I Guam <.■ ;
Bulletin No. 22. S-D3'J7- E&S.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ACxRICULTU^E.
DIVISION OF FORESTRY.
THE WHITE PINE
(PINUS STROBUS Linnseus.)
V. M. SPALDING,
Iproft'ssor of liutjiny ii^ tHt? Univtersity of X'licl^itjan.
RKVISHI) ANI> IlN'r.ARr.KD BV
B. E. FERNOW,
CHief of tHf UiviwioiT^ tJf P^orestry.
WITH CONTRIBUTIONS:
INSECT ENEMIES OF THE WHITE PINE . . Hy F. H. CHITTENDEN, Division of Entomology.
THE WOOD OF THE WHITE PINE l!y F!LIi5ERT KOTH, Division. ot Forestry.
WASHINGTON :
r.OVKRNlI ICNT PRINTTNT, OKKICK.
I 8 cj 9 .
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White Pine Forest.
Bulletin No. 22.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DIVISION OF FORESTRY.
THE WHITE PINE.
(PINUS STROBUS Linneeus.)
V. Al. SPALDING,
F'rofessor of Botany in the University of A^Iichigan.
REVISED .\ND ENLARGED BY
B. E. FERNOW,
Chief of the Uivision of Forestry.
WITH CONTRIBUTIONS;
INSECT ENEMIES OF THE WHITE PI.NE . . By F. H. CHITTE.XDEX, Division of Entomoiogy.
THE WOOD OF THE WHITE PI.VE By FILIBEKT ROTH, Division of Forestry.
WASHINGTON :
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1899.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Division of Forestry,
Washington, D. C, March 1.5, 1898.
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith for i)ublicatiou a monograph on the White Pine of
the Northern United States.
Tlie first draft of this monograph, lilie the one on "The Timber Pines of the Southern United
States" (Bulletin Xo. 13, Division of Forestry), by Dr. Charles Mohr, was prepared more than ten
years ago by Prof. V. M. Spalding, of Ann Arbor, Mich.; but it was then found that much informa-
tion of practical value was still lacking, and hence publication was delayed until the deficiencies
could be supplied. Professor Spalding, after having made several revisions, under the pressure
of other work had to abandon the idea of amplifying and perfecting the monograph itself, and
this was left to the undersigned, with the collaboration of the staff of the Division of Forestry.
The undersigned is responsible not only for the plan of the work, but especially for the
portions referring to forest conditions, forestal treatment, and for the discussion on the rate of
growth, to which Mr. Mlodziansky also contributed.
Mr. Filibert Roth, of the Division, besides furnishing the study on the wood of the species,
has also contributed the portions on the history of the lumbering operations, while the discussion
ou the injurious insects is by Mr. F. H. Chittenden, of the Division of Entomology.
A very comprehensive investigation into the rate of growth of the White Pine has been
carried ou since 1802 as opportunity afforded and funds permitted. The results of this investiga-
tion, comjirising the analysis of over seven hundred trees, in the form of tables and notes, will be
found in the Appendix. The measurements in the field were mainly executed by Mr. Austin Cary,
of Bangor, Me., and by Mr. A. K. Mlodziansky, of the Division. The latter also performed the
calculations and tabulations in the Division, and in this work developed a short and satisfactory
method of tabulating, analyzing, and using the large mass of data readily for the purpose of
summarizing, averaging, and generalization. This method is described in Bulletin No. 20,
Division of Forestry.
The situation regarding White Pine supplies has materially changed since this monograi)h
was first conceived, so that it might almost be charged that this publication comes too late. This
would be a misconception both as to the situation and the objects of the monograph. No
information of any kind could have arrested the decimation of our White Pine supplies, which
proceeds through the momentum of economic laws; and even now, when it is well known that a
few years will see their exhaustion, no change in the methods of milling with a view to lengtli-
ening the supplies is contemplated by the manufacturer, who is only concerned in keeping his
mill running. The manufacturer is a harvester, not a forest grower.
The object of this monograph is to lay the basis for an intelligent recuperation of the virgin
growth by the forest grower of the future, work which will surely be begun presently, but which
would not have been undertaken ten years ago.
In the preparation of this monograph use has been made of all available sources of informa-
tion. Acknowledgments are due to a large number of correspondents, named in the proper
connection, who have rendered valuable aid bj' contributing notes on distribution or have assisted
in other ways.
