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Full text of "The White city. The historical, biographical and philanthropical record of Illinois"

11 B R.ARY 

OF THE 

U N IVER.SITY 
OF ILLTNOIS 



977o3 

M85w 



ILLINOIS HISTORY SURVEf 
LIBRARY 



THE WHITE CITY. 

THE 

Historical, Biographical and Philanthropical Record 

OF 

ILLINOIS, 



BY 



JOHN MOSES AND PAUL SELBY. 

TO WHICH IS ADDED A SKETCH OF THE DISTRICT OF 

COLUMBIA, THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED 

STATES, AND ILLINOIS 

AT THE 

WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



CLASSIFIED AND ILLUSTRATED. 



CHICAGO : 

CHICAGO WORLD BOOK COMPANY. 

1893. 



Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1893, by 

CHICAGO WORLD BOOK COMPANY, 
In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 



THE HENRY 0. SHEPARD CO., PRINTERS AND BOOK BINDERS, CHICAGO. 




JOHN MOSES. 



-J 

ifl 

i 



43272 




PAUL SELBV. 




FOR MORE THAN FORTY YEARS 

CONSPICUOUSLY IDENTIFIED WITH THE AGRICULTURAL, ME- 
CHANICAL AND COMMERCIAL INTERESTS OF THE 

STATE OF ILLINOIS; 
SECRETARY AND VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE STATE BOARD OF 

AGRICULTURE J 
COMMISSIONER FOR ILLINOIS AND THE UNITED STATES TO 

THE FRENCH UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION OF 1867; 
ILLINOIS COMMISSIONER TO THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION AT 

PHILADELPHIA IN 1876; 

SECRETARY AND LEADING SPIRIT OF THE CHICAGO INTER- 
STATE EXPOSITION, AND 

DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF OF THE ILLINOIS EXHIBIT IN THE WORLD'S 
COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION OF 1893 TESTED IN MANY HON- 
ORABLE POSITIONS AND FOUND WANTING IN NONE 
THIS VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY 

THE AUTHORS. 




JOHN PARKER REYNOLDS. 



Acrostic 



T o him who scans this Title Page with care 

H ow great reward, since he alone can share 

B ach thought the artist's brain conceived, whose pen 

C onveyed the picture to the gaze of men. 

H ere, the "White City;" and 'tis well to see 

I n twelve "Trunk Lines" what strong supports there be. 

C olumns of "Seals" of every State appear; 

A ttached are names, now noted far and near ; 

G rand Arch these Columns crowns, in blocks of stone 

O n each a name familiar as your own- 

W hile Brackets give support. Study them well, 

O r, on their symbols let your eye now dwell. 

R ewarded you will be to then pursue 

L ines practical, artistic all in view; 

D ownward your glance should fall to left and right, 

B eholding Man's and Nature's skill and might. 

O pen the gateway to the great " World's Fair," 

O ur own Columbia welcoming you there; 

K indred, indeed, though other lands, to-day, 

C laim an allegiance that you gladly pay. 

O f all the means by which you may attain 

M ore than a passing view, true knowledge gain, 

P ermit the " Gate Ajar " to bring to you 

A world of wonders, as you glance it through. 

N ow, our White City ever swings this way ; 

Y ou may its pages read, and will you, pray ? 




/ 



wra 



Li*. 




























>iit-|n<D i 

niHJ 







Preface 6 

CHAPTER I. 

Importance of State History "The Illinois Country " Origin of the Name Topog 
raphy, Soil, Climate and Natural Productions 9 

CHAPTER II. 

Discoveries of Joliet, Marquette and La Salle Sad Fate of the Latter Henry De 
Tonty The Indian Confederation at " Starved Rock " /7 

CHAPTER III. 

Aboriginal Occupants of the Soil Early French Missions on the Upper Illinois and at 
Cahokia and Kaskaskia 27 

CHAPTER IV. 

First Permanent Settlements The Group of French Villages about Kaskaskia New 
France Illinois Attached to Louisiana 33 

CHAPTER V. 

British Occupation English Governors Col. George Rogers Clark's Expedition Con- 
quest of Illinois British Attack on St. Louis Capture of Fort St. Joseph . . 39 

CHAPTER VI. 

Illinois as Part of the Northwest and Indiana Territories Ordinance of 1787 Governors 
St.' Clair and Harrison Indian Treaties Illinois Territory Organized Early 
Settlers Governor Edwards War of 1812 Fort Dearborn Massacre Early Illi- 
nois Towns 46 

CHAPTER VII. 

Illinois Admitted into the Union Administration of Governor Bond Removal of the 
Capitol to Vandalia Governor Coles Emancipation of his Slaves Attempt to 
Introduce Slavery into Illinois The Prominent Leaders 59 

CHAPTER VIII. 

The Administrations of Governors Edwards, Reynolds, Duncan, Carlin, Ford and 
French Personal and Character Sketches The Black Hawk, Mormon and 
Mexican Wars Internal Improvement Craze The Lovejoy Murder Appearanc 
of New Men in State Affairs 69 

CHAPTER IX. 

State Constitutional Convention of 1847 Features of the New Constitution Governor 
French's Second Term Illinois Central Railroad Matteson's Administration 
Organization of the Republican Part}' Lincoln-Douglas Debate 83 

xii 



CONTENTS ILLINOIS. xiii 

CHAPTER X. 

The Admistration of Governor Bissell Personal Sketch Gov. John Wood Campaign 
of 1860 Lincoln and Yates The Rebellion Illinois in the Great Struggle Peace 
Meetings in 1863 Camp Douglas Conspiracy Campaign of 1864 Assassination 
of Lincoln The Loyal Women of Illinois Oglesb-'s Administration . ... 93 

CHAPTER XI. 

Under the Constitution of 1870 From Palmer to Fifer The Chicago Fire Sketches of 
Eminent Men Palmer, Oglesby, Cullom, Logan, Fifer, etc National Conven- 
tions in Chicago Political Revolution of 1892 Governor Altgeld 107 

CHAPTER XII. 

Three-quarters of a Century Under the State Government Common Schools and State 
Institutions Early Newspapers Industries Agriculture Illinois Coal Produc- 
tion Illinois and Michigan Canal Railroads Manufactures, etc 125 

CHAPTER XIII. 

List of Executive Officers Under the Territorial and State Governments 142 

ILLINOIS INSTITUTIONS. 

Fort Sheridan The Art Institute The Armour Mission The Armour Institute The 
University of Chicago !47 

RELIGION. 

Dwight L. Moody Bishop J. L. Spalding 159 

ILLINOIS SOCIETIES. 

Grand Army of the Republic Young Men's Christian Association Woman's Christian 
Temperance Union Christian Endeavor Epworth League 164 

PART II. 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
Preface j 

CHAPTER I. 
Establishment of a Federal City 3 

CHAPTER II. 
The City of Washington 7 

CHAPTER III. 
Erecting the Capitol . Io 

CHAPTER IV. 
The New Capitol I2 

CHAPTER V. 

Attractions of the City The Departments The Smithsonian Institution The Washing- 
ton Monument The City's Cemeteries The Soldier's Home The Corcoran Art 
Gallery Washington Suburbs The National Cemetery 17 

THE PRESIDENTS. 

George Washington 2 _ 

John Adams , o 

Thomas Jefferson ,. 



xiv THE WHITE CITY CONTENTS. 

James Madison 39 

Janies Monroe 44 

John Quincy Adams 48 

Andrew Jackson . 52 

Martin Van Buren 57 

William Henry Harrison 60 

John Tyler 63 

James K. Polk 65 

Zachary Taylor 68 

Millard Fillmore 72 

Franklin Pierce "6 

James Buchanan 79 

Abraham Lincoln 82 

Andrew Johnson 87 

Ulysses S. Grant 91 

Rutherford B. Hayes 95 

James A. Garfield 98 

Chester A. Arthur 101 

Grover Cleveland 104 

Benjamin Harrison , 107 

SOCIETIES. 

Grand Army of the Republic Woman's Relief Corps Sons of Veterans Daughters of 

Veterans no 

Young Men's Christian Association 121 

Woman's Christian Temperance Union 123 

Society of Christian Endeavor 126 

Baptist Young People's Union of America 130 

PART III. 

The Columbian Exposition I 

The Board of Directors 3 

Board of Reference and Control 5 

The Board of Lady Managers 7 

PROMINENT WORLD'S FAIR OFFICIALS. 

Thomas Wetherell Palmer 10 

Lyman J. Gage 1 1 

William T. Baker 12 

Harlow N. Higinbotham 13 

Ferdinand W. Peck 14 

Anthony F. Seeberger 15 

Charles Carroll Bonney 16 

Thomas B. Bryan . ' 17 

John T. Dickinson i s 

Gen. George R. Davis 20 

Daniel Hudson Burnham 21 

Moses P. Handy 22 

John Wellburn Root 23 

John Parker Reynolds 25 

ILLINOIS AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Illinois State Building 27 

Woman's Department 31 



CONTENTS ILLINOIS. XV 

ILLINOIS EXHIBITS. 

Department A. ,r 

Department B 42 

Department D 45 

Department E 46 

Department F 48 

Department G c o 

Department H 54 

Department J ^ 

Department K 63. 

Department L 66 

Department M 5o 

Department N j o 

Woman's Building 70 

Administration Building 76 

Government Building y 

Manufactures and Liberal Arts go 

Art Palace 12O 

Machinery Hall ' 122 

Woman's Building I2 & 

Horticultural Building 130. 

Electrical Building 134 

Agricultural Building ... I4 O 

Fisheries Building J54 

Mines and Mining Building j^6 

Transportation Building !g8 




liisfe f Illustrations 

PART I. 

Altgeld, Gov. John P 119 

Armour Institute and Mission 153 

Asylum for Feeble Minded, Lincoln 77 

Board of Trade, Chicago 125 

City Hall, Chicago 129 

Davis, Chas. E Frontispiece 

Fifer, Joseph W II : 

First State House, Kaskaskia 27 

Fort Sheridan 147 

Fuller, Justice M. W, 105 

Grant Monument, Chicago 133 

Grant, Ulyssus S 97 

Harrison, Carter 115 

Institution for the Blind, Jacksonville 59 

Lincoln, Abraham 93 

Logan, John A, 101 

Masonic Temple, Chicago 139 

Moses, John v 

Penitentiary for Insane Criminals, Chester 55 

Prairie State, The 5 

Present State House, Springfield 51 

Relief Map of Illinois 17 

Reynolds, John Parker ix 

Second State House, Vandalia 33 

Selby, Paul vii 

Sheridan, Gen. Phil 87 

State Normal School, Carbondale 73 

State Normal University, Normal 69 

State Penitentiary, Joliet 63 

Stevenson, Vice President, Adlai E 123 

Third State House, Springfield 39 

University of Chicago 155 

University of Illinois, Champaign 83 

W. C. T. U. Temple, Chicago ..." 167 

White City, The xi 

PART II. 

Allegorical Painting, National Capitol 17 

Capitol Building, Washington 13 

Congressional Library, National Capitol 23 

Panorama from Dome of the National Capitol 7 

Pennsylvania Avenue from State Department, Washington u 

State, War and Navy Departments, Washington Frontispiece 

Supreme Court Room, National Capitol 23 

Willard, Frances E ... 125 

xvi 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ILLINOIS. xvii 

PART III. 

Administration Building -~ 

Agricultural Building j.j 

A. H. Andrews & Co., 215 Wabash Ave., Chicago 109 

American Radiator Co., in Lake St., Chicago 05 

American Reflector Co., 80 Jackson St., Chicago ,105 

Armour & Co., Home Ins. Building, Chicago , 101 

Arthur Dixon Transfer Co. , 305 Fifth Ave. , Chicago 166 

Art Palace I2I 

Baker, William T 

Bird's eye view of the White City nc 

Bonney, C. C I5 

Bradley, J. H 3I 

Bryan, Thomas B j- 

Buckbee, William, Rockford, 111 .132 

Callahan, Miss Mary ,, 

Candee, Mrs. Isabella L ,, 

Caw's Ink & Pen Co, New York, N. Y II3 

Chester, E. E 3I 

Chicago Cottage Organ Co., 215 Wabash Ave., Chicago 106 

Chicago Herald, 158 Washington St., Chicago I2 6 

Chicago Medical and Surgical Institute, 30 Van Buren St. , Chicago no 

Columbia Rubber Works Co., Lake and La Salle Sts., Chicago 102 

Commercial Cable System, Broad and Wall Sts., New York 136 

Congress of Nations, William F. Cody I ^ 2 

Davis, Geo. R 2I 

David, E. B 2g 

D. B. Fisk & Co., Wabash Ave. and Washington St., Chicago 117 

Dickinson, John T jq 

Dickirson, James K , t 

Doughtery's New England Mince Meat, 210 Washington Bcul., Chicago 145 

Dunham, M. W., Oaklawn Stud, Wayne, 111 . I47 

D. W. McNeal Co., 19-241 Wabash Ave., Chicago 118 

Dysart, S . . . . 29 

Economy Heaters, 82 Lake St., Chicago 94 

Eggleston, Melette & Brownell, 207 Tacoma Bldg., Chicago 112 

Electrical Building j,c 

Fish and Fisheries Building icr 

Fulkerson, W. H 3I 

Funk, Lafayette 2 q 

Gage, Lyman J r 

Garrard, W. C 2q 

Gilbert, Mrs. Frances L 33 

Gould, Mrs. Marcia Louise ,-, 

Grunwald, E. M., St. Petersburg, Russia ug 

Government Building yq 

Hamilton, Mme. E., 48 Van Buren St., Chicago 119 

Handy, Moses P 2 , 

Harvey, T. W., Harvey, HI I53 

Helvetia Milk Condensing Co., Highland, 111 142 

Higinbotham, H. N. . . . .' q 

Hoffman, Josef, Reichenberg, Germany qq 

Horticultural Building i^! 

Hosteller, A. B 2 q 

Illinois State Board 29-31 



XVlll THE WHITE CITY LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Illinois State Building 27 

Illinois Woman's Exhibit 35 

Illinois Woman's Board 3$ 

Johns, S. W 29 

Judy, J. W 29 

Keeley Cure, Dwight, 111 87 

Liebig Company, Antwerp, Belgium 144 

Lyon & Healy, 156 State St., Chicago 83 

Machinery Hall 123 

Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building ... Si 

Marshall Field & Co., Washington and State Sts., Chicago 97 

McCormick Reapers, 212 Market St., Chicago 148 

Metropolitan Business College, Monroe St. and Michigan Ave. , Chicago 100 

Mines and Mining Building .... 157 

Moline Plow Co., Moline, 111 150 

Oglesby, Mrs. Richard J 33 

Owen Electric Belt and Appliance Co., 191 State St., Chicago 137 

Pace, E. C 29 

Palmer, Mrs. Potter i 

Palmer, Thomas W 3 

Patton, Mrs. Francine E 33 

Pearce, J. Irving 31 

Pease Piano Co., 46 Jackson St., Chicago 115 

Peck, Ferdinand W 1 1 

Peninsular Stove Co. , 79 Wabash Ave., Chicago 90 

Peter Henderson & Co., 35 Cortlandt St., New York 133 

Pullen, B 29 

Pullman Palace Car Co., Pullman, 111 162 

Reid, Murdock & Co. , 3 State St, Chicago 93 

Rhode Island Locomotive Works, Providence, Rhode Island 164 

Roundy Regalia Co., iSS S. Clark St., Chicago 114 

Seeberger, A. F 13 

Shepard, Mrs. Frances Welles 33 

Siegel, Cooper & Co., Van Buren and State Sts., Chicago 96 

Sohtner Pianos, The Thompson Music Co., 367 Wabash Ave., Chicago 82 

Spaulding, A. G., 108 Madison St., Chicago 107 

Sprague, Warner & Co. , 17 Randolph St., Chicago 89 

Stevens, C.A.&Bros., in State St., Chicago 139 

Stryker, W. D 31 

Studebaker Bros., 203 Michigan Ave., Chicago 160 

Sunlight Soap, Toronto, Ontario SS 

The American Boiler Co., Chicago, Illinois 92 

The Caligraph, 185 La Salic- -St., Chicago 127 

The Crane Co., 2 1 9 S. Jefferson St. , Chicago 125 

The Dayton Autograghic Register Co., Dayton, Ohio 86 

The Ceo. F. Child Chair Co., 277 Wabash Ave., Chicago 104 

The Gormully & Jeffery Mfg. Co., 85 Madison St., Chicago 163 

The Inter Ocean, Madison and Dearborn Sts., Chicago 124 

The J. H. Fenton Co., 267 Wabash Ave., Chicago 146 

The Michigan Stove Co., 256 S. Clinton St., Chicago 91 

Tlir National Cash Register Co., 115 Monroe St., Chicago 85 

The North American Phonograph Co., Masonic Temple, Chicago 138 

The Smith-Premier Typewriter Co., 154 Monroe St., Chicago 103 

The Wayne Sulkeyette and Road Cart Co., Decatur, Illinois 161 

The Walter M. Lowney Co., 279 Madison St., Chicago 143. 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ILLINOIS. 



XIX 



149 
159 

III 

29 

31 
29 



The Meeker Medicine Co., 260 So. Clark St. , Chicago 

Transportation Building 

Van's Mexican Hair Restorer, Allen & Co., Inter Ocean Building, Chicago 

Virgin, John 

Vittum, D. \V 

Washburn, J. M 

Wau-Be-Ke-Chuck, 237 La Salle St., Chicago J5 i 

Wilkinson Co., 83 Randolph St., Chicago log 

Wiles, Mrs. Robert H 

William's Automatic Car Coupler, Exchange 10, Grand Pacific Hotel, Chicago . 165 

Woman's Building 

Woman's Exhibit 

Wool fs Clothing, Halsted and Madison Sts., Chicago ng 

W. W. Kimball Co., 243 Wabash Ave., Chicago . 

Wyman, B. F 2 




SUMMARY. 

Settled at Kaskaskia in 1720, 
Founded by Frenchmen. 
Organized as Territory in 1809. 
Admitted as State in 1818. 

Population in 1860 1,711,951 

" " 1870 2,539,891 

" ' ; 1880 3,077.871 

" 1890 3,826.351 

Voting Population 1,072,663 

Electoral Votes 24 

U. S. Representatives 22 

State Senators 51 

" Representatives 153 

Area (square miles) 56,650 

Population to Square Mile 55 

Real & Personal Property, *797,000,000 

Railroads (miles) '. 10.189 

Square Miles to Mile of Railroad... 5.5 
Yearly Manufactures 1415,000,000 



LARGEST 

Chicago 



CITIES. 



DESCRIPTIVE. 

ILLINOIS, before the coming of the "pale faces, " was occupied by sev- 
eral fierce and warlike tribes of Indians. The Illinois Indians were a 
powerful confederation of several tribes; they were constantly at war 
with other Indian tribes and with the whites, until their numbers became 
so deceminated that they gave up the struggle and followed their chief, 
Du Quoin, to the Indian Territory. The Kiekapoos were the relentless 
enemies of the whiles, with whom they were almost constantly at war. 
When finally driven from the State they migrated to Mexico to avoid Amer- 
ican rule. 

Fur-traders and missionaries from Canada were the first to visit this 
land. In 1673 Father Marquette and the fur-trader, Louis Joliet, reached 
the Mississippi via the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, descended it to the 
Illinois River and paddled up that sluggish stream, everywhere welcomed 
with " festivals and peace-pipes " by the Aborigines. In 1679 La Salle and 
Tonti made further explorations, and in 1680 La Salle and Father Hennepiu 
founded Fort Creve-Conir. Kaskaskia and Cahokia were established as 
Catholic missions, and soon a flourishing French commerce sprang up 
between the Mississippi Valley and the Great Lakes -via the Illinois and 
Chicago River^. 

This territory was first settled and governed by the French, first from 
Quebec :ind then from New Orleans, until 1763, when it was ceded to the 
English. Virginia claimed Illinois as part of her territory by right of 
charter, and governed it until 1784, when it was ceded, with other territory 
northwest of the Ohio River, 1 ' to the United States. Illinois was organ- 
ized as a Territory in 1809, and became a State in 1818. 

TOPOGRAPHY. Greatest length.north and south, 385 miles: greatest 
width, 218 mill's. Of its 56,650 square miles, 56,000 are land and 650 water. 
Has 288 streams. Mississippi River forms its western boundary for 700 
miles. The Ohio and Wabash Rivers bound the State on the southeast. 
Shore line on Lake Michigan, 110 miles. Chicago connected with the Mis- 
sissippi River by canal to La Salle, and the Illinois River to the Mississippi. 
Navigable waterways, 4,100 mileg. State a vast prairie, well timbered in 
many localities. Elevation from 340 feet at Cairo to 1,140 feet the highest 
point In northwest portion of State. 

AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, &c.-The soil of Illinois 
is the most uniformly productive in the world, its farm products having 
reached $270,000,000 in one year. Ranks second as a corn producing State, 
with an average crop for 10 years of 227,000,000 bushels. Wheat belt lies 
south of Springfieid annual product for 13 years, 30,000,000 bushels. Aver- 
age oat crop over 70.000,000 bushels. The other leading farm products 
an- rye, barley, buckwheat, potatoes, hay, grass seed, tlaxseed, broom-corn, 
sorghum, etc. St:iti' abounds in fine fruit, and has 300,000 acres of orchards 
and vineyard-.. Thr pi-aches from the Alton country are famous, and the 
apple yield has reached 600,000 bushels. Cherries and plums thrive, and 
>trawberrie>, raspberries and other small fruits are raised in vast quanti- 
ties. More than 3.000.000 pounds of grapes and 300.000 gallons or wine have 
b'-en produced Crimi the vineyards in a single year. Number of nurseries, 
434: seed farms, 21. 

LIVE STOCK. On account of the immense yield of hay, corn, and 

oats, Illinois is especially adapted to stock raising. State ranks first in 

value of horses, second in swine, and fourth in dairy products. Number of horses in 1890, 1,123,973, value, $83 301 912- 

swine, 5.433.250, value, $30,517,479; milch cows, 1,072,473, value, $24,259,339. 

MINERALS. The first coal discovered in the United States was near Ottawa, by Father Hennepin. State 
ranks second in production of bituminous coal. Coal area. 37,000 square miles, with over 1,000 mines. Product of 
1890, 12,638,000 tons: value. Ml. 755,000. State ranks high in production of limestone, and has 104 quarries. Value of 
building stone quarried. 11,064,566; value of lime produced, $366,245. 

MANUFACTURES. Illinois leads in manufacture of distilled spirits, ranks fourth in fermented liquors, 
first in packing of meat, second in production of steel, fourth in pig iron. Wool industry important. 

EDUCATIONAL. Students enrolled in common schools, 778,319: permanent school fund over $12800000- 

>( -' I nge.rt-21. Students in private schools, 105,000. Normal University, Normal, over 1,100 students; Southern 

Illinois Normal University, Carbondale, 1,400 students; Cook Co. Normal, Chicago; Universitv of Illinois Urbana 
over 500 students. 



1,438,010 
Peoria .................................... 41,024 

Quincy .................................. 31,494 

Springfield ............................. 24,9<S3 

Rockford ............................... 23,584 

Joliet .................................... 23,264 

LEGAL. 

STATUTES OF LIMITATION. 

Judgments, 7 years. 
Open Accounts, 5 years. 
Notes, 10 years. 
Redemption Tax Sales, 2 years. 

LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. 

Unwritten Contracts, 5years. 
Foreclosure Mtg. and Tax Sales, 1 yr. 
Real Actions in State, 20 years. 

HOMESTEAD AND EXEMPTION. 

Necessary wearing apparel, Bible, 
school books and family pictures. 

Personal property foreach person $100 

Additional for head of family residing 
with them (not including money 
or wages due debtor) .............. $300 

Homestead farm or lot and buildings 
thereon ................................ $1,000 

. INTEREST. 

Legal Rate, 5 per ct. 

liy Contract. 7 per ct. 

Forfeit for Usury, all the Interest. 

3 Days Grace. 

MARRIED WOMEN. 

Hold all property acquired by descent, 
gift or purchase as if unmarried, 



MAP INDEX OF ILLINOIS. 



EXPLANATION. 



oowng ]. an upmoB t 
of every rnunlv.Utv, Town. Vil- 
Iftgr. nmi Poslonlc* in the Stule. 
'illallt.ll of BCl> is K i veil 

acordlnj t The On 
Th.' population o 
pUcos n- not give 



small 

*u* Report, * they were Included 
In MM- ,-IM! (M.irict In which Ihny 
re located; lli^se are indicated 
lhu X 

Slate Capital* and large Cltlm 
re in capluU. Ihu^ CHICAGO 

County Towns aw In "full-faced 
type, Ihu* Cheater 

PoMloffloM are hi Roman t>in>, 
thu Akron. 

Places not POM office* are in 
Italic, thus Andfrsoit. 

Fxpre>* ofllcr* are Indicated 

Tb- lelUTS following nnme of 
Town refer to t h point of cotnpa>* 
en Hi" -Mnp "here It U local nd. 

In the I.i-t (,f Cou n tie* the letter 
nd flpurf, follnwhi? name of 
ConBt7 t ourrapond with the letter 
ard figure on margins of Map op- 
posite tin- locution of County on 

W 

Owing to lack of room on Map 
they will lf be found" ihVlUt 



^of Tow 

"" Late el [mates 2i vi! 
1.500,000 population. 



! Chlc.iRoo 



Boone 
Brown 



rhaninwijt 

< imdM. 

Clark 



Cook 

( :.' f. .ru 

Ctiiuberlanil . 

DeKalb 

De Witt 

SrC:::::: 

Edgar 

Edward* 

Ktflajdiam 

KB?.::::::. 

Franklin 

Fulton 

CllaUn 

Greene 

Ondy 



llfuuvraiu 
Henry .... 

ssr.v 



McLean... 

Maroo 

Mtroupln.. 
Mudlion ... 

Marlon 

M.-.Hatl.. 

Ma*ju 

MaMV 

;.:.!,,; ... 

Monroe 

M.iiitlfiim-r 

HoXnV"' 



...... 

lUuilnlpt 
Klcl.laml 
Kork Inland 



WllllaniMn 
Witiuebuo 
Woodrwrd 



VI M.56S 

O7 14.SM 
,.A9 11.M8 



i illSi.SM 
1* 17,183 
il 15.44S 



.NlO 19.388 

. ,N B 18,367 

,H 10 17.0JS 

..its n.ir- 

. ,.H4 43.110 

...K1I 14.I3B 

..M 28,791 

..KlO Il.OM 

. R 10 iT.flOO 

-T J ,i "-^ 

'.'.' ea 



!..N* J4.810 

;"*.t; 8 lliws 

...CIO 5iU61 

..Fll 28.731 

.D 1(1 ],! 

>.G4 38,TSi 

.A 11 S4.235 

..K9 80.7W 



::?! S;!!. 

H* e3.WH 

.. ,.K8 88.083 

MS 4a380 

,. ..OS 51.5M 

.. ..!'B 14,341 

,...K1 13.W8 

... . IS H.M7 

.. . L'8 11.313 

IK 13.120 

.. ..F 3 18.MS 

SI 1J.W9 

900U3 

;:..K4 32,036 

.. ..L M.l 

.. , B1 ?8,7lO 

., . G 70.878 



. U 8 11 3S1 

. . E 1 .4,780 

. . B i5.049 

..O 11 I'i,nl9 

. .n 3 *i,n 

. . P 6 M.571 

. S 10 19.343 

,.K *UJ 

. J3 Ii--" 



..TT 31.141 

. .1 I 1 ! J '.<>: 
. P II ll.HM 



. 

SB 83 -ltt 

.. A S Js,S.Ta 

O 7 (1,4:1 



PopoUOoa ibdudvd la CUc^o. 



TOWK. COO XI r. IMIxx. 

Adan-.n, A^K W 

Aitnm- Cur*. (tr Alletiilile). 
ftAttiimn, UvltiRvtim <; 

AddteviUe, Wa*!iineton ...s 

Addbon, DUPMKC KK 

Adeline, ORle .'.'.'.'.'." S 

A.K:llli : i', .lahJHT ".'...'.. St-: 

Aetna. Ciilpn R 

AVi 111. VraukUn... '.'.'. '.'.'... 8 

Akr..n. Pf..rta C 

%Aitl<tin, Pike W 

Altinv, Wnltetkli! N W 

Albion, ) .in:-; !tE 

AI.I.-11. MrlTi-iiry N 

'.'.'.'. VMW 

__. .-, Knc N 

.A,,;rr^;r.::::::; 

Alttonanin. Mcllenry M 

Alliambra, Mutlwin C 

All.-ii.inl.-. j!Mih BE 

Allru'aSptltifr. I'op".; B 



%. Minn Kit, Moullr-f! C 

0AUertott. Plait C 

Allertitu Vermilion E 

AlUnon, Lawrence NE 

Alma, Marlon 8 

^ Alma. Saint Clalr SW 

Aintora, Koue N 

Alpha. Henry KW 

Alpine, Cook NE 

Alwy, Hcott W 

Alt*, Peorla C 

Airmiunit, KflliifElam S 

mAllenfitlm, Cook NE 

Alton, Million C 



Amboy, Lee ','.'.'.S 

America, I'uhukl S 

ArneJ", Mnroe S\V 

Amity, lilehlarfd SE ' 

Anchor. Mr Lean SW 

Ancodl, IJvlugston C 

Andalui.1., Rr*k Iliuid. NV/ 

Audenon, Ceia W 

Auu"v^!Henry??!'. 1 !.'!V.VNW 

Anna. Union 8 

Annapiplli, L'nwfuril SE 

Aunawan, Henry NW 

Antloch, like NE 

Autonlti*, Adams W 

Appli- River. JoDavlewSW 

Al-pl.-'i-ii. Kno W 

Aptaklnlc, iJike NE 

Arcadia, Woman W 

Archie. Vennllkin E 

Arcola, Duujflai E 

QArden, Pike '.....W 

Arentvllle. COM W 

Argvuts, MHCOM S 

Aw. < ..rr<i:i 

Arxyle'Park. tV.k... 

Arlington. Bureau... 



.:.N 



Arlington, nurcau n 

Arlington llelghts.Coi.k NK 
_ Armlngton, Tniewyll C 

Aroiitrpng, Vermilion E 

Aru.fM. More-in W 

*Arri',,yla t Wjiie'.'.'"" s SE 

Arthur. Moult rlc '.'.'.. ,C 

rAtf'.l'il'. Carroll NW 
-!i {.PJM\ Ji''(|U(>i'* 

Aahkom, Itoquul* K 

Aihland-_CKs. w 

Aihlcy. WnMiiuEtuu S 

titan re, < )>.> B 

; Athlon, lee N 
M-I1K-, PclnijU-r W 

. \uutii ptl'.n. Clirltln,...C 

Astoria, Fulton W 

Athena. M-'iiiir I 
AlhrnnvHle. Urce 



AikHi 



., D 
..w 
KW 
...G 



jAtljUU. LOK* 

UU, Pike n 

y. MniarU C 



. 



in c 



Alwoo Piatt'..';! ..... C 
9 At* bum, Clark E 

Auburn, baiifnniun C 

9Aut>vrn Junclion, LookNR 

Auhurn I'ark.Conk NE 

Augwu, Haucock W 



An* Snl'to. Grundy!!!'.".'.'.'.. H 

Av*. Jackaon S 

J Arena, Fayette 8 
very, Jo1>* vlru N W 

AviMiin, fllnton 8 

Av..n.ruiu.n W 

Avondale. Cook HE 

lUtpji.m. KuJtun W 

'.'." '.-.. ll'Xl.-ti, II.nxl S 

llfttl.-r*. Kcliuyler W 

Ballcyvllle, Oilli- N 

AatMHdM \vmimin...8 

linker, LuSiillc X 

Hairr, McLrii- 8W 

Balro'm, VnkV.* 

r .1.1 M..UM.I, Kaup N 

DalOwiD. Randolph'.'. .'.'.SW 

Hall. WUIW BR 

llnllarU. Mi-l*an SW 

' '.k NK 

[tanner. Fulton W 

//un. I* ('#. WarUm B 

Oarctaf, Ofle N 

H;,rrl>-, ft-digamon. C 

{:,i>,,,, Jl tils,. ii ... i: 

lt.iri-.".!1]<-, Mwllioiii C 

ll-.nl.-lt.il. MrDonuuifh W 

llini.nl. Atlam* W 

-Ban..-. McLemn sw 

_.Hnrn.-ti. Muutininerr ,...(; 

BarabllL Wuyur ....SK 

/..LI. Cuok . NK 

" <'vllle. Nt-Hrnry N 

_ . .rrliiffton. Cuiik NK 

Itarruw, Greeiie W 

fiinr'a More, Mawmpln C 

Harry. Pike .....W 

-"rteliio! Clinton.. ... 

NK 

. iv.trta C 

.)/.., , ,. (iallatln BE 

: .v C 

MB, UwaBc'.".*.'."'*.^ 



}.iiT7 
IfcM 

4.o:,l 



ror. TOW. 



HataUa, Knii H 

BIK-M./-MI. Cullifiun W 



I, t y,^-" ocr ............ 

Day City, Pope .............. K 

ftilleClw. Fayetle ....... -g 

Haylla, Pike ...... . ....... W 

tiin, (nte UcNoell... 
8t^f, Wnjroe ..... SR 

Htown. Casi ......... W 

- 



,. 



hrm-M r:. k, ]( .lid. S 

Beavert'm. Boone 1* 

Bearervllle I roquoti E 

JhcjtKif A, VermlUiiu B 

Bedford, pike W 

-Beeeber. Will NB 



ech Illdge, Alexander. .3 

.^^iiTlllc, calhonn W 

Bee Creek, Pike W 

JJi'lt, M n'rl^'li . '.'.'.'. '.'.'.'.".9 

Bell Air, Crawford SE 

Belle Flower, McLean-, .KW 



.Calboun.. 

SrffapUrtVu^! BtCtalr.'. . SW 

Be 1 1 moat, Wabajb SE 

Cook NK 

ook NE 

Ilt-lvMere, Bonne .N 

Bement, PUtt '.'.".'.'.!. ,C 

eenJamtiUKlUt, (ice Holder) 

BenMnvlllfl, Du 1'age. . .NK 
~ :ruon, WoodlorU C 

ntley. Hancock W 

enton. Franklin 8 

__..n take NE 

Benvllle, Brown W 

Brrilan. Greene W 

flCT-fff . Cuok KB 

Berlin, Siniwiiion C 

Berlin, Summon C 

-rruadult*. Fulton W 

llcrulce, Cook N' K 



.rryton. Can W 

Bern-vine, Hichland SB 

Berwick. Warren W 

B-r-yn, Cook NE 

1% hrHtn, MuiljM.ti i; 

Bethel, Morgan ".'.".""'. W 

Dethtll. Jwikwu S 

AcUrJBH. Bond S 

Bererly, Atianu W 

S Berrrlu Hilt. Cook KB 
bte Orare, Clay 8 

%Big Bay, Mawac SW 

>/:.'..(.,(. r., tr; ,ii SW 



Bl*Swk.Adani. W 

ftaBock, Kaue M 

fiiaJondV, Momnn ..iW 

Bir.ett, Lawrence NB 

BIHRham, Fnyetto 3 

Blrdt, Lawrence N E 

)ilr.rDrlUne, Will NK 

Hirkli'-i 1 !;. JriVitl C 

Blrkncr, 8lutf:^tr ....bW 

iSop'Hiu. Stiirr.".'"."** 

UMW (-, iv, 
(liinarck, V, 

Black terry, Kane N 

Blackburn. Clirt*Uau ^: 

Blackitone, Uritie'itun"!.C 

HlJlne, Booue N 

Blilr. Randolph >w 

Blalnvllle, Wtlll.iina.iu S 

la*a, L* Salie ^ ; N 

ludliw, JoLt>Bt..'.>W 



'-i 1 ' ' 



H'.'i ;A-. SMt IN 



.minitoo,McL'nSW 

Bluutit, Vernilllun B 

BlneOraai, VermlUon E 

Blue laUnd. Cook N K 

AIM IttandJuxf't, Co.k ,,NR 

Slllll^ "ilii!!!!'!. Mricnil S 
Bio* Point, Efflnchun ,...S 

BluaRIdfe, Putt C 

Bluff LUy. Scliujler W 

RSI off CHu. Fayette H 
tiff Dale.G reene W 

+ Blujr Bait, Adami W 



Bin (TSprlow. Caw. . 
9Blutord, Jefterwn... 

Itiyfnn, Fulton 

Boal,Majwc 

Moffte, Lawrence 

Bofot*. Ja.per 

Bolivia, Clirliuan 

-~)IUin.Kleplienun . 



...SW 
...NK 
....SK 

.... O 
..NW 



BuneGap, Edward* SB 

n..nfl.-M, Kankkkee, B 

Bonn*. Boone N 

Itoo.lv, Macon S 

Boot'staUou. Jaiper ....BE 

;.'iMiir'!'.S 

ij.-r. Clinton ...!"'."'.S 
i'keeB 



CU. Han 



1 



:k 

Hoialttollle' G*\ltta .8K 

h,,,pina,,, Etltlar K 
jwminullr, Cook NK 

Buwyt-r, KlrhUnd 8K 

Boyleitnn, Wtyne sK 

BI.VIIIUU. Tatewell C 

Brulljury. CiitnUerlanrt ...E 

Biadr'orJ, eurk. !!!!!.'!!!': 

.. 

/tra<Li\ii!:, L'uion S 

-.BrmldwiwJ, Will N'E 

took NB 



Branch, BtlnlCUIr SW 

9 f;> :>, fiJunrlioit. M^rkiu.a 
hiavnel-l, Fnnklln S 



Breeie, Clliilon 8 

Bri'ineu. Ilmwlolph SW 

, Vermilion K 

Tiicr 1 *, Pike W 

BiMrBtHft, Henry NW 

%Hr,arH\t; Kanf N 

/.j p. ii .-.. USalli- H 

ll'-l<l'itJitrtinn. MadlM>n..O 

~ Ihidyt J unctiov. Peorla. -C 

firittatJmtrttoH. Will.. NE 

_ tin //^..'uwci'n.S'-ClalrSW 

Hi i.lyr. Junction, Afei'd'r 8 

ttridgtfart. Cook NB 

S Brian-port. Lawrence. .NB 
rnl|f l w*t*r. Crr^ri" W 

BrlgAtnn, Jersey BW 

Hr!f[titn, Macounln C 

BrV*to*Pork, <iook. . . NE 

SHrlnineld, Peorla C 
/trtobane. Will NH 

!HrU-f>e, Clark E 

A, Kendall N 

llanda, Champaign ..B 

lufll, I/JR1D C 

[I'.io'iin. J-..lt;ar K 

Brok a 10. If cLnn ....... BW 

' ' '.Cook NE 

Park, Cook..NB 
__ ._ Bdllne S 

Brooklyn, Mwsac SW 

Srovkl'jH, ftt.Clalr 8W 

Brooklyn, t.huyler W 

"-ok*. Madlaon C 

wkvilie, ogle N 

rougntuu. Hamilton S 

trownlne, Scburler W 

Browna, Edward* SB 

liroicM't MM. (tee Ironilale). 



H, in. if, ',: /'^//.'.ui-L-.'.iVs' 

' i.twlrk, M;p-!!.y i: 

i>ruhy Fork, DotigUl B 

Bruwela. Calboon W 

>Bryaut, Fulton W 

tBryden, Jackion S 

-lucnanan, (ee Dunn) 

Hurl;,.-.,., BtMbOUCHL... NW 

Buck Horn. Brown W 

Buck Horn IltaHd. Pike ..W 
i Buckingham. Kankakee..E 

Hucklt-y. Iruqnoli... 

Bufkurr, Franklin.. 

Bad ',', i iTtapbni'.'.* 
Buena Park, Cook .... 
' ~ ten* VlUa, Eleph't 



8 

.V.V.c 



l!udl'>Gri 



NW 

;rLaVe 4 ::::::xE 



S: 
Buxto 



, 
Carlylp.CUiilon 

Carman, fteuderaon 

rttrml, White 

fur -ii <!*!, Lec 

Carpenter, Mil!*un 



!'Cary button, McHenry...N 
Caaey. ('lark K 

Cau-yvillf. Saint Cl*lr...SW 
- M* t on.... 



Ca 



Huflalu 1'ralrtc. K. lalanU N W 

Duinpua. Jefterion 8 

Buncombe, John ton S 

iluakerHlll, Hacoapln...G 

it {:, an'M.l::^ l'.^".'".'.' 

Burkullle. Monroe SW 

%KarJueillit. Uonro SW 

SurtlAffar-it, Can , W 

Bnrltagton. Kane N 

Burnham, Cook NE 

'surname Croiiiiig! C'k .'\B 

Buruttilf. Hancock W 

Burnt Prairie. WhlM SE 

9 Burr Oik. Cook NE 

Bumw>rlli. Plait c 

Barton, Ad*m* W 

S Burton View, Logan C 
Biuhuell, McDonough....W 

"!!'.c 

...K 

Clinton 8 

9J1I/I"', Fultou W 

Bycrton, Calhoun W 

/fyMirn.'.'-. Du Page ....NB 

Byron. Ogle N 

Cabery t Ford E 

Cable, fiercer NW 

Cadnvll. M..iiUrlr C 

Ciiiokla, Saint Clalf ....SIT 

SCatro, AlfxtuJer B 
Cjii.l UlU. Itumc N 

CkxMoAJa^MHcMfK, B'ne K 

Calhmm, K'.dilnnrl sK 

California Arttnu. Cook..NE 
Ciluiiie;. Cook NE 

Caluiitet filter. Cook . . . . N E 
^Calvary. Cock NB 

C;.' in. V, |s|;, SK 

CambHd^Hturi: '. K W 

iiujl-r W 

CamdfH Jtfltt, (wo Milan)... 



IT mini;.. . 
>D W 



jCamcron, Wi 

< .inn':."]]. I 1 ..!'* (: 

Campbell Hill, Jackton ...8 
CatopGrovf, Btark C 

! Camp Point, Adam* W 
Calicut, Uvlngiton O 

JCaimvHie. Willlimmn S 
Cantint, Madlwn C 

raitttpn. FvilMn. W 

Car.rr.ill. S j'..-.u-.i.i' r 

Caprtia, Puonc N 

Carbtr't Sidgt, iseu Karbfr'* 

Carbon Cliff, Rock 1'il.NW 

Cartiondule. Jutknou a 

(';.( iMHille, Macuupln . ,C 
Carlock. McLean .SW 

-,f : .rlt<..i. 1'r Kttl!). 



w a 

V.V.8E 1.7SS 
...N X 



r>rn ..-' Mil!.. Saline d 

1-nmitl, I arnill NW 

^Carrol I ton, (Ireene W 

Carrow, Kankakee B 

Cartrrvltle. Wllllamton ...9 
Hancock . . . . W 



. 

& 



....8 
mit w 

., srjrk.. C 

9(\ittitton. KauJcakee K 

Cart..r, Winc 

f'ttfaH. f.tJt K 

Citlln, Vermilion B 

<-.j(.', VUrvhall r 

SCalon FarnTvim NB 
iveln Ru-k, ItardiD SK 

Cawtliiia. Kllllauiiou 3 



OITM. OOOBTT. ir.onx. ror 

pCazenoTla, Woodford C IW 

j ftdar. Wlilte.ld^ N W X 

Ced-tr eiuir.Jotta.Qa x 

Cedar Mlllt, Greene TV 19 

Odarvlllc, Btei>hen*on. . .N W Z# 

t Cement Worst. LoSalle ..N X 

Cninltit,&tepheniuin. .KW tt 

9Cetrr, facewell C X 

CrnUt till', Grunily N X 

"entral CHu, Grundy tt (13 

Central City. Marion 8 3U4 

^ Cent nil a, JlartoD S l.T*J 

Central Park. Cook NE * 

Centre, Scliiijlcr..., W x 

SCtntrt folnt, Kn.,x W X 

ntreKtdgt. (*ee ftwcdoua). X 

Ceutrevllle, 1'latt C 1UO 

Ctnitrrtltf. <f'" f-. h..h X 

Ccntn-vllle hta:i.,ii,si.i.>-s W 2tW 

CerroGordo, Plait C W* 

Cbadwlck, Carn.ll N w 2W 

Chain n Bridge, Monroe... SW B) 

CballacornV Macou^Ut..C X 

Chamhertbuncti, I'lke W 300 

Cbatnneu. WUlininton B X 

"iCh]iipaUn,C!,tiiipu]gTi..-E S,B 

_*ait>lln, Uvlngijin C X 

Chana.Ogte W SW 

Chandler, Cook N J: x 

Chaudlerrlllp, CaM W io 

Channahou. will NR SSS 

Chapln, Moripin W 5UO 

Chapman, >Itintomery. .(' 10 

CnniiftfU. Cw.k .NE X 

ChantT, Ve nnllion E IS 

* Charleston, Culo K <,! 

-- 'vinnton C 

re, DeKalb... N 1C 

Chae, Peurla C X 

-iChaUiam. Kaupamon C 481 

_iCbat&worth. LiTioc*toD...C 837 

SCbattan, AdaniB. W ftt 

lauccey. Lawrence SE li 

Cbebauae. Iroquoli B 61C 

Cheltcnbam, Cook NK * 

j Ctiemnne,' n Mcl?enry ...... N IM 

Cbeneysrllle. Vermilion. K M 

Cheaoa, McLean SW l.ttC 

CAtrry Hilii, W III NE 1.1UI 

Chcr,-y Polnl, Edzsr K aw 

Cherry Valley, Wrireb'go N aul 

Chester , Ratidulph.... SW i.K 

Clieatcrtleld. Mftcoupln... C 914 
%Chf*lfrealt, Logan C X 

I'M -u-rvir... D, u^u- \ 

Cheitllne, Adami W X 

Cheaumt, Ixfron C 100 

CHICAGO, Cook. . . . SE U3,J 

ChK'iyo tt Efxtntion June., 
Cook 

Chicago Ili-ifc-hu, Co..,:. 

CAiftennp. Gjunay .'.'.".".*.:* x 
Chill, Hancock V mi 

Illeuihi-, Prorla C '.831 

(aeeEeeCreek).... X 



' Incli ti-its, i i ; i .''*... '."".VI 
Clnctnnati,<tfo Pin Oak ) .... 
CbvltvltU, Tweil C 

Cisco. Plate < 

Cline, Wayne SE 

dianaParX'lnxiuctU.'.'.'.'.E 
-tCH-or.Talton..,?. W 



ClarVr I>e S Jiii'.V .'.'.'." . . " ' X 

Claremont, Klch'.iii'l , si- 
Clarence, Ford t 

Clareadou Bllla.UDl'ace NF 

Clark, Jersey sw 

Clark Centra. Clark E 

Clarkdale.'nti.-.. Ci-k NK 
Clarke City, Kankukec E 

Clark'*, Onok .... NK 

Clarkadale. thriatlan C 

CUrkiim, IVaynr S" 

Clay City, Clay 

'. 

Clayton, Adami W 

Claytoarille, Iroquota I 

Clr- -- 



SE X 

.3 680 



jCWtoft Trrract, MadlMn. C X 

Clinton. DeWIU C 1MB 

SCHmUMtdlt. Kane N 900 

Cttola, Adam. W X 

Ctorat, Randolph sw x 

SCloverUaie. Dul'age NB 13 

toverftltt, Bh Iby C X 

tClybovrx JuncHon.CooltJi'K X 

Clyde, Couk NE JW 

CiyuV, Macoupln C X 

JCoat$ranc\J a >ic.,QTua<ljS X 

Coal Clatte, WIU NE X 

Coal City. Grundy S l^TI 

Coal JftflM, Will NE X 

'-.-Ji .--f"lf:. Sai.i-l Q.. C X 

Coat Track, IdSalle N x 

Coil Valley.Rock l*landNW prt 
Coalrtlle. Llvii.fnUin C 3UU 

CoaJri;^Ju).,-,.Llvlngiti>nC X 
-tCoaUburph. A.lami W SM 

* ' -i. Union 8 M4 



i, MoniKomery C 

%i'',iif "i rn, Jii'kHiii S 

('- i.-'ii !' r. M^'ltiiiinii; 1 ! W 

Coldbrook, Warren W 

Cole Pale, Mercer NW 

Colehour, Cook NK 

' WrNi'in. Kane N 

'.l.iultrle C 

''..;,, i'lintnn ...B 

.'ol.-t... WhltMlde NW 

Cnllax. McLean SW 

CoMtw*. 1'eorla C 

Colllntburgk, Jobuoo 8 

(.iiiUiivliu-, Uadtoon C 

Cnlmar. McDonoogti . . . . W w 

i 1 t ,|,,naS!*t 1 ..n, H.'nry..NlV *5ir 
Colorado. Pope ..S X 

Columbia. MntM SW 1,1*1 

Ci.iiiitiliiip4. A.lami '.'.'.'.'.W )01 

Coluntbtrt, inee Wool) X 

tv'm^ lirKa'lb.. '.'.'.'. '.'.'.'.. N X 

Colvln Pirk. DeKalb X 10 

aaMto AfiHBt, Platt C x 

Comrr. NUi-uUpliI C X 

Commen -III Point. Al'Ji'ntirr 3 100 

.NW 



U 



i ;.',,.! ,.^, 'l ; .- | 

< ..-..i. i. i'i 

I'.-;., "i'i. > 



::S . 



MAP INDEX OF ILLINOIS. 



TOWM. COUKTT. urcKx. 
Congrr. Woo-lford C 

*CvHiryi*i >H,W . . ,'. '. .'.'.'."SK 

Conlogur. Kdftar E 

C,,,.,,.,,, M.,,n NW 

Conrad, Calhoun W 

O-n(" (. I'd.k SE 

." !-. ( ..k NK 

Cf*.k' Mill*. V1.< K 

Cook-nll?. Mi Lean SW 

r.->l H.nW, I'lk.- W 

i_Yit"T, Taaewrll C 

\vn, Bmwn W 

Caitjin i Creeli Lock and Dam, 
laenCantoU) 

Oor,S*ngamou C 

Coral, McHmr? N 

CordoTLKock Uland . NW 

Corinth. Williamson 8 

Cornell, LIvlngMon C 

CoriilanJ, Logan C 

, Heunr KW 

C<n-ryrillf, (see Linn) 

OinrilA. Cook ... 

CMMr.Onudr... 

i'.it;r drove, Cook . 

t ',::w Hill. IVitivsi 

Cotuga Home, Wiliia 

Cotton Hill. Rwijta'timrV. ".'.'.<": 

Ci.tUtnwtwxl, OalUlll. SE 

CouKerevllle. Randolph sW 
i t, ni. cil Hill. J.i 1>U"M..NW 

council Hill SU...!oI>'XW 

Courtlanil. DeKalb ....... N 

CoreJI. McLean SW 

Cowilrn, Hhelby C 

Cuuwi. Perry B 

Cowling, Wabaih SE 

C-WVcHenry N 

Coyne, Grundy N 

Coytiw, Will NK 

Crab Orrhartl, WlMainwn . S 

Cngln. C.*.k KK 

Craig, Perry S 

.v,r.,-v. r,;,-,r K 

I'raim ill*. Wllllamaon . . . , S 

Sfratner. Peorla r 
Cro melon, Henry NW 

CnndalL tueweU C 

<. rt tunl, foot NE 

> real 'prlugt. Williamson S 

<'re*centClty. Iroquol* E 

i'ri-*t.i:i. <V\* 

4 Will 

CneJnU, JMMr 

I'mbertaud.'.'. 

Cropaey. McLean 

M.Jen** 

I'll,!!,.. Sii. t ,inn, 



win*.. .:...:. 

C'rorrn, Salnl flair SW X 

Cruder. Woodford C 

Crvtnplon, (we Healy) X 

. ' McLean... SW X 
Crvttnt Lai* O '0.,<aeeCryiUl Lk.JX 

CryMal Lake. McHenry...N 781 

tVi'iMJ Lake Junction, He. 

Henry N X 

Cuba, Fullon W l.:n 

CDllom. Livingston C 300 

< uniHiliiKn. <.-'>; NE l.dij 

rKuiNi(np.VMcXCookXK * 

Carran, Santnmon C ISO 

CurrVr'f M i.(ieeCarrkr'tM*. X 

Curtia. Menart C X 

Curtttritlr. (*ee8ainay111e) ... X 

Cuahman, Moult rt* C SO 

Cinter, s* nga m< >n C 100 

CoaterPark, Will NE 100 

Cutler, Perry S 130 

Cuvtor.Cook NE X 

Crprr*a Creek. JohDton S X 

Cffttw'iKll0H,QaUatluBI X 

DagW Carroll. NW x 

IHhluda, Koox W IS 

Dahlgtvn, HamlJWn S 301 

Inilea, Cillmun W x 

-'.'.".'.. S X 
4t Halls* City. Ham-nek W 747 

Dillon City, Mi.ulirte C 834 



............. 

ill .............. NE 



humid 



. , . . 

n ..... S 



MB 

I 

,lrof]Ui>l E tOO 

,:i SW SOt 

Danville-. Vrrmlll ... E H.iSl 

Ptnwny. LSa 



' 
BantM ..K 



tdL6*lDt Clalr ...,6W 

uar in. Clark E 

Damn. Greene W 

ZxiiipAtn Park. Cook.. NE 

Davit, BUphennon NW 

DavlaJnnclIon, Ogle N 




Di-corrn, Henden 
tiff t tr. Cook. 

lifr Creek. TM* 

litrrJI'lJ l*i-ni i- i-. 

Dr-r Grove, VTfal 
%Dttri-ig. Cook .. 

I*rr 1'arlt. ' ~ 



...... N 

USdlle. .S 
, ....... W 

- 



. - ........ 

SDrluid, FUtt ..... r 
rvivn. i,, --,.n ....... ;t: 

!Ivlj, Mwniipin ......... C 
Dellil, Jr*ty ............ SW 

DtU AU>ty.Qruti4y ....... S 



Done, McLean... 
Hf>tnrille. Randolph 
%fhake, Greene.... 

Drtuar, Favi'lte - 

Driven, Jefferton S 

Drtimmond, Will NE 

rury, Itock laland NW 

_ ryjeo, Jcfferaon S 

/':.':/,n. M.-niKi.r-i-r. C 

" tool*, Wainlugum 8 

dley. Edgar E 

.evVnle, Bond S 

ftunbar, Stephruwm N W 

nuncan, ( SUrlc C 

._n?Wlh. Foltaik.'.'.'.'.W 

Duncan Y! lie, Crawford ..SE 

Dnnda*, RlchlauU SE 

Dundee, Kani- N 

Dumfrrmllne, Fullon W 

Dunkel, cnmtl*n C 

Dunlap. Peorla C 

DunCeftk, (ee E. DttbOQM) . . 
Dunn, Moultrlo C 

Dunn1ii. Cook NE 

Dupage. v;ill NE 

l>Uponi,Cook NE 

Durand VinnebagoV..."..N 

I)i:r',n'ii, Him', irk \V 

Tha-lev, Bond 8 

Dv K kHottotelt in t*. S t. Cl' rS W 

Sagl" Lake, W^.^.^.'i.'liiE 
Eagle Point, Oxle N 

M:M::,. I.,~-M- v 

Erly Dawn. L*e N 



J 



DriRri. Iroqnoit.". ..".".." K 

- " njHttr .c , n. Cook . Nt 

wrk. Perry 8 



Dnml^hlMi<ii''.'.'.KW 

Denver, Hannick W 

IMrlm!*, '.hi DaTlria.' ,'.'," "MV 
nertodaOr.tr- JoIHvVNW 

l^lln^KMk.kw E 

I>e.S<ito, J-kun'. '.".'.". 

KH-I Ptolni-o. ( "ook NE 
roll, Pike W 

Devona, Mrrcer NW 

Hewey. < hainpalgn B 

|>- Witt, i* wm i: 



DUmntlrl Lke. Lukr ...... NE 



.Tw^weii.. 

.burs' - 

tDUunlek, 



Dlll>biirg>i,Cham(uUgu . 

Dlmmlck, L* Stile 

Dloaa, Colri. 



oltoo'a Station, Cook 
onafiCook 

.DonjRila, Union... 

Donnellion, " 



....N 
"" 

!"NB 
. . . x E 

...NE 



' ' . . i 



_. ;Kno...........W 

Duaglas. St. Clalr SW 

Dougtat Park. C.ik . . . . NE 

'"-'"* ip v e'.NE 
.. ..sw 

bW 

w 

..s 






& 



aCapeGlrmrJeau, Ale: 

E. Carondelet. 6t. Clali 

i, Wh 



,5 



. . . . 

- ...;. VhiioKleNW 
aMDfwtur. Mkcon _____ S 

E. DtibnqiM-, Jo Di vlrM N W 
Eatt Dundee. Katie ......... N 

S'titKroff. Dti Pe....XE 

fMtJSTcniMtnl, Plk ..... W 

<u(.Tofi!, Will ........ NB 

ail Lonlttana, Plke......W 

E**c Lynn. Vi-rmliioD ..... B 

ast Newbern, JerKj- ..... f=',7 

/; :- '..,(. .. > in rw rvTrt 

fcjsiou. Muon .......... NW 

EwtPawPw, IWKaib ..... N 

Ert Peorla-TBiewcl! _____ C 

Kt-r 1'l.ttn, Kn .......... N 

' 



., 
<ui Rcttt'in<l, Cook ...... K E 

WfcettUnd. Will ...... NK 

ford 





, 
* 

Eut WfcettUn 
Elon, Crawfor ........... 

1 : . . : . . .. . L - 

EddTvllle, 1'ope .............. 8 

. I'ejfl* ......... -I' 

Kden, Fi-orU .............. C 

Eilgir, F.'lgir ............. K 

Edge.wmer.0ol;.. 
EdBtwim). i:Anh>in ..... 8 

Edslagton, Hock lilind . .NW 

Edlnbunrb, ChrWUin ..... C 
EdlwaFxrk.Cook ...... KB 

dmoniii, Jlisicorfc ........ W 

Edwtnls, Ponrla .......... C 

Edwnr<l*vlllf. MidlioaC 

-" ' 

..................... C 

9 E<tiear<ln-* Junction, MM))- 

EfllnghAi'i'.' Kfflng'hVm' B 
F.Rnrr, Iro.iool* ........... E 

EwDfUy. Otle ........... N 

9ggrrt, Cook ........... NE 

' 



Elba, GalUUn 

Elburu, Ktiie 

JElco, Alnxiiudor 
I Dan, I'lke 

Eldrni, lye 

'ni'i, M( l^'i 
. C'lr.fn.k- . 

El Dorado, Salluf..., 

?EUlred. Ol 
lartitgr, Edgar 

Eleanor, Warren .... 






;^S?Tr:-:; 

rah.-tn.j.> l>ana.. NW 

flit "Oroe, CooT"'. . * " K K 

Elkhtrt, Logan C 

KlkhiTfk. WaahlogtDD .... 8 
Elkhnm Grove, farruU...KW 
Elk Pnltie, .I.'ffr n-,ii , S 

Elkvllle, Jicksou. S 

Ellery. Ed-n r d M-: 






. .. . . 

lnKton.Ailami ........... W 

'lli-m. Xur-1 .............. E 





rill,<.r,,v,-, U(ii,d,,lp|, SW 

Kill* M..IIM.J. llBinlltno 9 

SEIIaworth, McLean SW 
m Krauch, Wiyne SE 

Elm Ofue, Adatna W 

BlmbuM, Du Page KB 

Elnilra, Stark O 

Bnw%rr- 



ElBdoo.1 .__ 

_ i-.h'H viatk.u. De Kaio'.V.'.N 

SI' ...!!' 1 , II It,' Cl \V 
Ivlni, Johnsr.n S 

-Klwlii. M^.x-u S 

_ KI woutl. Will N E 

Kmbarrait AdMy.Coiea. .K 

Emden, Logaa C 

Emerson, WMtr.lac NW 

,. Mact-n 3 



Endupf.ii. LlTlngatoo C 

Emma, White SB 

Empire, McLean SW 

/'ni ..-, (M-elSaf.) 

Enilor, Will \E 

KnnHil, While SE 

tKnfl,tdJ\H't n. Wlnl.- NK 



Fulton W 

rnt.T^i^'V^S 1 ;;;-::;;:;.""-- 



f-'/>li, i !.<!, M.'D I,'. I ..W 

Equality, Oailatln -K 

Erie, Whltenlde NW 



_. .'lu, Schuylrr 

Eimond. l(a Kalb... 

Eatex, liankakce... 
-Etna, Colo 

.Bulwnka. Adann.... 
Kucl fit Park, Cook.. 



SE 



Erana, Slan-liall 

Eca,n HUI, Morgan W 

ETanilon. Cook NE 

KvanavUle, Ituudolpb SW 

AV'irM, >;. I-K. ;.-..n ....NW 

ErergreenPnrk. Cook..NE 

A'Mrfiuin, EOnghain S 

Kwlng. Franklin S 

Stetnglon, Efflnghani E 

- "-ion K 



icier. Scott W 

EMIiic. Kankakee E 

I-'-. U r. !^li ; ..t...i (j 

/'ilrtin*j, Moulirle C 

IFalrbury, LJvlnRston C 

i Fair 



Fal r U rititv. 
FUr Havpn. fir 



!Falrlnnd, Douglai B 
I.-JKIII..H. M.irn-n - s 

Falrmouut, Vermilion.. . S 
Fatrnwunt Park, Cook...NB 

Falrrtew, Fulton W 

-tFalrvlevtPark. Cook...NE 

air Weather, Adama W 

.Fail Creek, Adam* W 

.'ailing fprlnat, St. tlalr.SW 

J'almouth, Jasper SB 

K.T]c':>T. S!...jb> t; 

Fancy Prnlrle, Menard C 

Fantlon, McDonough W 

Faney, Woodford C 

Fargo, biown W 

Farina, Fayette S 

Farlow, Moultrle C 

Fftrmdale. Twewelt C 

.Farmer City, De Will C 

Fanner* v I lie, Montg'ry. . ,C 

FarmlDgdale, Sangamon. .C 

Farmlngton. Fulton W 

Fnn KLdifi'. l^Salle N 

Fanceil, Ciiok N B 

Fayetu, Greece W 

Fayette.vllle, St. Clalr SW 

-.hanville. Cook NB 



Feller, Greene W 

Fenlon, Whllpslde NW 

Ferdinand. Rock ].!aud..NW 



/*o*-rfftawi,(,.k 

SForeitCitj, M**oo 
FomtGien, IV k 
rofwtniu, cook 

^FortHHitt. Coc.k 

C..k 



8W 



!F1 , 
Flcklin, Duuglan B 

Fidelity, Jeraey 8W 

Fidelity, Cbampalgn E 

*Flfl4ino, DeKalS N 

Fleldon, 3eey SW 

Mfer. McLean SW 

KillTnore, Montgomery ... .C 

Fllion, Douitlw .....E 

Flndlay, Sbelby C 

Flnuey, Jacktou 8 

Flaher, Champaign E 

Fittun, Vermilion E 

Ftokrr-t L'd'a.iie* Bee Creek) 

Klih Hook, Pike W 

FUM Lake,Bt.CMt ,. 
FlUilan, Vermilion.... 

r!" Ilili. I TUUUL." 

