnlil the prvi
iiiK liK'k i% turned and qaillai
p1.i\rr ^huiiM. after baving InS a wtaa
Ciinl. dr.iw n card from hia haad
anrither lend until hia fiortnrr ha»^
to the i-iirr^rit trick —-ttt^^riucj H
\ A tnrr u I.' N ( *hif I .
The writer onre had thr piraaan
phiilnjc with "Cavrndiah * Aitrr
gnme he aiiitl : " Mr Ji»n««, X rtotw
onlv fulliiw vtiur I^-jm in the ept%
lc.ii)«" He 'replied "Crrtaialy
txnik in only intended to Rvidc the pli
in the uiienioK Imd*. Aa ibc raw !
ftreaur* lie muftt tjc R«M«d bv tar mi
ftresM**
the cards,
■cnac
cards, csprncncr. and
LEADER
247 LEADING OUT OP TURN
* card to lead is tbe one that will at
afford the most information, and at
ftme time be in harmony with the
-al order. This brings the whole
ae of leading within the scope of
-al principlea, and makes it practi-
to prepare a table of leads that will
onise and be applicable to all but
>tional hands. It follows that if
era adopt the same system, they at
begin to count the hands, and are
rniiDled to combine their forces and
' play a partnership game. — C. D. P.
lion [L A.\^ ''JHodern ScientiJU
r."
ader. — ^The player who leads
ays the first card in any round
ick; the one who leads a suit
causes the rest of the players
ay to it. The original leader
pening a hand is the eldest
ading out of Turn. — A mis-
, in whist, which consists in a
tT placing on the table a card
suit which he desires played,
1 the right to do so belongs to
tier. To lead when you ought
>llow, is to lead out of turn,
penalty for leading out of turn
it a suit may be called, under
Lxnerican laws; the card led, or
it, may be called under the
ish code,
e question. Has a player the
to prevent his partner from
ng out of turn ? is one upon
h there is a great diver-
of opinion in America. Un-
the English code, which, for
iple, permits a player to ask his
ler whether he has any of a
which he renounces (thereby
I preventing a revoke), com-
ication with partner concern-
is play is more freely permitted
under the American laws,
h tend more in the direction
aking each player directly re-
lible for his own acts. While
do not expressly, or under
2ty, prohibit a player from in-
riog with an erroneous lead on
the part of his partner, neither do
they expressly allow it The ques-
tion would, therefore, seem to be
one where the etiquette of whist
might with profit be consulted,
and this says: *'No conversation
should be indulged in during the
play, except such as is allowed by
the laws 01 the game."
*' But,'* say those who claim the
right to prompt partner in the
emergency in question, *'it is not
necessary to employ conversation to
prevent partner from leading out of
turn. It can be done by a gesture,
a groan, or other mark of disap-
proval." In answer to this, how-
ever, we may quote further from
the etiquette of whist, which says:
•• No player should, in any manner
whatsoever, give any intimation aa
to the state of his hand or of the
game, or 0/ approval or disapproval
0/ a play,** A lead out of turn is
certainly a play, although a wrong
one.
While it seems to us clear, there-
fore, that the American code favors
the idea of individual responsi-
bility (thereby inculcating caution
and better play), yet in the absence
of an express prohibition, under
penalty, the whole matter must be
left to the good judgment of the
table, the same as mamr other
questions of etiquette or of usage.
I contend that a player has a perfect
ri^ht to prevent his partner from com-
mitting any irregularitv whatever, such
as dealing. leading, or p(a3ringout of turn.
—A': B. Trisl [L. A.], IVhisi, December,
1894.
A player who sees, or thinks he sees,
that his partner is about to mislead, or to
lead out of turn, or to commit any irreg-
ularity, has a perfect right to mention the
fact, and to try to prevent the comraiasioil
of the irregularity.— "CatWM/MA" {L. A\
London Field.
By the English code, two penalties may
be enforced [for leading out of tnrnj.via..
calling the card or calling a lead, and
either adversary may elect to enact this
penalty. By the Aflierican code, a lead
LEADING OUT OP TURN 248 LBADS. SYSTEMS OP
can only be called, and only one adrer-
•ary can road the penalty. This is cer-
tainly a rcductiuo of the puniiihnient for
carelcM play.— .4. M' /havsim [/.+A+].
"M'Aij/ fjaws and H'Mist liftuioiu."
I agree with Mr. Tri^t that one haa a
rif ht ti> prevent hli partner from cum-
mittinK an irrrKiilarity — nurh as dealing
out uf turn, nhufHing. or cutiluK— <jr any
irrrKuIunlv thnl mi){ht ocvur liefore the
trump m liirnril; alter thait the game l>e-
cornel one uf silence and play. We take
our parturr a» one who knuwa how, and
can cntitrol hi« own action; he ahould
have thf aamc cimlidciice in u^. anii I
Icufk. upi»n our new rulrn an (larticularly
mndiuivr tiir.iretui pUy —(»rvfgeJi. J-'uk
[A- A.'i. U'hnt.Jamuuf\. /<.v>-
It i« nieht on thi4 principle that the
EuKh^h iiml Amrriran ciiiirii iliffer, the
formrr h««MiiiK thjit » i>Liyrr mny protect
the Intrrr^iHol hi«t %ii\r !•%■ n rrmimlrrto
purtnrr in w>iiir niwe-. u%. whru a ^uit ia
rrn(iuni-r<l. In w^k if n > iiimr uf the auit
is helil. in onli-r tu giLird uK^>t)«t a re-
Tokr. while thr latter m if);iilated bv the
priniTipic that a pLiyrr niii*! relv wnolly
on hii own iuti-Ki^rncr and atlrtitMjn.
and that if hr liIN int-i anv fault.it i«
only justice for the purtncrMiip to aufTrr
the (K-naltv ~( J»i«j «V. i\iimt [A. ^.J,
If any pl.iv'-r 1r.id« out of turn, a «:iit
m.iy tir luIiV'l fr'irii him '»r hi* ]i.irtii»T
thr fir^t ti::i** it i^ the turn (f c-ithr: *'f
thrm t"» !• id Thr ]-fii!tycan !>•■ rn-
fc'f.Til iiti!\ !ivt]ir ad\rr^iTy nn Ihr r'.i{ht
of thr }i!.-iv«r Irum » hnm a »iiit c.in law-
fiil'y •■' 1. «:'•■•! K n i»l.i\'f. *in;il]ril on
ti> le.i 1 a »:Mt h.i<k ii'inr "f tt i>; if all h.ivr
{il.i%f>>1 t> t*i'- \.\\^- lrn<i n< iK'iialty can
••■ riif-Ti r.'. IJ rill h ivr put jil.i\ril to thr
tri k ihr .-.ir S • rr-MU'-n-Iy !''.ivc<l to •■u h
fa;**- !• i-l .!•• n 't li I'-l*" lo {•*■ lalle"!. niid
nri«t III- ii^rii t. u k -/miui of M'kut
If iTiv p.iTtnT M"? hi*-in» thirteen
trMrv.;." in ]•!•. h.in-! lrrini;i« mv acr lr«!,
I cV l■■^ '.r>v»- nil ri,:' • t-i t rilrr him to
Ilk"*' I lb fiio tTU*M;> .ir *, : 11! vinirthinK
*'••■ ••! • ■ I- r if it UVv- il«-i4!l«r thr
».•■:•.:.• u ■• J :' •Mil f.i : : .It: : 1 1 -ik h:m
ft* . ;..':n»r f • '■•!irr .-r I ■• »nr*^ Sii
1* > • r-.' ^'.r- ■• ! . wi;i « Vl-k finiTl?; haTid
J,*?! ' r ■ •■ I • i\ ij'in: l r.in ^irrMuitr Kini
I » ■ \V J ■• • H*-. ■ iifc^. a« l»rf .re.
• • • I I'l'!*'. fc'.iftt • w^ilr the ii)i«ionriit«
j.» f r ' ■. »!.• I «.:■.•"■. II r«* Now. if he
!!■■•• • iv'.il lr:i.!i»i|{ ■■lit of turn. • • • I
*•■,:' • ' M - ^' h" ■»'i1 !h *avr ilie if^me
, r »r"' ■.• «tiirr } \ fi'..\ir)|; hi« hand f«»r
h'.r-'. I- ! ! • :ri a m-ii*' when I Atop him
fr-fTi; ;• 1 'KU' • • • Ni. Inn |{ an the lead at
thr wr ':t,f time i« ttrutly the partner's
own fanlt. the Arm of wMch be la ■ ■
ber ought to auffer the coaaaqM, ■!».•
/« Comnirjmam. HTkiU, /amttmry, iim-
If any player lead o«t of imrm. Ua
▼eraaries mayHther call Che card i
neoualy led or may call a aalt froa hli
hU partner, when it la the aeml ton
either uf them to lead.
II anv plavrr lead oal of lara. aa4
other t'tireenavc (ulluwrd him. the I
1% complete and the erroiila rectiftrd.
if inily the aecund. or the mnnd
third, have played to the falae lr»d. t
cardn. on diwovery of the mwLahe.
taken back. There U no peaalty agi
any one excepting the orfmnal oAra
whoae card may ne called, or he.af
partner, when either of them
the lead, may he cumpelled ta play
auit demanded by the adveraaricab
In nocave can a player be compelh
play a card which would oUige hh
remke.
The call of a card may be repeated I
•uch card ban been played.
If a player called un to lead a ami I
none uf it. the penalty la paid •»<'
n 'Aut I hmgltik Codf K '
Lttadlng Throiich--*LeMiim
suit in which your Icfl-bAsd o|
neiit isftlrong.
I
Many playeri teem to thiak thrt
eacrllr'nl general rale. Iem4 tkm
•trrniclh 'ihat i«, lead a auit in w
pdur Ir ft -hand adTeraanr haa high cai
» a rule to lir unieervaflv IoII<j^
>ou have n<i g'tful auit of yoar
cl<i Tit A. know what i« ynur parli
milt hut ir yiMir Ir'ft-hand i
lrail« from a null T«ilh alrong and I
■ ml yrm m-iking hr»l trick, lead tkM
liim in Ihdit «uil \ou are aimply pli;
hi « game - A' A i'^oit^ [I, O]
Leading Up To. ~ Leading ■
in which yinir nKht-hand '"ppoi
ia weak— a play tuiiA'.U ■
whi'n y<»u have no fponil
vdtir 11 wn. anil it is in*flru
return your |iartncr*a muL
Leads, Artiarlcan.
ican Ix-ada."
Laada, Syatcma of. — Tbr p«
or HnKiifth, ayfltnn of Mi
known as the old leaila -f
waa iltrvelofxd in the corU Ism
of whist, in the time of Blayie
C.EADS. SYSTEMS OP 249 LEWIS, FREDERIC H.
imediate snccessors. The old
enable the player to accu-
indicate the high cards in his
number in suit being a seo
y consideration. The next
system of leads is known as
lean leads (g. r. ), by means
ich number, as well as the
:ter of the cards held, is accu-
indicated. The system known
milton leads {q, v. ) is exactly
ime as the American leads,
the exception of certain
es made in the leads from
and queen. In fact, it is
ican leads with modifications.
n we have also the Howell
{g, v.), the common-sense
{g. r.), and other variations,
J chief peculiarity is the open-
ad from short suits in prefer-
0 long suits, unless the latter
erwhelmingly favorable.
conclusion which the writer has
1 upon the question of leads is that,
lyers of moderate abilitv, the «y»-
tne old leads is the best, because it
Dost simple. To such a player the
cies of tne svKtem of American
ire most confusina:, and often, in
to determine some subtle question
to show the number of cards in a
me point of play of far greater
al Talue is overlooked. It is only
pert who is able to benefit by the
It ion to be given by American
ind for two mo<lcratc players to
t system is therefore fbolish when
I against opponents of their own
, and especially silly when matched
their superiors. The Irump-show-
Is give very important information,
i of such m character that if the ad-
es are of the class able to use it to
t advantage, they may make it in
g run redound to their benefit. If
rersaries have not the calibre to
information, then the leader and
Iner can adopt no system which
t them more tricks. The choice as
D American leads and the old
ritb the optional trump-showing
D. was at least debatable until the
on modification removed from
an leads their most serious draw-
Now, when Greek meet«» Greek, it
seem that the best method of at-
i the Hamilton modification of
*n leads.— iVf//^ C H^ork IL. A.
IVhiUc/ To-day."
Levlek. Mrs. Mary D'lnvllll«rs.
— A well-known whist advocate
and player. She resides in Phila-
delpnia, where she has taken an
active part in every movement for
the advancement of the Kamc. Aa
a writer, she is chiefly known by
her *• Whist Catechism,** in which
she arranged and gave, in concise
form, the fundamental principles
wliich have stood the test of a cen-
tury, together with American leads
ana some of the innovations
adopted by whist experts.
Lewis, Frederic H. — An Eng-
lish whist expert and wpter on the
game, chiefly and justly famous for
the 145 double-dummy problems
which he invented and contributed
to the Westminster Papers. He
was also a fine chess-player, having
once succeeded in drawing a jg^me
with Paul Morphy. Mr. Lewis was
a solicitor by profession, having
been admittea to the bar of the Inner
Temple, London, in 1856. Charles
Mossop, in the last number of the
Westminster Papers, April i, 1879,
pays this tribute to his work: *' The
highest feature of the paper has
been the production, month alter
month, of a double-dummy prob-
lem by Mr. F. H. Lewis. This
field is unworked, but for beauty
and ingenuity I do not think these
problems will ever be surpassed.
* * * If we have done nothing
else for the world, we have been
instrumental in inducing Mr. Lewis
to compose these problems, and
they will henceforth represent the
highest ideal whist extant.**
As an example of Mr. Lewis's
powers in this direction, we will
quote the following problem, which
is one of his very test, if not his
best. As good a player and analyst
a«i J. H. Briggsjpronounces it Vbit
best and most difficult that has
come under his notice:
LEWIS, FREDERIC H. 250
«<
UHDT.*COLOMBL B."
The Banim.
^ Q. 8. 7. 6.
4 K, :. 8. 6.
0 A,9.8.
4 4. 3.
^ 10, 4« ».
4 10, 9, 5. >•
OK,Q.
4 A, 10, 6, 5.
N.
W.
a
s.
9K,9bSl.
4Q.7.3.
07.6.S
4J.1,«.
^A,J.
4A,4.
0 J. 10. 4. 3. «.
4K.Q.9.7.
Heartii are trumM; south lemdx.
North and aoutn to take nine tricks,
ernut ami west playing their best to pre-
vent them.
All the cards are exposed, and each
player takes full ad^'antAgc of their ol>
served location.
The following solution will be
found interesting and instructive,
although in this, as well as all
other problems given in this book,
students of the game sliould first
exhaust their own ingenuity before
reading the ans^'er. South leads,
as stated; the underscored card
takes the trick, and the one under
it is led next:
Bast and
only the king of heutB mod Um
of diamonds.
If cast refuses to tminp si tifck
7, south leads a duunond; ««l
makes the king of dimnMods mi
east the king and nine of hctftL
Score: North and aoath, 9; Mtf
and west, 4.
This solution, togctlicr wilk ■
exhaustive analysis (including fn
variations of the solution), «ul It
found in ll^kisi for September. ll|4
Althouf^h the problem
the whist-plaveiB of Ai
eral months, bnt two
M
North.
Kast.
South.
West.
! H
2 4
1
K4
1
3 4
»•;
. 2
AO
50
20
Qo!
Is
4- 4
8 4
e 4
lO*!
4-
^ e
J 4
1 74
A*l
6
^ 7
^ 3
^ J
<0 2
6
C? 8
Q? 5
!^ A
04
7
1 80
^ 0
f Q*
e#
swers were
Briggs, the other from Fmy
bullVof Chicaga John
Bucynis, Ohio, subseqnentiy
how north and soath
the lead of any suit
If
•• LiaiiUnaift-Colon^l 1^'
pseudonym under wUch
volume appeared Id
1856. entitled **Tha
The Laws and ftnctica cC
Whist Bsplained and
by - -
TLB SLAM, THE 251 " LITTLE WHIST SCHOOL "
litioD appeared in 1858,
to the Army and Navy
rom the initial and aster-
s generally believed that
was written by Colonel A.
but Courtnev, in his
. Whist and Whist-Play-
es that the real author is
lave been Henry Charles
** Cavendish" has a very
ion of the author's abili-
ever he was or is, based
ality of his work.
lam, The. — ^Twelve tricks
a player and his partner
Dne hand; a phrase em-
i • * bridge' ' ana other so-
ieties of whist
: Whist School, The."—
pplied to a coterie of Eng-
enthusiasts who met and
le game something after
aer of Lord Folkestone
issociates, with a view to
lent and mutual benefit
uence of the ** Little
like that of the players at
1 CofTee-House, a century
TtLS destined to make a
mpression upon whist.
ers composing it all de-
be remembered for their
n reducing to systematic
nany improvements made
players since the days of
lyne, and Mathews.
850, we are told by Pole,
young men at Cambridge,
erable ability, who had at
rn up whist for amuse-
nd it to offer such a field
ectual study, that they
I Its practice systemati-
i a view to its more com-
cientific investigation,
hem was Daniel Jones,
f ** Cavendish," but the
laelf was not at that time
i party, being then a stu-
. Bartholomew's Hospital.
Later on, about the year 1854, after
the members of the original coterie
had taken their degrees, ** Caven-
dish" began to meet with them in
London. The regular players were
Edward Wilson, J. P., W. Dundas
Gardiner, Daniel Jones, and Henry
Jones, who had not yet assumed
his famous pseudonym. While
others joined in the play at times,
these four formed the backbone of
the "Little School." When they
met it was their custom to play
every hand through to the end for
the sake of information and the
purpose of making calculations on
the results. They wrote down the
particulars of all interesting hands,
and fully discussed them among
themselves. They also had constant
access to the principal members of
the Portland Club, and difficult
points were usually written out and
submitted to James Clay, M. P., a
member of the club, ana one of the
foremost whist-players of his day
and generation. All the information
acquired by the school was care-
fully recorded and tabulated, but
without any thought at the time of
publishing it. About i860 the
members ceased to meet, but the
records were fortunately^ preserved
by Mr. Jones, still without any
thought of making a wider use of
them. Dr. Pole, having occasion
to write an article for Afacfnillan*s
Mafi^azine on ** Games of Cards
for the Coming Winter,'* published
in its number for December, 1861,
added the following note: **It
would be a great boon if some good
authority would publish a set of
model games at whist, with explan-
atory remarks, such as are found so
useful in chess, for example. " This,
attracting Mr. Jones's attention, led
to a correspondence between him
and Dr. Pole, and to the publication
of the "Principles of Whist," ** il-
lustrated on an original system by
LIVING HAND
252
IX>NGSUIT
means of hands plaved completely
throuj^h. •• The whist world was as
ready and eager for the new whist
dispcns;ition as it had been for the
old testament of Hoyle, and the
"Little Whist School" was not
only the source from which it
sprang, but the institution from
which was graduated the greatest
master of whist since Hoyle.
The "Little School" was first no chris-
ten n! by a writer in the Quarterly
Kevirw or January, 1S71. Then a storm
aroM-. The latr Abraham Haywuod
wrote to the MofniHg t\nt to say that
none of the most celebrated players
of the day were aware of the exist*
cncc of thi.i hohool. That waii not sur-
pri-siiie, ci>nsideriiit( that the players
nanu-d h.-^l no idea that they formed a
sch<K)l until after the publica'tion of the
Ouartnly, when they *' awoke and found
tiicins(-IvL-A famous." Haywood added,
in the /♦» /. "Did thcMr youiiK men origl-
nate, or ehil»onite, or comiKisM anythinfr,
or did they merely arrange what wa<i well
known and nnx-iiriible Ik fore?" To this
"Cavemlish'' reolif-cl: "What I claim for
the I.tttlr School Ia that in one tKx>k we
gave, fur the firnt time, the rraM>ninK on
which the principles of whist play are
base*!. loKicattv and completely." It does
not appear ifiat the "Utile School"
originated any alterations worthv of
record. These came later on.— .V. B.
Tti^t [A. A.], Harper's Afa^artm, Afarck,
jS'ji.
Living Hand. — In dummy whist,
a hand other than dummy's. In
French dunmiy, zh'ant, or the liv-
ing hand, is more particularly the
player who is dummy's partner.
•• Living Whist."— An elaborate
fonii <if st;iv;c j)crformance that has
l)cri»nic i)o])ular of late years. It
is alsii rallr<l ** Spiclkartenfest,** or
festival nf the playing ranis. It is
saiii that Mrs. C^eorge B. McLaugh-
lin, of riiiladelphia. mitod its suc-
cess abmad, and intrcxluced it to
STH-iety in the Ouaker City in 1891.
Next it was transtx>rted to Portland,
Me., and then it spreafl to other
cities. The amusement seems to
have been suggested bv living chess,
which was very popufar as early as
1879. In that year, amonj^ olhfr
contests, one came off in the Acsd-
emy of Music, New York^ in whid
Captain Mackenzie ana Eb^ok
Del mar manipulated the bviag
chessmen.
In ''living whist," as we havt
seen it played, the curtain rise^
and a garden y?/^ is seen in ptogiui
at the royal palace. One 01 the
guests proposes that a game of
whist be played, in which the oft-
cers and court ladies shall act the
part of hearts, dubs, diamonds,
spades, each being
costtuned. Thesuggesdon
with applause, and m*hcn
tain rises again a tablean is pn^
sentctl of the entire complement of
fi fly-two canls. Then comes Ifct
game, and the cards are duly Aif*
ed and dealt (by marching mA
countermarching), after which tfay
arc played bv four expert
players. Each of these playcn feai
a page or attendant to bring th»
livmg cards out as they are dcSnL
** Musical Whist, with Liiim
Canls," by '* Cavendish." wvwril-
ten for the centenary cclcfanrioi
of the Masonic Female Onhm
School of Ireland, and plajcoMa
grand bazar in aid of this wMt
charity at Dublin, in May, iSpL
It illustrates some of the mml 1^
moua card hands of the ptfl
century.
Long Cards. — Thecaidiof aflft
remaining in one hand after all tht
other caras of the
out
smt
morecanis. Ihi
Long Suit. — ^A
originally four or
long suit is held to he the
dium for the play of the
ship game, and, with the
forms the basis of nodera
tific whist, as tanght 1^ Pole*
endish,*' and the
" LONG SUITER "
253 XONG-SUIT GAME, THE
loos rait is that of which vou held
illy more than three carai. The
therefore, indicates strength in
•rs, — "/brWaiirf" [L. O.], **TfU
TabU.'*
Hoyle] also explained how tricks
be made by a number of small
>f a lonf^ suit, so entailing the ex-
I of tncks in other Kood suits
ir the adversaries. — H^Uiam J\>U
J, •• TV EvoiuHoH of WkUty
\ suits may be divided into three
.: (i) Those which are very poorly
d for the purpose of an original
(g« vis., (our-card suits without a
ird. (2) Those which, as a rule, can
lised more advantageously ii not
lUy opened, vis., ace, queen, and
hers, one of whicn is not the iack;
qoeen, and two small; king, jack,
wo small: queen and three others
r than jack; jack and three others,
ise which should always be opened
Uly in preference to a short suit,
ny other long vaXt'—Milton C,
[L.A.N.],'' H^hist of To-day:'
will suppose that it [the leader's
contains only one, two or three
1. It will follow that among the
or ** plain " suits there will be at
me of four or five or more cards.
. suit is called a long suit, from its
aing more than the average num-
cards, and it has an inherent capa-
of trick-taking which is very
ig and important. To illustrate
rt us take an easy example: Sup-
hold ace, king, and five small
, each other player having two. If
be lead, and trumps are out, I can
ny adversaries* hearts with my ace
ing. and then all my five ottiers,
er fimall they are. will make tricks,
ppose I hold the knave and six
nearts. and suppose I have led
ones twice, which have brought
e ace, kinpf. and queen, leaving,
e ten in an adversary's hand. My
3it i«* then Raid to be " established."
I can get the lead I can bring it in
av make tricks, not only with the
but with the three small ones
ling. It is ea«y to see from this
\ great power a long suit may
t; andattnouKh the cases cited are
ir'.y favorable, the principle is the
n all. With even the least favor-
a»e possible, namely, four small
one will not unfrequently make a
>y reason of the "long-suit" capa-
-ff'i//raM PoU {L. /<+], 'Pkiloso'
' Wliisir
Offig Suiter." — A player who
from long suits; one who plays
Dg-soit game.
Long-Suit Gam«, Th«. — The
fame based upon the original lead
from the long, or longest, suit. To
establish ana bring in -such suit,
taking tricks with the small cards
when the adverse trumps have been
extracted, and the leaa retained or
regained, is considered the height
of scientific play. From the ear-
liest times tiiis has been looked
upon as ideal whist, and the strong-
est opponents of the system admit
its hieauty when the long suit is
successfully brought in. The mod-
em tendency has been to make whist
more and more a partnership game,
and Dr. Pole, in his philosophical
treatises, demonstrates that the long
suit is the most perfect means
whereby partnership play maybe
efifectea, and the two hands practi-
cally utilized as one. The success
of the long-suit game depends venr
largely upon a perfect understand-
ing between the partners, and for
this reason it is very necessary that
they should have legitimate means
for communicating, and reading and
understanding each other's play.
In this direction the greatest ser-
vices have been rendered the long-
suit game by *' Cavendish" and
Trist, who devised the most perfect
language that cards have ever been
made to speak while being played.
While the long-suit game consists
in leading from and bringing in the
long suit, its strongest advocates
admit that hands may be held from
which it is advisable to lead from
a short suit instead of the long.
Provision for such exceptional play
is made by means ot what are
called forced leads iq, v.). Some
players employ these more largely
than others. The short-suit play-
ers use them so largely that they
become the rule, and the leads from
the long suit the exception.
The following illustrative hand is
given in Pole's ** Theory of Whist/'
LONG-SUIT GAME, THE 254 LONG^UIT GAUB, THE
ami shows ** how singularly, under
extreme circumstances, tlie brinj^-
in}{ in of a lon>; suit may annihilate
Ihf most magnificent cards. The
hand is a very remarkable whist
curiosity." This is the same hand,
with the suits transjioscd, which is
widely known as the "Duke of
Cumberland's fmious hand" (g.v.).
A and H are partners aj^.iinst Y and
Z. The formtrr hold all the honors
in every plain suit and two honors
in trumps, and yet do not make a
sin;;le trick. Z dealt and turned
the two of hearts. The underlined
card wins the trick, and the card
under it is the next one led:
^ 2
^ a
V 4
7 5
0 6
2 0
3 0
« 2
« 3
« 4
« 6
40
50
A : Y B
■:: I
1 ^ 7 ^ 8 '4 6
2 K # 2 4 J #
'3^9 ,2JO 4 7
I 4 A 4 3 4 Q4
I 5 ^ J C? Q « 8
: 6 ^ K ^ A ' 6 0
7 * J 10 4 7 0
8 * Q 9 » 8 0
: 9 Q 0 8 4 9 0
!0 KO 7 » 100
11 A 0 6 » J 0
j!2 * K 5 » * 9
1 3 * A 4 » 4 10
>i(Tc: A-D. 'J. Y-Z, x;.
/^ r i-.v//>77, R. F. Foster, the
in-'-t d'terinijied ''ppftnrnt of the
I'l'-. •-•.iii: ;;.iine in exi^tenee. j^mvcs
111- i'':l'i\vi:!vjj iliusTative ha ml in
liK •' \V:iist S!r:ite);y" • iSg.j , as an
exivi'jle illu-.tr.itin^' the weakness
f»f the liint'-suit >;anie and the
jy*\':v'v of le.ids from short suits.
Pi'-- kiuii of hearts is turne*!. In
the li.n^f-Miit play of the hand, A
lead", as fulluws:
i. -
Score: A-B, 4; Y-Z. 9.
In the short-suit play of the
A leads as follows:
ha
■ T!
I -
1
I
2
3
4
5
6
■ 7
8
; 9
;IO
1 I
12
13
A
Y
! - -
« 2
B
z
«IO
4 4
4 A
QO
20
6 0
KX
« 9
« J
4 K
45
6 4
3 #
J #
AJ
3 0
40
AC
K<
8 #
7 #
10 •
64
K #
9#
4 •
Q<
7 0
5 0
^ 2
0<
C' 3
« 6
47
48
80
r 10
CQ
J <
2 #
AQ
4 3
C 0
^ 5
^ 7 '
^ A
V K
^ 6
^ J
^ 8
C 4
Score: A-B, 9; V-Z, 4.
*' In the ori>nnal plaT.*' «
Poster, * ' A leads hit lonjE mit K
a machine. In the orcfpUy a ^
ONG-SUIT GAME, THE 255 LONG-SUIT GAME, THE
trengtheoing card is led. Y,
laving studied the defense to
tyle of play, passes, allowing
inesse. Then A finesses with
ngthening card second hand,
her he now continues clubs,
ds diamonds, makes no differ-
in the result. At the eighth
if he leads the thirteenth
, the result is the same,wheth-
trumps and B overtrumps, or
pass. The short-suit play of
land makes eighteen tricks
St eight; a gain of ten."
I from your lonf( suit only when
e sufficiently strong to bring in that
th the aid of reasonable strength
e part of your partner.— C^ri^
' [L+O.], iVestminsUr Papers, No-
/. 1878.
ire willing to admit that in a major-
aises long suits are not established,
e struggle to bring in a long suit
:utes the intellectual enjoyment of
ime.— Coxnia M. f\iin4 {L. /<•],
Afarck, 18496.
writer before "Cavendish" sug-
he modem practice of trying to es-
I a long-suit even when there is not
{l^htest of hope of ** remaining with
t trump to bring it into play." — /?.
Ur [S. aj, *'Af<mthly /ilusirator,''
s being nearly equal, the point to
all the manoeuvres of good whist-
s tend, is to establish a lon^ suit
preserve the last trump to bnnr it
ay, and to frustrate the same play
ir adversaries. — Thomas Mathews
long-suit informatory system
the game of whist an intelligent
mulating contest of. wits; the short-
linformatory methods detract from
me's fascinating intellectual stim-
-educing whist to the plane of a
a contest, a game of deception in-
f information. — Char Us S.Boutcher
long-suit game owes much of its
.mong experts to these two facts:
kc partner, confining himself uni-
to this method, can do but little
while his strict adherence to that
I. with the exaggerated amount of
ation thereby conveyed, enables
perior player on occasion to plav
sads instead of one — Emerv Board-
L-i-A.], *' Winning Whist/'
Amy from the long suit, or to en-
to lamkit a long suit if you have an
available one, or to make for 3rour partner
commanding cards which you have aacer*
tained that he holds, is certainly correct;
but merely to draw the trumps of the ad*
versaries, and of course those of vour
partner, or alwajrs to attempt to draw
them when you have numerical strength,
is not good whist.— <?. W. PetUs \L. A.
/».], ''American Whist Illustrated:*
I believe in the lonr-suit game when
(and only when) it win probably, or with
a reasonable degree of probability, do
what it is intended to do, namely, estab-
lish and bring in the long suit, establish
and bring in, mind you. We short-suit-
ers don't care a fig about merely dear-
inf[ a suit: we must also do some business
with it afterwards in order to gratify our
covetous inclinations. We would rather
take tricks in a suit without establishing
it, than establish it without taking
tricks.-^. C. HoweU [S. Jf,], *'Whui
openings."
It often happens towards the end of a
hand, an unplayed suit, of which the
leader holds (say) four cards, can go
round only twice—*. ^.. there may be two
trumps left in one 01 the opponents*
hands. In such case, if your suit is headed
by queen or knave, you should treat it as
a suit of two cards only, and lead your
highest, as this gives the best chance of
making two tricks. In the reverse case,
when a suit can go round only once, it is
obviou.«i that a small card should be led,
so as not to tempt partner to finesse.—
** Cavendish' [L. A), ''Laws and Prin^
cipies of Whist" {Tiventy-second edition).
Some very erroneous, and, to the mem*
bers of the Albany team, some very an-
noying, statements have appeared in
?nnt regarding their system ofplay. The
bst-Ejcpress has been at some pains to
get the truth. They are long-suiters of
the hard-shell, never-say-die variety, and
play that ^me because they believe it to
t>e a winning one. The several matches
played by them during the past winter
against the so-called "common-sense."
" short-suiters," and ** mixers " have only
served to more firmly convince the whole
team that the long-suit game was the
stronger when the teams were of equal
B\)\\\\y.— Rochester {N. K) Pbst-ExpresSy
May 12, t8q7.
While the main object of the scientific
whist-player is to establish and bring in
a long smt, it must be admitted that In a
large number of hands this object cannot
be attained, and the best whist-players
are those who are quickest at perceiving
when it is incumbent on them to abandon
the idea of making a great hand out of
any particular holding, and to reach oat
for all stray tricks in sight. When you
cannot bring in your long suit jrou mvHt
IX)NG-SmT GAME, THB 256
LONG WHIST
bend 3rour energies in the direction of
f»reventinfr your advemariet from brinfc-
og in thvim, and your trumpa are the
best weapons to employ.— /vAm T. Mitch-
ell I A. a!\s *' Duplicate H'histr
Let us take, for example, the thirty-
ninr hands given by " Cavendish." in his
" I^wsand Principleii," as showing the
advantage of the long-Huit system of
strategy. • • • i^t us take these
han«ls and in every one of them lead the
shortest suit, playing for position and
tenace. or for the ruflT. ignoring altogether
the long-Miit thenry. • • • In com-
paring the renult with the published
play we find, in
Ttirre hands there is no short suit; in
Kleven hands the short-suit game wins
more trickii: in
Ten hands the short-snit game loses
more tnck.n: m
Two haiidK it wins or loses according to
the piny of the adversaries: in
Thirteen haiidio it makes no difference
in the result. -A". /•. J-oster {S. 0.\, '^irkisi
Sttatrgyr /%>/.
When long-suit players are partners
they follow an entirely diiferent system.
If one tiegins with h small card of an un-
estaMishrd suit, he shuw^ he is not strong
enough to lead trumps, it is true, but
what does his partner do if he has not the
necei^sary strength to help hiir ? Does
he run ? Not at all. He says to the orig-
inal leader: "If vou are not strong
enough to defend tfiat suit yourself, and
I cannot help you. the Inrst thing we can
dois totrv toentahlish another defense-
lets suit/' and he proceeds to lead his
own. The writer has seen many thou-
aantU of hands played, but has never yet
met with a case in' which two partners,
neitlirr o(' whom wa« string enough to
lead trumps, succeeded in establishing
two stiit-, except tor the benefit of their
adversjiries.— A /■'. Foster [S. O.J, AVw
York Sun, t*'/t.
It is unced acnin«t the long-suit system,
that the object aimed at more fretiuently
fatN thrin Miccrrds Thi«i i* true. a« sue-
c<-s«» nsiiallv rtotiires not only the perfect
C'>-oj)cr:itiMn nf the piirtner. but also a
fiirtiiii.itt* nrraniremeiit of the cards. But
thr arKnnwnt i<^ worth nothing unless
somr «li«*-Tlv:uiiaKe ari«*es from the at-
tr!n;it i: iin«iiicv:t-<sfu!. This is quite the
rev'f ".r I if thr I.trt; for i J « if the attempt
f lis, it <'.■■«-« not stanl in the way of the
full rr-i1i7 iti'in of any other advantages
thr hand may tmhi<*i-s\; and M) the sys-
tem 1% so c«)notitutr<l as to Go the least
pri«>«.ililr harm to either of the players
using it. or i;oo<l to their opponents; and,
Indeeil. it oflrrs generally the best means
of obstructive t.ictics against the opposite
party. The long suit Is almost aiwaya
practicable. Leads on other priarii
are not. For example, yoa may have
master cards to lead out at once for tii
making, and no single card to IcadosI
trumping. Some old autliora recomw
first leads from sequeBoea^ and ol
writers, more modern, frotn conibi
tions which will leave tcnaoes to he
up ta But you may have no such a
in vour hand. Hence all these lail
giving any definite informatkm to j
partner, whereas it very rarely happ
that you have not a long plain snit. 1
consequently jrour imtiU, m» the Prti
call it. to your partner, ia nnifonn 1
unmistakable.-lf^i//iaM /Mr IL, A
''Phitoiophyof H'kiUr
Long Triimp.^The lait tra
held in one hand, all the oCh
beinff out Long tmnipi are 1
number of trumps held bv a pla;
afler ha\nng drawn all the othi
Lont Whist.— Tjrhut as origiiM
played from the time the game
came generally known; the li
point game, honors coanting, I
latter being calculated as ftultr
One player, or one player with
partner, holding the four hon
(ace, king, queen, jack), soo
four; holding three bonoffs^ tl
score two; holding two honon, t!
do not score. Players at the »
of eight cannot count hoBon.
Long whist was improfvd
Lord Folkestone and tne plar
at the Crown Coffee-House, Li
don, beginning with the year 17
(See, *' Crown Coffee-Hoose," 1
*' Folkestone.**) It was the wl
which was taken up and taogbt
Ilovle, and it continued to he I
whist pla\'cd everywhere until,
an e\'il moment, the pmbkni «
had gotten hold of it aa a fimi
amusement, found it too slow
their purposes, and cot it n li
(See, ** Short WhiiL") Fok ■
of long whist that ^' ■ ■'■■
when the honors mn
might be spun out for a
snd the longer it took the
thcve was nude bj the
JEST SUIT, LEAD FROM 257 LONGEST SUIT, LEAD FROM
Sf whist is now practically ob-
having been supplanted in
id by short whist, the five-
^ame, with honors counting,
I this country by the seven-
^ame, honors not counting.
:ford we used to play lonff whist,
mve always been sorry tnat the
egff;cd out. It had more variety;
beginning, the goal was distant.
Id take liberties, and finesse into
ots: there was more scope for sci-
ily I am aTraid we had very little,
atter half of it it was short whist,
—complicated to some extent by
Ml one?" — when you have to be
Ereful in your finessing or the
gone before you know where you
he American scoring is much
lir, but it must be murderous to
fer.— «•/Vln^n4r^' [^+0.]. fVkui,
1S95.
(cst Suit, Lead from th«. —
[vantage of opening the hand
lead from the longest suit
town to the masters of whist
be early history of the game,
en Payne gave it his unquali-
idorsement as early as 1770,
le said, in his " Whist Max-
' * Beein with the suit of which
ive uie most in number, for,
trumps are out, you will
i\j make several tricks in it.**
amed for Dr. Pole, however,
e fully demonstrate that the
'om the longest suit is the
leans for carrying on the
rship game; or, in other
of playing both bands as
This forms the basis of mod-
entific whist as advocated by
ndish" and his school. This
of selecting the longest (or
(oit for the opening play, in-
>f the strong^t, has met with
opposition from those who
! in the efficacy of short-suit
They especially object to
'ariable lead from the longest
tbo^h here, it seems to us,
re borrowing trouble unne-
]y; for ** Cavendish,'* and all
17
the most ardent advocates of the
long-suit game, recognize the fact
that exceptional han£ may be held
to which no fixed rule can be profit-
ably applied, and provision has, to
a certain extent, been made for
these under the head of what are
called ** forced leads,** an adjunct
of the lon^-suit g^me. Whist, it is
firmly believed by many, is passing
through a transition period to stiu
higher and nobler forms, and it
may be well, therefore, not to be
bigoted or dogmatical either way.
Certain it is tl^t the modem scien-
tific partnership ^me, under nor-
mal conditions, is best played by
means of the original leaa from the
longest (or long) suit; but excep-
tional hands, and exceptional con-
ditions of the game should also
be taken into consideration.
For our own part, we should be inclined
to say, Lead from your long suit only
when you are sufficiently strong to bring
in that suit with the aid of reasonable
strength on the part of your partner.^
IVestminster Papers [L + O.J .
In deciding what card to lead from the
long ftuit, regard must be paid not only to
the establishment of it, out also to the
possibility of making trickn in it early,
in case it should not be possible ultimately
to bring it in.— William Pole \L. A +].
I should like an answer to this simple
question: If the longest suit is always to
be led, how is it that every whist book,
without exception, gives minute direc-
tions for leading short suits?— **/Viw-
brtdge" t^+O.l, ''Decline and Fall of
Whistr
The rule of always leading from the
longest, as distinct from the strongest,
suit, is a rule which, more frequently
than any other, sacrifices a partner^
cards without any benefit to the leader,
and is in direct opposition to the true
principles of combination. — ''Mogul**
We have hitherto assumed that you lead
from the longest suit you hold, which it
the safe general rule; but cases often
occur which involve some difficulty of
choice. For example, suppose you nave
five small cards in one plain suit, and
four with honors in another. The theory
by no means Imperatively calls on yon to
lead the former, for it must be borne in
LOOKING OVER A HAND 258 LOSING TRUMP, DECL
mind that the rank of the cardi nlways
denervtrs cfiii^iideration. and your leadinK
the four-Hitit (which i< Atill n lon^ ntiil)
woiiM ]«• p'TJVclly jUHiitiahle. Siinilsirly,
A qiiotiMii iniKhtariMrlietwcrn four small
carii^ iiii'I Ihrcf eood onrn; but hirrc the
cai»c i- ditrm-iit. fiir three canls cf>nstitiite
ft sMorf Miit, to leail which unneces^nrily
wouM !h" a violation nf the theory.— li'tl-
ham /»./,• [A. .^ * ]. '•/'h^.trvo/ It'htst."
In •.cl»"ctinv{ a suit for I he lca«l. nunieri*
cal 'itreiiLith is the principal |>'>int tol miIc
to: for it muot lie tMirnr in mind thatncrti
anil kin'i{*i are nut the only card« which
make trick-; twn* and thfeeii may l»r.
com*' miitf :is v.ilu.iMc when the suit is
esLih!:,ii-.i -I. f .when the higher card-* of
the Mi:t .irt- exhausted. To obtain for
your own «»ni.tH canls a value that d«)eA
n'lt iiittiu»! .Illy lii-1'inv; to them, and to
f>r« v«'iii t'l- adversary from olitainint; it
iir ]|i». IS • \-iiUMitly au advantuKc lioth
the«*f fti-N an- atlvan 'dl \i\ choo«>inK tor
y. 'ir i»r:>:!n il Nm*! th»* (^uit in which you
navr lh« mtv it'St numerical •»lrfnKtli;'tr>r
yoii lu.iv r -tabli^h a MUt of tltin Mf-scrip-
tit'U. wliilr, nwiui; to \nir ••iriiiylh, it is
pr!"» isrlv tlie -mt whiih th** a-Sv* rsary hn<
the sin illr-t chance of e'>lA]ili«hiui(
ai^inioi \.,n. a -nil th.-t i- nuiiierically
weak, though oihiTwi** stP>ni;.is tar Ivsh
cliLMt»le Sup]w>>te. for exanip'c. you have
five card- hrail"d ^y'«i:iyi« ten in one
iiiiit. aii'l acf. kin-,:, and Onr otlMi i-ay
tht-tMo 111 .in-ithi-r -uit. If yoiil<-.td from
the a' »' kin.' two -uit nl! y urjiiiwir is
exhaii^ti- 1 IS Mvixi an you havi- parteil with
th» AvTv an! kinij, rmd \nu have jjivruthe
holl'T of iMini' rii-.il vtr« ivth a {a]iila)
chancf ot r-t ib'i-hin^ a -"iil. It i- true
that iMi- f«ituu.it»" ]irrHoii w-it be vour
p;irln«r: '»ut it i- tw i^-t- a- bk* ly tirtt he
Is yn'ir a''.viT«i »ry. -iiicr vnu I; ivr two n-l-
vrr^ir!'- ati.l ■•niv oiw' pirtn^r. • • •
Th»- !ii--i villi f|t .,11 t i Ir td trom is. of
co'ir-*' I 111- wM'.i*h t- tTt!iin» - J-olJi rlrni»-nt«
«if -ir-vL'th — I ij7Viii/;f* ;/.. A.\. *'Ijau.s
anJ /i K.:f!' ..• irhi.l"
Looking Over a Hand. -(t.-iiiiinjr
a k!i«»\\'iiilije of irH- impN lu-liMiy
;iiii'!h»T jil.iyi.T, l»y mit.iir iniMiis,
f>\\\\ .1- l.-iikiTiv: in!ii his haiul. Tin**
IS 1 '■ iiri-}!':!-:.!!'- ;«r.Ti'l'co, mil ••nt*
w^.ii !i -'-.■ r.il <•.:' •■vl \\\:- iifTeinliT
lo exv'.'.-iori friiMi tlu- liOili*: -W-
\\\i^\\\l\\ iMTil'-s ;)layrTs wlu) hold
t!u:r I- ir 1- »;t» lh.1t Ihi-y i!i;iy he si'rn,
ofli-:i \i\.wv teinpt.ilinii ht-fnrc th(»sc
wh'i •.vii!-!il »iit tr>" lo ^aiti an un-
fair ailv.iiit r/f nf their own acconl.
S<)nir t)lay«Ts have Int-n known lo
Ik: guilty of the equal! y reprehen-
sible practice of purpose! v i«
or exposing their hand for
to look over. It is hanlb
sary to say thcit NU%'h whi^
played amun^ )i;entlvmen.
It is wmoK to are 3rour arf'
hand: it is wrong to play on th<
edpe thus olitained. • • • •
thiuK til trach a pluycr \s the o!ir
to holil up his canN.— fl>j/Mr«:A
[/...». J.
It must not be siipp>»«rr! that «
in any way X** iu-tiiy n ni.in in
over another's tiand on piirT»»»'
iuK accidental! V s<-en anai!irr>.i'
in plavin^ accor tinKly In s'it:
peate«i proviXMtMns in the lusi :
the man thus |.l.i\mi; is a c^^nt*
beiUK at lje-t.~ ifVi/«iiirifr» /*j/
a I.
Clay told me that when h*- fir*
whist at a I^u'dun c'.ub h«- w:.s
to see an old ;:• iiti*. in tn *W.
IiHjkiiikf ovri iinc xA }.:<• - *.t
haJi'ls Mr. i'ac'-y.the i»' %er w»-
was ovitliw)ki •! w.is ji- :I ba;i;
oM fricU'lo* C!a>'». .ind t];»*?'i'i'
ovrr CI (V lix'k all irui.i- \\.t\f >.r':
ot advi-iii^ !:i:m til- ■!■! •.■.:i Vi- ^ i
plr-yinic.Tjrain-' I* . aMii!/
"The la-t h.iiii! he s^w irerv %
held •
■oh. no. he didnl "• r';nie.lM
who was wrl' .Twart- of I* • ^
ties; ■• hr oiilv -.iw a lew I put :ti
nertopiizrlf him." — ' ( jrr».iii4
"laHr Ia!k ■
Loose Card. -A c.irii <
plain >uit which. uwinkC
strength of the oUier Tix
u*>eh*ss.
I.iHii.e card is a card of nova!
criii»t «|iii iril> . ihr pro;irrri4 t*>
aw I-. —fdtK f.1 //.■!.> ;(» ■
Losing Card.— A c.inl «
not likely to take a tnck.
Losing Trump, Dcclinl
Draw a. — Ast u rule, a plav
has his lunk! suit es:.iT<!:sh«
the trumps all uut excel •: a
trump in the h.in»l of the
sary, «loe«» not hi"«ttatr to An
tnnnp alM>. But " Cave
holds that there is another c
cases where the trump ^hoaVJ
drawn a* a matter of coot
instance, if one sdTenarr
LOVE
259
LOWS SIGNAL
iblished, and his part-
rd of that suit to lead.
•t having scored. The
) have not scored are
the point of love. To
e, in England, means
>ut stakes.
-The state of the score
side has made a point.
•. — A game in which
i before the other side
ft. — The eight inferior
pack, from deuce to
e. Under the system
leads they are ^ener-
ourth best, in onginal
T the old leads, they
rad from the penulti-
epenultimate. In the
art-suit) system, the
. of the nine indicates
ig-card game; the lead
seven, or six, the ruff-
id the lead of the five,
or two, the long-suit
ind of game played de-
n the character of the
low cards are also
or signaling purposes,
j-suit game they are
ne value as high cards
hen the suit has been
lie adverse trumps ex-
the lead retained or
To give this higher
value to the low cards
; chief features of the
modem scientific,
e led when the leader has
and, or when it in bent to
igh card or cards as are
to keep the command or
They also indicate, to a
Bteut, the character and
waiL—Fiihrr Awus [L, A.].
Lowered Hands. — A careless
player may not only lower his hand
accidentally, and thus ^ve others
an opportunity to look it over, but
an unscrupulous player may lower
his hand for the purpose of snowing
his cards to his partner. In the
American code, a penalty is pro-
vided for such practice.
The case of a lowered hand comes
under the same category: "but." asks
General Drayaon. *' who is to he iudge
whether the hana has been sufficiently
lowered for the partner to see any por-
tion of a card?'^ The answer is, the
partner himself: presuming him to be a
gentleman, he is allowed to sit on his own
ca»e, and if he denies havinr seen the
card, there is an end of it— Jv. B. TVut
[L. A,\, IVhist, August. 1895.
By the English code, yoa may lower the
whole of your hand so that your partner
may see nearly every card in it. but there
is no penalty for doing so. In case ao,
"The Art of Practical Whist,' I called
attention to the defect in this law. By
the American code, an attempt is made to
remedy this defect. Law 20, section %
[under "Cards Liable to be Called "j;
states: "Every card so held by a player
that his partner sees any portion ofits
face." Section 4: " AH the cards in a hand
lowered or shown by a player, so that
his partner seen more than one card of
It." Who is to be the judge astowhether
the cards were suffiaently lowered to en-
able the partner to see them ? One part-
ner mignt Rit very tall, another very
short; the angle at which the cards were
lowered might enable the tall partner to
sec them, while the same angle of lower-
ing would not enable the short partner to
do so. Who is to judge of the angle ? It
would be merely a matter of opinion on
the part of the adversaries, and when a
question comes to a matter of opinion it
mu8t end in an unsatisfactory dispute.—
A. ir. DravsoH [L ^ A -k-], ** P^ut Lawt
and li'h tst i>eciswns. ' '
Low's Signal. — One of a num-
ber of devices or signals intended
to convey to partner exact informa-
tion concerning the number held
by you in a suit led by him. H.
N. Low, of the Capital Bicycle
Club team, effects this in the fol-
lowing manner: With four or more
of the suit, you play the third best
LUCK
260
LUCK
to partner's lead of a hif^h canl, or
when no attempt is made to win
the trick. In return inf( the suit
you lead the second Inrst, if three
or more remain, and on the third
round, or when discarding, you
play tile highest, always retaining
the fourth best, and those below
fourth l)est.
Luck. — Chance, acci<lent, for-
tune, g(M)<l or bad, at whist, is that
element of the game which is be-
yond the control of skill, and is
known as the luck of the game.
As we have obs»erved in our re-
marks on the history of duplicate
whi--t ■ q. V. ), the mo<lern tendency
has boen to eliminate more and
more this element of chance or
luck from whist, and to enlarge the
element of skill. In the game, as
first pUyetl, luck w:is the most im-
portant element; hence the game
lent itself readily to the play for
money, the poor player having, to
some degree at least, an e<iual show
with the go'Ml player, for it is a fact
often commented u|>on, that poor
players are apt to hold gofxl cards,
fhi' old style play. Iimit('<l in its
inforinatorv character, if not al-
mo-i entirely nrin-iiiti)rm:itory; the
counting of hcjiior**, aii«l the short-
en in v; of the j^atMr from ten to five
poir.t.N.wrre all favorable to chance,
or 'lUt k. i;: the ^'Une as ])Iayed in
ICiiL'l >i:tl. ar.il tn tl:is davit seems
inijHi^sib'.i- ti» git I-'rigli'.liinen to
]»la\ whi**! for i:s i-wn s.'ike, with-
out tin* aiMiti"n of snkes. In
Atn-ri a. tlie e'.iinin.ttion of hon-
ors. \\\" li'iij^iheriini^ of the game
from t'lve tr) si-ven {Miint.s, the free
use tif the tnimp signal, echoes
nu!n^H.'r- showing leads and other
infnrniatory play, have made whist
more anil iiinro a game of skill and
partnershij>; and liy the develop-
ment uf iluplicate, the final blow
ZDAv almost be suid to ha\*c been
dealt to the element of chanc
luck.
Stranffely enoufch, it is the mn
habit uaily win that are the inoM p
that Mich a thitiK ■> lucl^ cIck-a not
^ H'rs/mimsirr I^Mperi \L^ 0.\
X am often nnked the qtir»lion '
in more valuaMe at whi«t — iuck \A
I inv.iriahly ani^m-cr: Luck i-i win |
ftkill to rtijov them.— Af. F F»U€f ^
"Duplicate H'htst."
The Americana, almrvl with o
cord, have cried out aBminvt the Ii
the short Ka°><^< A°d aought me:
increase thr power of the elemt
play, by declining to count tSe h
anfi makinK thr kcure by tnck« i
H'tUiam Mf [L. A *\, "AxWaA
H'hist"
Watch the cards held by the hsbi
unlui-ky plaver. and without doub
will I *e'fuund average cards; but wl
holdn a KU'^d hand he dt«s nuthin,
It, and whrn he has a bad hand b«
every trick that it i* poMUble to
A. Ir. Ihavion [L*A -J. "TW ^
i^ actual li'hiU."
In the Anirriciin whist law* m
tion in made of counting hoaarv
5 [a me coiiM<.ts of Mrven points. in«
,v(. • • • TheAe altermtioas ii
diminish the effect of what i* t
"Iiu'k." and hrnre to incremse tb«
of pl:ty Thi<i i«i undoubtedly an ib
ment 111 tlie game of skill.— /t W
stm[L' A •].'• li'hitt iMWM amd Ml
cii.ons."
As soon as evrr %'ou hare takes v
hand, utter nn rxcflaniatir>n. a* if w
receive*! a xutZdrn nh'ick. and dccia!
vou are the m'wt unlucky devil tin
livnl. ami that ynu always ho*d tbi
hnrrid card«. 'if after that yra •
win. your MicceM must, of coone
tributed only to your owa maairrli
On Ih' nthi-r hand, if yoa should
y"U arr thus made tu present the m
^p(-ctar!r of a Tirlnuos man cnasi
Mru.:glinK with adverse fate, wkk
awr v>iur n^iponrnts iaio adaints:
wiitiil«-r. and ^scite the •vispst
\<*>k*-T<*-on.—ifi'atkwood'i Ms^nrrm
Th'-rp are mrioiis kinds of lack
intri.-ate game like whisl. * *
nKiking up the table mu may f«1
bad t.il>Ie iir a gool table la' ruts
partnrrn vou m.-iv get the brsi ;
worst fiartner. Vou may lo«r tki
You maychrio«e the rijpht or tke
cardv Your partner. 11 m good f
may ptav ill. and Suae thr same. or.
a bad player, yon may ptav •«&
and win or loae tbc ga^tt. ' Yam «
partner may have at mMXtkm^ twa •
LURCH
261
" MAJOR A."
each of apfMireiit equal value.
1 the one, and you win; and
other, and you lose: and a tmd
ay not fineaae, and lose; or he
a finesse utterly Indefensible,
>y it. Either player may mia-
le hand, and lose the game,
lose by an oversight, by drop-
nong card, and so on.— ffW/-
I not a certainty; neither is it
you will every year find your
cactly square on the thirty-first
»er— It is a popular fallacy de-
lose who win, to keep the losers
irita. • ♦ • I have no doubt
lalixe themselves in the long
Lfficulty is that I am unable to
iny idea, even approximately,
duration of a Ions run is. I
I three Yarboroughs in two
'arborough is a hand contain-
rd above a nine), and a hand
rd above a seven at least twice.
I a hand recently at Surbiton
irds above a six. One of the
players I ever met lo«t twenty-
•ecutive rubbers; feeling Sjg-
this treatment, he swore off for
L, and then lost twelve more. If
ich a thing as luck— and I be-
* is — don't lie down and let It
When ytyvL hold cards which
t consider quite equal to your
stead of playinsr worse on that
a most people ao — take a little
^**Pttmhruie" [L-k-0.].
— An old whist term, now
(ed, which was borrowed
; game of backgammon,
passed into the common
»n, ** to leave one in the
To save your lurch, in the
nguage of Hoyle's time,
) prevent the adversaries
king the odd trick neces-
win the game, you and
:ner having scored nothing
schapelles says it is used
the losing partners have
e one point — 1. e.^ when
t lost everything that can
t "Humours of Whist"
I satire on Hoyle, one of
icters is named Lurchum,
and belonged to the celebrated
Portland Clab, in London. Stf-
geant Ballantine, in his reminift*
cences, tells us that he played the
game well, and apparently concen-
trated his whole attention upon it;
but, at every interval between the
rubbers, he would rush off to a
writing table, and with equally
concentrated attention, proceed
Mrith some literary work nntil
called. Among the members of
the club was a Mr. Townsend, a
very inoffensive man, for whom
Lord L3^ton took the most violent
dislike; so much so that he would
never pla^ whist while that gentle-
man was m the room, being nrm in
his belief that he brought bad luck.
" One afternoon," says Ballantine,
" when Lord Lvtton was playing,
and had enjoyed an uninterrupted
run of good luck, it suddenly
turned, upon which he exclaimed:
' I am sure that Mr. Townsend has
come into the club.' Some three
minutes after, just time enough to
ascend the stairs, in walked this
unlucky personage. Lord Lytton,
as soon as the rubber was over, left
the table and did not renew the
play."
f «
, Lord, as a Whist-
-Lord Bulwcr-L)rtton, the
thor, was fond of whist,
lajof A," — A pseudonym
adopted by Charles Barawell Coles,
who published, in 1834, ** Short
Whist: Its Rise, Process, and Laws,
together with Maxims for Begin-
ners, and Observations to make
anyone a Whist-Player. By Major
A*****." The great popularity of
short whist made a text-book en-
tirely devoted to the new form of
the game very desirable, nothing
having appeared as yet save a few
pages by Mathews in an appendix
to his book on the old game of
long whist. Thus " Major A." be-
came popular, despite his lack of
originality. This was also in some
measure dne to the fact that Major
"MAJCR TENACE"
262 MANDBLL, HENR\
Aubrey, a leading; whist-player of
the day, was supposed to f)e the
author of the bo<^k. Coles himself
Wius a literary Imck, and all he did
was to translate Mathews into short
whist, so to speak. Thus, if Math-
ews s;iys the ^aine is ten up,
•* Major A." makes it read five up,
etc. Nor did he improve u{>on
Mathews's lack of inetho<iical ar-
ran}i(onient. Coles's venture, how-
ever, was successful. A secon<l
edition was called for in two
moiuhs; a third was puhlisheil next
year; and new c<litions appeared
frefjuciitly after that, so that the
sixteenth was puhlished in i«S65.
Thi> had the distinction of having
adiletl to it Dr. Pole's first essay on
the ••Theor>- of the Modem Scien-
tific Game."
•• Major Tenacc."— Under this
pseudonym w«is published in 1S.S6
(New York and London) a ** Haiid-
l)«»ok of Whist and Ready Refer-
ence Manual of the Moilern
Scientific (»ame." The author
((leor^e \V. Hailcy. of New York
City ) says in his intro<hiction: "An
attempt is m.ide to condense, ar-
ran;^!.-, ami to m.irshal into a sy.stem
all the specific directions for play
that could be found in the works
of the aiknowledjfed masters of
whi?.l Tlie oljject is to prefient
tlu-si- dirri lions. unencumlx;red by
explanation or discussion, in a fonu
convenien: lor reference."
Make. — To make a rnrd i^ to
take .1 trick with it. "To make
tilt' iMnl**. " i** sfiiiif'times usttl in
I-li]-.:I tn.l 'svni»ii\ rimusiy wiili the
txpn •»•»!( in "to shuflle the canls."
Make Up.— Wlien two packs of
car. In are u^d at a tible, the deal-
er's pirtner must make up, or col-
li'« t I'ld shuffli'. the cards for tlie
ensnirv^ •leal, and place them at his
right haniL (See, '* Shuffling. " )
Mandell, Henry A.— Fxft
dent of the American
Lea);ue: wasl>orn in Detroit
March 16, 1S61. He was c
in the public schools, and ^r
from the University of Mill
18.S3. with the decree of I
of Philosophy. He subse
studied law, and was adm
practice in the Supreme C
Michif^an in 1895. In ih^i
appointed assistant citv ■
of Detroit, and resigneif in
accept the position uf a
prosecuting .ittoniey of
county, which he still InM*
He has playeil whist siik
receiving his first introduc
the game at college, wh
joinc<l other freshmen in st
and playing it. In iJvss he
to orj^ani7.e the Detroit WTi!?
ami in iSSt was elecle«l it.«
dent. Later, when it was i
with the Wayne Club, ar
Wayne Whist Club was or};-
he iVcame the first pre^iilcn!
latter organization. In 1*^5
elected the first pre>i«ltT.t
Inter-state (C>liio and Mk'
Whist .\.ssociat:on. and in
likeiftise the first pre^dent
Michigan Whist Assfvutioi
has attended every congres*
.'\mencan Whist League ^
first, and was elected «in«
ili rectors in i>i92. serving
ciikicily until iSc^, when
electetl \'icc-president. .At '
enth congress, held at Pat*
1*^97, he was honore«l with ^
mous election as president.
Mr. Mandell says: "I
strong advocate of the !<>
game, as treated bv Hamiit*
'Cavendish.* including the ]
pies: II) * Knttw the rul'
when to break them;* and : 3
fall of the cards may at one t
another modify every rn
play.' ••
MANNERISMS
263
MASTER UARD
«risms. — Nearly every
las some slight mannerism,
ronld be difficult to find a
layers all reduced to the
Leal regularity and fixed
' of expression such as be-
automata. In fact, if this
sssible, their mannerism
e exceptionally marked. A
individuality must assert
his style of play, and this
jectionable, so long as it
; annoy or infringe upon the
f others, and so long as it
•t impart information to a
or obtain for the player any
undue advantage. (See,
Peculiarities of Players.**)
t whist to fthow anything about
d by your way of handling your
bether through design or care-
-X. A. Proctor [L. OTj.
irer should play a card in any
10 as to call particular attention
ftbould he demand that the cards
1, in order to attract the attention
XncT. —EtiquetUof Whist {Amtr-
).
lould studiously avoid all man-
in play, and nerer permit your-
draw any inferences from the
■ either your partner or your op-
if they should be jfuilty of mak-
n.— C D. P. Hamilton [L. /f.],
Scientific Whist. '*
imation whatever, by word or
(hould be given by a player as to
of his hand or ot the game. A
bo desires the cards to be placed
ibould do it for his own in forma-
. and not in order to invite the
of his p&TtneT.—Etiqufttc of
'nglish Code).
should be played in a manner
bjectiouable features. Each card
e played with thought and rea-
re no physical indication of the
r your hand, and do not intrude
■ms which trench upon fairness
rsty. Refrain from assuming a
ch does not belong to you, and
• yourself from appcarins: ridic-
". E.Otis [L. A .]. in Newark Nrws.
innerismsof some players afford
clue to the contents of their
an any card they could possibly
do noC refer to the bumbledogs—
rthumpers, who are mostly in
on railway trains, and who
idea of concealing their emo*
tiona— but to the gentlemen who play td-
entificallv. One of the roost eminent of
whist-pla'yers, who has placed himself oa
record as most emphatically opposed to
anything that may look like a private
convention, conveys to his oartner the
most positive information of nis holding
when third hand,by a way he has of par-
tially drawing his card before the second
hand has played. By this trick of man-
ner, whicn is entirely involuntary, his
partner knows whether or not he is con-
sidering a finesse. If he takes it and
loses, his partner knows exactly what he
holds in tne suit, from knowing what he
must have to even consider a finesse.
Most valuable information this. No
doubt the action is entirely unconscious,
but it is no less informatory. There are
others, as we all know, who convey more
or less information by a significant look
or smile, or movement. These manner-
isms are far more intolerable than what
are sometimes mis-called " private con-
▼entiona.*'— ff^u/ {L. A,\ ApHi, 1896,
Mark.— To mark a card in some
other player's hand is to locate it
by the fall of the cards.
Markcrm. — Whist-markers are
used in countine or scoring the
points made by the players. They
may consist simply of round chips,
or of some of the many devices in-
vented for counting purposes. It is
highly important that the appa-
ratus, in each instance, shall allow
the state of the score to be dis-
tinctly seen by each player, as the
game progresses.
Marking.— See, ** Scoring."
Masking a Signal. — Starting a
signal and failing to complete it
on the second round. The player
haWn^ some reason for changing
his mind about signaling, conceals
his intention.
Master Card. — The highest on-
played card of a suit; the king
card.
This is sometimes also called the ** king
card," a name likely to cause confusion.
— William B>U [L >4+], '^Theory qf
Whist,*'
MASTER-HOLDINGS
264
BfATHEWS. THOMAS
Master-Holdings.— Cards held
ill plain suits which are reasunably
sure to take tricks; bes>t cards.
Match. — A contest at whist be-
tween individuals, Ix'twecn two or
more pairs, between two or more
teams of four, or Ik.' t ween clubs or
associations compose<l of various
clubs. Matches are now all played
by nieans of duplicate whist. The
leading features of the annual con-
gress of the American Whist l4eaf(ue
{</. z:) consist of matches for the
various trophies. I See, also, "Whist
Match by Correspondence," and
*• Whist Slatch by Telegraph.'*)
Tli»" lust duplicate match is four playrr*
aK-^ii>'«t tout Thi'« is ailmiltfd to 1m- the
st.in !.ir<l. :ti]<l pr>>vi<l('il ilic iiiimbi'r of
i1«mN ii HiifTii iiiii !•« Ihf ln-xl {Mi-^oililr ti-st
01 wMi-i Nkill. -Mi.ton I'.U'ork [/..A.J/.],
'•/rAij/.i/ Jo-day."
Mathews, Thomas. — The third
whist author of importance in the
hi-^tory of the g nne, and i>erha|>s
the most able of the three. Hoyle
and Payne being the other two.
Nothing is known about Mathews,
jiersonally, except th.il he was " the
tint'-t plaver of his day," that he
lived ai Hath, and tliat he enter-
laiiuil a somewhat contemptuous
<ipi:r.o:i of lIoyK*. "who," he siiiil.
" s'« far from being able to teach
tile vj tme. was tiot fit to sit flown
wil:j even tli*- third-rate players of
the j»reMiil d ly." Mathews" lio«ik
was p;:M:sli'-.l in iSo.j. and l)ore the
foil. I A ir:^' e'..i''i»rate title: "Advice
t'l til" V<i'.i:i'^ Whisl-riayer: c«>n-
t,iini:i'^ :::•■-: of the Maxims of t!:e
t >1'1 > ■'."■•:. with the Author's nb-
Sf'iv /.Mv.*. «i:i tho^e he thinks Krrf>-
ne-^-.-^i wi'.li several new ones. V.x-
e::i;''.:;itd by.\pjH»site Casrs; and a
Ml ::i'>'l of .\ri|uiring a Knowledge
fi! t!i. rriTir'.pIi's on which ihev
are « iT' ■;:nled, T'«»inteil out to the
Inexi TieJiceil Whist- Pi aver. II v
an Amatenr.'* Tlic author's ;
was not published at first, hu
peared in 8ul)sequent issues,
at first spelled *' Matthew»,'
later, *' Mathews."
The ninth edition ua« publ
at liath, in 1K16, and contains
pages of observations on
whist, which had lately comt
proniinence. The dcventii ei
IS dated 181S; the thirtecntl
issued in 1823, the sixteen
1825, and the eighteenth m
The work was ah»o repnntc
favurably commented \xyi-\
Richard A. Proctor, in his t
zine callcfl Knowledge.
Mathews* lHX>k originally
tained, Ixrsidcs an address t*
reader, several pages on lea-i*
the laws of wlii^t. and one hu:
and nine " Directions and M.
for Beginners." He set forth
tem of play diflfering mair
from that of his pre«iecessors
on this account he h.vs licvn (
the fou:ider of a new scV.^M'*
laid great stress upon the «:
imjiortance and adv.intage vi
nership play, and the leg:v
communication between pif
c<iticerning their h.ini's, \^r,
this resju'ct the forerun n»T of
Mathews defines wli:st *
game of calculatitm. n>i4<Ti
and ]>osition. or tenace." Ci
tion, he says, teaches you :■•
yi'ur game, and lead t-^v-C^r^
advantage. .After a few \k ^-l-.
ever, calculation is nea:l\ ••
s<.-d<»il by observation. Th* f"
who observe, and n«»te we'.'. !h
of the cards, liccnmc "a* wc
(]uainted with the matena*
remaining in each other'h har
if they had seen them "
two elements he cimsulrr* the
dation of the g^nie. after 1
comes the nmre difficult «cirr
position, or the art of usink: *.!:
former to advanUgv.
MAXIMS
265
MEDIUM CARDS
* lays down the principle that
best leads are from sequences, ' '
that, being without sequences,
should "lead from your most
erous suit, if strong in tnmips"
lore cautious direction than
of Payne). ** Finesses,** he
inues, ** are generally right in
ps or (if strong in them) in
r suits; otherwise they are not
kI but with caution.** With
* or four small trumps, he pre-
Ei " lead from a single card to a
weak suit,** in which respect
tay be said to have anticipated
nodern short-suit players. He
laid down the principle that
strength of trumps is with the
rsaries" your partner should
;p guard on their suits, and
w away from his own.** He
formulated the rule: " With
5 cards, return the highest;
four, the lowest, of your part-
ilead.'*
rat 1804, Thomas Mathews publisbed
Advice to the Younff Whist-Player."
rnpidlv became the authority, and is
-ejfarcfed by experts as one of the
rorks on whist, most of the modern
rs borrowinjf from it rcry freely,
author was rejfarded as the best
r of his day, and there are many
believe that he and Deschapelles
the only two men that ever mastered
imc.-k. F. Foster [S. O.], ''Johnson's
I' sat Cyflopadta."
• body of Mathews' book consists of
'CtioDsand Maxims for Beginners."
• are hetrrogeneously disposed, with-
iny sub-headinRS. a defect which
ii!4hes their usefulness and increases
ifficulty of profiting by them. They
lowever. jrenerally very good; some
been altered or abolished by the
qocnt march of evolution, but most
rm are as applicable to the modern
of game as to the one they belonged
ViJltam Pbte [L. A+].
■xkns. — Rules of play founded
I experience, and tersely for-
ited in brief sentences, in order
they may be strongly im-
led npon the memory. All
au-ly writers on whist — Hoyle,
Payne, and Mathevrs especially —
taught whist largely by means of
maxims, following no regular sys-
tem or arrangement in their books.
Maxims are supposed to come into use
as guides to conduct after the play of the
hand is sufficiently advanced tor a player
to judge something of it<s broad features.
—R. F. Foster [S. a], *' Whist Tactics.'*
Mcintosh, Andrew J. — An Amer-
ican whist author, who resides at
Utica, N. Y. He was bom in Steu-
ben, Oneida county. May 4, 1826*
educated at Hobart College, and
^aduated in the class of 1844. He
immediately took up the study of
law in Utica; was admitted to the
bar in 1848, and has practiced ever
since. Judge Mcintosh (as he is
familiarly known from Maine to
Texas, although, in fact, he has
never held judicial office) became
interested m whist early in bis
youth, and was a welcome visitor
at many whist clubs in various
parts of the country*. He thus be-
came impressed with the multitude
of questions arising under the
rules, and the poor understanding
most players had concerning them.
At the suggestions of the clubs, he
thereupon compiled all the deci-
sions made under the laws in force
in England, France, and America.
He found this no small task, but
when his labor was accomplished
he had an increased interest in the
game, and this led him to write an
exhaustive study of the principles
of play. This gave birth to his
book, *• Modem Whist, with Port-
land Rules, and Decisions Thereun-
der," the third edition of which
was published in Utica, 1888. Per-
sonally he favors American leads,
but plays the five-point game with-
out counting honors.
Medium Cards.— Cards of me-
dium value; cards between the king
and the eight-spot
MEETING AND OPPOSING 266
MEMORY
Meeting and Opposing.— There
18 a distinction between ineetin{(
and opposin|( players at duplicate
whist. For instance, A-B are said
to meet Y-Z at the same table, but
A-H at table one are opposed to
Y-Z at Uble two.
Memorizing the Hands In Du-
plicate.—In the single-table, or
uineniunic, duplicate game, the
players who have exceptionally
good memories sometimes gain a
decide<l advantage by remembering
certain hands and playing accord-
ingly when they receive them in the
duplicate or overplay, although the
best authorities agree that in such
cases they should play according to
rule, just as if they did not remem-
ber. However, human nature is
hanl to control in its desire to win,
and a still l>etter remedy is sug-
gcste<l by others, and that is not to
overplay the liands at the same sit-
ting. (See, also, ** Duplicate
Whist, Schedule for Single Table. *•)
Mcmorixint; the hnn<l)i han ticcoine such
an int>>I('rHhIr iiiiisniicc that many play-
ers in our leadinfi: duh^ will no lonfi^er
play the: iip-nntl-l>ack K^mc. Thr rrtum
pl.iy, umlcr Kuch circuniHtancri. w any-
thiiie but whist, for thu4« playcni who
h:ipp«-n tr) l>r in a position to take advan-
t.tk:i- III thf situ.ition liavr an undue ad-
v.in!a;f»*. Wr would su;;Kcst aft a remedy
th.it viiur clu>i ]>I:iy twice anniany h.iiida,
pl.iyinK them up one week and Sack the
nr xt. Thin method of play ia practiced
ill siiiiic of the LeaKoe cluha, and has
h'-iii t'.Minrl to |{r»"atiy reduce, if not en-
tiirtv f litnin.'itr. the'undue advantafcc*
t'lrinrr'v c.iiu'.-d throu|^h remembering
tti'- h iiwls. It i« certainly a great im-
priivr-inrnt ovf-r playing the hand « Kick
t )i v s;i in c da V . — /I 'A li/ { /.. /I . ] , Septrmbfr^
Memory.— Memor>' plays an im-
portant T)art in whist, especially in
the iTKKlern scientific game, with
its conventional signals, its msni-
fold li-ads and inferences, and its
complex language of the cards gen*
erally . Still, penons who have not
got phenomenal memorict nuke
gooa whist players, cqwdaUy if
they have the laixely conpenmisg
quiditiei oi being able to psj rtrict
attention to the game ana to bring
all their intelligence to
it. Practice, too, will impmt
weak memonet, and thia ia one of
the great benefits confeired by the
game, that it will help a ^ycr to
train his mind to think and act qn*
tematically. Memonr slone will
not make a whiat-plajrcr. Ttat
have been many prodigies who
could remember whole booki^ and
recite them forwards and faack-
wanls, but we have
that any of them
whiat
The memory is often aijiMCly 1
wlncB.
for not carrying some card
to lack of altentioD, was never lndgjiJ la
the mind.— .I/I/I0M C WWA {L,a7k\
You muat not dcapnir ifyonr Mrmsn
frequently falls yon at flriL Ijkc ■■
other diminct faculties of ihe mind. S to
•trength'-ned by pfmctlcc. — "•
Colomti B '• [A. 0.].
Memory U a word often
nnderhtood. What yon conaUrr
In nothing more, as regards wMm. thM
careful ohnenration —A. H^. ihmfam\L*
^4]. "The Arte/ Pt^achcmi H%'ui"
Some persona tpHI v helirvt that ceitrii
Kiod players have iKe power lo let^
>r every card pbijred llirongll cwfT
hand. • • • Thia is not trae. !• M
C^m [C AV
po^ftible. and. onder the
not neceMMtry. — C. £.
*'Gtito/ Wkuir
The neceaaityof
cards that fall ia a Action; wo mm
tempts to do It. or needs to do IL V.
effort of memory reqnlrcd far Mftr wm
plavlng ia very moderalc indcen. asj
Ruch a» no one need despair of bcteg iMi
to iiupplv. whea the g^mc Islcnratl^f
tematically. - WtUimm iWt [L A^V
''Pktlatophyof UlkiUV
Endeavor to rei
cards played as yon can.
time all d»
niuftt
chief cards
by whom. In cnck anil. II
Billl more Impoftant. and witt ginaQr <
jronr memory, to"
■irenfth in 1
nfl dwell on jonr ■iwuij. tai I*
begia by at IcnM knowlMalW
cards which haw hccn nhmdL mi
MORY, ARTIFICIAL 267 MILWAUKEE WHIST CLUB
liit-pliiyer most posseM the
the cmrds pass before his eyes,
tine them on bis memory. He
prenend them in his mind in-
irithoat any strain, and with it
the faculty of discarding the re-
at the doae of the hand. The
rer mnst be innate in the mind
yer, and perfection will come
:e. A striking illustration of
d in 1781, by the Scotch Law-
boddo to Dr. Horsley. • • •
iea of the late provost of Bdin-
1 given way, but although he
is judgment in everything else,
1 remained the remarkable
irhist which had always charac-
m, and he played the game as
.►ver.— ff. P. Courtney \L-\^0.\
Wkistr
►ry. Artificial. — Various
lave been suggested from
time where^ a player
! enabled to assist his mem-
aying whist. Hoyle had a
of *• artificial memory"
e was pleased to impart to
were willing to pay him a
or it. It was published in
iburgh edition of his book,
ind as a matter of curiosity
ith reproduced:
ce the trumps to the left of
r suits in your hand, the
strongest suit next, the
>est next, and the weakest
he right hand,
n the course of play you
have the best card reniain-
ly suit, place it to the right
as it must certainly win a
T all the trumps are played,
en you find you are pos-
f the second best card of
to remember, place it on
t hand of that card you
eady to remember as the
I remaining.
you have the third best
iny suit, place a small card
uit between the second best
the third best,
order to remember your
( first lead, place a small
suit led entirely to the
left of the tramps, or trump, in
case you have but one.
6. When yon deal, put the trump
turned up to the left of all your
trumps; and as it is a kind of rule,
keep this tnunp as long as you are
able; it will be more out of the way
and easier for you to recollect.
(See, *' Cards, Arrangement of. ")
Memory Duplicate. — See,
'* Mnemonic Duplicate Whist"
Middle Card.— The ei^ht-spot.
It is the seventh card m rank,
counting from either end of the
suit; hence, it is termed the middle
card.
Milwaukee Whist Club.— « To
Eugene S. Elliott and his fellow-
members of the Milwaukee Whist
Club, to whom the origin of the
first American whist congress, and
the formation of the American
Whist League, are due, this book
is fraternally dedicated," wrote
Charies S. Boutcher, in his '* Whist
Sketches," in 1891.
The Milwaukee Whist Club was
first organized as a chess and whist
club in 1875, through the instru-
mentality of Eugene S. Elliott (^,
V. ). Whist soon became the fa-
vorite game, and after the advent
of John Rheinart {q. v.)^ the play
of the club was raised to a hign
degree of efficiency. The name
was changed, and it became the
first exclusive whist club in this
country. Its first match was played
with a club at Racine, Wis., and
the record was three games won
and two lost. Aside from this, the
Milwaukee Club had, up to the first
whist congress, won forty-fotir
games and lost none, its total win-
ning score being 3840 points, and
its losing score but 53 points. At
the congress the club distinguished
itself by defesting the yisitors
*' MINNEAPOLIS LBAD " 268
HISDBAL
(twenty. six tables, fifty-two players
on each side), by a score of 1525
af^ainst 135S, being 267 points
ahead.
Oil May 7, 1893, forty playen
from the Chicago Whist Club de-
feated an equal number from the
Milwaukee Club by sixty points,
after the Chicago Club had sus-
tained nine successive defeats in
their efforts to obtain victory. This
was the first defeat for Milwaukee
in many years, and on June 4 it
was followed by another defeat at
the hands of the Chicago Club,
which won by three tricks.
The Milwaukee Whi«t Club was al-
reaily iwrveral ye.irs old when he [John
Rhctn.irt I tirst entered iU doors; it then
cnntaineil • K^odly nuinlKrr of eager
whiAt-stU'lentH, who were anxious toper-
feet themselves in the Ka"ic, and who
tbouKht they were doings so when they
played riKidlv according to rule. They
were tiook-playcni, and nothiuf; eUe.
Mr. Khi-in.irt's'pl.'iy wnM a revtrlation to
them. .\t fir»t they wimld have none of
it, then douhted. and finally warmly em-
braced {!« pnncipleA. The Micce!kf> that
ha^ attended the Milwaukee Cliili durinif
the ln«t twelve year^ is largely the result.
•"H'Mist, August^ 1891.
*• Minneapolis Lead."— A vari-
ation ill the American leads, which
consists in leading the fourth best
instead of the ace, in the combina-
tion of ace and four or mcire othera
not including the king. The usual
rule is to lead the fourth best only
from a suit of four or less, headed
bv the .ice, an<l to lead the ace when
thore are more than four in the
suit. With strength in trumps,
however, some players prefer to
hold h.irk the ace, alsr>. in suits of
fivi', in the l>eli'.*f that it will more
likely prove of value on a subse-
quent round than on the first. The
play is *sii(i to have originateii with
the memlK'pf of the Minneapolis
team, in 1^93, or at least to iia\*e
been adoptetl by them at that time,
when they won the championship
trophy at the annual wlnat
mm. The captain of the team in-
formed R. P. Potter that he thoi^
the same lead lost the chnmpion-
ship for them in 1894. Poster ii
inclined to agree with W. H. Wbit-
feld, the English analyst, that in
the majority of cases, especially ia
straight whist, the lead off the small
card is unsound.
Minneapolis Trophy. — ^At ths
fiAh congrem of the American
Whist Lea^e, held at Minneui^
lis, Minn., in iS^t^, a cup was o^
nated by the Minneapolis Chcs^
Checkers, and Whist Onb, to be
played for by pain at each snnnsl
congress. It waa woo at the siatt
congress, at Manhattan Beach.
Brooklyn, in 1896, by Bererley W.
Smith and A. H. McCay, from the
Baltimore Whist Club, who^ hov-
ever, were at first tied t>y a psir
from the Hamilton Wliist Clnb, of
Philadelphia ( Paul Clayton and A^
thur D. Smith), the final icssk
Iwing determined by the trick sooit
bv which the Baftimoreans vcffi
ahead. At Put-in-Bav, in 1897, the
trophy was won by l'. W. Halbitf
ana L. J. Mathias, the pair rbi^
senting the Toledo (Ohio) WW
Club.
Miadeal.^An incomct desl d
the cards. A misdeal loses the dol
in straight whist, but in dnplicstt
whist the player who misdcsbii
simply requirra to deal again.
t'nder the head of " MbdfmL
■edion s it U Mated: "Sbovldtbc
undrr an imprrarion that 1
int*Uke. either rotiat the
ta)>!e nr remaindrr of the Back.''ll
iniolr.il. Thewordlaaofthlalswto
a qiiitiMer may atop dnriaa Ihedcsj
lis
beion ctmntlna the carda; the miwwa^
would claim a miadcal *■ Ccrtslaiy SA'
would lay thcqiribbler; *'thcf« lsBiM|
In the laws aaalnal wut
n
irda
that I
I
have
80b Ibm7
MISDEALING
269 MITCHELI/, JOHN T.
[ choose. '* By rule 17. icctioa 3. of the
icrican Codejt M3rs: ^* It is m misdeal if
counts the cards on the table or in the
nainder of the pack." no mention be-
r made as to the ** impression" of the
ws and fVhut Decisums.*'
t isa misdeal: —
. If the dealer omits to have the pack
; and his adversaries discover the error
lore the trump card is turned* and be-
e looking at any of their cards.
I. If he deals a card incorrectly and
Is to correct the error bef&re dealing
9iher.
II. If he counts the cards on the table
in the remainder of the pack.
V. If. having a perfect pack, he does
t deal to each player the proper num-
r of cards, and the error is discovered
bre all have played to the first trick.
r. If he looks at the trump card before
• deal is completed,
fl. If he places the trump card face
vB wards upon his own or any other
iyer*a cards.
i misdeal loses the deal, unless, during
; deal, either of the adversaries touches
ard or in any other manner interrupts
i dealer. ^Zawf 0/ IVhiU {American
If), Section if.
Misdealing. How to Avoid.—
for any cause you must stop
ore finishing the deal, adopt the
ailing rule of stopping with
reclf—f. e.^ deal yourself the
card — and when you resume
n with your left-hand adver-
as in the beginning of the
liss Todd's Whist Party."—
)ny Trollopc, in his novel,
Bertrams," gives a rather
og old-time picture of a whist
which was given by Miss
*• Nearly all the women in
om quarreled consnmedly
e game, and at last one of
ims of the denunciation of
who * had suffered from
s,* spread consternation
nxxX. the company by behav-
•" she were about to have a
tunately she possessed snf-
rength of body to retire
room, and vigor enough
as she withdrew to make a savage
thrust, which went home, at the
sharp-tongued lady, Miss Ruff.
whose persistent reproaches had
driven her vrithin a meastu:able dis-
tance of frenzy.**
Mistalces. — To err in whist is
himian, as in other things. The
best of players are liable to make
mistakes. It is only when mistakes
are repeated over and over, and
Sersisted in, that they become evi-
ence of ignorance and bad play.
Nor should we do like Sir James
Mackintosh's friend, of whom he
records in his diary that, although
in love with whist, he "always
lost, because, instnid of thinking
how he was to play the hand be-
fore him, he thought only of his
blunders in the last hand."
I never make a mistake, and I don*t see
why vou should. If you do, never admit
it.— "T:*^ Roarer^ in " The IVhiU TabU:*
The bulk of players, when they go
wrong, see the mistake they have maM,
and this is sufficiently mortifying -a gen-
tleman should not add to the oain bj
harpin? on this one string. — fVesiminsier
ftipers [Z. + a].
Then there is the nervous partner (I
feel deeply for him), who. if he makes a
mistake, is so impressed bv its enormity
that his head is turned into a humming-
top, and his play becomes wildly inco-
herent.—yai«« /^jm [L. O.].
MItcheii, John T.— Author of
the first book on duplicate whist
ever pubKshed, and tne leader of
the duplicate whist movement in
America. Mr. Mitchell was bom
in Glasgow, Scotland, April 3, 1854,
and came to this country in 1875.
For five years he was at Milford,
Conn., and afler a year in Detroit,
Mich., he went to Chicago in 1SB2,
where he is now located with Uie
Union National Bank. He com-
menced playing whist in 1888, in
which year his attention was called
to a clipping from the London
MITCHELL, JOHN T. 270 MNBMONIC DUPUCATB
Fields clescribifij? a match between
the Carlcton and Wanderers* Clubs
at Glasji^ow, his native place, in
which use was made of a new kind
of duplicate play devised by James
Allison {q. v.). This led to his
taking up the study of the dupli-
cate game, and in the same year he
organized the Chicago Duplicate
Whi>t Club (all the memlx:rs of
which are now also memlx^rs of the
Chicago Whist Club). lie has been
an enthusiastic exponent of the
game ever since, and has played in
many matches and written much on
the subJL^ct of duplicate whist. He
joine<l the Carlcton Club, of Chi-
cago, in 1S90, but resi|(nc(l shortly
afier the Chicago Whist Club was
organized, in 1S91, and became a
charter mcmlHrr of tlie latter. In
1S95 he l>ecame a memlxrr of the
Hyde Park team, which won the
championship the same year at the
fifth congress of the American
Whist League. In 1892 he wrote
••I>uplicate Whist," the first book
on the subject. Mr. Mitchell was
on the tournament committee of
the thin! whist congress of the
Lea;»uc. held at Chicago, in 1893,
and played for the Chicago Dupli-
cate and the Chicago WHiist Clubs at
Phil:i(k-1])hia, in 1895. In 1*^96 he
was eK-ctcd a director of the Ameri-
can Whist league. Early in 1897
appearc<l a greatly enlarged and
thorougly revisril e^lition of his
bfK)k, now calleil " Duplicate Whist
an»l Modern Leads.'*
Mr. Mitchell is nn advocate of
the lont:-«i'.:it game and American
lea«l»i. although in regard to the
latter he favors certain mo<lifica-
tions. a.s set forth in his letter to
U'hiat, Septemlwr, 1H96. (See.
•'American Leads. Changes in.**)
He is well in touch >»*ith "Caven-
dish," except in the matter of the
discard. He says, in a letter: " I
believe in the 'weak-«uit ditcaidt
CKzccpt to protect hoi!
saries' smtt, and mm oppOMd to
the discaxd from the strong wtaX
when advenary leads trumjpa, aad
that is my main point of dilMfCBOC
with *Cavendiih.'"
The new [Chkaio WbM) dab Hoato-
caine dmoos for its Wedacaday aad flst-
urday niffht dnpUcate loaraaMi
which • • • were susettcd
arranged bjr Mr. MilcbcIL PUI aca
of the manreloiis atteadaace «■ I
whUt nif htft appeared la the
paperi. and were widely copied.
natural reault that other cities
followed the exanple. aad Mr.
was kept busy wntinf infltractloaa m
people who wanted to may dapHcatr. Ti
hiii eflbrta in Chicago tae great ponalarily
of duplicate whlK is aadcMticaly daa,
and hr ia generally apokea of* ■•"the
father of duplicate whial."— JT. M iMir
{S. a]. MoHikfy ilimstrator, iSgf.
In 1891 the writer picked ap ia a CM-
cago bookntore a alim. bit culwed «a^
ume entitled, "Duplicate Whiflt. Hi
Rules and Methods of Play. BrtBgaPfetf
Dcftcription of the New and Suetifc
On me which Kqualisea the 9lre«gih if
OppniiiiiK llandn, thua Rednriny tae B^
ment of Luck to a Minianm. By
T. Mitchell.*' It waa the ftrti eflbtt t
•>iitematically into priat the 1
and arrangement of pUyvra
which the then new gaaw of
whint wan alowly gropnig towai
tif>n. It waa a treaaare. a delight, a
latlon of the poaaibiUtiea of the aiw
game. Nearly up to that time the leal
enthuftinMs had played their card* to lli
centre, picked them oot afterwarda hya
record previously made, and prteenrf
the handi in envelopea. NoayHeaif
play including more than 00c table Mi
uncfenitood. Mitchell's ** linalali
Whint" changed all this, aad Ihe^laia
of four" and the " oworrtmiwt" ■— ?
became iim«ible.—/^. Mli'kttim* [LA].
H'keeliKk-s H'fekfy, Fetgwu i^OM^mm.
•« INIxcrs."— PUyers who em-
ploy both long and shofft-anit ti^
tics. An American phi
Mnemonic Duplicate
Duplicate whist played by Ibtf
p1a\-erB at one talUe; the su^
table game. Called also mocmoafc
because the memory may assist iht
playeiB in playing the hamis Msta
more easily thiuiui the game viot
[ODBL HANDS
271 " MODIFIED GAME, THE "
es and players are em-
?OT this reason, the laws
te whist allow the trump
ired for the sitting in the
game, the fact being
I that the turning of a
each deal would aid the
remembering the hands,
iplicate Whist")
(tiou whether any adTantage
e whist] is gained by trying
the hands. HRreg^ous errors
les made by tnose trying to
id act upon some peculiarity,
pt to occur by mistaking the
e are occasional hands, how-
intrude on the memory, and
'ariation of play roa^ lead to
e. The only fair thin^;: to do
e cmrds in strict accordance
maxims, or throw out the
' [L.A.].
Hands. ~ See, *'Illus.
ads."
n Scientific Game. —
lyed scientifically and
manner of the modern
which "Cavendish" is
ad chief exponent. The
ientific pame is defined
)y Dr. Pole, in his ** Evo-
Whist:" "We are now
mciate the fundamental
the modem scientific
:h is, that the hands of
tners shall not be played
independently, but shall
ed, and treated as one.
der to carry out most
this principle of combi-
ch partner shall adopt
it system as the general
is plav." (See, also,
I I^ads," "Long-Suit
nd "Old and New
r persons may play excellent
it reference to the modern
the fact remains that they
astly better game than thefr
order to win from those who
Ives of that system. — Emery
\->tA.\, ''Winning Whist:'
The reproach oflenest applied to the
modem system is the allegation that the
ability developed for play is, in general,
much inferior to that acquired for signal-
ing. That system, however, does tend to
create a host of acceptable partners for
experts, which is a boon to both, makings
life much pleasanter for the fine players,
and they, in turn, for their partners. —
Emery Boardman f/,-|-^.], "Winning
Whisty
The essential difference between mod-
ern whist and the style of game which we
call old-fashioned lies in the recognition
of the principle stated by Clay: *' It is of
more importance to inform your partner
than to oeceive jrour adversary." This is
not universally true, and it might be
qualified by saying that information is
of more use to the strong hand than to
the weak, for when the adversaries de-
velop great strength, or a partner shows
decided weakness, to give exact informa-
tion would be very bad whist. — R. E. Eo*--
ter \S. a], ''Johnson's Universal CyclO'
padta," 189$'
••Modified Game, The/'— A
method of play for advanced play-
ers devised by Charles S. Street,
which, while growing out of the
long-suit game, differs from it in
essence and structure. It was com-
piled from the long-suit and from
the short-suit games, and is in-
tended to ' * embody the good points
of each, and to remedy the weak-
nesses of both." Mr. Street em-
phasizes one great point in whist:
" The player who opens a suit with
a small card does so at a g^reat cost;
this cost he should incur only when
he is fairly sure that he can reim-
burse himself and his partner by a
subsequent gain in the hana.'*
Having laid down this platform,
he continues: " Forgetful of this,
the long-suiter errs in his low leads
from useless five-card suits, and in
his ruthless exposure of single
court cards and tenaces in four-caid
suits; and the short-suiter errs in
his lead of a low singleton or a low
two-card suit. ' ' The remedy is the
modified game. While a player
of this game leads from almost any
five-card suit with two or more
"MOGUL"
272
" MOGUL "
honors in it, while he even leads a
low canl in true orthodox way from
any fivc-canl suit with but one
honor in it, he halts there. While
he leads any four-card suit, with
three honors, he is war>' about suits
of this length when they contain
two honors fonning a real or possi-
ble tcnacc, or when they contain
but one honor, or none; while he
leads short suits, or even singletons,
he refuses to do so when they are
low cards demanding high play
from third hand. In bnef, the
modified game is built u{x>n these
five prohii>itions:
I. I>o not lead a small card (any
card under the nine) from a suit
which you are unlikely to estab-
lish, or at least to protect.
3. Do not lead a small card from
a four-card suit not containing an
honor.
3. Do not lead a low card as a
singleton, or in a two-card suit.
4. Unless comi)clled to, avoid lead-
ing four-card suits containing king,
Gucen; ace, cjueen; ace, jack; king,
jack; or a single king or cjueen.
5. Do not lead five trumps just
because you have them, with noth-
ing eUe to make.
This ]>l.iy was practiced and per-
fected iiy Mr. Street and his part-
ners on a team of four — Messrs.
Charles S. Knowles, Charton L.
Hii'krr, and William Donald — to
whf»m lie dedic.»le«l Part II. of his
"Whist T'iM'>-Date."
"Mogul." — .\ pseudonj-m un-
der whii li Mitlhins H<iyce. a lead-
in:: lCnirli-»h «>pjio:ienl of ** .Ameri-
can le.iiK." h.is wntten much in
opposi:i(in to " C.ivendish" and the
ni'i'lern scientific school. Mr.
II* tyre was lM»rn on July 3, 1829, at
Kit'hniiind. Surrey, near I«ondon,
a Hi I h.is jiracticril as a solicitor in
the latter city fur nearly fifty years.
Having a mathematical turn of
mind, and hia father beinf^ 1
good whist-player, he took
game while still in hia teens.
content witl| merely watchin
play, he studied the best U
then available, *' Blajor
"Short Whist" (a rcckam/
Mathews' treatise, then o
print). In 1S66 he began a
of papers on whist in the ,
under the nom de piu9H€ of
g^l," and continued them foi
six years. His contribution
braced such subjects as the
ciples of play, tne construct]
the laws, and the etiquette <
game, the principal articles I
" On the Play of Second
with King and one Small i
"The Lead from Ace and
Small Ones;'* "The Lead
Queen, Knave, Ten, andOtl
••On the Grand Conn/* etc
1867, he tells us, he aavocate
lead of the ten from queen,
jack, and others, as ensurin
command of the suit on the
round; *' but." he adds, •' 'C
dish' then objected to iL"
that he cease«l for a time to co
ute to the Fields but sent m
ous papers to Tkf W'eUminsU
PffS and Knowledge ^ miih 1
lie was more in svmpatbT.
also wrote for the CornkUl '\
zine an article on ** Whist.
tional and Artificial.*' The p
in KttozL'Udgt included od<
** Discarding," and another
the Original Lead.** For the
poses of the latter he drew op
eral hands, and submitted the
the leading Knglish pla>-er
their opinions as to the lead.
this means,*' he says, *' I vai
to prove that * Cavendish's*
iron rules for leading wen
generally adopted, and that b
all the esperti allowed thcsu
a much greater latitude in Ici
than 'Cavcndiah' cnfacocd.'
"MOGUL
If
273 MORALITY OF WHIST
I subsequently, ''Mogul**
in the Field, the lead of
Itimate and the succeed-
ican leads. He has since
ed a few papers also to
[ilwaukee), including one
ate Conventions," where-
•ngly condemns all private
nd also all signals which
y arbitrary. We are as-
it his opinions on these
e unchanged, and in his
t ** the chief effect in
of 'Cavendish's* endeavor
American leads and other
n integral part of the
been to lower his pres-
authority;'* in fact, ac-
.0 ** Mogul's** experience,
at bulk of players prefer
>n the old highroads of
, based on rational deduc-
ler than to be led into by-
othered with sign -posts
> chaos.*'
il" considers the American
playing for tricks less in-
( as is quite natural for an
lan of his conservatism)
English mode of playing
d rubbers. In his opinion,
ican game ' ' loses entirely
the nicest points of play
at on the necessity of
0 the score.** In 1896 he
Z. Howels*s book on the
game as his text for an
the Field, showing the pit-
equent on conflicting sys-
ignals, and the contusion
rreated. ** Mogul'* holds
play of every hand must
d to its peculiarities, hav-
1 to the score; he scouts
that a hand ought to be
1 accordance with fixed
order that a player may
aracter for straightforward
mfair to his then partner;
le approves of the '* com-
e** game, "provided the
player has qualified himself to bring
common sense to bear on the sub-
ject by mastering the theory of the
game, for otherwise untrained com-
mon sense is no better guide at
whist than it would be in naviga-
tion.**
Mongrel Whist.— Whist whtclua.
not played in accordance with any
well-defined method or system; a
mixture; bumblepuppy.
Morality of Whist, The.— Of aU
card games whist is the best, not
only scientifically, but morally
considered. In this country at
least it is not in any way associated
with play for money, and throws
no temptation in the way of the
youn^. The first congress of the
American Whist League, in 1891,
did away even with the often tribal
table stakes which obtain in Eng-
land and other countries, by de-
claring them to be "contrary to
good morals.** The infinite re-
sources of the game were deemed
sufiScient in themselves to lend
charm and interest to it in the
eyes of all classes of plavers. The
changes in its laws and the manner
of play made in this country are
all in harmony with these ideas.
The elimination of honors from the
count, the chang^e from five to seven
points in counting game, and the
introduction of duplicate play all
greatly reduced the element of
chance, and made American whist
essentially a deliberate game of
skill, unsuited entirely to the pur-
poses of those who play for money.
Whist, thus purified and elevated,
may safely De recommended to
every man, woman, and child as a
means of amusement, recreation,
and mental training. (See, alao,
*• Whist as an Educator.*')
One phase of the interest in whist
which is spreading among women tbould
MORGAN, H. P.
274
"MORT"
not be overlooked. This ia its added re-
•lource to woman's power and home inflii-
encf. To its lovt-r, whether man or
woni:in. the charm of whist is its mental
recii-.ttiDti, and if Rood whint can tie had
at tioni'.- (ir in the social circle, most of the
in'iiic nifiit for seeking it elsewhere is
lost.— ( h titles S. Boutcher [/.. A.\
But if whi*>t is not a i^me for the saloon
or thr ^aiiil)Iiiie-hfll. it is on the other
hniitl. a K^iinc mr the home; a ^•'tme in
whtrh any Y>riKht child may inn'xrfntly
indulge, and that will assi'^t in training
his inrntfil faculties to such a condition
uf excrllcncf as will materially aid him
in thr dutti'H of atlcr-life._ We wish that
wi' OHild see this )(iinie intrcxluced into
evrry Anu-rican home, for wr l»elieve that
it woul'l do more to keep our boys out of
dan^'Tous placfs. ami put them under
safe an<l riinoHinK influences, than al-
mo-t ativ other a>;L-ncy.— (.iuii Mi ^f. l\xtne
\L. A.\:n'h\it.
Morgan, H. F. — Author of a
tri-iitisc on whist (*'The Whist-
ri.i>cr's(;ui<le," 1K81), which deals
witii the su!)ject by way of ques-
tions antl answers. He was a cap-
tain of the Twenty-eighth HngHsh
regiment.
•«Mort."— Whist for three, or
French dummy {xvhist H irois), is
popularly known as " mor//* The
diimniv hand is called morf, and
dummy's partner Z'ivant^ or the
liviiij^ hand; the other players are
known as tho right and left. These
are alM» coUectivi-ly spoken of as
the ailvcrs-irivs. The table is usually
composed of foi»r players, one of
thrm sittinvf out until the end of a
rub^iT. The jil.iycr cutting the
Inwi-^! card has ;«#»»•/ hk jKiriner for
tin- ilrst giine, and i*; known as
r/r*.?'//,' Ik- has the choice of seat
and cMfds When four are playing,
i*.«.i!i j)!iyiT. after <K'Cuj)ying the
]j«i-ni'>ii (if r/rti'//, im mediately
«ii*.s out for the next game, tisually
ociupving mort'^ seat, and making
himself useful by sorting fHorCs
c.irds. ftc, although he has nolh-
inv: to ilo with the play. When
stakes are ])la\ed for, viiHint is
obliged to pay double when losing,
and etititled to receive donbl
winning. Honors are not c
in *' mort," but a special vi
twenty points, for the side 1
it, attacnes to a slam. Thi
however, is credited on the \
score, and has no effect •
game in which it is made, th
lieing played, and points cc
as if no slam had tieen mad
the general score are count <
the number of points m-cm i
game by each side, all thi
being played out each time
winners count three extra
for a triple game, if their opf
have not scored; two point
double, if the opponents a
halfway: or one point for a
if the opponents are three r
The winners also add four pi
a bonus, corresponding to t!
Y>er points in Hngli«*li whi«t.
the total points toimii upon
up are deducted the points
by the losers. The cards in '
are played the same as in
and the rules and laws go"
dummy largely apply. On
the featiu'e of counting th*
however, a chatige is made
laws governing revokes, il
pmnde^l that the revoking ]
tricks shall not be re<li]ce<i t
ing. At least one trick n
main, so that slams shall
made thn)tigh revoke pe
Where a player revokes to ar
that would make him lia!'*.e
all his tricks, or more. th<
side leaves him one trick, a;
the un{>aid tricks to its owi
The Frrnch Kame nf mu^i tt
with n T»rHrr •v*lrm o( sct?*
dmfd -A". /'. /vj/-r» ;.V. O'
A few ^-Yar* hack I passe*! a «
A)Ki^r«. and («iund dummy wfat«
therr in a way that was a1ic«crt^<
me. auil whk'h I con«id«T va««!y
to the old- fash ioaed game. Sinf
are pla>'ed and not mbhcrik »
player playaonc In tab tara. He
MOSSOP, CHARLES
275
MOSSOP, CHARLES
mted, but each trick counts for
id the winning of the game for
rhtu, if twelve out of the thirteen
vTc made, the value of the frame ia
points, vis.: eleven for tricks and
r the Rame. And if all thirteen
are made, which is commonly
be "iniind slam." the winner re-
eventeen pointn from each adver-
s., thirteen for the tricks and four
game points. But thin hand does
int towards the game in which it
tarred, and that ganic proceeds aa
*and slam had been made. When
' is played in this way no hands
own np, as every trick is of value.
I recommend it as a great im-
ent on the old game, ana as much
latructive to those who wish to be-
whist-players. "Jamts Clay
[OOd
highly scientific j^me is almost
ttl in France. It involves a mode
entirely different from ordinary
Honors are not counted. Eacn
takes dummy in turn as partner,
rick over six counts one. Bither
iking all thirteen tricka, counts a
I riam/' the winner, or winners,
ig twenty points against each ad-
". but this slam does not affect the
etoK played. The game goes on
0 Slam nad been made. If the
making the slam makes more
in the following hand they are
to the slam; if he lose, they are
*d. If either side mskes five points
id above the first six. he goes out,
ints (if his AdversarieM have made
five for points, three for a treble,
or for game, or ** coniiolation."
> twelve points, which are added
le points ne may have made in the
A hand or hands. In some clubs
n is not counted, in which case
n points in the most that can be
lost in one game, vis., four prrvi-
id or hands, seven tricks, a treble,
t "consolation." In some parts
ceHnmmy is counted thun: Single
without honors, each player takes
' in turn; each trick taken counta
d four for "consolation." If the
tiam is made, the winner receives
en points from each adversary,
r game continues; if twelve tricks
ie. the winner receives the value
■en points. In dummy whist, as
■t the Washington Club fin Faris],
are not counted as ac>ove. but
1 the same as short whist— so much
of five points — " A. Trump, Jr J"'
"Short H^ist," i83o.
isop, Charles. — An advo-
r the old leads and old style
y, who, for eleven years, as
editor of the famous WestminsUr
Papers^ exercised an influence
over English whist-players second
only to that of *' Cavendish" in the
Field, Mr. Mossop was bom at
Long Sntton, Lincolnshire, Eng-
land, Novetnber 6, 1833, and edu-
cated at the Diocesan School, Lin-
coln. Later he studied law, and
passing his exatnination before he
was of age, he was admitted to
Eractice in 1854. His career aa a
iwyer has been verv successful, as
the long list of celebrated litiga-
tions in which he has come off lac-
torious ftdly attests, and at this
writing he is the senior partner in
the firm of Mossop & Rolfe, solici-
tors, practicing at 46 Cannon street,
E. C., London.
Mr. Mossop comes of a whist-
loving family, his father and uncles
all Mng players of reputation.
He himself; at an earlv ajj^e, took
an interest in games of skill, such
as chess, whist, and double dummy.
He was fond of whist, he tells us,
from his childhood. In April,
1868, the Westminster Papers was
started, at first as a chess journal;
then the originators suggested that
Mr. Mossop Join them, and, as he
says, go in for whist as well. His
love for the game induced him to
do so, and, for eleven years, at
proprietor and editor, he conducted
the periodical, writing an article
on whist every month. ** His
style,'* says a writer in ** Lead-
ing Men of London," '* was rough,
but very trenchant, and few could
mistake his meaning.'* The IVest'
minster Papers was started in part
l>ecause all the other journals then
devoted to chess were controlled
by Staunton, who, it was claimed,
was often dictatorial and unjjust to
his rivals. In whist, something of
the same opinion was hela of
** Cavendish" and the Fietd, by
Mr. Mossop and his friends.
NATIONAL TRUMP 276 NEWBOLD, MRS. WM. B
As a lawyer he wasdistiii^islifd
for his shrewdness, reiuiiness in de-
bate, and fj^reat aji^grcssiveuess. He
was a born fij^hter, and thrse same
qualities, wh«.*n carried into whist,
made his journal a thiny; of force
and character, ami something; that
was well worthy of the serious at-
tention of those opposed to him in
opinion. In 1S79 the journal was
disiM.>ntinue<l, not for want of su|>-
port, but because Mr. Mossop took
up public work, scr\*iny; for ten
years as a menilKT of the Chelsea
vestry, and part of the time as its
representati\*c on the Metro]x>litaii
Boanl of Works.
Since then, while he has re-
tained his interest in whist, his
ley^al practice has prevented him
from takin|;r a very active part. He
has for years had the reputation of
bein^ a fine pla ver, and was chosen,
with A. H. lU-'llivf, V. II. Lewis,
and A. G. Barne-*, to represent the
Westminster Club in its whist
match with the Caven<lish Club,
the players of the latter being
Messrs. Foster, Martin. Walker,
and Hoyce, at the time considered
the pick of ]x)niIon whist-players.
•♦The Whist Table." a large vol-
ume, iflited by '* Portland, '* pub-
ishrd in 1S91, is largely made up
fri>iTi Mr. Mos*n>p's writings in the
li 't"ittnin.Kter Piiprrs.
National Trump. —The laws of
d'.:j)IicatL' whi«»t ptTinit a huit to l»e
cKr! irnl f. ir th-j » ntire >itting in the
miu-Tnonir, or sinv:le-table, game,
th:- ol»iii"t ln-ing to les-fu the
rln:i r of rrtiifinbrring the hands
by \\u- inrn«il trnmp. I-'or other
giirnl ri;i"«nns, \\ •^•••■Misto US, truuips
mii^ht be il«T!.ireil instead of tume<l
fr-im the pack in ,d! forms of du])li-
catf whist 'and they now are. in
fact. fri-qnent!y so declare* h. Nor
do we ste any valid reawm why a
permanent trump should not be
selected for straight as well as
plicate. A national trump w<
simplify the game and aficlstrct
to it, as it would not only rm
the annoyance caused by m
players constantly forgetting «
card was turned, but it wouid
able each and every one to ezp
the mental effort required in kc
ing track of the trump suit to I
ter purpose upon the play 'if
hand. There need be no fear I
the failure to turn trump* e
time may in some mysterious m
ner disturb the proportions i
hannonv of whist, or attach
great an advantage to the deal,
where all are agreed and no esc
tion is made, in any given mod<
play, there cannot be any du
vantage to any one, per st. Ti
as an example, the non -counting
honors in the American gmme.
arc agreed upon it, and no ont
at a disadvantage. When the I
of whist are again revised, the ]
manent, or national, trump she
receive due consideration ai a 1
plification and improvement of
game.
Ncwbold, Mrs. William H«ff
— Mrs. Newbold may with jns
be called the pioneer of vroou
whist in Phila«lelphia. Her en!
siasm as a player, her social p
tion, and attnicti\-r personality %
her a special opportunity to arr
an inti-rt'st in tne game amon|C
women of the Quaker City. I
largely «lue to her efforts that P
ai lei phi a stands to-day at the h
of all ^hist centres, so far as
women players are concerned.
Mrs. Newbold began teadi
about the year 1891. and haaalw
devoted the proceeds of her tei
ing to chanty. Her s%-Aem
teaching is conserrative ior bc|
ners, consisting of the long-
game with American leads, at
NEW DEAL
277
• NEW PLAY, THE "
by "Cavendish" and his
When they have grasped
mentary instruction and
Lscriminative, she teaches
; game of the advanced
Her ** Condensed Text-
Whist/* which she pub-
der the name of Roberta
>ld, ia a deservedly popu-
primer.
ewbold was elected an as-
lember of the American
eague, June 20, 1896, and
active part in the organi-
f the Woman's Whist
1 April, 1897. She is one
ost expert players of the
"Her game," says Mrs.
lUace, in yognf, January
' is a strong and brainy
it skill being shown in
inagement, strengthening
idin^ through weakness,
in discarding. The latter
' her plan caused consid-
omplimentary comment
,e men-players at the whist
in June, at the Oriental
lanhattan Beach, where
her clever discards one of
of hearts made a gain of
icks in the hand as played
am of four captained by
vbold won the Andrews
in 1896, and successfully
them nine times against
s up to December, 1897.
sal. — A fresh deal of the
len, for any reason, the
ieal is void.
1st be a nrw deal by the same
I If any card except the last is
r pack. (3\ If during the deal,
he play of the hnnd. thr pack
ocorrect or imperfect; but anv
made with that pack shall
: a deal a card is exposed the
fault may demand a new deal.
either o^^that side has touchea
• new deal does not take place
the exposed card is not liable to be called.
—Laws of Whisi (American Code), Sectumt
/¥, /5.
There must be a new deal: (i) If dur-
ing a deal, or during the play or a hand,
the pack t>e proved incorrect or imperfect.
(2) If any card, excepting the last, be
meed in the pack.
If. whilst dealing, a card be exposed by
the dealer or his partner, should neither
of the adversaries have touched the cards,
the latter can claim a new deal; a card
exposed bv either adversary gives that
claim to the dealer, provided that his
Sartner has not touched a card; if a new
eal does not take place the exposed card
cannot be called.
If durinff dealing a player touch say
of his cards the adversaries may do the
same without losing their privilege of
claiming a new deal, should chance give
them such option.
If in dealing one of the last cards be
exposed, and the dealer turn up the trump
before there is reasonable time for his ad-
versaries to decide as to a fresh deal, they
do not thereby lose their privilege.
If a player, while dealing, look at the
trump card hia adversaries nave a right
to see it, and may exact a new deal.
If a player take into the hand dealt to
him a card belonging to the other pack
the adversaries, on discovery of the error,
may decide whether they will have a
fresh deal or not.— Laws of lVhui{Eng»
lish Code), Sections 37-43.
New Deal, Not Entitled to A.^
At a ^ame of whist, one of the par-
ties, immediately after the trump
card was turned, threw down his
hand and exclaimed: "lam enti-
tled to a new deal, as I have neither
trump, ace, nor court card.'* Hia
demand was refused, whereupon he
said he would wager he was right,
and the matter was referred to
Whist for decision. The latter, of
course, decided that the claim for a
new deal was unfounded.
•« Haw Play, The."— A term cm-
ployed by G. W. Pettes, in his
"American Whist Illustrated," to
designate his proposed system of
leads, whereby ne intended to show
the number of lower cards held m
the hand, in the same manner that
the fourth-best lead shows the po»>
session of a certain number of
" NIGHTMARE WHIST
If
278
NINB-8POT. THB
higher cards. For instance, he
says: ** By the American lead of
eight you know tliat three higher
cards are held. Bv the new play
of the queen you know that three
lower cards are held." This sys-
tem, and the American leads, he
desired to incorporate into what he
calleii his former system of Ameri-
can whist. ** The American game/'
he s&id. "appropriates and makes
available all the advantages that
both plans can offer.** He appean
to have submitted his idea to
** Cavendish," who, he sa^s, "re-
cognizes tliat a portion of its influ-
ence can l>c used in English whLst,
but because of its newness, and the
necessity of knowing the manner
of its application, very properly
says: * It will, for the present, at
least, be acctrpted only by players
of the first force.* ** Upon the death
of Mr. PettL-s these improvements,
as well as other special leads which
he advocated, fell into disuse. (See,
•* Nine-Spot,** and " Pettes,G.W.**)
•• Nightmare Whist.'* — Whist
which is not played as a pastime,
but as a severe means of exercise
and training in the game, or as a
means of exhausting the possibili-
ties of certain hands. (See, " Per-
ception Problems,** and "Study
Whist.")
Th^rv in a lnr|re (nncl it i«i nntirying to
kiMw Hti iiicir:i-ini;i cl.io^ofplaye'n who,
h:iviit;;'t*€cn initiatcrl into thr rudimrnts
of thr Kamr. arc not ointrnt until they
h.ivc fxhauiiteil all thrre i* of it. and who
tinrl t)i.it lh(* morr *>tii>lv Ihry put up'>n it
th'- r.iorr thrr*- is left fur them to Irarn.
An f-x;tni}i!r nf thin t*l i-a io the coterie of
tlie li-Mon TrrM Club who play to the
ei;;hth trick, then stop and Irv to locate
the rrmaininR cards, writinK down their
entimates on blank « prepared for the
ftur^Mj^e. After playinif the last 6ve tricks
hi-y pilaff the blanks around and have
thrni corrected. Finally they dL«ctaaa
from t<ip tu tint torn the play of the deal,
and Ml a doomsday hook put down a big
binck mark opposite the name of any-
body who loses a trick. Onr coircapon-
dent In September If^ir/ mnai
** they acem to enjoy thia aon <M
but there are others who call It nic
whist." Probably it in a BigfeU
those wboae inclinatioBa or amlit
them to indulge in such alady. '
recorded (act that men have livi
after a hard day's work, would Ct
recreation in aoMog proMens of
What to tbcm waa undoubudly s|
pleaMut pastime, woukl unqoesli
be to ordinary people a most 1iidc«
of nightmare.— /^uf IZ. A.], •
J89S.
Ninc-Spot,Thc.^Tberixl
in rank or value in the pac
highest of the low cardie I1
eluded among the high cai
■ome authorities.
The original lead of the id
occasioned not a little dim
In the system of old leads it
now led from any high-card 1
nation, except as it may hap
be the penultimate or antepi
mate. But R. A. Proctor, a
known advocate of old
advocated the lead of the
(**How to Play Uliiat," iS
the proper leaa from kiog,
nine; and, in case of a fbraec
from nine and two others^
In the system of Amcricaa
the nine is led as a fourth-bca
but under thia rule it ao hi
that it is restricted to juat t«i
bi nations of four caraa aaid^
queen, ten, nine; and ace. jad
nine. G. W. Pettes, while a
ing the American leads, ti
upon a number of variatioai
one of his ideaa waa to tre
nine as a high card and leadi
the single combinatsoa of
jack, nine, with or withovt e
excepting ace and oneen. In
to eflfect his special lead of tlH
he led ace irom ace, <|nm
nine; and from ace, jack, tn.
Although for a time tbc fa
with connderable favor il
shown to be nnaooDd, and ■
entirely lallen into diMe. '
endiah" atnwglj *■**■**—"— i
lOEL, MRS. LILLIAN C. 279 NOEL, MRS. LILLIAN C
the Howell (short-suit) system,
lead of the nine (or the ten)
:ates the supporting-card game;
wed by jack or ten, it indicates
t of four or more, and does not
' higher cards in the suit.
le of the things he [" CaTcndish'*]
rmiui have k>og since been dead
( in thU country, such as the lead of
x>ni ace, queen, ten, nine, and ace,
ten, nine, which was suggested by
P., who wished to restrict the nine-
to king, jack, ten. nine, or king,
nine, and others. If any one plays
. W. P. game now he is a curiosity.—
FoUer [5. 0.],New York Sun, July ii^
>erimental whist commenced its
r in America by the practice of lead-
tiiie. instead of fourth best, from
knave, tfine, and one or more small
The lead of nine was to show
itely the possession of king, knave.
It was not to be led from anv other
mation. Now, if anv special ad-
ge is to be gained by showing king,
.' in hand, the nine-lead might be
itted to as an irregular opening, with
:icular object. But the reverse is the
If the adversaries hold any high
in the suit, the lead of nine, on this
n. instructs them how to take the
ha nee of making tricks. Moreover
» less information than the lead of
[as fourth best] from the recognized
(nations, as well as compelling un-
leads from them. Deeper analysis
r fad would be waste of space. It
leen tried, and is now generally
np^'' Cavendish" [L. A,], Scribne/s
^y.July, 1897 >
»cl, Mrs. Lillian Curtis.— One
le foremost exponents of whist
e great Southwest. Mrs. Noel
tne interested in whist while a
child. Her father was fond
le game, and it was as his sue-
ul partner against opponents
tlemen ) who considerea them-
s hard to defeat, that her
J first attracted attention,
ng her school-days whist was
ecreation, one hour being de-
1 to it every evening before she
to her studies. An earlv edi-
of G. W. P.'s "American
St'* was the authority consulted.
1 her marriage she removed
from her whist surroundings, and
did not play a game for several
years. When she returned to St
Louis she found her friends play-
ing the ** book game," and this in-
duced her to take up whist and
study it scientifically. Before long
she was frequently referred to as an
authority upon doubtful points by
those who had not had tne advan-
tage of an early training similar to
hers, and later she was urged by
man^ to become their teacher.
Having never heard of any one
teaching whist, she hesitated, bat
was finally persuaded. She thus
beean giving instruction in 189^,
aoid soon became very successful in
the work, which is very congenial
to her tastes. She finos in every
be^nner something new and inter-
esting, and is very popular with
her classes. Although she has had
many flattering offers from other
cities, she has thus far almost ex-
clusively devoted her time to teach-
ing in St. Louis, where the de-
mands upon her time are so great
that she finds none to spare. J. E.
Shwab, one of the directors of the
American Whist League, induced
her to go to Nashville, in the Mrin-
ter of i896-'97, and deliver a lec-
ture on whist for the benefit of the
woman's building at the Nashville
Centennial Exposition. That, and
a summer spent in teaching^ at
some of the Northern watenn^-
places, have been her chief experi-
ences away from home.
Mrs. Noel was elected an asso-
ciate member of the American
Whist League, June 17, 1895, at
the Minneapolis congress. In the
previous year she had organized
the Woman's Whist Association, of
St. Louis, which has since grown
to be one of the largest ana moat
successful women's clubs in the
country. In 18^7 it had nearly
reached the limit of one hundred
NOM D£ PLUMB
280 NUMBER-SHOWING LK.
nienilH.*rs. In order that it might
start with the most <1esirable mem-
bership, an examination in whist
was prescribed for all applicants.
Mrs. Noel h«xs been its president
ever since its organization. She is
very proud of the high standard of
the whist played by the memlK*rs;
and well sue may be. as it is large-
ly due to her untiring efforts. We
cannot do better, in closing this
brief sketch, than to quote the fol-
lowing from a review of the whist
congress in the Minneapolis Jour'
«a/ of June 19. 1S95:
" While Miss Wheel ock may lay
claim to the title of * whist queen,'
nevertheless yesterday, at the con-
vention, she was obliged to divide
honors with a St. L<iuis lad v. who
has also entered the domain of
whist with conquering step. Not
that she seeks nol<iriety, for she is
as nuxlest as her sister * queen,'
Miss Wheel<x*k; but she h.is lK*en
very succefwful in her work. She
is Mrs. L. C. Noel, and it is small
wonder that her whist classes are
popular, for siic is as channing as
any aniliitious bei^iuner, or, for that
matter, an ex]>ert at the game,
could wish to meet. She is a
typic-il Southern woman, with all
the easv grace which distinguishes
the members of her sex."
Nom de Plume— See, •'Pseudo-
nyms of Whi^t .Authors."
Non - Informatory Game. — \
style of j^.uiif by wljjeh no infonna-
tio!i iv e.invryfrl between jwirtners;
primitive wh:»«t; buinblepuppy.
'Ih- j-'.iv»T vcV.n ii'"vr xk'.\'\ .1 l>nok on
wh".-! s*ini' l-T-u-* !Ji'«-.iiih riiri'lv, t;.iin*t nn
ii'lv iiit.ik'i Sv ill". i]«i;i-« unvriitiijii.il pl.iy.
H'- •,ii7/'i-^ III". ••.iTinrr. *Mit iil%o (itixxlr*
hi'> .i>!vrT-i> iric •. .iiiil (M-rhn|j<itiiicr mit f>f
tliri' iir • iiir inn ■* hr K=ti"^ « *iicxts« by
Ill's •-■iiirii.'iir; Thru he rciiirmhrr* hiA
mi' I".... .,;; \ t-iri't-ti hi-* di^antrrii, am! i«
ni'ir- firrii'v i-iii\itiri I ih.in rvrr th;il
ri.iiliii,: 1-0: 11 I ii;u>:tic..'. liciicfil.— .-I. H\
DroYSon [L-^-A +], "TVXr/ nf /^
N-S, E-W.— Utters chieflj
to distinguish the players at
cate whist, but sometimes uIm
in printe<l or published har
straight whist. North ami
are partners against east and
A good rule would be to let
alwa>*s represent the leadei
less otherwise stated. (See,
Y-Z.")
Thr ainlinul polntu of the c<
fiimtlinr from childhood aiiil aIiih''
UM:<1 AH {(uiiles, are the Minpl'*Ht •>
we cmti conceive uf for deutitiiii: r
poikilionik — H'hiU [L. .4 ], liri:emt-*
Number-Showing Lcada
name sometimtrs applie«l t
American leads iq. r. ], \n
they give infonnation conci:
the numlx-r, as well as the i
ter, of the cards held in ha 1:1
V. roster, in hLs articlr.s i
Month iy Illustrator (1^97 ■■
that Charles Mussop. the eiii
the famous H'cstminsttr I
was ** the originator of the pn
of showing the number of ca
the suit liy var^'ing the leJ
high can Is in sequence." 11;
suggestion was cnntained
answer to a correspomien:.
D," in the H'fstfninstrr /'afs
July. i.S^K, }Mge 45. as follows
regular lead from a five-car
headnl by the ace is the act
from a five-suit headeil by av*e
the king. We disapprove ih
tinction. and think it prefera
the l.itter case to lead the a^
cauM: it is more important 1
your partner that you have f
the MI it than the commaiidmj
tht-rrof. With lesa than
headeil by ace-king, the kii
of c«>urse, the right can! lu 1
This certainly agrees with the
stilMequently carrietl out as n
the sy*item of American lrm«l
the 'H'fstminsier t^^peri fu
ER-SHOWING LEADS 281
ODD TRICK, THE
9, page 6^, Mr. Mossop re-
his position, in answer to
correspondent; and in No-
1869, be published what is
>e the first published hand
in which number-showing
re employed. The nine of
» turned; the underscored
IS the trick, and the card
is the next one led:
holds some
monds."
protection in dia-
Y
B
z
4.
104
Q4
^ 2
4 2
43
^ 6
q? 7
5 4
2 4
^ 4
4 9
4 K
3 4
8 4
^ A
4 A
4Q
^ 9
50
4 8
410
4 J
J 0
^ J
^ K
4 07 8
0,4 7
7 4
^ 5
4.
4_
0
30
40
100
60
6 4
20
AO
0
QO
Score: A-B, 9; Y-Z, 4.
is first and second lead,"
Iter, • • A shows the three
lyers that he holds at least
ies. This information is
le slightest use to his part-
it should have enablea Y,
•aary, to prevent A-B from
the game. At trick eight
I be obnous to Y that if A
spades originally, B could
y one more, and that if Y
is trick, refusing to trump
have to continue with his
lainin^ spade, and Y can
mp with safety, knowing
IcblAb that he has the best
1 from his discard that he
Object of Whist Play.— The fint
object in whist is to see which side
can make the most tricks; the next
object ought to be to see which
pair of partners can do this in the
most scientific manner, and by
means of the most correct play.
The object of all whist play is to win
as many tricks as possible. Kvery play
which has not that end imracdiatelv or
remotely in view is bad; while any that
can be shown to tend towards that end.
in the majority of cases is rood.— J?. P,
Foster [S. O.], ''IVhisl Manual:*
Observation. — One of the mo§t
important and necessary qualities
in a successful whist-player. The
memory cannot be exercised unless
you first observe, and you cannot
remember the fall of the cards un-
less you first note the same.
Job never had for a partner an unob-
servant player, or his reputation for pa-
tience woukI not have been gained.—^.
W. Drayson [L-^AV\r'Art of Fractieal
irhistV
Befrin by recording in your mind the
broad indications of the hand as it pro-
gresses, and you will gradually acquire
the power of noting even the minor feat-
ures without great effort.— C E, Cdjfim
[L. A.], 'Gist o/H^histr
Odd Trick, The.— Out of the
thirteen tricks constituting each
deal, the odd trick is the seventh
first turned by one side or the other.
Sometimes onl^ this odd trick is
necessary to wm the game (both
sides bemg at even score, or one
side lacking but one point of going
out), and then all energies are bent
towards playing for the odd trick,
and a more cautious game is played
than usually, there being no neces-
sity for a great game in which
many tricks may be taken at con*
sidefable risk. The odd trick is
not played for in duplicate whist,
the great object being to see which
ODDS AT ENGLISH WHIST 282 OLD AND NEW SCHOO
side can make the most tricks out
of the same hands.
Remember that, between winnins and
losing the odd trick, there is a relative
difference of two in the scorei.— C/(r»«*ii/
Davtfs [L.A^], 'Modern H'hnL"
In playing for the odd trick, you play a
closer game than at other ncoreH. \ou
lead from single cards and force your
partner, when at another time you would
not lie justified.— Thomas Mathews \L.O.\,
Be cautious of tnimpinr nut [drawing
the trumpii], notwithstanding you have a
gocxl hand. For since you want the odd
trick only, it would be absurd to ploy &
great game.— /fi/Ziaw Osyne {L. A],
^'IVhist Afaxims,'' 1770.
Odds at English Whist.— Cur-
rent odds at whist ( English game)
are calculated as follows: On the
dealer it is 5 to 4 for game, and 6 to
5 for rubber ( the layers in this case
are considered bv the most recent
authorities tu liave the w^orst of the
bet»; I to ** love," with the deal, it
is 1 1 to 8 for game, and 5 to 4 for
rubber; 2 to ** love," with the deal,
it is 13 to 8 for game, and 3 to 2 for
rubber; I or 2 to *' love,** deal
against, it it 11 to 8 for game,
and 1 1 to 8 for rubber; 3 or 4 to
"love," with the deal, it is 2 to I
for game, and 2 to i for rubber; 3
or 4 to "love," deal aj^ains/, it is
15 to S for game, and 15 to 8 for
rublK»r. The first game being won,
is 5 to 2 on the winner. iThis is
the current fxrt, but the real odds
are rather more than 3 to I,
al>out guineas to pounds, with the
deal; nither less than 3 to i with
the de:il a;^ainst. ) The first game
being won. and i to "love" of the
secoml, is 7 to 3 on the winner.
The fir««t game being won. and i to
*' love" of tlie M'cond, deal against^
is 3 to I on the winner. First
game, and 2 to "love" second,
with deal, is 7 to 2 on the winner.
First game, and 3 or 4 to " love,**
with the deal, or aji^ainsi^ is 4 to I
on the winner. It is an even bet
the dealer has two points or more.
The deal, by many Kood pUycii
considered an advantAs^. ttic lea*
deemed cqnivatent to tne trump
One to love, the odds arc 5 to 4; a
5 to 3; 3 to lore. 5 to a; 4 to low, •
A, Trump^Jr. \jL 0.\,
Oflsnsssi Claims Ibr. -
"PenalUcs.**
Old and Nsw Sehooh
whist, aa in politics, religion,
cine, and other great depart
of human activity, there is a
division into conservatives ai
erals, and a subdivision of the
again into liberals proper, r»
and revolutionists. Thus tl
school and the new school cs
the best interests of whist: fot
other matters, the conscrratr
ment acts as a ftalance to the
wise too impetuous reformci
innovators. Even in the ear
of the century there ezialcd
school in whist, and it hat
tinue<i to exist in one fm
another. Just now the new sc
in the hands of " Cavendish.*'
Drayson, and others, in IBM,
Trts't, Hamilton. Ames, Cofii
others, in tliis country. Oppo
them are "Mogul," MoMOf
the late R. A. Proctor, and '
bridge,*' also recently dcceasf
England, and Foster. H
Starnes, and others, in this 001
Some there be who Me
division and disagree mcut ad
able state of affairs To v
alignment of forces, plOp
and consert'ative, seema n
and proper. WhisI would i
dry rot, on the one hand, or i
erate into the fantastic aad 1
lous, on the other,
opposing influence^ l«t^
it IS bound to k
more perfect and
ful and beautifnl,
itself to the new
the tineib
AND NEW SCHOOLS 283 OLD AND NEW SCHOOLS
M school of whist-players are
t stand still no one can prevent
, they may be sure tnat the
^ers of the future, having noth-
icam, will adopt the improved
'Cavendish*' [L. A.].
rica very few representatives of
ux>l are left, but in England the
rs have never adopted modem
For thirty years *' Mogul" and
Ige" have wielded their pens in
rthe old masters, and both by
ings and their play have dera-
that there is no advantage in
e conventionalities of modern
. F. Foster {S. a], Monthly 11-
fiishioned player's game is fos-
; cannot alter it, and he does not
ter it. He actually would cease
interest in the game if he had
cording to new ideas. All his
litions are baned upton old- fash-
y. "King ever, queen never,"
rnin doubt play a trump,'* are
OS, and these he carries out to
end. He nstially tires after three
nd then gives up for the even-
V. Dravson [/.+/<+ J, ''The Art
1/ tVhist."
ue peter " was the introduction
if a purely arbitrary signal or
a, and its seed has spread like
, until it has entirely overrun
ame of " calculation, observa-
ion, and tenace;*' leaving in its
Z suits, American leads, plain-
es, four signals, and directive
These seem to have choked up
(h, brilliancy, and indtvidualitv
ii«t-players. reducing them all
le level— not by increasing the
f the tyro, but by curtailing the
le expert.-^, r. Foster [S. O.],
iJy fdustrator.
ger now is that the game will
X) abstruse. The mystery of its
rould, if certain writers and
id their way. become more mys-
in ever. Rules are now being
fd for the play of cards which
. in the ordinary way, once or
hundred rubbers. The mind
er of being clogged with an in-
laxims as to the particular card
ed at a definite juncture. In
exercise of intelligence should
first place with a fine player,
gence will, unless a determined
aade against the invaders, soon
1 for arbitrary custom . A n addi-
nment against the adoption of
modes of play lies in the fact
al of them clash with those laid
'Ider players for several genera-
iccession,— ff, P. Courtney [Z.+
ttsh IVhtsi:'
Fortunately, for the purpoaea of com«
Kriaon, there are on recora a great num-
r of hands played on the old style.
That verv valuable collection, the IVeU^
minster Bi^s, is full of them. Here ia
one, played long, long ago, in which A
and B were partners against Y and Z. Z
dealt and turned up the heart seven. The
underlined card wins the trick, and the
card under it is the next one led.
•
1
1
A
Y
B
z
20
Q<^
7 0
60
2
3
4
6
2 #
^ A
io#
^ 2
^ K
Q#
5 #
Q? 4
^ 6
8 #
C? Q
^ 9
A#
^ 5
4*
K#
6
6 ♦ C^ 3 iC^ J
q? 7
7
3 0^8
C^IO
lOO
♦ 3
8 «A
«2
«K
9 '«7
3 # «4 !« 8
lO
40
7 # « lO ; « 5
11
12
8 0
90
J #
♦ Q
♦ 6
50
9 #
« 9
13
AO
KO
JOj*J 1
Score: A-B, lo; Y-Z, 3.
The lead of the small diamond may
surprise some, but the old school never
led an ace unless they had the king.
They kept aces to kill high cards witn.
How beautifullv B shuts out that spade
suit, and kills tnnt re-entry king of^dia-
monds in Y's hand ! How neatly he takes
advantage of his position in clubs at the
ninth trick, and puts the screws on Y at
the eleventh ! In all the championship
matches in this country, there is not a
hand recorded that approaches this one.
The same cards were given to the play-
ers in the recent whist tournament by
correspondence, and each of them had a
week in which to study over every card he
played. The hand was opened in the
same way, with a small diamond, by Caa-
sius M. Paine, the editor of Hltisi. His
partner B is the author of " Howeira
whist Openings." Y was Harry Tnim-
bull, captain of the team that won the
championship of the world at the Phila-
delphia Whist Congresa, and Harry Ste-
vens, Z, is the man whom ** Caveadiah**
thought the finest whiat-player he met
during his first visit to AmcncA. These
" OLD-FASHIONED PARTY " 284 «* OLD-PASHIONBD PARTY
famous playcn got only %\x tricks out of
A and B^s cards, by letting Y make three
tricks in spades and by killing the club
ace. Here is the play:
1
1
A
Y B
z
40
QOl 7 0
60
2
2 #
10 #
Q#
6#
3
4-
6
AO
60
KO
^ 2
J 0
^ 0
100
8#
,C^4
3 0
^ A
^ Q
6
^ 6
C^ K
910
:q? 6
7
4 #
J #
A #
c^ 7
8
♦ 7
♦ 2 !«10
« 6
,0
6 #
« 3 '^ J
« 6
!|0
1
♦ A
'^8 4 K
♦ 3
'] 1
1
1 2 0
1 K#: 9 #
1*®
jI2
1 ®^
7 # «4
« 0
1'^
1 00
Scot
3#'«Q
re: A-B. 6; Y-Z. 7.
1^ -^
— /
trato
?. F. Fosi
trr [S. C
^], AfoHtkl^ /Utu-
«' Old -Fashioned WhIst-Party,
An."— Charles Dickens, in his in-
imitable •* Pickwick Papers," ex-
hibits iVr. Pickwick at whist on
several occasions. In chapter six
he ilescril)cs an old-fanhioned whist-
party at Dinj»ley Dell, in which the
f^jisui man was one of the \'ictiin8.
Two ranl-tablcs had been set out
by the fat >K)y, one for ** Pope
Joan." llie other for whist. Tlie
whist-players, l>e»ides ^fr, Pick'
wtck, wiTe. his partner, the oM
la<ly, and Mr. Miller and the old
gentleman. The rest of the com-
pany played the round game,
*• Pope Jojin." Dickens continues:
The niblxrr was conducted with
all that j^ravity of deportment and
se<1atenes8 of demeanor which be-
fit the pursuit entitled ** whist"— a
solemn obscr\'ance, to which, aa it
appeaiB to us, the title of game has
been irreverently and ignomi
oualy applied. The nmnd-gi
table, on the other hand, wai
boiaterously merry as materially
interrupt the contemplations
Mr. Mtiler^ who, not being qnili
mtich absorbed as he ought to h
been, contrived to commit van
high crimes and misdemeani
which excited the wrath of the
gentleman to a very great eztt
and called forth thegcMid-hnmoc
the old lady in a proportionate
'* There,*' said the criminal A
ler triimiphantly, as he took np
odd trick at the conclusion o
hand; '* that could not have b
played better, I flatter myself
impossible to have made UMll
trick."
" Miller ought to have tr«o|
the diamond, oughtn't be, ■
said the old ladv.
Mr. Pickunck nodded amesL
" Ought 1, though?" mid the 1
fortunate, with a donbtlnl app
to his paitner.
"You ought, sir," mid the
gentleman, \n an awful voice.
"Ver>- sorry,'* said the en
fallen Miller.
*' Much use that," giowkd I
fat gentleman.
"Two by honofs makm
eiKht." said Mr. PiekmidL
Another hand. "Can yon one
inquired the old lady.
*' I can." replied Mr. Pkkmm
" Double, single, and the nib.*'
* * Never was snch lock,*' mid J
Miller,
"Never was mch oudi^" n
the fat gentleman.
A solemn silence. Mr. P%tkm
humorous, the old lady serio
the fat sentleman caplioa^ •
Mr, A filler tiauuoua^
" Another double,** anid the <
lady, triiunphantly,
orsndiwi 01 the
OLD LEADS
285
OLD LEADS
>De sixpence and a battered
ny unaer the candlestick.
>uble, sir/* said Mr. Pick'
e aware of the fact, sir,"
fat gentleman, sharply.
er game, with a similar
ras followed by a revoke
unlucky Miller; on which
gentleman burst into a
high personal excitement
Lsted until the conclusion
ime, when he retired into a
id remained perfectly mute
hour and twenty-seven
at the end of which time
•ged from his retirement,
red Mr, Pickwick a pinch
with the air of a man who
e up his mind to a Christian
ess of injuries sustained.
lady's bearing decidedly
i, and the unlucky Miller
luch out of his element as
n in a sentry-box.
tads. — The first system of
Tised for the game of whist,
s beginnings in the days of
Hoyle, but was much improved by
subsequent players and authorities,
especially by Thomas Mathews.
The old leads are distinguished for
their naturalness and simplicity,
and many who have once adopted
them find it hard to discard them
for any other system. They show
accurately the position of the
hi|^h carcls in the nand, but are de-
ficient in the important matter of
indicating to partner also the num-
ber of cards in any given suit, to
remedy which defect the more sci-
entific and elaborate American leads
were devised.
The first general principle on
which the early whist authorities
were agreed was that the best leads
were from sequences of three or
more. Being without seauences,
Payne advised a lead from me most
numerous suit; in other words, the
longest. Mathews agrees with this,
but mast be strong in trumps before
leading from the most numerous.
His table of leads, the earliest
which gives the leads in detail, waa
as follows:
jack, and three small
jack, and two small . .
and three small . . . .
3, jack, and two small .
3, ten, and two small . .
>ur small
rn, ten. and one small .
en. and two small . . . .
:. ten, and one small . .
:k, nine, and two small .
:k. and one small . . . .
others, lead a small card.
lit Plain Suits.
In Tkumps.
Lead Ace.
Lead Ace.
Ace.
Kinfl^.
Small card.
Ace.
Ace.
Ace.
Ace.
Small card.
Ace.
Small card.
King.
King.
King.
King.
Ten.
Ten.
Queen.
Queen.
Queen.
Queen.
he leads remained subs tan-
til 1835, after the rise of
list in England, and they
1 as above in '* Major A.'s**
the new five-point game,
not to be wondered at, as
>ly adapted Mathews to
"short whist.*' Between this pe-
riod and the time when ** Caven-
dish," Clay, and Pole first began to
write on whist, a change was made
in the ace-lead. It was decided to
lead the king originally, when hold-
ing both ace and king. To^y, Uie
OLD LEADS
286
OLDLBAD6
advocates of the old leads also
accept the lead of the penultimate
and antepenultimate, from suits of
five and six respectively in which
there is no high-card combination,
and from which, by the American
leads, the fourth best is led. In
fact, many adherents of the old
leads accept the fourth-best lead
itself, and all of them admit that
the tmmp leads, wider the
of American leads, is an in
ment, and their leeding ]
gractice these tminp Xetlm,
owever, marica the divftdti
between the plajerm of ok
and those who practioe the
can leads. In plain suits t
leads, as at present in irogn
be briefly stated as follows:
Holding •
Ace, kioK. queen, jack
Ace. kiiiic. queen
Ace, kinf?
Ace, queen, jack, and one other
Ace, queen, jack, and two other*
Ace, queen, jack, ten
Ace and four or more others
Kins:, queen, jack, ten (no others)
King, queen, jack, and one small
King, queen, jack, and two or more others .
King, queen
King, jack, ten
Qneen, jack, ten
Any other combination
Jack.
Queen.
Ace.
Queen .
4th best
ack.
en.
Fourth
Ten.
I /Small. ifUni
Jack, IfkiBK
' King, with Bve la ■
' Queen, with more tfe
PoarthbeM. Ifkiac
Queen.if kiaa k
Fntirth beat. If ti
King, if ten lose*.
Jack, with kmr in sa
Ten. with five ia wak
• Unless specified, number of suit does not vary the play.
It is fair to say that while the
American-lf ads system of Trist and
"Cavendish" is to a Isr^e extent
based \\\ion and in harmony with
old leads, and while it enilxxlies in
the fimrth-bcst rule an extension
and application, in somewhat dif-
ferent and l)etter form, of the pen-
ultimate and antepenultimate ideas
of " Cavendish" and Drayson, the
old leads themselves, as tiow prac-
ticed, owe something also to the
.Anieric.in leads. Ad\-ocate8 of the
old-leads system are jjenerally
averse to the many additional in-
formator>' signals deWsed and used
by those who believe in American
lends and the lon^-suit ^me as the
best means of playing whist in
partnership. Many sdTOCi
the old leads despise eren tin
honored st|nial for trumps 1
are more lif)eral.
There nerer waa. aad
will lie. in any ganc. any ay
which «> thoroughly ana so
fulfilled the purposes §0€ whfek ft
tended a« the old toada M whM
/^j//-» [.V. O], U'kui,Jmme, /«w-
The advocates of the old leads «l
the lead of the ace
three or more small
leafl does not at once iDferm lie f
of the portion of the kiiw- Tkf9
to the lead of the queen worn eft*
aik
kiny. queen, and t
kinic. queen, and three or
because it Is confuainfc it beiag si
pOJMible to tell when s qnten
whether it Is either of theae as
tton«. nr fron queen, jack, fm
object to Uw IcadortkrjadkAi
IMITTING PLAYING
287
OPPOSITION
J«dc, and one or more otb-
ai«0e tbe j«ck does not at onoe
i« pretence of the ace, and they
o maWng the king show ezactlT
da in toit, because they believe it
int to lead it rcgaidleas of number
0 show the presence of the card
Jt. • • • In favor of the code
kads it is urged that they show
««ratcly than any other system by
: card led what other high cards
d contains. * * * A Terr strong
ade is the fact that the old sjrstem
s but a single queen lead— vis.,
jack, ten— while the American
■ouire the queen to be led from
ioerent oomoinations. [A defect
*d by the Hamilton modifica-
Theopponentsof the old system
tiat, while it may have been good
for the players of the past, whist
y has advanced beyond it, and
aght to be posAible. by the original
a high caiti, to always give more
ition than merely what nigh cards
1 in the hand. • • • The an-
st the supporters of the old leada
> this argument is, that the most
t information in regard to the high
i of more importance than any-
•e— that a partner, if he is a keen
win find out the information as to
' in suit soon enough for all prac*
rposes.— -^i/Aw C IVork [L. A. H.\,
of Tihday.**
tting Playing to a Trick. —
Enelish code, section 69, it
nded that if a player omits
{( to a former trick, and his
i not discovered before he has
to the next, the adversaries
rlaim a new deal. Should
refer to have the deal stand
the surplus card at the end
band is considered to have
lajed to the imperfect trick,
cs not constitute a revoke.
le American code, section 19,
iravided that "if any player
nrplus card by reason of an
on to play to a trick, his ad-
ies can exercise** the privi-
f a new deal ** only after he
ayed to the trick following
e in which such omission oc-
ft Cama. — ^The open game is
ame ol the strong hand.
There is no reason for employing
methods of concealment or artifice
when you have a goodly number
of trumps and good suits, and yoa
have reason to believe yotir part-
ner is similarly favored. Even the
most radical advocates of short-suit
leads admit that under those dr^
ctmistances, the truthful, scientific;
long-suit game is the best.
I hare satisfied myaelf that at least one
trick in ten is gained in the long run try
playing the open game, the two partners
working together against two adversaries
working separately.— J?. A, iVocior{L,Oi
When the indications show that your
partner has a reaaonably strong hand, or
when you have such yourMlCpiay the
open game. Be absolutely tmthral ia
your partner's suits and fn your own.
Nothing is more bewildering and dis>
oouragug than a partner who playa &lst
cards and irregular leads with a airoiMr
hand.-i?. F. Aur [S. O.J, **iykiti iS^
tics.**
Opanlng.— The opening play;
the plan upon which the game if
begun; the opening lead.
Opening Laad.'The original
lead with which a hand is opened;
also, the first lead with which a suit
is opened.
Opponent. — An adversary at
whist; one of the players opposed
to yourself and partner. In aupli-
cate whist, the piayer who plays or
overplavs the same hands whi^
you hofd; al.<to, the one who occu-
pies the same position that 3ron
occupy, but at another table, and
whose play is compared with yonra.
Oppoaltlon.^Opposition \m the
chief feature of the arrangement of
individuals, by schedule, in play-
ing duplicate whist Bach inoivid*
ual pla3rer should be placed in
opposition to each other individnal
an equal number of times. (See,
also, '* Meeting and Opposing.")
opposition must never ft>r a
lost sight of. Any aehcdulc
BMMBCSt be
OPTIONAL LEADS
288
ORIGINAL LEAD
without keepinj? this point in view is
wortliU-M, no matter hour the partners
•nd ailvrmark'S m»v !»r nrrrinffra.— Af. F,
FosUp \S. a], ''Duplicate U'Ant," 1894-
Optional Trump - Showing
Laads. — Leads by means of which
the leader may or may not indicate
truni]) stren};th in his hand, at his
option. A way of doing this was
devised l)y Milton C. Work, in
order to meet certain objections
* ur>;ed a);ainst his trump-showing
leads [q. ?'. ), and was first pub-
lishe<i by htm in 1896. He takes
the system of old leads (q. i\) as
the standard for his purpose, and
the meaning of the leads is faith-
fuUv observe<l, except when the
lea<ler desires to sliow trump
strength. Then, for this puqx>se,
he departs from the king lead of
the old systetn to the lea<l of either
ace or (jueen, as the contents of his
han<l may warrant.
The nrKtimrnt in farorof thU sv!»lem is
that if. in the fipiuiun of the leaif<-r. he is
placed with a hMul in which it will •lo
more i;imm1 Ihnn hnrin tnannntincf trump
strength. h«: c in d'l it: while, uti the cither
haml. it' hr h»« trump htfueth. but dtieii
not dt-tire to ;inii'iunoc it, he is not Niund
to fill I*!, and Ihf ndvfrnarir* cannot play
him with ci rtainty tir trnmi} weakne^a,
mert-ly !»• c-.iuv tht- str»'niith Hrh notl>een
anti<iuiu-t*d Ihf prttKi^MiI "lijection* to
this ••x-lfm ar- ihc utu'ertainty in rr^jard
to tht' truin;i ••treiiirth which hrce**arily
exi*«t^ in !h'- ;;i.ii<.rilv «t cafM-o, and the
ab«»»-:i f tlif rl;il«irntr informatl lU in
reu'-ir 1 i" 't'-nfcjth in ••uit i{iv» n bv the
Am-'i ■ ■•! l-.i'S -- Mttton t. H'otJk [A. A.
//. i, ■■ii'^i t ,'t T.'d*i\:'
Original Fourth Best. — The
f()urlli-!n-.t r.iril td" a suit as at first
hrM in tlif h.m'! Ik.* fore a can I of
till* suit is playctl. .V plir.ise first
eniulovt-.l m trie second maxim
«»f A'litriciii Irads. iSee, also,
•• I'Mlirth lksl."i
Afr- • .in »*«|>*Ti^ncr of fourl'-en year*,
Icir.'. r iKf't with "Cavendish' in the
m—:!'! Ml 'II of Amrrican lead^ adopted
by ?:;:"i i* f I'luwinjc the ace with fourth
br*i •■■»iiiM'«ii' Ml h'lnd. and I •till
sdher*. :-i Ww, lu'.luw with originki fourth
best, as formntatcd whra tboac
were first introduced; in which pa
1 am pleaded to Miy, I am snataiiiM
able a writer as Mr. C. D. P. Hmm£
AT. B. Trut \L. A,\, Marpfr'M H'tfki
Original Lead.— The fint
after the canls have been 1
also, the lead with which
player opens his hand.