3
4 LETTER UF TRANSMITTAL.
The botanical illustrations showing external characters are by Mr. George B. Sudworth; those
of the anatomy of the wood are by Mr. N. B. Pierce and Mr. Filibert Eoth, and those of parasitic
organisms and disease conditions are from Hartig's "Lehrbuch der Baumkrankheiteu" and
"Zersetzungserscheinnngen des llolzes." The illustrations accompanying the section on injurious
insects were furnished by the Division of Entomology. The map of distribution was prepared in
the Division of Forestry.
The monograph is believed to be just in time for the use for which it is intended, namely, to
prepare for the application of sylviculture to the remnant of our pineries.
Respectfully,
B. E, Fernow,
Chief of Division.
Hon. James Wilson,
Secretary of Agriculture.
CONTENTS.
Page.
Introduction 11
Geographical distribution 11
Character of distribution, by regions 12
Notes on general distribution 15
Conclusions regarding natural distribution 16
The White Pine lumber industry 16
Original stand and present supplies 19
Natural history 20
Botanical description 20
Relationship 21
Morphological characters 21
Root, stem, and branch s\ stem 21
Leaves 22
Floral organs 22
Seeds 23
Seed supply 23
The wood 24
Growth and development 26
Kate of growth 27
Height growth 27
Seedling stage 27
Development in open stand 28
Development in the forest 30
Eft'ect of corajiosition of forest upon height growth 32
Effect of locality upon height growth 33
Growth in thickness 34
Detail measurements of annual gain in circumference 35
Area accretion 36
Form development, or taper 36
Growth in volume 37
Cubic contents of trees 38
Lumber contents of trees 38
Conditions of development 39
Demands upon climate and soil 39
Associated species 40
Light requirements 43
Yield of White Pine 44
Dangers and diseases 49
Injuries by human agency 49
Injuries by storms 50
Diseases 51
Effect of heat and drought 51
Parasitic diseases 51
Insect enemies of the White Pine. By F. H. Chittenden, Division of Entomology 55
Introduction 55
The destructive pine bark-beetle 55
Remedies 56
Other injurious bark-beetles 56
Timber-beetles and other Scolytida- 57
Pine sawyers and other borers 57
The white-pine weevil 58
Moth caterpillars and plant-lice on trunks and limbs 59
Leaf- feeding insects 60
5
6 CONTENTS.
Page.
Forest management 61
Natural reproduction 62
Notes on natural reiiroduction 62
Artificial reproduction 63
Planting notes 64
The White Pine as a forest tree in Germany 67
The wood of the White Pine. By Filibert Roth, Division of Forestry 73
Character and physical properties of the wood 73
Specific weight 73
Shrinkage 77
Strength 77
Durability 80
Comparison with other woods 80
Uses of White Pine 81
Appendix :
Tables of measurements 85
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATES.
White Pine forest Frontispiece.
Plate I. Map showing origiual distribntiou of White Pine (ri/iHs s<to6hs i.) 11
II. Fig. 1. — White Pine mixeil with hardwuods in central Xew York. Fig. 2. — Old White Pine tree in
mixed forest (yonng pine in the foreground) in New York State 12
III. Map showing forest conditions of northern Wisconsin 14
IV. Fig. 1. — Transporting logs over ice road in Michigan. Fig. 2. — Lum^jer camp in Michigan 20
V. Leaves and bud of the White Pine 22
VI. Cones, seeds, etc., of the White Pine 23
VII. Sections of young shoot of White Pine 26
VIII. Sections of wood of White Pine 26
IX. Seedlings of White Pine 27
X. Fig. 1. — A thinned ]>ine grove in New Hampshire. Fig. 2. — Young pine in New Hampshire ^. 48
XI. Fig. 1. — Y'oung pine in need of pruning. Fig. 2. — Y'oung pine pruned 50
XII. Disease of White Pine: Agariciis meUens 54
XIII. Disease of White Pine: I'oli/poriis unnusiis 54
TEXT FIGUKES.