Fiigg. OK"' '.'""'.'.v 

SFlagg Cer-rrt, Ogle M 
Fl*ncnti, Llvtngnon C 

Flit l..:.-k. l'ra*ford....8B 
H 1 ttflDe. ' -. .!.;!,. IL. . B 
Fleralngton.Kdgar K 

Kid. Isi-r, Mi-Leau 8W 

Flint, Hamilton a 

? Hurt, Hay 8 
lorovllle, bt. Clalr SW 

' sutl'ynifci'plVuN W 



"NE 

..NW 
..NB 






Forreaton, (Vie N 

?Foryth, Mttif.il ,$ 
art Ctinrtr*. l!audul]ili . .SW 

Fort Hill, Lake NB 

rmiMAA/Mrtxtrklli 

f,,rt Lut, Jaoper SK 

FortRhf-rldan. lj,k^ NE 

Foer, Rock Uland N W 

Forterburgh, Madlnun... . C 
F<-ter Pond, Munn* SW 

Fountain RluiT. Jaiktou. . .8 

Fountaludale. Ugl N 

Fountain Grt-.-u. Mai...nW. W 

fowler, Adam *'..^.....W 

Fux, KtDdall N 

V..t I.VK-.- l*\.> ...NK 

K..\ >!:!.',' Marlon *..' .'.'*3 

?/><iniA Vermilion K 
rankfort. Franklin S 

Franco*, WU1 KX 



[Frankr.rt StaUmi, TViil. NE 
frank 1111. Morgim IV 

IKrankllti Groe, Lee X 

r.iiikini r.irk. Hardlu ....SE 
N 

r-l^r - , tt'lutp 6K 

JKrrderli k. S jlcr W 

* i. WUllamioa S 

?.-.h.et. Clalr. ...SW 
. I D-Mllr N 

A 

p, Peorla c 



Mon.NW 10.189 



?F 
rl.' 



..::x| 



9t'f""t'-i'^. Uuraitr.. 

Ul :>".U.. ,, 

.:::. UuP(g. 

'['IV,..':';. 1 li.'\\'llt.*'.! - 

' 

/tin*'* Krare, Mi-Unu .SW 

. , . ; .:r sw 

'a Ulce, Lake SE 






i'iniyJo DavlVs..'."." NW 

SKitlll*, A ,. "" c 

'.%,.V,, ,,,!. I'.-.K . 
Uallaghor, Hlcdlaiid bE 

lalk.n :i'v. 'jTsalV. '.'.'.I'."" ' N 

tGalt, Whitctlds NW 

. 

I .Perry.... s 

Gnlvu, Henry NW 

Ganntown, Johnwm S 

Gam), Coolt NE 

Gap Grove. Lee N 

Garber, Ford E 

Garden Plaiu.Whlte'e ..NW 

Garden Prairie, Boooe.,,.N 

Gardner, GrnuJy y 

-" ^ ; -^ort.Coolc..NE 

Ga'r/ftlit P'rrrlt, Cook' I".'".' S E 

rlnnd. Edgar E 

larrett, Dougla* E 

<art*t<it t Saint Clalr.... KW 

_ lary, Cook NE 

(.' a it. -.'. ]..'"ri'.r.' i 

'. I I !,,>. J ll't--..|l S 

' lion, Batimmua C 

!Vr, Will NE 

(NESS".:v.-v.^ 

i.'.c.,. ll.'ury NW 

,tt. Wlnnebngo N 

Genera, Kiic N 

9Vt*tra StctU-lt, K*M'.....N 
-|Uen..a, IVKinlh N 

iGeorgeiown, Vernilllon. .E 

iQcrlaw.Warran W 

\Qenarm Prai>-ie, Sing'n,, C 

i Ucm ian town, Clinton S 

_ eriiuintfHcn, Vennlllon ...,S 
(Irrman Toictt, Woodlord..C 

(.eniian Valley, Siei'l.'i.NW 

Glbun City, Ford E 

Glflurd, Champaign. .. E 
Gil*. Jasper 8E 

+QUMrdM. Brown.' .".'.'.'.'.'.'.' W 

Ollchrlit, Mercer N W 

Gllcad, Calhonn W 

O'. -!,:r. M.W.IIIIIIII I) 

%QUletU, Will NE 

liillmn, .Mcl.e*u SW 

(Jllinan, Iroquol* E 

^UttUT, Uke XK 

'.'.'. ''. rffliiKlmm S 

rCtlion, Knox IV 

Itilrurd, Macoupko C 

K.nvjf, t ixik NE 

tGladitone, Heuderon....W 

iGLuford. Peorla c 

IUNSOW. .Scon W 

IQunakl, Jackaon B 

tGlrnartu, fiaugamon C 

v,k)ii\rn. Vermilion E 

i;i.-nCarbon,U*dl*on....U 

;Olencoe,Cook NE 
lemlale. Pope s 

i Ellyn, DnPage NE 

., .in-ood. Cook NE 

O ' , ' .'k NE 

li.i.tf f'l 1 , Mj'l!H)[! C 

Qodltv. Will NR 

OoelWe, Cook NK 

Oolcomda, Pope s 

Oolcondo Jttattd, Pope 8 

Golden, Adam* W 

Golden Eagle, Calhann W 

tQoIden OHe, Wayne SB 

.GooJenow.Wm NK 

jfi'ii.ilr.i'M, IV.tfiilf.ir.l r 

Good Hope, McDonough .W 
Goodl ng'a G rove, Will N E 

Goodrich, Kaokakee E 

Goodwlne, troquol* E 

Gooo Island, Alexander ....S 
Ooote litand. Cook NE 

Gordon, Crawford SE 

liuri-\l!li', .)i>titi-in s 

fioMcll, While BE 

]'go NB 

'.v','uke'.;:;:'.;NE 

'iratU.Q, Jerey SW 

Grand C/w(n; Pnlankl .... 8 

r, rand Cruwlnft. Cook ,.KE 
Grand Detour, Ogle N 

Grand Ridge, LaSallr ,...N 

llraud Tower, Jackson.... S 
urand View, tdgar E 

AwinU,AokBM S 

Grander, Du Pane NE 

ft-.ini. Kankakee E 

Grant, WllUamion 8 

Oraotfork, >ladi>ii <? 

Grant Park. Kankake...B 

Sdrauuburgh, Johuwn ....S 
rant ITorto. Cook Kg 

Granvlllc. Putnam N 

Grape Creek. Vermilion E 

Urmaa Lake, Lake NE 

{.'I'M* Lat,e. Mcllenry . N 

GranH Unil, Saint Clalr. SW 

%<iravri /'il, Aleiaadnr 8 

O'. i' I PUatdtHg, DoWlttC 

"./. Cook NB 

Graymont, LlvlngMon ,,..C 

Uray'i l.aki-, I*ke NK 

9<;r.,>iHlUJunc., EdwaVdtSC 
ilrav u'lllmp. (s Wa*co).... 
Gre.-nbuh, Warren W 

Greeuflrld, Qreene"','.',".W 
Oreeil llird.-n. Will . .. NK 

Green Oak. Bureau W 

Oru Uiver.Hcory NW 







Grtocvidl- 

Tn'iiMW fl'i'-f. KI. CUIfbW 

';,...; : ., i; ii.l ,li,- r . K 

GroMd-il'. '"ik NB 

QruMi'tlle. llardlu... '.'.".. . '.SE 

',/(.;-'. li(,. I > 



Grovolaiiil. Tn/Awrll (! 

Ctwer 1 * ^''if'i.VViiu'roa'n."N' 
QttWorA, Jo DavletJi'.'.'.'.'.'NW 

tGnrnif, Caan w' 

. 1 ,itcl K 

( Hadlty, Plk* W 

I Hutu., in. Miii'...i;)in . . i' 
t Haganlown. Fayelie.. .S 

Jllagener, Caat \V 

Halueavllle. Lake X F. 

Sffalntn-Hit. Taje'fll '' 
aiman-iH, Whltwlde . . . S W 

,('cle V 

Hi!f 1'jy. 1-nke NE 

Hallock, Prorla .... < 

Slftittl. Peons.... 
allM udeeOUiui 

H.tlNvlil.-, I'-Wiit < 

..ambureli, Calhouu W 

Hamel, Madt*on C 

Hamilton, Hancock w 

Hamlet, Mercer.. >'iv 

i, 
Himnlonil, PUtf r 



NK 

" Hampton," !!. k [alud ' X W 
ampton &ta,, (( Dunn) 

- Cra-ford; SE 

iClly, Peorla C 

llanover! Jo Dnvirii! NW 

Hanson, Bbclby.' .'. r 

Happy ffoltoif. Rock M (IN *V 

%Hi.-i>:>i..-.'!'\ (ir.vm- i" 

Mnrdiii.Ciilhoun W 

Hardlusvtlle. Crawford ... .SB 
Harker-a Cornerm, Peorla. ...C 
Harlem. Cook N E 

Harlem, Wlnncbago N 

? Harmon. Lee N 
^armony, Balnt CUlr sw 

r.'cigi* ",!""!;N 

nuTj*nvUit,(te* Flih Hook) . 

11 iii.-'i-r, Vn; I. , " 

ffff^rf*. Platt W 

tlnrrUburf. (Me Koie Hill) . . 

HrrlbiirE>i.8allDe. ... 3 

Sftiinit'tH, .1i'p'k-i)ll ^ 
arrion, Wlonobago N 

Ilarriiou vllle, Monroe SW 

SHarrletown, Macou S 
art. Knox W 

Haraoril, flallne. S 

-llUlll.'.n.l. Mcll.-i.iy N 

iHarUburgli, Logan C 



A 



, /U Montgomery C 

Ham v. rook NE 

_i Hanoood, Champaign . . . . E 

](,,!, ,il, \ S'tli,* \V 

Hatting*. Calhonn \V 

Hattings, (Chlcngo) 

i.,-i!!i^-. yMmUaa ...... s: 

Jattoa, Clark E 

Havana, Maaon N W 

SHavelock. Cook NE 
awley, Henry NW 

J/italey, Tazewrll C 

llawahorn, Whlw .SE 

llatcikonu. Cook NB 

KttxriiU. IroquoU E 



...._:;;".: 

_.Ha>ne, Jcrtey SW 

Hazel I>ell, Cumberland . .E 

Hwelhurst, Carroll NW 

Hnzen, Adams W 

Hatlttt, Rock Island NW 

" - - - c 

....SE 
'.'.'.SW 

_lli>Burgu, Fayette . ...'.'..'.'.S 
vHendereon, Knox W 

HtndPrtoii station, Ford..E 

SHeudrlx, McLean SW 
nnt-itln, Putnam V 

Hemilng, Vermilion B 

%lftnr,.tl. IK-KHlh \ 

Henry, Mmhall C 

Hrut-'ll. Sli^Hiy . 

Herald>-hllc 

Herbert, Boone N 

Hcrborn, fhrtby . c 

H-n.i.-n. Knnx W 

Hennoa^Coob NK 

ii -I - ,' SWMM '' s 

" rick. Shelby 

i-aPralrte. I 

ller^her. Kinkakee K 

Human, Bro*n w 

Hrrrry Cilu, (ice Outlcn) .... 

H.-nlck, MaiMsiiilii i: 

Hrpvortn, McLean. . SW 

Hlckniau, Iroq 

Hi. '::-. Jjike .. 

I (,r<,ff, Carr.iM SW 

Ulri..., U-l, M,ir:ni, S 

IIi'-k..ry I!ldEc, Hancock . W 
Hlcki. Hardlu SK 

Hiygtns, Blcblaa'd ','.'.'.'.'. ,'SB 



,,ft 



MAP INDEX OF ILLINOIS. 



Highland. MadlcoD r 

Highland Park. Lake... XK 
9 Ht'jMandt. OuPa*e NE 

liwn rrvirie, St. Clalr. .6W 

High Hklffc. Cook N F. 

H&kKOod, <ee Ft Sheridan* 

HUdreth, Edgar E 

Hill. Effingham B 

Hlllerman, Muaac SW 

x - )iiiou r 



' 



HlU*t-.i, 

Hlll't Grove, McDonough . .W 

Hillside, Cook NK 

9 Hilton, Tazewell C 

9ftUIlr>p. Menard C 

Il.tii-Uey, DeKalb N 

HIneaborouich. Dnugla* . . . E 

Hlndale. DuPajp- NE 

SBin ton. Vermilion E 
laaong, Fayette B 

9BUt.Co\<M E 

Hltt, Carroll NW 

9 nut. LaSalle M 

Hodge\ Park. Aleiander . . .8 
Mo*r*t, <*ee Grant Park) 

lloffmau, Clinton B 

Hotcnmb. Onle N 

Holder, McLean BW 

Holliday. Farette B 

9HoUi*J-uttrt\r>*. Peort>...C 
Hollowiyvllle. Bureau K 

HoltaTpeiTT .",'.','.'.*.'.'..'.'.*.. .8 

Home. Wayne .Y.'.V.V.V.V.V. BE 

Homer, Champaign.: E 

Homewood, Cook -..NE 

ISSfcSterrrS 

*. 

Hook. JeBenon 8 

Hookdale, Bond B 

Hoopeaton. VermUkm E 

Hooppole, Henry NW 

Hooaier Prairie. Clay 8 



1.000 





Kapj 
Kirbor' 



-(ton. Pike W 

ilton. T*irHell C 

Kainptn'ril it. Kandolpn SW 

Kampaville, Calhonn W 

T Kane, Greene W 

neviilr. Kane N 

Kanfley, USalle K 

Kftnkakre, K*nk*kee..E 
9Kat,taknJH>tc. t W'dfordC 
-* 1, Edgar B 

Woodford C 

Rldne. Hnrdln....8E 

ibeer. Bureau K 

Karr, Greene W 

Kaakaikla, Randolph BW 

Kaufman, Madlaon C 

Kedmn. Gallatin BE 

Ktttron, Saline 8 

Knnt'1, Wayne SK 

K^*nvme, U Wayne* . .* . \ ', '. '.SK 
-iKelth.bnnrn, Mercer... NW 
J Xeit*tirgkJu*c,. M -c'rNW 

J Keller, Peorla C 
ellerrllle,Ad*n>* W 

iJTeiwy, Maaoii HW 

Kern per, Jene.j.".'."'.".!8W 

Kempton. Ford B 

9JfemploitJtiiif., Llrt'jprtonC 
Kendall. Kendall K 



Leveret 1. Champaign B 

I.*-wl.tx>wii, Fulton W 

Lexington. McLean SW 

Liberty. Adam* W 

Liberty PnUrle, Uadlaon ....C 

LlfcTtyvllle.Lake NE 

LtckCreek, Un|-- 



D y UkeVlUM .......... S 

Jm+jGEu w 

U mertek. Bureau K 

8 Lincoln, Wmn,... 4 ....C 
ucoln Oreen, Jobnaon 8 

Lincoln Park. Coo*. HE 

Linden Park. Cook KE 

Uudenwood,Ogle.... ....N 

Linn. Wabaah BB 

Llntner, Platt C 

IJa, Jaipcr BE 

Ltobon, Kendall K 

OLe*l>e. DuPage NB 

utciinVhl, Montgomery.. .C 

LJUrlxrrry, Morgan W 

Little Indian. Cat* W 

Little Rock, Kendall K 

Littleton, Schuyler 

ftSCM 




HopklnaPniB. H.U...HT: r, 

Hopper'iM111a,Hen(lenon. W 

Horace, Efigar K 

Horn, Clay . B 

Iloniiby, Macoupln C 

H'-rrt rt'*. Will SK 

Born frairU Randolph SW 



8W 



Hortoton, Waanlngton ....S 
tfu&trd*. Wayne SK 

Hnduon. McLean BW 

Hney. Clinton .8 



Ktekapoo, Peorta 

Kldd. Monroe BW 

Ridley, Edgar B 

Kllboum, Mann KW 

Kluderlux.k Pike W 

A'lndcr. Madtfon C 

Kluman, Shelby C 

A'i>ig-t, Perry".'.". '.'.'.".'." '.'.'. 8 
Kingilury. Whllealde. . . .NW 
Klngifon. (*ee Fair Weather) 

Kfugcton. DeKlb N 

KlugMon Mlnea, Pcorta C 

flngiion't. Cook KE 

Klnmuudy. Marlon 8 

Klniman. Grand* K 

Klrlclaad. DeKalb K 

A>*f, Fold K 

-Klrkwood, Warren W 

~ -i. Cook KB 



iiHnVueVMcHenry::;:;:;;* 
HnntaCUr. Ja*per SE 






& 



SlTT-.NW 7 

, j 8 X 

9 Knox, Knot W X 

Knoirllle, Knoi W 1.7M 

Kolie,Cook KB X 

-o*W. Kankakee B X 

Kramm. Peorla C 550 

Komler, McLean SW 50 

Kyte River, Ogle K 79 

Lace, DuPage KB 90 

LaClalr, DeKalb N 31 

LaClede, Fayette 8 1!3 

lACon. Marshall C 1,64* 

LaCroaae, Hancock W BO 

tffi^n^r.:::::::;. 1 ^ A 

fiVv?"* 8 ** -5 



ILallogue. Iroquola K 

ia**. Saint Clulr SW 

(Lake BluiLake KB 



. llimwn ..... 

omrt, Lke ...... MB 

orkTloon ......... C 

LAkedde,Cook ......... NB 

L.ke View. Cook .......... NK 



-w.VHend* ; nVw 

Ipara, Pulton V. W 

Irene, BOOM N 

Iron, White 8E 




Itland Grart, Rangainoii . .C X 

lUica, rtuPago KB 400 

lukaTManan B W 

iTanhoe. Lake NB 

Ive*d*le, Ch.mpalKn E 

try Landing, Monroe SW 

Jkckaonvlll*. Mo near W i 

Jiic.,M'g'n W 



,Cola K 

__,Cook XB 

Cte*r.Whllea-eNW 

^ onvllle. Wayne. ...SB 

Jrrtty Landing, (*ee F.laah). . 

Jer*e-rville,Jerwy...SW 

Jewett. Cumberland E 

Jrtrtta, Hancock W 

Johannlnburgli. Waablngtnn . 3 

Jonnaburgh. McHenry N 

JohnaonTlile, Wayne SE 

yoA>u(on.Cook ..NK 

JohnKown. Cumberlanil . . E 

joi.itrr.wui KE 

Jonrilxiroucri. Union A 
9Joiu*nUr, Wlnnebago ... K 
7oppa,Maaaae 8W 

/WdoK. <H! Hortl 

Jordanvilie, Morgan.. ...... W 

Jo*lln,Rock IaSaad.....NW 

Joy. Mercer KW 

Jubilee. Peorta C 

Judd. Cook NB 

Jnlealcaa* W 

* - i.ltaMa 8 



9 !;>'<< ti'Hna. JI 
Ltad Mi*f, Jo I )v 
MMAMlJLM I 



, 

UjforA, BallM 

Lei; Ilekalb 



W Lix rcniirgh. Kull.'.n .'.".' 
.i l.v.1. M-[,hen^n 

3uO Ulthtuu, Lake 



!Lrl* 
L*i 



. 

MhMi,6t.Clai 
DE, Cook 



. ece 

I>noir. USalU 
Leo It-^-k, Jackuin 
L'Erable, Iroqno)* 

Lenta, Cole* 
91* Roy, McLean 
9l*tlit, TaieveU 
LwterriUrton 



IMMJBMarSMl W 

9Llew'lIvn Port, Cook.. NB 

9Lofltii4, Vermilion E 

Lock port, Wl ".'.".".'.HT 

Locust Grove, Franklin 8 

Loda, IroqnoU E 

Lodemla. Llvtngtton C 

LogatueUlf, Jeffcraon B 

Lomai. HenderKin W 

Lombard. DnPage KB 

Lombard 11 lie. Stark C 

LourlonMllla. Fulton W 

Long Tree. Bureau H 

Long Branch. Saline 8 

Macon 8 



Xfarletw, Folton W 

Marine. Uadlaon C 

Marion. Mminmtto 8 

\laritu, BUM Clalr SW 

Markliam Morgan W 

9-Yarite, Edgar K 

Mirlry.Wtll NE 

Marluw Jr SITPOD 3 

Marua, Moron S 

Manelllea, LaSalle K 

Msntl.all. Clark E 

jr^A0uTiuMM,ctaii'f 

SMaraball'i Ferry, W til t'defU-: 
nton. Mercer KW 

Martha, Plan C 

Mart) nabnrgh, pike W 

Martin 'a Store, Hamilton. . . .8 

Marti ni vi lie. Clark K 

Mimnton. IroquoU... E 

*3rri^,Cook NB 

tMarylind, Ogle K 
arvMitt. VernUllon B 

Maacouuh. SalntClalr..SW 

Macon, Efflnuliain n 

kratonClty, Tlaaoo KW 

MataaoCiWk. Maaau.... 8W 

M*wb-h.Joba\1e* HW 

Mutera. Franklin a 

JTalflMiu. Maaon KW 

MataaonTCook JfB 

Mauooa,Cole B 

Mand,Wabaah SB 

JTozuvM, Peorla C 

Maybe rry.'Wajne .'.'." .'."sE 

Mayfafr, Coo\ KK 

MayiStatioc, Edgar B 

-" PlkeTTT. W 



9Jforrrll Park rook....SE 

Morrellvuie. Brown W 

MorrU, Gruudy N 



Murrlaonrt 
Mornitowu. Iloury SW 

SMonimer. Edgar B 
tton. i*ee Morton Urore> 

Morton' G rove. Cook '.'.'.'. VK 

Morton f'rk. Cook NE 

UOM^GW, Union M 

Jfoa.Vrt, Kaokakee E 

lfoM\nie. Peorla .C 

9Mo*itou, Shelby C 



Mound Station. Bruvn 

Mount Auburu. ChriMlau. ,.C 

Mountain Glen, Uiilun ....S 
Jf ( Cm an, i arc Murpli)*boru) 
Vw< C.iri^. Jockaou 

Mount Caj-roll'.t VI NW 
jlonntErte, Wayne SB 

Mount Foreat, C. k NB 

Mount Greeuw-O. Cook NK 



& 

wS 



. 

Muon. Graody 
Jfa<mfci,0niii 



Orandj ,'M 



^^r3. : . : ::. : :sf 



Long Point, LivingKon... .C 
Loi t Prairte, W*yne SE 

Longview { haropalfn . . . . B 

Longwoori, Cook KB 

Loofoote*, Fayetle 8 

Looml* Avenue, Cook NB 

Loon Lake. Lak- NB 

Loralr-. Ada** W 

Lgrai> S.ipLenaon KW 

Lyirnzo, Will NE 

Loatant, UBalle N 

Louden City. Fayetto 8 

lowtt, (*ee HartTllle) 

LouUvl tie. Clay 8 

lourd*. Woodford C 

Urvejoy, St Clalr BW 



>Iwdcr, Sangainon _ 

,La Salle N 

u - .Hamilton 8 

wr feoria, Peorla C 

rpolnt. Woodford....C 
y. Cook KB 

Lou, Cole* B 

Lovd. Menard 

Ludlow, Ckampalgn B 

Lutk, Pope .TTT7. B 

Lyndon, WntteVide KW 

KssassfES 

S|5jjfe:::::::.l| 

jrccSJ^Hancoek". ".'.'.', V. .W 

SJTcCIory. UrtngWon c 
McCture, Alexander 8 

~- 8W 



Meadow*, McLean';.'!.';.'8W 

SSirS^J 

Medora,^U^upm a ?! ! . l ^ > , nl C 

JrVAurry, McLean SW 

Metro**, Clark K 

SJ/elrotc. Cook KE 
elvllle, Madlaon C 

Melrtn.Ford K 

Xtttcood, Edgar E 

Menard, Randolph SW 

Mendon.Ad.rn. ........ .W 

Meadota, LaSaDe N 

Jf>nrt, TaMWell C 

Mecomlnee, Jo Dartew KW 
Mappeu. Calniun W 

MeRdotia. Morgan W 

Merlden, LaSalle K 

Mema, llrL-an SW 

Merilam, W*yne SE 

Merrtmac Point, Monroe. .8W 

Herri tt, Scott W 

MclHimiro, Woodford ..C 

Meteer. Bro ~ 



Mount llorrta-Ogle K 

> Mount Olive. Macoupla . . .C 

Mount Oilrtt, Cook K E 

idount Palatine, Putnam. .V 
tfi. / > Ifj|<tnl,(.*eeMouudeta.) 
9lfountPleatai<t. Jack*on8 
Honnt Plewant, Unton 8 

Mount Pnxpect, Cook. NE 

! Mount Pulatkl. Logan ....C 
Mount. Sterlinc.Br-n W 

Mount Vernon.Jetrn. .8 



_ Bond. ...8 

Mnlkevtown, Franklin 9 

Muncle, Vermilion E 

Jtundafi (W..(* Manhdll) 

MunMer. LaSalte K 

Murdock. Itougla. E 



,S 



Metropolla Cltj'.' MMMC 

Middle Creek, Hancock . . . . W 

Middle Groie, Tattoo.... W 

Middle Point, White.... 8B 

Middle* worth, Shelby C 

Mlddltton, <ee Long Pralhe) 

M4dta4Edcar .'.*.'.' 

WirtlandCltv, Dewm C 

OMMway. E4^ar K 

Mler, (aee Lancaiter} 

Mnin. Rock laland NW 

M -,-' Station, Maconpln. .C 



Nacliua,Lec K 

Sameokl, Madtaon C 

NaptTYllle, DnPage SK 

Naplea, Scott W 

Na-livillc, Wiahlufrtun S 
Nan Stock Yarda.St ClalrSW 

JNairoaa, Ma*on NW 
.uvoo. Hancock W 

Neadmore, Clark B 

Nebo, Pike W 

Xtflty, Edga E 

HwlyTllle, Morgan W 

Xpkoma, Henry NW 

NeUon,Le K 

Jir*iii,Varren.... W 



ILamollle, Bnrean H 

J Lanark. Carroll NW 

Lancatter, Wabaah 8E 

LaDcaslerrllle, Lake ....NB 
Landea, Crawford BB 

Lane, De Witt O 

L*ne*riiie, Sangamon C 

Laiuiow.Cwk.... KE 

Lit Place, Plau 

LaPralrie,Adani W 

La Prairie Centre. Mannall. C 

La rchland. Warren W 

La R*e. Marehall C 

LaSalle. LaSalle H 

I A! ham, Logan C 

ZxifAam. Wlnnebago N 

Jaaper SB 






*........~.9 

r- C ^(n^^erWyT!!?.:.8W 

IcHenry. McRenry K 

"'Henry. McHeory M 

re, <*ee Kellerrllle) 



MIL tua, Marlon 8 

Mlley. CHnton S 

MllforJ, lrtnjL..l* B 

Millard Avenue. Couk ..NB 

Mlllbnc, Jo I>nle*....NW 

SMlilbrook. Kendall K 
Illbiirn, Lake HE 

Mill Creek, Cnton 8 

Mllledge-nile, Carroll. . . HW 
JffUer, Ford B 

Milltr't. M.dlon C 



BW 



Latona, JM 
Laur, Je 
Lnra, Peona 

Lawa.Pwrte 

9La*rttta, McLean 

Lavergoe, Cook KB 

Lateler, <JalUtlc SB 

La wndale. Logan C 

Lawn Ridite, Manhall C 

Lawrence, McHenry N 



.. Lawr'e 

SE 

rie'iN W 



l^aman. Fulton 

Leamington. Gallatin.. 
lure.Dongla*. ... 



8 
H 
N 



NK 

KW 



,. Oort.KankakeeE 

93teLane4, Crawford BB 

McLean, McLean BW 

McLeantborovgh Junction, 

Hamilton S 

McL eanaboroofh 

Hamilton " 8 

McNorl. Manwc BW 

83SESS5!r:::::::'5 

psBtetes^ 

Mae, <*eSeaU>aTUle) 



fmdeeaie, Pla-.t c 

iMaxKtml). MeDonovcn. W 

I Macoupln. Macoopin!!*."*C 
Jadlion. Madlaoa C 

SMadlwn Street, Cook... KB 
artimnartlle, Monroe . . ..SW 
Macratown, Monroe SW 

J/i^tt.Cole B 

HanoaTpntnam N 

t Mahomet Champaign B 
MwtUc, Cook KE 

Makanda. Jaekioi ~ 



:::$ 

Sairern, WhlteaiideV.'.'.'.'.'"' 11 " 

M>nche*cr. Beo 

Mandell. Cook NB 

Manhatuu, will NB 

Maohelm, Cook NB 

SManlto, Ma*on NW 
Mann, Madlacn C 
anleyTVtJtoo W 

Manllua. Bureao N 

Mannon, Mercer NW 

Manafleld, Platt C 

ManteDO. Kankakee B 

ManvlUe, Uvlngalon C 

Maple Grove. EJwarda. . ...8E 

Htiple Or,**, Bond 8 

Maple Park, Kane N 

Maple 1 * Mill, Fulton W 

HipfewwZ cook ::;:.' ;:KB 

Maquon, Kn.n W 

Marble Head. Adaint W 

Martletown. Fulton W 

M*rcrlllne, Adam* W 

JTimu. Carroll NW 

Marcngo. McHeory V 



MIUeniTllle, Chrtatlan C 

Mllllken, Hancock W X 

MlUlngton, Kendall K lot 

Mllladate. Will KB M 

MlUSboala. White SB 

Mill*' Prairte, Ed ward*.... SK 9 

Mlllatadt,8aintClalr....8W 1,1* 
9 MitUtadtJ ttnc , MonroeSW X 
MUlrUU, i*ee Marble Head) . x 

Mllmlne, Platt. O UO 

Mllo. Bureau H BO 

Mllruy. Hendenon W X 

Milton, Pike W 418 

:K?ATfe. u r:::::S ,8 

Miuier, Taaewell C 444 

Mlnonk. Woodford C 1,314 

Mlnooka, Grand/ M BM 

Jrim, (.hampalgn E X 

....iiilonV.E X 

, VermlllonE X 

Jri(c><J(. Madlaon C X 

Mltcheltovllle, Saline B 100 

Mltchle, Monroe SW I3u 

Shelby C BtB 



Sepouaet. Bvwi^.""j 
Nettte Creek, Grundv N 

? Nevada, LJrln(Mon.......C 
Xevlna, Edjrar B 
twark. Keuuall K 

New A thru*, gain t Clalr BW 

NewBailen. Clluton 8 

New Bedford, Bureau K 

New Berlin, 6angamon...C 

Srwlc rn, Jeraey SW 

SNewDorton, Mcrrer...NW 
JMpUM. St. Clalr.SW 

New Hurnudc. Johneon . .S 

New ( luum. Pike W 

NewCaatle. Salloe 8 

Xfie Ckn-agn, Couk MB 

New City. Snnttamon C 

New Columbia, MaaMC. .. .SW 

New Ix>ti)it*on, Wmwn..S 

New Dealgu, Monroe ...SW 

NewIXiugha, MadlK.n.,..i; 

Newell, VennlUon....... B 

9-VfifrH, Vermilion E 

New (irueeee, Wbltetlde XW 

New Grand Chain, PulwkIS 

New Hanover. MonroeSW 
w Hartford, Pike. . 
:w Haven, Gallatin. 



^ 



New H 



M<Kte,6helby C 

Modena, Stark C 

Moiieato. Maconpln C 

Modoc. Randolph SW 

Jforaua, Peorla. c 

MotenaVWm "."KB 

MoUneTRock Ialand....HW 

Momence, Kankakee B 

9*ixnmi*Junc,. Kan'kee.G 

Monarch, McLean SW 

~ Monee, Will NK 



MMiroe7cnUa|oB>ie*.'!'"K 
Monroe City. Monroe SW 

Mont Clare, Cook KB 

Monterey, Fulton W 

Mootemma, Pike W 



Montgomery, Kane K 

Montloello. Platl C 

9MontfOM, Cook KB 

Montroae, Eflngtaani 9 

Moonahine. CUrk B 

Moore** Prairie, Jeffeaaon 8 
More*. Crawford SB 

JMoreland. Cook NB 
(*-'t*ri.'K,<ie Carrier'* Mllto) 

JConwn, Morgan W 

Muncan Park, Cook NB 

Morganavllle, C-nrtrtJan C 

More, Madiaon 



New Lenox, Will NB 

New Liberty, hope S 

Newman, Douglaa K 

Newman*v!lle. Caa* W 

Sew Mem phltCU nton. ...S 

?New Mllford. Wlnnebapo N 
ewMlcden. Waahlngttm. .6 

New Palrsllne. Rand'ph SW 

Sew Philadelphia, Me Don - 

ough W 

iffntpert, Madtoon C 

J Sew balem. Pike W 
tuton, (* Adam*) 

Newton. Jai per SB 

Sew Windaor, Mercer.. NW 
Ney. DeKalb...: K 

ManUc, Macon B 

Win. Cook .KB 

N I le Cent re. Cook KB 

Nilwood, MaconplB C 

NtoU, riancock.V. W 

Klppemnk. Lake NK 

Noble. Rlchland SE 

Nokomla. Montcomery...C 

Nora. JoDarteML ..KW 

Kormal, McLean SW 

9 Formal June. Mcl^ao SW 

Normal Fart. Cook . . . . KE 
9 Norman, Ijvlcntnn C 

Norrta, FuTton,. ."."." "w 

NorrliClty. White SE 

Nortli Alton. Madl*on C 

MvtlwMtjw, Peorla C 

SurthAuwn. Ka.,e N 

.Vt.riA BfUrille, Sl_ CUIrHW 

Aor<A 1,-uiro, Ak-iander..8 

Jtirt* Cairo. Pulaikl 8 

North DHI.I..II. l-.,k.... NK 

Aorf* fjgtv ,,ier'. (Vwiii'sV: 
9North KrunttoH, Cook NR 

- v ' <""""- % 



, o 

A'ort* O^etfo, Kendall.. N 
North Peorla^ Pe.-m. .. C 
North PlauTKane M 

".KB 



MAP INDEX OF ILLINOIS. 



.TT-T. IWDWX. ror. -row*. comrrr. UDIZ. por. 



Norwood, Mercer HW 

S Norwood Park. Cook . . . NB 
WT*. White ;....BE 

SNnoda, MeHenfy N 
nery, CarroU MW 

S^tecoik:;::::::;.Hl 



::;:HB 

dPark, Macon S 

<Jak Lawn. Cook NK 

Oakler, Macon 8 

',,* Mound, Fulton W 

Oak Park, Cook NE 

Oak Point, Clark B 

Oak town. Pulaakl 8 

Oakniie. union 6 

Ok<nxl. Vermilion B 

Obed.Khelbr.. C 

Oblunic. Crawford BB 

OconfT, Shelby 

Oroyo. iJvlngiton C 

(Well, Uvlngiton C 



. 
odin. 

0-F.il 

' 



. 
Mari 



__ /ilon,8*lnt'ciiir.'.".'.'8W 
%O-fallon June. 8t ClalrSW 

Ogden, Champaign E 

0|lJ Mercer... .V7.. HW 

flpl**. Balnt Clalr BW 

jS?&^::::::::::5 




aid 9s*v&r.~~. : 

Olena, Hendenon W 

Olpa, Hamilton 8 

OUre Branch, Aliaoder....8 

Ollrer. Edgar B 

Olmrted, Pulakkl... * 

Olnrr, Rlchland. 



Oneida^Ko' 

Ontario, Knoi w 

OnUrlovlllF DuPage. . . . NE 

Opd } ke, Jei-eraon 8 

Ophiem. Henry HW 

Op J&, La Salle... N 

Dquwk* Hendenon. . W 

Ora, Jacluon 8 

Orange, CUrk B 

Ortogv Prairie. Peorta C 



Granule, jackaon _ 

Orchard Minea, PtorU....C 

Orchard Place. Cook... .HE 
Orchardvllle. Wayne BE 

Oreana, Macon 8 

Orcon,0gle N 

Or*., <*M linn). 

Orion, Henry NW 

JSS?^--" 



Orteant, Morgan *.'..W 

% Ormonde, Warren W 

Oaage. Franklin S 

Oaborn, Rock laUad . . . NW 
Oactola. Stark C 

OKO, Henry NW 

0*kak)oaa, CUy S 

Uaman, McLemu SW 

Oar, De Witt C 

Oawego. Kendall N 

Ottawa, La Balle N 

OIMIM Spring,, La Sttlle .H 

OtUr, La Salle N 

Ottervllle, Jeraey 8W 

Otto. Fulton W 

Ottt/MkflilM, Kankakee. K 
OIUH, Bureau N 

Outteo, Maron B 

Ovlngton. Cook HE 

OWUMCO, ChrtoUui 

Owfii. Wlonebago N 

Oi Bow. putuam N 

Oxford, Henry NW 

OivlUe,BoMt W 

Oiark. Johnaon 8 

1-aclBc.Cook NE 

PadertMirii. Salut Clalr.. ..SW 

Pauua. McLean 8W 

Paint* Pulnt, Ogle N 

Palatine, Cook NE 

Palermo. Edeir E 

Palertlne. Crawford SK 

Ptilttilnt. Randolph SW 

Pal me r, Ch rlatlan C 40 

Palmyra, Bacoupln C 909 

Palo Alto. Hamilton. ... 8 40 

Paloma. Adam* W 



.>.j,,^iwS;:::::::i 

Paradaw, Colea E 

1'itrla. Edgar E 

Parker, John*on 8 

Parkenburgh. Rlchland. BE 

Park Manor, Cook NR 

Park Ridge/Cook ..NK 

ParkHde.Cook .........HE 

Parkvtlle. Champaign B 

farmer, i,tee Mill* Prairie) . . . 

Parnrll, DeWItt O 

Parriah, FrankUn B 

PaaDeld.Bangamon O 



I'atlimt fart, I>eWlU C 

PaMure&eld. Lawrenc....Ntt 

Patok*. Uarloii fl 

Pattrixiu. Greene.. 

+ Patttrton-t 

Pattuti WaL _ 

I'avllloo,' Keodli!.".";i;;;.N 
Pawnee. Sangamon C 

/>,..., June., SangamonC 

Pawpaw, Let N 

K*fi&r. ..*;"."".*." J 

i'ttf-n, Adam* W 

Ptarl. Macon ...... B 

Pearl. Pike W 

Peratonlca, Wlnnebago. ..N 

I'fkin, Taiewell C 

RPttin Junction. Tuewell C 
illonla. Muvac SW 

Peng.ld.Cbampal|tn E 

1'ennlngton Point, UcDon. .W 

AnMercook HE 

Pennine, Whlteaid* NW 

FKORIA. Peorta C 

Pcvtoae.wm JTB 



Percy. Randolph BW 

9 1'frry tyring*. Brown. . . W 

Perry^prfngvPlke W 

9 ferry*. Jackaon B 

"er^flos. Merrer HW 

-iPerrynlle, Wtnncbago ...N 

Peru. La8lleV.'.'.'. .".'.'.. N 

Peaolum, Champaign B 

Peter*. Madlaon C 

I'rtrrtbttrg. <*ee A*torU) .... 

Petcnbarch, Menard. .C 
retera Creek. Hard in BR 

Mercer HW 

Phlla^lpUaFcaa* !'.W 

PAUHp*. Fulton W 

PhlUIpitown. White 8E 



..BW 

pierceTiTi;,"b;Kaib\T.:::: 8 H 

Plerron, Bond B 

Pleram Station, I'latt C 

Pigeon, Jeffenon S 

like. Pike W 

Pilot, Vermilion B 

Wat Knob. WihlnKU>n....B 
-Plrkneyvfll*. Perry... 8 

. Jua Crt*k, Ogta H 

mffoe*,0g%.... K 

nnrritlt, (MM Bart*) 

SPIngneOroTe, Kane N 
nk Prairie. Henry NW 

RPlnkitaft, Uwreuce ....NB 
nOak, Wayne BB 

Piopoiw, Hamilton B 

Piper City, Ford E 

-"- ^ - V , W 

. _._- Siocktoo).. 

Htb*nr9fcyy*Ue 8 

puunM. PikV . . .'.'.'. . w 

jltbt Junction, Pike. W 

-ood, Iroquol* B 

__ ..ifleliWin MB 

Plain view. Macoupln C 

Plalnnlle, Adami W 

Piano, Kendall N 

PUto, Iroquol* E 

o Centre, Kane H 

llle, Kendall M 

1*1, !; ' Corner, Shelhy C 



, i(//if(, Jol)avle*.NW 

Hleaaant Hill. Pike W 

Ple*ant Hound, Bond S 

il'k-aaant Plain*. SangiimuuC 



I'lvaaan 1 1'lalni, Bftn|UnOBC 
I'ltatant Rtdyt, Hadlaon ...C 
~ --- at Valley, Jo Davl'iNW 
itVlew,Bchuyler....W 

Plum, Scott W 

Mumflrkl, Franklin B 



, 

Pocahouua, Bond ......... 

Poco,Pop .................. B 

Pofwk, Moalconwrr ..... O 

Po*.Monroe.T:.........8W 

/>iMiilC<itumt.Cook....KE 

/otonrf, BMtdolpb ...... SW 

Polo,0> ..... 7.7. ....... K 

obffivr*, (ae Ut. Carroll V . . 

Pomeroy. Mercer ......... NW 

Pomona, Jackaoa ....... ..8 

Ponrmah, Warren ....... W 

' 



PonUxwuc. Hancock ..... 
PopUrCity. Haaon ..... HW 
PopUrGroT.Boone ..... H 
'' 



Portlivn>n.Ruck I* Land NW 
Art Byron Junction, Rock 

Uland H 

PtrumUle, Jack*on. 8 

fort JofttOH, Crawford. . .BR 

Portland. Frankllu 8 

Portland, White*! Je HW 

Port //u >'o(nl, Balnt Cl'r BW 

!'<*ry. Clinton 8 

Potomac, Vennlllon E 

PotUtown, Peort* C 

P.i* i-lliun. Hancock W 

Pralrte Centre, La Salle N 

PralrlaCliy. McDowMffeW 

m/>rairt* <>*, Will NE 

PratrUdu /'cml. Saint Cl'rSW 
Prairie, du Rocher.li'ud'phBW 

Prairie Hall, MaVm B 

Pralrte. Home, Shelby C 

Pralrte Town, MadlBon C 

fralrte Vitie, Douglai E 

-Pralrte View, Lake NE 

. ralrtevllle. LM N 

/Yult. Whlttalde HW 

Pre-emption, Mercer.. .HW 

Prentice, Morgan W 

Preaton, Randolpb 8W 

JTwWtw.Ta^eli C 

Prto*. Lawruc* HB 



. 

Prlu-to*,Bareau ..... 
Prlnceniie. Perl ........ C 

'''' 



, ......... 

Propoetttown, WhltM'0 NW 



wrtty, Fr 

dence, Burru n 

BO,Cook HE 

Pujol. Randolpn SW 

Pulukl, Pulaakl 8 

rulatkl, BaMMk W 

Pulley'* Mill WIIUanuon....a 

1'ullman, Coek N E 

T'urHn0ton,Cuuk.. .. HB 

Pvt CrttK. Fultou W 

I'utnatn, Putnam N 

Pyatt. Perry B 

fjutrn Cflu, iieeBcbwer) 

gu**nl>iir. Clinton S 

Qulgley. Rhrlliy C 

Ul-lNCV.AdUM .....W 

yulnr u Junction. Pike. . . W 

M**r, Uaaon HW 

RlMHMM. Marlon 8 

Radillrvllle, Jackaon 8 

l:n<!(iird.Chr.aUan C 

" "lev, Le N 

nit. Wellington 8 

luwn.JaBper. SK 

- '-*. Saint Cimr BW 

R^leljth. Saline 8 

Rn .HfvriUt, Peo rta C 

lUmaey.Kayette B 

Hamtnll. Knot W 

lUudolph. MrUM SW 

Range. J'ffrrw.n 8 

Aaf, saint CUlr BW 

R>nkln, Vrrinlllnn R 

lUiw.m, LB Salle N 

lUutoul, CLaiupalgu B 



X 
100 



ass*: 



)WX. COUKTT. IVDKX. I-OP. TOW 



Rapate*. Knox W 

Raplda City. Rock laTd.KW 

Rardln. Cole* E 

KarltAn, Henderson W 

Rauro. Pope 8 

K'ir'n, Ed*r E 

Ratentwood.Cook HB 

Ravlnla. Lake NB 

ftOKUltt, Pulton W 

Ray. Schujler W 

~ Raymond, Montgomery. ..C 

Reader, 'Macoupln C 

_ Reading, LJrtn|rtou C 

Av,-(..fTi.V'. ,H-C lir.n.|rtitunl., 

Red Hud. Randolph BW 

9Reddlck, Kankakt-e B 

fettmdJBtebJawd BE 



Keed, Henderson W 

%Ketdrrt, Maconpln C 

Kted-f Crotting, Boone...N 

_7?*w. Franklin B 

Reeve* Yllle, Johnson 8 

MCam, Joffcijon B 

Regent, JubnMn 8 

Kfin bard. La Salle W 

tt/itlttf fiumtmr On*, Ta*e- 

well C 

JM? JrwM* Two, Taw- 
well C 

Renault, Monroe BW 

Ki-ii.i. Bond 8 

Rentchlr,B*lutCUlr..SW 

Rtffijrd, COOk NE 

BeTawUl, Rock Uland. HW 

JB*yi*aMi>, Union, 8 

Rhudt'a. Cook NE 

Jeidktnra, La Balle H 

Rlch.rdi>n. Kane N 

Ichfleld. Adam* .,W 

Rlchland. 8*nnmon C 

nfdUomd Orow.Rock I*l'dNW 

Richmond, McHenry N 

Rlchton, Cook NE 

9 Rlchview, Washington.... 8 
Uch Wood*, Crawford ..HE 
Rlckel. Henry NW 

! Ridge Farm. Vermilion. . .& 
RldgeDeld. McIIeury H 

9 Rldgtlnnil. Cook NB 

Bldiely, Bannmon C 

Ridge rpralrle, Balut CUlr. 8W 

SRldjtevlllf. IrixjuoU B 
Rldgway, Oallatlu BB 

SRldott, BtepbeuaoD NW 
file. Clay B 

ULKK-I..H, Sr,,lt W 

:: . . uiif. Saline 8 

iSnuOrani HB 

;. :.. ".HI, Uclleury H 

RIoTKnoT. * W 

Rlola, Vermilion E 

Rlpley, Brown W 

Rladou. Saint Clalr BW 

iKIs-tng, Champaign B 

i Rltk, Llvlngitou C 

i Rltchey, Will NB 

.Hlverdale.Cook NB 

jJKMntate, Greene... ,.,..W 

tortr >' fTM(,fook NE 

! River Grore, Cook NE 
AMT /Mitea, Saint CrrS W 



Sailor Spring*. CUT 8 

Saint Anne, Kaiikakee,...E 
iSalntAiwuVtln*. KIKW...W 

Saint Charles, Rane N 

Saint Darld. Fulton W 

if-amt Elmo, Vayette 8 

i*ni Ifarla. Cook ....NB 
SantFrauctav'e, Lawr'ce NE 
Unt George, Kankakee ....B 

Saint Jacob. Madlaon ...SW 
ilnt Jatnea, Fajettc 8 

jBalntJoho. Perry S 

Saint Jnaeph, Champaign .E 
Saint Llbory. Saint Clalr ..SW 

Stint Marie. Ja*p*r SB 

m-Sinnt Mary, IroquoU E 

MMlJTarr'a, Hancock ....W 
Saint Morgan, Madinoa. . . HW 

saint S > citrtr*,(*ee VanOrln) 

Saint Paul. Fayett* B 

Saint lioae, Clinton .B 

Altai K'Mdct, Clay 8 

Hatlem. Marton B 

Rallna, Kankakee E 

Sallru- Mine*, GallaUn BB 

Laltabury, Sangumon C 

-Sail Creek, IiuPage NB 

Salt Crtek Siding. IteWltt.C 

A'rt/Mdo, Knox. 7. W 

Sattioth, MBBMC S 

SamiTllle, Kdwanl* BB 

" inborn, Johnaon 8 

ntdLatt, Lake NE 

Sandoral. Marlon 8 

MMf AWH, UeeSand*).... 

tt.Sami Ridge, Grnndy N 

|SandKldBr,J*ckWn S 

Sand*. Tuewell O 

" Whlte*lde NW 

iph ..BW 

, ewell .,C 

Sanduaky, Alexander S 

Sanduttv, Vermilion E 

.Sandwich, I>eKalb N 

an/ordaiU, WhltnideV.NW 

ISangamon, Macon C 
Samfamon, S*nt*mon . . . .C 



9SanJo**,lla*on C 

SanUFe, Alexander 8 

tantteffa, Marthall C 

Sato, Jackaon- 8 

' Livingston C 

jroll NW 

'I** 1 

>8*yb'rook,'McLMJi"."!:...0 
iScalea Mound, Jo Darl'iNW 



:tupTille, Jo Davlea*. ...NW 



, 

Sauneinln,Ll 

Bavanna. Car 
aSaTOjr, Chatn 
lalun. H 



. 

JC 
831 
MS 



Rlreru>B.&anainon C 

Boaektt, Jeffemn 8 

RoMoke.WoodJbrd O 

Roberta, Ford B 

Roblofton. Crawford. . BE 1,987 

Robinson Creek, Shelby C 

"ublnton'i, Randolph ...,8W 

_ Bochelle, Ogle H 

BSSRSSsst 

Rock, POM B 

Rockbrtdge, Greene W 

Ruck City, Stcpheuaon. NW 
Rock Creek, Hardln SB 

Iluckf oiler. Lake NB 

Itock FaU*,WhH*lde..NW 

Itockford, Wluuebago..N 
Rtx-k Grove, etephcown. NW 

Bo.k I.Und, U.I....NW 



-.-..-* itluTHt Junction, 

Wbltetlde NW 

_Rockport,Plke W 

Rockton, Winncbago H 

Rock vlllc. Kau kak ee B 

Rock wood. Randolph SW 

Rixlden.JoUavIra* NW 

Roger'* Park. Couk HB 

Rohrer, Morgan W 

Roland, White BB 

Rolllna. Lake HB 

Rollo, DcKaib II 

_Rome, Peort* C 

Ronu, jtSrnaa. B 

Will HE 

, _._u. Lake HL 

! Rood houae, Greene W 
JCooJf* Crttk. Uvlngaton. .C 

" !A. LlTlngMon. C 

oi^gh. luSdolp. .SW 

Aaa^a3r*&tf| 

ROM, Iroquoli E 

Roae Bud, Pone B 

Roaecrana,La!kfl HE 

Roaedale, Jrnwj BW 

ffo*<SlW.Cook HE 

eae Hill, Jaaper BE 
land. Cook NE 

-iRoaello, Uul'age NE 

i Roaemond. ChrtiUan O 

Eoae vi lie. Warren W 

Roaewood. Jrfferton S 

Roalclare. Hardln BB 

Roalyn, CumberUQd B 

ROM drove, IfrKalb N 

Iiww llle. \Vriniiion R 

;;,,,.: i il I.I..M \V't<!U-alileNW 

Hound Knob, Maatac 8 

llowe, Uvliigrton C 

Rowell. DeWitt C 

liuyni. cnampalgn E 

Hoictla- Krudenon W 

RnarkTlawrence NB 

AHtv. Wlnnebago N 

Rugby. LJvluiT"U>a .C 

Ruma, lUndolph HW 

1'upe, Jefferaon B 

Rural. Rock Uland NW 

:: .r .1 inn. Hamilton 9 

Kuih JoDavIc** NW 

" Bcbuyler...W 



X 
m 



A 



'[{iiMeii.'uke';.'.' 

iiMrllvllle, Lawre 

itUnd, LaSalk 

_ 6(na. McLean C 

9Sacrnattnto. Kankakee.. .E 

Sacramento, WhlW BE 

^adorui. Cbampalgn B 

Sag Bridge. Cook NB 

Stldvn. UHOQ 



IITDIX. POP. TOW. ooo: 



X 
4S1 



Soldi** Borne, Adami . . , W 
ISolliu, Kankakee B 

Solotnau, DeWlU C 

*k>u MUU, McUenry H 

Somenet, Saline 8 

Somouauk, IVKalb N 

nora. Hancock W 

Sorenw, Bond 8 

-SovtH AMUon, DuPageNB 

julh America, Sal] oe S 

'*>*tkamptnn, (*M Prtncev'e) 
l&ntt* Aurora. Kane H 

.^<.mh Chicago. Cook... NE 
JtoWA Chicago Aop,CookNB 



X 
7*9 

X 

991 



X 
200 



-.Hjwtftion, Cook...NE 
South DaneilU, Vermilion. .E 

Duth UlvUlon, Cook NB 

-.ntsi KiKln, Kane N 

_i.?owtA A'lntAurfi,Dul'ageNE 

South Englewood. Cook KE * 

SoucA Engtevtood Junction. 

Cook NB X 

South Kran*ton, Cook ..NB .9,000 
t South f'rttport, Step'n NW X 

ouUi Grove, DeKalb N X 

outh Harvey. Cook HE X 

South Hi-iidiTwjii. Hendcr'bW tt 

South l!ollaud,Cook HE 1,001 

'tut* fftmt*. Whltenlde..NW X 

tout* June., Balnt ClalrSW x 

South Lynne, Cook ...... NE * 

onth llonnt FoiML Cook NB 90 

A,fA Oak Park. Cook .HE X 
Sovtk OtciirHi-,HuhlngtonB ISO 

> .toulAO(Ia.fa' La Salle... H 

AtufA Far*. Cook HE 

o*tA Ftarla, PeorU C 

"auHtport, Peorta.. O 

w,<ATlAK(a n <*. book. . . HB 
_i.>toM(A fiOMland, Cook. .HE 

SoulA^Aorv, Cook NE 

*.fi(A .Springfield. Sang'n. . .C 
Southweat, Cook NB 

.pankey.Jerary BW 

ypart*. Clinton B 

Bpark-.HlU.Hardin BE 

iM-Sjfrssfi 8 ^ 

".N? 




'arMw~...:w 



k&XMiM, Vermiaom ..".....'. B 

lnXJata,SlntCl*Jr ... .BW 
jBcotl Land, Edgar B 

BcotUborgn! VciJonough W 
HiafjM*M,|BOT Waotab) 

SSr^:.:':^ 
jSffli^::::::::^ 

9 Beatonrllle, Bureau IT 

BebtMOpOJ, Madlauo SW 

Baoor. Woodford C 

~i8Mborn. Pike W 

_ setter. Cook ....HE 

Seller*. Champaiitn E 

itittitger, Balnt CUlr BW 

Senna. McLean C 

Seminary, Fayelte 8 

Seneca. LaSalle N 

Bepo, Fulton W 

Serena, L* Salle M 

Seville, Fulton W 

-i Seward. Win uebago N 

eiton, fhelby C 

Seymour, Champaign E 

jShabbouo. DeKmlbT. N 

SliabboiiaOrove, DeKalb...N 

S Shannon, Carroll NW 
laron, Henry HW 

S!nrp*buifh, ChrlMlan ...C 
*/nirp*i'(l'jf.l"t l eShehlon*Gr) 

Sbattuc. Clinton 8 

VAaum6ufvA. Cuok NB 

Bbow.LM N 

SMMMf/MIA, Hamilton. S 
8h*wne*town,Oall'ln8F, 



X 
9M 



u ,.=u Jeflewon ~M 
Qtim MiJlonry. .".".'N 
Hill, Whltealde... NW 

Lakt. Maaon NW 

Station, Brown W 

" Adam* W 

iBprincrilie. union ....'.'.'.".8 

8U)r. Champaign B 

kSUlllng*, Madliun. 



ton, Btepbeuun 
Star, Hancock 
lStrk.St*rk 



X 
NO 



, ......... 

SholbyVllle. 8niby.V..B S.l 



Shepherd. Pike...,. W 

Bherburnvllle, Kankakee. ..E 

Sheridan. IA Salle N 

SA*rlda^w^..LSail*.. N 

Slieniiau, Bangamon C 

8hermer*llle, Cook SE 

SheOerrllle. Hardln SB 

Skutd. Lake NB 

Shlloh, Saint Clalr SW 

Shllo Center. Cham palgn . . . . B 

8hlk> Hill, Randolph SW 

"lilnklc. Shelby C 

iRhlnn. Pike W 

iShlpman, Macoupln C 

Shlrland, Wlnnebago N 

Shirley. McLean SW 

HbcUiuIcr. F*yett* 8 

ShoU Siding, Peorta C 

Shooting Park, Cook . . . NE 
.Shop Creek, Monlgomery.C 

Sliumway. EfflugLam B 

Sibley, Ford E 

-SldrlL Vermilion E 

UltHng. La Balle N 

Sidney, Champaign E 

Slfgtrt, Edwarua 8R 

Slgel, Bhelby C 

"".)ara. Brown W 

liver Creek, Calhoun W 

.-Hirer '.'nek. MadUon C 

Bllrertoa, Jaiper SB 

Slnmn*. Cook NE 

BlMMa, JotWBM S 

Him*. Wavue SE 

Siut-uir. Morgan W 

Six Mile. Wayue SE 

Skate*, bbelby C 

Hkeltor.. Logan C 

Smlthboroiuti. Bond 8 

SinlUidale, Llvingaton C 

StnltlinMd. Fulton W 

Snilttihire, Warren W 

A-muA L'fg,(tmf Mrrrtmac Ptj 

HmlUiton. talutClatr SW 

fimlth'llle. l-rna C 

SmoUirriviiie, Franklin... 8 

Snlcvrte. Maaon NW 

Snider, Vermilion B 

SuuwOake, Knnklln 8 



IVDU. for. 




X 
l.tM 



t 




U 



O 

.BW 
N W 
W 
C 



. .............. 

r**. <BM TfajTM) .......... 



::::::: 

ok ........ NE 



M.K./.ln, Cook 

t hiu l.ln*. Vermilion B 

IBtaunton. Maconpln C 

UTaugtrTL* Balle V 

t Stee'leVlllt i/RBodoiph '. '.'.& W 

I Sterling. Wlil tlde NW 

kSterena. Bwpheaaoa. . . .NW 
Steward, LM If 

SStewardaoo, Sbalbr C 
Sticknty, Cook ...NB 

SUllman Valley, Ogle H 

istllwell, Hancock W 

BtlrnipGrove, Macoupln. ...U 
StockUnd. lr; --- 

Stockton, Jo 

Stofki .Tazewcll C 

Stock Yard. C-mk NB 

m -Stock rr.(JJnc.,CookNE 
mtitiHkrt Taiewell 



SU>D Church, Waahlngton . .8 

Stone Fort, Saline ......... 8 

S(on PrairU. Adami ...... W 

ion Quarry, Skint Cl'rBW 
BtoneCorDen.McKenry...N 



StoDlngto 



, 

en.Mc 
u. Cbrt 



. 

Jnt CUlr 



Stoy. Crawford , 

SUMburgh, Bhelby... 
Stratford. OKle 

jStruut. Pike 

Strawu, Urp|J9MI... 



C 



-inc., Lt Sail* . . . . N 

QSIreatorJiiHc., Wdford..C 
Stringlown, (tt* Pellonla) . . . 
Strtngtowu. Rlchland SE 

assess.*.? 

Stul.t,l'-neld, Bond. 
Sturgtl, Cook (IB 

8nblette, LM N 
itt. Mercer HW 

Buffern, Macon 8 

''.Sugar Crttk, Jack*on B 

Sugar Grove. Kane H 

Sulll n, M..ultrte C 

Sum liirrfl rid, Stint CUlr. .S 

inimer Hill, Pike W 

Summer*, McLean SW 

iBummeraon. Saint CUlr. .S 

_is mil. Cook NE 

t} Summit, Knox W 

Summit. Itock I tland HW 

Mi,i,t((. Balnt CUlr BW 

-nminlt. Will HE 

.Summit Station, (aee Vienna) 

i, Fulton W 

Lawrence NB 



u| 

J 

9,04 
X 

K 
.r. 
s 
^ 





414 

990 
X 

S 

190 

& 

X 

A 



1! 
& 

1 



SSu inner. Law 
impter, White 
Sunbeam. Merc 



Bunfleld. Perry 8 

Sunny Hill, Henry HW 

BunrUr.L* Balle.... H 

Sunart, Kane N 

ButurJRanoack . . '.".".".".'.".". '.'.W 

Swan Creek. Warren W 

Swango, Edgar E 

Swan wick. Perry... 



Swiaher. DeWItt C 

.Virt(cAj>.,Fotd B 

Swrgert. I: 



& 

X 



MAP INDEX OF ILLINOIS. 



Twnr. COCXTT. IHDIX. 


ror. 


TOW*. CO C TT. mn. 


TOT. 


row,. CO..TT. ,. 


TOT. 


TOW. OKTirTT. I*DK. 


TOf. 


TOW. COMMIT. IVDEl. 


NT 


ByTvan, Cant W 

Srmenon. Will NE 


X 
100 


Ttyoo'it G rove, McHenry . . ,.N 
fucker. Kankakee E 


i 


WabMh, Way o N K 
H'afeMA, WhIW SB 


30 
7 


Welton. Efflngham M 
Wrm. Kanltakee B 


25 

SO 


Wilton Center. Will NE 


H 
i.-.i? 


1'iiMe Grove. Fulton W 


4UO 


ru.-ier. Ogle K 


x 




IV) 


Wempietown, Wtnnebago. . . N 


10 


Wijirt'im, WaahlnirtQU 8 




Tallala, Menard C 


445 


TuUamore, Tawwell C 


130 


Wailfworth. l*kf NE 


100 


Wrmma.MarKhill... . C 


1,053 


Windsor, Shelby C 


1 


Rramalro. Bond S 


40 


Tunnr 1 Bill, Johnson 8 


200 


Warty Petni, PUrk C 


i 


IFMlMrtk, Cook NE 


x 


Swindaor Park. Cook. ...KK 




marack,Wlll NE 


30 




X 




140 


Wesley, Tawwell C 


100 


Wine Hill. Randolph sW 


I 


Tamaroa, t'erry S 
Tamptco,Wliltmde.... NW 

Tiintiu, Sji!K.inio[) C 

TaniUI. Pope S 
Taylor. Ogle N 

T^i.-r I!iil. Franklin ..S 


1.000 
429 
X 

JS 
20 
30 


S*Tuni"r.r)u Page.^^.NK 
trner Park, Cook NE 
Turpln. Macon C 
Tu-wolm. Donglaa E 
JVin Hlitfft, La Salic N 
Twin <Swe, McLean C 


LJ 

KM 

un 

x 

x 


agnera lAiidlue. Jarkn-n. 8 
akfflrld, Klchland SE 

U'nl-tfn, Cook N E 
WatakfimCttnftrrt.C'tt. M 
Waldron. Kankrte. B 
ifi', iiclc- N 


100 
X 
X 

sue 


5we Hrooklyn, Lee N 
ertDirUlon. Cook NB 
WMt fiKd, Kane N 
Wat Klffiii, Kane N 


X 
250 

A 

X 
as 


SWInfleM. IHiPage NK 
Wtug, IJvlngiton C 
Wlnnebsgo, Wlnnehaxo. . N 
Wlnnetka, Cook S E 
Vinitair, C'umbcrl*nd....K 
Wlntlow, Strpheuaon . . . N W 


E 

;. i 
1.85 . 