This play fonns the rock
which the greatest number of 1
players break asunder, or part
pany. Upon one t>rijpnai lef
arc agreed, however, and
is, having ovennhelminK t
strength, you lead tmmpa
Then conies the rub, the up
lead from yonr best plain iiiit.
advocates of the old leada e
suits containing high-card te
ces the very l)est, but many ci
also play the long-suit ^am<
lead from their longeat ant,
spective of secjuencea. The 1
cates of Amencan leada gem
open from the long suit; this:
play of •* Cavendish, •• Dra
Pole. Trist, Ames, Hamilton, C
and the modem scientific ac
Then come the advocates of 1
suit play, of various degrees €]f
calness, the most radical prefe
at all tinies to leail originally
a short suit 1 one of leas than
cards), jtist as the radical \
suiter prefers the long sniL
tween the two extremes thcr
many players who take into
.sideration their hand fint, and
apply whatever leads, long or \
suit, they think best adapted
Here there is a diflTcrence in m
again, the lilieral long-suiter ]
ing according to a s^-stem of ft
lea<ls iq. v.), which is
ment of the long^uit
the liljeral short -^^niter pUri
Howell sy<«tem fundamental] 1
perhaps the common -aenar j|
of Foster, to a
ORIGINAL PLAY
289 ORNDORFP. THOMAS C
loring freauent op|>ortunities
iblish ana bring in a long
which involves the highest
f whist strategy. (See, also,
U-Suit Game/* and "Short-
lame. " )
general way, the latest nsaee
; lone-suit players and ad-
s of the American leads, is to
umps originally, when hold-
re or more; othervrise, lead
Lhe longest plain suit, and,
holding two equally long
select me stronger. When
longest plain suit contains
:an& only, with no card
than a nine, and yon hold
same time a suit of three
cards, in sequence, lead
the three-card suit. (See,
ed Leads.") With four
» and only three cards in
•lain suit, choose the lesser
leading tmmps.
rst or original lead should, in al-
•ery case, be from your numeri-
rong anii.—A, fV. DraysoM, [L-\-
The AH of Practical Whist r
nor first lead be from your most
OS suit in your hand, or at least
nit of not less than four cards. —
I BtU [A, ^+1. ''Philosophy of
;reat advantage of having the
lead is, that you can develop the
1 any direction you may select. —
Draywrn [Z.+^-f-l, ''The Art of
I tf%ut."
are only six original leads
an leads system] with which
« may be properly opened. • •
eads are the ace, king, queen,
I. and fourth best.— C E-Cojin [L,
ist4i/ WhiUy
he opening play of a hand should
J be macte from five or more
or from the longest plain suit
the first player, and that the
lead by each subsequent player
t»e aobject to the same rule (ex-
K> far as it should be modified by
ilta of the preceding plav), was
diabed principle in the days of
Emu^ryBoardtmin [L-^A.]," Win-
\nm\ Play.— The first play of
in duplicate whist. The
19
hands are oreaerved separately in
trays provided for that purpose,
and are then overplayed, or played
in duplicate.
Orndorfffy Thomas C — Inventor
of the Omdorfif method of playing
twenty-four whist hands in dupli-
cate by two teams of four players
each, which was tried at tne first
congress of the American Whist
League, at Milwaukee, in 189 1, and
was among the very earliest at*
tempts to provide a system for
the equitable movements of the
players and trays, which has since
oeen elaborated into schedules
covering any number of tables or
players. Mr. Omdorff *s schedule^
altnough confined to two teams of
four, was highly commended. N.
B. Trist said of it: ** I believe it
will make the best averaee skill as
near perfect as possible, Dy chang-
ing, as yon do, tne relative position
of the players at every hana. '* Mr.
Omdorff 's ideas were set forth as
follows: "That it is possible for
some players to remember hands
in their overplay, as has been de-
monstrated, is a great disadvan-
tage. The fact that methods con-
fined to four players are limited in
their use, thus unfitting them for
team contests; that in their use the
scoring of tricks won is often incor-
rect, showing them to be unrelia-
ble, and that the trump card is not
exposed, thereby depriving the
game of one of its essential points,
makes it desirable that a method
be secured that will be free from
the objections named." In his
method two teams of four are en-
gaged. Twenty-four hands in du-
plicate, or forty-eight in all, are
played in each contest. No player
overplays the same hand. The
trump card is turned at each deal.
Two trays and two packs of cards
only are used. The team scoring
ORNDORFF, THOMAS C. 290 •• OUIDA'S " TRIF
over 312 tricks wins the contest.
Each player has four of the oppos-
injf lean I to play against, and three
of hi-, own team to plav with. He
therefore phiys twelve times ni^ainst
each t>f iheopix>sin); team, anaei){ht
times with his own team. He plays
six limes in each ptjsition dealer,
first, secotul. and third hand. He
plays throuj^h each one of the oj>-
posin^^ teams six times, and in turn
IS played thr<m]i;h l»y each one of
the op{K>sin^ team six times. He
plays at each table twelve times.
In a letter, under date of July 31,
1^97, Mr. OnidorfF s;iys: ** By nu-
merous clian>;cs in the methrxl of
pl.iy, the system has been j^enerally
ado])ted, but with many variations;
so many, in fact, that one would
hardly recognize the original sys-
tem."
Mr. OnidorfT w.is born at Zanes-
ville, ()., Sejnember 1 5, 1840; en-
tered the ser\-ice of the Adams
Kxpress Company in 1S60. ami that
of the Initerl Slates Onlnance De-
part mm t in iS^y, for five years
from the clo<*e of the war was with
the Rallimore and Ohio Rai]rr>ad
Cnnii>any; located in Worcester,
Mass., in i^H2, where he has since
iK-en eng:ij:ed in the manufacture
of military carlrid^it* Udts He was
a delev;ate to the first congress of
the Aineriran Wliisl league, repre-
W'liling Nrw Kngland, with Messrs.
iJarney and Sturdy. At the si-cond
con^Tess he was made a director of
the League.
Mr ()ri"|f)rfr'* «v«'t«-in wn* ifircn n fnir
t»*<T I'l ! •: w.'s i ).'r' :i' •■•i-v»-«»* li j.;. ill
f'T ;»!.!■. :!nr tliijiii ■;itr wlnM in t'Mm«i «if
I'-j' .i.' '.•\*'t fiiiir Hv Miio iiicIIi-nI h
r- : I • ■ tip- ;il.iy i^ \>rr<*vTV'\. nn-l eirh
•1'. \* r f>f ••:'i-»i t* ;iiii iM.iv« an «-fjinl niini-
I" r .f "i.-iii.!^ uit)i r;ii-li i.i.'«vi r of hi* own
l* firn M* n *t irtii»-T. In thi* way the rclri-
l:v •.•rrii^tM ttf Ihr riiiitr'ntintf trani« i!«
• *: 'wn liv thr tuin] niini*'rr of pnin*«
•"■■rrf! Thf utrrfiKth of Ihr plavrr* nil
;>.. ir«. Ia made ividcnt, •» U ■l»o Ibc indi-
vidual rank or the conlndi
Boutihrr {L. A.\, " H'hui SJUl
Oti», T. E.— A well-kno
and writer on whist sub
for two years also tAu]
professionally. It i%-«ii wl
ing from physical disabi
as obliged him to give n
tile pniMuits for a time. I
occupy his mind, he gav
lions iu the game, tn
benefit of a large number
In 1897 he retumevl to ac
ness life as general ma
the Guaranty Developm*
pany, of New York, ami
of the liavidson Bos Com
whist teaching is now w
matter of leisure, and
chiefly to the training of
of the New Jer»e;|r \^%isi
which he is captain.
Mr. Otis ia fortv-three
age, and has resided in ?
and Brooklyn nearly all h
present home being at Eai
N. J. Ho is a graciuate of
tcchnic School, of BrOi>k
was one of the oij^anizc
K nicker iKJcker Whist Chx)
York ; the Orange Whist i
New Jersey Whist Club.
N*-w Jersey Whist Aa
being at present prcaidei
latter. He is also a menl
< )ranKe Whist Club and th
lyn Whist Club. For two 3
Otis has held the pnaition'
Cfhtor of the Newark AVa*.
such, ns well as by his cooti
V> li'Ats/, he became wideli
among the whiat-playcfs
count rv.
••Oulda's" TrikHU t
Came. — Among the msBr
who have spoken in praiK<
as a highly intellcctiis] §
" Ouida,'* the novriisl. wks
*'Chando^* (cb^tar 4): "
OUT
291
PAINE, CASSIUS M.
ned his intellect to per-
sist has trained it to be
zhieving anything that
in ofifer. A campaign
d more combination ; a
not require more ad-
ronomer-royal does not
roblems; a continental
iocs not prove greater
; cards that have been
lid to be out.
'urn. Playing. — See,
ds Played in."
— The second or dupli-
F a deal in duplicate
splay.
p. — To trump over; to
p with a higher trump,
ant to know when to
nd when to let the ad-
the trick. The former
vhen you have no eood
playing for immediate
len you desire the lead
ix)se. Do not over-
!ver, with a ^ood suit,
ise it is very important
' trumps in a manner
tract the trumps of the
and bring in your long
sail, overtrumping is b«d
there is any hope for your
• important to Icecp your
-/d. F. FosUr [S.O.]r lyhist
\% is usually safe if the left-
y iff strouf^ in trumps, and
if the partner wishes that
be played. If, after the
trump, a trump can be led.
usually advantajfeous.— (7.
./».], '* American IVhist fl-
>erienced whist-player has
to resist the temptation to
e novice invariably takes
y doinp so mny niin a Rreat
teran calmly examines the
situation in all its phases, and often to
his advantage. He reasons that if he
overtrumps he must lead something, aod
whether he can lead to advantage is a
matter of concern.— C D. P. HamilUm
[L. A.\, ''Modem Scientific PVhiity
Cases often happen where it is not ad-
visable to overtrump. Most of these de-
pend upon the fall of the cards mud on
inferences from the play, and cannot be
generalised. But there is one case in
which it is never right to overtrump, vis.,
when three cards remain in each hand
and one player holds the second and
third-best trumps, with one of which he
trumps the card led. If the player to hit
left has the best and fourth-best trumps,
he can never gain anything by over-
trumping, and may lose a tnck.— "Giv-
endish " TZ~ ^.1, *'Laws and Principles qf
H^kisl.'*
Pack. —The fifty-two cards used
in playing whist. By old writeis
on the game the pack was variously
called a pair of cards, a stock, or a
deck. Pack is the term now gen-
erally used. A faultv pack is one
which is imperfect (See, ' ' Imper-
fect Pack.")
Packet. — A subdivision of a pack
of cards made in cutting or in gath-
ering up the tricks at table during
play.
Painc, Casslus M. — ^The foun-
der, editor, and (at present) sole
proprietor of the only journal in
the world devoted exclusivelv to
whist; a leading advocate ot the
•* Cavendish *'-Tnst school, and the
leading inventor of apparatus tiaed
in playing duplicate wnist.
Mr. Paine was bom in Milwau-
kee, Wis., October 12, 185CJ. His
father was Hortensius J. Paine, of
Tames H. Paine & Sons, connsel-
lors-at-law, who achieved distinction
in ante-bellum dajrs by reason of
their uncoxnpromisin^ abolition
principles. The family came to
Wisconsin from Ohio, and the
senior member of the firm origi-
nally from Connecticut Mr. Paine*8
mother was a daughter of Horatio
PAINB, CASSIUS M.
292
PAIR, A.
N. Joy, a fanner, who came to Wis-
consin in 1833 from New York
State. Hortensius Paine died in
1865, leaving a widow and three
children, of whom Cassias was the
second. From this period his life
was spent on a farm until he was
twelve years old, when he began
his business career as messeneer in
a bank. He had received but a
common-school education, but as
banking hours were short, and the
boy studiously inclined, he found
opportunity to further improve his
mind. At the age of twenty-three
he engaged in business for himself,
and has been actively occupied in
commercial pursuits ever since, his
chief business at present being that
of a grain merchant.
Mr. Paine first became interested
in the game of whist about the
year 1885. when he joine<l the Mil-
waukee Whist Club. In the fall of
1 890 he was elected president of the
club, and it was during his admin-
istration that the first American
whist congress was held at Milwau-
kee, in 1891. Mr. Paine was one
of the first to tiike up duplicate
whist, obtaining his cue from John
T. Mitchell, of Chicago. He con-
diicttMl the first duplicate contest
of moment between clulw, in Janu-
ary, i^<>o, when tlie Milwaukee and
ICvanston teams played a match of
twelve tables. It was while mak-
ing preparations for this match
that he discovere<l the idea which
shortly afterwanls was elal)oralcd
by J. L. Sebriiig, of Kalama-
Z'Mi. Mich., and led to the manu-
f art -ire of llie duplicate whist
nieth'xl now known as the Kala-
Uhi/<N> system,
Iinnit'diatelv after the whist con-
grt-^s, and largely with a view of
su^-triining interest in tlie League,
wh:rh was a matter of great pride
to the Milwaukee Whist Club, the
journal H'hisi was founded by
Bujgene S. Elliott, Cavini
Pame, and Georve W. HalL
Hall died the October folky
and the enterpriM wma conti
by Mr. Elliott and Bir. Paine
1896, when Mr. Paine acquire
entire interest.
Mr. Paine was elected in i\
the presidency of the Milwi
Chamber of Commerce, a bo
six hundred of Milwaukee**
prominent citizens, in which
he served two terma. He is
president of the Milwaukee E
Society. When asked to dcfii
present position in regard t
plav of whist, he said, in a
unaer date of November 30,
**I am a stanncb advocat
' Cavendish's' maxima, but I
always believed in paying
regard to the development c
deal, and the personalitv ol
players; and these considen
often induce me to punne a c
ent course from that which a
bound l)ook-player might foil
Mr. Ptine is a Terr conaneatkn
tor. He says it has alwsTS bc«n hi
thoiixht to publish all the new*,
bclicvex variety to be the only tkkm
will hold a larjpe cla«a of remdcrm, aa
if a ftubiicriber findii what he like
publication, he i« iMually aatMeA
if Mime thin^A appear which do ao
ticularly interest him. In the dhci
of important topics, Mr. Faiae cap
hi» opinions suKKCstiTely rather tka
tflt'irmllv, and encoaraKea whki-p
to inrestiKale and to think lor Ihii
which he 6nda induces them to pi
pate in discusuiions <m moot poiBti
iiA!i little fear for the aolid princia
the ffanie. ami thinks that the pal
diMrriminating. and will mat looff t
po^ed on bv false theories. Wki
eilitnr may airect and ■nKfi il, thr |
rau!«t approve, and Its verakf b thi
teM.— ^. A. JwUr [S. O.]. JVMlk>
haior.
Pair, A.'The ttro playcn m
north and south, or eut and 1
at duplicate whist. T«o pan
constitute a pair. Doplicate 1
scores are amqgcd tor iad
PAIR, A
293
PARTNBR
pairs teams of fonr or more,
When pairs form the basis
i match play, each pair plays
ler througnout the sitting,
changing partners, bat mov-
I such a manner as to be op-
an equal number of times to
>f the other pairs.
; need of a more satisfactory
n1 of keeping the scores for
especially in tourneys or for
on s play, has been strongly
The usual way is to keep a
i of the points made and de-
he standing of each pair by
I of its plus or minus score;
is has been found unsatisfac-
especially in clubs, because
irs were soon so far separa-
at those away behind became
raged. Another method has
ried by some: that of keep-
record of games won or lo^
eciding the standing of the
thereby. But a plus frac-
margin in this case, it is
ed, has too great weight
jitest suggestion (made by
C. Meredith, of Kansas City,
is, that a record of both
and games be kept, and
the number of points, plus
I us, be multipliea by 60 and
d by 100, and the number of
won or lost multiplied by 40
ivided by 100, and the sum
laken as the standing of the
t the tourney.**
ther difficulty in the play of
is the effect which the in-
ty of the sides has on the
In some clubs the whist
ittees equalize the sides as far
istble by their knowledge of
layers. In the Kansas City
Club, during 1897, the po-
of the players was deciaed
eir standing in the tourney,
ows: The pair standing high-
la placed north and south:
aigncst, east and west; third
highest north and south; and to
on until all the pairs were placed.
When the schedule of play for the
evening placed a pair on the wrong
side, the next highest pair took its
place. When the standing of two
pairs was equal, and they were
scheduled to play at the same table,
their positions were decided by lot
This IS declared unsatisfactory, be-
cause the standing of the pairs in
the early part of the tourney de-
pends too much on whether they
nave played the strong or weak
teams in the tourney. In com-
menting on this, Mr. Meredith
says: '*I suppose we shall never
have a perfect game of duplicate
until some one Invents a pack of
duplicate cards so arranTCd that
the same hands can be piaved t^
your adversaries, but in su^ form
that they will not be recognized."
The editor of JVkist fears that *< the
matter of eaualizing the sides pre-
sents a problem which will ever
remain insoluble."
Partla. — ^The same pla^rers play-
ing two rubbers consecutively, or,
should it be necessary, a third, to
decide which has the best of the
three.
Partner. — One who plays with
another pla3rer, and, with the latter,
against two other players. Part^
ners sit facing each other at the
table, with an adversary on each
side. One partner shoidd not de-
ceive another by his pla^, but
should have due regara for the
other's hand, affording^ him all the
help he can, and utilizing, as far as
possible, all his resources for the
common good. Bach should try to
play both hands as one. The one
who has the best hand, and the
most likely chance of bringing in a
long suit, indicates it at once by
his first lead or two, and then
PARTNER
294
PARTNER
the other, unless equally strong,
promptly iuicrifices his hand in
Duiltling up and assisting partner's
game. A player must not make
the mistake of always trying to
take the lead in the partnership.
Be sure you have the hest hand, or
at least as good a hand as partner,
before ignoring his claims. Do not
insist u|K>n playing a doubtful or
<1isastrous game with your own piti-
ful resources when you could turn
in and help improve his splendid
opportunities. Nothing could l)e
more exasperating to him, to say
notliing ot the effect your conduct
has upon the score. Next to the
buniblepu])pist who plays in bli.<%s-
ful ignorance of the existence of
partner, ranks the new style of
Duniblepuppist who has no use
for him exce])t as a vassal to
do his bidding and work for his
glory.
Kver>' goo<l whist book is full of
maxims for thi- guidance of part-
ners in their mutual play. Do not
forget to return parlner*slead, after
indicating your own strong suit;
but if yoti hold the best card in his
suit, lead it to him at the first op-
portunity, even l)efore op>ening
your own suit. Do not fail to re-
sfMind to lii*^ trump signal, unless
you have the weightiest of reasons.
Oive him all the information you
can consistent with proper play.
Force hi in if you are strong in
tr\unps. aufl thereby enable him to
make tricks with his trumps. Do
not force liini if you are weak in
trumps, unless either of the adver-
saries hav«' shown trump strength,
or lie has shown a desire to be
forcc'l. Get riil of the commanding
card in his suit, so as not to block
his game.
'With a Htmnfi: tmmp hand, pity your
owTi ir-imr*: with .1 weak trump hand,
t>U> y->iir lurtiirr'tt gtimc.—" Cavemduk"
Remember always that >'ou ai
partner have twcniy-aix cardn to 1
the common cause, of which yew h
thirteen.— il/r/lM C. H^ork [L A i
Remember that your pari nvr i% ■
interested with yam, ana do not pi
own hand withont regard to hi* -
Awus{L.A.\, "I'i^aciuai GmtJr to .
Partner's weakneaa, wbeo c:
Rives entire authority to nana a
play with little or no renrd to hi
will particularly alter three thin
Hecond-haiid play, the diMrard. ;
management of trumps —A', r. /j
A.], H^ist, Jan nary, /S^.
The fine player will scarcely hav
for a better nnrtner than one «
careful attentino to rule, ban iciven
every possible indication of the |
of the cards, and has enable<i hic
spesk, to plav twenty-»ix canik
or thirteen. -/iiM^j Clay [L. O-^].
If I were n^ked what I regarded
muHt valuable working (|ualtty in
iier. I should answen Rcadineva 11
mining whether an aggrr>Mve
niiuinK at the bringing in ot' a lot
»>h«.iulu lie entered on or a defenM
icy pursued."^. A. P^octov (/.. ti.]
You and yinir ftartnrr i>Iay agaii
othrr partners. It \s twrnly>«is
n gainst (wc-nty-six when the pi
play tu niutu.illynsHiMtonc anotbei
thirteen cirdH MRainst twrnty-«s
cnch pannrrt>lay» for his own hai
/r. iJravstm [L^A r], *'7iUAft o.
lical H'hntr
When the partner of the original
wina the tirnt trick, he may do any
four thinffa: (1) Lead tmnpa if I
five or more, or four with an eslat
aiiit and a card of reentry; (3) kw
thr lieat card of the Iradrr's aoil
holda it. tiefore introducing his oa
lend his own suit, if it is worth try
fftt.ihli«h; (4) return the leadcfi
with th^ loweai. ii he has ihrreoi
rrmaininfr: with the higber if oal
no matter what they are. Wbcnlb^
inal lead i« a trump, thr p«rtacr 1
alw.iv!* rrtnrn it If he ha* one ^M i
tfr [.^ 0.\. "Jokmaon^i Cntwrml Ti
dta," /Svi
T. K. Otis writes as follows in ihr
ark yens: "ON^erre the fblluwiiii
pie rule, and it will grcnfiT aid «
Knowing when to play yoat psf
hand instead nf yoar own: waci
win ynur partner's lead aod ar
strong enough in tmmpa to lead '
return your partner'a salt, nnlrs
have won It with a card as low 1
jack and have none higher of that 1
your hand, or wlicti xcm haw an <
Uahcd anil, or omt Whidi caa be •
PARTNER, A BAD
295
PARTNER'S HAND
I the first round." • • • With
tie above Philadelphia whi.^ters
lily in accord, except the sugj^eH*
t when you win your partner's
I a jacic you should uot return it.
hese circumstances your partner
ther the ace and queen, or the
'he opponent to your right holds
cards your partuer does not. If
"tner has the two face cards, it is
rantageous to return the suit. If
■rsarv holds them, it is even yet
the best thing you cm do. since,
3 not, your left-hand adversary
r, and nothing will be gained by
Mkion on your part; while, on the
nd, you will have delayed estab-
rour partner's suit, and l>een at
dvantage of opening n new one.
t a gcod rule to always return
tntrr*!* suit, unless you are strong
to lead trump, or hold a suit that
> t>e established in one round, or
tl bv the queen-jack-ten combi-
Mtltiyn C. Work {L. A. H.], Phil-
Presi, Norvemher 24, 18^7.
•«r, A Bad. — A bad partner
who is either naturally an
player, or one whose whist
on has been neglected or
wi. When his condition is
hopeless, he is generally de-
as a bumblepuppist {q. v),
\j safe way to play with a
rtner is to ignore him and
►ur own hand, watching in
inwhile if there is method
adness. It may l)e that he
the same bad moves every
1 any given situation, and
om these earmarks some
e inferences may be drawn,
neantime do not needlessly
your own hand to the acl-
s by trj'ing to convey any
tion to him. You have an
tific and difficult game to
vX try to play it without
•our temper.
bad partner, what should influ-
io selecting a suit to lead fnim ?
t which is best for your hand,
?d on its merits exclusively. —
'ampMl Walker [L. O.].
citable player is one of the most
u partners that you can sit of>-
You can never predict what
be may not commit.—^. tV.
Dray son [Z.+^+], '*Art 0/ Practical
IVhisU'
When you are unfortunately tied to an
untaught partner, especially if at the
same time you are pitted against observ-
ant adversaries, you should expose your
hand ns little as possible, particularly io
respect of minor details.— "Caz/r-»u/MA'*
[L. A.],*' Laws and Principles of Whtstr
I am confident I should not have had a
gray hair in my head these ten years to
come if it were uot for that wretch who
refused to lead back my trump, in order
that he might muke one miserable trick
by a ruff. The "second murderer," loo,
who never will lead twice for the same
suit, has aged me more than all my gout.
As to the IntuouA imbecile that, when he
plays a card, always looks at his partuer,
and never once at the board, there is not
a club in Europe without tome dozens of
them.— ^«o«.
One of these bores is the ** if you had"
partner, who constantly greets you with
'' if you had only done so and so we
should have made so and so.** My favorite
retort to the " if you had" partner is to
ask if he has ever heard the story of
" your uncle and your aunt." If he hat,
he does not want to hear it agaiu, and is
silent. If he has not, and innocently
falls into the trap by expressing a desire
to hear it, I say. in a solemn voice: " If
vour aunt had been a man, she would
havebren your uncle." — *^'' Cavendish'* \L»
A?i, '^ Card-Table Talkr
Partner's Hand. — The principle
that partners should play their
hands in such a manner as to ren-
der each other the most efficient aid,
is one that was recognized from the
earliest times. '* Study your part-
ner's hand," was one of the prin-
ciples of the Folkestone school,
which preceded Hoyle. **The
more clearly you demonstrate your
hand to your partner the better,**
says Mathews, in 1804. " Your
play should be such as to give your
partner an insight into your hand,**
is the advice which Admiral Bur-
uey gives, in 1823. "Major A.,**
writing in 1835, has this to say:
*' The good player plays his part-
ner's hand and his own, or twenty-
six cards;'* and General de Vautrc,
in 1S40, uses a similar expression,
when he says: " I teach the modft
PARTNERSHIP
296
PATBNT8
of plapng with twenty-six cards,
and not with thirteen." "Let
your play be as intelligible to a
good partner as you can make it,*'
writes ** Ctelebs" in 185 1. •* Caven-
dish," Pole, and other leaders of
the modern scientific school elab-
orated the idea, until by means of
the American leads and oUier le-
^timate conventions such perfect
infonnation can be conveyed be-
tween expert partners, that their
hands may in truth be said to be
one.
Piny as if partner's hand belongs to
you, and vonr hand l)clougA to your part-
ner.— /■VjWr Arms [L. A.], ** Practical
Guidfto H'htur
In whist each player is to consider his
partner's linnd as well as his own, and to
makf the most of the combined hands
each partner must play a Kame which the
other uudcrstauds. — A*. A. J'roctor [L-O."].
What is the most important (general
rule tt) be l)urnc in mind by a whist-
player? That he must cunside'r his part-
ner's hand ns equally important witn his
own, and. if necessary, sacrifice his own
for the ko<k1 of the partnership. — Arthur
Campbrll- Walker \L. 0.\.
A g04xl whist -player takes delight ia
Elanning for the play of his partner's
and, knowing that Mich play is a com-
pliment to his skill. To be able to read
vour partner* s hand, and play to make
tits c.inls. IS whist of the hikshest order.—
(". D r. Hamilton [A. A.\, '^Modern
Sctenttjic Whist."
Partnership. — The idea of part-
nership in the game, and playing
br)th hands as one, which is made
one of tlu* fundamental jirinciples
<if his philosophy of whi>t by Dr.
pnlf, was forfsliadowcd by the
earlirr writers on whist, and strong-
ly fni:i]i.i*«izfd bv (»cneral deVau-
Ire. Ill Trance, 1S43, and a German
aulhnrity. hudwig von Coeckel-
lHTj^'lf-I)iitzcle, whose " Rationelle
Whi^r* f rational whist) appeareil
at Vienna in the same year. It was
also ])opularly inculcated in a set
of rhymeil rules publishe<l in
France, about 1854, by *' Un G6n-
6ral d'Artillerie." The foil
is an extract from von Coeck
gle-Dtitzele's work: **In ord
make the best aud most sd
geous use of your own as m
of TOUT partner's hand, 3'oa
endeavor to find out what his
are, and to afford him similar
mation as to your own. Both
objects are effected by wl
called the language of the
(Kartensprache)^ or the art <
naling (Signalkunsi). The
selected to be played serve, b^
relative values, as telegi
signs, by which the two ps
carry on a reciprocal commi
tion, and con\*ey indications
what cards they hold, as «
suggestions of their resp
views and wishes. By this 1
they are cnableil to fi^\*e bettc
port to each oUier, to caJi
more easily tlie chances ol
game, and to anticipate mor
recti y the effect of^any part
play.-
It mi^ht be nippotcd that u tb<
nersbip was soobvioiui. thecontii
of the hands would he a natunl
quence (and indeed a distinct »oc;
it was given by the Crown Coffrv-
students), but it was only by the r
study of the cinb players'aod of Ibc
School, after a century and a qai
existence of the simple Hoyle saoM
the combination pnnciple brvami
established and appliea.^ II litjsa
[A. ^ t]. ^'EtHflutiom 0/ U-htiL-
Partner*ft Suit.— The best ;
suit in partner's hand; hit
suit, which it is desirable to c
lish; the first plain suit led fro
him, in case he phiys the lonf
game.
Pasa. —Mlien a player Buki
effort to take a tricK, allhongh
to do so, he is said to pssL
pass a trick is to allow it to 1
your adversary.
PaUfits.— Sm. "Whift Patci
PAYNB, GEORGE
297
" PEMBRIDGE "
m€t George. — A distinguished
ish whist-player, who died Sep-
er 2, 1878, at the age of seventy-
ears. Charles Mossop says of
*'No doubt he was a good
r in his prime. All the world
(o. In our day he was a good
r, but not a fine player. We
»t think that he was in the first
but age had begun to tell be-
¥e saw him play. Winning or
^, he was always genial and
He was a strong opponent
. good partner."
fn€, William.— The author of
jcond book on whist ever pub-
l. It is thought he was a
er of mathematics. His work
out in London in 1770, shortly
Hoyle's death, and was enti-
'• Maxims for Playing the
s of Whist, with All Necessary
ilations, and the Laws of the
?.*• Although it appeared
fmously, it was referrea to as
'ne's Maxims." Its contents
well arranged. Some of the
cims" were new, and, in Dr.
i opinion, '• foreshadowed a
modem phase of game."
.e preface Payne says: **The
of whist is so happily com-
led betwixt chance and skill
it is generally esteemed the
curious and entertaining of
ards, and is therefore become
»rite pastime to persons of the
:onsequence, and of the most
iguished abilities. The great
:y of hands, and critical cases,
^ from such a number of
, renders the game so nice
lifficult that much time and
ice has heretofore been neces-
to the obtaining a tolerable
e of knowledge in it. The
ring maxims were begun by
of memorandum for private
nd are published with a design
itnict beginners, to assist £e
moderate proficient, and, in gen-
eral, to put the players more upon
eauality by disclosing the secrets
ot the game." The ** maxims"
were incorporated into the so-called
"improved" editions of Hoyle,
published thereafter.
Pa>jne was the first to do two
very important things in his work.
He arranged the rules, or maxims,
under their proper heads, as
*Meader," •'second hand," "third
hand," "leading trumps," etc.,
and he added to each rule a state-
ment giving his reason or justifi-
cation.
PecuJIaritleft of Players. — A
player may not only have individu-
ality and mannerisms, shown in his
way of playing, but he may have
deeper rooted peculiarities in the
play itself. He may adhere to one
system or another, or a combina-
tion of both; he may play a system
of his own, or abjure all system
and play bumblepuppy. These are
a few of the peculianties which it
is necessary to become acquainted
with as soon as possible in sitting
down with such a player for a part-
ner. (See, also, "Mannerisms.")
Nothing;; \n so wearisome and worryinfj^
to your partner, and indeed to the wnole
table, as that eternal pondering over your
hand, or partially drawing out several
cards before you play. — " UeuUnant-Colih
ntlBr [/.. O.].
After sitting down at the table, you
should infer as quickly as possible in
what style of jf^me you are involved, and
the peculiarities of your partner and op-
ponents. If watchful, you may help a
nad partner to make tricks in spite of
himself and his bad play; and a little ob-
servation may reveal some method in the
madness of an adversary's nime. With
strangers always befrin by playing a very
careful and conventionally accurate
gatne, watching for signs of appreciation
and reciprocity from them.— A F. Foster
[S. O.].
«« Pern bridge." — A pseudonym
under which John Fetch Hewby,
"PEMBRIDGE'*
298
•I
PBMBRIDGB
II
B. A. Ozon., M. R. C. S., wrote
much upon the subject of whist
He was the eldest son of William
Ilewby, gentleman, of Ripon and
York. lie was {graduated from
Worcester College, Oxford, with the
degree of IJ. A., in 1S59, and was
educated as a surgeon at St.
George's Hospital, London, and
became a member of the Royal
College of Surgeons in 1864. He
was a keen and satirical writer, but
mixed so much humor with his
satire that his essays on whist will
long 1h' enjoyed even by those who
radically <fisagree with him in the-
ory. His ** Whist, or Bumble-
puppy?'* brought the latter wonl
into such ])roniinence as a term for
bad play that the ** Century'* and
"Standard" dictionaries placed it
in their vocabularies, quoting him
as their authoritv, and the future
editions of the various dictionaries
will all be obliged to recognize the
term. The book, published in Lon-
don, iSSo (two editions), and in
Boston in 18S3, is as full of humor
as its title. It consists of a series
of so-called lectures on how not to
play whist. A revised and enlarged
e<liiion aj>jK.*are<l in 1S95. Another
volume, "The Decline and Fall of
Whist," publi.shed in London in
1SS4, is a 1st > written in a peculiarly
bright and attractive vein. Al-
though a firm advocate of the old
school of i)lay, and a bitter oppo-
nent of the "American leads,'*
** IVmbriilge" had the admiration
and resiKTt of the entire whist
world. He <lied February I, 1S96,
of thoracic aneurism, and was .Mxty-
01 u* years of age, as appears from
tht: foildwing memoranda reganl-
iiig himself which he furnished at
the re(jiie*«t of ll'hist^ ai:d which
was ])iib1ished in that journal for
Mareli. iSty.s:
" I was lK>rn sixty years ago of
stern and puritan parents who had
a rooted antipathy to alt gam
and no pack of cards was c
allowed to croaa their gloo
threshold ; bnt am the twig is b
tlie tree is not always inclniMi.
under these unfavoralde cira
stances I have played whist pn
regularly for over forty years. \
during the last Uiirty have no
or lost — more than siaty thous
rubbers.
"As a humble memTxrr c*f
school of * Cam.* 'Mogul.' F
Lewis, and Mossop— in additioi
'Whist, or Bumblepuppv ?* .
'The Decline and Fall ot \l'hi»
in the WeslminsUr Papers, .
Fields and other periodicals. I h
made numerous attempts to It
my footprints on the 5and« (tf tii
Even if introduceil — in defiance
common senM and the <jac«
Knglish— as an txteniion of pf
ciple^ I have been ready to a<2<
any convention which appca:
conducive to trick-makix:g; I
firmly belic\*ing with Clay, tl
'no rules arc without an' esc
tion' (even the twig and the tre
' and Jtew more open to exceptin
cases than rules for nliibt/ 1
with my very old friend "Cu
'tliat there is no such thing as
al>solute never or aiuays^' I ci
sider it absunl to lay down hi
an<l fast rules embracing all kit
of hands, or to make minute a
elaborate regulations for a rtatc
things which maj* occur oner ii
blue moon. Good players do 1
require them; to the duffer tft
are a mocker}', a delusion, aoii
snare.**
If, then, we deniKiiale the vobjcct
thiK skrtrh aa a firM-clAAa d<fiMrr.
imply nothing of repraiich. in t!tr dna
of Miich thinkers as John I'rich llff«^
til t>c fuund the con6niMtum ul ai
tnithn. Mr. Hewbv i« Xxy natnrr a c
trovemlAliiil. lie lovea a &cht. m
lime». perhap*. ** not wiivly h«t too ae!
To this charactcriiCic U tanrelj dve
opposittoa to whirt laaovatMNi^ wk
PENALTY
299
PENULTIMATE
a hif^h order of merit to win
Rtion. He is a leading repre-
r a school of whist critics that
made life miserable for " Cav-
he had not been equally as
row as his critics.— - W^«/
rch, iSgts.
'SOUS will learn with regret of
>f John Fetch Hewby, better
' Pembridge," who wrote
Buroblepuppy?" "The De-
all of Whist," and contributed
'minsUr Papers some of their
•s on his lavoritc game. He
>u8 combination of bad luck
lay. So unfortunate was he—
of five yearn each, he be-
L he frequented a small club
r played threepenny points;
ntn of the popular English
:h is half-a -crown. He was
osed to American leads, plain-
. and all the alleged improve-
modern" whist.— ^. F. Foster
» york SuH, March i, i8g6.
f. — A fine or punishment
for breaking the laws of
The penalties under the
ode are severer than those
I by the American code,
tice, the penalty for lead-
" turn is by the latter code
from the double penalty
>r lead to the single pen-
lead; and the penalty for
is reduced from three to
i to be taken from the re-
ayers. (See, "American
iah Laws.")
r should purposely incur a
au<e he is willing to pay it,
he mnkc a .second revoke in
nceal one previously made.—
U^h t'st ( A merica n Code ) .
tly or not at all, and. if you in-
Ity, pay it with a good grace,
dream of hinting that any
ping strictly within the law. (s
ctitioner — C Mosso6 [L+O.]^
r Papers, May /, 187^.
id of law 39, American code:
)ng adversary demands a pen-
^rong penalty is demanded,
e enforced " The alwve is an
aw of the English code as far
mg penalty is concerned,—
ivion [L*-A-^-],'*lVhui Laws
Decisions.^*
In all cases where a penalty has been
incurred the offender must await the de-
cision of the adversaries. If either of
them, with or without his partner's con-
sent, demands a penalty to which they
are entitled, such decision is final. If the
wrong adversary demands a penalty, or a
wrong penalty is demanded, none can be
enforced. — Aatvf 0/ U^hist {American
Code), Section jp.
There is no greater breach of etiquette
than for an adversary to attempt to claim
a penalty to which he is not entitled.
Such a proceeding must t>e a.s8umed to be
due to Ignorance only. The penalty for
such an incorrect claim is now very justhr
decided to be that the original offender u
released from all punishment for his of-
fense. To play a game during many
years without making one's self ac-
quainted with the laws which govern thia
game is not an unusual proceeding.—/!.
IV. Drayson [Z.+/l-h], ''Whist Laws and
Whist Decisions.*'
Penultimate. — The lowest card
but one of a suit; a former name
for a conventional lead from a five-
card suit, first advocated by ** Cav-
endish/' but now supers^ed by
the fourth best {q. v.).
"Cavendish," in an interesting
article on the origin of American
leads (see IVhist^ January, 18^),
tells how he first obtainen his idea
of the penultimate lead by noticing
that the old-fashioned playetB al-
ways led either the highest or low-
est of their suit. This led him to
make several suggestions to the
Little Whist School (q. r.), and
that body decided upon the play
whereby from an intermediate se-
quence of three middling cards the
lowest of the sequence, instead of
the lowest of the suit, was led.
James Clay, to whom the matter
was submitted, did not give his ap-
proval. Several years later, *' Cav-
endish " renewed the discussion at
the County Club, in Albemarle
street, and in the course of his ex-
periments he arrived at this point
of inquiry: •* Where is the lead
from intermediate sequences to
stop? If the lead is right from ten,
nine, eight, or from nine, eight,
PERCEPTION
300 PBRCBFTION PROBLBl
seven, is it wrong from eight, seven,
six? I finally convinced myself,"
he says, " that no line could be
drawn, and that if the rule of play
were to be followed it must include
all intermediate sequences, by, as
I then called it, extension of prin*
ciple. Next, I got stuck again over
tl>e sequence of five, four, three.
These being in sequence with the
two, ought I to lead the three or
the two, as there was no inter'
fncdiaU sequence. Talking it over
with a friend at the County Club,
he said, * Why, Jones, you show
fi\^y anyway, by leading the three.'
* Yes,' I replied, 'and you have
helped me to hit it. You oueht to
leaa tlic peu ultimate offive.wnethcr
you have an intermediate sequence
or not.* " Clay sul)sequently gave
the lead his adherence, and it came
into general use, although not with-
out opposition from the more con-
servative players.
Trumping with the penultimate. — Manv
filayiTH IktIk-vc it (((XkI policy, when hola-
ug four or more trumpft, to trump with
the lowest hut one, in order to show their
partner that they can take the force nf^in
Keveral times, or to show their original
hoKlin-.;. shouM they or he lead trumps
later.—A'. /•. Foiter \S, a], "H'kist Tac-
tic iV
Perception. — In whist, the abil-
ity to perceive what is in partner's
or the a<lvcrsarios* hands, from the
fall of ilie cards; the power to draw
correct inferences from the play of
anv given canis. Quick and cor-
rect perception, sometimes amoiint-
iii!^ almost to intuition, is one of
l!ie invariable attributes of a player
of the first rank.
Perception Problem*.— Prob-
lems, exercises, or puzzles, intended
to lest and strengthen the percep-
tive ]>oviers of whist-plavers. A
perception problem consists of a
partially exjxtscd and partially
played hand or deal, of wnich the
student ia reqnired to locate
supply the proper play of ih
maining carda^ by meant of i
ences orawn from that portio
the play which ia maae kn
also, to give the reaaon for hii
at every trick. The aolvin]
problems of this kind was
Drought into popularity in
country by Charles M. Clay K\
of Roxbnry, Maai^, although e
examples of "placing owi
whist,'* as it was called, an
wanting. Proctor, in his " Hi
Play Whist," reprodnccs one
the Weitminster J\ipers^ in pi
follows:
♦ 10. 9, 6, s (tramps)
A. Q. 4. a.
The firat four tricks are ■• fiallow
nndtfrffcored card winaina Ibe tnd
card below it being the next one Ivd
■
X
A
Y
1
1
«e
« J
2 ;? 9
K>B [
80
J O
^ A
97 2
«2
32
A flcr these four tricks have been pi
D is able tu place every card, lappi
that all the players have feUowd
usual rules of play.
** What we have said about ari
leads and two general rules, em
second, the other for thifd pb
suffices to give a aolutioa of
problem,'* remarka the cdiia
the Westminster /\tfers. T
are, first, that second plavcr. i
has a sequence of two hwfa c
and one small one, plars the kt
of the seouence secona hand <
small earn led; secondW, that I
in hand plajrs highest if he hst
card higner than (and not ii
BPTION PROBLEMS 30 1 PERCEPTION PROBLEMS
rith) his partner's lead,
>aDa finesse open to him,
rwise plays his lowest.'*
points out that Z mi^ht
neart king from anything
ars from the fourth rouna.
bI, the problem is not to
Ted witn those of Charles
Bj first bn^n contribut-
ption problems to IVhisi^
I with the November,
le. The hand was one
lealt, and after four tricks
1 played Mr. Clay was
eaa all the hands of the
md after the fifth trick
zally placed all the cards.
ise to the publication of
lem. forty answers were
but only one correct one,
C. Hatch, of Norwalk,
ho succeeded in naming
1 (See Whist, February,
[r. Clay believes that the
perception problems is of
Lie to the average player
my problems, and makes
use of them in assisting
) a better knowledge of
;is published contributions
every important phase of
ist play. Being a master
ucUng problems of this
is but natural that he
' an adept at solving them;
fact was demonstrated in
match by correspondence
stituted by R. F. Foster,
^^estion of H. S. Stevens,
iiversity Club, Chicago, a
offered to the player who
able to correctly place the
A, after the completion of
trick, in the hands played
tch. Mr. Stevens was not
X among the players was
ng whist perceptionist in
1. As might nave been
Mr. Clay found this little
to the tourney very enjoy-
able. He correctly placed 237 cards
out of 324, giving both suit and
size exactly, and his reasons. He
also correctly placed seventy suit
cards, in thirty of which he was
unable to give the exact size, and
in forty of which he stated the
wrong size. Only seventeen out of
the 324 cards were misplaced by
him, and in only two instances did
he misplace the command. That
this was a remarkable performance
may further be judged from the
fact that some eighty-odd &l9e cards
were played in the first nine rounds
of the twenty-eight hands. Dr.
Richard Lennox, of Brooklyn,
came next in the contest, placing
62 per cent; B. C. Howell, third,
with 56 per cent ; H. B. French, of
Philadelphia, fourth, with 52 per
cent. ; and George Tatnall, of Wil-
mington, Del., fifth, with 51 per
cent.
In response to a request to point
out what he considers his best two
problems, Mr. Clay informs us that
one of the best, although not the
very best in his estimation, ap-
peared originally in Whist for Oc-
tober-November, 1896. We give it
herewith, as a representative of
its kind:
•'At the American Whist Club, of
Boston," says Mr. Clay, **the in-
closed hand at whist was played.
When east led five of spades at
trick five, south exclaimed, *I
can read and place all the rest of
the cards, substantially! ' Upon
this being doubted, the play was
stopped, and south wrote down
his reading of the hands, which
proved to be correct. I send it as
an interesting case of whist per-
ception in actual play. South was
well aware that east's play could
be interpreted in different ways,
but that makes it all the more in-
teresting, perhapt, to determine the
correct one."
PBRCBPTION PROBLBlfS 302 PBRCBPTION FKOBU
Tbb HAVSt.
♦ 7.6,4.
c? 4.
A Q> Ji lOk 9i 7. 6-
0 aj.9-
# K, J, 10, 8, 2.
^ K. Q. 9, 8, 7.
« 3-
0 8,a.
#5.
0 A,j. n^^
0 A, K, 6h s. 4i 1.
^ 6.3.a.
4 8,s.4tt.
0 "O.7.
Trump turned, four of hearts;
east to lead.
O
H
1
2
3
4-
6
North.
East.
AO
South.
West
90
70
too
4k2
«4
80
20
«3
8#
J 0
KO
4k 0
4k 7
4k A
4k K
6 #
Score: N-8., i; B-W, 12.
Inferences and analysis by Mr.
Clay:
Trick 2. — ^The six, five, four, and
three of diiiinonds are with east.
The (juetrn is yet doubtful between
west and north. West has called
for tnimpji.
Trick 4. —West has not qneen of
diamonds, or he would have dis-
carded it instead of eight of sfMides,
because, if he hohls it, neither
north nor south has another dia-
mond, and it wonld surelv block
east's suit. Hence, west held origi-
nally ten hearts and spada, I
which must have been •traai
to justify his original callir
weak in diamond and dah
probably held five tniinpa» 1
least two hooon^ and £ft s
In this case the mides nn
king, jack, ten, eight, am
moresmalL
Trick 5.^Why did not cm
trumps to his partner'a caU ? ]
(1) because be had none, i
because he was so itiong.
Let OS examine each in i
If he had none, hia hand
have been six dianionds» fi
six clubs, and two or one qiai
In this case, north has k
five trumps with one or two bi
But if east had held thiihai
ii-ould have known that thr
commanding strength in al
suits, and certainly woold Ml
led out both ace and kiw of (
but would have led apaSs ai
font topnt his paitacr in. Bi
ace, followed fa^the U^ iii
timri Ird tn shnV nn mow, Ai
ing thi%
flCEPTION PROBLEMS 303 PERCEPTION PROBLEMS
nds, two dubSi four hearts,
ae spade. The probabilities
ridealy in favor of the latter
g-
;, then, can tramp spades and
and sees that west can trump
nds and clubs, hence he dis-
3 west's signal and plays for
>le-ruff.
to justify him in not trying
B once, both his trumps and
must be high ones, to pre-
overtrumping in diamonds
lades.
refore, north holds one small
queen of diamonds, queen,
ten, nine of clubs, and three
spades.
only chance to win a trick is
:he ace of spades, hence I
)la^ it on east's five.
Idition to the above, Mr. Clay
OS what he considers his very
obleni. Each different in its
he two illustrate the subject
st perception in a most ad-
e manner:
SOUTH'S Hakd.
# K. J. la
4k A, K. 8, 4, a.
0 'O.9.8.
ee of fipftdes is turned by north.
It leads. The undenicored cara
e trick and the one under it is led
orth.
Bast.
South.
Wett
20
e
2 A
7
8#
AQ
A 0
4k 10
^10
60
6#
4k K
4k A
4k 4
80
«6
4k6
4k7
^ K
J 0
3 A
'a band and the play of the fimt
:• are given, and tne problem is to
read as many cards as possible, and play
for north and south to make the most
possible out of the hands.
Mr. Clay has kindly written out
and fully annoted the play and so-
lution for us, as follows:
Trick I.— East has left jack, ten,
with one or more low clnbs. The
three is with either east or west; if
west has it, he is either calling for
trumps or unblocking. North's
suit IS hearts.
Trick 3.— What shall south play
at trick two ? Ordinarily he would
lead heart queen to his partner's
declared suit, and, as the cards lie,
this would be the best play here.
But he reasons as follows: ''North's
discard of diamond two shows that
he is not strong enough to signal
for trumps. Had he been unwill-
ing to be forced, he would proba-
bly have discarded a higher card.
He certainly would have discarded
to show four trumps, if he held
them, and the make-up of his hand
would allow. Had it been my
original lead, I should consider it
better to go on with cIuIm and give
north another discard than to lead
queen of hearts to a suit and hand
as yet unknown.
*' However the hand be played,
east must be left with two winning
clubs, which can be killed only by
north's trumps.
" Only in tne remote contingency
« of our taking nearly all tiie tricks
in all the other suits can this be
prevented, and the diamonds are
apparently against ns." South,
therefore, goes on with club ace.
East has leA jack, ten of clubs,
and west the seven, three. North
can hardly be out of diamonds, as
well as of dubs. He has, then, a
hi<2^h diamond which he does not
wish to unjpiard, or ace which he
does not wish to blank, hence does
not discard another diamond. BMt
has no suit of mofe than foor.
PERCEPTION PROBLEMS 3^4 PERCEPTION PROBLE
Trick 3. — North, missings both
three and two of chibs, we can place
that suit exactly. He has not more
than three trumps left.
Trick 4. — East has either jack
heart and one low, or jack alone, or
no more. North's suit is iirobably
ace, nine, cij^ht, seven, and he held
originally live hearts. Therefi>re
he nmst have held orij^inallv either
three or four trunii)S, and cither
five or four diamonds. The five,
four, three of diamonds lie, one
with east and two with west.
Trirk 5. — West's jack of dia-
monds is a short lead, hence north
has the ace, an<l he held four oriy^-
nally, or his diamond suit would
have lK?en better than his heart,
and he would have discanled hearts
first. ICast has (jucen, seven of dia-
monds. Of the five, four, three,
nortli has one and east two. This
j;ives north exactly four trump.s.
Trick 6. — .As each player liolds
five cards of plain suits, two trumps
are to l>e ^iven to each. North
turned the ace, and his other is
hi;^her than the eight. Kast's six
is his lowest, and the five an<l four
are with west. If east had held the
fourrhttte of nine, seven, six. he
wou'nl have ])lavtHl the nine on
north *s eij^ht. So he has queen,
seven, and north has ace, nine.
The cards are now all ])laced.
Trirk 7. —South sees that to make
the m<»si of his and his partner's
tnimji-i, nortli nmst have a chanre
l«) rutT :\\v\ lead trutnps throui^di
e.-i-^l. .\ club b'.'id will ^ive this
f'l'T^iirtunity. \\vA e*.laMish south's
!l.i»-ti-tir M. < >n llie >ixth trick, west
CfuM ni»t lOviT •".'■iilh's ten of
Iruinps. N<i nf>rlh knows that three
l;":n»rs \\%- between .south an<l e.'tsl;
;i!i.l if t-ast hail lieM kinj;, or two
b'in«)r'*. In- would nf)t have ]>1ayed
lh«- •'ix with the ace turned to his
ri>:ht. ICvtn if he cannot read the
tenacc in south 's hand, north can
see that south wants tmm
through east. He further r
that, if he reads south cor
tlie strongest hand that can 1
a^^ainst him is queen, scv
spades; queen, seven of diar
jack of clul>s, and jack and o:
heart, by east. And, tvtn
this strength is with cast, the
est hand that south can h
king, jack of spades, two of
ten, nine of ciianionds. an
low heart. Granting this
possible situation, they ca;
every other trick if he trump
the ace of spades, and ther
south in with the nine, that b
draw east's last trump and I
discarri with the two of clu!'»
Trick 8. — North leads ace •
monds, to leave ea.Ht's quet
guarde<l. if he has it, fore**vi
forced discard on south's I'
clubs. If south has the t
north's play cannot lose, fur I
read seven of diamonds, a*.
with east. Should south lu^
one small heart it woulil N
gerous to draw it, an'l prcvc
leadin<[; that suit later.
Trick II. — ICast niuo^ nr-w
discard ({ueen of dianior. 1«
guard jack of hearts. \V!.:i
wav he plavs south r>!a\ * a
ingly, and north and s*'u:
every other trick. Summar>'
last half of the play:
North.
1 Ilai^t
South.
.
H
7
A «
4k J
4k 8
4
8
A 0
7 0
oc
0
0 #
7 #
J «
10
5 0
Q#
K «
1 1
C7 8
^ 9
QO
0 4.
A 2
12
100
k
13
^ A
^ J
^ 2
V
Score: N-S. ix; B-W. 1.
LCEPTION PROBLEMS 305 PERCEPTION PROBLEMS
!lay having led the way, the
ction of whist perception
IS, as well as their solution,
popular. Among those
ntributeci such problems to
iuring 1894, 1895, and 1896,
I the names of C. B. With-
St. Paul, Minn. ; Perry Trum-
f Chicago; H. E. Greene,
wfordsville, Ind.; E. H.
•, of Milwaukee; and C. D.
imilton, of Easton, Pa.
the prize-winners in solving
rere: E. C. Howell, C. M.
/. C. Coe, of Chicago; J. E.
, Jr., of Greenwich, Conn.;
S. Peck ham, of Newport,
W. E. Hickox, of Newton-
lass. ; and James A. Hutch-
Brockville, Canada.
Witherle contributed two
ns, and his second one (ap-
:in U'^/tisl for July, 1894) won
miration of experts every-
as the finest example of its
tproduced. It was as follows:
South 's Hand.
# 10.
^ 10
A A, J, 9. 8, J.
0 J. »o. 9. 8. 7. 3
). Jack of clubs, turned by south,
play of the deal was as follows,
idinfj^. The underscored card
i trick; card under it is led next:
>rth. 1 East.
South.
West.
f
A 0 * 4.
70
KO
2 ^4.
c?io
Q? 7
K_ 4k 5
A 8
4k 3
0 A e
4k 2
C? 8
3 ^ e
ed— Inferences, and play of the
iif cards.
rrmininK the best answer, the
nl of judginjf ment will be the
of the cards correctly as actually
rd in the deal, or the nearest ap-
Ihereto. The ^^ccond f>oint of
11 be the best notes of the play.
That the nut was a hard one to
crack may be inferred from some
of the letters received and pub-
lished in the succeeding number of
IVhisi. Said one aggrieved cor-
respondent: "This is called * whist
perception,' and yet it is impossible
to locate the spade suit, except by
mere guesswork. We are given
the location of the ten-spot in the
hand of south, but no play of the
suit in the tricks exposed. Now,
whilst it is easy to place the num-
ber of the suit held in each of the
three unknown hands, it is impossi-
ble to name the value of the cards
held by each. Would it not be just
as sensible to offer a prize for the
nearest guess at the number of
seeds in a pumpkin ? What sort of
perception is required in a guessing
contest?" There was a great sur-
prise in store for " R. L. M." when
the correct answer was published,
and he found that all the imf>ortant
cards necessary to the best. play of
the deal by north and south could in
fact be located by good whist per-
ception. Another corresponaent
wished to know whether it was
necessary to take American leads
as a guide in solving the problem.
He was informed that *' a problem
based on the simplest principles of
American leads would not engage
the attention of our best analysts.
In order to prove interesting, there
must be grounds for radical depart-
ure from what at first sight might
appear the natural order of play.
ITie leads are only one factor in the
game of whist; the drop of the
cards, whether indicating good or
bad play, is a great factor, and
there are many other features to
tax the vigilance of the student.
To succeed he must examine every
consideration, and then draw the
most rational conclusions.'* It was
also intimated that the only way
that south can read north's hano^
PERCEPTION PROBLEMS 306 PBRCBPTION I
in the problem, is by knowing or as-
suming that north nas read south*s
hand. Another great feature (not
mentioned in the analysis) is that
south trumps at trick five, in order to
get rid of what would prove a super-
nous trump and finally lose a tnck.
Out of twenty-two answers re-
ceived in all, only three were cor-
rect. These were sent in by John
H. Brijjgs, of St Paul, Minn.; Wil-
liam Hudson, of the same city; and
C. Hatch, of Norwalk, Conn. The
latter was awarded the prize, and
Whists in giving his solution, com-
mente<l as follows upon the prob-
lem: "This is without exception
the finest perception problem that
we have ever seen, and was given
our readers to illustrate what can
be accomplished when there is per-
fect confidence between partners.
Most players, when partner makes
an unusual play, are too apt to im-
mediately jump at the conclusion
that he is making a mistake. In
this case south gave north credit for
having a reason for his unusual
play; he stopp)ed to infer what that
reason might be, and came to the
conclusion that such a play on
north's part would only be ju8tifie<l
by his having the entire command
of spades and hearts. He therefore
willinj^ly abandoned his own game
and playc<l for partner. The result
is a n-niarkably well-played hand."
Charh^ M. Clav paid this tribute to
the problem, before the solution
was madf known: ** I con.sider it
the fini'st ])robk'ni I have ever w^n.
Its untisnal merit conMsts. it seems
to me, not merely in re-ading the
cards, but in making north and
south read earh other's plans and
strategy. It is whist of the very
highest onler, and re<juire« a master
of the game alike fonts conception
and its solution. I ahall watch
with much interest to see how many
solve it correctly **
Mr. Hatch's solatj
•
H
6
6
7
8
0
10
1 1
12
13
North.
Bist.
J #
' 1
3 ♦'
A#
6#|
^ A
7 #1
^ J
^ K
4k 7
♦ Q
50
40
Score: N-8, la;
Trick I.— West b
with the king of di
ing queen and two t
reads jack, ten, ni
one smaller than th«
monds with Foutb,
call for trumps. So
small diamonds witli
Trick 2. — Kast o\
with the four of hea
dently not very stroi
South plays the ten,
north the deuce,
north with strengtl
heart and spade su
that he does not *
••call." He infers fx
of the seven that he
Trick 3.— South 1«
best trump, the ei
west drops the thi
king, ana east thefii
of clubs is marke«l ^
Trick 4.— North r
of trumps; east drop
the deuce, and w^
eight of hearts. T
seven of clubs are m
han<l, and the nio4
heart with west U
two hearts remainin
be bad play to retain
it is evident to him
^
5RMANENT TRUMP
307
PERMUTATION
and, he most play for his
's, and that it will require
another round to clear it.
i marked with four spadea.
perceives that if north has
-ee of hearts he can read
layer's holdings in that suit,
o determine the number of
held by each.
; 5. — North leads the three
ts, east plays the six. The
the three of hearts is very
itory to south. It reveals
. that north has located all
rts, that east and west have
>ur spades, south but one,
heart.
what interpretation should
»ut on the endent intention
h to force him at this stage
^me ? Does not north say:
ler, abandon any attempt to
in diamonds; plav my
accept the force; lead a
which must be my suit, and
ssume the responsibility for
alt,"
ther reasoning can justify to
is partner's radical departure
outh's original scheme of
g in his own suit.
ig on this conclusion, south
spade, after trumping the
Fin<l finds that his partner
he ace, king, queen, jack,
? ace, king of hearts. The
lent play is simple. North
le trick with the jack of
and leads successively the
jg, queen, and the ace and
' hearts, upon which south
s all his diamonds, leaving
t the twelfth trick with
e-jack tenace over east's
and seven of clubs, and
nd south win all the tricks
laifcnt Trump. — See, *' De-
Trump," and *' National
Permutation. — In mathematics,
the arrangement of things in every
possible order. Permutation has
been found useful in whist analysis,
in determining the value of certain
hands or play. In IVhisi for March,
1897, a writer who signs himself
** D. R. W.** advocates permutation
as a means of settling such ques-
tions. He says:
**The careful and conscientions
play of open hands, preferably un-
der the supervision of advocates of
each side of a controversy, is far
more valuable than competitive
play or €x cathedra opinions. There
are many reasons why this paradox-
ical fact is true. The principal
reason is that the margin of gain
or loss arising from disputed modes
of play is very much smaller than
the range in Uie score due to what
Drayson calls ' clerical errors,' and
unskillful end play.
"Speaking oroadly, the main
elements that affect the score of
any given hand are the relative
distributions of trump strength,
plain-suit strength, and tenace
strength. If an experimenter s)^6-
tematically alters the p>ositions of
three hands of a given deal, so as
to distribute these elements in as
many different ways as possible
with regard to the remaining hand,
results derived from that deal are
far more reliable, more truly typical
of an infinite number of deals,
tban results derived from the same
number of experiments made at
random.
•* Let A be the hand of the orig-
inal leader, in an experimental
deal, and let Y, B, and Z represent
the other three hands. These three
hands can occupy six, and only six,
positions with relation to one
another and to the hand of the
original leader. This scheme of
six positions or permutations waa
given in the December number of
PERMUTATION
308
PBRBfUTATION
IVhistt and is here repeated for
convenience:
Y Z
A (I) B A (2) Y
Z D
Y
(4)
b
B
A (5) Y
Z
B
A (3; Z
Z
A (6) B
Y
" Mathematicians tell us that any
one of these sitimtions is precisely
as likely as any other. Nutc that
the three non-leaiiinyr hands rotate
in the (iirection of the hands of a
watch, up to the fourth penuuta-
lion. when A\s ad ver>aries exchange
hands and the rot-ition takes place
as hi-fore. Ohservinjij this facili-
tates the use of the nicthrxl.
*' Supi)ose two whist bcxiks are to
l)e coinparecl. The investif^ator
* crams* on the two Itooks till he
feels coTnjK'tent to play each sys-
tem. emph;isi/.in)r in his mind the
points of difference l>etween the
authors. He deals a pack of cards
into four ojK'n hanils, makes A and
his j>;irtniT \i\.\\ lirst om* system
and then the other, carefully and
conscieniioiisly, according; to the
(JevilopiniMil, the adversaries alter-
r.aliri;^ witli llic rival sy>teni. He
rcv'»:ds the tricks j^ained by A and
his p.irtncr under e.ich system, n>-
t.ito the tliree n«>n-lca<l:nv^ hands
into the positiitii indicated by the
srci»!id ]»fiin;u.itii»n alnive, pl.iys
in«' lianK twice .!•» lH-f«»re. anil m>
!»!!. until tin* twelve trjaN are coin-
t-lrt'il. Th'«»'- e\]M-ritnents are to
i".- :i-tm- it'll \\'\\\ otlu-r *«lnifflinj;s
\\\\\:\ mil' v"' ■" "f I'-*y sh«»ws il-
!--lf a -^'M" y \\\\vv. lVrniuta!ii»nal
tri 1'- \\"\\. i ••plv'.irily !»e <'onvinc-
iM;^. wV.-Tt .1". ih'- "^ inie nui:j*»er or a
irni. h !.ir,:rr luiniSer of unsystem-
at It Ir: 1!^ would Ik- merely persua-
sive .it *> -st. .\t any crucial ])oint
wh-r- \\K*\ ni«Mli-*i «i|" jil.iy refjuire a
dilfi rent c ird to be ]ilave<l, from
any >;iven hand, the greater efficacy
of one card over the other is nsi
made too prominent, or not pi
nent enoughi by reason of 1
accidental pccnliarity of strt
or weakness in the hand of pa:
or adversary. When the ham
partner and adversaries are 1
to occupy all possible relatioi
one another, the difficulty is
imized.
"The twelve trials necessai
' penimte ' an ordinary brnnd
about two hours. PermutatM
a practical arbitrator of great w
and will solve almost any disp
point of play, not onl^ in «
but also in any other sacntific
game.**
Commenting on the above. 1
Foster, the well-known whist
pert and author, makes the
lowing discouraging cotuiM
"In his suggestions for |Kfni
whist hands, in order to aoi
them. ']>. R. W.' entirely <
looks a very important ' 6
in the result, the turn-up in
There is nothing new aooot
idea, as he will find if he
turn to page lao of my 'IX
Strate)^',' in which I give
result of my permutation of
forty illustrative hands in 'Cs
<lish.' That was done in 1
eight years ago. I have since fc
such ]>enuutat1on of no nw
genenil purjMwes. because it be
a>>out p(»s:tions which are Doi
acoonl with mathematical esp<
tion. If it were the dealer's \
that remained untouched, and
three others that were penns
there might be somethmg it
but yf)ur correspondent oreri
the fact that tne momrni br
pnvt*s the dealer of his tur
trump, or. what amounts to
same thing, gives hb entziv !
to some other player, he np«t
the conditions govcming the •
inal lead.
•ERSONAL SKILL
309 PETTES, GEORGE W.
I well-known that the aver-
tribution of the trumps is
r each of the non-dealers,
20 for the dealer. But if
ds are permuted, the orig-
der. A, instead of haviu^ to
r the advisability of leading
I player that will hold an
of 3.820 trumps will be
up to an average of 3. 166
the dealer's hand is given
lY two-thirds of the time.'*
is •* D. R. W." issues a re-
in IVhtsi (July, 1897), in
he disclaims that his idea
;ended to be advanced as
d then proceeds to maintain
tion as follows: "It is easy
two whist books, or two
xies of play, and allow for
tiing of a trump. This al-
? is a special application of
hod, and is made by mere-
ig A the dealer instead of
inal leader, letting him re-
j dealer's hand and the
during the experiment,
avs leading originally from
I'atA'sleft. ♦ ♦ * The
tee on system of play are
ully assured that there is
n it than in competitive
jawbone,' and guess com-
r the experiments be jointly
\r advocates of two substan-
fferent systems of play, be-
lir- minded referee."
mal Skill.— See, "Skill."
.—See, "Trump Signal."
borough, Lord. — A famous
T, whose losses at whist, on
n night in the year 1810,
►alxjuts, are popularly said
given rise to short whist,
rident occurred in one of
ihionable English clubs,
•eterborough had suffered
k and lost a large sum of
money. The hour was late, but in
order to give the loser an opportu-
nity to recoup himself (or, per-
haps, to lose still quicker), it was
proposed to cut tne game down
from ten to five points. The result
was so gratifying, although we are
not informed to which side, that
short whist was bom then and
there, and soon spread with amaz-
ing rapidity.
We are not informed how I«ord Peter-
borough personally was pleased with the
new game, since, oecause of the dimidi-
ating process, he might have been de-
E rived of his guineas more speedily than
cfore; but it matters not. So that money
changed hands rapidly, the Englishmen
were delighted.— &. IV. PetUs \L A. /».],
• 'A mtrican Whist IlluUraUd. ' •
Pettes, George W.— The leader
of what was by him named the
"American" school of whist, which
had many followers up to the time
when Trist and "Cavendish" in-
troduced American leads, where-
upon the "Cavendish" school
became the American school of
play. Mr. Pettes himself accepted
the American leads, but insisted
upon retaining certain modifica-
tions peculiar to himself, as follows:
Leading the ace also from ace,
cjueen, ten, nine, and from ace,
jack, ten, nine; leading queen from
queen, jack, and two below the
seven, and from queen, jack, nine,
and two or more; leading jack from
jack, ten, nine, and one or more,
and from jack, ten. and two small;
leading the ten from ace, king,
cjueen, jack, ten; from king, queen,
lack, ten, and one or more, and
from king, jack, ten, and one or
more; treating the nine as a high
card, and leading it from king,
jack, nine, with or without others
(excepting ace and queen). All of
these have since fallen into disuse.
George William Pettes was bom
in Providence, R. I., August 8,
PETTES. GEORGE W. 310 PETTES, GEORGE ^
182T, and was the only son of Dr.
Joseph Bass and Susan ( Lawrence)
Pettcs. Under the instruction of
Principal Hartshorn, head of one
of tlie «f)ted schools of the citv, he
was fitted for Brown University,
which he entere<l two years in ad-
vance of his class. Atx)ut this time
a teinjwrary trouble uith his eye-
si'^ht obliged him to relinquish his
studies, but the cultivation of his
inherited literary tastes and gifts
did nr>t end with his colleg^c days.
He entered business life for a time,
but not finding it congenial he ap-
plie<l himself to literature and jour-
nalism. He was at different times
coniiectefl, e<Utorially and other-
wise, with the Boston dailies, and
was also a freauent contributor to
other journals m New England and
the \Vest. His first engagement
was with the Daily Bee, a leading
na]>er of Bostou at that time, and
lie served as its editor for a number
of years. At the age of forty he
had att.'iine^l considerable celebrity,
and eiileretl the lecture field. He
was considered a graceful poet and
plensant speaker. In I1S7S he was
r).irk at newsjiaper work, as an
e-litorial writer on the staff of the
r.oston Daily Advertiser, On re-
tiring from that pa])er he resumed
the fjuiet literary life for which he
so niiif.'h longefl, aiiri continued his
favorite study of whist. As a result
I'.e pTiblislR- 1 in Octolier. iSSo the
i:T< nrij^iii.il lMM)k on whi».t written
1 V .in American author. It was
f ii:i-d ••American Whist.'' and
(iL'ht editions of it. all told, of
v.irious <i7vs, h:iv!: ])een isBUe<].
Hi '•next work, *' Whist T'niversal.'*
appeared in August, iSS-. and ran
through four e<litions. Then came
"American Whist Illustrated,'* in
1S91). of which ten eilitions have
bern publishi-*!. Of "Whist in
Diav^r.ims." which appCtired in
18(^1. we arc informed, nut one e<U-
tion was sold. As can reac
neen from the above ennme:
Bf r. Pettes, by means of his
exerted a wi()eapread influei
the game in this count r>*. an
was sunplemented by his w
in the claily press, in which I
the first to establish a re^lai
department. He editetl sai
partments in the Boston h
Boston Transcript^ and C
Inter-Ocean^ He did not si]
full name to his articles, nor
books, using hb initials. "•
P.,'* which thus became a s
nom de plume.
Although standi n|i^ on
ground and maintaining viev
sidered rather arlntrHr^' by m^
his critics, Mr. Pettes was, p
ally, a genial, large-hcartc^
companionable man. His
occurred suddenly on Mar
1892, and was due to heart d
His last article on whisl. 1
for the Chicago Inter-Ck^ax
receivetl at the office of that
a few hours tiefore the telrg
announcement of his deceasi
Whether divutMini; financial te
hid favorite patttimr. whint. he '
wayii interefttinK. He wi« br«l
fiT hU intellisent and fudicvMi
iiion ot thin notilpAl nf all nme«.
is HusKCfttive of KnRlUh drawinc
and Tot a lotiR time the aiithontie
f(>iine were Kneliah The idea 'if s
lively Amrrican whin! wouM h«i
K-oiited and «inerred at. much a«
Smith ••neTed at American \pm \
within a few venr^ there ha* m
conir to lie an Americin whiftt. \»i
l^rndunllv arrived at thr honor o
cniicrded ttvlhebeM whi^t-p^avm
rope. n« welt a« our own coaninr
dei-iiird impnivement upon any <«
man in America did more to mak
pitpniar than the late r.«4trve W
~< kuago InUT'Ocinm, Mmtck. tK,
Mr Pelted wma the mart vnJv
writer on the ^mc. and latsvTy
the popularity it now en)orm r^]
of wonderful diction, hit writtngt'
with the brilliance of nenAna aa
applauac. while riretini the adn
thinking minda. He waa a vifore
iroTersiaUst, witb aa ability 10 g*
ETTES. GEORGE W. 311 PHENOMENAL HANDS
ird knocka that, provoking the
ion of those who differed with
deared him to his friends. • • •
T defective his methods may hare
* believed he was rif^ht. and. be-
so, defended his position with all
>rof a master mind. A thinker
, his incisive lofoc ready wit, and
I sarcasm stimulated to thought,
nore when he could not convince;
thih American whist men owe
undying debt of gratitude. —
M. /\itHe [L.A.\, tVkist, April,
s ilevoted to the game in all of the
esources it contains, and would
o middle ground, no trifling with
ersion of its resources for mere
pastime. He was inflexible in
ard. and in his vie wsof the proper
•stem, and, in many cases, he es-
clubs and players through his
ing will upon points at issue. But
g.irds he was sincere in his views,
all times prepared to maintain
His system is logical and defensi-
it ia considered unnecessarily de-
too minutely elaborated, and
e unnecessarily intricate, by the
better rank players. Mr. Pettes
nself a strung player, but a
r whi.st analyst. His analyses of
»nal hands and plays, or in fact
hist play. coup, or situation, were
V and very rarely at fault, even
be re was parti&an controversy.
His strong personality and posi-
inarked all of his current writ-
il he neither favored friend nor
pponent. and he was ready at all
> ao battle for his favorite theo-
IS very antagonisms have done a
>sil to build up and unify whist in-
h rough the (li>cussions'they have
• • • In his personal rela-
r. Petted was very genial and com-
hle. He spent a week here in
merof i8go at Paxinosa Inn, and
ift played there between him and
ner. George W. Parker, and the
players is a matter of record,
rere frrquent sittings, too. before
•rw.irds. between them in Boston,
itions between Mr. Pettes and the
players were alw.^ys cordial, and
erting^ were looked forward to
itual pleasure.— f. X Boutchrr [L,
\toH Free /*tess, A f arch ig, 1^2.
■ery much to l>e regretted that so
rritrr as Mr Pettes should have
out with a false principle, and
lave spent ten years and four vol-
uilding upon a bad foundation,
ory of whist was that the mere
( or losing of the tricks was quite
rtant, and that the manner in
lecarda were played, the informa*
tion conveyed by their fall, and the abil-
ity of a player to distinguish the position
of the trey from the location of the deuce,
went to make up the highest order of
whist. Winning or losing had nothing to
do with it; yet his universal penalty for
any infraction of the rules was the loss of
a point. A careful study of his published
works, and the whist column he edited
for two years in the Boston Herald, forces
one to the conclusion that Mr. Pettes was
one of the most self-deceived men that
ever took up the pen as a writer on the
game. He was a worshiper of Descha-
pelles, and published hands alleged to
nave been played by him in which the
French master was made to use American
leads, although he died forty years before
they were invented. He was a great ad-
mirer of Trist, but, strange to say, bit-
terly opposed to " Cavendish.** His whist
gods were number-showing leads, plain-
suit echoes.unblocking, fantastic finesses,
and extraordinary coups and underplays.
No better indication of his whi«t views
can t>e given than the fact that he did
everything in his power to discourage du-
plicate, b^ause that form of the game was
oased on the principle that with equal
cards the winners of the most tricks were
considered the better players. This Pet-
tes would never admit. He insisted that
two men might play their cards so beau-
tifully as to stamp them as whist geniuses
of the highest order, and yet lose twenty
or thirty tricks in forty-eirht hands. He
claimed the only test of wnist ability was
to submit the recorded play to an expert
for judgment, and he naively added that
he was the only person living capable of
rendering such judgment. And let it be
said to his credit that he preached what
he practiced, for during the entire exist-
ence of the Deschapelles Club, which he
organized in Boston, and of which he was
the leading spirit, he always had the low-
est score, although he played the bet^
whist.— ^. F. FosUr [S. O.], Monthly Il-
lustrator, 1897.
Phenomenal Hands. — When we
remember that there is one chance
out of 158,750,000,000 that the
dealer may hold thirteen trumps
in a hand at whist, and that the
chance of each of the other three
players also holding thirteen cards
of a suit is much more remote, the
following certificate becomes a most
interesting document:
BaooKLYK, June 25, 1894.
This is to certify that in a game of whist
played between the four gentlemen below
named, at the Montauk Club,of Brooklyn,
PHBNOMBNAL HANDS 3x2 PHENOMENAL HANDS
on Monday evening, June as, 1894, Mr.
Andemon dealt the cards from a well-
shuffled pack, turned the trev of spades,
deult Mr. Yuuuk thirteen nearts, Mr.
Lyles thirteen clubs, Mr. Hodenpyl thir-
teen diamonds, and himself twelve
s{>ades.
[Signed] Thkodore D. Andbrsoit,
JAMKS K. YOL'NO,
J. H. Lylks,
A. J. (». HODBNFYL.
Witnesses: J. M. Rider. W. Stratton, M.
I).. W. P. Callaghan. George A. La Vie.
It is asserted that a hand of this
kind was also dealt at the United
^er>'ice Club, at Calcutta, India, in
January (some accounts have it
iVbruary), 1SS8. Those at the table
were Mr. Justice Norris and three
physicians, and the occurrence was
duly vouched for by all present.
W. r. Courtnev, in his ** English
Whist and Whist- Pla vers." tells
of a Mrs. Spernie, an Knglish lady,
residin>( at Naples, who dealt her-
self thirteen trumps, and was terror-
stricken lest she should be accused
of cheatin}^. Another instance of
thirteen trumps l>ein^ dealt was
rccordecl in A*r//*s Life^ London,
during February, 1863. Still an-
other in the Westminster Papers
for December, 1S73.
Phenomenal hands at whist are
not confined to the alx>ve kind,
however. Some are extratirdinary
fi)r their poorness, and in order to
sec just how far luck runs that way,
Whist ^ in Novemlicr, 1S92, offeri-d
a prize of twenty-five doll.irs to the
person having, during actual play,
t>cen tleah the lowest {)ossil)Ie hand,
or Yarborough. Ky this was un-
<lersto<)d the lowest fuiir canls of
file suit, an<l the lowest three cards
<»f each of t!ie otlier suits. The
oifer of the prize hel<l go«»d for a
ye.sr, but no one was able to lay
claim to it.
J.J. Shea, of Council Bluffs, Iowa,
in Wh ist fr>r Nt> ve n 1 ber , 1 897 . g i ves
the following as an illustration of
the dfxrtrine of chance: "Twelve
deals were had, the cards regn
shuffled, cut and dealt; the tu
trump in eight hands was the i,
of hearts, and in the ninth the 1
of the same suit. The gentle
present were Measrai Binklcy
Wilbur, of the Omaha Club,
Waterman and the writer. dL
Council Bluffs Club." He fu
declares that, at the Omaha i
on Wednesday evening. Sep
ber 29, 1807, a hand was dca
which each player held a com
sequence from ace to deuce, 11
four suits. North dealt and tn
the three of diamonds. The d
bution, which is so ver>' remarl
that it almost seems pre-«rras
was as follows:
NOBTB.
9 A. K. 9k 5.
A 2.6^ la
O 3.7. J.
West.
♦ 3. 7. J-
^ 4,8. Q.
« A. K, 9. 5-
0 a. 6, 10.
Rast.
# A. K.9, 5- # •.& 10.
^ a, 6, 10. ^ 3. T. J.
« 3. 7. J- * 4. R Q-
04,8.Q. 0A.K.9«S
At the Union Club of Bonlo
France, sr)me years ago. thr dt
dealt the twenty-six red card
himself and partner, and all
black canls to their opponrnu.
N. B. Trist stated, in 1^95.
Mrs. John B. Donally, of
Orleans, had performed the
feat of taking all thirteen \\
of a deal with her own hand,
game played in that city. TV.
most remarkable, as it is «i
that a slam is made without 1
help from partner.
W. P. Courtney relate* that 1
one occasion, his partner, at
Reform Club, London, held be*
trump each time in three h
in successioni and each time
•HILADELPHIA CUP 313 " PICKWICK " AT WHIST
was a nine. (See, also,
i of Cumberland's Famous
• "Vienna Coup," and *' Yar-
g the namerous letters which I
about whist, in stances of unusual
Lion of cards arc not infrequent;
cample, that A dealt himself thir-
imps; or had three consecutive
ithout a trump; or that B and C
he trumps between them. These
ire {generally accompanied by a
ion to publish the (acts (which
authenticated), or by the ques-
tther ftucn a case ever happened
ind sometimes by a request to
r the odds against such an occur-
The obviuus reply is that one
hand or combination is no more
ble than another, and that curi-
ds. which illustrate no principle
are not worth the trouble of cal-
.— CavemduA" [L. A,\, 'Card-
idelphia Cup. — A massive
loving-cup presented to the
I's Whist League by Mrs.
Mce Wetherill, of Philadel-
It is the championship pair
of the League, to be com-
or at each annual congress,
«ler the rules it hccouies the
lent property of any pair of
players who win it three
It was offered for conipeti-
the first congress, in Phila-
i, April, 1897, and was at
ne won by Mrs. Bradt and
ichardson, of the Cavendish
f Boston.
isophicjil Game. — A term
iplied to whist by William
I his "Philosophy of Whist;'*
dem scientific game (g. v.).
ino Hand." — A hand at
nrhich is easily played and
in a duplicate match, to pro-
»c same score at each table;
which presents no opportu-
br exceptional or brilliant
at runs its course smoothly
md.
At this style of game [supporting<mrc!
leads] *' piano hands"— another name for
excessive dullness and waste of time — are
much less numerous than under the long-
suit routine.— £. C. Howell \S. //.], '* Whui
Openings."
«' Pickwick " at WhisU— It was
*'sick whist" (to quote Charles
Lamb's phrase) which the immortal
Afr. Pickwick played at Dinglej
Dell, with old Mrs. War die for his
partner (see, "Old-Fashioned Whist-
Party"); but it was a ver>' different
kina of whist that he experienced
at the hands of Lady Snuphanuph^
Mrs. Colonel Wugsby^ and Miss
Bolo^ "three thorough-paced female
card-players," who engaged him in
a rubber in the assembly rooms at
Bath. They were so desperately
sharp that they auite frightenea
him. If he playea a wrong card,
Miss Bolo looked a small armory
of daggers. If he stopped to con-
sider which was the right one,
Lady Snubhanuph would throw
herself back in her chair and smile,
with a mingled glance of impa-
tience and pity, to Mrs. Colonel
U'ugsby, at which Afrs. Colonel
Wufi^sby would shrug up her shoul-
ders and cough, as much as to say
she wondered whether he would
ever begin. Then at the end of
every hand Miss Bolo would in-
quire, with a dismal countenance
and a reproachful sigh, why Mr,
Pickivick had not returned that
diamond, or led the club, or
roughed the spade, or finessed the
heart, or led tnrough the honor, or
brought out the ace, or played up
to the king.
In reply to all these s^ave
questions the harassed FHckwick
could find no adequate explana-
tion. The incidents of the game
had vanished from his mind, and
he was all at sea. Some of the
company came over and looked
over his hands, and their observa-
tions only made matters worse.
" PIPING AT WHIST "
3x4
PLACING CARDS
The cards went against him. He
played liadly, *' and when they left
off, at ten minutes past eleven,
J\fiss nolo rose from the table con-
sid •^rubly agitated, and went straight
hoi.'.w: in a flood of tears and a
sed-i/i-chair. " Mr. IHckivick re-
tiretl to his hotel, and ** soothed
his feelings with something hot"
"PipirtK at Whist." -A dis-
honest pnictiee at wliist which was
in vogue in the early hi.stor)' of the
game, when it was a tavern game.
Seymour descritK's it as follows, in
1734: "By piping I mean when
one of the company that does not
play (which frequently happens)
sits down in a convenient place to
smoke a pipe, and so look on, pre-
tending to annise himself that w.iy.
Now the disposing of his fingers on
the l>il>c, while smoking, discovers
the ])rincipal cards that are in the
person's hands he overl(X>ks."
Th»'rc is no sounder ]»rincip1e Roin^
tli.Mi th.tt it i?i Ki'iH*i'')IW Mi'hirahlr to bc-
quaint v«»iir ;i;irtn»T with Ihc stnlcof yuur
iKiml. )>tit it nrithrr foll'iWH that you
shouM place it face upwanlson thtr tnt>li-,
nor avail yourself of thcw.* extrnsionsi
kiiciwn to ilovU- as " piping; at whi^t." —
••/Vw'.M./cr •■ \l. - O J. 'Dedine and Fall
of H'ht^tr
Pitt Coup. — A coup bv means of
whii'Ii a player i>lacc*s hnnself in a
])o>;iti(>n to lend throu;;h ttie left-
li;i!nl aiiversiiry in a suit in which
his partner hoMs a major tenace
over a minor tenace in the hand of
the liTt-h.i:id iidversarv. It has
Ik-i'm iiainrd the Pitt coup under a
ciiTinn^ nnNap]»rehensi<>n. Thesilu-
a:i<»ii was first usetl as an ilhistra-
tioii III' play, l)y Mathews, in his
"A'iviif to the Vonng Whist
IMiyiT." An anonymous French
writer ?H>rroweil it in 1S55, and
drsi^rjuteil the players as I*itt and
IhirLc-. partners, against Tox and
Slieri«lan. insleail of the A-C. B-D
used bv Mathews. Abraham Hay-
ward, lu his article on ** Whist and
Whist-PlayeiB," quoted from
Krenchman, retaining the Ul
nomenclature, and frum Hayi
the coup found its way again
the Westminster I\ipers^ Foi
"Whist Strateg>'." etc. It
thus be seen that Pitt hod not
whatever to do with the play,
position of the hands, after
ninth trick, was this (hearts tru
Wbst.
Noara.
♦ 8. 7.
^ 7. 4-
«
0 —
# —
0
Sast.
soc
^ 5.3.
«
0 —
♦ —
0 A. ».
* 6.7.
0
West, at trick ten, led the c
of spades; north (Burke; diaco]
a club, and South (Pitt) tnnz
with the ace and then led the
thereby giving the lead to his]
ncr, who took the resL
Placing Cards. — ^To place
cards is for each player to i
and place before him the 1
played to a trick, in order 10 »
stmie careless itr unohjirr
player how they were played.
what will lie necessary for fait
do in onler to play correctlv. v
••Drawof Cards.*')
To place the cards also meas
name or locate canis held in
hands af^er certain rounds, hsi
the effort upon the knuwlcdft
tainc^il by the fall of the n
ThiN is a regular feature of '* Si
Whist" {q. r.). (Se«. also,"!
ception Problems.**)
K vnu hare omiflrd to neCtev ka«
cnnlii fell to ■ trick' auk that itei
plncrd.— yaMU'i Clay \K tJ-j.
During the corrr wiuudracr tamw
prise wmi oAred to tac plajrcr wkac
correctly place the grcaicai
*I,ACING THE LEAD
315
PLAIN-SUIT SIGNAL
ds remaining in the three other
afier the ninth trick. Each corn-
had two or three weeks in which
f the situation. Seven out of the
tried it As they each held
■«tght hands, they submitted
;s of 196 endings. In sixteen of
rery card was correctly placed. In
ill but one. In twenty-two, all but
a twelTe. all but three. In t wen-
all but lour. In twenty-one, all
r; and in the remainder, half or
re rightlv located; in some cases
ng^Ie cara being named in its ac-
lition. The player who won the
f r. C. M. Clay, the celebrated com-
j( whist perception problems,
7^ per cent, correctly; named the
lit. but was unable to give the ex-
of thirty; g^ve right suit, but
siae, of forty; and was wrong,
to size and suit, in only seventeen.
FoUer [5. a], "tVhisi Tactics^
ing the Lead.
eLead."
'*Throw-
n Suit. — Any stiit which is
imp. The best or long plain
the sait which players of the
ait game try to establish and
in, and which they, as a rule,
irst, or lead from originally.
»ids from plain suits differ
hose in trumps in some im-
t particulars, for the reason
lign cards in trumps, if held
cannot be taken away,
IS in plain suits they may be
ed.
renerally best to lead plain suits as
, when adversaries' trumps are
ted. or if all the trumps are out,
: a re-entry card.— AVi/^ IVfuelock
'' H^ui JfmUs."
n-Sult Echo. — An echo b^
of which strength is indi-
in a plain suit. It is made
ying third best on partner's
il lead; second best on sec-
Dund; best on third round,
taining the lowest until last
players restrict the use of this
D four cards exactly, but gen-
it means fotir or more in suit
also object to calling it an
echo, claiming that ** unblocking'*
is the better term. This seemed to
have weight with ** Cavendish/'
who, in iirst announcing it, in
1885, named his book " Whist De-
velopments, American Leads, and
the Plain-Suit Echo,'* but changed
the title in later editions to *' Un-
blocking Game." (See, "Unblock-
ing.**) ''No one,** he remarks in
a recent letter, ** ever said, * I plain-
suit echoed;* always, *I un-
blocked.***
The **four signal** (q, v.), by
which the possession of four trumps
is shown, without asking that they
be led, is made in a somewhat sim-
ilar manner to the above. The two
conventions are confusing, except
in case trumps are exhausted and
the player cannot possibly be refer-
ring to trumps.
The *' plain-suit echo" and the "four
•ignar* cannot co-exist: they conflict, and
the play of one neutralizes the other. — C.
S. BouUher [L. A.], '' IVhist Sketches.'*
The value of this echo is much disputed,
and the adversaries can usually render it
ineflective by holding up small cards, a
practice very much in vogue with ad-
vanced players.—^. F. Foster \S. O.l,
''Compute HoyUr
Plain-Suit Signal. — A conven-
tional play by which a player shows
strength in, and asks his partner to
lead, a plain suit, the same as he
would request the lead of trumps.
It is only made when partner can-
not possibly mistake it for a tnmip
signal — as, for instance, when
trumps are out, or are being led by
the opponents, or have been sig-
naled for by yourself, or refused,
etc. The plain-suit signal is made
in the same manner as the trump
signal, by playing upon a lead an
unnecessanly high card followed
by a lower one. A variety of usage
has crept in in regard to this signal.
Some players reverse the meaning,
declare weakness, and request part-
PLAIN SUITS, CHOICE OP 3^6
PLAYBD CARDS
ner to chatif^ the suit. Some give
it one meaning when made on
partner's lead, and another when
made on the lead of the adversaries.
The writer believes it wiscitt to make
the play [of Uie plain-suit sienall always
show rtrength.— -(W//OII C iVori [L. A,
//.] , •• W'Aii/ 0/ To-day."
Plain SuiU, Choice of.— When
the hand contains more than one
plain suit, the question, which
should be originally opened? is
sometimes very embarrassing, and
always very important. Milton C.
Work gives the following table of
four-card plain- suit lends in the
order of choice:
Ace, king, queen, jack.
Ace, kin^, queen, and one other.
King, queen, jack, and one other.
Queen, jack, ten. and one other.
Ace, king, and two others.
Ace, queen, jack, ten.
King, queen, ten, and one other.
Ace, queen, jack, and one other.
Queen, jack, and two others.
Ace, jack, and two others.
Ace and three others.
King, jack, ten, and one other.
Ace, queen, and two others.
King, jack, and two others.
Ace, queen, ten, an<l one other.
King, ten, and two others.
Queen, ten, and two others.
King, queen, and two others.
King an<l three others.
Queen and three others.
Jack and three others.
Ten and three others.
Nine and three others, etc.
Play. — To play at whist is to
take one can! after another from
the hand and place it upon the
tnMe, as re<iuired in Icadmg, fol-
l<»wing, Inmipinp. or diwarding.
C f 'xmI or had play depends upon the
ubility of the player in playing his
cards to the best advantage. All
mannerisms should be avoided in
play. The cards shoold not
played too fast nor too slow, bn
the same dclioerate, caielU |
throughout — a trait that was m
admired in James Qay and oi
great players.
The man who plays with eqvaXly <
consideration the k>w card or the
one, in Itaoroper tarn, ■ccurta the j
opinion or the whole table.— i4.y> ^
iosA[L.A,], *'M9dem H'Mut/'
Play slowly (but do not henUtc).
3rou may be able to watch doarly. d<
allow a trick to be turned without ki
inr the card each peraoa played.—
HlUelcek {L.A.^, "H>kui£hUa."
No rule of play can be deriacd that
not, under certain condliiooa, occa
Iom: hence our whiat lawsiTcra are
strained to admit that "bad play"
frequently win where "jKOod play"
lose. If bad play generafiy woa it wt
by virtue of its iiaoceaa, be adopts
irood play: the test, therefbre, of (
play is whether it will generally wi
£ujieiu S: EliioU [L. A\ H^ak J
Play, Lina» of. — ^The plaa
tactics followed oat in the fdai
a hand, depending npon its pec
arity, strength, or weakness, i
influenced also to a certain csl
by the condition of partner's hs
or those of the adversaries^
Whtst-playing may be eenetmlly divi
into three sorts: Bet^inner'a whiiL i
whist, and refined whist. In the int
canls are plasred acoording to salt, ai
few book rules are blindly applied, ia
aei*ond, there is rational play and defi
aim; in the third, the play Is falchlrsl
ful. being based on deep stwiy bm tt
ough knowledice of intricacir« — **.!(
na»" {L. a], "TIU Hamdtai MlbA"
Playad Cardn.^Carda that hi
been played, and are no km
held in the hand. In the Easl
game, eight played caida msy
seen at an v one time dnring 1
progress of the play — ^foor on I
table not yet tiuncd and qda
and the last trick whidi has k
tnmed. In the American gsi
only the fonr carda oa the ts
may bcaecn,hdbw. tbqf hnsebi
LAYERS, KINDS OF 317 PLAYING FOR THE ODD
and quitted. A trick once
and quitted cannot be ez-
1 until the hand has been
out.
Kinds of-— The two
)al kinds of whist-players are
>d players and the bad plav-
reneral A. W. Dray son, in
>endix to the fourth e<lition
"Art of Practical Whist,"
ig the changes on the inter-
types in a most amusing
r, and makes out twenty-six
t classes, ' ' A very long ex-
:e of whist and whist-players
ious parts of the world,"
r, * ' has caused me to come to
1 elusion that men with pecu-
pes of mind exist in every
y, and these men are mere
ions of each other. In the
g plains of India, or amidst
)ws of Canada, we find indi-
i, who have never met and
ever heard of each other,
len they join in a rubber
ist they will commit ex-
le same mistakes, will make
or word the same excuses,
delicate points in the game
• in the same manner. The
on of similar proceedings
[luced me to group whist-
; under various heads, and,
areful consideration, I can-
nde them into fewer than
six cla55ses. Each class has
cialty, some individuals be-
l to two or three of these."
1 Drayson's classification is
ws:
le old-fashioned player,
le young player.
le player who never read a
a whist.
le book player.
le player who only plajrs for
nent.
le crafly player,
le great cara-holder.
8. The
9. The
10. The
11. The
12. The
13. The
14. The
15. The
of flesh.
16. The
17. The
18. The
19. The
20. The
pied mind,
21. The
22. The
23. The
24. The
25. The
26. The
unlucky pla3rer.
whist autnority.
excitable player,
too deliberate player,
man who won't learn,
man with a bad memory,
mean player,
man who takes his pound
unobservant player,
litigious player,
good bad player,
bad good player,
man with the preoccu-
popular player,
unpopular player,
unaependable player,
superstitious player,
selfish player,
inspired player.
PlayiriK at Playing Whist.— A
kind of play indulged in by those
who do not understand the game
of whist, but imagine they do;
bumblepuppy {g. v.).
"Cavendish." in his "Card Bssavs.'*
gives us the story of " The Duffer Max-
fras," and some anecdotical matter of an
amusing nature about the talkers. By
way of appendix to sober instruction, we
have thought to introduce the conversa-
tion vrrbatim during a sinjifle hand of four
persons seated for the purpose of " play-
ing whist," as each of them callea the
performance— literally, however, a rol-
licking exhibition that should be named
laying at playing whist.— <7. py. PttUi
L. A.P.\, 'American IVhist Illustrated.'*
I
PiayiriK Cards.— Cards used in
playing whist and other games.
(See, "Card.")
Playing for the Odd Trick.—
Playing for the trick or point
that may be necessary to win or
save the game; playing a cautious
and mainly defensive game, in
which you are satisfied to win by a
small margin, instead of playing a
great game to make a big score.
PLAYING OUT OF TURN 3x8 PLAYING TWO CARS
The other method [" plnyini; for the
odd trick"] compriACii the tactics of
weaktiesH (conoeaiinent, nrlificc, decep-
tion). Ilrreiindcr com en the takittfc au-
vantn^e of j)o!«itioii, the numt common
instaiiceH ofwhich kfow out of holding
in one hand the hest and third-best card*
unplnye<! of the nuil 1«*<1 (the Kccond be«t
bi'in;; in another hand), and kindred tit-
nation H. — F.m^rv Boardman \L + A.\^
Playing Out of Turn. — An error
at whi«it. which con^^ists in placin^^
a cnrd upon the table before it is
your turn to do so.
If the third ha ml plays before the
xecond. the fonrth hand also may play
belore the "ieconii.
If the third hand has not played, and
thr fourth hand plavs t>etore the aecnnd,
the latter may be called upon by the third
haml to i>lay'his hiKhcst or lowest canl
of the ««iiil led, or, if he hasi none, to
trump or not to trump the trick. — Ixtwsof
li'hnt ( .'f merican 0*ae\, Srt turns 74 and rb.
(See, U1.-.0, '• Krror. Cards Played in.")
"Playing Pictures." — Playing
the hi>;li cards in a hand as soon as
possible, for the sake of making
tricks, without reference to the sci-
ence of the ^anie— a failiug which
novices frwjuently l)elray. It also
is a branch of biimblepnppy \q, v.).
The above must not lie con-
founde<l with the hi;;h-card RJime,
which forms pirt of the Howell
(short-suit i system, which isp1aye<l
with meth'xl, an<l does not consist
in *'i>layiiij^ pictures" from all
suits at random.
I r'-mrm^H-rto have said: " ^Tiy. then,
it •.ertns luv ji.irtnT ami I haven't l>ren
plavi:ii» whist at ;ill." to which I recrivnl
rriilv. N.«. sir. \i»u hnvr liem pla\inff
]i turrs • t; //'. rttfx \L. A. '/*.].
' .-imet uan ll'ht.t ItiuittaUd "
Plaving the Game.— Taking the
ofrL-n<;ive and making as many tricks
as p(»s.sible out of a strong hand,
instead of tdaying cautiously, as for
the o<l»l tnck.
T'j trvto N^'tain n jjreat v^re i« nlavinj
the gaiiie.— HVilNtuiflrr I\^peri [Z+D.].
Playing to th« SeorB.^T
into consideration at erery
the state of the score, and sfa
your game accordingly; as, I
stance, in playing for the odd
This is especiall V necessary i
English nve-pomt game/ b
American (seven-point ) whist
out honon the state of the
except toward the close o
game, is not so important
players |(enera11y try to ma
many tncks as possible o
their hands, especially at duf
whist, in which pointa, a»
games, are plaj'ed for.
The prenent writer lay* down tli
relation of the ncorra {a the Knide 1
early lead of trumps, and thkt pU;
the score in of fundamental im;*^
and receive* the tint con«i«1ermiur
game treated «if heine Knirlivh o
point whiict. with nonurt].- c
Vaxnes [/.. A 4-]. "Modern U'ktif
In the American itame thi* u ■ L
It \% a rare thinip ti> «ee any one p
■liKhteAt attention to the vcnre. or
anv conNenuent alteration in bu
unleM he naA bad con!«iderah!e «
ence at the Knclinh came. The a
approach to it U leadinsf tmmpA «fc
FC' ire in four tn nothing airiiin«t t«
F Foster [\. O \ " li'histSiraUti
Thi4 method [playinK for point*'
meritn. no dmiht: brine the nnl
adapted to duplicate play. But t! a!
itK defect*, and for ine 'tme Icwrr
game, itsi icomimratively rarakiai
varied and col->rle«H *tyle of pla« <
c impure with th^ rTer-chancinK <i'i
made u]K>n hi* nkill and iutl^mca!
Elavins lo thp *corr. — U i!tiam S
When the play i* «hort whi«t. it <
that con<>taut regaril be had tn the
which can *o easily be a fleeted ^
benefit of the fmrly who i« at one or
• • • The «ame card« hel 1 bv •
whi«t plaver. if held bv an Asm
player, would l»e rerv diAereBt'v pi
yet'the principle nf the law erf >%.\
in anv \vi<< changed. — r>. li' /Von
P].' 'A mrfica m U ktst rimstrmUi "
Piayinc Two Cards %m
Trlck.*-If a plaver plays tvo <
to the same trick, and the err
discovcrefl hefore the ham
plaved out. the EngliiA coile
tion 70) provides that the caid
POE ON WHIST
319
POE ON WHIST
ed. If not discovered un-
land is played out, the
1 error is liable to all re-
lade in consequence. By
irican code (section 19),
rsaries, on discovering the
ly have a new deal, or play
1 out without taking into
the missing card.
Idgar Allan, on Whist.—
cinating tale of the *' Mur-
the Rue Morgue," Edgar
e pronounces a remarkable
pon whist. It is remark-
use it shows a keen insight
finer qualities which go to
a great player, and at the
e betravs the fact that the
ad either no practical ac-
ce with the game, or played
sons who would hardly be
»'hist-players to-day. If
/ed whist legitimately, no
would be able to draw any
onderful inferences whicn
ions from their looks or
monstrations at the table,
uld needs be very clever
nists to enable any one to
)m their actions the con-
their hands, after one or
ris. Notwithstanding these
he passage is worth read-
we give it herewith:
nt has long been noted for
nee upon what is termed
lating power, and men of
€»st order of intellect have
>wn to take an apparently
itable delight in it, while
g chess as frivolous. Be-
ubt there is nothing of a
lature so greatly tasking
ty of analysis. The best
yer in Christendom may
tie more than the best
chess; but proficiency in
plies capacity for success
>se more important under-
?here mind struggles with
mind. When I say proficiency, I
mean that perfection in the game
which includes a comprehension of
all the sources whence legitimate
advantage may be derived. These
are not only manifold, but multi-
form, and lie frequently amon^ re-
cesses of thought altogether inac-
cessible to the ordinary under-
standing. To observe attentively
is to remember distinctly; and, so
far, the concentrative chess-player
will do very well at whist; while
the rules of Hoyle (themselves
based upon the mere mechanism
of the game) are sufficiently and
generally comprehensible. Thus,
to have a retentive memory, and to
proceed by *the book,* are points
commonly regarded as the sum
total of good playing. But it is in
matters beyond the limits of mere
rule that the skill of the analyst is
evinced. He makes in silence a
host of observations and inferences.
So, perhaps, do his companions:
and the difference in the extent ot
the information obtained lies not
so much ill the validity of the in-
ference as in the quality of the ob-
servation. The necessary knowl-
edge is that of what to observe.
Our plfiyer confines himself not at
all; nor, because the game is the
object, does he reject deductions
from things external to the game.
He examines the countenance of
his partner, comparing it carefully
with that of each of his opponents.
He considers the mode of assort-
ing the cards in each hand; often
counting trump by trump and
honor by honor, through the
glances bestowed by their holders
upon each. He notes every varia-
tion of face as the play progresses,
gathering a fund of thought from
the differences in the expression of
certainty, of surprise, of triumph,
or chagrin. Prom the manner of
gathering up a trick he judges
POEMS ON WHIST
320
POEMS ON WHIST
whctlicr the person taking it can
niakt' anDlluT in tho suit. He
rco<ij^ni/cs wliat is plavtMl tli rough
feint, hy the air with which it is
tlirowM upon the t.il»le. A casual
or in-uiviTtent woril; the acci«lental
(lr«»])j)iii;^or turuinj» of a caril, with
thir accoMip.inyiiiij auxii'ty or c.ire-
les nr'-s 1:1 rej^anl to its cinceal-
menl; tlu- counlinj^ <»r the trirks,
with thv ortier of their arraiij^e-
nient; euih.irra^sTuent, hesitati<in,
eaj^erni"«-s or trL-]»i(lation, all atfonl,
to his appaiently intuiiivi- j)eri"ep-
tioii. inil'.oalions of the tnie slate
of alTair*^. The first two or three
rf)nn'ls havini^ \k-l"a }ilaye<l, he is
in full p<»''si"ssion of the e<inleiits of
earii h.iiul. ami tlu-ncefurwanl ])uts
<lo\Mi his canl> with as ahsolute
a precisioM of purpost- as if the rest
of tin- parly liul turne«l nutwanl
the f'.ti'fs Iff tln-ir own. The ana-
Ivlir ijiiwiT sh'>tiM not Ik- con-
f<.n:!Tlr«l wilh ^inijMi" iiiL^e!inily: for
wh:li" the analyst is nrreN-arilv in-
j^eniou^. t!ic i!im:ii«»\is u\ in i> ofirn
rein irkaMy inr.i]).ih'.i.- of analy-^is,
Thi- eiiU'^truet.ive or »'MMil'inin«^
])i>'.vi;r hv w!ii:h the in'/r:uiitv is
ii>u.i;'.v nia:iif«NU''i, .i:!'i l«i wliieh
thr p:i:i.".i'»li»Lri'»t-' 'I I't'lleve errojie-
• •ii-'. \) iiav" asi'^iu'l a •-■.•ii.irato
nrv.' »M. ^n]«p-i^ii;_L; it a ]•!;::! it i vi-
li:'.:"'\, 1ms lii« u »••> tii-iiUi-nllv
-.■•< ". VI til'"*!' u:i«»-e inti-'Iiil hur-
<!■■:■ 1 •■!:;'rwi-*r upMU i-lincy. as to
li. ■'.■■• .:1!t i'.'!'-l ;.;<.- riiT.Ll o^-i 'vatiori
a:: y .[ writr'. i»n irj.iraN. Ile-
l"A ■• •; ::: .■■•::'.i:*y .:t".i1 tip- inaUtie
:i' :■'■. • ■'.■ ft- r\!- 'n .1 «l;:iTi-Mi-i- fir
' ■. v.lni. *.'". iTi :):.it I'dwren
t" : !i.". ■:;<! :!-.c 1::: i.!VMli-iTi. liut
• •f . ': -.7 :.' r \ r: -!ri t!*. aTMl-
]L'-".i-. I: wi'.l I'l- f .'.iTj 1. in f-rt.
th ' t:-.! i:::^'i ni' •■.!•» ar-.- .I'.wivs fan-
« ■. : .!. .t:i I ih:- truly Itm'il,". native
ne'. • r othtrwisi" than analytic."
Poema on Whist. —M \nv rhvi-r.
auii >iMne rc.iiiy j^'mhI, jKieiii.-i have
been written on the noble vjams
j^ames since the early <iii<i an
tious effort of Alexamier Th^m
was first j;iven to the w«irM :n i;
It was an epic, in twelve 1:1:'.
and opened witli the forf«
'* Invucatif>n lu llovle:*'
WhiKt. th€ n. fleh'^htful whisl. rr.\ :'-.
All'! fir>t I'll try lo Iracr il*i \*»- !-..:r»^
Aiwl »hi)\v wh;i*t N.i;;e .mri t.uni;:rl:- --
iniii'l
Oil vf III ih<" wnriil a pli-aMirr ««> Trr.r-
Thtii shall Ihc v-rsj its v.iri .-x* . ■ .
<!i-|>|;iy.
Which 1m .if Ironi cvry ffumc ihr •
away.
Aiitl, \.i'*i I'f all. those ruict ar ! —..^1
ttll
Which Kxve the enricl ;>-jWr 1 • ;
will
Rut fir-t I lor huch Ihc nii>!r 1 - irn- :..•
sIkuI'-
Must I'*- invfjk'd the rcnt'nju« rau*"
nid.
What ]w>w'r so wtll cau «i4 !it Ij*
t'lil
As 111'' litikjlil spirit ••!" iJTiir,..-t-i. H '- ■
Ily wh"-v tnli^hirtril r:\ rX* u.-..«:
As-jJitr. scrinu*. Hcicnlific jjamf
CiJiMf. V.'.tn. v'.y fritii'l. my i*-^ ^rr
Tvy '.Mr \i .
WhtT!- • • Iliy >li.ul.'wv ich »*: -siv :
r« -"i '•
r« rM-iTis . ' .: Tiatin- • v rv rV.i;:^— '.-:
Nil «■%■ ': w:;!i Irith ".ir r:!*i-^ r 1 —
With t ■■.'! T'-iST- I :: V.i.ivt-r* st*.:" ir*'-
Ar-'if I th ■■ l«'.:;t;'i4 l*j»tl». :•■>-,
Sl;!l w.t'i 'l'-:i'^h! ir«. Jnr'ntr jn — r
ifir :«.
Ainl. !J:-" 'l ;ili*-^ n-j m Tr ■• -•! •A«
« -r !■«.
C- "TH tl" •". th- ■!! c'''*^v ■>f r'"" -ir: " •
1 •:; !■•:»■ «:'■ 'iv ' •■r■^•l|^^ -.•* •*■■. ■•» ■ ■ • —
I,' t .i'.'.V..\ -k;.l ::•• :::j. -r:r.^ •..■ r -r
All '. /l t' y /• 1: 'vv T .{.'iirr •.•,•--
Prsi,l#.s Th'tTn<^»n's Urc'-'.' *
s<»nii".\hat ia'mrioii^ !:".r^
li.ivi- ri»!Tie «li»%^n tt» i>s :iji".. :
ha]V'y a:'.nsii.n^ to the 1; t :::■-• ''
the ]»«H"l.-^ wh«» wr«'ti* *-}'. ".'.*. •'
its hirih. .iml Imi H»i\!^ -.w.
Sh ikistH'.ire'* tiftu- thfr*- ■- ;- ■ •
douui liiat the Horks ot ih^i :
POEMS ON WHIST
321
POEMS ON WHIST
tal bard would have contained
e real instead of imaginary ref-
ices to it. (See *' Shakespeare
Whist'*) Crabbe thus de-
\xs a meeting of ardent whist-
lers:
■ed, the fresh packs on cloth of green
thevsee,
, seising, handle with preluding glee.
r draw, they sit, they shufiBe, cut, and
deal,
friends assembled, but like foes to
feel.
raed gives, in almost as few
s, a pleasant picture of a whist-
'cr of the old school:
td was his claret and his head;
irm was his double-ale and feelings;
partners at the whist club said
at he was faultless in his dealings;
at the fiercest quarrels short
th, " Patience, gentlemen, and shuf-
fle."
iron's line, in ** Don Juan,**
owes to Homer what whist owes to
Hoyle.
3t a line, but an immortal one,
withstanding the fact that some
lirers of Hoyle do not agree
I the poet, and claim that wnist
s mw^ more to Hoyle. There
others again who think Byron
t Hoyle too much credit. That
the opinion of the late G. W.
es, for instance. But to come
n to our own day. We find a
i thing on whist among the
ings of the late George T. Lani-
, the humorist, whose fun bub-
l over in "Fables from the
'Id, *' and in many fugitive pieces
"erse which it seems a pity no
has ever collected in book
L His poem on whist is enti-
"My Partner,** and runs as
, when Pre strength in dubs dis-
played,
es on the trumps s sweeping raid,
leads me up a little spade?—
My Partner.
21
When five trumps in his hand there be.
Who dimba a doubtful card p. d.
Q., but aye forces me with three 7—
My Partner.
Who, when he has no trumps to plaj.
Smiles in a calm exultant way.
And drops a four, and then a trey?—
My Partner.
When foemen hold trumps two and three.
Who swings four honors at poor me.
And then asks what the trumps may be ?—
My Partner.
Who at the tide of our afihirs
Commanding two suits helpless glares.
Now holds out mine, and discards
theirs?—
My Partner.
Who, when Pve toiled the game to win.
And am succeeding, with a grin
Trumps my long suit and brings his in ?—
My Partner.
When I hold seven trumps or eight
And ace-king in each suit, elate.
Makes a misdesl as sure as fate? —
My Partner.
Who, when we've jnst sqneesed oat the
odd.
Instead of four by cards, una wed.
Cries, " Pard, we scooped 'em thenP' The
fraud I
My Partner.
The best thing on whist in a
serious vein that we have met with
in late years is the very brief but
memory-haunting poem by Bugene
Ware, entiUed "A Gameof Whut.'*
We give it a welcome here:
I^ife is a game of whist Prom unseen
sources
The cards are shufiied and the hands
are dealt;
Blind are our efforts to control the forces
That, though unseen, are no less
strongly felt.
I do not like the way the cards are shuf-
fled;
But still I like the game and want to
play.
Thus through the long, long night will I,
unruffled.
Play what I get until the break of day.
It is plainly imitated in the fol-
lowing verses, entitled " Life's
Whist," by Edith Keeley Stockley,
POEMS ON WHIST
322
POEMS ON WHIST
which we also take pleasure in re-
producing, if only for the sake of
the compliment to Mr. Ware:
I hold ■ scAttered hand in black and red.
An humble lot— mve for a lonely king
Who, lucklem wifl^ht. will straightway
lose his head.
Nor ace nor trump is here to *renge the
deed:
Yet, sofl— my partner may enforcement
bring!
I'll make no sign, but boldly take thc^
lead— '
Fur this is whist.
Yon hold a hand you do not like, per-
chance.
In thin p:reat game called Life— nor
trump, nor ace,
Nor merry knight to break a gleaming
1.1 nee.
Yet courage still— behind yotir part-
ner's mask
May gleam the merry smilea of Fortune**
face;
Success at last may take *' Faint Heart*'
toUHk
In this— Life's whist.
Among the many bright con-
tributors who have enlivened the
pages of IV hi St, and helped to
make it so popular with lovers of
the game all over the world, are
some who also possess the gift of
poesy, and they have liberally
sung the praises of the great game.
Chief among these may be men-
tioned Margaretta Wetherill Wal-
lace. Her efforts generally com-
t>ine playfulness and seriousness
in a happy manner. As an ex-
ample we may quote her ** Cro»-
Purposcs:"
Oh. my partner has turned short -suiter,
Leailitifc c.ir«ls I do not understand;
With his "eambit" and "top of noth-
ing."
Thnt cut rii(ht into my hand.
With his singleton doubleton, aneakera,
Anrl «uptw)rting cards to hoot;
While he UlU on his knees and worships
The Han-l that haa one Short Sail.
Now his " gambit" is only a gamble.
Top of noihinic brings nothing to me:
While I fumble mv cards I long and agh
For the partner ne used to be.
He aayt ace and Ubb mi
But 1 yearn for the dear Conrtb b
When atler a round or two were pi
I could surely place the
Well! well! thiamidaumi
Like the silver erase will die;
Then we'll play our hands togcchi
My dear old partner and L
A very clever puody wfak
peared in iVkisi for Jnlv,
signed " B. B. C.,'* also dei
insertion here. It is cmllcd
Song of the Pad:"
With firm untiring writi.
With checks a Inminons
A woman aat at a game of whi
Playing as if for bread.
Work, wor^ work.
In the rooms of the warring '*Trii
And stilt with the atreagth of Q
quering Turk
She played at her game of whiA
Play. plav. pUjr.
Throu«:h all 01 the bIIi
And play. play. play.
While orer her beam« the 1
Diamund. and henrt. and spade.
Tenacc— and eke fourchcttr.
Working with aonl an ni
Tb capture "the hntlon'* yet.
With fingers weary and
With hands that have tolled fer
A man sits sewing the hattonaoa.
(Or putting the boy to bed)
Stitch, stitch. Btilch 1
Prickinr with untold shocks
His nngers brown, as witfe f
frown
He toils at hto
Oh ! men with aisCers dear I
Ob ! men with mothers and whe
Bxpect no help from yonr helpmit
While the science of whiM sanl*
Play. play. pUy.
Duplirale, compaaa. all:
And the '-echo** fttes^ aa rtN i«
piles
To her partner's Inslj "
With firm nntirtnc «
With eyea alert for the suifc.
A woman aat at a game of
Playing— aa if for lifc.
Work, work, woffc !
(Oh ! ahade of the late T
Forgive me, do^ far my
And pra J U a^ do
8 ON WHIST
323
POINTS
lotable example in a
offooa vein we must
T, albeit it is some-
but as good as it is
A Rubber of Whist,"
Pike, and appeared
ae of Puck:
tibe bow a man hai to
whist what experts call
csslnc small skill ia the
«e players to make op
ftio
cplain
{nt aod main,
and ooaz him again and
rftors nowhere exist
recmit for a mbbcr of
re ftiUj oonTittccd he^l
shall not be blamed for
-8.
ftoce, pooh-poohing re*
looorace, softpsoap, and
I'll win,
e as sin,
jrou begin.
mt if you'll only cut in r*
adersr-since no turn or
of that rubber of wbisL
rd him the kindest of
their wrath by misdeal-
7 think it no matter for
a horrible crime is ie>
••The was
serere.
Kvage t neir foces appear.
tiey utter— half spoken,
id form for a mbber of
Fsme— bnt he hasn't got
cccds to completely re
ears, in a jargon out-
r Pole and with canons
lewaT
Yoo should pla J
Was as dear as the day.
But yon didn't play so, I'm sorty to
If you'a read a line of the tcacMngt of
Trist,
We'd surely have eaptnred that robber of
whktr*
Oonrinced that he's thought a great fool,
or. at any rate,
Aa imbedle, crank, or some aortof de-
generate.
Our mend most resolvedly swears it's the
lastUme
Hell ever engage in that heart4»eaklag
pastime;
per, oh!
High or low,
Too'U find nothing that's so
Provoking as playing a game yea doa*|
know,
rd sooner eneooater a pagtMaTs flat
Than meet the hard raosof a rabbcraf
whist I
Points.— The tramber of trickg
over six in each hand, scoted or
counted for the side making them.
In the old Bnglish game of Hojrleb
the side first scoring ten by tndka
and honors won the game. In the
modem Bnglish game, the side fixat
gaining five points wins, and eztim
points are also scored i^ix hiffb
scores made insames, as well astor
the winning of the mbber. (See,
*« Rubber Pdints.") IntheAmeri-
can game, points are made t^caida
alone, honors not coonting, and the
side that first scores seven wins.
In duplicate whist the total num-
ber of points made by either sideia
a matcn or sitting is recorded, and
some plajrers score in this manner,
also, at straight whist in this cooa-
Points, ten of them auike a
many as are gained by tricks of
so many poinb are act np to the
Bdwwmil^e{q\
The term applies to both gaoM aad
mbber; a game at abort whist, eoaslsHag
of five poinU; a mbber, of aa j aambcr «
Sviuts Trom one up to eight, indnslve.^
r wmiam CkmftSmnI[L O.}.
Playing fyr points aad playiac for
aratwociillielydiMliS^^ '
POLE, WILLIAM
324
POLB,WILUAM
wbifli, to carry ont which very different
methods of play are necessary.— lytUiam
S. Fenollosa\L, A.], IVhisi.July, 1892.
Polc» William, Muft. Doc, F.
R. S. — This distinguished and
scholarly advocate of the modem
scientific game might properly be
called the philosopher of whist
The books of ** Cavendish*' and
Clay embodied the chief improve-
ments which had been made since
the days of Hoyle, but there was
something wanting still. This was
supplied by Dr. Pcne in his * 'Theory
of the Modem Scientific Game,"
which appeared in December, 1864.
In this essay the author went deeper
than all those who had preceued
him. He emphasized the following
great underlying principle of the
game: The more perfect cultiva-
tion than formerly of the relations
between partners, so as to effect, as
far as possible, a combination of the
hands. He held, also, that the
only system which adapted itself
favorably to the combination of the
hands was the long-suit system —
that of making tricks by establish-
ing and bringing in a long suit.
True, this was one of the well-
known devices of the Hoyle game,
but up to this time it had formed only
a sulK)rdinate part in the play of the
hands, whereas now it was gi\*en
the most prominent position. Tlie
idea of the partncrsnip game had
also l)een previously foreshatlowed
in Ivnj^land and abn)ad. General
d'j Vautr6, in his book, *' G<5nie du
Whist," publishe<I in Paris in 1.S43,
hi'l annininccd that *' the author
It'arhes the mo<1e of playing with
t\v»'nty-Mx canls (as he expresses
it . anrl not with thirteen, like all
tin- rest of the world." Dr. Pole
wfiit farther than all this: he an-
al vzerl, flescriT>cd, and defined the
whole .system of which these and
similar points were only a part, and
evulved out of the scattered ele-
ments of whist a ntioul
and a cohesive whode.
Dr. Pole is a civil engineer,
siding in London. He was boR
Birmingham on April 23, 18 14.
1844 he was appointed by the E
India Company profeaKN- of c
engineering in Elphinittone (
lege, Bombay. In 1847 he retnn
to London, devoting his chief
tention to the mechanical brai
of engineering. From 187 1 to 1
he was consulting engineer for
imperial railways of Japan, and
hia retirement the Mikado bono
him with the decoration of
third degree ( Knight Commanc!
of the Imperial Order of the Ris
Sun. He served on the coundl
the Institution of Civil Engint
from 1 87 1 to 1885, after which
acted as honorary secretary
1895. Between 1859 and 1S67
was also professor of civil engim
ing at University College, Load
and lecturer at the Royal Engin
Establishment, Chatham. He ]
done much scientific work fcr 1
English government. Fran il
to 1864 he served as a men!
of the committee on iron ana
and for some time aa a membrr
the committee on the coopaiat:
merits of the Whitworth and Ax
strong systems of artillery. In t
he was employed by the Ba
Office to investigate the qw
the introduction into the
olis of the constant-aen
of water supply^ and he took
important part in the anbaiqi
pn>ceedings for carT>-ing it B
effect. In 187 1 he was camm
sioned by the War OflSce to rep
on the Martini-Henry breech hi
ing riflea. In 1870 he was appoitf
by the Board of Tnde aa one of 1
metropolitan gas referees* «Ai
position he sSU holds. Be I
acted as secretary (in two tamam
under apedal ■ppninlimm by I
POLB, WILLIAM
325
POLE. WILLIAM
1) to four government com-
>n8 of inquiry, namely, from
x> 1867, to the royal commit-
m railways; from 1867 to 1869,
it on water supply; from 1882
i4, to that for inauiring into
olluUon of the Tnames; and
(5. to a committee on the sci-
museums at South Kensing-
In June, 1861, he was elected
low of the Royal Society of
3n ; he has served six years on
)uncil, and was vice-president
^ and 1889. He was elected
low of the Royal Society of
yurgh in 1877, and a member
e Athenaeum Club, without
(as a scientific distinction),
Pole has done much literary
In whist his first essay (on
Theory of the Modern Scien-
Oame"), as already noticed,
nblished in 1864. It appeared
rmously, but in 1870 a new
n was published, containing
luthor's name. In 1872 an
ican edition was brought out,
ip to this writing (1897) there
been above twenty English
ns. His next book on the
" The Philosophy of Whist,"
red in London and New York,
$3, and is now ( 1897) in its
edition, and has greatly
to the author's already higa
itk>n. as it continues to eluci-
in the most convincing and
tive manner, the great theory
unded in his first volume. He
I that the game which he
ates is *'a compact and
tent logical system ^ of a
/ intellectual and philosophi-
laractcr.** The second part
; book is devoted to the phil-
y of whist probabilities, a
of speculation which opens
leltgntful vista to the scien-
gaze But undoubtedly the
r's crowning work appeared
simultaneously in New York and
London, in 1895. It is entitled
**The EvoluUon of Whist," being
a still further exposition of his
theories and views, and a masterful
review of whist from its earliest
stages down to the present day. He
has carefully studied the principles
and motives which have determined
the progressive changes of the
game, and proceeds on the theory
that the course d whist evolution
may be likened in many respects
to the corresponding process in
biology. In following out this
analogy, he divides the history of
whist into several progressive eras,
each one of which has been distin-
gui^ed by a particular genend
structure or form of game, and he
ItLva stress upon the tkct that each
of*^ these forms has remained in ex-
istence, and will probably continue
to survive. Treated in this man-
ner, whist becomes a most fascinat*
ing study and a noble science.
While we are right in classing
Dr. Pole as friendly to the system
of American leads, it is a notable
fact that at one time he seems to
have doubted the legitimacy of the
modem signaling principle, and
he wrote, m the Fi>rtnightly Re^
view of April, 1879, an argumenta-
tive monograph on the subject.
But, doubtless in deference to the
largely increased popularity of the
system and the eminence of its sup-
porters, he did not put forth this
view in his books on the game.
And here we may appropnately
make mention of his own personiu
play. The greatest writer on the
theory of the game was also a mas-
ter ot its practice in his younger
days, although in his advanced age
he no longer feels himself equal
to his former performances. Miss
Wheelock recently described to ns
a touching incident which oc-
curred dnnng her visit to him, in
POLB» WILLIAM
326
FOLB, WILLIAM
London, in 1897. She repeatedly
urged him to plav a rubber, but in
vain. At last, taking her hands in
his, he remarked: *' My dear child,
I am now like a guide-post on the
highway; I can point the way, but
I cannot follow it myself." He no
doubt feared that one of Miss
Wheelock's ability and reputation
might feel disappointed in his play,
and so he steadfastly declinetl, but
turning to a piano he played some
beautiful music for her instead.
That Dr. Pole has been for many
vears an excellent whist -player,
however, must be apparent to all,
when it is stated, that in 20,000
nibl)ers played, from 1869 to 1893,
he won 526 more rubbers than he
lost, and that the points which he
won exceeded by 3104 those which
he lost. He modestly attributed
this showing ** not to an}* superior
skill in play, but entirely to a
steady adherence to system.*'
Iti 1889 Dr. Pole wrote the article
on whLst for a new edition of Bohn's
**HamMKX>k of Games," and it was
printed separately. He has also
published articles on several card
games in Routledge's " Cyclopedia
of Card and Table Games," 1891.
Among these is " Pope's Game of
Onibre. ' ' Ombre was a fashionable
game which preceded whist. It
was obscurely described by Pope in
his " Rape of the Lock," but Dr.
Pole unraveletl it and wrote a full
description.
B(' sides his writinjp on whist,
Dr. Pole has also published a num-
ber of works on other subjects.
His quarto treatise on the steam en-
gine appeared in 1S44, and his
translation of a German work on
the siinie .sutiject in 1848. In 1864
and 1S70 he published scientific
chapters in the lives of Robert
Stephenson ami I. K. Brunei; in
1872 a treatise on iron; in 1877 the
life of Sir William Fairbam, Bart.;
and in 1888 the life of Sir W
Siemeniw He has alio written
IMpers for scientific and
journals, being a contribai
several periudicala of the h
rank in literatme.
Dr. Pole has also devoted
attention to the study of 1
He took, in i860, the Oxford «
of bachelor, and in 1867 it
doctor of music, and rrmi
member of St John's Colh
that uni^-ersity. He was the
adviser of the UnivernU- of L
in the establishment of wuai<
grees in 1877, *nd afterward
tor twelve yean, the office of
cal examiner in that instil
He has been a public organ f
and was elected an honorwy
of tlie Royal College of Orgi
He is the author of a *' Treat
the Musical Instmmenta ii
Ezhibilionof 1851;*' of the **
of Mozart's Requiem,*' 187^
*'The Philosophy of Mnaic,"
He is also the compoacr 01 i
known eight-part motet 01
Hundredth Psalm." (Sec,
Rhyming Rnlen")
14
««
Dr. Pole Uid down the faadu
prindplcii ofmodcro whtu. sod ka
will cTrr remain the ooramaoae
gmmcM'Au/ [A. .-f.J. /vAr^u^. je
Dr. Pole** took. "The Bvoliai
Whin," ahowm ao immevse aaa
research mnA calm, jwUcial Hfti
facts. He is better fitted ttaa si
else in the world to write the Mn
1896.
This admirable caMyl"'
Modem Sdentiiie Game"]. U a
alone as bU only contribiitkm to ll
ence, would entitle ita antfeor I
warrarat thanks of every lover <
Strae; but Dr. Pole may jmlly
imkclf OB the com position of'si
volume of equal valoe. Tbb !•
Philoaophy of Wbisl.**— W. /> t«
[l^O.], "Et^iuk MUjf."
Dr. Pole is ao well kaom Mass
ity on the tbeorctieal side of
thst It is hardlv innasaii fai
into any detail leapcdtac kta «
to ita mafianT^ ■ •
PONE
327
POSITION
the **Theonr of the Modem 8d-
[»ame," and " The Philosophy of
I exhibit the game both theoreti-
d practically m the perfect fttate
1 It has arriTed during the two
rs that have elapsed since whist
1 a definite shape and took its
name.— "CasnufuA " [L. A.].
B.— The dealer's right-hand
iry, who cuts the cards after
Ave been shuffled.
ards having been properly ahuA
dealer presents them to the pone
t.— ^. F. FosUr [S. O.].
»rtland.*' — A pseudonym
d by the editor of *'The
Table: a Treasury of Notes
Royal Game, by *Caven-
C. Mossop, A. C. Bwald,
s Hervey, and Other Distiu-
i Flairs," a volume of 472
published in 1S94. He is
Hogg, of London, a well-
English writer and pub-
He was bom in Edinburgh,
: II, 1829, where in his youth
associated with his fatner in
the Weekly Instructor.
joently he became sole edi-
:h Thomas De Quiucey as his
.dviscr and contributor. Mr.
was his companion and inti-
MTorking associate for nine
while he prepared the col-
edition of his works. After
lincey's death, Mr. Hogg
led some reminiscences in
r's (February, 1890); uncol-
writings, in two volumes;
)e Quincev and his Friends. ' '
ygg founded Ijmdon Society
t, and edited that magazine
[887. He has written and
many books, but the ** Whist-
' is his only venture in whist.
land Club. — A famous Lon-
hist club, which coopx^rated
he Arlington (since called
Lif) Club and John Loraine
Baldwin in revising the English
laws of whist, i863-*64. The Port-
land was first located in Blooms-
bury Square; then it successively
occupiea quarters in Jermyn street.
Stratford Place, Oxford street, ana
St James* Square, where it is now
housed on tne north side of the
square, at the comer of York
street.
The Portland was the club moet
frequented by James Clay, and
here it was that the members of the
•*Uttle Whist School" (q. v.) had
access to him. The membership
of the club, during its many years
of existence as the whist headquar-
ters of Europe, embraced some of
the most eminent players of their
day. Lord Bentincx, the inventor
of the trump sigual, played there
as well as at Graham^s. ** Caven-
dish" has been a member for many
years, but has not been regular in
his attendance for the past two
years. The fact is, the Portland,
like many other clubs, has been
suffering for some time from an at-
tack of ** bridge," and until the
craze has run its course, true whist
is in a minority there, to the sor-
row of whist lovers.
At the Portland may at this tirae, m» st
any time since its Gpening. be otwerved
the moat skillful of the London caxxl*
players. A di^infcuished peer or two of
great whist distinction still haunt its
rooms. A law officer of the crown, paat
or present, mav now and then be aeen
playing a dashfnjr granie of whist within
itswalls— /f'./* CourtHty [L-\^O.V ^'Eng-
Itsh iVhiu:* 1894.
Portland Rules. —See, "Lairt
of Whist, English Code."
Position. — ^The place occupied
by a player, at the table, such as A,
B, Y, or Z; sometimes also indi-
cated by north, south, east, or west
(especially in duplicate whist). A
ana B are partners against Y and
Z, and north and aonth against
POST-MORTEM
338 PRIVATB CONVBNTIO>
and west. These are the primary
positions at the opening of the
game or sitting, and if the partners
are unchanged, they continue until
the sitting is over. The relative
positions of the players, after the
nrst hand is finished, vary accord-
ing to the deal and lead, which
passes around the table in rotation,
rlavers become first, second, third,
or fourth hand in accordance with
the order in which they play to
each trick, but their fundamental,
or partnership, positions are not
affected thereby, each one remain-
ing A, B, Y, or Z, although play-
ing first, second, third, and fourth
hand on the various tricks.
Post- Mortem. — A colloquial
phrase in whist, meaning a discus-
sion or criticism of a hand or game
that has just been played. In
some clubs a special table is set
aside for this purpose, so that the
discussion will not interfere with
the regular play.
Post-mortems [arc] diacusaions as to
what raifi;ht have been at whiht: some-
times called •* If you hadM."—^. /-. FoiUr
notes of. Is awst csccllcnt
C D, P. HamUtom \U A,\r*Mi
Talkiiis^over the hand a///^ it has been
Inycd is nut uncomnnmly called a bud
nbit, and nn annoyance. I am firmly
persuaded it is one of the readiest ways
of learning whist. — James Clay [/.. O *•].
1;
Practice. — In onler to become a
fine player you must not only be
WfU-grounded in the theory of the
g;inn', but in its pnirtice. Precepts,
maxims, ;i knowlc«lj^»»of the proj^er
leads ami coT^venlional signals, are
nio«»t desirable, but in onler to
mike use of Iheiii it is necessar\* to
j)ul tlieni constant! y into exeeution.
Constant «n«l careful practice, if
p(iNsil)le, with sujwrior players, will
n)un'l out the etlucation of a player.
Tlv-w** who ciire !o play whist well mast
.f/M./i the icnnie, and practice with good
piayrrs. • • • Pla\'1nf( over printed
|{ain«-.s, or hands that you may have taken
Whirt."
••
•I
Principles, 6«fli«ral. — Alth
the rules of whist are snanT
underlying principles of the']
are few and simple. The firM
eral principle is to play to ma
many tricks as possible. Upoi
all schools of whist aie ag
The next ^neral priuciple o
modem scientific school is
The best way to play whist uk
tricks is by means of the pai
ship gome, and this is best
motea bv leading from, estal
ing, and brineing in ^-our long
Another modem principle is
free intercommunication bet
partners, by means of convent
play, is best calculated to ei
them to play their hands as oc
The f^eneral principles of
short-suit school differ fran
afx>ve mainly in this respect: '
believe that, unless jronr long
is especiallv strong, and the
ditions for bringing it in mort
orable, it is much better to let 1
one else open it than yonnelf
Private Coiiv«fitlofW.^Si|E
or arrangements of play prin
a^eed upon, and nndentood 1
by those employing them. The a
efn game, with its conmli
leads and signals, cansed manv (
ers to devise new arrangcnrBi
the canls for their own infomsi
and very often it was feand
teams employed a hmgnage ol
cards which' no one else as
stood. This natnrally led to s
cuKsion as to whether the «■
such arrangements was peiiui*
The controversy began caurh
1894, and lasted nntil the escci
committee of the Aniaican ^
rVATE CONVENTIONS 329 PRIVATE CONVENTIONS
i declared against all pri-
mventions. Its decision was
d b^ the League at the fifth
»s, in June, 1895. At the
1 congress, Put-iu-Bay, 1897,
action was taken eniphasiz-
: position of the League, and
5 the employment of private
tions a cause for protest in
rs. The full text of the rule
\ as amended, is as follows:
e right of contestants to use
ell-known and established
I of play, and any original
I, not given a secret, pre-
id meaning, is acknowl-
but the American Whist
! emphatically disapproves
ate conventions, and aefines
te convention to be any un-
lethod of play based upon a
ecret agreement. It is the
f a contestant to demand of
ponents an explanation of
ystem of play at any time,
during the play of the
ind their duty to g^ve such
ation promptly and fully,
fraction of this or any other
■ whist etiquette adopted by
aerican Whist League shall
« for protest, to be followed
1 penalty as the tournament
ttee or umpire may impose."
rmtc convention is a method of
ich loses its useful neiM the roo-
i nature is disclosed to the adver-
se. F Foster [S. O.].
loC help fee lin 7 that [the question
te conventions] is indeed a quea-
L of usafl^e. not of etiquette, but of
-/».y. Tormev [L. A^.
lee no difference between siirnala
ith cards and those sriven hy fin-
eet, if prompted bv the desire to
fair advantages.— A. A. Richards
], Treasurer Amrrtcan Wkist
>f honor, when they play cards
f .nnother. more especially in an
im1 frame like whist, woufd scorn
I'lt of private sif^nals for the pur>
nininK an advantage.— 7^^oa</rr
iL.A.\.
What ia a private aiirnal 7 Taken In Its
widest meaning, a private signal may be
defined as some act on the part of a player,
other than the play of certain cards, by
which he informs hia partner what lie
wishes him to do. Such a proceeding un-
doubtedly is cheating. -A. IV. Drayton
[Z.-|->4-»-). Whist, June, iiyr
The use of such conventions, the mean-
ing of which is variable and absolutely
secret, dependiqg. for example, on an ar-
bitrary arrangement of suits, I believe
would destroy the game of whist, or
greatly lower its rank. • • • These
methods seem to me beneath the dignity
of the game, and hardly within the pale
of honesty.— /"iM^ Awus [/,. A.\ Whist,
August, 1S95,
Let me • • • remark the three chief
characteristics of a private conventional-
ity. First, it must be an innovation or
contravention of eatabliahed usage. Sec-
ond, it must be baaed upon a secret agree-
ment between partners. Third, it must
be a secret agreement that cannot be de-
tected by logical inference drawn from
the fall of the cards.— fair^iM S. EUiott
[L. A.\, Whist, May, 1894.
Private conventionalities are wroni^
essentially wrong, from both the moral
and legal point o? view. They have been
so regarded by all the authorities from
Uoyle to Hamilton, confirmed by the ac-
cumulated wisdom of whist experts for
over a hundred years. ** We must speak
by the card," and the sentence thus
spoken must be intelligible alike to alL
subject only to the differences in mental
capacity.— C E. Coffin [L. A."].
Our opinion on the subject of new sig-
nals and conventions is tnat they should
be encouraged, provided they are based
on go<xl whist logic and likely to add to
the skill of the game. The true test as
to whether a new convention is of any
f>ractical value ia— will it gain tricks on
ts own merits ? If its success is depend-
ent on keeping the adversaries in Ignor-
ance of the same, it will prove of no ulti-
mnte value to the game.— ff^Au/ {L. ^.],
April, t8g6.
Rvery individual has the right to play
his carda as he pleases. But I believe ft
to be absolutely uniair for partners to
af^ree upon a method of play known only
to themselves, and expressly designed to
mislead their adversaries. " Whist is a
Unguage, and every card played an in-
telliinhle sentence.'*^ Private conventions
render the language intelligible to but
one side, falsify the ordinary meaning,
and are open to the charge o'f dishonest
collusion.— ^o^er/ H. Weems [L. ^.].
I do not believe there is a whist-player
in America who will defend such stulttff-
ing and degrading practice. Suppose,
PRIVATE CONVENTIONS 350
PROBABIUTIBS
for example, that A-B privately »ifnt
that they will reverHe the recognised
siKnification of the convention known ••
the trump reouent. What in the object of
the compact r Fraud ! A contemptible
conspiracy, made with the sint;le object
of reaping mm /air advantage. The sue-
ceHH or failure of a damnable cabal haa no
beariug. It is no arKument in palliation
of the despicable chicanery to contend
that such jockeyism will not succeed.
The marrow of the matter is that the
Sfcrrt code is arranfped for the sinf^le pur-
pose of reapini; advautage due to signals
issuc<I in such a way that partner—owing
to the private understanding— may inter-
pret, and the adversaries be entrapped
thereby.— C /;. P, Hamilton \L. A.].
There are those who show four trumps
by the orij^iiial lead of any card below the
seven, if from a four-card suit: others
who simply lead the king or the deuce to
aunouuce Tuur truiuus. Many have pecu-
liarities of play— auu they are all, all hon-
orable moil — who would indignantly
repudi.ite the charge of using private
conventions, who yet do not feel It neces-
sary or requisite to shout it from the
houM-'tups, nor to inform their adversaries
all about them — idiosyncrasies of play
which are not jmblished in any whist
book, such as l>eiii^ forced bv partner im-
mediately afterward to lead a trump if
having an honor, but not otherwise: or,
taking the first trick in trumps led by
partner orii;in:illy, to lead a singleton in-
stead of returning a trump, as an invita-
tion to ruff Are these private conventions,
or is it legitimate whist strategy ? Isn't
it difficult to draw the line at iust the
right place f-^Anon, Whist, April, 7*96.
As may easily be imagined. Informatory
f>l:iys did not stop at number-showing
ends. The natur.iily inventive American
mind soon contrived other means. Kach
club hud itt whist crank, who lay awake
at nipht Miidying ut> new systems of giv-
ing tnforniation. These were duly ex-
ploited in the card-rnr>m, and aflerabrief
trial wrre de«cril>ed in a letter to tVkist,
or published in some later edition of a
t''xt-t><>ik. Ah time went on these con-
venti'>n:ilities increased to such an extent
th;it it wi«( impn^sible to publiiih them
nil. and •itill more impossible for any per-
son to Ir-srn the half of them. Many were
onfinril to certain localilirs, or known
only in th»- imni<rdiate circle In which
thevoriii^inated Sofrrent and crying was
the' evil that the oflicials of the Whist
I.c;igue were called upon to legislate
axain^t it. and nt the congress of iHiiS
thry flecreed that all pri\-ate convention-
alities were illegal. So far from slopping
their UM*. thih r«lict only prompted per-
son«usinK viich conventionalities to evade
the spirit of the law by making some pre-
tence at imhUcatkni. Tike thns
all. these private con veatioBsha^^
to ne the most malignant eancer tl
fastened itself upon the game o<
and manv think if the knife is
plied to tne evil it will crttainlv 1
game.— ^. F. FotUr [5. O.]. M^mUL
irator.
We have here three fairly well-
stages of the application or the "
understanding^' lo theoommaaia
information between partnerm. T
is absolutely simple, nothing heii
beyond agreeing to give attrntioa
tain rules of normal play, di
either directly to promote inck-n
or to insure regularity and unit:
The second stage Involves what k
" signaling:" It Implies that son
special and abnormal Is to he coi
cated to the partner: bat this is c
ture arising analogically oni uT
play, and Is oommunlcaied bv
sponding modes, publicly know
agreed to. The third, or donUfu
is an extension of the second lo
of an entirely arbitrary charartf
there is now this most important
be observed, that throng hout al
phases of the evolution, even in t
named, the mutual underslandi
been general with all the plam
fail entirely to find any case, til
where it has been even proposed 1
it to a ucrtt nnderstandinK lietwe
partnersonly. • ■ ■ Sncbanai
ment must be considered as a a
contravention or infraction of
fundamental ethical prfnripir
neither party should have a siirrry
advantage over the other. - II U'w
[L. A +f, **Evoluium 0/ HktMi. '
Probabilities. — The proHib
of whist, or the likehoood ol
thing connected with the p
snch as the distrihntion of d
canls in certain hands — happ
a ^iven number of timesv, is 1
jcct which has engaged the
tion of tnanr writers on whis
ginning with Hoyle.
Chance is the operation of <
unknown to tu; by calcnlaiin
ax'eraging a Uiige nnnbc
chances, we arrive at certain ]
bilities which contain more <
significance or inforaiatioo
in<iy be of use in the conduct
gntxie. For instance, it has
calculated by Pole and other
PROBABILITIES
331
PROBLEMS
ree, four, or five cards in a
e chances are better than
lat the suit will go around
With tliree cards in a suit,
lauces are that it wtll eo
three times twenty-eight
r thereabouts in a hundred.
>ur cards in suit the chances
dug around three times are
leven in a hundred. Again,
•3 says: * ' That either player
t one named card not in
and is two to one; five to
favor of his having one of
"e to two in favor of his hav-
e in three; four to one in
r his hanng one in four.*'
ibilities may be arrived at
erience as well as calcula-
Wc know, as a matter of
lat with thirteen cards in
ind it is impossible to divide
itofonr suits without having
one long suit — 1. ^., one suit
cards. Thus is not a proba-
>ut a fact, which was given
isideration by the origina-
the long-suit game. When
sider, however, whether a
lay contain more than one
lit, we are at once in the
of probabilities, and we
•rm an opinion based on
latical calculation, or upon
ons made from previously
ned facts. Pole, for in-
computed that the dealer
hold an average of 3.82
and each of the other three
an average of 3.06. In a
d experience of 1000 deals
Jer*s average was found by
be 3.814; that of the first
.110; that of second hand,
and that of third hand,
J doctrine of probabilities,'*
nery Boardman, in his ad-
summary of Pole's calcula-
** teaches that the dealer
is an average, twenty-five per
cent, more trumps than that doc-
trine concedes to any of the other
players. It likewise teaches that
about four times in one hundred
three of the four hands will be long
in three of the four suits; that
about fifty -eight times in one hun-
dred two hands will be thus long,
while only about thirty-eight times
in one hundred will one hand be
long and the other three short in
any given suit. From this it fol-
lows that about four times in one
hundred any named hand should
contain three long suits; that about
fifly-eight times in one hundred
any specified hand should contain
two long suits; and about thirty-
eight times in one hundred one
long and three short suits. It
furmer appears that, in one hun-
dred deals, each suit of cards
will be divided into about one
hundred and sixty-six long and
two hundred and twenty-nine
short suits, and, conseauently, that
in the same number of deals each
hand will contain about one hun-
dred and sixty-six long and two
hundred and twenty-nine short
suits, each hand averaging one and
two-thirds long suits. With this
scanty amount of information each
player is provided, before examin-
ing his hand, at each deal; and
from this, and the information de-
rived from the tmm^ turned, and
an examination of his own cards,
must the eldest hand determine the
opening lead after each deal."
(See, also, ** Chances at Whist")
Problems.— A whist problem is
an ingenious arrangement of the
cards (either founded upon actual
play or invented for the occasion),
involving some method of play or
other question difficult of solution.
For instance, the cards in a certain
deal are all indicated in a diagrun
of the hands, and the question is
PROBLEMS
333 PROCTOR, RICHARD
how they shall be played so that a
particular hand will win. It may
be that some peculiar forms of
strategy, or a coup or coups, are
necessary in order to arrive at the
desired result, and these the solver
must correctly infer and arrive at
in order to achieve wtory. Fre-
quently a problem is made up of
only part of the cards of a oeal,
and five or six tricks complete its
play. Or, as in whist perception
problems {g. v.), all the cards of one
tiaiid are shown, together with the
first five or six tricks of the play,
and the student is asked to place the
rest of the cards and give the cor-
rect order of their pl.iy.
The late Frederic II. Lewis (^. v.)
was the first to bring double-dummy
problems to perfection, and W. H.
Whitfcld ( q. V. ) is the greatest liv-
ing constructor of such problems
to-flay. In perception pro ol ems an
American, Charles M. Clay (q. Z'.),
stands at the head. (See, also,
" Duke of* Cumberland's Famous
Hand," and ** Vienna Coup.")
A lover of wlii<it ha.H n r(.Tiifrr a^inst
dull an<1 lonely hoiirK, for tlir soIviiik <>(
Vbrhist prohlenis is a most fnocituitiiiK: oc-
cup;itioii, exercising nil <ine*s ability as a
whist-plnyer, brineing out the subtle
jioints of the pl.iy. and KtimulatinK inter-
est in the Kinie. — /fatnft Allen Anderion
\L. A.\. "Home Magaxiner Jnh, iSgs.
All the trumpR nre out. A hun the lead,
nntl wins evrry trick. How <lorR he do it ?
A's hanil. Diamonds -ace. tjueen, knave,
Kix. five. *i»ur. three. Y'h hand: Dia-
moniS — kin»r. eight: clubs— ace. king.
fjiiri-n, ten. nine B's hand: I>iamond» —
s'.-ven. twn; c1u?»«^^:i^;^lt, seven, sia. five,
TiJir Z's hantl: Diamonds— ten, nine;
lif.trts — at-e. queen. *evrn, sia. five. —
U>*tminstrr Mi^era [/.'{).], JVot^mher /,
Stip;»«>-e three hands ot card*, contain-
in j; llM«»: crds in i-arh hand. Let A
V. inw the trump, and let II choose which
hand h'.' ple.ises. A, hnvin^ hi«« choice
o( fith'T of the two other handf. win^
tw'itrirk* Clubs are the trumiM. First
h.4!i<l— ace. kiuK. And Hxof heart«t: aecond
h.iml rpieen and ten of heart.v and ten
o; trumps, third hand — nine of hearts,
ond two aud three of trumps. The first
hand wins of the Meond, the Meon
of the third, and the third wins
^m.—Hcyie [O.]. "7>miue am M^i
I do not place very nnch vaXoc
capacity wnlch enables a man U
oot double-dnmmy problcma witiK
when I consider the applkBtiaa
capacity for whist. Tnc two cas
entirely different, and brlni int
entirely different mental powci
{>roblem at dummy requires qniet
ation; whirt-playtns reqnirea n
calculation of probabilltica froa tl
dence before you, and an acute |
tion as to whether this evidence 11
Ineor false.— /f. M^. Oraymm XL-
*"nu Art of Ptaaumi Wkfur
Proctor, Richard Antlio
Professor Richard A. Proctoi
distin^ished aslrotiomer, b
matician, and whist author,
bom in Chelae*, EnglanH
March 33, 1837, the fourth
youngest son of William Prod
solicitor. His childhood
marked by frail health and 1
ous tastes. In 1 854 he bccsj
clerk in the London ami
Stock Bank, but the following
the opportunity of a nniir
education offered itself, and bi
tered the London University. 1
vear later St. John's Co!leM, C
brid^. He was married after 1
plctmg his second universty 5
and gradusted as twenty-i
wrangler in 1S60. He then
law for a time, but ahandoec
for science in 1863, and der
himself to the study of asttoo
and mathematics, as a diArsc
for his o\'erwhelming grief st
loss of his eldest child. H»
contribution to literature wai
article on the ** Colors of I>o
Stars/* published in 1865. ia
Com hill Mag^axine^ aud in
same year he published his '
bra ted monograph on ** Sature
his System.'* The rrputaiio
won enabled him to make liten
his profession, when the fisilar
1866. of a New Zealand hnX
which he wu a oonndcnbie d
LOCTOR, RICHARD A. 333 PROCTOR. RICHARD A.
, left him entirely depended
his own earnings. For five
he tells us, he did not take
ay*s holiday, so unceasing
is drudgery. His ** Hand-
of the Stars," published in
ind his '* Constellation Sea-
and ** Sun Views of the
•' which followed, helped to
rther extend his reputation,
ight mathematics for a time
private military school at
rich. In 1873 he accepted a
al for a lecturing tour in the
I States, resigning an honora-
retaryship to the Royal As-
lical Society in order to be
Tty for the engagement. His
I as a lecturer was pro-
5d from the start, and greatly
:ed his popularity. He made
id tour of the United States,
a the death of his wife, in
he traveled and lectured in
lia. Returning to the United
he was married, in 1S81, to
Robert J. Crawley, a widow
wo children, and settled at
eph, Mo., her home. In the
'Car he founded the success-
ntific periodical, Knowledge^
don, and continued also to
mtc to other periodicals.
887 he removed his house-
ad his astronomical observa*
• Orange Lake, Florida, and
tember of the following year
i taken ill while on his way
^land to attend to some busi-
Atters. He did not get fur-
iian New York, his disease
there pronounced yellow
which was then epidemic in
I.. He died in the Willard
Hospital on September 12.
lalady was, however, pro-
*A malarial haemorrhage fe-
hia friends. The ** Diction-
National Biography** says of
aonghis many gifts that of a
lucid exposition was the chief, and
his main work was popularizing
science as a writer and lecturer.
Yet he was no mere exponent. The
highest value attaches to his re-
searches into the rotation period
of Mars, and to his demonstration
of the existence of a resisting me-
dium in the sun*s surroundingfs by
its effect on the trajectory of the
prominences. His g^rasp of higher
mathematics was proved by his
treatise on the Cycloid, and his
ability as a celestial draughtsman
by his charting 324, 198 stars from
Argelander's 'Survey of the North-
ern Heavens' on an equal surface
projection. Many of his works
were illustrated with maps drawn
by himself with admirable clear-
ness and accuracy. Versatile as
profound, he wrote in Knowledge
on miscellaneous subjects under
several pseudonyms, and was pro-
ficient in chess, whist, and on the
piano-forte."
He wrote and published fifty-
seven books in all, including his
celebrated "Other Worlds Than
Ours,'* **The Borderland of Sci-
ence," " Our Place Among Infini-
ties," "Myths and Marvels of As-
tronomy,** "Other Suns Than
Ours,'* and " Half-Hours With the
Stars.**
His two books on the game,
"Home Whist," and "How to
Play Whist," won for him a high
place as a whist authority. Of the
latter work he says, in the preface:
"The following chapters on the
theory and practice of whist orig^i-
nally appeared in Knowledge ^ and
there had the advantage of the
criticisms and suggestions of some
of the finest exponents of the game.