Fig. 1. Bark of old White Pine 21
2. Diagram showing height growth of mixed and of pure growth White Pine in Presque Isle County,
Mich 32
3. Diagram showing height growth of White Pine in forest of varying composition in Pennsylvania 33
4. Girdled White Pine continuing to grow 49
5. Dendrocionus frontalis - 55
6. Tom iciis caeograph us 56
7. Galleries of Tomiciis cacoyrnphiis 57
8. Gnatliotrichua vialeriariiis 57
9. Gallery of Gnaihotrichus matirioviiis 58
10. Chnlcophora rirginiensis , 58
11. Pissodes strobi 59
12. Larval mines under bark and pupal cells of Pissodes stt-obi 59
13. Luplnjrus ahtotii 60
14. Tubes of pine leaves made by pine tube-builder 60
15. Chionaspis pinifoUir 60
16. Diagram showing specific weight of wood at ilift'erent cross sections of the stem; also a decrease of
weight from the stump upward, and the similarity of the wood of ditierent trees 76
17. Diagram showing specific weight of kiln-dry wood at difl'erent points in the stem from ground upward. 76
18. Diagram showing efTect of moisture on crushing strength 80
19. Diagram showing rate of height growth of dominant trees 93
20. Diagram showing rate of height growth of codominaut trees 94
21. Diagram showing rate of height growth of oppressed trees 95
22. Diagram showing height growth of dominant, codominant, and oppressed trees throughout range 96
23. Diagram showing volume growth of dominant, codominant, and oppressed trees throngbont range ... 97
24. Diagram showing height growth of dominant trees, by States 100
25. Diagram showing height growth of codominant trees, by States 101
26. Diagram showing height growth of oppressed trees, by States 101
27. Diagram showing volume growth of dominant trees, by States 102
28. Diagram showing volume growth of codominaut trees, by States 103
29. Diagram showing volume growth of oppressed trees, by States 104
7
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page.
30. Diagram sho-sving average progress of diameter growth (brt-ast high) of dominant trees 108
31. Diagram showing diameter growth of dominant trees at varions heights from ground (average
throughout range) ^"°
32. Diagram showing diameter growth of codominant trees at various heights from ground (average
throughout range) ^"^
33. Diagram showing diameter growth of oppressed trees at various heights from ground (average
throughout range) ^^
34. Diao-ram showing diameter growth of dominant trees at various heights from ground iu Wisconsin.. Ill
35. Diagram showing diameter growth of oppressed trees at various heights from ground in Wisconsin.. Ill
36. Diagram showing diameter growth of dominant trees at various heights from ground in Pennsylvania . 1 13
37. Diairram showing diameter growth of codominant trees at various heights from ground in Pennsylvania 113
38. DiaWam showing di.ameter growth of dominant trees at various heights from ground in Michigan. .. 115
39. Diagram showing diameter growth of codominant trees at various heights from ground in Michigan. 115
40. Diagram showing diameter growth of oppressed trees at various heights from ground in Michigan. . . 116
THE WHITE PINE.
(PINUS STROBUS Linnseus.)
SYNOXYMS.
Piniis strobus Linnjeus, Spec. PI. ed. 1, 1001 (1731).
Pinu« tenuifoUa Salisbury, Prodr. 399 (1796).
LOCAL OR COMMON NAMES.
White Pine (Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Indiana, Illinois,
Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Ontario, Xehr.iska).
Weymouth Pine (Massachusetts, South Carolina, European literature).
Soft Pine (Pennsylvania).
Northern Pine (South Carolina).
Spruce Pine (Tennessee).
BULLETIN No. 22, DIV. OF FORESTRY. U. S. DEPT. OF AGR,
THE V/HITE PINE.
INTRODUCTION.
For two centuries and a half the White Piue has been uuiversally employed for purposes of
coustruction in the Xorthern United States. Its abundance and the combination of qualities
which adapts it to an almost unlimited number of uses have made it the most important and the
most highly prized of all the timber trees of the region to which it is indigenous. In several of
the Northern States it has been a more constant source of wealth and has yielded larger returns
than any other single product. Thus, for instance, in 1879, a fair year for comparison, the natural
products of the State of Michigan were estimated by Governor Jerome as follows:'
Agricultural products $88, 500, 000
Timber 60,000,000
Copper 8,000,000
Iron 10,000,000
Salt 2,000,000
Fish 1,000,000
According to this estimate the value of the timber products, chiefly White Pine, was at that
time, in round numbers, six times that of the iron, seven and one-half times that of the copper,
and thirty times that of the salt product of the State, and amounted to about 3'> per cent of all the
products of the State combined ; and if the value of the entu-e White Piue product of the present
year (1S9S), some 7 billion to 8 billion feet B. M., be taken into consideration, it will exceed in
value at first points of production the entire gold and silver output of the country, which is not
much less than 8100,000,000.
Commercial interests of great magnitude, dependent upon the handling and transportation of
the White Pine product, have been built up in Chicago and other northern cities, and the diminu-
tion or failure of the supply must inevitably result in the transfer of the capital thus employed to
other purposes or to other centers of distribution. In fact, such changes have already been and
are now being made with great rapidity, and much of the capital formerly invested in the pine
lands and mills of the northern lake region has been transferred to those of the Gulf States and
the I'acitic coast.