X 

I 


Taylor Rldge.Kock ll'd BW 
Tmylorville, Christian.. C 


25 
2,829 


Udlna,Kane N 

tllah. Henry NW 


100 


Walker, Macon C 
ir-irt-T. Will NE 


x 


Western Saratoga, (,'n!on!'."s 
Welem Spring), Cook. .NE 


40 
451 


W'lntcrrnwd. Efflngham 5 
Winter*. Jo barteaa NW 






X 


mflrry, Moultrie C 


x 


Walkervllle, O recne W 


100 


WeMfield, Clark E 


510 


Wireton, Cwk NE 


x 


Tef^ri*n. \uw*. ".'.'.'.'.'.'. NW 
Temple Hill, Pope 8 


EC 

X 


SUHIn, Pnlaakt S 
irtch. Moultrie C 


350 
X 


Wall, Jeffemvn 8 
Wallace. Dr. Kalb N 


20 
250 


fTett Genoa, De K*lb N 
WertHaJlock.Pw.rta C 


X 

75 


Wilt, Montgomery C 
Woburn, Bond 8 


H 


Tenue*ec. McDonmigti.,W 
Terra ColU. McHenry.-..^ 


313 
35 


rw(,-f<. L'lsrk K 


X 
X 


It'r/'/n. f Xta,, ^nt KapaUe).. 
Wll-Wlla,Cnmherland.. E 


X 

X 


WettHam'A, (aecHam'd.lnd. 
H'rtJ/'ir<inn>!. Maron.NW 


X 

x 


Woli-,ill. 1'tvrla... i: 
Wolf Creek. Willlimaon 8 


: .i 


Terra Hi me. Hejider>on....W 


250 


Jfti'i'-n.'Sli'ncVr'v ".".'.'" .'N 


300 


Wallbaiini. Henderaon W 


100 


'( HiHtdul'. DuI'ageNK 


x 


Wolf Uke, I'lii-m 8 


- 


Tcutopollv Effingham S 


BOO 


nlon tviitrc. CuriYlierla'.d. K 


SO 


Walllnirford, Will N'E 


70 


ert Jeney. SUrk C 


Us 








TCTI* rlty. Sillii-- S 
TTbackery. Hamilton 8 
hackeru, Hamilton B 
QTitaieMr't ftirt. Cook.NE 


25 
75 

X 


Uakin Hill, Kankakee..'..E 
Union Point, Union 8 
U*ior .flock )"iird*,Cook. NE 


'S 

x 

* 


SWalnuUHiirean N 
WalntitGrove, M'I>ou'h. W 
Walnut Hill. Markiu S 


COS 
30 

125 
X 


We*t Liberty. Jasper.... BE 

!W.-5t MfHrurv. M 11, ,,n N 
WcttJfafwood, Cook.. NE 
Wat JVffMJL Vermilion E 


300 
300 

| 


Wolfs CroMlng, Will NE 
Wolrab Mill*. iUrdlii SE 
Worn*-. Matonpln SW 
WorHlliine. Jo DavleM. . NW 


& 

x 

M 


Thawvllle, Iroquoli E 
Thebes, Alexander 8 
The Grove, Cook NE 


300 
100 
X 


1'nlonvllle, Maaaac S 
Unity. Alexander S 

Upper Alton, Martt^u. ->W 


i 

1,903 


Walnut Prairie, Clark . . . . K 
Walpnte. Hamilton. . S 
Walshvine. Montguifery. .C 


55 

15 
167 


Wat Xortnfteia.(^v Oak Glen) 
Weaton, McLean c 
Weat Point. Hancock. ...W 


too 


W<.odl>urn. MacouHn SW 
{Woodliun-, Cumberland. E 
Woodford, Woodfbrd C 


: - 


Thomaa, Bureau N 


10 


t/pper J 4IWn L s-w.,Mn11ion6W 




Walfcn>hurv;h, Pope S 


35 


Went port, Lawrence. . NE 


x 


Woodhnll. Henry NW 




ThoniHborough.Cb'p'n.. .E 

TTioriiaavllle, Montgomery C 
Thorn peon vl lie. Franklin.. 3 


190 
10 
309 


Uitlck, Whlleatde.".'.'.".... MW 


uy 

135 


t Walton, Lee N 
,l!'.,!lf.:,,.:!:,,/,, (i.,;! id!) .Sh 

Wanboro (iee Albion) 


IS 

1 
X 


We Ridge. Donglw K 
WoM.AoMlaflrf.Cook NE 
WettEalem, Edwardi... SK 


73 
1.407 
476 


Woodland. IroquoU E 
Wood Lawn, Jcffenon S 
Wood lawn Park, Cook. .NE 


M 
,.- 


Thomson, Carroll NW 


r.t 


UUh. Warren W 


50 


Wanda, Madlton SW 


30 


Wat Sprinafield, SauK^monc 


668 


U'ooitt, Madlvuu SW 


X 


Thornton, Cook NE 


371 




X 


l|-<ii. Madlann 6W 


SO 


Weat Union, Clark E 


125 


Wood*lde,8angmou C 


i 


Thornton June., Cook. . NK 
Three Mile Prairie, Waah'n. 6 
Tturtna*. Hamilton 8 


X 

30 
X 


Utopia, Da Pmge.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'NE 
Valley City, Pike W 


1,700 
50 
CO 


Wapella, De Witt C 
ITorrta, Saint Clalr SW 
SB-ore, Union S 


371 
X 
X 


WeatTlHe, Vennilion E 
Wette'e Crott'g, Vermil'nE 
WestYork.Crmwtord... SE 


45 

X 
BOO 


Woodaon. Morgan w 
WiKMJxtook, Mrenry. N 
Woodriil--. Adami W 


M 

i - 


Tice.Menard C 
Titono., La Salle N 
Tllden. Randolph SW 
Tile Factory SvUc*,\tim'aE 

TiKt'Kt -nee Hlufor.11 


30 

8 

X 

x 


Van i.uren. IW Kalb N 
raitrtlt Point, Marouj'ln M\ 
ViuidMlia-Fayettc S 
Vandercook, VennUIgn E 
VanOrln, Bureau N 


33 
X 
2,144 
800 

100 


Warner, Henry NW 
Warren, Jo Darlen.... NW 
Wammkitrst, DuPagc. . NE 
Warrnibnrg,Macan C 

W:irain;>ii, Edgar E 


30 
1.173 
X 

500 
20 


Weuag, Pulukl 8 
Wtaihtrtfttlit, (fee, Kcwaoee) 

WheMland, Alexander .'.'."'.'," 8 
Whew ton, DuPace N'K 


100 

x 

10 
90 

I,fl22 


Woodworth. IroquoU E 
Wootly, lireene W 
Wi/iHt i'urtl, Edgar E 
Wool. Pope S 
Woo*nng,Ogle N 



: 

> 


TilliHan, Saint Clalr....BW 
Tilton. Vennlllxm B 


x 

474 


Varna, Marshall.....' '.....C 


X 
398 


Warrentnn Grove, Lake NE 
Wirwni Hie. DuPage NE 


25 
250 


Wkeaton, Randolph.... SW 
Wheeler. Jatper SE 


X 
250 


Wonlen. Madison SW 
Worth. Cook NE 


B 
m 


Tunbactfio, Carroll.... NW 
Time, Pike NW 
Timothy Cumberland B 
Tinley Prk, Cook K 
Tloga, Hancock W 
TUkllwa, Bureau N 
Todd's Point, Shelby C 
Toledo, Cumberland.... E 
Tulono, Champaign E 
Toliira, Marshall C 


IS 

300 
3UO 
Ml 
75 
676 
902 
10 


Venedy, Washington 8 
" Ytntity Station, WaahVn.3 
rtnt, Kfflncham 8 
Venice. Madlaon SW 
4> remit*. SalntClalr SW 
i'rntcf A Ciirondtttt June., 
Saint Clalr. 8W 
Vera, Fayette 8 
VerKennea, Jackaon 8 
Ven.HUon drove. VcnnruK 


X 



X 



n 

200 


Warrtnert. Alexander.... S 
Warsaw, Hancock ;..W 
WantmrR. Monroe SW 

W an raee .Johnson 8 
Waaco,Kane N 
WMobara, Woodfonl C 
Washington. Taiewell C 
Wash-gfn HelffliU, Cook N E 
H-<uttiyto* Par Ic, Cook.. NE 


172! 
K 
X 
X 
25 
518 
1.301 
3,283 


Wheeling, Cook NK 
WhItenclrtTfeureau N 
wn.tcllall. Urceue W 
White Heato, Platt C 
WUt* /fcnwaTUnton 8 
WklteCMk, Hontgoinery....C 
t While Oak, SalDtClalr. SW 
kUe OaX Point, Fayette. . .8 
White Oak Sprmpi. Hrown.W 
White Plfteon, Whltealdc. NW 


811 
X 
1,9*1 
100 
X 

15 

X 

10 

* 50 


Wrarville. Roek laland...NW 
SWrigtii, Cole* E 
'rtffAGT r',Cook NE 
Wrlghtcv!11e. Greene W 
Wyanet, Bureau N 
HViJM, Macon C 
Wynoose. Kichlaud HE 
Wyomiae, SUrk C 
Xeola,Cly S 
Vale, Jj<p.-r SE 


axxjgxaagg 


Tomllnson. Champaign, . . E 
Tonic*. La fcalle N 
Tr.ntl. Marlon 8 


10 
473 
ISO 


Vermilion, EdgW E 
Venn Illkinvi ll<-. La Salle. . . . N 
Vermont, Fulton W 


325 
20 
1,158 


W*taga,Knox W 
WatcH Factory, Kane. . . . N 


586 
X 

l,8ft> 


White Bock, Ogle N 
WAiM W,!lotc, Kendall N 
WMttey'tJfti., lee Equality) 


BO 
X 

x 


Yankee Hollow. JoDavfsNW 
Tankeebiwn, Woodford C 
Vantlsvllle. Shelby C 


i 




Topeka. Maaon NW 


141 


Vernal, Vermilion E 


10 


Waterman, IwKalbV. '.... 


351 


rl0aWM,(Mt I sen:. an V*UCn 


x 


YatraClty. Kno* W 


M 


Toulon, Stark C 

Tcwandn. McLean SW 


913 

403 


Vermin, Marion S 
Verona, Grundy N 


200 

212 


WarerUiwa, Kock l.-rud N \V 
WfttMkm. Irnquoli E 


25 

a,on 


Wllbcrtoa, Fayette 8 
Wiitinrn. Marshal C 


X 
25 


Yates La ndi ng. Pnlaakl S 
Yatffrillf, Morgan W 


X 




Tower Hill. Shelby C 
Tracy, Cook NE 


543 
X 


Versailles. Brown W 
TVevay Park, Cumberland. E 


517 Wauon.EAngham S 
5 Waut-onda, Lake NE 


326 
368 


H'ti/ifrnu)n, SalntClalr.SW 
n-i;:(F,-'>!)d. Cook NB 


X 
32 


Yellow Creek. StephenE'n NW 
!'*, Saint Clalr 8W 


- 


Tracy. Kankakee E 


260 


induct Junction, Cook,. NE 






4.915 


Wmard, Alexander 8 


X 


York, CUrk E 


M 


TremoBt, Tazewell C 


508 


Victoria, Knox W 


308 




50 


n'tllardt. Cook NB 


X 


Yorktown, Bureau. N 




Trenton, Clinton 8 

. 
Trtlla, Culm E 


1,384 

X 
90 


Victoria, Can W 

Vienna, Johnson 8 
Villa Grove, Donglaa K 


100 


Waylanit.'scliu>|. r W 
Wayne, DnPagc NB 


1,337 
10 
175 


Willardi J.ein<ling, Union. ..S 
Willey. Chrtttian C 

'i\'[j:;.tiii-'ni'Nifi. Mi.nlTr!,' C 


X 
30 
30 


Yorkvllle, Kendall.... N 
}-0u0br<Ml. Morfan... W 
Tonngvdale, Kane V 


X 
X 


Trimble. Crawford SE 
Triumph. La Salle N 
STrtvolf, Peurf* C 
TroutOait. Jo Davietl. NW 

Trt-ulM-'il:. Mm-iin ....C 


50 
51) 
100 
X 
12 


Villa Uldge, Pulaakl 8 
Vlllaa, Crawlon) SE 
Vintlancl, Union ,. .S 
Viola, Meroer NW 
VirJen, Macoupln SW 


sou 

25 
X 
421 
l.10 


Wayne. Jarkson B 

Wayne. Cltr. V'unp NE 
Wnynearjlle, PeWili C 

W rarer f.'lU, I'nlun ..S 
Wrt'hj. J.'lt.'r-ni. ... .3 


X 
600 

368 
X 
X 


WllllamBueld.Knox W 

Willow. Jo Davits. NW 
Willow Ulll. JaBpcr SE 
Willow Springs, Cook. . .NE 


200 
444 

60 
450 
200 


YomifEVtown. Warren W 
Yuton. McLean C 

/! flill If. ( lintl'D S 

tZanttntlf, Montgomery., C 
larltyt, WIU N E 


, ,1 

x 

X 
X 

- 


Trowbrtdge, Shelby C 
Troy. Stadlson SW 
Troy (see Jollet) 


40 
826 
X 


rtrjSnln Junction, 'caw.' .' W 
Titkntu), McDonoogb W 


1,02 
X 
X 


Webb'a Ulll, Franklin 8 
Webster, Hincock W 
Wed run. La Salle N 


IS 
125 
117 


Wllmette, Cook NE 
Wilmington. Wfll NE 
WHsman. La Salle .N 


1.458 
1,576 


.Zenobta, Sangamon C 
'Zlf, Wayne NB 
SCton, Carre" NW 


IS 

IS 
X 


Tr..y<;r.-%r, L s .lie N 
Trumlmll. White 8E 
Trnro, Knox W 
Tnitttr. Sangamon C 


283 
15 
10 
X 


Veto, Lake NE 
VMftte*. Plait C 
FtilcaN, Monroe SW 


150 
11 
X 
X 


Weedman, Mcl^an C 
HVhton.Cook NE 
Wcldon, DC Witt C 
elga. Randolph SW 


50 
X 
400 
31 


WiUon, LlTlngMon C 
WiStonbttryk, Kicbland. . . .SE 
Wltoon't. Randolph 8W 
WUton't Switck. BuidoiphSW 


15 
65 

X 
X 


Zion Station, (see Mod).... 
JZolu, Warren W 
<m<], Kock laiand NW 



H 

X 



IMW^WB-^ar ' 7ia<-' 





I J 




SIS* SSsSf'' '" , ' * 'X ; 1 

I 

J 









S< 






>- 

: ^ 




PREFACE. 

Charities and a chapter devoted to its connection with the 
World's Fair, the authors being well-known writers, and capable 
of presenting the subject in a most comprehensive and attractive 
manner. Then follows a brief sketch of the District of Colum- 
bia, with which each State and Territory is connected through 
its representatives in Congress ; which is, in turn, succeeded by 
the biographies of the Presidents of the United States, setting 
forth, in addition to the life, the most important events of each 
administration. 

The Commonwealths have been invited, through their Na- 
tional and State Commissioners, to contribute such statistics, 
etcetera, as will be of interest at this particular time, as well as 
of future value. A similar request has been extended to every 
Church organization represented in our land; while the Young 
Men's Christian Association, Women's Christian Temperance 
Union, Grand Army of the Republic and other Societies have 
also been solicited to co-operate with us in a work which will be 
of untold benefit to the States, severally and collectively. We 
need not particularize where such information has not been 
furnished us, or has been received too late for publication ; such 
State volume speaks for itself. 

Thirty full-page half-tone engravings illustrate the text of 
each State History, not including the fourteen most important 
buildings of the Exposition ; the District of Columbia is likewise 
pictorially represented by its chief attractions, while the portraits 
of the Presidents form a highly valuable and interesting acces- 
sion to the work. Our State Map will also be appreciated, being 
brought down to the present, and combining useful data un- 
necessary to specify in this connection. 

A distinctive feature of our publication is the Department de- 
voted to the most prominent EXHIBITS, and we need scarcely 
mention that it is one of the most valuable, since to the attendant 
upon the Columbian Exposition, it is a:i encyclopedia of refer- 
ence, and to one deprived of the privilege of a personal visit it 
affords more practical information than could otherwise be ob- 




PREFACE. 

tained by months of laborious study ; the illustrated pages, pro- 
duced by our own artists for this publication, alone, lending a 
charm to what might become monotonous if the old-time methods 
were here employed. A Classified List covers such exhibits as 
are not included in this Department. 

We trust we shall not be considered guilty of egotism when 
we claim for "The White City" a most prominent place among 
the publications of the day. It has received the endorsement of 
Governors of the States, and the World's Fair Commissioners 
have spoken words of highest commendation. By the appraise- 
ment of the people we are now willing to abide, believing that 
the substantial character of the work, latest and most valuable 
information and choice illustrations, cannot but meet the ap- 
proval of all who give it an unprejudiced perusal. 



Ristopv of Illinois.. 

CHAPTER I. 
INTRODUCTORY. 

IMPORTANCE OF STATE HISTORY "THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY' 
- ORIGIN OF THE NAME TOPOGRAPHY, SOIL, CLIMATIC 
AND NATURAL PRODUCTIONS. 

CORRECT understanding of the history of 
the States is necessary in order to more 
fully comprehend and illustrate the history 
of the Nation of which the several States, 
by their union, form constituent parts. 
The original States, indeed, as political 
divisions, are older than the Union and each of them, 
in their early struggles for existence and autonomy, 
as well as many of the Territories of a later period, have 
evolved a history as full of romantic interest as it is of 
political and moral instruction. 

The greater part of the territory which was subsequently 
organized into the State of Illinois was known and attracted 
eager attention from the nations of the old world especially in 
France, Germany and England before the close of the third 
quarter of the seventeenth century. More than one hundred 
years before the struggle for American Independence began or the 
geographical division known as the " Territory of the Northwest " 
had an existence ; before the names of Kentucky, Tennessee, 
Vermont or Ohio had been heard of, and while the early settlers 
of New England and Virginia were still struggling for a foothold 
among the Indian tribes on the Atlantic coast, the " Illinois 
Country " occupied a place on the maps of North America as 
distinct and definite as New York or Pennsylvania. And from 




10 THE WHITE CITY - ILLINOIS. 

that time forward, until it assumed its position in the Union with 
the rank of a State, no other section has been the theatre of more 
momentous and stirring events or has contributed more material, 
affording interest and instruction to the archaeologist, the ethnol- 
ogist and the historian, than that portion of the American Conti- 
nent now known as the " State of Illinois." 

What was known to the early French explorers and their 
followers and descendants, for the ninety years which intervened 
between the discoveries of Joliet and LaSalle, down to the 
surrender of this region to the English, as the " Illinois Country," 
is described with great clearness and definiteness by Capt. 
Philip Pittman, an English engineer who made the first survey 
of the Mississippi River soon after the transfer of the French 
possessions east of the Mississippi to the British, and who 
published the result of his observations in London in 1770. In 
this report, which is evidently a work of the highest authenticity, 
and is the more valuable because written at a transition period 
when it was of the first importance to preserve and hand down 
the facts of early French history to the new occupants of the soil, 
the boundaries of the "Illinois Country" are defined as follows: 

"The Country of the Illinois is bounded by the Mississippi 
on the west, by the river Illinois on the north, by the Ouabache 
and Miamis on the east and the Ohio on the south." * 

From this it is evident that the country lying between the 
Illinois and the Mississippi Rivers to the west and northwest of 
the former stream, was not regarded as a part of the "Illinois 
Country," and this agrees generally with the records of the early 
French explorers, except that they regarded the region which 
comprehends the site of the present city of Chicago the im- 
portance of which appears to have been appreciated from the first 
as a connecting link between the Lakes and the upper tributaries 
of the rivers falling into the Gulf of Mexico as belonging 
thereto. 

* "The present state of the European Settlements on the Mississippi, with a Geograph- 
ical description of that River by Capt. Philip Pittman, London, printed for J. Nourse, 
Book-seller to his Majesty, 1770." 



ILLINOIS INTRODUCTORY. II 

The "Country" appears to have derived its name from Inini, 
a word of Algonquin origin, signifying "the men, " eupheniized 
by the French into Illini with the suffix ots, signifying "tribe". 
The root of the term, applied both to the country and the Indians 
occupying it, has been still further denned as "a perfect man " 
(Haines on " Indian Names "), and the derivative has been used 
by the French chroniclers in various forms though always with 
the same signification a signification of which the earliest 
claimants of the appellation, as well as their successors of a 
different race, have not failed to be duly proud. 

It was this region which gave name to the State of which 
it constituted so large and important a part. Its boundaries, 
so far as the Wabash and the Ohio Rivers (as well as the 
Alississippi from the Ohio to the mouth of the Illinois) are con- 
cerned, are identical with those given to the " Illinois Country " 
by Pittman. The State is bounded on the north by Wisconsin ; 
on the east by Lake Michigan, the State of Indiana and the 
Wabash River ; southeast by the Ohio, flowing between it and 
the State of Kentucky ; and west and southwest by the Mississippi, 
which separates it from the States of Iowa and Missouri. A 
peculiarity of the Act of Congress defining the boundaries of the 
State, is the fact that, while the jurisdiction of Illinois extends 
to the middle of Lake Michigan and also of the channels of the 
Wabash and the Mississippi, it stops at the north bank of the 
Ohio River ; this seems to have been a sort of concession on 
the part of the framers of the Act to our proud neighbors of the 
"Dark and Bloody Ground." Geographically, the State lies 
between the parallels of 36 59' and 42 30' north latitude, and 
the meridian of 10 30' and 14 of longitude west from the city of 
Washington. From its extreme southern limit at the mouth of 
the Ohio to the Wisconsin boundary on the north, its estimated 
length is 385 miles, with an extreme breadth, from the Indiana 
State line to the Mississippi River at a point between Quincy 
and Warsaw, of 218 miles. Owing to the tortuous course of its 
river and lake boundaries, which comprise about three-fourths of 



12 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

the whole, its physical outline is extremely irregular. Between 
the limits described, it has an estimated area of 56,650 square 
miles, of which 650 square miles is water the latter being 
chiefly in Lake Michigan. This area is more than one and one 
half times that of all New England, Maine being excepted, and 
is greater than that of any other State east of the Mississippi, 
except Michigan, Georgia and Florida Wisconsin lacking only 
a few hundred square miles of the same. 

When these figures are taken into account some idea may 
be formed of the magnificence of the domain comprised within 
the limits of the State of Illinois a domain larger in extent 
than that of England, more than one-fourth of that of all 
France and nearly half that of the British Islands, including 
Scotland and Ireland. The possibilities of such a country, pos- 
sessing a soil unequaled in fertility, in proportion to its area, by 
any other State of the Union, and with resources in agriculture, 
manufactures and commerce unsurpassed in any country on the 
face of the globe, transcend all human conception. 

Lying between the Mississippi and its chief eastern tribu- 
tary, the Ohio, with the Wabash on the east and intersected 
from northeast to southwest by the Illinois and its numerous af- 
fluents, and with no mountainous region within its limits, Illi- 
nois is at once one of the best watered, as well as one of the 
most level States in the Union. Besides the Sangamon, Kanka- 
kee, Fox and Des Plaines Rivers, chief tributaries of the Illinois, 
and the Kaskaskia draining the region between the Illinois and 
the Wabash, Rock River, in the northwestern portion of the 
State, is most important on account of its valuable water-power. 
All of these streams were regarded as navigable for some sort of 
craft, during at least a portion of the year, in the early history of 
the country, and with the magnificent Mississippi along the whole 
western border, gave to Illinois a larger extent of navigable 
waters than that of any other single State. Although practical 
navigation is now limited to the Mississippi, Illinois and Ohio 
making an aggregate of about 1,000 miles the importance of 



ILLINOIS INTRODUCTORY. 13 

the smaller streams, when the people were dependent almost 
wholly upon some means of water communication for the trans- 
portation of heavy commodities as well as for travel, could not 
be over-estimated, and it is not without its effect upon the pro- 
ductiveness of the soil, now that water transportation has given 
place to railroads. The whole number of streams shown upon 
the best maps exceeds 280. 

In physical conformation the surface of the State presents 
the aspect of an inclined plane with a moderate descent in the 
general direction of the streams toward the south and south- 
west. Cairo, at the extreme southern end of the State and the 
point of lowest depression, has an elevation above sea-level of 
about 300 feet, while the altitude of Lake Michigan at Chicago 
is 583 feet. The greatest elevation is reached at Scale's Mound 
in the northwestern part of the State about 820 feet while a 
spur from the Ozark Mountains of Missouri, projected across the 
southern part of the State, rises in Jackson county to a height of 
over 500 feet. South of this ridge, the surface of the country 
between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers was originally covered 
with dense forests. These included some of the most valuable 
species of timber for lumber manufacture, such as the different 
varieties of oak, walnut, poplar, ash, sugar-maple and cypress, 
besides elm, linden, hickory, honey-locust, pecan, hack-berrj-, 
cotton-wood, sycamore, sassafras, black-gum and beech. The 
native fruits included the persimmon, wild plum, grape and paw- 
paw, with various kinds of berries, such as black-berries, rasp- 
berries, strawberries (in the prairie districts) and some others. 
Most of these native growths were found along the streams far- 
ther north except the cypress, beech, pecan and a few others. 

A peculiar feature of the country, in the middle and north- 
ern portion of the State which excited the amazement of early 
explorers, was the vast extent of the prairies or natural meadows. 
The origin of these has been attributed to various causes, such 
as some peculiarity of the soil, absence or excess of moisture, re- 
cent upheaval of the surface from lakes or some other bodies of 



14 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

water, the action of fires, etc. In many sections there seems lit- 
tle to distinguish the soil of the prairies from that of the adjacent 
woodlands , that may not be accounted for by the character of 
their vegetation and other causes, for the luxuriant growth of 
native grasses and other productions has demonstrated that they 
do not lack in fertility, and the readiness with which trees take 
root when artificially propagated and protected, has shown that 
there is nothing in the soil itself unfavorable to their growth. 
Whatever may have been the original cause of the prairies, how- 
ever, there is no doubt that annually occurring fires have had 
much to do in perpetuating their existence and even extending 
their limits, as the absence of the same agent has tended to favor 
the encroachments of the forests. While originally regarded as 
an obstacle to the occupation of the country by a dense popula- 
tion, there is no doubt that their existence has contributed to its 
rapid development when it was discovered with what ease these 
apparent wastes could be subdued and how productive they were 
capable of becoming when once brought under cultivation. 

In spite of the uniformity in altitude of the State as a whole, 
many sections present a variety of surface and a mingling of 
plain and woodland of the most pleasing character. This is 
especially the case in some of the prairie districts where the 
undulating landscape covered with rich herbage and brilliant 
flowers must have presented to the first explorers a scene of 
ravishing beauty, which has been enhanced rather than dimin- 
ished in recent times by the hand of cultivation. Along some of 
the streams also, especially on the upper Mississippi and Illinois, 
and at some points on the Ohio, is found scenery of a most 
picturesque variety. 

From this description of the country it will be easy to infer 
what must have been the varieties of the animal kingdom which 
here found a home. These included the buffalo, various kinds 
of deer, the bear, panther, fox, wolf and wild-cat, while swans, 
geese and ducks covered the lakes and streams. It was a ver- 
itable paradise for game, both large and small, and, as well, for 



ILLINOIS INTRODUCTORY. 15 

their native hunters. "One can scarcely travel," wrote one of 
the earliest priestly explorers, "without finding a prodigious 
multitude of turkeys, that keep together in flocks often to the 
number of ten hundred." Beaver, otter and mink were found 
along the streams. Most of these, especially the larger species 
of game, have disappeared before the tide of civilization, but the 
smaller, such as quail, prairie chicken, duck and the different 
varieties of fish in the streams, protected by law during certain 
seasons of the year, continue to exist in considerable numbers. 

The capabilities of the soil in a region thus situated can be 
readily understood. In proportion to the extent of its surface, 
Illinois has a larger area of cultivable land than any other State 
in the Union, with a soil of superior quality, much of it unsur- 
passed in natural fertility. This is especially true of the 
"American Bottom," a region extending a distance of ninety 
miles along the east bank of the Mississippi, from a few miles 
below Alton nearly to Chester, and of an average width of five 
to eight miles. This was the seat of the first permanent white 
settlement in the Mississippi Valley, and portions of it have been 
under cultivation from one hundred to one hundred and fifty years 
without exhaustion. Other smaller areas of scarcely less 
fertility are found both upon the bottom-lands and in the prairies 
in the central portions of the States. 

Extending through five and one-half degrees of latitude, 
Illinois has a great variety of climate. Though subject at times 
to sudden alternations of temperature, these occasions have been 
rare since the country has been thoroughly settled. Its mean 
average for a series of years has been 48 in the northern part of 
the State and 56 in the southern, differing little from other 
States upon the same latitude. The mean winter temperature has 
ranged from 25 in the north to 34 in the south, and the sum- ' 
mer mean from 67 in the north to 78 in the south. The extreme 
winter temperatiire has seldom fallen below 20 below zero in the 
northern portion, while the highest summer temperature ranges 
from 95 to 102. The average difference in temperature between 



i6 



THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 



the northern and southern portions of the State is about 10, and 
the difference in the progress of the seasons for the same sections, 
from four to six weeks. 

Such a wide variety of climate is favorable to the production 
of nearly all the grains and fruits peculiar to the temperate -/.one. 
These belong to the period of development and will be enumer- 
atea under the head of "Industries." 




sMasad 



''.liil 



llhnoib ^^?- 



;jr^:- p 




RELIEF MAP OF ILLINOIS. 



CHAPTER II. 
EARLY EXPLORATIONS. 

DISCOVERIES OF JOLIET, MAROUETTE AND LA SALLE SAD FATE 
OF THE LATTER HENRY DE TONTY THE INDIAN CON- 
FEDERATION AT "STARVED ROCK." 




HREE powers early became contestants for the 
occupancy of the North American Continent. 
The first of these was Spain, claiming on the 
ground of the discovery by Columbus ; England, 
basing her claim upon the discoveries of the Ca- 
bots, and France, maintaining her right to a con- 
siderable part of the continent by virtue of the dis- 
covery and exploration by Jacques Cartier of the 
Gulf and River St. Lawrence, in 1534-5, and the settlement of 
Quebec by Champlain seventy-four years later. The claim of 
Spain was general, extending to both North and South America, 
and while she early established her colonies in Mexico, Cuba and 
Peru, the country was too vast and her agents too busy seeking 
for gold to interfere materially with her competitors. 

The Dutch, Swedes and Germans established small though 
flourishing colonies, but they were not colonizers nor were they 
numerically as strong as their neighbors, and their settlements 
were iiltimately absorbed by the latter. Both the Spaniards and 
French were zealous in proselyting the aborigines, but while 
the former did not hesitate to torture their victims in order to ex- 
tort their gold while claiming to save their souls, the latter were 
more gentle and beneficent in their policy and by their kindness 
succeeded in winning and retaining the friendship of the Indians 

lllim.i- 17 



1 8 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

in a remarkable degree. They were traders as well as mission- 
aries, and this fact and the readiness with which they adapted 
themselves to the habits of those whom they found in possession 
of the soil, enabled them to make the most extensive explorations 
in small numbers and at little cost, and even to remain for 
unlimited periods among their aboriginal friends. On the other 
hand, the English were artisans and tillers of the soil with a due 
proportion engaged in commerce or upon the sea, and while they 
were later in planting their colonies in Virginia and New 
England, and less aggressive in the work of exploration, they 
maintained a surer foothold on the soil when they had once 
established themselves. To this fact is due the permanence and 
steady growth of the English colonies in the New World and the 
virtual dominance of the Anglo-Saxon race over more than five- 
sevenths of the North American Continent a result which has 
been illustrated in the history of every people that has made 
agriculture, manufactures and legitimate commerce the basis of 
their prosperity. 

The French explorers were the first Europeans to visit the 
"Country of the Illinois," and for nearly a century they and 
their successors and descendants held undisputed possession of 
the country, as well as the greater part of the Mississippi Valley. 
It is true that Spain put in a feeble and indefinite claim to this 
whole region, but she was kept too busy elsewhere to make her 
claim good, and in 1763 she relinquished it entirely as to the 
Mississippi Valley and west to the Pacific Ocean, in order to 
strengthen herself elsewhere. 

There is a peculiar coincidence in the fact that, while the 
English colonists who settled about Massachusetts Bay named 
that region " New England," the French gave to their possessions 
from the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Mississippi, the name 
of "New France," and the Spaniards called all the region 
claimed by them, extending from Panama to Puget Sound, 
''New Spain." The boundaries of each were very indefinite and 
often conflicting, but were settled by the treat}- of 1763. 



ILLINOIS EARLY EXPLORATIONS. 19 

As early as 1634, Jean Nicolet, coming by way of Canada, 
discovered Lake Michigan then called by the French, " Lac des 
Illinois" entered Green Bay and visited some of the tribes of 
Indians in that region. In 1641 zealous missionaries had 
reached the Falls of St. Mary .(called by the French " Sault St. 
Marie"), and in 1658 two French fur-traders are alleged to have 
penetrated as far west as "La Pointe" on Lake Superior, where 
they opened up a trade with the Sioux Indians and wintered in 
the neighborhood of the Apostle Islands near where the towns of 
Ashland and Bayfield, Wisconsin, now stand. A few years later 
(1665), Fathers Allouez and Dablon, French missionaries, visited 
the Chippewas on the southern shore of Lake Superior, and 
missions were established at Green Bay, Ste. Marie and La 
Pointe. About the same time the mission of St. Ignace was 
established on the north shore of the Straits of Mackinaw 
(spelled by the French "Michillimacinac"). It is also claimed 
that a French traveller named Radisson during the year 1658-9 
reached the upper Mississippi, antedating the claims of Joliet 
and Marquette as its discoverers by fourteen years. Nicholas 
Perrot, an intelligent chronicler who left a manuscript account of 
his travels, is said to have made extensive explorations about the 
head of the great lakes and as far south as the Fox River of 
Wisconsin, between 1670 and 1690, and to have held an impor- 
tant conference with representatives of numerous tribes of In- 
dians at Sault Ste. Marie in June, 1671. Perrot is also said to 
have made the first discovery of lead mines in the West. 

Up to this time, however, no white man appears to have 
reached the " Illinois Country," though much had been heard of 
its beauty and its wealth in game. On May 17, 1673, Louis 
Joliet, an enterprising explorer who had already visited the Lake 
Superior region in search of copper mines, under a commission 
from the Governor of Canada, in company with Father Jacques 
Marquette and five voyageurs, with a meagre stock of provisions 
and a few trinkets for trading with the natives, set out in two 
birch-bark canoes from St. Ignace on a tour of exploration south- 



2O THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

ward. Coasting along the west shore of Lake Michigan and 
Green Bay and through Lake Winnebago, they reached the 
country of the Mascontins on Fox River, ascended that stream to 
the portage to the Wisconsin, then descended the latter to the 
Mississippi which they discovered tn June lyth. Descending the 
Mississippi, which they named "Rio de la Conception," they 
passed the mouth of the Des Moines, where they are supposed to 
have encountered the first Indians of the Illinois tribes, by whom 
they were hospitably entertained. Later they discovered a rude 
painting upon the rocks on the east side of the river, which from 
the description is supposed to have been the famous " Piasa Bird," 
which was still to be seen, a short distance above Alton, within the 
present generation. Passing the mouth of the Missouri River 
and the present site of the city of St. Louis, and continuing past 
the Ohio, they finally reached what Marquette called the village 
of the Akanseas, which has been assumed to be identical with the 
mouth of the Arkansas, though it has been questioned whether 
they proceeded so far south. Convinced that the Mississippi 
" had its mouth in Florida or the Gulf of Mexico," and fearing 
capture by the Spaniards, they started on their return. Reaching 
the mouth of the Illinois, they enterered that stream and ascended 
past the village of the Peorias and the " Illinois town of the 
Kaskaskias" the latter being about where the town of Utica, La 
Salle County, now stands at each of which they made a brief stay. 
Escorted by guides from the Kaskaskias, they crossed the portage 
to Lake Michigan where Chicago now stands, and returned to 
Green Bay, which they reached in the latter part of September. 

Such is the record of the first visit of white men to the 
"Country of the Illinois." 

Joliet returned to Canada to report the success of his expe- 
dition, while Marquette, who had been much enfeebled by disease 
and his journey, after recruiting for a year at the St. Xavier Mis- 
sion on Green Bay, set out in the latter part of October, 1674, 
with two companions to return to the village of the Kaskaskias 
on the Illinois. Early in December they reached the mouth of 



ILLINOIS EARLY EXPLORATIONS. 21 

the Chicago River, which they found frozen over. Marquette was 
already prostrated by illness, and being unable to proceed, his 
companions built a cabin for him, as supposed on the south branch 
about six miles from the mouth of the river, where he spent the 
winter. His journal, which was discovered some fifty years ago, 
makes mention of visits received from the Indians with presents 
of provisions. He appears also to have been visited by a trader 
and surgeon who had already established themselves in the vicin- 
ity. In April, 1675, he reached the village of the Kaskaskias 
and established a mission which he named "The Immaculate 
Conception." His stay, however, was brief. Forced by ill-health 
to abandon his mission, he attempted to return to Canada by the 
eastern shore of Lake Michigan. Having reached Sleeping Bear 
Point, nearly opposite the St. Xavier Mission, the voyageurs were 
compelled by a storm to suspend their journey. Here he died 
and was buried. A year later a band of Ottawa Indians, who had 
the greatest reverence for the self-denying missionary, exhumed 
his remains, and taking them to the St. Ignace Mission, they 
were reinterred beneath the chapel with impressive ceremonies, 
in which both the French and Indians took part. 

The next and most important expedition to Illinois impor- 
tant because it led to the first permanent settlements was under- 
taken by Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, in 1679. This eager 
and intelligent, but finally unfortunate, discoverer had spent sev- 
eral years in exploration in the lake region and among the 
streams south of the lakes and west of the Alleghanies. It has 
been claimed that, during this tour, he descended the Ohio to its 
junction with the Mississippi; also that he reached the Illinois by 
way of the head of Lake Michigan and the Chicago portage, 
and even descended the Mississippi to the 36th parallel, ante-dat- 
ing Marquette's first visit to that stream b}- two years. The chief 
authority for this claim is Pierre Margry, La Salle's biographer, 
who bases his statement ostensibly on conversations with La Salle 
and letters of his friends. The absence of any allusion to these 
discoveries in La Salle's own papers of a later date addressed to 



22 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

the King, is regarded as fatal to this claim. However this may 
have been, there is conclusive evidence that, during this period, 
he met with Joliet while the latter was returning from one of his 
trips to the Lake Superior country. With an imagination fired 
by what he then learned, he made a visit to his native country, 
receiving a liberal grant from the French Government which en- 
abled him to carry out his plans. With the aid of Henry de 
Tonty, an Italian who afterward accompanied him in his most 
important expeditions, and who proved a most valuable and effi- 
cient co-laborer, under the auspices of Frontenac, then Governor 
of Canada, he constructed a small vessel at the foot of Lake Erie, 
in which, with a company of 34 persons, he set sail on the seventh 
of August, 1679, for the West. This vessel (named the "Grif- 
fon ") is believed to have been the first sailing-vessel that ever 
navigated the lakes. His object was to reach the Illinois, and he 
carried with him material for a boat which he intended to put to- 
gether on that stream. Arriving in Green Bay early in Septem- 
ber, by way of Lake Huron and the straits of Mackinaw, he 
disembarked his stores and loading the Griffon with furs, started 
it on its return with instructions, after discharging its cargo at 
the starting point, to join him at the head of Lake Michigan. 
With a force of seventeen men and three missionaries in four 
canoes, he started southward, following the western shore of Lake 
Michigan past the mouth of the Chicago River, on November ist, 
and reached the mouth of the St. Joseph River, at the southeast 
corner of the Lake, which had been selected as a rendezvous. 
Here he was joined by Tonty, three weeks later, with a force of 
twenty Frenchmen who had come by the eastern shore, but the 
Griffon never was heard from again, and is supposed to have been 
lost on the return voyage. While waiting for Tonty, he erected a 
fort, afterward called Fort Miami. The two parties here united, 
and, leaving four men in charge of the fort, with the remain- 
ing thirty-three, he resumed his journey on the third of Decem- 
ber. Ascending the St. Joseph to about where South Bend now 
stands, he made a portage with his canoes and stores across to the 



ILLINOIS EARLY EXPLORATIONS. 23 

headwaters of the Kankakee which he descended to the Illinois. 
On the first of January he arrived at the great Indian town of 
the Kaskaskias, which Marquette had left for the last time nearly 
five years before, but he found it deserted, the Indians being ab- 
sent on a hunting expedition. Proceeding down the Illinois, on 
January 4, 1680, he passed through Peoria L/ake and the next 
morning reached the Indian village of that name at the foot of 
the lake, and established friendly relations with its people. Hav- 
ing determined to set up his vessel here, he constructed a rude 
fort on the eastern bank of the river about four miles south of the 
village ; with the exception of the cabin built for Marquette on 
the South Branch of the Chicago River in the winter of 1874-5, 
this was probably the first structure erected by white men in Il- 
linois. This received the name Creve-Cazur" Broken Heart " 
which, from its subsequent history, proved exceedingly appro- 
priate. Having dispatched Father Louis Hennepin with two 
companions to the Upper Mississippi, by way of the mouth of the 
Illinois, on an expedition which resulted in the discovery of the 
Falls of St. Anthony, La Salle started on his return to Canada for 
additional assistance and the stores which he had failed to receive 
in consequence of the loss of the Griffon. Soon after his depar- 
ture, a majority of the men left with Tonty at Fort Creve-Casur 
mutinied, and having plundered the fort, partially destroyed it. 
This compelled Tonty and five companions who had remained 
true, to retreat to the Indian village of the Illinois near " Starved 
Rock," between where the cities of Ottawa and La Salle now 
stand, where he spent the summer awaiting the return of La 
Salle. In September, Tonty's Indian allies having been attacked 
and defeated by the Iroquois, he and his companions were again 
compelled to flee, reaching Green Bay the next Spring, after hav- 
ing spent the winter among the Pottawatoniies in the present 
State of Wisconsin. 

During the next four years (1681-1683) La Salle made two 
other visits to Illinois, encountering and partially overcoming 
formidable obstacles at each end of the journey. At the last 



24 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 



visit, in company with the faithful Tonty, whom he had met at 
Mackinaw in the spring of 1681, after a separation of more than a 
year, he extended his exploration to the month of the Mississippi, 
of which he took formal possession on April 9, 1682, in the name 
of "Louis the Grand, King of France and Navarre." This was 
the first expedition of white men to pass down the great river and 
determine the problem of its discharge into the Gulf of Mexico. 

Returning to Mackinaw, and again to Illinois, in the fall of 
1682, Tonty set about carrying into effect La Salle's scheme of 
fortifying "The Rock," to which reference has been made under 
the name of " Starved Rock." The buildings are said to have 
included store-houses (it was intended as a trading post), dwell- 
ings and a block-house erected on the summit of the rock, and to 
which the name of "Fort St. Louis" was given, while a village of 
confederated Indian tribes gathered about its base on the south, 
which bore the name of La Vantum. According to the historian, 
Parkman, the population of this colony in the days of its greatest 
prosperity was not less than 20,000. 

La Salle's future history was as romantic as his final fate was 
tragical. Returning to Canada in the fall of 1683, he met on the 
way a new commandant sent to displace him in Illinois. Con- 
tinuing his journey to France, he was there entrusted with the 
execution of a plan to establish a colony at the mouth of the 
Mississippi sailing from Rochelle in the mid-summer of 1684, 
with a fleet of four vessels carrying nearly 300 colonists. After 
various delays, it entered the Gulf of Mexico, but failed to find the 
moiith of the Mississippi. Dissension arose between La Salle 
and the sailing-master of the fleet; one vessel was captured by 
Spaniards ; another stranded on the Gulf coast, while the master 
of the fleet sailed away with the third, for France, leaving La Salle 
and his fellow-voyagers on the fpurth, to their fate. Landing on 
the shore of what has since been named Matagorda Bay, in the 
present State of Texas, he erected a fort. Reduced to great 
destitution two years after (January, 1687) he started with a 
portion of his followers for Canada. Reaching the bank of the 



ILLINOIS EARLY EXPLORATIONS. 25 

Trinity River, lie was murdered by some of his own men, on 
March 19, 1687, closing the career of one of the most brilliant 
and intrepid explorers the world has ever known. His death was 
partially avenged by the killing of the leaders of the conspiracy a 
few days after. 

During the previous year, Tonty had descended the Miss- 
issippi in search of La Salle, and returning, built a fort at the 
mouth of the Arkansas, leaving six men in charge. Here a 
portion of the survivors of La Salle's party, including his brother 
Cavelier, his nephew and one Joutel, arrived in the summer of 
1687, and in September following reached Fort St. Louis. _ 

Tonty retained his headquarters at Fort St. Louis for eight- 
een years, during which he made extensive excursions through- 
out the West. The proprietorship of the fort was granted to 
him in 1690, but in 1702 it was ordered by the Governor of Can- 
ada to be discontinued on the plea that the charter had been 
violated. It continued to be used as a trading-post, however, as 
late as 1718, when it was raided by the Indians and burned. De- 
prived of his command, Tonty entered the service of Iberville, 
who founded the first colony in Louisiana in 1700. In reference 
to this remarkable man, who proved so efficient and faithful an 
aid to La Salle in all his great undertakings, the following ex- 
tract from Moses' " History of Illinois " is worthy of- quotation, 
at least for its romantic interest: 

"According to the Indian tradition, which, although of 
doubtful authenticity, is more in harmony with the romantic and 
poetic life of the old explorer, at the close of a day in the mid- 
summer of 1718, he once more arrived at Fort St. Louis in a 
canoe paddled by two faithful followers. His hair frosted by 
many years of exposure, enfeebled in body, forsaken by those 
whom he had befriended, he returned at last to the familiar scene 
of his former triumphs where, his last hours consoled by the 
ministrations of his church, his valiant spirit passed away. 
Brave, generous and true, no man contributed more to the ad- 
vancement of trade and the occupation of the "Illinois Country" 



2(3 THK WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

at this early period than the poorly requited Chevalier Henry de 
Tonty." 

Having lost a hand in battle, Tonty carried one made of 
copper, which gave him the name of "the iron-handed." 

Other explorers who were the contemporaries or early suc- 
cessors of Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, Tonty, Hennepin and 
their companions in the Northwest, and many of whom are 
known to have visited the " Illinois Country," and probably all 
of whom did so, were Daniel Greysolon du Lhut (called by La 
Salle, du Luth), a cousin of Tonty, who was the first to reach 
the Mississippi directly from Lake Superior, and from whom the 
city of Duluth has been named; Henry Joutel, a townsman of 
La Salle, who was one of the survivors of the ill-fated Matagorda 
Bay colony; Pierre Le Sueur, the discoverer of the Minnesota 
River, and Baron la Hontan, who made a tour through Illinois 
in 16889, f which he published an account in 1703. 

Chicago River early became a prominent point in the es- 
timation of the French explorers and was a favorite line of travel 
in reaching the Illinois by way of the Des Plaines, though prob- 
ably sometimes confounded with other streams about the head of 
the lake. The Calumet and Grand Calumet, allowing easy port- 
age to the Des Plaines, were also used, and the St. Joseph from 
which portage was had into the Kankakee, were probably parts 
of the route first used by La Salle. The admiration excited in 
the minds of the explorers by their discoveries is indicated in 
the fact that the name which they sometimes attached to both 
the Des Plaines and the Illinois, as well as the country about the 
head of Lake Michigan, was "The Divine." 



CHAPTER III. 
ABORIGINES AND -EARLY MISSIONS. 

ABORIGINAL OCCUPANTS OF THE SOIL EARLY FRENCH MIS- 
SIONS ON THE UPPER ILLINOIS AND AT CAHOKIA 
AND KASKASKIA. 

HEN the early French explorers ar- 
rived in the "Illinois Country" they 
found it occupied by a number of 
tribes of Indians, the most numerous 
being the "Illinois," which consisted 
of several families or bands that spread them- 
selves over the country on both sides of the 

i* 

Illinois River, extending even west of the Miss- 
issippi; the Piankashaws on the east, extending beyond the 
present western boundary of Indiana, and the Miamis in the 
northeast, with whom a weaker tribe called the Weas were allied. 
The Illinois confederation included the Kaskaskias, Peorias, 
Cahokias, Tamaroas and Mitchigamies the last being the tribe 
from which Lake Alichigan took its name. There seems to have 
been a general drift of some of the stronger tribes toward the 
south and east about this time, as Allouex represents that he 
found the Miamis and their neighbors, the Mascoutins, about 
Green Bay when he arrived there in 1670. At the same time, 
there is evidence that the Pottawatomies were located along the 
southern shore of Lake Superior and about the Sault St. Marie 
(now known as "The Soo"), though within the next fifty years 
they had advanced southward along the western shore of Lake 




28 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

Michigan until they reached where Chicago now stands. Other 
tribes from the north were the Kickapoos, Sacs and Foxes, and 
Winnebagoes, while the Shawnees were a branch of a stronger 
tribe from the southeast. Charlevoix, who wrote an account of 
his visit to the " Illinois Country " in 1 72 1 , says : " Fifty years ago 
the Miamis were settled on the southern extremity of Lake 
Michigan, in a place called Chicago from the name of a small 
river which runs into the lake", the source of which is not far 
distant from that of the River Illinois." It does not follow 
necessarily that this was the Chicago River of to-day, as the 
name appears to have been applied somewhat indefinitely, by the 
early explorers, both to a region of country between the head of 
the lake and the Illinois River, and to more than one stream 
emptying into the lake in that vicinity. It has been conjectured 
that the river meant by Charlevoix was the Calumet, as his 
description would apply as well to that as to the Chicago, and 
there is other evidence that the Miamis who were found 
about the mouth of the St. Joseph River during the eighteenth 
century, occupied a portion of Southern Michigan and Northern 
Indiana, extending as far east as the Scioto River in Ohio. 

All of these tribes (except the Winnebagoes) are assigned to 
the Algonquin, or Canadian family, who were generally friendly 
to the French. On the other hand, the Iroquois, who were lo- 
cated south of the lakes and about the headwaters of the Ohio, 
were the deadly foes of the French and of their aboriginal 
friends, the Algonquins, as shown by their attacks upon the Illin- 
ois Indians about " Starved Rock," as recited in the last chap- 
ter. From the first, the Illinois seem to have conceived a strong 
liking for the French, and being pressed by the Iroquois on the 
east, the Sacs and Foxes, Pottawatomies and Kickapoos on the 
north and the Sioux on the west, by the beginning of the eight- 
eenth century we find them much reduced in numbers gathered 
about the French settlements near the mouth of the Kaskaskia 
(or Okaw) river, in the western part of the present counties of 
Randolph, Monroe and St. Clair. In spite of the zealous eiforts 



ILLINOIS ABORIGINES AND 3ARLY MISSIONS. 29 

of the missionaries, the contact of these tribes with the whites 
was attended with the usual results demoralization, degrada- 
tion and gradual extermination. The latter result was hastened 
by the frequent attacks to which they were exposed from their 
more warlike enemies, so that by the latter part of the eight- 
eenth century, they were reduced to a few hundred dissolute 
and depraved survivors of a once vigorous and warlike race. 

During the early part of the French occupation, there arose 
a chief named Chicagou (from whom the city of Chicago re- 
ceived its name) who appears, like Red Jacket, Tecumseh and 
Logan, to have been a man of unusual intelligence and vigor of 
character, and to have exercised great influence with his people. 
In 1725 he was sent to Paris, where he received the attentions 
due to a foreign potentate, and on his return was given a com- 
mand in an expedition against the Chickasaws, who had been 
making incursions from the 'South. 

Siich was the general distribution of the Indians in the 
northern and central portions of the State, within the first fifty 
years after the arrival of the French. At a later period the 
Kickapoos advanced farther south and occupied a considerable 
share of the central portion of the State, and even extended to 
the mouth of the Wabash. The southern part was roamed over 
by bands from beyond the Ohio and the Mississippi, including 
the Cherokees and Chickasaws, and the Arkansas tribes, some 
of whom were very powerful and ranged over a vast extent of 
country.* 

*A native leader who exerted a powerful influence over the Illinois Indians, as well 
as those of the Northwest generally, nearly a hundred years after Marquette's and La 
Salle's visits to the country, was Pontiac, the famous chief of the Ottawas. He was a 
zealous friend of the French, and between 1759 and 1765 made a desperate effort to re- 
cover what the French had lost at Quebec in the former year. He organized the Indians 
of the Northwest into a confederation and succeeded in capturing nearly all the posts 
held by the English, except Detroit and F'ort Pitt, where he was compelled to accept de- 
feat. This ended what was known as " Pontiac's War. " Coming to Illinois some years 
later, he remained about the French settlements in the vicinity of St. Louis. In the 
spring of 1769, according to a French authority, while participating with other Indians 
in a carousal at Cahokia (opposite St. Louis), he was treacherously assassinated by a Kas- 
kaskia Indian, said to have been hired with a barrel of whisky by an Englishman named 
Williamson, to commit the deed. This act, according to Indian tradition, was fearfully 
avenged a few months later in an attack by the Pottawattomies upon the ancient village of 
La Vantum and "Starved Rock," the latter then receiving its name from the fate of the 
attacked party, all of whom are said to have perished except a half-breed. 



30 THK \VHITK CITY ILLINOIS. 

The Pottawatomies, with their relatives, the Ottawas and 
the Chippewas, together with a remnant of the Shawnees, 
ultimately became dominant in Northern Illinois, until they 
were defeated by Gen. Anthony Wayne at Presqne Isle, in 1794, 
when the treaty of Greenville with them and other tribes the 
following year, curbed their influence. The Illinois Indians were 
described by their friends, the early missionaries, as " tall of 
statiire, strong, robust, the swiftest runners in the world and 
good archers, proud yet affable," and yet it was added, they were 
"idle, revengeful, jealous, cunning, dissolute and thievish." 

The earliest civilized dwellings in Illinois, after the forts 
erected for purposes of defense, were undoubtedly the posts of 
the fur-traders and the missionary stations. Fort Miami, the 
first military post, established by La Salle in the winter of 
1679-80, was at the month of the St. Joseph River within the 
boundaries of what is now the State of Michigan. Fort Cirrc- 
Cmir, partially erected a few months later on the east side of the 
Illinois a few miles below where the city of Peoria now stands, 
was never occupied. Mr. Charles Ballance, the historian of 
Peoria, locates this fort at the present village of Wesley, in Taze- 
well County, nearly opposite Lower Peoria. Fort St. Louis, 
built by Tonty on the summit of " Starved Rock," in the fall 
and winter of 1682, was the second erected in the "Illinois 
Country," but the first occupied. It has been claimed that Mar- 
quette established a mission among the Kaskaskias, opposite 
"The Rock" on the occasion of his first visit in September, 
1673, and that he renewed it in the spring of 1675 when he 
visited it for the last time. It is doubtful if this mission 
was more than a season of preaching to the natives, celebrating 
mass, administering baptism, etc.; at least the story of an 
established mission has been denied. That this devoted and 
zealous propagandist regarded it as a mission, however, is evi- 
dent from his own journal. He gave to it the name of the 
" Mission of the Immaculate Conception," and although he was 
compelled by failing health to abandon it almost immediately, it 



ILLINOIS ABORIGINES AND EARLY MISSIONS. 31 

is claimed that it was renewed in 1677 by Father Allouez,* who 
had been active in founding missions in the Lake Superior 
region, and that it was maintained until the arrival of La Salle 
in 1680. The hostility of La Salle to the Jesuits led to Allouez' 
withdrawal, but he subsequently returned and was succeeded in 
1 688 by Father Gravier, whose labors extended from Mackinaw 
to BiloKi on the Gulf of Mexico. He spent some time among 
the Peorias previous to 1700, and while laboring among the lat- 
ter, at a still later period, he received a wound, in an attack in- 
cited by the "medicine men," from which he died at Alobile in 1 706. 

There is evidence that a mission had been established among 
the Miamis as early as 1698, under the name " Chicago," as it is 
mentioned by St. Cosme in the report of his visit in 1699-1700. 
This, for the reasons already given showing the indefinite use 
made of the name Chicago as applied to streams about the head 
of Lake Michigan, probably referred to some other locality in 
the vicinity, and not to the site of the present city of Chicago. 
Even at an earlier date there appears, from a statement in 
Tonty's Memoirs, to have been a fort at Chicago probably 
about the same locality as the mission. Speaking of his return 
from Canada to the "Illinois Country" in 1685, he says: "I 
embarked for the Illinois October 30, 1685, but being stopped by 
the ice, I was obliged to leave my canoe and proceed by land. 
After going 120 leagues, I arrived at Fort Chicagou, where M. 
de la Durantaye commanded, "t 

According to the best authorities it was during the year 
1700 that a mission and permanent settlement was established 
by Father Jacques Pinet among the Tamaroas at a village called 
Cahokia (or "Sainte Famille de Cahokia"), a few miles south of 
the present site of the city of East St. Louis. J This was the 

*Shea's " History of the Discovery of the Mississippi." 

tHistorical Collections of Louisiana, Vol. II., p. 67. 

JThe first French settlement on the Gulf of Mexico was established at Biloxi, at the 
head of Mississippi Sound in the present State of Mississippi, by the brothers Iberville 
and Bienville, natives of Montreal, in 1698. The next year they established a settlement 
on Dauphin Island opposite the mouth of Mobile Bay and in 1700 another at "Poverty 
Point," on the Mississippi thirty-eight miles below New Orleans. In 1718 New Orleans 
was founded as an emporium for the lower Mississippi region. 



32 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

first permanent settlement by Europeans in Illinois, as that at 
Kaskaskia on the Illinois was broken up the same year. 

A few months after the establishment of the mission at 
Cahokia (which received the name of "St. Sulpice"), but dur- 
ing the same year, the Kaskaskias, having abandoned their vil- 
lage on the upper Illinois, were induced to settle near the mouth 
of the river which bears their name, and the mission and 
village the latter afterward becoming the first capital of the 
Territory and State of Illinois came into being.* Among the 
earliest missionaries connected with the Cahokia mission were 
Fathers Bergier and Lamoges, and among those connected with 
that at Kaskaskia were Fathers Gabriel Marest and Jean 
Mermet. 

*This identity of names has led to some confusion in determining the date and place 
of the first permanent settlement in Illinois, the date of Marquette's first, arrival at Kas- 
kaskia on the Illinois being given by some authors as that of the settlement at Kaskaskia 
on the Mississippi, twenty-seven years later. 




CHAPTER IV. 
PERIOD OF FRENCH OCCUPATION. 

FIRST PERMANENT SETTLEMENTS THE GROUP OF FRENCH 

VILLAGES ABOUT KASKASKIA - NEW FRANCE 

ILLINOIS ATTACHED TO LOUISIANA. 

S may be readily inferred from the methods 
of French colonization, the first perma- 
nent settlements gathered about the mis- 
sions at Cahokia and Kaskaskia, or rather 
were parts of them. At later periods, but 
during the French occupation of the coun- 
try, other villages were established, the most im- 
portant being St. Philip and Prairie du Rocher; all 
of these being located in the fertile valley now known as 
the "American Bottom" between the older towns of Ca- 
hokia and Kaskaskia. There were several Indian villages in 
the vicinity of the French settlements, and this became for a 
time the most populous locality in the Mississippi valley and 
the centre of an active trade carried on with the settlements near 
the mouth of the Mississippi. * Large quantities of the products 
of the countr}', such as flour, bacon, pork, tallow, lumber, lead, 
peltries, and even wine were transported in keel-boats or batteaus 
to New Orleans ; rice, manufactured tobacco, cotton goods and 
such other fabrics as the simple wants of the people required, 
being brought back in return. These boats went in convoys of 
seven to twelve in number for mutual protection, three months 

*Vincennes on the Wabash, settled in 1710, was the settlement nearest to the group 
of villages in the American Bottom. 




33 



34 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

being required to make a trip, of which two were made annually 
one in the spring and the other in the autumn. 

A prominent landmark of this interesting locality was Fort 
Chartres, a strong fortress erected by the French in 1720, and 
afterward rebuilt on a larger and more substantial scale, in 1754. 
It was erected in the Mississippi bottom, about eighteen miles 
northwest of Kaskaskia. Capt. Philip Pittrnan, the English 
engineer who visited it in 1766, describes it as "an irregular 
quadrangle" with the exterior sides 490 feet in length, the walls 
two feet, two inches thick and eighteen feet high. It enclosed 
an area of more than five acres, in which were erected barracks, 
officers' quarters, store-houses, magazines and everything re- 
quired to make a complete fortress of that time. The importance 
attributed by the. French to the protection of this locality is in- 
dicated by the fact that the cost of this fortress is said to have 
been $1,000,000. Pittmansays: "It is generally allowed that 
this is the most commodious and best built fort in North Amer- 
ica." In 1 756 it stood one mile from the river, but ten years later, 
when Pittmaii visited it,, the river had encroached to within 
eighty rods of the walls, and for a generation scarcely a vestige 
of this structure has remained, all that had not been removed to 
Kaskaskia and other points for building purposes, having fallen 
into the river. While it belonged to France, the seat of govern- 
ment of the "Illinois Country " was here, and it became the 
headquarters of the English commandant who was the arbitrary 
Governor of the country during the period of occupancy by 
the British, extending from 1765 to 1772, when it was partially 
destroyed by one of the periodical floods of the Mississippi. 

The French possessions in North America went under the 
general name of "New France," but their boundaries were never 
clearly defined, though an attempt was made to do so through 
Commissioners who met at Paris in 1752. The)- Avere under- 
stood by the French to include the valley of the St. Lawrence, 
with Labrador and Nova Scotia, to the northern boundaries of 
the British Colonies ; the region of the Great Lakes ; and the 



ILLIXOLS PERIOD OF FRENCH OCCUPATION. 35 

Valley of the Mississippi from the headwaters of the Ohio west- 
ward to the Pacific Ocean and south to the Gulf of Mexico. 
While these claims were contested by England on the east and 
Spain on the southwest, they comprehended the very heart of 
the North American continent, a region unsurpassed in fertility 
and natural resources and now the home of more than half of 
the entire population of the American Republic. That the 
French should have reluctantly yielded up so magnificent a do- 
main is natural. And yet they did this by the treaty of 1763, 
surrendering the region east of the Mississippi (except a coni- 
parativel} r small district near the mouth of that stream) to Eng- 
land, and the remainder to Spain an evidence of the straits to 
which they had been reduced by a long series of devastating 
wars. 

In 1712 Antoine Crozat, under royal letters-patent, obtained 
from L,ouis XIV. of France, a monopoly of the commerce, with 
control of the country, " from the edge of the sea (Gulf of Mex- 
ico) as far as the Illinois." This grant having been surrendered 
a few years later, was renewed in 1717 to the "Company of the 
West," of which the celebrated George Law was the head, and 
under it jurisdiction was exercised over the trade of Illinois. On 
September 27th of the same year (1717), the "Illinois Country," 
which had been a dependency of Canada, was incorporated with 
Louisiana and became a part of that province. Law's company 
received enlarged powers under the name of the " East Indies 
Company," and although it went out of existence in 1721 with 
the opprobrious title of the " South Sea Bubble," leaving in its 
wake hundreds of ruined private fortunes in France and Eng- 
land, it did much to stimulate the population and development 
of the Mississippi Valley. During its existence (in 1718) New 
Orleans was founded and Fort Chartres erected, being named 
after the Due de Chartres, son of the Regent of France. Pierre 
Duque Boisbriant was the first commandant of Illinois and su- 
perintended the erection of the fort. 