These criticisms have, in many
cases, led to important modifica-
tions and improvements. The treat-
ise has no claim to novelty as re-
gards whist prindplet; m fact,
PROCTOR, RICHARD A. 334
PSEUDONYMS
outside of the modem signaling
system, and the absolute rejection
of the singleton lead, there is very
little difference between the whist
of to^ay and the whist of Hoyle
and Mathews.** He was an advo-
cate of the long-suit game and the
old system of leads, and while op-
posed to modem conventions and
signals, recognized the necessity of
learning them, in order to play
whist successfully.
Mr. Proctor's book conUinH forty
games, carefully annotated. Biffht or
these are original, actual hands supplied
by that (ine player, the late F. II. t^ewisk
accompanied by his own interesting and
valuable notes. The manual is one that
should l)e in the hands of every real stu-
dent of the uoble game.— ''7)k< lykut
James Innes Mlnchin, in the Academy
for iH8s (volume 37, page 12K). conftiders
that Mr. Proctor*s method of treating the
leads, while not so easy, perhapn, for the
learner n^ the author considers it, is one
well calculated to impress the meaning
of the leads. The learner, under older
methods, is apt to consider the proper
leads empirical, " whereas, in fact, they
are fonncted on principles evolved from
the long experience of whist-players,
which only personal experience can en-
able the tvro lo grasp."
He [N. B. Trist] also plaved a whole
aftcrn<x>n with the late Richard A. Proc-
tor, the celebrated astronomer, a writer
on whi<<t of some repute, and a geni.il
gentleman. His play did not come up to
Mr. Tri-t'A expectations; he had a sin-
giilar w.ty of virting hiNcard^by putting
each suit separatelv between the'fingersof
his left hind. This)iabit certainly denoted
an unMi*-picious dinpositinn, lor any one
at the table could count the number of
cariU in s\\\\.% as sandwiched between his
(l-ilitN-r: .s". BouUher [L. A.\ "H'kui
Kich.inl Anthony Proctor was an en-
thusiastic whist-player, whose talents at
t'-.r viiime were not inconsiderable, though
th« V mikrht hiive l>een enhanced had he
jij'.iied m one of the established cluba of
i^Midtin in playing with experts worthy
of R>>i«ociatiun with him. • • • {He"l
w:t- for snme ttme a supporter of the
liitf*>t developments, and of the ideas of
the Americans, but he (gradually altered
his IxjMtion until he rejecte«l them alU>-
t:eth*r with fierce expressions of aoorn,
Bft iiulv'— W. /*, Comriwev [L-¥0.l
Progf— iw Duplicate Whi
See, «* Duplicate Whist. Pre
nve."
Vfo^jrmmahim Pours. — ^Tk.
four players each, which
against each other in a progn
duplicate whist match. (See,
plicate Whiat, Schedules for
wg.")
Prograasivo Pairs. — la a
gressire duplicate whist mafc
pairs which participate aad pb
accordance with a icheduk
ranged in a manner which i
lishea records for paiim.
** Duplicate Whist, Scfacdok
Playing.")
Prograaaiva Whial. —
" Drive Whist.*'
Protactlva Diacard.— TIk
card from a long suit, in ord
keep intact the small cards 1
guard higher caida in
•• Pruaaian WhtaC'*
nineteen or moie variations o
shoots of whist which have
traced up to date. "Pkn
whist** is ordinary whist, with
difference: The dealer does
turn up the last card dealt
tnmip, but the eldest band
leader, cuts a tmmp frotn thr
pack, which the third hand ihi
and presents for that purpose.
el im mates from the game
knowledge of any tmmp ia
hand of the dealer, aad the i
ence which such kaowlc^ge hi
the play.
Paaudonyma of Whioli
—Fictitious namca, abbfctisli
or initials under which
whist wrote and pal
articles or hooka. He
the more familiar
[ereiaal
:KENBUSH, EARLE C 335
QUBBN
id, together with the names
uthors who aasumed them,
t time of Hoyle down to the
day:
airal."— James Bnmey.
larius." — L. d' A. Jackson.
Short." — Anne Laetitia
ebs."— E. A. Carlyon.
I.'* — Waller A. Lewis,
tain Crawley," — George F.
endish. * ' — Henry Tones,
e of Clubs."— Richard A.
iV. P."— George W. Pettes.
itenant-Colonel R"— U. C.
y-
or A."— Charles B. Coles,
or Tenace."— George W.
pil." — Matthias Boyce.
ibridge."— John P. Hewby.
land." — James HosK'
mp, Jr., A."— William P.
a
inps." — William Brisbane
can bushy Carl<.*C.— A well-
teacher of whist in Wash-
D. C, where he is also one
*ading players of the Capi-
ircle Club. Mr. Quacken-
s bom at Marietta, Ohio, in
d has played whist from his
X He began to study the
ientificaily about the year
ben he joined the above-
ed club. He does not teach
9fes9ionally, being engaged
al estate business. He was
k1 to take up teaching, as a
e, in 1894, at the soliatation
oal friends.
. — Any four cards in se-
Major.— The highest four
. sec|uence; the ace, king,
iid jack of any suit
Ou««n.— The third highest card
in the pack; one of the honors,
court cards, or face cards.
Accordinfl^ to the old leads,
queen is ledonly from queen, jack,
ten, with or witnout others, except
in cases of forced leads, when it is
also led from queen, jack, and one
small one; from queen and two
others, not including jack, and
from queen and another, whatever
it may be.
In the system of American leads,
the lead of the queen indicates a
suit of five or more; but the queen-
leads collectively have been con-
sidered the least satisfactory, be-
cause of the uncertainty of tiie
information as to chaimcter of suit
conveyed upon the first round. The
original lead of queen may mean
any one of three combinations, viz.,
ace, king, ^ueen — more than four
in suit; king, queen— more than
four in suit; or queen, jack, ten —
four or more in suit The Hamil-
ton mo<Hfications (accepted Irj^
many first-class players) simplUj
the oueen-leads by leading ten in-
steaa of ^ueen from queen, jack,
ten; and in order to do this they
take the lead of ten away from the
king, jack, ten combination and
lead fourth best from it instead.
iSee, "Hamilton I^ads.")
In the Howell (short-snit) trt-
tem, the original lead of queen in-
dicates the supporting-card jgame,
and not more than two in suit.
G. W. Pettes added to the Amer-
ican leads of oneen two more of his
own, viz., leaa queen from qneen,
jack and two oelow the seven:
also, from qneen, jack, nine, and
two or more.
When queen U led origlnftlly. the com-
binations may t>e ace, king, qneen, witk
at least two amall; or king, queen, with
at least three amall; or queen. knaTC. ten,
with one or more small. In no other esse
Is the leader's partner nncertaln as to
which of three comhiaatk>ns has keen
QUINT
336
QUITTED
opened. It haa. therefore, been proponed
— and the proposal is certainly ingeuious
—to lead ten from queen, knave, ten, and
HO to reduce the queen-leadii to two. But
in order to render thin action eflectlTC the
lead of ten from kinx, knave, ten, etc.,
must be dropped, and the lead of fourth
best substituted. Then, every high-card
lead will convey definite information to
partner of one of two altrrnatives; the
first lead may often decide between them,
owhifc to the fall of the cards, or to the
cardn held by partner in the suit led; in
default of tliis. the card chosen for the
second lead will always decide.— "CatvN-
disk*' {L, A,]^ Scrtbtur's Magaxint^ July^
1897.
As far back as Kebmarv, 1884, " Caven-
dish" wrote to me as follows: * Prom
kins, queen, five in suit, might not queen
be Ted? If queen wins, coutinue with
small. This cannot be queen, knave, ten
lead, or knave would be the next lead: so
it must be something else, viz., king,
queen, mure than four in suit. • • •
This may also necessitate reconsideration
of len«lH from ace, kinjj^, five in auit. If
ace is first led. then kmg. leader has at
least three small ones; this lead has often
been proposed, but at present the best
players I know think the immediate de-
monstration of ace, king more important
than the declaration of number.** Al*
though his conviction grew stronger
every day that these leads were right, in
fact, necessary, as adjuncts to the un-
bl'Kking play, yet so great is his respect
for British CDnservatism, that four vears
elapsed before "Cavendish" furmaliy re-
commended them in print, which he did,
"in fear and quake" (.is he afterwards
acknowledged) in three Field articles, the
first appearing Mav 12. ihs"). To his great
surprise, however, his fears that these in-
novation s would meet with violent oppo-
sition proved grounilless. In the Field of
I)ecemt>rr 38. 18H0. he says: " I find that
the«<e leads are adopted all over the king-
<loni. not only by the minority, but tiy
players to whom' American leads are a
s*-aird iKKjk, snd who never dream of un-
t.l.H-kini' '-.v. A. Trist [L. A.]. Hatpet'i
Quint. — Any five cards in se-
quence.
Quitted. — A trick >:athcrcd and
tiirni-(i 'lown on the table is quitted
as soon as the fineers are removed
from it. At duplicate whist, it is
qiiittt'd when each of the four play-
ers has turned down and removed
his finders from the card played
by him.
According to the Amcricai
(section 37), where a trick has
turned and quitted it mnit
again be seen until after the !
has been played, and a vioUtic
this law subjects the offender'i
to the same penal t}^ as in case
lead out of turn — i. r., a suit
be called from him or his ps
the first time it ia the turn 01 c
of them to lead. The English
(section 91) allows any pUrn-l
the last trick turned. Previo
the enactment of this code, in
however, there seems to have
a distinction made between
and short whist, in repud to
point At short whist the pi
was not allowed to see the
trick. Deschapellea, in his !
said: *' You cannot insist upas
ing the last trick upon the pria
recognized at long whist.'*
There has been no real Improvcwi
whist aince the time of Mathews 1
tMrlieve there never will be aa loaffi
moat pernicioas cnatom of aUon
man to look at the Uat VrtA csi
'•Ftmb9tdge"\L'¥0.], HTaimnmgkf^
Decembep i. IB7S.
The continued exialeBee of lit
which allows a player ** to act tti
trick turned" ia greaily to be depm
It tends to fnater a spirit of inaBcat
the game, and to diaooaragc the 9m
of the student of the game who Id
the fall nf the cards wiA fittislc kaa
of observation. • • • Piasa.ii :
Watson, in his treatise ob ** Sheet W
went BO far aa to aay. "Yoa eas*
mand the sight of the laal trick si
whiikt: the longs sanctioned iLaai
tinue to do so." and Walaoa JaUlj
"It is a mockery upon the gaat 1
implies the greatest attentioa as t
ceed«. and the sooner it is allogHhc
rid of the better."— If*. P, OmtSm
('.]. -Knghsk H-kiU."
In the lint cditioa of "The Ai
Practical Whl^t" I referral to th« 1
annoyance caused by noohaerraal
er«. who were perpeliially
look at the last trick, and I r
law 91. Knglish code, eaiirti
club that put a penalty on lookiacs
last trick was. I believe, a whMl a
Melbourne. Auslmlla. Any plaisv
Ing to look at the Uat trick was iam
By the AaetisBa esds, Iv
LAILROAD WHIST "
337
II
RAILROAD WHIST "
trick has be«n turned and quitted
lot again be seen until after the
a been played. A violation of
tab|ects t lie offender's side to the
lalty as in case of a lead out of
This law is a fn'eat improvement
I, English code, and it is to be
liat means may be found for
the American law in the Bng-
ne.— /<• IV. DraysoH (/.+><+],
'jaws and IVhist iJecisions.^*
liroad Whist."— Whist as
ly played by travelers on
, trains to while away the
of a journey; whist played
and without strict adher-
the rules and niceties of the
In making up a table on the
very miscellaneous assort*
f players frequently comes
urface, and the whist played
lently does not rank veiy
In many instances it is
l^ht bumblepuppy, as ** Cav-
' discovered, much to his
lent, daring his first visit
»untry. He took the trou-
>t down a hand in which he
ated on a train between
Haven and Detroit, August
and it was published in the
)cr number of Whist ^ to-
irith his humorous descrip-
tbe scene, as follows:
le Stranger (afterwards Mr.
—Play whist, sir?
-Yes, I play a httle, some-
(only two initials) — We
ree players on board, and —
-Oh ! I shall be pleased to
—Pleased to meet you, sir.
le is North.
(stands up and shakes
-Pleased to meet you, Mr.
My name is Jones.
I — Pleased to make your ac-
Dce, Mr. Jones. ( Self is in-
i to Messrs. East and South,
formula, handshaking,
to make your acquaint-
tc). We put in a pretty
tough game, I guess; run long stiits,
play calls and echoes any way. We
go by G. W. P., most times. We
do not agree with the latest * * Cav-
endish" notions.
Self— Oh ! indeed. I am afraid
I shall be no match for you. (All
sit down to the table) . Do we cut
for partners ?
North — No, play as we are.
Self— Very good. Shall we cut
for deal ?
North — Oh ! no. Any one be-
gins dealing. 1*11 deal. (Begins. )
Self— Excuse me, I have not cut
the cards.
North — We never cut Just take
the deck as it is.
Self — I see; saves time. Very
well ; good idea. ( North completes
deal and throws down a heart )
[Then follows the hand, in which
"Cavendish" (west) plays the
Deschapelles coup. The score is
love-all; hearts trumps, and east
leads; the underscored card wins
the trick, and the card below it is
the next one led:]
J3
1
1
2
3
4
8
6
7
8
0
ID
11
12
13
Baat.
South.
West
North.
3#
6#
40
^ J
J #
KO
^ 5
30
^ 6
44
50
OO
4 A
Q4
2 4
AO
K4
A.4
20
fO 2
70
^ 3
^ q
J 0
47
4 J
80
lOO
^ 4
60
^ a
^ o
6 #
7 ♦
42
4Q
^ K
^ A
44
^ 7
4K
43
4 8
43
4 ID
4 6
4 0
10 4
a ♦
Score: N-S, 4; ^W, 9.
• RAILROAD WHIST '•
338
REFORM CLUB
[" Cavendish V* remarks on the
plav follow:]
I'rick 2. — The return of the spade
is terrible.
Trick 5. — The return of the dia-
mond is equally terrible.
Trick 8. — North's best chance is
not to trump this trick, but the re-
sult would be the same. South
should discard another club.
Trick 10. — The Deschapelles
coup. West can count only two
clubs in his partner's hand. If one
of these is the queen ( as it hap{>ens
to Ik'), and the ace wins the acing,
the spades may be brought in.
The IX'schapelles coup can be
defeated by a goo<i player, if he re-
fuses to win in the suit, holding the
ace. The tactics of the leader are
to force out a high card bv leading
his highest, irrespective of number.
The tactics of tlie adversarv should
be to retain the commanding card
until the leader's partner is ex-
hausted. If in the alx>ve case south
lets the king of clul>s go he brings
in the clubs, and the result would
be, north-south, 6; east-west, 7. If
south had kept another diamond at
trick eight he could have brought
in his partner's diamonds, in case
of his holding smaller clubs than
ten, nine. The precise value of
south *s clubs in actual plav is not
known, as the last two tricks were
thrown down.
Whftt \% termed "railmnd whist" «in
tie «uniinr<I iii» in one brief sentence:
" Iliirrv up anitdenl. Yiiirrvit^) and play."
—('hatUi S. Houhhet \U A.\.
" I) 1 you play wtiint. *ir *" inquired an
inlivi'iiial of ni«)->l revpcctable appc.ir-
nn'-f. who, can!* in h;in«!. npproaclied a
uciitlrtn.in enjoying his ci^ar at the
rr.ir «f the )tinnklni;<cnr. *" Crrtainly,"
w.is 51k- Tf piv. •• All riichl. Will \-ou join
til" ia'»le> \Ve want one nvire." "Do
V'lii all play a R'kmI ^nme?" aaked the
;:'.iitlrnian. "Oh, yes; they're nil firat-
riitc Wr always plav on the train; aorae-
tinu-H all the may to New York T' "I
would enjny a Brood fcnme," aaid the iren-
tlc;uan, " ImU allow me toaak, a* there is
a dUTerence of optaion npoa ttaei
tera, do yoa yAaj the call and ccl
hold the twelfth Bod thlrtcvnth foi
poae ?" " The what r* asked the 1
applicant. "Do yov aomctimes
ace. knaTC, or throw the lead to ai
tenace ?" " The which ?*■ " Do yw
your leada from loar auita. aad ft
cial attention to tae manacetBi
tnimpar* ** Oh ! yea, yea ! I uadc
now. We cat for tramp, and thca
it into the pack and deal.'*— ^ M
[A. A. /*.], '^Ameriemn Wkiu iUmU^
It ia notorioua that railroad w
invariably learned by car aad pla'
main atreagth, aad althooch its dc
aver that in iu wcakenini edecu
the mind it ia not to be compared
habitual peniaal of the eveaii^
papem. \-ct the fact remaiaa that
preaent form it haa become aa iaiol
nniaaace to the rest of the world,
ment upon the nae of "nnfit
** douMe ruflk.*' and false cards (th<
dple beini? that von thereby dcceii
enemies and only one friend) is pi
unnecessary: while 10 far as a m
concerned. It is Renerally agrred tl
(iisffrace lies in bciaie caaaht. Ia la
whiftt. or " whii." as it miaht matn
erly be called, it la a cardinal asi
pLiy as rapidly aa noaaiMe. aad II
cover up occasional raistakea *
But thill ia amall beer comparvd wi
railroad trump signal. ■ • •
Wsterloo. it is who shall pooiid the
eM. Given s smokinK car. wkh als I
of whist In progress, aad the " thi
signal, aa it has been feUdtoaaly at
becomes a perpetual source of aaao
and alsrm to timid pcopla aad nc
old RentlemcB.— /far/tfr'i Wmkir,
30, 1996.
Rank.— Size or value; at. the
of the cards At whisL Tlie kiB|
instance, is a laxver and more ^
able card than the aneen, aad
sequently ranks higoer.
Re-Entry^ Card off. — A
which will win a trick, and a
the plavcr to regain
the leacL
Rcffbrm Club. — A fanu
don clnb in which wfaiai has i
iahed for the pait fifty Tcan
was at this clnb that Geacral C
played and won a nit>bcr ag
MMne of the fiacii plajcn t4
ElEFUSING A FORCE 339 RETURNING THE LEAD
rhile being entertained on his
ey around the world.
using a Force. — Declining
up a trick when able to do so
pportunity offers. It means
oa want tramps led, or are
to place the lead, or want to
the thirteenth trump, with
to regain the lead at the
' time (having no card of re-
and bring in your suit
Ang.m force depends on jrour hand,
peSally on your partner. It is
fly received as an axiom that you
never refuse a deliberate force
rood player.—^. F. Foster \S. ai,
Mt^. — A name for duplicate
adopted by R. P. Foster,
It generally used.
theory of duplicate whist, or re^
I we shall in future call it is that
ly of each of the competitors, be
iba. teams, pairs, or individuals,
• contrasted with that of the oth-
living to each the same cards, with
le advantages or disadvantages of
a at the table, an equal number of
-R. F. Foster \S. a], ''DuplicaU
imd IVhtst Siratetyt'* tS94.
ounce — To renounce is not
ow suit, but to discard from
1 suit instead. A renounce is
r if vou have none of the suit
iced; but having the suit, and
; to follow suit from it, consti-
lie revoke. In the English
in order to guard against the
», a player is allowed to ask
rtner whether he has any of
it renounced. In the Amen-
ime no such question is per-
l, for reasons which are given
*' Revoke." In duplicate
(law^), a player may ask
▼eiBanes if they have any of
lit renounced; but the ques-
itablishes the revoke, if it is
rtner who has renounced in
When your partner renounces a tull,
never faif to ask him whether he is sure
that he has none of it. If he revokes,
and you have neglected this precaution,
the niuU is as much yours as it is hia.—
Jawus Clay [^ C7+].
Rctiirnlfig the Lead. — Leading
back the suit led, particularly your
partner's. It is highly important
to inform the latter of your
strength or weakness in the suit, in
order that he may calculate how
many cards in it the adversaries
hold. It is a universally accepted
rule to lead him back the lowest, if
you held originally four or more,
and the highest if you held origi-
nally but three. Holding the mas-
ter card you return it to him first
of all, irrespective of the number
you hold. Holding second and
third best, return the second best
Unless you have trump strength
enough to lead them, or hold the
master card in partner's suit, it it
well to lead from your own beat
suit, and thereby inmcate it to him,
before returning his original lead.
Of course, if partner is making
a forced lead, or leading from evi-
dent weakness, you do not return
his lead, but play your own hand.
Not a word xs said about return-
ing partner's lead b^ Hoyle, whi^
would seem to indicate that there
was no general rule in his day, and
that the idea of partnership in
the game was not yet fullv devel-
oped. Payne, who published his
** Maxims" shortly after Hoyle'a
death, gives but three lines to this
important subject. Writing in
1770, he says: '* In rettiming your
partner's lead, plav the best yon
have when you hola but three orig-
inally. ' ' He does not say what the
player is to do when holding more
than three, and "Cavendish**
thinks that from his curt way of
putting the matter, no serious value
was attached to the propositioB.
RETURNING THE LEAD 340 RETURNING THE I
Mathews, in 1804, is also very brief,
saying: *'With three, return the
highest; with four, the lowest of
your partner's lead. ' ' Neither does
he give any reason for this advice.
It was not until after the middle
of this century tliat the theory of
returned leads, or returning part-
ner's lead, emerged from this crude
and unsatisfactory condition. There
is no reference to it in Bolin's
** Hand-book of Games,*' published
in 1850. ••Caelebs," in 1858, has
the following observation: **\Vith
less than four originally of part-
ner's aggressive lead, there is rarely
any profit in finessing; in any
event, the next highest should gen-
eral ly be returned ."' * * Cavendish' '
interprets this to mean: "Having
three of partner's suit do not
finesse, and, having played highest,
return the higher of the two re-
maining. The word * generally,'
however, shows there was no con-
stant rule in 1858, even at the Port-
land Club, from which the author
dates."
It remainetl for ** Cavendish"
( *' I^ws and Trinciples of Whist,"
1862) and Clay ('* Short Whist,"
1864) to lay down and explain a
positive rule for the return of part-
ner's lead. ** Cavendish," in H'Aij/
for April. 1S97, in commenting on
Clay's remarks on the subject, says:
"He [Clay] gives the rule, return
liiy^hcst of three, lowest of four,
and notes the exception in the case
of hnl<Itn}r the winning card, when
it is to be returned irrespective of
nuiiilMT. He then pn)ceeds: 'The
fon-j^oinjr is. of all similar rules, to
my luincl the most important for
till' ohstn-ance of whist-players.*
He nt'xt gives the theor>', and ex-
plains how * careful attention to
this mle ♦ ♦ • assists your
partner to count your hand.' It
seems strange that up to this period
writers on whist either ignored
such an elementary rule al'
or put it as one to be obaei
casual sort of way, or 1
briefly and without comoi<
** But the rule ia not wit
ceptiona, and it mar be ifc
ception of jpoMible es
induced caution. It is
now to examine what are
to be all the exceptions.
"The winning card is <
returned without regard to
This is so obvious, if yon
win tricks, that it can b
deemed an exception.
" Holding second and t)
and a small one, the retni
second best, for two reai
keeping the high cardSt \
suit may be blocked if he ,
more than four; or, if nsr
from a long suit of wcax ri
return of the small card nu
fourth best and best ti
against It is perhaps a sC
language to call this mode
an exception.
" When partner's lead i
from a suit of more tbss !
you held four originsUy, im
cards that may block, rrti
highest. Til us: north's ki
three, second hand plav*
south plays king; fomth
phiz's seven . I n tnc oonne 0
all the trumps come oat, ■■
clear that neither csH sei
would have been justified n
mencing a trump call is *
suit. North may, tbcftfii
credited with the two of hi
and with liaWng led froa i^
is now south's lead. Hit ^
holding was king, knsve.tei
He should return the ksi^
complete the illustration. *
nortti's original holding w«*
eight, six, three, two; tbil
having played the §omr, K
with ace, nine; that north I
card of re-entry ont of Us 0"
HUSO THE LEAD 341
REVOKE
ooth has a card of re-
•nit east will probably
it of thia ia when aecond
enounced north's origi-
[t may then be right to
trengtnening card with
two of the suit remain-
will generally be a quea-
pnent, and no mle can
m,
partner'a lead ia a high
eking with four in suit
i on the first round. It
irertheleflB, be borne in
he higheat of those re-
s to be returned, aecond
lia ia such a well-known
r, that perhapa the word
hardly apphea.
ia one other exception
Deemed with the trump
% if not altogether. It
ingan estabHahed auit
partner holda none, if
ids a trump, and you
able card of re-entry in
I not in any other suit,
rumps originally, return
trump, For example:
I say oiamonds from ace,
re, nine, with or without
follow suit to the ace.
mond next led, south
howing he has no more
and fourth hand wins
Spades being trumps,
leads hearts or cluos;
OS the lead, and leads a
p. North's holding is
re, and one small trump;
ave; west wins with ace,
ither a heart or a club,
I wina. North has no
d of re-entry other than
ompa. It is so necessary
have the lead after the
d of trumps, that he
m the small trump,
rrson to rules loaded
itkma is well known.
But, of the five ezceptiona noted,
it ia doubtful whether three, bdng
mlea of play, can properly be
clatscd aa 'exceptiona.' Theother
two are certainly exceptional, hot
they depend on the tall of the
carda, and can only occur afterthe
whole acheme haa been declared.
All whiat-plaj^era know well that» at
late periooa oi a hand, all mlea of
play may frequently be departed
nromwith advantage." (See, alio,
" Pour Signal," ** Tramps. Retnm-
ing," and ** Unbloddng.^')
On psrtaer's origlaml lead, la plaia
•nits, wittBiM with at low a canf at a
queen, avokl (if nnmerically weak) r^
tttminfc the Mtit, nnlcis holding a higher
card. It ia even mote desirable to reEani
an advcTMiVs lead. — iToIr UHkithek
{L. ^.]. "m^mRMUt** SteorndSdUim.
There is scaicehr any more obnoaioas
mle at whist than that which many good
plavers of their own hands insist npoa,
that partner's lead ihonld almost at once
be returned. The player who always re-
turns your lead at once, is more annoy-
ing even than the one who, when the
rigat time has come for returning it. in-
■ista on keeping to his own s^— Af. A.
jycdor [L, a].
R«v«ra« Dtecard. — A. W. Dray-
son, in the fifth edition of his '* Ait
of Practical Whist," laya down
thia rale: '* When discarding and
wishing to give the opposite mean*
ing to ue usual diacara indication,
reverse the order, that ia, aignal,
and it indicatea the reverse <» the
usual discard."
Many of our best players who are not
using Drayion*a • • • rrverte dis-
card, rignal to show ttrength in that suit.
^XaUWksekKk [L. A,i ^' Hnkisi Rukt,"
Some players use what is called the re*
Terse diaoard; a signal In one suit mean-
ing wcakaew in it, and an iuTitation to
lead another. Thia avoida the necessity
for using the good suit lor rignaling par-
poaet.
^mtokm.^A revoke ia a renoimoe
in error not corrected in time. It
REVOKB
342
RBVOKB
consists in playing; a card of an-
other suit while holding; a canl of
the suit led. and not correcting; the
mistake before the trick is turned.
To thus hold back a card that
should be played, and play another
in its place, subjects tne plajrer to
the heaviest penalty there is in
whist. The English code is par-
ticularly severe, entailing a penalty
of three tricks, which the non-re-
voking players may exact in any
one of three different ways. The
American code provides for a pen-
alty of two tricks to l3e taken from
the revoking side and transferred
to the score of the non-revoking
placers. The revoke must l>e
claimed before the cards are cut for
the next deal. In duplicate whist
a revoke cannot be claimed after
the last trick of the deal in which
it occurred has been turned, and
the scores of that deal have been
recorded.
Wc hnvr no hcftitation IndecUrinf^ that
there i« no circiini<»lHnce which tend* to
morr confusion in wliisl than a reTc>kc.
II is RUoKi'ther rcpiienant to the princi-
ples of l he (rame. Thin fault reqaireft a
•evere chasiinemf:ni.—l}escMa/€l£es [O.]^
"iMU'sr Section 8.
A player revokes when he fails to follow
suit, though iihle to doM>, or when he re>
fuHf j» tf) a.>mply with n i>erformahle pen-
alty. Thr term i< K'*nera11y confined to
tnifn)>iiiK n suit of which the player *till
hol'lH one tir moreoardit.— Val. W. Stattus
{S. O.]. 'ShortSHtt Whist."
Revnken are not half ao frequent aa
they were wht-n playera relied on their
pnriners td help |trntfct them byaAkinjf
if they had no nu>re of the ault. Kelf-re-
linnc'-'i- .n much j^rrater protection from
rrror tliati r«*]i:inre on other*. — Cautus
*\f. I\itnf\ I. A.\. U 'h tit, l)tt ember. iS^.
I am awarr r>f the fact, howrrer, that
s>>mr-time<» {teople have queer notiona
a!Miul thr niornlity of certain thlnir*done
at thr rnrd-tatile. P(»r In at a nee. both
I»e<Thrip<-Ile« nn<l Carlyon contended that
onr cniilil not revoke on piirpoite, but
aHf r liaviPK dune k» inadvertently it waa
pr rf rrt 1 V prone r to make a aecond or third
revokr I'n 1 infer to conceal the firat—T)!*^
4owt Sckwaru \L. A.\,
By the Bnirlbh eode, cither <
penaltiea may be eoacted fat a
viz.: the non-revokinir plajper^ '
three to their acore. tney ma*
three from the aeore 01 the rerok'
era, or they may take three tn
the revokiaff playera and add
their own. By tne American <
n, there ia only one penally,
'^'tranafer of two tricka from
▼oking aide to their adveraarica
■f(ain. ia a conaMerahle redurta
penalty, and ia nore thaa one
may be no penalty at all. For «
auppoae l>oth aidea are at the
four. One aide wina three by can
wina game, the value of the gai
three; but it ia ftmnd the other
revoked. The reiroklng aide ia
Buffer for thia revoke, aa the a«
two tricka makea no dlfl^eae
would alao bold good if the 1
plasrera were at any other aeorr
oon-revoking player* wi>n game
the aid of the penalty f«ir tkr
CoiiaideriDK how frequently ■
faiU to be dlacovercd. I think th*
should be very aevere.— ^ W
jwaj."
We now come to an Importaa
the penaltv for revoking, wUcT
Draywn thinka too lenient.
leaa ae%*ere than the Bngllah rr-
two cnnaea: (1) Becanae the 0^
following aa they did all ths
reviaion. the line of ilmpliftcz
away with all optional alteraav
tiea:' (t) bccauae It waa dea
compenaation ahould be aii^
withdrawal of the right whkr
formerly had of aaking Mm
whether he had any of the aatt
by him— a nerve-trying ni
w'e were glad to have Ine 1 .
abate I can well undrrviai
that thia riieht mnat aund '
abort. honor<oonting game ai
a detected revoke muM. in a ts
ca^ea, be equivalent to the T
game. The comnrittee havii
adopt but one penalty, and II
one, the queation arose, winch
it be' The one providing fpr
lion of pitlnta from the
offendera waa dlami*
legislation to Interfere
anil Mvnrlng a little too mi
auch a caw aa given by
of vindictlveneaa, by mnnlum '*
erally reprobated act of "rtfik:^'
when he ia down." Of the t ^
ing penaltiea (and after arr^
aitlon) the one uruaiding far S*'
of two tricka waa adopted. I ■ >
ion. much the better penalty «Mi
ELHBINART, JOHN
343
RHBINART, JOHN
on -offending side.— ^. B. THst
IVkist, August, 189s.
ke U ft renonncc in error not cor-
I time. A player renounces in
en. holdinn one or more cardu of
e«l« he plays a card of a different
once in error maybe corrected
arer making it. before the trick
tt occurs has been turned and
intnis either he or his partner,
in his right turn or otnerwisc,
r played to the following trick«
» hi« partner has asked whether
; has any of the suit renounced,
lyer corrects his mistake in time
a revoke* the card improperly
y him is liable to be called; any
' players, who have played ader
V withdraw their cardu and sub-
hers; the cards ao withdrawn are
e to be called.
natty of revoking is the tranafer
ricks from the revoking side to
rersaries; it can be enforced for
' revokes as occur during the
lie revoking side cannot win the
that hand; if both sides revoke,
an win the game in that hand,
•voking player and his partner
lire the hand, in which the re-
I t>een made, to be played out,
i all pointa made by them up to
rnd of a hand, the claimants of a
lay search all the tricks. If the
re been mixed the claim may be
id proved, if possible; but no
aeccsaary, and the revoke is e»-
^ if, after it has been claimed.
led player or his partner mixes
I before they have been exam*
te satufaction of the adversaries,
roke can be claimed at any time
e cards have been presented and
te following deal, but not there-
iws of IVkist {American Code),
fS-ij. (See, also, English Code,
uirt, John. — A distin-
whist-player and disciple
hapelles. He was born in
Loraine in i8i9,and received
:mtion in part at the College
Later he attended the
(iiun of Treves, and. having
to sttidy for the bar, he be-
student at the law school in
He remained in that city
a years, practicing his
profession. While a student
law school he accidentally
happened to cut into a table at whist
where Oeschapelles was one of th«
players, and at once attracted the
attention of the j^reat master, who,
conceiving a liking for him, took
considerable pains m coaching him
upon the game, and finally was
wont to choose him as a partner in
some of his important matches.
Mr. Rheinart stated in after yt^n
that he never had any interest in
the stakes which were played for,
but that Deschapelles was in the
habit of making heavy bets upon
the game. In the courM of a rem-
iniscence, published in lykisi for
Inly, 1891, he speaks as follows oi
his first introduction to the game:
'* With his permission, I watched
daily Desdutpelles'splajr, read what
he bad written on whist, and fre-
Guently asked for information when
tne coup was too mysterious for my
understanding. Innisezplanmtion,
which he very cheerfully gave, he
displayed so much clearness,
shrewdness, and originality that my
enthusiasm for the game was
awakened, and I became a whist-
player."
In 1848 Mr. Rheinart became
involved in French politics to
an extent which, upon the estab-
lishment of the empire, made it
convenient for him to withdraw
from his native land. He there-
upon came to America in 1850, and
returned home in 1851; but in 1852
he came again, and settled in Wad^-
ington county, Iowa, where he con-
tinued the practice of law,becomins[
a leader of the bar of his State and
amassing a comfortable fortune*
In 1878 he revisited Paris, as one of
the United States Commissioners to
the Worid*s Pair. In 1880 he re-
tired from the practice of his pco^
fession and removed to Milwaukee,
where he became a member of the
Milwaukee Whist Club. He at
once took an actiTe mad leading
RHEINART, JOHN
344
RHEINART, JOHN
part in its affairs, and probably did
more than any other man in bring-
ing its uienibers up to the high
standard of play which they h^d
in the eighties. With Eugene S.
Elliott and H. M. Northrup, he
constituted the first committee on
amusement of the Milwaukee
Whist Club, which committee in-
augurated the first whist tourna-
ment known to the game, in 1880,
and this tournament resulted in the
formation of the American Whist
I/Cague eleven years later, when the
enthusiasm of the Milwaukee play-
ers made a national tournament or
congress possible. The Milwaukee
Club was, in 18S0, the only exclu-
sive whist club in the world.
Mr. Rheinart*s health failing, he
removed to California, in 1892, set-
tling at Los Angeles. There his
wife died June 24, 1893, and there
he himself alao passed peacefully
away on April 21, 1894.
As a partner and follower of Dcs-
chapelles, Mr. Rheinart's style of
play becomes a matter of* special
interest to whist-players, reflecting
as it did that of his illustrious
mentor. Eugene 8. Elliott, who
was intimately associated with him
in the Milwaukee Whist Club, in-
forms us that ••Mr. Rheinart was
well up in the moflern game, but
did not hesitate to violate any of its
rules when occasion required. He
hafl,'* continues Mr. Elliott, *' an
almost jK-rfect whist memory, and
a remarkably accurate imlgment.
Ordinarily he would lead from his
long suit, in acconlance with mod-
ern play, though I do not know
that he was an admirer of the
f()urth-be.st leads. When pla\*ing
with a partner of that school he
would ordinarily adopt them, how-
ever. With a fair suit of trumps,
and a weak plain suit, a favonte
U'ad of his was from knave single-
ton , or knave and one, and he imrel j
led knave except under such
ditions.**
Charles S. Bontcber. who pi
Against him at Milwraukec, in
says of him in ** Whist Sketc!
"Mr. Rheinhart is the Nest<
the Milwaukee Club, which ac
him the rank of its best playc
his whist-pUy he follows the
establishea principlea of the
as to the establishment of
suits, etc., but he will not tie
self down to the modem ret
ment of uniformitv in the on
lead. He will deviate when. 1
judgment, the interest of his
demands it, but his departa
this regard is that of the expert
not the tvro, who has no d
purpose tnan the hope of a
Mr. Rheinart has a rare faculi
reading the combinations I
contending against, and be <
cises ip'eat skill in direclin^
forces m his hand to meet 1
This insight into strategic 1
tions makes him a most formii
opponent, and the ordinary p
who follows conventions, or o
wise, has no show in a ■
against him. Per«>na]lr,
Rheinart is an accomplished
*lenian to meet, with the cob
of his race, but which with hi
part of his genial nature, and 1
taneous. Apart from his nof
terestiiig whist career, he is as
ble and fascinatiuR man to OM
R. F. Foster took down a nm
of hands played at Mr. Rbcifl
table, at the 'first congress o(
American Whist League (XIi^
kee. 1H91), and one of these h
is published, with comments bf
Boutcher. Hearts are truass
(W. W. Wright) and B <.
Rheinart) are partners, agn
(C. D. P. Hamillon) and Z ((
Boutcher). The underlined
wins the trick, and the osid ■
it is the next oae ted:
RHEINART, JOHN
345
RHBINART, JOHN
A
Y
B
Z
.4
43
9 8
20
4 J
K? 6
K<;>
4K
K
30
^ 2
40
4A
ICO
V 4
7
60
90
46
■A 9
60
46
80
J 0
4Q
4# 49
42
4 ID
6 '^lO
QO; 70
48
^ 9
34
94
ID 4
Q4
6 #
24
8 4
J 4
K4
47
7 #
A4
J
A
6 4
^ 8
Score: A-B, 6; Y-Z, 7.
Boatcher*8 comments were:
k I. — The ori^nal lead of
tigleton by A 18 a good illua-
1 of the tactics so popular
hese old-school players of the
ukeeClub. • ♦ ♦
k 4. — A gets in a little trump,
k 6. — Y reads the queen of
Mrith B, and the best diamond
k, and the strength of trumps
t them, as Z showed but four
: lead of two. To return the
would be fiital. The lead
diamond, to be taken by Z,
I turn must return a club,
og the lead into B*s hand,
e may lead a club or a spade
was Y*s intent
k 8.— A and B failed to take
situation here, and played as
hoped they would when at
nx ne led the five of dia-
.. B should unquestionably
led the nine of hearts
;h Z, reading the probable
with A over Z. Y could not
strength of trumps, or he
most likely have returned
the trump. Had B led the nine of
hearts here A-B would have scored
two by cards. A, however, could
still have saved the odd trick from
the wreck had he properly trumped
with the knave. The six must lose
if Y had a trump.
Trick la — A should have trumped
this thirteener, drawn the last trump
from Z, and trusted to B taking the
needed trick in spades.
Trick II.— Z leads the ace of
spades to make the odd, as A must
have just one spade.
A much better example of Mr.
Rheinart*s play, and one that does
his whist genius greater justice, is
kindlv furnished us by Mr. Poster
from his records, as one of the very
best in his collection. It is a
hand at straight whist, Bye points
up, played at the Milwaukee Whist
Club, April 17, 1891. Rufus Allen
(A), and Eugene S. Elliott (B)
were partners against R. P. Potter
(Y) and John Rheinart (Z). The
score stood: A-B, 4; Y-Z, o. The
three of hearts was turned by Z;
A led, and the play was as follows:
•
m
M
0
1
A
Y
B
Z
QO KO
20
60
2
4 3 46
4K
K? 4
4A
3^6 i^ 2
V A
4. C? Q '^6
^ 9
9 3
6 = J 0' 24
30
A^
6 4 J !4Q
44
410
7 ^ K i^ 7
^ J
84
8
40
84
70
100
9
10
4 6
4 7
80
90
42
60
48
49
11
12
44
6 4
A4
9 4
104
64
7 4
^10
13
K4,^ 8
J 4
Q4
Score: Y-Z, s by cards andgaaM."
RHYMING RULES
346
RHYMING RULE!
Poster*s comments on the hand
are as follows: ** B*s play of king
second hand is Milwaukee style.
Z's trump-lead shows the master.
At trick SIX A covers with the im-
perfect fourchette. At trick ei^rht
Y knows he must lose a club trick,
imle&s Z can f^ei in a^^ain to lead
the club deuce (marked in his
hand), through A 's guarded eight
Z's discard of a spade, at trick
seven, marks him with a possible
trick in diamonds.**
Concerning Mr. Rheinart's play
in general, Mr. Poster says: **In
my opinion, John Rheinart was iu
advance of his time in this coun-
try, and playeil what we now know
as * common sense' whist. We
were too much wrapped up in * Cav-
endish' and American leads to ap-
preciate him while he was among
us." Speakinjijof him personally,
Mr. Elliott says: ** He was a man of
rare culture, of wide reading, a
gentleman by birth, instinct and
education, and a man who would
have taken a prominent place in
any community.'
ft
Rhyming Rules. — There was
published in Prance, about 1S54, a
set of wliisi nilcs in verse, entitled
*' PriiiciiK'S G^'U^raux du Jeu de
Whist," in which the second rule
was stated as follows:
Muntrri au partcrnaire en quo! voua tte*
f. >rt.
Ktmurit'z tos jcuz d'un mutuel accord.
These verses were said to have
iKHfn written by a general of artil-
lery, an<l it has lx.*en sunnisi'd that
it m.iy h ivf bci-n Oeucral Hanmdc
VautrC-. the author of the "G^'nie
du Whist."
The crlebratcil English " Rhym-
ing Rules," by Dr. William Pole.
wiTe fir.st publibhed as prose max-
ims, in March, 1S64. They were
printed on a card and eutitled,
"Pocket Precepts." The
the rhyming funn, later a
was taken from the P>ench
sition above alludetl u
** Rh>*miug Rules" are pi
in Pole's "Theory of
and a still later set of
Rhymes" appei^r in his "
phy of Whist." Thise
the present English g.un<
"Rhyming Rules** read
lows:
If you the modem fFinie of wh
know.
From this gre«t principle it*
flow:
Treat your own hand aa to ynur
joined.
And play, not one alone, but
bitted.
Your firRt lead makes 3rour pa
der»tand
U'hat i% the chief compoiieat
hand;
And hence there ia necesMty th
ei»t
That your first lead be from *
your
that's
longest.
In this, with a££ and king, lead k
ace;
With ktng and gmeen, king alfto
place;
With ace, qn^n, knat-e. lead cce
the queen;
With ace, /our small one4. Jue she
be seen.
With queen, knat^, ten. yon Irt I
prcce*le;
In other cases yon the U>we< let
Kre you return your friend's, y
suit play;
But ttumps you mmsi teiurm ■«
lay.
When you return yoar pnrtarf
take pains
To lead him back the heU yoarhi
tains.
If j'on recriTcd moi wtowe tkam
fir!4:
If you had more, yoa may rrci
wurst.
But if ynu hold the sMji/r iv*
iMjund,
In mo»t caws, to play II tegsmd '^
Wfaene* er yoa want a Irad. V*
wrons
To lead mp to tk€ wmk^ or ik^n
HYUIMG tftTLBS
RHYMING RULES
taaod. ytmi bmtti abonld be
pM.«, ■trump dgnal- to be
%kiMt.nd pMW. or a« d**
With aee. king queen, and knaire, Ibc
With ace and king aud queen,' the qcwes
king If four.
The 6.81 of iheae ir you have five In luil
' of tbeae wilt bt tbe proper
1 the rule* for trumH. you'U
\^^ !«™tto tlway, right to
al to your partner *D to do.
, for your partner a tramp re-
With ktnftand queen and kaive, wttbor
With four re".Vking,''i«h Sve or laore tbe
Wllh king and' queen 'and two, the ktsg
With kluK and queeoTuJ three, tbe tnt
leaiTia the queen.
11! 1
ill!
Jill
With queen and knave and ten. with or
without the ntue;
Fltat lead the ten; with four, Ibi queen li
But holding five or more. wUh knave yoa
Though lii.ld.nn four with nine, tbe nlBC*
the aemud lead.
•u It ir you *«U mart trmmf
,g 'three or leM. trump fear.
■pf^7oT '"""•*"■'
> loTce the advmt itrong trump
With a« and oueeo and koaee, w«b or
The fltil lead la the ace. with queen you
fullow (hen.
If only (our in anit: with five, the kBave'a
Though taoldlDR ten alone, follow wllb
ten. they aay.
R you muU pUy. if you don't
diaeatd. weak aulli yon oogbt
(Tbete aecondary lewla are on thia baal)
IndllTereuI high carda lo tell the tale are
The lower of Ivro abowa five, tbe Uthet
"Rhyming Rales" wet«
led in Mctntosh'a "Modern
Utica.N. Y., i883),"vritli
I and emendatians by T.
A revised version, made to
American K"tne, was pub-
John T. Mitchell, in Whist
mber. 1893, and, with fur-
igea. embodied in hii book
>Iicate Whist" (1897). Mr.
'I version is as follows:
4h i^n'^J^gnme of whlat would
Dutih belt la the lead in every other
impa don't lead blub from ace-king,
ace-queen, ace-knave, king-queen.
I you your partBcr'i plata-avlt lead
td hlm'back the very heal your hand
Ic, if ynu received not more thag
^ly a bA quality of ault In hand.
RHYMING RULES
34»
RHYIOKGRUUSS
Your partner do oot force, if yon in
trumps are weak,
UnleM it ia quite plain a force hc*a tried
to seek.
Whene'er you want a lead, you'll find *tii
seldom wrong.
To lead up to the weak, or (lometimet)
through the strong;
8till, in the course of play, you oden will
find need
To twist this rule around so yon can
throw the lead.
When you discard, cards from weak suits
you ought to choose.
For those in strong ones are too valuable
to lose.
But should you discard from strong suit
to guard your hand,
Then signal with the cards you throw, to
show command.
To lead through honors turned is culpably
bad play.
UnlcKH you wixh to have the trump suit
cleared uway.
When adversarieh try that scheme of
lesdinfc through.
Don't keep conimsnd too long, or else the
play you'll rue.
Mind well the rule for trumps, 'tis seldom
wrong to lead them —
When >'ou hold five with one, or four with
honom two.
And^f the chance to lead won't come in
time to 3rou,
Then you must signal to your partner so
u>do.
When, second hand, you hold one honor
and one Ntnsll,
Don't jump in with the high unless yon
mean to call;
And when, in that same place, a doubtful
trick >'ou see.
Don't trump it if in trumps jrou hold
more cardb than three.
But if you're fourth in hand, don't &il a
trick to take.
Because you have four trumps, and one
long suit to make.
Fur sequences, remember, custom has de-
cree«l.
That lowefil of them jroumust play, when
nut yuur lead.
Don t get too had a case of the unblock-
ing craxr
Or el Mr you'll forfeit tricks in foolishest of
wavs:
Retain t^r Irtwest card of four for the
fourth round.
But don't take partner s trick unlew yoa
know your ground.
Xa making opening lenda» ariMtiai
that^ kmgcai—
For carda to bring it ia yon may ic
your sttoiwcat.
Stick cloaely to Uicsc mica and
** strike yonr gait,"
You'U not lose many trickaat
or** duplicate.^'
Another set of very dercr rl
ing rules, by Rev. Fnwcis Re
Drew, senior mathematical m
at Malvern Colle|;e, England. 1
for many years m the caxd-n
of the Malvern Club. Thev *
headed "Old Btxmble's An
Whist,*' and W. P. Conrtaey. v
** English Whist and Whist 1
en," says they "are worthy
mote extensive circulation i
they have yet received.*' In
a small volume, entitled **V
in Rhvmes for Modem Tin
was published in London undci
name of '* A. Thistlewood.'*
author was David Johnson 1
Brair, of Edinburgh, solicitor,
died in 1893. On January i, 1
there appeared in the Wesimtn
Papers^ London, some lines of
kind, by P. L. Slous. whi<^
been privately printed aa cari
1833. They bore the title.
Quiet Rubber of Uliist." I
another set of rhyming mks
pearcd in New York, in 1888^ u
ele\-en - page tiooklet, mm
** Whist Rules for Lcwb
Rhyme,*' by .\niia C. Clapp.
latest rhyming rules that I
come under our notice are br 1
Henrv E Wallace (^. r.K 1
lishetl in a neat folder, onilsr
pen name of Margaietta Wcth
Wallace. They are entitled *'An
can Whist Leads in Rhync,"
run as follows:
I«cad see. aad follow with ike kia
show
A suit of five, three carda the mm
tow.
In tmmps this play moil ImumiwjI n
be
If knsve were aol amoog tha I
three.
RHYMING RULES
349
RHYMING RULES
tee, and follow after with the qneen,
mail card with the kna^e wiu now
be teen;
the ace is followed by the knave,
tmall ones with the queen you'll
forely have.
en, will alwasrs show a suit of four,
jueen and knare exactly, but no
Diore.
ace again, and follow with fourth
t>est.
cards below the ace will then be
ding king a suit of four you'll find,
ace in front or else the queen be-
hind.
imps king may be eren led from
three;
<ther cards must then both honors
fgoes out and follows with the ace,
show two small ones only have
next place:
hould the king be followed by the
lady,
ttle card and ace are likely ready.
' the ace be missing from your
land,
king, then queen, and all will un-
lerstand
two small cards still in that suit
lemain.
cfttl how you lead from it again.
ding king you next the knave
iboald play,
ice ana queen may later lead the
bonid the ace be not jrour suit
imong,
Ing, then knave, if jrou hold queen
indone.
next king leads, he follows with
Jieten,
•bows exactly queen and knave
kgain,
ould a lower card than ten appear,
mall card headed by the queen is
here.
^esty comes forth in manner bold;
irds above and two below you hold.
>mes from suit of five you will
livine.
I she's followed by the knave or
line.
ad her out, and later let ace fall,
king, two cards are yours, but both
tre small;
lould she next be followed by the
cing,
little cards and ace you forth will
iriag.
Without the ace the olay is Just the same.
I«ead queen, then king, and three amall
cards remain.
The queen now bids his maiesty fbrewell;
Play queen and knave, the ten and one to
tell.
First queen, then ten; this will your part-
ner show.
With knave, two little cards the ten be-
low.
Queen followed by the nine shows knave
and ten,
A suit of fo>ur 3rou will behold again.
Queen, followed by a lower card than
nine.
With king, two cards below the qneen are
thine.
Thus by observing closely we descry
That king is absent when the knave is
nigh.
To lead the knave alone yon*d hardly
dare.
Unless supported by the royal pair.
This rule to trumps, however, don*t
Knave leads when only ten and nine are
by.
Knave, followed by the aoe, shows king,
queen, one.
King takea A*s place, and one more card
is shown.
But even if the ace should now be lacking.
Play knave, then king, with queen and
two cards backing.
Lead knave, then queen to shows gener^
ous suit:
Ace, king, and three indififerent cards to
boot.
But even if the see you now should mist.
The plav would still remain the same as
We now sre coming to the lead often;
Ace, queen we lack, but alwasrs find the
men;
While one or more small cards yoa also
hold.
By second play the number can be told.
You play the ten, and if the aoe sbonid
fall.
King next: if not, the lowest card of alL
If by this play jrou force the queen, lead
king
In hopes that thus the knave to power
you'll bring.
To show 3rour friend a suit of five, there'd
be
Both king and knave, with others, two or
three:
I«ead ten, tnen knave, to show the eards
hsve strength.
The knave here tcUsM that tlM nUlMa
length.
RHYMING RULBS
3SO
ROTARY DISCARD
If you a lower card than ten ahould lead.
The fourth best it should be, all are
agreed.
The number led from, and the combina-
lion.
Are only known by later observation.
Mrs. Wallace has also reduced
third-hand play and unblocking to
rhyme, as follows:
On partner's lead of ace, queen, jack, ten,
nine:.
With four exactly play third best of
thme:
Whene'er hin lead shows cards with him
arc found
His suit protcctinif three full times
arouml
Next play the card that's second from the
top.
Keep .small card last or else his lead yon'U
fitop.
If with unblocking you would also call.
You do this with the middle cards of all.
Ace. kinfc, two ^mall. third best on part-
ner's quvcn
On second round let king be surely seen.
Ace, king, one small, king on the' queen
you placet
While' second time you follow with the
ncc.
Ace, jack, two small on queen again third
best,
Then ace. You'll partner find of king
possessed.
Ace, jack. On any card let high one go.
Act- and two small. On honor led play
low:
Except on ten, for then the play is high.
Kec^' small une to return him by and oy.
Ace. one The ace upon the jack you
brinK —
It's tou expensive on the queen or king.
With king queen, jack, small, jack and
then the ladv.
If jack you Kick for ace third best hare
read).
This rule » lor honors If the lead be ten
)'!ay li)w. nn^l after M:nd the jack again.
Kiri>;, i-ick, two AmalL third best on ace,
then jack,
nut p'.iy is]i>w if one small card you lack.
Kine ^Miall. On snv honor play is low;
But if the ten is 1e<l king has to go.
Queen, jack, two small. On ace third
txTst you plav.
On *r'-f)nd"rnund fet jack no longer stay.
Queen and iwosmalL On honor led play
?mall,
But second round the queeo matt mrelj
f.ili
If these few mlaa yon mlia a
Pcrhapa yoa*ll block yonr pMtacra
card.
Unblocking has •noCher nae to
By it hia aait can partner pUialj
i
Rotary Discard. — A modi
discarding whereby the fov •
are giveu an mrbitrary order, ai
discard from one means atica
in the next one in order, the i
beine to enable the player to h
cate liis strong suit withoot wt
ening it. This discard was I
proposed and advocated by F
Tormey, before the San Piaac
Whist Club, in an addrcM t
lished in IVMisi for Jannasr, n
Mr. Tormey took the long fanri
arrangement of the cards— sm
hearts, dnhs, diamonds— aao i
fested that a plajcr atiuag
earts, and weak in spades, <
card a spade, thereby dcdai
strength in hearts. If Strang
clubs, he discards a heart; if sin
in diamonds, he discards a d
and if strong in spades, he discs
a diamond, and thus, in ratati
he is able to indicate strcvlh
any suit, at the same timeomi
ing the maxim, that discards iha
be generally made from weak m
The trump suit is dtopped otf
consideration in the anaagOM
For example, if hearts are trsB
andclubsare your strongestSHt]
indicate it by discarding a wfmk
The rotary discard nas esa
much diacusaton since its iatrai
tion by Mr. Tormey. Manypl^
have experimented with it la
time, anil then dropped it, oa '
ground that it frequentiT foraa
(liscard from a sait which it i
expensive to touch. Others c
tinue to give it their
and it is a notable Cut that
McCay and Smith, who
pair championship in 189&. <
ployed it "Cavendish*'
it as a fsd.
ROTARY DISCARD
351
RUBBER
le fall of 1897, the team from
iladelphia Whist Club gave
tanr aiscard a trial in the
s wr the Challenge Trophy,
ployed it only when unable
w suit on a trump lead made
partner, no other suit hav-
» led. A member of that
note as follows concerning
le latter part of November:
e my experience is not as
Sciently extensive to justify
UKing it too strongly, yet I
f Siat. so far, I have seen it
ite a number of tricks with-
ring a loss scored against it;
bclieve in the long run it
x>ve a decided gainer, and
we are much older will
pted at conventional. Of
It must be understood, that
«ferring to the adoption of
ary discard only wlien the
* has opened trump as the
lead of the hand, and no
uit has been led. If a plain
I been led, even for but one
I believe the use of the
is unnecessary, as a discard
eakne.ss will point the strong
It as accurately, and its ex-
beyond the limit given
to me sure to entail confu-
lisnnderstanding, and loss."
objection urged against the
is, that by changing the
f rotation, by private agree-
i team mi^ht puzzle its op-
I and gam an advantage.
x«ctice would, however, be
al as any other private con-
1 (g. v.), and subject the
n to the same penalty.
liscardl to complicated, bat as it
mcs used in teM matches to pus-
opponents, it is well to under-
e principle.^ Emma D. Andretn
"TTu X Y Z of H'kistr
trd • • • has had iU fol-
nce the fifth conirress. and as it
% twth weaknesaand strenj^th in
Kal terms, it is certainly entitied
to respectful consideration. — John T.
MiUkell [Z. A,\, ''DuplicaU IVkisi and
Afodern Leads.''
The rotary discard is beneath notice.
Take the suits in any agreed on order,
and discard from the one next to VkaX
which partner is to lead, jumping the
tnirap suit. A short trial will prove the
inefficiency of this fad.— "Cb»nt4/uA'* [Z.
/! .], Scribner's Magaanne^ J^h* ^^gj.
It is simply this: On your discard you
say, by playing one card only: '*In this
suit I am weak; in the next higher one
in hand I am strong." Thia idea is taken
from a Mexican game. ^ ^ • This
mode of discarding endows 3ronr card
with two fold in formation. Whether it ia
good or bad whist-play, I leave it to bet-
ter judf^es than I to abjudicate.— P. y.
Tormey {L. A.], H^ist^ January ^ iSftj.
We cannot agree with Mr. Tormey's
idea that it is always best to discard from
the weakest suit; in fact, we think thia is
the one point in whist where inference
should be drawn with great latitude, be-
cause it is so often necessary to make •
protective discard. • • • Mr. Tormey's
plan of discard, in the order of soita, may
be easily conceived to make the informa-
tion more definite, but to be reliable, it
must be adhered to strictly, and that
would often impose aacrincea by na-
guarding short suits, which we think
would be destructive of good whist. —
CasstMsAf./\iim[L,A.]t Whist^ January^
1^95-
It has been tried by different teams at
various times, and. as a rule, abandoned
for the reason that it frequently forced a
discard from a suit that it was expensive
to touch. The limited use made of it by
the Philadelphia team is not liable to
that objection, however, and it gives to a
partner with a strong hand the moat im-
portant and accurate informMkm at
ouce. It frequently saves him from wast-
ing a trump by making an extra lead to
f^et a second discard, and when tbe
ength in trumps does not warrant aa
extra lead, it saves the trump leader the
necessity of guessing between two suits as
to which his partner desires to have led.
-Milton C fVork [L. A. //.], PkilaM"
phia P>€*s, Novewnbtr 14, 189/,
Round, A. — Bvery four cards
played in succession; a trick.
Rubber. — Two games won oat
of three played in succession. The
rubber applies onl]^ to the English
five-point game, with honors count-
ing, and sectkm i of the ^^*»g^^
" RUBBER, A VERY QUIET »' 352 " RUFF AND HONOURS
code provides that if the first two
games are won by the same players,
the third game is not played. The
decisive game is called the rubber
game. The American coile sul)sti-
tutes single games for the rubber.
(See, also, "American and English
Laws.")
When one gmme ban been won on each
aide, a tbird is required to decide the
nibl>er; if, on the contrary, the two
games have l>ecn won by the same side,
the rublier is finiHhed. and a fresh one is
commenced. * ^ ^ A rubber means
two out of three consecutive games.—
Deichapellex [t).], ''Imws," Section so.
••Rubber, a Very Quiet."—
James Payn, in his volume, " High
Spirits," tells the story of four
players, two men and two elderly
spinsters, residing in the same
town, who were wont to meet night
after night for a quiet rubber at
whist. Gradually death claims
them, one after another, but the
spirit of gentility precludes the sur-
vivors from admitting to a place
in the set the local auctioneer and
undertaker, who, however, hopes
in spite of evcrj' di<«appointment,
to l)e finally received into the
charmed circle. But everv renewal
of hope only ends in disappoint-
ment, and at last only one of the
players is lef\. She, too, passes
awa}', and at her request, her last
two packs of cards are buried with
lier. Thus ends what the novelist
has designated as *' A Vcrv Quiet
Rubber."
Rubber Points.— In the English
or five- point game, with honors,
the final c<Aint deteriniuing win-
niiij^s <ir losses is by rublK-r {mints.
TIk* winniT«« of a game count three
rubber points if they m-in a treble —
f. ^., if they score five points in
that ganir ngainst nothing by their
adversaries. They mark two rub-
ber points if they win a double—
f . ^., if the advensries have •
only one or two points in thei
They mark one rubber ponnt ii
win a single — f . e. , if their ad*
ries have scored three or four ]
to their five in the game. Tbi
winning the rubber (two oi
three games) add two more r
points for that achievement
value of all the rubber poi
next determined by deducting
the winnen' score whate\-er r
points may have been maii
their advenaries. The balsa
rubber points must be settle
by the losers at whatever stal
rubber point has previously
agreed upon or understood.' i
arate stake upon the rubber
(the best two out of three;
sometimes played for.
Ruff. — To ruff means to t!
The wonl Ls from the French r
and at first had the meaning
point at piquet Next we fi
use<l in the old English ^n
scmbling whist, in which it i
to discard. Later it obtaini
present meaning. A cros
means to trump alternately,
partners lead suits for that pa
(See, "Trump.")
NcTer ruff an uncertain cnrd. if ■
or omit doing ao if weak in tra:
Thomas Maikeurs [L. iM. "A4tu»
Young li'kisi-lfajfrr/* 1804.
•• Ruff and Nonourm." -
ancient game concerning ^
Charles Cotton, in his "Con
Gamester*' (1674), tavs: '• Wl
a game not much different
this." *'Ruff and bonoun"
played with a pack of fist
cards, the ace ranking the hif
There were four plavers, two '
partners against the other
Each pla^rer received twelve <
the remaining four were left
"itock" on the tabic, and th
RUFFING GAME
353
rot^'ng
turned up f ^ " :termine the
Buit The player holding
of tmmps h *. the privilege
le the "stork** in ezchan^
four cards in his hand, k* 4
eration wrs called "ruff-
The score was nine, and
y that won most tricks were
forward to win the set"
onors in th hands of part-
rre reckoned equivalent to
ks, and four honors to four,
ys: "This came very near
nd was, in fact, whist in an
ct form.'*
ne of triomphe^ or Prench ntfl^
be confused with the BngUsh
trump, or mff-and-honour*, the
lor of our national nme of
)oCton clearly dtstinguuhes t>e-
e two, calling iriomjhe French
and trump bieing synonymous),
np English rufHind«>honours.— >
th'* [L, A.] *'Cdrd Essays.*'
^^ 6am«. — A mode of play
in which everv opportunity
to make tricks oy trump-
n the Howell ( short-suit j
the ruffing game is one of
OS of strategy emploved. It
ited by the ori^nal lead of
it, seven, or six-spot from
Iv not more than two in
1 the lead is said to be from
p of nothing.'*
the nsual strategy of the begin-
it owes its attractiveness to the
advantage of making jrour own
Is, and of appropriating those of
trmry by trumping them.— ^. F,
a). '*lVhul SiraUgyr 1894.
I.— The rules of whist are
::epts, maxims, and correct
es which govern it, and
oust be followed in order to
rrectljr. Nearly every rule
has its important excep-
id it is highly essential that
1 knowledge of these be also
i, so that the player may
ae rnlci^ and when to disre-
fl;ard them. Whfle the rules may
be at times disregarded, no sncn
latitude is allowed the player so fiur
as the laws are concerned. U the
laws of whist are infringed the pen-
alty must be paid. A oisr^iara of
the rules may indirectly mng as
serious consequences, or more so,
in the loss of tricks in play.
The only rule of play which ia abt^
Itttely general— play to win.— ^. A, JVoe-
tor [L O.]
In seneral, rules of play which art
loadea with exccpUoBt are almost as bad
as no rule at all.— ''GsfWMttt*'* IJU AX
Rnlea are for the majority of cases, not
for exceptional poaitlona, and a play«r is
good, very good, or of the highest clas%
In proportion to the rapidity and acnl^
nesa with which he seises the ocessioo
when rules must be disregarded.— JtesMS
Clay [L. 0+].
A good player oaght to be aconalntsd
not only with the mlea themselves, bat
alsowitn the reasoning on which Uwy
are founded, in order that he nay be able
to judge when they are not apnilcablt as
well as when they mxt^H^mam Mt (£.
^+]. ''Philosophy ^f H^hiU,*'
The masters of the game are those who
follow the rules when they should, and
disregard them when common sense, or
their whist judgment, convinces tnea
that they are ot a point in play not pn^
vided for by any set rule.— C*. Z>. P, Imm
iUon, \L, A\ **ModemSc9tnt^ WhitV*
Do not abuse the statement made in sit
x>d whist-booka, that rules onght some*
mes to be dejiarted from. Tms is tme;
but to judge correctly when and how
such departure shoola be made is one of
the attributes of the very best playcfs.—
William PDU [Z. ^+L ^^PtUhmpky 9^
Hnkisi,"
good
umes
Ruititlitg. — When playeit are on
the defensive, or playing a hopeleaa
Rame, they are, in modem par-
uince, said to be running.
Some ["commoa Bcass*'lplsyerB play
the ace from ace, king, ana othera to in-
dicate that they are wnpty **runninf ■*
for what tricka are In sight, and lend the
king when they hope for a tntmp ilfaal
from partner, consloering that in saeb sa
event the whole suit might possibly be
brought in by the aid of pafffncr*s tramp
strength.- fT. A, iWkr IS. a], ^Wtff'
demctjotimal, Angtiti /, iBfff,
«l
RUSSIAN BOSTON "
354
SAFFORD, A. G.
' ' Russian Boston. ' ' — A variety
of " l>oston.** It contains a distin-
fuishing feature known as ** carte
lanchc," which is the same as
••chicane'* in ••bridge." The or-
der of the suits is diamonds, hearts,
clubs, and spades. Honors are
counted, and, as in "boston de
Fontninbleau,'* a bid kno^^n as
*• piccolissimo** is introduced.
SafTofxl, A. G. — Author of a val-
uable series of schedules for dupli-
cate whist-play, and one of the earli-
est players to devote his talents to
the improvement of the duplicate
game, so far as the arrangement
and tnovements of the players were
concerned. Mr. Safiurd was bom
at St. Albans, Vt, August 17, 1844.
He was educated at the University
of Vermont, class of 1863, and re-
ceived the degree of A. M. from
that in.stitution. He left college in
1862, and entered the military tele-
graph corps of the army, serving as
chief operator of the Department
of the South, and at the head-
quarters of General Grant, at City
Point, Va., during the last year of
the w.ir.
After the war Mr. Saiford took ap
the stu<ly of law. He was admitted
to the bar in September, 1867, in
his native State, and practiced there
until 1S86, wh'*n he removed to
Washinjifton, D. C, where he has
sinci* reMile<l, and where he was
s^)licit()r for the Inter-state Com-
merce C()mmis.sion from 1890 to
1S96. He was also a ineml>er of
the Senate of Vermont, from 1880
to lS,S2.
Mr. SifTord belonged to a whist
club in St. Albans, Vt., in 1882.
and, upon removing to Washing-
ton, joinwl the Chess, Checkers,
and Whist Club, the CaniUl Bicycle
Club, ami the Columoia Athletic
Club, of that citv, and the Manhat-
tin .\thletic Club, of New York, in
all of which whist hss been
a special festnrc during the
few yean. He attended th(
congress of the Americsn ^
League, Milwaukee, 1891, an
untu 1896 a member of its bo
directors. He has plsycd
sionally in matches for th*
phiea of the League, and as a
ber of the Manhattan Athleti<
team played the first match
occurring in this country aft
organization of the League
under its new rules of pi
which time his tesm dcfeati
Hamilton Club tesm, of Ph
phia.
It will be remembered t1
the first congress of the L
OmdorflTs improved schedn
teams of four was used for U:
time. Mr. Safford*s attentio:
ing been drawn to the du]
game, he quickly saw the nn
for correct and equitable mt
of arranfpng and movini
players, individuals as wt
pairs, and teams of four. He
the subject a study during hit
moments, and the first nrssi
sisted of formulas for movine
twelve, and sixteen jilayers.
were published in U'A'tsI foi
uary, 1892, for the benefit
lovers of the ||fame. For five
more he continued his labon
in 1897 appeared his srni
schedules for pain which he c
the *' com|Mirative 8y«ten."
nute directions are l^ven fo
movements of the pair^ and
and the final compantiTe 1
are quickly ascertained. B
" comparative system** the pi
are arranged in pairs, and s
about at the different tables i:
a manner that each pair pUyi
with every other pair as aii^
ries, and each pair plsTs cm
or the other 01 eveiy deat ■
compared for rendts with the
SAFFORD, A. G.
355
SAFFORD. A. G.
dioR the same cards. To accotn-
li this without duplicating the
Is is the special feature of the
:ein, which may be illustrated
by the following diagram for the
movement of eieht pairs of players,
four tables, kindly sent us for this
purpose by Mr. Safford:
Bd. 8
d. S
rtli. S
tuttL 8
A-I.
8
B— V.
6
c— in.
■
i>-n.
I
3
a
s
7
8
4
3
6
A— n.
B— VI.
C— IV.
i>-in.
2
4
3
6
3
8
S
4
7
A— nL
B— VIL
C-V.
D-IV.
3
5
4
7
4
8
6
5
X
A— rv.
B— I.
C— VL
I>-V.
4
6
S
X
S
8
7
6
a
A-V.
B— n.
C— VIL
D-VL
5
7
6
a
6
8
I
7
3
A— VI.
B-III.
C-L
D— vn.
6
I
7
3
7
8
5
a
S
t
4
A-VU.
B-IV.
0-n.
D-L
SAPPORD, A. G.
356
SAVING THE GAMI
The Arabic nnmerals indicate the
n amber of the respective pairs, and
the Roman numerals the number
of the boards or trays; the tablet
arc indicated by the letters ** A,"
•• B." etc.
If the plan is examined, it will
be found that each pair meets every
other pair as adversaries, and eaca
pair has played one side or the
other of every deal; and only seven
boards or trays arc required. Take
deal No. i, for example: Pair num-
ber one plays it nortn and south, at
the first formation, against pair
number eight; pair number six
plays it north and south, at the
fourth formation, against pair num-
l>cr two; pair numl)er seven plays
it north and south, at the sixth for-
mation, against pair number five;
pair number four plays it north and
south, at the si-venth formation,
against pair numl)er three.
It will l)e seen, therefore, that
pairs one, six, seven, and four play
the north and south cards of deal
No. I, and pairs eight, two, five,
and three play the east and west
canls of that <leal, and the result
of the playing of that particular
ileal is determined by comparing
p;tirs numbers one, four, six, an<l
seven with each other, and the re-
maining pairs with Ciich other also,
rurtl'.er examination of the sched-
ule will show th.it each pair plays
one "-ide or the other of ever>- one of
til'- »i4ven deals, an«l holds the s;inie
c.'irdN with every other pjiir the
sii!!*' number of times. Score-
c.inls an- ])re] wired, having in the
Icfl-li.ind t:ihle the hn^ation at each
t.jM'- nf the particular }>air for the
Sf viral smvessive formations, the
nr.nilierof thelMxtrd or tray piayeil
at that formation, and with a tabic
U'vund for extending the score of
thr <lral, in a space under the num-
ln-r of the i>air which plavsthe deal
the same way as the particular pair.
Such acore-carda are prepai
aa many as sixty-fonr playei
the formulaa may be eztenc
definitely, so as io include a
playen as may be nthei
^ther, and requiring but 01
m number of trays to be
than there are number of pi
Mr. Safibrd was the first ti
numbers to the pair*, and
vide for the movement from
tion to formation, by incrcas
number of the player or pai
ing at a particular position \
These formulss were pa)
from time to time, and U
ford's method of designation
generally employed in the t
of schedules, whether indi
pairs, or teams.
In his whist-plaT, Mr. Sai
an advocate of old leads, at
somewhat modified sbort-suii
Befi{dra those who wroCr mg*)
■yrtcRi [of Amrricma Irada], thr
tnoM who oppoHrd it in pUv. A
furd. of thr Capital Bkrcl* (lab i:
foRton, tciok with him to the wcm
cofigrnw. held io New Vork la
team of four men who did ool ^<
in forma tory leada of any Kin
frrntlcmrn were Harry N. Ijow.
WooCen. W. T. Bin is ham. a ad
Rakina. and thry won the chanr
of the Amencin Whi^ I.eacBc
In IT fifteen of the atronyr*! lean
world hy the noftt deciMvr «r<i
made at a totirnamrni, alUiufayfe 1
adTervrit« u«ctl the informatorr
or piny —^ F. FqU^ [Jl 0\,\
lUuttrator, iS97.
Savins the Gam*. — Prrr
the adversaries from fpoing c^
hand. To play to save the
is the cautious. aefensiTe, oftc
perate. play of the weak han
the KnKhsh five-point (camc,
honors counting, playing I
score Is highly impofftant, and
era must constantly be on the
to save the game, if theyGann
it. Saving the game is al
some estcnt, importut is
:hools, whist in
357
SCIENCE OR ART?
.an seven-point game, hon-
counting; but in duplicate
irhere points, and not games,
; essential thing, saving the
• an unknown term.
England, saving a point is
r important consideration
losing players. According
rules, il one side wins the
efore the other side scores a
iie winners count a game of
oints, known as a treble; if
ers are one up, the winners
a double, or game of two
if the losers manage to get
icks, the winners only count
?, or a game of one point,
it is important, even though
the game, to obtain one or
icks, if possible.
> Mve the game; that belnf? a»>
»lay to win the pramc. Don't
f with the game to see how many
*u can make, but if you want only
k to save the game, take it as
3rou cfkn.—A.J. Mcintosh \L. AX,
Wkist and Pbtiland RuUi,** j838.
laitt lose, in anv event, unless
finesse wins, and if one or more
finesses win you may save the
• • • When the forces against
vidently irresistible, as one hand
with the long trumps and a great
des, there is no room for finesse.
ive the master card, play it, es-
if it will save the game.— C />.
(Iton [L. A.], ''Modem Scientific
«ls. Whist In.
ducator.*'
."Whist
»ols of Whist. — Divisions
it-pla^ers who adhere to the
gs of this or that authority
ructor. Broadly speaking,
ho played the old ten-point
lonors counting, with little
jfercnce to partnership play,
id to belong to the old school
le. Then came the school
le. of Mathews, of Clay, of
idish," of Foster, of Howell,
hers, each with important
improvements or changes in play.
A school of whist sometimes repre-
sents a distinct system, but vanoos
schools sometimes grow up on the
same system or some slight variap
tion. (See, "System.**)
Schwarz, Theodore. — Third
president of the American Whist
League; was bom in Baltimore,
Md. , January 12, 1839. He was the
son of a physician, who removed to
Philadelphia during the same year.
In the latter city Theodore received
his education, graduating from the
High School in 1858. In 1874 he
located in Chicago, where he has
been actively engaged in the com-
mission business ever since.
His whist career began, under the
tuition of his father, at an earW
age, and he studied the game with
aU his heart, so that he is to-day
one of the best-informed whist-
players in this country, not only in
regard to the literature of whist,
but concerning the practice of the
game in the past and present. He
took a very active part in the for^
mation of the American Whist
League, and was elected corre-
sponding secretary at its organiza-
tion at Milwaukee in 1891, serving
in that capacity until 1894. He was
chairman of the committee on laws
which framed the American code,
adopted by the League in 1893, and
has contributed several valuable
articles on the subject of the laws
to Whist, He was elected vice-
president of the League in 1894,
and president in 1895.
Mr. Schwarz also took an active
part in the formation of the Chicago
whist Club, and served as its presi-
dent from 1891 to 1894. He is a
firm adherent of the long-«uit game
and American leadSb
Science or Art ?--The qnestioii,
Is whist a adence or an art? if
SCIENCE OR ART?
358
SCIENCE OR ART?
answered by Pole: "It is both.**
Foster discerns two kinds of whist-
players, the scientific and the artis-
tic, and accords to the latter the
hifi^her position. It must follow
that there are, in his estimation, also
two kinds of whist; in other words,
that true whist is not a science,
but an art. Let us consider, then,
the exact meaning of the words
••science*' and "art,** and what
relation they bear to each other.
James C. Femald, in his book of
synonyms, tells us that *' science is
knowledj;(e reduced to law, and em-
bo<lied in system. Art always re-
lates to something to be dnne,
science to something to be known.
Not only must art be discriminated
from science, but art in the indus-
trial or mechanical sense must be
distingiiishcfl from art in the esthe-
tic sense; the former aims chiefly at
utility, the latter at beauty. TTlie
mechanic arts are the province of
the artisan, the esthetic, or fine
arts, are the province of the artist;
all the industrial arts, as of weaving
or printing, arithmetic or naviga-
tion, are governed by exact rules.
Art in the highest esthetic sense,
while it makes use of rules, trans-
cends all rule; no rules can be given
for the prtMluction of a painting
like Rapliaers •Transfiguration,* a
statur like the A}>ollo Belvedere, or
a porm like the ' Iliad.' Science
doi's not, like the mechanic arts,
make production its direct aim, vet
its i>«>Ns:l)le prcMluctive application
in lilt* arts is a (vni-itant stimulus to
i»t!i«ntitii- investigation; the science,
a«4 in I lie cas<- «>f chemistry or eli-c-
trinty, is ur^ed on to higluT devel-
opiTUMit by the demands of the art,
while the art is i>erfected by the
advance of the science. Creative
art. seeking l>eauty for its own sake,
is clfm<'ly akin to pure science seek-
ing knowUflgi* for its own sake."
It sci*ms in lis that whtst is both
a science and an art, but it cci
is not a mechanicml or ind
art. Aside from mental tn
it produces nothing escq
pleasure of winning and th
of losing, unleas we ezcepC a
"honest" living which tl
valiers d* Industrie were w
make out of it when it was n
betting purposes in its p
days. Whether whist -plari
fine art, such as produces '** \
and "Apollo Belvedem,*'a8
as Mr. Foster is inclined to
it in its highest form, is still >
tion.
Uliiflt {«an art: If la any
enc^. it In certainly not an ea
—'•/^mbrtdgt'* [^+0.1. -'/Steiffv i
0/ H'kiit."
Whiftt in both a acience and as
ift a aciriice becauac its fonndati
laid on truly aciciitific prinaptca
mathematical lawa or pfxtfaamUt
on Ktrictiv Hcirntific reaaoatnc d:
thrir application. II ia an an ht
requirr* cilucaiioo, practice, jmi
ana akill in the actual Goodact
play. In thLn, aa in manyolbcr h
ual purftuits. it ia only by a coat
ofthr two that rminencr can far el
Hrncr. both mual be Icaracd.— I
/Wz-JA. A r].
Whist ia an ab<ract aclcnct.
trcatK of the action of 6fly-t«o rr
tativcaof nvr mental power*— ofaar
memory, inferencr. calculalioa. ai
menl. It v practice only with
no more he Iranied than gro
Irarnrd by hnmllinK minerals, ti
tecturecaii be le:irned brplaat^!
or drivinK nail«. The learner af
niUHt 1m> a Htudent or he caa never
actor. I*r4clicr i« of no arail aaki
cijilr rtintniU it.— <7. W ^Itn [L d
"American H'ktst lllmslpaU4 "
la whi«t a acienceoran an* Ad
aiiHwer to thi^ queatiun wnnld |o
settle some of the muM hraird emt
nirs connected with the g»mr %
in frenerally defined a* ki
onler. • • • Scientific (
filioTvatinn, If pmnrrlv c
Always Rive esactly the aaar n
Sixteen parta of sulphnr and a Sn
parts of mercury will always an
vermilion. Just as a cvtllefish'wwit
produce sepia: but a Ihoraiiih kaaa
of the acienlific principle* of fai
will not make aa artia. Bvea va
eiuimplca before hia, a paiairr ii
SCORE
359
SCORE-CARD
le to imitate the works of the
masters. There is a touch in
It is beyond science, and which
le work as that of an individual
»ressin^ itself through the artis-
scientific facts.
in whist, the principles of which
rlong to the science of experi-
I observstion. especially in such
s the leads, the value of cards of
and the importance of teuace.
1 we come to use these principles
play, when we come to desijni
lie which will be formed bv the
e cards, our scientific knowledge
och like the painter's knowledge
^perties of colors.
are thousands of persons who
stered every lead and follow,
nal and echo, every fine.sse and
y, yet who will never be whist-
1 the artistic sense of the word.
3ng to the scientific school; they
icientific game, and they appear
»livious to the fact that wnist-
in art, not a science, and that
o really excel in it are as rare as
o have distinguished themselves
ng and sculpture. — R. F. Foster
MoHtAly lUustrator,
t. — The score is the record
>oiDts made by each side in
; also, the points thus
or recorded. To score is
t or mark the points won
the projp'ess of the game,
*, player on each side usually
s for his side,
uplicate whist, the total
of tricks taken by each
ecorded at the end of each
ipon score-cards provided
purpose. The score made
overplay is recorded oppo-
t made in the original play,
' that a comparison may be
ad the loss or gain duly as-
d.
keeping of the score (at
straight whist) is a com-
ily simple matter in the
m game, but in the Eng-
le so man^ extra points are
nto consideration that it
} a more serious task. Be-
e scoring of tricks by cards,
the scoring of honors, four
points, according to the
number held in excess of those held
by the adversaries. Tricks, how-
ever, count before honors, so that
if, for example, each side is at the
score of three, and one side makes
two by honors, the other two by
cards, the latter vrins the game.
Then there are also the additional
points for the ieinners of singles,
doubles, trebles, and bumpers, and
the extra rubber points to be duly
counted and recorded. In America
none of these things are taken into
consideration, each side, in straight
whist, scoring one point for every
trick taken above six, during the
play of each hand, and the one first
scoring seven points winning the
game. The value of the game is
determined by deductin£[ the losers*
score from seven; the winners win
by the number of points shown in
the difference. Some players score
all the points made by each side
during a sitting, and at duplicate
whist this is the rule. (See, also,
*• Playing to the Score.**)
If an erroneous score t>e proved, such
mistake can be corrected prior to the
conclusion of the game in which it oc-
curred, and such game is not concluded
until the trumpcardof the following deal
has been turned up. — Laws of IVhui
(English Code), Section ii.
If anv one. prior to his partner play-
ing, calls attention in any manner to the
trick, or to the score, the adversary last
to play to the trick may require the of-
fender'.s partner to play his highest or
lowest of the suit led. or. If he has none,
to trump or not to trump the trick.—
Laws of fVkui {American Code), SectioH
SS-
Score- Book. — A book in which
scores made at whist are kept for
future reference.
Score • Card. — A card upon
which the total niunber of tncks
made by each side, at duplicate
whist, is recorded in detail. Pro-
vision is made for a comparison
of the tricks made by each side on
SCOiaMG
360
SCORING
the original play with those made
on the duplicate or overplay, thus
showing where losses or gains took
place, and showing, by the totals,
which side wins.
Scorinc.— The act of recording
the points won at whist; keeping
the score. Scoring, at straight
whist, is done by means of various
devices, and many ingenious whist-
markers have been invented for
the purpose from time to time, one
of the very best being that devised
by K P. Foster. In many clubs
ordinary poker chips are used for
the purpcKse of keeping score, and
the various numbers of points made
are indicated by a generally rec-
ognized manner of arranging the
chips on the table. The following
is a plain and convenient method:
According to the Ameri
of seven points, honors a
ing, the game is out as
side ac
One.
o
Four.
0000
Two.
00
Five.
Three.
000
Six.
080
The chip above the line is deemed
to represent three. It is not neces-
sary to indicate more than six in
the dcvcn-point game, as the last
trick nece.ss.iry to win is apparent
without scoring. We may add that
''Citvcndiidi '* endorses the above
arrangement In some parts of the
Ui]iti-«1 States the following methoil
has lH.*i.-ii eniploycil for years, only
three chips being used, so that there
are r.n counters to be taken care
of on the left of the score-keeper:
Chips in a straiy^ht pile indicate
iioiii.-; one chip off pile, one; one
chi]) on top of two Iving side by side,
two; three chips in a row, three;
placed in this manner, Xq four;
placed in this manner, SL five;
placed in this manner, qS six.
either
the tricks that might I
above seven are not tai
account, and the value of 1
is ascertained by dcdnc
loser's score from aeven.
ample: If one side has thr
when the other goes oot wii
the value of the game isfoa
that being the number it
deducting the loaers' no
aeven. Thia is in acconlii
the American code, but wa
to play the laat hand ootsfl
all tricks made.
At duplicate whist soorisg
by means of acore-cardi^ so
a different basts from ica
straight whist. In the UUf
trick won in exccM of v
hand, is put down. Id di
the correct way is to set di
the proper columns the (nH 1
of tricks won by each tide,
the original play and the ds
or overplay. Ae oripnal 1
plicate play of each side ut
together each deal, and the t
of tricks taken by the winar
in excess of thirteen ii P^
the gain column. It«v{
out in /r^ij/ for October, il^
some clubs pursued a difSff*
erroneous method; initcsd<
ing the total number of
taken by both aides, tlier
only to the winner of csch i
number of tricks takes bf t!
in excess of aix, as at stni^
This exccM- was entered
original score column for t
play, and in the dnpUosle ■
um'n for the OTer|May^tbi
or the side making six or le
being scofcd blank in ea
The difference between the
false method amounts to a
■ome hands; and in a matt
SCORING
361
SCORING
whefe maoy hands are placed,
liffereoce would be consider-
as may easily be ascertained
Kperiment
match play, when large num-
o£ players are engaged, the
er ot keeping the score cor-
f for each individual, pair, or
of four or more, as the case
be, becomes very important;
it is espedally desirable, where
match is one extending over
-al days, that the result of the
at each sitting be speedilyas-
ined and announced. This
has been especially felt at each
tal congress of tli^ American
it Lea^^e, where many contests
trophies and championships
place. To meet the requiie-
» of the case a number ofways
septng the score have been
, bat the most perfect is un-
tedly that invented by P.J.
ley, of San Francisco, and per-
mtly adopted at the seventh
resB of the League, at Put-in-
1897. Under the Tonney
lod the official score, double
ked, for the first contest
oklyn Trophy) was put on the
:tin board in exactly eleven
ites after the play ended; the
rs being known in four min-
At no time, in any other
li, was the restilt delayed over
:n minutes. The year previous
>k almost as many hour& Mr.
ley 's method of scoring the two-
; game was also adopted by the
;iie in the contest for the Chal-
t Trophy. In former contests
nethod pursued was to record
let gains for each team on each
from one to forty-eight. Mr.
iey*s way is to reconi the en-
mmber of tricks taken by north
south of each team, and the
I or losses are shown just the
, while in addition to this in-
atkm is conveyed as to how the
hands are mnning. In a commu-
nication published in IVhisi for
September, 1897, Mr. Tormey gives
full particulars concerning his
method. He says:
" The method of scoring used at
the seventh congress, at Put-in-Bay,
called the Tormey system, was first
introduced to tiie whist-plajdng
public on this coast by the vrriter
at the second annual meetin^^ of
the Pacific Coast Whist Association,
in the fall of 189^, in the contest
which took place in the rooms of
the Trist Duplicate Whist Oub, and
has been used in all onr important
contests ever since. Like many
other inventions, necessity was tlie
mother of it
** When the executive committee
of the American Whist League met
at St Louis, in January, 18961 to
formulate a program of play lor
the sixth congress, held at Man-
hattan Beach, I suggested to the
committee to try our wsy of scoring,
but the suggestion, somewhat to mv
surprise and amusement, didn't
even call forth an explanation of
what the S3rstem was, as snother
untried method had the 'call,' and
was adopted. You know how it
worked — no announcement being
made of the result of any contest
until after noon of the next day;
and in one instance — the A. W. L.
Challenge Trophy — not nntil the
morning of the second day.
** The method, if worthy of such
a name, is very simple, indeed.
Any club that uses it once will won-
der why it was never thought of
before. The modus operandi is as
follows: Use score-cards made in
two colors of card board— not thin
paper — ^have them made just large
enough to accommodate whatever
number of dcmls yon are likdy lo
play before moving (a good me b
about %% by %% inches), and qwoe
off for no more than five deals. Use
SCORING
362
SCORING
one color card for north and south
players, and the other color for east
and west; liave printed on the top
ed^c of the cards, in bold-faced
ty})c, 'north and south,' *east
and west.' To expedite the scor-
ing, we j^enerally numljer the
teams of four, or pairs, always put-
ting; the names of the respective
chiljs. as well a.-tthc players' names,
()])p()hite the number on the tally-
sheet that we post on the bulletin
board. A good sample of tally
sheet will be found on page 251,
August ir/iis/, Hamilton Club Tro-
phy.
" Immediately after the play of
each <leal — or frame of deals, if
more than one is played Ijefore pro-
gressing— have the score-cards col-
lected, ij lit ting them in numerical
onler, Ik ginning at table No. x,
before handing them to the scorer.
The o/iltctor <>( these cards should
always lake jjartirular notice to see
that the t«>tal seore for each table,
for both pairs, is thirteen, or a mul-
tiple of thirteen, accordini?
number of deals played. W't
is done pass out new score-c
the next round, and your »cc
go on tabulating as the pi
gres-sct. A few minuti-^ <
contest is over the tabulati-
completed. Like a trial lai.
proves itself. The re>uli r>
contest is announceii and lal
in less time after a ic;ita
than it takes me to vnu
We usually take manifoi'l
to have them ready for ol:
committee.
'* Our method of scorin)? ^
tabic game for the challrn^r *:
which was adopted by the Ar.
Whist League at the la.ot ct>:
is also simple. In place '*fi
the gains and losses for each
forty -eight deals of the n:i'a
numtxfr of tricks taken eif-
by the north and wjuth y.^y
each team is given, and the
etc., are carried out in Ibcc
on the right, as follows;
TaiST vs.
JOSffES.
Tri»l
1
Gaini.
Dralt
I
a
3
4
S
6
7
B
Tri?.t N. nnrl S.
• . 7
9
4
3
7
6
3
6
5
Juiif 1 N. and S.
. .6
7
5
3
8
5
3
5
>
" Bv lhi*i metluKl it is easy to sec
lufw 111'- I'.eais run. something that
ev< ry whiNt-jilaycr likes to know."
\Vl!:l" con'-i'ieraMe progress has
b<-cri in.i'le i:i prrfecling the ma-
rl; in- ry :..r i.iking and announcing
{':>■ -r ^T^^'> at rhij)l:i\ite whist, the
i:. 1*1- :■ -It" •(■'»r:iig i** il'ielf still in an
iiM- •:'.•■< I .tinl unsatisfactory c<"»n-
'l;:i in. .\i between two teams
• ^nly. be t!iey jiair«i. or frmrs, or
in'jre. JiTi a -i-l-, it is easy to arrix'c
.it a C"n«hision. All that is necei*-
stry i> t«» a»»certain which side oIh
t.r.n-il tile greater number of
tricks; but when three or more
such teams engage in a n:s!
question of arriving at a ;?
ecjuitable score is be«et »:
ficuUies. and while serrn! s:
have fieen demised by whi*!
c-maticians of the hifi:hr< i
each melhofl is found xn"Tr
defective in some par»K-jli
the earliest system, that o! 1
ing, introduced by John T >{
in prngres^ix-e duplicate, c^rc
whist, all the north and icnit^
are averaged, and the pbv
those who sit Ihas tfartnifcb^
match is gauged br that a'
at the same time, tiie acora
SCORING
363
••SCOTCH WHIST"
vest players are also aver-
l the play of each player
IS is marked plus or mi n us,
above or falls below that
While this system is con-
lie fair in the main, it is
to because *'it allows a
ffer by the errors or share
ofits of pairs at different
in brief, to be affected by
)ver which it has no con-
1 the Howell and Safford
he movements differ from
ompass whist; sometimes
rs sit north and south, and
s they change to east and
the method of scoring
systems again differ from
ler, and R. F. Foster, in
York Sun of December
and sulisequent issues,
to have discovered some
I chants in the relative
of pairs when comput-
scores first according to
ind then according to Saf-
•well discards the averag-
xi in his system for pairs,
^d compares each deal
h the maximum actually
he p>air with the smallest
e winner, and by averag-
isses a plus or minus score
)mputed for each pair. In
the charge that the move-
i<ler his method are un-
y complicated, he says, in
inder aate of January 29,
hat is not true; the move-
i simplifted as far as pos-
bring about the desired
id they are virtually the
nder the Safford method,
Fers from mine only in the
' scoring. I have no crit-
make upon Mr. Safford's
recess except in regard to
exity. It is fair enough,
rumbersome, and I prefer
that is not cumbersome
and at the same time reasooably
fair.*' Both the Howell and Saf-
ford systems are very popular.
An idea in scoring which is lately
finding much favor in match play
is to decide each contest by the
number of matches won (counting
each deal a match), instead of bv
the number of tricks, the tricK
score being used only to decide ties.
While this is nothing new, the di-
rectors of the American Whist
League, at their meeting in Janu-
ary, 1898, decided to give it a more
general trial in prog^ressive con-
tests at the eighth congress of the
League, at Boston, in July follow-
ing. It is thought this will tend
to make the play more conserva-
tive, as '*big swings'* (as unusual
gains in certain hands are called)
will no lon^r be important in win-
ning victories.
«« Scotch Whist." — Scotch
whist, or catch -the-ten, is another
so-called variety of whist. It is
usually played with a pack of
thirty-six cards, all below the six
being excluded. The cards in plain
suits rank as at whist, but in trumps
the jack is the highest, the ace
being next, etc. Any number of
persons from two to eight can play.
Each game is complete in itself,
there being no rubber. The side or
player first scoring forty-one points
wins. A special value is attached
to the following cards of the trump
suit: The jack, ten points; the ten,
ten points; the ace, four points; the
king, three points; and the queen,
two points. The side making what
is called cards score as follows, in
addition to the above: One point
for each card in excess of either
party's quota of cards in the tricks
taken. For instance, suppose four
are playing, each player's share of
the thirty-six cards would be nine.
If two partners take five tricks, or
SECOND HAND
364
SBCOND HAlfD
twenty cards, thev score two for
cards, that being tne number over
and above their joint quota of eight-
een cards. The great object of the
game is to catch the ten of trumps,
which counts for the player or aide
taking it.
In criticising "Historical Notes on
WhiKt." the editor of a London paper
blamcrd me for aayinK nothing alx>ut
" Scotch whist." I wrote to him explain-
inK that Scotch whist, or catch-the-ten,
was pur|>oselyomitte<l. as it had no more
resemblnuce to whist than the Scotch fid-
dle ha.H to a violin. To my Kuri)rlHe and
aransement. he inserted my letter in his
next iiiunl>er. — "CaueHJuk** [L. A.\,
*'Card-rabl€ Talk.''
" Scutch whist" introduces a special
object in addition to winning tricks—
catching the tenor trumps; that card and
the hoiiurs having particular values at-
tached to ihcm. Tnii variety of whlnt
may be played bv any nuiiil>er of persons
from two to eifcfit; and its peculiarity is
that when a Hmall number play, each has
sevcr.il dihlinct hand«. which must be
Slave<l in regular order, an if held by
iflcrtMit plavern.— /f. F. FosUr [S, O.j,
** Compute Huyle.'*
Second Hand.— The player to
the left of the leader, or first hand;
the pi aver who plavs the second
card to'a trick. ** Y,** or " east,"
should always play second hand on
the first round, or opening, of a
^ainc, unless otherwise specified.
As the 1)1 ay proj^resscs, the position
of second hand varies with it, de-
pending entirely U|x)n who takes
a trick and leads another card.
The <lirections for the proper
play of seconrl hand are niulti-
tU'liiious. Upon one very old and
fundamental rule all are agree<1:
As a j^eneral thing, the second
hand should play his lowest, unless
he is K**^>V< to signal fur trumps.
Other exceptions are numerous.
When you hold a sefjuence of high
cards iace, king, (jueen; king,
queen, jack, or queen, jack, ten),
plav the lowest of the sequence
second hand. From ace, king, or
king, queen, and others, put on the
lower of the high ctrdi
ace, qneen, jack, or ace,}
and others, pUy the love
high cards. Prom aoe,qn
you plav the ten if iii
tnunpa, but the queen if
trumps. Cover an hoiM
you hold more than on
yourself, or if yon hold 01
that one bexn^ the ice.
lead of a medium card, if
the fourth-best principle. 0
card led with the k>«fft tl
take the trick, if yoo havt
high cards, and can place (1
higher cards than the one
maining in the leader'! bii
Players emplo}-ijig *
short-suit leads, as s geoer
cover whatever card is ^
are able, second bsnd. t
being to protect and prow
ner's suits as far as yim^
Second-hand play in tnn
differs from second-bssd
plain suits, because trtinp
their merits, and sre nt't •>
the vicissitudes of plain w
PlayinK hiRh cardn w^**/
play. iinlcHii your »uit t« hrt^
more hl^h card« of roual nta'
to cover a hi^h curd. U 'iO.^
avoided.— /a mrj Clav [L O'l
The play of the «ecoBd h»»*
rrfcarded ■« that orthernmj
intruder who continually 4rp>
the leader and hU parlor
their bent laid plaBa.-ir. ff^
"H'kiU riu-Zicj-
SifsnaiinK fur tnamp« •ectw',
an adveme Nuil. b by float P
frariled an danKrroui^ unl«« T
are nuch that you ran *■?!>''**',
if thr d^vrlopnirnt i« ddIsvo'*'
Foster [S O.]. "U-ktU Tsftia"
r.encrally npeakinc i' /o*^
hinatiun 01 hijch car^ mm^
wuultl lead one of them oa ■
le.id. vou fthould play one o<
^ectina hand, rlthrr Intake l)
force oat biffher cards to f
other* yon huld.— /jjArr Amn
Second-hand play to Mhicci
rial dearer to Inr Immpa to
card turned, the Morr. rte. 1
may be proper play if weak
nay be bad play If sUoag la 1
uHAND SIGNAL 3^5
SBQUBNCB
e • ffTett jnme by a well-
-r. 2>. /*. Hamiiion [L. A.],
ec things for ■econd hand
incc in the order named:
kk if you can under the
eaply a* poaaible. (^) Pre-
ind from winning too
.cep command of your op-
I lomr aa conTenfeut.— C.
vie for the aecond hand is
rest for your partner has
>f winning the trick; and
Hag on your right, it is
your hign carda (particu-
ich as ace and queen ) for
e lead, when you will be-
player. — IVaiiam JhU
' points which distinguish
ty the good from the infe-
er than the play second
The second player may
or wcakneas, or neither
cakneaa, ia the suit led,
M depends upon a greater
of poaitioas.— ^. A. Proc^
\ who will put on a knare,
ad aaother, secoad hand,
imple. Who taught him
ented the move? Or do
irem who follow this rule
nemtelTes, And look upoa
he author of a remarkable
» one ever defended the
an show anybene6t from
condemns it. yet we can
Tarmint. The player is
minutes afterwards he
nave. So with king and
id hand. — Westminster
ind Sicfial.— Among
lovations proposeil in
s a play, or sienal, for
whereoy it snotild be
difficult for the first
ler, to place his suit
for the second hand
higher of two small
low card led, except
:ond hand desires to
amps, when the play
"The objection to
ays Milton C. Work.
IS to make it a trick-
t the partner of the
player cannot aa accu-
rately tell when he can force him,
which information is more im-
portant than any benefit the play
may give."
SmIiib th« Hand.— See, "Look-
ing Over a Hand."
Sea-Saw. — A term med bj
Hoyle and other early players; it
has the same meaning as crose-rnff
(a, v.), Hoyle says, In his ' * Short
Treatise:" *' See-saw is when each
partner trumps a suit, and they
play those suits to one another to
trump."
Self-PlayifiB Cards.— An inven-
tion of R. P. Foster's whereby a
series of prearranged samet ii
properly played by a smaBer num-
ber of persons than in ordinary
playing. An ordinary pack of play-
ing ctutls has printed upon the
backs of the cards certain letters
and figures, which show to whom
the cards are to be dealt. Prom
138 to 160 hands can be plaved
with each pack. Each hana illua-
trates some special point in whist
tactics, such as underplay, re-
fusing a force, placing the lead^
unblocking, grand coup, etc. If
only one, two, or three persons
play, instead of playing " dtunmy,**
with the absentees* cards exposed,
the cards are dealt to the absent
players face down, and are un-
known; but the cards so dealt will
play themselves, exactly as if an
expert were present and held them.
For educational purposes in whist
the value of this metnod of play ii
highly recommended.
Seml-Hofiors. — A name some-
times given by Bnglish players to
the ten and nine, as mentioned by
Pole in his •* Theory of Whist."
Saquenea.— Two or more crndt
inconaecutiyeofderoffaak. Time
SET
366 SHAKBSPBARB AND
in sequence is a tierce; the ace,
king, and queen are a tierce major.
A sequence of four is a quart; a
sequence of five, a quint, etc. A
head sequence is a sequence at the
hea<l of a suit; an intermediate se-
quence, one between higher and
lower cards; and a sui>ordinate
sequence is a sequence of small
cards.
It is a universally accepted rule to
play the lowest of a sequence when
following suit, second, third, or
fourth hand; but in leading from a
sequence the practice varies, in ac-
cordance with the rules laid down
for the leads.
Sequencer are always eligible leada, at
•upporting your partner without injuring
your ciwii hand. — H'illiam J^vne [L. O.j,
^* n 'hist Afaxims," 1770,
Set. — Pour players at a table are
8jx>kcn of as a set.
Sevcn-Polfit 6ame» The. — The
American game of seven points,
honors not counting, as distin-
guishe<l from the English five-point
game, with honors counting. (See,
"American Game.")
Seven -Spot. — ^The eighth card in
rank or v.ihie at whist, counting
from the ace down; one of the low
can Is.
It is led onlv as a fourth best in
the system of American leads, and
as a penultimate or antepenultimate
for fourth l)est) in the old leads.
In the Ilowell (short-suit) system,
it indicates the ruffing game, gen-
cT.'iIly not more than two in suit,
an<l no higher.
The discard of any card higher
than a seven is also reganled as a
call ff>r trumps. ( See, " Single-Dis-
card Call.**)
Shake«pcar« and Whlst.^So
many passages in the plays of
Shakespeare have been q
applicable to whist, that •
Eie are under the imprct
e actually knew and prKi
delightful pastime. Bnl i
tion does not soslaia socb
far as we have been sUe
tain. Whist was first nia
dimity of a well-dcfiBfl
with a code of rules* br
Lord Folkestone, in 173!
further perfected and po|
by Hoyle in 1742. Prrvio
time of Lord Folkestone, t
in various nide forms, sad
told, was confined diicfl;
servants* hallsL
The onestion is, DidShil
know ot the game, and en
to it in his works ? Such ]
as: '* Force a pIay**("Hei
act 3, chorus); " We mart 1
the card" ( ** Hamlet" Kt
2), *' Nine trumps, two see
good hand*' (** Othello,"
scene 4 ), etc., are apt to I0
color to the snppositioa 5
who judge offhand; bat 't
to us that had the ps» <
been such in his day ss to fl
attention (had its posnbilio
suspected), we wonld btfn
more definite notice snd
than these half-hnmoivai
siona
"We may, on man j «
regret,** savs an amatevr, «
lished an illustrated brochsi
game, " that whist was ac
ally known or played Uv
England at an earlier pefio
days of Elizabeth, or rathcf
of Shakeqware, for it it
compute epochs from the
in intellect as well as the
in rank. Had it been so 0
and our immortal baid b
his innocent rubber, what
ble allusions to it might h
scattered through his worl
ceive his criticSn on the
BilRB AND WHIST 367 SHELBY, MISS ANNIB R
!5* fioeaae, delivered the
tly that he might cheat
How figurative had
xM been on kings,
ves, and deuces! How
d a trickster, in an-
had Auiolycus shown
low Sir Toby Belch
expressed his detesta-
san and meagre hand,
ober abhorrence to ' an
I,* or to a sot in his
rehension!"
ard of Avon was bom
died in 161 6. It was
18 that Folkestone first
»hape to the rudiments
i, and not until 1742
mblished the first book
Consequently, as Dr. W.
t great Shakespearian
ivs in a letter received
aer date of July 29, 1897:
I be no reference to
ikespeare, as the game
I known; but apt quo-
it/* he adds, *'can be
plays, as for bicycling
other modern mven-
'e are some of the most
m1 references applica-
•
•
e.—**OtJUiio,** act j, uene 3.
--^^ Henry V.;*' act i, chorus.
«mk by the card.— "//aM-
t M.
rae, lead.— ••nirrf Henry
ne t.
9irl'-'** Measure for Meas-
ne 9.
icellent dnmb dUccmrse.—
J. scenes.
come* yonder?— "TVw/ia
act I, uene a.
», two ace*— *tit a good
to." act i, scene 4.
you andertake another
k Sight.*' act J, uene t.
,1 hare lout command.—
jeopatra** act j, uene s.
hand — I Ncarce could un-
•• Cawtedy 0/ Errors," act s.
(Society whlat): All the men and
women merely playert.— **>4i You Ltkg
It,*' act J, scene 7.
(The lingleton): Tboa meafpre lead,
which rather threat'neit than doat prom*
iae ought.— "JfifrtAtfn/ nf Venice,** aetj,
scenes.
(Diacarding the beat card to ahow com-
mand): Throw away the deareat thinr,
aa 'twere a oareleaa trifle.— "A/acAf/Jk,^'
ad /, scene 4,
In spite of these and similar quo-
tations, " Cavendish*' expresses the
following correct opinion in *' The
Whist l^ble:** "Whist is not men-
tioned by Shakespeare, nor by any
writer of the Blizabethan era, from
which we may infer that the game
was then scarcely in existence.'*
Shelby^ Mies Annie Blanche.—
A well-known Western teacher and
writer on whist. She was bom at
Portland, Oregon, of Southern par-
entage, her father being a descend*
ant of Governor Isaac Shelby, the
first governor of Kentucky, and her
mother a daughter of General
Joseph Lane, of North Carolina,
one of the heroes of the Mexican
war, and one of the early pioneers
and first governor of Oregon. Miss
Shelby was graduated at the age of
fifteen, the youngest of the class,
from the convent of the Holy Name
of Jesus and Mary, at Portland, and
shortly afterwards was accepted at
a teacher in one of the Portland
public schools.
When a mere child she received
her first instructions in whist, two
friends, both thoroughly good play-
ers, constituting themselves her in-
structors. *'It was,'* she savt,
"my good fortune, from the be-
ginning, to play almost entirely
with i^ntlemen, and with players
of ability and experience. The au-
thorities used were 'Cavendish/
Pole, Drayson, etc The lead of
the fourth best, at recommended
by Drayton, nnder the name oC
SHELBY, MISS ANNIE B. ^SS
SHORT-SUITER
penultimate and antepenultimate,
was familiarlv known and used by
us with results satisfactory to our-
selves at least.'* A club of which
she was a mL'ml)er, composed first
of two and later of four tables,
soon Ijecame known as the best
club in Portland. This was at a
time when whist was but little
studied, particularly by ladies, aud
one of the rules of the club called
for a certain amount of application
on the part of each of the mem-
bers, a rule which was conlially
and cheerfully complied with.
When the club had been in exist-
ence some two or three years her
father died, an<l thereupon, acconi-
panii'd by her mother, she left
Porll.in'I and spent several years in
travel, both in this country and
Kurope. During this time Miss
Shelby enjnyed the a<] vantage of
meeiin>? and playing i^ith thor-
oughly ailvanceil players, and the
American-lead svstem having su-
perseded the oh\ game, she went
diligently to work, and with the
aid of ** Cavendish" (twenty -second
e<litiun\ Ames, Hamilton, and Cof-
fin, soon familiari/ed herself with
thf nio<lfrn scientific game.
Within a few moiiths after her
return to Portlan*!, in iSg^^, at the
request of friends, she began to
teach the game, having the endorse-
ment in her new undertaking of
well-known whislers like P. J. Tor-
ini.'y. of San Francisco, and E. H.
Slifpard, of Portland. Not only
friends and acquaintances, but
others including both ladies and
gfnileiiii.n. availed themselves of
ihenpjKirtunity of joining her class-
es, and it was not long before she
fou!id her time entirely taken up.
During the fall and winter of
xSg6 and 1SQ7. at the request of the
members of the Kate Wheelock
Club, which is composed of nearly
a bu nil red members, Miss Shelby
gave a series of lectures, tw
number, in which she nuMie
aim, as far as possible, to sti
only that certain principle
truths are so, but to ezpLi
thev are so; in other words,
peal to the reasoning powen
than the memory of her h
Immediately afterwards sli
asked by the management
Portland Oreganian, a papei
enjoys a wide and enTiabfe ;
tlon, to assume control of 1
department which they wen
ous of introducing. He
column appeared in the ii
February 7, 1897. and wascoz
every Sunday thereafter on
<leparture from Portland i
summer, early in July. G<
San Francisct) imnicniatelj
her return home, ^e has be
able as yet to resume her J4
istic duties, owinj^ to the »
she is at this writing i Dec
1897) engaged in the prepant
a work on whist, at the reqv
pupils and friends, which h
published at an early date
Short Sun.— A rait coal
three cards, or h
ShoK-Suit«r. — One who
the short-suit game, and is o]
to the long-suit game; on
believes in opening his haw
rule, by leaaing from a s
three oir less. Some short-^
will lead from the long soit
exceptionally favorable circia
ces, just as most long-soitcf
make what they call forced
( leads from short suits 1 in dei|
emergencies. The most r
short-suiters hold, howerer. 1
long suit should nerer be M
originally. If they hare a :
able long suit, aad'saflkieBt t
strength, they will par attcnt
it, and strire to briqg it in, by
ing trumps finL
ORT-SUIT GAME, THE 369 SHORT-SUIT GAME, THE
r player knows that when, from a
ly weak hand, he lays ou the table
.rth-best card of a long suit, he
>nly a small chance of winning a
ith the first be»t. Is there any
improving that chance ? Is there
y of relieving partner from the
Ly of backing you in a clearly
M venture ? The short-suiter says
a. It is simple enough— don't
)« long suit at all, but open a short
d watt.— ii. C Howell [5. 7/.],
Openings:'
hort-suiters claim that it is better
ah information of a broader char-
r the opening lead, leaving such
rtails as whether the longest 6uit
is composed of h ve or of mx cards
jund out later. For this reason
andon the whole system of num-
wing leads. If a high-card com-
1 IS to be led from, thcv prefer to
mmand rather than the number
I the suit contains, and if abso-
imand is lacking, to indicate iust
uch short of that position they
lly were. ♦ • ♦ The short-suiter
% to lead a low card from a long
I admitting of a high-card leao,
lis supporting Ktrength in trumps
ry cards is suflBcient to render it
e that the suit can be brought in
icr can afford an average amount
tance. Here is where the unrec-
Ic difference between the two sys-
mes in. " Even though the hand
:/' savs the lone-suiter, "the long
till the best defensive lead." The
liter emphatically denies this,
licves in lying still with suits
c probably impossible to estab-
nbinations that are better led up
led away from. and. in short, in
cmpling* more than he can per-
When he leads a luw card he says
irr. " I am in a position to play
(-suit game if you can assist." If
lot do this he plays a .supporting
>m a short suit to help ni.s part-
lod, or, failing that, to throw the
d wait. These leads are not to
rufl, as many seem to think, al-
they proclaim readiness to do so
ler can see no better game; they
ply a warning to partner that the
4^es no prospect of making a long
hat particular hand It follows,
re, that the original lead of every
am the ace down, carries an en-
tfferent meaning in the two sys-
f play— M' A. Potter [S>rO.],
nee Journal, August /, iSgj.
rt-SuK Game, The. — A sys-
play at whist which makes
from short suits its most
prominent feature, just as, on the
other hand, the long-suit game
pays more attention to the leading
and bringing in of long suits.
While the long-suit game has al-
ways had the largest following (its
sway being at times almost com-
plete), we have evidence that short-
suit play received some considera-
tion from the earliest times. A
common practice (mentioned by
*' Caelebs" ), when playing from a
weak two-card suit, was to play the
higher first, the lower next, to show
no more of the suit. Thomas
Mathews, in 1804, found it neces-
sary to observe that *' to lead from
only three cards, unless in sequence,
is bad play, and proper only when
you think it is your partner's suit.*'
On the other hand George Anson,
one of the finest players of his day
(he died in 1857), upon one occa-
sion laid down the dictum that it
was the height of bad play to lead
from a suit with notning higher
than a ten, if you had a suit with
an honor to lead from, unless from
strength in trump>s there was a
possibility of bringing in the small
cards. Mr. Anson's short-suit ten-
dencies were as nothing, however,
to that which came to the surface
later in criticisms of ** Cavendish,"
Clay, and Pole, the great trio who
perfected the long-suit game. A
writer in the Westminster Papers
for October, 1870, gives utterance
to the following heretical opinion:
*• In studying the theoir of^ whist,
the conclusion has been forced upon
me that the system of play at
present taught and followed is
founded on an erroneous estimate
of chances; that although it is
sometimes right to make your orijg;-
inal lead from your strongest suit,
yet that, in the majority of cases,
the balance of advantages is in fa«
vor of leading from your weakest.
What I particularly deprecate is
SHORT^UIT GAMB, THB 370 SHORT-SUIT GAMB, T
the plan of commencing always in
such a manner as to obtain an ad-
vantage only when you and your
partner hold unusually strong
cards.*'
The editor of the journal ( Charles
Mossop), as well as '* Mogul*' and
other vigorous writers, expressed
similar views, and when the long-
suit authorities added to theirgame
many conventional signals, and,
above all. the American leads, the
chorus of opposition was largely
increased, an(i in the din of battle,
some who were only opposed to in-
formatory play, appeared also to be
arraye<l against the long-suit open-
ing, when such was not the fact.
As an example we may cite the op-
positioTi of Richard A. Proctor,
wlio employed long-suit leads, al-
though he earnestly combatted
modern conventions.
It must be admittc<l that the long-
suit theory, as advocated by "Cav-
endish'* and Pole, paid rather scant
attention to short suits. The
modem scientific game (the perfec-
tion of partnership play by means
of the Umg suit ) did not take short
suits into consideration as an im-
portant factor in whisl-play. In
long suits Pole was will in;; to admit
a choice of the stronger four-card
suit over the weaker five-card suit
for the oriijinal lea<l, hut when it
came to opening from a. suit of three
gool cartis la sliort suit ) as against
a Kuit of four weak canls, he hesi-
tated, and pointed out that to un-
neoes-iarily lead from the three-card
su't would he a violation of his
th'.'ory. With the |vo\verful influ-
ence of •'Cavendish** and his dis-
ciples exerted in favor of this
system. wedde<l as it was hv them
alv) to .American leads, and other
new i:ifonnator\- play, it was natu-
ral tint it should sweep everything
iK^fore it in this country, and that
for several years American whist
and the long-Buit game shoo!
been synonytnoos. When,
ever, the pendulum had swi
fiu* as it could, there came 1
tion, and this reaction is 1
work, and promises to coircc
things which may have be
radical in the long-auit propsj
Not that the long-sait game *
displaced, for fnndamentj
rests upon ^nciples which
sound as whist itself, but we i
the inevitable jrielding to U
turn that for exceptional ha:
situations adequate exec
must be made in the rales,
the world played always fro
long suit, and' all the woiid ]
duplicate whist so that there
be no disadvantage in the b
of poor hands, it might be ;
to advocate the inviolabsliiy
long-suit rule; but even tl
would rob whist-play of one
manifold varieties which cott
its chief charm.
We have already seen that
suitism is no new thing; tl
symptoms were made mami
England at various times 1
history* of whist; and that tl
niulatton of more stringent
for long-suit plav by **Cami
and Pole brougtit out sUdb
tests. Dut all this was mild
pared with the oppositioa ^
suddenly developea in the
World, under the leadenhip
F. Foster, who had oome t
country from Scotland at aa
age. and pubKshed his fifit bo
the game in 1SS9. In this vi
he followed the acknowMfs
thorities, although not witboi
quent show of resentmeot, si
two succeeding books fonnd I
full-fledged whist jdiilisUne. 1
earlv part of 1896, as whisl c
of the New York &«. he ipn
mine under the Inng-rait gsa
country which shook thre
rORT-SUIT GAME, THE 37 ^ SHORT-SUIT GAME, THE
are, although it did not de-
it. His explosives consisted
series of powerful articles,
. seemed to have the weight
; Smn*s own authority, being
led. and giving no indication
lathorship. In these articles
rst of which appeared in the
for February 23 ), war on the
nit game was for the first time
I in a masterly and systematic
tT in the daily press of this
ry. There had, indeed, been
discussions in other papers
to this time, and some direct
s» but nothing like the ener-
ivarfare to which the Ameri-
iblic was now treated; for the
articles were copied far and
and reached the whist-play-
the country better than did
Kt-books, by means of which
''oster had pre\nously made
3 bis views. The result was
iiany of those who sympa-
with him made themselves
, and in time the "revolt'*
ed the proportions of a new
I —that of "short-suit whist."
Foster's chief contention in
un was that long suits were
losing leads, and short-suit
trick winners; and (what gave
guments their special force),
nt directly to the play of the
ican Whist Congress, as pub-
. in its official proceedings, to
his position. Taking the
I playc?d in the final contests
e Hamilton Trophy, he tabu-
them with startling results,
f of his tables he asserted that
rty-seven hands the ori^nal
uit leader never took a single
in the suit led from. IVktsi
rch, 1896, pointed out that
rangement of the tables was
ewhat specious and mislead-
and that out of the thirty-
bands al>ove referre<l to
: were merely repetitions, or,
in other words, duplicate or over-
play. However, any inaccuracies
of this kind did not impair the
success of the onslaught, and when
new facts and figures were adduced
in the Sun^ it became apparent
even to the most optimistic long-
suit players that there was some
truth (even though originally dis-
counted) in Foster's contentions.
In addition to the war on paper
now came the war of actual play.
The short-suiters and the long-
suiters locked horns to see who was
right. Not that short-suit play
and players were up to this time
unknown in this country. They
had always existed in the minority,
and had been known to win vic-
tories in whist contests. As early
as 1893, at the second congress
of the American Whist League, a
team of four from the Capital Bi-
cycle Club, of Washington, D. C,
won the championship, although
they were opposed to American
leads, information, and the long-
suit game. Mr. Foster and his
followers, however, carried the war
into Africa. They challenged the
long-suit adherents right and left,
and numerous contests were played,
and duly recorded, analyzed, and
commented upon in the San, Vic-
tories were, of course, scored by
each side, for the merits of the
players themselves, aside from the
systems of play employed, natu-
rally had a bearing on the results.
The team from the Manhattan
Whist Club, of which Foster him-
self was captain, greatly distin-
guished itself, winning five out of
six prizes, in the inter-city tourna-
ment in Brooklyn, whicn closed
April 3, 1896. Later on, however,
two of the members of this team,
playing with two other members
with whom they had won the chal-
lengL' trophy at the sixth American
Whist League congress, suffered
SHORT-SUIT GAME, THE 372 SHORT-SUIT GAME. TH
defeat at the hands of the long-
suit team from the Narragansett
Chib, of Providence, R. I., and
great was the jubilation of all long-
suit partisans. And thus the con-
test l)etween the opposing forces
continued. The long-suiters were
ready also with tongue and pen, and
one of their most efficient leaders,
George L. Bunn, captain of the
famous St. Paul team, sarcastically
remarked that the Stin*s arguments
ap]K-ared to him to amount to this:
" I can take more tricks in my suit
if my adversjiry is kind enough to
lea<l it for me; so 1*11 just ^ve him
a few tricks in his long suit, and in
return. j)erhaj)s, he will give me a
few in mine."
The short-suit side of the contro-
ver>y was re-enforced by several
writers who possesscfl the gift of
expressing their views with c<[ual
vigor, and among these the most
l)old and original was Edwin C.
Howell, a disciple of Foster, who
propr)se«l an entirely new system of
openings, providing for five differ-
ent nunles of play, each suite<l to
some peculiarity of the hand. One of
these was the long-suit game, which
he permitted uuiler extremely fa-
vorable conditions, but without the
use of American leads. Another
disci])le of Foster, who perhaps
mon- closely rejiresented his ideas
of vhort-suit, or "connuon .•^ense"
i)l;iy, .nid who now threw himself
nil' I the fray with a vigi)rous pen,
was Charlrs R. Keiley, a leading
New York pl.iver and teacher,
wb'Ke vifws an- emlunlied in his
b<ii»k called "Common Sense in
Wlii-t."
Ill gtneral short-suit advocates
difTi-r mati-rially in their ideas as to
thf be*;t way of ])laying the short-
fiuit u-niic. l*o>ter himself was for
years <ii the o]iinion that no exact
rules could l>e laid down for what
C. iJ. P. Hamilton and other
long-suiters contemptuonsly n
ffuerilla warfare. Howell wi
first to make the attempt, as*
followe<l by another enthns
worker in the short-suit cauae
W. Starnes, of Georgia, wbt
bodied his ideas in *'Shor
Whist/' a \-olunie which
brought out in 1S96. Every
on whist puhlishetl since ta
agitation began has devxic
large share of attention to t
suit play, notably ** Whist f^
dav/* bv Milton C. Work; "^
Up to Date/* bv Charles & S
and '* Winning' Whist.** by E
Boardman. Not that any of
can be classed as short-snit
cates; they are long-suit pi
with liberal views reganlinf
employment of short suits.
Street is of the opink>n ttu
has discovered a way to him
all long and short-suit diffm
by what he calls "The Moi
Game'* (^. v.). Judge Boaxdn
willing to concetle this moc
short-suit play: ** Unless the c
hand holds at least four tn
heatleil by the ten or bettn
should lead originally fraa
most advantageous weak plain
and his partner, unless poope
at least that minimum of t
strength, should adopt the
line of play, each leaoing fm
own weakness to his partner's ]
able strength in the endesn
estal)lish a see-saw in plain t
likewise taking every savants
fi n esse an< I te nace. * *
All of this indicates thst s
suit leads can no longer be tp
as a factor in the Americsn f
American whist-players grac
are of the opinion that leads
lon^ and short suits bolfa heloi
legitimate whut-plar; the
question is, how far is it neon
to depart from the standan! 1
suit opening, which, when pom
[ORT-SUIT GAME, THE 373 SHORT-SUIT GAME, THE
ilways remain the first consid-
1. It should be borne in
that, notwithstanding asser-
:o the contrary, both Pole and
sndish** provide for short-suit
D certain emergencies. Writ-
lo follow Pole and "Caven-
and accept their teachings,
se have recourse to leads from
suits, otherwise known as
leads. They do not, how-
nake them a prominent, but
an exceptional, feature of
me.
. short suits been analyzed
duced to a system as full^ as
uits, or had they been given
Linced, though subordinate,
lition in the long-suit econ-
there would have been no
It" from "Cavendish'* and
But, with a more concilia-
>irit manifesting itself, and a
ition to do justice to both
the revolt itself may have
after all, a blessing in dis-
Whist, in its issue of June,
for instance, says: "The
difference between the two
IS would seem to be mostly
opening leads. The extreme
s of either school, we pre-
would lead from their longest
)rtest suit, regardless of all
istances. This is certainly a
mistake, for the most perfect
of whist consists of a judi-
>lending of the best points of
ystems." Fisher Ames, one
first exponents of "Caven-
and the American leads in
>untr>', tersely puts the case
ows:
't us have no confusion of
\% to what is meant by long-
id short -suit system. Accord-
some of the advocates of the
wit system, the long-suit sys-
leans the invariable opening
the longest suit under any
t conditions, regardless of the
cards held in any suit. There is no
such game recommended in any
book on whist, so far as I ever
heard. Whist-players have always
resorted to short-suit leads when
their hand indicated it It would
be just as fair to say that the short-
suit system means the invariable
opeuing from the shortest suit,
under any and all conditions. The
real difference is practically that
one system uses the short-suit
opening more frequently than the
other."
This certainly indicates that there
must be a middle ground upon
which all players can meet, and
reconcile existing differences. Pos-
ter seems all along to have recog-
nized the fact that the lon^-smt
game cannot be ignored entirely.
In his "Whist Strategy,** 1894, he
says: " I do not for a moment wish
it to be supposed that I am about
to advocate the universal adoption
of the short-suit lead, for it is no
more generally applicable than any
other, and is a very difficult game
to play well." Again: '* If a short-
suit player opens a long suit he is
playing the long-suit game, and his
partner may depend upon it that
nothing short of a very unfortunate
position of the cards will prevent its
success." More pronounced still
is the evidence which we find in his
whist columns in the Sun of May
24, 1896: " Extremes are seldom or
never ri|(ht in anything, and it is
the opinion of Xh^Sun that neither
of these systems, as a system, is
sound, but that the true theory of
whist lies between, and that the
future development of the game
will be towaras the discovery of the
proper proportion in which the two
systems, long and short, should be
mixe<l."
It is everywhere believed that
whist is passing throngh another
stage of the evolutioo so ably de-
SHORT^urr GABfE, THE 374 SHORT^UIT GAME, TB
scribed by Pole. When the war of
the long and short-suit factions is
over we believe it may be safely
predicted that still better whist will
be the result.
In closing this brief review of the
rise of short-suitism we can do no
better tlian notice what progress
was claimed for it at the end of the
year 1S97. Foster, writing in the
Sun (December 5), claims that the
"connnon-sense** system has been
found the best up to date, although
he recognizes the fact that the
entire short -suit game is still in an
experimental stage. He quotes,
with approval, the statement of an-
other writer that '* while radical
short-suitisra is adopted by very
few of the experts, conservative
shr>rt-suitisni is no longer an ex-
periment, since it is accepted and
practiced by a large proportion of
our strong«.'st players.** "This,**
Foster thinks, "agrees pretty
closely with the statement made at
Albany by one of the most promi-
nent officers of the American WTiist
Leaj^iie, who said that the result of
his obser\'ations had been to con-
vince liini that there were to-day
only two great classes of whist-
players, those who mixed in a little
short suits, and admitted it, and
tho<e who dallied with them, and
di*nie<l it."
He is of the opinion that of the
many short-suit ideas which have
been brought forward during the
]-\^l two year:^ there seem to be at
least three or four which have come
to stay. These may l>e briefly out-
lined as follows: ( i \ I^'ading the
top of a suit in which there is no
hoTinr. (2' Leading a low card in
a plain suit to show general
str(ii):th, and to encourage partner
to pi ly a forwanl game, especi'dly
in leading trumps. (3) I^^iding
weak tnimjis from hands which are
above the average in plain suits,
espedally if one snit b pnct
established, and is accompani
a card of re-entry in aootber
(4) The return to the old id
playing weak two-card suits <
to show no more instead of ft
for trumps. It was Lord Ben
who proposed to change the 1
ing of this ptay to calling
trump-lead instead of asking
force.
"The idea of showing gt
strength by the lead of a kra
in a plain suit,'* says Poster, "
inated with the okl Mast
team, and it was undoubted]
great factor in their phenof
success. So evident were th
vantages of the system th<it
kins used to laugh at the blio
of the experts, and wonder
long it would be before they 1
wake up and see iL WelU tbt
fullv alive to it now.
"When this idea is adopir
minor details of the system
be a matter of agreement bd
the partnefs. Some player
any card below the eignt as a
dication of genend strength,
others stop at the four or
Plowell seems to think he inr
this system of encouragemee
the only thing new in fats s;
was using the six. seven, and
as an invitation to be forced ii
suit. The5ir» has in itsposH
letters written a year before
eirs book was published, a
just how far down it was wah
for a card which wonld be t
mjjcd as not led from a stroq;
The general idea in those dav
to stop at the eight for thet
nothing, anything above a 1
being * rotten. ' This was the
hattan idea, althoogh Hsi
thought even then thA it won
safe to go lower down. Ut
experiments hsTe led soow I
to go down to the fi^
flORT-SUIT GAME, THE 375 SHORT-SUIT GAME, THE
Tie Pjrramid Club, of Boston,
1 is generally conceded lo be
trongest coterie of players in
England, lead the two, three,
ir of a plain suit to encourage
artner to play a forward game,
the 6ve, six, seven, and eight
5 ti)p of nothing or intemiedi-
They lead the queen, jack,
ind nine as supporting cards,
run* with kings and aces only
they have no re-entry cards
imp strength,
'he New Jersey players, who
strong enough to beat the
■ncn from both New York and
clyn, and to play the com-
l strength of Philadelphia,
more, and Washington to a
o as high as the six m leading
a plain suit to show general
gth. They use tlie queen,
ten as supporting cards, and
iven, eight, nine as interme<li-
from suits that are long, but
ccompanied by re-entry cards
imp strength."
is, in brief, is the short-suit
:ion at this writing, as noted
ae father of short-suit whist.
also, '* Forced Leads.")
re are justifiable short-suit leads,
ally if the nUver is not the oriri-
■derof the hand— <;. /r. Pfttei [L.
' Amertcan lyhiit fllustraUd"
h a de«perate vrore. if the adversa-
pened the hand with a trump-lead,
rnrrallv well to open your weakest
rst -FishrrAmci [L.A.], "Ptacti-
*ju-4tifiahle to lead from a nuit of
isn f'Mir cards when vour lonjj suit
•en starteilby youradversarirs, and
tnsider it dangerous to continue the
r when the previous play indicates
our !«hort Miit is vour t»artncr's lonjf
/ohm T. .\fitihell'[L. A.], "DuplicaU
IS been repeatedly shown in these
'.% that the short-suit ^arae is even
informatory than the lon^^-suit
so far as the general character of
ind groes. although perhaps not so
v> as to such minute detnds as the
3n the cards which will be thrown
away later in Hhe hand.—^. F. Foster [5.
0.\, New York Sun, July ii, 1897.
Leading from a short suit is not only
bad in itself— especially the atrocious
lead from a single card which weak play-
ers affect — but it is not a method ot lead-
ing systematically available, for not every
ha ud"^ possesses a suit of fewer than three
cards. But every hand must possess a
suit of four cards at least— that is, a long
suit.— -^. A, Proctor [L. a], "JJow to Play
IVhiur
When obliged to lead from a suit of leas
than four cards, the rule is to lead the
highest, in order to strengthen your partp
ner's hand, if the card you lead happens
to be of his suit, and also to show him
that you are weak in it. • * * When
leading from a short suit in which you
have two honors, you lead the higher. If
the card you leua wins the trick, you fol-
low with the other honor.— y^Aii T.Mitck*
til [Z.. /I.], 'DuplicaU H^kist."
An approximate solution of the prob-
lem will probably be found ere long from
Sractical experience. The short-suit fad-
ists play duplicate matches t rom which
luck IS, to a great extent, eliminated. If
they win a considerable proportion of
these matches, the whole theory of whist
will have to be reconsidered; if, on the
other hand, they are hopelessly beaten,
short-suitism will die a natural death.—
"Cavtndish" [L. A.], Scribner*s MagO"
tine July, 1897.
It is generally undesirable to lead fh>m
short suits, • * • (i) because you thus
lose the chief advantage of the lead— the
opportunity to inform your partner of
your long suit and the chance of estab-
lishing it. (3) Yon probably help your
opponent to establish his. the chances
being two to one that your antagonists
have strength in your weak suit.— A'ail*
H'hrelork [L. A.], ''The Fkndamrntai
Principles and RuUi of hfodem American
H'hiiir 1887.
It is advisable in most cases where your
game is desperate, and where it is clear
your partner must be strong in your
weak suit to save the game, to lead your
weakest suit, notwithstanding principle
1. Your partner should finesse deeply in
the suit vou lead him, and should not re-
turn it. but, actuated bv motives similar
to yours, sh<iuld lead hfs weakest suit, in
which you should finesse deeply, and
continue vour weak suit, and so on.—
*'Cjtr«rf«3k" \L. A\
W^hat surprises us is that so few of the
long-suit players seem to be aware of the
large number of short-suit plays adro-
cated by their authors under situations
of forced leads, stratejo'. perception, etc
Get out your copy of " Cavendish" and
verify this statement. If we were to
SHORT-SUIT GAME, THE 376 SHORT-SUIT GAME, THl
write a book on the nhort-suit system, we
should quote very largely from the mas-
ter. Alx>ut all that the short-Huit authors
have (lone is to codify the exceptions to
the louK-suit ny stem. —Cassitu M. BtifU
[L. A\ li'hist, August, 1696,
In plavinK ngaiu»t short-Muit leads,
■rcouJ fiauu niu»t cover much more
fieclv. nnd rau5>t cover certain cards
whioli, under the louK-suit system of
leadinv;. he i^ instructed to pasin. Third
h.iUil, as a rule, is ex{>ected to finesne
pretty deeply on a Ahort suit le<i by his
E.irincr, wiiile at the lou^-^uit game such
ne«sing is proixrrly restricted to the
holding of acequeeu only, aud even this
is regarded hy many players as of little
or no vnluc if holding more than three
cards of ihe suit.— /r. A. Fatter [5+0.],
Frox'idence Journal^ August /, iSigfj.
Over a year ago a party of four men in
thi« city [New Cahtlc, Pa.,] decided to
give the oriifinal short-suit game, as we
undrrsto-Kl it. a fair trial. They arrived
at thi'i i;<.-iu-ral i^lea: If a hand is a tenace
hand in suit, he the trump four small or
Ifss, it will be pi-rniis!tihk' to ouen a short-
suit originally where the card led is not
below a niiit*. nrtoojien a four-suit headed
with nine ur ten, with the highest can! in
it. It follows then that the partner does
not return tlie suit so openea. hut that it
Ls a gooii suit to Iea<l through the original
leader -6'. B. Zahniser \S. 0.\, Whist,
April. i,%C.
The long-suit player always begins with
his long suit, whethrr he has the ^lightest
hoj)r of esta!>lishing, d'-fi-nding. nnd
brnuing it in or not. The short-suit
playrr never toui."hfS it exc.'pt for one or
two i«. .INDUS: l>ecauso hr is in a hurry to
se^'uri* tricks with .tiiy winning cards the
ruit nirtv cont.iin. or because he is pretty
sur'- hf can nuikc thf ^^uil with any rea-
sor: i*'ir .issistaiice from his partner. If
rrith'T of thfsr reaH>>ns exists, he will
not Ira 1 the suit a*> a long suit, but will
l>ei;iti with an intrrmt*(liate card, if he
lea.'.- it at all -A" F Foitet \S. 0\ New
Yo*k Sun, May 77. i\'/6.
M.my of tho-^ who adopt the short-
stiit g.iinf ,ts a rrirnlar •.y-tem of plav,
w^*- til- •>rii:in il ur opening had to imli-
cat'" ihf K'en» r il character of the hand,
r.tth" r tha-i .jnv ilf tittls of the individual
suit In thf lii*u'-«.nii k: inie the iiri;:inal
Ir.i ler i- tlwiVK ;i>sitiiitig that his {>art-
n' r Tu iV li ivr >wM'ict)'.in^ or either, and
pliv'tiL' •t: th.it ^'Ui'p i'«:tii>n. The short-
en-r ■ '. vrr HI liiiiL-*. the system of play
l'<-'. I 1 ipt'-il to his own hand, witnnut
th»* •.!!.:hTfst rc'^aril to the ]io«>oihilittes of
hii ;i r tii'i . It i-* the iluiy of tlif partner
to j:i 1- .i:i' hi- hand in turn an«ltoshsjie
the pi Kit ■. •■! ihi; pl.iv on the conibinetl
indications of the (wo. This system was
elabormted by B. C. HftireU.— iT. F. /
[5. O.]. "Compute H&yUr
Prom such ooBsidmtlcNui as I
[when the game is desperate and yen
only weak suits] has arisen the ao-c
short-suit system, that of finesse an^
ace instead of main strrngth. be
ak>out the same relation to the rci
long-suit play as cheas does to cfarc
It should neither be hastily con>te
nor indiscriminately adopted. Tb«
vantage of thii» syratem oon«iflt» 1
conceded eflectiveneBS, under fk«o
circumstances. In the play of hand
void of or weak in tmmpa. lu d
vantages are due chiefly to the 1
difl&culty at times of recocvinaff
nature of the lead, aa in this play
ner's suit should never be retnraed.
poasible advantage of finesse or if
aacrificed. It is usually qaite as dil
to find two players virbo can be r
upon to properly support each otbi
this system as to beat their game i
found - Emery Boardtman VLtA ]."•
ning Whistr
If \o\i, pitving the pathetic cflbn
the wooden long-snlt player as he b;i
tries to cast all hands, be they lari
small, round, triangular, or oral, ta
one little square mould. If you. I rr;
have led singletons and abort auitik
later have eagerly trumped those §
jrou must have noticed certain fiaa
your system: you frequently most I
shaken your partner's confloencv ta
by calling upon him to play someti
upon a lead from length, other times 1
a short lejd. he could not tell which b
absolutely in the dark as to what yos
in your hand. Have you not oftes 1
low-card singleton, or else a low iw»<
suit, and caused your partner to play I
in hand a king or a queen, whlca wm
to the adversary's ace* Do roa 11
that such a loss wa« compensated fa
the chance you thereby gained loir
that suit, if indee<l the advvrurw*
not first draw your Irumpa *— <'tjrii
Street^ L r ^ . ] . •• If Thfi/ C > to I^ae. ■ ri
In these canes [with four trump* «1
cannot be led without further juss
tion and three plain suits of thrrr a
each; or with 3rnur long suit pnrvw
led by the .idventary] yam nuy br dn
to m.ike sn unphiIo«nphioal. or. as 1
technically called . /orted lead fra
short Mill of three cards or le«%. • '
But ynu niusl not try to dsiein |
partner into believing yoa arr Ics^
from a long suit: and sn efl^pctlw ■
of doinv this is to revieise the cwdia
rule and lead the kigkeat, laalesd of
lowest of the suit. • • s nij^ rsH
not arhitrary; It is fbnnded «• fw
for \-our high card will prohably ess
your partner to fiacase, aad wifl s
•RT^UIT GAME, THE 377 SHORT^UIT LEADS
1 losing a taiRh card to no pur-
ich he itiiKht do if you led the
If. havin); three, the highest is
Aug or queen, you are lustihed
Iff the lowest *iu the hope of
1» making: your hi{(h card, and
.he cliance of stretiKtheniuR the
r— H-'il/tam PoU \LA-\-Y "Phil-
iVhistr 1883.
m York Sun's whist column, for
•.ymo issues, has contained statis-
>urn — and that's all they are
The thing souRht to be
. we suppose, that if these suits
3cen opened more tricks would
a taken in them, and conse-
fcccording to the profound logic
.tor, the suits should never have
led at all, but a short suit should
1 led in each case, whereupon,
, the adversaries will proceed to
' short suits, which will be the
of the original leaders, and the
»aders will then proceed to take
those long suits In otherwords,
nent is this: I can take more
nv suit if the adversary is kind
► lead it for me; so I'll just give
' tricks in hU long suit, and in
;rhaps, he will give me a few
I'll be fair about it; I'll give
rust to his generosity in return-
ift. Of course, the mere strxte-
hia argument is an absurdity;
It place, it contains an admis-
the short-suit lead is going to
idversaries tricks in their long
Ihcy could not get if compelled
txtk themselves — a pr.iclical con-
at the short-suit game is a de«
-antage to the opponents. In
place, it entirely overlooks the
the adversary, with the jjjreat
r of having his suit established
»onent*s lead, before he returns
is very apt to exhaust trumps.
a few cards of that established
fhis partner discards of the
s in the long suit of the origi-
, After he does that he maybe
IS enough to lead his partner's
(uit before paying the debt he
e advers»ary. After his partner
a fewtrickshimself he may feel
enough disposed, and prwbably
y thankful for the tncks pre-
t there are onlv thirteen cards
at whist, and the deal is over. —
Bunn [L.A.], St. Paul Globe,
ere are hands in which it is
ivantageous to open such a suit
lit] the expert players of the
with a unanimity which the
ers and teachers, who are fond
ig the doctrine that a short suit
▼er be opened oris^nally. can-
not explain. • • • The whist-plaTen
of the day may on this subject be divided
into three clas.ses, viz.: (a) Those who
never originallv open a short suit.
(b) Those who ao so with four trumps,
and either no lon^ plain suit or one
which they do not wish to open, {c) Those
who do so, regardless of the number of
their trumps, whenever they do not desire
to open a fon^ suit. The position taken
bv class (a) in as antiquated as that of
class (c) is unsound. Class (b) unoues*
tionably stands on the best trick-taking
basis; but, like every other good play at
the whist-table, the original opening of s
short suit with trump strength may be
carried to an absurd extreme. The play
should only be made when both the com-
binations favorable to it exist, vis., s
short suit well adapted for opening pur-
poses, and either no long plain suit or one
which it is most unquestionably a disad-
vantage to open. To those who desire to
have an absolute rule to guide in each
case the following ideas on the subject
may be of value. It is obviously impos-
sible, however, to accurately cover every
case, the make-up of the entire hand hav-
ing much to do with the decision to be
reached. [Mr. Work then divides short
suits into three classes, as follows:] (i)
Those well adapted for an original open-'
ing, as queen, jack, with or without one
other; jack, ten, with or without one
other; ten, nine, with or without one
other; jack, with one or two others.
(2) Those which may be opened origi-
nally, if neces.sity requires a short-suit
opening, as ace and two small (lead
smallest >; queen and one other; ten and
one or two others; nine and one or two
others. (3) Those which should never be
originally opened, embracing all other
short suits.— .Vi7/<m 6". IVork [L.A./f.],
'' l^hisl 0/ To-day,^'
Short-Suit Leads, Foster's. —
While R. K. Foster is the acknowl-
edged leader of the short-suit move-
ment in America, he has not given
us any text-book devoted exclu-
sively to an exposition of the short-
suit philosophy, such as Pole, on
the opposite side, devoted to the
theory of the long-suit, for instance.
Mr. Foster's short-suit teachings
are mainlv embodied in his trench-
ant articles published in the New
York Sun and other journals of the
dav. Thev are also reflected, to a
certain extent, in his text-books on
whist In his " Whist Strategy "
SHORT-SUIT LEADS
378
SHORT-SUIT LE
(1894) he tells us that *< the short-
suil ^aiiie is one in which tlie play-
ers lead supporting cards to each
other, with a view to enabling the
leader's partner to finesse to advan-
tage in suits in which the leader
himself is weak. Each endeavors
to secure the best results from any
combinations of high cards he may
hold, by getting tenaccs led up
to, instead of leading away from
them." He ad<ls, very conserva-
tively. *' It is usually adopted only
when the hand is not strong enougn
for the long-suit ^ame.** In the
revised edition of his ** Whist Man-
ual " ( 1896) he states the object of
the slion-suit game to l)e ••to
secure for certain cards in your
hand a trick-taking value which
does not naturally l)elong to them,
by t'lking advantage of probable,
known, or inferred positions of the
ciirds. It is a game," he adds, '* in
which the original leader tries to
strengthen his partner, but holds
on to his ten.ices, and in which
the partner finesses deeply, leads
strengthening cards, and plays
them in second hand, holding his
ten aces and watching for oppor-
tunities." In "Whist Tactics"
(iS'^5) he gives the following con-
cise directions for the short-suit
game:
"Lead the best card of your
short suit, provide<l it is above an
eight and not higher than a queen.
lA-nd a strengthening card from
your long suit, if you are Icx) weak
to play the long-suit game. Adopt
eillitT of the two foregoing m
preference to leading away from a
suit ill whieh you hoM either a
major or a minor tenace. Lead a
singi'.-ton only when you have six
trumps and your partner knowi
n<ilhing of the game."
Thus according to his mode of
Elay, the original lead of any card
elow a sine shows that the suit ii
strong, and that there
chances of defending ao
it in — in other worda^ i
the long-suit game for U
lar hand. The short-s
as above outlined, he h
great advantage over the
lead from long suits,
shows when there is 1:
chance for a long-suit
succeed. On the other 1:
a short-suit player leads
from his long suit, his t
the assurance that it m-ii
be brought in, which
decided advantage. 3t
says he does not lead shi
preference to long suiu
warning to partner tha
suit is worthless as ai
lead, even with reasou
a nee from him.
His mode of play, ac
commended by him in
is frequently spoken <
••common -sense" gaa
from his rejection of the
long-suit opening, be ha:
well known. rHected
leads and all other co
signals, although leamir
order to keep watch of
saries who employ them,
recent definition of cun
players tSun, 1897) ma;
as a statement of his owv
• ' Com nion-.*iense play*
number-showing leads,
signals, no echoes, no fo
no calls through honon '
interior leads, no directiv
nor anything of that ki;
confine themseh-ea to
simple principle of pla^i
suits up ana weak »
None of their plays hatri
meaning, but they simpi
that they are managing t!
according to their light
partnczB are not dirvcte
private or
RT-SUIT LEADS
379
SHORT-SUIT LEADS
e to infer what they can
cards played by their
ad the apparent (lesigna
Tersaries.**
f simple and unfettered
rs somewhat from other
f short-suit play, espe-
1 that of E. C. Howell
a disciple of Poster),
latter finds almost as ob-
! as the long-suit game
2an leads. He says: *' It
ssary for common-sense
agree beforehand that
lis shall mean certain
ich is the essential prin*
! Howell game. Such a
ifines the plaver, and
in constant dread of
choose between two
tier of which expresses
.nts his partner to know,
r which deceive him in
e. Common-sense play-
»ds that are not clear to
ers sometimes, but thej
them right about their
re any damage is done."
so lays down the general
elsewhere that it is
I player, especially with
land, to play with the
that his partner is
1 under the mistaken
that he may be strong,
uniform adoption of
short suits when hold-
ands.
mnection we may appro-
ive three illustrative
1 comments, which Mr.
ilished in the Sun^ as
te three leading prind-
hort-suit game as taught
lie first is the play of a
1, without much regard
involving a free use of
■nd underplay. Hearts
A leads; the under-
wins the trick, and the
is the next one led:
•
1
1
A
Y
B
%
9 K
9 2
SO 8
9 A
2
A^
70
20
J 0
3
9Q
94
S03
9 6
4
6
6
9 J
so 7
80
46
so o
lOO
96
60
43
40
4K
4IO
7
8
KO
QO
64
30
oo
34
2 4
O
lO
47
4A
9IO
60
42
44
46
4Q
11
12
A4
K4
40
44
64
84
84
9t
13
J 4
4 J
74
48
Score: A-B, ss; Y-Z, a.
Trick a.— A knows that bis psitser
must hare serersl of the small diamonds
which are miaaing, and that the jack is
Z'abeat
Trick 5.— A underplaya in diamonds, as
it it an eren chance whether Y or B nas
the queen. If Y haa it. he will naturallr
place the kiufr on his left, on account of
the fslae card at trick a. Bven If Y Is
auspicious and puts on the queen, if ha
has it, he must lead up to A. If B can
win the trick, it will icive him an oppofw
tunity to show his hand.
Trick 6.— B infers that his partner's
suit muat be cluba, and he baa no dlfl-
culty in placing the diamond king in A's
hand.
Trick 7.~A cannot place the diamoad
queen, as B would finease with queen, ten
against Z; but aa B muat have two dla-
monda. it ia better to get the king out of
his wsy.
Trick 8.— The fall of the diamonds
marks B with the thirteenth, sad in order
to get him in to make it. A leada a small
spade. This is one of the principal things
anout this style of play. If yon want to
gire vour partner discarda, not to allow
him to make tricks, lead high cards; hot
if vou wsnt to get nim into the lead for
any purpose. lead low ones. Thlastrategsr
often brings about very interesting sftaa-
tlons.
The only tricka made by Y-Z ia this
hand are tne ace of trumps and tha odd
trump, which mnst.make la any case, w^
matter how the baad is piayad.
SHORT-SUIT LEADS
380
SHORT-SUIT LEAD
The second hand illustrates what
has been known for many years in
Europe as the "invite." It may
be pluycd either in trumps or in
plain suits. The invitation in
trumps is usually ma<le when they
are weak, by first showing the com-
mand of vour long .suit, or of a re-
entry suit, and then leading a
trump. It practically says to part-
ner: •*This is my game, but my
trumps are poor. Can you help me
out? If not, return my suit."
Partner is not bound to return the
trump lead unless he thinks best,
and in this respect the invitation
differs from an original lead of
trumps. The invitation in plain
suits is made by beginning with a
small card of a long suit containing
neither ace, king, nor king, queen,
jack. The suit led must be acoom-
panie<l by a sure card of re-entry in
another suit. Hearts are trumps, as
before:
*u
I
1
A
QO
1
Y
1
1 -
20
1
B
40
z
K^i
2
A 7
4Q
A ^
A 2 ,
3
^ 5
^ 2
^ 7
^K 1
• 4-
^ 6
9 J
^ 9
^ 8
6
^ Q
K9 A
^\o
C? 3 '
6
4 8
A K
4. A
A 3
. 7
3 «
2 A
9 A
A A-
8
A J
3 0
7 A
4 A
0
5 #
5 0
io#
A 10 ;
110
6 *
7 0
J A
A 9
■\ 1
8 *
8 0
6 0
* 6
12
100
9 0
Q#
A 5
13
J 0
^ 4-
K#
AO'
S»'.irc. .\-H. i.. Y-Z. n
Truk I — If.u1 A rtiM-.wfl the trnchin^
of i'tt'.'- ,iiul n|>rnr<l hi* fi>ur-caitl npailr
Muil. the reftiiU would have been czacUj
the same; for K. with hU re-rnirr
diamonds, would still hare id'
Krtner with the small club, an*!
ve been certain that Z'« re^
was diamonds, and not spades
Trick a.~Z is too weak to n<i
ninic with the trumps with an
lifthed nuil, becaui>e a f<»rce in
mii^ht ruin his hand. He car. n
any card of re-entry bcforr
tnimuH, so he invitra hi» |>artner
ance iu niakiuK hi<» clubs In ih:
of play, all such brain-savinf -i*
fourth-liest leads are utterly tli^r
the attention of the player* i*
trated on the position antl on thr
to be emplojred. nut wasted in <
spots.
Trick 3.— Y snaps at the bait i3t
Z. and leads the trump* at once, 1
the invitation in club« would n--
tended withtMit an accompanxim
re-entry in one of the other pljn
Trick 7.— If Z'k card of reTCt-
in swideK. V can trump the ^ecvo
of that suit, and lead the diamot
The third hand illii5itr«tc»
of play in which you sacnfii
hand to partner entirely, b.11
hope of accomplishing ao
yourself except taking a tm
sibly in a weak s^uit or ma
teuace perhaps in a ahort oaf
theor>' 18 that when there is n
to lead trumps for, no long *.
play for, no need of partne
si stance in anything, it is hH
advise your partner early i
f^ame not to wa&te bis iaS
u]>on you, but to look ont kr
self. The opening leads i:
form of strategy are eanlj <
guished, becausic the card
neither a winning one nor a
one, and the suit to which 1
\ou)i*i is never the tniinpL H
calls this the supporting<can!|
in which a plaver, without li
tablishment of a salt. ptA
tricks here and there ^th
cards, and leads cards weft hi
his own hand, but of foch 1
that they may help partner.
cards and ten ace strragth SR
fully nnntcd. Fcialer calls \
tenacc game. Hearts are tr
and A leads, ■■ before:
SHORT-SUIT LEADS
381
SHORT-SUIT LEADS
A
1 V
B
z
9
♦ 10
^ 5
^ 4.
^ J
2 0
7 #
60
8 #
Q#
7 0
90
100
J 0
A 2
^ 3
^ 6
4 J
2
C' K
7
C^ A
10
9 9
4-0
K#
4 6
4 #
9 #
KO
A 8
4 K
QO
6 #
6
6 #
80
10 #
A 4
J #
8#
AO
2 #
A A
60
30
4 A
A 7
3
S
Score : A-B, 9 ; Y-Z, 4,
i.—HaviniT nothing to hope for
tenAce in diamonds, A leads
t supporting card to partner.
:h Y covers the nine led. B sees
on why he should win the trick,
irly warned to look out for him-
«1 besides the diHadvantage of
ip the entire club suit to the ad-
», he has a verv bad hand to lead
om. Z naturally places the club
I Y. and thinking they have the
uit between thera, with a prob-
AT strtring them in the face, he
* partners trick to lead trumps,
* very proper with his good re-
rrl*.
4-— Z cannot tell whether his
ha« three trumps or four, hut it
to g'> on. From the fall of the
i one but the holder of it knows
( the la<»l trump.
•S — rartnrr having apparently
in clubs or diamonds, A natu-
ies the spades, which B must
7— Z's idea of the hand now is
partner mu*t have the club ace
honor in "tpades. so he leads a
ub to get hiH suit unblocked. A
the invariable short-suit princi-
iTCond-hand play, "cover every-
ftod afterward plays the spane
>wn."* enabling partner to mark
lolutely with the trey and deuce.
irdly neces«»ary to say that the
r-u tricks in this hand were eye-
Short-Suit Leads, Howell's.--
The most radical of the short-suit
advocates is probably Edwin C.
Howell, of Boston, whose ideas
were at first imbibed from Foster,
but who soon started out upon in-
dependent lines of his own. He
tells us that a few years ago, while
discussing with Poster the short-
suit ideas promulgated in the
latter's *' Whist Strategy," he asked
if they could not be reduced to
a system, perhaps the same as
the long-smt, or modern scientific
game. Mr. Foster did not see how
such a thin^ could be done; in fact,
he was not in favor of laying down
any hard-and-fast rules. He be-
lieved in allowing every good
player to use his judgment in re-
gard to the opening of his hand,
and above all, he wished to avoid
a cut-and-dhed, wooden, or **par-
rotic" style of play.
**A11 this," says Mr. Howell,
*'was very charming and inge-
nious; but I held then, have always
maintained, and believe now more
firmly than ever, that a definite
system of play, founded in princi-
ple and developed by information-
giving conventions, is essential to
the practice of whist, however
pleasing the go-as-you-please tactics
mav be in theory." Hence, Mr.
Ho'weirs book, '* Whist Open-
ings," which appeared in 1896. and
the so-called Howell game therein
advocated. This may be briefly
summarized as follows: When a
player holds a long suit which is
not headed by a sequence of two or
more high cards, and is not accom-
panied by such strength in trumps
and other plain suits that, with
reasonable assistance from partner,
it may be established and Drought
in, it should be left untouched, Tor
the player is more likely to make
tricks in it if some one else opens
it. Instead of leading from such s
SHORT-SUIT LEADS
382
SHORT^Urr LBAE
suit, he should lead from one in
which he docs not expect to make
a trick, and then he will not be
disappointe<l. Nor will he com-
prounse partner's hand by forcing
iiim to nKike a probable sacrifice
that can do neitlier any g^ood. On
the other hand, by leading a fairly
high card from his p>oor suit, the
player will prol)ably stren^hen
partner's hand, and if he leads
from a very short suit he may also
win a tri'^k or two in trumps, just
when he neetls them. •'Such,'*
says Mr. Howfll, ** arc the distinct
earmarks of the short-suit game —
tender nursing of strength that
cannot lake care of itself, support
of partner without sacrifice, and
cheiTtul c( in sent to a * force ' with
weak trumps or strong if you see
nothing belter."
He next proposes to throw a.<ti<le
the whole system of American
lends ^viith the exception of the
trump indications ^ and to substi-
tute therefor his plan by which the
general clianjcter of the whole
hand, instead of only one suit, may
be shown by the lead, For this
purpose he defines five ways in
which tricks may lie won, each de-
jH-ndeni u]Hm the cards held in
hand, as follo^^'s: (I ) The long-suit
gnnie. *2) The supjwrting-card
game, played by *'preser\ing your
liitrli cards anil tenace strength, and
le.iilinv: cards worlliless in vour
hand, but of such a si/e that they
may lielp partner.*' (3 ) The high-
c.ird g.inie, "having several high
cm Is in serpience in a plain suit.
Villi may endeavor to win tricks
with ihem as early as ]x)ssible,
wiihtnu regard for the rest of tlie
hand." (41 The ruffing game,
starling in willi the lead from a
very short suit, in onler to win
tricks in it by ruffing, (5) The
trump alt.ick. " having len«;th and
.^'.r;.::gt]i in trumi>s, and at least cue
good plain suit, or winniD
scattered among the thre
suits." He advises his f<
to '* play the long-suit Kam
have a good plain suit, lair 1
in tnimi>s, and at least one
ably probable card of re<
another suit,'* and adds:
should not indicate the I
game by your original lead
you are perfectly willin
partner should immediate
trumps, from strong or ncak
As for the manner of indie
partner the long-snit or as
of the five styles of game, thi
gives in brief the meaning
various leads, as follows:
Arf -foWow^ hy klsff. indie
hiKh-CAfd Rame. KcnrraMy 6rc
ill suit, with littlr or n-j mm
sitlc of the iHiit IcU; folio wrd bt
canl, inilicatea the mfiiif cab
prutmhly no more in the suit ltd.
A'mjr— followed hj aee. ipdia
hiteh-cnrd Rmne. but Krealer aor
inc fttrrnffth than ace fo'.kiwrd !
unaccomDanied by ace, iDdtfa
hii;h-cardKame. with prohah.Tqo
jack and othen of the anit rr'm«i
;>«4VM— iodicatcft the fiQppoiii
gniiie. and not more than iwti la
/nf*— lollowe<l by queen, indw
hiKh-card frame, theauil IcdbeiM
i'ack. irii. and other*: followed N
inir. or a ninall card, indicatr* i
prirtinfc-c-ird ffame, and sencra.
more than three m »nil.
7>n or Ntir^— indicate* the npf
card izanie; followed by jack or 1
Kpc-ctively. indicates a mil of f
more; doe« not deny hiaher cardi
suit.
Fifht. sfvm^ or xiJT'-indicitn tl
In^ ^ame, with generally not Bfor
two in «uit; irenermllT deniea aar:
card in !(uit.
Fire, /■ymr, th*rf^ cr ttB^^kuAat
lonK-**uit K^me. with prohabCv ■
Kuit. and certainly tninp iimf^
mand» partner, if he grta in tanf '
trumps.
As alreadv intimated, onlv i
matter of trumps does Mr B
retain a vestige of the AM
leads. He says: '* In tmnip
the American' leads to ibov
ber, indudmg the foutb bcsi
DRT^Urr LEADS
383
SHORT-SUIT LEADS
h best from king, jack,
thers, and ten from queen,
I others."
ic Howell system, every card
ed most have a certAin mean-
there is 00 card in the hand
convey the meaning intended
- is jnst as much deceived as in
it nme. Many instances occur
e leader cannot properly show
His long suit has no card be-
t: his short suit has none above
has no supporting cards, his
: headed by kin};s, with very
ip-invitiuK cards with them.
» arise in which an interme-
ibiguouscard must be selected,
isl be invited in a suit in which
lolds three cards —R. F. Foster
r York Sun, rS^.
Suit Leads, Kciley's.-
:m of short -suit leads ad-
)y Charles R. Keiley, in
nmon Sense in Whist,"
e had nearly ready for
S9S) differs radically from
owell, and conforms more
• the ideas of Foster.
t," says Mr. Keiley in the
ion to his book, *'has
A a battle royal of brains,
ers are the generals, and
i the forces. The forces
times strong, sometimes
Irong in themselves, as in
if trumps; strong by posi-
lilswith tenaces; or strong
pment, as in the case of a
J suit, a re-entry card, and
ut. The forces are weak
opener has simply to play
r, when he has little or
himself, but hop>es for a
by his partner's aid.
leral needs common sense
Ltleficld; so does the whist-
the table. If, when studv-
ary tactics, one were told
T a plan w^hich proved
line times to one success,
lid be thought of the pro-
This is what the long-
ge at whisL No one who
• be an authority on the
rigid long-6ait game will aver that
a suit is establisSed in the opener's
hand oftener than once in ten. Does
it seem reasonable to follow such a
plan exclusively? The fact that
there is a success occasionally will
prevent the long-suit game from
being abandoned, but that does not
prevent departures from it.
** Whist should be considered
from the standpoints of attack and
defense. The opener should not
always be on the offensive, for ag-
gressive methods often produce
undesired results when strength is
absent; on the other hand, too
much defense prevents great gaina
Attack, defend, or run. Play the
long suit or the trump attack, play
the supporting-card game, or take
your high cards in before a cruel
frost blights their prospects."
Mr. Keiley 's method is some-
times called the New York game,
and is an elaboration of the tactics
employed bv the team from the
New York Whist Club, which, un-
der Mr. Keiley *s captaincy, won
the Challenge Trophy at the sixth
congress of the American Whist
League. Mr. Keiley holds that
it is unadvisable to attempt the
long-suit game with an uuestab-
lished suit, unless the hand con-
tains, besides the long suit, three
trumps with two honors, or four
trumps with an honor, or five me-
dium trumps; and in each case a
card of re-entry in another suit.
Here are the leads advocated by
him in detail:
The lead of ace shows a suit of
five or more without the oueen or
the jack. If the ace be followed
by kinj^, the player is weak and is
" runnmg" — that Ls, tryinj? to ^t
what tricks he can before the high
cards sour in his hand. The play-
ers employing this system rarely
lead the ace when they have not
the king; and when they are forced
SHORT-SUIT LEADS
384
SHORT^Urr LBAI
to lead from the ace, queen, jack
coiiibiiiation, they often open with
a low canl.
The lead of the king shows two
tricks in the suit; accordingly it is
le<l originally only from ace, king,
or king, queen, jack combinations.
From king, queen, and small, the
leatl is usually a small card. From
king, (]ueen. ten, and others, the
king is not led unless the suit is
very long.
The queen-lead shows the ability
to win the third round in the suit;
accordingly it is le<l from queen
and one small; from queen, jack,
ten, or sometimes from queen, jack,
nine. The lead from queen and
one small is avoided, however,
when the hand presents a better
opportunity.
The jiick is alwaj's the top of the
suit. The leail of the jack from
jack and one small is regarded as
an ideal one in this game.
The ten is usually led as the top
of the suit, though it may be an
intermediate. A suit of four or five
cards, headed by the ten, is opened
with this card.
The nine is never led as a fourth
best, or as an intermediate; only as
the toi) of nothing.
The eij^ht, seven, six, five, four,
trey, aji«l deuce are eitlier tlic top
of sliort weak suits, or the lx)ttoni
of Innv: ;inil moderately well-sup-
pnrted suits. If from weak suits,
the h md i'**' played down;** that
is. if the eiiiht is le<l from eight,
six. t\\«», the six is played on the
Second roiinil. On the other hand,
if tin- suit is inrxleralely strong it is
•• pl.'iyid up."
Short- Suit Leads, Starncs*. —
We have alreatiy seen that Fos-
ter's slii.ri-siiit obsen-ations in his
"Whist Str.itepy*' cause<l E. C.
ITowfll to enter the field as an ex-
ponent of exact rules for short-suit
pla^. Poster's " Whist S
IS likewise responaible for
able attempt, upon somci
ferent lines, to reduce it
suit game to a science. U
to Val.W. Stames' book on
Suit Whist,*' published in
Mr. Starnes s>tarts out bi
that most writers on whist
the past merely touched c
original lead from a sht
which tliey regard ss for
he can see no reason w:
one should not undertake
short-suit game whst so mj
done for the long, that is,
integrate and anal\*ze its
ments, and build up ther
connected system of pi
should be to some extent
amenable to rule.** Hen
that the short-suit game d
as readily lend itself to "
thumb** as the long-suit pt
is of the opinion that it 1
systematized to a much gm
tent than is generally fv]
and that many definite dir
can l)e gi^'en, which will
the partners easilv to red
other's hands. When boil
ners have some acquaintsac
this method of play. Mr. £
very much questions the via
the original lead from ifei
suit under all circunisUDorf:
go to the other extreme, sad
upon the universal adopcioB
short-suit lead, be is naak
niit, ' * would be taking a itiO
step, and would be alnMsCa
a mistake as the invariaU
front the long suit."
Like Foster he escfaewv As
leads and remains loyal lo t
svstem. By taking' the c
tional long-suit lends ssi
8>*8tem as a standard, bcsavi
are enabled to detect Hin
suit leads bv the diflemceb
the twa If," he
lORT-SUrr LEADS
385
SHORT-SUIT LEADS
ird, that by general consent,
ily when accompanied by a
other card, and you know
o not hold that other card,
o know that I have not
conventional lead. This is
i evidence that I have made
suit lead.**
reed to open a suit from
o conventional learl can be
he advises that it should
ed as a short suit, and led
such. The various short-
ids are given by him as
the two-card suit being
red the ' * short suit par ex-
,.»»
t£ a/<wi^.— With these two cards
dent that nothing would be
IT leading cither of them. • • •
frefore belter to beein with
Buit. keepinfi: the ace-king suit
<se9 of re-entry. • • •
em alotu.— These cards forming
>r tenace, you will, of course,
her of them.
•A alonr.—Thc^c cards, and ace,
)est led up to; so that with such
lation you .should select some
t. If your hand is so con.stituted
cannot avoid playing one of
when you hola tenace in all
the other suits, lead the lower
jack or ten, not the ace.
d tyne jiwtf//.— With the ace and
r card from the nine to the two,
?ad the small card, if you must
suit at all. As already stated, it
keep commandinjjf cards. • ••
'MffH flAwiA— With these lead the
with the royal couple you can
force out the ace at the sncri6ce
ijesty. since you are left in com-
th the queen as a card of re-
d at the same time have thrown
nd one iiwa//— With these you
•nd some other suit, in couform-
the principle that with the
fsl only once guarded it is safer
le one else lead the .suit. • • •
therca.ses lead the higher of two
iny two cards lower than the
le other suit should be selected
>ening lead, as partner will find
fTicult to read the lead correctly.
"ate cases you may f?o as low as a
perhaps a six, provided you ad-
•tly to the rule of leading always
:r card.
If a singleton is to be led at all, the
denomination of it, so that it is lower
than a king, does not matter.
In continuing short-suit leads,
Mr. Stames is of the opinion that it
is always desirable to follow up a
strengthening card with another
card of the same suit. For instance,
if you lead a queen, and it wins, he
advises going on with the suit; so
also with the lead of jack, but if a
ten or nine wins, under similar cir-
cumstances, it should generally be
followed by a lead of trumps, as
partner must be very strong in the
suit. He would in such case lead
trumps if possessed of four trumps
with one honor, or three trumps
with two honors. Of trump leads
in general he says: " Although
short-suit leads are never made in
trumps, the svstem of leading
trumps should be thoroughly un-
derstood, as it varies somewhat
from plain -suit leads.'* Much space
is naturally devoted by him to ten-
ace, finesse, and cross-ruffing, and
he lays down this fundamental
principle and ruling motive of the
short-suit game, which he considers
the essence of all whist: ** Every
card, individually, is more valuable
when led up to than when led.**
He says in conclusion: *' The long
suit is admirably adapted to a fine
hand, but such nands are sadly in
the minority. The short-suit game
provides for the great majority of
hands, which are only moderately
strong or woefully weak.**
The following illustrative hands
and comments are from the book,
and show Mr. Stames* mode of
play contrasted with that of strict
long-suit players. Hearts trumps.
A and B are partners, and play the
long-suit game, against Y and Z,
who are short-suiters. A leads. The
underlined card wins the trick, and
the card below it is the one which
is led next:
5
SHORT-SUIT LBADS
386
SHORT-SUIT LEA
•
1
1
A
Y
B
z
^ 6
^ 5
KO
^ A
^ 3
AO
C? 9
2 QO
3 C? 2
J 0
20
^ 4
30
4 4 0
100
5^7 , 90
50
70
6j Q4 A 4
6 4 54
7 48 42
43 '4 J
8 .^ K , 44
6 0'^ Q
G
K4I
74
J 4
4 5
46
47
8 4
10 4
10:
2 4
44
11,^8 '4Q
12, 34I4A
^ J
4K
13 94;
8 0
410
4 9
1
Score: A-B, 4; Y-Z, 9.
Comments by Mr. Stames:
Trick I. — A has been taught al-
ways to lead trumps from five; so
he be;;ins ^^nth his fourth-best heart.
Trick 2, — Z is a short-suit player,
and wants his club tenacc led up to
if possible. Both his other suits
bein^ weak, he selects the one with
the highest canl, other than an ace
or kinj^, an«l lends it to his partner
as a sup|x)rtinj( canl. A properly
covers with the queen, which would
j^ain a trick if the positions of the
ace and kinjij were reversed.
Trit'k .;. — B has been taught that
only ^ud'len illness or ha\nng no
trumps, will excuse the failure to
return j)arlner's original lead of the
trump suit.
Trick 4. — Y continues the estab-
lishe«l <liann)nd suit to force the
strftng Ininij) hand.
Trii'k 6. — As A cannot catch both
Z's trunij)s, he must proceed to the
establishment of the si)ades.
Trick 7. — If Y continues dia-
mondi, A will make l)oth his
trumps; so he is forced to open the
club snit, beginning w
smallest card so as not to
the minor tenace if it is i
versanes* hands. Z fim
jack, as Y's lead must bt
strong suit; the deuce not
supporting card.
Trick 8.— Z*s play is no
vent A from making I
trumps.
Now let us examine the <
in which A and D are i
players, while their advei
and Z, follow the long-sui
1
2
3
4
5
: 6
. 7
8
I ''
12
13
^ 2
^ 6
48
.*^
C? 7
80
^ K
' 44
K4
' 7 4
Q4
4 4
9 4
4Q
0 a
90
84
4 A
iScore . A-B, 7 ; V-2. 1
Comments by Mr. Staree
Trick I. — Having no re
lead trumps, even with fire,
having three honors in fa:
suit, A prefers the good ib
leadin niamomls. Althocf
not the fourchette. the ci
holds below the king wt
enough to warrant him is
A-B to play two honon to 1
trick. The fall of the cardi
the jack the only cmrd oet
Y's diamonds.
ORT-SUIT LEADS
387
SHORT-SUIT LBAD8
r. — B returns the support-
^ which A finesses.
3. — Y, being a long-suit
>roceeds to establish the
suit by leading one of the
id third best. Z wins this
rder to lead trumps, as he
amonds must be Y's suit,
as four ^ood trumps and a
f-entry m clubs.
K — Y leads a small club as
:hance to get his partner
ead again to continue the
Being a long-suit player,
>t finesse the club jack.
'. — Z cannot risk the con-
of the trumps, but pre-
rce with the diamond suit.
8. — A draws one of Z*8
tnd forces the other with
lished spade suit
;t of the hand plays itself,
t is a distinct ^in of three
lich are made in the face of
lefensive play possible for
very little carelessness on
of the long-suit players
vc lost thera three tricks
king the gain of the short-
six tricks instead of three,
mce: On the original A
ave played the King of
3 the return of the suit,
>uld have made it possible
[raw both his trumps after
been forced out by Y's
;. This would have lost
ks. Another would have
if Y had not covere<l the
queen on the overplay.
>nginal, Z's short-suit lead
iiamond jack enables his
o win two tricks in the
ile the long-suit player
same cards got none. In
•lay B's short-suit lead of
:k enabled his partner to
e tricks in spades; but in
lal the player who led this
lone. In the trump suit
t-suit player made three
tricks by not leading them; while
the player who led them got two
only.
Short- Suit Leads, Torm^s.
— While a number of clever writen
on whist have tried to develop short-
suit pla^ after the manner of the
long-suit game, by extending and
forming it into a separate system,
and have paid as much attention
to it as writers on the other side
have to long suits; and while others,
like Charles S. Street, have pro-
posed a mixture of long and short*
suit ideas for expert play (see,
*' Modified Game**;, there are some
long-suit advocates and playefs
who believe in essentially uphold-
ing the long-suit game as the stuid-
ard, and providing moxe liberally
than heretofore for forced leads or
short-suit play in emeiyenciea. One
of these is P. J. Tormey, of Stti
Francisco, who has propounded
and answered the following series
of questions:
/. Vou hold, say, three three-card
suits, and four trumbs. What
thenf
Lead the top of a three-card suit
headed by queen or jack, or the
bottom of one headed by ace or
king; and, if you hold two tenacee,
lead the fourth-best trump. (See
note on trump lead, case 4.}
2, Same holding, only change
the/our trumps to plain suit. IVluU
thenf
If the four-card suit is headed by
the eight or nine, lead the top (or
hi]<hest), never the bottom. If the
suit of four cards is headed by a
ten or higher, lead fourth best If
the highest is a seven or under,
don't lead from it; open a three*
card suit (See case i.)
?. You hold five or six cards of a
iiain suit, headed by an eighty two
or three small trumps, no smU.
U'hattkenr
SHORT-SUIT LEADS
388
SHORT WHIST
If you hold five or six cards of a
suit hea<led by eijifht or lower, treat
it as worthless, and doii*t open it.
Open a ihrce-card suit; if you can-
not do so, open a two-card suit from
the to!>, if not higher than a queen.
4. You hold four^ fizr, or six
small trumps and no plain suit,
IVhat then /
When vou are the original
leader, and hold four, five, or even
six small truni])s, and no suit worth
trj'inj^ t<i establish, or want to pro-
tect a hij^h canl or tenace in one of
voiir shnrt suits, or when vou think
a lead of trumps is the best protec-
tion for your hand, lead the small-
est from four, five, or even six, and
have the lead convey this informa-
tion t<j your partner: This is my
lowest trump. I have four or five,
or iH)ssibly six, and no plain suit to
csta])lish. and you should not re-
turn trump without good reasons
of your own for doing so. If mv
partner d<H.*s return tnimp immedi-
ately, he should say by so doing
that he has a suit he can bring in;
not a suit to establish, for if it was
not estal)lislie<l he sh(»uld lead from
it first, and then return trump, and
not until tht-n. The original leader
can ** high-low'* at the first opj>or-
tunity t«» tell number of trumps, if
lu" wislio'^ to. If the original leader
wants ;in imme<liate or quick re-
turn of llif tnnnp suit, then lead
any tnitii]i that can mark a lo^-trr
oni" in Ij.jmcI; number can l>e shown
l.ittr bv tlu- "liigb-low" j>lav. If
thf lruiTi|' b«ililing is hea<!e<i by a
card in» bigluT than a nine, then
bad rr«>in tlu- t<ip wht 11 you want
trumps ininitiliatrly retiinu*tl.
^. }'«'// /ii'/i/ seven small trumps
and no p 'it! » ^uit. What thrn f
If you bold seven or more small
trump*, ami no suit, you are iustified
in Icailiiij.; from a Iwo-canf suit or
singlt't'in. prtvl.aiming great truntp
strength, and inviting a cross-ruff,
or any other nse of your tm
your partner wanti you to
Short Whist. ~The Engl
of five points, with honor
ing. The original f^me. 1
by Hoyle ana his itnmed
cessoni, was long whist, te
with honors countini;.
was shortened, about the v
to five points, the honors (>
counted as liefore. The c
said to have been due I
losses at the table on the
Lord Peterborough (for «
played for heavy stakes in
lish clubs in those da>3
chivalrous desire on the'pt
fellow-players to^ve him i
opportunity to win his mo;
— or lose more. At any
game was cut in two top!
gamblers. The retention
count of the honors at
value greatly increaised the
of chance, for a side now
all four honors (ace, kin|i
jack ) counts four by hoi
thus has only one point to :
canls in onler to go oat.
players on a side hold threi
they count two, as heretof
if each side holds two boi
not countetl, of course. W
game was ten points the cb
turning the honors did not <
so great an influence on thi
In onler to bring the Ufrs 0
into harmony with the sh
form of the game, a comnii
the .Arlington (now Turf t C
I«ondon, co-operated vitk
I^oraine Raid win in mrifl
same, and in 1S64 Mr. B
publishetl "The Laws of
Whist.*' together with so a
the lurame, by James CUy
Rnglish code* as then adof
the Arlington, Portland, m
whist clubs, remains in stf
in England to-daj.
:ORT WHIST
389
SHUFFLING
ler the Bnglish code is
yed for stakea The
^liah whist authorities
the counting of hon-
ilv five points to the
mous objection, as one
ontain four out of the
necessary to win, and
y the element of chance
t to four-fifths of the
, leaving only one-fifth
lis gives the poor play-
lying ^oes, a chance for
, and IS one reason why
takes is so firmly rooted
e gmme into two parts does
r any of its eMetitial qtuili-
reble, double, or tingle, and
nosing as before.— ZVjcAa-
tws.**
lors been cnt in two when
divided, leaving three out
ats to be oMained by skill,
element in the composition
>uld have been diminished,
rason that short whist, with-
I preferred.— i<. Trump, Jr,
i HTkutr 1880.
DOst radical changes in the
as been cutting down the
en to five, which occurred
lathews mentions it in 1815
irred since the publication
lion in 1804. and Lord Peter^
inlucky gambler for whose
lange was introduced, died
•: FosUr {S. a), ''CompUU
Rs] a same of five points,
>uity of winning four by
an average of about two,
hree points to be won Xrf
le confessedlv more sclen-
ong whist, with its averoge
ts by honors and six by
much closer analogy to the
ne of seven Dointx. no hon-
nore scientific still. —^'m^v
Dvel" n>y Bulwer-Lytton]
ed. witn the touch of a mas-
of mind of the players of
3ls. Short whint had been
S^tre HaMtldean's. Cap-
r, who played at Graham's
id profit and who there, no
d nis new-fangled style of
er with I^rton Dale. The
a capital mbbcr; he is one
of the old school, careAil to a dcgfce.
The Captain happens, at adoabtful point,
to lead a trump (we atop to say that,
whatever our opinion may t>e worth, wc
ahould have done the same), and heloaes
the game. He ia aoondly rated bytlic
f^r»m for hia tramp lcttd.—**Git«iM<iJ***
ShufffllnB.— The art of mizinffor
intermingling the cards before ther
are dealt out to the players. Bach
trick taken up beinig of the same
suit, it is desirable that their order
should be disarranged. In some
games the cards are also shuffled to
prevent their being stacked or fiiced
up by an opponent. It is the duty
of the dealers partner, at whist, to
shuffle the cards for the following
deal, when two packs are used at a
table. To shufifie is also called to
**make" or to **make np" the
cards, eq>ecially in Bnglano.
The right of thuiBing the cards Is a
guarantee which t>elongs equally to cadi
p\tLytT,—DescJkapeiUs [(Aj.
Clay waa fond of ahuffling the cards
very thoroughly after each d«il. Having
suggested to him that so much ahuflinc
was likely to produce wild handa, whica
are disadvantageous to good playeni he
said: " I do not agree with you at alL 1
should like to have the cards thrown out
of a volcano after every deal."— "Csufw
disk" [L.A.], 'Card'ToAu Talk,*'
There is a variety of methods for ShvP
fling. The cards ahould be thoroughly
mixed. An artistic shuffle can be ac-
Jiuired in a short time, and is a desirable
eature of the game. < * * An expert
once told me that he Dredeterminea the
play of a new partner ny the manner in
which he hanales the carda.— il/rj. M, S,
Jenks [UA.^y fVkist, January , 1896.
Before every deal, the cards must be
shuffled. When two packs are used* the
dealer's partner must collect and shuffle
the cards for the ensuing deal and place
them at his right hand. In all cases, the
dealer mav snuffle last A psck must
not be shuffled during the play of a band«
nor so as to expose the face of any card.
—Laws of Whist {Atmtriean Cod^), Sw-
tioMs 8 and 9.
The pack must neither be shnfflcd be*
low the table, nor so that the face of any
card can be teen. The pack mnst not M
shuffled durinf the |rfay of a hand. ▲
pack, having been played witb, auMl
SHUFFLING
390
SIGNAIr
neither be (>huffled by deiilinir it l°^o
EcketH nor across the table. Each player
ftarii^ht to shuffle, once only, except
as provided by rule 33, prior to a deal,
aflcr a false cut, or when a new deal has
occurred. The dealer's partner must
collect the cards for the ensuing deal,
and has the first right to shuffle the pack.
Kach plaver, after shuffling, mustjplace
the canrs, properly collected ana face
downwards, to the left of the player about
to de.<l. The dealer has always the right
to shuffle last; but should n card or cards
l>e seen <luring bis shuffling, or while
KivinK the {jack tot>e cut, he maybeconi<
p-rlled ti) re-shuffle.— Z<i a/I of WhiU
\KngUih Code)^ Sections j6-jj.
Has every player at a table where two
packs are uiteii the right to shuffle the
cards bf.-fore they are shuffled by the
plaver whose <luty it is to prepare the
pack f'lr the dealer? Has every player
the right to shuffle the cards Ijefore they
go the dealer? To arrive at a correct con-
clusion in this matter, it seems necessary
to review the old Hnglibh code in connec-
tion with our present code, to enable one
to di.-terniine the legislative intent of our
co«ijrres«; at thr time the American code
was Iranied. We think it is fair toasnume
that at tlie time our present code was
under consideration, the cunimittee on
laws of iiur whi.st congress had tiefore
them all the codes on the game, and that
these were critically examinetl for all
J possible suggestions. We think it is also
lir to assume th.it in coming to a con-
clufiion, the committee retained all the
gooil features of the different codes and
r»:ie(ted as bad or useless all of those
wfii'-h do not find a place in our present
fxcfiN-nt cikIc. An inspection of laws aq
t > ;,j '.f the Portland Club cride. shows
th.'il th»- I-'niilish laws permit rark player
t J slj'iffle •»nce only, but provide that the
d<!:a:'-r s p:irtner niust gather and shuffle
t':e cariU /^t^t, and extend to the dealer
t-ie rii:ht t-i shiittle them /ast. Our law 8
T-aU: •' TV" iliMierVs tiartnt-r must oillect
:■ n«l 'hurlb- the card* fur the ensuing deal,
:i[id \i] I •- tii'-m .tt his right hand. In all
c 'S» .. !}u- .liM:rr may shuffle last " As
<i'ir i'>'.»' 1^ VI - iiut the Kn^lish law per-
1 iit;n:if ^u' ft jiliyer t') shuffle the cards,
\vr t!n:ik It i-* i t;r to infer that it was the
il'-Ii'it r.it' iiitt*nti<iti c»f the framersnfour
f •■•■l* t'i <I I a-Aiv with the practice of pro-
It II w rvni.tins to Ixr seen whether the
m nil TIT in which they winlf-d our law H
in s'lffn ietitly strong l'» preclutle any
fith*^ I 'ij'otrui tion of the same. The pur-
fKjsf nf the rule was 'evidently to regulate
t i«- ;ir;n.tn»- of shuffling, arid it clearly
•lehius hfTf find Av U'knm this •hnll l>e
don'* 1 h^ languiii{e useil is verv strong;
in fact, mandatory lu terms, it reads:
**Tk£ dtaln't partntr must," e
rule then goes on and permita «
tion to thu very stronfcty and ai
worded general mle. by estcndi
next dealer the privileye of siiol
cards last, if he aces fit to do
think that the legal maxim. "
uniusest exctusto mite* t my." ahoi
with full force, and that the tct>
our legislators permitted one eac
the rule necessarily im plica thai
tended to exclude all oihera
If every one was pemilled I
the cards, it would nullify the rt
of the law itself, which fin its t
to two of the plaver a only. 1
atruction of the Uw will pre
confusion Incident to promisee
fling. We also think it i^ the un
construction, for anj other »
only nullify the very plain icrr
law, but would also auovcrt ihc
pose for which it was endentlv
we are therefore of the opiUK a
other two players, not named tv
have no right whaterer to ml
cards.— /'iwr Amus [i^ A.], U
gust, fSvs.
Sign. — A mark used in tii4
the small cards in illnstrat
or descriptions in whist
Tliiis, the plus sign ( -*- ) is gi
used to indicate one or moi
cards M'hose face value is t::
taut; as, K, Q-^-, which
kine, queen, and one or moi
cards. In this work the pi
is used in the classtfication
afler the names of quoted 1
ties to indicate libvnl tcodc
The letter x is used ta
books and journals to iodif
exact number of small cai
Axxx, meaning ace and thm
canls. Miss Kate Wbcelo
her hook, employs cipbcn
indicate the sxnalf caitls. and
a cro^s ( X ) over the name of
to indicate the second lead.
also, ••Signs.")
Signal.— A conventioosl f
which information is coBrrvi
tween partners, and whi^
also be noted by, and have si
upon the play of, the advvfl
more specifinlly « the signil <
I. AFTER A LEAD 391 SIGNALING GAME» THE
t. (See, "Tramp Sig-
ilst in • nutshell— aiffns, And
a short snoply of Drains.—
nds in dgnals, and each card
nn the first to the last, is to
a signaL— C /?. P. HamilUm
thinks it right to signal in
>m which you would lead,
trump suit Is headed by one
highest honors —Aff//9« C.
kfUr a Lead.— This is
t multitude of sigtials
\ sprung up in America,
i more or less curren^.
bed thus by Milton C.
lis **Whi8t of To-day:"
player has led trumps,
srsary has won the trick,
bsequently made by the
ader is considered by
rs to mean six trumps,
o mean a command tor
to continue the trump
writer believes it wiser
mean neither of these,
weakness or strength in
n being led."
for Trumps. — See,
gnal."
Mistaking th«. — It is
ortant to read the trump
it, and to wait until it is
before acting upon it
the signal is sometimes
y error.
10 pisy more fatal than a
lade because you think your
started a sifnisl, when in
as not. It therefore goes
ng. that a guess should only
n there is little doubt of the
signal.-il/i7/Mi C. ^^ork [L.
isi of To-Dayy
g Gsm«, Th«. — A game
^als are employed; the
lentific game, and es-
\ game 01 ** Cavendish,"
Trist, and those blavers who em-
ploy American leaos and other
modern conventions. Whist, in s
certain sense, is a signaling game
whenever intelligently played, even
without other conventions than the
simple language of the cards and
inferences drawn from theplay of
partner or adversaries, liie old
style of play, or Hoyle game, con-
fined itself to this line of nattuid
inferences. With the invention of
the si^al for tramps, in 1854, came
the signaling game proper, and
from uiat dav it has been con-
stantly addea to until to-day a
player of the days of Hoyle woold
oe sorely puzxled to understand it.
He would be like a child at hia
alphabet while those aronnd him
were engaged in reading fluently.
Whist has been greatlj^ elaborated
by the addition of signals, and
these are still bitterly opposed by
those who prefer the game in its
old-time simplicity, which they
claim is better whist, giving the
individual player better opportu-
nities to exercise his own Judgment,
and to make more out ot his hand,
than if tied down by rules for every
move which he makes. Neverthe-
less the signaling game is firmly
established, and has many advan-
tages which are not appreciated by
the followera of the old school.
These refinements of artifice [peBvltl*
mate, etc.] are utterly oppoaed to the
essence of sdenUfic whist, vis., the ncoe»>
sitv of rational deduction. To suhatltittc
signals which convey information, with-
out troubling the brains, must tend to
spoil the game.— WtttmintUr I^ptn
[i+O.].
The signsl game comprises all the Tsri-
ous metnods of signaling up bands be-
tween partners, sccording to certaia
srbitrary and prearranged systems of
play. Many players object to these
methods ss unfair, but they are now too
deeply rooted to yield to protest—^. F.
FUnUr [5. O.], ''ComptHt HoyU:*
Whist is a game of signals; and tlM
main secret is that tlM aovloc. la Ms
SIGNALING GAME, THE 39^
SILBNCB
anxiety about the trump sifirnal for which
he watcheA ro closely, or which he may
be no anxious to Rive, fails to ace by the
f.-ill of the canls the many real aigaala
that to a K'Kxl player are of much iprcater
worth.— G'. //'. /V//« [/^A. /».], '^Am^rtcan
H'hist Illustrate J.''
If there is any truth in the argument
airainst whist-sii^nalin];, it y^ots too far;
much farther than those who briiijif it
r^rwaril prohab y intend. Almost every
c.ird pl.iyed in the eame ia a signal; that
is to s.-iv. a skill ml partner will draw
ft" me inference as to the number or value
ol tlic cards remaining in the hand of the
plav r. And this is inevitable.— 'M/odSfr*
H'Aiitr Temple Bar, I'al, 79, 1887.
As the one quality which gives whist
its greatest charm and favorablv dla-
tinguishes it from chess and d*oubIe>
dummy is the exercise it affords of the
f.iculty of reasoning from the known to
the unknown, the intro<luction into the
g:ime uf si;;naN, which convey positive
Vnowledite without exercising tne rea-
v-tiW, cannot hut be regarded as a great
blot on. and as tending; to lower the char-
arter of the game, and to make it less
ficientiric. • • • No wonder that " Pern-
bridge." in liislast amu«inv; and instruct-
ive lirochure. "The Decline and Kail of
Whist." calls all the signals "wooden
arrangements." — 'Mf6i/«/" [L + U.J,
A'nowleti^e, /"«yj.
If he [a player] a>ikcd an opponent.
"Why did vffU cough twice just before
playii'iiT ?" and tlie oppiment said, " In
our chib that means the rard I nm play-
ing is mv Inst in the suit: Imt two cotmhs,
f:jIlow«it by a sneeze, imply that trumps
are to Nr Wd in*itanter." he would prob-
ably s.iy. " I wouhl rather not play in
yoiir conipruiy." Hut re.Tlly there is not
riuch t I irfi'W'ie between the' two methods
<'f sign-iling. .\n«l I think, with " .Mo-
f;ul." their is. ib^olutely n>ithing to choose
»etwren the "neler" ant! a system (gen-
erally ail:nitte<i. if that make's any differ-
encrj by whirh ojvning a suit of a
iIifT«rem'rr>'ii>r fr«>m trumps should l>c un-
<l^r*»'VMl to mean all-r'»und {Strength — A^.
A ISf'f.^t L 0.\,"li li'hi^t Stgnaltng
Uonest •■■
With regard t'»the *y*.trni of signaling.
I sym]i:ithi/«' %* ilh the nbjrctions which
I'avr Iv f-ii nr',;ei! a;:.Tiiist it by many fine
?i1.iyer«' Imi tl;»- sv-^t" im ««»/>»«• le.irnrd
■y al! wh-> wi'h tn p'uv whist success-
fully. It iiMist lir Irarnfil for ilefense. if
n«»t for :ilt.iek A pJaver i** not much
\voT«r off th.in his fellovrs If he det^r-
rninro. :in<l let- the taM'* know he has de-
ter min*-*!. never to play the call for
lr«ini;»-. thr rrho. or the t>enultimate. He
ma\ « vi'Ti safely determine never to
mpond to the signal— indeed, with t«o
many MrtnctB this U a
tion. Yet he can newr escape t
of noticing the aisnal. If he uiU
he will ere lonfc find himself foci
enemy's weak tnimp hand, sad c
to force the strong (miatakiog a r
to the signal for an oriisinal xrvm
or committing some other wha
mity.— ^. A. Proctor [Z. O.J.
Signs. — ^There is a mark
ference between signals aii<
in whist. A signal is a leg
convention known and und*
by all. A sign is an atte
convey information bj illei;
means. It is conimnnicaliz
partner in some secret, unfa
ner, either by word, look,
ture, or by the prearran^eed ;
certain cards in a certain b
Signs are used by carri sfaarpc
those who employ them sbc
expelled from the wfais
(See, also. ** Mannerisms." '
liaritiesof Players/* and ".
Conventions.'*)
If you, by took or itestvrr.
draw special nttentinB to yo«r p
have not only cavi •■ impatatic
the whist perception of \oiir par?
you have made an eflbrt'lo lake a:
advantage of your opp(*-neBl->TC
nia<le a aign, not a aiana! -^c'
Hamilton \L. A.\, •'Met
H'htstr
Si la nc«.^ Whist has ben
the silent game because itc
p1a\ e<l without any other cot:
tion than tliat !(fx)ken by the
Its ver>* name is by someanth*
held to mean silence. (I
vcrsation.*')
The best whiat and aileace are 1
rable -C IK F Hama.lan [I, AS
ern Sfientt^f H'kist "
We wt>uld repeal oar c
that all diacuiMion be dt«c\jat«aari
thr moment the deal itimncai'iA
chapelles \0.\.
The element of silesce I fad ■» I
erned entirely by appreciatm ■
consequent Inlereat ia whucaadi
U in no wine a mailer of ars — .44rfi
Hydt\L. A.\, Homu JimguMwm, Jt^^
SINGLE
393
SINGLBTON
flm, — In English whist par-
a game of one point, made
; side scoring five while their
aries have scored three or
(See, also, "Doable," and
ie.*')
(!« Discard Call For
ss. — The discard of an eight
tier card of a suit not yet in
IS a request for partner to
umpa. This convention orig-
with George W. Pettes.
^ndish** does not approve of
ay; at least, he does not be-
: should be treated as a com-
bat rather at a suggestion,
I trumps.
i U Htill anoChrr one-csrd siflrnal,
nay be called the Pettes discard,
a signal for trumps by throwing
rlcht or any higher card. Ord^
ii yoar partner discarded a card
. as an eight, you would suspect
was commencing a signal, but if
plaving the Pettes discard 3roa
>nsider that he has already sig-
ind lead trumps as soon as you
Th{4 prevents discarding from
aits which have no cards below
bt. but plavcrs who u»e this dts-
im that it Is st-ldom they cannot
way a low card of thrir long suit
icy do not want tniraps.— yoAn T.
l[l.. A.], 'DuplicaU IVhisi."
(I«-Tabl« Duplicate.— See,
licate Whist, Schedules for
glcton. — A single card, or
ird only, in a suit dealt to
cr; the shortest short suit
n^inal lead of a singleton is
ere<l very bad play by long-
ivocates, but it is made a
fective part of whist strategy
le short-suit players. There
her short-suit players who
Lhat singletons should not be
such a lead can l>e avoided.
'Sneak Leads.*')
ain suits, the original lead of a
card is in no case dcfenaible.-^
iisM" {L.A.].
The only eacnse for tcadlnr fttMi a
singleton Is the chance of cstablithing a
croaa-mC— ^. A, Pirocior [£,. 0.\,
Lead a singleton only when yon have
six trumps, and jrour partner knows
nothing or the game.— ^. F. FmUt [S, O.l,
** WkiU SlraUgy,**
Mathews, with conaiderable limita-
tions, advocates leading singletons; now<>
a-days the practice is decried, Init I re-
gret to aay tnat, as far as my experience
goes, the principal obstacle to leading a
aiugleton ia not having a singleton to
lead.— '*/¥M^rrV(r/" [iL + 0.].
The slight advantage jtm might gain
by the lead of a singleton ia more tnaa
balanced by 3rour having deceived yoor
partner, and, probably, aaaisted yoar op-
ponent to establish his long suit --Jiralff
Whetlock [L. A.V "71U Fundamumtmi
FiTincipUs and RuUt of Modem Amenemm
Trumping a short suit, If desired, gen-
erally comea about of Itaelf more adnm-
Ugeously than \n leading a single card,
which of itseli la, on independcat
grounds, a disadvanUgeons lead; It may
kill a good card of your partner*a wttli*
out any compensating tienefit to him or
to yon, and it may tend to catabliah aa
adversary's suit, which ia playing thdr
game.-/rf//fass I\>U{L. A-^\, ''PkOoa^
phy of iVkist."
I cannot see how the lead of a aingteton
can work damage In the long ran. If It
is always accompanied by moderate
Ktrenf^h in tnimpn, nuch as four fairly
Soodones. In making this assertion,!
onot wish to l>e understood as cham-
pioning the haphazard leading of ainn^e-
tons merely to make one or two little
trumps. I urge it only when you have
strength in trumps, or see a clear chance
for a cross-ruff, or in preference to lead-
ing from snits of not more than four
cards, headed bv a tenace— Ka/. §V,
Startus [5. a], **Skort-Smti H^isi."
This [short-suit system] is the only sys-
tem ever discovem that removea the
time-honored objection to the singletoa
lead— its being misunderstood by the
partner. All writers since HovIe have
contended that there were many hands la
which the lead of a singleton would na-
doubtedly be the t>est play, but for the
danger that the partner might misunder-
Ptsnd it, and eznaust the trumps under
the impression that the card was led ftwa
a long suit. The posaibility of partner's
miflunderstanding the lead once removed,
all the objections to the singleton dlsa|^
pear, ana one of the moat powerful ea-
gines at whist ia placed at the disposal of
the player who has no t>etter nae for his
trumps than a poaaible croaa-niff Hert
ia an example ot this system la actaal
SITTING
394
ciicnt:
Z dealt and turned the heart
eiK
•
•
■
•94
U
• mm
A
1 Y
B
z
1
I
I
5 ♦
3 ♦
A4
6 #
2
« A
« 3
«4
4 J
3
i*2
A 5
C? G
« 7
4.
^ 2
7 4
2 4
104
6
« 6
« G
^lO
4Q
6
^ 3
9 ♦
4. 4
8 #
7
«io
« K
C? Q
07 A
8
V 5
,<:> K
20
Q? 6
G
A 8
-^ 4.
4-0
C? 7
HO
3 0
80
Q4
K 4
l''
5 0
J 0
6o;
J 4
|12
70
QO
go'
^ J
13
lOO
AO
KO
^ 8
Thr thri-e f.illiiiv; ffini Y, ami holding;
thc<lMur and Iwur hiniMrlf. H knows tlic
five must be :t MtiKlctoti, md he d*tv% not
lincHHr. Nfithrr iI'K-s ht* rrturn the niiit,
but 111 ays hi.s own ••itiirlcton first. iu> as to
c*«tai«li-h the rross-rutt. — A*. /•'. Fmtfr \S.
C^.]. Monthly IliUittati/r, Marck, iSyj.
Sitting. — A sitting at whist is a
coitiiiii; tojjfthcr tit the table for
play. The silliri)^ may Ik; lonjj or
short, arconhiiy; to the rules y^ow-
erniiij; as in flubs), or the inclina-
tions of the playeni, as in the social
or family circle.
Six-Spot. —The ninth card in
valur or rank, countiii>» from the
aciMlown; <i!U" of the low cards.
Ill tlif systi-ni of American leads
it fijiurrs tinly as a fourth-liest lead.
Ill tlu- f>I<l li :ids it is a |M*nultiinatc
or aiilipeiiiiUMnate 'or fourth-l>est)
If. id. In the H<»wi'll f short-suit)
sy^iieiii, it indi rates the ruffing
^jann", j^eiierally not more than two
in suit and no hi>;her. In the New
York. <ir K«*ilev, svsteni of short-
suit leads, the six is one of seven
small cards which are led either at
the top of short weak raits oi
bottom of long and mod
well-supported suita^ Stam
not advise a lead from twt
lower than a nine, ezoepc
perate cases, when you ma]
low as a seven, or perhaps'
leading always the higher c
Skill.— The element in
controlled by the player, as
guished from the element o
which is beyond control ezi
so far as it may be eliminate
the game to a certain extent
employment of special mi
sucli as duplicate piay, for in
At first, chance or luck Urge
dominated in whist; but t
provements, beginning wi
introduction of the trump
and culminating in duplicate
have thrown the balanoi
largely in favor of skill. T
ccs.sful players to-day mast <
more upon their skill thas
their luck. (See, " Z^d*
Whist.")
Acrs and kinfc* trill make trk
DO amount of •tkill can makr n ip
)LnHvc.'-Tk»ma» Maihrmn [/.. 0.\
Prrvinal -.kill i* the nkilt of the
himself a A di<inKui«hetl fron aay
tatce which he mayil^rire from"
from the mistakes of ritherm.~4«i
And here come Into rrqai^ilie
own personal ani! indiTidaai bp«i
er«: vfiur acutenen* of iilMerratiM
rendineM in drawinjt loincml xmSr
yonr |>iiwer of meimirv: voar proa
in decitiiiin of action, aud yrmr wa
in juilicment. All thia i* cuapr
what \% known a« pcnona] i^sSL
ham i\>le[i..A *>]
It ha^ Ttren nrsrd that if wfcki 1
more r Rame of %kilt, and Ie«i a ri
chunci', bad or indilTerenl plarrn
n"t j'.iin in it an freely a« Ihev <k» ■
rrplv. %•» much the tiirtter. there m
iuK VI iryinR to the patience aad i
as when there are three cnod pl*w
one rervlNid — .-<. f#'. /Vtf««a« 'Z*
A conntanllr varvinv deouad if
on the atlentWD and tlie ftUDafa f
Denchapellea. the sreat Prmcfe *
baa a laiidfnl waj of lUartrattnf IB
SKILL
395
8LAH
e pfX)greM of • hand mi whiat to
toflc patb of a shell thrown from
. the oeveDtb trick forming the
he curre. During the first hal^
idlng to the rise of the projec-
»Uy IS tentative, and the player
ins information, which in the
descending portion, he has to
Viiiiam /Mr [L. A -{■],** J^iioso-
kitty
Ic writes in the Fuld, June 16,
t is rerj desirable to ascertain
of skill at whist. The voluntarj
have over results at whist iscom-
of: (I) The system of play, (a)
3nal skill employed." The mod-
m, which combines the hands of
Ders as against no system (the
skill of allbeinff pretty equal) is
r. Pole thinks, aoout half a point
, or rather more. About nine
rubbers plaved by systematic as
»ld*fashioneo players gave a bal-
nearly five hundred points in
lystem. The personal skill will
1 each individual, and is difficult
ite; but, looking at published
in which Dr. Pole had oonfi-
: DuU the advanUge of a very
player (all using system) at
uartrr of a point a rubber: con-
r the advantage due to combined
skill (I. e., two very skillful
wo very unskillful players, all
tem) would be more than half a
ubber. The conclusion arrived
Pole is that " the toUl advanUge
emrnts of power over results at
iv. under very favorable circum-
ne expected to amount to as
one point per rubber." Now,
lubs, nearlv all the plsyer* ad-
re or less closely to Kvstrm, and
majority have connid'erable per-
ill. Consequently only the very
Msyer csn expect to win anjr-
id he will only have the best
a table for a partner, on an av-
ice in three time*. It follows
I that the expectation of a very
>Iayrr st s play-club will only
at the most, say a fifth or a sixth
It a Tu\}bcT.— Richard A. Ptoctor
7/./W to Play HTktstr
latter part of the winter of 1857,
n after-dinner table conversa-
nras remarked by some of the
It whiM is a mere matter of
ince no amount of ingenuity can
inff win an ace, and so on. This
sn srgument as to the merits of
; and. as two of the disputants
ly maintsined their oriidnal po*
vas pr«»posed to test their powers
ing them sgainst two excellent
n the room. To this match,
bo say, the bad players agreed.
and a date was fixed. Before the day ar-
rived It was proposed to play the match
in double, another rubber of two good
against two bad players being formed In
an adjoining room, and the hands being
played over again, the good players hav^
Ing the cards previously hera by the bad
players, and tnce versa^ the order of play
being, of coarse, in every other respect
E reserved. The difficttlty now was to
nd two players sufficiently bad for this
purpose; but two men were found 00
condition of having odds laid them at
starting, which was accordingly done.
On the appointed day a table was formed
in room A, and as soon as the first band
was plajred the cards were re-sorted and
conveyed into room B. There the hand
was played over again, the good players
in room B having the cards that tne bad
players bsd In room A. At the end of the
hand the result was noted for compari-
son, independently of the score, wnich
was conducted in the usoal way. Thirty-
three hands were played in each rooou
In room A the good players held very
good carda, and won four rubbers oat of
the six: In points, a balance of elghteea.
In room B the good players had, oiooone,
the bad cards. They plajred seven ral^
bers with the same nnmber of hsnds that
in the other room had plajred six, and
they won three out of the seven, losing
seven points on the balance. The dlflcr-
ence, therefore, was eleven points, or
nearly one point a rubber. In favor of
skill. A comparison of tricks showed
some curious results. In seven of the
hands the score by cards in each room
was the same. In eighteen hands the
b« lance of the score by cards was In favor
of the superior players; in eight hands In
favor or the inferior. In one of these
hands the bad players won two by cards
at one table, snd three by cards st the
other. The most important result is that
at both tables the superior players gained
a majority of tricks. In room A they won
on tne balance nineteen by tricks; In
room B they won two by tricks. It wiU
be observea that this experiment does
not sltogether eliminate luck, as bad play
sometimes succeeds. But by fsr tlie
greater part of luck, vis., that due to the
superiority of the winning cards, is, by
the plan described, quite got rid of.—
'^Cavenduk" {L. A.^, ^CartPnbU 7hl»."
Slam.— The winning of all the
tricks in one hand at whiat ia
called a slam. The term ia derived
from the Icelandic word siamrm
(Norwegian, j/^M^), to bang. Slam
in the North of Bngland meant to
beat or cuff one, to pnah Tiokntlj;
SMALL CARDS
396
SNBAKLBAD
and it was f^radually applied to
wiiiiiing or bt^atinx at cards, an old
gHiiie soinewliat resembling whist
bein^ ouIUmI '* slam.'*
A slam counts seven points (the
number over the first six, or lx>ok)
for tile winners, and this is enough
to give them the game at any time,
in American us well as luiglish
whist. Slams are not tit all fre-
quent, however, in whist proper.
In dummy, and other so-called
varieties of whist, the slam is
more frequently made, and enters
largely into the elements of play
to Ik? taken into consideration. In
French dummy, or ** niort,** for
insUmce, a slam counts twenty
extra points for the side making it,
alt!iuu;^li it does not affect the
game score, the game Ixing con-
tinned as if no slam ha<I been
made. In "britlge,'* the little
sl.im I taking twelve of the thirteen
tricks) counts twenty ]>< tints, ami
the grand ^lam 1 taking all thirteen
tricks; counts forty ]H>ints.
Owi'iiT ti thi- ]i'i».'»iMlity i>:" tilnniiinif
111- -.ifM'T.iI >vl.«ini- 11! l!u" li.iii«! in
n-Iv.iiu'- >«I, litis mr rii-in- i-o;?iiii>in ;it
I'.M'!'. Ml V rV 111 :it whist A' /•'. I\'\Ur [.V.
<'. '1 ••//■V.v //,.!>. '
"r'-ii- "! im i"» c.-ii:isi.I»T»-'! nf ibr •<inir
viiln- .i-» .1 *iill ruMi-:. -m ■• iijiiiii iii ihil
It H'li": II I* .-.iiiTit ill t';» .-. 1 ::•.'. This i-nw-
t'l.ii wr- }"..i'. ' .1 ; I] ill .1 »i th'- -iiin: liiiif
thi! w- \T'- iwir* '»* ihrv.iTi •!• «. iiiir-H
«!'•>• '. -t i!::!' : iit ii'.tvis. ■ I'l M.kapt*tes
Small Cards. --.Ml the eanls in
tlif TMi'k Ir-iiM dei:« e to iiiiie, iii-
r!'.:-:vi^ <ivi»rvje \V iVlli.?.. arnl
*•■>!::■■ ntlitr a-.itliMrilit •*. hnwever,
t;« ii ;lie 11::. r .i** a hi^li card,
t >» e. ' I.nw CimIs. " j
Smoking While Playing. ^One
*»r ilic main n^jerlioim wliK'h
]iH\'Ts whu ilo mil viiinke tim! to
ji.iyi-v: wliisi ,\\ rhjli^. is ihit ihev
arv "'h/r-l III eU'iure ll;e almost
intolerable nuisance of to6
smoke, which is ever pmec
places where men congnrgii
themselves. The mixture di
rious kinds of combustions oi
weeil is, at times, overpower.:
those who are at all sensitive,
this is especially so when ihev
perhaps, innocently and c:
sciously made the targrt kA a '
bard men t of doucU, fnm f.
and foes alike, at the uzsr t
And not only is the unpleasar'
felt at the club, but it u ca
home to wife and children, «
for days, e\'en after an axnaic
best suit exhibits si^s of mrp
infection. Non-smc iking pu
will always be found to «ck
ladies at the whist-table.
Thrrr i* onrTpry commna Mfrt
ha|i« morr of ifuoii nianii*-r« ih^c ;
iliifttr. from which I h«rr frv^a
BuiTi-rcd. I urn not a mmoker but v
have ji lined u rulibcr, ■ looker -'^ 1
fcit on iMch >v\k uf nir aa<l mdc^^ ;
whil- nnulhcr <ttXKl bchiad mc a.'.
iitK thi-ir «ni'ikc orrr mr I havv
qiirtitly h.iil t-i cra«c p'.a^inc ib r
fjiiriirroi thi^annnj-ancr a« -«r^ ^«
likr tn cnmplAJn rrprat*^rv -: aa^t
cccdinn*.— .-1. M'. l>9a\»on L-A'
Sneak Lead. — Thrlc«!ofi
glcttin I'iirthe puqiitMr ^Y mirr
on the nevt ruund: inclec*
but exprevMvclv t*al!ef! a k
lead, iir siie.ik. Imtc^iu^c j! i* s
ceding whiih is M-mirwh^! ik
the f»ie sneaking al'^nc t"r^*r: :t
tree and sh« siting at y>t: :>err
l)U'ih .Mthfiugh n'»l rr>:.r«i
the «tjtj<.'Tunt>. c»»|>rt*xji!l% '. -r-i
player-*, whu never cti::ii«t ;:
les** iti nuisl cxcepli-irai r»^*.
sr.e.tk le.id is n^l ii><?c\-]r*i '■'
any .lutlmrily a.^ a Icitf ir. W^'l
Rolrlv and only NxMii«>r "f !^f t
chiiY which it m.iv do :r ■i?*.-r-»
jwrlner. The latter mai riais
mistake of thinkinif the >*!
from a j^^cA lon^ suft. an-'. !c^
get trumps out of the way
SNEAK LEAD
397
" SOLO wrasT •»
^ng is the aversion to sneak
long long-suit players, that
i under the impression that
leader is violating some law
»f whist which would make
ject to a penalty. One of
^ing himself * * H. , * ' writes
^s to the secretary of the
n Whist League (see
une, 1896), and his query
<1 in a humorous fashion:
-e any law against a player
the only cam he has of a
iking the so-called sneak
That question came up last
ad I questioned it, ana ap-
5U for advice."
the short-suit systems of
e lead of the singleton is
>bjectionable, because it is
laerstood and recognized.
ra<ls from short-suiters, who
them systematically, are
Iv as offensive as when led
^orant player, who has a
ind from which he could
ad something else to better
je.
( ao donbt that in certain cases
'* lead will make more tricks
regular lead, provided that it
the leader intended; but the
that in a majority of canes it
so work. • * • A "sneak"
fionallv proves very fortunate,
it fails the result is, as a rule,
stroixs.— W^Aij/ [L. A.], August^
,ve a perfect ripht to lead a
as you call it, if you want to. as
eader. There is no law agninst
'laying^ his cards just as he
But l>efore vou do such a thinff
t to have it understood with
ner; and if you succeed in^nd-
lat will play with you if you do,
lis photofrraph, and we will re-
X as a whint curiosity. — P /.
L A.]ySan Francisco Call, Aptil
rell aware that this advice to
letons, even with a crow-ruff in
pt to meet with emphatic pro*
staunch long-sntters; but I do
« such strong objections would
if they gave the subject more
I think this attention might
be grmntcd but for the odium that at-
taches to leading a " sneak.** The name
has killed the play, like the dog that was
hung.— Ktt/. IV. Sianus [S,o),**Skori'
Suit fVkisV'
««Solo Whist."— Another
called form of whist, greaUy al-
tered, and used chiefl;|r for gam-
bling purposes. It onginated in
the United States, being evolved
from ** boston '* whist, and was
introduced into England, about
1856, by Dutch Jews. An ordinary
pack of fiftv-two cards is used, and
these are aealt out three at a time
to each of the four players at the
table. When forty -el^ht cards
have been dealt, the xemaining fcmr
are dealt sinfi;ly, the last one of all
being turnea up to indicate the
trump suit. A game consists of
one hand or deal, and each game Is
placed with a distinct object,
which is declared in advance.
There are six objects, or calls, of
varying importance and risk, as
follows: (I) Proposition (or pto«
posal ) and acceptance: two deSar-
mg players in partnership propose
to make eight or more tricks be-
tween them. (2) Solo: a player
must make not less than five tricks,
the other tliree plavers being op-
posed to him. (3) Misire: the
player must make no tricks, the
other players all pla3ring against
him, there being no tmmp snit.
(4) The abondance: the sinjg^le
player to take nine tricks;^ naming
nis own trump. (5) Mis^xe on-
verte: the same as a miste, except
that after the first trick the caller
must expose his remaining twelve
cards. ^ In a variation of the game
the caller wins nine of the thirteen
tricks against the three other play-
ers, with the trump snit that is
turned up. In this game the miste
ouvcrte, as first given, is called
mis^re sur table, oeing an addi-
tional object or GsU.) (6) Aboo-
SORTING CARDS
398 SPECIAL TRUMP LBAI
dance <Uclarde: this is the highest
call, and the caller must take all
the tricks, ur, in other words, make
a slam. In the Kimberly game,
proiHisals aii<l acceptances are ez-
cluacd. Solo whist is also played
by two, three, or five persons. The
stakes risked on the game var>' in
different countries and amon^ dif-
ferent players. A popular arrange-
ment in lingland is as follows: Six-
pence proposals and solos, one
shilling misi^res, and so on, with
one jKfnny for every trick made
over eiKht. In the one, two, and
three shillin);^ game, the stakes are
much higher. In this country,
counters or chips are used, as m
pokor, and the losses or winnings
ranj^c from a rc<l counter for a pro-
po«i:il and acceptance to eight red
counters for a slam. Each over-
trick or undertrick wins or loses a
white couuti-r.
'* Solo whist" in an Rtteinpt to simplify
"Ixislon" liy rftluiiii;; ihe niitnlicr of
pr'»|>ii.»;ili aii<l tlic 0(iiii]>1ir.-iti')nA of pay-
tnfiit>«. ni\t\ (•1iiiiin;itiii^ the* features itf
h\»^i':^<U. -fe. /•'. J'i'it^r f V. O.], "L ompifte
Two olijfctionfi arc ii^^iinllv raivd to
RTili) whi-i • • • Thr first' i< that it is
n f; tinliliiii; CMine. • • • Th** nccond it
th.it whi»l !•« silciic* ami thnt th»* ffiiivrr-
siiti'fTi «-n?.iil';'l liv th^ '.-ills is lia>il»* t'» be
nhiiMil A. S. iCi/i-., "\'/.» ll'hi\t"
WIh-ii ]iI iv»'f h wish t'l rnhiince the
fr:iTiiMiiU' .tttr.ictjiiti., of thr k"'"**. n pool
is !n«ri»'lM' "il. Fir this ptiri)*!**!' a rrci'p*
i.kW- i-" !•■ n • -1 ti;.'iij thf* t:tfil'-. ill which
r ii-h ]il IV' ;nits .1 rril (.mintrr nt th^ lie-
j'l 1111:11 ■»: .1: tJi'" iMini-. • • • In s«>ine
ji" I' *•- tt i-» thr c itxtfitii fur r.ic'h t»Iay»T to
<in*Tiiiii'»- ;i i»-il I'liintcr wliiii nr ilealft.
— A" . / / ■ . . v» [ V I >.;.'■ C ■■ 'mf^lft^ i/oyie. ' '
Sorting Cards.— See, *' Cards,
Arr.inj^' MU'Tii of"
Sound Play. ->Play which is in
arrunl.MU-f with the rulfS of the
K-iuK-, and in hannony with the ad-
vir" and !»»- »•'♦ irr ^-f the best aitthori-
iR-s; C'»rrci.l play.
Do not be dlaoofoi
fail* of success, which most oitca 1
-'IVilliam BUe[L. A tI.
The player who, having somrtWni
to do, ducH It, and having iwrt»''Tg m
do. does no harm, plays aoand «1
CkarUs S. Street [LVa.], "Mlitf
South. ^The player who.
north, plays againat east and
a designation specially nacd ii
plicate whist South correip
to D in the A-B vs. Y-Z mod
designating the playen^ and o
first round of the opening pu
is the third hand.
Spades. — One of the fonr
into which a pack of cards if
ded; one of the two black i
In the original Spanish cards,
which modem cards are der
the symbol was swords, and
name spades is derived froQ
S])jinish espadas, and the lu
spade, both of which mean wm
The French card-makers fsT
spear-heads {piques) for th»
and that is really what the lyi
on our cards is. but we haVi
tain^d the Spanish, or still i
literally, the Italian name, i
discarding the s>-mbol of the Is
On O erman cards this sait was
indicated by i
leaves.
Special Trump Lsad.— The
of a tnnnp for a i^iectal poif
such as stopping a mff. orsc
ruff, or to save the game.
The •iitti.iti'ifi often drmand* i iB
trump lea-I. Ifa rulT or *re ^w » s
neiii. or for snr special reason voa i
tw<i ur in-irr riMincSof trump* ai s^
anl. you win lead a winninc high B
when ycm itthrrwise wofuid mil
Ktire mav affect your plav o^ m
fttippoAe the score «iaod« aai aniMi
aon the opponents have foar ftvr ;
trick* home: jroa see the famr w 1
unless a strenathenlna tramp wiT
it. anil )tM lead acconfiocU — .' .
i/jmi.ium [L. A.l • Mmder'm aw
BCIAL TRUMP-SUIT 399
SPOTS
lal Trump-Suit Leads, —
system of American leads,
are led the same as plain
rith five exceptions, and
exceptions are known as
trump-soit leads. They are
its:
NtTMBKR OF CAKOS IN
Suit.
7
6
5
4
3
A.K
AAT
AAT
WLA
WLA
A AT
FAT
FAT
FAT
VLA
A.F
9 A
WA
F^
IaA
^1
^»
^»
K*
tLQ
^»
9Q
F Q WK
WLQ
trine, lead F remaining, otber-
wini, lead original F, otber-
eh at a Whist Dinner.— At
in India the whist-players
1 one of their number, who
nt to leave them, a farewell
and the organizer of the
x)po8ed the health of the
a happy manner. In order
lin certain allusions in the
( it may be mentioned that
«t was an officer on the
the district, from which he
«s8arily moved upon hav-
1 promoted to higncr rank,
dquarters of the district are
r far from Golconda, where
monds used to "grow.**
re found there now, how-
ence the speaker's touch
ly. The allusion to glee
was appropriate, because
ing guest was conductor of
1 amateiir musical society.
i speaker:
tlemen: I rise to propose
Ith of our guest, who, in
ingnage, is * discarding^ us
in order to ' cut in* at some other
*Uble.* Where that may be we do
not know, but whatever the place
we can only hope that it wUl 'suit
his hand.* Since has been
here we have all learnt to prise
him. We consider his ' points very
high,* for not only at whist, but in
his private life, he ' plajrs a good,
straight game'— no 'tricks," no
'shuffling,* no 'double-dealing/
or * misleading,' and, as a natural
' sequence,' he has gained a strong
' tenace' over our ' hearts*' All we
hope for is that, having given to
good a 'lead,' his successor will
'follow suit' Now, gentlemen,
what soft of a ' hand' shall we wish
our guest at his new table? Ae
regards 'diamonds,' why he haa
been in the neighborliood of Gol-
conda, and if he has not got hit
pockets full, like the rest m* na, it
must be his fault; as for ' clubs,' I
do not think he will want any to
break other people's heads with,
and I feel sure he will not be hi
any danger of getting his own bro-
ken; as for 'hearts,' he is sure to
win those wherever he goes; and
lastly, the 'spades,' I suppose,
point to a rural retreat and a circle
of glee-singers amonffst whom to
spend the evening of his days*
" Gentlemen, I ask you to drink
his health in a ' bumper,' as a real
^ood ' trump,* and the ' deuce ' ia
m it if you oo not re^wnd to this
' call' with the ' highest honors'—
not only a ' single,' out a 'doable,'
'treble,' and the 'rub' I"
Spots.— The pips or nuuka oa
the cards, from the two to the tea
inclusive, are called spots; and these
cards are designated oy the number
of spots they bear; as, the two-noC,
the three-spot, the eigfat-apot. liieT
are also called bv other names, soca
as the deuce, me tzey, the c^gjit,
etc
SPREAD
400
What are called in Amrricn the " spots'*
on cards arc in Kn^lnnd Krmcd "pip*,"
or " singles." Thry havr also Iteen called
"pointH,'* and. in ht.-vnioiir'a time,
" dropfs."— -^. //. Rheinhardt.
Spread. — To spread the pack
means to distribute the cards, T)acks
uppermost, upon the table, so that
cards may be drawn from any part
of the pack. It is sometimes used
in cutting for partners, etc.
Stakes. — Money played for at
whist, especially in the English
Ave-])oint game, with honors.
Stakes are supposed to lend an ad-
ditional interest to the game, but
to us it seems that it must be pretty
poor whist which needs such an in-
centive. The real truth of the
matter is that stakes are a mild
form of gambling, and have been
handed down from the time when
the game was use^l solely for gam-
bling purp<^>scs in taverns and other
low resorts. In England and other
countries where stakes are an ad-
junct of whist, especially at the
clut)s. this supposer! interest is en-
hancefl by bets in ciddilion to the
stakes, and the English etiquette
of whist has found it necessary to
pHitecl the players at a table in
their jirivilege of first placing their
motley before bystanders, eager to
l>et alsr>, shall T>e allowefl to do so.
Tlii«.. however, is the only reference
lh.it we find to betting in the Eng-
lish rinlc. 1 1 says nothing what-
ever about St. ikes, and this itself is
proof \\\',\\ they are not a necessary
p.t-i of the giTiic, but an addition
in •.'!•? by custom. Th^ popuLir
Eng'ish stake at whist is half-a-
CF'iwti, not a large sum in itself,
asi'le from the Ijets which may add
to it, yet players who are unlucky
at tile tabic I'the five-point game,
with hrmors, lieing greatlv a game
of rli.inrf ) sr>nu'tini(>s rind that
they can ill afford the expcusive
plearare. Potter telli how "]
Dfidge" was ao unfoitnnati
whist that for 3rean he frrqix
a small club where they pi
threepenny pointa. just onc-t
the popular stake (rather an t
cal commentary on the old-i
Kame which he so ablv dde
against modem inno\-ations'.
In America whist has
purged of the objectiona^lIe fe
of stakes, along with the conz
of honors and other modes of
conducive to play for money,
first congress of the Anci
Whist League, which met at
waukee in 1891, declarrd in i
of whist for its own sake,
against stakes. This has bee
satisfactory and gTmtif>-ing to
American people that thou
take an interest in the fpamr
would otherwise have foond it
jectionable, or at least refasi
admission to the home circle,
general opinion in this cos
seems to i)e that if whist if
worth playing without stake
bets, those who are dissatisfied 1
it can easily find some other a
congenial canl game. The
that better whist is playtd
America than in any other om
in the world ( a fact' testified U
** Cavendish** and other emu
authorities who have vistcd
countPk*) must be ascribed, is ■
mea.sufe at least, to this very i
of plaving tlie f^ame for iu <
sake. ' (See. also, "Gambling.
In ■'! cluM andcoCerictt whrw wk
piny 1 for it^ own mkp, ' dnpltnli
now Ihr nnlv ffAHic playvdL "«iai
bring (''»n fined lo lho«c clabtttlHli
pUv lor •rakfl^. wherra cbom fta iv^
iihi^h Kiw4 the mediarrr pSaiwr a <
for hi* m^nrj ^Jt*hm T MUthtC 'L
*Du^uaU ll'kiii, ' /J97
Therr i« aDothrr comaUktrtMMm yn
to EnfcUnd. namely, thai Wrv vfti
a1wair« plartvl for auaay: far tS*
which hi« !••? Ameriran^ la x%r.* 1
wtaiai IcMivala, lo aboliik
40I
STAKBS
the mere loTe of the game, hms
tpread to this aide of the ocean. —
I /Wf [L. ^-f], '^Evolution of
only when the atakea are large
to he more than the plajrer can
lat any excitement can be added
Dleasure which a good game like
Bbrds in itaelf. And when once
:ea are allowed to attain such an
the play l>eoomes gambling. —
f A, Proctor \JL, 0.\, Echo, London^
aid require no argument to prove
nan who lores whist for its own
id struggles to win the game for
isfactiou derived from mental
icy, is more likely to make a good
tajrer than one who finds no in-
nt in the game without the stimu-
stake.'Caxn'afx M.Biine \JL ^.],
February^ tS^.
r first whist congress the League
ong ground in opposition to plav
:e«, and, so far as we know, thu
strictly enforced by the I^eague
We know positively that in the
dubs, sucn as the Milwaukee,
, Hamilton, and Minneapolis
0 betting of any kind is permit-
»«/ [L.A.], September, iS^.
(r stakes are no inducement to the
' whist, for the reason that the
1 too alow for the gambler, while
the highest intell^ence are not
noted by such bait. The pleasure
luishing their opponents in a
nental contest is, to men of such
rnce, of more value than anv
consideration. — Eugene S, Elliott
h^kistt December, if^j.
cannot be properly played unless
ng depends upon the result. The
>f playing well is to win: but I
t IS obvious that if nothing de>
upon winning or losing, the play
lot be good, but simply eccentric,
^rers would make the moat mar-
inesaeM. and pUy the mo^t extra-
f cards, just to see what would
. and to gain ignorant applause
nything more than usually out-
came off.—//. M. Phillips, H^est-
Apers. October /, 1878.
iailbrd's resolution, adopted by the
ngresa of the American whist
I voiced the sentiment of the
rorld to a main extent, namelv,
ist is a game containing within
•aources of intellectual recreation
c not dependent upon stakes or
to add aest to it. Outside of the
haae of the question, this is the
d real lovers of the frame do not
a atake, however in»iguificant or
se, to increase the stimulua.~C
s6
S. BouidUr [JL A,\ **l9%isi Sh£ick€s,»
1893.
The Bngliah game la invariably
played for so much a rubber point: aomc*
timea with an extra stake npon the ruli-
ber itself. In America [in exceptional
cases where stakea are played fori, it la
usual to play for so mucn a game; out in
some caaea the tricka are Die unit, de-
ducting the loaer'a score from seven, or
plasring the last hand out and then de-
ducting the loaer'a score. A very popular
method is to play for a triple stiake: so
much a trick, playing each hand out; so
much a game: and so mnch a rubber.— i?.
F, Foster [S. 0.], ** Complete HoyU.**
The good aenae of the commnnity
generally fixeathe atakea at a reasonable
sum. t a • Thua, at whiat, the do-
mestic rubber may be plajred for postage
stamps or for silver three-pennies; In
general aodety, ahillinga, with perhaps
an extra half-crown on the mbner. are^
common enough; while at the ctvfas^
where money flowa more easily, half-
crown or crown pointa are the mllnc
Bricea. At crack dubs, where many or
le memberaare men of wealth, higher
points are. of course, to be met with.—
^'Cavendish*' [L. A.], ''Card Essuyt^
Whist-players in America do not regard
stakes aa in any wiae adding to the inter-
est of the game, while, on moral grounds,
they find strong reaaons (or opposing
them. The reaaon urged in fiivor of the
atake is that it makea playera more
careful; while, it ia claimed, the wager is
not gamoling unless so considerable aa lo
be a matter of importance. IVhist ooa-
siders neither of these grounds supported
by the best argument. If the stalce ia so
small that a player carea nothing whether
he wins or losea, it is too small to induce
a careless player to mend hia waya.— C.
M. J^ine [L. A.], IVhist, December, 189s,
One of the prevailing fanlta of all plac-
ers—good, bad, and indifferent— la a
readiness to find fiiult with one's partner.
This is much more noticeable among
those who play for stakea, whether large
or small. There aeema to be aomething
in the fact of having aome pecuniary gain
or loss depenoing on the result wmcli
renders one irritable and anspicioos.
Perhapa it ia neceaaarily ao. Gambling,
or even playing for stakea amall enongn
to merely ** define the interest,** aa ** Ca^
endish" euphoniously phrasea H, can be
based only on aelfiah motivea. The play,
no matter how amall the stakea, most
be baaed on that aelfiah motive, or
** interest,'* to get your neighbor's slx-
Eences or guineas (aa may bejaway from
im: and, mark it well, not by skfil, but
aa the result of chance— lor (he stake-
player aa a rule doca not care a partlde
forskiU— end onlypnys for good laeik*
STARNES, VAL. W.
402
STARNBS, VAL. W.
and exults in it when it comes. — Fisfur
Ames[L, -^.], IP'htst, SepUmbrr, iSgs-
Starnes, Val. W. — A bright atid
promising yoiine Southern whist
.lutlior, whose advocacy of shurt-
suit leads, while pronounced, is
based upon a desire to hannonize
lont^ am 1 short -suit play rather than
to destroy the fonner. Mr. Starnes
is the vounjjest son of the late
Judj^e K. Starnes, one of the jus-
tices of the Supreme Court of
( reor>^i;i, and was born at Auf^usta,
in lh.it Stitc. on Au>(ust 30, i86a
Hy profv.-ssi.Mi he is a journalist and
inai;:i/iiK- writer,
lie w.is t;inv:lit to play whist by
his ni other when he w;is ten years of
aijo. a:pl when duplicate whist was
iiitnHliii:e<l, he tfK»k part in occa-
sion il ((unes merely as a social
duty, but c.ireil little for the result,
until it w.is f'^rrod upon his notice
that wh«.» never he was pilled against
a cert.iin <ip]>onent he invariably
I'^st. As a matter of course this
pifpr.- 1 him. and. procurin;j the
lenliii-^ w>:ics *>'i the >;.Lme, he
s'.iidii- 1 tlifii fnilitnliy until he
bee.iin • ]iriiii.i"!U ori'Hiujh to turn
the ta'ik'N oti hi-^ former a'lvers:iry.
As he bf.{iri t'» hive a lhonju;>ll
imderst.rj.iiri^ ot' ih-.- theory ;ith1
pr I •-.i f t'l!* ;;i'ne. Mr. Slirnes
'.V I*; i;ii:»r - i "l \\\\\\ th: ; e'»:is:*ler.i-
t: »:i; T?: i* •»; •!■••• tlie lo:i.^-su:t j^ame
w In -il) '1 MMiii'iilIv .I'l ipte 1 Id h.t:i>U
I iTit.i:::-! .: !■ 1:1^ s!r»M:^ suits, and
t'i»» .li 11".! '.'»••. il r.-rl-; neressarv to
I.-,;., ^ •'......J ,.j w'vTi f"=i!:iMi>.hiil, it
'■ »';! 1 r; .'. •■ i-^:My I— tr|":r.'.v %%pll
• : •■ I * 1 T'l »•■■ •'th'-r h i?:is in
w'li- -I • ''1 ■: '.\\ ■ I-.-:^ ^\\\\ ::-.-lf, '>r
I'::- :•■,■■.'. :' • »*.ir-!-. tor ti:i':/.:;itj it,
v\":e w i;;i ■./. 1: >» iim- 1 t.» him.
t'l'Tr Tir". iht* «». .:j;i- -^ihi fill' iif pi IV
u.i^ !v- I- 1 f-ir in.iki:i-L; the in«>Nt
'■•' !;i"^ ' tltiT el «ss iif h.iiiils. "and
J :<.! •.*::.-•;.•• hr ^ ivs in .1 rerrnt lel-
I'-T. ■' I i.iTTH' i!i TMv re.uliii^. til the
chapter on the •hort-toit pa
Foster's ' Whijct Strmtegr.* 1
felt that therein lay the aolntii
the problem.
" A little solitaire,'* heconii
"served to strenKthen this (
and then I determined to pc
matter to a practical test trr s
instructing my partner befcr
ting tlnwn to the tabic ncTci
turn my lead unlrsa it «u
lutely evident that I ha«! M
strength. I won the next tfai
games, and after losing the
tcenth, twelve more befiirr
ping a second. Bofcvre that ]
considered three con seen :zrr '
ries quite a feat. It «as ibn
the spring of 1 895 ~ that the
occurred to me to ir^* to do i*-
shnrt-suit game «hat wi mss^
done for the long, r.axzrl;
analyze andrxpcun<i i!s j-rnr
aml give f^uch direc!i'«c« r.r
ing It that even l»«;g;nncr« z
ottcmpt floing so viiibiiut an;
cessive prelim inarx- rxprr-litc
lime and stutly. It ws* ^s
gether untrodden firM. at.\ \.
fire inviting. I t^egiE !o 1
and the result was ' Sh«. rr
\Vhi<l.'-
When nsketl by ci «hk!
thought r-f Ihe pre«*Rt «Jat=.*
sh»«rt-suil gmie. Mr ??»—♦"
pl!e'l: ■• I th:nk th.1l p:t*.;:c --^.x
cm be il'^j-t-n-U-d ut^^t ••r*^
later to i!rc:de the miTtr* f
a:»pr*t*a!:«n or Cf^rd'Tr.""''-*
after a!l. the tr'.;e \e*\ :• xr^ r
ly. S;;'.!. p.s A v:::i; '.c *faw :•
ntiv of the Hinil'* tl-.rfM"?.'
w«»'.i!d Iik«» !•! meri'nn tire f "
'\v.\l. In his p'ptir* !•» tJr -nrrM
f.'.i*»Ntr:b' n. a prprtrn^r: «L:<^
n.iUst recently aii%T*^-: th* %5
smt lea 1 from tn-i «::* n::Vf^i h-i
whirh migl;t have Seer: !Akr^,
nn»Nt card fur rani, froci r
*iwinilin«; ilIuMntive h»n«** :r
iMKtk. .\ year ago the stzac
STILL PACK
403
STOW, BOND
a, who 18 still an upholder of
3g-6ait doctrine, woald never
ireamed of niggesting a lead
any but the longest suit, no
r how weak it might be, or
the complexion of the rest of
md."
i a mistake, in his opinion, to
of plajrin^ whist by any
em." Its infinite kaleido-
variety precludes it In his
lie makes no attempt to for-
s any fixed line of p]i)y, but
f advises the short-suit lea4
tuch hands as do not seem to
ipted to the long-suit game;
len, by an explanation of the
involved and numerous il-
ions, he endeavors to supply
ident with some standardf to
r in deciding for himself.
this he demonstrates the
of play which common
would suggest in regard to
cmtingencies that are most
to arise. In other words,
his point of view, the chief
nee between the lonf|[ and
rait game is in the original
after that the development.
It system, directs the play.
I Pack. — The pack of cards
I play, when two packs are
&t a table, as in the clubs;
mes also called a dormant
In some varieties of the
such as "Prussian whist,"
itance, the trump is cut from
II pack.
ert Southey, in his "Letters
della,** tells of an old Welsh
*t who attempted to reform
1-fltyle game of whist by low-
he number of points from ten
, allowing no honors to be
!d, and providing that the
should be decided by draw-
»m a second or still pack, so
le dealer should have no ad-
^e, and all chance be, as far
as possible, prednded. Bat the
new system attracted but little
attention in that slowly-moving
age, and was soon lost sight of
upon the death of its inventor.
(See, also, " Declared Trump/' and
" National Trump. ")
Stow, Bofid.^An advocate of
advanced ideas in whist, and an
analyst of great ability. He waa
born November 18, 18^, at Beloit,
Wisconsin, and stiuted on his edu-
cational career at the age of five,
he* tells us, when his father made
for him a little stool with a drawer
under the seat, and gave him a bat,
a rubber ball^ a primer, and a slate,
and bade him **go it." In dot
time he was graduated from the
Evanston Hi«i School (classical
course); the Northwestern Univer-
sity, in which he received the de«
grees of A. B. and A. M. ; and the
Chicago Medical College (medi*
cal department of the Northwestern
University), which conferred upon
him the degree of M. D. He also
received honorable mention for
special work in pathology and in-
ternal medicine, in the clinics of
the general hospitals of Vienna,
Berlin, Dresden, and Munich. He
was a sta£f physician in the medical
department of the Michael Reeae
Hospital Dispensary, and demon-
strator and quiz-master in path-
ology in the Chicago Medical Col-
lege. Also, for one year, professor
of general pathologv at the dental
school of the Northwestern Uni-
versity. He is now ( 1897) resident
physician of the Glenwood Hot
Springs Company, at Glenwood
Springs, Colorado. He is a mem-
ber of the Chicago Medical Society^
the Colorado State Medical Sodety^
and of the American Medical Aaao*
ciation.
Dr. Stow*a parents were atannch
- - '■ and bit fiithcr Iwldi^r
STOW, BOND
404
STOW. BOND
prominent positions in the church,
card games were a forbitUliMi am use-
men t. Therefore the lad's early
card-playiiij; had to be done sub
rosa. At first it was cassino; then
euchre. It was not until 1SS5 that
he receivol his first intro^hiction to
whist, and he tells the story as
follows: •* One cold, drizzlinj^ after-
noon in NovfrnSer, I found myself
with thrtn? old collej^e friends, Mr.
David HliM>m, Mr. Samuel lloddy,
and Mr. F. C. C«w)lc. A ^amc of
whist was pn^jxist-d. I protested
my entire ij^nonnoe of the ){anie,
bill w.is overruled and told to sit
down and foll«»w suit. Well do I
remnnbvr the whirl my hea I was
in when the j^ame was ojmcluded.
It was llu-n and thrre th.tt I realize*!
what a rii'h ticld wiiist was in which
to exervi-^i- nm-'s powers of anaU>is,
and I detennim-rl to start in and
learn the }{;Lnie. I am still plod-
dinv; that road, which si'ems as
thouv;h it had no terminus; and
m^vviilavN. whe!i tlu: hy-j> itlis of
fads an: in k-Xv s/» .illiiriri)^. it i-. with
(litfiiii'iiy lli.it soni" cm liml tlu*
(il I. nriy^Mi il tiirtij>ik'*. Hut I find
invs'lf r^\,\\\ o!i ilu- oM lon)r-s:iit
I'l i"'»!]'*'.;e I >r. Stnw's fivorite
sV.i'li"^ \V"T- !ri I'hriTi \\'w» a'l-l p'lil-
€•- t:»!iv. II- fi:n.l a:i i;i'l--»»cri?>.i-
l»! it-i:irini :;i analv/in:^ an>l
ji'iil»-i".iV.i/::iv; "\iT li.iri ^■r-iMe:!!'-,
a": 1 i-ir til.', r I- 1:1. is .ilr-flv inti-
::i it< ■! \v:i>-*. :ir»v«'d .« tTi-sh ilriiyht
t ■ \\"'\ \\ ■;■■■'. fi'iiid Mr fi'i-!s
i\ ■. :!\- '.r: '.■■'■: I- I \'^ it It tin- ptrt it
li 1*. T'li\' i ;*i -t::'Tr.^'hi'n:Tii; his
I'-.v:- 11! ■■' « '..iti'»M. .tTiiIysis.
: ! "ri- Tit. 1:1 1 :i -1. v!'<i|ii!ivj w!i.il,
I r 'A '.M' «»r" I '•■ *.'■ r l»-;:ji. i.-^ stiuie-
M-. t '.;:■ I w n:iv J- •'•! the ijame
1; %••■ .i;i'- ",r« •'. in II 'hi .'. and an- all
• ' .iM '.Mil-.::, i! I li 4r i»T' r. Anioni*
t*.»- i-ij.-i- trr i!'d ^v inn are tlu*
f'il;<'A:t!^': !i TiiMMckiig to the
kinf^-lead; (a) the lead of tke
spot from queen, jack. tec.
discanl alwa\*s from the tux:
do not wish yoar panre:
lead to you (sec U'kist. Jan;
i^): (4) the lead of queen
ace, king, queen, jack, and ot
thus forcing the jack -lead al
to ileny the prc*'i.ncc of tie
Ixdn^; the only U-ad from i
queen, jack, and others, or «
top of a short suit. Thnc
tO]iics were nbly and exhju»*
treated, and conm-Mndi^ unn
attention. C'f^nccmin); his i«.<»
on all of them he s«a\». unc^rr
of October 22, ^^<97: ' " I thirl
ten-lead frcm quct^n, jack, tr
nf»w prettv genera 11%- accr^
(Sie, *' Hamilton Lead*."
diM*ard is to-day. as I stsrr*
always will l)e, a question %..{ t
di^ipute. I am t(»-<lay. •» ■:
time ^hen I wrote my pica ias
fonn of thr discanl, a firm !«■!:
in it. It is a di.^card «K::i'k c\
.as near the natural idea r-i r\ r
carl in.-tniel\, tlir thrt-w:-c a
of that \\hich vou '!o noc mir'
anylhiii); can ci»nie. ml the •
lime I am jK-tsitixe'y c\.ir.tr*r.
invpartm-r not to It-.*. I rsrtfce •:
diM'.ird from. Mark >>>u. thi:
n'»t neri»«sarily inr.«n th-! I
weak ::i the suit I ihs^-ard I :
}>v vi-rv Mri'Tiji; All j'artrrr r.-
to k::iiw is ih.ii he i* no: I- 'c»:
the *>ur. I f1is4.anr I hjirr ci.t
re.vsi»:is uhy. at that p».— .-':
*«T.iv!f **( tV.e js'a-ie, hr »i; -jJ -
I'iil it. ofcMf.r-^. if I i*.:^j-:
cmiiTnin \ of a ».:2H. br c*^rr.r% «
tliii <".:{. or if 1 di-^cird 1 -
and tl:»-n a li»w«rr c^ird •»!" ■ •
I slinw "^trenj^lh m ;t. ar ; ws:
led '•
Dr. Slow also oriirirrates! the n
for dt-trclim; forccil Icati^ *• v*.
in !'.>ster"* " Whirt MaruA:. -Ji
edilion. pak;e 169, where d^e en
is given him.
STRAIGHT WmST
40s
STRANGBR8
'alght Whist.— Ordinary whist
istinguished from duplicate,
traight whist the hands are
id but once, and at the con-
>n of each hand the cards are
sdiatel^ shuffled for another
Straight whist is the ori^nal
:; duplicate, a comparatively
It invention.
might whist has been largely
"s^ed by duplicate whist in
rica, both at the clubs and in
te. In countries where stakes
la3red for, duplicate makes less
ress, as stakes, the counting of
•IB, and all matters favoring
ce instead of skill, are foreign
Many older players also pre-
jraight whist because they are
gly wedded to it, and some of
I do not care to risk their repu-
Qs to its unerring test. Others
i are, like ** Cavendish,'* who
both, but like duplicate better
natch-play and straight whist
Dcial enjo3rment
iTendish** • • • thinks that, on the
c, the stniiffht whist of seven up,
»at honors [the American game], is
loat perfect mode of scoring for in-
tnat players that hss yet been de-
.— miliam FaU \L. A-vX
purposes of social enjoyment I give
tfnct preference to straight wnist.
Ofver, In the straight game there is
■ature of pla3ringto the score, which
lost altogether wanting in the dupli-
rame. The straight game also takes
me to play than a series of duplicate
B whicn sre to amount to anything.
t adroiU of variety of partners, and
kmal rest, when ctitting in snd out.
rarposes of match plav I give my sd-
a to duplicate. At this game the
t of the play is not one of rest and
ation; the Intention is to bring to
•ont the best players by eliminating
ss far as possible.— "OicvMi/fiA" [£.
Whisi, SepUmber^ 1893.
ralfi of Whtst, The— As in all
r trials of skill ( not to mention
e of endurance), there is a
fj strain connected with the
It matches which are frequently
played in all parts of the countiy,
and especially with those contests
which occur at the annual congress
of the American Whist League.
Those who have chaige of contests
of this kind should see to it that
the players are not subjected to
conditions and modes of play that
may impair health, and turn a
he^thful and beneficial recreation
of the mind into an injurious task.
Turning m relmxatioii and a plcamre
into a buMness and a toil is to be depre-
cated, not recommended; and a wise man
would rather jrive np whist sHofctber
than be compelled to play it upon toe Im-
plied condition that oe was to keep his
mind eternally npoo the straiii.— ./4. Hi^
u-ardlO.y
Those who have never attended a cos-
gress can form no idea of the physkal
and mental strain which has to be borae
by the teams which are called upon to
play in the tonmaments day after day.
In addition to tbia, it la the one annnal
opportunity for us to meet our brethren
from all parts of the country, an opporta-
nity that we moat eagerly look forward to
from the adjonmment of one oonarcas
until the beginning of the next, and that
we embrace to the very fullest czteaL X
do. and I expect to continue doing ao
while life and health permit. Ukc
many others at Minneapotia, I alwajs
saw the rosy dawn before retiring. X
sought repose snywhere from la p. m. to
8 a. m. (generally nearer to 8 than to is),
and rose anywhere from 8 to is. Try a
week of this and then try to play whbt
On the last day all the players were tired,
very tired. One of them fainted twiee
after the last hand had been plavcd. NO
msn was more physically nnfit than X
wss. As President BllloCt said at Pblla-
delphia, ** the thinker didn't think.** Bx-
ample: During one deal I involuntarily
went to sleep— physically or menUlly^
perhaps both, when I awoke, or waa
awakened, I hsd a number of cards in ay
hand, but what had been done waa all a
blank to me. Finally I remembered tiMt
my first lead had been a trump, and hav-
ing two trumps still in my hand, and the
three other players gadng at me ia a
sUte of awful ezpecUncy. I blindly led a
trump only to find the major tenace at nnr
right, and so I generously oontribntadi
two or more tricks to my conrtcoos ad-
rersariea.— i4nMi, Whiai^ 1896,
Strang^rm, Playiiig Wnii.^«' U
I am thrown smong pisyen cf
wbom I know notliing," uyi
jmnea Oay, '■ I feel that 1 play lo
K great dUadvantag?. I am like a
boy on the fint djky of going to a
new echool, not knowing wlioiii to
like, whom to trust, and wliuni to
distrust. ' ■ In these latter days
there is not only this natural feel-
ing of uewness and gi^pitii; iti the
dark, but theie is the additional
wonder as to wbich of the naciicr-
ODS systems and special play* the
Stranger may employ. Few play-
en but feel at a disauvonUtge under
these circumstances, and yet, pro-
vided the man be not a bumblmip-
pet, it ia not difficult, with ■ Vittle
patience, to become 8C(|UBintcd
with and interested in hi» play.
One great aid in establishing mu-
tually pleamtnt relations i> to cz<
ercise true politeocas and courttssy,
and to treat Ilie stranger 141 if lie
were a toaster at tlie gatne. He
■nay turn out to l>e such, or al
least a much better player than
Strategy. — The higher fonn of
wfaiat-play which rises above the
mere observance of rules nad fol-
lowing out of couventiooAl uwgt*.
Stntegy %» the play of the adnnced
player who baa learned the rules,
md when to break them; who h«a
the ability lo judge correctly the
Tarious silualioQa which ■ri»c m tlie
progress of tlie game, and lo ap-
ply the mode of play bcrt snilMl to
To a ccitaiu extent stntenr is
mplo^eil hy erery player wdom
^ame is not entirely derotd cf aim.
/ he decides to open his long radt.
tliere is a certain fonn uf nrsiCKy
involved lo bring h in. If be ae-
cides to sacrifice a wortbleas hand
fbr the bcvcfii at panncr, there is
ain line o4 ntatcrr
of iBe
Willi SMatykdf
k:
whist which is pl«7«d.
Rnglish Gve-pciint gsn
honors counting, an iin{urtaat<
jecl ii playiii|{ to Itac ■
KlrtLle|;y varies in accon
your chances of rrnog out,
oppooenti making (air'
you. At thr opmiagof
■ bolil daali u gencnillr
the lirst putnt, so that
Dcnta. eiYQ if Ihcy id
honors, csnnot go ooi
There b necesajly, also, lo
ai to moke the loas^ s»
posaihlt, ntn if 70H onnao
for there are the rabbet pstnvl
iskcn into oonailr rttuii. Is
Amcrioa seTCO-fMiot ■•■*. )
ors not cooalliig:, whm tH
pcrintimadeaicbycwda. aa4al
game is coBplelc tn ItadC «dl
aooblas, tnbtaB, nor aftytbta
that kind lo fear, a bum onm
tivc (brm at gatas may be |d^
In daplicw« whbt, 1 11111 ■
strategy is Still more IwipiirT^
loiocs mint be kept down m a
wkiM unun cusiMa to s ilfcal
eial piajv «»li>n «b Ite m«i^J
rule*, asdcr emus inailiibi m
iUBil sad Ustv of tin KT>n, wta*. a
Cdcwnt of tb» ptejit U» oaa
B**d or KM t7 *irte(u.-Cir<
also a OTtain
STRBBT, CHARLES S. 407 STREET, CHARLES a
K, haire power to take those trfcka,
lich the pUns of the adverMries
tieve tueh ends are detected and
. Tricks may be made by high
hot there is no interest in that
me can take a trick with the see of
IS. Tricks may be made by finesse
, is, by playinff. instead of the best
a tower card, which mav or may
ke the trick according as theioter-
ite card or cards lie to the right or
This is better; but the finesse pure
Imple is a matter of mere chance,
> Car as the actual gain of a trick is
rued, there is no more scientific joy
success of a finesse than in the cap*
r a trick by a high card. There is
e in the finesse; but the scientific
St does not depend on the direct
• or failure of the finesse at the
tit, bat on its bearing upon the
ftl play of the hand. Again, tricks
« made t>y trumping winning cards
la suits. There is often good sd-
B bringing this about properly, not
; coarse lead of a single card or from
card suit, but t>y so srranging mat-
tat the ruO; when made, shall not
r. but utilise, the trump strength
lies between you and your partner.
J pleasure is there in a cross-ruff
ingeniously secured and properly
^rcd; still more pleasure in tempt>
he enemy to a cross-ruff, which,
not lasting long enough to give
more than three or four tricks, just
lys their superior trump strength.
le great delight of whist strategy
1 the manceuvres by which small
are made to conquer lartte ones, as
a long suit is successfully brought
he enemy forced by skillful strategy
1 up to a.tenace. Nor is there less
ire in noting snd foiling the plans
a<lirersary for achieving these same
Nay, to the true player there ought
pleasure even in noting the skill
Itch the enemy schieves success; but
me this is more than most players
list attain to, however earnest may
•ir whist enthusiasm.— i?. A. PntC'
rc«t, Charles Stuart. — A suc-
al whist author and teacher;
bom in New York City, June
B64. He is a lawyer by pro-
m» having been educated for
bar and regularly admitted to
:ice, but his real forte seems to
lat of an instructor, and he is
resent principal of the Hale
lol for Boys, at Boston. He
demotes some of his time rega-
laily to the teaching of whist, sad
has done so ever since 1890. Two
years before that his real interest in
the game first began.
In teaching he early realized thst
pupils could not remember without
notes, and to save time he issued a
series of lesson cards, and theie
cards gradually grew into a book,
so that in 1896 ** Whist Up to Date"
was published. Previous to this,
in 1890, he had published his
** Concise Whist; the Principles of
Modem Whist as Modified by
American Leads, Presented in a
Simple and Practical Form;" of
which W. P. Courtney, in his
" English Whist and Whist-Playw
ers," expressed the opinion thst it
"was the condensed wisdom of
more than one student of the
game."
While Mr. Street is a firm be-
liever in the long-sait game and
American leads for general plsyets,
he has nevertheless evolved, in the
second part of his *' Whist Up to
Date/' a scheme or system for sd«
vanced players in which he en*
deavors to embody the good points
of both long and short-suit pli^^i
and to remedy the weaknesses of
both. This 83rstem he terms the
modified game (q, r.)* One of its
leading features is contrasted with
a portion of the Howell game^
as follows, by R. P. Poster, in the
New York Sun^ December ^, 18^:
"This system of lesdins interior
cards from unsupported long Mtits
is the distinguishing mark bctwccii
the game aovocatea by Howdl and
that outlined by Street. Howe's
idea was to use the six, seven, snd
eight as leads from short snits, pre-
ferably singletons, to invite a mce.
Street uses the same cards ss int^
rior leads from long suits, inritinff
partner to play for the snit if he S
strong enougn, bnt warning Idoi
thst theoriguisl leader Ins lieiUief
STREET ATTACHMENT 408
STUDY WHIST
tnimp strenj:»tli nor re-entry cards."
Mf.ire correctly speaking, it denies
I'oili tnnnp striiijjth and re-<*iilry
cards; but either one or the other
may be presirnt.
Street Attachment, The. — A
conwiiti'iii u play U'^ecl by Charles
S. Street in his sv.sieni of the
"moliiie'I j4 i!iie" ■//, :•. ) fur experts.
In tliis syslrin player:* do not call
tor irniiijis on th«^* aiiversarie^' suits,
;-.n<l Mr. Slreet n^e.s the trump .M><-
nal in-,Ua.!, t» show no more of the
s-ait in which it i> made. Similar
.s:^:i iN are arr.mi^ed tu ^^how three,
lull no hunur, and three with an
honor.
Streeter Diamond Medal. — A
riiaiii'iri 1 iru-d.il «i!"t\reii by Allton
Slreelir. n:" ilu- Milwaukee Whist
Clnb, li-r l!u- liii^lii-l individual
sC'Tv .it ii'.".:.".ic.ili- whisi. and j)layed
f«)r at t;.'- iir>.t cntiu;ress of the
Anu-riiMn Whi'^t K« a.^L^ne, at Mil-
waukif. ]N.,!. I-iily-Mx contest-
aiils T' '.rlii::- I'.e'i 1:; the match, and
the nie'i.il V. ;•» v.nn by l\. Price
T<)\v::se:id, •'!" l:ie Ilainillon Club,
rhila'Uiphi.i.
Strength.-- Hi::h cards, or mnre
th.i:; i'\f a\« ia-.h- r.iiriiin-r. nr ':>iiih,
'.:i .1 '■u'.l. S::t '...'ill iti a !ia:i<l ji;s-
t;."i'-- :!".«• li«ii<i«T 1:1 '.Livis't' .m ai»-
w.j, *." :•::•..' i:i l:ie 'i<''i;4 >nit,
>'.:'.-i;u':!i j:; y i i«r:-.i>i ::i ;^iK>«l
^:!:'-. «■! ::: .:: .ib'indar.tv nf
•>. I:-.'- :-i--.il l*..ind iMtnbir.e.s
\\\'\\ -tr.-r.-'.h ill trumps
.• l-nr i»r tiv-.- fir m«>rr ih.e
: ::.- ;'.!v : i^-vs .1 liiusbiiul
•'■••.■.'i;^ h:- a!:i:i:'.::iil:«'n fi»r a
I. -in:
;: i".
. I ■ 1
Strengthening Cards. — Card's
^^■■i *'. I'-- 1' ■'. '••-■ .1 j'i.iver whose
: 1 • V r-v :■ liir. i:i the }v«pe that
•■ :•• I" ■" rr 1. 1 .iVi'l .slreii;«;lhen
his partner's bend; usud'.^ ::
termediatc cards. <|Ueen. ;..»
or nine. Much UM.*d l>y .. :•.
of the short-suit ^.mie.
On ]»ar'.n«rr's lea! of a •■•.•':.••.
caul in your •«iiit i^'Ti'Ti'Ij •.:-^--
Xs. ill) unt^uvt-r — '••■■IJi.il !:i»k-' . :.
v.'ihir t'» \o«. A'usr li «.-/, *•«
"II h tit A'rf'.V-.. •
Ar.iijiiK i<itiL;-o'.ii: j^'ayr- • ':- -.
Rtrcn^iht-irr.^; ciTil i«. ir. !..'.:. - •
ol wf.ikiif'o. .tnl »!• K«- '•• T" -^ "•
as Ihc hi»5hc»t var:i :i: ll;»- c . '■• •
It iioiluIU ltravir«» h:nt ■ j*ii ! -r
fill* >j«t: l»y llic ij'.av' : n I;.- r .
trriy which r.mi:'-.: t>c t.ifc»'i ■» :-
Miil plitvcr, u :iu<«<r i^.tnit *.« :
his riKhl-h.-imi i.-j 7iuo»:nt — .-
[..V. it.\,'-U htit I'aitiK' ■
A slrrnijlhfuink: Ira.! •* •'• *- •
qin-cii. jack, ten. or tini*. \» : : i -
from any r^ >:"«:»»■ h'.yh- ■ i--. :.
Till. hnjH: is ih.il thi- : ■.r*': ".:•.•
Inrir i l.> I'^-.y •'• i;:*.:..'- ■•,-.•
oril'-r to win Ihr iru k a:i-1 tr. : •
111' int'- t.»r '.ijiwcr fa* '.* :•: *. -
Ihi- lf.'i<1' r** jtartiirr t:i .\ •.- -:•• ■ ..-
TJ.is strriiiCiht r.iiirf •' \ * !.•
jjrincij».il it-alu!r * ,it i*-.*- -^-..t- - :
— I a! W. yJutnei .\ t <>.
li'h.itr
Strength Signal.— S<nr. !
Suit S'.L;nal."
Strong Suit. — .\ snit <-f
card.s or m«»re cor.t.\::::':j
thaJi the avcr.ij^re :::;:::*-. r '"
cards; one in w-.ic'; tr.-.-k- ■
Mire«i after ihe adviT-sr :-
have l)Cen lirawn.
I.'.i! fr-rn * :ir ••t-or^ *w • -
\\f\ iT' '■■.•r .••.•■n*.;\ »*r • ,: '.
i:: it •'!;■; i* ;!': t'»- .•: : . - -
styi Tl.'tl ■>;; tl;»" T-'"'t ' ■.
■ /■frv*'.;;^ / ■'. • .' * ... .-
if It h:-: •
\\ ':cn \'n h «". •• *i''t»* 1 %'_•"• •
r -Ti .it t»::v' !• ■. u »■: ■'. % -.
s ;•: V '11 r.:..*.'. >.i\r .: !" .-•
t !s' ■■.■:i:'i,j f '1' i" .■ !*. I - .* • •
\- j\» ■•!•.• •»■::: mtn r.v»' . - •!••- . \
ti!!"* :■• . •'.:• ! \ ;r -»!' ■ ,:»*• •
//' ,'•» ;i" 1 !. • A • ' .'%/ • • ■
tu:i li hi :
n
Study Whist.— \Vhi>t :* -•
llie pnr])o.Nt» of <ladv .»r. : : '
The idea of studvir.j: u...
STUDY WHIST
409
SUB-ECHO
t of actual play of the cards
old one. 'Hiomas Mathews,
( "Advice to the Young Whist-
r/' 1804, said: "Study all
lis with the cards placed be-
r[>a in the situations men-
" This can be done by any
r, who may thus improve his
all by himself. The advice
ce the cards on the table in
lance with the play recom-
ed in books was sometimes
leeded because, as " Lieuten-
olonel B." tells us, persona
often sensitive about being
, "learning to play cards."
lerefore, proposea to place the
for them, not on the table,
I bis little book, by means of
id diagrams. (See, " Illustra-
lands. * ' ) An old and favorite
of study whist is dummy, or
e-dummy, from which begin-
nay derive great benefit.
^ latest and perhaps most sci-
: and exacting form of study
is that which several New
ind clubs began practicing in
being undoubtedly inspired
!ie perception problems of
es M. Clay. In the Septem-
895, number of IVkisi, a cor-
iident tells of the players of
oston Press Club engaging in
sriouspastime, which, he says,
0 called "nightmare whist"
). " They play a deal to the
1 trick," says he, " then stop
try to locate the remaining
writing down their estimates
red for this purpose. After
ig the last nve tricks, they
tne blanks around and have
corrected. Finally, they dis-
!rom top to bottom the play
e deal, and in a doomsday
put down a big black mark
ite the name of anybody who
a trick." The best record
thirty deals was held by C. L.
ar, who lost bat four tricks as
compared with the veiy beat plaj
of his hand, and placed correctlT
an average of 13.6 cards on a band
out of a possible 1 5. The American
Whist Club, of Boston, also took op
this form of study whist, and passed
a resolution to allow the formation
of "study tables," to which any
player was admitted who first
agreed to play the long-«uit part-
nership game with American leads;
to leaa originally from a short salt
only as an indication of tmmp
strength with no good plain suit of
four or more in band; to play no
false cards; and to stop at the
eighth trick and write oown his
estimate of the other players* hold-
ings, in which exercise it was
necessary to place the command of
every suit, but not to name ezactlr
the indifferent small cards. A
study table consistsof fonr jplayeti^
but any number may play by over^
looking the four at the table, only
each must confine his attention to
one man's hand, and watch the
cards as they fall on the tables
being careful not to overlook two
hands. (See, also, " Perceptkm,"
and "Perception Problems.")
We have usiuilly played ttiidv wUil
with player* plajrioff the ■traicbtiorwMd
lonr-auit game, without false cards, bat
as the player* become more expert, thef
can play it short suit, or play it long soft
and allow all the fiilae cards they care to
make. B^en the beat players will fiad
this practice of great benefit in what we
call reading the card* in the end game.—
Lander M. Bomvi {L. A\ Bottom 7Va»-
script, 1S96.
Sub- Echo. — ^A signal to show not
more than three trumpa; it is only
made when partner has either sig*
naled for or led trumpa, under
which circumstances the informa-
tion is of more benefit to him than
to the adversaries. The snb-echo it
the invention of N. B. Trist, but hat
been greatly varied since he fint
announced it in i895, end it aofw
SUB-ECHO
4x0
SUIT PLACING
made in many ways. Amon;; these
are the following: (i) by playing a
two-spot on your partner's lead of
trumps, showing conclusively Uiat
you are not going to echo; (2) hy
the ordinary echo, after you have
shown hy your lead or rt-turn that
you did not hold four trumps; 13)
by echoing on the second and third
rounds of a plain suit, instead of
the first and second; or (4) by not
echoing on the first plain suit led,
but echoing instead on the second
one. ^Sce, also, "Three-Ucho.")
The sul>-«-ch(> is an ntit-mpt to ^howlera
than fx'ur trumps, it is very littU- Uiicd,
•lid is u*'ii:illv t<4> li>nK in cimiplrtiou. —
R. F J'l^tft {S. (' ]. "li'htst /a* /us."
When :i player has drclinri! to «-cho. a
siKnal made h\ him the uezt time the
o]>{Miriiinity oMiTs, ^hllw^ lliat he wnA
dealt three tninips. A refuMl to m.ikc
Mieh a »iKnal >bim-<i that his hand did not
oriciiiallv contain ni<ire th.m tuo— .Vi/*
tun i: U'ofJb {/.. A. J/.]. "H'Aiii 0/ To-
day."
The •i'.ndent wil! understand that whrn
A calUcr lrH«ls trumps. B 1* snpiwisnj to
echo- if he hwli^s f..ur triimpf— al i)\:ftp*/
OpjH)rtunit\, ;ind ^uT>-ei l-.o if he h'il<l<
thre«" l:uni;i-.".i'/^» hr has had ihr ^^]»-
J»C'rtun:ty t"i ech ■> and I'.id not. — t". /> /'.
Aim ;.'/">« [A. A \. "M-nirrn .Snentijic
Tl'.' -iiN-rcli" "-h'tw^ the original p-tn-
sr««.'i ■'! if thti-e tttitnp* when y ii ha\c
(lire ii!\ •>^•>wn \<i>i i->nli iinl h'tl'I I ur
hy tJ;» %.i!iir • f lh«- rarls you !• a«1 or jil.iv
uil*-r \i ur j.irt:i»T «• trum;>-'»-ad i-r e.*]l.
TSiM- •. ■: ; \.y\ \\.'. twijt'» hi«. f:rsi Irad « f
truT'ip- i-r If I'! ■ T rrl'irn w »«ir»'nKth»'n-
in.' t: ".n;!. i:i ».n.h case sh-iuiui: ymi
cm'.-: I! I I;.'. ! r ir If y-ti MfirrwtriN
r.iii.i ::• :i j'..r". ^uil. yms i!« ■ ';tf r thtre
• •!:.:■.■• -"'x «»: I' \.-^:\ r« fusr to echo in
i\v \.'..\\:\ -■:;: :;:,t li .1 ;ift»-r \iiur jiart-
I*.' : ■-• : ■ ' •:!-.: .n !•»*■.■■ :ti !*!»• •«ev"' ■tul,
• ■: i' \ il'S; :'• . iiTijiit-lt i:i of .lU reh-j
t *'i' t' •: '. : ■■•: ' •;■ .t p'..ii;i *uit. \"".i
lii%' "^ ■•.;!•••■■. .i;--l h.»'1 i?iri-r trnnip4
• ■••^' : x ■ ;.;• •.i:.h"[i'. .1 ], ' L^ui
I.. ,. •)... N .'■ .-, »ii. nr *h'winK thr»*e
It :• \* 1- «••!■.: fc" -tr-i! i.y TTi»- !-i'i!ir w}ii*l
c-.i ;■ '.' »..- •.* ■:. ut.v." 1 tl '•* >4iun<! Ill
t1:»- : '. '•*■■'■ ,i .\'} '.:^•''.■tx^•:r >•' ;.ti ■Kr*»*s;vc-
n--' : v* Ji —'. ]..r.L:.i lue. hihI .ifier srimr
r*. -TrM- :r: t' w t- .i '.iptrd a« :i '.isrful '\r^
VI ( ]'. i-> i:if :«'.\ f )piin^ ii:irt shiiwiiiip
tl..il \ i.i »:.ive n -l ! ur iruHi;.* There
• re ^rverai way* nf siif»-ech •lug, the Him*
picst case ii this: Voor psrinrr In
trump, on which you pUy thr i»«-
canuut therefore have four. A ;:1a;:
U opened; \fMi echo, and y«« tine*
him you held three trumps cnjfiBA.
•m liouod to »ay "Cavendish ' u.«<
•ppruve of the !»ut>-echn. whKh ««
plained in • Ftrid article. Noveisr'
1SH5.— .V. Jt. Jrist [/-. A.'i, N**f«9 iX
Mtne^ March, ttk^t.
It
Subordinate Leagues. —
Auxiliary A^Jiociatxuns. "
Sub-Sneak. ~ A term iorr
by R. P. Foster to deuKaale t
from a two-card suit, tor the
pose of getting a ruff on the t
round. (See, ** Sneak.")
We%t —Mr. South, your lead wa> tf
unjusti6ablr. I thouKht jruu ■
from n sneak'
S.uth I meekly I —II wasn't a
had twii card« oTthe kuk
West 4iraiicit>!\ • —Well. Ihra. tt «
But>-f.ncuk:— fl'Aij/ i/- .4 > M^^. /J^
Suit.— One of the fcmr icnf
sets r*i canls into which a pK
divided; as, spades, hcam^ ci
di.ininnds. There are three {
suits and one trunp suit.
tnnnp suit is the one in wbicb
dealer turns up the la&t CMr\ •
by him. A V*ny, suit u one
taininK fonr i>r ni<irr cards, s i
suit, one containing; tlircr or
A strnn>c suit i< one conU:
more than the avermipr oss
and esiK*cially more thaa the J
a^o nunilicr of hi^Yx cards. .\ «
suit is the revvnw.
Suit Echo. — See, ** riatB*
Kch.
».
• i
Suit Placing. — .\ foTB of c
rise in whi>t perrrptinn mhc*
the players at a tatle. mitrr 7U*
a nuind or two from a au-t. tr
place rir locate the rest of the c,
in the suit. ' CareDdub." «
whum the idea oninnatc«1 JT
•everal examplea ia WkuS
SX7IT PLACING
411
SUIT PLACING
r, 1894, one being as fol-
1
^.9.3*
N.
w.
K.
&
XO.7.4.
A, 6, 5. a.
rick. — South leads two;
s Jack; north plays king;
sfour.
trick. — North returns
t plays seven; south plays
plays eight
announces that he can
i remainder of the suit,
> rank and number. The
ng returned, north can
I one more, and that must
ree, as west and east have
le eight and seven. West
more, viz., queen single,
old only play jack to the
with queen, jack, and one
liis leaves the ten single
hand,
announces that he can
to rank and number.
I from four exactly, as he
ith the two, and as west
have played eight and
rath must hold six and
een single is evidently in
ind. This leaves one card
ind as he played the seven
card must be the ten.
announces that he can
to number, but not as to
E., two more in south's
id (as east played the
le more, the ten, in east's
i one small card in north's
^f the three small cards,
and three, he can place
outh's hand, and one in
mt cannot determine the
Bast makes a similar statement,
placing queen single in west's
hand and two of uie remaining
small cards in sonth's hand.
It so happened at a later period
of the hand, trumps being oat,
that west remainea with losing
cards in other plain suits, and dis-
carded the queen of this snit, as he
could place the ten with his part-
ner.
*' Cavendish'* also gave a prob*
lem in suit-placing, as follows:
"Original lead of a plain ndL
South leads six of hearts; west
plays eight; north plays nine; east
plays knave. King, ace of an-
other plain suit are now led. There
is no call for trumps. Bast holds
seven and three of hearts. He
announces that he can place the
remainder of the heart rait at to
rank and number."
The prize was awarded to Geom
C. Hetzel, of Chester, Pa., for tb»
best solution, which was published
as follows in IVkisi for February,
1895:
(9)» S. 4. t*
K,(8).
A, a 10, (6).
Six from eleren, and five are
'Gad, Mya caat, but aooth'a ia dofcrt
For I'Te the aeven, and th' oaly tlrfaf
That's out against him la the laoa,
And that's with wcst-« lonely hermil—
For if with north, he woidd have plajrcd
But ace. queen, ten with south remain
That could his lead oTfoarth sustain.
And having ace shows fttthermore
He opened up a suit <^fbttr.
Thus, with my trey, as Fm aUve,
*Tis clear that noita has dcnoe, mar, fivs.
IVAisi, in commentiiiff upon th*
resalt, said: ''TUapfOolcm
SUIT SIGNAL
412
SUPERSTITION
to have been a very easy one, if
results count for anvthin^. as ninety
out of the ninety-five solutions re-
ceived were correct.*' It also de-
monstrated th.1t suit-placing in
general was much easier exercise
for American whist-players than
the more complicated " perception
problems" {g. ?•. ).
Two or thrrc vrarji njfo I proprmrd to
tmntr frirtiilo lU Mroiis of im]irovin({ their
whist that, as an i-xcrrisc in lirawinK in-
fcrrncf*. thry shoiihi announce tlicir
ability to place the remainder of the suit
after the tirst or ftrcond round. • • •
The ])!.iyt'rs not able to announce to be
ufKin honor not to take advantaj^e of in-
ferences they could not draw, but to play
on as though no remark had been made.
No );uessinK to l>e allowed — i. e., the
playt-r announcing to give his reavins for
placing; cither rank or numlM-r. I found
this plan very iniprovinR. — "Cat^Hdish"
[L. .'t.\, It'htii, J)rcember, /Xj/.
Suit Sisnal.— The trump signal
becomes a suit signal i f luade at any
time when it is evident that triunps
arc not calleil for. It is a request
for partner to loa<l from some other
suit. (Sec. •' riain -Suit Signal.")
Sumner, Charles, at Whist. —
Charles Sumner iilayed a good
game of whist, but playing for
slakes was very di*;l.'isleful to him,
«s is shown by his letters from
ICiii^laiid. to Im.* found in his pub-
li.slu*! corresj)ondence. He speaks
of tlu- uiiivers;il rule in England of
playiii;^ f«»i iii<»ney, limiti**! "among
s«»l)er iHTM.ns" lo the merest trifle,
*• sui h asKJxjHMicea point — atenn,**
he .td'ls. "which I d<» not under-
stand, altliouj^li I have gainefl sev-
eral j»«)int'i. as I have bei-n toM."
Om- rvrrii!!;; hord I'itzwilliam was
hi"* p.iitiur. .iiul tlu-ir i«>iiii uin-
niiiu"* I aiue to a pound, "which
w.is duly paid and reeeive*!." On
another iKva^ion two jHrers, Scar-
bnmuvjh an* I I)e Mauley, ami a
I'ler^'MnaTi, maile up the set. Mr.
Si:i::iiiT ai:ain provcil the winner,
and the dtnninie j>aid him five shil-
lings. This was Tcrj tincoef
to him, although he said not
knowing that it was the ci
among English players. "C
when allied to gaming, wer
lovely in his eyes," says Coni
in commenting upon the inc
Supsrstitlofi. — ^There has a
been more or less snperstiiioi
nected with games, and whifS
exception. Many people are
rally superstitious in evcr^
they do, and when they play
they cannot help showing
weakness in many little tm
peculiarities, such as cboos
certain seat at table, carr^-icg
of metal or other mascot,' ton
certain spots on certain cudi
etc. It IS a bard matter to
them out of their delusion, fi
perstiiion is not founded on rt
That many amusing stories
cerning its influence in the
might be told appears from t^
lowing passage from Tkt A
turer, an English journal, m
March 6. 1753:
"On Sunday last a tembk
broke out at 'Lady Brag's,
sioned by the following sen
Mrs. 0\*erall, the hoosckr
having lost three rubbers si ^
runninfT. without holdirg 1 s«i
(notwithstanding she hJui chi
chairs, furzed the cards, and cr\
Jemmy, the foot-boy. to »: c
legged for good luck '. grew 01
all patience; and. takinc sp
devirs books, as the called x!
flung them into the fire, and
flames spread to the iCra!
room."
XoUs and Qurries, ia rem
the story, explains: '^Vansmr;
the ace' of hearts^ the ksav
clubs, and the ace and the drsi
trumps, at whisL To/bfTor.
is to shuffle the caru very i
fully, or to chaagc the packl"
PERSTITION
413
SUPERSTITION
id, the four of clubs is
known as the devil's
The deuce of spades,
1 up as the trump card,
>ped for luck, and the
ubs is a sign of five
the dealer's hand.
:ards are known the
monds is called ''the
3tland/' and many in-
lanations (none of Uiem
I have been offered as
1 of this phrase, which
as far at least as 1745.
3f that year a caricature
ed which represents the
'alier trying to lead a
Is, laden with curses,
the Tweed, with the
onds l>'in^ before them,
iter, in his '* Duplicate
IVhist Strategy" (page
ts some space to the
iiperstitions in the fol-
ful fashion: " In choos-
is well to consider how
s games have run. If
ve been winning turn.
te those whose turn it is
. * * * In choosing
same principles apply,
a blacK deuce is turned,
ith your knuckles be-
i else touches it. Six
►f ten you will secure
•e trumps by so doing
at of 1000, to be exact),
che nine of diamonds,
rard game with every
e curse of Scotland
1 rubber. If you turn
clubs, play to save the
t devil's bed-posts are
cy. Saltpetre will not
When you have a run
:, consider a moment
s owing to bad play on
ad cards, or a bad part-
le first, change your
try ruffing or short
second, walk around
your chair three times, but be care-
hil to walk around in the proper
direction; if the third, next time
you cut for partners wait until yonr
Jonah has arawn his card, and then
take the second one from it in
either direction. If your own and
your partner's hands never seem to
fit each other, examine the gimin
of the table, and next time yon
have the choice of seats, sit with
the grain."
An amusing incident showing
that superstition is by no means in
danger of becoming extinct, even
in uie New World, is related in
connection with the play for the
Challenge Trophy, at the seventh
congress of the American Whist
League fPut-in-Bay, 18^): One of
the gentlemen comprising the win«
nin^ team from the Philadelphia
Whist Club was somewhat down-
cast, but when Mrs. Henriques, of
New York, gave him a four-leaf
clover and predicted his success he
had new courage. It appears one
of the juniors met him usually be-
fore goin^ into a fresh conflict, and
greeted him thus:
" Go in and smash them."
This advice was ^ven thrice
daily, and as many times carried
into execution, but once the wofd
was missing, and Captain Hart was
defeated. Somehow he felt that
the omission was a foremnner of
failure. He lost courage, feeling
the boy was losing faith in his
team. So he left the table, walked
out in the hall where the bo}r stood,
and as he passed the junior wag
called out:
" Go in and knock them ont"
It was all he needed. He had
found his lost courage. He went
in and pulled his team on to a vic-
tory.
It to very nrely that we find aoy pcraoa
who has pUyed whtot dnrlnf man j vtars
who to entirely derokl of — ptfMhlMi.
SUPrORTING-CARD GAME 4^4
if
SWBDISH WHIST"
Some playcni will not admit that tbey
have any AuperAtilioii, but by their acta
they demotiRtrate that they are supersti-
tioua. • • • The thorouRhly aupemti-
tiuus player is rarely a strong player.—
A. W. Ihayion \L\A'r\.
The Mipi-rKtitioiiH of the whiat-player
arc beyonci enumeration. They acquire
a nivKtrrum^ hold over hi.4 imagination,
and 'baffle every attempt to ticcure their
expulsion. Some of them are to be found
in every distiict of Knglund, from the
dubn ol London to the remotest ends of
local life in the provinces; otliersaie con-
fined V) particular towns or counties.'-
W. F. Couttney [/- f ^> ]. "Kngiisk U'kist."
The most powerful intellect, the most
profound M:ience, in not proof against sn-
uersiition; and it is curious to see how
labtidioiih even the best players will be
at>out the choice of seats, or cards, or
counters, or ulxmt other things which
can have as little influence on their for-
tunes as the changes of the moon. Some
will insist on bein^ the first to touch a
black deuce turne<l up, some attach Rood
omens to the hinges of the table, some
think it advantaKeous to sit north and
south, and so on. One cannot believe
that any other than a born fo<4 (and he
couhi nut l>c a whist-olayrr) seriously
thinks such things nrc- of real inii>ortance,
and thi* luTsons doinf; them are often iin-
mercifully bantered for their folly; but
still they i>^r severe, mid it has often l»een
a K^fAt pu/7.k- how such an anomaly can
Ik* explriiiifd We l>elieve the explana-
tion lies in a simple application ofexiMN
rience in chance results. Tos«. up a penny
n >;rfat niiinlier of times and rec«ird the
retiuUs: vdu will find that yon do not f^et
heads ;u'id tails alterTiiitr-lv. but that there
is an almost constant tendency to produce
rM»ij on tine pnrti-'ular rhance. • • •
Now. as the tussing nf a j»enny is an an-
nlofrous r:is" to the winnin); nr losing of a
riiliber at whist (which is very nearly an
evrn ih.tiic*). pe<jple lay hold of the
salient f.ft nl tin- tendency to n run and
apply It t>) tliis i.tse. Th* y nri^iie that as
the htvt'i".. alter < nniinji; once, may Ix? rr-
p»-ale<l »• VI thI timei. st> the S4'ats ot cards
whi( h hiv wmi mice may win several
timi s Tiinniti^;. <)t course tlie r»*asonintf
is tai!.i> i-U". as the reasomrs know full
wi-II l.ti! :t i- their only jnstific.iticm. and
as liir- ].|,i, tii-f*. are vt-ry harmle*s. and
ni<- ir-ilri«l '-^prrssiy ]iiiivi(!i-d lor liy the
l:iwo. one II' ril n<'t N* an^rv w;th them.-
Zr..'.;..-!*! /:..> ;/.. .-I, J. 'r.iH.iuttom of
Supporting - Card Game. — A
style of .short suit play at whist in
which support ing, or strengthen-
in>;, Ciirds urc freely led to partner,
the plasrer himself haviag he
nothing to hope for in hift 1
The Howell (ahort-mit) m
makes use of the tapportiBJ
game as in many respects the
important division of whist sui
" because it ia the moat gen
available, and the most frcqi
adopted." Mr. Howell lega
as *'the essence of short-sut
the theme, of which the
forms of strategy are bnt
tions." A supporting card i
by him if the bnd does noi
tain the elementa of strength i
sary for an attempt to pla
long-suit form of strmtegr, !
plain suit so very strong as n
tify the high -card opening.
trumps sufficient to warraai
trump attack, or if the cond
are not favorable for the r
lead, which is really bat a moii
tion or special instance of thi
portinii^-card game. For the
portinj^-card opening four csrc
used— queen, jack. ten. or a
and these are general Iv M a
higlicKt of short, wea& siniA
they do not abK>lately deny b
canls in the suit opened, sm
also sometimes nsed as riA
leads. The general mle for
ing under the Howell system :
two supporting cards in seqia
lead the higher from a ibort
and the lower from a long satf
Swabbcrm.— See, " Whisk
Swabbers.**
••Swedish WhM."— FtffRv
a modification of whist, b «
have sii()erscded English whs
Sweden, and is thervfoie a
** Swedish whist." In this |
there are partners, as vtmaA
they diange alter each rm^
The trump is determined by
ding, the leader having the fine
Each mmt bid a h^facr sot
SYSTBM
4^5
SYSTBM
te suits rank as follows:
lades, diamonds, hearts,
being the highest. Still
an these is preferences in
trump is employed — the
Talue of the cards deter-
be issue. If the side that
t trump or demands pref-
les, the adversaries count
>r each trick they obtain
L The game is twenty
id each trick above six
>r a game in clubs, three;
ar; diamonds, five; hearts,
"ence, eight points. Hon-
as in English whist.
I. — Method of play; as,
ce, the system of Ameri-
the long-suit system, the
system; a complete
* play on certain weil-de-
». Systematic play ia
!Cordance with some rule,
fished from haphazard
uniblepuppy.
of the numerous systems
Ivocated and followed in
itry, there has been a
t on foot from the incep-
e American Whist League
that organization act as
, and deciile upon some
authority. At the sixth
of the League President
igain calleil attention to
r (see, " American Whist
, saying, among other
A whist-player cannot sit
with a stranger without
n what system he plays,
entions have arisen. The
ns two or three different
There arc half a dozen
nethods of discard; there
suit theorists nnd short-
ists, and taken together
\ wider difference to-day
I was at the start. Now,
o me that it is the duty of
rican W^hist League to
remedy this state of affidrs, if H it
possible. We can appoint a com-
mittee of expert players, men who
have fought their way to the front,
and let them sift the different
methods in vogue at the present
time, and recommend to the whia^
players of the country that which
they think is best I do not mean
by this that we should adopt any
text-book upon the game, or that
we should arbitrarily impose upon
the pla3^er8 of the countnr any paxw
ticufar system, nor would I restrain
individual liberty of action. It
would be simply m the nature of a
recommendation, and would tell
the players of the American Whial
League, and the whist-playen at
large, just what we thought was
the best, without pieyenting[ them
from pla3ring something else if thejr
desired to do aa"
The matter was referred to aa
advisory committee, and that com^
mittee recommended the appoints
ment of a standing committee on
play, to report in favor of a sys-
tem at the seventh congress. P. J.
Tormey, chairman of the advisoiy
committee, in a letter to Whist^
6ul)sequently said:
"The question is asked, *Why
should the American Whist League
do such a thing ? Is it the proper
thing to say to a whist-player, you
must lead ten from oueen, jack,
ten, and others, or ace from ace and
four small, or from your long suit,
or short suit ? Will the League say
I must discard from my poorest
suit, if it pleases me or not?' If
this and many other such things
was the object of this resolution,
the League would certainly be as-
suming too much authority. Such
is not the case, by any manner of
means. But in the judgment of
President Schwarz and this adyia-
ory committee, the time has now
come when the American Whiil
SYSTEM
416
SYSTEM. MIXEI
Lcap^e should proclaim to the
whist -players of thccouiUrj*. speak-
in^ through the Lea^ic's otiicial
organ, that it d'lfs recoiniiieiid ami
sugj^est this s\stcin of leads ami
follows. <liM*ards, etc.. or 'play,' if
you jjrefer Ut make it umre Ron-
eral, and ask all League clubs to
reeoniniend it in turn lo their mem-
bers."
When the seventh congress met
at Tut -in -Hay, in iSyy, howevt-r, no
reconnnendations were made or
adopteii, and llie League once more
temporized l>y appointing an(jthcr
committee on innovations in play,
etc. 1 1 is hoped that some dehnite
action may be Uikcii iu the near
future.
Whrn it is rl.iirn'-'l Ihnt ptayrr^ have
won iii:»tc!ir«, ] \ u-in.: tJii'* <^r tlj;il '»^s•
Icin. '•mJi I !.i;ri i-* !■• br «li««!ru««lfd ri:iy-
ers win «inl'"h- s ■ • i.iu-i- i!ji y ji'.iv k" '1
wh:>l. iir ^'t'.i- r %\ ! •.*>l tlian thVn n-lv r-.*-
ries A *y>«t<iTi ni.iv nivr miini- ^1lk:):t .nl-
vantiii:c :is :ti:-i:i-t :i t« .iin ct ;>:iir %« h-i
do ii«'l jinil'T-! Ml ' i' ]ir ittiivi;i\ J'Ul Jli.it
a m.itc'i i: ir.u !- \ i«.: i.r w-ii l-y i ilirl- r-
rrc in "-N "*♦ IT', i- v- •■%• :!n"ir- li t'il»- Ir it
wvff ■•» It wir.iM :•■:;• i-t '.;t'.l^ -i: n-vTi'l.t
on tJi'- V. i — /■■'.■■• .f»'.'»"i [/, .1 \,
Whs-!, i' r '■' .'." »i'.'-» .".■.
TM- '.■•i:-" 1 • 1 ri ■. f i';*- .\m»T!C'»n
c'li' - !i 1^ I •■■ '1 "' -■ ■ siii T •-niiilxrinity
i-i. i.v-:-' 1 ■':•! r:!:^ .- \*:il»Iv Ml ^VJ■t•■■:^
a- I'i :■.■■« • 'T :".-\ .•!!■: i-'!i liri- - I:i
Ci '!•■• ^'. ■*.■ :- )'. '. ' !•■ m:- •■r.iitt iJ'v
»■'•■ '••■ '■:? J.". V '''*" -• ^■•' Ji ••■■t'vIh,
c ■ • .• \. :- ■ ;.i'.! 1-1 I.'i i. «!• m'.'.i «. .i!i'!
•.■•:_■]• - ■■ ; J \] t t""i"'i'- 'l-'I'l 'Jl'- IjVC
]i-- . ! ■ :' ■: ■:■•, ;':■ -li ■! ;■ i- k -tr
fa.a.* ■•■■ ■■ hi ■* *. . '*''*i1Ti III*..* . I
tl • ■ . . . I 1 I ■ . 1 ■ ■ I
»•■"■!.■ ' ■ •. ■ ■'■ ; I'ri'ir ;• »i^i»i t i'.".»"
: .'. ■ : ■ ' ■.':■:••■• :n •%•«:< Til ■ t
« # ■ 1 1 «i
li ■: ■ ■ • • ■■ .'•■..■
; r ■ ■ ' V i""r-
J ■ I ■ ■ ■ 1
> V ■ -; ; ■ ■■ .
tr>-'-'' •' ' ; ■■■ ■ • •■■■•■■ .
■ \ ■■. ■ : •* ' •-' I «:••■
. . • . ..■■■« . ■.:•■:..- t •
I" ' ■ • ' ■ . ' '. ■ > '*■■.:'.,'■"■• " V
tl*. ■. ...... ■ ■•.■•i|||| w
• ■: ' I ■ .■ ' • I ■• . i.T.'- 1 '■••
I ■ ■: ' ■ ■ ■ ■ «- !•! « }'.:■■' !li- l"l
I: ' ■'■'.'.: y\ l!-. -r.
•■ T ■"'..■■■' 'Tl ■-■;5''. i>l ri'"."-'"
■ ' ■■" ill-; ■!• . tjitii iTi I 'i-
■ ' ■ v.r-. ■■■,: . •.- ■::::-
•l.iiit.-*. - ■ ji- '.u :«»«'.'. Ill Iht .it!ve i»a:irB
IcwiiiK Irfckji.— ^. F. FomU* [S l
plftr HuyUr
It niiiy be ntatrd a« an aatcni
ayotem is bettrr thxn nn »y<
maitrr hiiw nJicul'-tio the •%•
appc-.ir. or what a lrick-!<M«r it
fir&t, it i« tKrtlrr than i;ur«*U!x
eiicr wil'i vrfKin «hi'W ti;i tl.r wr.
in a trirk lo^in^ t^vMrm. ml
suPK^'it thr uccrnCary rhauKr
pnivcmrnt^ One of the t*-
plaicrn liTiHK MArtciS with li
»y^trm of IraiiirK a ra'i] ■ *. •
ctilor from thr trump mii! whrn
Mr-iHK h.mtl. HrwM»tiii \\\r oj
the ilt-monstration u! i.hc icecr
trr ci( th^ h.in<l t-jthr (MTlLr' »
future whi^t trmninc ramr'i
i«lea — A'l /■. Fvtir* > i« _. A.44
System, Miscd.— In t>
part t.f IS97 we find n:ar
playing what thoy cal' a r:i
tem, a compron:u« t»r:»vrr
trcmists <if the varzo-;*
The captain of I lie Albar
«lescribfs.one of ihe^t^r sy^Scs
by a team which g:ive .M*»
f'i the liardest fight* :T !
1:1 .'tny a day. He *.4y»
" 'i'lie S}»item UMr't f-v !h-
I»Mplii-ate Whist Clut> :• :••
r.iti!»!iii] <if nnv 1 l thr ••
* nsi>:rd <^^!■.I:ls* tl:.i*. mr i-
sirn. Pnef.i it :•. .i^in;: «.
«ir:i;::;i.!!\ lr«:::i '."i-.v^t*: • r '»
ll.ivir 1^ li«i:" !"»::; **-'.:if -it
AyTii-ruar: Ie.i.:s— <xr« y : ■: r..
i.iik, ti-n. anl othrrs '.r*'i '•
ft-. id i;:T5k: in all c.*«*** »'"'
.\TT:tr:- \z\ b-.id imIN i'r'\:irf'
fjiii-e:: .1*' ••trtnuthi rv-j.: ■.•'
--h-'W !n::np s'rtr;:"!-. 'A^'
i- !:rii.!cl ? V .1 tarri *rr.'"**
t!:t riiTu-. !va-l l"p *i ^■. ■
kxv.'. '.t«k. Itn. a:-! < :"^''
f"ll**)i ' -Ht. !>.» TJol ft<r-. »
ctT-l -.".r. \\:''i ore V*^t. '
li;i\i' ii •«*ri'i:'.^T!i»-Trr!i: ■;'•
c.t!'. K- b-.l. W rh k::?t ;'•'*
e'.ijli!. -'x. «^"vcn. or *i?: ".■*'
lead :".:':h N^'t. !»:**:..:'! :• -
e«it si::li l*«<c rvvrrv : * '
show >uii voa wi»hlctl. I^**-''
, MIXBD
417
SYSTBM, MIXBD
, jack, ten, and others
suit; otherwise follow
»ds. Echo with three
partner's lead. Never
artner's trump-lead,
lies, with the exception
"d, the number-showing
dng and queen, and the
all-card suits, do not
ially from the long-suit
yed by Albany.**
:venth congress of the
Vhist League (Put-in-
the Boston Duplicate
copy of its system with
lent committee. In it
passage: ** Since the
IS the method of using
aid opening has been
A distinction is made
between the lowest card
d a small card above the
e lowest card of a plain
rom a hand containing
suit opened at least four
some protection or re-
th in one or both of the
A small card above
s led from the same sort
: strength, accompanied
mps or less, including
honor. By this method
rd openings, the part-
original leader is ena-
w quick and valuable
It frequently happens
i first round of a suit,
not determine whether
small card led is the
e leader's suit In this
is in the lead, he must
imps unless he has four
uself and some plain-
on, but must return the
in order to establish it
ity is the same if he can
ell from the drop that
as a smaller card of his
e one led. He is then
1 justified in leading
t. If, however, the card
led is clearly the lowest of thetntt,
partner should generally start
trumps at the earliest opportunity,
provided he has either fair length
or a good supporting trump at the
top of three or less. ''
Another mixed system, that snc-
cessfully employed by the team
from the Walbrook Oub, of Balti-
more, is thus described by Edwin
C. Howell, in the Boston Herald^
in the latter part of December, 1897:
" But to the Walbrook system of
play — what is it ? In a word, it is a
trump-showing system. They have
discarded the American leads, in-
cluding the fourth best, and use
both high and low cards to indi-
cate the strength or weakness In
trumps. With &e high-card trump-
showing leads — ^king and jack for
strength, and ace and queen for
weakness — ncariy all whist-pla3ren
are familiar. lx> these, however,
the Wal brooks have added a trump-
showing method of small-card play.
They are pretty strict long-suitera,
so that a small card led under their
system,whatever its size — from a ten
down to a deuce — shows the long-
est suit in hand. Now if it is the
lowest card of the suit it shows also
weakness in trumps— that is, the
lead declares, 'Here is my best
suit, but I have not accompanying
strength sufficient to bring it in
without help from partner.*
"If, on the otner hand, the
small card led is not the lowest of
the suit, but the penultimate or
antepenultimate, it tells partner, ' I
have not only this suit, but four or
more trumps behind it, and I hope
to bring it in.* Of course, it is not
always apparent on the first round
of a suit whether or not the card
led is the lowest, but experience
has proved that the trutn is di-
vulge<l early enough.
'* Number in the suit led the
Walbrooks do not attempt to
TABLE
418
TACTICS, WHIS1
show. Their object is to indicate
by the ori^nal lead, first, the loii^;-
est suit; and, secondly, the extent
of its support in trump strength.
Their system is certainly strategic.
It alTords the two partners a better
opportunity of shaping their play
early ami intelligently along a com-
mon line thau tlie old game does.
Nevertlicless, I cannot overlook
the faults of the system. They are
two. In the first place, one is
obliges 1 by his original lead either
to show strength, or, if he has not
that, to show weakness in trumps.
That a player must, if he is weak,
acktiowlfdgf it st^ems to l)e a serious
stralrgic di-fcct in the system. In
this critiri*ini noarlv all whist- nlav-
crs will ;ii;rt*c with me. As to my
other ol)jct'tioii — that the WatbrtK)k
system iK.'rmits no other o]K*ning
from a hand than that f»f the long-
est suit — I supp<^»se it will be con-
sideri*<l sound only by short-suit or
* coin nioM -Sense' players. I wouM
not insist on it, indeed, if the first
Objrilion oniilil he removed. If we
must i»]i'ii Inni; suits. I ]>refer the
' nnnliiied' \\}rst th.itthe rvraniids,
<ifIJ«»«iliiii, are ]il.ivmi^. uruier wliicli
syst-iii tile ri'».r]i?i'^ f\ a two, three.
or f'liir shi»\vs 'r'aiu]) strength, but
til. it of ;i five, s;\, sfven, ♦■iglit, <ir
ni::e i\'tr< nut ileiiv it. .Asa matter
«il {.■■•: h'lWiver. U'H one (»f the
rvriiri; 1 pi ivers s!i(ks elfisvly to
V,\r i-'Tij —nil o]H'::]i;'^s. M'.ireelv
Tiinrv Ll: i;: the i>h»yers cif my own
team I'.M \Vr ill use •.T".jni:»-s)iriw-
i::v: If I Is ti» .1 eril.iin ••\!"nt, but
w:t!i ;:-s \: ]> i V(»]nr.: iry matter
\0!rt;i- r \\i- s*:: i"l di-r! irr stre:'..:th
<r !■«.•!■ I- tl it ilriMe \Vi- are Ii- »t
f-Mv." ■! 1 I <;■■«■* iT'- we.ikiii-ss if we
i! iv»' ::-.i str'-ni'th."
Table. — A CTuple?" table at
wbist . nu'l'-r the rMles, whieh aj'ply
in-in- fs:„-ti.il! V !•■ j-Iay .1! the elubs,
C'-::-:-:-. nf six j a.! soils, although
four are sufficient for plai
only when there is more \
requisite number that the
six is observed, the first f<
chosen by lot taking their f
at a game in this country*,
rubber in Kngland. and 1
others taking their turn
quently; fresh addition*
table, either of newcomers •
who have alreaily playnl
made from time to time.
On ordinary social oc
where whist is played, or
vate, where the number of
is detenu ined and limite<i
hand, the above rules are !
era 1 1 y obser\'e<l. I n d np2 icat
especially, tlie table 19 l:a
four players. These, rin*
laws of duplicate whist, ;
fonned bv cutting or agn
( See, *' Duplicate VTliial
of.")
«i
Tables, Arrangement o<
DuTilic.ite WhUt, Scbe^'i
Playing."
Tactics. Whist The tjcr
ployed at whist cor.*:«.t of t
vention.il movemen'vS «^f !b
as laid d«'\\n in the lcx'-*»
taiiv;Iit bv in*.tnicti»rs. *42*.h
le.ul'*, pliv (if the !»cco'-d
.in<l fotirth linnil. etc. Tai."*.
the si,]«,l grf>undwr<rk of i
wliist knowleilge. t»v w*
whieli the pl.»y in dirpr'f*i »
tli»- '•;ii>«nenis. The ^'.sjo'"
Is wli:st »tr ile;;y. <-r thf Jj'*-
of I l.itinin;^ .iT-.fl exr^-:lt-K '
ami r.in-.]ia:i:n*. and rui:--
bi st '.;so uf the forvc* at oaci
ma nil.
M.inv ri*T«rin«C"nfu»r tV If***
rev" at:iJ ■■t.KlK-^ ■ >lr»!rti -• ■■*
fii' h m '.lin»r of *iirre« net »-«•
ffBv.'''>l in t'.ml^, in ciT !rT tp^
.'ulvinliK^* uf s»rt<i!iif»« ••tirfc ^^
ii*-t'il Inirr nn ^»t j-urpi^r* .>:' *■'■*■
fcii^c. I r rrtrcAl. while uct>3 :• '
/iKING A FORCB
419
TAKING UP CARDS
ipplyingr, on the field of battle,
lenu learnt at drill.— ^. F. Fos-
•* l^Hist Tactus:*
; m Force. — Trumping a
card led by an opponent,
g card led for the purpose
klayer is forced to tmmp in be-
ble to answer a trump signal,
should be at once to show the
naining in his hand. • • •
y three trumps, take the force
west, and .then lead the high-
"cr it is. Having four, take the
the third best, and return the
matter what the others are.
have the ace, or both king ana
is taking the force with a card
owest must, of course, be re-
comparatively small cards,
queen, ten, two, it would be a
nmunition to trump with the
Foster {S. a], " lyhut Tactics.'*
in the Tricks.— Where
i gentlemen are playing
era the gentlemen, of
ways gather in the tricks
e won. Where gentlemen
>]aying, the custom is for
r who takes the first trick
i to allow his partner to
e cards for that hand, al-
lere is no law or rule re-
his. In some clubs one
akes in the tricks while
keeps the score. In du-
list each player takes care
n tricks.
nay agree as to which partner
d may gather the tricks, but it
hat the first trick made should
1 and turned by the partner of
', who places it upon his led
adds to it in order the tricks
)y taken by his partner and
that hand.— ^m/^j 0/ the Des-
ub, Boston.
no rule as to which of the two
bould gather and turn the
lere is a tradition that the
the player who win? the first
d gather it. There seems to
> sense in this. I«et us inquire
reason can be given why one
tould turn the tricks rather
other. I think a very good
reason can be given hj referring to the
principle: Never have anythlBg near
your score if it can be avoided. In order
to carry out this principle, let the part-
ner of the player who acorea [i. #., kecpa
the score] Ukc the tricks.— "CaftMufij***
[Z. ^.], tVhist, November, 1893,
Taking Up Cards During th«
Deal. — Manv players, e«pecially
beginners and those not well versed
in the rules, have a habit of picking
up their cards while the latter are
being dealt They are surprised to
learn that it is in any way an objec-
tionable practice. It is objection-
able becatiae it may disturb the
dealer, and catise hun to misdesl.
The American code (section 17)
wisely provides that a misdeal does
not lose the deal if during the deal
either of the adversaries touches a
card, or in>anv other manner intei>
rupts the dealer.
Should a player deal out of torn,
and his partner, on taking up the
cards as they are dealt, discover
that his hand is poor, he might
obtain an additional unfair advan-
tage by calling attention to the
error in the deal Two unscrupa-
lous partners, b}r unfairly taking a
deal not belonging to them, and
then giving it up on finding the
cards picked up by the one un-
satisfactory, would, if detected in
the practice, be expelled from the
table as card-sharpers. At the same
time the very appearance of doing
anything that mi^ht seem unfair,
or give opportunity to obtain an
unfairadvantage, should be avoided
by players who are known to be
reputable and honest The proper
way is to let all the cards lie where
they are dealt until the trump is
tunied by the dealer.
There ia no law to prevent a player
taking up his cards duriiiff the deal. The
law puts the offender nnder certain disa-
bilities, and that ia ait We pointed oat
once that a plaver deallaff oat of torn kss
an advantage, bnt if, in addition Id deal-
ing out of tura, he has a partocr wto
TALKING AT WHIST 420 TEACHERS OF WK
look<%nt his canls. and fiiidliiR them hnt\
calif jittfiitioii to thf Inct that thr player
is dr.il in^ out of tui ii. then he o1tt:iiiii-il A
^reat :i>l.lttioiial advaiitai^r accdnliiii; to
law. hilt cuiitrarv to all lijlht and pro-
prietv. \Vc shinild think, this point alone
nhoiilil be sufficii-nl t > prt-viMit playern
ttkiiit; up lh< ir ranU. — < Vkiir /« A/oisop
[/,.(> j, ll'ti/minstfr /'j/>rn. June /, 1S7S.
Talking at Whist— George W.
l*jtles qu'itcs this frnin a professor
Avho lovi'tl the quiet K<^"*^^ *^"*^ who
was al^>o of a huiii« irons turn of
iiiin-l: "One can no more play
\vhi>t and talk than he can trans-
late Ovjil and turn somersaults at
the same time." (See, ** Cou\'ersa-
tiou," "Si'-enoe.")