One of the privileges granted to Law's, company was the 



36 THE WHITK CITY ILLINOIS. 

importation of slaves; and under it, in 1721, Philip F. Renault 
brought to the country five hundred slaves besides two hundred 
artisans, mechanics and laborers. Two years later he received 
a large grant of land, and foiinded the village of St. Philip a 
few miles north of Fort Chartres. Thus Illinois became slave 
territory before a white settlement of any sort existed in what 
afterward became the slave State of Missouri. In 1722 a parish 
church and stone residence for the Jesuits were erected in Kas- 
kaskia, and mills and store-houses were built previous to that 
time or at a later period both there and at.Cahokia. The village 
of Prairie du Rocher, four miles east of Fort Chartres, was 
founded in 1733. 

During 1721 the country under control of the East Indies 
Company was divided into nine civil and military districts, each 
presided over by a commandant and a judge, with a superior 
council at New Orleans. Of these, Illinois, the largest and, 
next to New Orleans, the most populous, was the seventh. It 
embraced over one-half the present State, with the country west 
of the Mississippi, between the Arkansas and the 43d degree of 
latitude, to the Rocky Mountains, and included the present 
States of Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas and parts of Arkan- 
sas and Colorado. In 1732, the Indies Company surrendered 
its charter, and Louisiana, including the district of Illinois, was 
afterwards governed by officers appointed directly by the crown. 
The roll of commandants of Illinois during the period of French 
occupation, includes the names of Pierre d' Artaguiette, 1734-36; 
Alphonse de la Buisoniere, 1736-40; Benoist de St. Claire, 
1740-42; Chevalier de Bertel, 1742-48, when St. Claire was 
reinstated. 

While the general government of the " Illinois Country " 
tinder the French was a sort of mixed civil and military rule 
mildly administered, that of the villages was of a paternal or 
hierarchic character administered by the priests, who settled 
quarrels, baptized children, married the adults, ministered to the 
dying, buried the dead and exercised a general supervision over 



ILLINOIS PERIOD OF FRENCH OCCUPATION. 37 

the welfare of the little community. Their influence extended 
to all, and from their judgment there was little disposition to 
appeal. 

As early as September, 1699, an attempt was made by an 
expedition, fitted out by the English Government under com- 
mand of Captains Barr and Clements, to take possession of the 
country about the mouth of the Mississippi on the ground of 
prior discovery ; but they found the French under Bienville 
already in possession at Biloxi, and they sailed away without 
making any further effort to carry the scheme into effect. Mean- 
while, in the early part of the next century, the English were 
successful in attaching to their interests the Iroquois, who were 
the deadly foes of the French, and held possession of Western 
New York and the region around the headwaters of the Ohio 
River, extending their incursions against the Indian allies of 
the French as far west as Illinois. The real struggle for terri- 
tory between the English and French began with the formation 
of the Ohio L/and Company in 1748-9, and the grant to it by 
the English Government of half a million acres of land along 
the Ohio River, with the exclusive right of trading with the In- 
dian tribes in that region. Out of this grew the establishment, 
in the next two years, of trading posts and forts on the Miami 
and Maumee in Western Ohio, followed by the protracted French 
and Indian War, which was prosecuted with varied fortunes until 
the final defeat of the French at Quebec, on the thirteenth of 
September, 1759, which broke their power on the American con- 
tinent. Among those who took part in this struggle, was a 
contingent from the French garrison of Fort Chartres. Neyon 
de Villiers, commandant of the fort, was one of these, being the 
only survivor of seven brothers who participated in the defense of 
Canada. Still hopeful of saving Louisiana and Illinois, he de- 
parted with a few followers for New Orleans, but the treaty of 
Paris, February 10, 1763, destroyed all hope, for by its terms 
Canada, and all other territory east of the Mississippi as far 
south as the northern boundary of Florida, was surrendered to 



3o THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

Great Britain, while the remainder, including the vast territory 
west of the Mississippi, was given up to Spain. 

Thus, the " Illinois Country " fell into the hands of the 
British, although the actual transfer of Fort Chartres and the 
country dependent upon it did not take place until October 10, 
1765, when its veteran commandant, St. Ange^who had come 
from Vincennes to assume command on the retirement of Vill- 
iers, and who held it faithfully for the 'conqueror surrendered 
it to Capt. Thomas Stirling as the representative of the English 
Government. It is worthy of note that this was the last place on 
the North American continent to lower the French flag. St. 
Ange, with the few civil officers and troops remaining with him, 
retired to St. Louis, which had been founded in 1764, and where, 
at the request of the citizens, many of whom, like himself, had 
come from the Illinois villages, he assumed the position of com- 
mandant, although he was then upon Spanish territory. In this 
he was confirmed by General Ulloa, the Spanish Governor of New 
Orleans, and remained in authority until his death on December 
27, 1774, at the age of 73. His fairness, courage and modera- 
tion won for him the respect and confidence not only of his own 
nationality, but of Spaniards and English also. 




CHAPTER V. 
THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 

BRITISH OCCUPATION ENGLISH GOVERNORS COL. GEORGE 
ROGERS CLARK'S EXPEDITION CONQUEST OF ILLINOIS 

BRITISH ATTACK ON 'ST. LOUIS CAPTURE OF 
FORT ST. JOSEPH. 

delay of the British in taking possession of 
the "Illinois Country," after the defeat of the 
French at Quebec and the surrender of their 
possessions in America by the treaty of 1763, 
was due to its isolated position and the difficulty 
of reaching it with sufficient force to establish the 
British authority. The first attempt was made 
in the spring of 1764, when Maj. Arthur L/oftus, 
starting from Pensacola, attempted to ascend the Mississippi with 
a force of four hundred regulars, but being met by a superior 
Indian force, was compelled to retreat. In August of the same 
year, Capt. Thomas Morris was dispatched from Western 
Pennsylvania with a small force " to take possession of the Illi- 
nois country." This expedition got as far as Fort Miami on the 
Mauniee, when its progress was arrested, and its commander 
narrowly escaped with his life. The next attempt was made in 
1765, when Maj. George Croghan, a deputy superintendent of 
Indian affairs, whose name has been made historical by the cele- 
brated speech of the Indian Chief L/ogan, was detailed from 
Fort Pitt, to visit Illinois. Being detained, Lieut. Alexander 
Frazer, who was to accompany Croghan, proceeded alone. 
Frazer reached Kaskaskia, but met with so rough a reception 



Illinois. 



40 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

from both the French and Indians, that he thought it advisable 
to leave in disguise, and escaped by descending the Mississippi to 
New Orleans. Croghan started on his journey on the fifteenth 
of May, proceeding down the Ohio, accompanied by a party of 
friendly Indians, but having been captured near the mouth of 
the Wabash, he finally returned to Detroit without reaching his 
destination. 

The first British official to reach Fort Chartres was Capt. 
Thomas Stirling. Descending the Ohio with a force of one 
hundred men, he reached Fort Chartres October 10, 1765, and 
received the surrender of the fort from the faithful and courteous 
St. Ange, as detailed at the close of the last chapter. It is es- 
timated that at least one-third of the French citizens, including 
the more wealthy, left rather than become British subjects. 
Those about Fort Chartres left almost in a body. Some joined 
the French colonies on the lower Mississippi, while others, cross- 
ing the river, settled in St. Genevive, then in Spanish territory. 
Much the larger number followed the venerable St. Ange to St. 
> Louis, which had been established as a trading post by Pierre 
La Clede, during the previous year, and which now received 
what, in these later days, would be called a great " boom." 

Captain Stirling was relieved of his command at Fort Char- 
tres, December 4th, by Maj. Robert Farmer.* Other British 
Commandants at Fort Chartres were Col. Edward Cole, Col. 
John Reed, Colonel Wilkins, Capt. Hugh Lord and Francois de 
Rastel, Chevalier de Rocheblave. The last had been an officer 
in the French army and having resided at Kaskaskia, transferred 
his allegiance on occupation of the country by the British. He 
was the last official representative of the British Government in 
Illinois. It has been claimed that at some time previous to this 
date, St. Ange returned to Kaskaskia, but authorities do not 
seem to agree on this point. 

The total population of tne French villages in Illinois, at 



*At least one authority claims that this n<;me should be Fraser the same who visited 
Kaskaskia in 1765. 



ILLINOIS THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 41 

the time of their transfer to England, has been estimated at 
about i, 600, of which 700 were in Kaskaskia and 450 in Caho- 
kia. Captain Pittman estimated the population of all the French 
villages in Illinois and on the Wabash, at the time of his visit in 
1770, at about 2,000. Of St. Louis or "Paincourt," as it was 
sometimes called Captain Pittman said: "There are about forty 
private houses and as many families." Most of these, if not all, 
had emigrated from the French villages. In fact, although nom- 
inally in Spanish territory, it was essentially a French town, 
protected, as Pittman said, by "a French garrison" consisting 
of "a Captain-Commandant, two Lieutenants, a Fort Major, one 
Sergeant, one Corporal and twenty men." 

The first official notice taken of the " Illinois Country" by 
the Continental Congress, was the adoption by that body, July 
13, 1775, of an act creating three Indian Departments a North- 
ern, Middle and Southern. Illinois was assigned to the second, 
with Benjamin Franklin and James Wilson, of Pennsylvania, 
and Patrick Henry, of Virginia, as Commissioners. In April, 
1776, Col. George Morgan, who had been a trader at Kaskaskia, 
was appointed agent and successor to these Commissioners, with 
headquarters at Fort Pitt. The promulgation of the Declara- 
tion of Independence on the Fourth of July, 1776, and the 
events immediately preceding and following that event, directed 
attention to the colonies on the Atlantic coast; yet the frontiers- 
men of Virginia were watching an opportunity to deliver a blow 
to the Government of King George in a quarter where it was 
least expected, and where it was destined to have an immense in- 
fluence iipon the future of the new nation, as well as that of the 
American continent. During the year 1777, Col. George Rogers 
Clark, a native of Virginia, then scarcely twenty-five years of 
age, having conceived a plan of seizing the settlements in the 
Mississippi Valley, sent trusty spies to learn the sentiments of 
the people and the condition of affairs at Kaskaskia. The re- 
port brought to him gave him encouragement, and in December 
of the same year he laid before Gov. Patrick Henry, of Virginia, 



42 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

his plans for the reduction of the posts in Illinois. These were 
approved, and on January 2, 1778, Clark received authority to 
recruit seven companies of fifty men each for three months' serv- 
ice, and Governor Henry gave him $6,000 for expenses. Pro- 
ceeding to Fort Pitt, he succeeded in recruiting three companies 
who were directed to rendezvous at Corn Island, opposite the 
present city of Louisville. It has been claimed that, in order to 
deceive the British as-to his real destination, Clark authorized 
the announcement that the object of the expedition was to pro- 
tect the settlements in Kentucky from the Indians. At Corn 
Island another company was organized, making four in all, un- 
der the command of Captains Bowman, Montgomery, Helm and 
Harrod, and having embarked on keel-boats, they passed the 
Falls of the Ohio, June 24th. Reaching an island at the mouth 
of the Tennessee on the 28th, he was met by a party of eight 
American hunters, who had left Kaskaskia a few days before, 
and who, joining his command, rendered good service as guides. 
He disembarked his force at the mouth of a small creek one 
mile above Fort Massac, June 29th, and, directing his course 
across the country, on the evening of the 6th day (July 4, 1778) 
arrived within three miles of Kaskaskia. The surprise of the 
unsuspecting citizens of Kaskaskia and its small garrison, was 
complete. His force having, under cover of darkness, been fer- 
ried across the Kaskaskia river, about a mile above the town, 
one detachment surrounded the town, while the other seized the 
fort, capturing Rocheblave and his little command without firing 
a gun. The famous Indian fighter and hunter, Simon Kenton, 
led the way to the fort. This is supposed to have been what 
Captain Pittman called the "Jesuits' house," which had been 
sold by the French Government after the country was ceded to 
England, the Jesuit order having been suppressed. A wooden 
fort, erected in 1736, and known afterward by the British as 
Fort Gage, had stood on the bluff opposite the town, but accord- 
ing to Pittman, this was burnt in 1766, and there is no evidence 
that it was ever rebuilt. 



ILLINOIS THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 43 

Clark's expedition was thus far a complete success. Roche- 
blave, proving recalcitrant, was placed in irons and sent as a 
prisoner of war to Williamsbnrg, while his slaves were confis- 
cated, the proceeds of their sale being divided among Clark's 
troops. The inhabitants were easily conciliated, and Cahokia 
having been captured without bloodshed, Clark turned his atten- 
tion to Vincennes. Through the influence of Pierre Gibault 
the Vicar-General in charge at Kaskaskia the people of Vin- 
cennes were induced to swear allegiance to the United States, and 
although the place was afterward captured by a British force from 
Detroit, it was on February 24, 1779, recaptured by Col. Clark, 
together with a body of prisoners, but little smaller than the 
attacking force, and $50,000 worth of property. 

Seldom in the history of the world have such important re- 
sults been achieved by such insignificant instrumentalities and 
with so little sacrifice of life, as in this almost bloodless cam- 
paign of the youthful conqueror of Illinois. Having been won 
largely through Virginia enterprise and valor and by material 
aid furnished through Governor Henry, the Virginia House of 
Delegates, in October, 1778, proceeded to assert the jurisdiction 
of that commonwealth over the settlements of the Northwest, by 
organizing all the country west and north of the Ohio River, 
into a county to be called " Illinois," and empowering the Gov- 
ernor to appoint a " county-lieutenant or commandant-in-chief" 
to exercise civil authority during the pleasure of the appointing 
power. Thus "Illinois county" was older than the States of 
Ohio or Indiana, while Patrick Henry, the eloquent orator of the 
Revolution, became ex-officio its first Governor. Col. John Todd, 
a citizen of Kentucky, was appointed " County-Lieutenant," De- 
cember 12, 1778, entering upon his duties in May following. 
The militia was organized, Deputy-Commandants for Kaskaskia 
and Cahokia appointed, and the first election of civil officers ever 
had in Illinois, was held under Colonel Todd's direction. His 
record-book, now in possession of the Chicago Historical Society, 
shows that he was accustomed to exercise powers scarcely in- 



44 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

ferior to those of a State Executive. Before the close of his first 
year, he was appointed Colonel of a Virginia regiment; in 1780 
he was elected a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 
the county of Kentucky, and in 1781 became a citizen and official 
of Lexington, Kentucky. He was killed at the battle of Blue 
Licks, August 1 8, 1782. 

In 1782 one ''Thimothe Demunbrunt " subscribed himself 
as "Lt. comd'g par interim, etc." but the origin of his 
authority is not clearly understood. He assumed to act as com- 
mandant until the arrival of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, first Terri- 
torial Governor of the North west-Territory, in 1 790. After the 
close of the Revolution, courts ceased to be held and civil affairs 
fell into great disorder. "In effect, there was neither law nor 
order in the "Illinois Country" for the seven years from 1783 to 
1790.* 

During the progress of the Revolution, there were the usual 
rumors and alarms in the "Illinois Country" peculiar to frontier 
^life in time of war. The country, however, was singularly 
exempt from any serious calamity such as a general massacre. 
One reason for this was the friendly relations which had existed 
between the French and their Indian neighbors previous to the 
conquest, and which the new masters, after the capture of Kas- 
kaskia, took pains to perpetuate. Several movements were pro- 
jected by the British and their Indian allies about Detroit and 
in Canada, but they were kept so busy elsewhere that they had 
little time to put their plans into execution. One of these was 
a proposed movement from Pensacola against the Spanish posts 
on the lower Mississippi, to punish Spain for having engaged in 
the war of 1779, but the promptness with which the Spanish 
Governor of New Orleans proceeded to capture Fort Manchac, 
Baton Rouge and Natchez from their British possessors, con- 
vinced the latter that this was a "game at which two could play." 
In ignorance of these results, an expedition 750 strong, com- 
posed largely of Indians, fitted out at Mackinaw under command 

*Moses' History of Illinois. 



ILLINOIS THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 45 

of Capt. Patrick Sinclair, started in the early part of May, 1780, 
to co-operate with the expedition on the lower Mississippi, but in- 
tending to deal a destructive blow to the Illinois villages and the 
Spanish towns of St. Louis and St. Genevive on the way. This 
expedition reached St. Louis May 26th, but Col. George Rogers 
Clark having arrived at Cahokia with a small force twenty-four 
hours earlier, prepared to co-operate with the Spaniards on the 
western shore of the Mississippi, and the invading force confined 
their depredations to killing seven or eight villagers, and then 
beat a hasty retreat in the direction they had come. These were 
the last expeditions organized to regain the "country of the Illi- 
nois" or capture Spanish posts on the Mississippi. 

An expedition of a different sort is worthy of mention in 
this connection, as it originated in Illinois. This consisted of a 
company of seventeen men, led by one Thomas Brady, a citizen 
of Cahokia, who, marching across the country, in the month of 
October, 1780, after the retreat of Sinclair from St. Louis, suc- 
ceeded in surprising and capturing Fort St. Joseph about where 
La Salle had erected Fort Miami, near the mouth of the St. 
Joseph River, a hundred years before. Brady and his party 
captured a few British prisoners and a large quantity of goods. 
On their return, while encamped on the Calumet, they were 
attacked by a band of Pottawatomies, and all were killed, 
wounded or taken prisoners except Brady and two others, who 
escaped. Early in January, 1781, a party consisting of sixty- 
five whites, organized from St. Louis and Cahokia, with some 200 
Indians, and headed by Don Eugenio Pourre, a Spaniard, started 
on a second expedition against Fort St. Joseph. By silencing 
the Indians, whom they met on their way, with promises of 
plunder, they were able to reach the fort without discovery, cap- 
tured it and raising the Spanish flag, formally took possession 
in the name of the King of Spain. After retaining possession 
for a few days, the party returned to St. Louis, but in negotiating 
the treaty of peace at Paris, in 1783, this incident was made the 
basis of a claim put forth l>y Spain to ownership of the "Illinois 
Country" "by right of conquest." 



CHAPTER VI. 
THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 

ILLINOIS AS PART OF THE NORTHWEST AND INDIANA TERRI- 
TORIES ORDINANCE OF 1787 GOVERNORS ST. CLAIR 
AND HARRISON INDIAN TREATIES ILLINOIS TER- 
RITORY ORGANIZED EARLY SETTLERS GOV- 
ERNOR EDWARDS WAR OF l8l2 FORT 

DEARBORN MASSACRE EARLY 

ILLINOIS TOWNS. 

T the very outset of its existence, the New 
Government of the United States was con- 
fronted with an embarrassing question 
which deeply affected the interests of the 
territory of which Illinois formed a part. 
This was the claim of certain States to 
lands lying between their western boundaries and 
the Mississippi River, then the western boundary 
of the Republic. These claims were based either upon 
the terms of their original charters or upon the cession 
of lands by the Indians, and it was under a claim of the former 
charter, as well as by right of conquest, that Virginia assumed 
to exercise authority over the " Illinois Country " after its cap- 
ture by the Clark expedition. This construction was opposed 
by the States which, from their geographical position or other 
cause, had no claim to lands beyond their own boundaries, and 
the controversy was waged with considerable bitterness for sev- 
eral years, proving a formidable obstacle to the ratification of the 




Illinois. 



46 



ILLINOIS THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 47 

Articles of Confederation. As early as 1779 the subject received 
the attention of Congress in the adoption of a resolution request- 
ing the States having such claims to " forbear settling or issuing 
warrants for unappropriated lands or granting the same during the 
continuance of the present (Revolutionary) War." In the follow- 
ing year, New York authorized her delegates in Congress to limit 
its boundaries in such manner as they might think expedient, and 
to cede to the Government its claim to western lands. The case 
was further coir plicated by the claims of certain land companies 
which had been previously organized. New York filed her cession 
to the General Government of lands claimed by her in October, 
1782, followed by Virginia nearly a year later, and by Massachu- 
setts and Connecticut in 1785 and 1786. Other States followed 
somewhat tardily, Georgia being the last, in 1802. It was from 
the splendid domain north and west of the Ohio thus acquired from 
Virginia and other States, that the Northwest Territory was 
finally organized. The first step was taken in the passage by 
Congress, in 1784, of a resolution providing for the temporary 
government of the Western Territory, and this was followed 
three years later by the enactment of the celebrated Ordinance 
of 1787. While this latter document contained numerous pro- 
visions which marked a new departure in the science of free gov- 
ernment as, for instance, that declaring that "religion, morality 
and knowledge being necessary to good government and the hap- 
piness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall 
forever be encouraged" its crowning feature was the sixth 
article, as follows : " There shall be neither slavery nor involun- 
tary servitude in the said Territory, otherwise than in the pun- 
ishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly con- 
victed." 

Although there has been considerable controversy as to the 
authorship of the above and other provisions of this immortal 
document, it is worthy of note that substantially the same lan- 
guage was introduced in the resolutions of 1784, by a delegate 
from a slave State Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia though not 



48 THK WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

then adopted. Jefferson was not a member of the Congress of 
1787 (being then minister to France) and could have had noth- 
ing directly to do with the later Ordinance ; yet it is evident that 
the principle which he had advocated, finally received the ap- 
proval of eight out of the thirteen States, all that were repre- 
sented in that Congress including the slave States of Virginia, 
Delaware, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.'" 

Under the Ordinance of 1787, organizing the Northwest 
Territory, Gen. Arthur St. Clair, who had been a soldier of the 
Revolution, was appointed the first Governor on February i, 
1788, with Winthrop Sargent, Secretary, and Samuel Holden 
Parsons, James Mitchell Varnum and John Cleves Synimes, 
Judges. All these were reappointed by President Washington 
in 1789. The new Territorial Government was organized at 
Marietta, a settlement on the Ohio, July 15, 1788, but it was 
nearly two years later before Governor St. Clair visited Illinois, 
arriving at Kaskaskia, March 5, 1790. The county of St. Clair 
(named after him) was organized at this time, embracing all the 
settlements between the Wabash and the Mississippi. He found 
the inhabitants generally in a deplorable condition, neglected by 
the Government, the courts of justice practically abolished and 
many of the citizens sadly in need of the obligations due them 
from the Government for supplies furnished to Colonel Clark 
twelve years before. After a stay of three months, the Governor 
returned east. In 1795, Judge Turner held the first court in St. 
Clair County, Cahokia being the county seat. The second 
county (Randolph) was organized the same year, and Kaskaskia 
became its county seat. In 1796 Governor St. Clair paid a sec- 
ond visit to Illinois, accompanied by Judge Symmes, who held 
court at the two county-seats. On November 4, 1791, occurred 
the celebrated defeat of Governor St. Clair, in the western part 
of the present State of Ohio, by a force of Indians under com- 



*For an exhaustive discussion of the authorship of this famous provision, as well as 
a discussion of the claims of the States to the lands constituting the Northwest Territory, 
see Moses' "History of Illinois," Vol. I, pp. 174-192. 



ILLINOIS THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 49 

niand of Little Turtle, in which the whites sustained a heavy 
loss of both men and property. St. Clair, having resigned his 
command of the army, was succeeded by Gen. Anthony Wayne, 
who, in a vigorous campaign, overwhelmed the Indians with de- 
feat ; this resulted in the treaty with the Western tribes at Green- 
ville, August 3, 1795, which was the beginning of a period of 
comparative peace with the Indians all over the Western country. 

In 1798, the Territory having gained the requisite popula- 
tion, an election of members of a legislative Council and House 
of Representatives was held in accordance with the provisions of 
the Ordinance of 1787. This was the first Territorial Legisla- 
ture organized in the history of the Republic. It met at Cincin- 
nati, February 4, 1799, Shadrach Bond being the delegate from 
St. Clair County and John Edgar from Randolph. Gen. Will- 
iam Henry Harrison, who had succeeded Sargent as Secretary 
of the Territory, June 26, 1798, was elected Delegate to Congress, 
receiving a majority of one vote over Arthur St. Clair, Jr., son of 
the Governor. 

By act of Congress, Ma}' 7, 1800, the Northwest Territory 
was divided into Ohio and Indiana Territories; the latter oc- 
cupying the region west of the present State of Ohio, and hav- 
ing its capital at " Saint Vincent " (Vincennes) . May 13, William 
Henry Harrison, who had been the first Delegate in Congress 
from the Northwest Territory, was appointed Governor of 
Indiana Territory, which at first consisted of three counties: 
Knox, St. Clair and Randolph the two latter being within 
the boundaries of the present State of Illinois. Their ag- 
gregate population at this time was estimated at less than 
5,000. During his administration Governor Harrison con- 
cluded thirteen treaties with the Indians, of which six related to 
the cession of lands in Illinois. * 

*The first treaty relating to lands in Illinois was that of Greenville, concluded 
by General Wayne in 1795. By this the Government acquired six miles square at thu 
niouth of the Chicago River ; twelve miles square at the mouth of the Illinois ; six miles 
square at the old Peoria fort ; the post of Fort Massac ; and 150,000 acres assigned to 
General Clark and his soldiers, besides all other lands "in possession of the French peo- 
ple and all other white settlers atnon^ them, the Indian title to which had been thus ex- 
tinguished. " .!/<' History of Illinois. 



50 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

During the year 1803, the treaty with France for the pur- 
chase of Louisiana and West Florida was concluded, and on 
March 26, 1804, an act was passed by Congress attaching all 
that portion of Louisiana lying north of the thirty-third parallel 
of latitude and west of the Mississippi to Indiana Territory for 
governmental purposes. This included the present States of Ar- 
kansas, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, the two 
Dakotas, part of Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Wash- 
ington and Oregon. This arrangement continued only until the 
following March, when Louisiana was placed under a separate 
Territorial organization. 

For four years Indiana Territory was governed under laws 
framed by the Governor and Judges, .but, the population having 
increased to the required number, an election was held, Septem- 
ber n, 1804, on the proposition to advance the government to 
the "second grade" by the election of a Territorial Legislature. 
The smallness of the vote indicated the indifference of the peo- 
ple on the subject. Out of 400 votes cast the proposition re- 
ceived a majority of 138. The two Illinois counties cast a total of 
142 votes, of which St. Clair furnished 81, and Randolph 61 ; 
the former, giving a majority of 37 against the measure and the 
latter 19 in its favor, shows a net majority against it of 18; the 
adoption of the proposition was due therefore, to the affirmative 
vote in the Indiana district.* At the election of delegates to a 
Territorial Legislature, held January 3, 1805, Shadrach Bond, 
Sr. and William Biggs were elected for St. Clair County and 
George Fisher for Randolph. Bond having meanwhile become 
a member of the Legislative Council, Shadrach Bond, Jr. was 
chosen his successor. The Legislature convened at Vincennes, 
February 7, 1805, but only to recommend a list of persons from 
whom it was the duty of Congress to select a Legislative Coun- 
cil. In addition to Bond, Pierre Menard was chosen for Ran- 
dolph and John Hay for St. Clair. 

* There were in the Territory at this time six counties.; one of these (Wayne) was in 
Michigan, which was set off, in 1805, as a separate Territory. 



ILLINOIS THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 51 

The Illinois counties were represented in two regular and 
one special session of the Territorial Legislature during the time 
they were a part of Indiana Territory. By act of Congress, 
which became a law February 3, 1809, the Territory was divided, 
the western part being named Illinois. 

At this point the history of Illinois as a separate political 
division begins ; though, while its boundaries in all other direc- 
tions were as now, on the north it extended to the Canada line. 
From what has already been said, it appears that the earliest 
white settlements were established by French Canadians, chiefly 
at Kaskaskia, Cahokia and the other villages in the southern 
part of the American Bottom. At the time of Clark's invasion, 
there were not known to have been more than two Americans 
among these people, except such hunters and trappers as paid 
them occasional visits. One of the earliest American settlers in 
Southern Illinois was Capt. Nathan Hull, who came from Massa- 
chusetts and settled at an early day on the Ohio, near where 
Golconda now stands, afterward removing to the vicinity of Kas- 
kaskia, where he died in 1806. In 1781, a company of immi- 
grants, consisting (with one or two exceptions) of members of 
Clark's Command in 1778, arrived with their families from Mary- 
land and Virginia and established themselves on the American 
Bottom. The "New Design" settlement, on the boundary line 
between St. Clair and Monroe counties, and the first distinctively 
American colony in the "Illinois Country," was established by this 
party. Some of its members afterward became prominent in the 
history of the Territory and the State. William Biggs, a mem- 
ber of the first Territorial Legislature, with others, settled in or 
near Kaskaskia about 1783, and William Arundel, the first 
American merchant at Cahokia, came there from Peoria during 
the same year. Gen. John Edgar, for many years a leading citi- 
zen and merchant at the capital, arrived at Kaskaskia in 1784, 
and William Morrison, Kaskaskia's principal merchant, and an 
uncle of the late Col. J. L. D. Morrison and of Hon. William R. 
Morrison, came from Philadelphia as early as 1790, followed 



52 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

some years afterward by several brothers. James Lemen came 
before the beginning of the present century, and was the founder 
of a large and influential family in the vicinity of Shiloh, St. 
Clair County, and Rev. David Bagley headed a colony of one 
hundred and fifty-four from Virginia, who arrived in 1797. 
Among other prominent arrivals of this period were John Rice 
Jones, Pierre Menard (First Lieutenant-Governor of the State), 
Shadrach Bond, Jr. (First Governor), John Hay, John Messen- 
ger, William Kinney, Capt. Joseph Ogle; and of a later date, 
Nathaniel Pope (afterward Secretary of the Territory, Delegate 
to Congress, Justice of the United States Court and father of 
the late Maj.-Gen. John Pope), Elias Kent Kane (first Sec- 
retary of State and afterward United States Senator), Daniel P. 
Cook (first Attorney-General and second Representative in Con- 
gress), George Forquer (at one time Secretary of State), and Dr. 
George Fisher all prominent in Territorial or State history. 

The government of the new Territory was organized by the 
appointment of Ninian Edwards who had been Chief-Justice 
of the Supreme Court of Kentucky Governor ; Nathaniel Pope, 
Secretary, and Alex. Stuart, Obadiah Jones and James B. 
Thomas, Territorial Judges. Stuart having been transferred to 
Missouri, Stanley Griswold was appointed in his stead. Gov- 
ernor Edwards arrived at Kaskaskia, the capital, in June, 1809. 
At that time the two counties of St. Clair and Randolph com- 
prised the settled portion of the Territory, with a white popula- 
tian estimated at about 9,000. The Governor and Judges im- 
mediately proceeded to formulate a code of laws, and the appoint- 
ments made by Secretary Pope, who had preceded the Governor 
in his arrival in the Territory, were confirmed. Benjamin J. 
Boyle was the first Attorney-General, but he resigned in a few 
months when the place was offered to John J. Crittenden, who 
was United States Senator from Kentucky at the begin- 
ning of the late war, who declined. Thomas T. Crittenden was 
then appointed. 

An incident of the year 1811 was the battle of Tippecanoe, 



ILLINOIS THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 53 

resulting in the defeat of Tecumseh the great Chief of the 
Shawnees, by General Harrison. Four companies of mounted 
rangers were raised in Illinois this year under direction of Col. 
\\illiam Russell, of Kentucky, who built Camp Russell near 
Edwardsville the following year. They were commanded by 
Captains Samuel Whiteside, William B. Whiteside, James B. 
Moore and Jacob Short. The memorable earthquake which had 
its centre about New Madrid, Missouri, occurred in December of 
this year, and was severely felt in some portions of Southern 
Illinois. 

During the following year the second waf with England 
broke out, but no serious outbreak occurred in Illinois until Au- 
gust, 1812, when the massacre at Fort Dearborn, where Chicago 
now stands, took place. This had long been a favorite trading 
post of the Indians, at first under French occupation and after- 
ward under the Americans. Sometime during 1803-4, a f r t had 
been built near the mouth of the Chicago on the south side, on 
land acquired at the time of the treaty of Greenville in 1795. 
It consisted of two block-houses with a parade-ground and sally- 
port surrounded by a stockade. In the spring of 1812 some 
alarm had been caused by outrages committed by Indians in the 
vicinity, and in the early part of August Capt. Nathan Heald, 
commanding the garrison of less than seventy-five men, received 
instructions from General Hull, in command at Detroit, to 
evacuate the fort, disposing of the public property as he might 
see proper. Friendly Indians advised Heald either to make 
preparations for a vigorous defense, or evacuate at once. Instead 
of this, he notified the Indians of his intention to retire and 
divide the stores among them, with the condition subsequently 
agreed upon in council, that his garrison should be afforded an 
escort and safe passage to Fort Wayne. On the fourteenth of 
August he proceeded to distribute the bulk of the goods as 
promised but the ammunition, guns and liquors were destroyed. 
This he justified on the ground that a bad use would be made of 
them, while the Indians construed it as a violation of the agree- 



54 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

ment. The tragedy which followed, is thus described in Moses' 
"History of Illinois:" 

"Black Partridge, a Pottawatomie chief who had been on 
terms of friendship with the whites, appeared before Captain 
Heald and informed him plainly that his young men intended to 
imbrue their hands in the blood of the whites; that he was no 
longer able to restrain them, and, surrendering a medal he had 
worn in token of amity, closed by saying : ' I will not wear a 
token of peace while I am compelled to act as an enemy.' In 
the meantime the Indians were rioting upon the provisions, and 
becoming so aggressive in their bearing that it was resolved to 
inarch out the next day. The fatal fifteenth arrived. To each 
soldier was distributed twenty-five rounds of reserved ammunition. 
The baggage and ambulance wagons were laden, and the garrison 
slowly wended its way outside the protecting walls of the fort 
the Indian escort of 500 following in the rear. What next oc- 
curred in this disastrous movement is narrated by Captain Heald 
in his report, as follows: 'The situation of the country ren- 
dered it necessary for us to take the beach, with the lake on our 
left, and a high sand-bank on our right at about three hundred 
yards distance. We had proceeded about a mile and a half, 
when it was discovered [by Captain Wells] that the Indians 
were prepared to attack us from behind the bank. I immedi- 
ately marched up with the company to the top of the bank, when 
the action commenced ; after firing one round, we charged, and 
the Indians gave way in front and joined those on our flanks. 
In about fifteen minutes they got possession of all our horses, 
provisions and baggage of every description, and finding the 
Miamis [who had come from Fort \Vayne with Captain Wells to 
act as an escort] did not assist us, I drew off the few men I had 
left and took possession of a small elevation in the open prairie 
out of shot of the bank, or any other cover. The Indians did 
not follow me but assembled in a body on the top of the bank, 
and after some consultation among themselves, made signs for me 
to approach them. I advanced toward them alone, and was met 



ILLINOIS THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 55 

by one of the Pottawatomie chiefs called Black Bird, with an in- 
terpreter. After shaking hands, he requested me to surrender, 
promising to spare the lives of all the prisoners. On a few mo- 
ments consideration I conclu4ed it would be most prudent to 
comply with this request, although I did not put entire confi- 
dence in his promise. The troops had made a brave defense, 
but what could so small a force do against such overwhelming 
numbers? It was evident with over half their number dead 
upon the field, or wounded, further resistance would be hopeless. 
Twenty-six regulars and twelve militia, with two women and 
twelve children, were killed. Among the slain were Captain 
Wells, Dr. Van Voorhis and Ensign George Ronan. [Captain 
Wells, when young, had been captured by Indians and had mar- 
ried among them.] He (Wells) was familiar with all the wiles, 
stratagems, as well as the vindictiveness of the Indian charac- 
ter, and when the conflict began, he said to his niece (Mrs. 
Heald), by whose side he was standing, 'We have not the slight- 
est chance for life ; we must part to meet no more in this world. 
God bless you.' With these words he dashed forward into the 
thickest of the fight. He refused to be taken prisoner, knowing 
what his fate would be, when a young red-skin cut him down 
with his tomahawk, jumped upon his body, cut out his heart and 
ate a portion of it with savage delight. 

"The prisoners taken were Captain Heald and wife, both 
wounded, Lieutenant Helm, also wounded, and wife, with twenty- 
five non-commissioned officers and privates, and eleven women 
and children. The loss of the Indians was fifteen killed. Mr. 
Kinzie's family had been entrusted to the care of some friendly 
Indians and were not with the retiring garrison. The Indians 
engaged in this outrage were principally Pottawatomies, with a 
few Chippewas, Ottawas, Winiiebagoes and Kickapoos. Fort 
Dearborn was plundered and burned on the next morning." 

Thus ended the most bloody tragedy that ever occurred on 
the soil of Illinois with Americans as victims. The place where 
this affair occurred, as described by Captain Heald, was on the 



56 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

lake shore about at the foot of Eighteenth Street in the present 
city of Chicago.* 

The part played by Illinois in the War of 1812, consisted 
chiefly in looking after the large Indian population within and 
near its borders. Two expeditions were undertaken to Peoria 
Lake in the fall of 1812; the first of these under the direction 
of Governor Edwards, burned two Kickapoo villages, one of 
them being that of "Black Partridge" who had befriended the 
whites at Fort Dearborn. A few weeks later Capt. Thomas 
E- Craig, at the head of a company of militia, made a descent 
upon the ancient French village of Peoria, on the pretext that 
the inhabitants had harbored hostile Indians and fired on his 
boats. He burned a part of the town and taking the people as 
prisoners down the river, put them ashore below Alton, in the 
beginning of winter. Both these affairs were severely censured. 

There were expeditions against the Indians on the Illinois 
and Upper Mississippi in 1813 and 1814. In the latter year, 
Illinois troops took part with credit in two engagements at Rock 
Island the last of these being in co-operation with regulars, un- 
der command of Maj. Zachary Taylor, afterward President, 
against a force of Indians supported by the British. Fort Clark 
at Peoria was erected in 1813, and Fort Edwards at Warsaw, op- 
posite the mouth of the Des Moines, at the close of the cam- 
paign of 1814. A council with the Indians, conducted by 
Governors Edwards of Illinois and Clarke of Missouri, and 
Auguste Chouteau, a merchant of St. Louis, as Government 
Commissioners, on the Mississippi just below Alton, in July, 
1815, concluded a treaty of peace with the principal Northwestern 
tribes, thus ending the war. 

By Act of Congress, adopted May 21, 1812, the Territory of 
Illinois was raised to the second grade /. c. empowered to elect 

*After the destruction of the fort the site of the present city of Chicago remained 
unoccupied until 1816, when the fort was rebuilt. At that time the bones of the victims 
of the massacre of 1812 still lay blenching upon the sands near the lake shore, but they 
were gathered up a few years later and buried. The new fort continued to be occupied 
somewhat irregularly until 1837, when it was finally abandoned, there being no longer 
any reason for maintaining it as a defense against the Indians. 



ILLINOIS THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 57 

a Territorial Legislature. In September, three additional coun- 
ties Madison, Gallatin and Johnson were organized, making 
five in all, and in October an election for the choice of five mem- 
bers of the Council and seven Representatives was held, re- 
sulting as follows: Councilmen Pierre Menard, of Randolph 
County; William Biggs, of St. Clair; Samuel Judy, of Madison; 
Thomas Ferguson, of Johnson, and Benjamin Talbot, of Galla- 
tin : Representatives George Fisher, of Randolph ; Joshua 
Oglesby and Jacob Short, of St. Clair; William Jones, of Madi- 
son; Phillip Trammel and Alexander Wilson, of Gallatin, and 
John Grammar, of Johnson. The Legislature met at Kaskaskia, 
November 25th, the Council organizing with Pierre Menard as 
President and John Thomas, Secretary, and the House, with 
George Fisher as Speaker and William C. Greenup, Clerk. 
Shadrach Bond was elected the first Delegate to Congress. 

A second Legislature was elected in 1814, convening at Kas- 
kaskia, November i4th. Menard was continued President of the 
Council during the whole Territorial period; while George 
Fisher was Speaker of each House, except the second. The 
county of Edwards was organized in 1814 and White, in 1815. 
Other counties organized under the Territorial Government 
were Jackson, Monroe, Crawford and Pope in 1816; Bond in 

1817, and Franklin, Union and Washington in 1818, making 
fifteen in all. In 1816 the Bank of Illinois was established at 
Shawneetown, with branches at Edwardsville and Kaskaskia. 

Besides the French villages in the American Bottom, there 
is said to have been a French and Indian village on the west 
bank of Peoria Lake, as early as 1711. This site appears to 
have been abandoned about 1775 and a new village established 
on the present site of Peoria, soon after, which was maintained 
until 1812, when it was broken up by Captain Craig. Other 
early towns were Shawneetown, laid out in 1808; Belleville, 
established as the county-seat of St. Clair County, in 1814; Ed- 
wardsville, founded in 1815; Upper Alton, in 1816, and Alton in 

1818. Carmi, Fairfield, Waterloo, Golconda, Lawrenceville, 



58 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

Mt. Carmel and Vienna also belong to this period ; while Jack- 
sonville, Springfield and Galena were settled a few years later. 
Chicago is mentioned in "Beck's Gazetteer" of 1823, as " a 
village of Pike County." 



CHAPTER VII. 
UNDER STATE GOVERNMENT. 

ILLINOIS ADMITTED INTO THE UNION ADMINISTRATION OF 

GOVERNOR BOND REMOVAL OF THE CAPITAL TO VAN- 

DALIA GOVERNOR COLES EMANCIPATION OF HIS 

SLAVES ATTEMPT TO INTRODUCE SLAVERY INTO 

ILLINOIS THE PROMINENT LEADERS. 

preliminary steps for the admission of Illinois 
as a State, were taken in the passage of an 
Enabling Act by Congress, April 13, 1818. An 
important incident in this connection was the 
amendment of the act, making the parallel of 
42 30' from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi 
River the northern- boundary, instead of a line 
extending from the southern extremity of the 
Lake. This was obtained through the influence of Hon. Nathan- 
iel Pope, then Delegate from Illinois, and by it the State secured 
a strip of country fifty-one miles in width, from the Lake to the 
Mississippi, embracing what have since become fourteen of the 
most populous counties of the State, including the city of Chi- 
cago. The political, material and moral results which have fol- 
lowed this important act, have been the subject of much 
interesting discussion and cannot be easily over-estimated. * 

Another measure of great importance, which Mr. Pope se- 
cured, was a modification of the provision of the enabling act 
reqxiiring the appropriation of five per cent, of the proceeds from 

This subject, as well as the validity of this portion of the act, is treated at length in 
s' "History of Illinois," pp. 276-281. 

iiiin.. is. 59 




60 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

the sale of public lands within the State, to the construction of 
roads and canals. The amendment which he secured authorizes 
the application of two-fifths of this fund to the making of roads 
leading to the State, but requires "the residue to be appropriated 
by the Legislature of the State for the encouragement of learn- 
ing, of which one-sixth part shall be exclusively bestowed on a 
college or university." This was the beginning of that system 
of liberal encouragement of education by the General Govern- 
ment, which has been attended with such beneficent results in 
the younger States, and has reflected so much honor upon the 
Nation. 

The enabling act required as a precedent condition that a 
census of the Territory, to be taken that year, should show a 
population of 40,000. Such a result was shown, but it is now 
confessed that the number was greatly exaggerated, the true 
population as afterward given being 34,020. According to the 
decennial census of 1820, the population of the State at that 
time was"55,i62. If there was any short-coming in this respect 
in 1818, the State has fully compensated for it by its unexampled 
growth in later years. 

An election of delegates to a convention to frame a State 
Constitution was held July 68, 1818 (consuming three days), 
thirty-three delegates being chosen from the fifteen counties of 
the State. The convention met at Kaskaskia, August 3, and 
organized by the election of Jesse B. Thomas, President, and 
William C. Greenup, Secretary, closing its labors August 26th. 
The Constitution, which was modeled largely upon the Consti- 
tutions of Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana, was not submitted to a 
vote of the people. Objection was made to its acceptance by 
Congress on the ground that the population of the Territory 
was insufficient and that the prohibition of slavery was not as 
explicit as required by the Ordinance of 1787; but these argu- 
ments were overcome and the document accepted by a vote of 1 1 7 
yeas to 34 nays. The only officers whose election was provided 
for by popular vote, were the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, 



ILLINOIS UNDER STATE GOVERNMENT. 6 1 

Sheriff, Coroner and County Commissioners. The Secretary of 
State, State Treasurer, Auditor of Public Accounts, Public 
Printer and Supreme and Circuit Judges were all appointive 
either by the Governor or General Assembly. The elective fran- 
chise was granted to all white male inhabitants, above the age of 
21 years, who had resided in the State six months. 

The first State election was held September 17, 1818, result- 
ing in the choice of Shadrach Bond for Governor, and Pierre 
Menard, L/ieutenant-Governor. The Legislature chosen at the 
same time, consisted of thirteen Senators and twenty-seven Rep- 
resentatives. It commenced its session at Kaskaskia, October 5, 
1818, and adjourned after a session of ten days, awaiting the 
formal admission of the State, which took place December 3d. 
A second session of the same Legislature was held, extending 
from January 4th, to March 31, 1819. Risdon Moore was 
Speaker of the first House. The other State officers elected at 
the first session were Elias C. Berry, Auditor ; John Thomas, 
Treasurer, and Daniel P. Cook, Attorney-General. Elias Kent 
Kane, having been appointed Secretary of State by the Gov- 
ernor, was confirmed by the Senate. Ex-Governor Edwards and 
Jesse B. Thomas were elected United States Senators, the former 
serving one year, when he was re-elected. Thomas served two 
terms, retiring in 1829. The first Supreme Court consisted of 
Joseph Phillips, Chief Justice, with Thomas C. Browne, William 
P. Foster and John Reynolds, Associate Justices. Foster, who 
was a mere adventurer without any legal knowledge, left the 
State in a few months and was succeeded by William Wilson. 

Menard, who served as Lieutenant-Governor four years, was 
a noteworthy man. A native of Canada and of French descent, 
he came to Kaskaskia in 1790, at the age of twenty -four years, 
and engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was hospitable, frank, 
liberal and enterprising. The following story related of him 
illustrates a pleasant feature of his character. " At one time 
there was a scarcity of salt in the country, and Menard held the 
only supply outside of St. Louis. A number of his neighbors 



62 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

called upon him for what they wanted ; he declined to let them 
know whether he coiild supply them or not, but told them to 
come to his store on a certain day when he would inform them. 
They came at the time appointed, and were seated : Menard 
passed around among them and inquired of each, 'You got 
money? ' Some said they had and some that they had not, but 
would pay as soon as they killed their hogs. Those who had 
money he directed to range themselves on one side of the room 
and those who had none, on the other. Of course, those who 
had the means expected to get the salt and the others looked 
very much distressed and crestfallen. Menard then spoke up in 
his brusque way, and said, ' You men who got de money, can go 
to St. Louis for your salt. Dese poor men who got no money 
shall have my salt, by gar.' Such was the man noble-hearted 
and large minded, if unpolished and uncouth." 

Daniel P. Cook, the first Attorney-General, was a native of 
Kentucky and a nephew of Nathaniel Pope, who was the last 
Territorial Delegate in Congress from Illinois and the first Judge 
of the United States District-Circuit for Illinois, which office he 
held up to his death in 1850. In 1816, Cook was practicing law 
at Kaskaskia, while manager and part owner of the Illinois In- 
telligencer, the first paper published in the Territory. The same 
year he was appointed Auditor of Public Accounts, and in 1818 
a Circuit Judge, followed by the appointment of Attorney-Gen- 
eral on the organization of the State Government. He was a 
candidate for Representative in Congress at the first State elec- 
tion, but was defeated by John McLean, of Shawneetown. At 
the next election he was more successful, defeating McLean by a 
majority of 633 in a total 'vote of 3,751. He continued to serve 
Illinois as its sole Representative until 1827, when he was de- 
feated by Joseph Duncan, afterward Governor. He died in Ken- 
tucky in October of the same year, aged 33 years. He was a 
young man of rare ability, an opponent of slavery, and the 
State is chiefly indebted to him for securing from the Govern- 
ment the first grant for the construction of the Illinois and 



ILLINOIS UNDER STATE GOVERNMENT. 63 

Michigan Canal. His services were recognized by naming Cook 
County in his honor. 

At the second session of the General Assembly, five Com- 
missioners were appointed to select a new site for the State Capi- 
tal. What is now the city of Vandalia was selected, and in De- 
cember, 1820, the entire archives of the State were removed to 
the new capital, being transported in one small wagon, at a cost 
of $25.00, under the supervision of the late Sidney Breese, who 
afterward became United States Senator and Justice of the Su- 
preme Court. 

During the session of the Second General Assembly, which 
met at Vandalia, December 4, 1820, a bill was passed establishing 
a State Bank at Vandalia, with branches at Shawneetown, Ed- 
wardsville and Brownsville. John McLean, who had been the 
first Representative in Congress, was Speaker of the House at 
this session. He was twice elected to the United States Senate, 
though he served only about two years, dying in 1830. 

The second State election, which occurred in August, 1822, 
proved the beginning of a turbulent period through the intro- 
duction of some exciting questions into State politics. There 
were four candidates for gubernatorial honors in the field : Chief- 
Justice Phillips, of the Supreme Court, supported by the friends 
of Governor Bond; Associate-Justice Browne, of the same court, 
supported by the friends of Governor Edwards; Gen. James B. 
Moore, a noted Indian fighter and the candidate of the "Old 
Rangers," and Edward Coles. The latter was a native of Vir- 
ginia, who had served as private secretary of President Monroe, 
and had been employed as a special messenger to Russia. He 
had made two visits to Illinois, the first in 1815 and the second 
in 1818. The Convention to form a State Constitution being 
in session at the date of the latter visit, he took a deep interest 
in the discussion of the slavery question and exerted his influ- 
ence in securing the adoption of the prohibitory article in the 
organic law. On April i, 1819, he started from his home in Vir- 
ginia to remove to Edwardsville, Illinois, taking with him his 



64 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

ten slaves. The journey from Brownsville, Pennsylvania, was 
made in two flat-boats to a point below Louisville, where he dis- 
embarked, traveling by land to Edwardsville. While descending 
the Ohio River he surprised his slaves by announcing that they 
were free. The scene as described by himself was most dramatic. 
Having declined to avail themselves of the privilege of leaving 
him, he took them with him to his destination, where he event- 
ually gave each head of a family one hundred and sixty acres of 
land. Arrived at Edwardsville, he assumed the position of Reg- 
ister of the Land Office, to which he had been appointed by 
President Monroe, before leaving Virginia. 

The act of Coles with reference to his slaves established his 
reputation as an opponent of slavery, and it was in this attitude 
that he stood as a candidate for Governor both Phillips and 
Browne being friendly to "the institution," which had had a vir- 
tual existence in the " Illinois Country " from the time Renault 
brought 500 slaves to the vicinity of Kaskaskia, one hundred 
years before ; and, although the Constitution declared that 
"neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall hereafter be in- 
troduced into the State," this had not been effectual in eliminat- 
ing it. In fact, while this language was construed, so long as it 
remained in the Constitution, as prohibiting legislation author- 
izing the admission of slaves from outside, it was not regarded 
as inimical to the institution as it already existed; and, as the 
population came largely from the slave States, there had been a 
rapidly growing sentiment in favor of removing the inhibitory 
clause. Although the pro-slavery party was divided between 
two candidates for Governor, it had hardly contemplated the 
possibility of defeat, and it was consequently a surprise when the 
returns showed that Coles was elected, receiving 2,854 votes to 
2,687 for Phillips, 2,443 for Browne and 622 for Moore Coles' 
plurality being 167 in a total of 8,606. Coles thus became Gov- 
ernor on less than one-third of the popular vote. Daniel P 
Cook, who had made the race for Congress at the same election 
against McLean, as an avowed opponent of slavery, was success- 
ful by a majority of 876. 



ILLINOIS UNDER STATE GOVERNMENT. 65 

The real struggle was now to occur in the Legislature, 
which met December 2, 1822. The House organized with Will- 
iam M. Alexander as Speaker, while the Senate elected Thomas 
Lippincott (afterward a prominent Presbyterian minister and fa- 
ther of the late Gen. Charles E. Lippincott), Secretary and 
Henry Dodge (afterward Governor of Wisconsin Territory and 
father of the late Augustus C. Dodge, for some time United 
States Senator from Iowa), Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk. 
The other State officers appointed by the Governor, or elected by 
the Legislature, were Samuel D. Lockwood, Secretary of State ; 
Elisha C. Berry, Auditor; Abner Field, Treasurer; and James 
Turney, Attorney-General. Lockwood had served nearly two 
years previously as Attorney-General, but remained in the office 
of Secretary of State only three months, when he resigned to 
accept the position of Receiver for the Land Office. * 

The slavery question came up in the Legislature on the 
reference to a special committee of a portion of the Governor's 
message, calling attention to the continued existence of slavery 
in spite of the ordinance of 1787, and recommending that steps 
be taken for its extinction. Majority and minority reports were 
submitted, the former claiming the right of the State to amend its 
Constitution and thereby make such disposition of the slaves as 
it saw proper. Out of this grew a resolution submitting to the 

*Lockwood was a native of New York and came from Auburn in that State to Illi- 
nois in company with the late William H. Brown, of Chicago, in 1818. After serving as 
Receiver of Public Moneys at Edwardsville, he was, in 1824, elected by the Legislature a 
Justice of the Supreme Court, serving until the adoption of the second Constitution, in 
1848. Previous to this he was entrusted, by the first Board of Canal Commissioners, with 
the duty of securing an engineer to make the first survey of the Illinois and Michigan 
Canal. As a Justice of the Supreme Court, he was appointed, in conjunction with Justice 
Theophilus \V. Smith, to prepare the first revision of the State laws, though the greater 
part of the work fell upon Lockwood. He was a man of singular purity of character and 
enjoyed in the highest degree the respect of all parties. In 1828 he became a citizen of 
Jacksonville, where he proved an efficient friend and patron of Illinois College at that 
place. He was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and though not 
a member of any church, is credited with formulating the provision of the Constitution 
then adopted recognizing a Supreme Being. He removed from Jacksonville to Batavia. 
Kane County, in 1853, serving as State Trustee of Illinois Central Railroad lands until 
liis death, iii 1874, at the age of-S.s years. The following incident of his life while pros- 
ecuting attorney is taken from Ford's History of Illinois : "In 1820, was fought the 
first and last duel in Illinois. One of the parties fell mortally wounded ; the other was 
tried and convicted of murder, and suffered the extreme penalty of the law by hanging. 
Mr. Lockwood was then the attorney of the State and prosecuted in the ca.se. To his 
talents and success as a prosecutor, the people are indebted for this early precedent and 
example, which did more than is generally known to prevent the barbarous practice of 
dueling from being introduced into the State." 



66 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

electors at the next election a proposition for a convention to re- 
vise the Constitution. This passed the Senate by the necessary 
two-thirds vote, and having come up in the House (February n, 
1823) it failed by a single vote Nicholas Hansen, a Representa- 
tive from Pike County, whose seat had been unsuccessfully con- 
tested by John Shaw, being one of those voting in the negative. 
The next day, without further investigation, the majority pro- 
ceeded to reconsider its action in seating Hansen, and Shaw was 
seated in his place, though in order to do this some crooked 
work was necessary to evade the rules. Shaw being seated, the 
submission resolution was then passed. No more exciting cam- 
paign was ever had in Illinois. Of five papers then published 
in the State, the Edwardsville Spectator edited by Hooper War- 
ren, opposed the measure, being finally reinforced by the Illinois 
Intelligencer \ which had been removed to Vandalia; the Illinois 
Gazette, at Shajvneetown, published articles on both sides of the 
question, though rather favoring the anti-slavery cause, while 
the Republican Advocate, at Kaskaskia, the organ of Senator 
E. K. Kane, and the Repitbhcan at Edwardsville, under direction 
of Judge Theophilus W. Smith, Emanuel J. West and Judge 
Samuel McRoberts (afterward United States Senator), favored 
the Convention. Among other supporters of the Convention 
proposition were Senator Jesse B. Thomas, John McLean, Rich- 
ard M. Young, Judges Phillips, Browne and Reynolds of the 
Supreme Court, and many more ; while among the leading cham- 
pions of the opposition, were Judge L-ockwood, George Forquer 
(afterward Secretary of State), Morris Birkbeck, George Churchill, 
Thomas Mather and Rev. Thomas Lippincott. Daniel P. Cook, 
then Representative in Congress, was the leading champion of 
freedom 011 the stump, while Governor Coles contributed the sal- 
ary of his entire term ($4,000), as well as his influence, to the 
support of the cause. Governor Edwards (then in the Senate) 
was the owner of slaves and occupied a non-committal position. 
The election was held August 2, 1824, resulting in 4,972 votes for 
a Convention, to 6,640 against it, defeating the proposition by a 



ILLINOIS UNDER STATE GOVERNMENT. 67 

majority of 1,668. Considering the size of the aggregate vote 
(11,612), the result was a decisive one. By it Illinois escaped 
the greatest danger it ever encountered previous to the war of the 
Rebellion.* 

At the same election Cook was re-elected to Congress by 
3,016 majority over Shadrach Bond. The vote for President was 
divided between John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry 
Clay and William H. Crawford Adams receiving a plurality, 
but much below a majority. The Electoral College failing to 
elect a President, the decision of the question passed into the 
hands of the Congressional House of Representatives, when. 
Adams was elected, receiving the vote of Illinois through its 
only Representative, Mr. Cook. 

During the remainder of his term, Governor Coles was 
made the victim of much vexatious litigation at the hands of his 
enemies, a verdict being rendered against him in the sum of 
$2,000 for bringing his emancipated negroes into the State, in vio- 
lation of the law of 1819. The Legislature having passed an 
act releasing him from the penalty, it was declared unconstitu- 
tional by a malicious Circuit Judge, though his decision was 
promptly reversed by the Supreme Court. Having lived a few 
years on his farm near Edwardsville, in 1832 he removed to 
Philadelphia, where he spent the remainder of his days, his 
death occurring there July 7, 1868. In the face of opprobrium 
and defamation, and sometimes in danger of mob violence, Gov- 
ernor Coles performed a service to the State which has scarcely 
yet been fully recognized. 

A ridiculous incident of the closing year of Coles' ad- 
ministration was the attempt of Lieut. -Gov. Frederick Adol- 
phus Hubbard, after having tasted the sweets of executive 
power during the Governor's temporary absence from the State, 
to retain his position after the Governor's return. The am- 

*The number of slaves in Illinois, according to the census of 1810, was 168; ten 
years later they had increased to 917 ; then the number began to diminish, being reduced 
in 18^0 to 747, and in 1840 (the last census which shows any portion of the population 
held to bondage) it was 331. 



68 



THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 



bitious aspirations of the would-be usurper were suppressed by 
the Supreme Court. 

An interesting incident of the year 1825, was the visit of 
General L/afayette to Kaskaskia. He was welcomed in an ad- 
dress by Governor Coles, and the event was made the occasion of 
much festivity by the French citizens of the ancient capital. 

The first State House at Vandalia having been destroyed by 
fire December 9, 1823, a new one was erected during the follow- 
ing year at a cost of $12,381.50, toward which the people of 
Vandalia contributed $5,000. 




CHAPTER VIII. 



FROM EDWARDS TO FRENCH. . 

THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS EDWARDS, REYNOLDS, 

DUNCAN, CARLIN, FORD AND FRENCH PERSONAL AND 

CHARACTER SKETCHES THE BLACK-HAWK, MORMON 

AND MEXICAN WARS INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT 

CRAZE THE LOVEJOY MURDER APPEARANCE 

OF NEW MEN IN STATE AFFAIRS. 




- ^y\HE State election of 1826 resulted iu again call- 
<, ing Ninian Edwards to the gubernatorial chair, 
which he had filled during nearly the whole of 



kthe existence of Illinois as a Territory. Elected 
one of the first United States Senators, and re- 
elected for a second term in 1819, he had resigned 
this office in 1824 to accept the position of Minis- 
ter to Mexico, by appointment of President Mon- 
roe. Having become involved in a controversy with William H. 
Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury, he resigned the Mexican 
mission, and after a period of retirement to private life for the 
first time after he came to Illinois, he appealed to the people of 
the State for endorsement, with the result stated. 

His administration was uneventful except for the "Winne- 
bago W 7 ar," which caused considerable commotion on the frontier, 
without resulting in much bloodshed. Governor Edwards was a 
, fine specimen of the "old school gentleman" of that period- 
dignified and polished in his manners, courtly and precise in his 
address, proud and ambitious, with a tendency to the despotic in 



70 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

his bearing in consequence of having been reared in a slave 
State and his long connection with the executive office. His 
earty education had been under the direction of the celebrated 
William Wirt, between whom and himself a close friendship ex- 
isted. He was wealthy for the time, being an extensive land- 
owner as well as slave-holder and the proprietor of stores and 
mills, which were managed by agents, but he lost heavily by bad 
debts. He was for many years a close friend of Hooper Warren, 
the pioneer printer, furnishing the material with which the latter 
published his papers at Springfield and Galena. At the expira- 
tion of his term of office near the close of 1830, he retired to his 
home at Belleville, where, after making an unsuccessful cam- 
paign for Congress in 1832, in which he was defeated by Charles 
Slade, he died of cholera, July 20, 1833. 

William Kinney, of Belleville, who was a candidate for 
Lieutenant-Governor on the ticket opposed to Edwards, was 
elected over Samuel M. Thompson. In 1830, Kinney became a 
candidate for Governor but was defeated by John Reynolds, known 
as the "old Ranger." One of the arguments used against 
Kinney in this campaign was, that in the Legislature of 1823 he 
was one of three members who voted against the Illinois and 
Michigan Canal, on the ground that " it (the canal) would make 
an opening for the Yankees to come to the country." 

During Edwards' administration the first steps were taken 
towards the erection of a State penitentiary at Alton, funds 
therefor being secured by the sale of a portion of the Saline lands 
in Gallatin County. The first Commissioners having charge of 
its construction were Shadrach Bond, William P. McKee and Dr. 
Gershom Jayne. The last named was father of Dr. William 
Jayne, of Springfield, and father-in-law of ex-Senator Lyman 
Trumbull. 

The election of 1830 resulted in the choice of John Rey- 
nolds for Governor over William Kinney, by a majority of 3,899, 
in a total vote of 49,051, while Zadoc Casey, the candidate on 
the Kinney ticket, was elected Lieutenant-Governor. Reynolds 



ILLINOIS FROM EDWARDS TO FRENCH. JI 

was a native of Pennsylvania; he was born in 1788, and came 
to Illinois in 1800. After he had reached his majority he spent 
two years at a college at Knoxville, Tennessee ; served in a com- 
pany of rangers during the war of 1812, and about 1814 began 
the practice of law at Cahokia, offering his services gratuitously 
to the "poor people of Illinois and Missouri Territories." His 
identification with the early settlers and the "old rangers" gave 
him considerable personal popularity, which was aided by great 
natural shrewdness and not injuriously affected by certain 
crudities of speech and eccentricities of habit, in spite of the 
rudiments of a classical education. He has furnished valuable 
material for the future historian in his "Pioneer History of Illi- 
nois," and "Life and Times." 

The most important event of Reynolds' administration was 
the "Black-Hawk War." Eight thousand militia were called 
out during this war to reinforce fifteen hundred regular troops, 
the final result being the driving of four hundred Indians west 
of the Mississippi. Rock Island, which had been the favorite 
rallying point of the Indians for generations, was the central 
point at the beginning of this war. It is impossible to give the 
details of this complicated struggle which was protracted through 
two campaigns (1831 and 1832), though there was no fighting 
worth speaking of except in the last, and no serious loss to the 
whites in that, except the surprise and defeat of Stillman's com- 
mand. Beardstown was the base of operations in each of these 
campaigns, and that city has probably never witnessed such 
scenes of bustle and excitement since. The Indian village at 
Rock Island was destroyed, and the fugitives, after being pursued 
through northern Illinois and southwestern Wisconsin, without 
being allowed to surrender, were driven beyond the Mississippi 
in a famishing condition and with spirits completely broken. 
Galena, at that time the emporium of the " Lead Mine Region," 
and the largest town in the State north of Springfield, was the 
center* of great excitement, as the war was waged in the region 
surrounding it. 