Talleyrand's Mot.— Talleyrand,
the ^tk'^\ I'reiioh statesman, was
also celebrated as a whist-player,
and in his 1 itler years he s{x.'nt
many hours almost every day at
his favorite j^ame. His ad\*ii'e to
all was, play whist, and you will he
sparetl a sorrowful old ajje. and
lhi«; idea is em ho lie 1 in his ccle-
l.:al-.'d ;//•»/, wh .11 a Mrrs-,in;r a
yi>-.i::.j tn \\\ wlii> hi 1 cnuffSMMl ilmt
in* tli I not pi ly '.vh-N!: " I'ou.i fir
.\i:r: /*:t\ If r*'//:^/?*. /ruwr fiommr f
('U-'.'i' tf'i^tr : /f'/^/'''\-' :■/>//? 7'ohs
f'fi'^^trr-''' !'V<»u il'» not know
v.hi'-*. \o*i!:;^ in sn ? \V!iat a sid old
.'!■•«.• v'U are prtiiaririvj for vour-
s-.lj-'i
Til- ].r»vi-:):id js">veniineiit
w!i:.h T.i'.l.'. r.iTid form«-<l, ujioii
N i:- s»-":;'i a'- I "..Ml ion, was rom-
]...- 1. \\:*.:i 'ri'- « XL-ptioti. of his
;:'-'.■•■ 1 re>. .il l::-? \\ :i:-* -*a!iii'.
r ■ \-'.-- I" ■' !i "i^i-iii.'^iiTi iti th^
/ ■ ■ -x -. - :••! ■■: 1 s: ■ ■ ■ ^T'■^rv Ati-
■" ■ • " I ■ ■■;■■.■■ .1' ". : ■•. -i! « i!i .1 i-.i'M-
; ■ ■•'•'•'.. 1 ' \--. :v ?i I I .x'\*
I 1 ■ • . ■ ■• I • •■♦'■ •. i.'M ' ..-»■ l»ir
'. • r . .:.-." f ■./-#■ :m /,;./■.
• < • •■ ■»•; Ml. • ■ '-i«- •» I i, i<^ I I r f"'- ,>"r
1 • ■ .''.'.■• - • !;.:: iVj;:^: .1 pir .1^
■••'.' ■\ i jiii"lv • 1 i:V\ r up! * wrl!-
k , ■ :. ; r- I; •! ■•; .f ,, >:■ ■ •!. ■., 1,; \ h-^v
t ! ■• ■ -il?- w ?i ■ M i- '.■;;■•: jij! n' thr
I ■ V /. /,/• ,' .^ HAtprr g
Teachers of Whist--!!
the first to teach the game
professicmally, but it ii a
fact that aIthou>(h he wu ]
enallv huccessful. his sor
uot iiisi)ire others to take
work; and it was not us::
turyand a hal f after the pn!
of liis famous trvatise tha*.
of professional teaching a\
curre<l to anyone. Thcpt
est nianife*«teil in the ksdc
was first improveil and plai
some decree of science, eoc
Iloyle to take up teacfainf
life work. Similarly, the
wliist revival in thift coust
the introduction ul the mi^i
entific Kanio, 1*rimKht ar* rj
mand for iii>t ruction. &?)?
this demand, lii'wrvcr. tLa!
utterly im{x>ssiTdc for one is
ti> meet it; otherwise R. F
who w;is the first ti> pive w!
tiires in this country, nii^
liecome the pole succrM«»rol
In iSss his whi«.l cnynj^rr:
caTiie so niiuicrons that h"
his rei^iilar profe,v»i''»n ar :
hiri'^elf entirely t«» leach
writ i 11;^ 0:1 the j:amc
As it wa-*. If^-.niicr* am
instrucliiiii Ik-c.^iiic j-^ r.-'S
e'»:iet*:ai!v anioni! wi»rarn. ■
an uniireceilentc 1 interK
irnpfived American jrtsse—
the first tini** in thr h:«:"r»
woTiu-n th«'msc!vr* i^^tL
w^rk of inijurtinu kr.'w'e
CI inin'«: it. The f;r>: to
pr. .fi-s.:iin.i*.!v w;l* Mi'*
\V'::ri-!fH k ■«/. :■. . ^V.o wa*
to tta.h t y lu-r f::t n *» .r
«'f M-.i^aiikrt'. in iSn**. !■
I If!', .ft" Mr. I'lVHlrr T^^ir, '.
all Ins limr to thr c*"~
Wluflock at fir*t h\\ ?■ '
accepliuK comj»en^iti..iR '
s!nicti«in. hut the drtnar.-I
time liecame ^y ^Tra: tht:
forced to adopt thu ever
CBERS OP WHIST 421 TEACHBRS OF WHIST
Q fliis good work, which
e been found to well
to women, the " whist
as the is affectionately
thousands of pupils and
world generally, stanils,
■«al consent, at the bead
inen professioa, and at this
December, 1897,) has just
1 the most successful year
experience.
he aane time MisaWhee-
esponding to the demands
inthosiasts in Milwaukee,
de Gardner, the dauKhter
vemor John L. Gardner.
:htuetts, was induced to
he work in the city of
She did uol teach very
■ever, her marriage and
retted death taking place
let.
^rk also caught the whist
here Miss Auua C. Clapp
Ttly eflerwards was mar-
eRey. Mr. FrothinRham,
Bedford, Mass. ) was the
n the field, closely fol-
her sister, Mi»s Gertrude
{f. V. ). The latter began
ind has ever since taught
["ork and in many other
lie has won a high reputa-
player as well as teacher,
»een from the following
expression in Whisl for
r, 189+ "Let the man
emarks the editor, " cut
imc with Miss Clapp. and
x>n have an opportunity
his wonder between her
on and his ignorance."
chist - teaching attracted
tention from the begin-
Y be judged from an ap-
two-column editorial
peared in the New York
of September 8. 1887.
the most curious social
na of the year," said the
editor (E. L. Godkin). " U the
success which has attended the
attempt to leach whist in classes,
both in tills city and in Boston, last
winttr, mid during the past sum-
mer -.tX some of the watering places.
It bus betn found, as a mailer of
fact, that a good whbl-player, pos-
■esseil of fiiir leachiug cspadly. has
DO 'ItDioully in getting pupils
enougli to make it worth while to
treat wliist- teaching as a calling.
The esfieriinenl thus far has re-
vealed the fact that the number of
peopk- who want lo play wbist both
in summer and winter is very large,
and is probably increasing, and
also that a very large proportion
of tbiist- who have been playing the
fCreattr part of their lives are really
ignor.ini »r what is called scientific
In iSSa Mrs. M. S. Jenks (?. w.)
removed to Cbici^, and in tbe
year following her intimate knowl-
edgfc i>f the game and high qualifi-
cation for the work causcil her
serviiis as a teacher to he eagerly
souglii t'v the ladie* of that city.
She, li"i, had no intention al firi*
of gi vui^ instructions profeasioil-
ally, Hilt Uie deniunds upon her
time \\fre such that she found it
neces^iry lo do so. She thus be-
came itne of the early workers in
the f\v\<\, and did much lo set the
wave of whisl 'improvement rolling
westward from Cbicngo.
The same year in which Mr*.
Jenks be)^n her teaching In the
great city on I^ke Michigan brought
anotlirr man into the wliiit field 01
an iri'.lruclor. It »a» Willinin S.
FeudlUisa {g. v.), by many still
callel riofrssoT FenoUosa, because
of bis firevions succeufnl career as
a pianist and teacher of mutlc, but
which title he himself disclaim*,
and iL-^iiests us not to uae. Mr.
Fennlloiui l>ccamc very succc«rfbl
and jiopulnr iu hi* new field, and
TEACHERS OF WHIST 422 TEACHERS OF WHIS
numbers auioiip^ his pupils hun-
dreds of the leading people of New
HiiK^and. He is distinguished also
asau analytical writer ou the game,
and as a whist-player. The follow-
ing year [ iiS90 1 another able and
successful gentleman lK.'gan giving
lessons— Get >rge li. l>uggan (t/. v. ),
a Canadian by birth, but an Ameri-
can by adoption. Mr. Duggan
branched out in New Yf>rk; but,
going to Chic.igo to visit the World's
l*air. he was so struck with the tine
quality of the whist played in the
latter city, and the ilesire manifested
for more knowletlge, that he con-
cluded to remain there. Ti>-day he
feels no little pride in the fact that
many of Chirago's best players —
men and women — are numbered
among his pu])il^.
Tlu- j)i(inetr whist -teacher and
leader in I'liiladelpliia was Mrs.
William Henry Newljold ig. v),
who l)egan teaching in 1S91, and
soon found her s^^-rviees in great
dem:inil. Heing prominent in so-
cial circles, her example and de-
votinn lo the |.ame inspired othns,
s<> that to-day I'liii.tdelphia ranks
I'lrst as a w<»nian's \\h\>\ centre. In
iStji \\hi>t-teachii:tj w;is also in-
.•.Mj'.ir.iU-i ill nriiv«T, Colorado.
Mi-- M. b!.i McKirr was the fir-t to
ri.ikr .1 >ini e*s«, a-* a tearlier there,
;iiii >hf li.i-* ni iiiy pr.pils. Miss
M'"'!!- 1?.<-. j'l.ivr'l the game fmni
I li*. ii.-xHl, lii-iny. a> she s:i\*i,
■• li- liijlii iij- iiM uhist." In 1NS6
.-'.i'- ■■■■.■ iM t'» -^'ii'iy lh'-m«"UTn »«**i-
t Mt::,. ■_■ .Til' . -iM'i M-MTa! years l.tler
It : '•• rx:- • - as a teai'her \\ere in
On-- i.: !-.i i.T'i tn lake an active
]i'.'t :ti ']'.'■ !!i--A w !:;».♦ ni«ivi-iiirnt
aiT:«i:i:; l!:e \mitm« ti »»f M!:w.i!:k'-c
w.i- Mr-. I.i\'.iin >. N"\\iil. whn
hil p].tyeii whist Irmn clrM-
I:""l up. WlM-n .1 >"m5v: girl »«}«»..
• 'fi'K Ml I'!'- a fMurl!i ImkiI with her
l.;ll.'-r .i!i ! I W.I other gentlemen.
It was a Hoyle same in thoH
** second low ana third hand 1
regardless of sequences aa
card le<i. Her father was a
admirer of whist, and the
No well came naturally to 1
also. Writing under d'atr o^
licr 25, 1897. she says: " 1 can
l>e classed as a prufcrsiMonal U
A few ,\ears aj^u, when the
liegan to be ideally interci
the game, I was urged by
friends to give them the ben
uiy experience, and I taught <
one winter, very succcMtu
was told. Imt my hcaith ai
niands on my time did not ]
me to continue it after that »
Often a class is fonnnl ■
niemliers insiNt npt.»n tny \C2
them. Then I take this' cla*
no others." Hamilton i*
Nowell's favorite authontv 1
game. Milwaukee isalaotbc
of another whist- teacher at
Mi.<« liesbie K. Alien tf ;. .
reputation is natinnal. A.:i
she h.is not targht veni* m'.er.
from home, her time l*ir.$:
occup'.ed there.
Whisitearhrrs had bec-r
crease* so rapidly, .ir.ij te^"h:r
held in •>ui-h high c^ttrir. ::
I'ebrnary, i-v;:. Cav<u< >I 1
the editfir of H'hsii. w&» n: -^
make the follftwrrg rr'trrr
the sut ject i:i hiN j. -urr-j! ^
teacl-.ing *• is fast t««rc;r|: '..•
the ft re as the eas:e«: ir * •
wav of cltainir.g t!:a! urtir?^
ii;g of the tliMTV ft !!;r jfar;
jfitl:er w:th the arb:*.r4r'< or*
tiiM:aiiMr«>. whicli, 1<IR»: *=
iiuirtid by j)rHClice. c:skn
rvHt\\ player. S* ihoroci^
llr.s pl.in N-mi!iinir r<j»! .■■
an<! Ml siitistaitiiry !* it ir !l»
tatioT!. that the wliK-trachrr v
an acknnwle* Igi^l and «i*.c<d !i
with much to lio. and lancr r
in each whtst playing ccclrr
^BACHBRS OP WHIST 423 TBACHBRS OP WHIST
rat this time Mrs. Lillian Cur-
)el (^. r.), a charming society
in, began to arouse a deeper
!st in the game among the
^n of St. Louis. She, too, had
familiar with whist all her
ind, after studjang it sdentific-
iras prevailed upon to teach
t. Her labors in the whist
resulted in the organization of
argest whist club for women
lis country. Similar good
was being done at the same
>^ Mrs. T. H. Andrews {q. v,),
hiladelphia. After arousing
hist enthusiasm of the women
liiladelphia and surroundine
I to a high pitch by means <3
'Achine and the whist touma-
I, in which she was the lead-
nrit, she took hold of the pro-
of organizing the Woman's
: League of America, which
ouj^ Iwen talked of, and now
d It to a successful issue. The
eds of her teaching she de-
mainly to the advancement
i cause of whist One of her
r thoughts was the purchase
lat have since been appropri-
named the Andrews Trophies
r large heart-shaped silver
I— to be competed for by
i of four. They are to the
sin*s Whist League what the
enge Trophy is to the Ameri-
fliist League, and are subject
aewhat similar rules. In fact,
were competed for before
formation of the woman's
e. and to the enthusiasm
rd by the tournaments held
eir possession was largely due
nination of the organization,
chers of whist, of both sexes,
tiecame more numerous still,
he demand for instruction
!d ever increasing. Miss
res S. Dallam (q. v.) took up
ood work in Baltimore; Mrs.
B. Pamam, an
and lifelong whiat-player, bmm to
teach in Chicago and its suburfaa.
On the Pacific coast, Mrs. Prank
H. Atwater (^. v.) won a more than
local reputation at Petaluma, Cal.,
and in San Prandsoo Mrs. Abble
£. Kreba was credited by IVMisi
with " having, in many ways, ac-
tively contributed to promote in-
terest in scientific whist by teach-
ing, Mrriting, and committee work,
and last, but by no means leaat, by
a series of whist talks at the San
Prandsco Whist Onb.**
In the spring of 1894 Misi Adft-
laide B. Hyde oegan giving whiit
lessons at New Haven, Conn. She
had had the benefit of a verr early
whist training. As a child ahie
never lost an opportunity to watch
the game, and took a hand as aoon
as she was allowed to do so. Later
she obtained her knowledge d the
conventional game from the books,
and a close watch of the methods
of the best players of this country
also hdped to perfect her in htf
chosen profession. Miss H3rde hat
had classes in the Adirondack!
summers, and at Lakewood, N. J.,
winters. In 1897 she removed to
New York City. Like all the
women who teach whist, Miaa
Hyde is an advocate of the lonjg-
suit game, with American leaoa.
First of all she endeavors to estab-
lish the fact that rules are in no
wise opposed to common sense, but
simply a result of it; and their ap^
plication can never become me-
chanical if the beat results are to
be gained.
'nie year 1894 also brought sev^
eral more men into the field as
whist teachers. Charles S. Street
{g. V, ) hta^n to devote some thne
to it, aside from other duties, in
Boston; Barle C Qnackenbiish
(q, 9.) did likewise m Waahinff^
ton, D. C. Charles R. Keitey
(q. p.)> iM'w of New Yoric, bi«Hi
TEACHERS OP WHIST 4^4 TEACHERS OP WHIS!
to teach some also about tbi9 time,
as did also £. T. Baker (^. r.),
in Brookl>[n. All of these gentle-
men continue to give more or
less time to it, and have many pu-
pils. Another instructor who en-
tered the field contemporaneously
with the above was T. B. Otis
{q. I'.), of East Orange, N. J., but
after teaching two years, and re-
gaining his health, which had pre-
viously been impaired, Mr. Otis re-
entered other Dusiness, and now
confines most of his teaching to the
training of the team of which he is
captain. It may be here noted also
that while the ladies are, so far as we
know, all orthodox in the long-suit
faith, and true believers in Ameri-
can leads, three of the gentlemen
are pronounced advocates of the
short-suit game — Messrs. Poster,
Keilcv, and Baker.
A little over two years ago, Mrs.
Harry Rogers, of Philadelphia,
>)egan teaching whist, and her
efforts were soon crowned with
success. Mrs. Rogers was taught
to play whist while a child, and
among her early recollections ia
one of being made to stand in a
corner because she could not re-
member the cards. Her attention
was called to the scientific game
some five or six years ago. She
subsequently took lessons from
Miss Gertrude E. Clapp and Miss
Wheelock, and is a strong advocate
of the lf>ng-suit game. When her
liusband failed in business, she
took up teaching, and met with
threat encouragement. She has
taught in Pittsburgh, as well as
Philadelphia, and has also had
offers from Cleveland and other
cities. All her pupils are enthusi-
astic in their praise of her and her
instructions.
Among others who have taken
up win St -teaching, Mrs. Henn* E.
Wallace {q, v, ), of SUten Island, N.
Y. , Mrs. Sanh C H. Bnell (^ . i
Providence, R. I., and Mra. G
de Benneville Keim (f. v.), »
Edgewater Pfcrk, N. J., hten
won enviable rermtatioiUL
Keim is a native or Ridunoiid
and has the credit of ot^Bi
two whist clubs among the 1
of the Old Dominion capitsL
arousing whist enthusiasm m
the leading people of the city.
While there are nndonb
many more persona who
whist, professionally or otba
we have prepared an alpliab
list of all those whose name
addresses could be learned h%
gent and systematic inqntrr.'
have thirty-eight teachers' t
sen ted in all, twenty-nine wi
and nine men. Some of the
successful men who are engag
teaching have many more if
than male pupils. In fact
great majority of whist-pnpih
unden^oing instruction are wo
and this is significanL It n
that in America women mar e
ually distance the men in lotx
knowledge of the game. It b
also that through woman whisl
be made more and more a gam
the home circle, and a factor it
education and training of
young, a matter of vast tmpofl
and benefit to the nation at L
The list of teachers follows:
Allen, Miss Bessie EL. 474
Ruren street, Milwaukee. V
Anderson. Mrs. Harriet Alien.
Van Buren street. Mil wank re.
Andrews, Mr%. T. H., 11 19 Sf
street, Philadelphia.
Atwater, Mrs. Frank H., Petah
Cal.
Baker. Mr. Elwood T.. 781 1
pect Place. Brookljm, N. Y.
Brooke, Mrs. Gertrude. Earl
Terrace, Germantown, IV
Bnell. Mrs. S. C H.. 227 Bi
ttrect, Provideiftoc, R. L
CBACHERS OP WHIST 425 TSACHBRS OP WHIST
>, Mitt Gertrude E., The Len-
I, New York City.
itn, Miss Prances S., 1026 Bol-
i street, Baltimore, Md.
ver, Mrs. Sewall, 1008 Jones
eet, San Francisco.
ran, Mr. George £., 305 Bast
icago a%'enue, Chicago.
^ Mrs. William £., Washing-
I, D. C.
nm, Mrs. Sadie B., North
ore Hotel, Chicago.
Uosa, Mr. WUliam S., Salem,
iss.
tr, Mr. R. P., 560 Hancock
eet, Brooklyn, N. Y.
;r, Mr. Robert, 47 Tremout
eet, Boston.
» Mrs. Biinnie, Bvanston, III.
f. Miss Adelaide B., 53 West
rty-eeventh street. New York
s, Mrs. M. S., care of IVhisi^
Iwaukee, Wis.
;y, Mr. Oiarles R., loi Lexing-
I avenne. New York City.
I, Mrs. George de Benneville,
gewater Park, N. J.
ochan, Mrs. Prank, Albany,
Y.
a, Mrs. Abbie E., 911 Sutter
eet, San Prancisco.
-e. Miss M. Ida, 103 1 Emerson
eet, Denver, Col.
tx>ld, Mrs. William H., 2212
nity Place, Philadelphia.
e. Miss Evelyn, 2005 bt. Charles
fnue. New Orleans, La.
, MriL Lillian C, 5925 Cates
mue, St Louis, Mo.
>11, Mrs. W. A., 667 Marshall
eet, Milwaukee, Wis.
Mr. T. E.» East Orange,
[
enbush, Mr. Earle C, 1408 G
*et. Northwest, Washington,
C.
rts, Miss Edith, Ridley Park,
Ts, Mrs. Harr3r, 2216 Trinity
ice, Philadelphia.
Shelby, Miss Annie Blanche, Pdrt-
land, Oregon.
Snyder, Miss Edith, Pottsville, Pft.
Street, Mr. Charles Stuart, 86 Bet-
con street, Boston.
Trist, Miss, 1516 Baronne street.
New Orleans.
Wallace, Mrs. Henry B., ao Tyson
street, New Brighton, Staten
Island, N. Y.
WheelodL, Miss Kate, care of
Whist, Milwaukee, Wis.
Hoyle gave instructions at a
guinea a lesson. The charges of
Uie modem teachers are more
moderate, as will appear from the
following rate-card, submitted to
her pupils by a leading teacher:
Class or four, one hour session, $x\
class of eight, one and a hafir
hours* session, ^; class of twelve,
two hours' session, $$\ class of sue-
teen, two and a half hours* session,
$6. Private lessons, half-hour in-
struction, $1. Some teachers nn-
doubtedly charge more than this,
and some less.
Until recently the study of whist was
undertaken only in a desultory sort of
way over a "hand." But within a ftw
years it has been so systematised that a
course of lessons in whist is as commoa
as a course of study on any other subject.
Whist lessons can be fftven on exact
lines up to a certain point, covering all
the pontiTe rules of tne game. Beyond
that it can be given in the way of pmat^
inf? out the pitfalls into which the no-
skilled may stumble, and suggestiag
means by which they may be avoided, or
if not avoided, neutralised. After tluit
the student must depend on herself, and
her proficiency in the game wUl depend
upon her powers of observation and ooo*
centration, her ability to draw correct la*
ferences. and her good judgment.— AiBr»
rut Allen Amdtnom {L, ^.], Horns Mag^
Mine, July ^ 189$'
Professional teaching became <ialtc a
feature of whist in America. Iflss Kate
Wheelock was the first in the field, hegla-
ning in Milwaukee and Chicago. The
Misses Clapp followed in her lootateM,
and before long every large dty had lis
iniitrttctor. With the exceptkm of tiM
author, who was then lectnriag on whM
in New York, all these teachers cdaeittd
their pnpila la the attmbcr-showteg
L
TUCBBRSOVWHlBr I
>..rlib«r AMWiiadMHwaf tttf IBt! bI; Ami Ihl* M to nnUr
WUdi «M bU Ik* Mft !■ rtu, tkMB Th< ploBcns In ific m
c«MMtlwhl|ftat order of whkL Th« »l». c«rda«f. of »mm. Tta
Inwiabtekiiaarthtlonni ■A.^ow ii«n»il tidr hH Mw* on^ • i5
tair maabw, aad aloulBB wvn Ik* ntmuuna. hm rttMM Ni W]
diin tMtki. ud whn tb^^UlM^n aumlwd (wrW i^ —^aw, J
VUM a>b adud Uw wUMIvcn of A» rrcrt*^ m wn appl^na
Aacrio lo BCM In NllwuSta fer tfea nttriw laniu Ikal bW ^tasal
■arpoM of ot^Dbatka, almgtf awjy u ma lu pitliiUnl lean tcim^a
Mqnta pratnl ■>■ ■ fcUowar of Uw Uc lu> Eub>4 uM ■■■■* 4MI^
•dmUfic •dwol— <. ^. Ail^ tK OJ, ngpul*. aail b knon W dnMiS
MamOfy JUtutntUr, a^. HitiMqnnn.- AMnVk-jSi
bUi iM' :i 1 1 : . l. m Dirt etlur* mn m (••■nit Si^k 4
bw I.,., a » .»:..»., a.>...... 1-I.»r£ 1*-1IM Un wZyLi— —. ad
What g«>d pUrtn 4o. wllhoW IuidwIu tbt Ina. cli«r»»d by Uw >■* k
tht naWD why thty du It. kud IbU Kml f" '•= '•^I*«« »™" *"
tdimn an tut nuly to kIw, awl In ■'■ *^l»—oi toat.umt Ibt li
_ _ Tswn— A muBfaer ^ i|
hKHiifbDdy who will dni tendcrli irtlli ,.....fj.« j.f^li_ ■ nCtZ^.^
•1«(U, iDd wlul Ibcy ouchl Is ban* oUwr tcBBM, MCll ODnpoMd I
■• — — '■•—-'-- «SrrH of kind- nioa] n ' ' "
la ■clKta) wtU) a
Uic Amnlniu Id the came tu* ben tkc U>e vwn oonvct deMpan^ J
m^T'iMfe ^"""i^T cmBwii'CuN'2 trophy of Uw MntUwy iM
tauvhl proraakmall J. like choa aod bO- tioii* Iwc, " AvaiaB 1
•cope for Initnictloa than Ibcrc waa la whith tcain* o( MXMMi n|MM
bi>d*T, fnniitae«BnebHBcr*dnd lo ihc riwal wbM MMdaClMM.
•o much moroirMciaatkaBd tcacbabtea „t._ ^r >__» _t ■ *' '
form.- It it qnite ■• pnctkaUe ae th* P^J ■*' »«=* •• **"^J
leachinK of drawlnK or tn^dc or aajr of reqnirea tvtry UMSton ol • ^m
dtoar* ■ccatBpllatameM.aBd ibcAwrl- pUf witb ererr oUmT Sllini
T«eh nlMl Tbmm — K«i«M
wuliai UtwkiK; «w*«|A|
?ER, CONTROL OF 427
TENACH
or play incident to the
age, book, bumblepnppy,
', Control of. — Wliiat ia
for gentlemen (and for
>, for that matter), and
lonld Dcrer be lo«t sight
ost aa wronK t '
where good breeding and
; are supposed to iS the
get angry at wbiat never
t molcea matters vane.
I unrartonitcty dlKOVcf tbtt
il iDfirmilT robs you of the
ilrolLIng your temper, ■ban-
ha Tins ao repeatedly lamrred
CbtoK( ff^'["o.l. "^^
«e, "Ten-Spot"
—The best and third-best
by a player in a suit.
lad Ihird-best cards are
or; the second and fourth
■; the first, third,
stitute
t>est
. the
which the cards are held
Tenace is an important
command in whist stral-
Quch used in the short-
or the play of the weak
e player possessing ten-
:h has the cards in a posi-
n the most Iricka if his
up to. Therefore, many
ill not lead away from
eTcn though obliged to
1 tenace is generally sup-
t derived from tlie Latin
acions. holding fast, the
; to hold back certain
ad of leading them. Val.
W. Starues. in his book on " Short*
Suit Whist." is inclined to doubt
tile correctness of this derivation,
and to place some confidence in the
ingenious di^nitiou sugEcsIed by
the youug lady who £ked him
wherein lay the (pecial advantage
of holding an ace and a ten. ''It
might well be," he argues, ■'that
Ihe term aetuHlly originated from
' ten' and ' ace," lor these two cards
constitute an excellent tenace when
any two of the three remaining
honors fall ou the first trick. The
ten and ace may have been the first
representatives of the tenacr specie*
noticed by whist naturnlbts; or,
perhaps, the word may have been
ace, first, tost, allnnnbraciiig, ten-
In hU 'Whist Strategy" (l894)i
on page 103, R. F. Foster gives a
hand, and shows the result when
played in disregard of tenace, and
when played tenace. In the Brat
instance A leads, the nine of heatta
being turned in trumpa:
1
jl
Y
B
2
«K
«4
• B
*A
3
40
eo
BO
-Qi
3
70
»0
2^
100
*
*8
*7
*io
• 8
B
K •
3 •
5 •
* J
8
KO
AO
VJ_
20
7
A*
4*
s«
S^
8
• e
S •
2i
J 0
9
*a
B«
Q*
.2^
10
^io
9*
AS
80
1 !
(? K
0 4
* St
0 e
12^
1? B
74
"3 J
13 ij 3
10*
J •
30
t
TENACE
428
TBK-8POT
•* In the original play," say* Fos-
ter, " Z, not having been educated
in tenace, has no conception of the
possil)ilities of his hand. In the
overplay Z leaves the lead with A,
who, supposing his suit to be good,
ace with his partner, leads trumps.
It is only the plain-suit echo on a
king led that saves A at the tenth
trick. The tenace play of the hand
makes eighteen tricks against eight,
a gain uf ten." The tenace play is
as follows:
tt
M
A
« K
Y
B
A 5
z
> 1
A 4.
43
. 2
^ K
^ 4.
(:? 6
9 2
3
^ 3
^ 5
^ 7
^ 9
4-
4.0
60
50
QO
■ 5
^10
A 7
^ 8
^ A
: 6
7 0
90
A 6
JO
i 7
KO
AO
410
100
! 8
K 4
10 ♦
J A
^ J
9
V Q
2 A
34
80
no
A 4
' 4. A
5 4
4 J
!'»
A 8
eA
4 2
A A
12
« 9
8 A
7 4
30
13
«Q
9 A
Q4
29
Score : A-B, 4; Y-Z, 9.
Wiih 'If wiih-mt the e«tat»li*hmriit of a
»nit. y 11 in.iy pick up trickt here and
Ihrr-'wtMi hi-^h c.inl«j. an 1 if you mnke
all tM»' hiifh r;iri!^ v«mi have, never fret-
tiTur :i>»-i'il th»' mnnll onr*. ycni may cm-
hi !• r \'i;irH If hnky. If yi'm play with
thix » ?• 1 f!r-fi!nt>-1y in vi»-w prc<^rvinie
v«»;ir hjj!» I iT.N.iiiM t'-n icr »>tren'^th, and
If I lin;i r:ir \s w irlhlrs^ in vour i>wn
h.in 1. '>u: tif ».iii'h %'.t.v th:it th«-y may
hf -p p trtniT. thru ymir nirthiMl in wh»t
Mfv iffti-rilly rail 'the «n]i;wirtinK-cnrd
fCamc F.>'.t''r n«»r* the exprr<ii>itm " trn-
ac«- nam*-."' tmt I prefrr to retain the
uk;i;iI, ri-Htrictr«l nit-uninic of the word
"trnio-." a* applie«l to the heat and
thifil-tM-st of a »iit and a ronpie of similar
conil.inatton* — ^. C. Howeli [S. N],
When yom bold a aiai;!* or 4
tenace, m^or or minor, u ia «cr
porUnt to avoid leading the anit. d
Bible. €or it will be mnch norc 10
advanUge to bave it led hj aooc ■
player, nnleaa von bare ao many oaf
the aalt that it ia nalikcly to (o 1
more than once. Por example: Zi
lead from tbc alagle maior icnarc
are aare of only one trick. If ytn
for the lead from aome other plajpr
are likely to make two tricka. I
lead cornea from yoor left-band a
aary, you are aore of two tricfca
trumping. If you lead tram a A
migor tenace, yoa are aorr of bal
trick. By waiting yoa amy nuke t
and if the lead cornea twice from
left, nothing but tmmpiay wM pn
your ao doinx .— I 'a/. H^. ^imrma -S.
*• Skori-Suii If Tku/."
Hoyle aays: " Tcaaoe is
fimt and third4>eat eanla^ and bchif
laat player;" Matbewa. " Wben tbt
to play nolda the beat and third-bcil
auit." " Laat tuplay" and ' Uai pli
are here naed only relatively to tbeb
of the aecood beat: w> that their di
tioiia really mean that tenace ia tbc I
inic of bent and third be«C of any
under aucb cimtmatancra tbat tbc
must come up to them from or ihr
the holder of aecoad beat. Tbc 1
term waa alno naed to iadkntc tbr
tion whereia a player a&ight be led 1
rexardleaa of. or in ifpioraace of. *
canls he held. " Carendiah." Clay, t
genus omne, in defining. Iimtf
meaning of tenace to the bnldni
canU irreapcctlve of paaili«Tn. Mei
"The eanence of the tenace. whkb |
the character and importance to tbc
bination i«that ifthe holder of tbe lei
he mu«t I l«r trumping) nmkr irirka
both cardi." Ames, in hia racr
treatise, unea the term iadiftieatlyt^
prew either the holdina of the raH
the holding of the poaltion. aad '
endi«h" uvu it in the latter leaac n
" Card-Table Talk." Aa a maner ol
entific acruracT. it ia to be re gri Bed
aeparale term'a cannot be aiaaaw
th*-«e separate meaning*, far imca
major fourchette for beat and tbiri \
minor fourchette for aecuad and fa
best: vantage, the noaltioB. aajortca
the comhi nation of major faatrbcOi
vantage: and minor tcnacr. minorl
chette and vantage. —fmfrv
[A->4.]. **Wtmmimg WkiAT
Tcfi-L«ad.
Tcn*Sppt.<^The
aud IB the pack;
• •
fifth U|V
ortbc
TEN-SPOT 439 THACEBRAY ON WHIST
ids in whiot; also called New York {Keile^'a) tyatem, the
leu U usually led as the top aC the
suit, but may be an intertiieUiate
lead (;. v.). A long suit, Leaded
by the ten, ia opened with it,
Persoonllv. I tbink ihtre I* ■» aina-
UgT In lodimtttieirD.uaBBioirtauiisll
out. from king, knan. Itn. tic., both la
pliln iiiiU and in trumps^ bui t allow, tr
™l^'u'^"ti'ISS"e"'lha7 '
□ is led, in both the system
ads and in the American
om one combination only
r king, jack, ten, and one
smaller cards. It has (re-
been objected to in the
still more in recent years.
id^" pointed out its
a in hia "Whist, or Bum-
yf" (second lecturej. In
»rd Bentinck, the inven-
le trump signal , led a small
u the king, jack, ten com-
>w proposed (and many of
best players have already
the suggestion] to substi-
Jie ten the lead of Tourth
1 to transfer the ten-lead to
n, jack, ten combination,
reliering the queen -leads
much-complained-of am-
in the American leads,
inge seems to have grown
a suggestion made hy
;tuart Street, in »'Aij/ for
roposed that
)f llie queen,
queen, jacl:, ten combina-
he did not provide for any
1 the ten-lead from king.
His idea was to lead the
both coBibinations. Fisher
d other American author!-
irstsl Mr. Street's sugges-
N. B. Trist and " Caven-
:lare'l against it. as they
subsequently against the
innovation of leading
est instead of ten from
k. ten, tirst brought into
ice bv Milton C. Work and
from the Hamilton Cliib.
>, " American Leads, Pro-
anges in," and " Hamil-
Howell (short -suit) system
if the ten indicates the sup-
ard game (f. v.). In toe
Wb<B ten la led aa an orialDal Icwl,
fiom more lbaul(nulDanlt.andwlDi the
trick, (he aecunil lead. In ilie wrlier's
opinion, ahonid be tbe orisioal fourth
belt, and not the iowm ot tSe aolL The
ten wtnolng the Itlck, the nature ot the
coDiUnalliHi led rmin and lb* paailioR of
the hi|:h eardn are pmtiilninL • • ■
II inrleatly an adnntase for partoer 10
be able (o read the auneitval Mrenjtlk ef
an rilaNiiknt mfl aa early ■■ the amad
rvu..d.-f, /J. />. /KflM./io- [i.,^,], 'W**
tm Acitnltfic It'tiil, "
T«at-Booli.— A book for the Me
of beginners and atadcnts. who
K-ish to perfect themselves in the
i-ame; a whist Icssou-book. (See,
■■Ilmks..>n WIiisL")
Thackeray on Whtet.— In "The
Virginians," by William Make-
peace Thackei»y, the hero, Harry
Warringtcn, eTrperienees much
whist-play. .i!i<i loiiie of it is down-
right gamHii't;. One Sunday even-
ing Dr. Sa,npso». Lord CastU-
wood's ctu>p!:>i[t, particTpates in a
fime of the more innocent sort
be evening vtA» beautiful, "and
there was talk of adjourning to a
cool tankarri Hnil a game of wblit
in a sumnirr- house; but tlic rota-
pany voted t'j ^il indoors, Ihe Ltilies
declaring Iti.it iliey thought Ihe
aspect of ilir.e honors in llieir
hand, and -xime ^i>»] court cards,
more beBulifrtl than the Ia\-elic3t
scene of nsiiirc, .^nd so tbe nin
went behiiMl ihr elmn, and cUll
ther were a\ ilieir cards; and the
rooiu oucc boiae, cawiuK their
THEORY
450
THIRD HAND
evensong, and they never stirred,
except to change partners; and the
chapel clock tolleu hour after hour
unheeded, ijo delightfully were they
spent over the pasteboards; and the
moon and stars came out, and it
was nine o'clock, and the groom of
the chambers announced that sup-
per was ready."
Young Ivarrimrton plays day
after day, and night after night,
and when he goes to Tunbrmge
Wells he continues the game for
hij^her stakes, with the most distin-
guished gamblers of the day. •*J/r.
IVarrinj^ton and my Lord Chester'
field found themselves partners
against Mr. Morris and the Earl
0/ March,'' we are told. The Vir-
einian*s luck is phenomenal at first,
but he finally meets with disaster,
and is reduced to curious straits.
Theory. — The theory of whist is
the general plan or system of the
game, based upon its established
principles. A player should be
well grounded in the theory of the
game, and ad<l to such knowledge
careful and industrious practice.
Dr. Pole was the first to thoroughly
describe the llieory of whist, treat-
ing it from a philosophical and sci-
cntitic stan<lpoint. He says, in his
• ' Theory of the Modern Scientific
Ganii- of Whist: " " It has been the
invariable custom to lav down
practical rules anil directions for
])lay, sometimes in their naked
si mpl icily, and sometimes accom-
panied with more or less argument
or explaTiation (as done to a cer-
t'lin extriit originally by Hoyleand
M.ith^'Wi », tmt always leaving the
sMulfTit to extract for himself, from
til is ma<s of detail, the general
principles on which these rules
were h isi*d. Just as if a student of
chenii-^iry were put into a working
druggist's slu»p. and expected to
acr]uire all his knowledj^e of the
science, by inference, fron
operations he was tanglit to a
on there. In other words, no
tempt has ever been made to w
out or to explain the fondana
theory 0/ the game; and. bdiev
that the thoroogh nndentandim
this is the best poaaible meparal
for using the rules arignt, and
acquiring an intelligent style
play, we propose to state I
theory somewhat fnlly, and to sk
how It becomes developed in
shape of practical mles.*^ He tl
goes on to show that the bans
tlie theory lies in the relations •
isting between the playcn; tl
the players are intenoed to act. 1
singly, but as partners^ and pi
the two hands combined as if tl
were one. He abowa how, in on
to carry out this idea, thej ea
into a s>'stcm of Icgaliicd' cor
spondence, and then he ezpU
how the theory influences the mi
agement of tramps, plain snitk t
lead, and other details of pL
(Sec, also, " Long-Sait Ganie.^'j
Third Hand. — ^Thc playrr m
plays the third card to a fooad
trick; the leader's partner. la 1
first or opening round of the gs:
he is "B." or "south."
It is the duty of the third hi
generally to play high, cfpc
ally if his partner has led a V
card. Should he in such case, ho
ever, hold the ace and qoccn.
ought to finesse with the qan
and play the ace out inncvusti
if the queen \dn%, It is the th
hand's dutv to assist partner ia
tahlishing fiis suit, and to make
many tricks asposaible by jiMfanc
finesites. He, of course, plars a \
card in case his partner iesdik fn
a high card combination, a a
which should go ronnd. Whc« I
adversaries are very strong, and le
trumps, he fineves deeply in thci
THIRD HAND
431
THIRD HAND
i the third hand wins the
c in a suit led by his part-
lould do one of four things:
all he should lead trumps
ently strong, taking into
ition his entire hand, his
I hand, as far as disclosed,
:ards played by the adver-
[f unable to lead trumps
d return the best card of
suit, if held by him.
', with fair strength in
ind suit it is the practice
. Briggs and other fine
0 hold back the best card
er's suit as a card of re-
ould they find themselves
ter position later in the
bring in the suit them-
As a third matter of choice
iing the best card in part-
t), the third hand should
1 own long suit if he has
. strength. If not, then
h alternative presents it-
should return partner*s
>st good players agree with
that it is not customary
e return partner's suit un-
ire weak in all other suits,
it unadvisable to open a
len mle In an excellent maxim
dance of the third hand. Let
his partner what he would like
r to do for him.— ^. F. Foster
^hixt Tactics:'
eral rule for third hand is to
ighrst you have. This rule is
>wever, to the peculiar attri-
r third hand an regards fiuesa-
iam Pole [A.^+].
aid play the higtiest card in
I as third player, unless you
lold a sequence, when you play
card of this sequence, provided
not a hit^her card than those
I the sequence.— /I. IV. Drayson
• The A rt 0/ hractical H 'k i'st. ' '
tmes happens that the third
orij^^inallv opened a suit can,
rn. read that the best card of it
a guard in the fourth hand, in
r be should play his lowest
-dleaa of card pla3red by the sec-
ond hand.— A/fUkm C. W&rk [L, A. HX
*'fVktsio/7b-day»
Always plav voar hicheat card, except
when your highest caraa are in aequenoe
(then the lowest of the aequencekon yonr
partner's lead of a small card. This mle
of third hand high has but a single excep-
tion, and that is when 3rou hold the
and queen. In this case the queen should
be finessed.— JIfi/Am C. fTorl \JL A, N.],
**i^kuto/ To-day,'*
Third hand high. The playof the high
card is (i) to take the trick; or (a) to force
out an opponent's higher card. In cither
case it gets high cards out of the way and
helps to clear and establish the suit. Bnt
this rule is too general, and particular
rules are prescribed according to the cards
led and held, etc.— /Hiik^r Awus [JL AX
''Ptadical Guide to Whist:^
The third hand is, as a general mle,
pected to play his best card to the tait
which his partner has led, and which. In
the case ox an original lend, is, or in the
Tast nu^oii^y of eases ought to be, his
Ertner'a strongest suit. B^ playing your
St card, thercfi>re, to 3rour partner's
lead, if you do not take the trick, yea
at least assist him to establish his strong
suit— /asMf Oay \L, 0+].
The general principles which ahoidd
guide tne play of third hand are: Pint,
and chiefly, to help and strengthen your
partner as much as possible In his own
suit; secondly, to derive all possible od-
Tantage from any strengthening card he
may ]^ay in your own snit; and. thirdly,
to retain as long as possible sncn partlai
command as vou may haire in an oppo>
nent's suit.— i?. A. Froctor \L. (?.].
In the play of third hand, the mala
point to have in mind is, that the suit led
is your partner's, snd you are to assi^ in
establishing it as followa: id) by winning
the trick it neccMary. and as cheaply as
possible: (^) by preventing fourth liand
from winning too cheaply, thus forcing
out the adverse high cards; (r) by getting
rid of your high cards of that suft as soon
a*« possible, to avoid blocking.— C E, CsA
^n\L. A.\, ''GiU of Whist:*
Until within the last decade the analysis
of the play of third hand waa very inade-
quate andunsatisfactory. The booka dis-
missed the subject almost with the single
line— "generally play your highest card
third hand." The new order for leads
from high-card sequences, together with
the fourth-best principle, revolutionised
the game and rendered obsolete, to a
great extent, the text-books of the oay.—
C D. P. Hamilton [L, AX **Modem SoF-
tnti/Sc Whist:'
While partners should play for tmdk
other, and while third hand shoald gentle
THIRTEENTH CARD 432 THOMSON. ALEXANDI
allyasriftt first placer in the development
of his suit And ofhis plan, nevertnelest
third-hand player in an important factor
in the quartette, and may at any time as*
Hume to he an independent one. Third-
hand finesse at times from an oriteinal
Irad, and fre<iuently upon the after leads,
will win trick or throw the lead to advau-
tage. When the trumps are declared
strong aKainst, deep finesse by third hand
may Tk* the only plan that can save a
game.— <^r>r>»jk'^ "' /V/Zirj [/« A, /•.],
"Amrricun H'hist niustratfd:*
On the firtt round of a suit you should
Rencrrillv pl.iy your hi^heht card third
hand, in' order to strengthen your part-
ner. You presume that he leadn from hia
strong suit, atid wants to have the win-
ning car'ls of it out of his way; you. there-
fore, do not finesse, but play your high-
est, remembering: that you play the
lowest of a siMiuence. With ace, queeu
(and, of course, ace. queen, knave, etc.. in
setiumcci, you do finesse; for. in this case,
the finesse cannot be left to your partner.
In trumps you may finesse ace. knave, if
an h<mor is turned up to your rig:ht.
Some pl.iyers finesse knave, with kinfi^,
knave, eir.. but it is contrary to principle
to finesHf in your partner's htnmx suit. If
your partner loads a hi^h card oriioually
you assume it is led from one of the com-
Dinations kivcu in the analysis of leads,
and your j>Iay third hand must l>e suided
by a consultrfation f>f the combination led
from. • • • If your partner opens a
suit latr in hand with a hi^h caru, your
play, third hand, will depend on wur
j'ld'i^mrnt of tlie rhar.icter of the lead.
• • • On the second round of a suit, if
yo'.i (third p!'iy<ri hold the l>est and
third-b'-st c.irils. and you have no indica-
tion as t » ihr ]»0"*ition of the intermedi-
ate cat'l. yotir {>1ay should ai;ain depend
0:1 yoiir slrcn.;lh' in trumps. If weak
in truMi'iv. M-cure the trick at once; if
htr:/!!}: in trumpfi. and est>eciany if stronf^
eii»«i'.:h t'» lr.i<! .1 trump should the finesse
Mii'C!'»-d, il i-» jc'Mierallv wfll to make it. —
' . c/ : -'»r '. A " ; L. A ]l '' Laus and A inci-
Thirteenth Card.— The last card
of any suit hcM by a player, the
o:lirr iwflvc h:iviii;^ been played.
Thr Ihirtei'nlh c;iril is very use-
fill, esjn ri.illv low.ird the close of a
iMnd. If hf!il with the last trump,
nT trumps, it iH'cotnes as valuable
as a trump. A thirteenth card
hlid'iild Ik- led only for the purpofse
of liiivini: jMrlner play his nest
truni]). and .so prevcni it (ailing
with your own high tmmp;
throw the lead into the advert
hands, so that yon or ycfur |m
may be led up to. When tx
are against you, do not lead i
teenth, unless it he to foic
strong hand of an opponcnL
It is aometlmea plajred
leader considera he can ant
other card to advantaae. To puy
teenth under these circuni«tancci
and most probably will, mialcad
partner; and if he does nnc ruff vrr
It Ki^^^* *o easily acquired tnck
last player.— d4. If. />rartom ii.-
Thirtaanth Trump. — ^The
trump held bv a player, \^
ha\-ing been played. It is a
important card to retain, if ]
ble, in order to obtain the
again when your suit i» estahU
especially if you have no olhei
or re-entry.
It is a Rood plan wbea ytm k»
thirteenth trump to xmsm the wi
cards. The reason of this i» not app
but in practice I know nrrrral p
who do so. and in the mnllitade M
aelloni there is wiadom. — U'atm
If two pLiyrra have an eqnal bi
of tnimp«. each of them ha inns >■
li<(hed «uit, it will he the nhject of li
remain with Ihe last lruTn|>. wkacl
briuR in the suit. The tactic* o^
will he to win the Ihinl roand of tr
and then, if the l*r«i tmnip ia a4
him, to force it ont with the r«la%
suit, cominir into the lemd acaia w:
Inst trump— ^. F. FomUw \S~ U.^
pUte iioyU."
Thomaon, Alexander. —.^i
of "Whist: a Poem in Ti
Cantos: I.^ndon, 1791:** was
in Scotland, on the Dee. 1
1763, and educated at the U:
sity of Aberdeen, although i
terwards removed to Edmbc
During the winter of i793-"«
was married, and his death ocn
on November 7, 1805. He «■
author of a nuinber tsi c
poems, and many transJatioes 1
the German.
BB-TRUICP ECHO 433 THRBE-TRUMP ECHO
Trump Echo. — A con-
play originally suggested
B. Greene, of Crawfords-
, ia 1895, and now made
1: When a player, third
lot obliged to play a high
partner's original trump-
shows the possession of
ips by plajring his second
he fiVst ^und, and his
on the second round,
idish*' originated and
in 1874 the regular echo
nal for trumps, in order
the possession of four
r more. It is made by
the trump signal in
plain suits; 1. e, , by play-
lecessarily high card, fol-
i lower one. Dr. Greene
tie principle to the hold-
ree trumps as well, but
bis echo to the strong
: led by partner. The
rred to him during the
holidays, in 1894, as he
letter, from which we
following: '* I am able to
he hand and the circum-
hich suggested the play
[y play at that time ma^
been a good one, but it
it well and set me to
' The hands were as
le jack of spades being
trumps, north being the
SOCTB.
♦ A, K, Q, 7, 5, 4.
^ J. 4.
.5.4.3.^
4 K.6.
0 io.4»3-
r.
West.
# 8.6.
7, a.
^ Q, 10,9.8.
4 9.7.
U 6, a.
0 A, J, 9, 8,5.
seated i
Dorth, " continues
Dr. Greene, *' and led the ace of
clubs, then jack, and my suit was
established, but I had no poadUe
chance of re-entry, except with
trumps. My partner started tmmps
with the Gueen, then ace, and I
echoed witn three and two. My
idea in so doing was to mialead
ler and make him stop leadinjg.
afterwards told me that he
I could not hold four, bat
thought I was able to read the
han£, and was showing that I held
the last trump.) He stopped the
trump-lead and started diamonds.
I trumped and we made all the
tricks. On that board we made a
gain of fiye. Daring my sabae-
quent play I frequently noticed op-
portunities for echoing from three
with advantage, and finally formo-
lated the s)r2em as publiahed in
JVhist, in March, 18^;. *>
In that issue he said: " The lead
of an honor in the trump suit indi-
cates great strength, and it ia veiy
seldom that a player has Jour
trumps when his partner opena
with ace, queen, or jack. It very
ofUn happens, however, that he
does have three^ and if partner only
knew this he might be able to leave
him with a trump, where otherwise
he would have drawn it. To obvi-
ate this difficulty my partner and I
have adopted the following rale
for such cases: We echo from
three^ play the lowest one from one
or two, and hold the lowest one
from four until the third hand.
The rule applies only to leads of
ace, king, queen, or jack. On low-
card leiSis we play tne old rules.'*
In Whist for December, 1895, Dr.
Greene, takin^j^ cognizance of a
number of criticisms, admitted that
the play, as originslly suggested,
was open to two obfectiotis: (i)
False-carding interfered with show-
ing four. (2) Certain aitnations
might arise where it would be iiii>
THREE-TRUMP ECHO 434 THRBB-TRUHP £<
possible for the leader to tell
whether his partner was out or still
held two trumps. He also accepted
a remedy suggested b^ Fisher
Ames, which, in his opinion, "en-
tirely obviates the latter objection,
and partially the first. ' ' Mr. Ames*
remedy was this: Third hand,
holding four or more, should play
his second best on the first round,
and should follow with his third
best, and so on down. " In this
way," says Dr. Greene, "the echo
is made from three or more, and ex-
cept iti very rare instances partner
can tell which on the second round.
Milton C. Work, in his • Whist of
To-day, ' still further widens the field
of usefulness of the play by niakine
it apply to every case where third
hand (foes not have to play a high
card on his piirtner's original lead.
This last might result badly in case
the lead was made from a weak
trump-lead, but a good partner
would l)e no more likely to err here
than he would be to unblock on a
forced lead. At present I play the
system as follo\i*s: In all cases
where third hand does not attempt
to win the trick he plays the next
to thr* higliest card which he holds,
and on each succeeding round fol-
lows with the next lower card. As
long as he plays canls lower than
the first one jilaywl by him he still
has at U'.Tst one trump remaining.
In tliis way I do not think I exag-
gerati- when I claim that the second
ronml will show the exact numeri-
cal hoMing in nine cases out often.
It will he apparent at once that this
is an iiTipnivement over the old
foil r-r art! echo. Of course false
ranis will f»cca>ionally interfere, by
leavinj^ the leader in doubt as to
whether his partner has one or
more remaining, but it is surprising
how seldom this occurs in play,
and how little harm it does when
it occurs."
There are wvenl other
by which third hand may
poaaeapion of three truni|M
ner's lead or call: (i)
hand reftiaea to echo, and i
or more, it ia negmtivelj
that he haa three or leaa.
sub-echo {q,v.) indicatea
definitely the exact poaa
three. It ia made by re
echo on partner*a trump-
echoing m a plain aoit
(3) A later idea, and oni
t^ Misa Kate l\'hee]ock
"Whist Rulea" (second
1897), ia to make the thi
echo as followa when not
win the trick: Holding
three trumps, if partner si
or leads them from j/r/w,
(either in trumps or pla
the first opportunity,
more than tnree tranipa,
echo the first opportunity
denying three, but echo ts
Xh^' next opportunity, c
trumps or plain suita. ^
ing to win the trick the eel
more than three. This is c
the meaning of the echo
nally invented by **Cavendi
making it show three ias
four or more, except wfaei
to win the trick, in which
old meaning is adhered to
Wheelock adda: "Uanrj
holding exactly three trnnpc
whether trying to win the t
not."
The idea of the nUy knowv Hl^
echo wan oriniDallv racgcMfd ^
K. Oreene. but in the fona ndvop
him found little favor The «f*
varied it Munevrhat. duincavijr*'
crr.it r«.t objection urged afaia^*-
The idea iii that aa the narlorrt"'
leader raorefrrqiirnt1viiold«l^*[
trumps than four, it i« norciffP^
ahow the exact number 1^*
whether the »uit la loBf ^^7^
thi« end in riew it ia wuu^ P,
caae in which the third bW •"
hare to plav a bish Inuay S
Bcra orifiaal vSo^^oiVm^^
THREE-TRUMP BCHO 435 THROWING CARDS DOWN
Dad beft, and on the aecoad trick to
h9W with the third best.— 3fi7A»M C
wk[L.A.N.], •* H^tsi of To-day r
Ms coorention. ss well ss all others,
Dftcn disregaraed by good players
ra the situation demands it. For in-
■oe, it would be manifestly unwise to
0 with three trumps upon partner's
ik lead of that suit; such a play would
y impart information which the advert
f woold hasten to use to your discom-
re. Again, the retention of a high
dl In your hand as an entry for your
iblished suit may be of far more im-
laace than the mere disclosure of
re trumps— in truth, it may be the one
Icasenttal to making a great score,
departures, of course, require the
B0t dncrimination and judgment, as
1 as a superb confidence in the sagac-
of your partner and his abilty to read
•itiaation, for one of the most remote
trmces, even among good whist-play-
, te that an unconventional play Is
■If made by a player familiar with
veations, ibr the purpose of making a
at 9car^,^Bet>erley IV. Smith [L, A.\
fimort Airwff, 1897.
■ If arch ff^u/. 1095, Mr. H. K. Greene
Jgcsted an improvement in trump
Oiog. To an honor led it was proposed
*«ebo from tkrwe^ play the highest from
^or two. and hold the lowest fromy^r
U the third round." Mr. Fisher Ames
■ce suggested, as a probable improve-
U OB Mr. Greene's method, that the
Ber of the trump leader— holding
e or more trumtM — might plav his
■d best trump to the first round, and
Urd best to tiie second round. Work,
b "Whist of ToKiay." extends the
' of this echo to cover all cases when
band does not have to try to win
It round. The proposed in nova-
like most new plays that are from
9 time suggested, work both wsys
arm and for good. Often they seem
ick-winners- in theory— but prove
*ick4osers in practice. This idea,
r, leems to have sufficient merit
fy whlst-players in cloAelv exnm-
. and givtnff it a practical' test. —
Hamilton [L. A.},** Modem Scien-
istV
\ found it a good thing to show
ips to partner, the question was
'nv not show three also? And
the sub-echo was invented. In
tccoraplish the sub-echo, how-
s neceMsry to do away wtth the
signal, or the show of weak-
• Then another theorist came
It with a plan to show three
1 at the same time keep the
ignal Intact. This plan con-
iwing four when you only had
lied your partner showed five
or more by his original lead. When yoor
partner has five tmmpa. It is nnllkelT
that you will hold four anyway, and u
you echo, yon show him yon have at least
three. • * * The latest three«choooii*
tists in partner playing his second lowot
trump on first trick, and third lowest on
second trick, in evcnr case in which he la
not compelled to puiy a high tnunp on
the original lead. That is to say, von
play the aame card on first trick wnelncr
you have three or fonr. and yon go up on
second round if yon have only three, and
down If you have fonr. The absence of
the small card in the case of three locatca
it in your hand-yMn T, Miiehea [L. AX
''DufluMU Whist mmd Modtm ZjwIi/'
Thr««-Spot.— Tlie kmett caid in
whist but one. It is led onlj ss a
fourth best in the Amerksn lesd%
and as a pennltisnate or antepemil*
timate (or fourth best) in the old
leads.
In the Howell (short-soit) vfw-
tern it indicates the lonf^-soit game,
with a probable fjfood stutand tramp
strengtn. It commands partner to
lead trumps if he gets in early. V^
the New York (Keaer) ahort^soit
S3rstem it is one of the caxds led
from the bottom of long and mod-
erately well supported stuts.
Throwlftc Cards Down. — Should
a player be fortunate enough to
deal nimself thirteen tramps fa
rather remote possibility ), he would
perhaps be justified in la^ng hia
cards on the table, and claiming all
the tricks without going through
the formality of playing the hand.
But the ordinary nana at whist
should be played out to the end, to
saye the possibility of a misunder-
standiug or dispute. The laws of
whist rrauire the complete play of
the hand, except in cases where all
four players throw down their
cards. (See, sections 58 and 59,
English code; sections ao and 27,
American code. )
Do not throw yonr cards dowa. tlitak*
ing you have won the game; it docs aol
save time, and may rciuH la yuar iMvlaK
THROWING THE LEAD 436
TORMEY, P.J.
the mil'.!. r.i!li-«l to your dcrtrimeul,— /('.
/./. I), a Hi- \I.. -I 'J.
Throwing the Lead. — Playing a
cjinl tliai will coiniH-l some other
pl.iwT to take tliL- trick an<l the
Katl. II is 11 very important i)icce
of wlii^l strati>;y, iiml c>jH'cially ef-
iVctivi' lowanl the cm I oi' the hand.
Sii;i;»«>»«'' V'"U li;iv a vrry l»:nl liaiul; no
ti»»iil i.-.inl>. Ill) ImiR -nil, tuilv two or
t;!t' r iiiiin',!"*- H >"» iniliki'Iy that yoii
\\\\\ I V. T l;ike .1 tiiik i»r li.ivi- :i Icui, i>iit
1: >(>ii 'III viMi >hiiiilil try t>i k'-<'p tlu- had
• .II >.mt i.i-.'il. i;i ordti th.il llu-'-iiit'. m.iy
1< ■■ ii 1 ii;i t<» v«iiii iiirln'.T. \inir ■»n!y hi'iic
!■• iti;; lh.it lu- i-i >triiiu'. .it:! iii:iy ni.ikc
h Miw I- n uMs if Ir'l n]» t", whi h lii- ndihl
iMt 'loif li t.l throiik-h.—A' l-\ l-tt\U* \S <'.J.
Th- t;- IS iiiithin,^ TiKtri' ini^Liii 'U-* in
vliisi tliiti ih'- ;u'l (if ]ir'i]i'-Tiy thfiiwitifcf
l;:r 1« .iil It is jti thi- r'-^jM-l't th it th*?
]'.tiv»M ■■: tiMi's^- in:tk''« Jms is»)ii i.il naxn.
Th»- • ::." I Till'.- iitnyi"' •■nly m-i-s Ihe
t:ivk th u idiiM n.ivi- \w*\\ snrrjy wmi.
lut )i« <! ■•.-•• *t.<t si.'#- th'- /.'.' tricks :ifl'-r-
\\.ir«l Ml •'If. ojii* (if wliii li C'luM H'»t li»vc
Iw-t-ll cM.iiiicil if th'- li-:i 1 )'..t)l lilt 1/4 rtl
thrown -o". W r,ttr' \L. A. P.\,".\men'
f.nt 1 1 'fits/ ///.■« .'f.i/r.f ■■
With ;i WT< ti Jn il'y W(-;ik liriii'!, linvine
l»v :inv iIi:iTU •; (iSt.ii:i<l th" Icid. :i:i«l
li.ivi:ik; n • iiit iriii.iU'Ti (■■■tK-fruiii.: y-iir
'. ittni-:- !»ir'»!i;; -int. il th-- jimi iii> p-fiy
■ I t)i- .-I Iv'!- 't i- >• .ml III iii-;>ct-tiiiii if
\ .11; 1 1 -.1:1 h I Till ( It! 11 it 'r:!!- !-- \ til ti it
V. .! !'. '!iv - it:Hf ,j ?'irv '1' /r- •■ (•!" ]ir'i-'.ihil-
i'v. It w .il!-! In- urli I I i' fl Itmii .1 >uil of
V. n. M \.ii k'l »w >'i: ri^hthinl '.]'»
::■ -If •. • ;: "1 l!i' !m. -t. in .-r-!- r th.it h«"
i\ '.>■ • : !:.■•■! t'» < ;■' ii a siiit m whi- h
!• : i:'!!': iii.iv I' •••■■■m:. ittil will
V •! . I-..i!!t (.: ■• f] ■«.?: Ml I)f«i:i!i^
I ;• .!■■ ..■: 1 t' '1 •• •■ \ ■iii^t-lf il iii.iy
■I:>-:i!. I »-.v.i:il tht t \ i\v
•'■.
1
t
• <{:•■;• .1 I' i> k III v>) IT I(lt<
il li-
• .il
!! i-t ■■•r jii'i'-iMy
\S h- ti'-vi*r. :ki the
'::--l tJlc S'Ht ..:il
■M I !if-t k;i;i?'l'"'l
I • ■. ■ il
I.,
I
«.,
• '.'-viif ;j t t:i k.
■i '
: i:
. I
;# '
ll!|'
fl
lih: t.'
'. J: AfJ-
Tierce. — A sf-'j-t'/TUT fif three
c ::■!.. S^i-. " ^L•i^:l■Iil'e. '•)
Tie. I-i whi^t iJi.iti'hfs, a tit* r)c-
< ■:'- v.^!tii \:\ti iir iM-irt* j'l.ivt-rs,
jairs. or tcatn-* i.'i.ikL' exactiN the
same score. Ties art- hsua
off by thrise whu were I:
M)nie other fair tiieth(>il <•
who is the filial win tie:
itself.
••TIreslam."— Inhi^r*
••The Infernal M.in-Mj:
nallypnhlisheil in the .\f:
Magazine, in i.S;4 . I»:
votes an interesting c
whist. It is entith-^l. " '.
His RiihlH.r." Of the -.
l<»l»l: " Vin'sius hixol
It was true that he w;i<
then, bein>; a prophet, IJ;
.si;;nify. '/irt'sja.\. I s.i\
riihU-r, an«l w.isa tirvi-ci
th«)ii;.;h perhajK ^ivexi a
much lo /in t's^t'."
Top-of-Nothing Lcad.-
snit play thelearl " fro?:; i
n«ithi:ij.j" is the lead ot a
frotn a sh«»rt •*uit. when t!
wiirthliNS for any other
than rufliii^ or lea<i:ii«; s;
canK to jKirtner. In i':v
system the ei.vjht. v<-ven.
splits lire always I'll it*-:::
of nolhinji." an*! ntir.';
frotn n«»t more than tw '
C|nrvn, j:ick, trti. an'I n:::r
li.(l fptni " tcp of n"tli:n*:
not ah-dluieiv lUny the j
€if hftter lards in thr «'.::!
ns is the case with the l!".*t
cariK.
In the New W-rk 'K*:-'
tc!!i the jaik is alvi.iys >: '"
t.-:. nt" i!ii- short si:::. il:t'.'-
t:-t:.illy hi frniTS the T"? "
In.' an in:enni*<H itc lf.»-i ■•
i^ 'iii'iv U-il as the l"p '■' ••'
the rt-Hi of the Mnill can.*
eitluT .i" th" t"p i-i >^' 'y-
mjIIn. or the >w,::,.in »: '■ *
moderately well-MiJ»i»ortri *
Tormcy, P. J.— .Mra-^"
in the cause of g*Ml »^**^
ORUBT, P. J. 43
forcible writer on the
ell aa the originator of m
important whist im-
I. Mr. Tormey w«a bom
irgh, N. Y., in 1847,
^ his education in the
;hooU and an academy.
I7 B^ he learned the
ess in bis native town,
time thereafter departed
'ork, where he became
with the well-kaown
ell, Manh & Gaidner,
druggists. From there
Boston, in 1871, accept-
on with a large import-
After fonrteen years of
service with this house,
to embark in business
He went to California
i is now one of the leAd-
ale merchants in drug-
ries, in San Francisco,
one of the proprietors
Drug Company, which
in Son Francisco, Los
id Oakland.
atlv asked Mr. Toimey
St became interested in
bis answer is so charac-
we cannot forbear giv-
:. "This question," be
•at I am unable to an-
iok it was a birth-mark
Jp to about fifteen years
more about whist than
lion, our ' whist queen,'
flock, or even Pole,
IT 'Cavendish.' About
my eye-teeth ■
thU
.ay: I ,
m the continent, coming
^t, and somewhere in
I the Sute of Wyoming,
1 by a fellow- traveler if
bist, and if I would be
e up a tabic. I replied,
glad to.' From boy-
bad played whist, and
lation I was at the top
what { didn't know
fco^r.
blo«ii]
deal.
r TORMEV, P. J.
about the game wasn't worth know-
ing. We started in to plav, and it
didn't lake a great while for me to
learn that my newly-found whist-
partner knew nothing of the game.
t resist tile temptation of
m up St the end of every
took it Kood-naturedly,
and once or twice ue even smiled
when I was ' going' for him.
" Af Icr it was ^I over we went
to tliL- siiiukin^-room, lit out cigars
and tntcied into conversation about
the gniiie we bad just finished,
The eititleman said to me; -Mr.
Tormcy, you seem to like whist;
'StniJy! Sluily
'Yes,' he anMvered, as cool as an
iccbtr^T, 'I think if you studied
the )^^mie a Iitllc, and practiced a
' di-al, you would make a fair
plajc,
nil— I V
knevn.
3 hot K
tely. just St that moment
(hiclor passed through the
ing out, 'Cheyenne, twen-
iiiinutes for supper." I
i! the uffront. end the hal-
our trip we were straagcts.
1 ixai invited to the Boston
:iiib, and introduced as a
ayer from the far West. We
ighl. was looked upon,
ID iziy c^jimion, with suspicion by
one oi' my sdverBaries. I thought
I wiiiiM leach the man ■ leieotl,
and afiLT the deal liad been played,
I askeirl my partner (who, I a'fter-
ward Iciitned. was one of the beat
E layers in Boston) what I should
avc jil.iyed on tne trick in qoea-
tion. 1 knew, of coune. he would
ird I did pUy; hut he
h to my chagrin and
anni>y.mce. Not long after this
incident. 1 excused myself from
playing any longer, claiming I ' *
didn':.
J
TORMEY, P. J.
438
TORMEY. P. J.
a headache, anrl I watched the
^ame fur the balance of the even-
•* The next day I went to the
f^cntlenian's ofTice, and brr>UKht up
the question of the nif^ht ^Mrfore. 1
asked him how I C(3uld tell what
card to play and know I was ri^ht
as well as he could. His answer
was very simple. He said: 'Easily
cnouj^h, if you will study a little.*
Fur a moment I was back in the
smokin;^-room of that car; but my
intimate acfjuaintance with the
;2:entle!nati was of such a nature
that I knew he intended it as an
honest answer to my possibly silly
que '•I ion.
" He advised me to buy a whist-
book. I was astonished to know
such a thin^ existeil. I aske<l him
to j^ive me the name of //. He
sai«l: 'Gi'i any one; they are all
j^^kmI.' I was more surprised to
leani that there were several books
written on tlie y^anie.
•* I o*»t.'iined perniission to send
one of hJN oii) •»: Ixns muI. and j^jave
him instructions to ' >ret me sr>me
wliist-bcMiks; all they hail.' The
yi)uii'..r niriu lu-sitiliMl :i little, and I
.".ssurrd liiin I w.miod one «>f each
ki:il li» be l»u:'.d in the store. Hes-
it.il:r.',^ .'i;^ii:i. my frimd l«»ld him
to ji) ;»:i<I ir«i Mr. Tonney just
\v!i it !»!■ .j«.ke'l for.
*' In li \\\ .1:1 h«>ur he rt-tumcd,
r;irryinvj :i biin«l!r jiinI about as
'. iri^i' ai \\\' cntiid 111':, arul. after
^.i'/:!:•^ xh- TMr'-iiir:>ti(in from his
1 »M :•.'■ I' I. Ill- Imo!< it;it f-if his pocket
.1 b;;] .i:ts \\ iM itil ii t-nne, aniount-
\"\: :■• -i\'y rivi- «If'!; irs.
"M. jlii' TMM'-.N, ifi .1 rule, diMi't
*'j".;'.i; I lo'i'.: niv itii-ili-.iin* i^uckI-
t: t!:rf 11% . ]..iid tin- bill. .'iftiT re-
• ■'•\. ri'i'^' t:5v briMlb. and a^ked to
h;ivi i!i»' Im. -ks s'sipi.Lil tt) me bv
<• ■•in frni^Jit, \%ilh -unie ;{(k>iIs I
had rMnii::v: .ir'tnnd tin- Horn.
" I think ii tixik me two years to
sneak that lot of book
home and lil>rarv wiihoi
my wife's suspicions;
money well spent. Aft
one or two of the books,
take me long to fully rr^
did not know the first Ic
whi.st alphabet A^liat 1
it was to nie! And, af
thmugh the whole sum
whist literature, I came
conclusion that I haii
these years on what I h^
since called * Foul Hill,
that day to this I nen
that I was more than a ;
student.
*' If any of the roufcl
whist have been police*
chiefly indebted to Nich'i
Trist, for years a close I
one of the noblest fUciA)
ever walked the earth; a
our little ' whist qoccn,'
Wheelock."
Due allowance, we ko
made for the humorr»u«
ciation which Mr. Torm*
in, in lheal)ovcremin:«ci
tain it is, that whatever
of the lesson he leirr
years a^o < and it wa«
would ilo many other* i
to. day he ranks as nnc ri
leHilerv. He i<one of !h
of the San Fnin€-iscf» Ul!
l.irire and effincnt i>rs
and has taken <tn active
till* American Whist Lcjj
from it* inception. ^«:I
one of its i!irecti»r» in :
widespread interest is I.«
trrs tak«»n on the Pa«.i£
l.ir^i'ly due to hisiniiirti
and he has heI|'<nS to "n
build up c!uf*« an<I jiu<:
cialii»ns in several ^\ac\
the«e iK-ing the Pacbc U
ciation, of which br «i
president. He was the :
ognize and uxgv the ii
3RHBV, P. J. 4;
gtn^ the formation of
isociationa (?. f. ) under
pices. Of his unselfish
ehalf of the Lea^e, at
[Btheringa, much might
Eugene S. Elliott, in
August, 1S97, has the
0 BBv coDcemiug his
1 at the seventh ananal
" P. J. Tormey, of San
ipoQ whose broad shoul-
jrle of the tournament
has heretofore largelj
cipated a respite from
this
Men promised that no
, be asked of him than
len necessary, a broken
is eiperience and effi-
: not to be thus ignored,
ore the fight began he
n his accuatomeS place
of the tournament com-
ins he exemplified nbist
of the most gilt-edged
t think of itT A man
rather play whist than
ler comes thousands of
Head a convention of
rs, and then devotes
assiduously to the task
others comfortable that
ire week of what should
close without having
igle game, and too tired
one. If there is any
n the league who can
iful claim to equal self-
s name does not occur
mber of years Mr, Tor-
ntributed articles on the
'hill, and also to some
.ng journals of the Pe-
At present he is editor
■Uent whist department
1 Francisco Call. He
about two and a half
matter each week, and
bor of love, for be says;
9 TORMEV. P. J.
" I have never received a Cent for
any whist work in my life, and am
at liberty to say just what I please
in my whist departmeuL"
As a close student of the game,
Mr. Tormey has from time to time
made suggestions and improve-
ments whose value has been recog-
nized by the whist world. In 18^
he formulated what is known as
thv "fourteen rule" (y. v.). as an
elaboration of Foster's eleven nile.
I n January, 1895, he announced the
rotary discard [g. v. ), which ii still
ibjcct of much controversy,
upheld and practiced by some of
the very best players in this country.
His improved system of scoring
and announcing matcli-play. adop-
ted by the American Whist League
in iBg7, earned for him the gtati-
tude of all wtaist-players taking
part. It was something that wa*
sorely needed, in order that the re-
sult of the various contests might
be made known at once. A ftill
description will be found in the
article on " Scoring."
The importance of whist as a
scientific study and an art is deeply
appreciated by Mr. Tormey, as w*a
shown by su able paper, read be-
fore the fourth congress of the
League, in which he advocated the
study of whist in universities, as
something fallyaa important as the
slu<ly of dead languages. (See,
"Whist in Colleges and Univeni-
ties,")
While Mr. Tormey is essentially
an advocate of the long-snit game
and American leads, as exemplified
by "Cavendish" and Trist. beta
liberally disposed toward all sound
plsy which IB conducive to txick-
taking. Fie Says: " I don't believa
original teadu- of a deal I find U
J
TOURNAMENT
440
TREBLE
necessary soiTiL'times to open a
sin>;lt-ion, or from :i suit containing
two. ihrec, four, five, six, seven, or
more canls, always willi the express
]iurp«>*»c of lakinv; every trick I ]m)s-
siMy t-au, tryiiij^ the best I knnw
liow to combine my lian«l with
my partner's, ami playinj^ twenty-
S'.x car«U a-jainst iwentv-.six." He
is amoii;; iliose who advocate the
chaiij^e in the lead of the ten in
the ^ysUin of American leads.
<See. "American I.ead<, Proposed
Chani^'es in.". I His ideas were set
f'jrlh in a pamphlet entitled,
"Wliisi Dont's," which he pub-
li'^lie-l for f:ee di-tribnlion in i.Sg6,
anil wliicfi include 1 aKo liberal mi)^-
f:e>ti(«ii-^ fnr f'lri-ed, or " shurt-suit,"
j».'.i'ls as adjuncts to the lonvj-suit
•line. I Sre, " Shorl-Suit Leads,
ionney.x. )
Mr 'I', rt'^'v hi«* tnv'?!"«l n if«v)d ilrnl.
nii'l 1- r* r- .'!• il I . I1 v.- h.u\ jji.iny :iTiiti5-
>ir:i:ii 1! :;::i. ..!! I P.iris. • • • A!-
llii'.i.;!; hi.- '■:'.'>■ ■ '..i:i;;«« ''i*'t*.l ^tii-l*"?!! ■•(
tJu" i;.i"!» . !:•■ 1- !!• v« ' ; !!• I'. -.•» r« o»j::i:/'-iI
:i- a:: « .\ pest.-- /</.■; .' /,. .I.j. .\ ■':•»* Vi,
1* J 'r-'rrv.'v. \\V'i-»* iin,"Min'»«; ttH f»T-
ti'i f;.t"M «■■ •■;r.- t-i '■•■ . !■.%.•»%■'. fv--l'.iri(j
■lit! -.v ■■•i.r- J ir iJif >•:• \!fr
<: t\!'.;-i '".I %'■:«<, his }Usl
i!< -.v :o- ::: -r lrr.i:;;i ■ ^.r<l.
•.:■■• !■'>■. « ;'.•) ih'- r.cMf
■ f
•■■■•■:'• ii-r-:ii!
!■■ :::•■ '. ■■ .:
t ' .1 ■ -1 «
1*1 '}-•■': •■ -.
V .l!'-
:iir ;,
'.* • ii-
1
<-..
■■- .■r- '. it .:«•, (!■ .ir. .iii-l
: :: • ■ i"i ■. '.^i ■ '. :^. .0: 1 \\r ihir.k \)\v
• • - :■ i:: •\ rv \\i\, :i(ii:iii -i >•!■.. —
ii :: • .' A ' -■ .' it. .".-.
Tournament. — .\ whist tnurna-
!:;•■::* i*^ .1 t-i-' :;!;L:"r ]■!.! vers fur 1}k'
]'"''\-> ' ■'!•••:::;■ t;!:^ with o:n- an-
• *.:■.' r I'lr 1 !i i:::: i- ':'.n\:j>>, ar j-ri/r-*.
«■: 5 '•':! It r: -.v ri^ivt nf «.;;t- or
v.: ■:■ ::: ;•■ :v- !■ '\k- :i i'l-iivid:: iN,
' <■■ ■• If! '■?:'• :r. ..r i1'.:Sn. \\':i;le
i\ :*: .'■ ■; ::: ! !'i".:rT!.i:nv:;t .in* s-iTi'.e-
!:••!••■ .'•;. k'Ji '•: ^\ r:in\ nMUs'.y. the
I'.'!.- is t:s«- br-'ni'-r l<rrni. AIm>
v<:r:'*i::i. .. I- ■'.'.-l .1 tDurnev.
T;:-- ••■.I"' :!•:• »r*.t:'.! wlii^^t t"'.ir-
:: It::- :.t : • \\: ,: i ■.-::. . t-d with the
annual confjress of the Ar:-'
Whist Leaj^ne. in which t: .
of all kind.s are played ir.v.-.-
those ff»r the Harnillon T:<.: :
Challenge Tn^phy. the h: •
Trophy, the Mi nneap* »'.:-. Tr
etc. All match play :^ ir. •;
of a tournament cunsnr.ti-f. -
receives the eniric?-. prr«*. r' •
projjer rules, overseo the «. •::
and declares the winners.
Tourn£e.— At lutj^'!:-:. : -
three rubtK-rsare u•»:l.4l;^ • ' :■
order that each plaver ::.
dummy for a partner ••«''•
three rubbers are called a :
Tourney.— See, •* T- *'Ji'r. irr:
Tray.— In duplicate w:-.>* :
paratus used fur h<d«!:r*.^ *.'. ■
in such a manner that i:.t •. ••.
separate and rea<!y f- r •.";
rate or overplay. Thv •.•i-.
s«>:netime'i alvj spoken ■ ■!" i" •
The first trav was the •••■.r.* -
tirm of Cassius M. I* ^i •■.».• .i-. .
Sebrinv;. and Mr. Pirr I. -
perfected several nota*le ::: :
nieiiLs in the appariTiis
T'nlil the invrntion ■ f •*•• Ki'*"
tr;ty. thr !ilay;i:v: -f «• :: '. •. •* - .
ci>ii*i Vr'-il .1 IV... rr . • >-- •»■ .♦
♦•■«»«• ii iMy tth'i; I*, w ,*.;♦»- ► ., •
t" '. •v'.fxvf A Ti- -.r.l . f •.*.» : ■
f.iil. it I- ijij* -ti na* > :■■
wni! '. h i\f '.•■■ ■■■.«• T'-^ ',•',- • ,
\* t'-Jiv J'!t f -T th it :•.'.- -
y .1/'.' kf'.: 'I. Ar /•«..- .;.v .. •
III Milwi'ik'*" t*i^y 1: ! ' • .
nv vi"!'-.*-?:'. ..{ thr ;i! »\» -• : - •
c^'.v \v'::-t . I!:! !!:• \ -,-•
f:.-!n • ?!■■ !.■*!• t • !*■;' •*».• -
oVi-n *:•".!•,: f'.rrr: ::« :• .r*
ij-ii !i: :-.iirT»T'. r >-.f !*-■*, .
»;■ si' ■{ >M,"v., T ! '.•".t; -•"*-• - ^•
t'". ?"iy I . k •:■ rh- ct* !•.
•" ;. ■•.iir. Mil! f'l'i* ihr ; ■ •.
nn 5 ^■'■iiii: .tst-'Wir!- : •••-
fr'"»"ii'ii:;im! *•% a r r-n . • *.
Mi''hiirn;i ^' \ l • •*■ kr » -•
ri.if f-ni*-!!- »J —A' f y ,'V,
p.'.-^iif M'htU jH.i lihi ! .^.''.. ,
Treble— In Knjr'.t^h "* -*
winners make a treMv *: . *
TRBY
441
TRICK
rubber points) if they win
me before their adversaries
mything.
rinncrs gain a treble, or nme ot
>ints, when their adversaries have
nt^.—Laws of IVkUt {Engliik
section 8.
.—A card containing three
or pips. (See, "'Three-
k. — The four cards played
utively in any round, taken
rned; one card led and three
>layed to it by second, third,
irth hands. Each trick taken
six counts one point towards
on the score. In the Ameri-
ame, the side first scoring
points in this manner wins
nie. In the Bnglish game,
tints are necessary to win a
and two consecutive ^ames,
> out of three, to win the
In the English game
\ are allowed to look at the
ck turned and quitted, but
» ill the American ^ame.
' Quitted;" also, ** Taking in
cks.")
cs are made by mastercards,
\ aces and kings ; by taking
age of pKJsition or finessing;
nping, and by establishing
inging in a long suit, there-
UK to low cards a trick -tak-
»wfr they do not naturally
w Gains are also made some-
)y refusing to win certain
although such play is dan-
except in the hands of ex-
traight whist the cards of
mnd or trick are played pro-
usly toward the centre of
)le, gathered into a packet
winning side, and laid away
wnward, each packet being
in a position overlapping
ce<ling one, in onler to fa-
the count. In duplicate
whist the cards are all kept tepa*
rated, each card daring tne play
being placed directly in front of the
player playing it Upon the com*
pletion of the trick each player
turns his card face downward; and
the best ¥ray to keep an acctirate
and easily-proved count of the
tricks is to place the card of eadi
winning trick in a perpendicular
position, and the caret of each los-
ing trick in a horizontal position.
A. G. Safford, in Whist for De-
cember, 1893, first called attention
to the fact that this mode of play*
ing the cards and placing the mcks
is also well adapted to stndglit
whist
Never try to make two tricks when one
will suflce.— 5«r iViUiam CutaekSmtiik
{L. O.].
The biahett order of play does not al>
ways make the most tricks.— C />. P,
HamilUm \L, A^,
The primary object of the whist-plavcr
is to obtain the highest results, in tricas,
that his hand warrants.— r. E, OH» \jU
A.\, Wkist^ January^ 1S96.
Another instance of what so freoucntlj
occuraat whist— that a player endeavors
to make more tricks than are necessary
to win the game. — i?. A. Pirocior \L, O.].
Avoid such unwarrantable mistakes as
making up the tricks in such a slovenly
manner tnat neither yourself nor jrour
partner can observe how the hand stands.
— ff. M, Deatu [L,A->f].
Place the tricks taken orerlapping eaeh
other, so that you and your partner can
tell at a glance lust how many you have.
The play may depend upon tnis in criti-
cal junctures. It is a convenient arrange-
ment for one partner to take in the tricks
and the other to keep the score.— ^'jA*r
Ames [L. /<.], ''PnLcttcal Guidt to lVki*t»
It is not brilliant play that wins tricks
so much as it is bad tactics that loses
them. After the first half of the finala for
the championship in 1894, I asked Mr. H.
Trumbull, captain of the winning tcaa^
what he thought of his chances. "I
think they will drop more tricks than wa
shall." he replied.—^. F. fbsier [S. O.),
The most astonishing feature of whisi
is the immense variety that may arise oat
of a very simple elementary structure. It
is really one of the simplest card games
known, consisting merely In ''
TRICK-LOSING LEADS 442 TRICK-TAKING VALUE
trickii," according to crrtain conditions
which a chiM may Icarii in a few niiu-
utcH. Anil yet how to du thift in the most
advantni;c<>iis way in a pro!>lrm that ha*
occupird thi* mast powerful mind a for
ccnliiric!*. --/ri/Z/diw HrU [L. A r\t "Jiw-
lution 0/ H'Mtst."
Trick- Losing Leads. — livt^Ty
new lead or variation in wliist is
subjocti^l to a crucial test by ex-
perts, and that test is whether it is
a trick -losrr or winner. As a nat-
ural consiM^ufnoc there is generally
a diversity of o])inion, although in
the lon^ run tiie majority usually
settles the <{iie>ti(>n one way or an-
other. Many leails that were con-
sidered by their advocates us jKJsi-
tive trick -will lUTS have been subse-
quirtiily abandoned. Such was the
well -known Tettes lead of the nine
from kiii^, jack, nine, which found
favor fur a tinii:. As it necessitated
the le.ul of the ace from ace, (jueen,
ten. nine, and ace. jack, ten. nine
(disti nelly trick -losinj^ plays). an<I
as it v^ave to) much information to
the a«lv(T»i irif*4. it wa<i, in the nj)in-
i(m of Milton C \Vi)rk aii«l other
disiiiiirtr.Nlu-d antlinrilies. " the
in«isi uii>««»uiiil li-;id l!i;il hail ever at-
tainted any I'lin-idrriMe notoriety."
Oih' r lr:ck-l'-^iiik; h-.ids are: The
lead ir'>!ii .t^f and kiin' Mitlii»nt anv
siiiill tar'N. uliii'li rontlicts with
ArriiTi.iii l«-i-is. and friM|aenl]v en-
a'l'f^ :}i" ad vrr-. tries to e»«td)liHh
their s.r.l; til*- '.-id of tiie knii^ or
HCi- I'r'irn aii-. k:r:L'. j-i»k. and then
juini ■::•.;.: tin- s'.'.it for thf firu-ss*?, a
|)l.iv whi' li Mr. \Vi»rk nuisi Irrs un-
s.iiri :, u::!i'».s in trnTnj»s n::il!-r fav-
ora'i! ■ ' iriiiTn*** •.nil's. ri:ii',]v, the
1' I 1 "i" a t i.'« i-ar-l <»r .1 I'ln:^ juain
s-.;:t. I'! 1 thi-n a •>;ii;^'.':.i!i. m the
h •>• •)! o*'i".i;:]::i'^ .1 luil" --a I'oxv
j-r-ii !■•• l'.i:-^» uhii ;i ni ly jir'>«!n<'e a
y \-:\. : •:! w-jii ?! ;> .ij.t to s-KTiliee a
tn--<i:.l in jartner's haiul. ami
y.vf til.- .iilvi'rs.iries ini(N)rtant in-
firm nv.- in, which they can ti^ with
)?reat etfecL
r
Triek-Taklnc Value off
The first writer on whikl to makt
systematic inquiry into the oi
parative trick-taking value ot 1
various cards was R. F. Focc
and his views are K^ven at Irsi
in the Rochester t N. V. . /t
Express, Iwginninf; with the la
for Octo(x:r 31. |S(|6. Mr Fw
ar),(ucs that ** the oliject in «h:
play is to take trirks. and thi
tricks are taken with the csr
therefore, these carcU nnrt \ukw
certain trick-lakinj; valoe. and
sonic cards will win other cai
there must be a vj^tx diffcrmcv
their value, sonic being abaulnli
certain to win tricks, such as t
ace of trumps; while othcn ase
most worthless. Fuch as the hc
cards in plain suits. Brtneea the
two extremes there is a gradus:
scale of values which cvrri wki
layer should know, in onicr tk
le may be able to judge of i
stren)(th or weakness otf \
hanil."
After considerinv; the tnck-takr
value of each caril in {tLisn le
nml in truin{>H. he al»«» cotii»d«
the trick -tak ins; value \A crrtj
cards in I'^mibinatUin »:*.h r^
card.H. He s.iv*: *' In ever» d«
the whole Ijily-iwo eard» kZK :
tributeil amoiT^ the |da\c7v t
only ont-fonn:i (»f these cari« r.
take tnikv. liecausc there are i-«
thirteen tnrk.s to be taken Z: 1
lH.*en fiHiiid. by careful eaacnsts
of many hundreil» nf han>i«. t^
an aver^ce of sis »ntl unr ^ss?^
Irji'ks in every deal fa'.' to i
trnin])v ( )f the«e at IrA< i^
wiwA, do s«j as a matter ui c^>cn
b(.i-ausv at Ira^t «ine plattr bi
lioM four trumpo etTry dral. T^
leaves nine tncks tLi be w.>c «r
the remaining or scattenn); tms-
and the plain suits, which » 1
avera>;e of two and otte^aaft
tricks to each niiL"
••TRIPLE-DUMMY" 443 TRIST, NICHOL/IS BROW8B
Tripl«-Duffiiffiiy/*^Whi8t, 'or
{€d whist, as played by peraona
surreptitiously obtain infbrma-
conceminff the other hands at
>le. So called becaose a player
Jiis kind is humorously sup-
d to have before him three
imy hands.
Ml there !:• the plaver wbcwe eyes are
xmnd the table, who ia hnmoroualy
to play triple-dummy, and who
iB wonderful and aucceMful fineaset.
« known two triple-dummy players
t aa partners against an unsuspect-
foutii and an **old soldier." The
r-dummy plajrers had had a lengthy
<ction 01 the youth's hand, when the
soldier" rather astonished them by
ig, ** Partner, you had better show
'onr hand, as both the adversaries
seen it?'— "Gitviwfa*" [L. AA,
#-7^Mr Talk,'*
1st, Nicholas Browss. — One
le foremost names in recent
t history is that of Nicholas
rse Trist, inventor (with ** Cav-
sh* * ) of the system of American
I. Although he has published
book on the game, and his
In^ have been confined to the
azines and other periodicals of
lay, his name is a familiar one
never whist is played,
r. Trist was bom in Louisiana,
zh 30, 1835. His grandfather
only son of an English officer
came to America with his reg-
it before the Revolutionary
and married a Philadelphia
was appointed the first collec-
►f the port of New Orleans by
ident Jefferson. His eldest son
Trist's father's onlv brother)
•ied Jefferson's granddaughter,
negotiated the treaty of Gua-
upe-Hidalgo at the close of the
ican war. Mr. Trist himself
ived his education in this conn-
ind in Germany. He studied
and was admitted to the bar in
, but soon afterwards became a
r-planter on the Atchafulaya
', in his native State. After
the war of secession (during which
he served in the ordnance depsitp
ment, C S. A., with the rank ol
captain of artillery ) he resumed the
practice of law, in which he is sdU
engaged.
He began the study of whiit
about the year 1867, with some
friends whom he interested in the
fame, and who turned out some
ne players, among them I^ A.
Bring^er (a matemiu nnde), N. P.
Trist (his brother), W.J. Hare, and
J. M. Kennedy, all natives of
Louisiana. ''Cavendish." Clay,
and Pole were their guidea aiia
favorite authorities. In 1881 Ifr.
Trist sent to *' Cavendish" a whkt
position from actual play, whidi
was duly published in the Field,
and this led to an acquaintance thst
was destined to have an importaBt
influence on the game.
While the system of American
leads, with which Mr. Trist's name
is insepcunably connected, had its
inception in numerous improve-
ments snd conventions all tending
to establi^ a better code of com-
munication between partners and
the playing of both hands as one,
to him belongs the chief credit of
rounding out the whole structure
by a series of master-strokes of
whist philosophy. He it was who
put the cap-sheaf upon what is
familiarly known as the modem
signaling game. Intimately asso-
ciated with him in his labors,
advising, weighing, discussing, sug-
gesting, was ''Cavendish," and it
IS a curious fact that upon several
important occasions the very same
ideas occurred to both, and a still
more curious fsct that each there-
upon contended that the other wss
entitled to the first credit.
"Cavendish" had been msiiT
vears in the field prior to this, ana
had made a number of snggestions
tending nnconidoiialy in mt diiso-
TRIST. NICHOLAS BROWSE 444 TRIST, NICHOLAS BRC
tion of American leads. Amoiie
these were his protective discara
from slreiiKllii l»s echo to the
trump signal, his penultimate lead,
and his rhanges in the leads from
seviT.il hi;;h-c:ird combinaticms for
unhl<K'ki!ij^ purposes. Another
fciriTuinu'r of American leaf Is be-
lonj^inj; to this i)eri()«l was Dray-
son's anti-petuiltimate IckI; hut, as
** Cavendish" himself puts it, in
his article on whist in the ** I£ucy-
clopeili;! Hrilannica,'* '*it yet re-
mained for st)nie one to propoun<l
a constant method of treatin)r all
leads, ;ind to classify the is<ilated
rules so as to render it jK)ssible to
lav down general principles. This
w.is aeeoinplished in iS'*3-'S4, by
Nicho! »s Browse Trist, of New Or-
leans, r. S. A.; ami hence the
method of leading re<luced to form
bv him is known as the American
leads."
Otie of the general principles
which Mr. Trist developed was that
of invariably and accurately show-
ix\\l nninlKT as well as character in
suit, by means of variations in the
leads of hi-.^h indifferent cards. As
ear]y an the tiine of Hoylo it was
ct'.sliMniry U) show more than four
i:i siiil in the leader's hand by
m'/iii«. of ("arils !ed in a certain
m.iiimr from liiyh-canl conibina-
lioM-.. " Cavetilish" a<ldeil several
m'>re >n«-h leiils by means (if his
iTHTTov riunis i:i unMoekin.ij. Mr.
Tri^: a 1 !i d ^^ti'd .in«»*.her combina-
tion to tlie l:>t. in July. i>vS;. that
of ki*!-;. vick. li'ti, sVitsni; that in
sT's hi- t(li-l bv t'tiesi* cards it was
hi- I '.: !":!i l«i !;m-1 llie ten. and, the
<|'i> I •! I ■■■ _; f ircf d out. to follow
w;'Ji !■'.■■ ^.'.:\■^ in urtler to s!inw five
o: til- •:»■ in s-.-::. " I'p t<» this tinie."
sa'. -H " Lav'-inii^^h." "it d«K-s not
•*«-<.-r!i t'i li ivr oi'cnrred tti anv f>ne
th It iuf'-rmation of number nii;.:ht
Ik* c<ni\'\i'd top.irtner by^eieclln|J
one railur than the other of these
two indifferent canK Wbe:
is out, king and knave l>cc:»
different so far as triclc-sii
concerned." (Scrtl^nrri
zine^ November, ibif..
after nearlv another vcarof'J
upon the subject, Mr. Tr^:
an article for the FU'ld ia ■*:
showed that the idea «u '
tible of !>eing carrieil s*..'.*. :
He thereupon fonimUioi *.>
generally accepted ni'.c c
the whole sul^ject, ami «'..-.
subsequently made to t^\\
lows: "When >ou rcr:..;
two high indifferent car«:s
higher if you openeil a *u:t
the lower if you oper.ni ;
more than four." 'vl^v'
in his account f»f the <
American leads i i.*n pa^e :
volume », fell into an crT««r'
to the aixjve, which Mr.
our reriuest, corrects a*
" The use of hi;;?i in'l:ffc:i
to show numln-r was nu: >
bv •Cavendish.' and r..j
his on the suTiject cro^^
When he wrote his art:c'.c
ory did not s».Ti-e hin:.
that he had, inilcjHn«!e::t."
sugj^estfil one ciX the r.\
American lead^. bu: ^■
wront; one. It w\i* in re^*..
fourtli best that our !t::« r
each o! Iier. ' C a wn- : : ^: . '
elalM»rate«l the li:;^h ird:::-
system. and afterwir ;* •:
the kwls which wc h-i i <■
extender! to the thirl n^»ur
Terhap^ the nio^t •!:<::-.
charactenslic fc.it:ir«r or" .^
leads is the fourth-*«e*l :
which was eniUH'.:e*l in t
max i m . as fi •! ! n ws : " W
ojH'n a slnmu suit with .1 *
lead the f.nirth be*l." Ir
at this admirable general! -z-
nre as«ure«l by •'Cavend:"
Mr. Trist was nndo^^lr'l'^
but the latter, as qaoteni •!•
T, NICHOLAS BROWSE 445 TRIST, NICHOLAS BROWSB
another letter which lies
us as we write, declares:
^ndish' suggested the fourth-
d independently of nie, our
on the subject crossing
ther. Therefore, he is en-
> full credit for introducing
1.*' With all the desire in
Id to give each his just due
detract from the efforts of
, we believe that the fourth
riy belongs to Mr. Trist, on
itimony of "Cavendish."
<■ always establishes the
an invention or discovery,
in this case each indepen-
irrived at aboutthesamecon-
s, it is asserted on the one
nd not denied on the other,
'. Trist was first in point of
'cn though his letter crossed
bis able co-worker.
>rinciple of the fourth best
like the principle of vary-
leads from high indifferent
'as a thing of gradual devel-
, or evolution, as Dr. Pole
say. Its first distinct and
ly accepte<l manifestations
■^ of *' Cavendish's " penul-
lead from five, and Dray-
ntepenultimate lead fi'om
it while these were counted
le bottom of the suit, Mr.
rule simplified matters by
1^ from the top and cover-
Is from all suits of four or
He treated every long suit
with a low card as if it con-
'our cards only, and invari-
iowe<i by the lead of the
Kfst three cards higher than
led. So admirable has this
ization been found that it is
ised even by the advocates
►Id leads who reject the rest
American leads and kindred
ions i^-itli scorn. Further
is, it is adopted in the lead
ps even by the most radical
liters.
The third maxim of American
leads was formulated after consulta-
tion and due discussion between
Trist and *' Cavendish,'' as follows:
" When you open a strong suit
with a high card, and next lead a
low card, lead the original fourth
best" Mr. Trist adheres to this
to-day, as do the majority of play*
ers, but ** Cavendi^ ** subsecjuently
declared iu favor of leading the
fourth best of those remaining in
hand, and this is the only point of
any importance upon which the
two are unable to agree.
Mr. Trist also invented and intro-
duced the tub-echo {g, v, ) into the
game, at New Orleans, in 1884. It
was a natural sequel to the echo, and
still holds its own to-day^ although
other modes of showmg three
trumps have since found favor as
well. As already intimated, his
contributions to whist literature
have been confined to his articles
in Harper's Ma^azine^ the London
Fields the Spirit of the South, the
Chicago Inter-Ocean, Whist, and a
paper on ** American Whist Devel-
opments'* in Harper* s Weekly for
July 4, 1896. In one of his articles
m the Inter-Ocean, he made a sug-
gestion which has had an important
bearing on whist-play ever since,
and that was to use not only the
ace and king, as then practiced,
but all equal high cards at top of
suit, to echo on partner's lem ol
trumps. He swept away the then
existmg objection of the high card
—when the trick is taken by the
adversary— denying the next low-
est, by simply extending the infer-
ence in the trump suit, that part-
ner might hold the next lowest as
well as the next highest, when
pLiying third hand to your lead ol
trumps.
Mr. Trist took an active part In
the work of the American Whist
League from its inception. Al-
TRIST, NICHOLAS BROWSE 446 TRIST, NTCHOLAS BROWS
thouf^h unable to attend the first
congress, nt Milwaukee, in 1 891,
he coniniunicatcd his views in a
letter which had great weight in
shaping the iK>licy of the organiza-
tion. He was for sevend vears one
of the <li rectors of the Leiigue. and
was a member of the cdmniittee
which re vi sell the whist laws at the
third congress, in which line of
work his fine legal t^ileiit found
iiniple scope. The League, in
recognition of his services in the
cause t)f modern scientific whist,
electftl hi III an honorary niemlxT,
April 17, 1S91. (See, also. ** Amer-
ican Leads," and " I-'ourth Best.")
Ill reply to a rccjuest for his
opinion on the cliaiiges in the
American leads, which have lieen
a<l<»pted hy ni.iny first-class ])layers
(see. *• American Leads. I»ropo<e<l
Changes in." and "Hamilton
lA'ads"). Mr. Trist said. <in ()cto-
l)er 2, iSq;: •* I am still of ihc <»pin-
ion that the ten-lead from king,
jack. ten. is a miioli lietter one
th.'iiithc lu'.irtli iK'st, fX('t']Uing from
fniir tnllllp•^. uhcn ihf U-ad of the
small cifil i«» irc-m-rally pnfiT.ihle;
llii-n-fitn- I :t'llur»' luthrold fjurun-
If.i'K. wliiih .].» ni'l hoilur iiir a hit
<»!i.i«.i'i;;;!!*. iif '.h"trilii;iKivinif"n\iti«in.
I .il.-'t T'r' !'T tin; |irt >!• :r. !• arl nf
j ifk f:i:n .irr. kiiiv.'. «i'.ir» n, j.n'k.
tiM" Mr Tri'iri-. !•» ih*.- ijiH-t-n .is ym-
pif^- il. '• cr 111-" i*. Ji'i-«M">-es tllr C'ln-
>i Irr.i' "•• .1 ]v iMi.ii^i- it* kfi']-*:!!'^ l!:c
.iiivf'«..'::'-s in thf il itk :»•» Id t!ie
]ii .^:':i I'j I it' tin- .11 r. it i.iik tikf** tJ:i"
l:v K--;-r' •.-.imir:;;. i.f ri.'::-i-. ih it if
i:-l;'r nt' \\" y.i li- M \]\" aii- lie
u ■■■:".■: ! .r.i-t .rirn ;:•.?• trii.-k — \\ l:il'«t
it ' ■..►». '.r:::! - fhi* .h •■ ■.• :•;"«.•. hi- m
•.■'.;:■: i-i.iM-i. i t'j- I w'ki"! :: 1- Sriti-r
l:.r •>]■]•■■:' I r;*-* s'::fi'.:M ::..t kTi"\v."
Mr. 'r:i>». is a w:;--t-:.].iviT "! line
-h.-."! .i:-. I :■■: u:.i' •!•:;. a'.:-\ was .im'>iig
thi" t':r*! ::i 'In-* rii".n'.rv ii» iiitPi-
• li!« *• il::.!i.- I*-- «}--.•. -r his r]ii'» as
.. :;:c.i:j 1 • : d- :vrm::ii::,4 the yvt-
sonal skill of plaven. (Sec. *' 1
plicate Whist, History of." t 1
incident occurred in the 5
Orleans Chess. Checker. 1
Whist Club, in I SH2. The «iefca
players in the annual toamaxn
liax-ing complained of thru- !
luck in holding poor cania. 1
Trist and three others of the 1
torious side issuerl a rhallensr
a match, in which the luck of ca
should txr entirely eliminated, a
this proposal l>eing accrptcd. t^
again prove«l their supenunir
C. S. noutcher. in hin "'Wfc
Sketches,*' states that Mr Ti
played whist frequently with I
celehratetl chess champions, Sse
itz and Zuckertort, wno bare
different times \-iMted New (
leans under engagements with t
Chess and Whist Cluh. and «
finished, under the aus|i:ces c-f 1
cluh. their great match for I
chess championship of the wir
They were iiolh derutei! to irh:
ami it was.imusing tn «cr w^.th «!
e.igrrness thi-y wouid ha*".f a ".o !
card-nxmi for a ru^!*r. «h?-pn
tlu-ir cheSLS vngagenient.*> prm '!
them li» ilo so. They ajt»*art-S :
to he wi*ll-gr<iunfie«l in the ra r«
play. !>ul s«>«iii shcjwed r- r*7 '.^r"
imj'rovemenl in th.it rr^'<\t 1-
I»r.ictning w::h the !»t-*! : ..•-?•
the cl;:*>. and. a«» they h.i : rx'.t
live mrmorii-*. they p!.iit-i :* *
wl-^1 >iy the time of their 'l-:-*r:.*
Stfinitz at one time gav-.* ar 1 1-
liitji^n of his Mi::. If..! i -.'.j- ■
varied ihr u-u T. ]« rl'«»:i:r»- •■
]ilaMi:g a hail I at »h:*l, i! ;r'<
va'.s nf .iSiUi trn miru'r*. :■» *r
l!i jl lie oiu'.-l turn h:s i:trr'. ■ =
• 'tluT maltiTs w.th^i:! ;-»*'-^* '
tlirt-id 'It tin* v.ir.iiUN r ■""•* :r.iv ■
of thr »i*'Ven g.ime* ui:;. h ?:r «
carrxmg nn !iim*.i!tanr-iU4?T Ti
Tri^t Was hi«» i^rtner m '.h!i r f
exhibition, ami te«ti&e% •■ » t?e c^f
that Steinilz's p'ay uf tl^ liJ
nr, NICHOLAS BROWSE 447
TROPHY
Tj accurate, considering the
at he was carrying in some
of his mind the pictores of
chess-boards with the men,
)d or scattered thereon in an
e variety.
matter of historic interest, we
leasure in reproducing here-
i hand which Messrs. Trist
mes (" Cavendish **) played
er at the sixth annual con-
of the American Whist
e, at Manhattan Beach. They
MTtners against W. H. Whit-
id Robert H. Weems. One
s feature about the hand is
ndish's** lead of tlie king of
I at trick seven, and this has
med some criticism. The
hearts was trumps, and west
Trist) led:
North.
IVhitf.
Batt.
South.
H^eems.
Q
^ A
^ 3
48
4Q
80
^ 7
QO
^ 5
43
44.
KO
^ 8
70
2 4
6 4
A4
6
4 K
2
4 A
AO
]o
90
20
^ 2
4.0
50
4. 4
64
40
6 0
4 J
J 0
4
^ K
K4
3 4
8 4
30
^Q4
J 4
7 4
46
IO»
47
4IO
O 4
ICO
Score: N-S, 4; E-W, 9.
lad foT>2^otten all about the
' writes Mr. Trist, in reply to
quiry, *' until I saw it pub-
in IVkist. I remembered
hat Tormey got us to play
a reminiscence of our meet-
ing. I do not recollect whether
' Oivendish's ' lead of king of
trumps at trick seven vras diacuaaed
at the time. It may perhaps be
accounted for in this way: Wnen I
stopped leading trumps at trick rix
(knowing that he held the king),
he may have reasoned thus: * Tnat
either has all the remaining tnimM,
or he has all but one, and in the
latter case, he is trying to give me
the opportunity to make my king
on a ruff, and then extract the
other trumps from the adversary.
As I am not short in any suit except
clubs, and he has none (or else he
would have forced me in that anit),
I had better extract the adveraarv^s
possible trump, rather than give
nim a chance to mff the ^lede aoit
in case he had only five tmmpt
originally.' My call in tmmps on
tricks two and three was intended
to show ^y^ trumps, at least, aa the
oueen-lead does not necessarily in-
aicate that number until followed
by the ten. If I had had the op-
portunity to follow with the ten of
trumps before the club suit was
opened by the adversary, I would
consider my call aa indumting tlz
trumps at least."
Mr. Trist had previously pla3red
with ** Cavendish" at the third
congress, at Chicago. He aays:
"Alter the adjournment of the
Brooklyn congress, ' Cavendish/
Tormey, Weema, and I play^ for
several hours in aearch of an inter*
eating hand, but nnauccessfully."
Trophy. — A formally derigncd
prize, or memento, indicative of
victory, which ia contested for at
whist by individnala, pairs, teama
of four, or any larger number of
players. Some trophies immcdl-
atcfy become the property of the
winaers; some must be won a miiii*
her of times in aoccession before
becoming pennanent propeily, ead
TROPHY
448
TRUMP ATTACK
some can be won and held only for
a year. To the latter 1)elon>{ the
Hamilton ( championship for teams
of four) and Mtunea{H>Us (cham-
pionship jjairj trophies of the
American Whist I^ca^^ue. Its Chal-
lenge Trophy I for teams of four)
must be won twenty times before
penna n e n t possess! o n i s >; 1 ve n . The
first Challeiij^e Trophy was thus
won by the celebrate<l Ilamiltou
team, and a new trophy was there-
U]x>n f)iirchased by the Lea^i^ue. It
is contested for at eacha11nu.1I con-
press, as well as in the interim Ije-
tweeii conj^resses. The Brooklyn
Troj)hy of ilic Leajjue is contesteil
for, in a like m.iiiner, by teams from
auxiliary a^N<K iations, but cannot
be wnii pfnn.inenily.
Of the Irfjj lilies of the Woman's
Whist I.i;i.L,'ui'. the W.ishinj^on
Trophy ichinipinnship for teams
of four) ami the iMiil.iih-l]>hi.i Cup
(chanipiiiMship pain arc rnntesteil
for aiiMually. an. I each musi K* won
thiec times Jirfori* ]HTiiianeiU ]x»s-
st's-^io!! i-, 'jivvM. Tht: A nil re ws
ShirMs ' fonv.itutiiivr Ihf rh:illeii'»;e
troj)hv 'if ih- !.■ i>!;m*i .in: hiM sulj-
ji-il I') ih iI!v:il;-' lUiriiiv^ the vcar,
an* I irri^t liv uti twcive tinu'S Iw
fori* t:i'-v Iv. A'":iic ihi- pruju-rty of
tile u".:ru-r^.
Th-- x\\K-> f'-r truphy-jil.iv at the
v.ir:«'':> • 'i:? jy. .,,.. ^ .irc .iiiiniuncril
i:i :i Iv iTS-'r «• I'll yi' ir, a!i'l .ilv» pul>-
j'"^":i'- I 1:1 t"; • i'st'.'.iil pre «':■»•< lilies.
Thrv v.ir\ 'ut \\\\\-* (• -.ill vear, al-
t:iiii.::i rei'»::".::i' ii'l iti-m*. fur r.iili-
(• '.1 .': ir:j- - \\\ I'u- 1 1 iriii^l'iii and
C?i.:!l' 11.; ■ •:. ■■."■i! > i.: ; ":■.•• AiiifriiMii
W;i -: I,- i.:'. "i IV.- ?ii III I'rv i;ii«.iiriV
n.i'U- i:;i '1:-. ■•.-•^v i.
'J-l;
t ■::■. ■■■
:M ■
.t ■. ■: • '.
r- ■ ■• '
p., • .
t I .I.I t\\ \';
'. •'. ■ • r ■ ri ,"i .U.I I
.• ! \ ■ '■•■ I. V.!v-*. I.t i;j-iC
y iTi ; ! ■.■ :\> lfa;:i Ij ttjlcr. tc-
RArdlcM of thrir previuu* rrcord.
coiilrMlA iihouM tfc truly rrprrarsur
niid Khoiilil luran much mure tkaa L
do. Siiiuc tunc Micu I Mi|Cicc%te«S. ab4 i
vriituie tu repeat the •uiCfc-vtioa. t
repreMrnlative tranift be ^riecinl >
■crieA uf cumpetitirr tourtiAiB*Bt»
c»ch IochI a!i^u«.irflion or •u!«iiTi«*j«
thr I.cHKur. tu reprcitent an«i cuoietf
tlieir reik)Krctire AhMKUiti^/ni ts ite
tional cuiite^l. A M-nr» uf icmr&aar
hhiiuld tie held monthly, with •■r*
pnxen, etc., in each jk*ocLiiti'>n w-.:^ ■
three final cr>nte»l% tur thr te^tliBg lea:
the final victor* t'l be entitled to c.«t
in the nali>>n3l luurnatneDt ljr tb« 1
tional trophy. A •»mall lee »h «;>£
charged, or a»!«e%»meuL« ma !e ib wmcl
way a« to pr>>vide the wh>ilr or a porri
of the expeuMT ut the team la AtLe»^'
the annual tournament A« it b.-«
m^nv icoo'l tram* tr^im a Jt»Littcc rvt
all idVii of competing, aa they cassoi aft:
toaiten'l. The detail* of such a pLaBCJ*
he eantly arranged. It wu«li iH^Bl^* :
crraie the interest in thr local aiwK
tinn4. and in the national I>«c>r ».
The omleittinK team* wuuM tha> t« i±
itcd ill niiniSer. -ini couM ;>«aT aai «
the K-i!ne« on mrrit Opprrtuwtv •«
lie Kieen for «rTeriil mund* wit^ r«
other, and the result would mea« •«
miioh more than it dnei now AC :
othfT f»*T!iirr>*of the rt>Djrre«*««MSt2«n
tnrnt wnuM lie a4 altraclirr •« fwrf ■
prih «^i«« more *•». \\y the li*^?ii»« trt
thr {irinriptl c •iitr^t ofleam* wV^ wsi
fin-l ni'trr amu^mfni an»i p" *.t :■ ■
lr»*«T f .n?»-*t» Why cann < ih» r
l«^ inr ! for ih*- \^t\i^\^\x\ tr .••>:» »— A-_.i
Ame\ ;/. A ], H'h.it. tVA V», /vr
True Cards. — Cxs\\s wbich 1
pi a veil acc'»r«lin>: to rulr. as-i
not deceive; the opposite of u*
cards.
Trump, Ac«, nor Court Card.
Set:. "New iHrai, Not Kc:i:lcd :o fc
Trump Attacfc. — The iyr.r^
Ifad nf trumps. In ihc '.•>ri:-*:
>:.iiiiv lhij» is the plav of thf ir
siriMi;^' h ir.d. In the H<'wr.". th «
Mi: I ••y-strni the trump .ittjick sae*
I I ) a slnrn^; all-ar.>i:n 1 h^ni. ?
jjarilless of the nuxuficr • A trsrr:
I J \ live or more Irjmpt or i.^
vrr\* R«n^l nnc«-. And '"^ne r*
plain Msit; or yy- j:i«t fire trss;
and no four-CAril suiL
TRUMP-CARD
449
TRUMP, TURNING
imp -Card. — The last card
by the dealer, and turned face
rd on the table by him. It
d be placed slightly to his
In duplicate whist it is usa-
placed on the tray in the
e of the table.
i word trump is a corruption
umph. It was first applied to
d game which preceded and
some resemblance to whist,
erm finally came to mean the
f cards (or one of the cards)
I has a superior or command-
slue in taking tricks.
n yoa deal, pat the trump turned
the right of all your trumps, and
it as long as you can, that your
:r may, knowing that you have that
left, play ^cconXinfly. —Edmond
[O.]. "lyeaiueon IVktsi."
he English code, if the trump-card
on the Uble after the first trick is
1 and quitted, it is liable to be
By the American code, if the
-card be left on the table after the
trick is turned and quitted, it is
to be called (Uw i8). This is an
orUnt difference.—^. W'. Dravum
+1, '^ Whist Laws and Wkui l)eci''
dealer oui^ht to leave in view upon
>le hiA trurapcard, till it is his turn
T\ and after ne has mixed it up with
nW, nobody is entitled to demsnd
card is turned, but may ask what
mpv This consequence attends
law, that the denier cannot name
i|f card which otherwise he might
nne.—Edmond HoyU {0.\, " Treatise
iist."
dealer must leave the trump-card
;>ward« on the table until it is his
> play to the first trick; if it is left
table until after the second trick
en turned and quitted, it is liable
ailed. After it has t>een lawfully
up, it must not be named, ana
>layer naming it is liable to
his' highest or his lowest trump
by either adversary. A player
lowrver. ask what the trump-suit
\ws of Whist {Amtrican Code), StC"
dealer, when it is his turn to play
fir»t trick, should toke the trump-
nto his hand; if left on the table
he fin^t trick be turned and quitted,
ible to be called; his partner may
f' timf remiud him of the liability.
he dealer has taken the trump<ard
29
into his hand It cannot be asked for: a
player naming it at any time during tne
play of that band, ia fiable to have his
nigncst or lowest trump called. If the
dealer take the tntmp-card into his hand
before it ia hia turn to play, he may be
desired to lay It upon tne table; shonld
be show a wrong card, this card may be
called, as also a second, a third, etc.. until
the tmmp<ard be produced. If the dealer
declare himself unable to recollect the
tramp<ard, his highest or lowest trump
may be called at any time during that
hand, and. unless it cause him to revoke,
must be pUjred: the call may be repeated,
but not changed— t. #., froin highest to
lowest, or vacr Ptrsa until sncb card is
played.— l4iM ^t/* Wkiii {English Code),
Sectioms s^'SS'
•«Trump9 Jr., A.''— A pwa-
donym of William Pembroke Pet-
ridge, an Bnglish writer on whiit,
who published ** The Laws tad
Regulations of Short Whist" (Ixm-
don and Paris, i88a; New Yoik.
1888).
This work is remarkable for a long pte>
fiMe on the point whether a i^ayer can.
with freedom from all penalty, uiow hia
entire hand to the other three persons at
the table, provided that he retalna thcai
in his hand in one groan, and does not
detach any card from tne rest.— If^. A
Courtney fZ.+ a], ''English Whist,**
Trump, Turning, from a Still
Pack. — For many years prior to
the organization of the American
Whist League, it was the custom in
the Milwaukee Whist Club to turn
the trump from a still pack— f. /.,
from a pack not in play. This was
equivalent to the method of declare
ing trump for a series or sitting, at
duplicate whist, for in each case the
dealer, on the one hand, loses the
advantage of holding the extra
trump, and the other mayers foreso
the advantage of knowing the
value of one of his trumps and
shaping their play acconlingly.
The practice of turning the trump
from the still pack is an old one,
and is a featiue of "Pmaiian
whist." It is said to have origi-
nated with a Welsh baionct, ao-
TRUMPING
450 TRUMP-LEAD. ORIGINAl
cording; to Southey, who mention!
it in his '* Letters of Espriella."
Although the laws of the Ameri-
can Whi&t League do not permit
the turning of trump from the still
pack, and the practice is abandoned
in League chihs, many players in
this country favor the practice of
declaring trump f which is made
optional under the code in single-
table duplicate whist). Players
outside of the I/rague games fre-
quently make use of the declared
trump in all kinds of whist. (See,
•• Decliircd Trump," and ** National
Trump/")
Thr I.e.ii^tir lawn frnv^rninK duplicate
play pri;-cribr thtt the truiiip fthnll lie
turnnl. ;iiiil ihnl is an end ol the ar^cu-
inciit. Hilt It !■« '•till nn o{K:n quentKiii
whether tliv In US w><iiM ntit \tr iinpruvrd
by nnu-niiiiK thrin sij .i« to leave the
lucthiKl ot niiiki:iK thr trump tn the di»-
crcticiii i.f th'- ».luN«4 -iusiiits Af. /\nme
[/.. A ]. li'hist, ArrwV». /<./i.
A yrnr or two Tm; fun- the first ccinffreu,
whilst plavttiu whist in the ruoni« of the
Milw.inki •■ Whi-t Club, I inviiriahly. from
force* I if l;:i!>it. turtii-'l thr trump from the
live ] If. k TlieciistoMi •>: thr iluN. a« i«
W'.'ll ktiiwti w.4« III turn tlif trump from
tlif sti:; jm- k I .i^kr I s. irn«: 'jt'the incm-
l«<'r-.iif t li' ilu' •■.%■■' I (ir;,: Ml !!•■■! thUcns-
tw!ii ct'. h'lw It « 111'.'- .i^rtiiii N I one
ti>M!.l .:1V* rn-- :iti\ hJiiiil*" iiiri>riii;ili'>n.
1 w.iN I ; 1. Iviw-viT tSiii such hill luren
thf jir.i ti'-'- \'tx ni i"i-. \«-.«:s j ;cvi>,'i«*. I
irii]i!T'i Ih" i!-.i-i'i fir I* Th'-y s.iM
Ih- V li" li'-v"--! II I ■ 1- 1 -y iii'il *.f I xjMfs^il
fx.-'j! Ml ih'.- T« fci'i'.ir r 'ir-r of ]»'iiy.
I hi ! •.■.;.;,. ,f ] Vr Ki: mi.it: ^r'-'ij-hl the
I ■I-". i*:i ■ .' T w-.lh J.t:i J: 'MI rr.iH •■. lie-
i iu-»- .1 I '• :\ )\ tr^- iV."»- ruiitin'iH ih-tt it
WIN v'-^''" ' >■' '.'■T'.iMi i'WiIit!*-* in
Ir.H!" '-. I w.i" Ml! -rii ■! h j»»-vrr. ih.il
M: K. ' :: I'l v* .- .it rir-t i-j.^- -fi! t • it.
.■■ii:| j! w "> !-:i;v .1 \i M h!'{' r 1'<miiii^ Ihrir
I ■■i>» !i : ■: li • .i"v '^-l • ■ t!i»- i-.i-i mi,
A!!« r • ■ ■ ! ■ w 1-. 1:- iT S :it a l\.n.Jlc —
Trumping a Doubtful Trick. —
\Vh' :i \ ■ '.I .ir*' »-•■.■. •:!.i l:.i!iil anil
/liV ::'»ri'* nf t'lr s!:it !•■•!. llitr quc'S-
t-.'.n ..v.i: .ii'if*.. " .^:i ill I trimip
r '■' I: ?h'.- in: k i> rf.dly .-i dout>t-
hil liTii- VI m >hi:!l tr'.iinp it if weak
i:: trii'ii;.-. hv.l j^i-s it if «:tronv; in
triniij.-, . Scir, " iJoubiful Trick.*')
Trumping In.^TntinpiBfr a 1
in a trick in which yoa are dqC
last player; uinally applied toi
ond hand tminping a doob
trick.
Trump - Lead. OrlgliiaL— 1
first lead of trumps made b;
? layer durinfc the play of a be
he best players mil make tl
ori)pnal, or opening, lead of
hand from trumps when poac«
of K^at strength in them. Tl
will also make an original lead
trumps when ponnc Min^ o«
whelming strengtn in plain m
Tlic strength of the hand alw
determines the trump attack.
A lead from aix trump* is alw
justifiable, Init other thingi ■
be taken into consi deration «l
leading from a smaller nvnb
Many good players nearly aivi
lead from five. A lead frooi li
trumps mu«it be made with cantu
Thev may generally be led «t
holding two honors' and plax»-4
strength. Advance«l playen 1
lead from four, when holding Ik
high trump cards in seqors
whrn iKirtner lias shown trc
strength and there is no chaDor
a ruff; or when the player 1
partner li.ire an e^ta>iluher2 fl
suit, and the a'1vrr«ane« batr i
shown trunip strength, alihoc
having had the opportunity Xo
so.
Original trump leads are caic
the Kline manner as ic^ if ir
pj ijn Mi:ts in the s^-stem of Atai
can le.nN. wlirne\'er the iTBtsp-*
con t.i Ills at lea*t thrre honon 1
ten with two himor^. or as* tr»
carls. (Kherwise the fovxitb-^
trutnp i> led.
Tlic American leads are bo« c
ployetl in leading tmmpa bv vh:
players of all school sw usclstb
adherents of the old leads a»i i
vocatca of the ahort-nat pi
LUMP-LBAD, ORIGINAL 451 TRUMP MANAGBMBNT
also, " Special Tmmp-
I.")
I tramps from a alTong hand, hut
(hm • weak one. By which meant
ill MCttre your good cards from
tramped.— fTf/ZMiM Ayne [L. O.],
i Mojrimu,'* 1770.
«• not follow that becaoae a plaver
many trumps he should lead a
. It may or may not be best • • •
ler plan of always leading trumpa
iTe is obsolete--^;. IV. PtiUs {L. A,
iwurican Whist lUusiraUd:' 1896,
a sign of weak play if you first lead
mr winning cards, and then lead
t: It shows Ignorance of the prind-
the game. If it was advisable to
amps at all it should be done be-
M led out your winning cards.—
•Mtor lepers {L-^O.].
advanced plajrer knows that in
bands leadinjg trumps from five is
■pensive, and that he is not bound
nard and fast rule on the subject,
Bst exercise his best Judgment in
ig what to do.^MifUm C, Work
N.l '^Wkisto/Txlay/*
•election of card, when a tramp
triginally, is the same as In plain
abject to one variation when lead-
Mn knave, ten. nine, etc. It may
> slightly varied in consequence or
Inc of the turn-up card.— "CatVN-
,L,A.], " WMssi DevehpmenU:' 1891,
• been recommended by some writ-
whist that you should always lead
r\ if you hold five; with this recom-
ion I cannot agree. If you hold
ivould almost always be right to
le, but with five it is a more doubi-
ceeding.— v4. W. Drafson [Z,+^+],
\H of Practical Whist:'
> players always lead tramps from
I nave known very good plavers
lade it a rule to lead trumps from
two only when they haa a very
n hand, and all suits well pro-
• • • Many players, who have
onfidence In their skill in the man-
nt of plain suits, will always lead
tmpa nrst, if opposed to very weak
ft. It is entirely a matter of judg-
dcpending upon the score, the rest
r nand, the turn-up trump, and
latters.— /?. F. Foster [S. O.J.
kd fvtjimjive trumps does not neces-
tndioite anv footf suit. A lead from
rumps (unless on the initial lead)
es prelection in all suits; that is,
:k at leai»t in each suit. A lead from
ramps requires mot only protection
$mits, but £reat strenfth in at least
i lead from two trumps requires
trength in every suit. A lead from
one tramp reqniressMfi wrkHwUmgtirmgA
in every suit. The weaker the tramplead
the stringer the plain suit must be.— JTtfUr
Wkeeloek [L. A.f^^ Wkisi Umiat,*'
It waa formerly the practioe very mat«»
rially to vary the leada in the tramp saitti
but this has lately gone out of fiishlos.
The only material diflerence is whea
tramps are not led for the porpose of
ezhauating them, but simply as the t»cal
suit. In siKh cases it is usually best not
to lead a high card unless you have thrc«
honors, or at least seven tramps. There
is one important exception to this, and
that ia the combination of king, queen,
ten, and others, from wMch toe high
card should alwasrs be led.— ^. F, ^mr
[S. a], *'Wkist Tadiesr 1896,
If yon hold five trampsi lead them; if
they contain an honor, call for them. If
your partner leads tramps It is Imperative
that you return them uc flrat opport»>
nity. If he calls for them, yon mnst lend
them for him as earlv as yoo can; if yo«
hold three or less, play ont yoor beat; if
more than three, your lowest. Do not
force your partner if he has showm
strength In trumpa, or if (being in igB(^
ranee of thia) you are weak in tniem yoor-
self. But force a strong adverse tramp
hand whenever yon can. Do not trnmp
a doubtful trick aecood hand if yon hair*
four or more trumpa: if yon have less, do
to." William I^le [L ^+J. *'FkUatofk^
•f Wkisi.'*
Trump liaiiaf«fti«fit.— A Tery
important branch of whist itrat*
egy. It haa aptly been aaid that
trumps are the artillery of whist-
play. How to tiae them to the beat
advantag^e is the all-important tjuea*
tion, which all text-books on the
game try to answer, but which, in
addition thereto, ereiy plajrer must
answer for himself by means of
knowledge gained from practical
experience. The most obviona and *
simple plan is to so manage vonr
trumps as to dxmw all those of the
adveraariea and bring in your own
suit. This depends, however, upon
several important considerations:
( I ) Strength in tnimpa. (a) dtrength
m the rest of your hand. Also^
aometimea, later in the play, 00
ascertained strength in paitnei^
hand, etc. While the mansflenwat
of trumps is a compsintifJy enqr
TRUMP MANAGEMENT 45^ TRUMP-SHOWING LE-M
matter when holding a normal or
strong hand, with many hands
not so fortunately ilistributed the
orifcinal le:tder will find it very dif-
ficult to decide ui>on the best course.
This must, however, be quickly
done, after surveying the cards and
before one is led. Individual judg-
ment, backed by rules as far as
they can be made to apply, and by
the experience and advice of expert
players in similar situations, must
govern his action.
The management of trumps ia. per-
haps, the mo:4t difficult of the problems
j>reseiiteil to the whist-player. — "Caven-
u'ish" [/,. .1.;.
Tht; line p Mnt!i occiirrint; in a hand
ill whi-^t can not l>c proviiled for by set
rulrs. l»ut nin'»t be mrt hy the insrenuity
and orijiinality of the plavcr. There is
no t«"il of skill so nh^^j'itite n» the npli-
ttide disp'-iiyod by thf plaver in handliat;;
his trumps.' Thi* whist-pl.ivfjr must select
the proper ni -miMit for a trump-lead. A
trick toi> siwHi or a round t lo late may
ruin a jiircit i;anie, Thi- c«)rrect nianai^e-
ment of trumps is by far the most diffi-
cult thint; in whist stratet^y. and few
phiver«» iver b"conie proricient in thii
regard -C. /) r fl.imt.ton [L. A], "ytod-
rtn Sii/'ntifir H"iis/."
Taki\ tor in"»ttncir. the nianai^ement of
trumps, which w.is. un ler tho olil forms,
a (friMt stum!ilin:;-bl>).-k to ill-educated
TiliiyiT'.. It i** '>bvi ».iN that the chief
«i*»s:.i<:!c to niikiii< l'»ni; suits is their
l.-uic riiif'-il. ant Ih il tli-- a Ivantai^e will
\>»- wit'i ih.it ]Mrty w;i > hivin;^ ]ired'>m-
i:i \:\\ tinnirru-.il ««tr-"iL:lh in trumps, can
.- ir-- • I I'l ilr^twin;; lh»"«v of the adv'-r-
> tri'.«-. I ivo truinpN ar'* ■■•fnerariv sutli-
s :viii ''ir thf purjM)-*'; ;ind h^nce the rule
til it :l y ■!» tiolil thi". iiumi'mt. or more.
\')'.i "-h I I'l I- id tht-m Three or fmr
1m".- w]'.' m^m il" V ljs:irni Vith op{>onents
. :i I \ II u ::i -.liil li.ivi- •r\r .ir m-ire left t)
r\:\j 111 V »■!• "iwn "T v-'*ir pirtiirr's li>nij
•« "-.l .iM 1 -t i;i ih I-.'- -f f'.i* I'nrinv. — If':!-
. :••» /• . ■ /, .-!•:. /■■ : t.'t Ml i-f H'hiit *
i"l". 'ATiTrT t«-'. "iiT-v »i.,l th" ]»lf.'a'«uri' of
«;iilv i ' w^ t i^k with :i iTiin wh-i had
*■•■• ;i 5Ti:;'»j «!•■ \v!!h Pr*^"!!:!!!'.-!!'.-*' old
• i'*Ti- ■ iTi I'.i::-. ;i;i 1 "u.ttV.' :i ■! from hini
r-v*? :h ■ . i;;ff -'.ri'Ti.;»h >>: I»f-»-Jiap»*lleV
XT I'ti"- ];iv Ml In-, ridrriii m iii.iyrmrnt of the
!:-.i"i:i »."Pt. r;vfn tir-l t.ikinw; up his
I. >n 1 hr w.uilil -tu'lv i;» jfi'.-iSiIJltPs. and
I'l iri- ■■ it l!i" "firr III *»-i" what hr hail to
1. .;i.- -ir I'MT If 111" thnni;ht his hand
U')iiM !.»• b- :ifr if ihrrr wi"c no tninipfl
t i'lt-jftrrrr wjih il. hr wmuM Ir.id Irunius.
X( he thought, ou the o'.hcr hand, that nil
trumpa would be Bece4aary f?- •'!
trction, he would lead a p'.iin %j
his partner followed the •Amc ;- r
it was Ueschapellcs' cu*»t im. «"
was not the original leader t ■ ^ - '
play by the indications mv-ti :-: "-■
ner's openintr- If hi* partner >i t-
Deschapelles made crer\ eff rt :.-
him in eettinK them out tm? ::'!"*
ner dicT nut lead trumps D^^ ha
would require nnusoal at re net b
own hand to justify him in ran mac
tertohi*! partner'ii game, ani x* ■
eral thins he would t>e very al-.-w ::
his partner'* trum pa. and ^ry pr-«
stop the advefAsnet fr-im 'rakii
them.— ^. F. FoMSer [S. 0.\. A>»
Sun, Decembrr jfl. z.^*.
Trump-ShoMHric Lcads.-^
inal leads, based upon a mot
understood code, by means of «
the original leader ^ow9 the \
ber of trumpet held by him.
first system of this kind mcc
have f>cen employed by the vat
the Capital Bicycle Club, oe y
in^on, I). C, who used the
lar (old style) leads fjr the »'
hand, but led ace from ace. '
and others: and queen from 1
queen, and others, to ^ow <:re
in trumps, but not enon^h to
them. A more elaborate n
was devise<l by Milton C. V
and publishtMl by hini in
iH:)4, in a small pamphlet, eot
"New WhLsl Ideas."
The theory of this systea
show by the hi^h card of x
suit the number of tramps in ^
iiistea<l of, as under the Ame
leails. the number and charwti
the suit led. It makes nn chi
however, in the AmeriiTAn *y
of trunii>-leAds. The lc*i
kinf;, jack, or irTV)nilar car
made at once to show the pm
of four or more trumps in the '>
er*s hand. The lead of s q
shows te^ than four tnimp*^
lead of the ace also show* lew
four trumps, nnleas follownl
jack or the lowcft of the sait.
following table stuxu np the coc
its entirety:
UMP-SHOWING LEADS 453 TRUMP^HOWING LEADS
HoLDnro.
BfT. queen, jack . .......
Dg, queen, jack, and one or
-e others
i|t. queen, and one other . . .
ng, queen, and two or more
iT%
Bg, and others
leen, jack, and one or more
I four others
1 more than four others . . .
neen, jack, ten
incen, jack, ten, and one or
e others
neen, jack, and one other . .
ueen, jack, and two or more
ueen, and others
ack, ten, and one or more
tack, ten, and one other . . .
jack, ten, and two or more
en, nine, and one or more
frs
With Short Txumvs.
Original
lead.
Qneen.
Queen.
Queen.
Queen.
Ace.
Ace.
Ace.
Ace.
Ten.
Ten.
Queen.
Queen.
Queen.
Ten.
Queen.
Queen.
4th
Followed
Jack.
Ace.
King.
Qn<
th
Qui
leen.
cen.
Jack.
King.
JadL
Ten.
WITH IfOmoTmxno^
Original
lead.
King.
King.
King.
King.
King.
Ace.
4U1
Ace.
King.
Jaac
King.
Jade
King.
I
Jade
Ja<±.
Pdllowed
by
Jack.
Qneei
rack. «
sn.
Jade.
Kiag.
King.
Length in trumps may also be shown by the lead of an irregular card.
iT arrangements were as fol-
(i) Having shown short
i,a trump signal subsequently
shows exactly three; a refu-
signal shows not more than
(2) Having shown long
I, an echo subsequently made
five or more; a refusal to
lows exactly four. (3) Hav-
lown short trumps, ruffing
n eight or under, and subse-
y playing the smaller trump,
one or more; ruffing with a
trump, and subsequently
g a larger one, not above an
shows no more. (4) Having
long trumps, ruffing with a
', and subsequently playing
r, shows five or more; ruffing,
baeqaently playing a higher,
exactly four. (5) Not hav-
either short or long trumps,
ruffing with a higher, and snt»e->
quenUy playing a lower, shows at
least one more; mffing with a small
trump, and subsequently plajdng •
larger one, not above an eignt,
shows no more.
The systetn received a partial test
in 1894, at the fourth congress of
the American Whist League, when
it was used by Mr. Work's team
(the Hamiltons) in the match
for the championship. The team
remained in until the final round,
when it was defeated by Chicago.
The system did not meet with
general adoption, the main objec*
tion urged against it bein^ that it
gives too much information; that
the knowledge whether a hand It
weak or strong in trumps is ytxr
often more advantageous to the aa-
▼ersaries than to partner, c^iedally
TRUMP SIGNAL
454
TRUKP SIGNAL
when the adversaries are as keen
players as those employing the sys-
tem. We liave said nothing about
the ease or difficulty of learning
the system. On this point Foster,
who opposed it with might and
main, sagely remarks in the New
York Sun of December 19, 1897:
"There is no evidence that any
member of the Hamilton team was
laid up with paresis after playing
this svbtem through three long trial
matches, a semi-final, and a final,
which is certainly a remarkable
evidence of the intellectual staying
powers of the team." Mr, Work
subsequently changed the sjistem
to ** optional truinp4ho\%4ng leads"
(q. 7'. ). To do this he took the old
k'.'uls as a standard, and had it nn-
dcrslood that when the leader de-
parted fniin the old leatls he showed
trump strength. Mr. Work and
his team did not continue to play
the system, however, preferring
American leads, with Hamilton
mcxlifications.
The Walbrook team, of Balti-
more, in the winter of iS97-*9S were
playing a mixed system, in which
trumj)-showing leads also figured.
Their chief peculiarity lay in lead-
ing the lowest card of a plain suit
when holding less than four trumps,
the fourth best when holding four
or more.
Trunij>-showiii|f Ica«N PTrry now ■nd
tli**ii <'i iinr ii;i ns iir-w ii!i':i«. ami Niippnfird
t: ii kivitiiiiii-^ lie vices Hut lliry M>)n
ilj-'.ij'pi-.ir ajjiiii -ii"* *K»Ti ii> Icnrned by
tl.'- otiu.r xiiy*-. In rrKnnI to them, it i*
]ni{' ( tly ••.I'r to .ivviinic it to }n- an azi ifn
ut \%hi-.{ r(lini)«t A« Iiiiulink: a«( nn axiom
«i' l:' ••iii«:lT V. ih It .111% -v-trm which pro
ci iiiti- we )Lii''s« int:uiii]>s .is iheiie sva*
t' ins TTni>.i is il-'<.i'.v lilt. (Kf- Ills — Fi*ker
Atnr- [L. A.\. li hi t.I^^fmte*^ iSq-;.
Trump Signal. — A conventional
sign.il, l)y means of which partner
is .'tslccfl to lead tnini{>s at the first
o)i|M lit unity: the call for trumps.
It IS made in plain suitii, and con«
sists in playing an unn.
high card, followed by a n
one of the aame sail.
It is a cnrioua fact that tn
were once asked for orally. :i
old English or Hoyle game,
that the custom was univa
sanctioned, althongh not wt
protest on the part of some «r
At the score of eight ^tbe |
being ten points) a player boi
two honors m*as allowed to a
his partner, * * Can yon one V vi
being interpreted, meant. "1
you an honor ? I haye two.*'
the reply was in the affinaaC^K
hand was not played, as :br
holding three honors was est
to score two by honors, nbsck
them out. This play, termed ct
honors, was used as a call for tre:
or to convey other importas: z
nation to partner, in the folio<
manner: If a player, third fc
held two honors, with the fan
the point of eight in hit fi
and desired his partner citbi
show an honor or leail trump
would ask before the latter
*'Can you one >" Holdnur
honor, partner would lead tn
at once. Again, if a player. 1
hand, held two honors, but ^<
want a trump led unless it ft
his partner*s hand, be wouli
until it was his own tnm to ]
and then ask, l)efofe pls:>
*' Partner, can you one^'
was, in effect, saying to pvl
'* I hold two honors, bat tm
strong enough otherwise to ail
an orixpnal lead of tramps
your judgment as to what ii
under the cirramfstanccs."
miral Rumey thought this was
intrusion on the plainness s»i
tegritv of whist,*' but ad«Scd 1
"having lieen allowed, and |rc
allv practiced, it now stands at
to be received as part of the jraa
When the ten-pouit game «cbs
TRUMP SIGNAL
455
TRUMP SIGNAL
ion, calling for honors, and
the old way of calling for
, went ont alaa
more modern, and now gen-
>racticed, call for trumps, or
iignal, was invented by Lord
Bentinck, and first intro-
}y him at Graham's Co£Fee-
87 James street, London, in
He had notic^ or employed
mmon artifice whereby a
ird is played on the adversa-
id to induce the belief that
n trump next round, and
r get trumps led to stop a
kl impending rufif. Being
rticnlar aud chary of throw-
ay good cards, and a firm
r in the utilit]^ of small
t occurred to him that he
>ring about a lead of trumps
part of his partner bj sim-
r'ng the low cards m the
order, a higher before a
>ne. The contrivance was
morously dubbed the ** blue
{g. v.)t and is first men-
by *• Caelebs" in his •* Laws
•actice of Whist" (1851), as
"Generally, whenever a
card is seen to fall, pas-
-I. ^., without a substantive
-before a lower, exhaustion
iuit may be expected. ♦ ♦ ♦
ersons adopt another theory
l^ard to playing the higher
St, viz., that it is an intima-
wishing trumps to be led.**
third edition of his book
' Caelebs'* speaks more pos-
on the subject, as follows:
I ever a superior card is »«-
n'/y played before an infe-
j^. , the trejr before deuce — ^it
stronjj^est indication of the
wishing for trumps. This
metaphorically termed the
>eter,' is in diametrical an-
m to the theory in ' Major
•eriod, when plaving the
card first indicatea exhaus-
tion of the suit and a wish to mff."
As " Cselebe'* must have been well
acquainted with the Portland Club^
then the headquarters of whist,
Pole thinks that the quoted pas-
sages establish an important histor-
ical fact, namely, that in 1851 the
device was not in general use
there, but that before x8^8 it had
become an acknowledged mle of
The signal was accepted as part
of the game by all sncceecbng
writers on whist, although under
protest by some, who declared that
Lord Bentinck himself had in later
life abandoned it and regretted its
invention. The London F^ld of
February 13 and 27, 1864, con-
tained a full discussion of the new
convention, and man^ articles ap-
peared concerning it m other Eng-
lish publications, including the
leading reviews and magasines, and
a great deal of hostility was mani-
fested towards it. One writer in
the H^estminsUr Papers 9Bj%i "It
can scarcely be called whist any
longer, but a new game, 'peter;'
for your partner calls upon 3ron to
abandon your eame and blindly
play his by leamng him a tmmp.
Vour opponents immediatelv aban-
don the legitiniate game, ana direct
all their efforts to thwarting vonr
intentions, and all the rules 01 the
game are cast sside."
Many good plavers at fint oU
jected to the signal, bnt were forced
to adopt it when it came into gen-
eral use. In Prance it was severely
condemned. James Clay, whose
opinion carriea great weight, while
he did not like it personally, de-
clared it to be open to no objection
on the score of nnfaimess, although
he thought it greatly diminished
the advantage of skill bj simpliiy-
ing the game. He considered it so
natural Uiat he is reported to have
said that if a tribe of ssfsges
TRUMP SIGNAL
456
TRUHP SIGNAL
tauglit whist they would arrive at
the bigiiul ill course of time by
their own intuition.
The trump signal is made by any
player except the first hand or
leader, wlio, if he wants trumps
led, can Iciui them himself. The
question, When is a pluyer justified
in si};naling ? is one thai cannot
be answeretl by any hard and fast
rule. Good judgment is required,
but in a general way it uiay be
slated that a hand that you would
lead trumps from is a gtxxl one to
Mgnal from. A player ought to
have four trumps containing two
honors, or five trumps containing
(ine honor, and reasonable strenglh
in oliier .suilit, so tliat there is no
tlanj^er of a suit being brought in
against him ]>y the udversdries.
The signal sh<iuld be use<l only
when partner Ls in a ]>o.sition to ob-
tain the lead. When the signal is
made later in the hand, after the
player employing it has himself
iia<i the lead, or had an o]iportunity
to signal without doing so, the
romni.'tti'i to partner is not imiH-ra-
tive, nor dot-s the signal in that
case driiotr the sainc strength on
the ]<.irt of the signnler as if made
ot I Ik- t'lrsi opportunity.
In rt'-jioiTlin:: to the trump sig-
nal. cir»: -ho'.iM be taken l»y 1k'-
gin;nr- T:ot to mistake for it nn
<'rtort, or: tl:-- pirl of srconil h;unl,
to win tl'.t* Iriik. I,«Md your ]);irt-
ner ilu- Iks* iriniip. if yi»u Imld it,
«ir o!ir «"f thi- Keronil niu\ tliir«l Ik-^I
it yoii h -M lln-iii. <):luT\\isr give
liiiii \] i hr.On-st troiM '.es»i tli.m four,
thf ! -.i:'.!! Its* t'roTii funr or Tni»re.
'!"!■;• t:-.-t::;i s:!..;:.il i«. .ilso inaile in
two I •;::♦.: \\.i\». bv iii.inv goo«l
p!.t\-rs. ()::i- I'vnMsi*; in ilis<-.ird-
i!i:; !r'i!ii a'l unnpcrt-il siiii a canl
iii't lii\M- tlian a nine, although
r.i-. .♦-•■ v.". I'lltes. who i»riginatecl
it. .^I'li •.:--«l ihi- eiirht for the jmr-
po-e. I >r..-, " Sin;;le-I)iM:ard Call
for Trumps.*') The other mgi
consists in refusing to tnunp as i
verse winning card. It i» soi
times unadn&able to emplov 1
latter mode, especisily «bcn )
adversaries are in position to ci
tinue to lead winning canli ia :
same suit. In such case the b
thing is to accept the fbm ■
make the best of it.
I'oster says: ** By some sbofft-«
players, the lead of a hr^, fbi
three, or two is considefed a pc
tive call for trumps if an baoor
turiietl; not otherwise.** In I
llowell (short-suit) system, he
ever, the lead of any 'of the csi
mentioned indicates the loB|e-s
game, and commands partner, if
gets in early, to lead tmrnps. ir
spective of the taming of
honor.
Brrore the iBtrodnction of tkc In
Bhip«in^ number, the lead ai ibe 1
thru king. theD •mall. wa« m caA
Irunipft^AT h.FosU9 [A.O]. ' UkaMl
ius ■
Many kix>c1 plajrem are more caatu
in Ankinir Utr tiun^-.ft than tn l^fts:
Ihciii. ami will ni>t »SKnaI nnir** t&r^ k
01 IcMftt uue bunor — hi LI»am Am
A .;.
The trump ca'il niu«t be u«rd «t!fe i
crrMnn ll hh< uM un!^ l«e pvrs m%
y«iu are ctiimiivn! lt:at ■ tr«B^ >
wtMilil lie fur yvjur aUTanta^c — /iiJ
Amr\ [I A j.
Th»- ^i^n.il for trumpa i% nc-w as ci
»>t.itit!i iti ii«e. Ihjt wr must trt a»«i#
i1i-tii^«i< M .I* to whrthrr «bi»i ba* fee
inx|>ri>vr! or ini{iaireiS l«y tta lairataaa
K. A. itt\t..>9 i/_ O \.
1 1 ha« not onH- ilooe ffood to tbsv «
|.:.!it t.\ 1!. but ba« al^o impf. ^t<^ '.
p:.!- jfrrr rj'lv tiy rrc;ut«-iDC w -» aTM
t'li!! !>■ '-^ |i.ii>! t' tbr la! of !^# ca*'
[I >:ti^-ii*.ir'v o* omalt i»nr« •> M i«««a /
'/ .1 ; / :... '*/**•■ »/ iiktxs
\\ 1- -ir ■ ! ifrt >^\o »in at w^l•t. •»*
■ I -ill" !■ r fur'.p* • r * rcK- :?• -vt*'
voiir jMtfnrr i-«::» " a*r i-i-^r d:«^^
1' \ 'ur a IvrrxArir* " rail. 1
Tuif.;% ^i\r \uuM ihance of aaTira a cml
^iiu ni!.:ht iilhrrwi*r hare eawf lait
/I i/Zid m Cmta.k-.SmUk \I. O'
In a iramr that haa an m«cb c*' t>^ *«
ing element abiiut it, Lhc player afeaa
TRUMP SIGNAL
457
TRUMP SIGNAL
I tmmp-call eftrly, if he want
limps led by partner. There-
le the call perhapa oftener than
miteTm.—Edwin C. Howeli \S.
ist openings.**
•nventional aign contiata in
away an unneceaaarily high
* * The origin of this prac-
perfectly in the apirit of our
en well played, that I am aur-
:he length of lime which was
o reduce it to an underatood
on.^Jamus Clay [L. 0-f).
for trumpa meana playing a
neceaaarily high card, when by
tt play y(Hi ahow you could have
ower card. You must be care-
inguiah between a totally un-
y high card, and a card pjayed
nother card, or to protect your
A. W^. Drayson [L+^-f], ^'Thd
utical IVhist.*'
not know whether any one has
a record of the number of tricks
tering. During the paat year,
ist we have wttneaaed, we feel
that more tricks have been loat
by this practice."— IVestminsUr
la School), After many years
' experience lam quite of the
nion. — "Btmbridge^* [L-k-0.\^
r BumbUpuppy f "
aome players the lead of a
aing card, when an honor ia
i a call for trumps to be led
hat honor at the very first op-
bul it is not gcxMl play. Pasa-
itn winning card is regarded by
'era as an imperative call for
The discard of any card higher
iren in known as a single-card
F. Foster [S. O.], "Complete
:le which the doctor [William
Irihutrd to the Fortnightly Re-
,pril, 1879, on "Conventions at
lerits notice. In it he arguea
rfairnessof the call for trumps,
; to doubt the propriety of some
ern <lrvelopmentH of the game,
s long since. I believe, become
to the lawfulness, if not to the
V. of the call. — W^. P. Courtney
ling lit h H'htst •'
layers contend that the leader
II for trumps on liis lead, and
ould Irad them himself, if that
r wants. But there are many
in which such a course would
ions. The leader may lie ten-
ay want to know his partner's
;>; he may want a lead through
ip; or he may hoi>e to win the
tnird round by not leading first
R. F. Foster [S. O.], "Whist
It is a oommon srtiflce, if tov wish «
trump to be led, to drop a huch card to
the aarerssry's lead, to induce mm to be-
lieve that you will trump it next roaad,
whereupon the leader will very likely
change the suit, and perhaps lead trumps,
a a a By a conventional extension td
this sjrstem to lower cards it is understood
that, whenever you throw away an unn^
cessarily high card, it is a sign (after the
smaller cara drops) that you want trumps
led.— "CaavaifM**' ?£. A.\, ''Laws and
FHncipUtnf lVkist»
When yoo do this [t. #., call for trumpa]
—when you ask partner to play yoar
game— you should be reasonably certain
of making the odd trick at least. Tbe
mere fact of holding four, five, or even
six tramps, ia not sufficient reason for is-
suing such an arbitrary command. Your
only obiect in drawingtrumps is to enable
you to bring in a long snit, or to protect
master cards in other suits; and withont
these features of strength you should not
call, even though yon may be strong fai
tramps. — C D. P. NamiUon IL, AX
''Modem ScuntifU Whist,'*
When everything is going nicely, aad
jrour partner making the tricks, that yov
should interfere with this merely becanse
you have five trumps— or nine, for the
matter of that— is toe height of abMif^
ditv. It may be an interesting fact for him
to know, on the second round of a plain
suit, thst you hold five trumps, lust as
there are other interesting facta which he
may also aacertain at the aame time—
e. g., that you have led a aingleton, that
you hold no honor in your own suit, and
so on — but none of them justifies him in
ruining his own hand, and devotin|^ his
best trump to destruction.— "/Viw^rttfr*"
[L + O.]. ** Whist, or Butaklepuppy f"
Forty yeara ago calling for tramps con-
stituted the whole art snd practice of sci-
entific whist. The man wno could see a
trump signal without looking at the last
trick was a geniua, and the player who
would notice such a little one ss a three
played before a deuce waa a marvel. The
atory of the riae and progreas of the tramp
aignal la one of the moat interesting chap-
ters in the hiatorv of the game. Like tn«
love of money in life, it has been the root
of all evil in play. Prom it haa sprung
that poisonous undergrowth of private
conventions that haa choked up all the
individuality, all the daah and brilliancy,
all the keen perception that ia proper to
the game. Although at first it was be-
lieved to be a benefit to good and bnd
playera alike, ita injurious Influence was
soon recognised, and no one regretted lit
introduction more than its inventor.— Jf.
F, Foster \S, 0\ New Yarh Snn,
btr it, §997,
TRUMP SIGNAL
458
• I
TRUMPS
tf
Trump Signal to Show no
More of M Suit. — It has been au^-
g^ted by some players that it
might be well to make a trump
signal mean: **I have no more of
this suit and want to ruff it.'* Mil-
ton C. Work, in *' Whist of To-
day," punctures the suggestion as
follows: "When it is considered
that such a plan would ]>robably
make one trick in one deal, while
a trump signal was making several
in each ot a dozen deals, the im-
becility of the idea at once becomes
apparent.'*
Trump Strength, Showing. —
Tlie showing of trump strengtli is
a very ini})orlant feature of the
partner-^hij) game. Modern players
deem it (.->>!' iitial to the success of
their play Uy indicate such strength
not oiiiy by U'ading or calling lor
trum]>s, but by echoing in various
ways to show the exact num>H;r
which can be relied U]K)n from part-
ner. I-'o^tiT, in his " Whist Man-
ual" (third c-ditir>n, i>S^I. s;iys:
"Sonic «)f our bvst players,
among llirm Milton C. Work, are
of the rij inir»n lliat the chief char-
arterislic «•!" Ihi* whi^l of the future
will br tlic indicatiun of trump
strt:ii;.;ih. In at Mil ion to the usual
nu-tliinU "t j':iN«;ing liuubtful tricks,
sign.iiinj^. f'»ri'ir;j» a j>;irtner. etc.,
all <if wl:ich -li-iw trninp strength,
an .-irtii'ici* knuwn as ihc- fi>ur-signal
is Irt-ijix-nl'v used."
Ilr ilu-n jjrcu'tiils t<i di-scril»e this
c-»!5vt:!i'.():u ajui also the trumj>-
s!l•»\^i^■.: Ir.tils, for a tiinr ailnjitrd
b\ :}ji- II.ii:i'.lt»in ti-ani. iinili-r Mr.
W-.rk'i ]-ni;rshij». The C<i;>ttal
r.iryt !:■ C!:'' \i>v*\ m;uh the same
i'i'M -Mill- \f ir- avjii; but, Continues
I'l'^ttr. ■• 1 llnnk the svstvm
a!v..r.iir.! by Mr. !•:. C. Howell, of
Hci-lii:!. b"iti r than any of these.
It IS 1. is,-l on the principle that
wi:h trump strength you should
^lYC your partner as mnch iaHan
tion as possible concerning y
best suit, whereas «rtth weakaca
trumps it may pay you to oooc
its exact character. With sut
trumps he opens the game is r
ular conventional manner:
with weak tnimpa he ftdlov
schedule of 'reverved leads*
gives the system in full u JH
May. 1894. The 'Albany; lead' 1
strengthening card originallT.
the sole purpose of showisg' ft
tramps, apart from any other ii
cation. The objection to all tb
systems is that they are not sac
control of the juclgment of 1
player. If he gives no siga,
partner infers negatively, aad
misled. The ailvantage of 1
trump signal is that one can aqp
with two trumps, if he «ai
trumiisled, or refrain from signsh
with ten. if he feels so di^oa
The moment you compel a maa
play whist by machinery, yoa <
stroy the chief beauty of' the rii
' individuality of thought as J <
pression." (Sec, also. " Tftc
Showing I^adft.'*)
Trump Suit.— The suit to mtz
the card fjc longs which the ^acs.
last dealt from the pack aai isra
up, in the regular coarse of pj
the suit whose car i is, for that ha:
will Liike the car\ls of any oC
suit reganilesA of rank.
Wrre it not for Ihe rr.stt^rr ^ '
IruTiip Hint. whi4t «&ul4J loair ■ CT«t 9
ti n ipf it« chirn: anj |«>^u.jr-.:v •
w ■kIiI r4iik nsjch :>wrr a* a saar
bkii: --/. J.. Ill Histmi^iUT Ai/tf*L Jl
•• Trumps."— .A paendonrnm
hv William Rrl^kliaae I>wk. «'
piil.h-hed a " Handtiook of U-h:^
New York. iSM. He al»o t^^
;*Tbc American Hoyle."pah:ai6
in New York abuut iab3 tk
tecnth edition in iSbo\ moA i2
TR0MPS 4J
tet Hoyle" {1868). In ipeak-
his "Standanl Hoylt,''pub-
abont 1887, W. P. Courmey
* It IB remarkable tbrough the
iitance that Lhe contcDU of
ctions on whist are itmoceat
r connection wit b Hoyle."
rnp*.— Tbe cards of a antt
have been given a higher
or trick-taking power than
iree reauuning suits, by the
?of the trump card oa the
the dealer; the trump suit
Tge W. Pettes called tramps
artillery of the band," and
P. Ramilton, ia carrying out
ime idea, says: "lliey are
-duance— 'the heavy guns— in
agagement, and after yon
Hienced the enemy with
yon may gather in the fniita
:tcny with your established
' The possession of great
I strength and a good plain
neans victory. As Lowell
( nceius, in his " Fable for
main uses of trumps are: To
1 the opponents, to make
by trumping, and to play and
tricks the same as with canla
lin suits. By exhausting the
le trumps, eslablishing a
; plain suit, and regaining the
ind brinjfing it in, you use
e to the best possible advan-
Tnimps are also used to ob-
the efforts of the opponents
ig in a suit. When strong in
• you lead them; when weak,
jdeavor to make good use of
TOO have by trumping in.
IS important to count the
m as they are playnl, in order
on may know how many are
mplayed. Partner's lead of
tmmpa dionld, •■ a rale, be
promptly letnmed, and his tnunp
dgnal re^onded to at the fint op-
portuuity.
If weak In Irani*, keep imrdoa jnor
advcnarlc*' HilU. If itniBa, throw Bwav
fnim tbtm.—Tiemai Maiktwi IL. OX.
•■Adtnale Uu Yimmg WAiil-flayir," ilof.
AlvajFi return your partner'! lead is
tnuBpa, ualrM the aid^be led ■howa ha
■ ' ■ ■ - arenglhca
id Uuvogh an boaoir-tf. F. Mir-
The tnimi^lend !■ ■> tnoch more lat*
it<nt than any etlKT. UiM ya>
. of InuBpa immtiiaUfy, caeept
..; oalcM U Mdu vour
-CivnAU" IZ. A.\ "lawt amd
maic, perhip^ \fj hit ■pUlsde la MlMt
lute <he proper mcnwiil when tnana
•hould tie \ci. at tbe rDni*-> MieBiibto
l[.jiTiI»ri:>Iu<:«Iby r»ciii|[. oc (lidr kai
, .f , .,.^,.. ^-W- V.-1 ^ ^v i-^r-'tv ^^
ir ihc Irampe renuin <Uvlded betweaa
ynu ini] TQuc partner, mbA ton have aa
wlnnlDgnrd yourKlf, II ii pxid pUyta
Ind ■ nniall itiunp, to put In blsliand to
pUy off any ttuL he may have, to gtva
you an appoTtunllv to throw away yoor
\oAn%aTSt.—-namat Mallumt iL 0.1,
"Advia U Ikt ytumt tVkiH-fl»ytr."
Ifyou flnd one of the ■dvenarics witk.
out ■ trump, you ihould neatly proceed
tontabllih yuur Iobb auiL awl abaUln
from drmwlne loo <
nothlflK of Ihc pr
The objeetten rrlnced Yry •»»■» ■"•
JoHly 01 players to part
£B
'Ilh their
■■quite iDcompreneuiiDle. The*
-. uoderiUndthal Ihennad object
la nol to nuke u many tricka In IrnmM
■• ponlUe. but yrf aklllftilly wleldloc
mand In other aulta.— '^^lAfnunf-CUMiif
B." \L. 0\
Tiumpaare the controltluR betora !■
" " ' ""4r proper handling la la
ly gather In the <hdts at •
the bcnvr
— ilheBySI
TRUMPS, NOT LEADING 460 TRUMPS, REPEAT
have no master canli to make, it ia, aa a
rule, tH.'ttcr to keep your battcrica masked
for the midille or end pluy. or until the
master canlH have <icelarc(l their prea-
eucf in piirtncr'M hand. • • • With
the best ]ilaycrs, trumps are u»cd only for
distinct piirix>scii. The object in leadinj^
trumps must lie apparent Iruni the hand
or di:v«.-liiiK'«l by the play. — C /). P. Ham"
ilton [A. -1.], '\yfwirrn Snentijie IVhist.'*
Trumps, Not Leading. — While
exceptional bands may be held
from which an expert would not
lead trumps originally if holding
five with an h6nor, players, as a
rule, are aflmonisheu by the au-
thorities to make such a tninip-
lead at the first opportunity, or to
signal i«irtner ti> lead. The im-
portance of making the lead has
been frequently and s^ileninly im-
pressed U])<>n beginners and uix>n a
certain class of players who might
aptly be termed tri:mi>-mi.sers, be-
cause thev invarial)lv hoanl them
u]) until the close of the hand, un-
less drawn by other jilayers. " I'our
you may — five you nnist,'* is a
maxim frcfjuently recited for their
benefit.
In times gone by women whist-
])layLrs were generally suspectc<l
<if this tendeney to keep l)ack
tnimj)s, and the I.onclon Spectator
once related the story of an emi-
nent whist-T)layi'r who, whenever
he foiiiid liim»it-lf sealed at the
whisl-l:il)li.' with ladies, was wont
to It'll llniii the following tide as a
kind of ]»rol«itj:ic t<i I hi- game: *' I
f»n«'e knew a l:iily who Ik-M five
trniiijis i'l her h:nd, ainl who f.iiu'd
to \v.\'\ ih»-ii. Sht; endid s'l'lly,"
and Inn- liis voice sank to an iin-
jire-sivi" whi*^jjrr--" she <lird in the
workli'uisf." Whether or not this
j)p-r;iiitionarv measure was attended
with sti< cess tradition drn's nf)t s.'iv,
*' Lirut'n.int-C"c»lonel H,." in his
" \Vlii-t-lM:iyt-r" (1S56). has this:
•' I ont'e hranl n first-rate whist-
pIa\Lr say that, with four trum|>s
in your hand, it was mac
to iead them; but that he
five, and did not lead tliex
only for a lunatic a&yluxu.
The most impressive ar.
circulate<l utterance on th<
however, is that correctly £
to James Clay Kq, :•. 1. '\\
publislied in ** Sans Merci
ular novel in its day in Kr
which Clay appears un'Ier
of CaslUfnatne. He is as
young man, who has
heavily on a game ihea^
being then tlie rule in
whether with knave, five,
to have led trumps. " Ii
putcd," replies Casi/rma
great calmness and digni!
eleven thousand young
men, once heirs to fair
are wandering about the c
in a state of utter destiti
cause they would not Iea«.
with five and an honor
hand."
"When you hare five lmT=]
ways ri^ht to lead them " Th
for trunip-leadinic h«i» n:an> ei
• • • It in nearly alua>« ni;
trumpA uhcn the trump )iiiii i»
lon^ fiuit. Ifecausr ii \(^u arc w
plain suitM it is only 'f;iit ti prn
jour partner is the mi<rr Mki
slruMK in thtni • • • In r
{where Juki five trumps are hrNr
a t>etter Irad than the trump >>
nri^innl lead. Fuppo«« <»•
leader f }'OU hold five iruiB;^
nee and four »mall dian'.oi;ti* :
chibff, and a iiniiill »pai!r Y'
«ij>cn your frjurth-l<»t ciuTTS'^ri^ .
ilevelopmrnta. AKaio. y*-u h
trumps (hearts), ace. kirf kc
snia:iiliamond«. tiro»maIi rarb
n:u\ cluti«. You open with k;r,
mrtnils. tknutn/^ ti^Hr ja»;. then .
if Villi <!»-«-ni it IktsI. Xi i«i itenrr
with any five trunip« l ■» »hr.« •
firvt. esi>eciiiltv if iii-«t I'-rifr t
c.ird* --■( '. /) /'. //amt.'tom J. A '.
.Sctenttjii liknt."
Trumps, R«p«atlffi8 Uw
to Show Six. — A player v
nals successively in two d
plain suits thereby is ronsid<
MPS. RETURNING 46 1 TRUMPS, SHOWING
low his partner six trunips.
). Work deems the play
hose who do not desire, in
ase, to use the plain-suit
. ^. ) in the second suit.
•9 Returning. — Careful
to partner's strength or
i in trumps, and prompt-
returning his lead of
»r in leading them in re-
0 his signal, marks the
cientific player who plays
X instead of thirteen cards,
iblepuppist who plays his
if partner did not exist,
se tor any rule in this or
r whist matter.
ot proposed to adhere to
-clad rule, and say that
ery circumstance, without
1, partner's trump-lead
returned instantly. The
ule is to so return trumps,
Id be adhered to unless an
it and excellent reason ex-
>t so doing. For instance,
►e expedient for a player
a great suit to show this
\ lead from it, before re-
his partner's trump-lead.
1 also lays down the fol-
:ases in which a player
justified in not returning
lead of trumps: (i) When
las led trumps from four
?cause it was nis onlv four-
; (2) when you win the
?aply, and ft is demon-
lat your right-hand oppo-
t hold over your partner
rong tenace; (3) when an
turned up to your right,
win by a deep finesse; (4)
tner has led from evident
» and finds you weak.
phori«m of traditionul rcspcc-
it the only rxciisrs for not re-
artner'R tmmp arc a fit of
r noi haviHj^ any, and the name
the ca»« of trunips being asked
nr Campbell- Walker {L. O.].
In the first place, suppose your partner
leads trumps. You infer that he wants to
set them out* and it is your duty to help
him in this ooject. Hence, • • • you
are bound to return trumps immediately.
This is. perhaps, the most imperative of
all whist rules.— ^iV/iam fble IL, A-k-V
''Philosophy of Whist :'
Trumps, Showing Number of.
Altera Signal. — "When a player
has signaled, and his partner leads,
in answer to that signal, a high
trump which the signaler decides
to pass,'* says Milton C. Work, ** he
by one method plays his fourth best
in order to most accurately show
both size and number, while by
another plan he makes a signal in
such a case only to show six or
more trumps. Some players object
to both these plays, believing it to
be unwise, under the circumstances,
to give any accurate information,
as the suit is not partner's, and one
of the adversaries may be strong; in
it. In view of the latter possibil-
ity, the writer doubts the wisdom
of always playing the fourth best,
but sees no harm in allowing a
player the option of sliowing six in
such case b^ a signal, if for any
reason he thinks it wise to do so."
Trumps, Showing Number of,
by Signal. — There are many who
believe with ** Cavendish** that
every system of showinj^ less than
four trumps by signal is bad, be-
cause it exposes to the adversaries
the weakness of the signaler's
hand. But others consider that
this is fully compensated for by
other advantages, and especially
the knowledge imparted to partner.
Such is the position taken by W.
S. Fenollosa, of Salem, Mass., who
has devised a system of showing the
number of trumps when partner
has led or signaled. It is made by
utilizing any three small cards in a
plain suit by playing them in the
following manner;
TRUMPS. SHOWING
462
TURN-UP
HOLDIIfO.
Play.
Fimt Trick. 1 Second Trick. Third Trk
Onr trump at most
Two trumps
Three trumps
Four trumps
Five or more trumps !
Twa
Two.
F<iur.
Four.
Six.
Four.
Six.
Six.
Two.
Four.
Sis
Two
^:x
Two
Milton C. Work, in his •* Whist
of To-d.iv," tells of a somewhat
similar scheme which he adopted
in connection with the four-si}{nal.
to indicate short trumps An<i f^
five, six, and seven or mi-kre. 7
schedule prepared by him u
follows:
Play.
HOLDINO.
Firnt Trick. Second Trick Thlr 1 Ttk
I
Short trumps I
F«>ur trumps 1
Fivt- truui(><i '
Six trump'*
Seven or more trumps
Two.
Four.
F<jur.
Six.
Six.
F-»ur.
Six
Two,
Two.
Four.
Sis
Two.
Sis
r-jT
Twc
Al"»ut thr lamr p*Ti'v! a Knrn\ d^-al of
incT'Tinit V w !•• » xpfu<l»*(l in invrtititii; *ys'
toin- ti) sh-.\v two, tline. or f'lur trumj>s.
TIi'v nriv !■• lir;-fly «'.i«.nii'«'i«il. Th*- nn-
sw- r t I ni !•«• ii' th'Tu ■ wiih Ihr ''Xi ••ption
(if \)if s:'i-< I I'.iii i^i. th.it <.xl:ihilion of
W'.tkn •■»■'. til iru?Mp«iis m'»rr likilvtolic
o! .i.l\ tilt I M'- t I th» udvr- irifs than to
t'l' .xlii'.il'.!. — '•(',:: '-nf {'ft- [/.. A.],
Trumps, Showing Number of,
on Adversary's Lead.— IIitc is
.iMi.'.h'T fl.iSoralion nf tlur Iriinip-
sh'W'.tr^ ii'.iM-^ (if iMnili-ni wliisi, ;ls
.1 V. rjScd Nv Milton C. Wmk in his
••Wlii-st .»fT()^!.iv:-- " .As there are
«•.■.■ i-i .riN ulin il is .'iilvantrij^jeoiis
!■• sl.iiw \\\v ;r.i!nl»vr oftriimjis held
liv ihi- jiliycr wlii-n the advcrsarv'
i-. lr.i'li:j>^ ♦iiu'li iiswh'-n tlu- le:id fs
]r<)?M))Iy a weak one. or when il is
k::<"\vn. ]»y rrasi»n of an honor
turneil. tiiat tht- jiartner will win
tin: ^c^nn-i tri^l:, a: id ih-jre is a buit
the player can ruff ). ii has b«
suRj^ested that an echo on the
versar\''s leail of trump* shoi
show no more. The play is d t
coniniende<.i as a uni venial ru>.
the infonn.ition it j^ives Kap: t'^
of more value to the adverMnr ti
to the partner. • ♦ • Therr
tiral (lifficully would he :■-» hJ
two partners understanil iu< wb
it was to lie use<l anil whrr r
I'or this rea-ii^n il seems a dAsg
ous innovation."
Turf Club. — See. " ArlxaT
Club."
Turning
Card."
Tum-Up.'The |1a.<t car! cf
deal turned and p accd f.icc cp
TWELFTH CARD
463
TWO-SPOT
jible, where it is allowed to re-
i during the first round; the
pcanL (See, •* Trump Card.*')
letimea the tum-up, or tmmp-oird,
own down without beins turned up
iwn; this card is of such Importance
Jie punishment of makiufc the deal
snnot be dispensed with in this
— DesckapelUs [O], '*TraiU dm
er," Article ji.
he dealer has no right to show the
ip card before it is turned, he has
ess right to look at it himself. He is
nore fpiilty than another in yielding
;>int of caviling; he desenres a more
: Dunishment, and we have inflicted
!iim by making him lose his deal.—
aptiles [O.], '*7>aiUdm Hnkisie.*
»»
vlflh Card. — One of the two
\ remaining in a suit after
n have been played. If the
r one is in your right-hand ad-
ry*8 hand, the lead of the win-
twelfth ¥nll afford an oppor-
Y for partner to discard or
rump. In case it is the lower
it can be led for the purpose
rowing the lead. If both are
by yourself and partner,
er should be led until the ad-
trumps are first exhausted.
twelfth card may be either a master
•in<^ card of sny two curds of a suit
f.—C. D. P. Hamilton [L. AX ''Mod-
iemttjtc IVhist."
trumps are in. the'twelflh and thir-
. are led at once. If the leader has
It he leads it, if trumps are out: if
s are not all out, he mav lead it
:h the t>est trump on h(s left, or
:h the losing trump on his left. If
ym% that partner can overtrump. —
Amus[L A.], "^ Practical Guide to
n it is the best, and you know D
e smaller, the twelfth will of course
nless trumped by C. But you run a
playing thu card of a discard from
t may very much influence 3ronr
ead. For this reafK>u much care
« taken in the management of the
1.—^. IV. Prttes [A. A. P.], '^AmeH-
kist Illustrated/'
re vou play a twelfth card, whether
le oest or not the best, note whether
>Id any winning cards which yen
ftke before leading the twelfth cattl,
hkh a discard from the adversary
prevent your making. When the
twelfth card wUdi voa have an oopetf*
oity of playing is tiic lower of Uic two
remaining, or u the thirteenth card be 1^
cated in tnie hand of your left advcraary,
• • • the play of the twelfth card Is
dangerous, unless you want to givt yo«r
partner the chance of making a tramp,
which chance might not otherwise oecnr.
^A. W. Draytom [A+^+]. **7«# AH ^
FracHcmi fVMisL**
Two-Hand«d WhIsL— 6ee^
*' £>oable-Diiinmy," and ** Gemum
Whist"
Tw»«8pol.^A card oontatiiiiig
two spots or pips; thedenoe; tlia
lowest card in the pack.
In the system of American leads
it figures as a fourth-best lead, and
in the Howell (short-suit) system it
indicates the long-siiit game and
commands partner, if & gets in
early, to leaa trumps— sharing this
distinction with the five, four, and
three. The two^qxit is also fre-
quently useful in completing a
trump-signal or echo, ana when tfaa
suit to which it belongs is estsb*
lished, it frequently rises to the
highest dignity as a trick-taker.
Similarly, when it forms one of fbe
tnmiphsuit, it is higher than an
in plain suits.
I*m Just a little two^pot.
And yet Fd like to teU
Of uses I am mrt to
By people wno play wdL
If first I make my entrCe
Bach one will uaderataod
The leader has no long salt.
But only four la band.
If I should make my bow wlwa
A high card's SrR been played.
The hand fbr tmrnna Is calllag,
Let them not be delayed.
When once a Milt*s cstabHSbed,
Tramps out and you haire mM,
1 am'a sure trick-taker
As any card can be.
Tea. rm a little two^pot
With many a spcdal ase:
Pray, heed what Iha^ told yea.
In ghriag them the dcoet. ^^
TW'O FOR ONE
464
UNBLOCKING
Two Trumps for One. — Draw-
ing twolnimps for one is one of the
resources of whist strategy, fre-
quently made use of and highly
cnniun'iided. When a player finds
hLs partner without trumps, this is
one i>f the best uses to which he can
put whatever trump-strength he
liinisflf jH)sses>es. If he cannot
exhaust, he may at least weaken,
his opponents, especially if his own
trumps are trick -winners.
Unblocking.— Getting rid of the
com m. 'I IK ling card, or cards, of
partner's long j>lain suit, when you
fluid a less number of the s-'ime
suit, thereby enabling hitn to kei'p
or regain the lead and make the
most out of his suit. I*or the pur-
pose of lu'lping him to get into the
lead again, you retain your small-
est card, if you held exactly four
in the suit, plaving thinl best f»n
the first round, second l>est on
second round ^unless calling ff^r
trumps), and highest on third
round.
This play is ahnost as oM as whist
it>=ielf, Hoyle having illuslratt-d its
theory and practice in a numlwr <if
position*;. It I'. .id fallen into great
m>j;UM;t. however, until taken up,
ini])nAcd, and bn/Ught into promi-
nemc* by " Caveiidi<h," in iSS^.
In hisb<»<.k (m " Anu-rican Le.uls"'
he fir^-t cilb d it tlic •' j>lain-suit
oiho," li'.'.t tliis was changfd to
" ntiblocl::ng ;^.iiTit:" in Mib^o<|Uent
edilKMis r.-s I'lc inort" appru]>ri.ite
d'->;ig:i;>tinTi. Tl'.e n:ibl*>rkii'.gg.Tn:e.
::('''ori!ing lo "* C.ivi n'lish," appli«-s
• ■nh" wlii n :u*r. fjni in, j'lck, or ti-n
:- li '1 i'i:;ji:i:iV.v. :i\\-\ tin- ihird hand
:b'- oTn: lu r.::Mn. k lipids four
rird'i m!' till" sir.t ex u lly. all of
tli'-ni lowrr tb.jii tlie one led.
V."s«.n the ki:ig is U-d originally it
ii'iiij-au-j a vi'.i; <if f(n\T, and on this
\.hv tliinl band doe*; not unt)lork
unlcbb he hulds the ace. Otherwise
he plays his lowest on tbi
round, unless obviously and
sarily trying to win the trick
It is in the matter of Ui\
unblock on the king-lea^
"Cavendish's** sysitrm ha*
strongly objectetl to t>y r«Kt
others. They make n'l txc
and treat the king-lead the s
any other high-card K-ad. ur
ing and retaining Ihcxr b'Wt
when holding exactly four.
T]ii« onlrr of t»lay i« •ntnetira*^
corrfftlv. cnlU-if "ihr j»la:ii-*-ii: t
Chat In' I-:, iojfin [/> A j. ' . A#
llht'ir
This iA the nrt of knowirc m\v
lliat y<iu lioM in y<iiir ;.,.::*.»•-■• ■
prL-veiit hi ID from nirfkini; *-)'<<
liiiinll cjiril'i. an«J *•• k*"*^";.; '■ • ■
riKht mf»m»:nl — A' /■ /.:;<'
•Ti/ifj/ Tactics."
When n playrr Ir-.iijji n car-! wh
c;ili'.* th;tl hr'hiiliU. nr i-iny h '.*.
the- "uit. hi!* p.irtiHT hi ! lioif 'xi'
I»l.«y hi-i Ih'.rd i-vat. Tf «<. 1- Wr-.ti
uiir>]iM.-kiiiK Knnie T^-- :• ;-;o*
l>lay i«» Uith !■» uiihli-.k ; r-t- r* •
iKc'cs-arv. an'\ .ilwi i.. «*,nw Thii 1
four of hiit suit— /< Ai«r ' t. .4
Thrrr i* no novrl'.y in th:« p.!a
as fiM as Il'iy!*-. bul it •* »tf >-,
(fl**ctr<1 h\ TiK^irrn •■:«>»:• •
niii«t fnrtS«-rN.Tf in t:il:: * th.^t ■-
iiiif on the fir«t roun.! i- . rS iv
wh» II 11 h"!-!* ffi'ir ■■? tyir *i.:t r%%
niii««t nut H:>:»Iirr a*ki.-:.»' '<■
t»l.Ty«i. -.ly. thr ■!•. ■irv to :he tc
n-i> I'lit tw -i-r ihfcr •■f t^•■ •«.:
luilil fivv, i'T nil 're. The •<■:•' ^ c*"'
Ihnl n iliil r-!t r.nj:in.'*ry h
tx.irtly — "t ts-'^nif.:h " '/. ' .-f
WlirM y-i'.i *e«- V.:!\i f-'jr fc-c*:
pT'nT'H *.iiit I* K"'!''jC ■ ' Vikr*^
Iriirk. for in*laP\."f .«r»! y~.:> h.w*
of">;r.:tn: hmi ?'■•■ t» » ' t 1 i: '«•
X)\:i\ !• \«'iir hu'M iMTi! w f rr c*!t !
h» tr.i-.;.'. m.ik*' n» r;: -•■ T^-.-k ir.
Vi'i «.!ii •!! J iMr-iw \ i:r ^ ^-h a-
l.-.i:?!* T "Ti*-. •■• K' •• '*■'■ I f i! .a 1 .ti
jii ■%-.:' '». : njf! 11! y. *ii* •.,▼ T
a:t«-ti!!iin i* u*-i.i'.l\ t'l!* T. ?r-
ii«! T:-'. of t^•• ii-.r:?- . ■■: ;^.^•^r^*
K»''ji lh:it if nj > n^T!* ■« r ! T'-
loni; .i« i*>«*i*'> — / skf .favr ;
Thi* pTe«*rvr* in iVr !bi* 1 ^ar
raril which thr oris:na! Ir.iifrr
wny^tAkr if irtf to him or »h■^^
block bit long suit U be U im tbc :c
'UNBLOCKING
46s
UNDERPLAY
fthe highest card is kept until the
may prerent the original leader
winging in several smaller cards
he may have established. The
il leader can usually detect the un-
3g. and for that reason it is called a
ait echo, for it shows him that hia
r hftj* four cards of the suit. — t^al.
rms [5. O.]. Short Suit ItHist.'*
F partner is a long-suit player, and
ive four cards exactly of a suit of
he leads originally the king, keep
•rest of your four, and play your
Mrst, no matter what four cards
re. ** Cavendish" does not agree
lis rule, and prefers to change the
system of leads rather than un*
3n a king led. I regret that I am
to Af^ree with him m his analysia
position, as this is one of the Tew
on which the master and his dis-
ave seriously differed.—^. F. Foster
, " H'kist Strategy:'
e are but comparatively few caaea
?h it ia necesaarv to at once, on the
il lead of the suit, start to unblock,
cases, however, are important and
mastered. With exactly four carda
it which your partner opens, unless
Kinal leads show but four, you may
our third best on the first trick,
*cond be.st on the second trick (un*
1 either instance you haye to play
est in order to try to win the trick),
t the third trick yon can play your
t or lowest, as the exigencies of the
[jn demand.— .Vi//<w« C H'ark [Z,.
, '' U'hht 0/ To-day."
le /^rWi/ofOctol>er II. i^. appeared
»t <if nine articlcson "The Play of
Hand." a mastrrly and exhaustive
>f whi.st analysis.'by which "Cav-
" re<!iicr<i the unblocking play to a
I, c.'»n**d by him the "plain-suit
This con^iMts in retaining the
card of your partner's long suit,
you hoM four exactly, by which
rru often clear his !«uit, and gain one
■e tricks for the partnership. This,
er with American leads, and the
Ihv of not covering an honor (ex-
>f cour«*^, with the ace), as rec^jra-
"d by Dr. Pole, was embodied by
ndinh" in his well-known work.
*t IJevelopmentH." published in
.V It Tritt [A. A], Harpy's Afag-
MarcM. iS^i.
••Cavendish"! accordingly devised,
lasterlv process of reasoning, a way
ich if mv partner ujm-s ordinary
he could *ee l>eforehand when his
ard would be likrlv to be obstnict-
id might get rid of It in time. This
led •"unblocking." and the process
ich it was effected the " unblocking
" It was published in hia " Whiat
29
Developmcnta," in 1885. It depended al-
most entirely on the indicationa given, by
the American leada, as to the nnmber oc
carda held. • • • •'Cavendish*' de-
vised the following short mle for nn-
blocklng purposes: When your partner
leada originally either ace. queen, knave,
ten, or nine (not the king), and yxm bola
exactly four cards of the suit, retain yoor
lowest card on the first and second rounds.
— fTilliam PbU [JL .<4-f]. *'£volmiioH ^
Whist:'
The unblocking game only applies
when ace, queen, knave, or ten u led
originally, and the third nand holds four
carda of tne suit exactly, sll lower than
the one led. Therefore, when king, or
nine, or a lower card Is led originally, if
B does not sttempt to win the first tri«,
he plays his lowest card, whatever nnm-
ber of cards be holds in the suit, s • s
If the king is led, and B does not hold the
ace, B ahonld not attempt to unblock, as
the lead U from four cards only. What-
ever the number or value of nls small
carda, B mnat play his lowest to the Idac.
• • • When a low card is led ori^
nally. B*a play proceeda on the aaaani|>>
tion that tne lead ia at least from fimr
cards, three of them being higher thaa
the card led. When the third hand has
at most three of the suit his play is obvi-
ously to head the trick if he can; other-
wise to play hia loweat card, unleaa he
calls for trumps.— 'TaMwifuA'* [JL ^.1,
•• Whist Developments:* tSgi,
Underplay.— A kind of fim
which consists in leadini^ a smaller
card ^hen the conventsonal plajjr
would be to lead the best, whidi is
concealed in the hand and retained
for more effective use later on.
Underplay is also employed to
throw the lead, by holding up the
best card and allowing another
player to win the trick. (See, also,
^* Holding Up.**)
Underplay is often effectively
used toward the end of a hand to
make a much-needed trick. An^
player at the table may employ it
in a well-calculated effort to make
a trick or more than ordinary play
would give him. It requires siciUy
however, to make it succeed.
What is called underplay Is wsaallir
adopted In order to jnin command of •
suit— ^. A, F^ociar [L a].
UNDERTRUMPING
466
UP AND DOWN
Underplay i» a powerful weapon, but if
the atlvtTSiiry in alert it »eldom succeeds.
—R. F. Foster \S. 0.\, '* U'hisi Tactics^
The prospect of making the eleventh,
twelfth, and thirteenth tricks ip the UHual
incentive— "^V»'a''«»''" [L. 0.\, '*Tke
Handset M'histr
Properly manipulated, underplay can
be made serviceable. But probable suc-
cess denmndskeen manaK^nient. — G. /K
P,ttes \L. A. /'.]. "American li'hist Illut'
trattd."
This is sometimes advantageous in
trumps, or in plain suits when strong in
trump<i, or when trumps are out, but such
a ruse must l>c used sparingly and wilh
ca re .—.I rlhur Ca mphell- IValker [ L. OJ\ .
It is a very obvious ruse, and therefore
a fiivorile with moderate players, who
r:irely lo^^e an occasion of employing it.
Yet it sliiMilil be used sparingly and wilh
c.irc. A trick too often played is sus-
pected and defeated. In trumps this
manieuvrc. like all tithers, is much more
justifiable than in the common suits, in
whicli it is dun^eruus. — James Clay \L,
Or].
To .•sucrossfnlly underplay, you must
have a keen T>erceptn>n. and a lull under-
standing of the situiition. • • • There
is more merit in KJi>"i»H a single trick —
by well-judj^ed underiilay or anv other
species of fines«»e — that does not by com-
mon play belling tn the cards than there
i^ in winniuhT a tlionsand games with
mnstT hrin.ls ~C. J). /'. Hamilton \L. .4. J,
'Moiiftn Si uHiific WAisf."
Su;>]»'>Hc' you IkjIiI ace. oueen, and a
small car.l in he.irt-. your left-hand ad-
versary leid- the tw'> of hearts, your
partTi'. r jil.iys six. third player plays
kii.tv- . an! >->n win with queen. YoU
tmw jTiMv l.iitly concluile that neither
kini: n -t ten i" in Ihf h.iud i»f your risht
.1 U»r-.iry. \o\it ;\irtner may h<»ld une
or !• tth 11: till.-'* but 111" ni.iy hold the ten.
iiri.l ',1 :t :i'lv<T'« <:y the km:;. If y<in play
ti-.il \ <iii -iiT. th'- kinv: nin^t mrike next
imin I I", li'i'.vf. vrr ynti ]ii;iy your small
l:i-iiri. Iiii h:t'i'! .ulvi !«.;ir\. believing the
,'irv t- 1' ■ t I !;i'-!v:i, w:!i ^irMlnhU' not play
li!«. km- -•* >n'J in h.tritl. Then if partner
)i'i' l*. the *> n It ]:i iki"s, and vour ace ■«ti!I
j> l-.iM <ve! Ih ki::.,' T])i>- is tern;ed nn-
i:-t:m..v- f //• /"■:\-f-r.A:\.-'7'he
Undertrumping. — This slnitii-
j^^'Tii o»fi-ists ill j»lriyiii^f a low
irn!iii» ini :i hii^hcr one with which
]>nrlinr h.is alnatly triimpiji the
trirk, tlu- sicriliie lu-inj; made for
the |nirj>o.<c uf avoidiii;' the lead
under certain circnmstance
to obtain it would be nxort
vantageous. (Sec, "Grand C
Unscientific Play. —Pi
which the science of combis:
hands and makinj; the most
them by partnership is i$
liaphazard or ignorant pl^j;
blepuppy.
Unscientific whist— whin*. wb?r
is no c«>operation, anil rich vf t
adxiersarifs strives for Iruk*-.*
no game as it is possible t • is^t
V, P. Hamilton \L, .^.].
Up-and-Back Game.— .V
cate whist, the ori>;txiul an*! 0:
play of an a^inYeii-u{Kj:i r.a=
hands, at a sittin}{. i^ythci
back game (especially al :
nic or binglc-tablc dur/iicJ
phiyers possessin'^ the fx.fl
rics' are sometimes atile K
decitled advanta^^e by ren:e
the special features «>:'
hands when they reciive \
the duplicate or overplay
For instance, it may I r a^r'^
twelve hands, "' up-.tii>i 1>:4CW '
pletion of the nunitier aicrc-r ! .-,:
plav — A*. F. FlUo Is. ,'
li'hist r 1^.
McmorixinK the hand* h i« Se-
an intolerable nui»i«ncr. ih
players in our leading e!u!«* wi::
day the up ntsd-tui. k i^atae.
1
Up and Down The
playing long suits ir-t h<M
sequence uf», ar.d weak «>*j-.
is one which fiatr>s Ivick
early days of whist. T'»"-!
principle of play genera'.
11 i zed by long-.-^uil plavii
wluMi leading from a b
which contixn* no con:
fmm which a high carti »:
le<l, begin with the fourth >
then shape their plav >o tk
partner's help, the high car
adversaries' hands mav be
ALUE OP GOOD PLAY 467 VIENNA GRAND COUP
F the way. Porced leads are,
rare exceptions, made from
»p of short suits, and the suits
»layed down. This does not
ere with the trump-signal,
I is also played down (f. ^., a
r card being followed by a
one), because it isgenendly
with very small cards, and
by the original leader. (See,
•* Top of Nothing, Lead from
ins wrong suits up and weak suits
■s based on a fundamental princi*
the game — that of sacrificing weak
> the partner and keeping strong
1 your own hand. This is the un-
ig principle of the **top-of-Dothins*'
- A*. F. /-'osier [S. a], AVir York
Jecembrr 12, 1S97.
if« of Good Play. — It was to
ain the value of good play as
ed to bad that '* Cavendish"
is friends, in 1857, undertook
periment which proved to be
eginning of duplicate whist
f. This mode of play is the
!st yet devised, although the
of good play must also, to a
n extent, manifest itself in
ng run in straight whist. For
ce, out of 30,668 rubbers,
1 from January', i860, to De-
rr, 1S78, •* Cavendish" gained
I 4431 points, and Proctor,
enting on this, says it is prac-
' impof«ibIe thnt so large a
!e in his favor should be due
rre chance. The difference
have been due to goo<l plav.
also. "Chances at Whist,'*»
Skill." )
la fly S. T. — The inventor of
it canls for practice" upon
a patent was grante<l him,
[3, i8g3. In that year he be-
greatly interested in the nio<l-
icntific game, and especially
can leads, and made notes in
deosed form for his own use.
These he sabteqtiently published in
47'PC^ form, under tne name of
'* American Whist Condensed."
Mr. Varian resides at East OnngCi
N. J. (See, •• Whist Patents.")
Vautr^y Baron da.— A French
whist-player and author, whose
book, **G^nie du Whist," was
Published in 1843. In this book
e announces that he teaches the
mode of playing with twenty-aiz
cards, and not with thirteen; in
other words, he inculcated partner-
ship play, bein|; one of the very
first to recognize its great value.
He was a general in the Prencli
army — it is thought the same artil-
lery officer who composed the fint
rhyming rules which inspired Dr.
Pole to make hit famous effort
in Bnglish. (See, "Rhyming
Rules.")
General de Vautr6, author of a treatisa
on "I^ G6nie du Whist," was promi-
nent amon^ whiAt-players, tnit thta dia-
liuction brought its paia with it. The
drop of bitterness which risea from the
mici!«t of the fountain of bliss, seemed to
spoil the whole draught. He used bitterly
to complain that more than one of his
friends declined to sit down at the same
card-table with him, and the reason
which they gave was: **If I am yo«r
partner I get scolded; as your adveraary I
lose."— fK/> CV»i«r/n<y [Z+a], *'Eftgtuh
IVhistr
VIce-Tenaea. — A combination
of cards which will become a ten-
ace in effect if certain cards fall on
the first round of the suit; as, ace,
jack; ace, ten, etc. So named hy
Val. W. SUmes in his " Short-Suit
Whist."
Vienna Grand Coup. — The story
goes that one of the moat celebra-
ted whist-players of Vienna, while
playing a game of double-dummr
in one of the clubs of that city, had
a phenomenal hand dealt to him,
which led to a curioua bet Tho
deal was aa folk>wa:
VIENNA G RAND COUP 4^8 WAGER-SMITH, MRS
A'S IIA!«D.
# A, J.
4 A. K, g, s.
B's Hakd.
♦ J. 10, 6.
^ A. K. tt, J. a.
4 ^ 4. 3-
O A. Q. b. 5. 4. 2.. 0 N 3-
Y's Hand.
# K. S.
^ I >. 9. 5. 4. 3.
4 ^ 7. ■«■
O J. lo- 7.
Z's Hand.
4 «y. 7. 5. 4. 3. >•
K) \ 7.
♦ J. »«. 9-
0 K. 9.
The ten of cluVis was tumecl by
Z. On seeing the cmls exptiscd
the j^ciitleiii:in wh'» h;i«l to play the
hands A-It cxil:iiiiieil, ** I shall
make, with my iliiinmy, all the
thirteen tricks." Tlure were lar^c
bets made on the K-^'"^*< ^^ ^^^ ^^
Y and Z's suits were guarded
with the exception of trump*i. A,
however, won, the j)l.iy bein^ as
follows I the underlined canl win-
nini; the trick, anil the card under
it l>ein^ letl next;:
' X
A Y
D
Z
1
A
A A 2
4 3
4 9
2
4 K A 7
4 4
4IO
3
A Q AS
4 Q
4 J
4
A
5 : 3
3 V
V 7
5
A 4 8 4
G 4
2 4
6
6 4
^ J
T 8
7
Q 4 . 5
A
3 4
8
2 ; : 9
K
4 4
9
4 : : lo
Q
5 4
lO
5 . H
o K) :
>
7 4
I I
9
12
A J -
I04
K :
13
^ K 4
J 4
9 4
T
w ■■
that
•
■ •
\ \ •■ ■- ■ •.' :* r!i. int»Tc*.t:ne ni
'.' \ ■ ■■:■:■ T ' l!ir «t.iTrnirtlt
he should make cxery Irick aj t^^^
had srrit tJkf humdi ^€on%i^lm in k/r^-
oppunitc ha ml* to iliacard iroa '■
other of the nuit^ which •€«» I- t
fectly Runrileii A tukr* out tkrrv *
in truropii. then leaila his m^.' 1
If nuwiievnnti plaver ducariSa tt
Bpnde or h iliamonii there i* oo •S:fl
•» he theri'hy uiigujird« the wksi
which he ili'<oinl« If ftrcimil piLcv
cariih a henrt at the fotxrih km
equaUy uriKuanls that aait. l«t K-m
the piioiiiun of Ihc other Iw •
would n'>t il'i f-*T A now to Scad a
lie rauM fir»t lead the ace of iip»Ae
a he.irt. divAriling queen of »p»iK«
oppi>rtuiiiiy. The re*! i* ub%«Ma. <
the fralurr» of thia double-^uiaav
{<» that it i% ra*y to 4U|ipo«roar h**
it when onr rrully h\% n<A -—tt. A i
\L.O\, '-//va- to iHay Wktst.
Visiting Team. ^Tbe chA!>
in a whist match. They nsv:
the challenKeti team upon t&
ter's y^rouml. The Utter i* a
^)ken of aat the home team.
Void.— IIa\'inK failed to n
any cards of a ccruxn wal a
deal, a player is said to be to
that suit. When he has pli^
th.1t were dealt to hxm. oe :
hausteii.
Wager-SmllH, Mrm. Disal
— .\ ^jraceful an<l versatile wt::
whi-^t su!)}ecl.s ichic-fly hL<or
au'l oHf of the IcA lera :c
woman's whi>t moTrmrni '.z i
«!ei)i!iia. Mrs. Wajfrr-Snsilh p^
wliKt .IS a i-!is!<!. and vas irj
by three rMer'\ mh'.«t-flA«e
worthy of their attention «.>
Thonii's Iie-«4r.t was* her |^rt»e
ciricli, and u* mell m^as »hc •^
in th .- i: in;e ih.it the was a!
chi»Mn .i-^ a t'jr^nrr Vy !ho«
kiuw her pl.t v. Th:« crc*
l.itrr i:i htT war«:h {^-^r hea-
I'.IinoiH, lU»sii«n. Can^ii. P'
an>l el«iewhcre. She ^r«s <5
American lea«U in Texai^ is
and joinrd a ladies' wh:<
there, making; the hicbnC ««
the !iea.%un. She was ihTra:
with Io« of ligbl in iS^i. aai
S^AITING GAMB
469 WAIXACB, MR& H. B.
all whist activity for a
/ager-Smith organized the
beelock Whist Club, of
3hia, and represented that
the first congress of the
I Whist League, in whose
ion she was also active,
te and published in the
>hia Inquirer, in October,
appeal to the whist-playing
>t the city to call an initiid
with the object of forming
She has given innumer-
:s to players, and written
terary side of whist and its
>r the Inquirer , Bulletin^
id Times, of Philadelphia.
so a regular contributor to
g 6am«. — One of the
ms of short-suit strategy,
f when the player hoTas
xength; the tenace game.
y speaking, a backward
e game of the weak hand;
ve game.
:c, Mrs. Henry Edward. —
:he many women who de-
ir talents to the advance-
f whist, Mrs. Wallace
tnown through her writ-
thc game as Mar^aretta
1 Wallace) occupies an
place. She is equally at
prose and verse, and is
and favorably known as a
chcr. She had played
r twenty years, when, in
began its scientific study.
:ing four or five lessons she
thoroughly mastered the
deas on the game that she
er "American Leads in
(see, "Rhyming Rules")
friend who had found dif-
1 learning the leads from
ks. The rhjrmes were
for private circulation
among friends, and sabseqnentlT
found their way into the press, and
were reprinted in mainr aties.
Possttsing the gift of versification
and a ready wit, Mrs. Wallace next
turned her attention to composing
satirical rhymes on the fads of the
day and the idiosyncrasies of mod-
em whist-players, always aiming
at principles, nowever, rather than
at individuals. Her hnmoroua
skits were published from time to
time in Whisi^ beginning wiUi
1894, and were largely copied in
other journals devoting space to
the game. She commenced her
prose writing on the game in 1894,
m a series of articles written for
the New York Stmday Herald^ and
in 1896 was asked to take Miss Ger*
trade B. Clapp's place as a con-
tributor to Vogue^ the Utter being
too busy with her whist teaching
to continue to furnish articles.
Mrs. Wallace began by a series of
very acceptable articles, containing
a course of instruction for begin*
ners. She wrote her first article on
whist for the New York Evening
Post in January, 1896, and was
special correspondent for that
journal at the sixth and seventh
annual congresses of the American
Whist League, and also at the first
congress of the Woman's Whist
League, in Philadelphia, in 1897.
She has written a regular weekly
column on whist for the Post ever
since the sixth congress, her whist
department being continued the
year round. In the summer of
1897 she wrote, by special rqeuest,
a series of articles, giving defensive
play, etc., against the short-snit
game. She was the first weman in
the United States who assumed the
responsibility of writing on the
technicalities of whist
Mrs. Wallace began teaching
whist, for love of the game, in
1894, her object being to develop
WALTON. JOHN M.
470
WALTON, JOHN M.
whist in Staten Island (her resi-
dence is at New Brighton). She be-
gan teach imr regularly in 1896, and
had thirty -fi\'c pupiK in 1897. In
Octril>er of that year she orxanized
the Kate Wheehxrk Whist Club, of
Statvn Island, of which she is presi-
dent. She has also l)een recently
made a niein1>er of the Woman's
Whist Club, of Brooklvu. She en-
tered the woman's pair champion-
ship contest at the Woman's Whist
League congress, in April, 1897,
playing for Staten Island, with Mrs.
Sidney F. Rawson for partner.
They (|ualified for the finals in that
event with the highest score of any
competing pair, tied viiih Boston
for first place, and lost the match
by one trick, taking second prize.
It wa^ the largest whist match on
record, there being 112 pairs en-
gaged.
Mrs. Wallace teaches, plays, and
believes in the strict lotig-suit game
and American leails. ( )n February
22, 1S97, she was elecleil an asso-
ciate memlxT of the American
Whist League.
Walton, John M. — Second presi-
dent of the .Vmencan Whist
I.e.ij^ue, was born in St roudsbu rg,
l\i.. June 2j, 1S42. He was edu-
r.iti.-'l iti the Mur.ivi.*n schoul at
I. in:/. Lancaster county. In 1S67
1:«' u.is ,i]»p'iinleil MTf»n«l lieutenant
I'flh- I'i'urtli rnited Sl.itei Cav-
alr> . .linl nlire*'. as first lieutenant
i:i I'^rS. ilie result of iljsabilities re-
i i.ivvl iti ai'iivc serviiM- 0:1 the fron-
l-»T. Me ^■.iliNi'ijiieiitly serve«l for
thirl? tM yi-.irs in ihe Couniion
C"'i*:i;l «'f riisia-K 'j-hi I. and. in
i"^*^. w.i- 171 »iU- Ci;\ Coiun»ller,
\v;ii :> j»'»siiii»:i he •vi-upies al the
pri «.• :i: urrir:g 1 Si7 .
v..i;Vii:i Wiltiii ti«ik a promi-
rerit J .irt in the j>rocvediiigs 1 if the
iir< mjigrrss iif tl'.e American
W!i:^t League, at Milwaukee, in
1 891, and contribated lJU]^Ttc
success of that now histonc |
ering. ** In the debate opoa
code," says M^Au/. '^he garr
closest attention, and was M
bring to the aid of the coagn
wide and varied experience, m
pudgnient that was remark
logical and correct." He «ai
of the delegates to the cobj
from the famous Hamilton C
of Philadelphia, the others b
K. Price Townsend {vrtm^
Eugene Lf. Ellison, and Willi«
KimbalL
So long as Eugene S. EXImCI
founder of the American V
League, could be prevailed cpo
accept he was annuallr n^lt
as the head of the organiBi
but in 1S94 he positx\'cIy rtfuc
allow his name to be pce>r
again, and the choice xmmcdu
anil unanimously fell npon Cap
Walton. As the chief escci
oflficer of the League he did a
to advance the cause of good «l
and the .sentiments and ad* m *
tained in his annual a^idr
to })e hopefi, will always be
liered ami heeded br A
whist-players.
Captain Walton has bees s«!
player for many vcarv He :
necame intere>te«l in the ci
alxiut the year 1S70. while sen
on the frontier. While the ds
of otTicial life tie hun dtivx 1
d.iily routine, and prrcln-l^ kx*;
ticipation in whi^t errnts s^
from home, be manai;rs pn
regularly to play his evenxs^ :
lH*r ic»r, perhaps mi>fe <*^
Fipeaking, game j at the II as:.^
Club, of which he is *>ne .^
founders ami vicr-pft^:drr^ U'
is his chief rrlaxatu^n :rt^
CMTvfi and laU>r« nf the (ia> ^
Hamilton Cluh House, by the «
is said to be the finest in thtt c-<
tr>' de^-oted entirely to whul I
AlSHINGTON TROPHY 471 " WESTMINSTER PAPERS »
d on Forty-first street, near
it and was built in 1889 from
8 drawn by one of its own
ers — William H. Kimball.
Captain Walton and his fel-
^mbers are always readj to
a cordial welcome to visiting
flayers, and here, too, some
most famous of whist-playera
rly congregate.
hington Trophy. ~A trophy
ted to the Woman's Whist
( at the first annual congress,
elphia, 1897, by the women
shmgton. The trophy is in
bape of a silver shield,
id with card emblems, bean-
enameled, and inscribed:
The Washington Trophy,
L.» Championship Won by
'* It is to be competed for
th annual congress of the
e, and must be won three
:n order to entitle the winners
manent possession. At the
ongress of the League, in
1897, it was won by the team
• from the Trist Whist Club,
ladelphia — M^. Frank Sam-
Irs. Rodman Twister, Mrs.
e L. Eyison, Ind Mrs. Harry
in.
k Move. — A misplay based
•rror of judgment, which gives
)posite side an advantage,
stance, it is a weak move to
nom ace and kinj^ with no
cards in suit. It is a weak
o force your partner, if you
ak in trumps.
rrtticKt gftmen, both at chetifl and
rise from a weak move of the ad-
— H'estminsUr f Capets [Z, f O.].
knc««.— The poor quality of
at whist whicn makes it in-
5le for the holder to plav an
iggressive game; lack of ni^h
ind trumps necessary to win.
Mathews, as early as 1804, Mdd:
" Conceal weakness aa far at po»-
siblc."
Weakness, as soon as learned br
the adversaries, must be taken aa-
vantage of in their play. The strat-
egy of weakness, therefore, is con-
cealment, as long as possible, from
the opposing plavexs, a reliance on
partner to take the initiative, and a
readiness to sacrifice the weak hand
in an endeavor to benefit him.
Lead to the weakneaa of your rlghi-
hand advcraary. We have acen falrtj
ffood whiat-playera, in great oumber, just
fall ahort 01 a atrong game by failing to
appreciate the tremenaous adVantagc of
thia tmth.^CAUfW M, Bntu [JL ^.],
tf^iii, Novembtr^ 1899,
Weak Suit.— A soil which la de-
void, or nearly so, of high cards,
and is very poorly suited for an
opening lead. A soit may be weak
in the number as well as the qoali*
ty of the cards held in it. On the
other hand, a long suit may be
much weaker than a shorter scut
containing high cards. Weak soits
are generally the most vulnerable
goints of attack. (See, "Short
uit")
There ia no informatioii at whiat more
naeful than that which telU where the
weak auita of the enemy lie.^^. A. Froc*
tar [JL a].
West.— The p1a3rer who is the
partner of east, at duplicate whist;
the fourth hand, or '^^ Z," on the
first round of a game.
•• Wcstftiliwter Papers." —A
monthly journal devoted to whIat,
as well as chess and other garnet,
which was owned and edited for
eleven years by Charles Moasop. It
was first started in the interest of
chess, but whist was made ita main
feature when Mr. Mossop was placed
in control, which was shortly alter ita
birth, the first number being israed
WHEELOCK, MISS KATE 47^ WHBELOCK, MISS KAT
in April, i86S. The contributore
were mainly from the Westminster
Chess Club, which had rounis in
the Caledonia Hotel, Adelphi Ter-
race, London, but in the course of
its brilliant career contributions,
we arc told, also came to it " from
India, Sil)eria, Jamaica, Pemam-
buco, witli a host of communica-
tions from the United States."
The journal was discontinued b^
Mr. Mossop, in 1S79, owin){ to his
entrance upon public oiTice, which
claimed all his time.
Wheelock, Miss Kate— The first
woman to teach whist profession-
ally in America; also, the leading
wliist-]}l:tyer as well as teacher
amoi]}{ in-r sex, ami a whist author
of noti*. She is a native of Green
Itiiy, Wis., but was a resident of
Milwaukee when, in the year 1886,
she lirsi ^aw evidence of her re-
markable aptitude fur teachiuf^.
In resiMinse to our re(]uest for an
accurate aivounl of her first ex{ie-
rientes, and her career as a leacher,
U]> to that time, she saiil, in 1S9.S:
"I be'i>nj;ed to a wJiisi circle
comj»»M-d of twelve ladies, which
met one aft erii< Kill ill eiirh week.
Tlirii- of tile members were con-
sidered j^cmmI j)l,iyers, invM-lf amonjj
tluMTl. .Ill 1 \M' v»-Mi found ourselves
ill tin- jiMsiiiDii i»f artifij; asiiislriiet-
'»rs fir I lie re*«t. The roy.d r'liid to
kMniiriL' jir'ivetl ])]eas;«nt, and it
was siii:.:'*.t--d thai we |»lare it UTxm
a fififV'-i'iiMl basJN. Il.ivsn^ n.ul
niiire t xj-t-rirnre iti lii:«^iii»-ss th.Ki
tlio *>llierf.. I ua*. <-!H>*j'n as iii-
^tr\iriiir. .\t tir-t I rrtuseil the
t'\h:. h\i\ i.itii .ii-e'i tr-l. nT:d «ai
f"::ii!j.i;«- ♦■;."'.:;: h to interest niv
|'".:;r. !^ A> lln-y 1t^.^;tTl in reali/r
111** in*'!iii ''5 I'l T'lrl «if i!:e >» im-.
\h* \ '-^'Mji (i;*M «pvi-;(-d it w.ih n«il
npT". 1;. .i!i i-'il'- I'lsiiTMf. but quite
ll;e (ifitr.irv. Siv eltsM-s tnui'.i-
I-l:- ■!, .1:11'. SOI in I h.id more than I
could teach. Mins Gardner.
Boston, began teaching the g
in the Hast at nearly the kame i
At that time the teaching of 1
was almost unheard of, asit hac
been taught for nearly a hua
and fifty yean, or since the tin
Hoyle. When it was re%i\Y
openefl up a new avenne oi «
peculiarly suited to women, to
at present there are many lam:
on of whi.<it.
•• M V personal experience
been delightful. After teackts
Milwaukee four yearv. I brga:
the fifth year, to devc»tr one dj
Uie week to Chicago, ami ait
few weeks disco%-ere«l that it v
l^e wise to prrmanently res
there. My teaching, Tioth ic
waukee and Chicago. «a» ■
very i|uietly, having fifur in ac
an({ teaching in the home a^
of my pupils. X taught br<h :
and women, having m<ire «v<
tluin men. Within the part r;
een months. I have i«ice tauy^
n.osi «if the principal ntir-» r
the Atlantic tn the I'Acihk, as 1
as in many of the <vntallrr (^r%
On January 19, 1^9%. Mii» U"
Unk wasmaiir an a«<M«:ia:e ors
of the American Wh *t Lrapai
bi^di tribute In ber ^k'.Il. a» ^br
the t'lrst woman «-i hi.K'-rril
the third tongre**. in Kl'l'.i.mpz.
iSg;;. she p!a\nl in »Tr *x
\ihi>t matches %iiih Wfll:rr
Itarne\ as {lartnrr. an*! ;r. :-f =
ci>:;Krtvs at I'hl'.udetp.^.u.
«i;ai!i jilayr<i. winnirg 9o'« r.-i :.
in a n: It' h with RuVn H Ufc
a*. |i.ir:ner.
Tl'.i- nr".! f»nr of her l4«r« an
the vnnrmrut ocrurrr^ rir'.'
i^^j. and in Sin rrar.".<*
pujiils «»i:tnuni*irTe«i ih ■-? r
Mn-l She rrUles an m." :■
which illu^trato hon her rrr .*a:
tis a teacher and plai-r? h-» t 7
ce<le«l her. Tired and iravr: wji
WHBELOCK, MISS KATE 473 WHBELOCK, MISS KkTB
reached Portland, Or^on. No
paration had been made for her
ling — and, as she expressed it:
did not know a soul in the
se; so you can imagine how I
when I found away off there a
t>, composed of sixty women,
ed the Kate Wheelock. It was
most touching compliment I
r had paid me." Manv other
tM have since been named in her
lor.
[tss Wheelock has taught in
ry State in the Union from the
untie to the Pacific, her pupils
abering over four thousand.
ex her first California tour was
«d, she first gave lessons in
oklyn, then in Philadelphia.
\ made a second trip to the
ific coast in 1895, traveling
n the extreme southern point,
Diego, to Portland. Or»;on.
ras upon the termination other
r in San Francisco at that time
t her pupils presented her with
ruby and diamond ring which
always wears, while her Oak«
1 scholars gave her a pin con-
ing of a four-leaved clover set
>ear]s and diamonds.
he title of **the whist queen,"
irhich she is popularly kuown,
conferred on her by "Caven-
1," with whom she played in
ton, during his first American
r, in 1893. The great esteem in
ch she is held by the members
lie American Whist League, in
Me interests she has been an
lest and indefatigable worker,
appear from the following in-
iut. At the fifth congress of the
gne, at Minneapolis, in 1895,
President Eugene S. Elliott
I: "I was told, just before ris-
, that the * daughter of the
fie/ Miss Kate Wheelock, de-
me to speak, which reminds
that the * daughter of the
igiie' is about leaving us for
Europe, where she will meet our
honorary members, ' Cavendiafa,'
Pole, and Drayson, and I move yoo
that, bv her lumds, we aend the t^
grets of this congress that they aie
unable to be present, together with
assurances or our esteem and sin-
cere reeard. ' ' This was loudly ap-
S lauded and unanimously adopted,
[iss Wheelock delivered the greets
ing in due time, and that she also
made a moat pleasing impression
in England ia snown by the follow-
ing extract from a letter of regret
at his inability to come over and
attend the next congresa of the
League, aent by General A. W.
Drayson: **It would really be
worth a trip to America to see Mia
Kate Wheelock, whom I had the
honor of meeting here, and whoee
intellectual intenaty was deUglit-
ful."
Besides the American Whiat
League, the Pacific Coast Whiat
Association and the New England
Whist Association have also elected
Miss Wheelock an associate mem-
ber. She ia an honorary member
of a laige number of whist dnbe
throughout the country.
In the line of whiat anthorahlp
she made her first be^nning with e
small whist catechism, entitled.
'* The Fundamental Principles ana
Rules of Modem American Whist
Explained and Compiled by a Mil-
waukee Lady." It was published
anonymously, in 18^, by the pee-
senger department of the Chicago,
Milwaukee, and St Pan! Railroad.
and ran throiu;h three editions of
many thousanoa of copies in the ag-
gregate. Her next efibrt was *'WhCt
Rules," published in 1896, in which
her ideas were set forth in m man-
ner that largely reflected her
method of teaching, baaed on tha
long-suit game, with American laada
anoother modem conventkms. The
idea was to atqiply a book of la*
WHEEU)CK, MISS KATE 474 WHBELOCK. MISS KATI
stnictions especially adapted to the
wants of women whist-play ers, and
it met with ^reat favor, so that a
new and partially revised edition
was published in the fall of 1H97.
The question, How does Miss
Wheclock teach whist ? is one that
is of interest to every lover of whist.
In addition to her pupils, other
teachers are fre<}uent1y nnion^ her
listeners, and are always freely wel-
comed by her. She believes in
niakin); knowled)^ accessible to
all, and alwa^'s has a word of en-
couragement for those who try to
learn, and properly fit themselves
for the instruction of others. In
order that an authentic and perma-
nent record of her mcthofl of teach-
inyr niif(ht 1»e made, we recently
aske<l Miss Wheelock to ^ve us
her own description, which she did,
as follows:
** At present ( 1S98) I teach four,
six, and eight pupils at a time, and,
upon rare occasions, twelve and
sixteen. My metho<l of instructing
thcin varies arconling li> their ad-
vanrenu-nt. If iK-ginncrs, I first
teach thcni when the trump and
phiin suits arc 1«1 I he sjinie; then
the nilfs for the five high cards,
and f«»unh-best card lca<l. Afler
dealing rtTtaiii hands, thry are re-
quired lo iiml the suit and card to
load. I alwavs give the reason for
tht- riik*. AftiT a time the four at
tablf l»i"gin j»layi!ig n hand, apply-
ing ilu- ruh's thoy know; and
tlu-n M-rntid and thinl-hand jilays.
and rules for returning j>ariner's
su::. ete.. :ire started. As my
fM!fi:'s .i.lvnnce I give them during
til'- les^^ 11. lie*.idi-> the hinds they
deal. .1 lew l:.i!i«ls selected f<ir the
pi:r]ii-L- t,\ illustrating some ]M>int
in jilav wl'.irh they have recently
iM-eii ta'i'^'ht. .IS Well as to l>egin
their iMifreiue drawing.
" \Vi!li tho>e who are more than
moder.ite players I can discuss the
innovstions of the d«T, not igi
ing the fact that froin then m
good will come; bat mj advio
not to try them until 'the ^
players, and those in eotlnff
nave proven which are trick-v
ners. One of the best selc«
hands I have is taken from ' VI
With and Without PercefHioa.'
* B. W. D.' and ' Cavendish.' 1
hand number one, with two va
tions.*'
We Kive the plav of the h
herewith in one table, withoat
extended comments which msi
found in the book. Miss Whcdi
employs the methfxl of the bo
which is to expose Y's hand ft
and then show the play, tnck
trick, i%ith explanations and
weighing of prubabilities^ pre i
con, as to the cards in the ei
hand.H. The hand as played ia
entirety, the first time, tiam% I
tricks may he lost ihrongh waai
perception, without any riiiicaka
bad play. The three of dahi
turned by Z:
I .
K
A
k
H
1
QO
2
♦ Q
3
6
6
7
8
9
10
I I
12
13
4 7
2 •
100
7 «
C 2
C 4
3 0
7 9
KO
4 4
4 G
Q#
»IO
A •
4- •
9 •
4 J
4 2
4 K
K 4
7 0
4
4
J O V
B 0
5
V O
C 7
^ Q
2 0
C 3
^ J
IC
score : A-B, t; T-£. ».
BBLOCE, MISS KATB 475 WHSBLOCK, MISS KATB
I* placed the band ftirly
id dtawn ccKain inference*
>j, but he baa failed in the
whist strategy of putting
Dimation together with ia-
ice, and loses two where he
o win the odd trick, aa will
when the hand is pla}«d
icrceptioD. bennniDg with
a triclc, where B leads:
*
Y
B
z
lO?,
<? B
70
80
J 0
*IO
20
OO
7 •
At
30
« J
*e
*B
♦ 0
4 *
JO*
80
e*
A«.
J •
e
p_Q
(?3
(38
it
(J 7
>y_K
4>
VO
O A
<310
Kcond variation, agilncom-
g with trick five, is a* fol-
leading, as before:
A
•
« &
8*
IO»
J *
80
00
<y 8
0 K
010
7 • A •
♦ 1 TT
3 Ol S •
OO O 6
J 0 * J
9 CQ
*o;o7
5 0 c e
3 *
6*
*_§.
7 0
20
0 3
0 J
2^
ceived the idea of departing from
the present method of teaching
whiat for beginners. Instead of
dealing bands for tliem to play at
a table, 1 proposed suhsUtuting
stercopticon pictures, which sboula
illusltale my lecturel, I (eel sure I
can instruct more beginiiera within
B ^i-en time, bv means of lectures
iltiislrated witb lac-simile whist-
band* thrown upon a screen, than
in any other way. When 1 wss in
Portland. Ore., in April, 1S95, Uiis
Annie Blanche Shelby urged me
to give the lectntes in the club-
room offered me by the men. At
first it dill not seem possible for
me to malcethe lectures interesting
without the pictures, but I con-
sented totry. and gavethree. They
were Bucce^ul, and convinced m*
that the line t waa working on ia a
goo<l one. I repeated with kucccm
the same lectures in Seattle. Waali-
ioKton. But it was not until the
spring of 1896 that t had good re-
sults in the way of pictured. Beinj;
new to the photographers, the prog-
ress nmde was necessarily slow. At
one of the homes in Morristown, N.
J., in 1S96, I gave the fint UJ k with
the pictures, and was pleased to di»-
cover tlijit, with the colored fae-
Bimilcs of the cards thrown upod
the screen for t)ie pupils lo look
at, I could get much Wtler nnswen
to mr questions than at the tiible.
" At rrovidence, in March, 18971
1 gave the 6rsl public lecture tin-
der the auspices of the Athletic
Club, and the following April gave
a lecture in Brooklyn, alvidinK tb«
proceeds with a charity which the
patronesses of tlie lecture were in-
terested in. While tlic pictun*
and lectures were Kucertaful, it will
be neHrly another vear ImIotc 1 c«a
get my plan in full workinyorder,
just as I wish it. I have tl re^dy
for beginners, and use It In mv
class work, but I want It for ad-
VKBSLOCK, HISS EATB 476
vauced plnyenmsncll. I want one
hand espiHKil, nnd citcli cstd
played on the Bcrmi, th« trick to
disappeai and anotbcr to be abutcd,
as in regular pUy. With the little
time I have at ui}^ diitpoaal. it la
batd to tall whcD it will he com-
pleted."
The idea is a most irigenloua,
origiual, and iiaportaot oiie. It
pramises so mudi for the better in*
BtrucUun of wbist pupila that wc
sincerely hope Miss Wlieelock will
not fail to ptisli it lu completion.
In these days of ktnetoacopcii, bio-
graphs, and Vfirioiis otberkinda of
moving pictures, it certainly seemii
feasible to throw tile carAn of a
hand upon a screen, in thdr iiatu-
nl colors and in tlieir proper order
of play. The whistogiapb (if we
may be permitted so to nnnie it} la
the invenlion of Miss Whcelock,
and must be perfected for the glory
and advancement of the gnmc.
We had the pleasure of iu^tcctin^
her preiieut mode of throwing the
hancU upon the screen, during her
fait term of instruction in HbtlB-
dclphia. In November. 1697. and
while the idea is as yet only car-
lied out on a limited scale for bo-
ginners. it is extremely attractive,
commands attention at once, Bod
impresses upon the beholder in the
■IrongesI manner the cant*, situa-
tions, anil plays referred to in her
lecture. It marks a distinct nd-
<rance in the art of teadiiog whlst
U)« Whmln'k'i ni«itK>d of tMClilns U
heroirn, Iht wh!u •(■« Iricha UUiil al
Ulna Wbttlock hudncc earnnl* »»fr
wide Rpnuilbn. • • • ttbc luu tumrd
anHo,'<—
finrn/ (*-
"DauKhtei of t
wbiM-plajrer b ii»qiiiM»Uii
blinerc>iiB|>UaitBI ci~ *~ '
btr Kt Itiaa lu (ell •<
pigyi |<ul ai
Ri to loll.
MapKalUrulmt fccMpaMMil
eilge, uldcd to arhai i-^ogr' ^
(pcaklac nl btt. cans "In
'■--■■ Hnetiar»af
'beloved us woaaa.
rnUr i»di»r l> ■■*
Manila hlch In IlM aMaoa nT MKk a
■I wtilMM-'OmidtA-TrM.aiJl
•an, and vlioUMBetiraaukl«*»
ner. Uhaa Vlttttlotk dalulW taf
\in Dol la pfUvlBB, bitf la l« "
AfaTJ'fM MVM»df MWlM
»-.</»/, ^aa«»7 •■rfya.fr, ttlT.
"Wbltli •ltd
name given U one id the
(nnn* of wUit. The "aoaM
conaijrteii of ttic ke of ItiaiH,
inck of club*, and tbe »ct
deuce of the tnimp cutL |
■■What, Htuotyof/'J
WhM.— A gunc of tssnb sT
llsti ori^ mdually grol^wl I
NViinI <mer kmucs wtaiA >
ceed«d each otbcr nndrr ihr ■
of triuntph, tmnp, rsff ssd 1
onra. whnk ami nnbbes^ M
and, finally, wbiat. MtM ~
ariea corrrctlj aortal wHh
■' WocraoOer that —^'-
Ccnlurr Diedonarr ">d aaHri
aulborttit* imj tbte ic as cnw
canaar the Riime wta b«M
rallM) whiak, in allaatM a
rsiiiil anlOB or ■nKcpiqc if
catil* from Uk table aa we d
ware won. Tbia Mfiali|| aa
diction can aaailj be baiMM
if we be«r In mtBd Um tnM
ufthr Kane and tb« bet UMa
whlM was aa yrt oaljr wWa^ k<
mrfowbteUy gbyed wafcl>»^
WHIST
477
WHIST
sterous action which char-
1 the latter. But in its
/elopment, when whisk be-
list, and was lifted from its
;urrounding8, it no longer
vhisk, but whist, and was
l^er played as whisk, but
In other words, the new
^quired a new name, and
name hit upon, by design
ent, was the best that coiud
have been selected. It
hat henceforth silence and
tention were necessary for
:r play. And this is more
er true to-day, when whist
>y some to be not only an
a fine art, as well as a sci-
See, also, ** Whist, Hbtory
funts of the Game, — For
efit of the novice we may
At whist is played with a
c of fifty-two cards, by four
two of them as partners
:he other two, also partners.
;hip is detemiined by agree-
cutting. If by agreement,
'crs, one on each side, cut
; if by cutting, the two who
lowest cards become part-
i the first deal belongs to
er who cut the lowest card,
cks, of different color or
are generally used in deal-
by each pair of partners.
?es time, one pack being
while the other is being
\t the clubs the use of two
an invariable rule,
the pack is shuffled, the
tn the right of the dealer
id the dealer, beginning
2 player on his left, deals
i at a time to each player
>ack is exhausted, the last
ng turned up on the table
ight hand, where it must
until it is his turn to play
first trick. This cara is
as the trump card, and the
rait to which it bdonn is the
tmmp suit; the other tnree raits
are known as plain suits.
The thirteen cards belonging to
each player are known as his hand,
and tne term is also applied to the
player himself; as, " secondhand,*'
"third hand," "fourth hand."
The eldest hand, or player on the
left of the dealer, l>^^s the play
by placing one of his cards, face
upward, upon the table. The three
other players each plajr a card to it
in rotation, commencing with the
second hand, or player to the left
of the leader, the dealer being the
last to play. Bach is obliged to
follow rait—thst is, play the snit
which was led, if he can — the fidl-
ure to do so being known as a re-
voke, and involving a penalty. Ji
a player is unable to follow suit he
is at liberty toplay any other card
he pleases. The highest card of
the suit led, or the highest trump
played, takes the trick. The trict
IS gathered by the partner of the
winner; the four cards are made
into a packet, and placed, fiure
downward, at his left hand, on the
table. The tricks are laid one upon
another, but a little overlapping, so
that they may be easily counted.
The winner of the first trick be-
comes the leader, and the routine
is continued until all the cards are
played.
Inasmuch as the pack consists of
fi fly-two cards, and four cards con-
stitute a trick, there are thirteen
tricks in all. A game, in America,
consists of seven points, and each
trick above six counts a point upon
the score, the score being the record
of the number of points thus made.
The nearest approach to an equal
division is six points to one side
and seven to the other. In such
case the latter are said to score the
odd trick. If the tricks are lets
evenly divided the winnen toon
WHIST
478
WHIST
two, three, or more points, as the
case may 1)e. In the rare event of
either party winning all thirteen
tricks they score seven by tricks,
and their performance in such Ciise
is known as a shini. Sometimes
players prefer to play a certain
nunil>er of hands durin;; au even-
in^;, or sittin>^, and to keep a reconl
of all the tricks won and lost by
each side, the side liavin>(the hij^h-
est score winning. Where more
than one table is en);nge<l in such
contest, as in a club in which ladies
and jieiillemen meet scK'ially and
play. j>rizes are frecjueiilly awanled
to the couple makin}; the best
score.
In J)! ay. the ace is the highest
canl: the king, queen, jack, and
ten being also high cards; the
nine to iwo inclusive are Ifiwcanls,
The ace. king, queen, and jack of
trumps are called honors, but have
no s]x-cial value as such in the
American game. ( I'or information
coni-erning laws, pen allies, etc.,
see. •• Laws of \Vhi-t."i
After Uie hainK li ivr been ilealt,
arranji- i\\v car«K in erii-li suit, ac-
cnrrli'-LT *•» tb«'ir vtlue fr-.»:n lowest
tn liiL^lu-:. fi>r convenience, a::d in
nrilrr l-i avoitl i::>taki's. Then
Ci»:i::l V'»'.:r c irds an 1 ^i-e that you
liavf til'- t"i:ll '.iiiTTibfr \n\\ ari* enli-
tli-«'. li'. I'r.ntioi wi'.i t::.i'.lL* vnu
Id .ittt-rnl I'l thi'-- I'.lTie det liis with
irr.iili li -s"' l'«««^ «i!" tirie tli.n i*. f»r(M-
si"::«-.l !.v a p! jvrr wIm lii-iils liis
r ir !•» aVi ::!'.\».-tl \i]\ .1:; I I-* ci«ir.i!iu-
,1'.'. \ t ::::'• i!ir J:,' thrni i»vi-r t^i see
'/':-• /.'•;/, or / V : V « ■'/' / Vr* /
//.•';./■ Viii .lie iiiiw j-ri j> iTiil to
!■ t I ■■: t-i lliv l«» a Ir »■! 1:: ill- by
s« ■::;?■ «':ii- r'.sf. Til** ••]ii-ni;iv.' leail
i-> f-i-t-i". I'.'.y inij iirlar.t. as it imu-
\'v^ i'ltoriiMiiiin tn ] irimr. and
' K'.^i ]\- <ii-!riT:iinrs tli'ib irai'ler of
t '■■.■■ ■_• ■.::•.■■. V. h.-!!irr bi»]i! or cautious,
« :i :*.■ I". 'J •■.- li". ii'ii.-ive.
Your dnU or original, leftl %baa
as a rule, be made from your kx
est or stroneest suit. Pole, "O
endish,*' anci other advocatei of 1
]on}(-suit f^ame, particularly fri
the lonj^t suit, and never It
from a suit of leas than four on
if they can poasibly help it. f
exceptional cases, what are kaon
as forced leads are proridetl. Tbi
are made from short suits — l
suits containing three canis
less. Some players make frrqoi
use of leads fruni short snxis, a
are known as bbort-suiUra. T
beginner will do well first to masi
the long -suit game, which b t
fundamental meth«Mi of play:
whist. (See, also, "Long -St
Game,'* "Short-Suit Game.' m
*' Strengthening Canls^" 1
In a general way, we mar ft
the following acK-ice: Your &\
or original, lead should be fn
vour strongest suit. ShouUl vi
have si.r or tnore intimpi in a n
lead them first of all. Your oe
choice wouM lie to Icjd froa: _t
trumps, unless they arc 1- •«.'»;
you have no goo<i car«U xn r-i
other suits. The next lie*: >i
woultl l>e from four immf:. pr
viiling you hive at lea*'. :-ao r 1
suits contjirumr bigli car^K I: tr
have n<inc of the .i*>»ivc c -rs* -s
tions leail from vii«r ^»-«/ f .j:« ■
of five eanN or more. N\< hj*-.:
such, the next most dr*:ra*:c *i
wnuM lie from rour /nttnr , ^^^
tliTee card^ m rich t'f \.-: jlk:
?u;!«.. e-jHXia'ily if \riur truirr* *•
hivih «»Mt;s. Viiur next '^••t ctr^
is !m Itail your hrs* /i»ar-»^rj ;»:
If lh»- four cird* .ine h»w onr» hs
yi'U have no slrrngth in tn:"sp
leail ffiini your Vt/ ^^rrr^^^rj »
in priJerence.
If >our be«t suii was opmc^! ^
your right hand a<Ucrsar%. V-^i
you had a chance to lead ::. jea
from vour next best suiL
WHIST
479
WHIST
er lead a singleton as an ori^-
;ad from plain suits until
ave ad\'anced far enough in
me to be able to set all rules
n exceptional or critical situ-
In trumps, it is sometimes
ered permissible to lead a
on if the rest of the hand
ns very high cards in all plain
pening your long suit, as the
and or original leader, you
lead your cards, first and
round, in a manner that will
^ positive information to your
r concerning your hand, in
that he may shape his play
ingly. You can do this by
of what are known as the
ids iq. t'. ), or the American
q. v.). The latter are very
ively used in this country,
ir means vou accurateh'-tell
artner the number and char-
•f the cards in your best suit.
is a partnership game, and
St l)e played bv utilizing the
resof tx)th haiKls, each player
Bj not onlv the thirteen cards
own hand, but, as far as pos-
the twenty-six cards em-
in the partnership. The one
as the stronger hand takes
tiative, and the other assists
1 he can.
ing led from your best suit
mtinue to do so unless it
\)C found disiistrous; as, for
re, if an adversary is out of
it and ready to trump it. or
r is weak and right-hand ad-
; stronger than you. In
)ning the suit you can lead
:>ur trumps to prevent adver-
Dm trumping in; or lead from
ext iHfst suit; or return your
r's suit if he has led; or lead
opened by your left-hand op-
L, if right-hand opponent ap
weak in it; or, it weak in
i, as a last resort, lead a sin-
gleton or the remaining card of a
suit which has been around bat
once.
In returning partner's lead, play
the master card at once, if you nold
it; otherwise, indicate your own
best suit by leading from it before
returning his lead, unless you have
but one card of bis suit left, and
wish to trump it. With an original
suit of three or less, you return
partner your best, and with four or
more you return your lowest. Re-
turn his trump-lead, or lead trumps
in response to his signal, at the very
first opportunity. (See, " Tmmp
Signal.")
llay of Second //and.^Second
hand low is a ^neral rule which it
is well for beginners to follow, but
there are important exceptions to
it. Among these are the following:
If you hold the master card, take
the trick. If you hold a sequence
of high cards, put the lowest of the
sequence on a high card led. Coyer
an honor led with the ace, if you
hold it. If you hold king, queen,
or jack, and one small card only,
cover an original lead of a nine
or higher card; otherwise, play low.
In case a low card is led, play a high
card if you hold an original com-
bination from which a high-card
lead is proper; otherwise, play low.
The foregoing exceptions apply
equally to plain suits and trumps,
except that in trumps a more back-
ward game is played, as trumps
win on their merits at any time.
If strong enough in trumps to
lead them, were you in a position
to do so, it is generally right to sig-
nal to partner.
If you are strong in trumps, re-
frain from trumping a doubtful
trick, second band, which will be
understood by partner as a sig^nsl
to lead them; but if you have but
few trumps, use them freely in
trumping plain suits. With great
WHIST
480
WHIST
trump streny^tli (holding six or
more), triiiup in aii«l then lead
truiiipA.
I^iav of Third //ttfu/.—ThM
hand liigii is a j^ofMl general rule to
follow. Oil p:irtxier's lead of a low
card from a strong; suit, \oii play
your highest card tor the lowest of
a sequence of hijrh cards). There
are exceptions, however, and
anion}^ these are the followinj;:
With ace, queen, jack, and low,
you finesse with the jack; and with
ace, queen, and low, vou finesse
with the nnecn. You do this hop-
in>( that the next hij^dier cards arc
on yuur rij^ht, and that if you win
the trick you can lea<l your liijjhest
and pro!).il)ly ••lake a tj.iin thereby.
On parltier's K'iid of a hi>»h card
vou i^eiu-rally play low, except tliat
if you holii the ace anil he leails the
ten, you cover with the ace. If the
second h.iud plays over partner's
lead you, of course, try to p'ay
hii^her.
In ireneral you must strive to win
the trick, if not already secured l»y
f»arl!u-r'< leal. *)ui t ike it as che.ip-
y as ]»'W<,ilili'. Also retncnitwr to
;:et ri'l of yci'ir hiijh can Is in your
jiartrur's s:r.t. as soon a^ ]»'»w'ile,
in itr'l'-r th.it vuu niav tmI Muck it
for }:*ni. Si'»». " rnMo«kin:^'." I
It is Will fi ri! lin a snia'.l card in
p«rt!i'r'"« -•'■■".■^' *«'.iit, si> as to he
a'<lv 'ii '.• I- 1 r ••" liiiTj .is a card of re-
enirv. ".li"'.:!'! he Tu-i-d it in order ti>
ri'v:uM the !■■..!.
c ):; •!■-■ sii'. iv ! r-'un 1 of a suit it
i- ■.;■■"• :.iV ■. > r'rr to j-! ly the win-
:i'. •• J ( t: 1 : '■ J". '.«» fi';- -««•.•
/' ■: ' .'. ■ l\ ur:h //j*:{.- The
f ■ ;:::: \' -.• - li ■. •.\iih iVw exi ip-
f '• -. :■'.■ : '.:■ rn wMi tin- trirk. if
...:■.•■-• i.:::i. ;•: '. -Ik.i'.M wiji jt us
* .1 ■.;■•. .1^ ;■• -'.Mr; if i:iia*Me to
t .-."^e l!i- •::. '•;. iil.iv .1 '.n-.v Cipl. un-
1- •'S c i'::!v: :"r tri:nipH. H.ivin;j
:••':•• ■■}' •■:»■ ^iiit led. trump tlie
triciw, i: .i^.i::i>t you; ulherwise, dis-
card. The exceptions to the
eral play for the fourth hand c
in advtinccti stratt->;y, when,
ing the prtixnrss of the icame.
position of the canU cal'.k for 1
sixrcial play; n«, refu!fin|( to
the trick in onler to pUcc the
with your opponents, to yoa
partner's advaiitaKtr; or. pfirii
IiiKli card on a higher Ic*! to a
takinj^ a subsc-quent tnck for
same rea.son, or ao aa not to V
partner's suit. At tiini.-«. ho«^
it may tie policy for yuu to KAk:
trick already ]»artncr'», so as tc
high cards out of hU way. or 1
to give you the lead when it ii
p<}rtant fur you to have it.
Concern inj^ the Pi st-a rJ. — U
you cannot follow suit, and do
wish to trump, or cannot trs
you must di'^^ard f ram 9t>me f
suit other than the one led.
general rule is to discard &r< I
your weakest suit, unlcsa the
ponents have shown supcriont
trumps liy ka<!ing or callis^
them, when your t:r«« •:»
should Ikt from your liest-pr<^
suit. K^-Meraily your «4r^nirttC.
can Is after the first nr^jaire •
and jud;;ment, and *ho.t:*-i be
the i»:!r]vt<.e i»f pr..-! cct:::^
St ren Lithe ni:*.;^ the hand as is:x~J
pi)ssih!e.
When you .ire oh'ijjed to iiK
from a suit of which >in: hair
tire coiiiiiiiifitl. vou infirm z*:*
of the tact bv •fi*4'an4:r:< ^• ■-:
canl. The d:M.Mrd of the ^^-^
he>l c.'inl of .1 «iuit ir-iKilM :
y«iu li.ive !:•• niM-r of ih-i: *ut
III il;^- ir \:r.^ d-i n-«t urc=A-"^
ho:s'»r. a-, it ni:v:!.: ^f Sia ir v :
a Irii k. !>»» !■.••: !c-;ivr as term-
or hire, as Sv v» -J":::^ « « :
l)liK-k pirtner\ -uitor r.?:.* t-^c-
<iblii;rd It J take a tru'k w'rr?
wou!d l>e lietter f^r Jv■rtx^rr t.» :■
ami get the leai!. floss^^ .hicK
singleton early id the
WHIST
481
wmsT
may need it to play to partner and
give him the lead.
Management of Trumps, — The
q>ecial uses of trumps are: (i) To
exhaust and disarm your opponents,
mod prevent them from trumping
Toar winning cards. (2) To trump
m and take the trick from the ad-
veraahes. (3) To obtain the lead.
(4) To stop a cross-rufil (5) To
l^y the same as plain suits for the
purpose of making tricks.
when you are strong in trumps,
bat do not have a chance to lead,
give the trump signal, or call, to
partner by playing an unnecessa-
rily high card followed by a lower
one. (See, *• Trump Signal.*')
When partner signals for trumps,
lead them at the first opportunity;
and if you hold fonr or more, in-
I him by means of the echo.
, ••Echo,")
Here are some trump maxims
which should always be borne in
mind:
Force your partner, if yon are
alroDg in trumps, or he is weak, the
idea being to enable him to take
witli his trumps, which oth-
would be lost when trumps
led.
Do not trump a doubtful trick, if
aCrong in trumps; use them to ex-
hanst opponents' trumps.
Force a strong trump hand of the
adversary.
Stop leading trumps when an ad-
Tersary has renounced, and then
endeavor to make your own and
partner's trumps separately.
Lead from three trumps or leas
to stop a cross-ruff.
Finesse deeply in trumps.
With three trumps or less, trump
fieely.
Do not forget to retnm partner's
tmmp-lead as soon as possible.
Tb^reisan much art in whist ma in di-
plomacy.—/Vtnr/ MttUmtch,
31
Whist is a lannage, and every card
plajred an intelligent aeateacc.— /smmi
Wbiat is a game of calculaUonjObaer-
▼ation, and poaition or tenaoe.— 7%oiimi
Mathews {L, O.J.
Whist, sir, is wide as the world; *ti8 aa
accomplishment like breathing.— iPoAfrl
L9UU SUvenaon,
The greatest pleasure in life is winning
at whist; the next greatest pleasure,
losing.-'Jifa/br Aubrey.
Whist is the gentleman's game, the
scholar's recreation, the thooghtfal man's
amnsement.—C^. CoJJim [L. A.\.
Whist is the best game of mingled skill
and chance ever deriscd. All others, by
comparison, are within narrow bounds.
— £?. IV. Ftties [L. A. P.].
Whift, properly played, is the 8nett of
all card nmes; perhapa--not c^en ex-
cepting cness— the finest of atlscdcntaiy
games.— ^. A. Pir^ctor \L. 0.\.
Whist, as now practiced, after nearly
three centuries of elaboration, stands ua-
rivaled at the head of all indoor rccrt-
•X\oJaM.—WiUiam PbU [L. A-^],
Whist is assuming the poaitloa of a
great social element which Mr. Uerbeit
8pencer will soon have to reckon with la
hu principles of sociology. — tViliiam Alf
[L. yl +], n^htst, February, tigS.
Whist, when scientifically played, is
essentially a game of inferences, rapidly
drawn, from adherence to recM^lsed
leads or enforced deviations. — fivederic
H. Lews [L. a). The Fields Feb. is, 1S79.
Whist, for the msjority o( players (th<
who neither live to play whiM nor play
whist to live), must ever be not so muca
a Greco-Romsn struggle of intellects as a
pleasant recreation and amusement.—
£mery Boardmtan {L-\rA.\.
A man may play whist for several
weeks. He will then find it necessary for
him to apply his knowledge for three or
fonr years before he discovers how diA-
cult a game it \a.—Deschabelks [0.1 •
"Tyaiti du lUkisU'* {.fragmunt ef chapter
xv.).
Whist excludes all thoughts of every-
thing except itself, banishes for the time
all the cares, perplexities, and anxieties
of daily life, and hence becomes for the
professional msn, the business man, the
mechanic, or the laborer, in a degree
known to no other amusement, rea<^
vating, refreshing, restful.— CbJl W. S,
Furay, IVhist, March, 1893.
Whist certainly cannot boast the liae*
age of chess. But among civilised beings
it is admitted that the simple accident of
birth should be no bar to social distiae-
tion. • • • ItisthegtoryofwhisttlMl
"WHIST"
483
" wmsT ••
it hail broken throui^h the ties of carte,
and that it owcn itH present position, aa
the kinjc of card Kamrs, entirely to its
intrinsic raerits.— " C'avendnh" \L. A.],
*Tkelirhtst Tabu,"
The Kimplrstt aims [of whist] are: ( i) To
brinfc in either your own or your part-
ner's powerful niiit. (a) To tnimp with
one hRU'l nnd make with the other, alter-
nately, fu To estalili.sh n sustained
cross-ruflT. " (4) M«-rely to win the odd
trick in any wav. in a closr contest. (5)
To make the /•.!»/» <Mid trick with the
len««t ri<k. ^(^) To ilrfeat your opponents'
attempts tn carry Dttt any of the alKive
fix-e aims fur i\\rm^r\\v*i.—'"AquafiMS'*
[A. O.]. •' The HiiHtis at H'Mtil." iS^^.
The fi>lIiiwinK ainuxint; (•x^)l.inaliiin of
the origin of thf woril whi>«l i-* translated
from a I'uMU'h wmk mi Ihr r line: "At a
time w)uMi Frt-ijch ws* the current lan-
f^unf;*' in KiiL:I:iri<l, t!f i>cnpl*' hail beccnie
so iiif.iln tt' >1 with n•^*• at ih^-ir i^ames at
canN Hill i! w.is pr>iV.iliiif1 a*lrr a cer-
tain hitiir. lint ]i.«riH'MMrt 1 liinilentinely
to pr.i'-tii*r |[, iii'il whi'M the question,
' Vouli"! von* j'i'.ifr *' was answrred by
'Oui!" llir nia-^lrr of the p»iim added the
interjccti.i-i. ' SI " t-) iiii|>'i'«f •■ilrnce This
occurrc'l -n ofirn th;it ' < )ui-si ' became at
len&rth the current api>ellation of the
game!"— .^«o»l.
"Whl«l."— A monthly journal
devottMl to the jr.inn*. startcfl in
June. i**gi, at Slil'A:\!ikfc, Wis.,
where it is re^ul.ir'.y issueil. Its
pr«)jiM'i")rs :i!iil ]mi!i!:-«^ht«« were Ku-
^'e!T* S. }!lli')tt, Ca-^i'.i'« M. P.iinc,
am! < ii'irii^i' \V. M.i'.l. \vlu»a»=5. n'iated
thftn-r'vrs iiiiiliT the iiatnc <»f the
Whi-^t I*iMi>Mi'i:: Co-iip.mv. Mr.
H:i;! ilif '. ..II Oilo^er 2. i^«n. ar.il
the i-rr.iT! :!•»■• u is ef>ntiniU"l hy
Messrs. I; liott ati'l r.iine until
isyi. wh'Mi Mr. r.ii:ie lu-eanie sf»1e
j.r "!>•!•■•. >r.
li'f'::\.* w K the o:i!j^ro\v?h of the
firs* »'ir:-.::«--s nf ♦In* .\:!irnean
Whi-' !.'ii;;ie, w'li.-h wts I'.rM at
Miiw ■.•jk"f ::i A^ir:'., i^vii. atiil w.nfi
!ri :•]•: \:\" t^'.V. i il ctl,' I'l of the
L'- «'.::■• It h «•» T"r'»i!i !!:e l-*i:inpiTTg
j-r-i-j-Ti- 1 n*;l'-r the txeelleiU i-«ii-
t'TJ il Til iTr!L^t'i'*:Tt of Mr. Taine,
wjj'i is .1 finn ailherent of the
" C.iviii lish" sth'"»l of whist, in-
cluili-:^ the lor j; suit game and
American leads. This has not p
vented him from ^ving a full 1
courteous hearins in his joonial
those who uphold other thcor
His position is tersely stated as I
lows, in lyhisi of April, 1897-
" Because we have not railed
the short-suit system of pLiy;
whist, some of our readers m«
think that we hare given • ti
approval to that style of K^mc.
is scarcely necessary to pt*:at <
the fallacy of such an infcsra
We have Init to refer to our acffw
to questions of plav nn<:rf <
heading of * Whist Catechi*>in/
show our position; and rrscm
thereto cannot fail to convmcc !
observer that we mlhere ic geac
to the coiisen-ative pnnnfWcs
the frame.
" But notwithstanding that
approve of ami are firmly attack
to the lon^-suit game, we hjve i
it our duty to Iw fair to the she
suit M:h(>ol, and so have gives
votaries efjual oppnrtnnitv 10 r
sent their ar^nunts an«i »\tc\i
their faith. Iiecauiw wr wac: <
readers ti» ^aina full nn !er<ici;
of lioih siiles of the con'.rtwrp
an'l deei.lc the rjuertvin frr :b«
.selves as f.ir as p<iv:hle. In da
50, we wouM suKs»c-^t to !hm :!
it is eviilenoe of ,1 hit-her sr:s!
sriri'h for rrronrileme-^t ni
th«n fi»r ri.ntr.ulirtir»n. Whrs
difffrrnre between a'^rmst
propositions is *o small a« ?'■» jfi
the iudiriTifnt in dou*<. :! ri- «5
ter !'i:T !i!t1e mh'rh «:i!e :« r«TVKy«
Instea«l i-f prtirL^rtlinR in th*.« "Tc
the exT-i'-.Ti'ltT* of the .*-f*f«
nif-th'^ls have sreme«i to cyi^c-
that the two schnnls are in
npTKv^ition to each other.
minf»r ill-tail*, anil thrr
hiiM it a crime for either tn" S
from the other. Tlii* 1* a!! w.^
I^l us lo*ik at the tnittrr a '^
more thoiigbif ully , and a crTea: 6
CI
WHIST
»>
483
WHIST ANALYST
e contention will be cleared
One has but to read * Cav-
h* to discover that after laying
I the principles of the long-
;mme, be deals largely in sbort-
Bctics under the considerations
*ate^ and perception. It is
Simon that after the opening
e development should euide
>lay almost entirely, and this
iple allows a range of tactics
ii is only limited by the al-
ii limitable combinations of
srds.*» (See, also, *' Paine, C.
f toon after the fonastioii of the
ican Whist League, a monthly iour-
yktst^ which in deroted ezcIuiiTely
fCame. was tutted in Milwaukee,
rat number appeared in June, 1891,
hat been the vadt mecum of whitt-
't ever tince, being now the official
of the League. It is edited by Cat-
;. Paine, and hat to far followed the
n in whiAt mattert, being in Ita
* yeart a deroted tupporter of the
rr-fthowing tchool. and having no
weight in confirming the tenden-
r American whiKt-playert in that
on.-/?. F. Foiter {S. 0.\, Monthly
aior, 1S96.
•n thin journal wat eMablithed,
early four yearn ago, a very cealout
nan. him«r]f a vriler of no mean
.predicted that thtr venture would
lie of innnition, and probal>ly he
>t alone in thinking that the game
f too limited tcope to justi^ pro-
\ dii^cu^'iion. It did M'cm tnen at
.ir or two of debate wotild be tuffi-
0 nettle all disputed pointn, when,
hrre would be nothing left toquar-
«it. Whist nin<t needn stop talking.
• know hrttrr now. We know that
1 of nubjectn of dincunnion bec<'m-
chaunted. the horizon of our din-
it contiiMially ciilargiug. and that
>rdv warn will nrvrr end no long
i\'iduaU have indix'idual eyrn and
lual brains.— I(:»a/ [L. A.\, Starch,
in natural, an whi«t had become no
ir in the Staten. that it ^hollId l)e
up by the prenn. There had for
:ime been " whi*t cohimnn" in the
aper*: but after thr first contrrenn
thouifht deMm!>lr to ^tart a npecial
for it. Accordingly, in June. i8qi,
wan pubhfkhed in Milwaukee the
irolier of a handMinic large quarto
icaU entitled. " Whut, a Monthly
Joamal Deroled to the InteresU of tlic
Game.*' And on the oocsaion of the
•econd congreaa, ttait wsa ad<n>ted as the
accredited organ of the Amcrfcaii Whist
League. It haa appeared regularly ainoe,
and contains matter of much interest:
Notices of the congreaa proceedings;
eaasjra on all kind of topics affecting the
game; contritmtiont and letters from
whiat-writera and whist-players; por-
traiu and biographiea; eacamples of
handa and intcreating aituationa: diactts>
aiont of difficult and controverted points;
club news and announcemcnta; and gen-
erally a monthly repository of wblat
jottinga. The advantage of auch a jour-
nal in keeping up the interest in tlis
game ia highly appreciated, and the
author of the present work has to se-
knowledge muco infomation and many
extracU from it in regard to whiat In
Americs. The journal Ts ably conducted
by Mr. Caaaiua M. Paioe. s well-known
whiat-player in Milwaukee. - WiUimm
FaU \L ^+]. **£voimii4m 0/ Wkin:
»(
Whist Analyst.— One who pos*
nmlygs
( the ability to critically anmlyis
any whist-play for the purpose of
establishing^ its merits or demeriliL
The analytical faculty is possessed
by all the leading writers on the
game, and by expert whist-playen
generally, to a greater or less de-
gree. In England the names of
*• Cavendish/* Clay. Pole, Drayson,
Proctor, and Whitfeld stand out
prominently among modem whist
analysts, and the first-named is un«
doubtedly the greatest England has
ever produced.
In America there are many whist
analysts of fine ability, as not only
the books on the game originating
here, but the dany, weekly, and
monthly whist discussions in the
press testify. Among the names
which will readily occur to any one
familiar with the history and liteim-
ture of the game in this country
are those of N. B. Trist, C. D. P,
Hamilton, John H. Briggs. Milton
C. Work, George L. Bunn, R. F,
Foster, Fisher Ames, John T. Blit-
chell. Charles M. Clay, B. C. How*
ell. Bond Stow, Emery Bosrdman,
W. S. Fenollosa, and othen. Mot
. I < ' I
r
[1ST AS AN EDUCATOR 4^5 WHIST AS AN BDUCATOR
of whist would furnish good
for the law. " This idea was
luently enlarged upon by
varren, in his ** Popular In-
tion to Law Studies." Here
Is the student that he may
his amusement take a share
ructing his mind. Whist is
I out as one of the games
ited to aid in the formation
skilled lawyer. ** It can in-
' he says, *' habits of patient
gilaut attention, cautious cir-
cction, accurate calculation,
>recasting of consequences. "
opinion such a diversion as
would constitute to many
** the first and best step to-
mental discipline." In its
:e would be found **the ef-
correctives of an erratic and
e humour — very pleasant
aluable auxiliaries."
his country the value of whist
educator is generally recog-
and the minds of the rising
ition are largely benefited by
e tuition and training in the
But many would go further
his. Mrs. M. S. Jcnks, the
nown whist-teacher, made an
it and able argument in the
^o InUr-Ocean, of October 9,
in favor of adding instruction
ist to the curriculum in the
: schools, this being, so far as
ow, the first public advocacy
ich a course. Mrs. Jenks
d how admirably the game
ilculatcd to promote the three
aims of education, which, ac-
ig to President Kliot, of Har-
are: (i) close observation;
ccuratc recording; (3) cor-
iference. In a paper read at
urth whist congress, and pub-
in Whist for July, 1894, P.
mey, of San Francisco, also
ated the idea, chosing for his
t the title. •* Whist in Our
xsitiea." ff^^tij/, in comment-
ing on Mr. Tonney*! paper, mjs»
among other things: **lt mayaeem
reckless to make the oaocrtion, but
we maintain and believe, and can
easily prove, that the proper atudy
of wnist affords higher and more
satisfactory mental discipline than
is obtained by the f;reat majority
of studies embraced in the curriciip
lum."
Asa means of cnltivatiog the pcrcef^
tiona and the reasoning fiKultics, I bavt
long maintained that whist was a better
means than many of the so-called sci-
ences.—^4. W, Draxwm [Z.-h^-f].
Parents obtain fbreifrn profcsaors to
teach languages, dancing-masters to
teach dancing, that their children maj
shine in todTety, but never think that
whist should be learnt like other elcgaal
atUinments.— **i4. TlruM^^Jr,**[L, O^,
He [A. G. Saflbrd] has lor many years
advocated the sti^y and practice or the
Eme as a means of mental disdpliiit.
lieving it to rank among the potent
factors in that refpird, quite equal 10 the
discipline of the higher mathematics, bat
yielalng an education of a more useflit
character practically; that is to say, that
of thinking and acting sttrely.--cr. S,
Boutcher [Z. A.], '' Whist SktUMts^" O^.
Whist, although a pastime and tending
to increase social intercourse, is yet some-
thing more. It brings into action the
faculties of memory, observation. Judg-
ment, patience, and knowledge of char-
acter, all of which are necessary aa means
of success in the world; thus whist, like
some branches of mathematics, althoajgli
not practically useftil in ereryday Ifle,
Set calls into action those mental qnali-
es which erery observing and reasoning
person ought to possess.— ^4. H^. Drmnom
(2+ /1 4.] . '• 7»< Ari^ Pi^aeUeml H^kut:*
Whist is a game of science, a game
calling for the exercise of keen percep-
tion, watchfulness, memory, patience.
and trust in the esUblished laws 01
probability. It may sound like ezaggo-
ration to say that whist is far better calk
culated to develop the mind than many
things at school, yet many a man can
perceive a real gain to his mental Quali-
ties from whist practice, who would ttod
it hsrd to recognise any good which he
had obtained from learning how to wrnt
Latin verses, with due attention to tte
niceties of the casmrm^ A course of whls^
pisy is s capital wav of training the
memory, the power or^attentkm, and the
temper; but nine boys oat of ten vna
nothing from a coarse of piactks In 4a»
WHIST BOOKS
486
WHIST CLUBS
temiininK the pn-nter common measure.
011(1 the least romiiKiii niiilliples of aIkc-
braic ciu;i 11 lilies.— Af. A.Pn»ctor [L. O.J.
Whist Books.— See, "Books on
Whist."
Whist Clubs.~A whist club is a
club at which whist is pLiyed by
the members of the or>raniz:ition
an<l such visitors :is may be admit-
ted under the rules. The purposes
of a club are to promote and ad-
vance whist in gener.il; to develop
and ])i'rfcct the whist-i)lay of its
meinlHTs, and also t:) promote gooil
fellowship. The club is j^ovenied
by a constitution ami by-laws sim-
ilar to thc)se of other social clubs,
with si)eciil provisions concerning
whist. These inchule the election
at each annual mectinji^ of a whist
commiilec, whose <luty it is to ar-
ran>»e for contests within the club
an«l with other whist clubs; tt» de-
cide upon ])oints of iilay and inter-
pretation of whist laws and niles
adojitetl by the club, whenever dif-
ferences in relation tliereli* are sub-
milU-il to them: ami to institute
any ru'.hiMls lliev may «leem atlvis-
ab!e l'» jiri>m«»tv llie efliciency of
the ].!ayirs. This committee also
])r«'\i'lt.< Ti!a%':M'..; i-ard** and sc«.»re
i-.ir-I-. I/M^iK' rhibs have a pro-
viM»Ti ti thi-* elii-il: "The laws
!■!* tin- .\r.:»ri(Mii \Vhi«»t Leaj^iie
'l:.il' i"»\r;:i tin* jil ly <»f tijis i!ub
i:i r: .!■!:• -^ p ayi d .it the club
hnii^. Til" \\:ii-t cmmiltre .shall
!:■ I* ?■•• I- 1'.".' -l uj-'-n !■» s( llle .my
fjii- -". i*:-^ fMi'j't Mnh as ari-'C
ir. i : t!;!'-e ; lUs and un«!er
M:.- :■:'■ ^ ad-p^.l ^y \\w Vlvi*-.;'
C ■.:■! ;! .'■•J.- !■■: i:j--:if\ '\< inv iri-
.:'■■!■ 1 :■■'..:' ;:• ■! !•;. p:- •vi'.Mn i»f iV.e
b\ !.:\\-. Ma:iv «'f the .\merican
\\Ii>' 1 '■-.^ - ir-- al-*" in. nrjMjrated by
ai '. '■: \\w I.e.;i-»l.il:jrr of tlic ."-Lite.
Si'.Tie I t" theiM. aUi, of rrcent
>' •.:-. ] rf vi'le a lest f'lr the admis-
:iio:i (jf memixrrs, in addition to
their Kood moral character,
committee is appointed on '
playing abilities of a candiditf
Deing deemed a proper pieout
in order that only those who
derstand the game shall be adc
ted. ( See, ' 'Admission to C Inhi
Many clubs exist in America
which whist is played, bnt u
the main object. These are foi
clul)s in which the game fonc*
occasional recreation, or in »b
a special whist coterie is ftmacO
members devoted tu the game,
some of these clubs whist is pb;
after the English fasbiun. «
table stakes, but no dub pliT
for moncv can belong to the As
ican Whist League: ami. fc«»
such plav is a violation of law ^
if carrie«l on must be done irar
the same as other gambling Tb
are other social dutts which hai
duly organ izcil whist club as
adjunct, and many such w!
branches are represented by om
fx^rship in the American Wi
Lea>:ue. The League, at it^ane
meeting in i^', hafl a total mt
l>cr>hip of I56clul3s. of which '
sixty -six were independent wi
clubs, and the rest <«x-ial t.z
de]i.irtn]ental whi<«t clu!», chesii
whist clul»<. and aihlrzac cl^
The tot.il mcmViership rcjrrtrc
by all the clubs was ;i.":>
whom S^55 wen; classes! as act
whist- pi ay ITS.
No other country under the <
j>oss«.-sm:s a network of cluSi r;
to the a^Mive. anti to thrm ts,z,<
adilrd Isr.ndreds fif cIu^m k*'-c:?«3i
exciiisividv of women. q-;::e 1 s?
ber uf which alrcaily Wlost^c ? ■
Wtmian's Whist Leafiroe ^ :
which was ork^anizeti :n :>i*
no other count r>' is whisx u ;«^
lar antl a« well played as ta is
ica. Can.ida has a numt>er of ft
cIuTh, which are form:nc aa
quaintancc with one
WHIST COMPARED
487
WHIST COMPARBD
of the Canadian Whist
t {9 v.), which was onninized
>, and promises to caS many
clubs into existence "across
rder."
rbist clubs in England " Cav^
' said in an interview, dur-
) first American tour in 1893:
England there are few whist
-in fact, I only think of three
zations formed solely for the
ition of whist. They are the
ad Club, the 'Cavendish'
Club, and the Turf Club,
irse, whist is played in all of
aeral social or political clabs^
e have no such system of
clubs as you have here. It
iterest vou to know that the
ad Club, which I have men-
, was established one hundred
X years ago, and is regarded
premier whist club of the
It now has a membership
0 hundred." (See, also,
xican Game," and *'Eng*
iVhistin.")
he enonnous incrraAe in whist
nd membership represents but s
I. numerically, of the Tsst numbers
nixed who have been added to the
»f whist-players in the past six
These constitute the players in
ae and social circles, and the pro-
of women is sfeater than men.
«tration of this Is a whist i^me, or
fcoitcn up in Boston, in February,
idr money for the suffering poor,
h there were one thousand taoles,
r thousand players, mostly ladies.
rs S Boutcher [L. /f .], *' Black Dm-
xpress^*' March ^ 1897.
St Compared With Chess. «•
is entirely a game of skill,
1 such it is confined to the
Whist combines chance and
n such a manner as to make
taxing than chess to those
ish to play a simpler game:
tt, in its highest developed
it affords as great a scope and
le for the mental powers as
In fact, scientific whist, and
whist as a fine art, reqaire geniiia
fully as high as that of the cheet
gemua. Besides the element of
chance, be it great or small, accofd^
ing to style of game played, the
very nature of wmst makes it more
attractive. It is played with cards,
in which there is the constantly re-
curring shuffle and deal, and plar
of the hands, until each game u
won and lost It is a game between
four people, while chess is a nar-
rower game between two. There
is the added zest of partnership
play, with legitimate interoommii-
nication of play between jpartnen;
and there is the m^ystery or the coo*
cealed hands which, despite coii«
ventional signsls, faU of cards, snd
shrewd calralatioiis and inferenoes
on the part of experts, slways holds
the sttention to the dose of ths
hand, and frequently nresents insaj
surprises. It is not oifficnlt to see
St a fflance why whist is popular
with high and low, with experts
and poor players as welL It secaw
to fill a universal want according to
the capacities of the playem
Many plajrets who excelled at
chess have given their preference
and adherence to whist. Desdia-
pelles, the chess chsmpton o£
France at one time, ia better re*
membered by his achievements at
whist, being generally resardcd as
the finest whist-plajrer uat ew
lived. In thia conntry some of the
leading whist authofs snd ^yers
likewise bsve won distinction at
chess, C. D. P. Hsmilton snd B. C.
Howell smong others.
The changesblenesi of the known tls-
ments to wnlcb snslysis can bespplM Is
one of the specisl cfaarms of whist, sad it
introduces TsHety of a kind to wkkli
there is no psrsllcl In chess. At chess the
moves are saggested by tlie appUostlsn
of snal jais based on laspcctloa; st WhM
the play results from excrdac of is4e*
ment, based on obscrfstkm sad miN>
ence.-**GifWitf rt " [£. ^.], ••Cbvtf JDN
SSfS.**
WHIST EDITORS.
488
WHIST EDITORS
Whifit in, without qurntion, the best of
our donicNtic KanirH. Tht: <inlv olhrr one
which L'ouM liiy cImiiii tu such a liihtinc-
tiun i.H chfis, Imt this has the cliMidvau-
ta((L* of ruiitaiiiiii^ iiti cit-inriit cif chiince
ill itN cf>in{M>Mticiii. which rciidcis it too
scvvTv u nitriilal I.il'or, and iiis(|itHlifirK it
lioiii Ik-iiik coiinidiTi d a Kumr in the
pru|><:T ><ciiM* III thv wuid. Whist, on the
Clint r:irv, whilt- it ih t*<|ual to cht*iM in it«
dcniaiicU on Ihc iiiiflK-ci aiiil Kkill of the
player, involve** so much chance as ti>
(five reliel lo tht* nu-ntnl eiicrKies. and
thuH to proiiiolc, as i-vi-ry r<akI (came
bhonld. theniiiUM ineiit and'rehixatiou of
those *:x\^Kiy(,f:*\.~ H'liliam I'ule \i^ A-r\.
Ani>thcr point witich 6hntild l>e iin-
pre!»si-<lon the mind rii the student i!« that
tht-rr is nil possiMlity of settling nio«.it
qucsliuiis at whist !•> inatiieinntics. All
Ihr (-oiidili'»ns ot ihi prulilein cannot t>e
^tatt-d, l<( cause the conitiiiialioiiH of the
fL^aiiir are liryonii coiiijiut.'ition. In a
^.iiiic- like- (.hfvkcis. in winch there are
<iM]y lw(iily-ti>ur ii;i-n, and all have equal
p(iu< rs. it is ttiiv^^iiilr to HUiilyxe and
leciiTii the rrsuli- 1 if t. very {Kissili'le move.
Thi*> l'..L^l■leIl done tu "^uch an extent that
niii«l> pi r Cent, nt the KaiiieM in imfior-
t.int 111. itvlicH result 111 a tliaw. In c)ir>.<
this ha- I'leii |i.;iind tiii]Ki*-sili]i- lievoinl
the fir-t t< II Tnov<-». Iiiiaiisc tin- ciiinfiiiia-
ti'jnsot thirty-tuonieii n! uiilely varxiiiff
fMiwc-fsi-. lie>oiuIthe iim iii.-il ({rasp i^f any
■ me huTiiaii Ikiiik- ^^ lien we LUiiir to
whis*. \\\\\\ >!•< t,li\-lw«.i ji:i ii-s of various
I^iut. :«. anil 111* :i<i'[ili<ii-.il 1 ••niplication
il til' T' iiiTjp -Mit. M I- n .1 I: tl:i" iiiliiiite —
A' /• /-.../rv ..^ c/. . h'.ih.ite*,.\. y.,/'i,st-
/ !/»»:. I 'lA '■»•» V^, /*,'^.
Whist Editor*.-— The j^niiic of
wlii^i m'lUjiii-s iimrc ntttntion aiul
span in ll:r AiiirriiMTi press than
all dtluT canl j^.iiJic s I'V.l lo^rtht-r.
It !i«»t fr.]\ has a ]«inr!ial i-iilirelv
lit v«»tiil !o it*. iTiirn-sls I U'ht^t. of
Miiw.iukfe. fililtil l.y Crts-^iiis M.
r.i:m ■. !iiil many «1 tily pajKTs nil
iiviT tlif c-Miiiitiy l;avf uh:sl o»;-
iiinti- i)r <li-iiart:]ii ::t- ilurii:>» llitr
\vlll'^'. »-i:iN«.;i. M.iiiy nf thi* liMtl:i:)»
]'].t\i-r^ ar<' !t ;;n!ar i outnSuturs U»
i-r fntiri'.y tf.in.Iin-t mh li citp.irl-
nn-!:!-
\\":.i-l 1: is i\\\\ ivsrtH'fivr^l a l.ir;;e
s]ki!i- ill atti.iiiii'ii :ti iht- j-uMso
pri:i!s Its.Ai;is tu liavt* Ik-i-m I'lr^i!
Init!"'! :\-> .1 r« ;:iilar p.i-<tiiiie in tht*
jiij^f^ III t::v I.iiinliin Spt'^Ptiftf^
*Vj^,:z:f:t'. in i;^^;. '• Cavcmlihh"
is the pioneer among modcni «
editors, havinf^ conducted the «
and Kt^neral card department la
London tietd since 1 664. ^
came Charles Mosaiop. who ed
the Westminster iiiprrs la moc
journal devotcrl to chesHi «!
and other games ] from ibbh to i
Knou4edf^e was the nest ic
field, being started in Londos
the late Richard A. I'roctur,
18S1.
The Australasian, pubiithrc
Mellxiume. has maintained a «
column fur the past thirty ri
The Indian Mau, Calcutta g
some space to whist eveni- «eel
In this country «rhxi< app
to have l^een first regular! t c
mentcd u{>on and written' a!
in the IkMton liatiy ilrr^^
whist department lieinf^condo
by i;coT|;t' W. Tetles. the actbo
"American Whist Iliisstrmti
who was hIk> the fir^t America
publish an original Look 00
game.
I'.arly in the nineties, tihc
afliT the formation of the Acer
Whist I.ea^tie. wrf:niiN K T
of AiiUTioan IvatU f.imr. cuc'r
in;* uhisi lore to llii* Sezx \r.
of New Orlc.iii-. F>hrr An;»
<lf^i»'K K"*-"! ^"fli ::: the :•.: • «
liiijUlr: C. S. liMUU'hvr wx.* mV
); race! lit sketches in the Ya*
\\\\. . F9r'f ISi'^\. Ji»hr. H Kr
WHS ill 'i UK valuable wiifk \v. '-k'
of the vi*"*^ 1" ^hr M:r.r.ri'>
Nru \'7n^une. IV J. Torr:r\ ::
S.in I"ran« i»^o < hnynuU. 5!-.:: r
W<irk in the }'h.i!«iirlj hia /«vs''
and Cliarie-* H. I Hie in the \\«.>r
ler Mass. . (,jztt:r. TI:p \^
lfM». were in e\iii«-nce. Mrx \t
v. Krtbs ua« i'il:iin); a wh •£
jiartiiunt :ii a San Irjino!^-" i^
auil Mrs. M S Jenk« ba<S e^j.if
envla^■.e rn-v»n! tn the Chic-j^-
terfWan. no le^s«n auth'jrrM :.'
C. V. r. liamiltun dedans^ :
WHIST EDITORS
4^
WHIST EDITORS
letArtment, during the year
I naif that she conducted it,
ined more good matter for the
ge reader than he had seen in
rhist column in America.
January, 1898, we are able,
reports made to us from vari-
xirts of the country, to give
>llowing brief description of
rhist situation in the daily
►any, N. Y.— The Evening
«a/ publishes a regular whist
in, which was established in
1896, and appears every Sat-
Howard J. Rogers, the
' in charge, is a vigorous
pion of the long-suit game,
American leads,
timore, Md. — The Daily
' has a whist department,
1 appears regularly each week,
• the editorship of Beverley
mith, an expert player and
• of ability. He is a lawyer
rofession, and upholds the
iuit g[ame and American leads,
irertain modifications adopted
I team.
falo, N. Y. — The papers have
gular whist departments, al-
;h they all publish the scores
at local tourneys, and other
news.
ton. Mass. — The late George
?ttes established the first whist
tmcnt in this country in the
/</, six or eight years ago.
HrralcTs present department
iUrte<l by K. C. Howell, the
short-suit author and expert,
bruary. 1897. It appears aaily
•undays. The Boston Herald^ s
es in the cause of whist de-
to be specially recogniied.
V»ton Transcript also has an
conducted and widely quoted
tment, which appears once a
, under the (lirection of
er M. Bouv^, one of New
sud*s foremost players.
Brooklyn, N. Y.— The Daiiy
EagU publishes a whist column
every Wednesday, edited by A. E.
Taylor, one of the strongest pli-
ers in Brooklyn. Robert H.
Weems, to whom more than to any
one man is due the great popularity
which whist enjoys in Brooklvn,
has been for several years a fre-
quent contributor to the Eagle^ to
which paper Fisher Ames and
John H. Brigga also contributed at
times. Elwood T. Baker, the well-
known teacher of whist, edited
whist matters in the EofU for
some years, but is now with the
Standard' Union, which publishet
a daily column.
Chicago, 111.— The Chicago /ji-
ter-Ocean instituted the first whiit
department in the West, and it was
in charve of the late G. W. Pettea,
whose last work was done for it
prior to his death, March 18, 1892.
He was succeeded by Mrs. M. S.
Jenks, for a year and a half, until
her engagements as a whist-teacher
prevented her further continuation
as editor, although she remains a
frequent contributor. The depart-
ment has since been in charge of
John T. Mitchell, author of "Du-
plicate Whist and Modem Leads,"
who also edits the whist column
each week in the Times-Herald,
Des Moines, Iowa. — A whist de-
partment was established in the
Leader in February, 1896, and hat
appeared each week since that
time, with W. S. H. Matthews, M.
D., in charge.
Fergus Falls, Minn.— H. M.
Wheelock writes concerning the
whist department in his paper,
Wheelock^ s Weekly: **My whirt
column is a rather desultory affiiir,
spreading out a good deal when I
seem to have some ideas, and some*
times disappearing altogether. I
run it for my own pleasure, and in-
cidentally because it it a good
WHIST EDITORS
490
WHIST EDITORS
thing for the interest taken in the
game here. It has been running
since my paper started, in Septem-
ber, 1895. I report the news of the
Fcr^^iis Ivillii Whist Club, publish
occasional hands, etc., and, to some
extent, keep track of what is Kuing
on in the whist world outside."
GalcsburK, III. — A weekly whist
depurtnient appears in the AV/m^/i-
can-I^ejiisicr, in charge of J. B.
Seeley, a well-known lawyer,
Haverhill, Mass. — The Gazette
has a whist department.
Hudson, N. Y.— The A'Va^j'j in-
teresiing whist <lepartment is edited
by .\. H. Chase. Also, the whist
department in the Sunday Journal ^
which was commenced in the latter
part of lS<y7.
Minneapolis, Minn.— For a year
or more, uj) to the time <»f his leav-
ing for the far West, in 1S97, John
H. Hrij^^^s. consiilered by many the
l)est \\hist-playcr in America, was
a re^^ular contributor to the Jour-
nal^ and his articles exerted a wide
and KMK'firi.il influx- nci*. In 1S97
liis dvjvirtiiunt v\as Iraiisfirred to
the Smttfjy '/'htirs^ in which lie
starlfd a strics of articles for begin-
nfr*i.
N\- A irk. N . J . — The /izmini^
A't'U^ tst.i*iliN]uil a whi>t di*])arl-
nu-iit 1:1 Ai-ril. i^ /). in rharvre of T.
r*. <>'.:•', a in. liny .iiid able advocate
of «: 'id wlii-^t. J. K. Smith, in
M iri ':i, i>**c. tmik rharj*e of the
Suri!:y t\i.''\\ whist dt]»artnu'nt,
pri- ■»:■•: •'I y c-nii-lnt ted by Mr. t)tis.
S'«»\i::;"" i-r 17. I ^.j7. Mr. Smith .d-o
br;.: <!: .1 \\1ji-*l ('•■;i;iTi:i ni Wfiiu-?*-
d i\ '- i::d i^. i '.!::■!. I •. '-^ i«.-iu"% of the
/»..■;■; ././-• I.'; ^■/. "
N'-'.\ Vk'k < )ni' 'if the vrry fort-
i::ii-«t '.^Ii:-.*. ih j..irtirirtjN :ii this
(■■ ■■.::i'.rv i-^ tlia: iinniiiited li\ K. !•'.
r"-l'i. 1:1 thi- Nfw V'irk Sun. It
\*.i-» i-.'.ibh^iied by him December
15, i^iS. .\rlit les devoteil to ihe
di.scusMon of moot points m whist,
with illustrative hands and ci
nations of new systems of f
appear each Sunday. ProUcsi
a specialty. Results of impoc
matches, scores made in local cl
tournaments, etc., are puMit
during the week, the New Jc
and New York games on Fnd
and the A. \V. L. nialcbcs on 3
days. Reflecting Mr. FosKer'Ai
ideas, the Sun is intensely w i
of the short -suit, or, as now ca
common-sense, game. On the c
hand, the long-suit game is la
earnestly advocatctl aod defei
by the New York Eirmiug i
whose whist department has be
regular Saturday feature since
sixth congress of the Amrr
Whtst League, in 1^961 An]
now appear on Wetinesday 1
It is ably conducted by Mra.'U4
£. Wallace. )>etter known as 1
{Carelta Wetherill WalUcc.
interesting and ready wnlcr. '
is the first woman lo wnie n
larly on the technical bide 01' wl
Charles K. Keiley has at vir
lime** had charge of whi.%: wul
in the Kientnfr TrUgram
fftraUi. The Mail an J Expwi
uhi-t de)>artmL-nt i« c>indac!r-i
Milton C. Work, of rSiiladc:;
the regular articles ai-pcir or.
urtlay, ami rej»<>ns of A W
matches on M outlays. The <
uu'ft'ia! .-Uizfrttifr has a fti
whi>t article every !>atur'liT. 1
iMirof Sam I.loyd'* pr(>binx».
/IluitfattJ .-/wf'rTijif }iA!« t«t>
uiKTi-i r\e;y week. w::h pr^'j
and ii!us:7.it;\e hands, cocirt.^
by R. r. loiter.
rinlatlelphia. — Ounn^ :*«QC v
and pirioi 1^97. the /':rm:wf!^
K>'if*^ enjoved the d:>t:3Ct> "
iK'iiig the only {wiper in the •
con 1.11 ning a dady whisi cv«.;:
or a weekly whist page. It «&
charge of Milton C. Work.
noted whist anihor and cx]
WHIST EDITORS
491
WHIST EDITORS
er, and created a widespread
"est in the game among its
ers. One of its whist prize con-
, in October, 1896, called forth
ity-five thousand answers. In
fall of 1897 Mr. Work trans-
d his department to the Phila-
hia Press^ where it now appears
^ day in the week. During
season of i896-'97 the Public
f^rhad a very interesting whist
11 n, which appeared three times
ek, with Warren A. Hawley in
rtland, Oregon. — Wliist formed
Kiial feature in the Sunday Ore-
an during the winter of 1896-
Miss Annie Blanche Shelby
in charge of the department
ovidence, R. I. — The Journal
>lished a whist department
jmber i, 1896, with William A.
?r in charge. It appears each
lay. and is widely read. While
Potter personally favors the
L-suit game, being a successful
fr of that game, his work in
^oumal is conducted on broad
liberal lines.
►Chester, N. Y. — The Saturday
t department in the Posl-
rrss, started in 1S96, is in
je of W. H. Samson, manag-
eilitor of that pai)er, and an
and accomplishea whister as
as newspaper man. He is
secretary of the Rochester
St Club, an organization with a
ibership of five hundred. A
s of articles on whist, by R. P.
er, fonncd a prominent whist
ire of the Posl-Express during
-'97. Its department runs
y-five weeks each season, from
imber to July. Among the
ial contributions api)earing dur-
:897-'98 are articles from Fisher
s. C. D. P. Hamilton, T. R.
R. F. Foster, L. M. Bouv^,
K. Potter, and P. J. Tonne v.
. Louis, Mo. — During 1896 an
item went the rounds of the pren
stating that the St Louis ulobe^
Democral had an exclusive novelty
in the shape of a Japanese whist
editor. The foundation for this
statement consisted in the fact that
Alfred Weiller, the whist editor in
question, had for a number of
years resided in Japan. We have
seen a photograph of Mr. Weiller
taken in Japanese costume. In
December, 1896, he was a member
of the whist committee of the St.
Louis Office Men's Club.
St. Paul, Minn.— The whist col-
umn of the Globe was in charge of
George L. Bunn for one year, up
to January i, 1897, when his elec-
tion to the bench obliged him to
discontinue. Under his charge the
department was one of the best in
this country, and a veritable long-
suit stronghold.
San Francisco, Cal.— The Call
has a fine whist department, which
appears once a week, with P. J.
lormey as editor.
Syracuse, N. Y. — A. M. Knick-
erbocker, an enthusiastic and well-
known whister, edits the whist de-
partment in the Times, and pub-
lishes syndicate articles on the
game, notably HowelPs.
Tacoma, Wash. — The Daily
Ledfrer has a weeklv whist depart-
ment, devoted to the interests of
the Northern Pacific Whist Asso-
ciation.
Toledo, O.— The whist depart-
ment of the Bee was established in
1895, with Tracy Barnes as editor,
and continueabyhim each Sunday
for two years, when he was suc-
ceeded by Charles H. I^mmon, a
well-known member of the legal
fraternity. Mr. Barnes's whist en-
thusiasm next found vent in the
Saturday issue of the Blade, whose
whist department he started on
January i, 1897. During the aer-
enth congress of the Americaa
WHIST EDITORS
492
WHIST EDITORS
Whist League, that vear. he con-
ducted a daily wUist journal called
Echoes, at Put-in-Hay. It was a
rcuinrkable undertaking^, inasmuch
as the place is far removed from
any printing; office. It was also re-
markable as l>einKtlie first distinct-
ive daily publication with which
the League was ever honorecl. Four
printers were eniph\ved; a new
press, wei>;hing eighteen hundred
pounds, was transix)rtid to the
scene, and the jxiper wa> published
in the Hotel Victory, the whist
tyi)e and illustrations Ix-ing fur-
nished by the iilade management.
Five hundred copies of Echoes
were issued each day ancl distrib-
uted as Souvenirs. The publication
made a great hit.
\Va^lsi^gt^.n. 1). C.-Tlic Wash-
ington Star (-oninienced the publi-
cation <if \\hi>t note*i in connection
with chess about the year iJ'f^.
Subsofjuenlly Dr. deorge Walls,
the e<!itf»r in eliargo. disassociated
whist from elifs>. antl instituted a
separ.itf cc'lnnin f<ir \\lji^:. It ;it>-
p<'.'»r»^ regular! V on S.itunlays. an<l
IS fo]ln\vf«l nil Mondays uitii noti"s
of niatihfs :\\\k\ <»tluT \vbi>st ne\is.
Wt"«t Sii^nrior --A vbi'-t <!et»art-
nu-nt w.is i-st.ib'isl'.eil in tl-.r hiiiind
Cciijv, in J.-inuary, i'*<,7. It aT»-
jM:i:». i- '.r\\ wi-t-k, an«i i** i-»lited liy
Cli irli «. r. Wlii'.'-. a lr:tfling nieni-
]n r «'f The SnjuTior Chess and
Wlii-tC:':b.
WI1-. :m:v. W Va — Tbr Wheel-
il'.LT /«'' ••■ *''y lM>a wrrkly i*ob:in!i.
\\\\\\ \\\\\ iriiive h.inil-' ami j»rol»-
(>rt!-.r »-.l:*..r'. i:-.t !:tiiiTi«-'l. R F.
r- ■!, r. I-., r U-'S\' '\. C K. K.ilev.
W. 11 S -r-i-.n. V. T I'. »k.r. W.
A. !•■ " r. a:i.I Hr iW'**.^^- WalU
f iv r •?••■ •.l;nrt--iiit ^.-ari*-. Mr.
Ti't'' r -..-.''.. in .t M-tti-r" " While no
a!*! ::i: \ t^ m i-V- tM aiiv«KMtr any
J arl'i \\\\', sv-t'TM of ]'lav. !l:i' in-
tei'.liiij l.eir-.g to treat everything
with perfect faimcM, I proi
the general character of the mi
can hardly escape being be
with my own personal tirclcrco
which are for the moiix&c<l ih
suit, or 'common scn»r. ' gaac.
is now about five yeara nnor I
came convinced that too c
tricks were lost by the xn\-arj
opening of the long suit. A cis
of years of es|MfrimcBtinjt
lowed, and when my idea*
boiled down to suniething dcfs
I intro<luced the new game \i>
club. It M)on Lei-ame evidcst '
nothing f>hort of a knock-d
argument would convince ac%b(
so the duplicate was morced
In ^eventy-thrce games ioc«
son's play) the new game ^
bixtyfdur and ticfl tmo. Tew
I'ractieally the whole club tDrc!
shii» play the modem gvnr <
team h.is l.>eon in evcr> New E
land tournament in the raft
years, nnd never failed to Und 1
iip in the first diviMon. Yet i: i
not contain a single player of
fir'^t rank. It seems to mr that
new ftylc of game is r.o: wci.
der-lf.Kxl by many of it% en*
There is not. after a'l. n:::ch &i
ence ln-twcen wu^l **{ lho«r 1
c'aim to ]ic b-rg --uttrT* Ar.i li
\vho n-irct the tr.'.c. i ^T.r »^i€
di*40venMl that a rtTrncrtcr
leail 1^ btiter tlan fourth \K<i:
a Mii.ill-card suit, and the < *^e
alwavs reidy in€*ugh l** W*i a "'
suit if he thinks he ran n-.^kr ::
It t» .I-.i- t.i :):r pr*"**.* c?rtJT> i» ■
a«. I r\ iirJv r ri.:»-n > I^»l r*** . »■*•
• I
w! .-
I" 'i.-P Ih*" l-.l^ 'jciih:*: i;!*;*".^* f-^ <
i«rii-ti>n^\ III fx" c<->mmrn *^f icil t
l:i!'- ' Im! I* ■rmplhinc i<*f •''-■ffc •»
h-irtlv fiii'l « Td» wiln •hvh 1 ' rir
miT t.'tiK.ilK'fi ird ■r»7»TrrT*!»ri« — ^
drnf If H /ijpnrr '£. .4 * .4a«M.'
JreJi t*/ort tkt A, U'. JL. /^
WHIST, HISTORY OP 493 WHIST, HISTORY OP
'hist. History of.-Wliist, the
, of all card games, is undoubt-
r of En)^lish origin. It appears
lave been gradually developed
1 elements previously existing,
to have been the product of
ly minds who added changes
improvements from time to
;. Its early historv is very ob-
•e, and for hundreas of years it
be traced only by what must
largely inference and jjuess-
k. but nevertheless its history
^nating.
s early as the beginning of the
icnth ceuturv, we are told, a
. game was m common use in
land, of which both the name
chief feature subsequently en-
i into the structure of whist,
eas called triumph, then cor-
e<l into trump, and its essence
the predominance of one par-
lar suit, called the triumph or
ip suit. This game is alluded
I a publisheil sennon by Bishop
raer, which he preacheti in
I. Other references to it are
id in " Gammer Gurton's
lie," the first Knglish comedy,
in Shakespeare's ** Antony and
•patra." About the beginning
rie seventeenth century another
I was adde<l to the game of
ip, which is also preservefl in
>t, namely, ruff, which was used
mymously y^ixXx trump. Tlien
e the giving of certain advan-
s or "honors'* to the four
lest cards of the trump-suit,
the gams was called " ruff
honours." This has been
?d •* whist in an imperfect
1.'* It was also sometimes al-
id to as ** slamm," which term
still retain in the making of a
im.'* Its next development,
aisk,** is first nientioneti in
:, in some published verses by
lor, "the water poet,*' and
Qty-two years later, in the second
(spurious) part of " Hudibras," we
first come across the word as it is
now spelled, *' whist,'* although
both spellings were used for many
years afterward.
Charies Cotton, in "The Com-
pleat Gamester, " published in 1674,
gives a description of ''ruff and
honours.'* Twelve cards were dealt
apiece to four players, the remain-
ing four cards being left for
"stock.** The uppenuost card in
the stock was turned up as a trump
card, and the holder of the ace of
trumps was entitled to *' ruff; " that
is, exchange four of his cards for
those in stock. Tlie game was
•'uine up,** or nine points, honon
counting, as in England to-day,
and the call at the point of eight
was already known as "can ye?*'
In a later edition (1680) Cotton
gives the first attempt at a descrip-
tion of whist of which there is any
record. After detailing the man-
ner of playing "ruff and hon-
ours,*' he says: " Wliist is a game
not much different from this, only
they put out the deuces and take in
no stock, and it is called * whist/
from the silence to be observed in
the play.**
Tiiis, it seems to ns, should solve
the difficulty of arriving at the
correct meaning of the word.
"Whisk** was undoubtedly the
older term, sometimes also varied
as "whisk and swabbers,*' but it
applied to a crude form of the game,
and not to whist proper as subse-
quently played. We believe Dr.
Pole to have hit upon the right ex-
planation when ne says: "It is
possible that when the game took
Its complete form, the more intel-
lectual character it assumed de-
manded greater care and closer at-
tention to the play; this was in-
compatible with noise in the room
or with conversation between the
players; and hence the word
WHIST. HISTORY OP 494 WHIST, HISTORY C
'whist! ' may have been used in its
interjection al form to insist on the
necessary silence; and from the
similarity of this to the terra al-
ready in use, the modification in
the last letter may have taken its
rise."
Charles Lucas, in his work on
gamesters (1714). also mentions
*' whist" as ** a ^i^iunc so called from
the silence that is to be ohserveil at
it." Dcnne, a Kentish antiquary,
speaks of it as "a ^anie that re-
quires deliberation and silence,
which is a word synonymous with
whist." Dr. Jt)hn>on in his Dic-
tionriry, Nares in his Glossary, and
Skeat in his Ktymciloj^ical Diction-
ary, all accepted this view. Of late
years, Imwever, the meaninyjof the
word is doubted, because, ft>rsooth,
the Jennie was also called whisk, no
account bein.i^ taken of the fact that
this was aj)plied to the forerunner
of whi^t, ami that when the >;anie
proper a]')])cared it lunl a ri^ht to
a now and distinct desijjnation
which shnu!«l exactlv describe its
chief cliaracteri.^lic. That .sfnne. in
ij^norauce, or because of curtoni,
coTitiuueil to use " whisk" when
*' wills:" h;i.l lotipj si nit? become
the ]'r iper \vi>rd, does not impair
the v.iliiiity of (»ur artrument. It
seeTU^ .1 pity tl'.at a nieaiiiuj^ which
must ;tii:«e ir eutirelv natur.d an»l
aj>:ir«);)ri.itt'. should be rejected by
some m<»«Iern lexicojrniT»hers. who
jH'ihiT"; h ivc iv'ver played a j^anie
of wiii^t 1:1 their lives. For our
j)ar'.. w*.- .»r ' w.lliu.:; lo accept the
statriiiri:*. -.t UvMr who lived at the
tim." i* imt;::- into existence, that
•* wlii-! ;-! a i^anu- <-» calli**! from
the '^liriii-e lb.it. is to be olwerved at
it."
Seymour, in his *' Court Game-
ster" . 17U'. rerapitulales Cotton's
remark-* .ihiiut whist, ami jjives us
thr improvements which had since
been ni.ide. Tiie ]K>inL> in the game
had been raised from nine tot
the entire pack was use<i in p
the deuces l>ein>r taken '.i
hands. These modifications I
with them the "odtl trick
the methoil of dealing nut tl:
one by one. instead of " by
which hiid previously Iv
rule. Thus the game of loo.
was born.
In its infancy, however,
into the hands of sharjHT*
taverns and ordinaries whf!
bling iiboundeil. When th
naries )>egan to be, to sonie
superseiled by ihecoiTef-h"
chauf^e for the better came ■■
g^ame, and it was f^rai'.u.i'.'.y
ted into more intelUviu t'.
in^js. The gentlemer. vV
quented the Crown Cofkv-
in Relfoni Row. tot^k i: :
bojjan its systematic study »
Iher improvement. Anu»::
number was the first L'-ri
stone (see, " rolkesltir.c '
to<^)k a deep interest in 11. m
up some rules for the j^uM
the players. Then Hdmo::
(^. r-. 1 appeareilon the ^cr:
thout;ht bv some lh.it he '
of the players at tht* Crowr
House. At any rate, he izv
mendou** impi-tus lo :hf
devoting; his entire time t^) :
ductiim amorif; the better c '
means of lessons which he
rivate. and especially by :
ication of his celebr.iteii :r
17.12. Hoyle had a >;en:u-
Rame. and was uni%-er>Ail^
nized as its great autbnni
bi>»k was trannlate^l into i»:
gnaiji's. and thus the kn«iw!
whist was spread amon;: iRti
coteries on the continent, a:
cially in France, whcrr
nunilx*rL>d among its rota
most celebrated men of tb
Trance also prodoccd, later
greatest whist-pUyer the ir
fi
T, HISTORY OP 495 WHIST, HISTORY OP
M. Deschapelles, who
lis elaborate treatise ou
the game in 1839. It
ntioned in passing that
le bearing the name of
' had been played in
. elsewhere, as early as
th century, it was not
IS the ancient English
imph, or trump, but re-
irte. Whist must, there-
stdered entirely of Eng-
with Folkestone and
first great lights. Hoyle
rellent successors, Payne
ws, who continued his
ntelligently and ably by
leir published works,
'e of whist was now se-
ad been taken up with
by the better classes,
its way even into royal
Rath, the famous water-
, held sway as the fash-
isement for many vears,
>us imp rovements in the
e game were made there
avers. One curious cir-
must be noted in this
While whist was not
I gambling game, yet at
t was used for gambling
the taverns. And when
0 more intellectual sur-
^ith wealth and fashion
: was again subjected to
lumiliating experience,
ice from which it has
»vered in the old world.
money was carried to
e eighteenth and early
lineteenth centur>', and
inating whist, which
>ther aids to lend so-
est to it when properly
again made to suffer,
led were the gamesters
; of it that they did not
nutilate it for their pur-
der that money might
ciicttUte more rapidly.
This incident gave rise to another
important change in the chaiBCter
of the game. Short whist was what
the new product was called, and it
consisted in cutting the old game
just in half, five points instead of
ten being now played. But the
honors were counted at their full
value, the same as in the old game,
and thus the element of chance was
greatly increased, making it pos-
sible for two players, with good
luck in drawing cards, to go out in
one hand, for if they held the four
honors between them it counted
four points, snd thejr only needed
to make another point by caxda.
It may be that the old game of ten
points was too long. If so, the
American idea of seven points, bat
without counting honors at all, it •
more rational compromise, for it
encourages skill and does awaj
with stakes and gambling.
We come now to what has been
aptly termed the philosophical
of whist, the period beginning with
the works of '•Cavendish,*' and
Clay, and Pole. In this period the
old Hoyle game underwent a more
modern scientific determination.
Its theoretical principles were
firmly established, and some alter-
ations in its practical stmctnre
necessarily followed. The first
impetus to the new movement ap-
pears to have been given b^ Dr.
Pole's suggestion, in Macmtllan*s
Magazine for December, 1861, that
'* it would be a great boon if some
good authority would publish a set
of model games at whist, with ex-
planatory remarks, such ss are
found so useful in chess, for ex-
ample." Henry Jones ("Caven.
dish") had in his possession the
notes of the " LitUe Whist School/'
which had met for a number of
years for the purpose of studying
the game, discussing interesting
hanos, and writing aown psrtica-
WHIST, HISTORY OP 496 WHIST. HISTORY OF
lars concern i 11 jij the same. After
considerable correspondence with
Dr. P«>lc, Mr. Jones published, in
1.S62. his " Principles of Whist,
Illustrated by Means of Hands
Played Completely Throuyjh.'»
Two years later James Clay i.ssued
liis celebrated treati>e on " Short
Wliist, " ami in the two works the
chief imj)n)vements which had re-
sulted from scientific investij^ati(ms
and lonv^ i)r.»ctice were now jjiven
to tliL- world. To cotnplete the
good work Dr. Pole published his
''Theory of the Modem Scientific
Crame of \Vhi>t," in December,
1S64. It ^h')wed that there was at
the bdilom of the rules of whist a
deeper-lyin;^ i'lea than hail been yet
su-;pei"led. He ])()inted out and
establisluMl the fundamental prin-
ciples of the i^n-ai j^ame. He em-
])hasi/.e<l th'.; v.jliu" and importance
of ])artner>hi]) ]>1 ly. an«l showi'd
that the ino**i ellicient manner in
which to carry il on was by means
of the lonvi >iiit, to the establish-
ment antl l)riiii:iiJt^ in of which all
the eniTj^ies of iht: players must
be bent. Information between
jiarlners was a nire>sity in onler
that thi-y mij^ht be able to play
both hands jiiMoiio.illy a*^ one, and
this inf"riri;iti'in was iMinvrveil bv
mf.ins <»f IvLjiiiniiite sii^n.ils made
by 0'Miveiit:n:i.il ])l.iy o| tlie c.irds.
l"or tills pnriMiv,- ihi- trump signal
;:ivenUil in i>>.i'was t.iken up,
a::- 1 !)i-(MTne i;;e miv'leus of an
rI.ibor.«:i' sv'.lc-m of Knd> ami in-
ftreiici -. enlrninatin;^ in the .\mer-
ii-.in Ui'N. whh.h wvre pT»«inn'i>:ate»l
b'. " C.iV'.-n«l; -:i" in 1'^'^}. ami by
!;:::i :i.i!:i"ii m li-'ti-irnf lii^ fellr»w-
v.ii:'k' r. N. I?. Tn-^J. "i New Or-
1- i!!^. I'lwhi-ni the er* dil «»f their
<. ry^t ili/alioM has been freely
aw.ivi'.vd.
N ' » "A h e r e has wh i -t e ver e n j oy e* 1
X\\-- TH.;.u!.iritv \\]ii(}i has of recent
>ear.s lallen l<j its lot in America.
Here, from the inception e
mo<lern ^anie, the works of '
endish," Pole, Clay, and i
have hail a wider circulation
at home, as is testitied to by
of the writers theinselve*. ar:
result has been that whist ;
new world has outstrii»pt.d ;r.
est and extent tlie uhi>t of :
England and the coniine:/..
haui}H:red by old-worM c*-::!
tism, the American player^
been ojxmi t»i the recept'.-n «:
ideas and improvement*.
English authfirs of i>rinfT'
ideas have found them>cl\e«
widely read and appreciate i i"
than at home. This gre-.i .».:
in American whist circle^ ltd :
formation of the America:: V
Leiigue 1^. Z\ ;. at Miluaiikc
IS9I, an<l to the enactrncrit
new c<Kle of laws irt»m v :::.'.
objeclit)nablc features «if thr
lish code were omitted >•
point whist. withi>ut counf.r.:
ors. each game complete y: '
without any reference to r^' *-
rubl>er p<iints. a!id the txjre--
hibition of playing f<T st.iki-
s<ime of the features v.f the A
can game, whose dvtirr.liMn j:
cognition by t!ie gr^at nv.k-
])layers in the new w. z'A ::.
another era in wh;-l h:«.t. -r\ '.
f«ir its own s.ike, w;lh cl-..iVvtr i
naled iis f.ir as {"♦^'•iMe. ar :
bmughl lip l«i its h:ghe^t it .
ment. is the new m'»t!o. *:.«; :
end duplicate wh:st y-. : w.»
welC'Hiiiil and fr..»ile •".r'r.'.ir :
rnite«l St;ite<. F:r-.: jrr. ■.■::.■.!
nmnslralt-*! by "Cavt :..;>*:
liis frienils in i>5:' ^Tr.*:!'
j»roved by Janie> .V'i^vj . •
gow. Scotland. thirt\ \cjr-
anil jjerfecteil in the t"i::tr i :
shortly after by J<ihn T M *.
Cassms M. Paine, av.ii *•::■.•.-«
|ilicatc whi.st fi»rni'i one v»:" : ■ r
important pillars la the Ac;c
WHIST, HISTORY OF 497 WHIST, HISTORY OP
of skill. There may be dif-
cs of opinion whether the
.uit jfanie of "Cavendish"
•ole affords the best mode of
'V for all hands; there may be
1 arguments to show that
lean leads, and all other in-
tory de\*ices, are a hindrance
d of a help to good whist;
hen it comes to duplicate
can be but one opinion, and
most favorable one. At the
It writing ( January, 1898) a
iltee has just l>een appointed
f presi<lent of the American
Leajjjue for the purpose of
r rexasing the laws of dupli-
•hist. It is proposed to have
? complete in itself, and not,
retofore, a series of special
in connection with which it
essar\' to consult the co<le of
:it whist. Action is to be
upon the committee's report
next annual congress, in Bos-
Lily, 189S.
ile the outlook for whist at the
of the nineteenth century is
bright in Kngland as it might
ing to the unsettled condition
id into which advanced whist
have plunged British whist-
's, in .-imerica enthusiasm in
r of the game is ever on the
se. This, notwithstanding the
fuces of opinion which exist
is well as abroad, in regard to
IS of play, although out of the
f wonls which has been and
raging there promises to come
a more symmetrical, well-bal-
. and harmonious game. True,
ort-«iuit advocates are as firmly
ruxd as ever that the long-suit
is a losing one, and their sen-
ts are radically expressed by
Foster, in the New York Sun
ceml>er 26, 1H97, as follows:
lie boast of the long-suit
1 is that they make a <louble-
ly problem of the last few
32
tricks in every hand, and the chief
object of the previous play is to en-
able the partner to count the hands
so accurately that this problem may
be correctly solved. The boast of
the short-suit school is that the
game is over before the dummy
problem comes along, and that,
while the long-suiters are placing
the cards, the short-suiters are win-
ning the tricks. To the common-
sense player, the first few tricks in
every hand present a perception
problem of absorbing interest, and
the object of the partners is to di-
vine as rapidly as they can what is
possible with their cards, and what
IS improbable. The long-suiter
makes the first eight tricks, a me-
chanical routine, and then lays
down his hand aud studies for sev-
eral minutes over his dummy prob-
lem in the ending, in the solution of
which he hopes to get back one or
two of the tricks that he sees be
has lost by a bad opening. The
common-sense player does not wait
until the hand is almost over, and
the adversaries know all about it.
His ambition is to arrive at the gen*
eral value of the hands at the ear-
liest possible moment, so that he
may aecide whether to run for his
life or to lie in ambush. He prides
himself on his ability to judge, be-
fore tliree tricks are played, where
the strength or weakness lies. That
is the difference between the sys-
tems. The one dawdles along for
eight or nine tricks, and then
wearies his heart and brain over a
problem which he is often unable
to solve. The other makes a per-
ception problem of the first two or
three tncks, and then jumps into
the thick of the fight, and thor-
oughly enjoys himself during the
scrimmage of the remaining nine
or ten."
The never-fading glories of the
long suit are just as firmly upheld
WHIST. HISTORY OP 49^ WHIST. HISTORY OF
by tlif otliiT si<lc. L. M. Boiiv6
says, ill the Host on Transcript:
*' N'»thiTi)^ clciimnsirates more ccni-
cliiMvfly the ^t^l•I]^(lh of the
stnij^litforw.'inl Idiij^-suit piixic
til. ill ilofs the nil if< irmly j»rMnl n*-
siilt <il)taiiie»l bv this nictlKMi. bv
jilaviTS of littli* or no previous ex-
pLTiiMnc lf>jxi'l]nT. ()in; of the
nifisi irijnyahk- Sfssioiis at whist
L'XjHTJ'. iii'i'il hv till* writtT, was a rtr-
r«'!it slii»rt j^aiii*' of twt-lvi* Iwianls
of ' nirtfiiiMiiii"' nr sjnj^K- talile «lu-
t)!ir i*f. willi a inrijihrr nf Ihr I*rov-
i<h:ir •■ Wlii-^t CI till a*; a jiartiKT.