72 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

Although cool judges have not regarded this campaign as 
reflecting honor upon either the prowess or the magnanimity of 
the whites, it has been remarkable for the number of those con- 
nected with it whose names afterward became famous in the 
history of the State and the Nation. Among them were two who 
afterward became Presidents of the United States Col. 
Zachary Taylor of the regular army, and Abraham Lincoln, a 
Captain in the State militia besides Jefferson Davis, then a 
Lieutenant in the regular army and afterward head of the South- 
ern Confederacy; three subsequent Governors Duncan, Carlin 
and Ford besides Governor Reynolds who at that time occupied 
the gubernatorial chair; James Semple, afterward United States 
Senator; John T. Stuart, Lincoln's tutor and partner, and later 
a member of Congress, to say nothing of many others, who in 
after years occupied prominent positions as members of the 
Legislature or otherwise. Among the latter were Gen. John J. 
Hardin ; the late Joseph Gillespie, of Edwardsville ; Col. John 
Dement; William Thomas, of Jacksonville; Lieut.-Col. Jacob 
Fry ; Henry S. Dodge, afterward Governor of the Territory 
of Wisconsin, and others. 

Near the close of his term of office, Reynolds resigned to 
accept a nomination for Congress, to which he was elected in 
1834, and again in 1838 and 1840. Lieutenant-Governor Casey 
having followed his example for a similar reason, the office of 
Governor for the remainder of the term devolved on W. L. D. 
E,wing, who had been President of the Senate and acting Lieu- 
tenant-Governor. Ewing probably held a greater variety of 
offices under the State, than any other man who ever lived in it. 
Repeatedly elected to each branch of the General Assembly, he 
more than once filled the chair of Speaker of the House and 
President of the Senate ; served as Acting Lieutenant-Govenior 
and Governor by virtue of the resignation of his superiors ; was 
United States Senator from 1835 to 1837 ; still later became Clerk 
of the House where he had presided as Speaker, finally in 1843 
being elected Auditor of Public Accounts, and dying in office 



ILLINOIS FROM EDWARDS TO FRENCH. 73 

three years later. In less than twenty years, he held eight or 
ten different offices, including the highest in the State, and yet 
he is probably as little known to the present generation as any 
man who has ever been prominentl}' identified with State 
history. 

Joseph Duncan, who had served the State as its only Repre- 
sentative in three Congresses, was elected Governor, August 
1834, over four competitors William Kinney, Robert K. Mc- 
Laughlin, James Evans and W. B. Archer. He was born at 
Paris, Kentucky, February 22, 1794, his father, Maj. Joseph 
Duncan, having emigrated from Virginia in 1790. He took part 
in the War of 1812, being promoted to a lieutenancy, notwith- 
standing his youth. In 1818 he came to Illinois, whither his 
brother, Capt. Matthew Duncan, of the regular army, had pre- 
ceded him four years earlier and had established at Kaskaskia 
the first newspaper published in the State. In 1823 ne was 
commissioned Major-General of the State militia, and the follow- 
ing year was elected to the State Senate, entering Congress two 
years later. He began his political career as a Democrat, but 
later became a Whig, and in 1842 served that party as its candi- 
date for Governor, meeting at that election with his first politi- 
cal defeat. He was liberal, public-spirited and one of the most 
honored citizens Illinois ever had. From 1828 his home was at 
Jacksonville, where, a few years later, he built the first frame 
house. He was one of the most efficient co-workers with Judge 
S. D. Lockwood, President J. M. Sturtevant and others in found- 
ing Illinois College, making to it a donation of $10,000, and 
serving as a trustee of the college until his death, which occurred 
January 15, 1844. 

Governor Duncan's administration was made memorable by 
the large number of distinguished men who either entered pub- 
lic life at this period or gained additional prominence by their 
connection with public affairs. Among these were Abraham Lin- 
coln and Stephen A. Douglas ; Col. E. D. Baker, who afterward 
and at different times represented Illinois and Oregon in the 



74 E WHITE CITY ILLIXOIS. 

councils of the Nation, and who fell at Ball's Bluff in 1862; 
O. H. Browning, a prospective United States Senator and future 
Cabinet officer; the late Lieutenant-Governor, John Dougherty; 
Gen. James Shields, Col. John J. Hardin, Archibald Wil- 
liams, Cyrus and Ninian W. Edwards, Dr. John Logan, father 
of Gen. John A. Logan, Stephen T. Logan, and many more. 

During this administration was begun that gigantic scheme 
of "internal improvements," which proved so disastrous to the 
financial interests of the State. The estimated cost of these 
various works undertaken, was over $11,000,000, and though lit- 
tle of substantial value was realized, yet, in 1852 the debt 
(principal and interest), thereby incurred (including that of the 
canal), aggregated nearly $17,000,000. The collapse of the 
scheme was, no doubt, hastened by the unexpected suspension of 
specie payments by the banks all over the country, which fol- 
lowed soon after its adoption. 

At the session of the General Assembly of 1836-7, an act 
was passed removing the State capital to Springfield, and an ap- 
propriation of $50,000 was made to erect a building; to this 
amount the city of Springfield added a like sum, beside donating 
a site. In securing the passage of these acts, the famous "Long 
Nine," consisting of A. G. Herndon and Job Fletcher, in the 
Senate, and Abraham Lincoln, Ninian W. Edwards, John Daw- 
son, Andrew McCormick, Dan Stone, William F. Elkin and Rob- 
ert L. Wilson, in the House all Representatives from Sanga- 
mon County played a leading part. 

An event occurred near the close of Governor Duncan's 
term, which left a stain upon the locality, but for which his ad- 
ministration had no responsibility; to-wit, the murder of Rev. 
Elijah P. Lovejoy, by a pro-slavery mob at Alton. Lovejoy was 
a native of Maine, who, coming to St. Louis in 1827, had been 
employed upon various papers, the last being the S/. Louis Ob- 
server. The outspoken hostility of this paper to slavery aroused 
a bitter local opposition which led to its removal to Alton, where 
the first number of the Alton Observer was issued, September 8, 



ILLINOIS FROM EDWARDS TO FREN'CH. 75 

1836, though not until one press and a considerable portion of 
the material had been destroyed by a mob. On the night of 
August 21, 1837, there was a second destruction of the material, 
when a third press having been procured it was taken from the 
warehouse and thrown into the Mississippi. A fourth press was 
ordered, and, pending its arrival, Lovejoy appeared before a pub- 
lic meeting of his opponents and, in an impassioned address, 
maintained his right to freedom of speech, declaring in conclu- 
sion : "If the civil authorities refuse to protect me, I must look 
to God ; and if I die, I have determined to make my grave in 
Alton." These words proved prophetic. The new press was 
stored in the warehouse of Godfrey, Gillman & Co., on the 
night of November 6, 1837. A guard of sixty volunteers re- 
mained about the building the next day, but when night came 
all but nineteen retired to their homes. During the night a mob 
attacked the building, when a shot from the inside killed Lyman 
Bishop. An attempt was then made by the rioters to fire the 
warehouse by sending a man to the roof. To dislodge the incen- 
diary Lovejoy, with two others, emerged from the building when 
two or three men in concealment fired upon him, the shots tak- 
ing effect in a vital part of his body, causing his death almost 
instantly. He was buried the following day without an inquest. 
Several of the attacking party and the defenders of the building 
were tried for riot and acquitted the former probably on account 
of popular sympathy with the crime, and the latter because they 
were guiltless of any crime except that of defending private 
property and attempting to preserve the law. The act of firing 
the fatal shots has been charged upon two men a Dr. Jennings 
and his comrade, Dr. Beall. The former, it is said, was after- 
ward cut to pieces in a bar-room fight in Vicksburg, Mississippi, 
while the latter^ having been captured by Comanche Indians 
in Texas, was burned alive. On the other hand, Lovejoy has 
been honored as a martyr and the sentiments for which he died 
have triumphed. 

Duncan was succeeded by Gov. Thomas Carlin, who was 



76 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

chosen at the election of 1838 over Cyrus Edwards (a younger 
brother of Gov. Ninian Edwards), the Whig candidate. The 
successful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor was Stinson H. 
Anderson, of Jefferson County. Carlin was a native of Ken- 
tucky, where he was born July 18, 1789; he came to Illinois in 
1812, and served as a soldier through the war of that period. In 
1818 he settled upon the site of the present city ofCarrollton, the 
county-seat of Green County. Later he commanded a company in 
the Black-Hawk war, served as sheriff of his county, and, at the 
time of his nomination, was Register of the land-office at Quincy. 
His life had been that of a backwoodsman, and he was not edu- 
cated in the learning of the schools, but he bore the reputation 
of a man of sterling integrity and of indomitable courage. 

Among the members of the Legislature chosen at this time 
we find the names of O. H. Browning, Robert Blackwell, George 
Churchill, William G. Gatewood, Ebenezer Peck (of Cook 
County), William A. Richardson, Newton Cloud, Jesse K. Du- 
bois, O. B. Ficklin, Vital Jarrot, John Logan, William F. Thorn- 
ton and Archibald Williams all men of prominence in the 
subsequent history of the State. This was the last Legislature 
that assembled at Vandalia, Springfield becoming the capital, 
July 4, 1839.* 

An incident of this campaign was the election to Congress, 
after a bitter struggle, of John T. Stuart over Stephen A. Doug- 
las from the Third District, by a majority of fourteen votes. 
Stuart was re-elected in 1840, but in 1842 he was succeeded, un- 
der a new apportionment, by Col. John J. Hardin, while Douglas, 
elected from the Quincy District, then entered the National 
Councils for the first time. 

An exciting event during Carlin's administration was the 
attempt to remove Alexander P. Field from the office of Secre- 
tary of State, which he had held since 1828. Under the Consti- 

*The corner stone of the first State capitol at Springfield was laid with imposing cer- 
emonies, July 4, 1837, Col. E. D. Baker delivering an eloquent address. Its estimated 
cost was $136,000, but $240,000 was expended upon it before its completion. 



ILLINOIS FROM EDWARDS TO FRENCH. 77 

tution of 1818, this office was filled by nomination by the 
Governor "with the advice and consent of the Senate." Carlin 
nominated John A. McClernand to supersede Field, but the 
Senate refused to confirm the nomination. After adjournment 
of the Legislature, McClernand attempted to obtain possession 
of the office by writ of quo warranto. The judge of a circuit 
court decided the case in his favor, but this decision was over- 
ruled by the supreme court. A special session having been 
called, in November, 1840, Stephen A. Douglas, then of Morgan 
County, was nominated and confirmed Secretary of State, but 
held the position only a few months, when he resigned to accept 
a place on the supreme bench, being succeeded as Secretary by 
Lyman Trumbull. 

Certain decisions of some of the lower courts about this 
time, bearing upon the suffrage of aliens, excited the apprehen- 
sion of the Democrats, who had heretofore been in political con- 
trol of the State, and a movement was started in the Legislature 
to reorganize the Supreme Court, a majority of whom were 
Whigs. The Democrats were not unanimous in favor of the 
measure, but after a bitter struggle it was adopted, receiving a 
bare majority of one in the House. Under this act five addi- 
tional judges were elected, viz : Thomas Ford, Sidney Breese, 
Walter B. Scates, Samuel H. Treat and Stephen A. Douglas 
all Democrats. Mr. Ford, one of the new Judges, and afterward 
Governor, has characterized this step as " a confessedly violent 
and somewhat revolutionary measure, which could never have 
succeeded except in times of great party excitement." 

The great Whig mass-meeting at Springfield, in June, 1840, 
was an incident of the political campaign of that year. No such 
popular assemblage had ever been seen in the State before. It is 
estimated that 20,000 people nearly five per cent, of the entire 
population of the State were present, including a large delega- 
tion from Chicago who marched overland, under command of the 
late Maj.-Gen. David Hunter, bearing with them many devices 
so popular in that memorable campaign. 



78 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

Judge Thomas Ford became the Democratic candidate for 
Governor in 1842, taking the place on the ticket of Col. A. W. 
Snyder, who had died after nomination. Ford was elected by 
more than 8,000 majority over ex-Governor Duncan, the Whig 
candidate. John Moore, of McLean County (who had been a 
member of the Legislature for several terms and was afterward 
State Treasurer), was elected Lieutenant-Governor. Ford was a 
native of Uniontown, Pennsylvania, where he was born in 1800; 
had been twice appointed State's attorney and four times elected 
Judge, and was at the time a member of the Supreme Court. 
He owed much of his success in life to his half-brother, George 
Forquer, who had held the office of Secretary of State, and had 
been an unsuccessful candidate for Congressional honors. 

The failure of the State and the Shawneetown banks, near 
the close of Carlin's administration, had produced a condition of 
business depression that was felt all over the State. At the be- 
ginning of Ford's administration, the State debt was estimated at 
$15,657,950 within about one million of the highest point it 
ever reached while the total population was a little over half a 
million. In addition to these drawbacks, the Mormon question 
became a source of embarrassment. This people, who, after hav- 
ing been driven from Missouri, settled at Nauvoo, in Hancock 
County; they increased rapidly in numbers, and by the arrogant 
course of their leaders and their odious doctrines especially 
with reference to "celestial marriage," and their assumptions of 
authority aroused the bitter hostility of neighboring communi- 
ties not of their faith. The popular indignation became greatly 
intensified by the course of unscrupulous politicians and the 
granting to the Mormons by the Legislature of certain charters 
and special privileges. Various charges were made against the 
obnoxious sect, including rioting, kidnapping, robbery, counter- 
feiting, etc., and the Governor called out the militia of the neigh- 
boring counties to preserve the peace. Joseph Smith the foun- 
der of the sect with his brother Hyrurn and three others, were 
induced to surrender to the authorities at Carthage, on the 



ILLINOIS FROM EDWARDS TO FRENCH. 79 

twenty-third of June, 1844, under promise of protection of their 
persons. Then the charge was changed to treason and they 
were thrown into jail, a guard of eight men being placed about 
the building. A considerable portion of the militia had dis- 
banded and returned home, while others were openly hostile to 
the prisoners. On June 2jth a band of one hundred and fifty 
disguised men attacked the jail, finding little opposition among 
those set to guard it. In the assault which followed, both of the 
Smiths were killed, while John Taylor, another of the prisoners, 
was wounded. The trial of the murderers was a farce and they 
were acquitted. A state of virtual war continued for a year, in 
which Governor Ford's authority was openly defied or treated 
with contempt by those he had called upon to preserve the peace. 
In the fall of 1845 the Mormons agreed to leave the State, and 
the following spring the pilgrimage to Salt Lake began. Gen. 
John J. Hardin, who afterward fell at Buena Vista, was twice 
called on by Governor Ford to head parties of militia to restore 
order, while Gen. Mason Bray man conducted the negotiations 
which resulted in the promise of removal. The great body of 
the refugees spent the following winter at Council Bluffs, Iowa, 
arriving at Salt Lake in June following. Another considerable 
body entered the service of the Goverment to obtain safe conduct 
and sustenance across the plains. While the conduct of the Mor- 
mons during their stay at Nauvoo was no doubt very irritating 
and often lawless, it is equally true that the disordered condition 
of affairs was taken advantage of by unscrupulous demagogues 
for dishonest purposes, and this episode has left a stigma upon 
the name of more than one over-zealous anti-Mormon hero. 

Though Governor Ford's integrity and ability in certain 
directions have not been questioned, his administration was not 
a successful one, largely on account of the conditions which pre- 
vailed at the time and the embarrassments which he met from 
his own party. He died at Peoria, November 3, 1850, in poverty. 
The history of the State which he wrote in the latter years of 



80 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

his life, is regarded as invaluable, and will be more highly ap- 
preciated as we recede from the period in which he lived. 

A still more tragic chapter opened during the last year of 
Ford's administration, in the beginning of the war with Mexico. 
Three regiments of twelve months' volunteers, called for by the 
General Government from the State of Illinois, were furnished 
with alacrity and many more men offered their services than 
could be accepted. The names of their respective commanders- 
Cols. John J. Hardin, William H. Bissell and Ferris Foreman 
have been accorded a high place in the annals of the State and 
the Nation. Hardin was of an honorable Kentucky family; he 
had achieved distinction at the bar and served in the State Legis- 
lature and in Congress, and his death on the battle-field of Buena 
Vista was iiniversally deplored. Bissell afterward served with dis- 
tinction in Congress and was the first Republican Governor of 
Illinois, elected in 1856. Edward D. Baker, then a Whig mem- 
ber of Congress, received authority to raise an additional regi- 
ment, and laid the foundation of a reputation as broad as the Na- 
tion. Two other regiments were raised in. the State "for the 
war" during the next year, led respectively by Col. Edward W. 
B. Newby and James Collins, beside four independent companies 
of mounted volunteers. The whole number of volunteers fur- 
nished by Illinois in this conflict was 6,123, f whom 86 were 
killed, 12 died of wounds, and 160 were wounded. Their loss in 
killed was greater than that of any other State, and the number 
of wounded only exceeded by those from South Carolina and 
Pennsylvania. Among other Illinoisans who participated in 
this struggle, were Thomas L. Harris, William A. Richardson, 
J. L. D. Morrison, Murray F. Tuley and Charles C. P. Holden, 
while still others, either in the ranks or in subordinate positions, 
received the "baptism of fire " which prepared them to win dis- 
tinction as commanders of corps, divisions, brigades and regi- 
ments during the War of the Rebellion, including such names 
as John A. Logan, Richard J. Oglesby, Benjamin M. Prentiss, 
James D. Morgan, W. H. L. Wallace (who fell at Pittsburgh 



ILLINOIS FROM EDWARDS TO FRENCH. 8l 

Landing), Stephen G. Hicks, Michael K. Lawler, Leonard F. 
Ross, Isham N. Haynie, T. Lyle Dickey, Dudley Wickersham, 
Isaac C. Pugh, Thomas H. Flynn, J. P. Post, Nathaniel Niles, 
W. R. Morrison, and others. 

Except for the Mexican War, which was still in progress, 
and acts of mob violence in certain portions of the State 
especially by a band of self-styled "regulators" in Pope and 
Massac Counties the administration of Augustus C. French, 
which began with the close of the year 1846, was a quiet one. 
French was elected at the previous August election by a vote of 
58,700 to 36,775 for Thomas M. Kilpatrick, the Whig candidate, 
and 5,112 for Richard Eels, the Free-Soil (or Abolition) candi- 
date. The Whigs held their first State Convention this year for 
the nomination of a State ticket, meeting at Peoria. At the 
same election Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress, defeat- 
ing Peter Cartwright, the famous pioneer Methodist preacher, 
who was the Democratic candidate. At the session of the Legis- 
lature which followed, Stephen A. Douglas was elected to the 
United States Senate as successor to James Semple. 

Governor French was a native of New Hampshire, born 
August 2, 1808 ; he had practiced his profession as a lawyer 
in Crawford County, had been a member of the Tenth and 
Eleventh General Assemblies and Receiver of the land office at 
Palestine. The State had now begun to recover from the de- 
pression caused by the reverses of 1837 and subsequent years, 
and for some time its growth in population had been satisfactory. 
The old Constitution, however, had been felt to be a hampering 
influence, especially in dealing with the State debt, and, as early 
as 1842, the question of a State Convention to frame a new Con- 
stitution had been submitted to popular vote, but was defeated by 
the narrow margin of 1,039 votes. The Legislature of 1844-5 
adopted a resolution for resubmission, and at the election of 1846 
it was approved by the people by a majority of 35,326 in a total 
vote of 81,352. The State then contained 99 counties with an 



82 



THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 



aggregate population of 662,150. The assessed valuation of 
property one year later was $92,206,493, while the State debt 
was $16,661,795 or more than 18 per cent, of the entire as- 
sessed value of the property of the State. 




CHAPTER IX. 



ADMINISTRATIONS OF FRENCH AND MATTESON. 

STATE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1847 FEATURES OF 
THE NEW CONSTITUTION GOVERNOR FRENCH'S SECOND 
TERM ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD MATTESON'S 
ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF THE RE- 
PUBLICAN PARTY LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATE. 

election of members of a State Convention to 
form a second Constitution for the State of Illi- 
nois, was held April 19, 1847. Of one hundred 
and sixty -two members chosen, ninety-two were 
Democrats, leaving seventy members to all shades 
of the opposition. Among the members of 
this historic body whose names were already 
prominent in State affairs or became so at a 
still later date, were Archibald Williams, of Adams County; 
Michael G. Dale, of Bond ; Daniel H. Whitney, of Boone ; James 
W. Singleton, of Brown; Henry E. Dummer, of Cass; Uri 
Manly, of Clark; Benjamin Bond, of Clinton; Thomas A. Mar- 
shall, of Coles ; Francis C. Sherman, Reuben E. Heacock and 
David L. Gregg, of Cook; Hezekiah M. Wead, of Fulton; Linus 
E. Worcester and D. M. Woodson, of Greene ; George W. Arm- 
strong, of LaSalle; Thomas C. Sharpe, of Hancock; Jesse O. 
Norton, of Will; Alex. M. Jenkins, of Jackson ; Zadok Casey 
and Walter B. Scates, of Jefferson; Thompson Campbell, of 
Jo Daviess; James Knox, of Knox; John Dement, of Lee; Da- 
vid Davis, of McLean; John M. Palmer, of Macoupin; Stephen 
A. Hurlbut, of Boone; Cyrus Edwards, Edward M. West and 




8S 



84 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

George T. Brown, of Madison; Anthony Thornton, of Shelby; 
Newton Cloud, Samuel D. Lockwood and William Thomas, of 
Morgan ; John D. Whiteside, of Monroe ; Daniel J. Pinckney, 
of Ogle; Lincoln B. Knowlton and Onslow Peters, of Peoria; 
William R. Archer and William A. Grimshaw, of Pike ; Richard 

B. Servant, of Randolph; Alfred Kitchell, of Richland; James 
H. Matheny, N. W. Edwards and Stephen T. Logan, of Sanga- 
mon; N. M. Knapp, of Scott; William W. Roman and William 

C. Kinney, of St. Clair ; Abner C. Harding, of Warren ; S. 
Snowden Hayes, of W T hite ; Selden M. Church, of Winnebago, 
and Willis Allen, of Franklin. Of these, eight Campbell, 
Hurlbut, Norton, Knox, Harding, Singleton, Thornton and Al- 
len were afterward members of Congress ; Wead, Woodson and 
Davis, Circuit Judges (the last being still later a Justice of the 
Supreme Court and United States Senator), while John M. Pal- 
mer became Governor and David L. Gregg became Secretary of 
State, and Minister to the Sandwich Islands. Others were after- 
ward prominent members of the General Assembly, or otherwise 
exerted an influence in shaping the destinies of the Stats.* 

The Convention assembled at Springfield, June 7, 1847 ; it 
was organized by the election of Newton Cloud, Permanent Presi- 
dent, and concluded its labors after a session of nearly three 
months, adjourning August 3ist. The Constitution was sub- 
mitted to a vote of the people, March 6, 1848, and was ratified by 
59,887 votes in its favor to 15,859 against. A special article 
prohibiting free persons of color from settling in the State was 
adopted by 49,060 votes for, to 20,883 against it; and another, pro- 
viding for a two-mill tax, by 41,017 for, to 30,586 against. The 
Constitution went into effect April i, 1848. 

The provision imposing a special two-mill tax, to be applied 
to the payment of the State indebtedness, was the means of re- 
storing the State credit, while that prohibiting the immigration 
of free persons of color, though in accordance with the spirit of 

*A reunion of the survivors of this body was held at Springfield, January 3, 1884, 
which was attended by twenty-two of the thirty-one members then understood to be 
living. 



ILLINOIS FRENCH AND MATTESON. 85 

the times, brougnt upon the State much opprobrium and was re- 
pudiated with emphasis during the War of the Rebellion. The 
demand for retrenchment, caused by the financial depression fol- 
lowing the wild legislation of 1837, ^ to tne adoption of many 
radical provisions in the new Constitution, some of which were 
afterward found to be serious errors opening the way for grave 
abuses. Among these were the practical limitations of the bien- 
nial sessions of the General Assembly to forty-two days, while 
the per diem of members was fixed at two dollars. The salaries 
of State officers were also fixed at what would now be recognized 
as an absurdly low figure, that of Governor being $1,500; Su- 
preme Court Jxidges, $1,200 each ; Circuit Judges, $1,000 ; State 
Auditor, $1,000; Secretary of State, and State Treasurer, $800 
each. Among less objectionable provisions were those restricting 
the right of suffrage to white male citizens, which excluded 
many unnaturalized foreigners who had exercised the privilege 
as " inhabitants" under the Constitution of 1818; providing for 
the election of all State, judicial and county officers by popular 
vote ; prohibiting the State from incurring indebtedness in excess 
of $50,000 without a special vote of the people, or granting the 
credit of the State in aid of any individual association or corpora- 
tion ; fixing the date of the State election on the Tuesday after 
the first Monday in November in every fourth year, instead of 
the first Monday in August, as had been the rule under the 
old Constitution. The tenure of office of all State officers was 
fixed at four years except that of State Treasurer, which was 
made two years, and the Governor only was made ineligible to 
immediate re-election. The number of members of the General 
Assembly was fixed at twenty-five in the Senate and seventy-five 
in the House, subject to a certain specified ratio of increase when 
the population should exceed 1,000,000. 

As the Constitution of 1818 had been modeled upon the 
form then most popular in the Southern States especially with 
reference to the large number of officers made appointive by the 
Governor, or elective by the Legislature so the new Constitu- 



86 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

tion was, in some of its features, more in sympathy with those 
of other Northern States, and indicated the growing influence of 
New England sentiment. This was especially the case with 
reference to the section providing for a system of township or- 
ganization in the several counties of the State at the pleasure 
of a majority of the voters of each county. 

Besides the election for the ratification of the State Constitu- 
tion, three other State elections were held in 1848, viz: (i) for 
the election of State officers in August; (2) an election of 
Judges in September, and (3) the Presidential election in No- 
vember. At the first of these, Governor French, whose first 
term had been cut short two years by the adoption of the new 
Constitution, was re-elected for a second term, practically with- 
out opposition, the vote against him being divided between Pierre 
Menard and Dr. C. V. Dyer. French thus became his own suc- 
cessor, being the first Illinois Governor to be re-elected, and, 
though two years of his first term had been cut off by the adop- 
tion of the Constitution, he served in the gubernatorial office six 
years. The other State officers elected, were William McMur- 
try, of Knox, Lieutenant-Governor ; Horace S. Cooley, of 
Adams, Secretary of State; Thomas H. Campbell, of Randolph, 
Auditor, and Milton Carpenter, of Hamilton, State Treasurer all 
Democrats, and all but McMurtry being their own successors. At 
the Presidential election in November, the electoral vote was 
given to L/ewis Cass, the Democratic candidate, who received 56,- 
300 votes, to 53,047 for Taylor, the Whig candidate, and 15,774 for 
Martin Van Buren, the candidate of the Free Democracy or 
Free-Soil party. Thus, for the first time in the history of the 
State after 1824, the Democratic candidate for President failed 
to receive an absolute majority of the popular vote, being in a 
minority of 12,521, while having a plurality over the Whig can- 
didate of 3,253. The only noteworthy results in the election 
of Congressmen this year, was the election of Col. E. D. Baker 
(Whig), from the Galena District, and Maj. Thomas L,. Harris 
(Democrat), from the Springfield District. Both Baker and 



ILLINOIS FRENCH AND MATTESON. 87 

Harris had been soldiers in the Mexican War, which probably 
accounted for their election in Districts usually opposed to them 
politically. The other five Congressmen elected from the State 
at the same time including John Wentworth, then chosen for a 
fourth term from the Chicago District were Democrats. The 
Judges elected to the Supreme Bench were Lyman Trumbull, 
from the Southern Division ; Samuel H. Treat, from the Cen- 
tral, and John Dean Caton, from the Northern all Democrats. 

A leading event of this session was the election of a United 
States Senator in place of Sidney Breese. Gen. James Shields, 
who had been severely wounded on the battle-field of Cerro 
Gordo; Sidney Breese, who had been United States Senator for 
six years, and John A. McClernand, then a member of Congress, 
were arrayed against each other before the Democratic caucus. 
After a bitter contest, Shields was declared the choice of his 
party and was finally elected. He did not immediately obtain 
his seat, however. On presentation of his credentials, after a 
heated controversy in Congress and out of it, in which he in- 
judiciously assailed his predecessor in very intemperate language, 
he was declared ineligible on the ground that, being of foreign 
birth, the nine years of citizenship required by the Constitution 
after naturalization had not elapsed previous to his election. In 
October following, the Legislature was called together in special 
session, and, Shields' disability having now been removed by the 
expiration of the Constitutional period, he was re-elected, though 
not without a renewal of the bitter contest of the regular ses- 
sion. 

Another noteworthy event of this special session was the 
adoption of a joint resolution favoring the principles of the 
"Wilniot Proviso." Although this was repealed at the next 
regular session on the ground that the points at issue had been 
settled in the Compromise Measures of 1850, it indicated the 
drift of sentiment in Illinois toward opposition to the spread of 
the institution of slavery, and this was still more strongly em- 
phasized by the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. 



88 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

Two important measures which passsed the General As- 
sembly at the session of 1851, were the Free-Banking Law,* and 
the act incorporating the Illinois Central Railroad Company. 
The credit of first suggesting this great thoroughfare has been 
awarded to William Smith Waite, a citizen of Bond County, 
Illinois, as early as 1835^ The ^ rs t ste P toward legislation in 
Congress on this subject was taken in the introduction by Sena- 
tor Breese of a bill in March, 1843,^ but it was not until 1850 
that the measure took the form of a direct grant of lands to 
the State, finally passing the Senate in May and the House in 
September following. The act ceded to the State of Illinois, for 
the purpose of aiding in the construction of a line of railroad, 
from the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi, with branches to 
Chicago and Dubuque, Iowa, respectively, alternate sections of 
land on each side of said railroad, aggregating 2,595,000 acres, 
the length of the road and branches exceeding seven hundred 
miles. An Act incorporating the Illinois Central Railroad Com- 
pany passed the State Legislature in February, 1851. The 
company was thereupon promptly organized with a number of 
New York capitalists at its head, including Robert Schuyler, 
George Griswold and Gouverneur Morris, and the grant was placed 
in the hands of trustees to be used for the purpose designated, 
under the pledge of the Company to build the road by July 4, 
1854, and to pay seven per cent, of its gross earnings into the 
State Treasury perpetually. A large proportion of the line was 
constructed through sections of country either sparsely settled 
or wholly unpopulated, but which have since become among the 

*Though imperfect in some of its details, the provisions of this law for the protec- 
tion of circulation proved effective up to the time of the Rebellion. By 1860 one hun- 
dred and ten banks had been established under it with an aggregate circulation of $12,- 
320,964. In November, 1862, only twenty-two remained solvent, while ninety-three had 
suspended or gone out of business. The banks in liquidation paid on their circulation 
all the way from par to as little as forty-nine cents on the dollar, the average being about 
sixty, involving a lossof nearly $4,000,000. Afoses' History of Illinois. 

t\V. K. Ackennan, a former President of the Illinois Central Railroad Company, in 
his " Historical Sketch " in reference to that enterprise, claims this honor for Lieu t.-Gov. 
Alexander M. Jenkins, in the Senate in 1832. Jenkins was elected Lieutenant-Governor 
the same year, serving until the close of 1834. 

}A special charter for such a road had passed the Illinois Legislature in 1834. Acker- 
man. 



ILLINOIS FRENCH AND MATTESON. 89 

richest ana most populous portions of the State. The fund 
already received by the State from the road exceeds the amount 
of the State debt incurred under the internal improvement 
scheme of 1837.* 

On his retirement from the governorship, Governor French 
was appointed one of the State Bank Commissioners, and still 
later became a professor of law in McKendree College, at Leba- 
non. In 1862 he served as a member of the Constitutional Con- 
vention from St. Clair, and died at Lebanon, September 4, 1864. 

Joel A. Matteson (Democrat) was elected Governor at the 
November election, in 1852, receiving 80,645 votes to 64,405 for 
Edwin B. Webb,f Whig, and 8,809 for Dexter A. Knowlton, 
Free-Soil. The other State officers elected, were Gustavus 
Kcerner, Lieutenant-Governor; Alexander Starne, Secretary of 
State; Thomas H. Campbell, Auditor; and John Moore, Treas- 
urer. The Whig candidates for these offices, respectively were 
James L. D. Morrison, Buckner S. Morris, Charles A. Betts and 
Francis Arenz. John A. Logan appeared among the new mem- 
bers of the House chosen at this election as a Representative 
from Jackson County ; while Henry W. Blodgett, since United 
States District Judge for the Northern District of Illinois, and 
now counsel of the American Arbitrators of the Behring Sea 
Commission, was the only Free-Soil member, being the Repre- 
sentative from Lake County. John Reynolds, who had been 
Governor, a Justice of the Supreme Court and Member of Con- 
gress, was a member of the House and was elected Speaker. 

The State debt reached its maximum at the beginning of 
Matteson's administration, amounting to $16,724,177, of which 
$7,259,822 was canal debt. The State had now entered upon a 
new and prosperous period, and in the next four years the debt 
was reduced by the sum of $4,564,840, leaving the amount out- 

*For a detailed history of this great enterprise see "Moses 1 History of Illinois," 
Vol. II, pp. 572-58. 

tWebb was a brother of James Watson Webb, for many years editor of the New York 
Courier and Enquirer, and afterward Minister to Brazil by appointment of President 
Lincoln. 



9O THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

standing, January i, 1857, $ I2 )834,i44. The three State insti- 
tutions at Jacksonville the Asylums for the Deaf and Dumb, 
the Blind, and Insane had been in successful operation several 
years, but now internal dissensions and dissatisfaction with their 
management seriously interfered with their prosperity and 
finally led to revolutions which, for a time, impaired their use- 
fulness. 

During Matteson's administration a period of political ex- 
citement began, caused by the introduction in the United States 
Setiate, in January, 1854, by Senator Douglas, of Illinois, of 
the bill for the repeal of the Missouri Compromise otherwise 
known as the Kansas-Nebraska bill. Although this belongs 
rather to National history, the prominent part played in it by an 
Illinois statesman who had won applause three or four years be- 
fore by the service he had performed in securing the passage of 
the Illinois Central Railroad grant, and the effect which his 
course had in revolutionizing the politics of the State, justifies 
reference to it here. After a debate, almost unprecedented in 
bitterness, it became a law, May 30, 1854. The agitation in 
Illinois was intense. At Chicago, Douglas was practically de- 
nied a hearing. Going to Springfield, where the State Fair was 
in progress during the first week of October, 1854, he made a 
speech in the State Capitol in his defense. This was replied to 
by Abraham Lincoln, then a private citizen, to whom Douglas 
made a rejoinder. Speeches were also made in criticism of 
Douglas' position by Judges Breese and Trumbull (both of 
whom had been prominent Democrats) and other Democratic 
leaders were understood to be ready to assail the champion of 
the Kansas-Nebraska bill, though the}^ afterward thought better 
of it and became supporters of the measure. The first State 
Convention of opponents of the Nebraska Bill was held at the 
same time, but the attendance was small and the attempt to 
effect a permanent organization was not successful. At the ses- 
sion of the Nineteenth General Assembly, which met in January 
following, Lyman Trumbull was chosen the first Republican 



ILLINOIS FRENCH AND MATTESON. 91 

United States Senator from Illinois, in place of General Shields, 
whose term was about to expire. Trumbull was elected on the 
tenth ballot, receiving fifty-one votes to forty-seven for Governor 
Matteson, though Lincoln had led on the Republican side at 
every previous ballot, and on the first had come within six votes 
of an election. Although he was then the choice of a large major- 
ity of the opposition to the Democratic candidate, when Lincoln 
saw that the original supporters of Trtrmbull would not cast 
their votes for himself, he generously insisted that his friends 
should support his rival, thus determining the result. 

On the twenty-second of February, 1856, occurred the con- 
vention of Anti-Nebraska (Republican) editors at Decatur, 
which proved the first effective step in consolidating the opposi- 
tion to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill into a compact political organ- 
ization. The main business of this convention consisted in the 
adoption of a series of resolutions defining the position of their 
authors on National questions especially with reference to the 
institution of slavery and appointing a State Convention to be 
held at Bloomington, May agth, following. A State Central 
Committee to represent the new party was also appointed at this 
convention. With two or three exceptions the Committeemen 
accepted and joined in the call for the State Convention, which 
was held at the time designated, when the first Republican State 
ticket was put in the field. Among the distinguished men who 
participated in this Convention were Abraham Lincoln, O. H. 
Browning, Richard Yates, Owen Lovejoy, John M. Palmer, 
Isaac N. Arnold and John Wentworth. Palmer presided, while 
Abraham Lincoln, who was one of the chief speakers, was one 
of the delegates appointed to the National Convention, held at 
Philadelphia on the seventeenth of June. The candidates put in 
nomination for State offices were : William H. Bissell, for Governor; 
Francis A. Hoffman, for Lieutenant-Governor (afterward replaced 
by John Wood on account of ineligibility); Ozias M. Hatch, for 
Secretary of State; Jesse K. Dubois, for Auditor; James H. 
Miller, for State Treasurer, and William H. Powell for Superin- 



92 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

tendent of Public instruction. The Democratic ticket was com- 
posed of William A. Richardson, for Governor; R. J. Hamilton, 
Lieutenant-Governor; W. H. Snyder, Secretary of State; S. K. 
Casey, Auditor; John Moore, Treasurer, and J. H. St. Matthew, 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. The American organiza- 
tion also nominated a ticket headed by Buckner S. Morris for 
Governor. Although the Democrats carried the State for Bu- 
chanan, their candidate for President, by a plurality of 9,159, 
the entire Republican State ticket was elected by pluralities 
ranging from 3,031 to 20,213 the latter being the majority for 
Miller, candidate for State Treasurer, whose name was on both 
the Republican and American tickets. 




CHAPTER X. 



ILLINOIS UNDER REPUBLICAN RULE. 

THE ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR BISSELL PERSONAL SKETCp 
GOV. JOHN WOOD CAMPAIGN OF 1860 LINCOLN AND 
YATES THE REBELLION ILLINOIS IN THE GREAT 
STRUGGLE PEACE MEETINGS IN 1863 CAMP DOUG- 
LAS CONSPIRACY CAMPAIGN OF 1864 AS- 
SASSINATION OF LINCOLN THE LOYAL 
WOMEN OF ILLINOIS OGLESBY'S 
ADMINISTRATION. 

ITH the inauguration of Governor 
Bissell, the Republican party en- 
tered upon the control of the State 
Government, which was maintained 
without interruption until the close 
of the administration of Governor Fifer, in 
January, 1893 a period of thirty-six years. 
On account of physical disability Bissell's in- 
auguration took place in the executive mansion, 
January 12, 1857. He was immediately made the object of viru- 
lent personal attack in the House, being charged with perjury in 
taking the oath of office in face of the fact that, while a member 
of Congress, he had accepted a challenge to fight a duel with 
Jefferson Davis. To this, the reply was made that the offense 
charged took place outside of the State and beyond the legal 
jurisdiction of the Constitution of Illinois. 

While the State continued to prosper under Bissell's admin- 
istration, the most important events of this period related rather 




94 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 



to general than to State policy. One of these was the delivery 
by Abraham Lincoln, in the Hall of Representatives, on the 
evening of June 17, 1858, of the celebrated speech in which he 
announced the doctrine that " a house divided against itself can- 
not stand." This was followed during the next few months by 
the series of memorable debates between those two great cham- 
pions of their respective parties Lincoln and Douglas which 
attracted the attention of the whole land. The result was the 
re-election of Douglas to the United States Senate for a third 
term, but it also made Abraham Lincoln President of the United 
States. 

About the middle of Bissell's term (February, 1859), came 
the discovery of what has since been known as the celebrated 
" Canal Scrip Fraud." This consisted in the fraudulent funding 
in State bonds of a large amount of State scrip, which had been 
issued for temporary purposes during the construction of the 
Illinois and Michigan Canal, but which had been subsequently 
redeemed. A legislative investigation proved the amount ille- 
gally funded to have been $223,182, and that the bulk of the 
bonds issued therefor so far as they could be traced had been 
delivered to ex-Gov. Joel A. Matteson. For this amount, with 
accrued interest, he gave to the State an indemnity bond, secured 
by real estate mortgages, from which the State eventually realized 
$238,000 out of $255,000, then due. Further investigation proved 
additional frauds of like character, aggregating $165,346, which 
the State never recovered. An attempt was made to prosecute 
Matteson criminally in the Sangamon County Circuit Court, but 
the grand jury failed, by a close vote, to find an indictment 
against him. He died in Chicago, January 31, 1873. 

At the time of his election to the Governorship, Bissell was 
already a conspicuous figure in National and State politics. A 
native of New York, on coming to Illinois he began the practice 
of his profession as a physician in Monroe County, but afterward 
adopted the profession of law and entered the Legislature. As 
Colonel of the Second Regiment of Illinois Volunteers during 



ILLINOIS UNDER REPUBLICAN RULE. 95 

the Mexican War, he showed himself a brave soldier at the bat- 
tle of Buena Vista and elsewhere, and afterward served three 
terms in Congress, during which he proved his courage by ac- 
cepting a challenge to a duel from Jefferson Davis. Although a 
Democrat, he had also taken a leading part in conjunction with 
Washburne, Wentworth, Norton, Knox and Yates, his Illinois 
colleagues, in opposition to the Nebraska Bill. At the time of 
his nomination he was an invalid, having received an injury to 
his spine from which he never recovered, and was not able to 
enter actively into the campaign. He died in office, March 18, 
1860, having barely entered upon the fourth year of his official 
term. His remains lie buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery, at 
Springfield, where a monument has been erected to his memory. 

Lieut.-Gov. John Wood, who succeeded to Bissell's unex- 
pired term, was a native of New York, born December 20, 1798. 
He came to Illinois in 1819, and was one of the founders of the 
city of Quincy, where he built the first log-cabin in 1822, and 
where he died June n, 1880. He was a large-hearted, public- 
spirited man an excellent specimen of the enterprising, pro- 
gressive pioneer. He served the Slate as Quartermaster-Gen- 
eral for the first two years after the opening of the. War of the 
Rebellion, and assisted in equipping all the earlier regiments 
sent to the field. Although advanced in years, he then raised a 
regiment of one-hundred-day men with which he saw some ser- 
vice at Memphis. 

The political campaign of 1860 was one of unparalleled ex- 
citement throughout the nation, but especially in Illinois, which 
became, in a certain sense, the chief battle-ground, furnishing 
the successful candidate for the Presidency, as well as being the 
State in which the convention which nominated him met. The 
Republican State Convention, held at Decatur, May 9, put in 
nomination Richard Yates, of Morgan County, for Governor; 
Francis A. Hoffman for Lieutenant-Govern or, O. M. Hatch for 
Secretary of State, Jesse K. Dubois, for Auditor, William Butler, 
for Treasurer, and Newton Bateman for Superintendent of Public 



96 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

Instruction. If this campaign was memorable for its excite- 
ment, it was also memorable for the large number of National 
and State tickets in the field. The National Republican Con- 
vention assembled at Chicago, May 16, and, on the third ballot, 
Abraham Lincoln was nominated for President amid a whirl- 
wind of enthusiasm unsurpassed in the history of National 
Conventions, of which so many have been held in the " conven- 
tion city" of the Northwest. The campaign was what might 
have been expected from such a beginning. Lincoln, though re- 
ceiving considerably less than one-half the popular vote, had a 
plurality over his highest competitor of nearly half a million 
votes, and a majority in the electoral colleges of 57. In the 
State he received 172,161 votes to 160,215 for Douglas, his lead- 
ing competitor. The vote for Governor stood: Yates (Repub- 
lican) 172,196; Allen (Douglas-Democrat) 159,253; Hope (Breck- 
inridge Democrat) 2,049; Stuart (American) 1,626. 

Among the prominent men of different parties who appeared 
for the first time in the General Assembly chosen at this time, 
were William B. Ogden, Richard J. Oglesby, A. W. Mack, 
Washington Bushnell, William Jayne, and Henry E. Duniuier, 
of the Senate, and William R. Archer, J. Russell Jones, Robert 
H. McClellan, J. Young Scaninion, William H. Brown, Lawrence 
Weldon, R. B. Latham, N. M. Broadwell, A. G. Burr, and John 
Scholfield, in the House. Shelby M. Cullom, who had entered 
the Legislature at the previous session, was re-elected to this 
and was chosen Speaker of the House over the late J. W. Single- 
ton. Lyman Trumbull was re-elected to the United States Sen- 
ate by the votes of the Republicans over Samuel S. Marshall, 
the Democratic candidate. 

Almost simultaneously with the accession of the new State 
Government, and before the inauguration of the President at 
Washington, began that series of startling events which ulti- 
mately culminated in the attempted secession of eleven States 
of the Union the first acts in the great drama of war which 
occupied the attention of the world for the next four years. On 



ILLINOIS UNDER REPUBLICAN RULE. 97 

January 14, 1861, the new State administration was inaugu- 
rated; on February 2, Commissioners to the futile Peace Conven- 
tion held at Washington, were appointed from Illinois, consist- 
ing of Stephen T. Logan, John M. Palmer, ex-Gov. John Wood, 
B. C. Cook and T. J. Turner; and on February nth, Abraham 
Lincoln took leave of his friends and neighbors at Springfield on 
his departure for Washington, in that simple, touching speech 
which has taken a place beside his inaugural addresses and his 
Gettysburg speech, as an American classic. The events which 
followed; the firing on Fort Sumter on the i2th of April and 
its surrender; the call for 75,000 troops and the excitement 
which prevailed all over the country, are matters of National 
history. Illinoisans responded with promptness and enthusiasm 
to the call for six regiments of State militia for three months' 
service, and one week later (April 21) Gen. R. K. Swift, of Chi- 
cago, at the head of seven companies, numbering 595 men, was 
en route for Cairo to execute the order of the Secretary of War 
for the occupation of that place. The offer of military organi- 
zations proceeded rapidly, and by the iSth of April, fifty com- 
panies had been tendered, while the public-spirited and patriotic 
bankers of the principal cities were offering to supply the State 
with money to arm and equip the hastily organized troops. Fol- 
lowing in order the six regiments which Illinois had sent to the 
Mexican War, those called out for the three months' service in 
1861 were numbered consecutively from seven to twelve, and 
were commanded by the following officers, respectively: Cols. 
John Cook, Richard J. Oglesby, Eleazer A. Paine, James D. 
Morgan, W. H. L- Wallace and John McArthur, with Gen. Ben- 
jamin M. Prentiss as brigade commander. The rank and file 
numbered 4,680 men, of whom 2,000, at the end of their term of 
service, re-enlisted for three years. 

Among the many who visited the State Capitol in the early 
mouths of the war to offer their services to the Government in 
suppressing the Rebellion, one of the most modest and unassum- 
ing was a gentleman from Galena who brought a letter of intro- 



98 THK WHITE CITY II.LIXOIS. 

duction to Governor Yates from Congressman E. B. Washburne. 
Though he had been a captain in the regular army and had seen 
service in the war with Mexico, he set up 110 pretension on that 
account, but after days of patient waiting, was given temporary 
employment as a clerk in the office of the Adjutant-General, 
Col. T. S. Mather. Finally, an emergency having arisen re- 
quiring the services of an officer of military experience as com- 
mandant at Camp Yates (a camp of rendezvous and instruction 
near Springfield), he was assigned to the place, rather as an ex- 
periment and from necessity than from conviction of any pecul- 
iar fitness for the position. Having acquitted himself creditably 
here, he was assigned, a few weeks later, to the command of a 
regiment (the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers) which, from 
previous bad management, had manifested a mutinous tendency. 
And thus Ulysses S. Grant, the most successful leader of the 
war, the organizer of final victory over the Rebellion, the Lieu- 
tenant-General of the armies of the Union and twice elected 
President of the United States, started upon that career which 
won for him the plaudits of the Nation and the title of the grand- 
est soldier of his time. 

The responses of Illinois, under the leadership of its 
patriotic " War Governor," Richard Yates, to the repeated calls 
for volunteers through the four years of war, were cheerful and 
prompt. Illinois troops took part in nearly every important bat- 
tle in the Mississippi Valley and in many of those in the East, 
besides accompanying Sherman in his triumphal "March to the 
Sea." Illinois blood stained the field at Belmont, at .Wilson's 
Creek, Lexington, Forts Donelson and Henry; at Shiloh, Cor- 
inth, Nashville, Stone River and Chicamauga; at Jackson, the 
Siege of Vicksburg, Allatoona Pass, Kenesaw Mountain, Resaca, 
Peach Tree Creek and Atlanta, in the South and West; and at 
Chancellorsville, Antietam, Gettysburg, Petersbiirg and in the 
battles of " the Wilderness " in the East. Of all the States of 
the Union, Illinois alone, up to February i, 1864, presented the 
proud record of having answered every call upon her for troops 



ILLINOIS UNDER REPUBLICAN RULE. 99 

without a draft. The whole number of enlistments from the 
State under the various calls from 1861 to 1865, were 255,057 to 
meet quotas aggregating 244,496*. The ratio of troops furnished 
to population was 15.1 per cent., which was only exceeded by the 
District of Columbia (which had a large influx from the States), 
and Kansas and Nevada, each of which had a much larger pro- 
portion of adult male population. The whole number of regi- 
mental organizations, according to the returns in the Adjutant- 
General's office, was 151 regiments of infantry (numbered 
consecutively from the Sixth to the One Hundred and Fifty- 
seventh), 17 regiments of cavalry and two regiments of artillery, 
besides nine independent batteries. The total losses of Illinois 
troops, officially reported by the War Department, were 
34,834 (13.65 percent.), of which 5,874 were killed in battle, 
4,020 died of wounds, 22,786 died of disease, and 2,154 from 
other causes. Besides the great Commander-in-Chief, Abraham 
Lincoln, and Lieut.-Gen. U. S. Grant, Illinois furnished eleven 
full Major-Generals of volunteers, viz. : Generals John Pope, 
John A. McClernand, S. A. Hurlbut, B. M. Prentiss, John M. 
Palmer, R. J. Oglesby, John A. Logan, John M. Schofield, Giles 
A. Smith, Wesley Merritt and Benjamin H. Grierson; twenty 
Brevet Major-Generals; twenty-four Brigadier-Generals, and 
over 1 20 Brevet Brigadier-Generals. Among the long list of 
regimental officers who fell upon the field or died from wounds 
appear the names of Col. J. R. Scott, of the igth; Col. Thomas 
D. Williams, of the 25th; and Col. F. A. Harrington, of the 
27th all killed at Stone River; Col. J. W. S. Alexander, of the 
2ist; Col. Daniel Gilmer, of the 38th; Lieut.-Col. Duncan J. 
Hall, of the Sgth; Col. Timothy O'Meara, of the 9Oth; and Col. 
Holden Putnam, at Chicarnauga and Missionary Ridge; Col. 
John B. Wyman, of the i3th, at Chickasaw Bayou; Lieut.-Col. 
Thomas W. Ross, of the 32nd, at Shiloh; Col. John A. Davis, of 
the 46th, at Hatchie; Col. William A. Dickerman, of the iO3d, 

*According to the account of the United States War Department. According to the 
State account, the quota was 231,488 and the number credited 226,592. 



TOO THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

at Resaca ; Col. Oscar Harmon at Kenesaw ; Col. John A. Bross 
at Petersburg, besides Col. Mihalotzy, Col. Silas Miller, Lieut.- 
Col. Melancthon Smith, Maj. Zenas Applington, Col. John J. 
Mudd, Col. Matthew H. Starr, Maj. Wm. H. Medill, Col. War- 
ren Stewart and many more on other battle-fields. It would be 
a grateful task to here record the names of a host of others, who, 
after acquitting themselves bravely on the field, survived to en- 
joy the plaudits of a grateful people, but this would be beyond 
the design and scope of the present work. 

One of the most brilliant exploits of the War was the raid 
from Memphis to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in May, 1863, led by 
Col. B. H. Grierson, of the 6th Illinois Cavalry, in co-operation 
with the yth iinder command of Col. Edward Prince. 

An incident of a different character was the calling of a 
convention to revise the State Constitution, and which met at 
Springfield, January 7, 1862. A majority of this body was 
composed of those opposed to the war policy of the Government, 
and a disposition to interfere with the affairs of the State admin- 
istration and the General Government was soon manifested, 
which was resented by the executive and many of the soldiers in 
the field. The convention adjourned March 24, and its work 
was submitted to vote of the people, June 17, 1862, when it was 
rejected by a majority of more than 16,000, not counting the 
soldiers in the field who were permitted as a matter of policy to 
vote upon it, but who were practically unanimous in opposition 
to it. 

A few days before this election (June 3, 1862), United States 
Senator Stephen A. Douglas died, at the Tremont House in Chi- 
cago, depriving the Democratic party of the State of its most 
sagacious and patriotic adviser. 

Another political incident of this period grew out of the 
session of the General Assembly of 1863. This body having 
been elected on the tide of the political revulsion which followed 
the issuance of President Lincoln's preliminary Proclamation of 
Emancipation, was Democratic in both branches. One of its 



ILLINOIS UNDER REPUBLICAN RULE. IOI 



first acts was the election of William A. Richardson United 
States Senator, in place of O. H. Browning, who had been ap- 
pointed by Governor Yates to the vacancy caused by the death 
of Douglas. This Legislature early showed a tendency to follow 
in the footsteps of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, by at- 
tempting to cripple the State and General Governments in the 
prosecution of the war. Resolutions on the subject of the war, 
which the friends of the Union regarded as of a most mischievous 
character, were introduced and passed in the House, but owing to 
the death of a member on the majority side, failed to pass the 
Senate. These denounced the suspension of the writ of habeas 
corpus; condemned "the attempted enforcement of compensated 
emancipation" and "the transportation of negroes into the 
State;" accused the General Government of "Usurpation," of 
"subverting the Constitution" and attempting to establish a 
"consolidated military despotism;" charged that the war had 
been "diverted from its first avowed object to that of subjugation 
and the abolition of slavery;" declared the belief of the authors 
that its " further prosecution cannot result in the restora- 
tion of the Union unless the President's Emancipation 

Proclamation be withdrawn ;" appealed to Congress to secure an 
armistice with the rebel States, and closed by appointing six 
Commissioners (who were named) to confer with Congress with 
a view to the holding of a National Convention to adjust the 
differences between the States. These measures occupied the 
attention of the Legislature to the exclusion of subjects of State 
interest, so that little legislation was accomplished not even the 
ordinary appropriation bills being passed. 

At this juncture, the two Houses having disagreed as to the 
date of adjournment, Governor Yates exercised the constitutional 
prerogative of proroguing them, which he did in a message on 
June loth, declaring them adjourned to the last day of their con- 
stitutional term. The Republicans accepted the result and 
withdrew, but the Democratic majority in the House and a 
minority in the Senate continued in session for some days with- 



102 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

* 

out being able to transact any business except the filing of an 
empty protest, when they adjourned to the first Monday of Jan- 
uary, 1864. The excitement produced by this affair, in the 
Legislature and throughout the State, was intense, but the ac- 
tion of Governor Yates was sustained by the Supreme Court and 
the adjourned session was never held. The failure of the Legis- 
lature to make provision for the expenses of the State Govern- 
ment and the relief of the soldiers in the field, made it necessary 
for Governor Yates to accept that aid from the public-spirited 
bankers and capitalists of the State which was never wanting 
when needed during this critical period. 

Largely attended " peace conventions " were held during this 
year, at Springfield on the seventeenth of June and atPeoria in Sep- 
tember, at which resolutions opposing the "further offensive prose- 
cution of the war" were adopted. An immense Union mass- 
meeting was also held at Springfield on the third of Sep- 
tember, which was addressed by leading War-Democrats. An 
important incident of this meeting was the reading of the letter 
from President Lincoln to Hon. James C. Colliding, in which he 
defended his war policy and especially his Emancipation Procla- 
mation 'in a characteristically logical manner. 

The year 1864 was full of exciting political and military 
events. Among the former was the nomination of Gen. George 
B. McClellan as the Democratic candidate for President, by a 
convention held at Chicago, August 29th, on a platform declaring 
the war a "failure" as an "experiment" for restoring the Union, 
and demanding a "cessation of hostilities" with a view to a con- 
vention for the restoration of peace. Mr. Lincoln had been re- 
nominated by the Republicans at Philadelphia, in June previous, 
with Andrew Johnson for Vice-Presideut. The leaders of the re- 
spective State tickets were Gen. Richard J. Oglesby, on the part 
of the Republicans, for Governor, with William Bross, for Lieu- 
tenant-Governor, and James C. Robinson as the Democratic can- 
didate for Governor. 

For months rumors had been rife concerning a conspiracy 



ILLINOIS UNDER REPUBLICAN RULE. 103 

of rebels from the South and their sympathizers in the North, 
to release the rebel prisoners confined in Camp Douglas, near 
Chicago, and at Rock Island, Springfield and Alton aggrega- 
ting over 25,000 men. It was charged that the scheme was to be 
put into effect simultaneously with the November election, but 
the activity of the military authorities in arresting the leaders 
and seizing their arms, defeated it. The investigations of a 
military court before whom a number of the arrested parties 
were tried, proved the existence of an extensive organization, 
calling itself " American Knights" or "Sons of L/iberty," of 
which a number of well-known politicians in Illinois were 
members. 

At the November election Illinois gave a majority for Lin- 
coln of 30,756, and for Oglesby, for Governor, of 33,675, with a 
proportionate majority for the rest of the ticket. Lincoln's 
electoral vote was 212 to 21 for McClellan. 

The Republicans had a decided majority in both branches of 
the Legislature of 1865, and one of its earliest acts was the 
election of Governor Yates, United States Senator, in place of 
William A. Richardson, who had been elected two years before 
to the seat formerly held by Douglas. This was the last public 
position held by the popular Illinois "War Governor." Born in 
Kentucky in 1815 and educated at Illinois College, Jacksonville, 
he had been three times elected to the lower House of the Gen- 
eral Assembly (1842, 1844 and 1848); had served two sessions in 
Congress (1851 to 1855), and had been elected Governor in 1860, 
serving through the most critical four years in the history of the 
State. A splendid specimen of manhood physically, possessed 
of great personal magnetism, ambitious, eloquent and patriotic, 
there was no position to which, in the estimation of his friends, 
he might not fairly aspire. In spite of weaknesses which grew 
upon him in his later years, but which no man deplored more 
deeply than himself, during his official term no more popular 
public servant ever occupied the executive chair a fact demon- 
strated by the promptness with which, on retiring from it, he 



IO4 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

was elected to the United States Senate. His personal and 
political integrity was never questioned by his most bitter polit- 
ical opponents, while those who had known him longest and 
most intimately, trusted him most implicitly. The service 
which he performed in giving direction to the patriotic sentiment 
of the State and in marshaling its heroic soldiers for the defense 
of the Union, can never be overestimated. Retiring from his 
seat in the Senate in 1871, the next two years were spent as a 
private citizen at his home at Jacksonville, or in the discharge of 
some temporary duty for the Government. It was in this latter 
capacity, as a commissioner for the examination of a railroad, 
that he visited Arkansas in the fall of 1873. On his return 
from this mission he died suddenly at Barnum's Hotel in the city 
of St. Louis, November 27th. 

Governor Oglesby and the other State officers were inaugu- 
rated January 1 7th. Entering upon its duties with a Legisla- 
ture in full sympathy with it, the new administration was con- 
fronted by no such difficulties as those with which its predecessor 
had to contend. Its head, who had been identified with the war 
from its beginning, was one of the first Illinoisans promoted to 
the rank of Major-General, was personally popular and enjoyed 
the confidence and respect of the people of the State. Gov. Al- 
len C. Fuller, who had retired from a position on the circuit 
bench to accept that of Adjutant-General, which he held during 
the last three years of the war, was Speaker of the House. This 
Legislature was the first to ratify the XIHth Amendment of the 
National Constitution abolishing slavery, which it did in both 
Houses, on the evening of February i, 1865 the same day the 
resolution had been finally acted on by Congress and received 
the sanction of the President. The odious "black laws," which 
had disgraced the State for twelve years, were wiped from the 
statute-book at this session. The Legislature adjourned after n 
session of 46 days, leaving a record as creditable in the disposal 
of business as that of its predecessor had been discreditable. 

The war was now rapidly approaching a successful terinina- 



ILLINOIS UNDER REPUBLICAN RULE. 105 

tion. Lee had surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, April 9, 
1865, and the people were celebrating this event with joyful fes- 
tivities through all the loyal States, but nowhere with more 
enthusiasm than in Illinois, the home of the two great leaders- 
Lincoln and Grant. In the midst of these jubilations came the 
assassination of President Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth, on 
the evening of April 14, 1865, in Ford's Theatre, Washington. 
The appalling news was borne on the wings of the telegraph to 
every corner of the land, and instantly a nation in rejoicing was 
changed to a nation in mourning. A pall of gloom hung over 
every part of the land. Public buildings, business houses and 
dwellings in every city, village and hamlet throughout the loyal 
States were draped with the insignia of a universal sorrow. 
Millions of strong men and tender, patriotic women who had 
given their husbands, sons and brothers for the defense of the 
Union, wept as if overtaken by a great personal loss. If the Na- 
tion mourned, much more did Illinois, at the taking off of its chief 
citizen, the grandest character of the age, who had served both 
State and Nation with such patriotic fidelity, and perished in the 
very zenith of his fame and in the hour of his country's triumph. 

Then came the sorrowful march of the funeral cortege from 
Washington to Springfield the most impressive spectacle wit- 
nessed since the Day of the Crucifixion. In all this, Illinois bore 
a conspicuous part, as on the fourth day of May, 1865, amid the 
most solemn ceremonies and in the presence of sorrowing thou- 
sands, she received to her bosom, near his old home at the State 
Capital, the remains of the Great Liberator. 

The part which Illinois played in the great struggle has 
already been dwelt upon as fully t as the scope of this work will 
permit. It only remains to be said that the patriotic service of 
the men of the State was grandly supplemented by the equally 
patriotic service of its women in " Soldiers Aid Societies," "Sis- 
ters of the Good Samaritan," "Needle Pickets" and in sanitary 
organizations for the purpose of contributing to the comfort and 
health of the soldiers in camp and in hospital, and in giving them 



106 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

generous receptions on their return to their homes. The work 
done by these organizations, and by individual nurses in the field, 
illustrates one of the brightest pages in the history of the war. 

The administration of Governor Oglesby was as peaceful 
as it was prosperous. The chief political events of 1866 were 
the election of Newton Bateman, State Superintendent of Public 
Instruction, and Gen. Geo. W. Smith, Treasurer, while Gen. 
John A. Logan, as Representative from the State-at-large, re- 
entered Congress, from which he had retired in 1861 to enter the 
Union army. His majority was unprecedented, reaching 55,987. 
The Legislature of 1867 re-elected Judge Trumbull to the United 
States Senate for a third term, his chief competitor in the Repub- 
lican caucus being Gen. John M. Palmer. The XlVth Amend- 
ment to the National Constitution, conferring citizenship upon 
persons of color, was ratified by this Legislature. 

The Republican State Convention of 1868, held at Peoria, 
May 6th, nominated the following ticket: For Governor, John 
M. Palmer; Lieutenant-Governor, John Dougherty; Secretary of 
State, Edward Ruinniell; Auditor, Charles E. Lippincott; State 
Treasurer, Erastus N. Bates; Attorney-General, Washington 
Bushnell. John R. Eden, afterward a member, of Congress for 
three terms, headed the Democratic ticket as candidate for Gov- 
ernor, with William H. Van Epps for Lieutenant-Governor. 

The Republican National Convention was held at Chicago, 
May 2ist, nominating U. S. Grant for President, and Schuyler 
Colfax for Vice-President. They were opposed b}* Horatio Sey- 
mour, for President, and F. P. Blair for Vice-President. The re- 
sult in November was the election of Grant and Colfax, who re- 
ceived 214 electoral votes from 26 States, to So electoral votes 
for Seymour and Blair from eight States three States not 
voting. Grant's majority in Illinois was 51,150. Of course the 
Republican State ticket was elected. The Legislature elected at 
the same time consisted of eighteen Republicans to nine Demo- 
crats in the Senate and fifty-eight Republicans to twenty-seven 
Democrats in the House. 



CHAPTER XI. 
REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATIONS, CONTINUED. 

UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF 1870 FROM PALMER TO FIFER 
THE CHICAGO FIRE SKETCHES OF EMINENT MEN PAL- 
MER, OGLESBY, CULLOM, LOGAN, FIFER, ETC. NA- 
TIONAL CONVENTIONS IN CHICAGO POLITICAL REV- 
OLUTION OF 1892 GOVERNOR ALTGELD. 

OVERNOR PALMER'S administration began 
auspiciously, at a time when the passions aroused 
by the war were subsiding and the State was re- 
covering its normal prosperity. Leading events 
of the next four years were the adoption of a new 
State Constitution and the Chicago fire. The 
first steps in legislation looking to the control of 
railroads, were taken at the session of 1869, and although a 
stringent law on the subject passed both Houses, it was vetoed by 
the Governor. A milder measure was afterward enacted, and 
although superseded by the Constitution of 1870, it furnished 
the key-note for much of the legislation since had on the 
subject. 

The celebrated "Lake Front Bill," conveying to the city of 
Chicago and the Illinois Central Railroad the title of the State to 
certain lands included in what was known as the " Lake Front 
Park," was passed, and although vetoed by the Governor, was re- 
enacted over his veto. This act was final!}' repealed by the Legis- 
lature of 1873, and after many years of litigation, the rights 
claimed under it by the Illinois Central Railroad Company have 

Illinois. 10T 




108 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

been recently declared void by the Supreme Court of the United 
States. 

The Fifteenth Amendment of the National Constitution, 
prohibiting the denial of the right of suffrage to " citizens of the 
United States on account of race, color or previous con- 
dition of servitude," was ratified by a strictly party vote in each 
House, on March 5th. 

The first step toward the erection of a new State Capitol at 
Springfield had been taken in an appropriation of $450,000 at the 
session of 1867, the total cost being limited to $3,000,000. A 
second appropriation of $650,000 was made at the Session of 1869. 
The Constitution of 1870 limited the cost to $3,500,000, but an 
act passed by the Legislature of 1883, making a final appropria- 
tion of $531,712 for completing and furnishing the building, was 
ratified by the people in 1884. The original cost of the building 
and its furniture exceeded $4,000,000. 

The State Convention for framing a new Constitution met 
at Springfield, December 13, 1869. It consisted of eighty-five 
members forty-four Republicans and forty-one Democrats. A 
number classed as Republicans, however, were elected as " Inde- 
pendents " and co-operated with the Democrats in the organiza- 
tion. Among the prominent members were William J. Allen, 
W. B. Anderson, George W. Wall, Silas L. Bryan, W. H. Sny- 
der, W. H. Underwood, John Scholfield, Milton Hay, O. H. 
Browning, O. C. Skinner, A. M. Craig, L. W. Ross, R. M. 
Benjamin, Clifton H. Moore, H. P. H. Bronrwell, L. D. Whiting, 
John Dement, Jesse S. Hildrup, Lawrence S. Church, Thomas 
J. Turner, W r illiam Carey and H. H. Cod}-. The delegates .from 
Cook County were Joseph Medill, John C. Haines, S. Snowden 
Hayes, W. C. Coolbaugh, Charles Hitchcock, Elliott Anthony 
and Daniel Cameron.* Charles Hitchcock was elected President. 
The convention terminated its labors May 13, 1870; the Consti- 
tution was ratified by vote of the people July ad, and went into 



*As to occupations, there were fifty-three lawyers, fourteen farmers, thirteen mer- 
chants, bankers and traders ; four physicians and one editor. 



ILLINOIS REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATIONS. 109 

effect Aug'jst 8, 1870. A special provision establishing the 
principle of "minority representation" in the election of Repre- 
sentatives in the General Assembly, was adopted by a smaller 
vote than the main instrument. A leading feature of the latter 
was the general restriction upon special legislation and the 
enumeration of a large variety of subjects to be provided for un- 
der general laws. It laid the basis of our present railroad and 
warehouse laws ; declared the inviolability of the Illinois Central 
Railroad tax; prohibited the sale or lease of the Illinois and 
Michigan Canal without a vote of the people ; prohibited munici- 
palities from becoming subscribers to the stock of any railroad or 
private corporation; limited the rate of taxation and amount of 
indebtedness to be incurred ; required the enactment of laws for 
the protection of miners, etc. The restriction in the old Consti- 
tution against the re-election of a Governor as his own immediate 
successor, was removed, but placed upon the office of State Treas- 
urer. The Legislature consists of two hundred and four mem- 
bers fifty-one Senators and one hundred fifty -three Representa- 
tives one Senator and three Representatives being chosen from 
each District. 

At the election of 1870, General Logan was re-elected Con- 
gressman-at-large by 24,672 majority ; Gen. E. N. Bates, Treas- 
urer and Newton Bateman, State Superintendent of Public In- 
struction. 

The Twenty-seventh General Assembly (1871), in its vari- 
ous sessions, spent more time in legislation than any other in the 
history of the State a fact to be accounted for, in part, by the 
Chicago Fire and the extensive revision of the laws required in 
consequence of the adoption of the new Constitution. Besides 
the regular session, there were two special, or called, sessions 
and an adjourned session, covering in all a period of 292 days. 
This Legislature adopted the system of "State control" in the 
management of the labor and discipline of the convicts of the 
State penitentiary, which was strongly urged by Governor Pal- 
mer in a special message. General Logan having been elected 



110 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

United States Senator at this session, Gen. John L- Beveridge 
was elected to the vacant position of Congressmau-at-large at a 
special election held October 4th. 

The calamitous fire at Chicago, October 8-9, 1871, though 
belonging rather to local than to general State history, excited 
the profound sympathy, not only of the people of the State and 
the Nation, but of the civilized world. The area burned over, in- 
cluding streets, covered 2,124 acres, with 13,500 buildings out of 
18,000, leaving 92,000 persons homeless. The loss of life is esti- 
mated at two hundred and fifty, and of property at $187,927,000.* 
Governor Palmer called the Legislature together in special ses- 
sion to act upon the emergency, October i3th, but as the State 
was precluded from affording direct aid, the plan was adopted of 
re-inibursing the city for the amount it had expended in the en- 
largement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, amounting to 
$2,955,340. The unfortunate shooting of a citizen by a cadet in a 
regiment of United States troops organized for guard duty, led 
to some controversy between Governor Palmer, on one side, and 
the Mayor of Chicago and the military authorities, including 
President Grant, on the other ; but the general verdict was, that, 
while nice distinctions between civil and military authority may 
not have been observed, the service rendered by the military, in 
a great emergency, was of the highest value and was prompted 
bv the best of intentions. 

The political campaign of 1872 in Illinois resulted in much 
confusion and a partial reorganization of parties. Dissatisfied 
with the administration of President Grant, a number of the 
State officers (including Governor Palmer) and other prominent 
Republicans of the State, joined in what was called the " Liberal 
Republican " movement, and supported Horace Greeley for the 
Presidency. Ex-Governor Oglesby again became the standard- 
bearer of the Republicans for Governor, with Gen. John L- Bev- 
eridge for Lieutenant-Governor. At the November election, the 
Grant and Wilson electors received 241,944 to 184,938 for 

*Moses' History of Illinois. 



ILLINOIS REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATIONS. Ill 

Greeley, and 3,138 for O'Conor. The plurality for Oglesby, for 
Governor, was 40,690. 

Governor Oglesby's second administration was of brief dura- 
tion. Within a week after his inauguration he was nominated 
by a legislative caucus of his party for United States Senator to 
succeed Judge Trumbull, and was elected, receiving an aggre- 
gate of 117 votes in the two Houses against 78 for Trumbull, who 
was supported by the party whose candidates he had defeated at 
three previous elections. Lieutenant-Governor Beveridge thus 
became Governor, filling out the unexpired term of his chief. He 
was a native of Washington County, New York, where he was 
born in 1824; ne emigrated to Illinois in 1842, settling in De 
Kalb County; received an academic education at Granville 
Academy, in Putnam County, and at Rock River Seminary, at 
Mt. Morris; taugh.t school and studied law in Tennessee; re- 
cruited a company for the Eighth Regiment Illinois Cavalry 
early in the war, afterward being promoted to the position of 
Major; later organized the Seventeenth Cavalry and was com- 
missioned its Colonel, retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier- 
General; afterward served as sheriff of Cook County; was 
elected to the State Senate ; thence promoted to the position of 
Congressman-at-large, which he resigned to assume the duties of 
Lieutenant-Governor. While never resorting to the question- 
able tricks of the mere politician, few men have had a more 
successful political career. His administration was high-minded, 
clean and honorable. After his retirement from the Governor- 
ship, he was appointed Assistant United States Treasurer at 
Chicago, serving four years. 

'The election of 1874 resulted in the first serious reverse the 
Republican party had experienced in Illinois since 1862. Al- 
though Thomas S. Ridgway, the Republican candidate for State 
Treasurer, was elected by a plurality of nearly 35,000, by a com- 
bination of the opposition, S. M. Etter (Fusion) was at the same 
time elected State Superintendent, while the Fusionists secured 
a majority in each House of the General Assembly. After- a 



112 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

protracted contest, E. M. Haines, who had been a Democrat, a 
Republican, and had been elected to this Legislature as an " In- 
dependent," was elected Speaker of the House over Shelby M. 
Cullom, and A. A. .Glenn (Democrat) was chosen President of 
the Senate, thus becoming cx-officio Lieutenant-Governor. The 
session which followed especially in the House was one of the 
most turbulent and disorderly in the history of the State, coming 
to a termination April i5th, after having enacted very few laws 
of any importance. 

Shelby M. Cullom was the candidate of the Republican 
party for Governor in 1876, with the late Rutherford B. Hayes 
heading the National ticket. The excitement which attended 
the campaign, the closeness of the vote between the two Pres- 
idential candidates Hayes and Tilden and the determination 
of the result through the medium of an Electoral Commission, 
are fresh in the memory of the present generation. In Illinois 
the Republican plurality for President was 19,631, but owing to 
the combination of the Democratic and Greenback vote on Lewis 
Steward for Governor, the majority for Cullom was reduced to 
6,798. The other State officers elected were: Andrew Shuman, 
Lieutenant-Governor ; George H. Harlow, Secretary of State ; 
Thomas B. Needles, Auditor; Edward Rutz, Treasurer, and 
J. K. Edsall, Attorney-General. Each of these had pluralities 
exceeding 20,000, except Needles, who, having a single compet- 
itor, had a smaller majority than Cullom. The New State 
House was occupied for the first time by the State officers and 
the Legislature chosen at this time. Although the Republicans 
had a majority in the House, the Independents held the "bal- 
ance of power" in joint session of the General Assembly. Af- 
ter a stubborn and protracted struggle in the effort to choose a 
United States Senator to succeed Senator John A. Logan, David 
Davis, of Bloomington, was elected on the fortieth ballot. 

Davis was born in Cecil County, Maryland, March 9, 1815; 
graduated at Kenyon College, Ohio, in 1832; studied law in 
Massachusetts and removed to McLean Count}-, Illinois, in 1385; 



ILLINOIS REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATIONS. 113 

was a member of the Fourteenth General Assembly (1844) and 
the Constitutional Convention of 1847; ne ^ t^ e office of Judge 
of the circuit court from 1843 to 1861, being elected three times. 
He had been a Whig and a warm personal friend of Lincoln, by 
whom he was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 
of the United States in 1862. His election to the Senate by the 
Democrats and Independents led to his retirement from the Su- 
preme bench, thus preventing his appointment on the Electoral 
Commission of 1877 a circumstance which, in the opinion of 
many, may have had an important bearing upon the decision of 
that tribunal. In the latter part of his term he served as Pres- 
ident pro temporc of the Senate, and more frequently acted with 
the Republicans than with their opponents. He supported 
Elaine and Logan for President and Vice-President, in 1884. 
His death occurred at his home at Bloomington, June 26, 1886. 

The extensive railroad strike, in July, 1877, caused wide- 
spread demoralization of business, especially in the railroad cen- 
tres of the State and throughout the country generally. The 
newly organized National Guard was called out and rendered 
valuable service in restoring order. Governor Cullom's action in 
the premises was prompt and has generally been commended as 
eminently wise and discreet. 

Four sets of candidates were in the field for the offices of 
State Treasurer and Superintendent of Public Instruction in 
1878 Republican, Democratic, Greenback and Prohibition. The 
Republicans were successful, Gen. John C. Smith being elected 
Treasurer, and James P. Slade, Superintendent, by pluralities 
averaging about 35,000. The same party also elected eleven out 
of nineteen members of Congress and, for the first time in six 
years, secured a majority in each branch of the General Assem- 
bly. At the session of this Legislature, in January following, 
John A. Logan was elected to the United States Senate as suc- 
cessor to R. J. Oglesby, whose term expired in March follow- 
ing. Col. William A. James, of Lake County, served as Speaker 
of the House at this session. 



114 TH E WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

The political campaign of 1880 is memorable for the deter- 
mined struggle made by General L/ogan and others to secure the 
nomination of General Grant for President for a third term. 
The Republican State Convention, beginning at Springfield, 
May ipth, lasted three days, ending in instructions in favor of 
General Grant by a vote of 399 to 285. These were nullified, 
however, by the action of the National Convention two weeks 
later. Governor Cullom was renominated for Governor, John M. 
Hamilton, for Lieutenant-Governor ; Henry D. Dement, for Sec- 
retary of State; Charles P. Swigert, for Auditor; Edward Rutz, 
for Treasurer, and James McCartney, for Attorney-General. Ex- 
Senator Trumbull headed the Democratic ticket as its candidate 
for Governor, with General L. B. Parsons for Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor. 

The Republican National Convention met in Chicago, June 
2d. After thirty-six ballots, in which 306 delegates stood un- 
waveringly by General Grant, James A. Garfield, of Ohio, was 
nominated with Chester A. Arthur, of New York, for Vice-Pres- 
ident. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock was the Democratic candi- 
date and Gen. James B. Weaver, the Greenback nominee. In 
Illinois, 622,156 votes were cast, Garfield receiving a plurality of 
40,716. The entire Republican State ticket was elected by 
nearly the same pluralities, and the Republicans again had deci- 
sive majorities in both branches of tlie Legislature. 

No startling events occurred during Governor Cullom's sec- 
ond term. The State continued to increase in wealth, population 
and prosperity, and the heavy debt, by which it had been bur- 
dened thirty years before, was practically " wiped out." 

Gen. Horace H. Thomas, of Chicago, was Speaker of the 
Hovise at the session of iSSi. At the election of 1882, Gen. 
John C. Smith, who had been elected State Treasurer in 1878, 
was re-elected for a second term, over Alfred Orendorff, while 
Charles T. Strattan, the Republican candidate for State Superin- 
tendent of Public Instruction, was defeated by Henry Raab. 
The Republicans again had a majority in each House of the 




CARTER H. HARRISON. 



ILLINOIS REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATIONS. 115 

General Assembly, amounting to twelve on joint ballot. Loren 
C. Collins was elected Speaker of the House. 

In the election of United States Senator, which occurred at 
this session, Governor Cullom was chosen as the successor to 
David Davis, Gen. John M. Palmer receiving the Democratic 
vote. Lieut.-Gov. John M. Hamilton thus became Governor, 
nearly in the middle of his term. 

Like his three immediate predecessors in the executive 
chair, Cullom is a native of Kentucky, born at Monticello, 
Wayne County, in that State, November 22, 1829. His father, 
Richard N. Cullom, came to Illinois in 1831, settling in Taze- 
well County, and served several terms in the Legislature. The 
son spent his boyhood on the farm, after which he received two 
years of training in Rock River Seminary at Mt. Morris, mean- 
while devoting some time to teaching; in 1853 he entered the law 
office of Stuart and Edwards at Springfield as a student ; was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1855, an( ^ soon after elected City Attorney ; 
was elected to the House of Representatives from Sangainon 
County in 1856, and again in 1860, when he was chosen speaker 
of the House ; was appointed by President Lincoln, in 1862, on a 
commission, in conjunction with Geo. S. Boutwell, of Massachu- 
setts, and Charles A. Dana, of New York, to look after certain 
claims at Cairo, growing out of the war. In 1864 he received 
his first nomination for Congress and was elected; being re- 
elected in 1866 and again 1868. In 1872 he was again elected 
Representative, serving in the famous Twenty-ninth General 
Assembly, which was the last official position held by him 
until his election as Governor in 1876, followed by his re- 
election in 1880. In 1889 he was re-elected his own succesor in 
the United States Senate, over John M. Palmer, and is now serv- 
ing his second term. He is recognized as an astute and saga- 
cious politician, and has seldom been defeated when a candidate 
for office. 

John M. Hamilton belongs to the younger generation of 
Illinois politicians, having been born in Union Count}', Ohio, 



Il6 THE WHITE CITY ILLINIOS. 

May 28, 1847. His father came to Marshall County, Illinois, in 
1854, and at the age of seventeen young Hamilton enlisted in the 
I4ist Illinois Volunteers. He was graduated at the Ohio Wes- 
leyan University in 1868, and engaged in teaching at Henry, 
Illinois, but was soon appointed a professor of languages in the 
Illinois Wesley an University at Bloomington. He was admitted 
to the bar in 1870; elected to the State Senate from McLean 
County in 1876, and in 1880 was nominated and elected Lieuten- 
ant-Governor, becoming Governor two years later. 

The "Harper High License Law," enacted by the Thirty- 
third General Assembly (1883), has become one of the perma- 
nent features of the Illinois statutes for the control of the liquor 
traffic, and has been more or less closely copied in other States*. 

In 1884, Gen. R. J. Oglesby again became the choice of the 
Republican party for Governor, receiving at Peoria the conspic- 
uous compliment of a nomination for a third term", by acclama- 
tion. Carter H. Harrison was the candidate of the Democrats. 

The Republican National Convention was again held in 
Chicago, meeting June 3, 1884; Gen. John A. Logan was the 
choice of the Illinois Republicans for President, and was put 
in nomination in the Convention by Senator Cullom. The 
choice of the Convention, however, fell upon James G. Blaine on 
the fourth ballot, his leading competitor being President Arthur. 
Logan was then nominated for Vice-President by acclamation. 

At the election in November the Republican party met its 
first reverse on the National battlefield since 1856, Grover Cleve- 
land and Thomas A. Hendricks, the Democratic candidates, be- 
ing elected President and Vice-President by the narrow margin 
of less than 1,200 votes in the State of New York. The result 
was in doubt for several days, and the excitement throughout the 
country was scarcely less than it had been in the close election 
of 1876. The Greenback and Prohibition parties both had tick- 
ets in Illinois, polling a total of nearly 23,000 votes. The plu- 

*For an extended history of temperance legislation in the State, see " Moses' History 
of Illinois," pp. 882-892. 



ILLINOIS REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATIONS. I IJ 

rality in the State for Elaine was 25,118. The Republican State 
officers elected were R. J. Oglesby, Governor; John C. Smith, 
Lieutenant-Governor ; Henry D. Dement, Secretary of State ; 
Charles P. Swigert, Auditor; Frederick Becker, State Treasurer; 
and George Hunt, Attorney-General receiving pluralities rang- 
ing from 14,000 to 25,000. 

An incident of this election was the fraudulent attempt to 
seat Rudolph Brand (Democrat) as Senator in place of Henry 
W. Lernan, in the Sixth Senatorial District of Cook County. 
The fraud was exposed and Joseph C. Mackin, one of its alleged 
perpetrators, was sentenced to the penitentiary for four years for 
perjury growing out of the investigation. A motive for this at- 
tempted fraud was found in the close vote in the Legislature for 
United States Senator Senator Logan being a candidate for re- 
election, while the Legislature stood 102 Republicans to 100 
Democrats and two Greenbackers on joint ballot. A tedious 
contest on the election of Speaker of the House finally resulted 
in the success of E. M. Haines. Pending the struggle over the 
Senatorship, two seats in the House and one in the Senate were 
rendered vacant by death the deceased Senator and one of the 
Representatives being Democrats, and the other Representative 
a Republican. The special election for Senator resulted in fill- 
ing the vacancy with a new member of the same political faith 
as his predecessor; but both vacancies in the House were filled 
by Republicans. This gave the Republicans a majority in each 
House and the re-election of Logan followed, though not until 
two months had been consumed in the contest*. 

Logan was one of the few men prominent in State politics 
who was a native of Illinois, having been born at Murphysboro, 
February 9, 1826. At the age of twenty-one he enlisted in the 



*The result was brought about by the election of Capt. William H. Weaver, 
Representative from the Thirty-fourth District (composed of Mason, Menard, Cass and 
Schuyler Counties) over the Democratic candidate, to fill the vacancy caused by the death 
of Representative J. Henrv Shaw, Democrat. This was accomplished by what is called a 
"still hunt " on the part of the Republicans, in which the Democrats were taken by sur- 
prise. It furnished the sensation not only of the session, but of special elections gener- 
ally, especially as every county in the District was strongly Democratic. 



Il8 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

Mexican war as a member of the Fifth regiment, Illinois Volun- 
teers, becoming second lieutenant of his company. Returning 
home he began the study of law with his uncle, ex-Lieut.-Gov. 
Alex. M. Jenkins; was elected County Clerk; served in the 
Legislature two terms (the i8th and 2oth),and was then elected 
to the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh Congresses from the 
Southern District of the State. Previous to the war he was a 
zealous Democrat, but having entered into the struggle for the 
preservation of the Union he was ever after as earnest a Repub- 
lican. He entered the field as Colonel of the Thirty-first Illi- 
nois, was severely wounded at Fort Donelson, and rapidly pro- 
moted, retiring at the close of the war with the rank of Major- 
General. He was three times elected Congressman from the 
State-at-large, and before the close of his last term was elected to 
the United States Senate as successor to Richard Yates; was 
again elected to the Senate in 1879 as successor to Oglesby, and 
was re-elected his own successor. in 1885, also being the Repub- 
lican candidate for Vice-President in 1884. He died in office, De- 
cember 26, 1886. He was as brilliant and aggressive a political 
leader as he had been a soldier in the field. 

Gov. R. J. Oglesby was a native of Kentucky, being born 
in Oldham County, July 25, 1824. He came to Illinois in 1836 
and in his boyhood pursued the carpenter's trade, but afterward 
studied law and was admitted to the bar in Moultrie County. He 
was a soldier in the Mexican War, serving as First Lieutenant 
in Company C, of Col. E. D. Baker's regiment; was a candidate 
for Presidential Elector on the Whig ticket in 1852, and an un- 
successful candidate for Congress, from the Decatur District, in 
1858. In 1860 he was elected to the State Senate, and was one of 
the first to enlist in the' Union army in 1861, being commissioned 
Colonel of the Eighth Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, for both the 
three months' and the three years' service. At the battle of Cor- 
inth he was shot through the left lung and was supposed to be 
fatally wounded; became a Major-General in November, 1862, 
but resigned in 1864 on account of physical disability. His 





Gov. JOHN P. ALTGELD. 



ILLINOIS REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATIONS. 119 

election to the Governorship in the latter year, and to the United 
States Senate in 1873, just as he was entering upon his second 
term as Governor, have already been referred to. He is the only 
man in the history of the State who has been elected Governor 
for a third term a fact which illustrates his great personal popu- 
larity. He is now spending the evening of his days engaged in 
agricultural pursuits near Elkhart, Logan County, in the enjoy- 
ment of well-earned comfort and the respect of his fellow-citizens 
of all parties. 

The only disturbing event during Governor Oglesby's third 
term, were strikes among the quarrymen at Joliet and Lemont, 
in May, 1885 ; by the railroad switchmen at East St. Louis, in 
April, 1886, and among the employes at the Union Stock- Yards, 
in November of the same year. In each case troops were called 
out and order finally restored, but not until several persons had 
been killed in the two former, and both strikers and employers 
had lost heavily in the interruption of business. 

At the election of 1886, John R. Tanner and Dr. Richard 
Edwards (Republicans) were respectively elected State Treas- 
urer and State Superintendent of Public Instruction, by 34,816 
plurality for the former and 29,928 for the latter. 

In the Thirty-fifth General Assmbly, which met January, 
1887, the Republicans had a majority in each House, and Charles 
B. Farwell was elected to the United States Senate in place of 
Gen. John A. Logan, deceased. Farwell had served two terms as 
County Clerk of Cook County, one term as member of the State 
Board of Equalization, and three terms in Congress, but was 
most widely known as a successful merchant of the firm of John 
V. Farwell & Co. For a number of years he served his party 
very efficiently as Chairman of the Republican State Central 
Committee. 

The political campaign of 1888 was a spirited one, though 
less bitter than the one of four years previous. Ex-Senator 
Joseph W. Fifer, of McLean County, and Ex-Gov. John M. 
Palmer were pitted against each other as opposing candidates 



I2O THE WHITK CITY ILLINOIS. 

for Governor. Prohibition and Labor tickets were also in the 
field. The Republican National Convention was again held in 
Chicago, June 20-25, resulting in the nomination of Benjamin 
Harrison for President, on the eighth ballot. The delegates from 
Illinois, with two or three exceptions, voted steadily for Judge 
Walter Q. Gresham. Grover Cleveland headed the Democratic 
ticket as a candidate for re-election. At the November election, 
747,683 votes were cast in Illinois, giving the Republican elec- 
tors a plurality of 22,104. Fifer's plurality over Palmer was 
12,547, and that of the remainder of the Republican State ticket, 
still larger. Those elected were L- B. Ray, Lieutenant-Governor ; 
Isaac N. Pearson, Secretary of State; Gen. Charles W. Pavey, 
Auditor; Charles Becker, Treasurer, and George Hunt, Attor- 
ney-General. The Republicans secured twenty-six majority on 
joint ballot in the Legislature the largest since 1881. Among 
the acts of the Legislature of 1889 were the re-election of Sena- 
tor Cullom to the United States Senate, practically without a 
contest ; the revision of the compulsory education law, and the 
enactment of the Chicago drainage law. At a special session 
held in 1890, the preliminary legislation bearing upon the hold- 
ing of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 i n tne city of 
Chicago, was had. 

The campaign of 1890 resulted in a defeat for the Repub- 
licans on both the State and legislative tickets. Edward S. Wil- 
son was elected Treasurer by a plurality of 9,847 and Prof. 
Henry Raab, who had been Superintendent of Public Instruction 
between 1883 and 1887, was elected for a second term by 34,042. 
Though lacking two of an absolute majority on joint ballot in the 
Legislature, the Democrats were able, with the aid of two mem- 
bers belonging to the Farmer's Alliance, after a prolonged and 
exciting contest, to elect Ex-Gov. John M. Palmer, United States 
Senator as successor to C. B. Farwell. 

Senator Palmer has been conspicuous in Illinois history for 
nearly fifty years. Born in Kentucky in 1817, he came to Illi- 
nois in 1831, spent some time in Shurtleff College at Upper Alton; 



ILLINOIS REI'riil.ICAN ADMINISTRATIONS. 121 

then became a teacher, and, after studying law, was admitted to 
the bar in 1839. The first office he held was that of Probate 
Judge of Maconpin County ; he next served in the Constitu- 
tional Convention of 1847; was elected, as a Democrat, to the 
State Senate in 1852 to fill a vacancy, and re-elected in 1854 
about the latter period taking a position against the Kansas- 
Nebraska Act. This brought him in relation with the newly 
organizing Republican party, and he was chosen to preside over 
its first State Convention, held at Bloomington, in May, 1856. 
In 1858 he was defeated as a candidate for Congress in the 
Springfield District, by John A. McClernand ; was a Republican 
elector in 1868; served as a member of the Washington Peace 
Conference of 1861 ; was soon after commissioned Colonel of the 
Fourteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, proving himself a 
brave soldier at Stone's River, Chicamauga and other battle- 
fields, and being rapidly promoted to the rank of Major-General. 
On account of a difference with General Sherman on a question 
of precedence in rank he asked to be relieved of his command 
before Atlanta, in 1864 ; was appointed by the President, in the 
last year of the war, to the command of the military district of 
Kentucky, but finally resigned September i, 1866. In 1868 he 
was nominated and elected, by the Republicans, Governor of 
Illinois. Near the close of his term he joined in the "Liberal 
Republican" movement of 1872, finally identifying himself with 
the Democratic party. Besides making an unsuccessful race for 
Governor in 1888, he has repeatedly received the support of his 
party for United States Senator, though his present place in the 
Senate is the first official position he has held since retiring from 
the Governorship. 

Governor Fifer's, the last in a long succession of Republi- 
can administrations, closed with the industrial and financial in- 
terests of the State in a prosperous condition, the State out of 
debt and with an ample surplus in its treasury. Fifer was born 
of German parentage at Stanton, Virginia, October 28, 1840, and 
came to McLean County, Illinois, in 1857. Here he pursued 



122 THE WHITE CITY ILI.IXOIS. 

the occupation of his father, which was that of a farmer and 
bricklayer. At the breaking out of the war, having not yet 
reached his majority, he enlisted as a private in Company C of 
the Thirty-third Illinois Volunteers, known as the Normal or 
"School Teachers' Regiment." In the assault at Jackson, Miss- 
issippi, in 1863, a minie-ball passed entirely through his body, 
inflicting a wound at first considered mortal. After a long con- 
valescence he returned to his regiment, rendering faithful ser- 
vice to the end of the period of his enlistment ; he still suffers, 
however, from the effect of his wound. After his discharge from 
the army he entered the Wesleyaii University at Bloomington, 
graduating in the class of 1868, and a year later was admitted to 
the bar. Having served successively in the offices of corporation 
counsel of the city of Bloomington and of State's Attorney for Mc- 
Lean County, he was elected to the State Senate, serving in the 
Thirty-second and Thirty-third General Assemblies. Here he 
established a reputation as a speaker and legislator, as he had 
already done as a prosecutor in the office of State's Attorney, 
laying the foundation of that popularity which secured for him 
active friends throughout the State and resulted in his election as 
Governor in 1888. He was nominated for re-election, with most 
of the other State officers in 1892, but in the general revulsion 
which swept over the country, was defeated. Governor Fifer was 
the first private soldier of the late war to be elevated to the exec- 
utive chair, but will probably not be the last. Since retiring 
from office he has resumed the practice of his profession at 
Bloomington. 

The only new names on the Republican State ticket of 1892 
were those of Henry L. Hertz for Treasurer, and George \Y. 
Prince, of Galesburg, for Attorney-General the latter in place 
of George Hunt, who had acquitted himself with distinguished 
ability through two terms. 

The Democratic National Convention of 1892 was held at 
Chicago, June 21-24, and that of the Republicans at Minneap- 
olis; the former placing in nomination Grover Cleveland for 




VICE PRES., ADLAI E. STEVENSON. 



ILLINOIS REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATIONS. 123 

the Presidency for a third time, with Adlai E. Stevenson, of Illi- 
nois, for Vice-President ; the latter renominating President Har- 
rison, with Whitelaw Reed, of New York, for the second place. 
The Democratic State ticket bore the names of John P. Altgeld, 
of Cook County, for Governor; J. B. Gill, of Jackson, for Lieu- 
tenant-Governor ; William H. Hinrichsen, of Morgan, for Secre- 
tary of State; David Gore, of Macoupin, for Auditor; Rufus N. 
Ramsay, of Clinton, for Treasurer, and Maurice T. Moloney of 
La Salle, for Attorney-General; it was elected by pluralities 
ranging from 19,537 to 23,569. The plurality for the Cleveland 
electors was 26,993, and that for Altgeld for Governor was 22,- 
808. The Prohibitionist and Populist parties cast a combined 
vote in the State of over 47,000. Of the twenty-two Represent- 
atives in Congress from the Sta.te, eleven are Republicans and 
eleven Democrats, including among the latter, two Congressmen 
from the .State-at-large. The Thirty-eighth General Assembly 
stands twenty-nine Democrats to twenty-two Republicans in the 
Senate, and seventy-eight Democrats to seventy-five Republicans 
in the House. 

Governor Altgeld, though new in State politics, is not with- 
out positive opinions, and has enjoyed considerable local noto- 
riety. He is the first foreign-born citizen who has ever been 
elected Governor of Illinois. Born in Prussia about 1848, he 
came to America in boyhood, his father settling in the vicinity of 
Mansfield, Ohio, where he received such education as the com- 
mon schools afforded. Early in 1864 he enlisted as a substitute 
in an Ohio regiment and saw some service in the operations 
against Richmond. After the war he spent some time in a 
select school at Lexington, Ohio, still later dividing his time be- 
tween teaching, study and farm work. About 1869 he went to 
Missouri, finally reaching Savannah in that State, where he en- 
gaged in reading law and was admitted to the bar the next year. 
In 1874 he was elected to his first office that of prosecuting at- 
torney of Andrew Count}', Missouri but resigned in the middle 
of his term, removing to Chicago in the fall of 1875. In 1884 he 



124 



THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 



was a candidate for Congress on the Democratic ticket in the 
Third District, but was defeated by the Hon. George E. Adams. 
In 1885 he was regarded as a possible candidate for United States 
Senator, but in the following year was elected a Judge of the 
Superior Court. Besides attending to his duties as a Judge, he 
has been a somewhat prolific writer, especially on economic and 
punitive or reformatory policies. He also engaged in real estate 
transactions in which he was very fortunate, accumulating a 
large fortune in the course of ten or twelve years. This induced 
him to resign his position on the bench and to look higher, 
aspiring to the United States Senatorship in 1891, and finally to 
the Governorship two years later. 





BOARD OF TRADE, CHICAGO. 



CHAPTER XII. 



THE BUILDING OF A STATE. 

THREE-QUARTERS OF A CENTURY UNDER THE STATE GOVERN- 
MENT COMMON SCHOOLS AND .STATE INSTITUTIONS 
EARLY NEWSPAPERS INDUSTRIES AGRICULTURE 
-ILLINOIS COAL PRODUCTION ILLINOIS AND 
MICHIGAN CANAL RAILROADS 
MANUFACTURES, ETC. 

v ^EFORE the close of the year 1893, Illinois will 
have completed the third quarter century of its 
existence as a State. With a history running 
back two hundred years, to the time when Joliet 
and La Salle, with their little bands of Canadian 
voyageurs, first entered its wilds, and Marquette, 
Allouez and Gravier founded their missions 
among the Indian tribes on the Upper Illinois, the 
area of its greatest development is comprised within 
these seventy-five years of State history. The preceding hun- 
dred and twenty-five years constituted a period of exploration 
and investigation with imperfect and inadequate agencies, in 
which the transition from savagery to civilization was sometimes 
so slow and gradual that it was often doubtful whether there was 
real progress, and when the elements of both were so intermin- 
gled that it was hard to find the dividing line where heathen 
barbarism ended and Christian enlightment began. And yet, 
as in all new countries, there has been no period so full of stir- 
ring incidents and of romantic, even tragic interest, as that in 




Illinois. 



as 



126 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

which the "Country of the Illinois" was being won from its 
aboriginal proprietors and prepared to become the home of the 
four millions of people who occupy its soil to-day. 

It will be the object of this chapter to note some of the 
changes which have been wrought upon the country in the pe- 
riod named, and to point out some of the agencies by which 
these results have been achieved. In the first place, Illinois 
owes its wonderful development, for the first fifty years after its 
organization as a Territory, to the remarkable foresight and 
sagacity of the authors of the Ordinance of 1787. This pro- 
tected it from the blight of human slavery, which then spread 
over half the Republic and threatened every new Territory. It 
also laid the foundation of that liberal system of free school edu- 
cation which had but just begun to obtain a foothold in the most 
progressive States, but which has since become the heritage and 
pride of the Northwest. The act of the authors of the Ordi- 
nance of 1787 in declaring in favor of the encouragement of 
"schools and the means of education," on the ground that "re- 
ligion, morality and knowledge " are "necessary to good govern- 
ment," was supplemented by Judge Nathaniel Pope, then Dele- 
gate from the Territory of Illinois, in securing the introduction, 
for the first time in the enabling act of 1818, of a provision 
setting apart the sixteenth section of each township and three- 
fifths of the five per cent, fund accruing to the State from the 
sale of public lands within its borders, to the cause of education. 
It is a curious fact that, during the first year after the settlement 
of the question that Illinois was still to maintain its stand as a 
free State, by the refusal of the people, in 1824, to call a State 
Convention for the purpose of making a pro-slavery Constitution, 
the first law (that of 1825) looking to a system of free schools 
was enacted by the Legislature. Although little was accom- 
plished under this act, owing to the poverty of the people and 
the inability to dispose of the school lands to advantage, it in- 
dicated the drift of public sentiment which has since brought 
about positive results. 



ILLINOIS BUILDING A STATE. 127 

Intimately connected with the free-school system in fact, 
leading and directing the public sentiment which successfully 
demanded its establishment was the newspaper press. The 
first newspaper published in the State was the Illinois Herald 
changed in 1817 to the Illinois Intelligencer- it was established 
at Kaskaskia by Capt. Matthew Duncan, a brother of Joseph 
Duncan, afterwards a member of Congress and Governor of the 
State. The date of the establishment of the Herald has been 
claimed as early as 1809, the year of the organization of the 
Territorial Government, though there is no positive evidence of 
its publication before 1814. The Illinois Emigrant was pub- 
lished, at Shawneetown, in 1818, its editor, Henry Eddy, being a 
lawyer of recognized ability and State reputation. Its name 
was changed in 1824 to the Illinois Gazette. The Kdwardsville 
Spectator, the third paper published in the State, was started 
by Hooper Warren in 1819. The Star of the West, established 
at the same place in 1822, became the Illinois Republican in 1823. 
The Republican Advocate took the place of the Intelligencer, 
which had been removed from Kaskaskia to Vandalia in 1823, 
R. K. Fleming, the head of a family long connected with the 
press at Belleville and elsewhere in the southern part of the 
State, being the publisher. These five papers were published in 
1824 and took a more or less active part in the discussion of the pro- 
posed new Constitution for the establishment of slavery the Illi- 
nois Republicans^ the Republican Advocate favoring the measure; 
the Spectator and finally the Intelligencer opposing it, and the 
Shawneetown Gazette publishing articles on both sides, though 
its influence was rather opposed to the proposition. Other early 
papers, though of a somewhat later date than these, were the 
Sangamo Spectator, established at Springfield in 1826 by Hooper 
Warren; the Miners 1 Journal, at Galena, by James Jones, in 
1828; the Illinois Corrector, at Edwardsville, also in 1828; the 
Galena Advertiser, published by Newhall, Philleo & Co., at 
Galena in 1829 the "Co." being Hooper Warren, who had been 
connected with papers at Edwardsville and Springfield; the Al- 



128 THK WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

ton Spectator, started by Edward Breath in 1830; the Sangamo 
Journal (now State Journal} founded in 1831 by Simeon Francis, 
who continued to conduct it until 1855, and the oldest paper of 
continuous publication in the State ; the Alton Telegraph, estab- 
lished a year later; and the Chicago Democrat, the first paper 
ever published in Chicago, founded by John Calhoun in 1833, 
contimied by John Wentworth for twenty-five years and merged 
into the Chicago Tribune in 1861. The first daily paper pub- 
lished in Chicago or the State, was the Chicago American, estab- 
lished in 1839. 

Such were the beginnings of the newspaper press of Illi- 
nois and its growth during the first quarter century of the exis- 
tence of the Territorial and State Governments. How it has ex- 
panded and grown since that time is indicated by the fact that 
the whole number of periodical publications in the State of all 
sorts, in 1892, was 1,572, published in 536 cities, towns and vil- 
lages. Of these 136 were issued daily ; 1,150 weekly; 36 semi- 
monthly; 209 monthly, and 14 quarterly. 

Undoubtedly the first schools established in the " Country of 
the Illinois" were those founded by the early priests and mis- 
sionaries for the purpose of giving instruction to the children of 
the pioneers, and such of the natives as would accept it, in the 
rudiments of a secular education and in the tenets of the church. 
For a hundred years up to and after the capture of Kaskaskia 
and the neighboring settlements by Col. George Rogers Clark, 
in 1778 French was the only language used in the country be- 
sides the dialects of the various tribes of Indians. Capt. Philip 
Pittrnan, who visited Kaskaskia between 1766 and 1770, in his 
report on the " European Settlements on the Mississippi," makes 
mention of the "Jesuits' house" at Kaskaskia, which has been 
called by others "the Jesuit College," supposed to have been 
used as a fort at the time of the capture by Clark. This was no 
doubt used as a school for both whites and Indians, as well as a 
home by the priests, and a place of instruction for the acolytes 
and candidates for the priesthood. The first English school was 



ILLINOIS BUILDING A STATE. I2Q 

taught at New Design, in Monroe County, by John Seely, where 
the first English settlement had been established a year pre- 
vious. It is impossible to follow in. these pages the establish- 
ment of individual schools or the development in detail of the 
school system under the State Government. This has been a 
process of " the survival of the fittest," though the greatest de- 
velopment undoubtedly occurred under the long and successful 
administration of the office of State Superintendent of Public In- 
struction by Dr. Newton Bateman now the honored President 
of Kiiox College at Galesburg extending from 1859 to 1875, 
with the exception of an interval of two years. During this 
period the school laws were codified and rendered harmonious, 
and the efforts made to establish a system of free-schools per- 
fected. 

The following statistics are taken from the report of the 
State Superintendent of Public Instruction for 1890: 

No. of Schools 12,259 

No. of School Houses . ' 12,252 

No. of Teachers 23, 164 

Receipts From all Sources $12,402,495 

Expenditures $12,137,281 

The average salaries for the same period were $54.63 per month 
for male teachers and $44.41 for female teachers. 

The permanent school fund derived from all sources, ac- 
cording to the same report, was $5,780,692, while the value of 
school lands still unsold, amounted to $5,204,861, making a total 
of $10,985,553. 

' Of higher institutions of learning Colleges and Semi- 
naries having an average attendance of 100 pupils each, for 
the year 1888, there were forty-two. Of these, six were de- 
voted to instruction in theology, the others being wholly or in 
part literary and scientific. The oldest is Illinois College, at 
Jacksonville, founded in 1829 by a band of young men from Yale 
College, though not incorporated for several years, on account of 
the prejudice in the Legislature against "Yankees " and the in- 
corporation of institutions to teach theology that being one of 
the departments according to the original plan. The late Dr. 



130 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

Julian M. Sturtevant, for many years its President, was most 
active in the establishment of this institution, while, the ven- 
erable Dr. Edward Beecher was its first President. McKendree 
College, at Lebanon, came next, being incorporated by the same 
Legislature that incorporated Illinois College, though it had 
been established as an experimental school some years before. 
The Female Academy at Jacksonville and the Monticello Female 
Seminary at Godfrey were established the same year (1835) as 
was also Shurtleff College at Upper Alton at first a young 
men's College under the patronage of the Baptist church, 
though now a mixed school. 

Within the past two years a great impulse has been given to 
higher education by the establishment of the University of Chi- 
cago, with an endowment and building fund now estimated at 
seven millions of dollars, contributed by a number of liberal 
capitalists headed by John D. Rockefeller ; the Armour Insti- 
tute of Chicago, and the enlargement .of the plans of other in- 
stitutions, including the Northwestern University at Evanston, 
and Lake Forest University at Lake Forest. 

As a part of its educational system, the State has established 
and maintains three institutions of a high grade, viz: the Illi- 
nois State Normal University (founded in 1857), at Normal; the 
University of Illinois (1867), at Champaign, and the Southern 
Normal University (1869), at Carboudale. The first two of 
these were practically the outcome of an agitation maintained 
with great activity for several years for the establishment in the 
State of an "Industrial University," having for its object impart- 
ing instruction in those branches "related to agriculture and the 
mechanic arts," though other scientific and classical studies were 
not to be excluded. This scheme was advocated with great 
earnestness by an association of prominent citizens of the State, 
at the head of which was the venerable Prof. Jonathan B. Turner, 
of Jacksonville, and a series of State conventions for its promo- 
tion was held, beginning with 1851. They finally saw the frui- 
tion of their hopes in the passage by Congress, in 1862, of an 



ILLINOIS BUILDING A STATE. 

act making a grant of lands to each of the States for the purpose 
of founding institutions of the character desired, and the Illi- 
nois University at Champaign was the result, so far as Illinois 
was concerned. 

The system of benevolent institutions, built up by the State 
of Illinois almost entirely within the past forty years, is of the 
most extensive and liberal character. These include the Insti- 
tution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb (now the most 
extensive of the kind in the world) at Jacksonville, founded by 
an act of the Legislature in 1839, but not opened for pupils un- 
til 1846; the Central Hospital for the Insane, Jacksonville, 
founded in 1847, ^ ut not opened until four years later; the Insti- 
tution for the Blind, Jacksonville, 1849; tne Soldiers' Orphans' 
Home, Normal, 1865; the Institution for Feeble-Minded Chil- 
dren, first established as an "experimental school " at Jackson- 
ville, 1865, permanently established at Lincoln in 1875; the 
Northern Hospital for the Insane, Elgin, 1869 ; Eye and Ear 
Infirmary, Chicago, 1871; Eastern Hospital for the Insane, Kan- 
kakee, 1877; Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Quincy, 1885; Asy- 
lum for Insane Criminals, Chester, 1889. The aggregate value 
of these institutions was estimated several years ago at over $5,- 
000,000, but it has been largely increased by additions to the 
buildings belonging to several of them since. 

The aggregate number of inmates in the several benevolent 
institutions of the State, according to the report of the Board of 
Public Charities in 1890, was 10,271, of which 5,772 were in 
Hospitals for the Insane ; 507 in the Institution for the Deaf and 
Dumb; 187 in the School for the Blind; 489 in the Institution 
for the Feeble-minded; 503 in the Soldiers' Orphans' Home; 
526 in the Reform School, and 1,347 in tne Soldiers' and Sailors' 
Home. 

The penal and reformatory institutions include the Northern 
Penitentiary, originally located at Alton in 1831, but removed to 
Joliet by act of the Legislature in 1851 ; the Southern Peniten- 
tiary, at Chester, established in 1887, and the Reform School at 



132 THK WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

Pontiac, established in 1867. The combined cost of these insti- 
tutions has been about $2,000,000. 

Possessing a soil unsurpassed in natural fertility ; situated be- 
tween the Lakes and the greatest river of the continent, which 
connects it with the Gulf of Mexico, and -stretching through five 
and a half degrees of the most desirable portion of the temper- 
ate /one, Illinois is primarily an agricultural State. In the 
variety and abundance of its products it is unsurpassed. Jn 
proportion to its area, it contains fewer acres of land unfit for 
cultivation than any other State in the Union. The State Board 
of Agriculture and the State Horticultural Society, aided by the 
county societies, have been untiring in their efforts to promote 
the interests of cultivators of the soil and have accomplished 
much in that direction. 

The agricultural and horticultural products include corn, 
wheat and the other varieties of grain; apples, peaches and small 
fruits especially strawberries in the southern part; and every 
variety of garden vegetables common to the temperate zone. 
These products are easily marketed by means of the railroad 
lines which traverse every section of the State, and find a ready 
sale in Chicago, St. Louis and the smaller cities. 

Owing to its geological formation it produces comparatively 
few minerals, but those found are most useful and are easily 
accessible : they include lead in the northwest and in the south ; 
salt in the southeast ; kaolin (clay suitable for the manufacture 
of porcelain ), in the south; several varieties of building stone in 
different portions, with small deposits of iron in some of the 
southern counties. But the mineral which exists in the greatest 
abundance, and for which there is the largest demand, is the 
bituminous coal which underlies, in practically exhaustless 
abundance, more than half the area of the State. The develop- 
ment of its. coal-mines has furnished a new and profitable in- 
dustry for the employment of both labor and capital, besides 
transforming a region, originally purely agricultural, into one of 
the most desirable fields for manufacturing enterprises. The re- 



ILLINOIS BUILDING A STATE. 133 

port of the Bureau of Labor Statistics for 1891* shows that 918 
mines were in operation during that year, in 57 counties of the 
State, employing a total of 32,951 persons, of whom 26,059 were 
miners. The total amount of coal mined was 15,660,698 tons, 
representing in value at the mines, $14,237,974. The total pro- 
duct for ten years from 1882 to 1891, inclusive, was 130,- 
062, 270 tons. The estimated area of the coal fields of the State 
is 37,000 square miles. 

The feasibility of uniting the waters of Lake Michigan 
with those of the Mississippi attracted the attention of the 
earliest explorers, and was made the subject of a report by Al- 
bert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury, as early as 1808, and 
by John C. Calhoun, Secretary of War, in 1819. The scheme 
began to be agitated in the State soon after its admission into 
the Union, being discussed in the messages of Governors Bond 
and Coles. The first legislation by Congress on the subject, 
was the passage of an act, March 30, 1822, "authorizing the 
State of Illinois to open a canal through the public lands to con- 
nect the Illinois River with Lake Michigan" ; this was followed, 
in 1827, by a grant of land amounting to about 300,000 acres, 
for the purpose of prosecuting the work. After the passage of 
various acts on the subject by the State Legislature commenc- 
ing in 1825 at the session of 1835 a loan of $500,000 was 
authorized and the work began July 4, 1836. It languished, 
however, for years and it was not until April 10, 1848, that the 
first boat passed through the canal from Lockport to Chicago ; 
another passing through its whole length from La Salle to Chi- 
cago, a distance of 100 miles, on the twenty-third of the same 
month. The total amount expended in construction including 
$2,955,340 refunded to Chicago after the great fire was $9,- 
513,031, while the amount returned to the State up to 1879, was 
$8,819,731, of which $5,886,039 was from the sale of canal lands 
and the remainder from net earnings. 

For years Illinois has stood in the front rank of States in 

*No later reports are accessible at the date of preparing this chapter. 



134 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

the number and extent of its railroad lines. Its location in the 
heart of the continent and on the great highway of commerce be- 
tween the Atlantic and Pacific ; its uniformity of surface and the 
productiveness of its soil, with its rapidly increasing population 
and its growth of commercial and manufacturing cities, have 
rendered it a profitable and favorite field for this class of enter- 
prise. Chimerical as afterward appeared the gigantic internal 
improvement scheme of 1836-7, its projectors dimly foresaw 
what has since been more than realized. They were simply 
mistaken as to the time and manner of the undertaking. They 
proposed to invest $10,000,000 in the construction of half a 
dozen main lines of railroad which should reach every quarter of 
the State, and, in order to appease every section, commenced the 
work at as many different points as possible. The result was, 
that while they expended a vast sum of money, a section of only 
58 miles of road then known as the "Northern Cross" was 
completed, extending from the Illinois River, at Meredosia, to 
Springfield. The first rail upon this was laid May 9, 1838; the 
first locomotive was placed upon it six months after ; it was com- 
pleted to Jacksonville, January i, 1840, and to Springfield in 
May, 1842. Five years later it was sold to a Springfield banker 
for $21,100, and being reconstructed, afterward became a part of 
what is now known as the great " \V abash System." 11 

The Galena & Chicago Union Railroad, chartered at the 
same time as the Northern Cross, was commenced at Chicago 
almost immediately, but work was suspended in 1838. Nine 
years later it was resumed and in January, 1850, it was com- 
pleted to Elgin, a distance of 42 miles; communication with 
Galena was obtained in 1854 by way of the Illinois Central from 
Freeport.f This line was afterward extended to Fulton, Illinois, 

*A tram-way was built in St. Clair County by Ex-Gov. John Reynolds and his asso- 
ciates, in 1836-7, for the transportation of coal from the bluffs to St. Louis, but this was no 
part of the "internal improvement scheme" begun by the State, being a private 
enterprise. 

tAn interesting incident bearing upon this period in history, is the mention, in a 
Galena paper in 1829, under the head of "Galena Enterprise," of thepassageof thefirst 
freighting expedition between Galena and Chicago. This was desribed as " Mr. Soulard's 
Mule team," which had recently returned " from Chicago near the southern-most bend 



ILLINOIS BUILDING A STATE. 135 

and became a part of the Chicago and Northwestern system. 

The third road constructed was a section, thirteen miles in 
length, between Txirner Junction and Aurora, in Du Page 
County, at first known as the, " Aurora branch railroad," now a 
part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy. 

The section of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, from Alton to 
Springfield, was first chartered under the name of the "Alton 
and Sangamon," in 1847. Its construction was begun in 1852 
and completed to Springfield in 1853 ; to Bloomington in 1854 ; 
to Joliet in 1856, and to Chicago in 1857, the original cost 
amounting to $9,500.000. The various sections of this road came 
into the hands of the present company in 1862. Its manage- 
ment has been at once conservative and enterprising, and it 
now ranks as one of the most successful railroad enterprises 
in the land. It controls 848.98 miles of road, of which 586.36 
miles are in Illinois. 

The Illinois Central Railroad Company was organized in 
1851 to construct a railroad from Cairo northward, with branches 
to Chicago and Dubuque, Iowa, and was based on the grant of 
lands by Congress to the State for that purpose. Work was 
commenced almost immediately and was prosecuted during the 
next five years, about 700 miles being constructed up to 1856. 
It has since acquired several branch roads in the State and out 
of it, and, with lines extending from New Orleans to Central 
Iowa, is one of the gigantic railroad corporations of the country. 
The amount paid by it into the State treasury in the seven per 
cent, tax upon its gross eamings, from October 31, 1855, to 
April 30, 1892, aggregated $13,175.352. 

of Lake Michigan," whither it l.ad taken a load of one and a half tons of lead. The de- 
termination of the exact location of Chicago is of interest. The paper adds : "This is 
the first wagon that has ever passed from the Mississippi River to Chicago. The route 
taken from the mines was to Ogee's ferry on Rock River 80 miles ; thence an east course 
60 miles to the missionary establishment on Fox River of the Illinois, and thence a 
northerly course, 60 miles to Chicago, making the distance from this place to Chicago, as 

traveled," 200 miles The trip out was performed in eleven days and the return 

trip in eight days The lead was taken by water from Chicago to Detroit . . . 

. . . Should a road be surveyed and marked on the best ground and the shortest distance, 
a trip could be performed in much less time. And if salt could be obtained at Chicago 
from the New York salt-works, it would be a profitable and advantageous trade. ' ' (ialena 
i; Si pi. //, 1X29. 



136 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

Other earl} T railroad enterprises were the Terre Haute & 
Alton Railroad now the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute be- 
gun in 1852 and completed in 1854; the Chicago, Rock Island 
& Pacific, begun under the name of the Chicago & Rock Island, 
in 1852, and completed two years after; the Ohio & Mississippi, 
from East St. Louis to Cincinnati, completed in 1857, with an 
auxiliary line since constructed from Beardstown to Shawneetown, 
intersecting the main line at Flora ; the St. Louis, Chicago & 
St. Paul; the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw, etc. These roads have 
of late years been generally prosperous and have accomplished a 
vast work in the development of the country through which they 
pass. 

The various- lines of railroad in operation in Illinois num- 
ber over sixty, many of them having numerous branches which 
have been absorbed since their original construction. Their to- 
tal mileage in Illinois, according to the report of the Railroad 
and Warehouse Commission, for 1890, was 10,163 miles. During 
the past two years about 170 miles have been constructed, mak- 
ing the total mileage at the close of 1892, about 10,333. The 
growth of this class of enterprise in the State is indicated by the 
mileage at different decades, as follows : 

Year. Miles. Year. Miles. 

1850 in 1880 7-857 

1860 2,790 1890 10,163 

1870 4,823 1892 10,333 

The following is a list of the principal railroad corporations 
operating in the State, with the number of miles under control 
of each in 1892: 

NAME OF ROAD. Total Mileage. Mileage in State. 

Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe 7,106.14 285.8 

Chicago & Alton, 848.98 586.36 

Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, 2,139.41 1,236.89 

Chicago & Eastern Illinois, 272.3 221.64 

Chicago & Northwestern, 4,300.21 586.28 

Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, 3,131.6 236.8 

Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, . . . 2,324.8 697 

Elgin, Joliet & Eastern, 165 144 

Illinois Central 2,989.09 1,395-55 



ILLINOIS BUILDING A STATE. 137 

NAME OF ROAD. Total Mileage. Mileage in State. 

Indianapolis, Decatur & Western, *5 2 -5 74-S 

Jacksonville Southeastern, 298.4 298.4 

Lake Erie & Western . . . . 585.84 121.02 

Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis, 350.3 '4-8 

Louisville & Nashville 2,906.1 179.67 

Mobile & Ohio, 687.6 160.6 

Ohio & Mississippi, 625.75 371-49 

Peoria, Decatur & Evansville, 243 201 

Rock Island & Peoria 185 185 

St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul, 85 85 

St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute, 242 242 

Terre Haute & Peoria, 144 144 

Terre Haute & Indianapolis, 460.6 158.3 

Toledo, Peoria & Western, 230 230 

Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas City, 451 172 

Wabash, 1,834.4 726 

Wisconsin Central, 851.15 59-62 

Every county in the State but three is intersected by at least 
one line of railroad; the exceptions are Calhoun, Hardin and 
Pope. 

Besides these, the Baltimore & Ohio; Chicago & Grand 
Trunk ; Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul ; Lake Shore & Mich- 
igan Southern; Michigan Central; Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne & 
Chicago, though having a small extent of mileage in the State, 
do a large business in Illinois. 

While the rapid growth of the State has influenced the 
building of railroads, still the influence of the railroad system 
upon the prosperity of the Commonwealth has been reciprocal, as 
is shown in the opening up of every section of it to cultivation, 
in its rapid increase in population, the growth of towns and 
cities, and the vast development of manufacturing enterprises. 
Beginning with a population of 34,620 on its admission to the 
Union, in 1818, in 1820 it had increased to 55,162; in 1830, 
to 157,445; in 1840, to 476,183 ; in 1850, 10851,470; in 1860, to 
1,711,951; in 1870, to 2,539,891; in 1880, to 3,077,871; and in 
1890, to 3,818,536 more than the entire population of the thir- 
teen original States, and making it the third State in population 
in the Union, exceeded only by New York and Pennsylvania. 
The census of 1890 returned twenty -one cities in the State each 
with a population exceeding 10,000, against twelve of the same 



138 THK WHITK CITY TIJ.IXOIS. 

class in 1880. The ratio of increase in these in the preceding 
decade had been from twenty to more than one hundred per 
cent. The city having the largest relative growth not except- 
ing Chicago, which had extended its area by annexing several 
suburbs was Joliet, followed by Elgin, Rockford and Aurora, in 
the order named. In each case the rapid growth was due largely 
to the development of manufacturing enterprises. Besides the 
' cities named, the following have grown rapidly in importance as 
manufacturing centres: Springfield, Peoria, Bloomington, Mo- 
line, Quincy, East St. Louis and Galesburg. Chicago and its 
suburbs, with Joliet, East St. Louis and Springfield, lead in iron 
and steel manufacture ; Rockford, Springfield and Decatur in 
furniture and other forms of wood-work ; Elgin, Rockford and 
Springfield, in watches; Chicago, Moline, Peoria, Rockford, De- 
catur and Springfield, in agricultural implements ; while large 
quantities of various qualities of paper are manufactured at 
Rockford, Moline, Springfield and Rivertou, Chicago and Kan- 
kakee. Immense stock-yards and packing-houses at Chicago 

and East St. Louis furnish a market for the live stock of the 

i 

Mississippi valley and supply cured and canned meats for home 
and foreign consumption ; the elevators of Chicago and East St. 
Louis store the grain of the Northwest, and the mills of Alton, 
Rockford, Quincy, Rock Island, Moline and other cities grind it 
into flour for the markets of the world. 

The aggregate valuation of taxable property in the State in 
1892, was $831,310,306. As this was on an ackowledged basis 
of about 25 per cent, of the cash value, the real value of the 
whole property of the State will not fall short of $,3,300,000,000. 
The proportion of the assessment falling upon railroads was 
$77,108,390, and upon other corporations, $6,549,202. 

This chapter would be wanting in completeness did it fail to 
mention some of those who, as the original founders of the com- 
monwealth, or, at a later period, its builders, protectors and de- 
fenders, have assisted to make Illinois what it is to-day. And 
first in order of time, if not in honor, should stand the name of 




MASONIC TEMPLE, CHICAGO. 



ILLINOIS BUILDING A STATE. 139 

the eloquent orator of the Revolution, Patrick Henry, who, as 
Governor of Virginia, authorized the expedition which captured 
" the Illinois Country" from the British in 1778, and the in- 
trepid and daring young Virginian, Col. George Rogers Clark, 
who carried the plan into execution. Henry thus became Illi- 
nois' first Governor. 

Then, again, all honor is due to the men who gave form and 
vitality to the Ordinance of 1787 to Thomas Jefferson wha 
formulated the prohibition of slavery in the Territory of the 
Northwest, which was finally passed in an amended and improved 
form ; to Manasseh Cutler, the distinguished New England 
champion of popular education, who aided in its adoption; to 
Nathan Dane, the enlightened and sagacious statesman of Massa- 
chusetts, who composed and drafted the act, and to Richard 
Henry Lee of Virginia, and John Kean of South Carolina, 
whose votes assisted to enact it into law. The fact is none the 
less worthy of mention because Southern men, identified with 
the institution of slavery, contributed in the largest measure to 
the result. Neither can the services of Edwards, Territorial 
Governor, United States Senator and State executive, be forgot- 
ten ; nor those of the frank and generous Pierre Menard, first 
Lieutenant-Governor ; nor of Nathaniel Pope, Delegate in Con- 
gress, who won the soil on which Chicago stands for Illinois, and 
secured a perpetual inheritance for the common schools of the 
State ; nor of Daniel P. Cook, the youthful and gifted Congress- 
man, who won the first victory in Congress for the Illinois and 
Michigan Canal ; nor of Governor Coles, the patriotic executive, 
who defeated the conspiracy to establish slavery in Illinois ; nor 
his co-laborers the pure, scholarly and judicial -minded Lock- 
wood, Hooper Warren, the pioneer journalist, and Thomas Lip- 
pincott; nor of John McLean and Elias Kent Kane, in the 
United States Senate ; nor of John Reynolds, Justice of the Su- 
preme Court, Governor, Congressman, "Old Ranger" and histo- 
rian; nor of the liberal and high-minded Duncan, Congressman 
and Governor ; none of these can be deprived of the place which 



140 THR WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

has been assigned them in the history of the State. To a later 
period belonged Governor Ford, historian, and defender of the 
credit of the State ; Trumbnll and Douglas, each Secretary of 
State, Justice of the Supreme Court, Congressman and United 
States Senator; J. D. Caton, for twenty-two years on the Supreme 
bench ; Sidney Breese, Justice of the Supreme Court, United 
States Senator and Speaker of the House of Representatives ; 
Hardin, Baker and Bissell, Congressmen and soldiers of the 
Mexican War the first falling at Buena Vista, the second, at 
Ball's Bluff in the War of the Rebellion, and the last becoming 
the first Republican Governor of Illinois. Among the men who 
founded colonies and attracted new settlers, were Birkbeck and 
Flower of the English settlement in Edwards County, the Bonds 
of Monroe, the Lemens of St. Clair, the Judys of Madison, the 
Kinzies of old Fort Dearborn, and, of a later period, John Wood 
of Quincy, Dixon and Dement on Rock River, Gurdon S. Hub- 
bard, the Clybourns, Beaubiens, Philo S. Carpenter, and others 
at Chicago. 