KiiMwi:;;^ hi-. v:siv>r to hv a firm
bflnviT in Anit-riiMTi ImK, etc.. it
w i*» M')* mn "^•'Mrv Id {)rii])oiin'l nu-
ru'i'i»:i . «|'.:'-.!iirs :•.-. t»» tin* stvlr of
•: vwv lo 'n.- ;■! tviil ii was stiihi-it-nt
t>k!i'<\v si;::]il\ \v!ii-i!i.Tt!u' ihrtt-
trniTiji «*r l!:r ti»':r-lrMinj !io was
to In- iisfil. Al!ii"Hi'.,'}i tli'-'i* two
ha'l m-vrr plavtil a liaiiil Invjfllii-r,
diiriii:.^ thr tWii Imnrs nf ]»l.ty not
a sin..'ii' ini-'.iinl'T'-' iT:«'.i!iv: arnsr,
a:vl 'iV.'- *••■'■:'■ -!'.««■*. -!:"•.%«••! a h'^-s
t-t on*.". !;iTi' ■ *-::•.:!'■-. whlf a t-iT.il
of V. '•• triiV:-. 1: I i li- :i ■.; li:*.'.-!,
;'"'! '■■ :* : 'J I'.'! T *••.'' ••'r-iViJ * i!.l '."•.TS
«■! I ■■■ . i '. :' ■'. ■ • \' : ::■■;■>■ ..«. :iart-
i: ! • i ". ' "t !"■ -■.•;.'*•'» I' i^t '.^fj-,.
, 1;. . •:'■.:■ ■ . • I •■■•. •• • .1-, ; ■; fii-;i-
i::.' . .• 1 ■ ■• •' ■: . '^ ■• ' :.r '•.•^'•. ri.i
J !•;■' ■ : ■ ■ ■ :■■•■ ■ ■:■.• -• •'■ -i .X-i
• J,., ••■•j *■ ; • «>■■"*.■'•■ *'i'*Tt
. • : • •.«. . . ' < ) ■ ■ . . r I
.<i'
'■■•■' .'. v. t;' I !••*
>■ ' V ' ■• f l'--»*'t
■• v. - :••■!■ v. .„•.
.. . . IV
I
• ■ •
i . •
. '-■'■.: 1 .. V
• ••■■••»«,_
■ • ' ^ .
■ / .: *•■ to
111* •■■ •■ ti 4-*r^
, - . . • . , , • 1 - .
. ■ i • . ■ %
-i •:■■':••■:'' • :' :-^h *.':: it
' '■ • ■ : ! "x ' ^^^: \\ ii:-
' I • -v -1-. •■'l-, "
• ■ *1
H. J. Rogers, in the \'y
Journal, says: " Tlie test of i
tt*ni is by actual play, not by ;i
ntortrnis. Mcj^t anv of n» «^
concftlf that playe<! iioi:!ilr-*l-=
as many deals in a thou^an : «-
fihow an a'2vaTi*.ai;c S^r ^
suit li'a<ls as ftir b>n{;-«uit >
Hut whist is not p!ayt-«l thjt «
I rcrall uni]»irinK an A. W I.
phy match .ilitiut a }i-ar aj^n «:
a tram of ultra ^bttrr •iittrrs «
a};aiii>*t the Alb.myv Ar: I rr
{)inicularly imt* sc-cti-'n "i t
lamls. wht-n- two o? the k'Ti
wlii*tplivtrs i:: ATiicr..-.k Kr
nn«l Hawkins) Hc*rr a! !.iMr «
Anil at ihf tnil of f\-rr> tit-Al \.
w;ls a birkrnnj" t«vt*n rn ih-r- i
how muvh t::i»rr iV.-v nziijijt
niailc. * If y«.ii h.i<i cinit •:'
heart at -Ui !i a tiT'ir." i.-r. i:
ha-l ke'it oH •»]m''.i-'..' f-r. " s!
hatln't ;»«i';i' np ^^\\ tli.it r iri t
etc. . wlu-re th-rc w l--: : « re rh
un«liT tin- li^'':! "f ;i« .ivrr '. » -.*
rate w!i:ih w.iv !!■..%• **■■•::''
lUit tli.'v jji-n-- i'!v fT iMt-i :^
M-iVeo \\\V\ :Vi' th •!!»»}•.! ?V i!
S^^t'Ml.' T»rf'.-!'v j'j'. ri. «
have LVVi-n thi'!:i a-..!^:-* !r .
tW'i. :t T!:-:r * r i'k». ?:.i-'. ..->.
e^'isa] !■! \\\'- i-rrvTijr-v ^ .'*"•.
tr:e c ir-l- I'.vr:::^* !*:•■ : ! i\ i» .-.
riT'lv ;i«» .»•■ ' •: I" i.«.f— ,*.» :
at t';- !"•■■ vl I I: ,\. -. -i -
till*. :*:•■ :i"'i-i::!-.Tt:.a!- '\ j r-
iV.' ' r« !!■ i!:v vi rv • r***.*. ■
J., ,♦..,.. J-. • .^^ T. , .^.^ ^,
t*;!' ! '.\ ■!! •• !-. :■•■ :r-.'r* ■• r-
fv"' s fiir V :' ; !•- I* s — . \\f
y":ir :■ 'rV'' r In: n- • i:- i^-rr j »
r iJi"! '■• V :*-■«•! T >;■■-/ ■ •
t»':n «:!*>!«--! rr*:*::: V.i- ■" .
lis! of .irv.i.i! \'.^\ \\<\ ^A.««-*-
A'.'inv t:i:b b-M ihr A U
tr'pbv f'T ri;:*i! •:! -,>■**-*? ■
lest.s .ij;;a:nst tram^ of all \tv
^^HIST, HISTORY OF 499 WHIST, HISTORY OP
and with all varieties of sys-
and when they lost it, they
to another lonj<-suit team,
ami Hon s, who played l)etter
and who held the trophy un-
season ended. Pl^vidence of
ature t>utweighs a thousand
deals, averaging 'a swing of
icks for the coninion -sense
» i»
"how alwnt the short -suiters
.dves?" asks Mrs. Wallace,
• New York Kveniuf:^ Post.
tf they not given arbitrary
ngs to certain cards? What
le scientific reason can they
•r leading the small cards of a
show trump strength? And
not any uninformed player
let a team using this method
the same disadvantage as
who did not understand ro-
iscanls, calls through tlie
, and so forth?"
lor Ames, in U'/iist, sum-
ip the situation, says: " Dif-
leads from the same hand
change the result: that must
ct»<led; but in the first ])lace,
s manifestly a cjueslion of
md secondly, the dilferences
ifTerent Urads are much less
)ne w(Hi]d sujipose. In a
majority of the deals where
lave l)een large * swings,* the
noes are due to the bringing
I long suit where the other
ave held a .slight preponder-
>r nearly equal amount of
«itren'.^th, which by a jutli-
)r luckv force has V)et»n ren-
unavaiiing to stop the suit,
t far as they go they seem to
suj«TK>rt the long-suit Ihetiry.
t. the new .systems have not
plished anything worth n(>t-
riie brief succe*^ses they had
new were chiefly due to the
<jf the adversaries to under-
tliem. ()<H)d l;ard whist is
■inie factor, after all. The
theory of the invitation lead is veir
pretty, but it often fails to work
satisfactorily. The lead of a low
card for the purpose of inviting a
lead through an honor turned may
work well, but unless partner can
win the first trick it may and often
does work badly. The leader is
too often tempted to delay an im-
mediate trump lead when proper
for the sake of the invitation, and
loss results.
** Trump-showing leads every
now and then come up as new
ideas, and supposed trick-winning
devices. But they soon disappear
again — as soon as learned by the
other side. In regard to them it is
perfectly safe to assume it to be an
axiom of whist, almost as binding
as an axiom of geometry, that any
sy.stem which proclaims w^eakness
in tnmips (as tliese systems must)
is disadvantageous.
*' ' Common-sense' whist is an
excellent term, if it l>e understood
to mean playing the game in a
common-sense way, watching and
noting the cards, drawing good,
sound inferences, and shrewd man-
agement of the hands held l)etwecn
partners. Reh-ing on an artificial
system as the main thing, whether
American leads, short suits, or any
other, is not common sense. It
seems to me uncommon nonsense.
"After watching these new sys-
tems for these several vears, I have
not .seen any system which, in mv
judgment, is superior to the Amen- '
can leads system, as the general
basis for the play of the hand. But
any sy.stem, and all systems, apply
almost exclusively to the original
lead of the hand merely, and tlie
result must in almost every case be
largely a matter of luck so far as
the first lead is concerned. After
that the player must adapt his play
to the conditions developed by the
cards shown, and the result should.
WHIST, HISTORY OP 500
WHIST IN ARl
if the element of luck could be
elimiiiatecl, depend upon the most
skillful common-sense management
of the canis. I say, if the element
of Uu'k can l>e eliminated; but I
am convinced, however, that it can-
not be. One who has followed the
recorded plays for the last few-
years, must, I think, be entirely
satisfied that luck has very much to
do with the result, verv nmch more
than was sui)p()sed to Ik? possible
when duplicate whist was first in-
vented "
N(»iwithstandin^ the firmness
di<])Iayi-d by each side in maintain-
inji its position, the examination of
pul)lished han<ls reveals the fact
that more lilx-Tal ide is prevail in
whi-it everywhere. The louR-suit
game is not invariably confined to
the opening lead from the longest
suit. Iixceptic»n.il hauils and sit-
uations are treated in an excep-
tional mauTier. In otlier words,
the provisions for force<l leads
made by ** Cavendish,*' Pole, and
all tile masters of tin- long-suit the-
ory, but temporarily lost sight of
in the g.'iieral aihni ration excited
by the long-siiii game, have been
rr-iurrcc"t'.*d anl are b^-ing applie<l.
S MTi'.r api)ly them more lil^erally
l:i:iTi Oi.liers. ]>ul in the main the
1 .iig-suii g nne. wiih American
lei'l-. inoditifd in re-;T)ect tf> the
cj.it'ivl'a'K. etc., by some jilavfrs,
t )t::i- th*.- whist r>f the vast m.iji>r-
i". V t'l-iliv. I ^i','. alsi», *• I.ong-Suit
{',,\':w." and " Shor'-Siiit (lame.**)
\\".;-.l 1: i«; tn.ri-' I'Tf-.i' ]>r->ijr»*'-«« i'l the
1 !-■ •- . • ■!•■ M '.■■•'. T'i !T • il I- :i.|-in'y
'<: ■■ '•;>• ■■'• -M'-i'i h I- • • "< I .w i: ! «!■ !"in-
i:-.; :i '. .: :>■ l.i!i/:::.. ■' :!■::• ;••! - -.n}!''-
^ :•' ti ;' •■ i.'iMi wt'i rh- T' ■*'::i of
>;.-•■■!•, .•i/:!^ t'-.- J.! \ '.vhii-}i. iti tiifTi,
1-. I . I----:- 1 1 il'irt^'-: ;!'•• :Mt<-;c-«t'.'if !}i«r
c r :' ^r• it: -ri i^f :. .'.\v • ^ .Jii I-.m-N wJiijh
li: I' ."■ 'M-Mv «■',•»«.■■!•• ^ :-»it tlir hr i:i<i
i 1-. !.i":i' r*. t! j»riii«.":;i!«- hm wli;. Ii ih»- m-iil-
I • M «■ i- MMM- H.lIK'' l' '• ■".-■l. -V. A*, /itst
[/ .\ ' . I! itf'f Miy I }/.'*'. .1/.;f 1^. /«■;/.
I:i i!* iiT-ii-!ii.i: siiif wlii-t Wit*. r\ fmir-
hai:i!til tf-Aiiic, ia which, in ailiiiitling
only the hiermrchy of the can
order and cIakk. two pLi;
iiintchetl ARHiiist two ••thcr«
which parly should g.tiii 11
nunilKT of tricktt. • • • i
until it had pah*«il it.« infir.c
attained the luaturr ace of ni r
it was inve*>tnl with the a<ii:itii
oi the trump, and rrcc-iicl •
those other attractive accr-
honors, the call. etc. — Ity^fu
' *Im ZV3. ' ' Mfciwm j( .
The game of whi«t i« ^u.'*!:
prcjducl ot Hnelish scit!. an !
devclupmrnl during morr U3
turicH, until it haft n>l t>ul ar;.
turity, IK mainly due U* Jint
From HuKland it wa« carr:c
hunilred and «(:aty vear^ .-^
centres of Pari Man life, and th
i>t!i and financier A fr'jm<>lhf
who resorted to that capital ■ •
ject to its influence, atu! xi::
into the citiejf of their n«xi
ftw.iv ns the chief pa me a! c^:
reached all o%-er Eiiror»e. r\
stepped of Russia, anri n*Jl
cl:i»»ses nf Kocinl life. Th* c -I
emiiirtleil to America and Aj«
rir*l the c.ime into even rw^rt r
tricts. iind during the !a"r f;:
century ni.my varieties of T'*'^
brnut!ht b.ick to Ktml»n«l fr^-"
in(( t>>wnH in the nonhwe*! tt
the rnited St:itev It hi- d
Itshed its supremacy in err-r '.
ited l>\ Kur'ipean nations t
M-end:int« an^l it mav'Trn >*
with sufficient vitality Lr :?»•
of future :\[Z*^*» — It'i.'.t^m fStiri
ney {L ■ O], ' Fngluk IVhui .'
Whist in Art. --It wooM^
estin^ to know jurt h'*'
times whist has formed lh<
of the artist's brush, ani 1
lion of whist piclurw woe
unique and fascinalinf! b'
srnne wealthy lo\-rr of th
Amonp the well-known
ani^is who are known !o^
voteil their talent<b l^ in cx"
represeiitalion of which wh
er«i formed the theme, wxf
the jrreat caricaturisL H*-*
dated January li, iTfl^,
players, two men and !w>.'»
immersed in ** twopenny
W.1S much adtnirrd. In
represented Sir Josepli !
and three of hU
7HIST IN COLLEGES 501 WHIST IN COLLEGES
it, at a political game of
Another whist picture, by
odson. entitled, "A Snug
t; or, Playing for the Odd
*' was also very popiilar.
St in Colleges and Univer-
. — It is but natural that a
• intellectual game like whist
I, for over a century, have
favor among the students in
es and universities, and not
among the students, but
r the faculty as well. We arc
lat as early as 1758 it had be-
\ fit recreation for university
in England. In No. 33 of
li/er, the senior fellow of a
?. at Cambridge, describes
f and his party as "sitting
whist in the evening." It
group of English college men
n the middle of the present
y, formed what was subse-
V called the " Little Whist
I*' {g. v.), which gave to
a scientific impetus such as it
jver known before,
iinerica the game has like-
ared well in the past, at the
of the studiously inclined,
xiay it is nieeling with an
icreasing and enthusia.stic
ne in our institutions of
ig. While it does not yet,
le of its most devoted admir-
tuld like to see it, form a part
college curriculum, it cer-
must be admitted to exert a
ind beneficial influence upon
;ntal training of tht* students,
notable fact, also, that man^
leading whist exp)erts of tins
y learned the game during
:ollege years.
it whist activity has for a
?r of years prevailed at Har-
md Yale, and local tourna-
, as well as inter-coUcgiate
matches, have been the re-
This is a natiu-al outcome of
the organization of the American
Whist League, in 1891, which
brought into existence many new
clubs throughout the country, and
gave rise to the now all-prevailing
match-play between whist organi-
zations.
The first match between Harvard
and Yale was played May 4, 1895.
For two years previous to this time,
whist tournaments had been held
at Cambridge, Mass., under the .
auspices of the Harvard Chess and
Whist Club. As the chess element
largely predominated in this club,
a movement in favor of a new club,
entirely devoted to whist, was in-
augurated by C. D. Booth and W.
T. Denison, who had attained a
leading position as players in the
tournaments. In oraer to arouse
interest in the new club, and give
it a prestige which the old one
never had, they planned a match
with Yale, and Mr. Booth finally
opened up a correspondence on the
subject. Asa result, E. W. Hobart,
of Yale (class of '95), met Messrs.
Booth, Denison, and E. W. Ryer-
son at Cambridge, February 22,
1895, when a provisional agreement
for a match between the two uni-
versities was drawn up. The Har-
vard men wished to have each side
represented by eight players, but
Mr. Hobart preferred to have onlv
six, and his view finally prevailed.
The next thing was to devise a plan
whereby the players might be en- -
gaged m a regular team match.
Yale preferred to play a series of
single- table duplicate matches, but
Harvard insisted on having the play
arranged so that there would be
no replay of deals by pairs who had
originally played them, in order to
avoid memorizing of hands. A
schedule was devised to move the
players so as to obviate this; but
when Fisher Ames, who was chosen
to act as referee, was told there were
WIIIST IN COLLEGES 502 WHIST IN COLLEG:
to K? six players on each side, he
cxj)rcs.sc«l hisiloubls whether teams
of III it nnmher coiiM play without
haviiij^ Ml Ka-it two pairh replay the
(1'mIs wiiiiii ilu-y ha»l plaved Ijefore.
He siii)pi»rleil liis ]u>siti<)n l)y the
cipiiiii»::s (»f >evt:al prnmineiit Hos-
ton p'.aye:>, inoUuiiiiji^ IC, C.
Howe'ii. the well-known invenU>r
i.( M'lir.lalv-^ f«.»r <iiij»licate play.
!hii a ])ri-^en:.i:i>in uf the mailer,
on tin- ii.iri of Mi-H^rs. lioolh. Deni-
son. a:i<l Kver-^iMi, convinced Mr.
An:- ^ ih.il liie 1111:1.1; e.»uM he done
aii'.-r all, .'-r.il he thereupon ap-
pr«>viMl llu.ir ])!.tn. atler ni.ikin;^
<oi!i" i'.irsr-'vrTiu n:*i, in llic wav r)t*
m«»v:n;.; p .::s i n-li. id «•!* hoards, etc.
.\i tile time Ihi^ ihsl American
iTiiv r-i-'»jK-.;i lie whist in. itch was
nrr.in-i'l. Vi'.i- liid. slriclly speak-
ing. "•► wlii'i c'.iih as yet, luit a
c-.»i:i::iilti f h.i.; 'n-.-n apjninleil the
])rivii •'.;-. I'.i';. r.r.d'.T whose snper-
vi*'iii:i a \\h:>l t..ar::.i:::ent wa•^ held
<l'.j:iii'j. Ill'- winl-T. J'>>iahll. l\ck,
of 111 • ci -- i.f \o, w.i-i Ihi' movini;
>'.)\v\\ \:\ til" 1:1 vW'-v. \l bii'.li iini-
ve: il'.i. •^. ue.:'i- informed, the •'VS-
t.-*;; ol' Tn.:r...^.':!u:-.t is the s.inie.
Jvii'i Ills .1 r.'Lr'.i'.ir'.y or^^ar.-./i-il
c'u'>, ;n! v u "1 i i.i'i ij'.v. .s a loiirna-
:"ii:il. n I M I . .,;i i!u:n'ter«» of the
'!:■.•■- • ' :\ . v.'.-.i.iiur m-.nih rs of
•;•■ ! ". ■> I-.- I',' :. I'"rn::i tin- plavtrs
■■.: ■ ". ^< I;. I* : ■■-•l rvv«':ils in tiieM:
'••..'■..:::.:;'- !::•• e].'iin of the
:••■■ ; r. ;. ■ 1, , : ■,-t ii ].\ the c'.nh,
- " .:• -x ::: n who are to
' ■" ■ ■ ■•: *. .: •• ..:. I", the ti»nrn i-
:•: ■ • ■'• '. •■• - i: . •;:•.:. i. I up ir.\n
■ •■• : !• ::•■ ] ■.-.rs i-.uh; eii'h
: ■"• :'".•■ r\ ■ i*;u ! p -.-.r :r. i's
' . :■. •/.• 1 •••••.! ..' . of I- .. '1
• " '. -•■ • • ■..• • !•;«• i!( \: :< n'l.i,
w" : -■:• '.' : :'. ■-:•«:: : • m id.- :■(
' •■• ■i..^li»il. iiililis
".', ■' .. • . . ■ « , '^ ,•■•■•• 1 . 1 •• 1 0 ..
■ I" • '..-■'''. !•> :;iv :::rn- t::e
• ■■;••■ : . ". : '. :..•: :i t..;i:'..1- ..f tlitf
t'»ur:. i:::i. ::: »:. uachvl, the caj>-
tain fetd.s reasonal»!v <\ir:- •
has the best Uilent in thi
before him t«> piek f:- :n
tournament p:ay*l.i*!> .i ::
st». all the matches l-'enic
deals each.
The first match l»ot\\i-t:! I
ancl Yale, as alreily ^•..z
played May 4, iVo. ' T::t
like all snbseqiitTil I'n*- v
of seventy-two <Iea»< ; ' i . i I
playeil. Harvard'?* t*. .»::: ■ •
of C 1). B<Mith. .uti:;^' » •.• :.
W. T. I)eniM..n: A. I) .--.;. ..
W. T. (fnnniMin; M I: ■
K. K. H.ul. The Yaic j ? r. -
J. H. Teck, captain, ir .
Hobart; A. F. C.irj.i-!::i r •
I'eck; C. S. Tluirsii-n 1-.
Wiley. The in«»-ie •■: i ".
three-pair T!i.i:.-h i^ ^ , •*:.•..
that it may be de^cr:-— d V.- r
chanvre of partners t-/,. j ; .
ini; the entire iTitt.;:.
player> of orir* te .m W'.r •
n«>rlh and *» •:;lh. .ind t'itr -
ers of the niher tc.ir:: r i-t ..•
at tliifv: I ibus. A xr'.'.«s
deals w i^ pl.i\f.l .it k \ ' . • .'
number couid b.- ::: .. b •
or lw--ive. a*, pr^f- — « ; 7"
were left at the t.t^ ]•■ w't r :
atid the v.»>i ini \\ i ^: :*.».• -
vari; ni'ive'i np ••iir ! .* ♦. .
ii'-rlli .i:id s. .-itb pi ■•. • -•
rl'iwn <»:u- t.ib'.i-. i»;.l ', .-^
lions. n«Tt'n and s, . •!-, -.
e.i-t ..::d west. .\:ii\ «i-: .•
• ♦ 1 1»" I •*^' r ♦,, •• ,»-t %. . •• • . • -
x.»iti««.l«a.^ % 'II ' .««.l .* ,
w.i> ')::• overp'-.y • .j" v.. ». -
ol' ij- iN. .i:id c"':::'.. ! • :.
ro'r.d Tb.'- !•'. -.%• r- •' • •• ■
:f.'.s::j in I'.ir >.tT:;e irr. *
t'-'Tf. n '.TV irl :::• ar ". V '
c::.;".;:::: J p«-.l. '::•. . - . •- •
e It'll ::i"vc. «■ i^-t •.•• r:- r".'. •
e.i^t. i!c . a!:d >.» •••;
t::-»h 'IctN wiri* j !•.•••! • - '
;i::ii:i:jv: "f ths- -ic* :• I -
chanj^ed uj> bef» re, a:, i :... ^
IIST IN COLLEGES 503 WHIST IN COLLEGES
round two was played,
mnds made a total of sev-
> deals, of which each pair
fort^-eight deals, meeting
posing pair twice both as
les and opponents. The
as: Harvard, ^68 tricks;
4 tricks. As in all team
where the total number of
ken by each side is scored,
re nee in the score is divided
n order to show the num-
ricks actually gained. In
B Harvard's gain and vic-
isisted of thirty-two tricks,
econd match between the
eges took place on March
, and was won by Harvard
re of 37 to 27. The Harvard
insisted of C. D. Booth,
and W. T. Denison; J. W.
id F. N. Morrill; C. E.
re and F. C. Thwaits. The
m consisted of L. R. Conk>
ain. and N. B. Beecher; W.
Irick and R. Schuyler; P.
nd R. Cameron,
bird match was played on
, 1897, and Harvard again
s time, however, by the nar-
l^n of three points, the score
► to 37. The Harvard team
1 of F. N. Morrill, captain,
). Booth; F. Heilig and O.
)prague; W. Byrd and H.
t, Jr. The Yale team con-
W. G. Cooke, captain, and
Sherwood; N. B. Beecher
P. Cameron; S. Cameron
Jryant
first match Yale played a
lixed game, favoring long
le next year two of her
re conservative long-suiters,
le pair leaned toward the
t game. In 1897 Yale
a decidedly mixed game,
are informed that "at no
s she played the radical
it game as advocated by
Harvard has almost nniversallj
played a conservative long-smt
game. The first year ** Cavendish"
was their sole guide. The second
year they took C. D. P. Hamilton
as their authority, and in 1807 they
followed very closely the ideas of
L. M. Bouv^ [L. A.], captain of the
American Club team, of Boston.
The fact that on this occasion thej
won by a smaller marjjin than pre-
viously is no reflection on Mr.
Bouv£ Yale had the strongest
team she had yet put forward, and,
besides this. Harvard suffered from
an attack oif over-confidence when
the match was two-thirds over,
being then sixteen tricks ahead.
This led to careless play, and Yale
made the best of it, guning thir-
teen tricks by good hard work in
the third roun^ Harvard it more
strongly than ever in favor of the
long-suit game.
It may be interesting to show
here how these colles[e teams have
compared in play with teams of
acknowledged strength belonging
to League clubs. Yale has not done
much i)laying with older teams,
but during 1896 it engaged a team
of six from the Albany Whist Cub
in a match, and won by one
trick. Albany was represented tnr
what was considered her secono,
third, and fourth stron^t pairs.
Harvard has played against crack
teams in Boston every year since
the organization of the new clnb.
In 1894 she entered a team of four
for the New England champion*
ship, and it stood fifth out of seven-
teen teams engaged in the toumai-
ment. The same year the Harvard
four played the Newton team, cap-
tained by Fi^er Ames, and the re-
sult was a tie. They also tied the
Press Club team, composed at that
time of Howell, Clay, Becker, and
Knowles. The American Clnb teaniL
captained by L. M. Bout6, defeated
WHIST IN COLLEGES
504 WHIST IN COLLEGES
thciii by three tricks, thus petting
even tor their «lefe.it by Harvard in
the New Knj^i.ind cliaiiipionship
toiirtiainent. The next year Har-
vard had a weaker team, and did
not succee<l in dei'eaiini( any of the
crack teatn*;, ahhuu^h j)layin^
close matche*; a;4ain>t llieni all. In
1S96 Harvanl won about half of the
m itohes her te.iin eui^.ij^cd in.
I'Voni this it will be seen that whi.st
01' llie very be<t (jiialily can be and
is playe<l by collej^^e trains.
Alihonj^h as yel not i^irtieipalinj^
in any inier-coHe^iate matches,
I*rin»"eton, too, is be;^innin;x to
awaken to the iTn]iortance of whist
as a reenation atnl atnnscment.
Tile stuileiits bej^an hoMiiiijj rejiU-
l.ir whi<t tournaments in i^f^y, in
ll;e li«>:-e«>f arousiiiir surticient en-
*
tlni^-iasni to brini; about a niateh
with Harvard and Yale. In i^jS,
at tlie su;^ui"»«tion ot a Princeton
;(raduale, \\!io was then a student
in the Harvanl law srhool, the
ciTitain of the H arv ird teatn wrote
t'» IViui'etou a'.vi if. .I'd to play a
iTiatch. litit r:'::''.-i«i!) was not in
a p'>».iti«in N* .:•.•■ i-;.!. and also ha«l
to «be!ine a •^::^^.!.l^ oiiVr fr«»ni Vale
in i^o'i. T';" \«Mr !'>'iIowinj^'. h'jw-
evr. PriiiO'-toM \>"-' i!i t"St.iiidnnli»T
ri'-:*!". ;•!' 1 iu :*.!«• r.'»stf)n /A';-.//i/
I'lr I )i"'.. i.m'i' r Ui. l^'C- ^^■*' pad:
" At a '!)• •. li'i;: «>f t!:<' I'rir.:". '.nn
Wlii-t C.".:'"«. la^t T)r:r-«'iv. a ••■•rt-r
f:t'::\ th • - «•• •: iry <•}' thi- V.ii--
Wli:-' i. ".•."■ '■. • r-- 1 i:i w"*:'. Ii
Va'.f ..■•■■ :■• . l':;** • ': •"- t ■: r.it'j',/'
f 'r .1 ii.!-.:- -t .\ ! ■•' r '.. .-- a"- »
bi-!i si-!i: i!'i:n I': -.lict i--:i '■» :!.••
liirviT'l ti-iTU. 1 •:: :: • ri'!':v b. is
1" ' :i !'-*iivr'l. 1: {'■•■• r •.■•.' ■Til-^;-
T'.-:; ■!.) I'.-.t I!'.*'*'. ;: ' •i'lal nnt«h
b iweTi Vm!i- ■:••. \ !'::!i.'rt"Ti v.ill
*■■■ I !iv'- I ;•.♦ ]'':::> •'. •?: i*:*;',tT "hir-
\" J, tl'v I'ii'-r v.i .*: I" «>r a*i somh
• ifti-: .1-^ ;.<issi' I". I: II-rviT'l ai>
('»•; t-i l\\'.- eh il'.rM.!'.- III-.' f^ tines be-
tween Vale and I'linccton will be
declaretl off, and a neu sc;;.
arranKt'd.*'
" No doubt we shall arr.i- .
plav a tri-collc)»iate zintic'.:.' -.v
C. 1). Hoi»tli. of Harv.tr: .
date of January 2^. 1*."%
nothing; definite i*^ ;i- ye! -!*
Harv.ird h »s api»oirite«i a c :: •■
to make arranj^eiiient>. .\' -
will be matle to l;avc !hv •
con>ist of eij^ht uicr: ra ;:.
have h.id no oom:n 11 n:c jti r
from rrinceton.*' ails Mr •
"hence, if tlie thn*-. -•
match fall.s through. I . . •
whether we shall arrar .;.
rate match witli ht r • : :■ *.
any rate, we shall I>l.t> w :• \
\Vhisi is ;ds«» jvjj.ul.ir urr* •.
faculty ai I'rinction. ;..^ \^.
T>ear iVom the folli.w:::^
in ivy7. by oi:c of :!:•• :r.--
"We have in rr:ru'.i •':
club, called t::e N;v-.i:: ^
whiih our fac. .*.ty ar:': : -.
cipal t<»wn {'.-ojile are •
Last year s«»!:ie lwt::!\ -:*-.. •
IkTs of tliis eaib j^« »l t v't' '. -
deeiileil t'» form a w !•.:-♦ v'::
dill so, eajbiiL: it t: v ;—.
Wills'. Club, auii ;'.:?".t:.: :;.- \
can Whist I,eav.".:e .»: i :'
Jersi-v Ass»K!.t:'.':i. V.'e . •
jfiti'.'.'r a :?■ irn. \\':.\. h : ' i. •
^anit s w ih i.u!<:.Ic le.r-H .
very fiir s;j,-i-c?»^ ttiw.,r ! • • •
the col'ij^i- ve.ir i >\\:r-. »; *
tiTn". •'■-> t«- iTTi h.is ?•»•: •. :
pracl!<"i ::.;.;: .'U'l I ;,!:i r- .
cha!i'-ts :"r a jj.*.-! ••-.::: •" .
aren*"'. v-t'. '^ «•••'. '] :- •-» '
in« •'ts iVf-rv In lay i r ■:
>%;::«•!. ..:i«i t::v :::i:\i ':• »' :•
]■. .V •.- Tr.'.:i :i I »::«:•! r .:^ :•■.'•• •»
V/I.'.st :'..ts als.1 * t*» T. :• ' .
S"i!:v f\!»— .1 at rr-'u:: ": •.
auil at ••r;e tmi" W H ', ■'
at tha! tirn" sm r^t i-\ ■ ! :'■.- '•-
cm Wl:i-t I.ea-^ue ul:i» > : ^•
ale tit r.rijwn , ur-^n- \ li -
arrange a match w:th t::*. . .
7HIST IN FRANCE
505
WHIST IN NOVELS
ersity, which he deemed a
e.
: there is no regular whist
Ltion at Cornell University,
as 1 89 1 Horatio S. White
the existence there of an
1 whist club composed of
3f instruction and adniinis-
including one of the tnis-
e treasurer, the librarian,
;ral meml>ers of the faculty,
layed the five-point game,
lot counting, and no trick
wed to be examined afler it
:e been quitted. In iS^j
informed that the game is
/ed a great deal in faculty
and there is also an organi-
known as the Town and
lub, which devotes a good
ttention to whist. It is com-
f members of the univer-
ilty and residents of Ithaca
, equal proportions,
iquiries as to the status of
e in Western colleges and
ties brought us the follow-
teous reply from Professor
MacMillan, of the Univer-
Vlinnesot.i: ** I do not un-
l that whist in the West has
an inter-collegiate sport;
1 among the students and
Ity it is a popular study. I
' a night scarcely passes that
the University of Minne-
ulty are not engaged in a
e whist match. Team whist
i but sparingly out^^ide of
s, but memory duplicate is
mipresent. At Wisconsin,
cago, and Nebraska, I am
i, there is also much whist
»»
In France.— Whist was
n France at an early period
translations of Hoyle.
le was played by I^uis XV.,
er the empire was a favorite
>f Josephine and Maria
Lonise. After the Restoration it
was taken up more enthusiastically.
**The nobles,'* says a French
writer, *'had gone to England to
learn to think, and they Drought
back the thinking game with
them. '* Talleyrand was one of the
leading players of the day, and his
f«^/— **You do not know whist,
young man? What a sad old ase
you are preparing for yourself T"
— is a standard Quotation in whist
literature. Charles X. was playing
whist at St Cloud on the tvrenty-
ninth of July, 1830, when the tn*
color was waving on the Tnileries,
and he had lost his throne. Hit
successor, Louis Philippe, when
similarly engaged, was obliged to
submit to what has been aptly
termed an elegant insolence, m
had dropped a louis, and stopped
the game to look for it, when a
foreign ambassador, whovrasoneof
the party, set fire to a billet of 1000
francs to give light to the king un*
der the table.
In 1S39 appeared a long-pronH
Lsed work on the game by M. De^
chapelles, the great French player.
It was the •* Traits du Whiste,"
and much had been expected of it.
It was, however, only a fragment
of a larger work which was never
finished. But even though it was
but a fragment, it is by far the
ablest and most original work
that France has added to whist lit-
erature.
Whist In Novels. —Whist is fre-
quently mentioned and describe!
in the works of the English novel-
ists from the time of Hoyle. Among
the very earliest are the two pas-
sages relating to the game in Field-
ing's ** Tom Jones.** published in
1749. Mr, Pickwick* s memorable
experiences at Dingley Dell and
Bath are delightfully portrayed bj
Dickens in the ** Pickwick Papef%^'
WinST IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS 5^6
WHIST MATCH
.•»
ami Thackeray's '• Virj;iniaiis
contains much conciTninj^; the
^anif and J/r. U'tirrifii^/ofi's vary-
inji lurk with /.orJ Cfit'^U'rfwld
and iilluris. Nearly ail llic ;^reat
novelisis \\crc tlK•nlsL'lvc^ pracliccd
players, and Ihc^c sceiu-.*>. as well
a^ li.e ])ieiures of Capidin Hayna-
ht-\ J'ji'Mifi Palt\ and other wliisl
devoU-ts. nliicli Lord I.yllon draws
in ** My Novel," were llie re>uU of
aelual t. xueiience. Anlhonv Trol-
lojie iliu> relleeted s»)nie of his own
knowUili^e and (»j»ini<»ns in "The
Herlr.ini>," in whieh occurs the
catd l-aily «'f J//^A I'odd. James
TavM i> another n(»\eii.si wlio lias
tile .ulwinlai^e t>f I ein;^ a j^ood
whisi-pl.iyiT. His slory. "A Wry
(Jui'.i Ruliin-r," in iheihird volume
ot his •• ni.;4h Si)iri'..s." is w(«ithy
t)f a j.cTUvii liy «.\\ry h-ver of the
g.iine. I*. C liuinand, in his
" H.ippy Thouijhl-." j^ives us a
picture- of a ruliiier .it v.liich <»ne(>f
the j.'.iytr^ i"> made miser.d>h' hy
\\\> ': ..d luck. Mrs. Hen inker,
author iif •• I'oiled." ;ind Marmiitn
\V. ^ivi-e. aullior (.f "The Ikich-
clor •«f !!i" Alh.mv." are anionic
lU'Te riii:it I-'nujli-h nulhors who
d\N< '.1 :i!'i"i whT-t i'l the com M.- of
th<- -t'vv wliich they are ullinj;.
I ::i' - v.". i\ w i-. \\\K' ori;^in.il of
(' ' ■' n: !•>:•' i:i tIu- ruhher of whist
• !■ :•'■ •■ ■: i'l ('.••or'^v- A:fre<l Law-
le!:-. •• " ."^.lus Mvri-i."
Whi.t in the Public Schools.^
Se- . ■' v.*-.:-'. .!> an iMuiMlor."
Whist Lesson -Cards. .X pick
*■•!•• i- ' •■•■* ;'."':j:-.; ■•:: \'i:*.' t u"e of
• . 1 ' . • • ' ■. • • . •••■••• i' ' t " T i' 'fi ' ««
I
V::-:- 1 ■•::■.•.■•!. •:■. Ii'.Iit-.l; lri'!!l
V. i: • ■ • !?;• :y. i! :<•:■.> il ■«. to h-- h d,
'■\:::j tn ;';■■ s'.Ntim of Annr-
i' I- '■ I'!- A I'lttTit lor th.:> in-
V. •.* -M Wis t.'i i::'rd t<» I'isher
A:-- . •■:' N-. wto:i. Mts^., l'rh:uarv
7. ij}. .See, "Whist ratciil.*».'*)
Whist Match Between Wc
— The lirst im]>oTtai:t wh>:
exclusively fur women w.»*
in the Colonial TarLr^. ::;
delphia, on Iieceiul.cr :~
The cemixrtilors were tw... '.
I^anizations. the S»tr.ih i..::
the Trisl Whist Ciuh-<., tvw:.
players on each Mtie-. V\ ". -
was that the tire w.t> i t •. .
the hearth w.isi in»i ci-i:..
game w.is not sullicii 'ii'.v r*.
the renowned Sirah. I-ifiv .
match by the overw ht '.::.' .
of seventy-two Irivk-. i.
average north ami ^^.^:th '
Tri^t was matle by Mr^ M .
and Mrs. I.ex; wliiU- :■ :.: •
the lest east ai:d wi -t **> '
P.arger, Mrs. I\ll'.«*»i:i. M-,
liam.s. and Mrs. Ki» ::.
s<'«ire north anil •*• v.'.h : •:
Itattle was made \t\ Mr* i
an«l Mrs. McCi»pe: «..•..< -•-•
by Mrs. Whilct.mb .•.: d M •
tain. .See. a'.x». " \V«.Ti:.t:. -
I.eav;i'.e," and " Wuuiei: a.-
riayers.'*)
Whist Match by Corres
ence.— Tl'.e t:r».l w'.::-:
ever t -laved bv C'«rri ^- . :..:. •
I ■ • m
inaugurate'! a^.d i '■::•;•:» v. .
I*. I'osti r. T:u:» w»rv
player-* in th.e lour::?". :
on l-ebir.aTv 5. l^c#:, .it: : *. ' •
W.I-' pub'.:^lud in ii /.; ; • :
arv. I>l.^. Tile n:\:.. t:-. :
were arrtngetl at t.»*! . ■:*•.
inntrii'.ary tablev V'' • *• ••»
vitlfd i::»i» tw<» -^tv'.:':--
e.icJi. aU'l f' •'.'.• 'Wid '!:• . " .' .
t!:e -• h'. 'in'.'- \*< t»^\'. :• .."
v.":vf'i <•:'. T'l^i" '"^^ «>? 1 • -"•.' *
af'.i r c\'. rv fourth h w :
vaiiouN vh.\nk:<'*» havm*: *".*"
tin out ;n ih.iirr.iTn." n.iv"
•' il was f.tsy to MO what ;•
at the table anv given : '.a*
Cesitively occupied, a:; I
WHIST MATCH
507
WHIST ICATCH
Is were consecutively num«
d, this Rave his position in each
'he twenty-eight hands that
i to be played. The thirteen
• belonging to that ]x>sition
i then sent to him, with the
•up trump, and he was asked to
i m his original lead in the
n hands in which he was A.
ted slips were used, one for
I trick, and these slips were
ibered down the left margin,
I one to twenty-eight, to corre-
id with the twenty-eight hands,
n followed four columns for the
a played by A, Y, B. and Z.
The leads being all in, the
s led by A were entered on the
e sheets prepared for keeping a
rd of the play. The name of
i player being at the head of
I column on these score-sheets,
ished a key as to whose turn it
next to play, and this player
notifie<l (by writing the card
ed by A in the A column, op-
te the number of the hana)
it was his next play. These
-s by the Y players being all in,
plays of both A and Y were
to all the B's, and they being
ived, the cards played by A, Y,
B were sent to the Z players.
The trick being now complete,
slip sent in originally by A was
d out, to show him what cards
been played on his lead. The
missing cards were sent to Y,
the one played after B, to him.
ichever player had won the
c now sent m his lead for the
t trick on a new slip, and so
play went on.
Where there was no choice, a
^er having only one card of the
le<l, the person conducting the
ney coula fill it in at once, and
I save time. Prom this and
ml other causes, such as players
getting to send in their plays on
e hands, it was impossible to
keep the hands all going at the
same pace. So it soon happened
that the same player would haye
reached the eighth trick in one
hand, and be back at the third in
another. Slips for each uncom-
pleted trick having to be sent him,
it often occurred that a player re*
ceived seven trick-slips each week.
This might not impress him very
strongly, but the pmon conducting
the tourney, receiving from four to
seven slips from sixteen players at
once, found that a very lairge table,
and a still larger stock of patience^
was necessary to go through them
all.
*' The best method was found to
be to go through the hands in
order, by the score sheets, and find
whose turn it was to play. The
slips of each player being kept s»*
arate, it was easy to resich tne sup
numbered for that trick, and enter
up his play. All the pla3r8 beinff
entered, the slips were then sortea
into tricks, the sixteen slips belong^
ing to each trick being placed to-
gether. The score-sheets were then
again f^one over, but only one trick
at a time was examined, say the
fiflh. Each player whose turn it
was to play in the fifth trick of anr
hand was notified of the cards al-
ready played. All the fifth tricks
having been entered np, the sixth
was taken up, beginning at the be*
ginning again; then the seventb.
and so on, as far as the play had
gone. This being complete, the
score-sheets were gone over again
for the fifth trick only, and every
fiflh trick that was complete wee
entered up on the four slips of the
players enga^[ed in it, and a chedc-
mark placed m the maigin toshoiw
that all four knew all the ceide
plajred. The sixth, seventh, snd
other tricks were gone over in the
same way, one at a time, end then
the slips were mailed e^iiin. While
WHIST MATCH
508
WHIST ICATCH
waitinp: for the next mail, the cards
played in each hand were checked
off the diagrams at the top of the
score-sheets, to delect errors not
noticed in entering up, as it was
not at all uncommon for a player
to play the same card twice, or
even to play a card he never held.
" The time consumed, even after
many weeks of practice, was usually
ten hours for each play sent in,
which was once a week. Two hun-
dred an<l eighteen slips were used,
and it t()(»k just eleven hundred and
sixty -four jK)stage stamps to send
out the plays, and almost as many
to return them.
'* During the entire tourney only
four errors occurred, and two of
these were revokes, which were not
detected until the diagram was
checked up between mails."
In the contest K. C Howell, of
the American Whist Club, Ik)ston,
won first place, both in his eight
and in the sixteen. In the second
eight T. 11. (Mis. of Orange, N. J.,
and A. K. Taylor, of New York,
were tied for first. In the sixteen
Mr. Oti"?. Harry Trumbull, and \V.
S. Fenollos.i were lied for second
place. Jioth eights lost one hun-
dre<l and sixty-eight tricks. In
comp.'iring the pairs of players who
overplayed the same hands in the
same j><Kiti«Mi, but in different
ei'^hts. IVeiich beat Paine thirteen
trii-ks. Clay be.it Haynes nine, Horr
beat C'>lTiii Irn. Trninbnll feat Tay-
lor eiirbt. Tat nail beat Lennox
three. I Tnwell ])eat ( >ti»; tvvo, Woolen
br.it l^lklT two. atifl I"\n<>llos::i beat
Stevens on<". The following were
the .scores by eights:
First Kigiit.
Lost.
1. H C HowfM 5
2. H.irrv S. SJt-v.n* 7
^ r,# nry»' T;ttn:ill 9
4- H.iTtv Tiiitiihull 14
5. C. K I ..flin 16
6. J I'. Woolen 17
7. C. M. CIbt ....
i C M. Paine ....
SscoifD
I. T. K. Oti«
a. A. K. Taylor
3. W. 8. FenoltoH
4. Dr. Lennox
•). H. B French
6. K. T. Riker
7. N. T. Hon-
8. A. M. lUynes
Tlic score for the sixteen
follows:
I. R. c. Howell
3. T. K. Oti* ".
3. W. S. Fenollo^a
4. Harry Trumbull
5. H.irry S. Stevens
6. N. T Horr
7. ('.eor>;e Tatnall
8. Dr. Lrnnox
q. H. B. French
10. A. K. Tavlor
II. C. M. Clay
12. J. IV Wootcn
iy K. T. Bakrr
14 C K. Coffin
15. A. M. Haynes
10. C. M. Paine
The prrsonnei oi tbe pU^
gage<l in the match is tha
by Mr. Foster: •• Mr. H
Stevens is a member of the
sily Club, of Chic<aj;»o. an!
gentleman w)K>m • Civi
thought the best whi^st-f.'.
met during his \-isil to A
Mr. Iv. C. Howell plavs on !:
of the American Whist CI
lUiston, and is the rrcogr::
thority on probabilitie* :i
games, many articles fri»m !
having appearel in U'h:'t
\V. S. I'VnoUosa is a wh>t-t
in Salem. Mass . and .1 I>
contributor to li'hiii and the
Mr. H irry TnmibuU iia.« c
of the team that won the
pionship in 1894. When *\r
consumption, the followiR^s
he played his last can! at v
the spade seven at the tenth
in hand No. 9s. Mr. N. T
WmST MATCH
509
WHIST MATCH
eland, has contributed sev-
icles to Whist, chiefly his-
Mr. T. E. Otis, of Orange,
a whist-teacher, and a mem-
everal prominent New York
ubs. Mr. George Tatnall is
of the Wilmington (Del.)
Hub, and is one of the vet-
urnament players. Dr. R.
, of Brooklyn, is one of the
players in the great touma-
Mr. C. M. Clay is cele-
is a composer of perception
IS in Ivhist. Mr. A. E.
of the Knickerbocker Whist
lew York, is one of their
lyers. Mr. H. B. French is
e Philadelphia Whist Club,
o plays on the Art Club
Mr. J. P. Wooten is the
of the Capital City Bicycle
am, of Washington, 1). C,
mpions for 1892- '93. This
lan has won a prize at every
ongress, and is con.sidered
:he most brilliant players in
igue. Mr. C. E. Coffin is
:hor of several works on
The Gist of Whist' being
: known. Mr. E. T. Baker
f the best known of Eastern
lent players. Mr. C. M.
Ls the editor of Whist, a
jr journal devoted exclu-
) the interests of the game.**
aay add that Mr. Foster's
; Tactics'* is based upon the
and contains the hands in
dea of whist by correspond-
lus suggested, was taken up
American Whist League,
pursuance to action taken
whist congress. President
£, in the fall of 1S95, ap-
the following committee
nament by correspondence,
11 power to act : Milton
k, of Philadelphia, chair-
- E. Taylor, of New York,
in T. Mitchell, of Chicago.
At this writing (January, 1898,)
nothing definite has as yet been
accomplished.
In Whist for November, 1897,
W. B. Brush, the originator of the
••Brush Tramp Trays** (a. r.),
communicated the tlarticulari of
another whist match by correspond-
ence, which had Inst been com-
menced, and whicn is still unfin-
ished at the present Mrriting. The
match consists of two tables, each
playing four deals at a time, and
after playing through, the hands
are exchanged and played ovefv
making it practically two teams of
four. SajTS Mr. Bmsh: ** Table
No. I is composed of Miss J. B.
Lee, Albuauerque, New Mexico
(north); Miss N. S. Baldwin, San
Francisco, CaL (west); Mrs. B. C
Howell, Boston, Blaaa. (east), and
myself (south)— east and west play-
ing the 'Howell openings,' and
north and south playing the Poster
system, as publiabea. Table Na a
is composed of Mrs. Clarence
Brown, Toledo, Ohio (north); Mis.
E. L. Wood, Brookline, Mass.
(east); Colonel A. & Bnrt, Port
Missoula, Mont (west), and Colonel
Hy. Hutchings, Austin, Texas
(south) — east and west will play
the American leads, and north and
south the Poster 83rstem, as taught
To Mr. Poster, I believe, is dne the
credit of originating the jgame tnr
correspondence, and I believe if it
were more universal it would be the
better for those who wish to learn
the game.*'
Whist Match hy Tatcgraph.—
In Whist for April^ 1897, John Hall
asks: '* We occasionaliv hear of
chess tournaments by telegraph be-
tween cities miles sfMut. why not
whist? We will say, for instance,
a match is arranged between New
York and San Prandsco, and that
San Pxandsco at table one art
WHIST MATCH
510
vraisT PACK
north and simlli. Two jrcntlenien
rtrpresiMitinj; New Yurk \v<niM sit
cast ami wt-sl, ami at Ni'w York
two \v<nil<l sit north ami soiilli for
San l-rancisco. If iht* tray imli-
cates that it's San l'ranns<"<i's iKmI,
thi'(U*al is nruK*. an«l ta-^t :mi»1 \vi>l*s
han«ls are taki-n from tlu- taMi* ami
wirtMl to New York, an«l llifTi Nrw
York It a«ls. A nK-s>tnm-r <|iiii'tly,
lint withnnt lUI.iy, walks <»vcr to
th«* opt-rator and riinimnniratr^ the
canl ]>! lyi'l, aivl a nic««scMi»' r at San
l''raiu'i>co lakes thi* i*ar«l tri»ni tlie
ojH-ratin;^ t:dilr ntnl jilacrs il in
fro'il «'t" tilt- ^enlk-nien rrf»ri'«H-nt-
in^ N\w York. A halt flo/cn
tahU-s rmild he niaTiaj^itl easily.
The only «li lay i-S Vim-v(\\\vnrt^
wonM he iransniitl:!.;^ the orivrinal
h.mils. Alter that. \Nith inlr'.liLretit
Servier. the ]»'«y ^'::"n'il >;'» alonjj
sni«»«»th!v. It" ii'.u- iif thf ]il;'.\«rs
lia]iT)i"ni"<l t'> 1'" a ti 'Ii-jra].':! «i]-i-ra-
tor. h'' i-hnnl'l !»•.• k'-i'l «»"t nt e.ir-
jilmi frii'Ti tlu- i!i-tn!nni!t uh.iie the
oji]i"!-.rn!'^* h.aT'.iN ari.- I'M:-;^ trae.s-
ir.::t«.l: afti.r ih it it niakrs no «hf-
f'T«. TV .■.
•■ 'i';:- \Vi-!' rv T"r:'nn or r.-rillc
ai'.il ]'■■-* ii W' ••.' ]. I -r:! ^n:»-. allnw
t!;'- }'.'•■ fif ih .: v.ii-s. . :'tr *..i\' S
(•*i ■■ u': :•. 1:: . : r ;-::. ;i 1 ::« '*. i 1 i«i:i-
I'l.
'" 1 n l':ii' -■.••■■ \^ iv I tr". !*( ': rtu:!»l
1 ■• j;; '"■.'. 1 1 ■■ '■■.' ■ ■' I ''■■'. .'Ill ''''l
• '.• . 1 .;..,! «^. «... . , ■ t ■; I .1' .'f
t • t
i:
. • I • • I
I -.
1 •
: \ :i • -1
: il,
■ •'«•.! )
i: ■
. * ■ ■
h ■ • ■ - "^
* • « *
I
] ' ■■ ■ 1 :■ ■ . v.- . •; -
" ". ; ': ■ ■ \ ! . * t ■ ■ ' • ■ 1 • I r -
• .. ... , . ::•■,••:. ^ II -.: '.
delphia and Hmrishur);. iboI
between I«on«lon and Nic« — bmt
re^uU was unsatisfactory. i\t
j»anie inevitably ' dra^rkjwl* w 1
brconie Wfarisume. 1-1 vcn mit:
nieth<Nl sn>»yested. of running 1
into the rfntniN. we douht if .t *.
nanient y^ame couM be pU>etl %
factorilv."
Whist Memory.— Tlic a*^-:::'
renienjher ih.c eanU that h.iu '
jilayed. andotlur fraturr*^!
^ann* harneil hv «.!'x.r\.tt: -r
'* Atter.f.on al the \Vh>: Tit
•* InatienliMn." " Mcm^-'rv."
•'Oh.servalion." I
"Whiston. Professor."
name nnder which !•:::: r.ii !!
va«« vii'.iri/eil 111 •• T?:e Hur: •■./
WhM" ^. :. . i*:::.h j;.>
in 174;. the year .-»::cr ■M*bi«l
whi-l uai first j-uMiNhfti.
Whist Pacli.— A y«rk -?
raT\ \''. -yy,:^ v.ir!-. w:*h ' :::
tit*!-, i' r.iTii'. t--r w::i-' : '■ "•
Tlu-^f tM'ir txn t.iT".- t
t:-.Mi'«-: Annnr »•! \t .'.'.> rr - •
^r « ■ : i". triin::- !•• i-l • ". ':• * ».
thi- I .ir.l- • : :•- •'■. *
s .!r.r ;.- •!.! :• • ! : . ■; *
I Tt'. r t! .1'. l':.i :- J ■' ■- '
1 ai'ii ?•■ .'. m-t aV.r.i*:: ..•.":• '
<'.*--■!■■-■ :!;:.n:-.. ■.!:«.:■ • •■ -
c\*: \ I »:■:•• 1- h.**:'i'-: '
:!:■ ::.'.!■- ;: ^z ■ «■ * . : • ■
' '' \\- : '. \. > O. tr " . .: .
r h r • : :!;■ •; ; . - > •
• : !■ ■ ; *■ : \ \^ .''.: '. • .
t":. ::.'■. •* «■ r . j '". • r •
{. r : 1- ■' •» 1- l • ."% •• ■ •■ '
] " .\ .t: J ■••■■. •"• u •. • >■ ■••*•■
\\ "..>::■ t. K- w» - ''■•••'■. •■ ■
! '.It I 1 u; • :: !'.•• r: r'^- '. r ^.,
il,'- .•.':•!:.■! . : "Ii * \. ' -.•- r N
l-iis'.: I; ..• : -i \ -. > ". .•-'■.
«it n-'r'.:' " :•. . • ' i \\ •'
(.'•l.tX'.te. " I::: tl:> » x* .. . '-
WmST PARTY
5"
WHIST PATBNTS
ble for consaltation by any of
layers. It was unknown to
he time, as was also the e£fort
H. Barney, who had had the
printed npon cards for distri-
I. The idea of making four
zards of instruction a part of
L of cards, to be used in the
it described, was distinctive
he whist packs.
St Party. — A gathering of
T more persons for the pnr-
>f playing whist; also, in a
;r sense, a social entertain*
in which whist forms the
although not exclusive, feat-
i U aomethinfir very attractiTc in
onicle of the whint parties of old.
ms no ortentation or display, no
to outshine a nei^^hhor by an
spread of wines and luxuries,
ity — a stern simplicity of enler-
nt— marked all such combina-
Their cost was within the reach
md they were enjoyed bv all who
) an invitation to attend them. —
auriney [LrO.], "English HHiU."
ist Patents. — A careful
of the records of the Patent
at Washinjjjton reveals the
at up to this date of writing
irj-, 189S) there have been
d in all thirty-two patents
\*ices or improvements in
three relating to straight,
renty-nine relating to dupli-
\Ve give them m chrono-
order. together with a brief
>tion of each invention:
nt No. 404,782, jjranted June
, to Robert F. Foster. Balti-
Md. (now of New York). A
»f cards divided into sets or
in which each card is pro-
nrith indicators designating
id to which it belongs, and
ler of playing it in pre-«r-
games.
3t No. 462.44$, granted No-
r 5, 1891, to Cassitis M. Paioe
and James I#. Sebring, Milwaukee^
Wis., and Kalamazoo, Mich. A
tray for the game of duplicate
whist, provided with four holders
arranged to retain the several
hands of the original play by them-
selves and in or&r for the dupUoite
play.
Patent No. 481,995. granted Sep-
tember 6, 1892, to Milton C. Work,
Philadelphia, Pa. In a duplicate
whist apparatus a series of four
subdivided compartments, each
compartment marked re^>ectivel]r
to desi^^te the leader, second
hand, third hand and fourth hand,
and each subdivision marked to
designate the order in which the
respective hands to be contained
therein were played
Patent No. 491.^, granted Vth»
ruary 7, 1893, to Pisher Amea, New-
ton, Mass. Pla3dng cards provided
on their faces with letters, fignreSi
or marks, as set forth, the marks
on each card indicating the combi-
nations of cards, including the one
so marked, from which combhui-
tions the card so marked is the
proper lead.
Patent No. 499,406, granted Jtae
13. i<^.^. to S. T. Varian, Bast Or-
ange, N. J. A pack of cards havinff
on their faces the usual marks and
small quadrangular figures printed
upon each card, and marks outside
the angles indicating the {^js
from plain suits, and marks within
the angles indicating the plays
from trumpsw
Patent No. 509,069, granted Tnlj
25. 1S93. to William O. Bird, Cam-
bridge, MasB. A pack of nlapng-
cards having the usual marks upon
their faces, each caid carrying aa
indicator whereby the hands dealt
out of a pack of such cards are re-
corded, and may be le-deatt fram
the same pack.
Patent No. 514,301, gnoted Pcb*
mary 6, 1894, to John O. Botlsi^
WIIIST PATENTS
5"
WIIIST PATENTS
Auj^usta. C,i\. Ap]):ir.ilus for play-
ing <lnpliralc wIiinI, cuTiiprisinj; a
ci-oss-shii]»c<l Iray having; .i raii»cd
boriU-r wilh its iop i»pvii. rar«l rc-
ccpt;toK-s \\ithiii llu" br.mchcM pro-
jccliii;^ outwanl fmiii Uic centre
portion, ami ])rovi<ieil at or near
the inner eniK of s,ii«l liranclus
with iiiwanlly extenilinj^ j»rojcc-
lioiis <leNi>^nale«l ti> coiifjiie the
cards ill a vii^'^" direotinn. wilh
freedom rorre!n<»v:il when retjii'Tetl,
and ni. :in<« fi>r holdin;^ tlie canls i:i
S;iid recrjil.ieles.
I'.ilitit N'». jsii\2 2.\, jrrantfd
Man'Ii I ;, i^y.j. toCh.irli-s I*. P.irk-;,
Soinervil'ie. M;!-*^. App.ir.ttiis ft)r
]»layi!'..: diiiiliettv whi-*!. I'lMi-i'i'^lin:^
of ;t I di'.f h.iMtij fo'.ir iv.'lrDL-iiili'nt
j^niup-* <»f I' trill' i: rv:n'4 li-vi-r"*,
e;ii'h lev«*r lu irv^ indi-;»vtid'-nt!y
r>]HT;ilvMl 'ly thi- pl.ivrr lo di^J•l.ly
tlie e.ird ^«»r:Ti- '•■%• it.
P.itiMil Nn. s-i.,^ I?, v:ranle ! J'lT'.e
12, iS'/J, to Arthur II. Woo'lw ird.
CIlic.ij;o, 111. DupliiMti- ;vh>l
boxes. A elo-fd ri-Cle'.^^'.il.ir e;iv.*,
e»rr"Npon'Iii^^' i:; </• t-i t : . k nf
cirN. .in-l .'.ivi-i ■■ I :•:'.>» :«•■.: I'mn-
,.!i
• ■■ :
;: 1 «•: ;
■ ■ - ; ' • •« ". .■.■>. I : '.
■I t'l ro;t :v«-
I 1 1 I • • I
I • t I • ' ■ ; I * «»
n t'l- I-
Ai-". -i -l'
I ■
•1
{■
.^.
I >
I'
J I' I r-
. . ■ 1 1 ■
• N ■
.;' -V th-r
i -A '111 .1
• . !i ^idi*
-■.t t :'. U
- 'A IVTiliV
.!• ;:t?:i-:il
: '.:-' i:!i-i.'
I ■■
r
1':
\-
• ' '.
.f I J
• ■ • ..1 ^..•i.
ft i ■ ■ ■ k • I
- :*. :- I-.r
.\ :riy
■ * « «
». :-."«-KS
• ■". llieir
• '■•,. • . , . •
- v. ■•
• • :■.'.
Patent Nt>. 520.609 O^
venil»er 27, IS*^, luiVrV
well. New Hcdtonl. Ma* I'
wh:sl table. A *t.i*."A"iri
disk firmly mitunu-: v. \'z
a central p.»Nt or "tanir:
ft ted for t:K- pijr]-r«c • : *
a revolvin-pi l«»j). iis-.tt*.' --
niountiii}^ the n:.::.*. ".
piK'kets in revi/.x;: j; '. ;■
reeeiver'* under il'.i- n*'
wlu-n ojii-n proj^cuf.f: "^ ■
yond thr e-lije.
I'.ttem Nm ^vi.'y^. r-
cemb*. r ii. iv^;. ti» \\'..-
d<»n. New York. I»::j"
apparatus. A v:ainc .■" '■
into two or mure cor.:;
a>'..ipti-d to Iu»M f:\%: K'7 c
of e.irds; .t rr-^t n •!■.•»:<::,
jiieiv iMvi::-^ .m .it'.i:.:! »:
;it '»ri'- e:id, -^i c-n^ir-
in ly lie u««eil to ■.:;• •/:•
h.iTi'l- f:i.»!n llie U-x ir
the M-:i.ir it" p.ii k- '»r "...»
ReviT.il eompartnivn'j* :2
JlO.T'i'iM.
I'l'.rnt No. «;;?/ir.-i. .-:
u «rv IS. 1*^0. t-. C;:.i'>
S'. : i.".i*v. N. V. Car : r
]» \\-A'f wh'"'.. I "m: T »■
li.iv:".^ I I ■•••: r i!!'. •. «
•."l"' ::v . ^ : :•■'. t I * •:
ri'i •■■.■. : .: -v.*. i-:vj" r*-
.1 I ■ *:■ -;. : • r,^ •••::■.,••
t'f I -.r :> .■ : .1 -^ ':t-'. ■•
\'.:^ ..::• w •: \ !■• r- 1 :■. •
.i i' ■.- • '.I- :■.::::•.••■• ■ : •
*•; ■-•:-;::;>^ l-i 1 •. ;. ■ '.:• :
i::'':*.s
v.:
I ■
••t
• ■ * ^
N- u V'>r<
• • • I
!■••
.\ ■■ \ ' •■-::.
i:- 1 V. .. :• ^ I
1 »rS ::•:■: -!.: • ' ^ :'■• -
T'-U J i: I.. . . . : ..-
S'.'!»'"*, .i*id • \!- " 1
end; and m^>\^Llc ii.'<;..
'HIST PATENTS
513
WHIST PATENTS
reon, and a step at the
f the box to co-operate
back of the box and the
d surface at the bottom to
lividers and playing-cards
hem in an mclind posi-
No. 535,920, granted
1895, toCassiusM. Paine,
:e, Wis. Apparatus for
duplicate whist. A wire
frame, provided bv bend-
le wire with legs for rests
stops, with four arms so
at their extremities as to
bendings of the wire on
3 a shelf into which sepa-
ls of the original play of
whist are to be thrust,
lich they are to be held in
the slight spring of the
he two planes, so that the
I be segregated by them-
• the dupficate play, one
OS to be aifferent in super-
>earance from the otner,
indicate the dealing and
ands.
No. 536,198, granted
, 1895, to Herbert H. Ev-
lamazoo, Mich. In a du-
list tray, holders for cards
J of springs securely at-
: each end, the ends up-
ojecting, and the middle
oming close to the boards.
No. 542,748, granted July
to Fisher Ames, Newton,
*ray board for duplicate
. fi[at tray board ot sheet
rom posed of a body; four
IS, each of the width at its
1 of a playing card, and
its outer end, and each of
f the length of a playing
i bands held in place by
i of the projections an&
No. 543,746, granted July
o Hugh Mitchell, Duluth,
duplicate whist board. In
33
a duplicate whitt board the comU-
nation, with a toitable board, of a
single straight integral elastic band
attached at intervals to said
board, so as to form a plurality of
card-retaining rings, and strapa ap-
plied on the respective straps for
lifting the same, whereby the whist
hands can be slipped tieneath the
said straps and kept separated.
Patent No. 544,907, granted Au-
gust 20, 1895, to L. P. Braine»
Ridgewood, N. J., and B. G.
Brame, Brooklyn, N. Y. A dupli-
cate whist score-caid, consiatiof of
two plates secured one to the other,
each having a series of oppotitdly
placed openings therein, and a
series of revolving disks located
between the plates, each disk in
the series having numben on its
opposite faces, from i to 13 indn-
sive, and disposed in such a man-
ner that the sum of the numbers
simultaneously exposed throufl^
said openings is 13, whereby ue
number exposed through one
opening may indicate the tricks
taken in the original score by one
set of players, while the oppositely
and simultaneously exposed num-
ber will indicate the number taken
in the duplicate score, by the ssme
set of players.
Patent No. 546,573, granted Sep-
tember 17, 1895, to P. L. Banows,
Ironwood, Midi. A duplicate whist
apparatus, consistins of a medially
divided tray, and a flexible connec-
tion between the two portions of
the tray, each portion of the tray
carrying two pockets to reodve the
hands.
Patent Na 548,185, granted Octo-
ber 23, 1895, to Herbert H. Bver^
ard, Kalamazoo, Mich. Duplicate
whist apparatus. The combination
of the trays; broad, flattened hooks,
square at the end; rubber-band
holders folded into the ends of ssid
hooks, so that the bands can tmSij
WHIST PATENTS
514
WHIST PATENT?
be detached or renewed, the hooks
beiti^j adapteil to be concealed in
the depressions in the trays.
Patent No. 54^,255, j^raiited Octo-
ber 22. 1S95, to All)ert H. Howard,
K<ihiniazoo. Mich. Duplicate whist
tray. A rnat for use in playinj? the
panu*, and for holding llie cards,
consistinj^ of a square (»f flexible
material, with fastiMicrs at the cor-
ners ami toward the centre thereof,
to fold the corners of the same over
the hauls of cards, and fasten them
tluTe; al>o, a b.md or strap to retain
the cards in position.
Talciit No. 54S.740. granted Octo-
ber 2y, iSt.j.S. to L. F. Hraine, of
Ridj^ewo'iil. N. J., and H. G.
Hraine, of r.rooklyn. N. Y. Dupli-
cate whi«<i \ui\. A box for hold iijj»
canN for ]»'.ayin;;the game of dupli-
cate whi^t, consisting of several
partitions having their ends free,
and a movable indicator, hxratetl
within saiil box, sliowing the 00m-
partnunts into which to place the
cards (hiring the original pl.iy while
in one ]>osiiion. and the compart-
ments fVn'Ti whi«'h to withdraw the
j'anls flnring the dn]«lii'ale play
whi'u- in the Dthi r iiONJiinn.
IVitcut No. 5j<i/»ij. gr.inted No-
veiTi^- r 12. I'v,^. t'l I*. Sandersf>n,
Cl:i-.i.">. I'll. In an .npj>aratus fur
|.'l..vi:i.: .lM|i'.iv-.i!i' wlii-t the comhi-
i:'i*i"n '.\i*!i :i I'.i'-i-jilute of a to:)-
]!.il«-. -r- iT iii-l tiieufrom find held
i". r. '. V-vi- p-.N:'iii;i l.y means nf ;i
i'r!.i:;'.:".l t i'-!i*r.'l Mock. wheri'!»y
:i e-.r-! r» TfT.M'-'.e '-^ termed anmnd
{'■:>• '■'<"■'%. tV." }• :-'. -T»l:ite l.'iryer
t!". .:i {]:■• :■•:••■! it'-. .i:;tl T>rf>vid'. d
V. i'l: .1 :•■:." • :■ r.i>ed j-rlion ont-
•:!• :'■• <li'"er;<i- ■n'i fif il:e ti-:*-
)■* itf. !■: •,..;■.- t» thi" fn:r el.:j;e
I '.r: ■> I* ill- 0- n'.:.»I M»>ek, which
'-■•rvr-.. :•? . .,:'■/ :•: I'.-iri with the l«.»p-
I •';'.*■•. I'T ;'•!■■ T '.irpo-e «i'«!<*ribed.
I'.tieni N«». 5 = J. 7^2, j.;r.inle<l Janu-
a-v 7. is.,-\ I,) I,!:'lier C. Slavens.
Jr., \Ve>ipict, Mvi. Api»aralns fur
playing duplicate whist. c« :
of a series of tray«, e.ich i'i
is provided with ho!dt'r> 1
several hanfls, and a rh.tr i.!-
each tray to di.stinguish it t'r
others, and an auxi'i.iry :r.
vide<l with a numK'r of
erpial to the numt»er *•( ]
trays, each hoMer on ••ai-i t:
tray l>eing provided wi:!; a
ter corre.sp(»nding to ij:-
guishing character of ".ne
playing trays.
Patent No. 55.^.741. >rrar.t"
ar>' 2S, 1S96, to Lucv*:*. vj. i
son. Robe. Pa. A *iuj.!:<..!
l)oard. provided on r.-* v, •
with four rows of r.\:?iur. - ;
with its respective cices. .:-
ing an open cer.tr.*'. :».•
field, .a hiop fi»r e;".«h r- w • :
«ls extending par.i'.!v! •'..-
and formetl of f.t.\ ■••*.' •;
ad;ipted to be tlexei ::! w
admit the carls thtr-;:* •
hold them down r»n tl:- I-
a pointer slid'.i:.: 0:1 twr*. .•
exleu'ling low.ird i::e :.■..:: •:
P.ileni No. <>>.*,>.;. ;
March 3. iSi/. i,', \V. 1 '
\Va*.hington,' Ji. C. .\ •
whist trav, con"!"*?:!:;; ••! .. "
plate and an upi.t rp!. ••. •..
ter^M'sid |>;irtit:«!:< .:■.•: -:
divitling the sf .tre *- '.u ■
])l.ites into a ^t r'.-.s <.: ! . •
c<'nipartment'i. wh*»!'.\ < '- -^
tli«*ir si'h"» and ir.r.tT i* *>
lially c!nM el at l::e • .j- •
tray 1 y the Rtiii •^•.-i-.- v
cir-ls bein.; .m«!;!: it- ! f r r
tl!ri>nLTh •':'er*.:?'.i:*« i?: *. •
I'l.i'e j-.ir::.i!;y c«»\».r*TV' ''■•'
ur.'hrlying coTT'.p irlt::' :;••.
I'aleiit N». 5h*:.-v.. .^r -.: ••
Q. iN/». to I.ou:« \V. H' '.
Kapil>, M:ch. In a c.r".'
for ]>laying ilupiic.ite w':-
combm.ition of two w:r.»:* I
together, and adaple<I !» ** 1
to Mxnulatc a book, and yr
TmiST PATENTS
SIS
WmST RSCHIVBD
ack to designate its num-
lat when opened the mark
>ncealed; a transverse strip,
aately the thickness of
cards, attached to the face
wing, a metallic spring se-
:ermediate its ends to said
d at right angles thereto,
>ted with its free ends to
ackages of cards to said
No. 564,227, granted July
to Frederick Sanderson,
111. Apparatus for play-
licate whist. A series of
iptacles arranged radially
me plane, and formed by a
and top plate separated by
of blocks, with a central
tween the several recepta-
ime counter mounted in a
lole in the top plate and in
-al space.
No. 568,600, granted Sep-
2^, 1896, to Florence H.
Cincinnati, O. Duplicate
ard. The combination of a
lar board or backing made
of cards use<l, and having
red characters or symbols
ace and back; a series of
x>ps or bands projecting
from the four sides or
said board, and adapted
e and retain intact the sev-
ds of canls; also to enable
tls to be folded or laid one
other over said board or
and a fastening strap to
the folded packs and hold
No. 589,089, granted Au-
[897, to James W.Johnson,
K>ga, Tenn. A duplicate
)le having a top provided
eries of slots arranged in
lation to each other, with
ler ends in the arc of a
d their outer ends upon a
arc, with a curved groove
ing said slots, and a sup-
port for the caxdi beneath the slots
at such distance beneath the same
that when caxds are placed in the
•lots their upper edges will fall be-
neath the upper sur&ce of the top.
Patent No. 597fi32, granted Jan-
uary II, 1898, to John Omwake,
Cincinnati, O. In a duplicate whist
apparatus the combination of a
box haying a plurality of compart-
ments, each provided with a sta-
tionary inclined bottom, means for
maintaining cards against lateral
movement in said compartments,
and a cover contacting with the
cards and co-operating with said
box to maintain the curds in their
S roper relative position and against
isplacement therein.
«« Whist Pop€s, Th«."— A term
applied by their opponents to
Messrs. '* Cavendish" and Trist oa
account of the universal deference
to, and confidence in, their opin-
ions shown by the rank and file of
the modem scientific schooL
When the whist-playen of Amerka
met in Milwaukee, in 1891, to worthip at
the shrine of their favonte game tncy
seem to have acknowledged twopopca ■
" Carendish,** in London, and trlat, la
New Orleann. Anything either of theae
authorities might say was received with
all the respect characteristic of thoae who
believe in the doctrine of infallibility as
applied to whist • • • Fortunately,
the two gentlemen in whoae hands the
destinies of the whist world were placed,
were aflrreed upon moiA of the vital points
connected witn the game as It waa then
played. " Cavendish" was the final arbi-
ter in everything, and any person who
dinagreed with his views or qaeatfcmed
his decisions stood in about the same r^
lation to orthodox whiat-ptavera aa Bob
Ingersoll does to the ettaDlislied chnrch.
—R. F, Foster [S, O.], Momtkfy Hhutrm'
tor.
«• Whist Que«n.**~See, "Whee-
lock. Kate."
Whist Received at Court.^
Whist was formally received et
court, and acknowledged as cme ef
WHIST. SCHOOLS OF 516 WHIST. VARIETIE
the royal amiisements in England,
about the middle of the cightei-nth
century. In 1720 the "Court
Gamester," written for the young
princesses, contained an addition
called the " City (F.imester,'* con-
tainin>r less polite j^ames used east
of Temple Har. Whist was in-
cluded in the latter, >>ut in the
eighth edition, publi«-hcd in 1754,
it w. IS honored by l)ein;: transferred
to the court or j)alace tli vision.
Whist, Schools cf.~So ^rreat is
the interest taken in whist, espe-
cially in this country, that many
systems « if i>lay and sc'h'»i»ls of play-
ers are naturally forme«l and up-
helil. In a j^eneral way the old
anrl the new .school — the conserva-
tive and the proj^ressivc— seems to
be thepriMKT rliviiliiiir line, but the
new M'hool is in turn divide«l up
into other so-called nrhools. Fos-
ter, in h i-i .Series of artit'hfS, ** Whist
an<l its Masters," pnbli-hed in the
Mouthfy Ilhtstnttor • iScy6-'97),
enT'.nnTates the f'^Iowinj^: » 1 j The
OV\ Srhoiil; !2 the New School;
( ; th'* Si^^Tialin;; Srhool; (4) the
Siientil'u" S-'lni()l; 5 , the Number-
Sh'iwi!!:; S';!n»i)1; ^ t!i»' iJuj'licatc
S-."'v»i.;; : 7 the Trivite Convention
S.lii '»!. S-'e. " .^v-lem." and
*• Wiiisi. Varieties of."' "J
Whist Season. The.— Whist is
un^^••l^^•diy played more j^eiier-
ail> ill the winter th m in t)ie
s:i!:iTmr siM^nti. allhoiv^'h the •ranie
f»r!ns a fav«»rite pa^ti'Tie «ii-^> at
sn:nT::iT p-n. ir!*-, and tlie t<»r.rna-
::;•',;% <»! ilie .\;:i riran Wlji-l
I. ■ \^.\" iilwivs t tk<- place "liirint;
ih«; hi ale-! term, formini: part of a
•'.'.'li'^'ilfnl outiii'^. ( )istd<»or sptirU
a!i«l exi-rrise. ImweviT, claim a
1 ir:^'e s)i in- i.f aUc-ntion amonj;; the
y wo'T \\ public i!i t!ie •^ea'^oii nf loni;
di^N.iii'l sliorl niv'Ii'^. anil whist,
as an indoor amu.Ncment anti recrea-
tion, must necessarih' be 1
to some extent.
Ry R MtiKular coincidence "t<
call it bv a pro\'iKiun of na
months which rrjoicc in the
arc prcci-i^rly tliowr which
adapted for the cuttirati- n <
Whist Sense. — Tlic r
mind in a player whic}]
him to grasp and «4>!\e
situations in whist-play r
of rule, and as if by
Whist sense is an evideixt
genius.
That an inferrncr \% tru' rr
rfUMJiiaMr (ir f.iiicifiil Cir.:: t
deitinnotnitrd tiy 1(>v;icat ■ r rr.a
pr«R-f!»^ unl the only t?-*i Ic«
suits :iro>nip!ished. p:ir'..^-u!.«r
tire. And y«-t it i« thi«» *rr\ r
unrrrlainty a* fi !h»* ;irrci»<: r
a plav which afFor«ls ihr 't:-
thr wbiHi-playrr l'» -how hi«« .,
wh'^t *rii».f — C. liuUk ./. .1
Frb»uaf\. /"^S-
Whist Strategy. ~Sce.
egy."
Whist, Varieties of.--'
at least a score of kfiimc^ v
otT*.hooLs or varieties i»f ¥
in nearly every c.i>e ihcr
enou};h of simikmty t^ c'..
tionship. and that is a!',
of the varieties can ct-nij
the orij^inal or parent j:-.
the .M>-c'alled varieties
trav*e<l and nntice<l i;i thts
f'llowinj;: ** Ho^lon." ' I".
lM)nt.iinbieau," " Uridin .
enne," "Chinese Wh>:.
vorite Whist." 'Trench i
"C.ennan Whist," * 3
Whist," "Invincible
"Mort." "Prussian ^
" Russian Hoston."
Whist," "Solo Wh:.*:
•' Swedish Whist." .A'*- .
which are more eni:t!r:
classeil with whist: lK*'.i*'>-'
and duuimv; and thex, »-<
•1
r WITHOUT A TRUMP 517 WHITFBU), WIUJAH H.
th modifications in the
»f p1a3ring, or the arrange-
1 movements of the play-
[>a99, drive, duplicate, mne-
iplicate, and progressive.
10, * ' Am erican Game, ' '
Whist/' and "Short
e three distinct nmesof whist:
t, ten points; short whist, five
I American whist, seven points,
former honors sre counted; in
they sre not. Whist is also
ently played for continuous
thottt reference to games.
, too, the soKralled duplicate,
e, and drive whist; the last, it
laimed. evidently receiving its
1 its unfortunate tendency to
players crasy. The Germans
igrelixed game, combining the
features of whist and {Mtch.
so a game called Scotch whist,
avendish" says, bears about
resemblance to whist that the
lie does to the violin.— J^m^ry
Without a Trump.— In
• April, 1895, C, T. Dutton,
aee, 111. , inquires concern-
list without a trump,*'
saw some Scandinavians
ot understandin|^ the lan-
t could not obtain any ex-
\ of it from the players.
to this communication,
on received a letter from
ismuasen, of River Palls,
1 this as well as the sub-
correspondence has been
i to us. From the de-
which Mr. Rasmussen is
jive, it would appear that
linavians in the Northwest
game of '* cayenne*' {q.
. modification of it In
:alled variety of whist,
>ther modes of play, a
ay announce a *' grand"
' for tricks without any
it ; or he may play * * nullo ' *
:o make as few tricks as
without naming a trump-
*' bridge** the players also
haye the priTUege of plajring witli^
out a trump, and it is conasdcavd
advisable sometimes under certain
conditions. So, also, in *'aolo
whist** the Iff »^^ or '*nallo," and
the ** spread,** are played without
any trump-suit.
Whistcr.— One who playa whift;
a term of recent origin in America.
«« Whitachapal Play.**— In the «
early history of whist this term was
used as expressive of very t>ad or
ignorant play. As early as 175^ it
occiuB in The Connoisseur, whidi
was published by Colman &
Thornton, in London, in an article
in which a school for the edncatioa
of yonng ladies in the art of whiafc
is htmioronsly adyocated. The
phrase is obsolete now, haying
been superseded by " bnmblepap*
** Whitechapel play** used to be ttw
temptuous expresakm applied to a wmm
who played his aces and Unas at nui*
dom, without any attempt to ntlttse tbtoi
to bring in a lonr suit or to benefit his
hand by their aid in other ways. In and
around Manchester the same kind of
wasteful play was known by the term of
** Oldham play.** At Bdinbnrf h the old
ladies desifpnated it as "chainnaa*s
play"—* phrase which carries the nlnd
nack to tiie days when ladies were car*
ried in sedan-chairs.— IK P, CtmHmtjf
{L^O\ ''Englisk IVAui»
Whilfeld, William H.— The fore-
most inventor of donble-dummv
problems, and a whiat mathemati-
cian and analyst of great ability.
Mr. Whitfeld was bom at Whiat
Villa, Ashford, Kent, Bngland, Oc-
tober 15, 1856. He infonns na that
the name of the house had refer-
ence to its retired eharacter, end
not to the game. He attended a
private school at Ram^gate, and
afterwards, in 1876^ entered Trin-
ity College, Cambridge. He eame
out as twelfth wran^er, and took
his degree in honon in i88a A»
WHITFELD, WILLIAM H. 518 WHITFELD, WILLL\M
the l)est Euglish mathematicians
graduHte at Cuinl)ri(lge, to he high
up in the list of wranglers inJi-
cates unusual proficiency. After
teaching school for two years, he
l>ecanie mathematical lecturer at
Cavendish College, Cambridge
(named after the l)ukc of Devon-
shire, and not after Henry Jones).
It is another coincidence that the
colK-gc is locateil in the parish of
Trumpinglon. After Cavendish
College became involved in finan-
cial difficulties, in 1891, Mr. Whit-
feld sought other fields of labor,
and he is, among other things, en-
gagi-d by the examining syndicate
of ixwlies aililiated with (he Uni-
versity of Cambridge.
Mr. Whitfeld has l)een very fond
of whibt from an early age. Though
at tu) time a great fretjuentor of the
whist-table, as compared with some
devotees t)f the game, he has de-
voted much spare time to analyzing
positions and working nut prob-
lem*;. His first contributions to
whist literature consisted of some
double-dummy problems published
in iSSo iu tlur Cambridge A*t'Z'ir:i\
an uiidergradiiatch' jcmrnal. His
fanu* a*i n whist ]»roblemi.st was es-
tablislu'il, h<»wever. I«y a double-
d'.iiiiniy jiroblem which he sent to
tlu' I.'»n'li)ii //(*/«/, and whicli ajv
]'•' r"d in ils issue of Jnnuary ,^i,
i^^^. 'i'^.is is roiireded to Ik- the
TTT-.-t «!iiVi(MiU pn>blem of its kind
I vtr c«»:islri]i"tetl. It m;iy be of iit-
t .T "•! t'» know ih'it it was ci»mpKisfd
iTi br-l. .Mr. Whitfeld was kej»t
r.w.i] I- •»tu' I'.'.L^ht by a >troiijT ciij) of
r«-:;":!'. .iTi'i e!:!p!ov(d lii-; sleejiless
?:'■ ■:"..■:.•< in thinki::-.^ it out. In
t!i'- r.\": •.\:::\i it w.i- thiisbeil. I^-fore
JN ij.M ar.iiice in the J-irhf, ** Cnv-
<:i'l:-h" *.'Tit a copy of it to N. H.
Tr;^*. :i:!d tbe l.ittiT had it pub-
1>':«.' : iti the Ni'W Orleans Thnr^-
p'Ui ,yit, from which pajx-r it
w.i> vxttr.sively copieil, and went
the rounds in this country*,
whist-players wrote that ii;iTr
be some mistake al>oiit it. a-
found it impossible of ^<. !
As eniinent an expert as C
Hamilton stated tiiat it t •< ••
two weeks, and he «lid m^t -^
Proctor could possibly h.4\c •
it in fifteen nnnutc-s-^tha: u
storj- which had c«»nic ovtr
England. Proctor's nnn:c 11
riously connecte<l with \\ :
country. It was Rcner.iilv -
of as the '* Proctor prv ? '.t n
Professor Proctor wa<» M:jy"'
have comi>osed it. It re .1.
letter fiom ** Cavendish." xr. \
to correct the error.
R. r. l'o.sier writer a<. ■
concent! ng the problem in \\.
York Sun of March I. iSy*^
H. Waldo, a bookseller :n
ford. 111., publisheil it in ?hc
ford Gazette, in i>v^5. an-'. «
any whist lx>ok cm the n;.i:k'
priz.e f«>r its solution. Tht- r
Whist Club spent three week
it in vain. No one in the M
kee Whist Club could s<.lve
the prize was finally won bv \
V. Crummer, uf Oniaha, Nt*
sent in his .solution many
after the problem fir^t £pp«
Nothing indicates lietter ih«
problem the progress whis
made in the past ten ytan
iSSs a prize for i\s stduti^i:
l>egging for months; t»»-«lj
have thirty-five correct ar^wt
of one hundred and ilr.y-
attempts."
We give the problem hrrf
in its i>riginal and correc:
together with the soiulit-n. J
reived from Mr Whitfc!-! hx
In this case, as in all i.rhtr ;
lems. the solution shouiiS Tf
consulted until all efforts t *
out the answer have failed, en
it is desired to verity a sois
arrived at:
3ITPBLD, WILLIAM H. 5^9 WHITPBIA WHJJAM S.
4 None.
OJ.S.
Nmik,
♦ Q.7.
9 None.
4 J, 3.
0Q.7.
Hearts tmnps.
South to lend.
North and south
to win sll six
tricks, east and
west doing their
best lo prevent.
9 None.
Souih,
4 I0.9-
9 None.
t correct solution of the prob-
as follovrs:
:k I. — South leads ace of dia-
s, on which north plays jack.
3 the key to the problem. Only
is play can north reserve the
tunity of playing a diamond
;h west and giving south a
e, should the development
nt such a course.
:k 2. — South leads ten of
s. which north wins with seven
irts.
:k 3. — North leads eight of
(, on which south discards ten
lbs. West is obliged to un-
one of the plain suits. His
iscard is the spade, since his
tr also guards tnat suit.
:k 4. — North plays ace <^
and east is compelled to un-
thc spade or diamond suit.
, playing after east, keeps
lit from which east has dis-
i.
:k 5. — North leads a diamond,
I south wins with the king.
:k 6. — South leads the thir-
I spade or diamond.
It shoold be noticed thst if at
trick three weit diaciurdt the qneeii
of diamonds, he leases •ooth with
the tenace over east, and If he di»-
cards a dub, north will make hia
small dnb.
We may add that the jMoblem^
aince its original pnblication, has
frequently been repobliahed in a
somewhat altered or disgniaed
form. One of these Tariationa waa
given in the London Field of De-
cember 14, iaS9, iHiere the anita
and some of the nnimpoftant carda
were changed firom the originaL
The New York Smm of Mardi i»
1896, contained another variatioo.
The first pnblication of the prob-
lem in the Field waa followed tnf
other interesting and difficult hanoa
composed bv lir. Whitleld, aa wdl
as by articles on whiat, in whkli
his mathematical genius waa dia-
played in dose reaaoning and luMe
analyata. In 189a he became regu-
larly connected with the staff of
the Fields and in 1^3 hehadentira
charge of its card dnartment dnp*
ing •• CavendMh'a'* abaanoa fa
WHITFELD, WILLIAM H. 520 WHITFELD, WILUAU
America. Mr. Whitfeld is also a
frequent contributor to Whist^
America's representative journal
of the game. In 1896, with "Cav-
endish," he attended the sixth con-
gress of the American Whist League,
at Manhattan Beach, when Presi-
dent Schwarz introduced him in the
following words: " I would like
to say, in regard to Mr. Whitfeld,
that he has long been associated
wnth ' Cavendish' in the conduct
of the London Fields and has
many valuable contributions
whist literature of thi&countr
that, as a whist mathematici
is without a superior.*'
In closing this brief noti.
take pleasure in giving anoth
of hia very best double^d
problems; in fact, he hi
considers it of nearly caual
with bis more celebxatea ac
ment:
4 9. 7. 6. 3.
9 None.
45.3-
0 7. a.
Not th.
Spades are tnimpa.
0 None.
South to lead.
♦ None.
^K. 5.
North and south
g! C^Q. 7,6.3.
4 K. 9. 8.
to make
.SI *J. 4.
0 J. 10. 6.
the eight tricks.
OQ.3.
South.
# None.
^ A. 10. 9, 4-
♦ A.7.
0 K, 8.
The correct solution of the prob-
lem is as follows:
Trick I. — South leads a small
heart, which north trumps.
Trick 2. — North leads a trump,
f )rciii.i^ a disranl from t*ast. If he
(!i«uNir(ls a heart, south will finally
ri.ikc a trick in that suit with the
list luvirt. He must, therefore,
discanl a oluh or a <liamond. The
jvwition of the cards in these two
suits heint^ in all essential respects
similar, we need only take one
ca^r. \Vc* will .suppose that he dis-
ran!^ a club. South then also dis-
cards a club.
Trick 3.— North leads a
which south wins.
Trick 4.~South leads tbf
heart, to which north diioi
diamond.
Trick 5.— South leads a
heart, wh'ch north trunap«.
Trick 6.— North leads lit
tnimp. r nl ess east keeps k>
south will make the last !
East must therefore di^rsrj i
niond. South then discards
heart. West is now in a di6c
If he discaids a club, nor^h
take a trick with the last cir
that suit, and if he
BrrPBLD PROBLEM 53 1 WOHAK'S WHIST LBAGUB
id faia remuDing one will
•outh's master card, and
last diamond will win a
In cither case, north and
dn all the tricks.
e player in ^^y can lolvc II [the
liaa could be tl up with ouly lis
Willi, Oelalnr. iS^.
oblcio which HC EMVC on the ■!>■
. stneralty kaoon bb ttar " Whit-
obletn. »nd ini« o>nipo»ed by W.
feld, ■■ Caveodiih." uuder.lnd*
: editor Df the LoiiduD fuld.
with Ax cirda ever compoKd.
r»on»cilll ft the proctor problem,
1or Hiuply iulroduced (l lo Ihb
-*. F. FoUtT IS. 0.\. Ntm Ynh
rck ,. ,»9i-
«ld Problem.— See, "Whit-
. H."
Inc Card. — The highest
play of any suit; the Icing
ie mastercard (;. v.)
lenth rardf ■■ the adverurie*
[•curd the opiy one of the suit,
your beat card.—//. F. Morgan
(I the Rest-*'— Some play-
ler througli carelessness or
1 talcing in the final tricks
they i:onsirler as good aa
Fhere are good reason* why
and should be played out to
[own.— Deuiiafitl/ii [O.], -Ijiwi."
rbereat are ou™," " Wr hnxe the
ir word* to thai effect, hia part'
1 be ealled— ^. I*'. .
iiiit Dtti'
Woman's Whist U*cu«.— Thut
must interesting and welcome na-
tional organizaUon dales from the
womun's wliist congress (tlie first
of Its kind) which was held at the
Hotel Walton, Philadelphia, begin-
ning April 27, 1B97. The Woman's
Whist League was tlie outMime of *
niovenient which had been gather-
ing force for several yeais. The
rapirl increase of women whist-
players, thanks to the efficient
teaching of Miss Eotc Wheelodc.
and many other able women fal-
lotting iu her footsteps, and the
great proficiency in the game ihowB
by thousands ot the fnir sex, mad«
it inevitable that Ihey should event-
uiilly have a central organ izalion,
aside from theit local cTub» or co-
teries.
While the constitution of th«
American Whist League did not
prohibit women from joining, the
idea of a separate league se— — '"■
have been entertained by r'
majority. At first Miss V
plauneil an auxiliary to the Araeri-
can Whist I.«ngue, but after due
consideration the matter wiw post-
poned for a time. It was next taken
up in the Trist Whist Club, of
Pliiliidelphia, and a delegation ot
its tiiembers went lo the sixth chjo*
grcss of the American Wliirt
League, ot Maahattnii Reach, 1X06.
wilh a communication asking the
advice of the League upon t1)e aab*
ject. but after an informal conter>
euce action was deferred. The com-
munication was as follows:
Al I meellnB al the uecuUn board of
the Tritt Whlal Cloh. of rbilwlelsblB,
-- - Htbllitrof betas Is
r..vT."."
iS;
fi, but realliliiRllMlH
■td anirecl*!
■ir o( foil n
WOMAN'S WHIST LEAGUE 522 WOMAN'S WHIST LE
throufi^hout the country could they have
the sliiiiuhiM uf the c(>ull^el uiid interest
of the Len^ue, they decided to ask if iu
the opinion uf the A. W. L. board the fur-
inalion of an associate league is feasible.
A committee, c(>nsi>tin)^ ui Mrs. T. li.
Andrews, vice-president and founder of
the Trist Club, Mrs. Charles Williams.
an<i Mrs. Kdwin L. Hall, members of the
executive lioard, was appointed to act for
the Trist Club; and they now ask if the
members of the A. W. I«. approve of the
plan, and, if so, whether they will kindly
advise the proper steps to 'take lownnl
the forma tiou o: such an a^^sociate league.
Maky p. Hall,
Secretary pro tern,
Mrs. Andrews, who had caused
the Trist Club to take action, was
very much in earnest and not iu
favor of any further delay. Her
interest in the cause of woman's
whi.st had already been demon-
strated the previous year by a whist
tournament which she had insti-
tuteil amonj» the ladies of Philadel-
phia, and that tournament was the
be^innin>( of the movement for a
separate league, to which she now
bent all her enerj^ies. The mat-
ter took formal shape at another
woman's whist tournament, hehl in
rhiladelphia, November, 1S96, at
which four otlier cities were also
rei)rfNente<l — \Vashin)^ton. by Mrs.
J<)sc-j»h R. Hawlev; Knx>klvn. by
Mr^. K. T. Baker; Pottsville, Pa.,
by Mr**. Baird Snyder; and Cam-
den. N. J., by Mrs. WiiliamJ. Wil-
liiims. At tliis meeting; the folhiw-
in;^' resolution was unanimously
a( (opted:
AV. '.':»■/. Th:it the r<mtestanl!i in the
wiiiti.i'i - i"i!rn iTiniit. lit'M .it iiig Spruce
^t:l■'t. l'!ii'..i>lr ];i}ii.<. Novtnilifr ji. :.'. and
\\. I-.-- l.'.-jti'v aj'pruve <>f the furm.i-
tiiiM iifii \\- Mi.ni's whi^t UaKuv. iiUtl l(ir
til'- . I ii'Il'Ii-lxiUMl i»t tint obt'Ct l.lll
UT»'. •!:!.■ u.T.iii \% Ir^i ]i1:iyi r- of Ani' r-
i. .1 t" -t .; 111'.:- •* h:-t • I'.i*"» :(iid xend rep-
T' »«« III iTj^ '■'« ii-iin fciah clu'.'o to ,\ mr» t-
iii;; !<i III 111 Id t •! thi- piiifMi-i- of l<.ii;ite
o! L:.i'ii/ ilMJi. "I'ti it Mr?*. T H. Andrewii
br Tfi'ii: -till {■• iict as ch.'iirnian of a
c MjT'jiitif III hvj- xhr t<i apfKitnt the
olJif r f..iir; tin- ilntir^ of jvaid committee
ti f.f III s'*bTt the time and plaie for
sn.h a meeting, and issue a call fur the
same.
On December x8 Mm
announced the other four
of the comuiittee, as folio
J. R. Hawlev, Washinj^to
Mrs. Waldo Adams. Ik>>to
Mrs. Clarence Brown. To
and Miss Susan D. Diddle
Mich. That tlie efforts »
dies met with wanii and k
cognition cver\- where,
from the comments nia<]
press as well as from the U
which was adopteil by th<
tive committee of the ^
Whist League, at its mi
meeting held at Nashviih
February 22, 1897:
Your committee, to wbom wt
the communication uf the Tt
Club, of rhiladelpliia. ttr^ '.e
p(»rt: In the opinion of your c
the orKanixatir>n of a mi<niat
leaeue of America i* lK>th ;
and conimeudaldr. and. if \ri
ducteil. will »»e in ihe hi,:hr
1)enefK-i:iI to the intere^^t^ ..i
We rt-alize that ihe trainint:-
our whist -playi-rs are an<! «.^
tinue to he in uur h<jme«. wherr
and danKhlfrs rei»;n «uprerar ■
thvir ennoliliiit; and reftnv.-^
can I test tie exerietl Whi^i :« «
A home aniu^enirni. and c.»d k
l>e ni.ide the induci-iuent to h
mi'nl> of an attr:tctive and e'r*
ture. T>i this end. the co-o;»>r«
WivnifH in essential. We ihr?
come uith sine* re !<>Ais«i'ji».t^ i
ment that, i: «iiLVc^%fuI. xr.i*;
M-curinii ^nch o>-4jiH.-ralu>n. at
motmi; the »>tudy «»! tfar ifamr •
sacred j>recincis of *<mx hofr-r*
c»]iini()n of your o>nin'.iitrr »:.
ni:in'> If-a'p^iie «h<in!d t^e ectirr
from, and iniiejieiident d!. tr*
\Vhi-t L«a|t«»*. I'Ut in »yr:pair-.
It sht)nld h.ive it^own c\ n^'titut'
an«l olTn.er>, and nhouM ;*r-
owii '.^ihere the functi>n* lh»t«
li:ir t-i il<>(i!. and e<jn«4.>n^c: «"■
jfit- f. 'f wiiuh It 1* create .1 T
i>;i;.iiii/:tlii«n •«' oitTclnite\i l^r .4
Whi-'t League hereby e ate b<1« :
ttrn.l1 v;rcetinK.
ke^pectluKv Mibmiitrd.
K S KlLI-tT
loHx M Wait
THKU. SCH«&il
Casa
On March 29, the como::
organization, of which 3Ixi
MAN'S WHIST LEAGUB 523 WOMAN'S WHIST LEAGUE
wu chkiraun, iMUcd the Mr^ Uorri* l^ng^rrth. Un.^ DunciB
1 call for the congress sod ' " ""'
Jon of the league, in re-
: to which 336 M^redited del-
attended from all parts of
nited States, among other
represented iKing the foUow-
PhUadelphia, New York,
lyn, Jersey City, Princeton,
k. Boston, Providence, Wash-
, Baltimore, Richmond, Cht-
3an Francisco, Minneapolis,
>, Detroit. Denver, Indian-
Pittsbur^, Wilmington, and
^n. Mrs. Andrews, as chair-
r the organization committee,
the meeting to order at
o'clock on the morning of
17, and was made temporary
lan upon motion of Mrs. J.
wiey. Mrs. Henry Krebs, of
Moullan, Un- koberu IjtwAf. Mn. Har^
rlKiu K. CkDcr. Ht>. Mllluo C. Work.
m™. Jo«ph a. Niff, Mr.. Le>l> J- tCT-
kk, Urf. b. It. Cukill.aiul Mn. Rodman
Witter (ilic lail-wmcd beinKalK tnaa-
On Kamlnatliiiii — Mt& I,eec)i.orWa.)i.
luglon; Urw. Wilier Peek, Mr>. BrarU.
Mr*. C Baud Uoyd.andMtt. Frank Sub-
At the second day's cession, fifty
clubs being represented, the report
of the committer on cousUtution
ce Brown, Mayor Warwick,
ladelphia. delivered a pleas-
Jdresa of welcome to the
and was followed by Mrs,
Townsend. the senior whist-
1 of Ihc Quaker City, who
I brief but excellent response.
r H. Barney, president of the
zaa Whist League, was pres-
id alsom.ide a speech, which
irmly received. Thereupon
'om.-in's Whist League was
>rmed, on motion of Mrs. L.
dl, secondeil by Mrs, J. B.
in. A motion for the sp-
in and by-laws, tournament,
ion. anil nominations was
by Mrs. Walter Peck, of
lence, and carried. The pres-
accordinRly announced the
ing appoii
Iv-Uo
■J*
Il4<rlFv. Mm AbMi K. Krebi,
1. Chsrln Will Urn*.
-wrnnnrnl— Mr*. H. Tonlmln.
ilu W. l>ettlt, and Mr*. Frank
«cr|)tk>B— Mrs. H. C. Towiuend,
Lea^nie the ace of diamonils waa
setecteil, bearing the initials W. W.
L. The club dues were fixed at ten
dollars, and individual fe«a at five
dollars. The attendance at Uw
third day's seision was the larecat
of any. and interest waa centered ia
the following nominations, whi^
were reported by the nominating
committee and al\ duly ratificdi
Prtsldrol"Mr*. T 11 Atidtcv*. Phll»-
dtlphi*.
t^rM VkT-Prealdcnt— Mr*. Jowph M.
SHood Vicr-Pr»((trni— Mn, ClarsaM
W. Browu. Toledo, Ohio.
Tr*»*iirer-Mn. Slla* W. peKK. MiU*.
delpM*.
Secret* tv— Ml** Floreocc C nretne^ M
MawncT ilrcet. rniTideBe*, K. I,
Board of Oonmora— Mn. Wald* Ad>
■mi. Botlou; Mn. Etlbn ClianDC*r, New
Vurk: Miw Trtit. New ISrlcanl: tlim
SustD D Blddlr. Dtiivtt: Mr*. LaelM
SwKi. MtxBHpaU*: Mra, AbMe X Krfl>s
San Pnndwo: Mn. O W PMIet, CU>
atra: Mn. j. H. Walkci, Dra*cr. COL;
Ml» Francca D. IMIUn, naillmoR; Mn.
O. II. ThonnHoa, AllnlnBV, tn.; Hn.
RrnryB. Wallan. af Ualen laland t wto
rrsluiinl In ftmr at Mr*. B. T. Bakn. ar
Biijoklrnh and " """ " "
I n a general way the new LcafHM
followei) cloaelv the line* upon
which the American Whirt txi^M
wng organized, and the laws of
whtHt and duplicHte whtat adopted
by that organliation wer« also held
toj{overu. The to urn Am cut, whicb
WOMAN'S WHIST LEAGUE 524 WOUAN'S WHIST LBAGt
ivM a great feature of the congress, Seven pairs being inoooveni
lasted all week, various contestA Mrs. McCrea and hlT%. Earle
l>eing arranged. That the interest Waahington, were ■elected tots
taken was full of enthusiasm may up the necessary com plemenL 3
be jmlged from the fact that in Bradt and Mrs^ Richaniaon, ir
the ch.ini]}ionship pair contest no Renting the ''Cavendish" C
less than 112 pairs were entered. Boston, proved the winnen, «!
There were over two hundreii con* the complementary pair tied
testiints in the mixed double pairs, winners as to matches, and ir.
furty-lliree teams of fuur in the a trick score of lo\4 to the wins
teains-of-four coni]K'tition, and 350 4 V- The prize m-as a sil\*er K-i
in tile general contest on the clos- cup, presented by Mra. J V W<
ing night. Seven p;iirs ciualified erill, of I'hiladelphia, and kac
for the finals in the " pair cham- as the Philadelphia Trophy /
pionship.'* They were: The individual souvenin cuiuai
1. Mrs. Wallace and Mrs. Raw* of handsome enameled pins, i
son, Staten Island. were presente<lbv the '*CavrD«is
2. .Mr^. Chnstmin and Mrs. Club, of PhiladelphiJL lln. V
Troth. rhiladel])hia. lace and Mrs. Rawaon. who k»t
3. Mrs. Swift and Mrs. Clinton, match by but one tnck. won
MinneapDlis. second prize, which con«stcil
4. .Mrs. Adams and Mrs. Pettit, a jKiir of ivory glovr-»cretcb
Bo^lon and I'hiladel]>hia. given by the Mantua Village O
5. Mrs. S'lnmel and Mrs.Wister, of Philadelphia.
PlnlaiU-I]>liia. In the *' mixed double** pair c
fi. Mrs. Hrooke and Miss Pisher, test, for the mixed d«ittble ]
Gerni.intown and Phil.iil(-I])hia. championship, six pair« qua^::
7. Mr^. Itr.idt and Mr>. Richard- for the finals, which resulted
8')n. n<i>i(in. follows:
W. T. U
Mr- V . !i:i s aih! Mr. iMir'i.in. Philri<Jr!phia .i t 3
^!:-. I : I'iiTi :iii>! Nft *»}iMu» I'hi! i!''1fih).i j j ;
M:- I!'. .-UK., 11 III. 1 Mr !■ Wi-i-r I'MiKnirlphia anJ Ttttikburg .1 ! j
M-. }:■',.'-. .Ti « M: Hik-' H!«.W'vii .1 i 1
Mil i'-i'trn 11:. 1 M: W tL riiil.nirljihia 1 I z
M. ■»«•.•■: 1-.S .:..;]^t; .iiiil M: M Cy. Il.iltiiiiurr 3 1 :
Tln.r- \N.i«i .t lit- in ilu- ni.itch upon which are in«cTiS«si tbf
s.«»:i-. l»;:t Mi-s ('.oIiN]iiir«ui;:li anil lowing wonls: '• iSm7 The U'i
1;; r t'fr'.n-r \\«n- 'Ll-.rt.r trii ks tn Uie ingloii Trophy, \V. \V I^ vT-i
gi.-i, .I'll wiT" thMtf.iTi- ilfcl:in-d pionship won by fi.um " Tb
ill'- \\i:iT'.' r*. S<i lh«* tl'Klcs <ji»ii.i*cfl wini^are nrcevuir\- fur :tjkr<rnx*s
h\ ::.•■ H.inr.lti.n C!'.i'» •»! I'liil flel- pi'SM-N%iiiii. It «»« playni I'.-r
]•''■: 'm: ti. r..i!:iMii»r«-. .iinl Mr>. the mngress, untlrr tlie Mrc^
'!'•. ";:'i .i*'l ;:< r ^iirTii-r iit'iivnl Hi^wrll s\ •.temfi»rpri»gTr'«»4ir ! <
•". - '» r# / i .'r' '!i^::i - jrisi-nled nnd w.«s wi>n. by a hx^'-rnairh
]> !■!■ t.M.i!::ii v.iti'.. the I'-am frum the Tn< C*a*v
'I'-r ir::ii;iil tr- •; Jiy ii'.jvi--! for Pli;!.idt-1]^hiii. con*:*ting of H
.•• •'•!• mv^TTsv. ihf \V.i«.!iM]vjt«in I'r.^nk Samuel. Mr*. K'.nlmAa '
T: ■■;■':•.'. wi- prt-iiitid by tlie trr. Mr* Kugvne L Fi!i«Te. ■
\v-.r!;.T! «.T W.isliiiigton. thfoti'^h Mr*. Marry Toulmin. Tbe tai-*'
Mr- Ift«!c-v. It ror:.st>is nf a ual pri/rs jfur the winnrn verr k
bL-a;:'.ilii!iy in.inieletl Mlver shield silver cups. The full score foS^
^'S WHIST LEAGUE 5^5 WOMAN'S WHIST I^EAGUB
Games Match Trick
Won. Tie. I«(Mt. Score. Score. Plus. M.
I 7 6 3 ID i6 9 — >
4 3 9 5% 6 — 9
4 7 5 7H 6 — —
6 7 3 9H XI 8 —
3 6 7 6 4 -- •
7 6 3 lo 13 8 —
6 5 5 8H 6 - 4
6 6 4 9 II 7 —
7 7 a loK xo 7 —
7 « 7 8 16 4 -
5 5 6 7% 7 — X
rcw« 5 4 7 7 9 — 4
4 7 5 7H 4 — ;
4 4 8 6 s — 6
6 6 4 o 7 — —
8 I 7 8H 9 -• X
ock 3 6 7 6 4 — 8
shington four, captained the successful first congress of the
[awley, won the individ- Womaa*s Whist League.
, given by the Trist Club, In speaking of the oflBk:era of the
im winning the greatest new League, Eugene S. Elliott sayiy
' tricks in the contest. in IVhisi of August, 1897: *' Mrs.
''detached fours," the Andrews is the wife (^ a physician
r vinaigrettes, given by of eminence in the city of PhiU-
Battle Club, were won by delphia. She is a lady of remark-
m team — Mrs. Clinton able executive ability and energy,
Swift, of Minneapolis; and it is to her untinng efforts that
Brown and Mrs. Lloyd, the present flattering condition of
—with a score of plus 9. the Woman's League is nndoubl-
1 duplicate whist cabinet, edly due. Mrs. Hawley, the first
by Gen. Heath, of Grand vice-president, is the wife of Gen-
[ich., was won by Mrs. eral Joseph R. Hawley, one of the
ecently of London; Mrs. senators from the State of Con-
, of Camden, N. J., and necticut to the Congress of the
3 Croft, of Philadelphia, United States. Mrs. Brown is the
Emma D. Andrews Club, wife of one of the leading lawyers
1, N. J., with a score of of Toledo, Ohio, and Mrs. Petttt is
the wife of one of the most distin-
best individual score of guished lawyers of Fhiladelplue.
A-as made by Mrs. Brooke Miss Greene is a member of one of
^ter. Miss Fisher, of Ger- the best families of Providence, R.
and this entitled them to L, and is said to be of marked
nked sleeve-buttons pre- ability as a whist-player."
he Manheim Club. Their
plus 18 The rar-reaching resultf of the move-
3posea contest Detween ^^^ women of our Und. of which this
id men, wmch was to woman's whist congreM it both a syiiio-
plaved on the evcninj? torn snd • result, can hardly be realued.
-w U'^'a fr. K« »Kan^i#x«<wi * * * It mcans a wider, more geaer-
9 had to be abandoned, ^^ ^^^ ^^re rapid development of the
iber of players was alto- gsme. The influence of the American
» large, and impromptu whist Lesfcue. in a cerUia measare at
e plajr was sul^Mitutedrin JSUiiiJ ?f"»,J.^ "SrSTSSi TS
parUcipated. This closed widespread, pcrsevcrliic; and lataltfisiit
WOMEN AS AUTHORS
526
WOMEN AS AUTHO
study of the f;aiiie by the women of our
Innd within rccviit yfiir«i,aTul tliecnlistinfl^
and or^uniziiiK ot' their triithusia^itic ef-
forts is (k•^lillt•li to c;iii-c thr t{;iinc to hr es-
tablished.in a truer siMi-e th;tn ever before,
as the n.'itmnal iiid<'«>r p.mic of Anitrira,
the panieof the hunie as w»-ll ;islhe t(amc
of the chib. — /*ir.\i!/f/f H'.i.'irt II. Huturv
[L. .-1.]. Annual Adiin'i\ hf-fite the A. H'.
Women as Whist Authors. — Up
to the time that the woincii of
Anifrica t'H)k tip the j^anie of whist,
there was on record o!ie siditarv in-
stance of whist authorship (»n the
part of the f:iir sex. *' Hob Shdrt's
Rules,'* which appeare<l in ICuj^-
kin<l in 171)-. ^ve^e coinpikMl fr.uii
Hoyle ]»y Anne I/utitia Aikin (af-
terwards Mrs. Harljauili, and at-
tained iinni'.'Tised impularity, sr>nie
70»*j cn|)ii'-i heinj^ sold in a year.
In this country, diirin;^ the past
few ye irs, several interestin;^ anil
valn.ihle contrihu'.ions tn whi^t
literature have ])et:n niide by wo-
men. Not that they hive an-
nounced any iii-w «)r.st.irtlin); tlieo-
ries, or pro hire-l any oHvrinil
metliod oi' ])1 ly, l>ut tlie little
volumes which tliey h:ivep'.iblis]ii.'d
liave lu-eii cle ir a:'.d !'.u-i 1 exposi-
tions of the LiaTiie from the st.in«l-
poiiit I if \s.i::i.i:i. and es:u*oiallv
ailap'.jd to li'T war.*s. The earliest
eirt>tt in '.his 'linci »n u.«s liy Mi^s
Kale W!:- "i- ' 'U. \\\k' pion'-«-r .iitinn'^
wo::i'-:i \v;r'-*. '.'..vu-hiTs. who is^tu-ij,
in i"^"";. ■» 2? p I'/e briH'hure, which
li id *»-i ;b" o'.'.l-ile of \]\:' ei.vi-r
tlris w-vd::!/: *" Th*" ModiTu S it-:!-
ti!J • «'. i!:i • of \Vl:i-t and H'»\v to
l'"..'\ Ii." aTi-.l on ilu- titl--:i.«.'.^!- t'l"
f'.i: -Ai-i-: •••J";- Vv.\ ! mi- -r 1
r:iM \:.\ ^ \-\ 1 K-:-s ..r" M..l.::i
.\".\- '.:• '\ \\'\\\'\. i;\;' ii::»-il .i::d
C-'t:".:-!< ■■ l-y a M'.iw :';kti' I.idv."
'i\w !•:•> ■.::.■ r «1 *;■ iTT:!ii-r.l (•! a
j-r-'jii:?.- !i*. W.-lor:i railway j nl»-
;:-«'u-'l !":v I'.«»Nltl a!id issiu-il sev-
t ral • iliij.':',-., ((oi^ijjijr of many
tli'ii3-ar.d> of" (-fiviiis i:i ihe a>:^re-
^ ite.
In 1894 appeared a
'•Condensed Text-B<x>k of \
bv Roberta G. NewboM, <a
delphia, and this was fo'.'.um
second e>lition in 1*^5
taincd*'the American lea-
the princijxil jdays ot the
and third hands, lf>j;eiher
few rules,** accords U); ti* \\
page. The little vcdume w.
cated to Miss Gertrude K
whose pupil Mrs. New'--
iK'eii. Next came a suiil". *
fifty-four i>aj^es. whicli M
Levick deflicated to her !^
Miss Kale Wheclock .»n
Rolxfrla G. Newdjold. I: w
lied. " A Whist Catecliis-r.
was is-iued from the pre^s ...
\\. I.ippincott C«»nipany. 1
1S96. A second e«liii'»n w
lished in 1-^7.
In iS0 Mi-s Wheel '^cU i ::
her well-kn*)wn " Whi^l k.
75-p^jif Ivvik. in whic!i ^
forth the rules and prv-
whist as used by lier in h. :
tions. Miss WheehK'k w i-
me:ited bv \\'hi-t 11: -ot: :"-.
ju lv:m' 'It shown :ri ht-r ■
arra!ijie!n-nt, which • -it.
saiil: "AH ni!es av-'/^u.;^
are wordvd with .1 ret:: ir'*.
j^rec <if accuracy. I: ^
t:Mt one v.vs a new '•.►■V ■■
wl:ich is >.» entirely !>• • •* :
n«ons i!iil rareless Nr..!cri- '.
stcorid t-liii.)n was call-.-" : '
fall of i*<o7.
In I'.'b-u irv. \<.r. r ■
C of Wins'." bv i:::-.:-:« !■ •-
■ Mrs T. n. Ani'-ew- :
jn -i '.■ !:t of ihi- W:'v --
I.e.tv:ue. Wis '.n^iii^l.- \ w ;'
]»hia, and <'»"n p -.s*. : •
se Viral e'htion>. T:.*.- :.
whist primer was fo!". ••*:■•! -
aUrrward.s bv a s*n|".:'''. »'.
•The X Y Z of Wh>:
tlesijiu-il for advancetl \ i-c
lu April, xl>97, a ne«
iMBM AS PLAYBRS 5^7 WOMEN AS PLAYBRS
"8 appeared from the pen
beta H. Gay, of Boston,
• Whist Study Suits," The
luded about nfty diagrams,
>¥ring a suit of from two to
I, each dia^^m being ac-
ed by directions for the
ond, and third hand play in
npsand plain suits. In some
i where there is a difference
>n among expert players as
est lead, both are given,
nd of the book long and
t leads are discussed, to-
ith various other points in
ategy. In explaining the
or her manner of arrang-
explanatory matter in the
rs. Gay says: ** The study
re planned for bc^nners,
'. meant to be studied. It
to me that by having the
le suit under study on the
would require more inde-
judgment on the part of
»nt. who could refer to the
corroboration; whereas, if
of play could be read in
on with the suit, the lesson
>t be so perfectly learned.**
:n as Whist- Players. —
le earliest days in which
IS elevated from the posi-
i tavern game and received
ite society, the game has
air devotees. While, as a
England and other old-
»un tries, women, as a class,
: well grounded in, or thor-
familiar with, the game —
le, as a rule, the sterner
c to their clubs to escape
y called " sick whist"^^x-
of brilliant proficiency
>t lacking among those
lay was thus looked down
Zharles Lamb*s ideal whist-
vas a woman, and some-
le must have met her
«, or he could not so faith-
fully have delineated the character
and play of Sarah Baitie, For
many of the ancient dames in Bog^
land, bom in the earlier yean of
this century, whist has had a life-
long charm, and instances are on
record where they have played
whist — and good whist, too— for up-
wards of sixty years. W. C. Cope,
the Royal Aaiaemidan, in his rem-
iniscences, tells of two members of
a family named Green, residing in
South Shields, who were **very
keen whist-players," and fonnea
part of a remarkable onartette
whose combined ages, in 1890, was
342 years. Miss Green, the oldest
of the four, was ninety-three yean
old, and the next had attained to
eighty. In commenting upon their
achievements an En^ish writer
says: " Such success in overcom-
ing the attacks of time and pre-
serving the enthusiasm of yonth, is
worthy of imitation among the
younger sisters in their sex.'*
The old-fashioned woman whistp
player had her foibles, of coune,
and often she suffered, too, from
being dragged into the game when
she had no natural taste or talent
for it. The domestic rubber, there-
fore, was sometimes a stormy one,
as we may judge from the following
curious incident: Alexander Henrr
Haliward, a famons physician of
Belfast, Ireland, left his wife a leg-
acy of /*ioo, *'by way of atone-
ment for the many unmerciful
scolds I have thrown away upon
her at the whist-table." In eveiy
other respect, however, she was a
model wife, for among his other
bequests to her is the further sum
of /"soo, •* for her never having
given on any other occasion from
her early youth till this hour any
just cause to rebuke or compUin
of her.*' Her one fault was that
she could not play whist, and conld
not be scoldedf into lemming.
WOMEN AS PLAYERS 528 WOMEN AS PZ«AYEB
Sometimes the ancient dames
were fontl of sharp practices, juHt
the same as the men ; and they had
teni|K*rs, too. Charles ^lackuy, for
instance, tells of an excitin>; ^ame
in which he took part in the rooms
of Sir John Eiisthope. in Paris.
His partner was La<ly Wyatvillc, a
keen, active woman of eighty, who
still retained traces of her former
Ixianty. She revi>ked, and l>ein{{
accused of the fi(Ten>e, denied it
vehemently. Wlien the proofs
were ])r<)diiced she treateil her ac-
cuser with **hau}{hty dis^lain, and
not verv jiulite contradiction.'* Sir
John thereu])i»n lost liis temper,
and rasjK-d out ahrupily, ** Mad-
ame, y«>u are a cheati" Her eyes
flashed fire; she arose from her
chair anil advanced u]K)n her nc-
cu-^er. who liy tliis Uv.u- luul recov-
ered his presi'iice of nii:i»l and was
lx.*ntupo:i cxtrir.itin;; himself from
his unplcas;int pi»sitii»n. "Yes,
madame. I rrpe.it it— yon cheat
abomin/iMy; an-l in tlie cours<* of
a l<Mij^ Hft.*." h" .idl'.d. pi icinLj his
hand upo:i his lu* irt. " I liav.* inva-
ri.iMy notir-l tint the lrinflsr)m«*r
a w'^ruiM i<, X\:r iti-t*- •-he cheat"* at
c.lrfl■^." T:; i-N I'. I'nji'.itiii-n; h.i'l llic
il'.-^-.r-.'il elT''.-t. S'v r'-^ninfl h«T
«; Mt. :i!l 'itnilrs. In ihr word"* t»f
Mickiy. "I'-.c li.;riss iK'canie the
dovf."
It" w.' p iss fr- tiTi *!n."<e j^'.it!i])'«e< nf
oM-'i:!:-- wli>*. avA turn to the
pr -.I T'.r, .tvil <'<T»'.TiiI]y li> tl'.e
T":::!'-l S:.i!'-*. \N" will find h*.i:i-
• !r- :':>.. ■•. , •]',■ n- iTi !-. <if i-hinni"";:,
},..^!..., , .>.;.;• ;;:;.»■ r:t \vn::i»-:i wJm
r"'.i; 1 :'V" .''■ •; : ^: /.'?.'.'"'■ pfint'i in
l:-r :i\'»riti.- .i:r.;>- n; ::: As Jir.
V"'.f ■fi i'l h:-» '■ i;-.. .;:i:iiin of
V/;;i-' ■ 'It :- :i..*.- 'A-rlhy tii.it
vh-.;-- ,1. 1 < i'M! '.:-V.' ■! i ti^y whi^t-
p^ I*. ■ ?•« .ir- -1 r-ire in liri^^l.ind. in
.A-:-.':: i I'r.-y .dxn:::-!; ihey take
T'tr; ••■ *^'.i- :.....^..i,. TTi itrh--. ami
ar;: >a:i :u );■!■! ihcir o\*n amon^
the best club memberiL Th«
be 110 doubt that since the
has l>eeii reduced to xaort r
atic principles it has bccooM
liked by Uie fair sex."
It was the modem 9C
game as defined and advoca
Dr. Pole, and especially thi
suit game and American k
perfected and inlroducrd b
and " Cavendish,'* that ra.:«
great whibt re\'ival in Amen'
brou>;ht with it a general :
in the game on the part of m
Under the old sj-stem of pUv
was supposed to be pIsTe
only by those who had a
genius for it, Imt themodcrt
anism of the game opened 1
sibilities for all, and oocc
este<l, those from whom lb
was expected very often ifao«
nio.<;t surprising aptitude foe
ine uhist-play. Too moch
for the liign standing which
ican wtmien already tccopf
whist world cannot be gi«T=
instructors who led the «i
first cau«e<l them to ftce the
bil itit^ of the game. See. ' "
ers c»f Whist.") If lV
methods were employed, a
^-lme determination and entt
sliown. there c.in W no dro'
till* wiiinen *»l KngViod. -
«»rher «-<aiT:tr>' in wh:rb «;
piavi-d. won It] make relat:n
s.iri'.' pnigress. Their nassn
t'.jde f«ir whi«t is grc*L Ttr
cji:ii-k yMTCfplion acd lr«
i*.i«»n. whirh go a grcs: •
wh;st stri'^ckiy. When wtjci;
m.isiert'<l aUo the ne-.f^i;
jtini't-i ■•:' silence ami aitrs'
the wliist-MV^p^ )}^r **j,-cr» «
sured. Thrre is t-w^r a:
pari^nn Wtween the t^«<
e.irne«it plavcm who rz.' ri'.
game, ami the giddy chaitf^
in ye'*r* gone hv were 2»=j
resented as playing bca^c?
WOMEN AS PLAYERS 5^9 WOMEN AS PLAYERS
in iU most naive form when help-
ing to make up a table. The writers
who in ^ears gone by poked fun at
the **sick whist" of the ladies,
would be amazed could they drop
in and see the play at a woman's
whist club, or at the annual con-
gress of the Woman's Whist
League.
That women play first-class whist
is testified to by men everywhere.
P. H. Stephens, of the Capital
Bicycle Club, Washington, D. C,
•ays in IVhist for July, 1894: ** In
the recent tournament played in
Philadelphia between the Capital
Bicycle Club and All-Philadelphia,
in which the former was defeated,
there was only one team from the
Capital Club which had a plus
•core to its credit This team was
composed of Messrs. Carr, Fogg,
McComb, and Quackenbush. In a
tournament for pairs lately held at
the rooms of the Chess and Checker
Club of this city, and open to all
comers. Fo^g and Quackenbush
•toed first, with Carr and McComb
well up on the list. In an open
tournament for pairs held this
•pnng at the Capitil Bicycle Club,
tnese gentlemen again attained a
high standing. I cite these facts
for the puri)ose of showing that
these gentlemen, three of whom are
imme<iiatelv concerned in this his-
tor>', were players of experience
ana ability. In the latter part of
April I asked Carr, Fogg, and
Quack enhush if they would Join
me in a contest with a four from
the Woman's Whist Club. They
would. On the evening of Apnl
27 I prestntetl them to Miss Daly,
the president; Miss King, the sec-
retary; Miss I/xrkhart, and Miss
Raven>»urj^. We formed two tables
and played eighteen hands dupli-
cate, changing partners at the end
of every six hands. Result, plus
two for the young ladies! We met
34
again May 3; result, a tie. On
May II we met for the third time,
and played twenty-four hands; re-
sult, plus one for the men. The
ladies are still one trick ahead of
us on the sixty hands, and we are
wondering how we are to get even. '*
This is but one example out of
many that mi^ht be cited. In
IVAtsi for Apnl, 1895, the editor
called attention to the fact that not
only in active play at the table, but
in solving whist problems, women
were showing the highest aptitude.
Among the sixty-two answera re-
ceived to a prize problem in snit-
placing, the best was that of Mra.
w. C Coe, of Chicago, who re*
ceived the prize.
'^Bvery sncceanve mectim^ of
whi8t-pla3rer8," aajTS R. P. Fatter
in the New York Sum^ "demon-
strates more clearly the approach-
ing equality of the sexes in the
matter of skill at the whist table.
At the sixth congress [of the Amer-
ican Whist League] the women
were only moderately successinl.
At the seventh they were mnch
more in evidence, and in the vari-
ous association meetings and com-
pass games on guests* nights at the
men*s clubs, they have been steadily
gaining gronnd. The averages
made by women in women's clnbt
is nmch higher than that made by
men in men's clubs, and their play
is much freer and more enjojrable.
'* Recent returns,'* he continnes,
"show some remarkable scorn
made hj women against men. In
the Ohio state congress we find a
team of four women, from the Kis-
met Club of Cincinnati — Mn.
Poyntz, Mrs. Davidson, Mrs. Gaar,
and Mrs. Poyntz — winning the
profprssive match for fours by de-
feating such crack teams as four
men who have all been on cham-
Sionship teams, President Mandell,
uffington, Mitchell, and Parsonti
WOMEN AS PLAYERS 530 WOMEN AS PLAYERS
the cracks of the Chicago Wliist
Club. The four woineii players
from ToUmIo were next to llic top
in alnK>st every event, nnd some of
tlieni ^ni six more trirks than the
best mrn's pair entered."
An<l just as these hist paj^es are
jjoing throuj^h the press, we learn
that <m Januarv 29, i8<>S, the three
years' rinitfst for the trophies do-
nated by Mrs. T. H. Amlrews,
])resident of ihe Woman's Whist
I.ea^ui*. came to an end at Phila-
deliilii.i. Mrs. Andrews' team,
ctuisistinj^ of herself, Mrs. J. K.
(roodm;;n. Mrs. IC. L. I^liison, and
Mrs. M. Toulmin, compUrted the
n<?ccss.iry twi*lv<.* wins which, under
till' rults, entitle them to perma-
nent i><>ssc<v.if,ii. Mrs. Toulmin
haviu'^' nnuivi*d to Milwaukee,
Mis^ (irtclu'll filled her place dur-
ing llu* ia*.t few vianifs. The team
niakiiiv^ the next hixrhest record
was that captaineil bv Mrs. W. H.
NewbjiM. Nine was tln' nnmlier
of win*, to it< j*r»-dit. Thus cnib.tl a
t"nntt>.t wSii'M rrr.ist t'vi-r find a ]»l;ice
in thr l!:-i'i«ir'. t-\ \\«»Tii.in's wliist.
Til' Ti- iMTi i'l- ::'mI«''.v»*. <it the j^en-
niiK- irilvT'st v.hich tlir wimien of
Am- ri.- » nrr t.ik:::*; in tin- p-ime.
In L-\ir\ riM ^-i :!'.•• i-r-nntrv thcv
ixis.' "!'.:'!•. -.n-^' V. M-t nn'ltT Cf>i:ij)e-
ti :it Xk- m'm (•:-.. 'I'l-.' V ;;:•■ funning a
f.'tw-"k »«f wnni'Tr-; ('I;i*»-. winch
;iir!- '■!•.• rvi:?!.!^ fii.n: 'ili'- AtUntic
to :' • I'l. :'.]•' 'iv.'.".-^ tbi- lati-si
.!■:■! ••: ■ * "I'l' i'."«" I 'r.M!ii.'.iii«Mis ••!
\]r- ).'.:• ■''. ' - JT'i* ll:«- V. ).■<. il:o Whi^t
t :.:' . '■:■ :• i/'fl -I', MrN. i ». W.
l'""' ■ TI;- :r 1 ..':!• -rs fur in-
«'::•.;■: :i" . : .■••. :: ! t.- 1 »!•■-> if-fnr.r
..'•■ y:' :'••■: ■'•.-.•.■^ .in l>;..s»»
"It::- :•'.:; T:.-.-'. .!!■■ wi 1c-'T::i ■!,
:i!-l ..:■:.:::■ 1 t-i :•: ni^vr-^iiip, in
r: i::\ <■'!;'.'. 1:» :'i- -jMrr 1 'inip<»s(-«I
t xclr . \ ■ '■. ..■■ iri-'i AitovielluT,
w- !t:- :■ '.■ ■»'■ .1 r;'.'!;l to l.i- J!!»:llv
IT ■■] : '■: {'r.v ]«:«'-:i».». which they
h.iVf rii.iil':.
It it not loair mga the Mr« ^
that a woman coald Bal pIjT w^.
Thnw who wantd to oukv lac «
nirot charitahly put it that ibc c«ik:4S
piny rqiial to a man Vndrni tfrwj
mcntsi arc Roing ou to irlrfate a'.l ei
ioiift of thu nature to a dr«rrrr4 ^ m
for wr hiive the proof now that w
arc capable ofplavinc the o^c ■'•*)
the »kill of men— CtijjiKj M /«fw
A.], llhhi, Apwtl, /Jfc5
Thr current inipreii«icin t« that woa
•re lfK> much inclined to adherr to f
of play; thnt (hey are nnat>V t.-s f?»p
with \\\^ nne>'-f uf the iramr. t^at ■)
an utiiiMi.iI lira! f.ilNto wjfnaa » '-^
m.inaisi Picnt U iiilrrinr tnihal t**^! «^
lie earn-ixetl hy the sTrriire dab ■
Thrrr vs milv one way to •rtt> ■ cvai
catiim nf thfh kim!. ani! thjit m to !iav*
contest, which wrnj'.'i iirr^Tr ■
CKtinK affair.-^.t/rf St S JtnkA\Lt
Home Sta^agtn*, July /%<
It i« a diffi<-iilt mjlter trj make a wca
bclu-ve ih.it it i* worth whi!** ta rla
K'^mI Kamr ••( Mrienlific wh:«l ttr
cniile s-iTj^fir-i t'l I'Jiv A f*!- g«e« i
(niiikx .inxlhiiiir nii>Te a t-Te tb! i
wfirih Thr inM- it w--.«;.J ijik-
Bi(>iiM-i| til ihr plea^urr of •>^
fT.'im'-. shr 1^ nn «;*t. • rf4;e* #^-^»«s i
dent. M'irin^ ih^ |Biinth w:: - avi<!t^v i
ru^hiii^ iihrad in.iw 1T^ *. '- •% '.'^j
to the tearhrr — //•XFfi"? A *w 4*4#r
\t.. A \. //'tmf yt.ifyzsm^ im « •,.
Whi^l llir-WH .1 i;!t- m- ' • *-. •• ••
nietit.i! rxr rcmr^ that « 1 1 ^< ;r»-s
f*ii»-Ti'iiH it yr*. 'Trii * ir fc- • .» : !t " C
epH the u-ii- *'i.if:* ■!• I" •■ V-- r» a
I: "in* l*T- I* • ■ : X'.v f - - • • ■-• •*
liik:li''«t f K«f I!*-!!-*- !r "■"•' w •< -«
u-iV* *'!rv-it::nf ar. i r.rr- • ••-: '\ iM,
in it- I T» Ml!- II. • r !• «■ '. v--»' — t
u mm i» k". ■::." . -• : i" itt-t ■ - •.-
!»l!!•!y f If -•?.»• !•>!• • i-.? • "-1 • • ■^" •• n
a I 111 wh.it *li' ■ t ■ • '•^» "»r. ^ : la "
h'M W'.rx- M ,V /=-Br '
K'hi.f /'^.rm'r* :*^^j
A". «.■ r.ti ■« w ime*: hirr :•.• ?• --.'j
rra'ri! >\ •(• TT:ati.*j'.l%- lhe« af r.--»«
in!' :•-*: jT^t.i;.* Iticu^h: :• ■ >«j
k:i"w ]'"'ls» Th' aT«p"»***'« - •
j-iTi;r .i;i.! r n^niiien! I -.»'•• : if*
l!i,r !■! I'l .'»• r:-«!"i"fc* '!r»'?»* V:-* ■
J...: I'; i:
»-ir. ! f-
f-in» T»- .
t« • ti ■>■:'
r* . ■ - >• •
I! •■% I .I'lr
I .1.1^ I •
! .-• r\^n f.' •♦»»-= — =■ 1
« * : . •ii.-h '!:*^ •a'^x'Sj "t
th- !•••»*••■
■ i»t a
M I
»?T
«■•;!.::■••■::' :•- ■ i-*- th»r ■■^-* rat *
M •cnifi ar^ 4.' ]j:r!:ic l^r • !».''• •■
fi..:ii I*. ;»-:!lihfc *t«r *;«'ir,l — «•• ••»r«'
th* s;.im»' •h»-"rf i-r I ♦w'leTT !■:»• *
tiirr -.^.V.lfJ'/• .».■ //i.-# r. ^" .••■-
jt.'.iiMrifr. ./».! .'S*
whiM i« Cine whK-h haa c#tea
WORE, MILTON C
;.'."Va
k, Hilton C— An expert
>1aycr and whist analyst, and
t author of much originalitjr
>wer. Mr. Work is a native
Ladclphia, and nos l>orn Sep-
: IS, i364. He was graduated
ihe University of Pennsyl-
in 1S84. and in iSS; was ad-
to practice at the Pbila-
a bar. He has l>een actively
^d in the practice ot law ever
being a menil>er of the well-
I firm of McCarthy, Work &
Work's interest in whist
romancarty period of hislife.
still in his university years,
r sprinfc of 18S1, he was a
cr ot a team which beat foijr
good players at llie first du-
' u'liist [natch between teams
jlayed in the Quaker City.
if the members who played
lim then became, with him,
ers of the famous team of the
Ion Club, upon its organiza-
I 1885, and under hia leader-
recently achieved the unpre-
:ed feat of winning twenty
es for the challenge trophy
of the American Whiat League,
thereby permanently winniog the
trophy. Mr. Work also captained
the Philadelphia eight which woo
a series of successive victories from
New York, Baltimore, and Wash-
iuKton, in iS^i-'gs. He haa been
deeply- interested in (he welfare ol
the American Wbist League ever
since its organ izal ion. and has
served on a number of tts com-
mittees. In 1894 Mr. Work wrote
and published a pamphlet entitled
■■ New Whist Ideas," and thin was
followed in 1895 by '■ Whist of To-
day," a wonderfully anccesafnl
book, in which mauyoriginal ideu
are set forlli. It wtu in lis filUl
edition in 1897. Mr. Work is an
advocate of tbe long-suit game, bat
iias liberal ideas as to when excep-
tions sliould be made in the pUj.
Jd his own [ilay he employs Ameei-
can lead*, with Hamilton modi6ca>
tions 1 7. ['. ). He has also achieved
great success as n whist editor. He
was in charge of a weekly whiat
deparlmeut of the Philadelphie
Ivqnirer in i889-'90. and was tfas
first to suggest a conffress of Ameri*
can whist-playen. He wrote on
whill for the Philadelphia pHbtie
l.fdger'm 1893. 1891, and 1895. He
was the whist editor of the Phila-
delphia Evening TrUgrafh in 1805,
1S96. and 1897, and its daily whist
department [the first ever pub-
lislicd) was hia idea. In tS97-'9S
he took charge of tbe whist inter-
ests of the Philadelphia Prtit and
Ihe New York Mail and Exprtis.
Mr. Work'* opinlnna pmtwtitr hei«
niDie wrtKht iHlh Ibr uhlrt-plajifr* cf
I. 'In whiit notation, any caid
smaller than a ten-npnt u usually
lepreoented by the tetter x. TboL
A, Hjlxx means ace, king, and
532
YARBOROrCH
three cards of no particular value,
generally low.
Y.— The partner of Z. with whom
he pl.iys ay^aiiist A ainl H. This ilcs-
ij^naiion is >;encr:illy use«l in noting;
down hands of whist. In the fir*tt
or original rouml or trick, the
si'Cfmd hand is V. In du])Iicate
whi>l the corresponding designa-
tion is "east."
Yarborough.— .\ hand at whist
cr)nUiinin;{ nti card hi};her than a
nine. Named after Lurd Yarlior-
oiigli. will) olfered a standing Ixrt
(ti /Ht^m U) /. I against hucli a hand
1km I ig ilt alt
M.iMv yarhonnighs are dealt
ann\i.dly that nieel the above ciMi-
ditioiis, l)nt an t-ffort niaile in 1S93
to Uk-mIc the lowest jmsMlMe liaml
— the yarhofough i).ir exi-ellenre —
failed. In Noveiiilier of t!ial year
li"'/! / .' .' n iTc red a ] > r i /«.- 1 ii I \% e 1 1 1 y - I'l v e
dtill.irs fi»r a well aiitlit ntiraUd iii-
Fl »!M'r it\' snoh a li.ini liting lie.ilt
diirin;^ tile next tWv-lve innnthK,
l.ut n'» one clii::ieil llie n:iine>. al-
iluiuv:li a ni'.niUr nf ir.t-rrstir.g
\ .ir^i •r'li'.ijlis wi-re ri-; «-r"id
'I'm-- t"«»'! 'W'lir^ \.ir*-"r' 'i^di was
y iil'*.i"lie 1 ill llif UV^'ffi.'-^/rr /\i-
f' * ' . I."i;«iMM. A]!:! i. i^"-*. .lud
t";'- t -i'/.'-r ]irff.t'-rN it \\i!!it!iv !■•!-
Ji'Av.: retistrk"* "Arv ijii'mt r<irn-
1«.m:';m III" f ^t.'.-* \\;'.i ■•« Mr; I'Ut
ll:»- 1: -.M t lert.rT'.' V I'-iji* !:•:* Tn-i'-'*
11'. ■ ;.i !:..'.'. li'-t (• ii!-- !?i iM .ir.v ]\ \v.\
t!. 1' v. ■ h ivi- e\f! M'ln rf^.'-T'liil
!• V. ' ■'•■.:•. .1*. \hr S T^':'."'.} V.!' '•.
:r.l ■■ w js .■ ,:,■■.:: -v-l 'V. ■.* '.In m.j.N
'•:" 1. ■'.;•;•/ i'<i I .i*'l .1 ■•.•■ .itr. m\
;:; a'. . :• i:!:i n! i* -if.i! w •••!■. ■«.'?, -
lilV' i. V. '.;;'-. \\ I Ml- ::ii::ips, ani
tiie I i:«I-. h' '.'1 were;
4 ' ' 1 ■
-. '. 4 '
A -. '
0 -■ .'. 4
On October 7, 1S92. '• H. T
the Haniilton Club. Philade]
had dealt to him. in the r^
course of play, a yarborocKh
out a trump. It was aa fouM
#
Non«
c
-'. V 4. 6.
«
i. 4. s. 7 *»■
0
3. 4. t.. s.
Whist ^ in its issue of ApnV
gives llie following }4r*<*
helil by K. Lemy Sm'.th. H
Albany Whist Club itmr:pl
statcil):
ft '■■^*
* ^ 4 S&.
O 3. 4, s :
It adds: *' That he shcmM
ca]<tiire<l two congrrssioTul ]
in succes5i\-e year* :s V3 rx!n
narv a> to a1t:if>^t justify iht
nieion that he is a luckv b
liut nothing couM \nr funfacr
the truth. In order tonrorr
A'liiaiiy Club h.is )M-rn aerpi
on him ever sincr the Micsf
cnnvriSK, an^l prov«r* l<»i
d"'.i^: that lie is nii»st f>f.ur.
taki?!'^ tricks \«hen he h"M«
Imr* ''.tgh. iiiid th.«! AS .1 \ irS—
lm!'i: r he i*i a jlurnTTur: -r.
.\:j«'ther y.iT*-»Ti»::i;h :* n-;
liv Arth'.ir Ki r::!'g!or-. i: '
cii::m. Wa^lr.n;:: n. i:r. Ur !
Jn::-- 4. 1*^ j7. Mr KtS".:?:^-: ■
•■ < iM M.iv i;. at ihe I •■.*rTij 1
Cl'ib. Mr T. C. H.-rr. . • •.:.-
]»• t C'lii*>, «lea'.t l«« a f'»r!r.»T
€»f !lie Siijirenie Court the i'.'.
h.iii'i.
0
» •.. 4
-■. ■ «
■ 4. •
J .* «
" I K'iieve thi* 1* the ch-
yjr*«)rongh tm ri-ojr-l A'
shows Imw llw chin:p:i'*
I'aiMfic North WTSt Ir^at li;c
firs fn»m Tacf^nia wbea 1
down to the capital qW}. "
YARBOROUGH 5;
i is still another specimen,
ed bj G. W. Parker, of Read-
[ass., who writes under date
f 8, 1897: "Kindlj let me
if the following haad, which
last night in a game of duplU
bas ever been equaled or
in the number of small
held. The hand was as fol*
5 i,},4. S<tn">>P*)-
■. Sawyer, Prank Peirce, and
Rafferty, who made the rest
table wilb me, will all make
affidavit if, for any reason,
ould desire the same, in case
md should make the record."
■ rboroDih there nun be ■ lull at
srd of tbit gull. II hai tinppennl
y.rbotr.u«lv cooWlning four
, wiB of BeTTicP to the partner
■ady lo wBger /"iqod to ii ogniii
The bet wu decidedly uufBi
Giion who mode It. It n my to C*tcil>
jflheodd*. • • • I.ord Y*rboniu||b,
If he had been lair (aaaumlDealwayitEat
he kneir how Is olculalE ptobabiMIJca}
•hould have offered csthrr more Ihaa
^1817 to £1 aninat ibe iccurrtBra ot Uie
of courie. that he wageeed willi tmt «
Ihf pliyen iiBBidil that playei bating •
yiTbanHigti. not atalnsi tUe occuimM
of a yarbotooffb amoBK, tbe four hands
t.[taan-^.f,ntUt—K.A.rrvtior{UO.].
Voung Player*.— Beginners at
whbt: those who are laming the
VoooB playen may lie diWded Into two
cUaoen— Ihr younft player who 1> hupibla,
cieBt,-^,''K'%«rr»»"z.'+.rf + '. ^jiuAtt
Vounser Hand— The player to
tlic right of the <icaler; the third
Uaud on the 6rst round.
Z.— One of the four letters of the
alphabet generally used in destg-
iratiog players at the whisl-table,
Z 19 the partner of V, anil with him
plays against A and B. On the
tirsl round or trick the foiuth hand
h Z. In tluplicaCe whist the cor>
rcBponding designation is " west."
GENERAL INDEX
•D. la (alio, tjs*)-
u«b: ■«, jack ■lone,
jick. ■nd othen, Ind
Allen diKard.iiTti.
A name AH <HD BHauKii CjuriCbB.
Amcrlci II Code, jm, wh, ijM. (Aw. "dt««l
of fVh„l. Anunian GnU-i
Ararricau Code. propoKd rrvitton or. mm.
AUEkiCAB a«M>, TuH, Hi (aZw, lat, nvo,
AneiiciB pio"', Onl BBflUb tczUook
1^. im. *fc*. jwiit. jiia. «ilta, /nAT
Riericiin lemlaanoplrd. ikj«.
metican leid* aud vhiM to Bntteod,
lii?'
.. playing Irlo Ih
v's Game. Pi^vim
». ssb. S7b, J'». Jl
lb. 31&. M». 3*«. «8t>.
ricaD teada employed bf tbclr oppo>
AUBUCAK LKAIM. OajKCIUM* TO. qh
American lead*, otipontni af, r7M. uta.
AmericBD lead* lUcd lu Irumpa by abelt*
[OB lu Ci-UBi, 4a (o'w. yS4a).
■ ice'oT having expoKd hand iu
Mb, i(ia. 1Mb. MiAi' jDib, «oib. j«b.
■ meHrai) Whiot !.««■»«, acUOD OB prt-
AmericaB Wbial t^atuc. flnt tBini«»
American Whtat \jmfp>», oppowd !•
Xifran »'*ri/ l^n/iw Tttthy. Sn,
■■Okolltngt Tnifhi:-
Amciiao waman mmpllmanlad. s>li.
AMica, FiaHitK. <na (aJM, rM^M, JM. jtf 4,
/oj*. //J*. /^. '/'*. IB*. *M". V*
^W. ««, *ft*, 4^*, «iE»», «w«, JM*b
sa]t, tola, j/i#, .titu).
AMLaavuHT, PLavinu roa, iis.
Aiutlni. SiarWlKtl Analyti."
."kiSi,
Si):
«a. *M». SI". IV^' 1
536
INDEX
i; !.'. ^-.-v* 4*v.». 4' :l'. 4:-*.'. 4>.'a. 5-7b.
Ans. N. lif.'-KGf. 4:i» ■.-:.■.*•. /7-^. Ji;.".!,
.^ •!.• :, ».'.■» .'» :« w.'* . -v f.:/. »^. " /■\7:-.>."
Antk: I .n: :. I :M.\n. I.kai\ 4-'a ^tioi*. /<j.
-■■* « 1 t g M » .
Ant.::*.'.'.:. C.i:.::ii.i:. »»4'»
A;ii:: i.ic. wor.i.ias u.tlural. for whist.
.- " » ' .
Arij. '.:.i 1£ M . 5:b.
A'.-ii-.i ! i I:.i!u-t> t'f suit guing. j.ua.
Art r -c:i iKf, .i^r-'.
" Ak nvL 1>iii»iVkk. Till ," 4.'b.
AKiivM.s UN Whist in rx.RXODiCALS,
.: :■
Ar*'.:\'-. :— h.
Art:"';."i i! ::;• :;i -ry. ^••73.
Arlll"-. :> .'I I'.ir lutu!, 4-:m1.
.It ' ) :t.,n.\'-.: s,.. ■■ /ntwft Si/zfttt!."
A««s»>v : \i I. Mi.Miti Ks (ir iiiii Lkagi'E,
Au-tl >!i.i. \\l:!-t ii: ;^''b
Aiit!i.i:it\ in i:ii :1 1:1.'.. r^'.a.
Ai" I iioKi 1 \. V.'ii:si :-■ 1,
ArT«iM\r«'V Wm-^T r' wr.R, 45b.
Aj x:i ia'ixV A--i«'. i vr:"N««. jfia.
Avi. Ti;!ii-: tn'!h..-.l ...i scoiiiii; at dtipli-
i it-. . lljf. ;' :»..
Ay:;::;:. H. K. . i7.;!».
I! 47.1
1 1 A I > r I . A Y . 4 -^ ■ ix .V. '. .v'.i . .,-' "^ *. j/.«'ti . /" * ,
4 • • » ■ <
V ■ •■ - . ■ ■
r.Ai' li.wiK. .«-b .:.'.».', /y^ ///a //,a
U.x\\' :. «;. :.;■ \V : ■:, .- ..i. "CH.
r'.»K,i ;■. I : .'.ii-i-. T ■.'I .;/i . ,M,*, ,'ya,
i".\::\\:N- !■ hn :.»'K \inj.. 4 .a uily\ J'-i;
- ; . ■ .'-■"'
Hi! ! \ ••: .\::-~ \ -, . : ',.
I". .!'."i;;i • ^' n* »t:t -::i. y<ih
'■••■'■• : i: \ ■ .'■ :.-.!. !7;l., "logh.
l:...-.vi !• \Vl:i-n>:u».. 3jl.. 35a, bhb, ixxa.
Barney, Walter H.. 4C1S j:^- •.■
B.irnok. C M.. 7Jh.
Harrows. H. I... .m J-.
M*Tii Corr, Till. «:a
••lUlllt.- iu\ali.il tir.itxi-. a. ' v^u.
"BAirLK.'SAkAii.'" =:1.
Bc.iLtin<«ti<rI(i. l.-irvl. -;a. gr*- «-b
lirv-krr. Ch.iil'jii I... -,7 *•. 4 ^^
lUckluim. C. II . .;ni.' '
litci'hir. N. 11 . -b. «^ ;t
liKi.INM.K. 5.'.4 iw:..v..-. J.'', jj*» .•;>*
,'77 i. i/ f>'
Bhr.INM M>, MiSTARrS OF. siA
B<rKiinur»«. liiaiA ui, v4!'
B'l.iKtT :7;.i.
lUuni-t. Cliarlf*, s^b.
lUiiMiii. !■■ W , ;.■:,!
BKNTINcK. I.OKH Hknrv, s*- -•..
,-*, .-^«.
^..* /.
^.-■'
/if St t «X » // .S,'*', ■ ■ .V- . .V» t ta" • J
Bcttiiijj, :..ib
Ikttiii};. actidti (»f A W L. i. ^4
lit t«i. ln:iv\. l.-7b 5 .. I
Bill !-■! a TiitT. : i .1
liiil'llt*. Ml-- •^ijvtii I).. 4j*. i;.* ;;
Bictl>>w. I H.. J-;'..
lJi::^l!..ni. \V. f .>■ •-, 7 ^ .^hA. J
Uit^. Wii:i i!!! »» . «; :b
|{-.-:ir. <;. A., si. a."
li. -!•:••• lie :.-.ti
lU iMi Wiiiir ri.AVKBit. 5;.b.
Hl.'-CKIM. v;l.
B'ii« !"•:. I n '.■! Mar^h^l. i'^:x
" MLI K I'FTl H ■ ^4*' -.v.-.*
Blytb.A r. sfi
B'lAKt'M \N. l-.Ml kV. CU -'.J ■••
B-'ar U :i b.
"Boil Mitmrs" R'l.i* «•■*. -• ■
^ I ^ ■ 1
1 I ^l< ■
B«'M l:ii!ii;i-I.'a S:iJ.C .in a-i^ calf.
B-"»K. N'-.t.
B KiK < • \Mr. «r'i
Bt». »K I'l \> ' I! -"b
"Buiki^'i iHi } iVK K:%«.* '~i
B<ioK*<(>N WlII'.T. --a
!««.»•: Ji C I» . - .'•' ^ ■^.
i;..!-!. ti. T McK . -:l..