Among educators, who founded and built up institutions, as 
well as wrote history, were the indefatigable John M. Peck, Ed- 
ward Beecher, Julian M. Sturtevant, Jonathan B. Turner; Prof. 
Loomis and the Leverett Brothers of Shurtleff College; B. G. 
Roots, William H. Wells, Dr. Richard Edwards, Dr. Newton 
Bateman and a host of nameless teachers in log school-houses 
who gave direction to the minds of the future leaders of the 
State. Not less important were the labors of an army of pio- 
neer ministers of various denominations who dispensed religious 
instruction to the scattered population. 

On material lines, a vast work was accomplished by the 
engineers and capitalists who built up mercantile enterprises, 
projected and constructed railroads, founded cities and erected 
manufactories as the Morrisons, Lamb and Mather, at Old Kas- 
kaskia; Gooding, Buckland, Jenne and Morgan, Ogden, Turner, 
Farnam and others. 

Coming down to the period of the late War, the number who 



ILLINOIS BUILDING A STATR. 



141 



won a prominent place in history is vastly increased. Many of 
them surrendered their lives on southern battle-fields, including 
a Wallace, a Wyman, a Mulligan and many more. Others sur- 
vived to serve the State in official stations, such as Logan, 
Oglesby, Palmer, Henderson, P. Sidney Post, Beveridge, Lippen- 
cott, Jesse J. Phillips,. E. N. Bates, John C. and George W. 
Smith, McNulta, Rinaker, Fifer and scores of their comrades. 
A name with which to conjure among both soldiers and civilians, 
was that of the gifted Yates, Illinois' patriotic "War Governor." 
But two names from the ranks of Illinoisans have been assigned 
a higher place than all others, and have left a deeper impress 
upon the history of the State' and the Nation; these are Ulysses 
S. Grant, the organizer of victory for the Union arms and con- 
queror of the Rebellion, and Abraham Lincoln, the Great Eman- 
cipator, the preserver of the Republic and its martyred 
President. 





><_< 



CHAPTER XIII. 
ILLINOIS OFFICIALS. 



LIST OF EXECUTIVE OFFICERS UNDER THE TERRITORIAL AND 

STATE GOVERNMENTS. 

OV. ARTHUR ST^CLAIR was the first regu- 
larly appointed Governor of the Northwest Ter- 
ritory (of which Illinois then formed a part), 
receiving his appointment February i, 1788, and 
serving until 1800, when Indiana Territory (in- 
.cluding " the Illinois Country ") was set off from 
Ohio. Gen. William Henry Harrison was then 
(May 13, 1800) appointed Governor of the new Territory, con- 
tinuing to serve so long as Illinois continued to be a part of it. 
By act of Congress of February 3, 1809, Illinois Territory was 
organized, and a few weeks later John Boyle of Kentucky, was 
appointed Territorial Governor, but declined. Ninian Edwards 
then (April 24, 1809) received the appointment and continued to 
serve until after the first State election, October, 1818. 

The following were the other chief officers during the Ter- 
ritorial period: 

Secretaries. Nathaniel Pope, March 7, 1809, to December 
17, 1816; Joseph Philips, December 17, 1816, to October 6, 1818. 
Auditors of Public Accounts. H. H. Maxwell, 1812-1816; 
Daniel P. Cook, January 13, 1816, to April, 1817; Robert Black- 
well, April 5, 1817, to August, 1817; Elijah C. Berry, August 
28, 1817, to October 9, 1818. 

Attorneys-General. Benjamin Doyle, July 24, 1809, to De- 
cember, 1809; John J. Crittenden, December 30, 1809, to April, 



ILLINOIS OFFICIALS. 143 

1810 ; Thomas T. Crittenden, April 7, 1810, to Octooer, 1810; Ben- 
jamin M. Piatt, October 29, 1810, to June, 1813; William Mears, 
June 23, 1813, to February 17, 1818. 

Treasurer. John Thomas, 1812-18. 

Delegates to Congress. Shadrach Bond, 1812-14; Benja- 
min Stephenson 1814-17 Nathaniel Pope, 1817-18. 

STATE OFFICERS. 

Governors. Shadrach Bond, 1818-22 ; Edward Coles, 1822- 
26; Ninian Edwards, 1826-30; John Reynolds, 1830-4; William 
L. D. Ewing (vice Reynolds, resigned), November 17, 1834, to 
December 3, 1834; Joseph Duncan, 1834-8; Thomas Carlin, 
1838-42; Thomas Ford, 1842-6; Augustus C. French, 1846 to 
January, 1853; Joel A. Matteson, 1853-7; W. H. Bissell, 1857 
to March 21, 1860; John Wood (vice Bissell, deceased), March, 
1860, to January, 1861; Richard Yates, 1861-5; R. J. Oglesby, 
1865-9; John M. Palmer, 1869-73; R. J. Oglesby, January 13, 
1873, to January 23, 1873; John L/. Beveridge (vice Oglesby, 
elected to United States Senate), 1873-7; Shelby M. Cullom, 
1877-83; John M. Hamilton (vice Cullom, elected United States 
Senator), 1883-5; R- J- Oglesby, 1885-9; Joseph W. Fifer, 
1889-93; John P. Altgeld, 1893 

Lietitenant-Governors. Pierre Menard, 1818-22 ; A. F. Hub- 
bard, 1822-6; William Kinney, 1826-30; Zadock Casey, 1830 
to March" i, 1833; W. L. D. Ewing (vice Casey, resigned), 
March i, 1833, to December 5, 1834; Alexander M. Jenkins, 
1834-6; William H. Davidson (vice Jenkins, resigned), 1836-8; 
Stinson H. Anderson, 1838-42; John Moore, 1842-6; Joseph B. 
Wells, December, 1846, to January, 1849; William McMurtry, 
1849-53; Gustavus Koerner, 1853-7; J^ n Wood, 1857-60; 
Francis A. Hoffman, 1861-5; Wm. Bross, 1865-9; John Doug- 
herty, 1869-73; John L. Beveridge, January 13, to January 23, 
1873; John Early (as President of Senate), 1873-5; A. A. 
Glenn (as President of Senate), 1875-7; Andrew Shurnan, 
1877-81; John M. Hamilton, 1881-3; William J. Campbell (as 



144 THE WHITE CITY ILUXOIS. 

President of Senate) , 1883-5; John C. Smith, 1885-9; Lyman 
B. Ray, 1889-93; Joseph B. Gill, 1893- 

Secretaries of State. Elias Kent Kane, 1818-22; Samuel 
D. Lockwood, December, 1822, to April, 1823; David Blackwell, 
1823-4; Morris Birkbeck, October, 1824, to January, 1825; 
George Forquer, 1825-8; Alex. P. Field, 1828-40; Stephen A. 
Douglas, November, 1840, to February, 1841; Lyman Trumbull, 
1841-3 ; Thompson Campbell, 1843-6; Horace S. Cooley, 1849-50; 
David L. Gregg, 1850-53; Alex. Starne, 1853-7; Ozias M. 
Hatch, 1857-65; Sharon Tyndale, 1865-9; Edward Rumniel, 
1869-73; George H. Harlow, 1873-81; Henry D. Dement, 
1881-9; Isaac N. Pearson, 1889-93; William H. Hinrichsen, 
1893 

Auditors of Public Accounts. Elijah C. Berry, 1818-31; 
James T. B. Stapp, 1831-5; Levi Davis, 1835-41; James 
Shields, 1841-3; W. L. D. Ewing, 1843-5; Thomas H. Campbell, 
1846-57; Jesse K. Dubois, 1857, to December, 1864; Orlin H. 
Miner, 1864-9 '> Charles E. Lippencott, 1869-77 5 Thos. B. 
Needles, 1877-81; Charles P. Swigert, 1881-9; C. W. Pavey, 
1889-93 i David Gore, 1893 

State Treasurers. John Thomas, 1818-19; Rob't K. Mc- 
Laughlin, 1819-23 ; Abner Field, 1823-7 5 James Hall, 1827-31 ; 
John Dement, 1831-6; Charles Gregory, 1836-7; John D. 
Whiteside, 1837-41 ; Milton Carpenter, 1841-8 ; John Moore, 
1848-57; James Miller, 1857-9; William Butler, 1859-63; Alex. 
Starne, 1863-5; James H. Beveridge, 1865-7; George W. Smith, 
1867-9 ; E. N. Bates, 1869-73; Edward Rutz, 1873-5; Thomas 
S. Ridgway, 1875-7; Edward Rutz, 1877-9; John C. Smith, 
1879-81; Edward Rutz, 1881-3 ; John C. Smith, 1883-5; Jacob 
Gross, 1885-7; John R- Tanner, 1887-9; Charles Becker, 
1889-91; Edward S.Wilson, 1891-3 ; Rufus N. Ramsay, 1893 

Attorneys-General. Daniel P. Cook, 1819; William Mears, 
1819-21; S. D. Lockwood, 1821-3; James Turney, 1823-9; 
George Forquer, 1829-33; James Semple, 1833-4; N. W. Ed- 
wards, 1834-5 ; Jesse B. Thomas, 1835-6 ; W. B. Scales, 1836-7 ; 



ILLINOIS OFFICIALS. 145 

Usher F. Linder, 1837-8; George W. Gluey, 1838-9; W. Kitch- 
ell, 1839-40; Josiah Lamborn, 1840-3; James Allen McDougall, 
1843-6; David B. Campbell, 1846; Robert G. Ingersoll, 1867-9; 
Washington Bushnell, 1869-73; James K. Edsall, 1873-81; 
James McCartney, 1881-5; George Hunt, 1885-93; M. T. 
Moloney, 1893 

Superintendents of Public Instruction. N. W Edwards, 
1854-7; Win. H. Powell, 1857-9; Newton Bateman, 1859-63; 
John P. Brooks, 1863-5; Newton Bateman, 1865-75; Samuel 
W. Etter, 1875-9; James P. Slade, 1879-83; Henry Raab, 
1883-7; Richard Edwards, 1887-91; Henry Raab, 1891 

ORGANIZATION OF COUNTIES. 

The following table shows the date of organization of the 
several counties of the State: 

1809 Randolph, St. Clair; 1812 Gallatin, Johnson, Madi- 
son; 1814 Edwards; 1815 White; 1816 Crawford, Jackson, 
Monroe, Pope; 1817 Bond; 1818 Franklin, Union, Washing- 
ton; 1819 Alexander, Clark, Jefferson, Wayne; 1821 Fayette, 
Greene, Hamilton, Lawrence, Montgomery, Pike, Sangainon; 
1823 Edgar, Fulton, Marion,. Morgan; 1824 Clay, Clinton, 
W T abash; 1825 Adams, Calhoun, Hancock, Henry, Knox, Mer- 
cer, Peoria, Putnam, Schuyler, Warren; 1826 McDonough, 
Vermilion; 1827 Jo Daviess, Perry, Shelby, Tazewell; 1829 
Macon, Macoupin; 1830 Coles, McLean; 1831 Cook, Effing- 
ham, Jasper, La Salle, Rock Island; 1833 Champaign, Iroquois; 
^36 Kane, McHenry, Ogle, Whiteside, Will, Winnebago; 
1837 Boone, Bureau, Cass, DeKalb, Livingston, Stephen- 
son ; 1839 Brown, Carroll, Christian, DeWitt, DuPage, Hardin, 
Jersey, Lake, Lee, Logan, Marshall, Menard, Scott, Stark, Wil- 
liamson; 1841 Grundy, Henderson, Kendall, Mason, Piatt, 
Richland, Woodford; 1843 Cumberland, Massac, Moultrie, 
Pulaski; 1847 Saline; 1851 Kankakee; 1857 Douglas; 1859 
Ford. 

The settled portion of the " Illinois Country " was organized 



146 



THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 



into "Illinois County" for the purposes of government, by the 
Virginia House of Delegates, a few months after the conquest of 
Illinois by Col. George Rogers Clark, in 1778. After the organi- 
zation of the Northwest-Territory (1780) this region was reorgan- 
ized and received the name of St. Clair County, after the first 
Governor, who.had been appointed in 1788. Randolph, the sec- 
ond county, was set off in 1795, both being then under the juris- 
diction of the Northwest-Territory. No further changes were 
made in the county organization in the "Illinois Country" un- 
til after the organization of Illinois Territory. 




Illinois Institutions. 




FORT SHERIDAN THE ART INSTITUTE THE ARMOUR MISSION 

THE ARMOUR INSTITUTE THE UNIVERSITY 

OF CHICAGO. 

inception of a Government Post at Chicago 
originated with Gen. Philip Henry Sheridan, 
who suggested to prominent citizens the import- 
ance of there locating a military school. On 
April 25, 1885, Gen. John M. Schofield, while at- 
tending a dinner given under the auspices of the 
Commercial Club of Chicago, in the course of 
his remarks expressed the same thought which 
was made the subject of discussion by the Club on May 25th. 
On March 2yth, of the following year, the matter was still 
further debated and a committee appointed to carefully consider 
the advisability of establishing a Fort. The report of this com- 
mittee was favorable to the enterprise, and was, in effect, that 
steps should at once be taken by the Club to secure the necessary 
funds to purchase a suitable location. 

About this time a committee was delegated by General 
Sheridan to examine certain sites which were reported desirable, 
and, as the result of their investigation, the station of High- 
wood, on Lake Michigan, about twenty-one miles north of Cook 
County Court-house, was selected. The Commercial Club, at all 
times interested in the welfare of the city, headed the subscrip- 
tion by contributing liberally, to which were appended the names 
of about four hundred business men of Chicago, so that, in addi- 



Illinnis. 



147 



148 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

tion to the purchase price, $300,000, $13,045 was subscribed, 
which amount was returned, pro ra/a, to all contributors. 

In October, 1887, the land, which consisted of 633.32 acres, 
\vas purchased and a deed of the same transferred to the United 
States Government, on which to establish a military post, the 
location being named Fort Sheridan, in honor of the General 
whose thought first found expression in favor of the enterprise. 

The site is one of the most picturesque and beautiful in the 
vicinity of Chicago, and, in fact, it would be difficult to find in 
any location one surpassing it in the attractiveness of its sur- 
roundings. The climate is not severe in winter, while the cool- 
ing breezes which blow from the Lake renders it one of the most 
delightful of summer resorts. 

In 1888 Congress made the first appropriation for improve- 
ments, since which time seventy-one buildings have been erected, 
upon which, together with the improvements of streets, water sup- 
ply, etc., there have been expended more than one million dollars. 

The Fort is under command of Col. Robert E- A, Crofton, 
whose staff and garrison consist of 602 men belonging to the 
Fifteenth Regiment and Battery E, and two troops oftheSeventh 
Cavalry, comprising 120 men. 

Colonel Crofton has been in continuous service since the 
breaking out of the Civil War. In 1861 he was appointed Cap- 
tain, and was made Lieutenant-Colonel in 1879 while serving on 
the frontier. In 1886 he was promoted to the rank of Colonel 
and placed in command of the famous Fifteenth Regiment, serv- 
ing with it continuously from that time. Colonel Crofton is 
deserving of all the respect and esteem which is everywhere and 
at all times accorded to him by officers and soldiers ; his promo- 
tions were well merited, being no more than a just ackowledge- 
ment of faithful service. 

Lieut.-Col. Samuel Ovenshine and Maj. C. M. Bailey are 
next in command. Of Col. Crofton's staff, ist Lieut. Will T. 
May is Regimental Adjutant, and ist Lieut. J. A. Maney, 
Regimental Quartermaster. 



ILLINOIS INSTITUTIONS. 149 

The history of the Fifteenth Regiment is an interesting one 
and, to those who have served in its ranks, the past is not devoid 



of stirring events. It was organized by act of Congress in 1861, 
reorganized in 1866, and again reorganized by consolidation with 
the Thirty-fifth Regiment. For sixteen years after the close of 
the Civil War its services were required in New Mexico, Cali- 
fornia, Arizona and Dakota, and its record is one of which to be 
proud; in fact, so hazardous and trying were these campaigns 
that it is generally acknowledged that the gallant "Fifteenth" is 
fully entitled to the best the government affords, Fort Sheridan 
being among the favorite posts. 

Gen. Nelson A. Miles was born in Westminster, Massachu- 
setts, August 8, 1839. At the outbreak of the Civil War he 
joined the Twenty -second Massachusetts Volunteers as Second 
Lieutenant, but was soon promoted to the rank of Captain, and 
in May, 1862, was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the Sixty- 
first New York Volunteers, in acknowledgement of gallant ser- 
vice. After the battle of Antietam he rose to the rank of Col- 
onel, in September, 1862, and was brevetted Brigadier-General in 
1864 for meritorious conduct throughout the campaign, and 
particularly for gallantry at the engagement at Ream's Station, 
Virginia. He was made Major-General in October, 1865, and 
mustered out of service in September, 1866. 

As Colonel of the Fortieth Infantry, General Miles entered 
the reorganized army, but was brevetted Major-General, March 2, 
1867, for gallant service at the battle of Chancellorsville. He 
was transferred to the Fifth Infantry in 1869, and at this date 
his career as an Indian fighter began by the subjugation of the 
Conianches and Kiowas in the Staked Plains country. In 1876 
he drove Sitting Bull from Montana, and captured the Nez 
Perces, under chief Joseph, and, in 1878, subdued the Bannocks 
in the National Park. In 1880 he received the rank of Briga- 
dier-General and commanded the Department of the Columbia 
for five years. In 1885 he was placed in command of the De- 
partment of the Missouri, where his services in Arizona, against 



150 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

the savages, were crowned with the same success as attended his 
former expeditions against the savage tribes of the Northwest 
country. On the cessation of these hostilities, he was placed in 
charge of the Division of the Pacific, was promoted to rank of 
Maj or-General April 5, 1890, and, in September of the same 
year, was placed in command of the Department of the Missouri, 
reaching Chicago September 20, 1890. The campaign against 
the Sioux and the subjugation of the "ghost dances" are the 
latest testimonials of his effective measures in Indian warfare. 

Through the efficient services of General Miles, Fort Sheri- 
dan has added much to its importance as a post. Among the 
improvements may be noted the bicycle corps, which has been 
found especially efficient as a messenger service. The ambulance 
corps and life-saving service have also been greatly improved 
during the present successful administration of Gen. Nelson A. 
Miles of the Division of the Missouri. 

THE ART INSTITUTE. 

The Art Institute of Chicago was incorporated, under the 
laws of Illinois, May 24, 1879, " for the purpose of maintaining 
a School and Museum of Art," and affords full courses of in- 
struction in academic drawing and painting, sculpture, decora- 
tive designing and architecture. Students are admitted at any 
time without examination, and are classified according to their 
attainments after a month's attendance ; each pupil is advanced 
individually, no time being prescribed for the course. 

The School of Drawing and Painting is divided into four 
sections , elementary, intermediate, antique and life, the average 
beginner requiring about eight months to reach the antique class, 
when he is first permitted to use color, although a few excep- 
tions are made to this rule. The regular Diploma is conferred 
upon those who have held the rank of Life Student for two 
years, a silver medal being awarded in cases of extraordinary 
merit. 

Instructions are given in illustrating, for which the whole 



ILLINOIS INSTITUTIONS. 151 

training of the school is a direct preparation, and many advanced 
pupils are at all times engaged in this work, for publications of 
various kinds. The course of Anatomy consists of two series 
of lectures of about twenty each yearly, the students being 
required to submit to a written examination at the close of each 
term. Classes in Decorative Designing are conducted upon the 
studio system, and the instruction is varied to suit the needs of 
individual cases. 

The School of Architecture was founded in 1889 and is one 
of the most important departments of the Institute. Its course 
is open to both men and women, and is almost identical with the 
Short Course of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. A 
fine collection of architectural casts, sent to the Columbian Ex- 
position by the French Government, is to become the property 
of the Institute at the close of the Fair. The cost of bringing 
to Chicago the "Trocadero Collection," as it is called, was 
$50,000, and it is by far the finest in the United States, while its 
value to the Institute can scarcely be overrated. 

The Art L/ibrary was established in 1879, and now forms 
one of the important features of the school. The current Art 
Journals are kept on file, and books to the number of about thir- 
teen hundred constitute both a circulating and reference library 
for the students. A complete collection of large carbon photo- 
graphs, known as autotypes, is a recent purchase by the Trustees 
and is a most important accession to the library. It consists of 
more than eighteen thousand subjects, and includes reproduc- 
tions of the most celebrated paintings, drawings and sculptures 
of the great masters, such as are found in the museums of the 
Old World, and being the only complete collection of the kind 
in America, its value is proportionately enhanced. 

Early in 1891 the city of Chicago passed an ordinance grant- 
ing a tract of land on the Lake Front, between Jackson and 
Madison streets, for the site of a Museum of Art, and upon this 
ground the permanent home of the Art Institute has been 
erected, although it is to be occupied during the Exposition by 



152 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

the various World's Fair Congresses which convene at that time. 
The means for carrying forward the plans of the Trustees were 
obtained from the sale of real estate belonging to the Institute, 
which netted about $265,000; from the World's Columbian Ex- 
position, which offered $200,000 for the use of the building for 
Congresses from Way ist to November i, 1893, au d from pri- 
vate subscriptions amounting to $120,000. 

The ownership of the building is vested in the city of Chi- 
cago, but the right to occupy the same is given to the Art 
Institute so long as certain conditions are observed. 

The building is described as " in style Italian Renaissance, 
the details classic, and of the Ionic and Corinthian orders." It 
is 320 feet long, with a depth of 208 feet, including projections. 
It is two stories in height above the basement, and is without 
tower or dome. The plan is rectangular, enclosing two squares, 
which will ultimately be used, the one as an audience room and 
the other as a library. The great staircase in the center of the 
building, with the main halls above and below, form the striking 
features of the interior. Every object has been subordinated to 
securing the best rooms for exhibition, with reference to light and 
simplicity of arrangement, and the architects have succeeded in 
this direction and, at the same time, furnished a dignified and 
imposing exterior. The material used is Bedford limestone, 
with a foundation of granite. 

The President of the Institute is Charles L. Hutchinson ; 
Director, W. M. R. French. With a full corps of competent 
teachers and lecturers, the best of material, models, costumes, 
still-life objects, library, etc., every facility is afforded the student 
for a thoroxigh education in art. 

THK ARMOUR MISSION. 

Among the places of interest about which a stranger in- 
quires when visiting the city of Chicago is the Armour Mission. 
This institution is the outgrowth of the City Mission, founded 
in November, 1886, to which Joseph F. Armour, who died in 



ILLINOIS INSTITUTIONS. 153 

1881, bequeathed $100,000. Becoming at once much interested 
in carrying forward the purposes of his brother, Mr. Philip D. 
Armour increased the bequest to $1,000,000, and incorporated 
the Armour Mission Company tinder the laws of Illinois. With 
characteristic business foresight Mr. Armovir sought to provide a 
constant revenue for this enterprise, and purchased ground and 
erected tenement buildings, containing over two hundred apart- 
ments, the rental of which is applied to the support of the 
Mission. 

Mr. Armour loves chilrdren, and his sympathies and a help- 
ing hand are ever extended to assist those who would help them- 
selves. He believes in the importance of early training and sur- 
roundings to develop the highest manhood and womanhood, and 
puts his theories into practice by providing for the temporal as 
well as spiritual well-being of the people with whom he is asso- 
ciated. Armour Mission is unsectarian and is open to all, "re- 
gardless of race or creed," and here a great Sunday-school as- 
sembles, the Auditorium accommodating twenty-five hundred 
people. Connected with the Mission are a day nursery, a kinder- 
garten, an industrial school and free medical dispensary. A 
night school also affords an opportunity for study to those whose 
" daily bread" depends entirely upon their own exertions, and who 
would otherwise be deprived of all educational advantages. 

THE ARMOUR INSTITUTE. 

Armour Institute, Mr. P. D. Armour's splendid contribu- 
tion to the cause of education, originally had in view industrial 
training for boys and girls rather than the comprehensive scheme 
of technical education to which it is now committed. Some of 
the purely industrial features are retained, nor is their import- 
ance slighted. But the latter form of organization is due to a 
conviction of the need in Chicago of a school for high-class tech- 
nical instruction. These two ideas have happily influenced each 
other, giving to the industrial work, as planned, a more thor- 
oughly scientific basis, and making the technical departments 



154 THK WHITK CITY ILLINOIS. 

scnools for the practical application of science and not mainly 
for theoretical instruction. It will be a specific aim of the Insti- 
tute to produce men capable of addressing themselves in a 
practical and efficient manner to the solution of the various 
engineering problems. 

The plan of organization of departments secures unity, to- 
gether with the largest expression of individuality. The Aca- 
demic Department co-ordinates all the curricula of preparatory 
and technical studies and embraces the Scientific Academy, 
which has a Latin, a Science, and a Technical course, and fits 
students for colleges in general, and for the advanced courses of 
Armour Institute in particular, and the Technical College, 
in which are included the advanced technical courses, each four 
years in length. Courses in Mechanical, Electrical, Mining, and 
Civil Engineering have already been established. The technical 
work of each course is conducted in a separate department, each 
being exclusively under the charge of its own director. 

The equipment is of the completest description and includes, 
besides the scientific apparatus, a fine Gymnasium, a Technical 
Museum, and a choice Library, which already has over ten 
thousand carefully chosen volumes. 

The officers of the Armour Institute are : 

Frank W. Gunsaulus, D. D., President. 

Thomas C. Roney, A. M., Director of the Academic De- 
partment. 

Earnest W. Cooke, Director of the Department of Mechan- 
ical Engineering. 

Wilber M. Stine, M. S., Director of the Department of 
Mining Engineering. 

Mrs. Mary A. Hull, Director of the Department of Domestic 
Arts. 

Miss Katharine L. Sharp, Ph.M., B. L. S., Director of the 
Department of Library Science. 

Miss Eva B. Whitmore, Director of the Normal Department 
of Kindergartens. 



ILLINOIS INSTITUTIONS. 155 

Philip D. Armour was born in Stockbridge Hills, New 
York, May 16, 1832, and in country schools and the Academy 
at Watertown received such education as fitted him to enter the 
business world when he became of a!ge. In 1852 he joined a 
California party, and made the long overland journey to the "far 
West," where he remained four years. After reaching home, he 
almost immediately turned westward, settling in Milwaukee, 
Wisconsin, where he entered into a partnership with Frederick 
B. Miles, in the commission business. He afterward became as- 
sociated with John Plankinton, of that City, and their united 
efforts built up an enormous grain and provision trade. 

Mr. Armour has many business interests, being director and 
principal stockholder of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul 
Railway, as well as heading the greatest elevator combination in 
the world, and in Lake transportation controlling one of the 
largest companies. It is through his packing enterprise, how- 
ever, that he is most widely known, the main plant of which is 
located at the Union Stock Yards, Chicago, and the second larg- 
est, at Kansas City, Missouri, in the various branches of which 
business about 17,000 men, boys and women are employed. 

Mr. Armour was married in 1862 to Miss Malvina Belle 
Ogden, of Cincinnati, and together they have lovingly journeyed, 
while two sons, Jonathan Ogden and Philip D. Armour, Jr., have 
been sharers of the comfortable but unostentatious home. Mr. 
Armour is methodical in his habits, and is a constant example 
of industry to the thousands of employes connected with the 
vast establishments of which he is the head and chief. As to 
his kindness of heart, the Mission and Institute speak more elo- 
quently than written volumes, ever testifying of the philanthropic 
purposes which actuate his daily life. 

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. 

The name, University of Chicago, has long been a familiar 
one, although the present institution was not projected prior to 
1888. In 1855 several citizens of Chicago called upon Stephen 



156 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

A. Douglas and presented the idea of securing for the city an in- 
stitution of higher learning, and, as a result of this meeting, 
Mr. Doug 1 as donated ten acres of land for a campus, and a char- 
ter was granted to the University of Chicago in 1857, the laying 
of the corner-stone, which occurred on the fourth of July of that 
year, being an event of great interest. The building, when com- 
pleted, was an imposing granite structure, occupying a portion 
of the grounds belonging to the Douglas homestead, and was 
supplied with the necessary class-rooms, dormitories, halls, li- 
brary, parlors, professors' rooms, etc., and all the conveniences 
which were obtainable at that date. In 1886 the University 
passed into the hands of an insurance company, and was there- 
after occupied by tenants of every description until January, 
1889, when the walls were razed, and the material used in the 
construction of other buildings. 

In 1888, Professor Harper, now President of the institution, 
conferred with John D. Rockefeller, and at the close of that year 
presented to the Baptist Board of Education a proposition "to 
. establish an educational institution upon a broader and more lib- 
eral basis than that of any other college or university in this 
country." The subject was presented to a committee of prom- 
inent men in the spring of 1889, and Chicago chosen as the seat 
of the Institution. 

Mr. Rockefeller's conditional gift of $600,000 was supple- 
mented by the $400,000 which he required of others, and, in 
addition, $15,000 in books and $125,000 in land was also con- 
tributed. In September, 1890, the University of Chicago was 
incorporated under the laws of Illinois, Dr. William Rainey 
Harper, of Yale, accepting the presidency. 

Again Mr. Rockefeller generously contributed to the insti- 
tution, giving $1,000,000, "conditioned upon the Baptist Union 
Theological Seminary at Morgan Park a suburb of Chicago 
being made the Divinity School of the new University, and that 
an Academy be organized," which proposition was immediately 
accepted. 



ILtlNOIS INSTITUTIONS. 157 

The erection of the buildings began November 2 6, 1891, the 
first being a four story Recitation Building 168x85 feet, and 
Dormitory Buildings for the University and Divinity School, the 
former costing $210,000. This institution, which admitted its 
first pupils in October, 1892, has at the present time a large 
enrollment of students, and one. hundred and twenty instructors 
in charge. Seven buildings have been completed, at a cost of 
$900,000, and it is estimated that, by the opening of the October 
term, 1893, five more will be ready for occupancy, the cost of 
which will aggregate $2,000,000. 

The University of Chicago is located between Fifty-seventh 
Street on the north and Midway Plaisance on the south, Lexing- 
ton Avenue on the east and Ellis Avenue on the west, the tract, 
consisting of twenty-five acres, lying between Washington and 
Jackson Parks. The original site was donated by Marshall 
Field, though some additions have been made thereto by purchase 
and the vacating of land by the city, which now gives to the 
University an undivided tract. 

In addition to the gifts of Mr. Rockefeller, other generous 
donations have been made. The estate of William B. Ogden 
first Mayor of Chicago has contributed to the University $700,- 
ooo, which amount will be used to establish the Ogden Scientific 
School ; the Kent Chemical Laboratory has been provided for by 
Mr. S. A. Kent of Chicago, who donated $200,000 to the institu- 
tion ; the Walker Museum, costing $100,000, is the gift of another 
Chicago citizen, Mr. George C. Walker ; the Ryerson Physical 
Laboratory, costing $200,000, is a donation of Martin A. Ryerson 
of Chicago, and is now in process of construction; Rust Hall, 
for which the amount of $70,000 was furnished by Maj. H. A. 
Rust, and the Field Biological Laboratory, a contribution of 
Marshall Field, costing $250,000, are also donations of Chicago 
citizens. The Yerkes Laboratory will contain the largest and 
most powerful telescope in the world, for the purchase of which, 
together with the construction of the tower, Mr. Yerkes of Chi- 
cago, donated $500,000. The lenses of this wonderful telescope 



158 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

are forty-two inches in diameter, and will cost $46,000 when 
ready for mounting. 

The ladies of Chicago have also interested themselves in 
this new University, and 'several have generously donated means 
to further the cause, among them being Mrs. Henrietta Suell, Mrs. 
Mary Beecher, Mrs. N. S. Foster and Mrs. E. G. Kelly, and the 
buildings for which their donations provide are either in process 
of construction or will be erected in the near future. 

The University is organized into four distinct divisions : 
the University proper, the University Extension, the University 
Library and Museum, and the University Press. The Uni- 
versity proper includes Schools, Academies and Colleges; the 
University Extention is organized into six Departments 
lecture-study, class-work, correspondence, examination, library 
and training; the University Library and Museum embrace the 
General Library and General Museum and all apparatus and 
material pertaining thereto, and the University Press includes the 
Departments of Printing, Publication and Purchase. 

The Divinity School is open to students of all denominations 
of Christians, and prepares them for the ministry, for missionary 
fields or for Christian teachers. 

The question of co-education of the sexes was seriously and 
earnestly considered at the inception of the enterprise, and re- 
sulted in the adoption of a section in its charter obliging the 
University " to provide, impart and furnish opportunities for all 
departments of higher education, to persons of both sexes, on 
equal terms." 



ReIigiR. 



DWIGHT L. MOODY BISHOP J. L. SPAULDING. 




DWIGHT LYMAN MOODY. 

N every human heart there is implanted the germ 
of reverence for "Good" the principle of all being 
though the chances and changes of life may dwarf 
the sensibilities, until, to outward appearance, there 
is neither respect nor love for the Supreme Ruler of 
the Universe. To break through the shell of preju- 
dice or indifference, and let the mellowing rays of 
Divine Light warm into active life the God-implanted 
principle, is the work of the laborer" in His vineyard, but only 
he who can forget self and speak truth for Truth's sake, is 
worthy of the plaudit: "Well done, good and faithful servant." 
In all the ages of the world there have been those who were 
ready to die for the cause nearest their hearts, and we honor the 
Christian martyrs who perished for conviction's sake. The 
Nineteenth Century no less than the past demands religious 
heroism, but it is required of us that we live and not die for the 
cause of Christ and His Truth. 

The religious denominations of this age have done and are 
doing a noble work. They are holding aloft the banner of the 
King, and welcoming beneath its ample folds the world's " weary 
and heavy laden." One of the watchmen upon the towers of 
Zion, whose voice has been heard in many lands, proclaiming 
"glad tidings of great joy," is Dwight Lyman Moody, wha 



Illinois. 



159 



l6o THK WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

speaks to the people and the people listen, because he takes them 
by the hand and calls them " brother." 

The subject of this sketch was born in Northfield, Massa- 
chusetts, in 1837, an d is therefore in the fifty-seventh year of his 
age. Earnest years they have ever been, from the period of 
early life, spent upon the little plat of ground on the mountain 
side the family home to the more eventful ones which followed. 
At four he was left fatherless, and the family, then consisting of 
seven children, were under a mother's watchful guidance, the 
oldest child being but thirteen years of age; and tender, indeed, 
must be the recollections of that mother's care and love, since 
upon her devolved the management of affairs, and the principal 
education of her family. The district school afforded the only 
instruction outside of home-teaching, and at the age of seven- 
teen Mr. Moody's school days were over, and he engaged in busi- 
ness as a salesman in a boot and shoe store in Boston. He there 
attended the Congregational church, and afterward became a 
member of that denomination. 

He was only nineteen years of age when he followed a 
strong inclination to seek a western home, and in Chicago soon 
became identified with the Plymouth Congregational Church, 
and began the career of a home missionary, hiring several pews, 
and attracting hither the young men of the city to hear the word 
of God. From this small beginning grew the thought of Sunday 
School work and the establishment of one on a broad basis, his 
talent being especially directed to missionary labors, where his 
efforts were crowned with abundant success. 

Other cities and towns were sharers in the "glad tidings," 
and Mr. Moody, with his co-worker, Mr. Sankey, went fearlessly 
forward, recruiting the army of the Lord and giving Him the 
glory. In 1872, Europe was visited, and the Old World re- 
sponded to the invitation, and thousands enlisted under the "ban- 
ner of the Cross." 

While many Nations have been the field of his earnest la- 
bors, Illinois, and particularly Chicago, is his home, and here 



ILLINOIS RELIGION. l6l 

has been erected a church, the building of which has engaged 
the thoughts of a greater number of people than any other sim- 
ilar structure in the world. Brick by brick the walls were 
raised, and each one in all the vast edifice stands for an earnest 
contributor to the cause of Christ. A preacher for the people is 
Mr. Moody. Simple his diction, but earnest and enthusiastic 
are his words. Denominational lines fall before the earnestness 
of his appeal for better living, for practical Christianity, for a 
life hid with Christ in God 

"Let not thy left hand know what thy right hand doeth" is 
a text which finds its true interpretation in the life of Dwight 
Lynian Mood}-. 

BISHOP SPALDING. 

One of the most interesting personages in the Catholic 
church in America to-day is the Rt. Rev. J. L. Spalding, Bishop 
of Peoria, Illinois. 

His appointment as President of the Catholic Exibit at the 
World's Fair, the connection of his name with the archiepiscopal 
see of St. Louis, as well as the vigorous pastoral recently issued 
from his pen in the name of the Archbishop and Bishops of 
Illinois, have brought him so prominently before the public dur- 
ing the past few weeks that the Colorado Catholic thinks the 
occasion opportune for giving a brief sketch of his life and the 
more important acts of his career as priest and bishop, which for 
want of space we cannot in detail publish, though it is of a most 
interesting character; but the important work to which he has 
given his energies was in organizing the new and scattered 
diocese of Peoria, and it showed the good judgment of those who 
were responsible for his appointment. The thirty-two counties of 
Illinois, which at that time comprised the diocese of Peoria, had 
fifty-one churches scattered over a territory as large as the State 
of Massachusetts, twenty-eight priests, few schools and no re- 
ligious institutions. To-day the diocese has over 100,000 Cath- 
olics, 180 churches, 142 priests, fifty schools and academies, seven 
hospitals, two orphan asylums and a prosperous college. 



162 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

Bishop Spalding, with his well known modesty, gives credit 
for all this good work to the priests of the diocese, but it is well 
known whose hand has guided all the work, whose wise councils 
and hearty encouragement has been so large a part of the success 
attained. It is not often that close students and those who love 
to dwell with the master minds of the past and present are very 
successful in the ordinary affairs of life. Bishop Spalding is a 
brilliant exception to this rule. His practical shrewdness and 
clear-cut business tact have made his opinion on business matters 
highly valued and much sought after by men of the world. 

That the efforts of Archbishop Ireland, Bishop Spalding and 
those associated with them were eminently successful can be 
seen in the thrifty Catholic population in the parts of Minnesota 
and Nebraska where their colonies were located. 

Those who have once read one of his works seek with avidity 
all further productions of his pen. This longing is expressed 
so much better than we can say it by the editor of the Catholic 
Union and 7zmes, that we reproduce here in full his remarks on 
the subject: 

"The charm of Bishop Spalding's writings both in prose 
and verse is that he never repeats himself. The world abounds 
to-day with literary pushers who display a woeful poverty of 
originality. Once read, you have their entire stock in trade; for 
in all their after efforts there is nothing but the same old thought 
trotted out to do magazine or newspaper service in a sort of new- 
fangled verbose dress. The cool imposition of such writers is 
not more surprising than the patient endurance of the public 
with such shallow pretense. How different the Bishop of Peoria ! 
His thoughts are copious, clear and deep as the waters of a limpid 
spring, and, while heart and brain are bathed in their cr3 T stalline 
flow, there is ever a quenchless longing and a sigh of the soul 
for more." 

His principal productions not mentioned elsewhere in this 
article are "Essays and Reviews," "Education and the Higher 
Life," and "Lectures and Discourses." He is not a frequent, but 



ILLINOIS RELIGION. 163 

always a valued and much-sought-for contributor in prose and 
verse to our best magazines and reviews. 

We must not close this sketch without referring to Bishop 
Spalding's efforts to erect in this country a school for the higher 
education of Catholic youth, both lay and cleric. He saw that 
our educational institutions were merely preparatory, fitting 
their students for the ordinary affairs of life, but leaving no 
forces in reserve for times of emergency. This deficiency he en- 
deavored to supply by the erection of a Catholic University. 
One would imagine that such a project would be hailed with de- 
light as soon as broached, especially when along with the proposi- 
tion were offered the funds necessary to carry it into effect. We 
are nevertheless compelled to record the fact that the foundation 
of our Catholic University met with opposition where it was least 
expected, and that its inauguration was attended by obstacles 
which at times threatened to destroy it. Bishop Spalding in this 
only experienced the reception met with by his illustrious uncle 
when he founded the American college at Louvain. Like him 
also, be snatched success from the jaws of defeat, and placed his 
cherished institution on such a firm basis that it can no longer 
be looked upon as an experiment. His appointment as president 
of the Catholic Educational Exhibit at the World's Fair was a 
wise one. Whether he be appointed to succeed Archbishop Ken- 
rick in St. Louis, or be permitted to pursue in peace his life of 
study in Peoria the Colorado Catholic believes that it echoes the 
heart-felt wish of all who may read these lines when it says : 
" May he long be spared to the church in America, to strengthen 
by his voice and pen the sacred cause of God and truth." 



GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN 

ASSOCIATION WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION 

CHRISTIAN ENDEAVOR EPWORTH LEAGUE. 




GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. 

first Grand Army Post in the United States 
was organized at Decatur, in this State, April 6, 
1866, with Gen. Isaac C. Pugh as Commander. 
The Department of Illinois was organized July 
12, 1866, at Springfield, and Gen. John W. 
Palmer was elected the first Department Com- 
mander. The history of the Grand Army, in 
the State which gave it birth, is one of struggle 
, and misfortune. Although there were reported to be about 330 
Posts in the State in 1869, two years later the number had de- 
creased to less than twenty-five, and a little later the number was 
narrowed down to only one Nevins Post, now Number i, at Rock- 
ford. Since that time the Department has steadily gained in 
numbers and influence, and in 1892 was represented at the 
National Encampment by 620 Posts. The membership, Decem- 
ber 31, 1891, was 32,984, and the deaths reported for the year 
were 477. 

. The Women's Relief Corps is reported in excellent condi- 
tion and in hearty sympathy with the Grand Army, in whose 
charitable labors they are co-workers. The Sons and Daughters 
of Veterans are also faithfully carrying forward the ministry of 
love inaugurated by their honored sires. 



Illinois. 



Hi4 



ILLINOIS SOCIETIES. 165 

At the Department Encampment in 1884 a committee con- 
sisting of Post Department Commanders H. Hilliard, E. D. 
Swain, J. W. Bnrst and T. G. Lawler, was appointed to obtain 
statistics as to the number of dependent soldiers in the State; 
to niemoralize the Legislature on the necessity of at once pro- 
viding a Home for the comfort of these veterans, and to prepare 
a bill for the consideration of the Legislature covering the objects 
to be accomplished, in order that a Home could be provided for a 
limited number of veterans at the earliest date. 

The committee secured from the Legislature an appropri- 
ation of $200,000 for the construction of the buildings, and 
enough cottages were built to accommodate all veterans who were 
in the charitable institutions of the State before the severe cold 
weather of the late fall came upon them. 

The Legislature of 1886 and 1887 made an appropriation 
for buildings and maintenance and the total appropriations up to 
1889 were $605,500. The number of inmates at that date was 
562 and cottages have since been constructed, increasing the ac- 
commodations to 750 men. 

THE YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION. 

The growth of Young Men's Christian Association work in 
Illinois is a most noteworthy feature of the history of this great 
State. The first Association organized was at Chicago, in June, 
1858, largely under the leadership of Mr. D. L. Moody, who de- 
voted his energies to this line of work for some years. The 
great work which he has accomplished and is accomplishing is 
due in no small measure to the training and development re- 
ceived while in the Young Men's Christian Association of Chi- 
cago. He has spoken thus of the Association: "It has, under 
God, done more in developing me for Christian work than any 
other agency." 

The growth during the next twenty j'ears was steady, ex- 
tending into many of the important cities of the State. In 1869 
and 1870 a closer supervision of the Association was taken up, 



1 66 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

Mr. Robert Welcbnsall, Western Secretary of the International 
Committee, devoting much time to traveling in the State and 
organizing and directing Associations in their work. In 1877 
Mr. C. M. Morton was secured as State Secretary for Illinois ; 
after three years of faithful service he resigned to take up 
general evangelistic work. In June, 1880, Mr. J. E. Brown was 
secured as State Secretary, and under his able leadership the 
Association work has steadily grown and prospered. There are 
now but three cities with over ten thousand population in the 
State which are without a well-equipped Young Men's Christian 
Association. The lines of work maintained are numerous and 
varied, as the following brief outline shows: 

Socially through pleasant, home-like quarters, social 
gatherings, games and entertainments. 

Physically through gymnasiums, athletics, out-door sports, 
bath-rooms, health talks, etc. 

Intellectually through lectures, practical talks, reading 
rooms, and ediicational classes, giving evening instruction in 
practical studies. 

Spiritually through Gospel meetings and Bible classes, 
Christian friendship, and direction into church relations. 

In addition to these the association is helpful to young men 
in finding suitable boarding places, in securing employment, by 
visitation and care in sickness and in many other ways. 

The Associations are also organized among young men in 
the small towns, where a necessarily circumscribed, but not 
unimportant, work is accomplished. Associations also exist in 
thirty of the leading colleges of the State, where systematic and 
thorough work by Christian students is being organized and con- 
ducted. A number of Railroad Branches also exist, and the 
prospect for the further organization of this department is en- 
couraging, as a number of the leading Railroad corporations are 
asking that pleasant rooms with Christian influence be established 
for their men at important division points. Another interesting 
feature is the system of corresponding members of the State As- 







W. C. T. U. TEMPLE, CHICAGO. 



ILLINOIS SOCIETIES. 167 

sociation, in towns where no Association exists. The plan is to 
secure a capable Christian man in every town, who is the official 
representative of the Association for his community. Whenever 
a young man leaves his town to locate in a large city or to enter 
college, he is supplied with a note introducing him to the Young 
Men's Christian Association where he goes, so that he may be 
cordially welcomed to the privileges there. 

There are at present (June 1893) ninety-nine Associations 
in the State, beside 364 towns having corresponding members. 

The Associations, at their annual State Convention, appoint 
a State Executive Committee consiting of twenty-seven leading 
business men from all parts of the State, who have charge of the 
supervision and extension of the work. They employ a corps 
of secretaries, consisting of the State Secretary (having general 
supervision of the whole field), a traveling secretary for the city 
and railroad Associations, for the college departments and for the 
village Associations; also a Financial Secretary, Secretary for 
the Corresponding Membership Department and an Office Secre- 
tary. 

The Young Men's Christian Association is recognized as a 
special department of church work, confining its efforts to'young 
men. It is established' by the churches, supported by the 
churches and governed by the churches, being interdenomina- 
tional in its work. Pastors everywhere bear testimony as to its 
value. The total membership in the State is 14,000. 

WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION. 

The organization of the Woman's Christian Temperance 
Union for Illinois was effected in 1874, the first Annual Conven- 
tion being held at Bloomington, in October of that year. The 
State officers for 1892-93 are: President, Mrs. Louise S. Rounds, 
Chicago ; Vice-President, Mrs. Daisy H. Carlock, Hudson ; Cor- 
responding Secretary, Miss Mary C. Gregory, Chicago; Record- 
ing Secretary, Mrs. Carrie L. Grout, Rockford ; Treasurer, Mrs. 
Amelia E. Sanford, Bloomington. 



l68 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

Illinois is divided into twenty Districts, which are practi- 
cally identical with the Congressional Districts of the State, 
with presidents in the order named: Mrs. Theo. Basset, Grand 
Crossing; Mrs. M. A. Gordon, Chicago; Mrs. H. L. Clarke, 
Chicago ; Mrs. T. C. Reiley, Evanston ; Miss Emma Norton, 
Marengo; Miss M. Lena Morrow, Freeport; Mrs. E. E. Reed, 
Geneseo; Mrs. V. M. Taxis, Gardner; Miss Lucy P. Gaston, La- 
con; Mrs. Elizabeth G. Hibben, Peoria; Miss Emma Bell, 
Warsaw; Mrs. Wm. P. Kuhl, Beardstown; Mrs. Don. R. Frazer, 
(pro tern .), Springfield; Miss Margaret Crissey, Decatnr; Mrs. 
Kate Goldman, Newman ; Miss M. C. Brehm, Claremont ; Mrs. 
Clara F. Gould, Windsor ; Mrs. M. K. West, Edwardsville ; Mrs. 
M. C. Board, Harrisburg; Mrs. M. A. Phillips, Carbondale. 

Again, there are County Organizations, with their presi- 
dents, the counties being divided into auxilliaries. As reported- 
at the last convention, which met in October, 1892, at Danville, 
there were 800 Unions in the State, and a membership of 16,000, 
Illinois standing third in rank in the United States, New York 
holding first and Ohio second place. 

The various Departments of work are placed in charge of 
Superintendents, who report at the annual convention the results 
of their labors, and encouraging indeed are these statements of 
progress, as made by the earnest women who are identified with 
this good cause. 

The Chicago Central Union may be mentioned, in this con- 
nection, as doing a noble work through its several Missions. 
From twenty-five to thirty children are cared for daily at the 
nursery of the Bethesda Mission, which has also a free kinder- 
garten with a regular attendance of about forty pupils. Sunday 
School is held at this Mission and is well attended, as are also 
the evening meetings at the same place. Hope Mission and 
reading-room, for Scandinavians, sustrins a gospel temperance 
meeting every evening, and Sunday-school every. Sunday, at 
which latter gathering about eight thousand children have been 
present during the past year. Anchorage Mission, for Women, 



ILLINOIS SOCIETIES. 169 

has placed in good positions several hundred girls during the 
same period. Talcott Mission has also a day nursery and kinder- 
garten, and, for the year 1892, 10,000 children were accommo- 
dated in the Home and about 14,000 meals were given away to 
the poor of the district. The cost of Mission work of the Chi- 
cago Central Union, for the year ending October, 1892, was $10,- 
800, which amount was raised by subscriptions and donations. 
This Union has also other Departments of work, such as a 
Flower Mission, Press Work and Franchise, in charge of regu- 
larly appointed Superintendents. 

The State Headquarters of the Woman's Christian Temper- 
ance Union are at Room 1101, "The Temple," Chicago. 

SOCIETY OF CHRISTIAN ENDEAVOR. 

The State organization was perfected in October, 1886, at 
Bloomington, Illinois, at which time Chas. B. Holdrege was 
elected president. At the first State Convention about thirty 
delegates were present; in 1892, two thousand representatives 
attended the International meeting in New York, out of the 
sixty thousand membership in the State at that time, and Illinois 
was only surpassed in the number of societies by the States of 
New York and Pennsylvania. 

The officers of the Illinois Christian Endeavor Union for 
1892-3, are: President, Chas. B. Holdrege, Chicago; Vice- 
President, Hope Reed Cody, Chicago; Secretary, Charles F. 
Mills, Springfield ; Treasurer, F. D. Rugg, Champaign ; Auditor, 
C. A. Chappell, Chicago; State Superintendent Junior Work, 
Thomas Wainright, Chicago; State Superintendent Missionary 
Department, Miss Frances B. Patterson, Chicago; State Super- 
intendent Normal Department (Bible Study), J. D. Templetou, 
Bloomington. The following are the Advisory Board : 

Congregational Rev. J. M. Sturtevant, D. D., Galesburg. 

Presbyterian Rev. W. H. Penhallegon, D. D., Decatur. 

Baptist Rev. L. A. Crandall, D. D., Chicago. 

Methodist Rev. W. O. Shepard, D. D., Rockford. 



IJO THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 

Christian Rev. G. A. Miller, Normal. 

Cumberland Presbyterian Rev. R.M.Tinuon,D. D., Lincoln. 
Methodist. Protestant Rev. A. H. Widney, Cuba. 
Lutheran Rev. M. F. Troxell, D. D., Springfield. 
Reformed Episcopal Rev. M. Fairly, Peoria. 
United Presbyterian Rev. John Knox Montgomery, Sparta. 
Vice-President of the United Society for Illinois Rt. Rev. 
Charles Edward Cheney, D. D., Chicago. 

EPWORTH LEAGUE. 

A week after the formation of the Epworth League an en- 
thusiastic speaker predicted that within five years 5,000 chapters 
woxild be organized. At the time it seemed a daring assertion, 
but figures prove that the speaker did not over-estimate its won- 
derful growth, since in less than four years over 10,000 chapters 
have been organized in one religious denomination (the Method- 
ist) alone. 

Illinois has been bearing well her part in point of numbers 

and interest. The first State Convention was held in Chicago, 
July 18, 1892, at the Centenary Methodist Episcopal Church, 
and about 1,000 delegates were present. The closing services 
of the convention were conducted at the Auditorium, which was 
filled with interested listeners. 

The State has at present about 1,200 chapters, averaging 
fifty members each, with officers, as follow: President, H. V. 
Holt, Evanston ; First Vice-President, Chas. E. Piper, Chicago ; 
Second Vice-President, A. G. Johnson, Galesburg; Third Vice- 
President, R. G. Hobbs, Champaign; Fourth Vice-President, 
R. W. Ropiequet, Belleville; Secretary, F. H Gumming, Galva; 
Treasurer, J. R. Lindgun, Chicago. 

The Epworth Herald is the official organ of the League and 
is published weekly in Chicago, Joseph F. Berry editing the in- 
teresting sheet. The central office of the Epworth League is 
located at 57 Washington street, Chicago. 




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3 EXT to his own State the interest of the Amer- 
ican citizen is centered in the National Capi- 
ital ; in that city of cities, about which so 
many associations cluster, and which repre- 
sents so much to this country and the world 
at large through the transactions of its vari- 
ous departments executive, legislative, judicial. 
Though it is presumed that all are, in a general 
way, familiar with the Federal City and its attract- 
ive environments, we trust that a brief sketch of this interesting 
locality will be appreciated, not only by all who are acquainted 
with its scenes, but by those who have never enjoyed the pleas- 
ure of a personal visit. 

We, as a Nation, have passed the first centennial of Presi- 
dential administration "a government of the people, by the 
people and for the people" and, in turn, each Chief Executive 
has entered iipon the duties of his office with a fixed policy set 
steadfastly before his view, which it has been his high purpose 
to carry to a successful issue. How exalted and honorable the 
position, yet how fraught with responsibility! 

Glancing backward over the intervening years since the 
oath of office was administered to the Nation's first Chief Magis- 
ti'ate, on April 30, 17^9, Time's hand has wrought marvelous 
changes in this land of ours, in the growth and development of 
its then unknown resources ; but the broad foundations of gov- 
ernment, laid in tribulation and anxiety, but with honesty of 



Dist. of Columbia. 



2 PREFACE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

purpose and patriotic zeal, have never been shaken by foreign 
assault or civil tumult. 

A brief biographical sketch of these Representatives of the 
Nation, which sets forth, in addition to the life, a few important 
facts connected with each administration, will, we trust, be also 
appreciated. 

Among our readers will be found a large number who are 
interested in the organization known as the Grand Army of the 
Republic, and it has been our pleasure to furnish a brief history 
of that Order from its inception down to the present time. The 
sketches of the formation and growth of the Young Men's Chris- 
tian Association, Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Society 
of Christian Endeavor, Epworth League and Baptist Young 
People's Union of America will also speak to many interested 
readers. 

To present to the public, through this medium, late and 
reliable data, relative to subjects of such general interest as the 
above-mentioned, has been the purpose of 

THE AUTHOR. 






CHAPTER I. 



ESTABLISHMENT OF A FEDERAL CITY. 

UR direst necessities are often "blessings in 
disguise," for the effort to escape from unfor- 
tunate environments may be the "opening 
wedge" which breaks down the barriers so 
seemingly impregnable when viewed in the 
light of timidity and self-distrust. Thus was the con- 
ception of the Nation's Capital the outgrowth of the 
Nation's need, and in almost desperate self-defense was 
Congress 'driven to an undertaking which demanded vigorous 
prosecution, but, in result, was the " consummation devoutly to 
be wished." 

In these nineteenth century times, when the country is 
reveling in prosperity and at peace with all the world, imagina- 
tion can scarce picture the scenes of those early continental days, 
when there was neither a Union, Seat of government, nor Presi- 
dent. True, the English yoke had just been cast aside, and 
doubtless the colonists were sincerely grateful for even a cessa- 
tion of hostilities; but the "Confederacy of Thirteen States," 
which had met a common enemy and accomplished its defeat, was 
lacking in that itnanimity of purpose which governs the com- 
monwealths comprising our glorious Nation of to-day. Sec- 
tional interests were arraying these individual sovereignties 
against each other; the treasury was depleted; still more signif- 
icant to the country was the condition of indebtedness to her 
defenders, which the war had entailed. 



4 THE WHITE CITY DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

It was June 19, 1783, and Congress was in session at Phila- 
delphia, when a messenger rushed upon the scene with the 
announcement that a company of soldiers, from Lancaster, were 
advancing under arms to demand of Congress their back pay ; 
these to be followed by Armand's entire legion, with the same 
object in view. 

When the appeals of Congress to the Executive Council of 
Pennsylvania for protection were met with the announcement that 
"even the State militia could not be depended upon," and that 
"the soldiers must be allowed to enter the city," there was natur^ 
ally much dissatisfaction expressed, and the declaration was made 
by members of the legislature that, " if the city would not support 
Congress, it was high time to remove to some other place." 

For two days the City Hall was besieged by armed soldiers, 
whose threatening aspect occasioned the greatest alarm. Finally, 
a resolution to adjourn to Princeton, New Jersey, was introduced, 
and, after several days deliberation, acted upon. The necessity 
for such a step led to a general discussion of the subject by the 
legislators, and on October 7th of the same year, Elbridge Gerry, 
of Massachusetts, introduced a resolution to the effect that 
" Buildings for the use of Congress should be erected on or near 
the banks of the Delaware or Potomac Rivers, provided that a 
suitable spot could be procured for a Federal Town, and that the 
right of soil and exclusive jurisdiction should be vested in the 
United States." 

This became a law, though its life was of short duration, 
being repealed on April 26, 1784; but the initatory steps had 
been taken, and at the next session of Congress the following 
October three commissioners were appointed to "lay out a dis- 
trict on either side of the Delaware." This location met with 
violent opposition from the Southern members, who based their 
objections largely upon the situation, with reason claiming that 
the Federal City should be as near to the geographical center as 
possible, as well as the center of population, the Delaware filling 
neither of these conditions. In January 1785, while Congress 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA A FEDERAL CITY. 5 

was in session in New York, an attempt was made to locate the 
capital on the Potomac, which met with spirited resistance from 
the Northern Commonwealths, they claiming an injustice in the 
relative position, nine States being situated north of this loca- 
tion and four to the south. 

The first definite steps taken toward the acquisition of a 
permanent Seat of Government was the adoption of the present 
Constitution, in September, 1787, which conclusively settled the 
extent of the district. In 1788, Maryland, recognizing the ad- 
vantage to a State of the location of the National Capital, made 
offer of "any district (not exceeding ten miles square) which the 
Congress may fix upon and accept for the Seat of Government 
of the United States." A matter of such importance to the en- 
tire federation could not be disposed of without deliberation. It 
was debated at the session of 1789; and, while each section vir- 
tually agreed to the general proposition that the Federal City 
oitfflit to be centrally located, it is scarcely to be expected that 
motives of self-interest could be entirely eliminated from district 
representation. The North and South were pitted against each 
other on the settlement of this important question ; the former 
favoring the banks of the Susquehanna, while the latter de- 
manded the Delaware or the Potomac. The cities which had 
entertained the Legislature at former sessions, as well as a num- 
ber of other localities, had strong partisan supporters, and the 
result of the deliberations of Congress pointed significantly to 
most serious complications. 

At the session of 1789, Germantown, Pennsylvania, suc- 
ceeded in securing the prize, lacking only the concurrence of the 
Senate in a final amendment, which that body decided to post- 
pone until the Congress following. Virginia, as a State, had 
not been idle, and on December 3, 1789, passed an Act granting 
to Congress land on the Potomac, and pledges for the erection of 
suitable buildings, Maryland to concur in the proposition, and 
render substantial assistance. 

The question of "funding the public debt" was occupying 



6 THK WHITE CITY DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

the attention of the members, and the House had rejected an 
amendment to the effect that the Government should assume 
twenty-one million dollars of State debts. The North was 
unitedly in favor of assumption, but opposed to the situation of 
the Capital as favored by the Southern States; the South was 
divided on the former question, but presented a solid phalanx on 
the location of the Federal City. 

Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, and 
Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State, realizing the dangers im- 
pending, proved themselves diplomats, indeed, at this critical 
juncture, by arranging a compromise between the localities 
which they respectively represented. A dinner party, given by 
Mr. Jefferson, became herewith an historic event, such members 
being invited as were necessary to carry forward the purposes of 
the leaders. Hamilton won to his opinion the needed majority 
of the Northern States, while Jefferson carried the Southern, 
the resujt of which was the passage of the "Assumption Act," 
and the acceptance by Congress, of the joint offer of Virginia 
and Maryland. George Washington, President, issued proclama- 
tions designating the limits of the District, in January and 
March, 1791, the fifteenth year of American independence. 

Gen. Thomas Johnson and Hon. Daniel Carroll, of Mary- 
land, and Dr. David Stuart, of Virginia, were appointed Com- 
missioners by the President, and on April 15, 1791, the first 
boundary stone was placed at Jones' Point, adjacent to Alex- 
andria, Virginia. The name "Columbia" was given to the 
District, in honor of the discoverer of the continent. 




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CHAPTER II. 




THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 

site of the now charming and picturesque City 
of Washington was, in the early days, a favorite 
camping-ground of the Anacostian Indians, and 
their council-fires burned brightly upon the lo- 
cality where the Nation's Capitol now lifts its 
graceful dome. The first white man credited 
with the discovery of these Wooded shores was 
Henry Fleet, an English fur-trader, who plied his skiff on the 
Potomac River, in 1624, and, in his journal recently discovered 
in the Lambeth Library, London gives an interesting descrip- 
tion of the native tribes and their occupation of hunting and 
fishing, as well as the conditions of soil and climate of the sur- 
rounding country. 

In 1660, another Englishman, named Pope, purchased a 
tract of land in this locality, to which he gave the name of 
"Rome," designating a small, adjacent creek "The Tiber," and 
laying out a city upon a paper foundation which should be a 
counterpart of the famous capital beyond the sea. 

As early as 1634 Maryland was occupied by Lord Balti- 
more's Catholic Colony, but it was not until 1695 that a company 
of Scotch and Irish exiles settled upon the territory now known 
as the District of Columbia and engaged in farming, giving to 
their combined possessions the title of " New Scotland." 

The original location selected by President Washington for 

Dist. of Columbia. 7 



8 THE WHITE CITY DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

the Federal City was taken from Prince George and Mont- 
gomery Counties, Maryland, and from Fairfax County, Virginia, 
and comprised a district one hundred square miles in extent, 
which contained three flourishing towns, Alexandria, in Vir- 
ginia; Bladensburg and Georgetown, in Maryland. In 1846 the 
territory on the right bank of the Potomac was retroceded to 
Virginia, and the area of the present District consequently re- 
duced to fifty square miles. Its only county is Washington ; its 
towns, Washington and Georgetown. Andrew Ellicott, of Penn- 
sylvania, was appointend to make the surveys of the District, in 
the spring of 1791, and negotiations were thereupon entered into 
with the owners of the property, the four principal ones being 
Daniel Carroll, David Burns, Samuel Davidson and Notley 
Young, with whom satisfactory terms were finally concluded. 

About fourteen miles above Mt. Vernon, the famous country 
seat of President Washington, the Eastern Branch unites with 
the Potomac, leaving, between the streams, a wedge-shaped strip 
of land which is bordered on one side by the Potomac River for 
a distance of about three miles. Here, wooded hills rise in 
majestic beauty, and form a semi-circle, meeting the Eastern 
Branch about a mile from its confluence with the Potomac ; and, 
upon this point of land, the President located the Federal City, 
afterward named Washington, in his honor. 

Pierre Charles L'Enfant, a native of France, was selected to 
lay out the city, and studied the situation carefully and diligently 
during the spring and summer of 1791. He had been attracted 
to America with many of his countrymen, during the Revo- 
lution, at a time of the Nation's need, and had ably assisted the 
colonists by his instruction in the planning of fortifications; 
his services were rewarded by an appointment as Major of 
Engineers. One splendid feature of his design was its provision 
for the growth of the Nation, recognizing the needs of the 
future, as well as those of his own day and generation; and, 
although owing to an unfortunate temper, which occasioned his 
dismissal another completed the labors he had entered into so 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CITY OK WASHINGTON. 9 

assiduously, his ideas were largely embodied in the plans of his 
successor, Andrew EHicott. 

THE STREETS OF THE CITY. 

The streets of Washington are a distinguishing feature of 
the city. They are somewhat confusing to a stranger, owing to 
the unusual manner of "doubling" the names, but when 
once the plan is comprehended, all difficulty in this direction is 
removed. With "Capitol Hill " as the center of the system, the 
streets running parallel to it, east and west take the letters of 
the alphabet ; those extending north and south are designated by 
numerals, while the sixteen magnificent avenues running 
diagonally across the city and named for the States which com- 
prised the Union in the year 1800, are among the pleasing 
features of the capital. They are from 130 to 160 feet in width, 
and are lined by beautiful trees which give to Washington a 
most attractive appearance. 




CHAPTER III. 




ERECTING THE CAPITOL. 

N July 1793 Stephen L,. Hallett was appointed Arch- 
itect of the Capitol, with James Hoban acting as 
Supervising Architect, and, on the eighteenth of Sep- 
tember, the Southeast corner-stone of the building 
was laid with imposing ceremonies. Mr. Hoban's 
design for the President's House was accepted, and 
both structures were pushed forward as rapidly as 
possible, in order to comply with the stipulation re- 
quiring that they be ready for occupancy by the year 1800. No 
appropriations for these buildings had been provided by Con- 
gress, and the amounts voted by Maryland and Virginia were 
soon exhausted, the former finally furnishing additional funds, 
on the personal credit of the Commissioners. 

A third term being declined by Washington, John Adams 
succeeded to the Presidency, and, although representing a dis- 
trict hostile to the location, entered heartily into the plans 
of his predecessor. The resignation of Mr. Hallett, as well as 
his successor, appointed by the President, entailed upon Mr. 
Hoban the duty of carrying the work to completion. The North 
wing was finished in 1799, and occupied the following year by 
Congress, as was also the President's House, Mrs. Adams hold- 
ing the distinguished position of first mistress of the White 
House, as it has since been named. 

The members opposed to the accepted locality of the Federal 
City gave to it, in the early days, many titles significant of their 
sentiments of disgust, one of which "The City of Magnificent 



Dist. of Columbia. 



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DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ERECTING THE CAPITOL. II 

Distances " still clings to it, but not in a sense of disapproba- 
tion, at the present time. " Capitol-movers," as they were des- 
ignated, pnt forth every effort to effect a change in the location of 
the Federal City, but in vain, though they doubtless retarded 
not a little the growth of the District. 

During President Madison's administration occurred the de- 
struction of the Capitol and other State Buildings, by the Brit- 
ish, on August 24, 1814. Three years previous to this the 
South, or House wing, of the edifice had been completed the 
Halls being connected by a covered passage way and thus was 
afforded to the enemy the opportunity of still greater devasta- 
tion. The records, valuable papers and plate were saved from 
destruction by removal, but the library, family stores and furni- 
ture were consumed, only the blackened walls remaining to cry 
out against the wrong committed, and to urge the common- 
wealths to concerted action in rebuilding their Federal City. 

Congress appointed Mr. Benjamin H. Latrobe to supervise 
the reconstruction of the Capitol, but, in December, 1817, he was 
succeeded by Mr. Charles Bulfinch, who carried the work to com- 
pletion the foundation of the Central Building being laid 
March 24, 1818, and the structure made ready for occupancy in 
the year 1825. What is now designated as the "Old Capitol" is 
a building which was leased by Congress in 1815, and occupied 
by them for the succeeding ten years. 




CHAPTER IV 

THE NEW CAPITOL. 

N September 30, 1850, Congress passed an Act 
for the extension of the Capitol in accordance 
with the necessities of that Body. President 
Fillniore approved of the plan of Mr. Thomas 
U. Walter, Architect, and placed him in charge 
of its construction ; and, on July 4, 1851, in the seventy- 
sixth year of American Independence, the corner-stone 
was laid by the President, with appropriate ceremonies, 
Daniel Webster, Secretary of State, delivering the oration on 
that memorable occasion. 

The New Capitol is comprised of the old building (which 
forms the center of the structure) and the " Extension," consist- 
ing of two wings, though it virtually represents three periods of 
the Nation's history. Its entire length is 751 feet, and depth 
324 feet inclusive of porticoes and steps, and the structure covers 
153,112 square feet exclusive of the courts. The Capitol faces 
the east, while, contrary to the expectation of the projectors, the 
settlement of the city did not begin in that locality, but to the 
westward of the edifice. 

The material of the "Extension" is white marble, which 
was procured in Massachusetts, while the columns were quarried 
in Maryland, the entire superstructure resting upon a basement 
of rustic stone. 

The three principal entrances are on the east, the central 
being the main entrance to the Capitol, and is reached through a 

Dist. of Columbia. K 




X 

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DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA THE NEW CAPITOL. 13 

portico one hundred and sixty feet in length ; and here has been 
witnessed the inauguration of the Presidents of the United 
States since the completion of the Capitol. 

From Pennsylvania Avenue the mile-long approach to the 
edifice the effect is strikingly grand, while a nearer view takes 
nothing from its attractiveness, so symmetrical are its propor- 
tions and so harmonious the surroundings. Space forbids such 
detailed account of both exterior and interior as would be pleas- 
ant and profitable, hence we will simply touch upon some of the 
noted features, an extended description of which would occupy a 
volume. 

The ROTUNDA of the Capitol is reached through massive 
doois of bronze, embellished with high-relief figures, the work 
of the noted American sculptor, Randolph Rogers, representing 
historical events connected with Columbus. The diameter of 
the Rotunda is ninety-five and one-half feet, circumference three 
hundred, and height one hundred and eighty feet from base to 
canopy. The floor is of sandstone, and the ceiling is the iron- 
ribbed interior of the great Dome. A frieze, ten feet in width, 
is frescoed to represent important events in American history, 
while the paintings, by celebrated artists, set in panels about the 
walls, are among the most attractive decorations of the Rotunda, 
representing, as they do, important scenes in the history of the 
Nation. Thirty-six windows are placed in the ceiling, and " the 
eye," a small opening at the apex, is surrounded by a canopy, 
upon which is frescoed the " Apotheosis of Washington." This 
allegorical painting, the work of Senior C. Bruniidi, an Italian 
artist, covers 4,664 square feet, and represents to the Government 
an expenditure of $40,000, while, to the American citizen, it is 
ever a delightful study an education in Art. 

The DOME, designed by Thomas U. Walter, is one of the 
surprises of the structure, having the appearance of airiness, 
but built in so substantial a manner as to resist the severest 
storm, with only a slight vibration. Four thousand tons of iron 
entered into its construction, while eight years were spent in the 



14 THE WHITE CITY DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

erection of this prominent feature of the Capitol. It rises 307 
feet above the foundation and is surmounted by a figure of Free- 
dom, designed by Thomas Crawford. The view of the city and 
surrounding country from the Dome is most entrancing, the 
hills and valleys, as well as the graceful river, presenting a fas- 
cinating picture to the eye; while the magnificent avenues, 
reaching out in every direction, give the appearance of a specific 
object, in all their wanderings, which is in reality, none other 
than The Capitol. 

One of the most interesting apartments of the Capitol, asso- 
ciated as it is with those early days of "trials and triumphs" is 
the HALL OF STATUARY, reached by the main corridor, as one 
passes to the South Extension the Hall of the House of Repre- 
sentatives. This semi-circular chamber is 95 feet in length with 
a panelled ceiling 60 feet in height, imitative in its decorations of 
the Pantheon at Rome. This historic apartment most truly 
memorable on account of the " battles of the giants " which were 
waged so forcefully during the fifty years of its occupancy as 
House of Representatives Congress, in 1864, wisely set aside as 
a Hall of Statuary, and authorized the President to extend an 
invitation to each State to contribute a bronze or marble statue 
of two of her noted sons. Rhode Island was the first to comply 
with the request, and Connecticut, New York, Massachusetts, Ver- 
mont, and several other States have also responded. When 
each commonwealth of the United States shall have placed 
beneath the arched ceiling of this Pantheon of America's noted 
men the statues to which she is entitled, the Nation may indeed 
be proud of such representation, since neither by inheritance nor 
the accident of birth came honors, but in faithfulness to prin- 
ciple, which is its own reward. 

Occupying respectively the North and South Extensions are 
the Senate Chamber and Hall of the House of Representatives, 
the former being in size 112x82 feet, and the latter 139x93 feet, 
in both cases the floor space being largely devoted to the desks 
and chairs of members. Galleries, extending entirely around 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA THE NEW CAPITOL. 15 

these auditoriums, are divided into sections for the Diplomatic 
Corps, for ladies, and for gentlemen, the Reporters Gallery 
being above and behind the presiding officer's chair, in both 
Houses. 

The decorations of these Chambers are in perfect harmony 
with the magnificent structure of which they form so important 
a part. Heating, lighting, and ventilating are thoroughly and 
systematically accomplished, while comfort and convenience are 
paramount considerations in these legislative halls the Senate 
and House of Representatives. 

From the year 1800 to 1859 the apartment now designated 
as the Supreme Court Chamber resounded to the voices of Sen- 
ators of the United States, as they debated questions of import 
to the Nation's welfare. With the completion of the extension, 
the Senate removed to its new location, and the Supreme Court 
was assigned to the deserted chamber. This semi-circular 
apartment is one of magnificent proportions, and the decorations 
and appointments are in keeping with the legislative halls of the 
House and Senate. 

Occupying the Capitol's entire Western projection, is the 
Library, an elegant apartment (in 'reality three chambers in 
one), affording to knowledge-seekers an inspiration for study, 
through the companionship of rare and priceless volumes, as 
well as the latest productions of our gifted writers of to-day. 

On April 24, 1800, Congress passed an Act appropriating 
$5,000 for the purchase of a Library, which, however, was de- 
stroyed in 1814, with the burning of the Capitol by the British. 
President Jefferson's offer of his entire library was accepted by 
the Government, and 7,500 valuable volumes were purchased of 
him in 1815. These were at once removed to Washington, and, 
in 1825, assigned to their permanent location, where they formed 
the nucleus of the present Library. 

In 1851, 35,000 volumes were destroyed by fire, but the 
original collection of Mr. Jefferson, for the most part, fortunately 
escaped. Appropriations were immediately made to replace the 



1 6 THE WHITE CITY DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

loss, as well as for a large additional purchase of books ; arid, in 
March, 1852, $72,500 was voted toward repairing the burned 
apartments. As a result, we have the present commodious 
chambers, which are thoroughly fire-proof, and adapted in every 
way to the requirements of this important department. In 1866 
the scientific library of the Smithsonian Institute was added to 
the collection ; and the following year Congress purchased the 
library of Mr. Peter Force, of Washington. In 1870 the copy- 
right law (in the transfer of its business from the Patent Office to 
the Library of Congress) provided that two copies of each 
publication be deposited with the librarian, and thus the collec- 
tion has grown to mammoth proportions. 

Of other departments of the Capitol we will refrain from 
special mention, leaving to the visitor the charm of personal 
inspection, which ever proves not only a pleasant occupation but 
a matter of instruction as well. 




. 

* : ->. v. 

'' 




ALLEGORICAL PICTURE, NATIONAL CAPITOL. 



CHAPTER V. 




ATTRACTIONS OF THE CITY. 

EXT to the Capitol, the Executive Mansion is 
and always has been an object of interest. It 
was erected at the same period and suffered 
equally at the hands of the invading hosts, in 
1814, but was made ready for occupancy in 
January, 1818. It is located on Pennsyl- 
vania Avenue, but at a distance of one mile from 
the Legislative Halls, and is surrounded by the 
State, Treasury, Navy and War Departments. The grounds 
are spacious and attractive, extending to the Potomac River, on 
which charming prospect the visitor never tires of gazing. 

The structure is of Virginia sandstone, which is of so por- 
ous a nature as to require a yearly coat of paint to keep it from 
crumbling, and, because of this necessity, has received its ap- 
pellation The White House. It has a frontage of 170 feet 
with a depth of 86 feet, and is two stories in height. The main 
entrance leads from a spacious portico to a central hall, on the 
left of which is the East Room, occupying that entire portion of 
the building, and used upon occasions of state. Adjoining this 
apartment are the Green, Blue and Red Rooms, furnished in 
these respective colors ; and to the west of the latter are the State 
Dining Room and a smaller apartment used as such by the 
President and fajnily, upon ordinary occasions. 

The second story, containing thirteen apartments, is divided 
into the necessary family rooms, and the suite occupied by the 
President as ante-chamber, audience-room, private office, library, 



etc. 



Dist. of Columbia. 



17 



l8 THE WHITE CITY DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

This home of the Chief Executive of the United States has 
witnessed both sad and joyous events. Here have been consum- 
mated marriage vows, and here also have lain in state the mortal 
remains of the Nation's honored dead. However, the usages of 
society at the Capital considerably abridge its periods of mourn- 
ing save in the hearts of the afflicted since "men may come 
and men may go," but receptions, state dinners, balls and fetes 
must " still go on forever." 

THE DEPARTMENTS. 

In the Renaissance Building, which adjoins the White 
House on the west, are located the State, War and Navy Depart- 
ments, occupying respectively the South, North and East fronts. 
These are all models in arrangement and decoration, and are a 
delight to visitors who make the " rounds " of the " Federal City." 
Any attempt at particular description is futile, however, since 
one's best effort would but subject him to the criticism that " the 
half has not been told." 

The State Department which, owing to its position as the 
medium of communication with foreign powers, as well as its 
other exacting offices, is one of the most important branches of 
the Nation's business, and was established in 1789, with Thomas 
Jefferson as its first Secretary. Three Assistants, a Chief Clerk 
and six Chiefs of Bureaus share the responsible duties, while 
an army of clerks execute the purposes of their "superior 
officers." 

The War Department was also organized in 1789, and 
Gen. Henry Knox, of Massachusetts, was appointed its first Sec- 
retary. This official has no Assistants other than the Chiefs of 
the various Bureaus, but through these heads of Departments 
the business of the Nation is admirably conducted. 

General Knox was also made Secretary of the Navy, in 
1789, at which date this Department was created. There are no 
Assistants, so named, but a Chief Clerk and heads of Bureaus 
conduct the affairs of this Department, which is one of great 
magnitude and importance. 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ATTRACTIONS. 19 

The Navy Yard is one of the "features" of the Capital, and 
attracts marked attention from visitors. It is located on the 
Anacostia or Eastern Branch of the Potomac, at the foot of 
Eighth Street East, and was established in 1800. It occupies an 
area of twenty acres, and its grounds have been attractively laid 
out and handsomely ornamented; and here are also displayed 
many relics and trophies, such as cannon, shot and shell, taken 
in earlier conflicts, as well as during the Civil War. 

The Treasury Department was also organized in 1789, with 
Alexander Hamilton its first Secretary, since which date many 
honored names are recorded as its presiding officers. The 
Building is located on Pennsylvania Avenue at the corner of 
Fifteenth Street West, and, owing to the extensions that have 
been added to the original structure, and which were completed 
in 1869, is only second in attractiveness to the Capitol. 

The edifice is 465 feet in length by a depth of 266 feet, the 
extensions being constructed of the finest quality of granite 
from Dix Island, Maine. Of all the Departments of State, none 
takes higher rank, in point of architectural beauty or interior ar- 
rangement and finish, than the Treasury. It is officered, in ad- 
dition to the Secretary, by two Assistants, a Chief Clerk, two 
Comptrollers, Commissioner of Customs, six Auditors, Register, 
Director of the Mint, Solicitor of the Treasury, Commissioner of 
Internal Revenue, and Chiefs of other important Bureaus con- 
nected with the Department, which, with the clerical force em- 
ployed, constitutes a small army of workers, enlisted under the 
banner of the "Sovereign of the Realm" in other words, the 
Treasury of the United States. 

The Department of the Interior was established in 1849, 
and occupies a marble and granite structure facing F Street, and 
a portion of the pension office on Judiciary Square. This De- 
partment has charge of the business relating to Patents, Pen- 
sions, Public Lands, Indian Affairs, Surveys, Census, Education, 
Railroads and many other public interests. There are two 
Assistants, as well as Commissioners over each of the Bureaus, 



2O THE WHITE CITY DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

while a large number of clerks dispatch the business of the Na- 
tion as represented by the Department of the Interior. 

In 1789 the office of Postmaster-General was established, 
and Samuel Osgood, of Massachusetts, was placed at the 
head of this department, which stands next in importance to the 
Treasury of the United States. There are three Asssistants, as 
well as Chiefs of Contract, Finance, Inspection and Appointment, 
who share with the first officer the duties of the Department. 
This building, about which so many interests cluster, and which 
is one of the first to be inspected by the City's guests, covers an 
entire block, between E and F Streets North, and Seventh and 
Eighth Streets West, with its main entrance on Seventh Street. 
It is constructed of white marble, in rectangular form, and is a 
most imposing structure. The original building was erected in 
1839, and additions were made thereto in 1855, the entire edifice 
costing two millions of dollars in round numbers. 

The Department of Justice is of recent creation, being estab- 
lished in 1870, and is in charge of the Attorney-General, the 
"law-officer" of the Government. A Solicitor and two Assistant 
Attorney-Generals share the duties of this office, which is located 
in a brown stone building on Pennsylvania Avenue, near 
Fifteenth Street. 

The Department of Agriculture, established in 1862, is 
located upon a portion of the "Smithsonian Reservation," twenty 
acres of ground being devoted to its use. The building, con- 
structed of pressed brick, is four stories in height and 166x60 
feet in dimensions, and complete in all its appointments. As 
in the other Departments, the Bureaus are in charge of Chiefs, 
to whom are intrusted the control of their respective interests, 
subject to the Commissioner of Agriculture. 

The Patent Office is a Bureau of the Department of the 
Interior, and is in charge of a Commissioner. It is located 
between Seventh and Ninth Streets West, and is bounded by F 
and G Streets, which it faces on the south and north. The 
building is 410x275 feet in dimensions, and is constructed of 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ATTRACTIONS. 21 

marble in plain but massive style, and is one of tne most at- 
tractive structures of the city. 

It is simply impossible to attempt a description of this De- 
partment or its forces at work, since by personal inspection, 
alone, can any adequate idea be formed of the vastness of the 
enterprise or the interesting objects contained within these walls; 
hence we leave to the visitor the charm of observation, and 
to the historian unrestricted to a brief outline a detailed account 
of so interesting a Department. 

THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 

One of the noted structures toward which the "pilgrim" 
journeys, and in which the Washingtonian takes especial delight, 
is the Smithsonian Institution, which occupies a commanding 
position in what is designated as "The Mall," a fifty acre park 
extending from Seventh to Twelfth Streets West, and from 1 B 
Street South to Canal, its northern limit. The structure is 
447x160 feet in its greatest dimensions, but these figures give 
little idea of the space comprehended in this magnificent 
edifice, with its wings, turrets and projections. The material 
entering into its construction is lilac gray freestone, quarried in 
the vicinity of Washington, and its style of architecture is the 
Norman or Romanesque. 

In 1829 James Smithson, an English scientist, died in 
Genoa, Italy, and bequeathed his estate "to the United States of 
America to found at Washington, under the name of the Smith- 
sonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion 
of knowledge among men." The bequest, with a later residuary 
legacy, was judiciously invested, and, as a result of wise enact- 
ments, the Smithsonian Institution stands to-day a monument, 
not only to its founder, but to the counselors who have established 
it upon the broad foundation contemplated in the gift. 

THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT. 

To visit Washington is to view "The Monument," both as 
a matter of desire and also of necessity, since at no locality 



22 THE WHITE CITY DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

within the city or its vicinity can one fail to observe this archi- 
tectural wonder, if his eye is directed toward the Mall. Half a 
mile to the south of the Executive Mansion stands this noble 
structure, "the highest artificial elevation in the world"; an 
obelisk contemplated nearly a century before it stood a finished 
piece of masonry, the pride of every citizen of the United 
States. 

In the original plans of L'Enfant there was contemplated an 
equestrian statue of Washington, as well as an "historic col- 
umn," to be located "a mile from the Federal House;" and, upon 
the site designated for the statue, rests this combination of 
memorials The Washington Monument. 

Patriotism was not lacking in the earlier days, "but, like 
many praise-worthy undertakings, other interests were allowed 
to take precedence in the appropriations of Congress, and the or- 
ganization of the Washington National Monument Society was 
necessary to arouse a "working enthusiasm" in the hearts of 
members of the Legislature. When $87,000 had been raised 
by private subscription, the foundation was begun, and on July 
4, 1848, the corner-stone was laid, Hon. Robert C. Winthrop 
being orator of the day ; the gavel which had been used by Wash- 
ington at the same ceremony for the Capitol, in 1792, being a 
feature of the later occasion. Among the notable guests present 
at this ceremony were Mrs. "Dolly" Madison, Mrs. John Quincy 
Adams and Mrs. Alexander Hamilton. 

In 1855 the funds were exhausted, and not until 1884 was 
the monument completed. On December 6th, of that year, the 
capstone was placed in position, and, with the lowering of the 
massive block, a flag was waved from the platform, while the 
firing of cannon and ringing bells announced the finished work. 

The height of the Monument from base to tip is 555 feet; 
its weight 80,000 'tons, and the .cost of construction $1,200,000. 
Dedicatory services were conducted on Washington's birthday, 
1885, at the foot of the Monument, the orator of the occasion 




SUPREME COURT ROOM, WASHINGTON. 




CONGRESSIONAL LIBRARY, WASHINGTON. 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ATTRACTIONS. 23 

"being Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, upon whom devolved a similar 
service at the laying of its corner-stone thirty-seven years before. 

THE CITY'S CEMETERIES. 

One of the places of interest about Washington is " The 
Congressional Cemetery," a beautifully located "City of the 
Dead" overlooking the Anacostia or Eastern Branch of the Poto- 
mac, in which repose the remains of some of the Nation's hon- 
ored sons. It takes its name, however, chiefly from the cenotaphs 
of over one hundred and fifty members of Congress, whom death 
has claimed while representing their respective commonwealths 
at the Nation's capital. 

Oak Hill Cemetery situated on Georgetown Heights, also 
claims its share of respectful interest. Here exquisite taste has 
supplemented Nature in the adornment of the grounds, in which 
repose the remains of many whose names in life were spoken with 
veneration, among whom are General Van Ness and Lorenzo 
Dow, while John Howard Payne here rests at last, in Native land, 
no longer an exile from his " Home sweet home." 

THE SOLDIER'S HOME. 

Adjoining the National Cemetery is the Soldiers' Home, 
beautifully located in its five hundred acre plat of ground and 
with its seven miles of attractive drives. It was established by 
General WinfieM Scott, as a Military Asylum, but at the close 
of the Civil War, was converted into a National Home for indi- 
gent soldiers. It is an attractive resort to Washingtonians, as 
well as one of the features of interest to the visitor at the Na- 
tion's Capital. 

THE CORCORAN ART GALLERY. 

To speak of Washington is to recall to mind a number of 
private enterprises, of which limited space prevents particular 
mention. We cannot leave unnoticed, however, the Corcoran 
Gallery of Art, which is an institution of private origin, but de- 



24 THE warra CITY- -DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

voted to the interest of the public, of which the founder was a 
benefactor in the broadest sense of the word. For "the perpet- 
ual establishment and encouragement of Painting, Sculpture 
and Fine Arts generally," this generous donor, William \V. Cor- 
coran, deeded to the trustees the noble structure which bears his 
name, the entire benefaction aggregating $1,200,000, conditioned 
on the free admission of students and visitors two days each 
week, and at other times, "at moderate and reasonable charges." 
This Institute is located on Pennsylvania Avenue and Sev- 
enteenth Street, and is an imposing structure, built in the Renais- 
sance style of architecture. It was designed by James Renwich, 
of New York, and was completed in 1871. The best "works in 
Europe and America are here represented, both in statuary and 
painting, as well as by fine collections of ceramics and bronzes. 

WASHINGTON SUBURBS. 

If it is difficult to do Justice to the National Capital in a 
brief sketch, it is equally so in respect to its suburban attractions, 
of which no city can boast greater. 

Mount Vernoii, situated sixteen miles below the city on the 
western shore of the Potomac, in Fairfax County, Virginia, is 
now the property of the Mount Vernon Association, and was 
purchased of the estate by popular contribution, in 1860, for 
$200,000. The yearly pilgrims to this shrine, sacred to the 
memory of Washington, are a goodly number, and at all times 
and seasons the picturesque grounds of this popular resort are 
animated by interested visitors. 

THE NATIONAL CEMETERY. 

Georgetown, in Maryland, now known as West Washington, 
is, in reality, a beautiful suburb of the Federal City. Just below 
this interesting locality, the Aqueduct Bridge over the Potomac 
leads to Arlington Heights, the location of the National Cemetery. 

This historic spot, sold for taxes in 1864, was purchased by 
the Government for $23,000, and set aside as a National Ceni- 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ATTRACTIONS. 25 

etery. The property had formerly been the possession of Robert 
E. Lee, and his son, George W. C. Lee, entered suit to recover 
the estate, which finally resulted in the establishment of his 
claim, and later, a conveyance by him to the Government of the 
two hundred acres now known as Arlington Cemetery, for a con- 
sideration of $150,000. 

In addition to the 16,264 soldiers whose resting places are 
marked by a simple headstone, is the Mausoleum, sacred to the 
memory of 2,111 "unknown " dead, whose "remains could not be 
identified, but their names and deaths are recorded in the archives 
of their Country, and its grateful citizens honor them as of their 
noble army of martyrs." 

RECAPITULATION. 

We have briefly written of the Nation's Capital, and the 
trying period which gave it birth ; of the selection of a location, 
erection of the Capitol, its destruction and re-building; of the 
"Executive Mansion," the Departments of State, a few of the 
most important Institutions and interesting Suburbs. We have 
not entered into the life of the city its social world; nor fol- 
lowed the fortunes of that ever advancing and receding " wave of 
humanity," which drifts in and out with each political tide. 

To write "The Story of The Federal City" is to record "be- 
tween the lines" those names we all revere and love the Na- 
tion's honored Sons ; not Washingtonians, alone, but Children 
of your State and mine. 

Some names are written not alone 
In deep-carved letters on the stone 

Standing above each head ; 
But, in the Nation's heart, to-day, 
Their deeds still live, although we say : 

"This son or that is dead." 

Some names are written not on stone ; 
Nor to the past belongs alone 

The Nation's heroes, all. 
They live within our land to-day, 
Standing for truth and right alway, 

Though "parties " rise or fall. 



THE PRESIDENTS. 



Washington. 




public. 



N February 22, 1732, in Westmoreland County, 
Virginia, there awoke to conscious existence in 
the "steep-roofed" home of Augustine and 
Mary Ball Washington, on Bridge's Creek, a 
son, of whose early life only the merest outline 
is obtainable, but whom a nation honors for his nobil- 
ity of character and the important position which he 
filled at so critical a pe'riod as the birth of the Re- 
He was a descendant of a vigorous English ancestry, 
his great-grandfather, John Washington, emigrating to Virginia 
from Leicestershire, in 1657. When eleven years of age his fa- 
ther passed away, leaving his mother with a family of small 
children, George being the eldest. 

Two half-brothers, by his father's former marriage (es- 
pecially the elder, Laurence, fourteen years the senior of George) , 
were destined to materially influence the unfolding life of their 
afterward highly distinguished relative. 

Laurence married the daughter of one of Virginia's most 
refined and wealthy families the Fairfaxes and at their coun- 
try-seat, Belvoir, George passed many happy hours in the society 
of such companions as frequented that hospitable home. From 
his father, Laurence had inherited property on the Potomac, to 
which was given the name of Hunting Creek, but afterward re- 
named Mount Vernon, by its owner, and it was destined to be- 
come the historic spot on American soil. With his half-brother, 
Augustine, he also passed considerable time and there enjoyed 



I'rcsi'.li-uts 



27 



28 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 

the opportunities of a somewhat higher education than his earlier 
surroundings afforded. 

At the age of sixteen an acquaintance and quickly devel- 
oped friendship between himself and Lord Thomas Fairfax 
largely influenced his future career, the latter entrusting him 
with a commission to survey his vast estates in the Shenandoah 
Valley. The experiences of such an undertaking and the hard- 
ships and dangers of the frontier served him a good purpose 
when hardihood was required in his country's service. 

Physically, George Washington presents to us the type of 
vigorous manhood. He was of powerful build and delighted in 
such athletic sports as developed a magnificent physique and per- 
fect health. He was quiet in demeanor and thoughtful beyond 
his years, but under the calm and dignified exterior the fires of 
heroism were burning, and a strong will and a temper more 
swift in rising than his blue eyes might suggest are not out of 
harmony with the vigorous prosecution of every enterprise to 
which his efforts were afterward directed. 

Later, when the French and English colonies were strug- 
gling for supremacy in the Ohio Valley, his military instinct 
began to develop; but about this time cares and sorrows also 
pressed heavily upon him, owing to the death of his brother, 
Laurence, and the responsibilities of his duties as executor of 
the vast estate. Mount Vernon now became his home and was 
never relinquished as such during the years of his life. Wash- 
ington's part in the contest between the French and English was 
an important one, and, as a crowning act of the struggle he, 
with his advance guard, on November 25, 1758, entered Fort 
Duquesne and flung to the breeze the English flag. 

His marriage with the beautiful Martha Custis was indeed 
a "union of hearts" and occurred at the close of this campaign. 
For sixteen years following, his life seems to have run smoothly, 
and then came the struggle for American independence, when 
his was the strong arm upon which to lean, and his words 
when speech 'was needed glowed with patriotic fire. 



PRESIDENTS WASHINGTON. 29 

When victory at last crowned the American arms, Wash- 
ington's was the striking figure before the eyes of the New 
World. He returned to Mount Vernon to enjoy the tranquility 
of domestic life, only to be called to higher responsibilities by a 
unanimous election as the first President of the United States. 

The sound judgment which marked this administration 
proved that Washington's statesmanship was not inferior to his 
qualifications as a soldier. For eight years he guided the af- 
fairs of the youthful Republic courageously and conscientiously, 
and on March 4, 1797, retiring from public life with almost un- 
speakable happiness, he repaired to Mount Vernon to enjoy the 
home made dear by early associations. When, however, the 
French Directory aimed a blow at American commerce, and war 
threatened, Washington was commissioned Commander-in-chief 
of the American forces, and entered upon his duties as the 
patriot and soldier. However, the preparations for war, so vig- 
orously undertaken, seemed to inspire the French with proper 
respect for American arms and they retreated from their arro- 
gant position; and thus the calamities of war were averted. 

When relieved once more from his official duties, Washing- 
ton returned to Mount Vernon and entered upon a tranquil but 
busy life, which was only to be broken in upon by the Invader 
of all homes the silent messenger who came on December 17, 
1799, when the year was nearing its close, and the eventful cent- 
ury, in which he had occupied so conspicuous a place, was also 
fast hastening away. 




second President of these United States bears 
the simple cognomen of John Adams, but there 
is something characteristic in the name, quite in 
keeping with the straightforward, earnest, intense 
nature of this man, who occupies so important a 
place in the Nation's history. John Adams was 
born at Braintree, Massachusetts on the south 
shore of Boston harbor October 19, 1735. He 
was among the descendants of a Puritan family, which settled 
in Massachusetts in 1630; and of his father it may be said to his 
great credit that, although not blessed with a superabundance of 
this world's goods, he realized the advantages of education for 
his children, and placed his eldest son at Harvard, from which 
institution he was graduated in 1775, at the age of twenty years. 
The records are very meager in regard to the childhood and 
youth of this distinguished Statesman. On leaving his Alma 
Mater, he naturally drifted into a pursuit for which his education 
had qualified him, and we find him installed in charge of a 
grammar school, at Worcester, but his ardent nature chafed un- 
der the circumscribed rules and methods of such a life, and after 
much deliberation, resulting in the abandonment of an ambition 
for the "pomp and glory " of a soldier's life, he decided in favor 
of the law; was admitted to the bar November 6, 1758, and at 
once began the practice of his profession, in Suffolk County. As 
showing the high standard of integrity with which he entered 
upon his career, his own words are fitting in this connection: 



Presidents. 



n 



PRESIDENTS ADAMS. 31 

"But I set out with firm resolutions, I think, never to commit 
any meanness or injustice in the practice of the law." 

On October 25, 1764, John Adams was married to Miss 
Abigail Smith, a clergyman's daughter, who, though a youthful 
bride, proved a most worthy help-meet through all the years of 
his eventful life. Owing to the demands of public affairs upon 
the father, the care and training of the daughter and three sons 
rested largely upon the devoted wife and mother, but there was 
no faltering in the acceptance of the trust, and her double duties 
were faithfully performed. 

In 1765 the passage of the "Stamp Act" awoke the Colo- 
nies to spirited resistance, though, with its repeal, the sentiment 
of loyalty to the Mother Cotintry doubtless calmed somewhat 
the storm of disaffection which had gathered, although it was 
never again to be lulled into the sleep of restful security. 

John Adam's patriotism has never been questioned. What- 
ever may be said of those later acts of his which dimmed the 
luster of his political record, and subjected him to the severest 
criticism, his love of country stands out as a " bright, particular 
star," whose guidance may be safely followed in these nineteenth 
century days. 

With the Boston Port Bill came the rousing of the colonists 
to positive action, and on June 17, 1774, one of the five Massa- 
chusetts delegates sent by the Provisional Assembly to the Conti- 
nental Congress, at Philadelphia, was John Adams, and he was 
also returned to the Second Assembly the following May. 

The events of this period are among the most memoraole in 
history. Almost at the very door of his Braintree home, scenes 
of conflict were being enacted, while the deliberations of Con- 
gress, then in session, were to render immortal the names of 
several of the Nation's sons. Although to Thomas Jefferson is 
given credit for the authorship of the Declaration of Independ- 
ence, John Adams' presentation before Congress carried his 
hearers with him, and "his praise was in everybody's mouth." 

He was afterward appointed Commissioner to the Court 



32 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 

of France, and in accepting this important trust must 
have realized the dangers which it involved, as his capture upon 
the seas, by the English Government, would have been hailed 
with joy by the ruling power George III. Owing to Dr. Frank- 
lin's popularity among the French, at the suggestion of Mr. 
Adams the Commission was given to the former, and he (Adams) 
returned to America. In 1779 he again sailed, under appoint- 
ment, as Minister "to treat with Great Britain for peace and 



commerce." 



At the head of foreign affairs in France, at that time, was 
Compte de Vergennes, and the relations of these two diplomats 
were far from agreeable. Mr. Adams lacked tact, and his out- 
spoken words were doubtless the cause of much disaffection be- 
tween them. He was also on unfriendly terms with Dr. Frank- 
lin, which rendered his position the more trying. War between 
Great Britain and Holland was declared, and Mr. Adams was 
appointed Minister to the latter province, in place of Laurens, 
who had been captured by the British and held for supposed 
irregularities. With the same confidence as was shown in 
presenting to Congress the name of George Washington as 
Commander-in-chief of the Army, and the carrying out of his 
purpose by the force of his convincing arguments, Mr. Adams 
demanded of the States-General recognition as the representative 
of "an independent nation." On April 19, 1782, his demands 
were acceded to, and he was recognized as "American Minister at 
The Hague." 

Mr. Adams afterward secured loans from Holland which 
were much needed in the new country, and also materially 
strengthened his colleagues in France (Dr. Franklin and Mr. 
Jay) at a most critical moment in their negotiations with Eng- 
land. 

After the " Treaty of Peace with the United States of North 
America," Mr. Adams was appointed Minister to Great Britain, 
on February 24, 1785, but resigned and sailed for America on 
April 20, 1788. He was elected Vice- President and re-elected 



PRESIDENTS ADAMS. 33 



for the second term. Between himself and Alexander Hamilton 
had arisen the sharpest antagonism, and though Mr. Adams suc- 
ceeded to the Presidency, it was by a very small majority, and 
the animosity between these two distinguished statesmen is 
pointed to as "the most bitter feud in American history." 

With the declaration of war with France, Washington left 
Mt. Vernon to become Commander-in-chief of the army, but ere 
long this Foreign power made advances to America for peace. 
To this Mr. Adams inclined, only to meet the violent opposition 
of his Cabinet, who desired a permanent rupture with that gov- 
ernment. Mr. Adams was not elected to a second term and no 
doubt his defeat was largely due to his implacable foe, Alexan- 
der Hamilton. 

He has been severely criticised for deserting his place and 
"violating the etiquette of the occasion" by refusing to be 
present at the inauguration of his successor, but his mortifica- 
tion was terrible and his disappointment severe. He had served 
his country with unselfish devotion, and to him her seeming in- 
gratitude was unparalleled. 

John Adams is described as portly, but of well-knit frame ; 
a handsome man with resolute lines showing prominently 
in the clear, strong features. He was simple and dignified in 
manner, and carried himself with quiet self-respect. His be- 
loved wife passed away in 1818, and eight years later, on July 4, 
1826, John Adams answered the "summons," and the second 
President of the United States "was no more." 




T the "Shadwell homestead," in Albemarle 
County, Virginia, where he was born on 
April 13, 1743, the early life of Thomas 
Jefferson was passed. His father was 
considered a remarkable man in those 
days, and to such sterling qualities as 
sound judgment and integrity were added intelli- 
gence and the faithful administration of public 
affairs. His mother was Jane Randolph, of old Virginia 
stock, whose birthplace was a London parish called 
Shadwell, which name was thus fittingly given to the home upon 
the banks of the Rivanua. 

Peter Jefferson died when his son was fourteen 3'ears of age, 
leaving him the third child, but eldest son, in a rather numerous 
family. According to his father's expressed wish, Thomas was 
to receive a thorough education and his first tutor was the Rev. 
James Maury, with whom he remained for two years, and then 
entered William and Mary College, at Williamsburg, the capital 
of Virginia. 

In personal appearance this future "great man" is described 
as "tall and slender, with sandy hair and freckled face, prom- 
inent cheek bones and chin, and large hands and feet; but with 
bright, hazel-gray eyes and perfect teeth." He was a great stu- 
dent, and became a favorite with his classmates. He also there 
met friends who largely influenced his future years, and whose 
names were always associated with those early days. The first 



Presidents. 34 



PRESIDENTS JEFFERSON. 35 

romance of his life came to him within those college walls, but 
the disappointment at the rejection of his suit, by the beautiful 
Rebecca Burwell, did not shut out all the brightness of his future 
career, nor render him oblivious to its sacred duties and trusts. 

Between himself and one of his classmates, Dabiiey Carr, 
later the husband of Martha Jeiferson the closest friendship 
existed, and their favorite retreat a noble oak part way toward 
the summit of the afterward famous Monticello became to each 
a sacred place. By covenant between these two, the one whose 
death should first occur was to find a resting place beneath the 
spreading branches of the oak, and Jefferson performed for his 
friend his solemn obligation, and, in later years, was laid to rest 
beside that much-loved comrade of his youth. 

In 1767 Thomas Jefferson was admitted to the bar. Two 
years previous to this, while a law-student, he was permitted to 
listen to the famous words of his old college friend, Patrick 
Henry, when, as a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, 
he made his memorable speech against the taxing of her Colo- 
nies by Great Britain, and, with the utterance of those thrilling 
words, the heart of the young student had received its in- 
spiration. 

In 1768 Jefferson served as a member of the First Virginia 
Legislature, and at the Raleigh tavern eighty-eight members of 
the House of Burgesses signed the " Non-Importation Agree- 
ment," and were loyally supported by the State. This was the 
beginning of a public life which was to continue uninterruptedly 
for forty years. 

On January i, 1772, in New York, Thomas Jefferson was 
married to Martha Skelton, and their wedding journey was un- 
dertaken in a "two-horse chaise," to the home at Monticello, 
" more than a hundred miles away." Nothing but harmony 
reigned in this charming household, where hospitality sat en- 
throned. Of the six children which came to the worth}' couple 
five daughters and one son but one, the eldest, survived the 
father. To his own family, however, was added that of his 



36 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 

brother-inlaw, Dabney Carr, whose death, in 1773, left six little 
children fatherless. Ttms did he truly prove faithful in a sub- 
stantial manner to the friend of his youth. 

On the burning of the Gaspee, by the Rhode Islanders, a 
sentiment of sympathy for the desperate colonists was aroused 
in Virginia, and a " Committee of correspondence " was organ- 
ized, and afterward the Continental Congress. The tempera- 
ment of Jefferson was mild and peace-loving, and he addressed a 
petition to the King, setting forth the wrongs endured by the 
Colonists, which, however, was met by that personage, with 
silent contempt. The immortal document, the Declaration of 
Independence, was prepared by Mr. Jefferson during the summer 
of 1776, and on July 4th, "the most famous State-paper in the 
world " was signed by all the members of Congress. 

On June i, 1779, Thomas Jefferson was made Governor of 
Virginia. On the important part which he played during the 
closing years of the Revolution, or the dangers which menaced 
the Legislature and its members from British invasion, it is im- 
possible to dwell. When, at the close of the war, Jefferson re- 
turned to his home, it was to soon realize the greatest sorrow of 
his life the death of his beloved wife, the mistress of Monticello, 
which occurred Sept. 6, 1782. 

The following May he accepted the appointment of Con- 
gress as envoy to France, and sailed from Boston, July 5, 1783, 
taking his eldest daughter with him. For five years he repre- 
sented his country at the Court of France, but was always the 
American patriot. He witnessed the opening scenes of the 
French Revolution and the fall of the Bastile. The occasion of 
his daughter's engagement to her cousin, Thomas Mann Ran- 
dolph, which took him away from the French Capital at this 
eventful period, in all probability saved the life of America's 
future President. He was greeted upon his arrival by the an- 
nouncement that President Washington had appointed him Sec- 
retay of State, which trying position he reluctantly accepted. 

Alexander Hamilton was at this time Secretary of the 



PRESIDENTS JEFFERSON. 37 

Treasury, and these two brilliant statesmen soon became bitter 
opponents, and the leaders of two political parties the Federal- 
ist and Republican. On January i, 1794, Secretary Jefferson 
resigned his position in the Cabinet, and retired to Monticello, 
but could not long remain the quiet home-loving citi/en, being 
elected Vice-President in 1796. 

Here as before, he was brought into conflict with Hamilton, 
whose views were in direct opposition to his own, and whose 
party, the Federalist, was diminishing, while the Republican 
"the party of the people" was gaining strength, as was its 
leader, Jefferson. He was made third President of the United 
States in 1801, and was inaugurated on March 4th, with what 
has since been fittingly designated "true democratic simplicity," 
and, if he carried his convictions for an absence of display to ex- 
treme limits, he no doubt erred on the side of good judgment. 

Jefferson's first term was a happy and prosperous one, and 
the purchase of Louisiana was an important event of this ad- 
ministration. His second term was somewhat clouded by the 
discovery of the deficiency of his salary to meet the demands 
upon his income. This was made good out of his private re- 
sources, however, and on March 4, 1809, he surrendered the 
reins of government to his successor, James Madison, and re- 
tired to the "dearest spot on earth" Monticello, whose walls 
resounded with the patter of youthful feet and the glad voices of 
children's children. 

One event of these later days must have greatly rejoiced his 
heart it was the meeting with LaFayette which occurred in 
October 1824, after a separation of thirty-six years, during which 
time many startling events had transpired in the experiences of 
each. 

The sentiments he expressed at his death were significant 
of his nobility of character and were, in effect, that: "His 
calumniators, he had never thought, were assailing him, but a 
being non-existent, of their own imagining, to whom they had 
given the name of Thomas Jefferson." 



38 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS, 

His desire to live until the anniversary of the Declaration of 
Independence was granted, and with the closing of that ever- 
memorable day, July 4th, of the year 1826, the third President of 
the United States " slept with his fathers," leaving a name to be 
revered throughout all generations. 




James 




ISTORY furnishes but dim outlines of the early 
life of James Madison, fourth President of the 
United States. He was the eldest son of an old 
Virginia family, and was born at King George 
(afterward known as Montpelier), in Orange 
County, Virginia, March 16, 1751. From his 
refined and hospitable home, in the Blue Ridge country, 
after acquiring, under a private tutor, a better prepara- 
tion for college than was usual in those days of limited 
school privileges, James Madison entered Princeton College, in 
his nineteenth year, and at once attracted attention as a tireless 
student and an indefatigable intellectual worker. 

It was said of his assiduity in the pursuit of knowledge, 
that he only allowed himself three hours rest out of the twenty- 
four; he was certainly happy in this energetic endeavor for an 
education, and, while it is claimed that his unremitting labors 
sapped the fountain of physical strength, he reached the rather 
advanced age of eighty-five, and while he lived, lived well. 

After graduating, in 1771, he continued his studies, for a 
time, under Princeton's President, Dr. Witherspoon, and then 
returned to his home to take up the study of the law and the 
instruction of the younger members of his family. 

When but twenty-five years of age, James Madison entered 
upon his public career, though at first largely through his pen 
and by debate. In 1777 he was nominated for the General As- 
sembly, but, owing to his strong convictions on the subject of 



Presidents. 



39 



40 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 

temperance, lost his election by refusing to " treat the voters with 
whiskey." This was only a seeming defeat, however, as he 
gained a position of greater respect for standing by his convic- 
tions, and he soon thereafter received an appointment to the 
council of the Governor. 

Madison, in 1780, was elected to the Continental Congress, 
and, while serving his country in this capacity, the war of the 
Revolution drew to a close, and the Treaty of Peace was signed 
between Bn gland, France and the youthful Republic America. 
Four years later he left the National Legislature and took up the 
burden of State affairs in Virginia, and, in the revision of its 
statutes, found opportunities for the exercise of the knowledge 
which he had acquired in the Continental Congress. 

While independence had been gained, still the affairs of the 
Nation were in an unsettled condition. After the tyrannical 
bondage of George III., any attempt at strengthening a Central 
Government was looked upon by those who had participated in 
the defense of the colonies as a drifting toward Monarchy, and 
while this youthful but studious leader, James Madison, recog- 
nized the necessities for an alliance of the " thirteen States " in 
a powerful National Government, it was no easy task to convert 
his countrymen to his own decidedly radical convictions. His 
first effort to bring the subject to the general attention was 
through the Legislature of Virginia, in an invitation to the sev- ( 
eral States to assemble at Annapolis for the purpose of discuss- 
ing "Measures for the formation of a more efficient Federal 
Government." Out of the thirteen States, five responded to the 
call, but, during this assembly, the date was fixed upon for a 
convention to be held at Philadelphia, " to draft a Constitution 
for the United States," thus virtually admitting the defects of the 
League in which the States were united in alliance. 

This was a memorable summer, indeed. With the closing 
of the Convention the step had been taken, but there was yet 
the arduous task of sec uring the acceptance of the New Consti- 
tution by the States which opposed the measure. Here it was 



PRESIDENTS MADISON. 41 

that Madison's qualifications were truly disclosed in the remark- 
able papers contributed to the Federalist, setting forth the issues 
at stake, and, with his compatriots, Hamilton and Jay, the strug- 
gle was undertaken. Later, when this period of anxiety for the 
life of the Republic had given place to one of more confidence, 
the striking differences in the measures of Madison and Hamil- 
ton were brought prominently to light, and, as the leaders of two 
political parties, these remarkable men were pitted against each 
other ; the former being the acknowledged leader of the Repub- 
lican, and the latter marshalling the Federalist forces, of which 
party he was the inspirer. 

Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson, in turn Governors of 
Virginia, were the staunch friends of James Madison, and es- 
pecially with the latter was this friendship a life-long bond. 

At the age of thirty-two, James Madison opened the history 
of his life at a new chapter, and on each page was written 
" Love." Inclined to look seriously upon every purpose of life, 
the fickleness of the object of his regard would naturally wound 
one of his thoughtful and sensitive nature, and yet, when the 
test came, he accepted the statement of his friend Jefferson, to 
whom he had confided his sorrow, that "Firmness of mind and 
unintermitting occupation will not long leave you in pain." 
Eleven years afterward, when he met the one who was to bless 
and crown his days Dorothy Todd, or Dolly Madison as she 
was later known, the romance of those earlier years had gone 
out from his consciousness, and left no wound or scar. 

The charms of this young Quaker widow have been written 
and sung until it is mere repetition to dwell upon the portrayal 
of her lovely personality or character ; still to mention James 
Madison is to recall to mind the gracious mistress of the White 
House, whose trying duties as " first lady of the land " con- 
tinued during the unprecedented period of sixteen years (for 
eight years as the wife of the Secretary of State, under President 
Jefferson, who was a widower), and of whom it was said that " she 
never forgot a name or a face." She was also a born diplomat, 



42 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 

when used in that word's kindliest sense, since it was her highest 
pleasure to bring people to recognize the best there was in each 
other, and to disarm jealousy and petty strife by a tact as re- 
markable as rare. 

With the year 1801, under President Jefferson, James Madi- 
ison was made Secretary of State, and was identified with that 
leader's policy and party the Republican and at the close of 
his second term, this " great little man," as Aaron Burr chose to 
call him, succeeded to that most honorable position President of 
the United States. This administration has its important his- 
torical epoch in the declaration of war with Great Britain, which 
act of Congress was approved by Madison on June 8, 1812. 

We will not linger upon these thrilling events. During 
this time, which "tried men's souls," Dolly Madison proved her- 
self as brave as she was lovely, and, though in imminent danger 
of capture by the " Redcoats," stood at her post until she had se- 
cured the valuable State and private papers and the portrait of 
General Washington, and then entered her carriage to seek 
safety in flight. Madison's life was also in great peril, but, with 
the dawn of the morning following the most eventful of those 
trying days, the British had retreated, the President was un- 
harmed, but the White House lay in ruins. 

Two years after the close of the war, James Madison was 
again a private citizen and retired to the enjoyment of his 
lovely Montpelier home. Once afterward, in 1829, he was called 
by his State, from the quiet of his home, to take part in her 
affairs, as a member of the Convention to revise the Constitution, 
and his words were listened to with marked attention. Like 
Washington and Jefferson he was opposed to the institution of 
slavery, and expressed his opinions upon the subject in no un- 
certain terms. 

Though at all times of delicate health and enfeebled 
physique, the mind of the fourth President of the United States 
was clear and undimrned. He had endured much discomfort in 
the sufferings of the mortal body, but he had also experienced 



PRESIDENTS MADISON. 



43 



much pleasure through the mind which was that body's seat of 
happiness. 

James Madison passed away on June 28, 1836, and his 
widow survived him thirteen 3^ears. His life forms an impor- 
tant chapter in the History of the Nation, both from the events 
of that period and his connection with the great men of his time ; 
and to his name as to those of his predecessors in the Presi- 
dential chair should be added, in letters of undying light 
Patriot. 





family of James Monroe immigrated to Amer- 
ica and established themselves in Virginia in 
1652. His father was a planter, and his estate in 
Westmoreland County was near the head of the 
creek which bears his name, and which empties 
into the Potomac River. At the date of the birth 
of this son, April 28, 1758, the tobacco plantation 
of the Monroe family was yielding a large income, 
and in this prosperous home the childhood of the future Presi- 
dent was happily passed. These comfortable surroundings, how- 
ever, did not engender a spirit of apathy toward the condition 
of the Commonwealth, for the son seems to have remembered 
to a good purpose the burning words which must have entered 
largely into the daily conversation of that liberty-loving family. 
The means at command provided for him the best educa- 
tional advantages, and young Monroe, after attending a " classical 
school," entered William and Mary College, at the age of six- 
teen, where he remained for two years. 

With the Declaration of Independence the youthful patriot 
could no longer be restrained within college walls, and he has- 
tened to New York and "enrolled himself as a cadet in the 
army." He soon proved the mettle of which he was made, and, 
from the rank of Captain, gained at Trenton, was advanced to 
that of Mojor; this last promotion, however, "lost him his 
place in the Continental line," owing to his ability being recog- 
nized by Washington, who commissioned him to raise a new 



Presidents. 



PRESIDENTS MONROE. 45 

regiment in his own State; but as the young men of Virginia 
had already so nobly responded to the call and entered the 
Northern army, his effort proved a failure. 

Chagrined at what must have appeared to this youthful 
patriot as a signal defeat, he was, for a time, painfully despon- 
dent, but finally yielded to the voice of better judgment and re- 
turned to the pursuit of his studies, taking up the law, under 
Thomas Jefferson, then Governor of Virginia. 

The public career of James Monroe began at the early age 
of twenty-three, when he was elected to the Virginia Assembly 
and was made a member of the Executive Council. Additional 
honors came to him when, the following year, he was chosen a 
delegate to the Continental Congress for a term of three years, 
and participated at its sessions in Annapolis, Trenton and New 
York. While in the latter city he formed the acquaintance of 
Miss Elizabeth Kortright, the accomplished daughter of Laurence 
Kortright, and their marriage occurred in 1786. This was in 
the midst of troublous times. The Constitution had been framed, 
and its supporters were actively advocating its acceptance. In- 
spired by an equally patriotic sentiment, but with eyes which 
saw only danger in a Constitution investing a Central Govern- 
ment with such large powers, and taking alarm at the audacious 
measures of Alexander Hamilton, who was carrying forward his 
brilliant purposes, Monvfte "opposed the ratification of the Con- 
stitution by the States." 

While the French people were still trembling with the 
horrors of the Revolution, Washington commissioned Monroe 
to represent the United States as Minister to that Nation. On his 
arrival, he waited some days for recognition from the French 
National Convention, and then addressed a letter to its President. 
This accomplished the desired purpose and he was given a more 
than cordial welcome. In fact, it is said of his responsive speech, 
that, carried away by emotions inspired by the cordiality of his re- 
ception, he "committed his country too far to the side of France." 
England was watching with suspicious eyes, and the Federalist 



46 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 

party, in America, emphatically resented his liberty of speech. 
This mission was not without its mistakes. Monroe's evident 
leaning toward the French Nation, his lack of tact in neutraliz- 
ing the grievances of so important a power as England, and 
overlooking the "authorities at home," brought him more and 
more into disfavor, until he was recalled by his government, in 
1 796. He was soon afterward elected Governor of Virginia for 
the term of three years. 

In the early part of the century Jefferson saw the oppor- 
tunity to secure for the United States the vast territory named 
Louisiana, then in possession of the French Nation. Napoleon 
Bonaparte needed increased revenues to carry out his cherished 
purposes ; the United States wanted Louisiana. Monroe was 
commissioned by Jefferson to consummate the purchase; this he 
did, paying for the coveted territory $15,000,000, and regarding 
the act ever afterward as his most important service to the 
Country. 

A part of his mission abroad, at this time, was with the 
English Government, but his treaty with that nation failed to 
meet the approval of the President, much to the disappointment 
of the Minister. He was not without honors, however, for in 
1811 he was again elected Governor of Virginia, and during his 
administration of the affairs of State was called to a Cabinet 
position, being made Secretary of State,"to which were afterward 
added the arduous duties of Secretary of War. 

He was "the master-spirit of the hour" at the dark and 
trying period of the burning of the city of Washington, and 
proved, indeed, a power for good to the Nation, by the inspira- 
tion of his patriotism and sacrifice. When the treasury was ex- 
hausted, he it was who stepped forward and "pledged his private 
fortune to supply the country's pressing needs." The Republic 
nmst be victorious, and Monroe, though recognizing his certain 
defeat for the Presidency in so unpopular a measure, was ready 
to sacrifice himself for the good of the cause, by issuing a call 
for a hundred thousand men. The demand was not necessary, 



PRESIDENTS MONROE. 47 

however, and soon thereafter the "Treaty of Ghent" was signed. 

James Monroe was made President in 1817, and his admin- 
istration was far more peaceful than any previous one ; in fact, it 
has been spoken of as "the era of good feeling." He was re- 
elected for a second term with but one dissenting voice, showing 
the popularity of his official career. 

Among the most important affairs engaging the attention of 
President Monroe during his double term were: "the defense of 
the Atlantic Sea-board, the promotion of internal improvements, 
the Seminole War, the acquisition of Florida, the Missouri com- 
promise, and resistance to foreign interference with American 
affairs." 

In his message of Dec. 2, 1823, ne proclaimed a platform 
known as the " Monroe Doctrine," "promulgating the policy of 
neither entangling the United States in the broils of Europe, 
nor suffering the powers of the Old World to interfere with the 
affairs of the New;" and this policy has met the approval of 
prominent statesmen from its inception down to the present time. 

James Monroe retired to his lovely home at Oak Hill, 
Loudon County, Virginia, at the close of his administration, and 
enjoyed in a quiet, simple way its grateful rest. The death of 
his wife, in 1830, was a severe blow, and such reverses of fortune 
visited him as compelled him to relinquish his charming home. 
The friend of his early years, LaFayette, whom he had be- 
friended in the days of darkest trial and danger, now proffered 
generous assistance, but the statesman did not see fit to accept 
the offer so delicately tendered. 

Monroe's closing days were passed with his daughter in 
New York, and on the anniversary of a day made memorable by 
events both stirring and sad July 4th, of the year 1831 the 
fifth President of the United States passed peacefully away. 




OHN QUINCY, the eldest son of John and Abigail 
g Adams, was born July n, 1767, at North Brain- 
tree, Massachusetts, and was destined in the early 
years of his life to be a witness of such stirring 
scenes as have embellished the pages of American his- 
tory with its most tragic pictures. At the age of eight 
years he beheld, from the summit of one of the hills 
of his native parish, the destruction of Charlestown, 
which carried dismay to the anxious hearts of the waiting Amer- 
ican Colonists, but resulted in the Battle of Bunker Hill, that 
"day of days," June 17, 1775, when " Massachusetts had seen 
the darkest, most glorious day in her history." 

To one of his thoughtful temperament, the thrilling scenes 
of these eventful days were the unfolding of a maturer thought 
than such early years would usually disclose, and the influences 
about him were also favorable to patriotic sentiment, as well as 
the development of a high moral and intellectual growth. In his 
eleventh year, his father received the appointment of envoy to 
France, and it was decided that this his eldest son should 
accompany him. He was placed at school in the French capital 
and rapidly acquired the language of that country, returning to 
America with his father a year and a half later, but again ac- 
companied him to Europe, after a brief home visit, John Adams 
having received an appointment taking him to Holland. The 
son then pursued his studies for a time at Amsterdam, Leyden 
and Paris, when he received the appointment of private secretary 



Presidents. 



48 



PRESIDENTS ADAMS. 49 

to Francis Dana, envoy from the United States to Russia, and 
thus entered the diplomatic service at the age of fourteen years. 
Later, he joined his father in Paris, and became his secretary 
when negotiations were pending for a treaty of peace between 
Great Britain and her American colonies. 

In 1785 an important decision was made which indicated the 
mettle of the youthful diplomat. His father had received the 
appointment of Minister to St. James, and the son would thence- 
forth find every avenue to cultivated society and court life open- 
ing before him. In the face of these brilliant prospects, however, 
he decided upon a course of study at Harvard, and, returning to 
his native land, entered the junior class and was graduated in 
1787. Later he studied law, and was admitted to the bar at the 
age of twenty-three, entering immediately upon the practice of 
his profession in Boston. In his twenty-seventh year he was 
commissioned Minister to The Hague, where he arrived October 
31, 1794. The condition of foreign affairs, at this time, made his 
position one requiring much discretion in its management, but 
he is credited with successfully meeting the difficulties of the 
position, and by diplomacy avoiding the pitfalls which would 
have engulfed unwary feet. 

In London he met Miss Louise Catherine Johnson, daughter 
of the American Consul, and on July 26, 1797, their marriage 
was consummated, and proved a happy and congenial union 
through the half century of wedded life which succeeded. 

Just following an appointment as Minister to Portugal, came 
the announcement of his father's succession to the Presidency of 
the United States, and, with his characteristic good judgment, 
the son signified his decision to resign. Washington did not 
concur in this view of the situation, and insisted that his father 
should retain him in a position for which he was so well qualified. 
He was appointed Minister to Berlin and finally secured a treaty 
of " Amity and Commerce " between the United States and 
Prussia. He then asked for his recall, which came with the 
closing of his father's administration. 



50 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 

Ill 1802 John Quincy Adams was elected by the Federal party 
to the State Senate, and the following year, was chosen United 
States Senator. Here his position was made extremely unpleas- 
ant by the_ opposition of the Republicans, then in power, and also 
by the Federalists, who attributed their defeat to the elder 
Adams, while the son was made the object of the rancorous sen- 
timents of both parties for the four succeeding years. 

Then came issues of great moment to the United States, 
among them the purchase of Louisiana, in which John Quincy 
Adams favored the policy of Jefferson, and brought down upon 
himself the disapproval of the Federalists, who were English 
sympathizers in matters of policy. He supported the Presi- 
dent's " non-importation act," and resented the blows i aimed 
by the English at American commerce. The act of " British 
impressment" was the crowning injury which he set himself 
steadfastly against, and, not as fully covering the ground, but as 
a " step in the right direction," voted for the bill establishing an 
embargo against England; this act roused his party to such 
frenzy against him that they nominated his successor. 

In 1809, under President Madison, John Quincy Adains was 
appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to Russia, and spent the 
four and a half years following, at the Court of the Romanoffs. 
He was also one of the Commissioners who took part in the cel- 
ebrated "Treaty of Ghent," in 1814, which event was hailed with 
much rejoicing by America, and accepted by England as the 
lesser of threatened ills. 

The following May, Mr. Adams was appointed Envoy 
Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to England, and re- 
mained two years at the Court of St. James, returning to his 
native land on June 15, 1817, where he accepted new duties as 
Secretary of State under President Monroe. 

In spite of the bitter opposition of political rivals, John 
Quincy Adams was inaugurated President, March 4, 1825; but. 
though a faithful worker in the interest of the Nation, he seemed 
lacking in the qualities which would win him a faithful following. 



PRESIDENTS ADAMS. 51 

He was unwilling to bend to popular opinion, and was often 
misunderstood, although greatly admired and respected by those 
who were in position to appreciate his sterling qualities of heart 
and mind. 

He was succeeded in the Presidential Chair by Andrew 
Jackson, and retired to his home at Quincy, but not to remain 
long the private citizen, for the " National Republicans " (later 
known as " Whigs") elected him to Congress, where he took his 
seat in December, 1831. If it seemed to many a "descent in 
official life" that the ex-President should consent to serve his 
constituency in this capacity, it was at no time so regarded by 
Mr. Adams, whose own words emphatically declare his senti- 
ments: "No person could be degraded by serving the people in 
Congress. Nor, in my