B..r :.:i. T V -.'■
■ U.i-ioN :.| r--NTAtxii: r%»- ■ O
B"*t •:. I»ii; :: at* \\h;*i C!'.*.. 4-.-:
lu^-'on Tif-v \. i!:*» 4 tja. > :b
B..ltii'i'.'y Mr- . «ii<a
I*- iit'l'» r Ch.irb - >.. f.*h -a4^, 44'^
Bi'-axi", I.jiib r M '-ih. jua. tf*. :*j!
4.#*.1. « ■•
*?••!. f. .\rii/hi.:s S<f, ".t/.x*/ *
Bxailt. Mr* Ju'.ia B 44b .^t-a 523b
Bminr. I.. !• an*! B G . «i5h ■:4a
" Bkidgb," 6aa laiw, /6m. t^. JJT
INDEX
537
9*. 306a, 43^a, 4»3\ ^Ssd, 4^,
H., 3i«. 31b, 173b, 199a.
I^b (also, isjb)'
,. A... 443b.
T. O., 38«, 174a, 199b.
homas. s8b.
7. C, 31b. 36a, 173b.
•a. Gertrude, 424b, 5258.
onfj^ress, 33a.
Trophy, 63b (aAso, 448a),
illips. Bishop, 84b.
rence, 38a.
». CUrence, 39b, 44b, 509b, 52*,
5a. 525b. ^,
venity, whist at, so4b>
M 38b.
RAMP TRAT9,** 63a.
B., 63a, 509b.
Beau, 193a.
503«-
8..38b.
C. T., 58b.
as. Sarah C H., 64a (aZw,
ist Club. 39a.
8. A., t4a. 34b, 3^.
>OG," e4b.
ppiST. 64b {also, i^Qy 461a).
FPY, 65a {also, 47a, i/ga, iJtsa,
00, i9ob, 318a, jj7a, 466b, S'7b.)
Sb.
1. C, 58b. tvsa.
►ROE L., 66b (also, r6a,3ta,j4a^
90,37x1. 4S3b, 49' b).
experimental play, proposed,
>.
r. c , 506a.
wDMiRAL Jambs, 67b {also^sSa,
lel A. S., 44b, 509b.
rence H., 515a.
.n C.snb.
*, Duncan. 523b,
" and •* Cavendish," 474b.
3a.
%'iifO THB, 68a.
d, 34b, 331a.
R. 68a (also, /<$5^/6da).
' 68a (also, 58a. 2960, 33sa, 340a,
ON. 68b {also, i&4b).
rioif PuzxLB, SxR/* 68b.
iM/«.' See, •* TVump 5if'>*a/.'*
;ta an honor, looa.
da liable to be, at duplicate,
kTTBimoir. 69a.
■ewcarda, aija.
Eowoms, 69b (mis9, J9M).
b (slit. 17*1 5<*i *pW, jBja).
Cameron, D. P., sagt.
Cameron, R.,503a.
Cameron. S., soja.
Campbell, Miaa IC H.. 39a.
CAMPBXLL-WAUun, ^TBUE, 69b (mim,
S7b, 73b).
**Can you one? '* 69a, 4S4b.
CAKADiAxr Whut Iubaoub, 70B {mimt
»93^)'
Caner, Mrs. Harrison K., sasb.
Capital Bicvclb Club I^am, Tab {mbo^
30b, 31a, 88b, I99», 371b, 4Sib, 4s8m,
Card, 73*.
Card of UNiFOBMmr, 73a.
Card Sbnsb, 73a.
Cards, 73a.
Cards. ARRANOBMurr of, 73b.
Cards in suit higher than one led, issb.
Cards Liablb to bb Callbd, 73B (bIi
/68a, »3sa, 940b),
Cards, locating, 3^^.
Cards of equal Talue, 163b.
Cards of rb-bntbt, 75b.
Cards plajred in error, aiib.
Cards, played, that may be seen, 3x6bw
Cards, Uking un, during the dcnl, 4if|i.
Cards, trick-taking Yalue of, 44sb.
Carleton and Wanderers* Cmbs. bislork
match between the, ijsb, S70B.
Cablbton, J. W., 76a.
Carlyon, EOmardA. See, "GsMf.**
Carpenter, A. P., soab.
Carter. Charles S., ista.
Carthage Whist Club, 31a.
''Catch'UU'Ten*' See,^*Sco4ck Wkisi/*
**CAVRifDX8H," 76a (a/10, /a, 7a, toa, /tJ^
18b, 190, 20a, 3oa,3ia,49a, 43a, 4M.S7^
S8a, s8b, 60a, lOfsb, /o8a, 114a, tisb, tijb^
'V^* ^i^b, /68b, /69a, /73a, 176a, i$3eh
/8sOf '07a, 191b, i04a, aoisa, i/js, jsi(fis,
»3»b, 2stb, jfSJb, tSTa. *7*a. n8b, tifk,
3'7b, 337^, 339b, 340a s6oa, 369b, 373m,
410b, 4^90. <ua, /j9*, 443a, 443b, 4dm^
444b, 445a, 447a, 464^, #^, 47J^ «*•
4«8a,495b,Si5b).
" Ca VBIfDlSH,^* ANBCDOTB BY, 80B.
" CavendUh " Club, a76a, 487B.
** Cavendish " and Trist, one dlflkreaet
in leading. 177a, 187s, 449b.
Cavour, Count, 83a.
** Caybn If B," 80b.
Cblbbratbd Pboflb wbo Plavsd
Whist, 81b.
Challenge, ajoa.
Challbnob Tbopht, 86a {mlw, 44Bm).
Champions, 89a.
Championship matches, 184b.
Championship Ttophy. See, **Ifmmahm
Chancbs at Whut, 89a («Z«s, jtfos 9jalk
467a).
Chance and skill combined, 487b«
Chance, eliminating, 394b.
Cbanob thb Suit womal, 89b (mim, ^3^
90a),
CBAiroDfO 8unii 90b.
538
INDEX
Craractrr asd WniBT, 91b.
Charles X. loses bis thruue while at whist.
Chase. A. D.. 440a.
Chauiiccv. Mrs. Klihu. .^23!).
CiiKATiNfi AT WiiisT, 91b (a/io, j//a,/97&»
ChestcrfiL-Ul. I^)Ti1. 8ia.
ChicjtKi* coiiKrcss, 30T).
Chic:iKo Duplicate Whist Club, jSa* 48a.
27« n.
ChiL\i;:(> Whist Club, 338,33.1, I37h, 26Sa,
.vs:b. SW1.1.
Chil'i or six at whisl, 123b.
CifiNKSK Whist, 9.yi.
Chips, couiitiii}^ bv mt'niiHof, 130b, 360a.
Churchiiu-ii, noted, foiul oi whist, 84a.
Cincinnati ladies at whibt, s^vb.
Cincinnati team, 3<>a.
Clapp, Miss Anna C. 3t^b, 421a.
Clai'I'. Miss Oi-tKTRL'DB !£., 94a (a/io,
4Jia. /.•;.! , s -"'*).
Clark. F. I.., .;M..
Clay, Ciiaklks M., 9« f<i/j<>, /5Srti /7/a,
^ •./■. j'.'Sd. ,i''^Hi, }isa, jjJd, 4"^. ^'^jb,
Cl:iy. Ili-niv. Ssb.
Clay. Jamks. «/)a ialsn, /a, 5»'d 7?\ ,T,'a,
y^i'/i/. /r.'A, ^77u. .»<//*. .v/i. 1V7A, .^/.iu,
V-/.^. V .^ ^ A. /I /'/d . v< s A. ^', , A. /,« ,•* I .
Clay. I.uihh, anec<lote>« lonct- rninR, 97a.
Clay. Janu-^. nml nioilerii whiot, 1^.
Clt'iy inoveiiifxit, the, c/a.
CI. I y ton. I'aul. ^4b. y*««b.
Ci.KAK A SriT. To. v«*h.
Cl-FKICM. Kkkoks. i^-jb.
Clinton. Mis., ^.-^.a,
Cluii rti'.nl. ii Teinarkabk'. a67b.
Cm;-. ..'.i.
liu^< .S>v. " li'h'.t Ihth'.r
C'iti l\nj' ,^,:' '■ I nitrt i'ards."
CtA.k.".i.tivr;;k-l»'.il/«.le. Ludwi^ von, 5S.I,
(■.../.'' S,-. "/.«::. ' nf ll'/itif."
<."■■•■ W. C . V .1. .'.h.
C:';- ti. n. A.. '.'.A.
Cm I !N- riiAKi.>>^ I'!MMr.T, 99a t.i'io.
' •■■. :j' ;. //"•'. .v.'" %■••.; .
c-:. .1 1:'. M!>. if H .5. ... ■-.' s.
C"'- -. I Siiili-i Jl ii-iwi-;i. *."'.i, 2*.:li. ;:5h1.
l"-i";- - i'.i:iti:i ] ::.i
C"" I •:■'.{ .■\\)\',' til- kln'i. :•»*!
c »M :n \ I i«iN < .AMU TiiK. #.b u'.'vi. ^.;«j).
I'.M ;■. •, I'iiv l'Mi>. u-i.K. TiiK. :..ia.
i'. .^! ■ . • II \Mi, : .!•.
i'nM ■ t ■ N ! ' I ;'.
K'.i--' ■ I U,r« ;■■ tiL! I • f'
v.":n ■ i!:i; . ■: ! in prirtner's suit, ^et-
• • ■ • : ! ii* ;• :.■
I ..1-1 :■.■■■• i ■■!! •»v>.;i-'ns of 'i! ty. via ;'>t.
L •!!■.■■ ■. -»'n-e iLA'.wv -'7 .a. '.'N^b. 34'ja,
Q(iM-.i'-'. •*! N-r UK Whist, i.-:a.
C.ii\IM-.«. -»| N^l. >V'II'MM. i-ja.
Colli tii>i:; -t.xir»e wliist, 4v^b.
Comtnonwealtb Clab. Vorcou:
137a.
Communicntion brtwc^n ;>a7!9r
Com p.ira live >v»tcra. Ihc, ijib.
CoMi'ASS Wiiisr. 10 ja
" COMI'LKAT Cf AMEbTCa, TSk.' i
Complete table, a, 4TM.
Conceal eil ranN. icrtuenre of jc
Loiixrris, It 'A tit. Sft, "Amifta
/j'tigur,"
Couklin. L. K.. y>}a.
CoNSfi.TVTioN, iia3a.
CoiiteKt, a64a.
Continental Club. New York. CI
Control ut temper. 4i7a.
CONVHNTIONAL. ir-.Vl.
CoNVI-Nr|iiNALITli'!K io\a.
Convi:ntiunal Plav. i«3b -.i
CONVKNTIONAI. SlO^ALS^ I03^
Omi^mtn'Ms. Sfr. "I'ni^te \,i*\
CdNVKMsATlUN, i<4a \uua. «3^
C.i»»ke. W c;.. 5..3«.
CooiH-r. Sir Astir y. &4a.
Ciio|jer, H. B.. 3jb.
C i|K-. W. C . H2?K
Cur nil I. whist .it, y»sa.
CoKoNKM's Taiii.k, ir*b.
Currert j»I.iy. iq^h. ?**Sa.
C'»»/".«^*«'»»i/Pwi^mj/. ti. Jite, "Ml
COTTt)N, CHAKLta. lC4b {AUf.r^
Cor NT. 114b.
C<»rNTKKS. ri4b.
CuuntinK from the top of mt.
44 "ia.
C'M-p. ii ea {ii*i ■. ;.'.-ji.
C«n-|' i»K ^\ckiv u I . ;».-5b.
Col'Kf CAkliv !• Ov
COtHTM^, Wm'iI%M ni:i4
'■■I 'v, v'^- / *'*
CoVFK. I<',. l.i.',.
. k
/-
C'.'. 'T III h iji'T le!. '^b
Cr:iii'«*. -xj'. I
Cr.iri". I". W 4:1
' L'KAWIIN. C i»IA:> ■■ '.::\
s' :. ■ ' *•.
Ci*;i!.\! i;N'fN«.* :< -b
Ci*'t xhr Mi-oi.^ «.«»
Ckmks-K;ti . Ii -'■ J . • ■•. ^
L'kown Coi-t kk-IIo; •!.. . ."u .
• •/
Cru:..'Mrr. Iir B K . ^itS.
e- t- t"-:i :i - .»! Wii:'«T ' -a
<.''i'j ■■% - ■ ■.:! tOif'i!. TT-ns «!'»
■ c I*- . r ■^- t an! l!:c ' 4: 'a
l":r!:v C I. -1 i-i.\
I '!*!v l'.»- »,jr- W 41 t
t •-» K >'vi::ii,MH W:;.::aik :
Ck:
f' :r-N'. ■ -.*' .;.'•■ .••■.i. .• ^
Cn: I '.!!,: ifl* ! ■ ■• riisul \ j!-.,r ; J
Cr.'.f.nj; f. • ; irinrr*. 4 m
Ct 1 M?i>; In : :•«
Ci mnii ULT. siua .j;:.* .•,-«.' .
INDEX
t Dbaibb, nob (oM, DOtJI
lu Pa^Mcas e.. Ilia I
a W.. »lb.
Inb, jgli.
.IKR KKISDIT
iiib {alio, rjia.
ii Club, m
onllncpt. itonr of, 97b,
0, iijb.
re. r&u, ^j0).
«..■■» rj«.
•, 28*a, 313b, sojb.
T^^M9b <"j^^"*):
' problfln*. i«^, jijb.
V fuiu.!). l»b.
Dovaii'Vi. Cabo. I lib.
DauBTFCL Trick, ii» {altt, iijaa).
Down. plBTiug. J7«b.
tilAW OVCAajM. IIJB.
Dniriiis onlii pttnuitorclx to 1(b4 wILb,
DS*»»I)!I, ALrBHD Wiucw, Illb (afif.
/». ila, iim, tm. 4i».ij». in, jii, i/ati,
ijia, iSja. «**. itia. jija. jtit, ^jia.
444^. «/*, »*/*-
,.i.A..\
> of. II
LOnd. G^ViT'....
> <>r Kcal al »bl*l. tbc, «M.
h', Cbohob H., in* (aba. 41m.
ly* ceMiisaLABl]'« Kamoci h&kb.
t».4f9.
Uinr&bl'
: Id.
DLfLtCATa WBUT, Iqb (
ij»a . i»". ****■ ««i" K
Duplicate whlil an uoeriii
Uaplieatr *bla, Qifia
Doplkatc wbiM. dlillncl
Duplet' wbtit. carli aiu
DfrucAtn whiit. linnii ur. i^o.
Duplicate wblu. iDimmmcni la. ;b.
UirrLicitTR Wnnr, lirTU-Ci.1;*. ijTa. '
- -..'« Whirt, LJiwao*. Ii-'
i>ui>li<alc wbiM. lam ef. %mt- '
Duplkvu vhlu. laiM or. «(
mpta It. .
1. true brRloolai o(, 1Mb.
BaklD, L. C . job, tib. 1MB. )j6b,
Itarl.. «™, wfiltata S. «b. 4m. j^b,
Itailim iefncD« to wblM. 1146.
Bann*ika of ibi BhDn-«gtt lamc. '*"
"•- ' "li Jobn. sda,
ri,.„b.
P, ina (a^. fiio, mm)-
J
Echo, do nnt, on ailveroary'ii lud of pAUi CftiD. trna.
K^h'^ |.l:>)_ti-suii.' inli. Hal>e cnr.l*. .^..I'.-rimi'i-.i
i;Uhi ..r hialivt
lii-^lil! -vna. or' si'ji'.'' Iv.kI of, lluwcllii.
KiKlitli Im-k, pl.iyiiiE lo ilif, for .ta.ly, Fai-
HU'Vin nilr. uiiil finirti'in rule, I'M). ^K^<•T|..^| U'tiii.iH -
l-:i>'V«uh i.inl. i«-ji. .TAi, /V-J. J .». <,-■."
Klli~.n.'KuV!-'i..-[,!,'i:i!i,*' riKuiiN'.. »m'. wu:-i"i'
Kuiii.hvi^ Wiii-i. i>-!-.. lisi'.-si'. •■■-1. /.'.■.",-. I
i..i.i,.;u-„iv»hi,t,
i;;:.ili.i1u. .-.il-nf. .■:..'
x<7». H<-r "r m«ri'. miii n(. ib-lioUd. s?
trnmpi. Ind frotD. ira. t9>h.
her. ft. C. iq*.
bcr. C..1U.
iBiTom, Loan iSo* (iilt». tula, qM,
E. Uktnga, 4i«a.
i>dD«*d. iSa {aiu.jjtb.ttual.
•d l»<lii motf liberally employed,
M^«-^^.^'
icatc. tjSbT
X™^'. li^'it. JOa. J**.
I. ^f», J7*. 5»*. rf». ?j». 7»tt- '»*-
i, «i**'. rib*! -'
B*. «/o, ««»■. SMl*.
i//o.' 5-""
the atUck on
. I B.. 3016, jrtET
0«ua! R,>ci< ri^vtxu HWOwK. iwa.
Game.*.«iBBlH». iy»,
" Uamnier (iurtuti'B Neroie," ana.
{-.atitacr. Mu* Maoilr. 4lta. tflSr
0«klll. Mra. n. M , jub.
C.y. Mr.. Blirabrlh h,, S»J«.
(>nM«i tu1« cEoeHthi. Mift.
Grotgrrtt. iinil whM, tib.
cn.-hfll. Mlt« syi.
(iit,ii>ii |{.l«i>d;&4b,
<-.illrav.)«>l..
.,ir.,*>„.J„l,0»„lT«.
i-.,^..iLiii. e. I... 4ih, .Jib,
i;.ji>ni UN wmi« SorT. ra4b.
OmwWth.V, n.. *i.. '
r.KXiAH'a CorviE-HODim. Iwb <«JMi
> ID BniUih r«bt*r.
7b
id;, without pUylns,
■G U-.f
•Mtti. G. W.'
HiblM iDdnnd bjr wblal. 4l^
Hadlock. trofntai A , Njb,
Hiltward. Iir. A. H.. snb.
Hnii.K K.,^»lt
Hall. Mr*. K^vId 1. . silk
Hill. Orort* W.. wrt), «Aia.
lUM. John. ««>.
mil. ill*. UN.. ;ru.
HaHii.Tnn. C- O- K. i*a (*;». /rf UK
J*, ji". »7r*. rrra. '««. »'/«. »jj*,
ma. w*. im. isv. <«'■, «*!'. ^>i*.
im. »(«.>.
irandiBDciubtMiuH. Phlladflehla, ««b.
HaMit-Toti l.a«i>>. >«Tb (ate. /|a. M>*.
trot. I97t. MM, /«», «a<*.MM>.
1. K*!. Mh. »J». f
.. i»n. lojti.' ■<»*), inn. Mta.'iub.
IlAliiLton TaoPBT, igija (a/fo. i/ra. »Jlt,
iriHU ma.
H«nd. CDonlfW clay of. nfqmrwl, Msb.
Hiad.tw>klD( on' ~ """~
hI^SS^Ht^l't to . K.D r.
Han-U.' illoit-alivt, Stt, "<
HaiiDii. ln>TH*D or Poiht*. >
llind*. menioriilBK, Ma.
Han<l>. pntDonrDil. :i>ih.
Xm. Ca;
nKidii, ptayinK bMh. •*uDf.
Sw.
n', ii'iult. i
t. Pnnte*. nft.
Itin. K. atanlrr. )))■ iTM. ■«>A «lbt
Hurt. fnnk. ^.
Uirii. IrvlnBT^. vSti.
//d.Mrif >'a7r Muf match. Sn. "VfkOk
lUtliim. IvrliHi. &A,
ll«tc>i. C.. via. wu.
!!*«•«•. W. Il,,iia.
Hawklnt. W. It, ub, tw, jjtb _
Uswlrv, Mn. J. fc . Mb, ^n*. urthSijk.
.. >.'''' I««i»S».S»"
IlavlTf. Wainn A..n'a,
lUwIlxiiuc. Nathanlrf >1b.
H«vw,iBi>, ABHinaii. M)b (■/>■. i)\
HdtD, mh.
' Hrarlauri I
... .SSvi!!:'
Itrwby. John ^ich, jfrrb VO^.
HIckoM. w, H.. JBS*.
Hiafi-Ca*D Ecno, idjb.
UMK-CitllD CaHB. 10)* («'«>, <J
KianC*soa, ing
nilti nnli
mrtcaf*. . . .
II'KhrT « td on ■ hig*
Hi|brr irfralasfwIiTM,
itFtr todlMllB*. (
HrOr. HUa A«*1aMr %^ a^ Mh
menace. NB.
IctmBanBi BaBD*. hib 4M»j
»«. 'jaa. Ma^ ir*-. *B>.aj
*«f>. r^, /«. ^w* .»•• JlS
/O", /»*. I*»«. .«"■ . *"«k «4
e-cird. Coffin 'a. 117b.
ility. M7l>-
at duplicate, t^ik.
m had pUy. 195a-
;;S'-
if pKycrj wishing ti
1. H. K.. jn.
nSb iabo, «/l. iitt.
J, I/nr, Sri. -Caww/uA."
'heeiock Wtaial CI'dI^ Philadelphia,
TGH, A PROPOSED.
tthehandorjtame.
' Mrs. Gkobob
inedy. J M., 173*. «]h.
ll3t0.34t.S7
i*S-_
koVpT.;
rank, 4
amall, with, corerlng
KinK lesd'and unblocking. 4&4a.
I'-AmTtRt l!l THE HAIOn IIS*
King-lead, Howell '1 lOib.
from, ii6a.
•.ifoa.nm.
*-»-hingtoii, whi.i tall lolace up
.dcalh,8sh.
DN'T MaTTEB" PLATKE. TuE.
KInK. <|ueen alone. Blarnei' lead [rom.
enodiftrence.-iiT"-
KinJ^wmnd hand 00 low card led, ijoa.
ari4a i«a.446a.
King. ten. jack, lead froa. 446a.
Ki.rael Clui. Cincinnati, O,. SJ9b.
XTiAva. >ich(a/ii mH.
4. Haaclla, yiA.
Kuickerbockrt, A. H.. 4aib.
iS'a?,fe.*
KreU, Mrs Abbie B„ 413b. 4>$>. 4nb,
S'3». S'jb
•.arBiH.lMdi>(ial>-
hn «M Id aa«n. Momd hand.
Ladlea and gentlemen It dnpllcate. MM.
;, Urrn* a'*«ttil«. 4B.S7*,57t>.
LadleTii'SSil^rwhUtfbryoung,-...
kMBOHlB-
^afc»_
544
INDEX
LAMn. Charles, at WniST. 230b {also,
/,/i. .^/a, ^tuf*, <^r*i).
LAN<.rA<,i:. A. j\'Aj \aUo, fjh,jvjf>).
Latiik':«". <iv-orK<; T., 4.^a, ^Jia.
/Mii f' >' <■. J'*/*iMK thr. See, '•{Jutttea.
Last Tki mi». 2m;i.
Lalinn.-! . lli-*liup. 4>Vi.
Lawrtiit'f. <). A., .vAi.
Laws. t)1ij«'fl «jf. .';il».
I^ws «i! liiiplio.iti- whist, 137b.
Laws 01 Wiiisi. jivu
Laws <)i- Wui-i, Ami;kican Codf. 2^2^.
Lawj* or Will ST, Hn(*lisii Coijk, jy-b
d/.'' /'^: I.
LAW> 01 WllI^T. rkOPORED REVIM'^N,
i 1 l.l
Lead in tniTiip-^ and in plain suits, diflfc-r-
CIIC"- '>' iwri'tl. j;''b.
I^ad. ii r- ^'ular, z^m.
Lead of trtiiniK invited, 223b.
Le:id, '•rii^iual. ."v-^'j.
Lca<i. takinft the, in the partnership,
2..i.\.
Lr.AJ». Tin:, -M'a.
L'.-ad. iMr-iwin^ Ihv, 4.%')a.
Ltrad. ij"'- «>f, ./-a.
LtAI*KK. .'47«.
Lc'i'litu It ii:k lh<r "snit led. y^f)\>.
Lkai):n>. in X «ii TiKN. Z47.1 la/jo, /''•'fj,
Leo'iijiK «^Mt c»f mrn, prevcutini; i>artuer
Ir-.M). j;7ii.
Lr.A I >:>'■'• Thkoj.t.ii, sjvb.
I^M lin.: trniup'* limn live, 17^1.
Li xMN'i ''!• T-'. .'i-!i.
/j' i.i ■ ' »'.' " I ; J « >'■•• ■ ' . T »/'■» !■ d n /•J ■/.• . "
L«;i '■"• iT.l l!i' ir ni- i::;:ii;. . .■ .1.
L» I'l-. '""*'. iH'l :i' \t '••.-i •.7-N.
L'.-a I-. C'>:rtv.l 1: !:i k'-rtain hands, .«>v,b,
LfM'!-. -I-.-'Ji '■•:!l. .' ' ^».
Le.i 1-. ■ '.v . :•■ !. .'- .a.
\.'-\'\~ *■' : '• t
Li M'- -"i - I 1 ■:>- 'U . .'.;-l».
L* .1 i- *■ !:•■■:■ • '•
I.' .1 i' ;• ..-..■ - '.'.viMT. .'.- vi.
Lf. !-':•■ ■■•:'• * ^> i'.;\:!"l into two sec-
I I.- -
T.- . : :.'. •- .■:■'.
1,1 1:. ■•" ::• j .■ Til" v i;:aii any rith*-r t ard,
\ I
L" '.'■•• ' ir !•■ "V •■■- V ■'■: iS*- whrii. jic-
L- ':■-- I 1-. - -:■
I ■ ■ M : - . ■-
I." • ■ •! «. 1 •■ - IT : ■'.
I. '■:.•. ^ !•■ i-. ■ - • '. ^. -».
I. -■•■ ' ■■ .: .".^ ill- i:i Ica<!in;:
I-
I.. ...» i •■. , .-,
J.I ■ ■ •; '•!:•- M ,1 -. I» lNv:i,r.:i K-. ^j ,!i
L' '•'.:. I . r-.. \l .•:/! li.'. . /,-j, /.' J.
L* w :■ ; ■ ■ ■■.. :,■;■• 7; a
L-v:- U. .:■: A . :-!. >-'. ••/». J^JSa.
LexicoRraphcra in error. lOBie n
4*#|a.
LilxTal ideas in whi^t. kxa
"LiKi TrNANr-t'»i.«*>t.L B., ' 2306
Limlhay, C. I-.. J' ib.
Literary men and whiM. ^4b
LiTrx.K Slam, Thk. /«:.i
"LlTTLK WIIIST SCMiiOL. T«l.
Line* of i»l«y. j^.-ti.
LiviNu liA!«li.'.'S.'a
"LlVlNC, WhISI." i\73i
Lloyil. Mr-*. L" H-md. <:"h. *«»
I^ofKe. H . Jr.. ;iS. : #«i
I^inx and ^hijrt ^uit oi:*. ir-^^rr^T. 4
Lon^ and ^h<.rrt!kuit icatne c-tn^a
J7ilf.
X«nN4; Carhs. 2s:b.
]«ONG Si'IT, 2S^b J.*.''» / /a .
LONO-Si'IT LA. MI Till.. ii'A Ali
JIM. j^jb. ^*».*. v/J. # a:
I/»nK-sHil K^ine. the. llrf^n^•••',. 4>
l.on^-*uit «am', tbr. «.»*.i»-vii- s% :.-
LonvE'i'iiit Kam-. when a li-:«ci X*)
«»i»iter*. .■•i'», :-n'i
Lon;: -nil. hraijril by -in r-jh*. tri
w'irth!i-s*. v"'7*>.
1*011',; -Mit. '"nr in rvrr% ban S -^.t:
Lon»;"»iiit upcninif!*. alir^r-i trCk
" L«»N*. St'M I M.'" .'^;a .r/-.- /-•*
*' LoiU'-'iitf ••> ■ t-b.«riri:,;r t 2""^
I^»N<. Tk* Ml- i'* S
Li.Ni. \Viil>i ,■■■'« .-•.' '. .•■ ^
L«'N''»-«r >'ii. Lfr *!» > •■ M r«
:' . //■./ .
Liiii„'r»i rjr !>»«>t •«iiil '.r:i.* 'r- "t: *:
L- t;!.'-'.:tth. M-- M rr.- :»
L't'-KIN'. •>•. IH A II^NJi . -a
L'»'»'»i" I. \i*i'. ->■'■
L' 'siNi, c VK r* . -■■'•
L«»SIN-. Tkl-MI i»l kLI^I'WV* TO ?
L'>vi -■• .*!
Lii\ I. A I 1 , .'? .T
L"VF '. k^:? .= .1
L-»v' '■ "^i Iti» \ : '. i.i
L"W *■ -■'. '•■ iiN "t.^rnr*" \'\m
L- -w 1 iT ! 1»- III* K'li^x * »j«
L'M-' .•'!':• r::!.; !'t ti ' ".,: "U:!
L W '■ ! :!^:f- X'l"«w". »:*
I.' w I V I t' II «n: •> .'i..* .: • .>.••
L.--.I MX ■'.-•■ -ij ....■ ■«
I. ■» •:■ M'- •■ ' • -I ■■ . "*•
I.. V* •»:.•■ 1 -■■, i-: . - va
L««A -» -^i.tN a: . .: .'.
L' K .»• a
L::>'k in dii*i!i-i*.r tvh>t :«:£>. fuoa
Liind<ktrr>m J"hn K . 44b
Lt'Ks.'ii .- ; \
Lvrll. Chir>«. ^tf
L'vrTH!«. L.tKit. AS A Whut-Flati
INDEX
545
ir D J , u8b
Charles. ^aSa.
lao, ProrefMoi Conway. 505a.
i A.,*' a6ib (also, iSa,s350).
% Tbnacb," a6ja {also, syb, jjso).
162a.
)9. a62a {also.jSQd).
mcnt of carda, 62b.
meat of irumps. 451b. 481a.
LU Hbnrv a., 263b iaiio, j/a. f^d,
tan Athletic Club, ^Mb.
tan Whiat Club. 4b. 164b, 371b,
aiSMS. 363a [aiio, 997b),
. Tbomaa, 174a.
163b.
Rs, 26.-^b.
r. ^€. * Scartng."
ougb. Duke of. 8jb.
couples, schedules for, at dupH-
, lyjh.
au. Harriet. 85a.
c A Signal. 26.)b.
. Card, ab^^b (aluf, sS9b),
. Holdings, J64a.
r, the," W7b.
264a (aiso, ijia, /05a).
nlemational. proposed, 223a.
lay. 440a
I instead of tricks counting. 363b.
AS Thomas. 264a iaUo, 37a, f>-fl
/72^. 162a, jSsb, iosb, j4<M, 409a,
49^a).
, F. W., oSa. a68b.
. h J.. -^Sa 268b.
rs. W. U. S., 489b.
.. 265a
for the guidance of partnerfi,
iin inethcxl of scoring at dupii-
. V63.1.
A. Harvey, 34b, 1:4a. 201a. 26i>b,
Mrs. Hcorv, 44b. 524b.
nid, C J.. 39a
all. Hui^h. isib.
SH Andrew J.. 265b (a/io. jAa).
Theodore, 174a-
hJin. MrR. George B., 252a.
I Cards, 265^.
» AND OFPOSING, 266a {OJSO,
I.
I^ont. 38a. loQb
*hip ot the A. W. U, present, 37a,
p». short, 130b.
riNo THR Hands iw Dl'fli-
t. 2f'6a {alio, sotb).
f, xAa Iti/^o/^Sid).
t. Artificial, 267a iaiio. 3fr?b).
dmplUate. Set, * Mnemonic Du-
Wktur
ti. John C . ag^a.
Andrew," 22b. 42b.
ich and a game which cost aooo
.«3«
Middle Cakd. a67b UilM. /5M).
Milwaukee CooKicaa. 59b.
MlLWADKBB WB18T CUUB, a67b f aOO, J^d,
30a, itoa, ^9Ja. ma^ i«d. 4f9o)
Minchio, I. I., 43B-
Miuneapoiia Chcta. Cbeckera, and WhiM
Club, 31a, 31b, 88b, 199a.
MinneapoliaConsrcaa, xaa.
* MINNBAPOLIB LBAD." J68a.
MiNifBapoLiB Tbopbv, abbb (o/so. ##ia).
Minnesota, University of, wbist at Uie,
Miscellaneous laws of whiat, 236b.
MiSDBAL, 268b {also, fJ9bh
Misdealing. 234a,
MiSDBaUNG, How TO AVOID 369B.
MissTooD's Whibt Pabt%, a69B.
MisTABBB, a6ob.
Mistakeaof aaversariea, 164b.
Mistakes of beginners, 52a.
MiTCHBLL. John T., ^b (aiso, /|^, jj#.
jiSa. 48a, s7b, ijia, iifa,/j6a, uja.tp^
'73b. /0v4 *?*«. J4?a,s^, 4^6, #M)-
Mitchell, Hugh. 513^
Mixed system, 416b.
"MiBBBB.* aTob.
Mnbmonic Duplicatb Wbibt, 970b.
Mnemonic dupli^tc whiat, laws of, laoB.
Model hands. Set, ^'IHuUtattve Hands.**
Model games at whist. ai3t>.
Model gamea, use of, 76b.
Model whist-playera. sib. 11 ib.
Modern game foreshadowed, >97b.
MoDKRN SciBNTiric Gamb, a7ia {aift
iii^.jp/a).
Modern Hignaling game, 443b.
Modes of play, testing. 307b.
" MoDiPiBD Game, Thb,'^ 371b (atso.jy^
4o;b, 4i»a ).
Mogndge, F. P.. 34b. 173b. K^tL aoia.
•' \IocrL.*' 272a {also, ub, j^b. 4'b, 43^*
/Jib. iOga. 27ia, 19M. jssa, 37oa).
Money, playing for, 400a.
Monobbl Whist, a73b {also, *i5»)*
Montagu, Mary Wortlcy, 85a.
Montgomery. B. A., 174a.
Moore, Professor B. H., i4Sb.
Moore, Miss M. Ida. 422B. 4asB.
Morality op Wbist, Tbb, a73b («/ib,
3<M).
Morgan. H. P., a74a {also, sU)
Morrill, P. N., 503a.
Morse, G. W., ^b, 174B.
"MORT."274B(ai«»,^).
Mossop, Cbaklbb, 27^ (a/iO, doa, yjb.
jSob, S98b, 170a, 47/S. 489b).
Mobt frequently led nigh card, aJ9b.
Moulton, Mrs. B. P.. 52%b.
Movements of teams of six. 502b.
Muhlfelder, I>avld. 38a, 173b.
Mutes and whist-play, 104a.
Napoleon I. at whist. 82b.
Napoleon III. a vacillating player. 82H.
Narragansett Whiat Club, Provtdeoce, R.
I . 88b. J72B.
Nashville Whist Club. 33a. 39B,
;s
54^
INDEX
National Trt-mt. :-ra.
Ntfff. Tose*,^h S.. ;««a. :-;'.». :*;h.
NeiT. Mrs Jo.-tj'V. s . ^.'.-.b
Nrw :; »: ;v' Mrs. Wii mam Hknry. 27'^'b
-."-■ . .'-•*■. .'.■-". .'.'■;.:. ».•".*' ».• J .
New Oh.'.l*.c;njt«,- T: «'•.'!•,> •jMircJ^a-tJ. '»>b.
Nfw I^i:a:. :"--a ..:.. ■.::■.,: .
Nkw Vv.k', Ni»r MNTivi.n* m a. J:-b
New K'.w'.i'u'. \Vl'.i>l A-«« •oi.ilion. viK
4-a. 4~."i, ji"*'.' ■•;.», .' *".i. 4-;l».
New _Kr>c.y* \Vhi>t A>*»vi.iliv»ii. i' a. : -b,
c;.\.
New I'r'.iWK*' C:!'.f>'.. vThvcker*. and Wlii-it
v::-.:b. :::a.
' Nkw Vi \\. Tiir ' ::'\-».
N^'W.on CliiV thf a;.:, iiib, 5 "ib
Niw V-^:k. CoTrc't'""* * b
N\w Y. rk S:.,:c \Vhi>'. Association, t-^b,
i~.i. ■ ;.»
• N: .;u: V..VKK Wii:>T."" J7-a ..r .'.•.'.
NlN!->r.'T. flM
.-«!
. >>'
S .; .■ . j-:^ .
N ^'\i\ >:>^ l.\i :%:;. i. -..
N»»r!.Mj.«. j.::::\N C; Rri", -*~j.i ■:.'.•'>.
.'. V,'. :. .•.•..; .
,V--; .;• ,'"..■■ .< • ■■/'■ -.I.; »■! »M < ' |T/. ,■ ..•
NON-lNrv'KV.ATi»RY *'. AM!. .'S.i !».'. .
N^'Tll: IVioifio Whivt A>>vVi.ili.>ii. r'-.
N.^ril-.r.^jv II. M . ■^i.i.
N.Tl ■»!:. 1 n.. f-si
N."'. •..'i - p*..i> o'" .' ;.i
N.»-A v., N!:^" l..i\ iu:.i S . :;^ 4.*.*.i •..'''A.
N «- I W. -i.b.
N '. ■■.' ■■: •»'■. 'wit'c *"r.i/t*. .■ M
N-. ^l •» li-Mi.'W IN'. 1.1 a:w .S.lb.
o''r . :"..^'Mbb. vr;»..:iot«« •.: .b.
I »'.'• .::. M- : » Axu", .1:1 '.I il- .'5b.
« M. : . I "M Wiij-i 1': \^. .^iS.
o" • : .t wlii-.! l.iw.^ .'z^b
Oi:-.' x\ \ i :oN. '!>
K^i".- rK-.cv:. Till, ."^ib a.'.-. .•««..•:«*.
i>.! ' ;•'.. k. j>l.ivi!v^ }" T ibr. ;:-!i. .^:^»»
0.1.1 t'-.W !:■■; }i'..i>iw !>)r .1*. duplicite
• ^:'"s V. l-"N..i :-«H Win-^T. .'^.':i.
«)■•• -t:-. .■;!'■• .\ W I. -. .S
I »' i ..r. '. v.tw •nctb.-l- i>}'iU-a'.in<. :i:b.
■ •: ■■ \N :< N» w S^ II ».»;'. ."»jb
« •• ! 1' .:!■.■•:••. All u: \K hi-it. ' u*b.
■ > i : 1- '..■M: il ;.: jmt ,-.t
i»: !• J" v.ii:o.m:ii \Vin«,r-PARTV. An."
<>J.l»I.» M'v -: 1 .;.'.:.'. .'^^I. .V?^ I.
«»Mii . IN.. 1':. \M\.. r.> A Trick, 2^7a.
" Mnw ,k«' Ii)hii 5H.b
0!i.' !: .ti.',- ! ;.;.iycr. I lib.
I MM N (.ami:, -■'•7a,
Open handn. play of. to *elUe c=x
sie.*. 3.''7b.
t»PENXNG. rf7h
Ol'KNINi* I.hAD. a-i-b.
Ol'PDNKNT. .'>7b .a^'fi ii
OI'POSIIION. J*'7b
OrxioN iL Trvmp >in-'Nv:jfi, Lia;
ttfi'.'". ♦</.; '.
Oriksinal iliso.inl. :fb
URUiINAX. Fi»l"RTH-llK'«'T .-■•A :>
.■v~i.'. //•■■*'
OkIUINAL LKAH. .'••'b J... ./"
ORIUIMAI, i'l.AV. :^*A.
ORNPORFI'. TlIO>IA^» C . .'N.' -
Otis. T. K.. 2 /-At j.. .. j.js 4.
"OriiiA's" TkibVTb Ti^ the
*>> ■!>.
Or7.»ia.
Out t'f t»t*n, /.'jjiHjc. -Vf. A":-*
/'.',i\e(f It."
i>vt-r!(ibkitiK hnnd^. : vi
nvhKi'i.AY, -%ia j". ..*o
t)\ LkTkCMf, --.la
Pacific Ci\i«.t \Vh:*: A^-JCM'-j'^n r
4«"'b, 47.^b.
Pack. .•.;S
Packi.t. .'v.ib.
PAIM . .Ca*.-.!:'"* M
/.■•.A. /-/i.
- fl ■ - *
1 ••
Pair. .\ .'^..h w-.. /. ' *
P.iir-. MThLMlulc-^ f'.-r. ai Ju;'::*'
2 'b
" r.Mu •■ lij.
Pari! »•! r.rorge FTc'tT'.k '•" ■
P.irk C'.u!. I':;i:ii?"r.'. I. \ ; ^-^
P iTkiT. *ie»>rkn W . -■:i '-J
Park-. Cb.irb- }•'. . • ;.i
P:irrv. N H . i::i
I'lr*.!!!*. K. L.. ;.b, :-t* : .#.'
I'AKTII . .-.til.
1' \H : M K. - . ?■ ;.' ^ •;
I'VkTNl.R. A l!\:i. -■%.*■» is. • -•."=-
P;i:lnrr, forcing, whrs we»k j
l*irtn«-r. heJpinR. 4 .-a i". *
1**KTNKR s Hani*. ><-'»
I'artiiri'* leitl, returning \y^
P:iTtTier. Hflrcti'in i :: a
P\KTNI RSIIII'. ."XM
P:irtn**r^hip game, 3%:b i«}b ^4
.;.-^b
P.trtni r*hipp!ay. 7jia. ;«b, 17^*
PARTNIlR'ft SriT. J96b.
Paxiy. whirt, 131b.
Pav^. ^ih.
Pa^MHK tbe trick, tias.
Pavn. Janiea. fttb. Sja. 35*.
Pa'vMB. GBOKGB. S97L
Pavxs, Wiujam. BiTB (ate. !■
Pcabody , Gcorfc, Sift.
INDEX
547
, I. H., 50».
, J. W.. 50m.
, Mrs. Walter, saj*. 523b.
ham, Janet S.. aoib, josa.
ILIAJtITlBS OP t*LATBK8, 397b.
ifBRJDGB," a97b {aijo, /6, i($A, i6a,s7b.
Hies, enlorciog, at duplicate, Hoa.
Ities, purpose of, iph.
kLTT. vfifk {a/so. ttSb).
Ity 'or employing private oontren-
ions, 319B.
Ity for revoking, mm.
Itv. a, should not be purposely Incur-
ro, i^b.
SLTHtATB, a99b (s/m, /&, §7ja,»86a,
f4b).
:BrTioi«, yxm (also, jt4b, 4000. 4^ob).
IBPTIOIt PSOBLBMS, 300B (aOO, gs*'^^
78a).
ament trump. Sfe.*" Declared Trump,"
nd "Sational Trump.'*
MUTATION, 307b.
mal skill. See, ^Skill.'*
uma Whist Club. 45a.
. See. 'Trump Signal.*'
iBBOsouoB, LOBD, 30Qa {aUo, igta,
Kb).
B8, GhORGB W., vsab (also, /a, t»b,
rb, f%b, 57a, s8b. 7)0, 95b, iosb, /69b.
r4a,t27a,iiia, 177b, ma, jnb, WW.
16a, 4»oa, 44ia, 4S9a, #«*. /»pfl, /*?*).
t. Mrs. Silas W., 523a, 523b. 525b.
coiffBMAL Hamds, 311b (aUo, f67b,
j/a).
delpbla a centre for woman's whist,
rtb
delphia Congress, y.A.
%DKLPHiA Crp, 315a (also, Sifb).
delphia Whi^t Club, 38a, 199b, 3sia,
'Jb.
•gopher of Whist. 324s.
i><u)pHiCAL Oamb, 313a.
,."»o Hand." 313a.
KwicK ' AT Whist, 313b (also,
\4a\.
Manley H.. 233a.
Iff. Mrs. J. W.. 44b.
^er whist teacher, 94a.
iMti AT Whist," 3I4B-
and Burke vs. Fox and Sheridan.
iia.
Corp. 314s.
iNG Cardb. 314b.
ng the lead. See, " Tkrowtmg the
ead."
ng (he tricks during play, 441b.
•c Suit. 315a.
!*-SriT KcHo. 315a (also. 464a).
suit led by an adversary, signal in,
i^
XI Scit Sir..<«AL. 315b.
t Suits, Cboicb op. 316a.
. J»6b.
for ffsio. 1611.
, r.iif es OP, ti6b.
■D Cab OS, 316b.
Platbeb, Kihds of, S17B.
PlByeiB, positions of. 317^.
PLATIBO at PLATnVO WBIST, 317b.
PLATUfO CaBOB, 317b.
PLAYIlfO FOB THB ODD TBICK, SI7b.
Plaviko Out op Tubm. 318B (alao, iJS^),
** PLATIMO PICTUBB8 ** 318B.
PIsyiag the cards at duplicate, 139b.
PLAYIITO THB GAMB, 318a.
Plating to tbb Scobb, 318b (aiso,i//b).
Platino Two Cabos to Obb tbjck,
318b.
HtBT, 3I9B
Playing weak suits down, isos,
POB, EOGAB ALLAH, OH W
(also, 8sb).
PoBMs OH Whist, saoa.
Point, saving a, 3S7a.
Points, 3a3b.
PoinU, counting, objected to,
Points, rubber. 3$aa.
PoLB, William, Mob. Doc., F. R. S., 3a4a
(alto, lb, 19a, »4», tia, 4ja, S7K 5«t.
138a, tjfbt i66b, 4040^ iiHt^ 44ob^ «5f#,
Ma, is8a, 369b, f7S«* W*. «!*, «5*.
Pole's rhyming rules, 346a.
PONB. 327a.
Poor pfayers, a6oa.
" POBTLAND,*' 3a7a {aU0,s8b fjjti).
POBTLAND Clob. 327a (aiso, #pH, jj/a,
t</b,jS8b. 4S56, 487*)'
f\nrtland rules. See, "Laws of tVhiU,
Engltsk Code.'
Portrait of Hoyle, spurious, joflb.
Position, 337b.
Position, tensce, 4a7S.
Post-Mobtbm. 33Sa.
Postulstions upon which the American
Code is tMsed, 23ab.
Pote. B. B. . 43b.
Potter, Mrs. O. W., 523b, 330B.
Potter, William A.. 491s.
Practicb. 33Sa.
Prsed, 32»s.
Pre-srranged gsmes, 365b.
* P^e/erence.** See, **Swedtsk if^kisi.'*
Prince of Wales, Sjb.
Princeton, whist at, J04S.
Princeton Whist Cluo, SD4b.
Pbinciplbb, Gbnbbal, 326b (alto, 7«#b).
PBIVATB CONVBHTIOHt, 326b (o/SO, tOSb,
3Sia, J9»b).
Pripste conventUms defined, saga.
Prize contest, Isrge, 491s.
Prises, 125s, 131b, Ai8m*
Pbobabilitibs, 33oI> (also, 89a, jote).
PaoBLBMt, 331b {also, 949b, sooa, jigs,
Pboctob. Rjcbabd Antboht, «tab (aito.
lb, i6a, 43a. fjb, ##B, S?^tjf»* iofb,
tjob, 1790, joob. m«. jToa. 488b, siU).
Progress vs. stick-in •the-mad, iS4b.
Progressive duplicate wkist. Sae, *\
cate IVkist, F^ogrutiwe.**
Progressive dupliaitc wbltt, early fom
of, 102a.
Pboobbbsivb Foim«. ss4b.
548
INDBX
Pkookbssxvb Pairil .^I34b.
Pttigrgssive wkisi. Set, "Drive IVkist."
Protbctivb Discard, 354b.
Providence Athletic Club, 475b.
ProTidence Whist Club, 1400.
** Prumian Whist/* 334b.
PsKUDoif VMS OP Whist Authors, 334b.
" Piiycho," 45b.
Public flcboolii, tesching of whist in, ad-
vocated, 485B.
Puzzlei*, whist, laob, X27b.
Pyramid Whist Club, Boston, 37sa.
QuACKRNnrjAH. Karlb C, 335s {a/sc,
Qttart. 3\5a.
Quart Major, 335a.
QrrKRif, 33«ib.
Queen, jack, ten. lead from, 175b, 197b,
4 1 Ml.
Queen-lead, from ace, kinf^, queen, etc.,
nb, 404b.
Queen-leads, 446a.
Oueen-lead.H, Howell's. \8»b.
Queen-leadH, Keiley's. 3H4a.
Queen-lcadH. Himplifyinf;; the, lis.
Questions (-oncerning laws, 2270^
Quint, 3,V>«.
"QuiHquis," 42b.
QUITTKI), 316a.
••Quir Cards,' 7b.
Radnor, Countess of. i^ob.
" Railroad Whist," 337a.
Rank. 33«b.
RaHmuK.Hen. S. J., 5178.
Rawson, Mrs. Sidney F., 470a, 524b.
Rcade, Charles, 4r«, Ksa>
Rfa^nn, Mrs. James M.. aoib.
Recording han<Isat whi*>t. Ji4b.
Rk-kntrv, Card ok, 3.vSb {also. 75*).
RKFORM CLfB. .^^Hb
Rkki'sinc; a Forci:, y^ja.
Regiftf ring hands at duplicate, 8a.
Rkjottr. T,vjn.
Rcm:ik. C.ukUvus. Jr., .T4h. 36b. X35a, 173b,
Rrmrmbering cards 104b.
KfiiiinKton, Arthur, s^ih.
Hvuri^MHi, or renouncing, 103a.
k'-iiiiif. Sir Richard, i6ja.
RKNorNCK. \\.fa.
Ki'i>r«-}i«-nHiliK- pnictice, 2sRa.
Rf-Horting ranis, in early duplicate. i3sh.
K'-t|K>iii|ing to th#- trump signal. 4S^'i.
k' 1. 1 ; II ill It a sm.ill canl. 4Hrjn.
Ki.ri'KNiNi; THK Ukaii, yvfh (a/so, ^f/O'.
K'-fiiinin.: trumps. 4fiia
RiiVKKsi. IJISCARII, ,4 lb la/so. //«*».
ki VfJKic, 14 lb.
k evoke, ronccalini^ a, I't^b. iVa.
k»-v ikr. «ivini; a ix^Milile, 69b.
kt ■, iki'm, j\^h
k« v.!.;-!.; at <!iiyi!icntr, lyth.
kllllNAKT. JJMI.V. V4.ia Jfl/jo. //«i, J7ja,
■•'•7''}
Rif^MiNt; RuLKx, 346a.
/5«
Rkhards, B. U. 3sb.
Rictaardaofli. Mib.. 313a. 524k
Rkhter, Otto. 174a.
Roberta, Mlaa Bdith. 4SSR.
Rogers, C W., 39^*
RcV^rs, G. T., 174a.
Roiera, lira. Harry, 4aa. 4>sa.
Rogera, Howard J., 489a. 49Ma.
Rogera, J. W.. »Aa.
Rogers, k. If.. 3ab. 174s, 1
Rotary Discarr, 3sc»b
Rowlandson. «Bia.
Round, a. s^ib.
RUBBBR. 3SID (all*, tT7^y
" RUBBBK. A VBBV QUIBT." 35a.
Rubber game. .isaa.
Rubbbr Points, isia.
Rubbers won and lost by
TRb.
Rubbers won and loat by Dr
Rudiments of the game. 477a.
RCPK. 352b.
" Rupp AND Honours." \sA.
RuppiNO Gamb. 353a KalsQ,
394a).
RuLKS. \S3a.
Rules. " Bob Short'*.'* .ssb-
Rules for bunblepuppv. 6sb.
Rules may be departed from, wkn
Rules modi6ed by the fall ol the
a62b.
Rules not opposed to commoa
Running, w^ (also, t7s«. J^J*)'
Russell. J. KT. Jr., y»yi.
** Russian Boston." 3S4a.
Ryerson. K. W., 501b.
Sacrifice lead, iqob
Sacrificing hand to partBcr. ^oh
Sadler. K. II.. wth.
Sappord. a. G.. vMa falso. jos. /^
/S***. /5'a. i^ja. 44' ^t
Salinger. A. I> . .v>2b
Same hand*, to aroid plajrinff tka
plicate, 14 Ab.
Samson. W. H . 491a.
Samoel. Mrs. Prank. 471a. 5i)S.Sl^
Sanderson, F , 1 V4b. si4a. 51 v
San Francisco Whist Cob. 4rih.4|
Sarah Battle Whiat Oab, Pklai
Sa6b.
Satire, whiat. aiob.
Savage. M. W.. yi6a.
Savages and the' trump sigaal. 0^
Saving thb Gamb. 3^.
Sche«]ules for large nnmbers itf ■■
als. at duplicate. 14%
Schedules for team play. d«plietft
iSia.
Schmidt, Miaa C H. . iSb. wa. 44k
Schools of whist, lefla. jScK a^
Site.
S. Aoalt, wkui im. Jwv. " Ifft: .« .- • '
ScMOOLS or Whist. 35:*.
Schaylcr. R.. jsja.
INDEX
549
BODORB, 357b {alio, 39b, jja,
RT ? 357b.
e, modern, 371a.
359b.
j59b(a/jo, /osa,j6od).
tc, 138a.
{also. i37b, 297a).
aeons method of, at dupli-
, 360b.
ley's method of, 361a.
Lisfactory coodition of, 363a.
IST." 363b {also, 190b).
t% L-. 136b, a92a, 440b, 511b.
>. 364a.
lourchette a defense for,
play of, 479b.
> Signal, 365a.
ind. See, ''Looking Over a
190a.
>.
3 Cards. 365b.
s 365l>.
6a
ling from a. 126a.
Gamb, Thb, 366a (also,
366a.
57b.
B AND Whist, 366a.
2a.
vs Annib Blanchb, 367b
I.. 568a.
. 39a.
c. 503a.
;68b.
1 for trumps, 456b.
R. j6Sb (also, r;ib).
rced) leads, 182b.
iAME. The, 360a {also, iSjo,
2Si<f>.jjSf), 403b).
as. 41b. ^5a.
d not generally applicable,
:^KADS. Foster's. 377b.
,EAI>S, HOWKLL'S. ^ib.
Leads, Keiley's. 383a.
Leads, Starnes*. 384a.
Leads, Tormey's, 387b.
y. looa.
y. essence of, 414b.
choice of lead from. loob,
t. iSSb [also, jot^a, 495b).
vithoat honors. 179b.
nore of suit, 374b.
nber of trumps after a »ig-
■nber of trumps by signal.
ngth. 374a. 375a-
Showing tnnnp atreBctli.
SHTTFrz^oro. 3(896 (aZ«9, ijjb, xjtk, 96m\,
Sbwab, y B-, 39b.
Saboar. vicoiDteaae de, 44l>, sagJbL
Sick wbut, sags.
Sign, 990b.
SiGNAi., 390b.
Signal Aptbb a Lbad, 391a.
Signai for trumps. See, "Trvai^ Stg'
nair
Signal, Mistaking thb, 591B.
Signal, plain-suit, 315b.
Signaling Gams^ Thb, 39UL
Signaling, when is a player justified in,
456a.
Signals, 338b.
Signals, conTentional, iinb.
Signala, eschewing all oonventioaal,
378b.
Signs, 393b.
SiLBNCB, 392b.
Silence essential to whist, 494a.
SiNOLB, 393a.
SiNOLB Discard Cali, fob Tbumps, joja.
Single-table- duplicaU, See, "DufSiMie
Whist, Schedules /or Playimg.**
Single-table duplicate, laws oCm<ml
Singlbton, 3Q3a {also, 479^)'
Singleton lead, a^, 372a, 385b.
Sitting, 394a.
Six-Spot, 394a.
Six trumps, lead from, 450b.
Six trumps, repeating the signal to show,
460b.
Six trumps, showing, 391a.
Sixth sense developed by whist, 4Q4a.
Skill, 394b {also,7ja, 467a).
Skill, experiment to determine* 133b.
Slam, 395b.
Slavens, L. C, Si4a.
Slous, F. Lm 348b.
Small card, lead of, 272a.
Small Cards. w6a.
Small cards, value of, s^b.
Small suit opening, 417a.
Smith, Adam, 84a.
Smith, Arthur D., 34b, a68b.
Smith. Beverley W., 34b, 174a, 368b, 3Sob,
489a.
Smith, Cecil, 54a.
Smith, E. LeRoy, 31b, 38a, 114a, 174*.
532b.
Smith, J. K., 490a.
Smith, Wilbur P., 35*. »74*-
Smoking Whilb plating, 306*.
Snbak Lbad, X96b {also, 393a).
Snow. C. P., 36a, 38a, 173b.
Snyder, Mrs. Baird, 522a.
Snyder, Miss Edith, 425b.
" Solo Whist," 397b.
•* Sorters," 8a.
Sorting cards. See, " Cards, ArrangewuHi
Sound Plat, 396a.
South, 398b.
Sonthey, Robert, 450a-
Sowdon. William, 513b.
550
INDEX
Spades, 308b.
Special Trump Lead, ^qAb.
Spkcial Trump-Suit Lkads, 399a.
Speech at a Whist Dinner, 399a.
Spots, 399b.
SpraRue, O. M. W., 503a.
Spread, 400a.
Springer, C. H, 39a-
Stael. Madame de. S5a.
Stafford, Harry K.. 152a.
Stakes, 400a {also, igrb, 27jb, j^^a.
Stakes, A. W. L. opposed to, 30a, 3Ja.
Standard of play wanted, .vsb.
Stanley, blind urfranist, 54a.
Starnks, Val. W., 40 ja (a/w, 5&*. sTib,
427 b).
Starncs' short-suit leads, 3848.
Steele. J. N., 1748.
Stcinitz, 446b.
Stephens. V. H., 529a.
Steven*. Harry S.. 174a, 283b, 301a, 5cSa.
SriLL Pack. 4o;^a.
Still pack, turning trump from a, 44'^b.
Slock, iifi2b.
St»»cklt:y. Kdith Keeley, 321b.
Stow. Bond, 40 \b {also, i-ib.^Sjb).
St. I'aul Chess and Whist Cluli, 33a. *^^^.b.
Straight Whist. 405a.
Strain oi- Whist. The, 405a.
Strangers, Playing With, 405b.
Stratagem, 177b.
STRATEr.Y, 4<y*.i <a/.w>. J7AI. 4/S\ '/.VJ.
/-f./rt, /f.<^. 47/b. 4S,}b).
Strket Attachment, 4'.>Ka,
STRiirr. Charles Sti-akt, 4'Ca <'J'.'-k
^Sh,27ih, .-,--'■*. i'^7b.4JSbt42Sb, 4-'*^'' ■
Strett. W, J.. 17 :a.
SfRi.fTKR Diamond Medal, 4«.-ni ■ j ' ■•
f.W J.
Strf.n<;th, 4'\,«ka {ahn, 4^fa).
Stri NiiTHENixr; Cards. 4osa.
Stunvjlli or weakness, infurming partn- r
ot. .^*jb.
Str«-iik:th or wtaknes*. U-ail from. i?:b
.V,'r rm; th .'. 'i^nal St'^. " /Yi J 1 n-Su 1 1 Sit: hu.
StroH); and w(;ik caids, 'i-^b.
StronKcsl suit, orit^inal le.nd from. 1^ n
MrtMiK h.ind, piny of the. 3iS;i, ^^;^i!\
Stroni; Suit. 4- *^b.
suiart. A.. 4ta.
StU'ly. systematic recomnivnded :^'7^
Mudy t.Tblr. a, .j-^.b
Siri'Y WHI«.T. 4'>^b fiJ.'."». v<A..'7''''» ■■
Svii-lCcilo. y-i\i (ii.'w,. //>.^'
*^ub>-t-iinatf iftfi^Mt^-. .W, ".■\hxiIij»\ .1:-
■.■ifi.-N '■
Sti'.-Snkak. 4:.Ii
*i'iT. .'.rijb.
.^.«;.' /"i/jiV S^r, "liain-Suit E(ht'"
Suit, not fullowinK. .'3>t-
Si-ir Pi \v:iN<i. 4i"b.
Sfir *^ii,N \L, 4i2n
SfMxiR. Charm X at Whist. 41:.* ■ :!:o.
■ '^iTti. the N'»'w York." ;>7ub. 49l«.
S'.'i'ERST:ruiN. 4wb.
SUPPOBTIStOCAIIDOAlfE. 4U-.
'Tpa. JJ3*, .?7<a >
SurpliuCArd. 2>7a.
Swabbers. .See, ' UTka* and 5:
"Swedish Whist," 4i«b.
Swift, Deau. &4b.
Swifl. Mrs. Lucinn. ^^jb, 5;sb.
Swin^, Dr. David, *v;br
"Swings," ySjb. 4«#^
System. 41 vt <aLo. /^/,>
System. Mixed, 41' b
Systems of pluy. harmonLric^,
Table 4i.Sa.
Table, forming. 73 vi.
Table of American lex-!*. ::a
Table of' American l?ad». w.*.
14a. ISA
Table for pi-isi-mortem*. 3>a
Tab/n. affameem^mt •»/" .Vr.
Tables in first duplicate wfa.
i,V4a.
Tactics, guc-rilla. K/ta.
TAcncs. WiiisT ti^b
Take the tnok b» cheiplv 1
Taeinc; a FoKcr.. xx<a
TaKINc. in THE TKrJk-i 4: A
Taking partner •» trKk .a
T.\KiNf. I'p C\hi'<> I»!">:^« ■
4i^b.
Talking at Whim. 4.">a
TaLI.KVHAND's M<>T 4.''-i i ■>
Talmndge, Henry V . !-;j
T.itnall. <lr<irge.'s--iN i -a
T.iylor. A. M ,' i"^b 4--.'r s -a
TiACHKRSiiK WllIiiT 4.» \
Tcaihiiiv; whi^l. Mi.ssi Whcrloci
of. 4-|i
Team. 4 -■b
Team .iL'a: list le.im :;:a
Tf.»m-<ir-!wur inatchev :;*•
T»-amiif--»i\ m.»:..-he*. * ib. ys:f.
Ttam-. >«:h»'>lnlr«. fur. jcja
Ti\-iiNK%:. Tkrw Ai' ••
Teli-.:r iph. whifcl mal*.-h bj w
Tkmpi-h. CoNik'H. OK 4.--a."
7>ff Srr. ' r^m-S/ift '
Tfnack, 4.-7a 'i.'i". f /J
Tenait', p*. iv ilbiMratr.!. 3<6s
Ten-bad. m*v :j7b. 2-:^^ -.Sja
4J'*.I .i.'-.> •^*'. "7'ri'\f*^
Tcnl'.T.l -Mb^i-.tulinc ^•.>u^!^. i
I ■■». I ,-*•
Trn or iiir.r. lead r-f. HoweT *
Ten-f*«nni K'*mr. ;>■«.
TKN->P«>T, 4.'*t»
Ten-iix>t ctjniiilcrrd as as !»
3 •4b
Tkxt-H"*ok. 4?i;b.
Thicker «.v <>N WiiiihT 4Jt^ .'
Thav-r N. P . ;^
TllKOKY. 4V-a.
Th»^>r>' and practice, ti*'
Thei*ry of •'.tipb.'Tilc. tr •- : ■*■
Third Hand. 4wb «a.. «vtf
INDEX
55«
tBNTB Card, 43aa.
iBNTH Trump, 432b.
•on, L. Cm SMb.
«on, Mrs. O. D., S23b.
ON, AxBXAiCDBR, 43ab (also, lija,
-Spot. 435b.
;hree-card suits and four trumps,
1 from, 387b.
-Trump Kcho, 433a (also, 1970).
irumps, not more than, showing,
t>.
'iifo Cards Down, 43^b.
''iifo THB Lkad. 4316a (a/10, 43'^)-
3n, C. S., 502b.
», C. F., 503a.
«.
t.436«-
cutting, iioa.
MAS," 436b.
WhUt Club. 38a.
Yachting Association, 38b.
Jones." whist in, 176b.
nothing. 374a. 375a, 3S4a.
-Nothing Lead, 436b.
nothing lead, objection to. the,
\.
nothing lead, origin of, 229a.
V, P. J . 436b iaUo, ijd, jja, j6d,
i/j/>, /74a, jS6d, 323a, jsov, j6ja,
». //5*. /*5a. 4Sfib, 49' f>)'
\f'% short-suit (forced) leads,
n, Mrs. Harry, 471a, 523a, 524b,
i.
AMKNT, 440a.
iment play at colleges, 502a.
iment. Woman's Whist, 522a.
Rk, 440b.
y, Sre, '* Tournament. ^^
ind Gown Club, Ithaca, N. Y.. 505a.
tnd, E. P.. 30a. 408a, 470b.
end. Mrs. H. C, S23a.
end. {>amuel, 174a.
r. William, 171a.
:ion period, whist passing through
57b.
440b (also. 130a).
R, 440b.
441a.
441a.
failing to play to a, 267a.
Losing Leads, 442a.
osing play, 90b, 197b, 365a, 4428.
\.
quitted, 336a.
aking power, giving a, to low
ds, 441a.
Taking Value op Cards, 442b.
, 323b.
, counting total number of, 202a.
instead of games and rubbers,
a.
, taking in. 4tQa.
, winning all tne. I9sb.
won, placing cardfs of, 8r.
LE-DUMMY." 443a.
TRItT. NICBOLAR BH0W1S,443R (^^i iM»
15b, j8b, Mob, 9ib,joa,sia,j^, 4^, 4m,
J24a, Jjsa, 1740, ^77a,i87a,io4»,^,
244a, 409?* 4»M, 4^9^, 43^, 4^, ink,
496a, s'5^)'
Trist, N. P., 44^.
Trist. Miaa, 425D, snb.
TrUt WhUt Club. PhiladclphiR, 41b. 471R,
So6b, saib. 5a4b.
Trouope, Anthony, Ssr, aSga, 506*.
Trollope, Mrs., 8sa.
Trophy, 447b.
Trub Cards, 448b.
Trumbull, H., 31b, loob, a83b, sote.
Trumbull, Perry, 2306, 30SR.
TVmmA org, nor court cmrd. Sfv, *'Atar
Deal, Not Entitled to a.*'
Trump Attack, 448b.
Trump-Card, 4J9R (aito, fj4b, 140b),
Trump card at aaplkate, 138b.
Trump cut from a still pack, S9^ 334^^
403a.
Trump, declared, iiab.
•'Trump, Jr.. A.," 449b {also, sta, idfiCi,
TRUMP-tfBAD, Origikal, asob.
Trump MAHAOBMBirT, 431 Dw
Trump misers, 46(MU
Trump or discard, xasa.
Trump, permanent, iija.
Trump-play, curious, iiy ** CRvendlsh,'*
447a>
Trump, refusing to, 339R.
Trump-Showxno Lbads, 452b {also, 4i7b\,
Trump Signal, 4S4a {also^s*^* "^^ ^9^
390b, 447b).
Trump slgiial. first pnblished referenet
to, 68b.
Trump signsl, new use for, 4q8r.
Trump signal, noting. «)^.
Trump signal, responding to. 4S6r.
Trump Signal to Show no mors op a
Suit, 458a.
Trump Strbnotb. Showino, 458R.
Trump Suit. 4S8b.
Trump-suit leaoa, special, 399R.
Trump, superfloous, getUnf rid of a, 199R,
306a.
Trump. TuRKxifO, pbom a Smx Pack,
449b.
Trumping a Doubtfvl Tbkk, 49BB.
Trumping In. 45Db {aiso^ 49oa).
*• Trumps." 45gb {also,s7^*57^*335»)*
Trumps, 4S9a.
Trumps, average number of, held fay cadi
player. 331a.
Trumps, four, five, or als anmll, no good
plain suit, lead firom.^te.
Trumps, leadliig, a69a, 448»>
Trumps, leading, short, 4x7a.
Trumps, management of, 481a.
Trumps, not Lbadiico, 46Qa.
Trumps, Rbpbatino ms 8loifAL lO
Show Six, 466b.
Trumps, Rbturnxno, 461a.
Trumps, seven small, and ao good fMa
ami, 388a.
55^
INDEX
Trumps, short*Auit call for, 4S^b.
Trumps, Siidwing Number of. Aptbr
▲ Signal. 461b.
Trumps, Showing Numbbr of. bv Sig*
NAL, 461b.
Trumps. Suowino Nt'mber of, on Ad-
versary's Lkad. 46ia.
Trumps, uses of. 459a.
Truinp-i, weak, U-ailiiiR:. :?74«.
Trumps, when to cnll for, 4.s6a.
Turf Club, 4'^7a {alyt, srr, " Arhnxtnn
dud').
Turning hump. ^^,; "7'tump Card."
I'VRS-Vv, 46^b.
Twi'iLKTii Card, 46.V1.
Twenty-six cartis, i)iayiuK« 29Sb.
Two cards, playing, to one trick. .^I'^b.
Tv*-hantit'd zt/'int. Ser, " IhtuhU-Dum-
my," and " (ii'tman H'hist."
Two-Si*OT. z.^.-^b.
Twi>sp«jt, playing a, hh a »«ub-rchn, 41.XI.
Two Tki-Mini' F«iR ONK, 4'Ha-
Unblihtkinv;. 4'..4a (ii/i'». /oil*. j't6f>, ,'/!'*•.
r.NliKRPLAV. 4^-b (ilo/i, J-i/tl).
ITMDKRTRfMriNt;, 4^*^^-
I'nfiir .irlvanliivic 4:ijb.
T'nfairncss. iiitcntiunal, how tlealt wiili.
231b.
rnvjuanliuK nn«! blankiiisc, w.'.b.
I'niiitriitional. infr action of laws an!
rulfs suppostMl til bf, j\At.
L'nj:i'riitit\^, lihi.^t m. S*^, " /f'A.- ' •»»
( "' ilitX'' ^ 1/ •« ■/ in:: vi ytti^s."
rn".v::r>;lv NVhKl Club. i.'hicaK'^. ;.!b. : . . 1
rm:' » '"i-.jt !iy h:v:h « .ir '., play oi ;iii, / a
I'N-v II N I UK I'l. A V, .:''^i!».
I'r-ANH U ^' K <f \vi.. :,'•■ b.
I I- AM» I»ii\\N 1 ' :i ./,".'. ."'/'''
!-•■!■ -si;!: '.-. t 's:- >svi:ii^ .tw.iy, . v-:k.
t"^i-«. i)r i! iisnj--, J . I.
v.." ■■.- iif *• r !-. ?::■ '.. Mkii;;;. 4;.b
V \; • |- «i! I ,'.■:• I'l \ \ . ;' r.i.
Vi:'s. it '.h.- j-.i:ii-- .: .'.
V \i- I . N. - 1 ." ■ 1 ■..■ '</•'".
V.ir ■ •• t!- ;• :^ ••^ \ iif :i !l i!i.!. ;- ■
V..::- !;■ ' :' \, ' -.-t . .:• !.
Viit--*: , V ' .'. :" i '■•\-i •' iv\ fr-'in. - .
V.\ ; : 1 . H \i- ■> I'. . ;• ■ : ; '.'*".
V:-. ■ i » >\- I . ■ '.
Vl !•-. V (.)-.,;, I. i' I-. 4' -b
Vi ::;•■.■. I"; \ •.: ; -1
V-"- -it. .■
v.. ■■ '-
V 1-
\V \- I > ■ . :i >: -. I'.: : -A!-.!:!!! ■■.".
\^- ■ ■■.
Wallace. Mrs. Rbitrt Bdw^i
{a/so, 44h. jtja, jdSb, gita, ti>
WRllrr.J. I... ub. iqqfk.
Waller. W, lib. iv»b.
Wall*. Dr. Gcorfce. jSb. 39*. ira.<
WalU. Mm. Georice. sa.
Walton. John M., 47aR iaii». j
Wanl. H. H.. 174a.
Ware, RuKcne. .iiib.
Warren, Sam. 4*<^.
WASHiNCiTON Trophy. 4ria 'j/.-
WaMhinf(toQ Udiea at «hi*l. (j^
Waterhouse. Mra. C S . >^.
Waterman. Mr». Hat tie. 44b.
WatMU. F P.. vSa. r^a. jjbb
Watiiiin. W H , i-4a.
Wavne Whirt Club. .«^.
Weakening the adversary. iSia.
Wrak Movk. 4;ia.
Wkakncks, 471a.
W('aknc<i«, concealing. 4-ih
Weakne^s eshiliitiuo «:!. *\\Ui.
Kcou*. lUfii. 45jb. 46:b. 4^b
Wkak SiiT. 471b.
Wet-ms. R. H . jab. t4a. iftb. 49i
2i\Bi. 447a. 47-b. 4'Vib'
'• Wrl«ih hiinor. the. ■ 177b
Wkst. 471b.
U'csitnJnsit-r Club, rf^
'• WrSTMINsTF.R PAPKRfk" 4-;b
/'"/il. /"^.J I.
Wrst/jii. I. \V.. ;.*i
Wrlhrrill. Mr* Ji.hn Pn«-e -.va «.
WhalU.n. J V . "...i. i-^i.
Wberbr. W H . -,iU
Whtrl^K-k II M 4-*.*.
WllFK.I'KK Mi»»^ K*rF. 4-:ji
r.*. -• * !.' *• /.»
/ i
w ;. : V. I . :,
.1. I
-. .«.
■ ..»■.
Wb.. :.in. 1 \ . u^ ■-■/. : ..»■
WJif'j iti 1] I'.;!.'. .1: ! .1:, 1 n> Vi J ]\:.
i .■ ::\
\Vni-*k an:. ^\\ \f>ik*-> 4-.
\Vii:«.T. ;-b
'■ Wjtisr ■ j-i
\\ M'-i An M -7 1- »•
U '1.-! .ir.il ■ ; 1 1^1 . ^.^.»
v\ in«.i : .\ J"oi V :n T .% = : ■ f .
1-4 t-
Will- I ^H \ II^MC ■".»*■» 1- »
W ii-t f« I'l •!■! Ill »>!'.■.■ .; t
\V)i:* 1 \«, IN I.:.' t * r h- . -.
V ' -^t , i: ■- ' .
a '.:'■■■ i ■ ■»■ ■ .' t > .« I
\\ ;.>l .• ?!:••' ■ I |- .'. •- '
\\ :• I *.:-.'■ t!:r N« * N *
- ».
N\ 11:- I Ci ?■;•< i^-.i :■. ■ ,■
NVni^i C'lVi'Mi!:^ w.'.i ■.►••-- i
\V ■■: 1^1. •■IT !v I !•{.•"•. ■ :■ ■:
WllIsT I* 1 1: Till- ^ 4"N.i
\V1:;-' ••■l".!i"r<i »*?■•. 'ar.r ::;- »
." M» 4.-T
\V!:>1 Kuij'ir**,' "*.
553
iMb
> OmVBUITlBS,
ins, pri«i chtrgcd for. 4i]b.
ATCU IV COKaUrOHDBHCB.
TCH BT TBLBaRA?>. Mb.
iDinR of Ihc word, ^T&t, 493b.
I. FlOFBSSOB," Slsb.
Will&'m ill/oi
WillUnu, His
merit*. tnimtM. j
WoRiiin'a whiat tXattm, 4b. ja.
Wammo'i wbiil cdbrcch. jiih.
WOH«H'S WaiST l,KaOUB. Jllb,
Woman'* Wfaist Lcapie Irophlo, MlB.
Wamia'i whist iinirtuinfDi, Dnl, 41b.
VClHIIfl AB WRIST AITTIEW4, JJDB.
BUT*, SUB. Wood' J. H.. IJiB.'
□bJFct of. iBib. Woodward, A. B., jiia.
rd 6y thr™ pUyprt, ii8b. Wooirn, J. p.. j»b. jt*. rTjb, 194B, igv*.
CBrVED »T COORt. J'S'*'
ison, Th^ Si«J.
. UiLTos C.. »i» {aIio.ij».jm.Mt.
». wa, /7J*, i«w, "fTt. 'm. *■■.
i» ^.. ...A — J, ^™. ™b.
4M#. j^.<fr».jt,..,.
Work. Uri. Milton C, JJjb,
Wftlhl.W.N.. Jt.,)^
WHBhl, W. W.,)44b.
Sif^iiS^k
Hamilioh TBirsv. igijii (also, it^a, iiji. Unbiit, E. W.. «ib. Saab.
tt\a! HoFkxra. .iKob A., JTB
ll°mi;""iV,,Ko"vrs,%'r'4l|'.l«; '*" ' ■HolnIHo't^'kh" («(».<»I»).
II^^Li-.. l-^slkAD Db roIKTK, M«. IIOHOKlUIV UHfRBIft O* TBI I,
lliM.-. r.vci 1 *v. jL.ia. Hoplcy. John. isub.
IhirbLith, w. C. !t,1>. IlO'f, J. C. ^wb.
Han-. W. J.,ij-,1. «"". N T.. y*h.
llirii--in.Sli»K. KmncM. Mb, 1 reward. A. H.vu.
Ila?lj. Hvi;iii'T..'.V.b. _^ i-iA. fia-V-.-J. J-m. i-^. .-'
IB t. //«««■«/ Cnin-ni/ifi.-' 1-^|.
II in, ivmval, t^\,. Hoi-ill, Mr, K. C . «>h.
ILiUhX.. ».iii.,i.'a. lt..iiiiL<-.AMmTiiK. i-*I..e;» K
llan» n-. II.. tin. llunt-ll < .h'>T|.>u<t Irad*. ^ib.
ll.inUiK. W. 11.. ,yb. i;i». 3Mb
ll.i
1. iMb.JJU.
546
INDEX
National TRrMP. 276a.
Ncff, Ji>scj)h S.. iSa. i7;l>. i9oh.
NcfT, Mrs. Jo^icph S., ^2\h.
NEWinn.i), Mrs. William Hf.nry, r^ftb
{.ahit, 4J^, 4.'JO, i2<.i. i^y-h, <;->,jt.
New Challenge Tr()]>hy ]>iircha>fd. 'iSb.
Nkw Dkal, 277a (iJ /.%/', .':'•;«'
Nkw Dkal, Not I-Intitlkd to a, 277b.
New HnKl*'m>^ Wliist A>vjciHtioii, \ih,
.\f\n, 47a, ,sol>. t\T,n. .f/jii, 47 lb.
New Jersey Whi.st Associatiuti, 4'"ia. jjb.
63a.
New Orleans Che*is, Checkers, and Whitt
Cbib. I :sa.
'• New Play. The." 277b.
Nowlon Club. the. 41a. xtib, 5vO>.
New York Coiitjre<s. jib.
New York Stale Whist Associutiun. ^^b.
47a, 6 VI.
"Nii.inNJARE W*iiiST," 27NI \aiSo.
■t 'v«i ) .
Nine, lead nf. ifujb. J7'*b, tS^a
NiNi.-SroT. 'fill- .'7^) iij/w*. /-if^i.
N'i!>le, Mi7«* Kvihii. 4.^-.i.
NoKL, Mk«>. Lillian Ct/Rris. I'^yx ^ y.iho
^z*". /.'..;. /.--.i I.
Auth.'t . *
NON-lNTORMAroRV (iAMIi. L'Vlil .li.'.-".
NdiiIi Pacinc Whi-it A:»socialiun, j-^b.
N*>rtlirijj». 11. M., N4:a.
Norton, J. H., ?"».i.
NoLiti-m. whi>»l. la. .'Ljb. 571b.
NoMCi.-* play ot. 2'>\;\.
No\\( 11, Mrs I. ivinia S , xA,h, :j.?a. 4.'vi.
N-*^ I-: W. .'^-b
Nn;;i'i'!-*li »wii!^ cra/e .">a
Nl ■^IIlL■^-SiI'.\\ :N'; I.I..\I>->. JVDb.
M'>j' iti<»M:ibk pr.iotii'f.*.. 1: .b.
< >bi' it i jm-. t'l .\:ni.:i. .1:1 U .f'.s. :rs'i.
<H!-iv.i iM Whi-1 1'1A^. ."lb.
< )'■;' t iA -.vhi-t l.iu".. -\zh.
<»!:•-: KV VI !ON. .- :b
<»i)i> Tkilk, 'ruL. i^'ib ifl/' . /^/i:, /i^*.
» .*■ .
«vM tri- k. playini; f r tb«-. :'.-b. 3:^b
t)-.l'i Irii k Ti *l pl.ivfd fur a: rjuplu.ite
whist. -■• :b
OiHis A I 1-:n'.i :«-n Whi-t. ?'*.-.i.
'"'-••■ ■ . « .■.'■; '1. .N" . • /i ».ii.7.'<'. ."
nt?i. iT.>i:f !!.. A W I. . .T»
t):fu'vrs ,.t i!:-. C.^na.I^ln Whi-t I^ajjue.
• »M 1:1 1 n-'w nielh hI- nfib'aling. I'.ib.
' ». :> VNT' Ni w S..ii'ii>: ■«. j'^jb
'»■ : !'..!t!r.:< •.- ati 01 wiu-t." ,u*^'>-
• >: 1 ! :-';i»n' iJ p'..iy«.T. ,—.1
01 :• F »-«n:ONKI> WlIlr,T-P.VRTY, An."
OM f ^y. .- .1
01. II I.I \:.s. -- , ..■.'m..vm .v*'^).
'»Mi t .IN-. rL\\:s- . ri A Tkick, aSTa.
< »t»iw »k' . I'lhn y.'-:-
• »ii.- j-.ti 1..! j.l.Tvir. :iib.
V'»'I..N l.AML. J=?7a.
Open hanr!s. play of. to seiile c
sic5. 307b.
Opening, 2S7b.
Ol'KNING Lkad. r»7h.
Opponent. 2K7h i.aLt. <a .
Opposition. ?**7b.
Optional Tki'mp Shmwinl L&
Original uincard. ii*^'*!
ORitiiNAL HorkTii-»i:».T ^'^-v^ .
Original I.kad. ^--sS j.'.-*- ./•.•
Ork^inal Plav, .s.^.
Ornix>rff. Thomas C . jn/
Otis. T. K.. »/>b j;,., j./j /.
'•<>rii>AS" Triui'tc tu tmi
J«>jb,
Ot-t. 391a.
Oat of turn, p!a\im^. .v^. £r»
OvrrlobkinK hand*. :■ ^n
OVKRI'LAY. J'iEa j.'-i. .■;• c .
OVERTRl'MP. ;iyia
Pacific C«'i.i»«t ^Vhi^t AH%.jc:at:c»a
4i-b. 47V>.
Pack. .\.:b.
Pack FT. .j-.ih.
pArNi:..CA»»siT"«» M.. >i!b .7 . • -z
?-*■ /,•',*. t'tii. _-,■.-*■. .• * <.
Pai R . A . J'.:h J .'j- . /.■ - .-
Pair-, schedules fvjr. at d:i;'..:i
•* Pani," 4W.
ParJ.'Mi. <'ieorKC Fre-.iori.k 5-'
I'-~b, "i^'iA
Park CInb. PIiinfirM. N T ••:
Pnrker. Ocor*:*- W.. ;::*. :'-^u
Park-*. Chjirli- K . ''.i\
Parry. N. II . i-.i.i.
Par-<in-. K. 1.. ,";.-li. :-•.!. : *,*■
Pari if. .•i':b.
Paktm.r. ...b ■.l/j.» ^ .vj
I'VKTNI-K. A I*\I», *..«-» J..' .-.'.*
I'artn'T, forcing, when wrik ;
P.irtntr hf IpinR. i-j-a i\ ^
I'AXTNKR s 1 1 AND. J«.«ti
Partner s Ir.id. returning v'^^
Partner. .*rlrcti'in .1'. :: a
Pari M.K SHIP. .\/d
Partnrr^hiji same, 2*.*b j^it r
P.i rt lie rship play. 72ra. ji;b, j-.j
P\RTNF.R"fi SriT. jgrb.
Party, whist. 131b.
Pas- 2'/t\i.
Parsing the trick, ism.
I'jLifnti. Ste.' U'Jkiit /•a:^t2 '
Payn. Jamr^. S4b •*«« ^*a ^"•a
Paynh. r.roKiiK jk.ra
Paynf. William, j^ra --s^ >^
-■«■<* ?i'**. /rf<UJ
Ptabudy. George, sia.
552
INDEX
Trumps, short-suit call for, 4s6b.
Trumps, Showing Numbbr op. After
▲ Signal. 461b.
Trumps, Showing Number of, by Sig-
nal, 461b.
Trumps. Showing Number of, on Ai>-
vbrsary's Lead, 462a.
Trumps, uses of, 450a.
Trumps, weak, leadine, 374a.
Trumps, when to call for, 456a.
Turf Club, 487a {a/so, see, *' Arlington
Club").
Turning trump. Ser, 'Trump Card.''
Ti'rn-Up, 462b.
TwKLFTH Card, 46^a.
Twenty-six cards, playing, a9^b.
Two cards, playing, to one tnck, jjiSb.
Two-handed Zf7ii.^t. See, " Double- Dum-
my," and " Get man Hltist."
Two-Spot, 463b.
Two-spot, playing a, as a sub-echo, 410a.
Two Trumps for One, 464a.
Unblocking, 464a (also, roib, jo6b, jfo\
jsoa, 444a)-
Underplay, 465b (also, 204a).
Undhrtrumping, 466a.
Unfair ndvaniage, 4ivb.
Unfairness, intentional, bow dealt with,
231b.
Ungiiarding and blanking, -^o-^b.
Unintentional, infraction of^ laws and
rules supposed to l>e, 2^2b.
UniTersities, whist in. ^See, " H'hist tn
Colleges and I'niirrsities."
University Whist Club. Chicago. ',ib. k>«i
Unnecessarily high canl. play of an. -/.a.
I'NSCIKNTIFIC I'LAV, 4'6b.
Up-and-Back. Game. 4^'b.
V'P AND Down. 4t>>b (<7/j(^. y.'f/a).
T'sclcss cards, throwing away, 1:6a.
Uses of trumps 45i>a.
Valuo of cards, trick-taking. 442b.
Value ok G«m)I) Play. 467a.
Value i>f the name. \^uh.
Vakian, S. T . ;'.-a ii/Aw*. 5//A1.
Variations in tlie play «>f u hand, 47 h
Varieties of whist. «;i6b.
Vict<)ria Club, Toronli). team from. 711.
Va' ikK. Rari>n dj:. 467b j/jo, 57^, -v-.'^.
/■. •■.;, ;."■'.: .
Viei-Ti-NACK. rrb.
VlHNNA C'.KAND C«»TT, 4f7b.
VLSI 1 1 Nf; Ti.AM, '/bb.
Viv.int. 2sr.i.
Von> t'^-l*.
Vdu Molikc anil his Ia<it sl.im, ^3b.
Wagi-.r-Smith. Mrs Kli/.abbth. 46Sb.
W.r.rtTs, W7I1. i*.>il>
WAiriNfi (iAMH. 4<^»a.
Walhr.H.k Whist Club, naltimore, 4:7h.
W.ilkrr. Mrs. J. M . .^.m!».
Walker. W J.. ;ib, 32b. 3Sa. 175b, I9yb.
Wallace, Mm. BsmtT Bd««
(a/j», #/* jjM, j4ib, 4im. 4
Waller, J. L.. 3»d. 199*.
Waller, v.. iiV 1996!^
Walla, Dr. GeofRc. 38b. 39*, 174*
Walla, Mrs. Georre. sr.
Walton, JOBS M.. 47aB ic^.
Ward, H. H.. i74R.
Ware, Bnnrene. tub.
Warren, Sam. 4Hsa.
Washington Trofht. 471a fa.'s
Washing^too ladies at whrnt. 5M
Waterhouse. Mra. C. S . y^.
Waterman. Mrs. Hattie. 44b.
Watson. P. P.. sSa. 68a. jj6b.
Watson. W. H., 174a.
Wayne Whist Club, y^.
Weakening the adversary. iSia.
Wbak Movb. 471a.
Wraknbss, 47IR-
Weakness, concealing. 471b.
Weakness, exhibit ion nf. dia
geous. 169b, 453b; 461b. 4q9b.
Wrak Suit. 471b.
Weems, R. H.. tjb. X4R. 36b. «'
223a, 447a, 47«>. 4S9bt
" Welsh honor, the." 177b.
Wbst, 471b.
Westminster Club. 2:«a.
" Weatminstbr Papbr!!," 4:11
//Sga. i-;Ka \.
Weston. T. W., .v>a.
Welherill, Mrs. Juhn Price, ^ru.
Whallon, J. F.. 31a. X99a.
Wheeler. W. II.. 3jb.
Wheelock, II. M.. 4^b.
Whkrlock. Mism Katc. 4~3a z
73b, .,v<^. ;^«A, 4Kb. /<.,v' /:
5-v*. ^y*a, .5^.*)
Whelan, T. A.. 34a irxb. !>,b
When in doubt, old and ntw a !ti
122a.
"Whisk and Swabbkrss." 4''b
WiiiST. 4:^b
" WlIlST." 4^2a.
Wiiisv AXAI^ST. 4*;h
Whist and <>ld as;e. 4J0JI
Whist: A Poem in Tni lvi '
4S|a.
Wnisr A<« A IloMS OwiF. 4«4A
Whist as an aid in !4u<1\ing :.«
Whist as an HiivcaT'**. i\iS
Whjsi .\ troiH. j-;.i
li'htit ftth'ti .see. '/f^vi*! -miik
Whi*i centre of Eur«>pr. —?.
Whi>l Club, the New Y rk -.
;'»;b
Win<tr Clt'ds. 4S6a ij.'s^ /••.
Whi-t committee, duties <•• i^a
WifisT Compared with CHr^^-i.
Whist, early definition ot. -.^u
WllIHT KOITORH, 4'^ha
Whi^t editors who faTor the %J
game. 49'>-
"Whist Empress." 7b.
n Hike, 193b, 13A, tiom.
H COU.HIBS AXD Ohivxuitih, WIltlaBis. Uts. Wiilum }.. SJH.
icAiw/i. Sa, "H^iil
B RbsT."
tATCH BT TBLBOKAFH. Wb.
word. 47Jb, 49
f PKoruaoR." Slob.
Wlitcr. Mta. Kod>naD,47l>.51Ib, sMb.
Wllhcrlc. C. a., joja.
W°ma i>;m'»WL( club*, 4b, s*.
..... ., WoKUi'i Wbibt Lkaodm. 5"b.
IsuoiT. jiob. Womiii'* VbM L«iuF tiuphle>. m>k.
— ■- -■— — '- "'- — !□'■ wfiiat lounumcm. Iinl,4ib.
EH *■ WKIIT AVTHOHA. <lld*.
■IT AS WUMT'PLitVKBa, StJ».
kitim. 5ii». Wood.' J. fC,, iM.'
»y, otHKI of, iBib. Wooclirard. A. B.. jiia.
ayrd by three pimyert, liSb. Woolen. J. P,, jnb, Tub. ITib. IM*. igga
PoFKH. The," sijt. )ota.
robibi lilies of, Jjnb. WOBS. I
Qfttn.- Sit. ^'WluiUtt, Mill j*», .„,. .....
Jf4«. j4ja. >A J»«, «™>, <W«. W"-
(bceivehatCodkt, jljb. «*». ts^.tsU. (6n.tiii. fif. Mi*t
vItbI, 4**, JlSb. ^*. «o». !//#.« — '
iCHooLii oi-. 5i6fc Work. Un. Milton C
«A»o«, Thb. 516*. WriKbl, W. N..Jt..jgi
lSHfiE.si6b. WHebl.W. W..H4b.
■a/rxr. Stf. ■•Slraltje^." Wyalrlllc, iMAj, SON.
ikriowD lo ShikriHsre. 36GL
viiHoaT A Trump. JIT*.
■. S'Jb.
h».lr» E.. 511b.
lontioS., 5051.
OFFICERS OF
The Hmmcan ^ht9t League
Elected at the Biffhth Animal OongRM, held in
Boston, July xi-i6, 189S.
Presideni—V^. LbRot Smith, Albany, N. T.
Viu Ptesident—B. l^ RxcBAnDS, Bock Raplda. la.
/Recording Secreiarj^—Ci^u.mHcn A. HnnugaBS. New York Ctty.
Corresponding Seeretary—L. O. PA&KXn, Toledo. O.
jyeasurer-^JouN T. MrrcHBLL, Chicago. IlL
Directors— {Three years), Hon. Gborob L. Buinr, St. Pant, Mina.: B. C PLaTcan.
West Nevrton, Biass.; Joseph S. Nbpp, Philadelphia, Pa.; J. BsnuLaao
Pabbr. SUten Island, N. Y.
I>irector-~{One year). William B. Talcott, CleTcInad, O.
OFFICERS OF
X^he ^omen^s ^hist League
Re-elected at the Second Annual Congress, held at
Philadelphia. May a6-3S. 189B.
President— hlRA. Joabph R. Hawlby, Hartford. Conn.
First yice- President— yiVLA. Clakbncb Bkown, Toledo. O.
Second l^ice- President— Mrs. Waldo Adams, Boston.
Secretary— Mrs. O. D. Tbompsom. Allegheny City. Pa
TVaijm r^r— Mas. Silas W. Parrrr. Philadrlpk»
Governors— Mrs. Emlbn T. Littbll, New York; Mas. C. H. Rbbws. BaUiav*
Mrs. J. P. Wbthbrill, Philadelphia; Mas. J. M. Walxbb, Denver . Has :-
W. PoTTRR, Chicajco ; Mrs. Hbnrt E. Watbrmam. St. Loais ; Mas. Wiu^am
KirDicoTT, Boston (who subsequently resigned. Miss Katb WmbbXjocb br.ii
elected her successor); Mrs. Gborob E. Batbs, San Pranciaco: 9Cna Scw«
D. BiDDLB Detroit ; Mdr. db SraouR, Washington, D. C; Mrs. M. J. McO#
nbll. Brooklyn, snd Mrs. LrciBir Swirr, Minneapolis.
(5S6)
■
APPENDIX TO JANUARY i, 1899.
Eighth kmcrlun Whtat
M« was called to order in
tel Vendome, BoBtoQ, Mass.,
:i, 1S98, by the president,
A. Handell. In his an-
Idress Mr. Mandell referred
report of the Committee on
I of Play as " by far tbe mo«t
ant busioeu that bas claimed
tention of the League in
years," adding:
icncd by, priadple.
to hut Irouhlfii (tut may (lukt tlit tttf
It was resolved that the report of
tht ComiDillee oa Syilem of Play
he poatpoiicd for the consideratioH
of the Ninth Congress.
The report follows:
Toilic rmUcaltDd mtrabttt at \he A
Gcnllrtncn — Tbr mmmlKM iiptiotnt*d
WhlM L«tir«c. In BrooklTa. iStA. to pre-
pur* and tqm&npad * Jtynt'in or pla^
vhlcli mltfht br tndorarfl hy thr Ijnnr
ii>(h«e«atilkthm«nloi( uutfann mclhod
uF play, bee* lu aubmli taticwUh Ita
iOD.- It
be promulffsu
iL Mht priQCi pi M'TTOimracndrd
llibk. for Ibc Lraiuc sbould iln-
ral y"wc'TOine lU miccmf u^niTl.
I «oinp 'pl'iD ^ play ai a >Un-
In L^BKU
n contesli, in dtllntii
e MKhl in now Ki«
10 idqui
l-cnunn
ow. Th<
■difficullyofriplainm
,«™j,m>^l^.«lK(t b«|_
cbargina what happily "■»«>.
nomr t^ARur Matidardof pla
siM of eiplaiiation of pailtculi
IhcK nunlv hnuWD aaUie iMUt-av
id Ihe irhlMUIhemaH Klantiae. k ,
of the blibMl tnt«H»et<M|l plwwiTg. aad
Dulcloi. lata eoiKBintcc UcrcHir*
rwjrameoila Ibia anttm.
II rMoniBciMla alia that Ibia «|i«l*n fa*
Iniijaicd and carrifd btward by tbt Bar
□r ihc nnnibcr-ahoirloi Icada, ihc acooad,
Iblid anil foDrtb-baul ulan, U» ooavta*
tianal dHcarda and itansla, all of wbkb
contlilule wlut iicomintnilT known aa
tbE «yB(cin of American l«u.
While 11 is ihk that Uw Ibcnrr of Ike
iDHie.fldll ayftcm feboald prrvadc CTV17
tunit fnini itac tnt nrd puyad nntU tb«
U>(. II la ataa nldm) ihni deUlM
mitlioila of mrrrlns that ajpilrai fbTWniq
mnxt. (n Ihc (nnl tw^ority oT handa. be
Rraami, (MtlScd by titirrtcnn, caa indl>
<aw In detail racthodst^ wht^ lb*atta«k
-'"--*-' *— -"*.-*-— --.-^ ' — ^ -ia well llie d^
- nnucotUt
plarodba
tal1«iiftb*tk«lnqln«oi
oiunlFralUcli. Bni *A«r t
hand la fairly undrT way lt»<
Stamd-Hmmd PU^i U Origimat Lmdt.
Play low. OB low card lad, CBCcpt ■
Holdlnc A K and oBe or noc* laal
pl>T K In pUln Mill. ^
H^diB|K{^aBdOB«raun^pl>7^ rial of lMi4 _
uod^]^ tfc d
■e aaall, jH^ b.
: *^at lililMigS
plaTOlD'pGlDntu. «Bc.aVt£e jiSKJlS?
HoiainiQJandoiieawUl ...... . . .. T^._^ J
HoldiBK rioBod oneaiaall
Holdlog A Q J aodoDC or .....
"'S'ollilBiAQ.ouKloDcor monmmU Jft^T^^^^SJSgXmSm
nieiitarof T [ liall ■! li liiiiMhii lu aOtLc wIb^h ar*L ■• ^M
bTplarl»flie w totaeU lb* tflck aS cHdlcdMtotkctaank&K M
tfien IcadtnampaoropaBjnwaaaNlL pic |dn w fraa*KM«B« Wi
If oppoMBia haia opcMd vov m^ IboaMt vim tIvCmg.
Mrana Hilt, and *oa art «aak MttHM HolrMac A aai ■•« ^ ■■■
andiGerenuladn-BfiMrhudteBBii plajAaaKgcrJM.'
'Jm!SA^B
APPENDIX
559
Tkird'Hand Ptay.
nf A Q alone, play A, return Q.
nf A Q and others, play Q, return
Ag A K and two or more, play A,
K.
ng other combinations, play high-
I except when in sequence, then
rest of sequence.
ng originally three of partner's
:arn highest remaining In hand,
not compelled to play a higher
\n card fed, holding four or more
play third best, to show four or
id to unblock.
Inning partner's original lead, or
est in the lead, return partner's
once, unless holding a fiTe<ard
h at least two honors, or a four-
>t with at least three honors. The
>f partner*s suit becomes more im-
;. if from the fall of the carda
presumably led from a five-^ard
ng 6ve of suit led originally by
, return winner, if held, otherwise
I fourth best. Always return
's original trump lead,
h hand wins the trick as cheaply
ble and opens his own suit, which
rally better play than to lead
1 the adversary'" suit,
ng length and strength in the
ry'A suit, a trump lead is some-
dvisable from a hand that would
frwise warraut an original lead of
Disca t d.
I trump fitrength is declared with
, discard weakeHt ituit.
I trumps are leii by adversary dis-
rong suit : discard to show com-
rhen holding A by discarding a
and afterwards playing a lower
len the tiuit is let!, unless obliged
high. For example, discard 4
J 9 4 3 and play % second hand on
Dt's lead, or third band on part-
ad of Q or 10.
arily two discards from your
mit cannot be made with safety
rou hold at least six cards in the
iTor to protect Q twice guarded
r 10 thrice guarded of the suit that
ntly your opponent's strong suit,
rd preparing to show command
olding K or 6, unless cards are of
lue that the discard of the third or
>est is likely to result in loss, as K
four in suit.
! first discard on adversary's lead
pa Indicates partner's strong suit,
t should be 1«1. particularly when
an honor or a finessing card, and
en the tise of the earn discarded
may indicate tbat he probftblT hat eom-
mand. or that the anit is likay to be es-
tablished on the firat roand ; except when
holding an established suit of yoiir own.
and in that event his soit should be led
before parting with the control of yonr
own suit. In lending to partner's snit,
lead top of three or lesa. Lead A flrom four
or more in the suit ; from other combina-
tions lead same as "original plain-snit
leada.'* After hsTing disoirded to show
strong suit, or if trumps are led by adver-
aary alter you have abown yonr at'
suit by an original lead, diattrd
suit
Subseouent discarda ahonld be made
with a vtewof ahowing oommmnd if held,
aa 6 from A 6 4t or preparing to ahow
command or re-entry, aa 4 from K or Q 6
4 a, ao that partner may know which snit
to lead should he have no more of your
original strong suit
Trump Call,
The conventional call for tramps by
playing nn nnnecessarUy high earn, and
aflerwarda a lower card, la ao nnivennlly
recognised aa a valuable and imnortaai
ac^unct to the game that it reqnbcn ao
discussion at our hands.
Ordinarilv the call for trumps abooM
be made when the hand ia auficieatly
strong to have led trumps from as an
original lead, except when holding five
small trumpa. In that eaae it is obnooslv
better to wait and lead them yourself,
thereby perhaps enabling partner to win
with an honor that wouTdT otherwise be
sacrificed in responding to a call.
Holding four or more trumps, signal In
plain suit, if partner haa called for
trumpa, and neitner of you haa been in to
lead tiiem, otherwise he would infer that
you hold three trumps or len.
Ttumpn.
I^ead from five or more trumpa, regard-
less of their sise or your strength in plain
suits. This is not intended to be invio-
lable, as there are exceptional banda
when anv fl[ood player'a ludgment will
dictate a oinerent line of play: but for tbc
majority of handa having tae original
lead, and five or more trumpa, the tramp
lead is recommended.
Four small tramps and no suit is a
speculative hand, and the tramp is likely
to be the best lead. With four trampa
and a four-card plain suit, and weak aide
suits, lead the plain auit.
On B^rtner's Original Lead 0/ TVumps.
When not compelled to play higher
than card led. holding four trampa, play
third best and follow with fourth bett
With five or more trampa. phiy third
best then fourth best, hcMag mp th«
small card or cards.
APPEN-orx
liiildliit foBrormerc t. .._,.. _
wUch w* (n wquniBe, •• la, », », j, ptajf
-- -'-T ,,»h« -* —
I
-_. trump 1(4. taoldlaff four or ta«c
tninpH. iDCliullBi Oir tnrnil tnimp, and
«,.„,«„«. «.«.«,««.. -,„^,ni|i^
tnimp. ■■ Q J« 4 <t
aba* tuiiQtimuly ibi
IKililinB KQan<I 1
Hud cunJiof Ininicilli
iMnrD Q sFk holib
iiHl In rhc lend.
Without card' of >
plav o[ K. ir iron 1
HTtacT from kUdk oi
ti<hule<l (Venn four,!
to place g with oppoi
t >au btrc four
•YBlTT <■■ ■°il.Ui«
y A, mlRhl drlrr
with Ui< inimu if
I he would be lluljr
irnnhbM. leatl A, iM
?«b boL^oldlBs uiSi
iruaB wUi laBft biH«,
bnc. HbUUib ■» ilMk r-
holdlPK bigiMrd SPM
The bfi* e*nl In**. M • <*a«
" ihmiBli IhB b«Mv iw«fC^
proacllr nbm« kv pailMC t
•IwbH hH be mmOc, ^amwwm,
MCft COMhllBlJaB H 4 I M Mi*
or K ifor to sad •Otim a^la
Xu *katjmmtK 4
■— ■•-'•~-vj»aiac(raN
sr;
El
M tf you held tiBCtly fisur.
And oriKlnal *
When forcvd. hoMlnR fin Inmpa.
Iniop with fltUi b«t SBd lead T "
beM.irbBnd WBmaU trmnpUBd.
ItoWlnR ais Irumpe. tntap with Atlh
bttt iiid laid IMHfa bm. Wdli
■lith b«i, eiopt from high (aide
Holdlni (our immp*. '■*■
WitafeatBt
•«xsz
brMj CBC^il wfai
ar^.
ftumKQ lui
a>U s*^ ■•■ tat jy^nad fe* ■
H* laanMH* *■*«•■* fa I
Uvwp.lMlMtod' - n™
..™v -"" ihii.1 !!?li;!;^l!«!!f!;
reliltnlj hlfh *SlMS»XI!rir
•mnd hand,*
Inimp. pl» fi
foaflh Tie«t. or If be Irmda iruiirH,
Can unablV lo bold Ihe tildh. '
■th bBM. or. If you hold the trteh
luin fourth beiX. Should oppODeuti lad ■'." ■"■" ■■ y™ ™ >^ ■
»_aBd^your parteri hold th< uirk SjLajid ii!i id i riiiiinrBJn»il
Mrtn'^l thai im a' *?";'^".P??__¥*5t"*?*:
~ ifib beiL aboold^ D|
bandrif 'ihi^'bold ibl
fturth bett until lain
Ua4tnt rvan» i
\jtmA lop of
I^ead A rqnnlleu
' with orliitul rtmrth bnl. arr^iaiill. a>d wbak ^MmA M
- ' hiwftvbi
MraaSjai
KW M ■ finnalDit'card. a'ad ■*«■*■ IMW h«i
In4 tsl*>. ll<^lot fc« ras at* •«■> i« «■
I he baatliowii ■ wilUngncH lo be
iu tntrumplnai doubirul trick,
band; or. »co>Eia. when opponcDti
tnlttr under lu ■
lUlncr hunl'pd for trumpl or led
pa, taoldlag four or more. It (>
iTbeitei
DhUtr
[^r™.^;
if he di»aitds t, low at'rd, md ;roui
The report of Ibe Commitlee on
onti IB Laws having been presented, the
■ . " 'P: following resolution ynt niuiiii-
moLuIy adopted :
■ TbM (he report of the CocnmlitM na
ccpifil. »od that ihc Code of iMtt at
IhiiplicBle WhlsL nfe rrjjorlol by mid
...mrnltlreaiid pubtlihed Id IhcHnilir-
ir 111 ■,! lf»,,iotju]y ij, iS9B.I>*.>adllic
. r he f ebv Is idopted Is the otMc of
t<^evni t'ode of ■»«■ of Daplleiie
.. ii^l . idd Ihsl U>e cotnniiltr* be. and
'. r. sy li.coatiDuedooddmclfdtomahr
Cxle Ihe^ maj deem ailvUalle^ al (h<
B hiih o. _ ., ,.. ._
nunpa, tm If weak Id trumpa. pi
. jou DBTe Bome atreDRth in the ai
-•a<7'* wiDDiDS trick, do not fot
■ammaad IM Third /lanHd SigHal.
like Q
•tbeal
\^''t^tR'i'd'':^t,d o? .^elS" '"
iBriea or partDer, p^y necond beat
:« led. holdiuE ap the imall card to
»e card pliy i> a part of the atfaiety
cnme. WfhelhertoiDdulgeinilor
ididdual judgment of the player, II
nijBdicioua.BQd il frequcDtly worka
eapectfuUy lubmitted.
Gaoaoa W. K ■!»:(. Chairman ,
K- 4. BCPKKtTOH,
Comniittee od Syitem of PUy.
reaolation was adopted em-
Eiiog the Executive Committee
<e Lea^e to
Tide for the payment of aocDtrance
*tla( Id any of the malchea beld
Report of the ConuniUee an
THB E.A1V8 or D1TP1.ICAT*
WHMT.
Law ■.— DcflnltlONa.
SF.cnOR I —The voTda *Bd phTm*M
i^'MTiI in th«« lawB iball be mBaUuwl H
-.i^i.-ui with the B)Ol»il :
HKKd>— Th( thirteen card* r*ce1<«d
Daal.— The fini htndB Into which ■
pack it diMritiuled fot play art trnnwl ■
'^ deal -. ■■ the tame term \t alBD nard <o
deilgaile Ibe ad of dlitributlBi theoirita
lo Ihe player*.
T«r.-A "tray-' It a de»!« (of «■
(Biiiiaglhehandauf ■ deal and Indlat-
luif the Older of playlnjc tbem-
DHlar^The pUyer who la railUed
iQlhe Irntqpcardu 1ermedlbe'*rieal*r,'*
fi.«'JS??t
PiBX and Qv«rvl«r> — Tbc
«"«S?en'^--^^"'^-- "-'--"'■--■-
Mckli-*lanidaBdqri _ ■ whM d
fear VUutn lavi tara.- aid iiliiii
itafir iMpceUM CMds.
. - Jw MOW anibwor
tot oratbcTvlii.,
pUrn* BttlM t*u«
tfacy omM be rtafllnl fa the tftitaBiaf
aa adnnaTT or Ik* anln. Ibdl
plucr hu tbc risht to ikdH thca «■••
Min caA dcJ, cack new AmI, aad
each new cM. la >U MM* Uw ^itar
nay (hoflc Uat
Bac. 1. RIcU to ■■ ifcaWi Tha
padc mat dw be k> ihaBcd aa to cuoM
Ibcbee of enj caid, and IT a eaid &n
capoaed each oT tbcplaycn feaa tke rifbl
SBcnoN I. The dealer moat prtacat the
card* to hia right-hand adTdaair Is be
top or the pack at leaM four eaida and
place Ihcm towaidi the dealer, lea*lafal
feast four cardj In the remalBli ^ '
tbednlET miutrt«nlle the
pladiurthe one aot mnored
upon the otbiT. IC In catt.,.. „ ...
unlling the leparale packet!, a cart la
eipoeed. the pack moat ' •—— _■
and cot anln: If there b
ofthecardt ordDabl aa to tl .
the pack ma •eparated, there
Law S.— DaaUBS.
SacTToa I. When the pack hat
projterljr cut aad re-Dnltcd.thccardam«M
be iTnLt. one at a time, face dovn.itam tha
top of the pack, the Brat to the plarer at
the led of the dealer, and each ttKCcaela*
cardlolheti]i]reratlbeli~
whom the lait precedJav
dealt. The IiM. wbtcb la the tmpcart,
inuitbe Inrncdand placed beespoalka
tray, or, U no Irar b uaed. then at tk«
riihtortbe dealer.
Sac. 1. OoK] ~
fteedc
APPENDIX
563
trick until the card is pUijred, but can-
not be changed.
8bc. 7. Afkmr Deal luia been Plajred*
—When a deal has been played the cards
of the respective playens including the
trump card, must be placed in the tray
ftce down, and the trurap slip placed &ce
np on top of the dealer's carus.
8bc. 8. T«mln|r tlftelVronc Trmwap.
— If, on the overplay of a deal, a trump
card is turned other than the one recorded
on the trurap slip, and such error is dis-
coTered and corrected before the play of
the deal is commenced, the card turned
in error is liable to be called
8bc. 9. Penaltjr.— If such error is not
corrected until after the overplay has
begun, and more than two tables are en-
gaged in play the oflfender and his part-
ner shall oe Ki^^n the lowest score made
with their hands on that deal at any
table* if less than three tables are en-
gagea the offender's adversaries may
consult, and shall have the option either
to score the deal aa a tie or to have the
pack re-dealt, and such new deal played
and overplayed.
Sbc. 10. Recording lITrong Trtmap
— F««altjr.— Should a player, after the
cards are dealt, record on tne trump slip
a different trump from the one turned in
dealing, and the error be discovered at
the next table, there munt be a new deal;
if the deal ban been played at one or
more tables with the wron^ trump the
recorded trump must be taken as correct,
and the pair uf the player making the
error be eiven the lowest score for that
deal. If. however, less than three tables
are in play there must be a new deal.
I«aw 7.~Irreii^«i1arltie8 In tl»e
Hands.
Srction I. More or Ijess than Cor*
et NamberofCarda— Penaltjr.— In
case n player on the overplay is found to
have either more or lesH tnan his correct
number of cardn. if less than three tables
•re enicage^i. there must be a new deal :
but if more than two tables are in play,
the hands must l>e rectified and then
pasAed to the next table. The table at
which the error was discovered must not
overplay the deal, but shall take the aver-
age score.
Sbc. 3. Cards Left In tho Trajr.—
If. after the first trick has been turned
and auitted. a player is found tohaveleM
than nis correct number of cards, and the
missing card or card^ are found in the
tray, such player and his partner shall be
given the lo'.vest score on that deal.
Law ••— PlarlBfft
<4mitUttc the CtrdM,'
Sbction 1. Plawtmc CIm Cardgt—Wrh
player, when it u hia turn to play, moat
place hia card face up before hiin, and
towafds the centre of tne tabic, and allow
it to remain upon the table in this posi-
tion until all nave played to the trick,
when he mnat turn it over and place it
face down, and nearer to himself, placing
each sncceaaive card, aa he tuma it. ao
that it overlaps the last card jplajred by
him and with the ends towanf the win-
ners of the trick. After he has plaved
his card, and also afler he has turnea it,
he must quit it by moving his hand.
Sbc. a. After Cavd*
The cards must be left in the onler In
which they were played and quitted, until
the scorea for the deal are recorded.
Sbc. 3. TvmlBK 4iiatlier*B
—During the play of a deal a i^yer
mnat not pick up or turn another player's
cards.
Sbc. 4:AslU»|r t* ••• tk» lisat
Cards Flayed*— Before a trick Is turned
and quitted, any player may require any
of the other plasrera to show tlie fnoe of
the card plajred to that trick.
Sbc. 5. Trick Onoe Taimsd amA
<4nlttod«— If a player names a card of a
trick which haa oeen turned and quitted^
or turns or raises anv soch card so thai
any such portion of ita face cun be seen
by himself or any other plaver. be ia liable
to the same penalty as If ne nad led out
of turn.
9.
Liable t*
SBCTioif I. The following cards are lia-
ble to be called :
(A) Rvery card so placed upon the table
as to expose any 01 the printing on Us
face, except suco cards as these laws
specifically provide shall not be ao liable.
( B ) Bvery card so held br a player that
of the 1
its face.
his partner
any
printittgon
(C) Bvery card (except the trump curd)
named by the player holdinf it.
(D) The trump card, if it Is not takes
into the dealer's hatul. and the trump
slip turned face down before the accond
trick is turned and quitted.
Sbc. 3. m I Mi» wt» tiM nut,'* •€«•—
If a player saya, ** I can win the rest,**
**The rest are oora." "It makes ne diflkr-
ence how you play,** or words to ibal
effect, his partner's carda must be laid
face up on the table, and are liable to be
called.
Src. 5.— IVIsere to Place amA nliaA
to Plaj Cards Llablo ta be CallsJ.—
All carda liable to be called must be
ll^a^bv
JbMit ImaA flmj* t»
..ii^ ^isi. iA Ast .ik
AOi AQ *i AJ *I
58^ s* ii. ,i& d%
Qf« »g -J .J sy
If k>r otter coaUaMlao, (Mrtt Ia (xvarB, gjiw •• •«««
AC
JJ
(UK
tfhK AC
AO«J 4tfc
A 4tt (la
KQ Ok 4tk
K 3 n Ok 4Ut
HcMtafAK *m4 OM or awn laaU. wv f-uTftwoiihrSP'at _
llllij K !■ lliilii wit pliccUwMaM* la tkciHtvBk
BoMtoc Q^MtftaoMBon MuH liMBlir ■» ta bm« ctea a
pfaTQIo (£■•«■■& •■Maoris* tf—'— — —
MaQlM 0 I aad pn» — n. ptoy t. tettteaslaaay
MtnS'riM wmite taAajdM** ky Mmh-* Mixes S^.^ffi
•>T pte9<41 IW » to bold the tr^ asd cud k4 1» Be tW tontk toAlM
Uhb larrtnuBtaofaparanawanlL pU. (te* to tnmAKmaH M;|
tf OBTM«p*i fcw iiptMj J—'' '"'r no« A B ta • OB : IrC Me,
•tran* lalt, sod na an weak (a ttaaiM. Ruldlajt A mmd aaa ■( «M> j
u^ikcnawiatororygMtkuddoeiaia ptayAaflLevJI*'
APPENDIX 565
BnKlBlAC Huid* forll*- uiy to win Iht Gnt or inr (ubHiiuiBi
the cUim nuy bt urgrd and f. J. Ttj»M»», Lh«lno»o.
hu beencUimed.ihe •ceimJ Clii™«o, 111.
» ttae •■lufteUon o( tne iflTer- piilli^lplil., P..
>w lS.-MlMicU>Beaiu. mlllmoR, Md.
n I CalllBK Atlaiitl** la N. U- Tlilat,
-If»nyooecMri«Mli™HooiBmnr Niw Ort«B», U,
to Ifac irick, befart hi* p»rloer Jomb T. MttcuBU,
ed IbcTclo. ttie ■dverur7 '■•* >" Cbttmgo, III.
the trick nuy require the of- It. LkHot Surtu.
partDcT to play till blBtaert or Alt>*ny, N. T.
'the Hilt led. or, ir he hit none WALTSB II. HAltXBT,
lilt. totrniapOT oot to tiump the ProrlOciia, B. I.
BiniAUiH U RKiiiiaiNi,
tUHlBdlBK Partner u M Kcwk Kipldi. loan,
r.— A pUYirhai Ihe right to re- Cumfllrf a' Ijiim V^
> partner thit it ij hil priTllege Amtri€f' U-kut Liat'*-
,1 penalty si c^ enforce The Corrrapondiog Secretary in
nt hit partner from commlttiDg "At the begintiinf of lh> paatwhM
Eularilv. except revoking year we had a memhcnhip ol ijl rlith.
.. Bntsretiac P(iultl«*.^ir four anxillary luoclatluD*. (blfty4ntn
t the advertarles. whether with ait-wiale metnbein and fin liODOrary
Hit hil partner'!! conaeot, de- members. ■ lecrraiir of twenlyvfiveclula
r waives a peoBliy 10 which they and a decieueof one a«oclatr tavmber,
led. auchdeciBlon ia final; If the "The cIuIm which h«*c wUhdrswa
peoally is deTnBDdedTnonecan total of aeTTUteeB. Thoa* which tw*«
:ed. b^o (Inmped (roiB the rnlta dh iceowM
. rBlllur to Conaptv witli al hailni diahanded. two. ThoM nc
fa playerii lawfully called upon T.endrd, a total of Kvenlern. The sew
the hiihesl or the lowest of a cl>il> Bember* air^ Unmd RioMa WbM
rnmp (rt not to tnimpa tnck, to club, simii CHy Whial, Cbaaa tad
■uit.orlo wina trick, and uune- Checker Club; PynmJd WMM Club; Kfir
taila to comply.be !• liable to Borhelle WlilM Club; Ti>pck> WW*
tHnallvaslDiehad revoked. Clnli; Paaaale Vblat Clubi io. Bowdola
PlarlBS Twice la Sucee*- Whial Cluh; Newport KnalBaa UvB^
lanyooeleadiorplaya a cstd. A<*KlB(k>n; Jackwn Ctt* Oub: »lt«
n. before hl!i partner haa plaved K^j Club; Wohuiu Wtiii Cliib~a total
:r playa two or more cardii to- ■- The litrenglb of the t^agar may bel-
rwries hold of the auit, his part- Ing figures repTHenllog pemuf hotdlog
be called upon by rllbei aJver- dheci allegiance 1
Cliihs riarrra. MrmhrrahiB.
ndepcndent VbliU Clubs Ai sf*^ j.U|
:he«a and Whi!.! cluha . . ., &» 1,«ST
'k^mI^ l^Si^iltianCUYarial MeW'.-r. " ''^^ "***
of the A w, L .1 .tSio ■.««
Totals iU lt,j»g *5n
Grand ToUl *lj6i
566
APPENDIX
"But that is not tM the story. There
nre throughout the land whint associa-
tiou> that are not members of the A. W.
I. as such, but are- jfovrrued by its rules
!iM<l laws. They stiouKl be enumerateti
Hill tMkt'ii in acvitunt, in con**ultrratti>n of
ti.o huM that the K*^me has upon our
natii>n They are :
N.mie of Association.
C' ntral Whisi Association
Iii'lnna
MiOiiit(:tn •■
Miss mil "
N-biask.-i ••
N .rthwn "
O.iio
y.c Const ••
Red River "
T'.nn«.-.<te"
V]i ivjii'i "
\Vi>*.on«.in"
No.
of
Clubs.
• '5
12
I I
S
4
S
h
9
4
I jr>
Total
(»t tin- .itvjv',- th'.rc ar*- hav-
iuv A W I., ihatler*. . jS
I.' .i\ ;ny I .» b« aile-l to above
ri' iitiotii «1 viT' iit;ln of iSie
H ii;ie </)
(>: .1 i;:an 1 total of oryan-
lA'l \v !i:««t-|ii.iy'.r«» tullow-
ii:.j till I I w-; ani rules of
t'.:c .\ '.V !. 'inounliiu: lu
Mem-
ber-
ship.
'.^:'
'■-'7
377
i:-7
!«'.
?'.*'
3 ««
3-'/'7f
Til-.- fol'.' '\\ in;: «)Mii.L-''s wen* uiiani-
rrr-i'ivT/. i;.I.t!< ■• Smith. Al-
l-iM'. , N. V.
V:. .--I'M.^i'I.:-:'.. r. I.. Rirli.inls.
Rin'rv K.;j>iflN. 1. 1.
K . 'i:.ii:', J :^•■^■r^':.tT\\ CI iriiirc A.
lit i.'i'l .■ . N -w V'irk Cily,
V. '■■■.■ -;.-'i:i':i;..; S'-'Tt.'iry. K t»
r.ii ■-I'-r. 'i'"'* •■■", t ).
'!':■ ■-•.••■ r. J"']:] T. Mitciu-ll.
C:-.-. 4-.. I ..
< r- • !.. ::-ir.!]. Si. r..;.!. Mir.i:. ;
I, ^. . 1 ■■ : :.\V'-! Nrv.!..r..M .^.. .
' . - ; *J •■• I'm-' '■•*■'•■. 1» 1
' '■ .' .'I 1 «-lc*<- 1^1...'
: . ..'. t .i.nT, r»i ly. .. l^l.iii',.
X ■ < ■
. N 1 .
.>.',■> ',"t. v» .ir.--\V;*.ii.i:ii I-"!
i I'. '•; C ■ vi. ; iii.l. O.
'o I ,■ :;•■.';.: IN wt-rc .I'' b»iK.»H>:
The Hamilton Tropht
Thf American Whi^t Clu*
nu*«toii .
Players.— L. M. li»tu\^ W
Fcnollosa. F. H. Whitnry. H
Perkins, E. C Fletcher i.lie
two alternatiti); ;.
The MINNKAHJZ.IS Tr fa
The Newton CluS. o: N?«
Ma.s-s.
riaycrs —I*. W. Kjoliari^.r.
]•*. Ilirknx.
TiiK .\ \V. L CriAU.E?s-.
TK<irHY.
Tlij American \Vhi*.t C1-'
Im»sI<iI1.
I»:avcrs — C. L. Bc-.Strr. !!
Wanli C. S Strct-t. H V IV-,
!•:. C. Fletcher theU-t !• ■ i
iMtitij*?.
ThK FfRfHtKLYN TR'^PH'. .
The New York St.»ti- \\1:>: .
riatinii.
I'layorN — F. L Sin:tJi. \ r
l«o:ii', R. M. Cnii::er. .*. «'...-.'
.\. I!. T..''.or. J. B. F.I'At!". :"- .*
I. M. Uvy. J. I-. F^!-r ii
NvWin;::. IV MiihlrVir* ■.
Silo -.v. v.". K. \V.it.-«:*. r. vf I""-
\Viil:.i::i I lu- ;>-»::. M. S!:::?
Woman's Whist Lcacuc.
end Annual Congress.
nventii)!! \\ms ::el i :z
Horli<M:-/.::r.i: H.i::, Ph::.*:*
May 2^\ 27. AH'l ;**. !''■#■' -.-
..ttiTi.lii! * *. .1 '...«: Tiw 1 .
lit 1 .' i!< -. ' :««ni ivi r-. •• •
\i-.w :'.ir L .tiheTiT'.jL: u.*-. r ■
ii-sx:-.;! •.h.iii :liai ■>:" l::*-:-
In •'•.(• tti'.irnan'.'Tt. r*"---
niiTiu T'iUs fur a". '.': r • -
ive?:!'*. jtkI the j ijv ■ • :- •
linn.iliy liij^h ori!er
The \Vj>h:ni:;tin Trx'^T-". ■
scntative i-i the charrr: -•
APPENDIX
561
he bat shown a williDgnem to be
.as bytnimpinsa doubtful trick,
1 haiKi; or, aecond. when oppoueota
«ding or calling for trumps and
partner baa shown no strength in
' tnimpa— while the adversaries ap-
tly have an established suit, and
»t tramp strength to bring it in.
litner has callea for trumps, or led
iftcr a force, and you are also stronjg
Bpa. holding four or more, it is
jr better to respond to his call, or
. hit trump leaa, rather than force
fain before having had one or two
I of trumps. If partner passes a
111 trick second hand, thereby
Bg four or more trumps, do not force
If he discards a low card, and your
land does not warrant the trump
•n account of weakness in trumpMi
, the suit he discards, lead the suit
▼klently strong in.
I high card dMcarded by partner,
-nmps, even if weak In trumpa, pro-
fott nave some strength in the suit
airds. If partner refuses to trump
anr's winning trick, do not force
eaa trumps.
mtmamd on Third /found Signal.
n tmmps are out. or the remain-
irapa are marked with adversaries
mer holding combinations like Q
ro more in suit, play second best
en third best, to show command on
mind. Holding the losing trump
'o cards hi plain suit, the remain-
imps being marked with adversa-
n with partner, the adversaries
declared out of trumps, the same
may be given, askinir partner to
irith the third round of the suit,
ing K and two others with trumps
ihe remaining trumps marked with
aries or partner, play second best
i led. holaing up the small card to
x>mmand ana winner.
K card plav is a part of the strategy
nme. whether to indulge in it or
id to what extent, is a matter for
Uvidual judgment of the player. It
I jwUdous, and it frequently works
aya.
tpectfully submitted,
Oaomox W. KKSH2f , Chairman,
B. A. Buprnt TON,
H. & STBVBNt.
Gomaittee on System of Play.
inolntion was adopted em-
ing the Executive Committee
to
Ue tar the payment of an entrance
wm the cniba, teams, or players
ing la any of the Batches held
hereaAer nnder Ita aoaptoea daring the
meeting of a Congreaa.*'
The report of the Coiiimittee on
Laws having been preaented, the
following resolution wss unani-
mously adopted :
" That the report of the Committee ob
Laws be, and the aamc hereby is ae-
cepted, and that the Code of Laws of
Duplicate Whist, as reported by mM
Committee and publiahaa la tbeaupple-
ment of H^isi of fttlv 15. iM»bc aad the
aame hereby is adopted in the blaee of
the present Code of Laws of Daplicatc
Whlat ; and that the oomaUttcc be. aad
hereby is, continued and directed to auikc
further report as to aay chaagcs ia aald
Code they may deem sdvisaDle at tha
Ninth American Whist Oongresa.'*
Report of the Committee oa
Laws :
THB I«AirS
OF DITPIalOA'
'WHIflT.
iwl«—
SacTioif
I.— The words aad phrssss
used in these laws shall be ooasCrasd ta
accordance with the followlag dcflal*
tions, unless such constnictloa is I
sistent with the context :
thirteen
by any one player are termed a ** haad."*
Deal.— The foor hands into which a
pack is distritmted for play are tenatd a
^* deal ; *' the same term is also osed to
designate the actof dlstrilmttagthccarAs
to tne players.
Tra^.— A ** tray '* Is a dcvke for ra-
taining the hands of a deal aad ladkafe*
ing the order of playing them.
Dsalar^— The player who la csUtlsd
to the tramp card b termed the '* dcaltr,**
whether the cards have or hava aot baca
dealt by him.
OiigiAal Pla|r 1
first play of a deal istermi. .
inal play,'* the seooad or aay
quentplayofsoch deal, the "overplay."
I>«pltoata TTIilBt p^irT«fttf
Whist '^ is that form of the game of
whist in which cadi deal Is played oaec
only by each player, bat la which each
is so overplayed as to briag the ptey of
teams, pairs or Indlvldaals tato eompaii>
Rev^ka.— A plaj
he does not follow
he '* renoaaces In
•f
holding oaeor aMre
salt to the card lad ;
" whea. attbisgh
cards of the salt
OMHAdt. New ABUtenlun —
FMiint, Mre. Airned CowIm;
Dd«pte. Mrs. George H. Bo«l«f .
l«oqf Island — Pmidcnt. Mn.
Miki belegatc, Hi&s RutlK'rford.
Otii Qub, of EoBt Orantce— Pr«s-
dtBt, Ura. T. E. OtiA; Dclc^tc,
HIm Cameron. Soutbcm CInb—
FiMUant, Kn. GalliuTO: Uelrualr.
HM. William Rod. Bavonne—
noUsal, tin. TninueiMl; Dele-
S>l*,llni. Barritt. Kate Whctloclt.
Btetoi Itdnnd— PrMJdenl. Mt%. H.
K Wallace; D«lef^te. Mis. Stdti<7
P. KnfeiMn. DclcfiBtianii not etu-
nownvd to act for tliirlr cIdIm mtn:
Vodkoi — President. Mr^ Ten
Br^l Delegate. Mr^ Rodcmll.
mwark— President, Mr*. Cbapinan;
EMeglte. Mrs. llowartb. Jeraev
Cto — PresidenI, Mrs. Evrlnnd;
Dek^glte, Mrs. Ballou.
CwudUn ttfhlat L«*gu«.— At
the third congress, Toronto, July
91-33, 1898. occurred the first iot»T-
■wtioul wbist match, althoiwh i1
wavttf kti infonnal character. About
• doten Americui i ~
war home ftom tlie A
WhiM OoBgraai, called
GotdiauT fi
I wo* L. C
Parkert ^ ■! if it wiiflfng 11 riilarr of
the A. W. L.; B. BTCwmr, Itab-
Tille, and Uoaea and B. 8Un, of
Btidbla, the latter two Biemben vt
the team which had JiMt won tba
BrooklTa tropfajr.
The Canadian* Mtedad Athe-
Rfenm (B) team, which had tM far
the Canadian cbampionaMp at thia
. .0 play a^nrt . _ .
leans. The latter won bj
tricks. The Canadian plsTci* wan:
C. H. Fuller, E. Corlett, T. D. Rich-
ardaon, and H. J. Colemaa.
In the pair contctt, H. SUre aad
E. B. Cooper alao canied off th«
victofT, beating A. H. Sanaa tmd
G. C. Mgpr. or the Vktofk Oibk
•'153
in Jnl} . iS^ Ii la coadMaS
Ecnetsl linrs nvrtl aJbs Itet
tier of U'kiU. or UilwufaMt.
Hlckus I* an acormpUdMl 4
pUjer. Al ths rif btb a
the AmrrtL-an Whi« E^ea
one u( the winners of tl
■polta trophy.
Vnilat Opinio*. -A vtKfcW
nal pohitsbcd in ndMai
rditrd bj Lcnnard L^i^
chief featttfE of lb* pa^n ia t
prodBction at (electrd lartW
the variotM periodkada 4M
ftpace to whiaL U alao nal
news of th« nnc pannd
whUl cekMtica. artkto •«!
Iters, pratihtma aad niha t^
Ing tnattiv. It w^ BMnV
latiDcbed to March, itgIL
r iiriiiiil ]
!BB
//•MC of C B. F. Ln^. «
rnlTBBce npott llw SaU af «
lliiniiiia liiirmnii— atliitjM
datf. tnaddiltea tacdUtel
aad fymi'tH beeoBtribBmiiM^
tha loaror 6rvdaa7Ud««aM
aad ti.li Leonard Lri^i^aMH
5^ APPI
pUc«d ind l<n unit) plavvd fkcc up on Ibr
uble. A ployec miul Ickd or plaf Uicni
wbcn Uwluiry vallcil. prsvldcd he an do
to irtthaat rcvaklug; th( oil KUVbe t*<
pcaieil ■! Fiicn or anr trick ootll 1]m card
U playnl. A pUjm cuDOOt. Iu>w*nr, be
- iE»r Died from Itedliir ' — ' "
Law 10>— I>*«itlBK Oat of Tnro.
BBCtioW I. P«tt»lMf Lam.— If k pIiTti
Inula ODt of lurn. Bod ttar errol b dbcov*
ered before ail have pJiiyc4 to bucIi Intd,
■ Mill auty be called from Mm or trtm lila
Kitnrr. a* the cu« maybe; IhrHrM lime
EreaKFT U i* (be riebl ofciiber arihcTD
to leadi but the taid led out of Inm )■ no<
liable to be called, and mtut br taken
iolD tbe band. The t«>>*lty caatii ea-
forwd only 1^ the adwriwrjoa the riaht
of ihF otie from whom n lend eati bHriully
be called. Kallhaw played W 111* ftil»
Uad. tbe ri^ht In Ibc penally U lad. If
1. botfiol all. have playpll-
urdg played to
I be taken back a
h Mf
iVC
fare tbe fiial trick thereafter woo ^ the
offender or bU paruier ie turiaed and
(lullied.
Src ^.
Ui l.ead.—lf ■ pUyer
hta partneri tutu tbe pjwi^i •«*<«■ »!■->
noi Iea4 UQtU a autt haa beeo la»fi^y
rilled or thctlKbtle Inllin lb* »c«allT
bu beea waleeil or fbrCrilcd b^. ■!■ •?'
... ... igcoiTdlOll
rdbrV
widle)
niKllatfal
la p«nalt* IB<
'■>];bulVell ,-
■it the n«1)l to call ( VIM la la
|. P«a>Hy rmld^tl a (di
ailed on lo load a mlt. bM i
le penaMy la p*l4 aad be may
bar !• bM rMM ■
< If4 m pludwl
hHTlna irlrk; "^
•crVbeatbr Bsnaeral Ua i^
)Bf player kaa oUad ■UeatM* B tt
i> b»e» lw< a*4
APPENDIX
565
Handi tbr »•- ••ry to win the fifit or aar Mibseqnciit
At the end oAhc pUy of « deal. trki to ^5»ch .""y^iiSS "^Hd.^S
aanU of a revoke can examine pUyed. and the ^;^;^l^ ^"^ *>
arda; if either hand ha. been V^J^ ^^t lUhlt tob^Mtd.
the claim may be urged and P. J- ^^J^XiS^SSS^^
f Doaaible : but no proof la necea- Ban Franoaco, \jai.
d^rlr^ke i. eiubliahed. i!. Thwdoeb SCHwa^
haa been claimed, the accused »«„., h wmSiT*^
* hia partner dlsturba the order RoBBax «. WMMlj,
carda before they have been ex- ^ »-..tI2^ '^ *
to the aatisfacUon of the adver- Lw«»i ••"S^^iphj^ p^
WlLBtm P. Smitb,
aw 13.— Mlaecllaneooa. Baltimoce, Md.
>]f 1. CalllBc Attention to N. B. Taitr,
-If any one calls attention in any New Orieana, X«a.
to the trick, before his partner Johw T. MiTCiinLL»
yed thereto, the adversary last to Chtcago» ni.
the trick mav reouire the of- E. L»RoT Smith.
partner to play his highest or Albany, N. Y.
.rthe suit led. or, If he haa none Waltbe H^BAaHBT,
rait- to trump or not to trump the Providence, R. L
BmjaMIN L. RlCHAMMi
. Remlndlnc Partner aa to Rock Rapida. Iowa.
J.— A pUyerhas the right to re- OmmiiUt om Lamnoftkf
partner that it is his privilege Anurtcam IVktU LmgM€.
ce a penaltv, and also to inform
he penalty he can enforce. Xhe CorreSDOndillff SeCTetuy til
Iartt7.-A pHfyer has the rij?hl ^W rcpO" Stated .
ent his partner from committing ** At the beginning of the paat wbitt
fgularitv, except revoking- year we had a memberahip 01 isSclnb,
4. BnltorcinK Penalties.— If four auxiliary asaociationa thirty-three
>f the adversaries, whether with associate members and nve honorary
tout his partner's consent, de- members, a decrease of twenty^five dnba
:>r waives a oenalty to which they and a decreaae of one aaaodate member.
tied, such decision is final; if the '*The clubs which have withdrawn
adversary demands a penalty, or since the Seventh Congreaa are . . a
C penalty is demanded, none can total of seventeen. Thoae which have
-ced. hfen dropped from the rolla on aooonnt
5. rallini^ to Comply with of having disbanded, two. Thoae ana-
If a player is lawfully called upon pended, a total of aeventeen. The new
the highest or the lowest of a club members are : Grand Rapida Whiat
trump or not to trump a trick, to Club; Sioux City Whiat, Cneaa and
suit, or to win a trick, and uune- Checker Club: Pyramid Whiat Cinb; New
y fails to comply, he is liable to Rochelle Whist Club ; Topeka Whiat
le penalty as if he had revoked. Club; Paaaaic Whiat Clnb; Mt. Bowdoln
>. Playing Twice In §accea- Whist Club; Newport Bnaineaa Men*a
If any one leads or plays a card. Association; Jackson City Clnb; Alter
en, before his partner has plaved Ki?o Club; V/oburn WhiK'Clnb--a total
trick, leads one or more other of eleven.
or plays two or more cariU to- " The strength of the IrCagne may bet-
all of which are better than any ter be realizM by looking at the follow-
crsaries hold of the suit, his part- ing figures representing peraona holding
y be called upon by either adver- direct allegiance :
Whiat Total
Clubs. Playera. Membership.
Independent Whist Clubs 63 3.683 3,663
Chess and WhiHt Clubs q 697 1,457
Social and Athletic Clubs 62 3,558 l8,5S9
Auxiliary Association Clubs not Members
of the A. W. L .^1 3,610 4,8j8
Totals 164 ii>548 38.537
Associate Members 3a
Honorary Members S
Grand ToUl aS^H
566
APPENDIX
"But that is not all the story. There
art' throuKhout the land whist asscxriH-
tiouN thai arc not raemlK-T** of the A. \V.
I. as such, but an- Kov»-rnf<l by it«» rules
;i':«! 'iT.W'y. They -ihouM l»f cuumrr.ite'cl
.♦f: *. t.tk'.'U in :ti\"iunt. in con-iiifrat'.nn of
f.. • hfi'..l thai IhL ;ianic l:.i.-. upun imr
ii.ili»n. They arc .
No. Mem-
111 iK-r-
X.iiT!'- I f A'—ociatJ'^Ti C!'i>>«* >ii'.;>.
C iJtr.r. V."h:-t A-M»ci:ili«jn i.s fi-i"
lM.!i,n» •■ !J V-'
M.vlii^.iii • ■' . . i: '=•■7
M--- .i::: - " . . ^ ' r
N ■].-..^k... " " . . 4 .vi-^
N : r.i ■ ■• '• . .-•, I'-.-
N .:f':w n •■ ' . ^ 3? 7
(».::■) ■■ ■' . S "t-*
I'.-. C- .i-t " •• : •. i: —
R. ' Kivcr •• '7 >'•
T- ;::;'.--(C" " ♦■ i /:
I';. I'K Mi'i. ■• " «>
V. ;*. nM^in " " . . 4 : i:
I Ot.ll
i::
I'lj A 'V I. • Jii'Ti-f!'
I.' .-. .::*; I .!.. i ! Ir 1 I ^.'tS ivc
r:-n'.i>U' '1 '■::' :i;»lii n: tf'.v
• '/i
■/■ '. "A V:>«t'.''.i\ ■■'- t i". iw-
\'... A V." r, !iiju:5'wi:j;.' '.<>
3 -.'»:"
Tl:- '''il't.'.' !:-.ii ntVii ■..■'" wereuiKini-
I'n--: i'.-::*.. M. I.-, k y S:;iilh. Al-
: .'!• . N. V.
• .- .-1 . t. -<t'. .... <■. i<. fV tl. ••■It <»>,
I • * ! • . y f
i\' • /. 1\ ;' ! I- 4•^. 1.1.
M '•: ;::;.• "^- ■ r-.-'arv C: irciu.e A.
;i- ■ ■ . 1- . N -.v V'TK City.
V- . -'/■•'■' ."iyl St."cri-lary. I. i.»
•••. .. .... I,,:... T M-'cru'"
■ »
;•! • ■• . :;'..-t.c y. ?.T- — H«>ii.
■ .I .«..■, •tii.-it>..iti.i, ill,,
! ::..:'. l".i]»'..r. Si »:•• :. I>l.in>i.
V - « •
■; : .!i c ■ vv'i.i'i'i. o.
J«i ;r:;.ii:u-ni ilii* winners
• ;" ;" - ir...: '.lies wlto a** fullows:
TiiK Hamilton- Tkoi tr,
The Amrrican \Vh:^*. vT.-
Pl.iyLTS. — h. M. l,'::\
I'Vn"ll«>.«ia. 1"'. H \\';::T' :•
Ptrrkiii-. H. C. y>\'l.'r :
twf» alUTuat-in;:
Tin: MiNNKAi' ti,:v 7,
The NowKT. CIu'- < : N" i
r'.awrs— I. W. I ..:. ;'^ •
I' Ilicknx.
Tin: A \V. I. C:jm>n
Tkt'i jr.
T::.' Aris-r'.i'.tn V,".::-- C".
..iViT'^—s^. J. :• ■ »i- ' .-.
Wanl' C. S Sir,- • H i *; '
j;. C. i- ku hvr :'::•. . . : :-
■1 it«f«»r^
a . • « ft • • t ^
— Tin: llkooKi.VN Tk ' •
Tliv NrwY..r:: >• .• W. • •
cial:i»ii.
I';a>crN. — K. U St.!:; \ :
^••■>!:i-, K. M L"r.iT:» '. .'. * •.
A. K. T.v: .r.j. r:. k: - . : ^
I. M. Levy. I I i .'-- :■
Nwni.i*:. I». M:/'.!:* !••'
Sv.r.v. C. K. Wt!- ". I: V ;
Woman's Whist Leacuc,
end Annual Congress.
::vi::it:"r. -.win .-.f. : :.
»T.i— ii-i-'' - ' Hi*' i"-''i-..
^.T •"• '••i "♦*" \Tli' '*^ ' *" .^* 1
.•lit ■ m . m ^ , ikli'* ^ , • <"# * .
.lV.v::.i- 'I ' V a'..-'U: :"'. •• ! ■
jKi-Mt--.. !'r(»ni tvir*. ;- •
\:i \^ :'..f j;.»t:ifn";c i* ».* rr- ••?
VvMr.
In xhv l'»urn.inirnt. rstnc^
numcr'm«i for a!', ibe t-^"
c- vents, and the play cf an f
tionally hif;hord«*r.
The 'Washington Trophy, t
seatative of the chompioeifai
"s," Rsnlted id a tie on match
ibetwecD two "Cavendish"
thoae or Bcstoa and Pbila-
ia, tbe former wintiing the
however, on tbe trick scote.
tarns were as follows ; "Cbt-
1 " Club of BostoD, Headames
ler, Adams, Talbot and An-
"CBTtndish" CInb of
lelphia, Mesdames Pettit,
■a, Newbold and Lowrie.
■ToledoCup, presented by the
gwood Club, of Toledo, for
It between teams of foar, was
] for upon this occaaian for
-st time. It fell to Meadames
I. Hart. FlemiagandCaiuion.
Philadelphia Cup. the cm-
>f the pair championship, was
bv Mrs. Baird Snyder and
Bdith Snvder, of the Otis
of PotUville, Pa.
following officers were
d for the ensuing year:
ndent — Mrs. Joseph R. Haw-
lartford, Conn.
it Vice-President— Mrs. Clar-
Srown, Toledo. O.
ond Vice-President — Mrs.
3 Adams, Boston.
retan.' — Mrs. O. D. Thompson,
lenv Citv. Fa.
isurer— Mrs. Silas W. Pettit,
lelphia.
fcmors— Mrs. Hmlen T. Lit-
Jew Vork; Mrs. C. H. Reeves,
lore; Mm. J. P. Wetherill,
lelphia; Mrs. J. M. Walker,
rr; Mni. O. W. Potter, Chi-
Mra. Henrv E. Watertnan, St.
; Mrs, Wilfiam Endicolt, Bos-
[who subsequently resigned,
ICate Wheelock being elected
ncceasor); Mrs, George E.
San Praocisco; Miss Sutam
Idle, Detroit; Mde. deSibonr,
ington, D. C, ; Hib. J. M. Mc-
ill, Brooklyn, and Mra. Ln*
IwUt. Miniieapolia.
bar tddwM to tbe Coogtcaa
latabdollBtfaHM:
Woman'* M«trapeliton WhM
1. — At a meeting t4
tadves of the teMing
iwhiat dnba, ritnated with-
in a twenty mile radina of Brook-
lyn Bridge, held in tbe Oty of New
York, June i, 1898, an aMociatJoa
was formed " for the poipoae of
encouraging the attidy and piactke
of whist " among the woown plaj-
crs of the metropolitan diatrkS.
Tbe propoaition, which ematiated
from Hrs. H. E. Wallace, met with
enthusiastic acceptance. Oigani-
cation waa effected and arrange-
ments made for a aeriea of inter-
dab matches.
The following oOcen were
elected:
Mrs. H. E. Wallace, SUtcD
Island, president; Mra. Brecken-
ridge. Brooklyn, firrt Tice-preai-
dent; Mrs. P. H. Jobnson, New
Vork, second vice-president; Miss
Inez Coleman, Bergen Point, aecte-
tary, and Mra. T. E. Otis, Bast
Orange, treaanrer. The other di-
rectoTB now are; Mia. Alfred
Cowles, New York; Mra. E. S.
Gaillard, New York, and Mia. Will-
iam Townwnd, Bayonne.
A list of the cluba Indoded In
the Aaaociation, and their reprcaen-
tatives, follows:
The Woman'a Onfa, of Brook-
lyn. — President, Hra. Brecken-
ndge; Delegate, Mra. J. H. McCon-
nell, Ber^ Point — President,
Mra. A. A. Smith; Delegate, Miat
lues Coleman. Ladies' New Votk
Whiat Clnb— Preaident, Mia. M. P.
568
APPENDIX
Campbell. New Amsterdam —
President, Mrs. Alfred Cowles;
Delegate, Mrs. George H. Bosley.
Long Island — President, Mrs.
Irish; Delegate, Miss Rutherford.
Otis Club, of East Orange — Presi-
dent, Mrs. T. E. Otis; lX*legate.
Miss Cameron. Southern Club —
President, Mrs. rrallianl; Delegate,
Mrs. William Re ail. Hayonne —
President, Mrs. Townsend; Dele-
gate, Mrs. Burritt. KateWheelock,
Slatcn Island — President. Mrs. li.
IC. Wallace; Delegate, Mrs, Sidney
P. Rawson. Delegations not eni-
pnweretl t<» act for their clubs were:
Yotikers — President. Mrs. Ten
I«'yi'k; Delegate. Mrs. R<K*kwel1.
Newark — President. Mrs. Chapman;
Delegate, Mrs. Howarth. Jer«<'v
City — President. Mrs. Evclamt;
IVlegate. Mrs. Hallou.
Canadian Whlat League. — At
the third congress, Toronto, July
21-23. i'*V^. <»ceurred the first inter-
national whist match, although it
was- of an informal character. Aixmt
a dozen .American players, on their
way home from the .'Vmerican
Whist C«»ngres't. called on the
Canadians anrl were conlially re-
cfivi-d. .\mong tlum were L. ("i.
Parker, c«irres])onflini; si.'cretarv of
tlu- A. W. L ; i:. r.. Co<.per N'ash-
villf. and Most-i and P.. Shire, of
Iiiiflal«», thf lallor two members of
till" team wliich had iu^t won the
Hrnok'yn tn»]»hy.
Tlu- C:niMdia!i«« si-It-cted Atlie-
: 1 ;::ii ■ U !•■ im;. uhich had tie<l f»»r
Ihf C:ir..idi..:'. •'ham^iinr.-hi]* al tr::-=
I 'iTij^Ti -■,. ♦'! jij.iv a^i.iin-t the Amer-
i« .ni«. TVi<- l.f.'T 'Ann Sy three
tri-'l;-- T!:'" C .!:.i'!i:i!i ;il.r."'. T" were:
( n. r-.:::. 1. 1-:. i^Mr-nt.t. n. Rich-
.»i'!.i>ti. .ir.'l 11 T C«»!vman.
hi X'f.' ] .iir c« v.U'l. M. .^^hirc an^l
I!. Ii C"»] . I .i]nii r.irrifd off tlu*
vitior\ . '- si'.iiL: .\. II Ilarncs and
*• <\ I'.ti^i'ti. ••! thr \"i tiiria Club.
T«»T«'iit<> \ \ -v\vx\ tricks.
The American Whist- flay
A monthly jxrritMlica]. e-::*.
published ' in Bcisior. ^r ':,
Hickox. The first >*t:v
W mr't ica ft HhiU-I t\i i r-r • : ■
in July, 189S. It i*f. : lu.'.r
general lines much -.x-k: *
nernf Whist, of M;".v% »;.•.--
Ilickox is an acccnij ".>' ■ ^
player. At the eig!:!h v •.^".
the Amencan Whisi \.ka^\. .
one of the winners kj\ i-v >!
apolis trophy.
Whist Opinion.— \ -A.^k
nal publishe«l :i'. P*. • c
ttlitefl by I^nnari !. .:".
chief feature of thr \ •.•- ' -
pro<luction of -vKc:- .:::.•-•
the various jcno:: -. •
space to nhi"!. I: ..*.-
news of the ganii -*.:
whist eelfbritic-. ar!:- 'l-'. :" -
ners, pro!»leui^ ami •■•.:.tr ;■ •
ing matter. It 1* i'* -u ^v
launched in Mari.h. i^*^-^.
B. Lowslcy, of \.c^'rA ::
tenant-Colonel Riv.i'. r-j-
(retired ■. is the auth- r « :"
of the Futurr. " \% :;:«.'■.
Eress in the ear'% \ a.—. •■? : ■^-'
as ."^ince crea!»r<i a ^r*. i! •":. -
teresl. The wr.tcr. ^^:: •• ..r
exjjrment of the short -*u:: :
mon sense " the<'ry »»:\ -.: •'
eral novt-l argumeii:- A.r.:.
consi'leration. Cm'.i:;?'. I. ■*-
a frequent contnlulur :o U t
Lcnnard Leigh.— TVe «! -<
p!ume of C. H. F. I.:n''.«^*- *
entrance ui-on the irr'.-i *
hteralun.' isof ct»mpar^?:>, • ■•
tlate. In addition to f^::* r . '
(Opinion hecontri^iitv* rt ^-. .•
four or five lia'.ly an*! tRcr*'
nais. I.ennaril I.eiirh's arr —
irrs du )fu. AS be ti:y!e» ihri.
widely quoted.
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