A multitude of industries is dependent upon a continued and large production of pine lumber,
and its failure, though perhaps not threatening such a collapse of business interests as alarmists
have pictured, will nevertheless involve serious if not disastrous consequences to the communities
relying upon its continuance. The maintenance of an adequate future supply, especially in view
of the well-known fact that the existing forests of White Pine can last but a few years longer, at
most, is therefore a matter of great economical importance and can not receive too prompt
attention.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
The White Pine is a tree mainly of northern distribution, although it occurs along the
mountain ranges as far south as northern Georgia. It occupies in this distributiou the Boreal
and Transition life zones, as defined by Dr. C. Hart Merriam.
' Michigan anil its Resources, Lansing, 1881.
11
12 THE WHITE PINE.
The botanical range of the White Pine may be circumscribed as follows: From Newfoundland
and the Atlantic coast north of the Gulf of St. Lawrence its northern limit runs in a wavy
line between the forty-ninth and fifty-first degree of latitude, its most northern extension occur-
ring near its western limit, when, skirting the southeastern end of Lake Winnipeg, it turns
southward, following more or less closely the ninety-sixth meridian of longitude, and in a
southeastern direction the line which demarcates the boundary between forest and prairie to the
Cedar River at the Iowa line, and along the Mississippi River, crossing it near Rock River, when,
following this river for some time, it takes an easterly course to the head of Lake Michigan, then
in a northeasterly direction through Michigan to the shores of Lake St. Clair and across Ontario,
skirting the southern shores of Lake Erie in the two most northeasterly counties of Ohio, then
turns southward through the eastern counties of that State, and following into West Virginia
near the 1,000-foot contour line along the foothills of the Alleghenies through Kentucky and
Tennessee, gradually withdrawing to higher elevations (1,200 feet) into northeastern Georgia; the
line then returning northward along the eastern slope and crossing upper Delaware, reaches the
Atlantic coast in southern New Jersey.
The distribution of commercially valuable timber is, to be sure, very different and much
more confined. The northern parts of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan contained probably
the largest amount of White Pine, the broad belt of commercial pine of these States continuing
eastward through Ontario, ^lorthcrn New York, and the northern New England States to New
Brunswick and Newfoundland, and following the New England coast, while the higher elevations
of the New England States showed preponderantly spruce with pine intermixed. The northern
counties of western Pennsylvania also contained a large amount of White Pine timber mixed with
Hemlock and hardwoods. The character of this distribution is exhibited by general outlines
and shadings on the accompanying map (PI. I). The extreme limits of its sporadic occurrence
can not be fixed with absolute ]>retision, and from the nature of the case must remain more or less
indefinite. Similarly, the limits of greater or less development can only be approximately stated.
The occurrence of the White Pine was generally as a component of the mixed hardwood
forest of the Atlantic, even in the best developed portions of its range, and under such condi-
tions, that is, in mixture with other species, it seems to attain its most perfect development.
The finest specimens of the highly esteemed "Cork Pine" of Michigan grew among hard-
woods on a better quality of soils than those which produced less valued grades. On the lighter
sands true pinery (pure or nearly pure growth of White Pine) occurs. Here its admixtures are
most frequently of Red Pine (Piniis resinom) and in its northern limits of Jack Pine (Pinus divar-
ic«te), while on the better and cooler situations it accompanies the spruces (P/eer* wwr/frnfl and
P. canadensis) with Balsam Fir (Abies Jmlsameu) and Hemlock [Tsuga canadensis).
CHARACTER OP DISTRIBUTION, BY REGIONS.
The character of the occurrence of the White Pine in the forest within its field of distribution
will readily appear from the descriptions in the tables of acre yield in the Appendix.
In Maine, the lower altitudes, along the coast and some of the river valleys, contained in their
hardwood forests the White Pine in fine development, which gave to that State its cognomen of
the "Pine Tree State." Reports of trees C to 7 feet and over in diameter and up to 250 feet in height
testify to the capacity of the species in this region. The original stand of this pine in the State is
practically entirely removed, while the young growth furnishes now again small quantities of
logging material. The higher altitudes, with their slate and granite soils, are stocked entirely with
the spruce and hardwood forest in which the pine occurs only as a scattering mixture and of
inferior development.
This same manner of distribution applies more or less to Xew Hampshire and northern Xew
York. In the Adirondacks the pine, now almost entirely removed, fringes with the Spruce and
Balsam Fir the many lakes and water courses and keeps to the lower altitudes ; mixed in with the
Maples, Birches, Beech, and Spruce, it towers 50 to GO feet above the general level of the woods,
with diameters of 30 to 40 inches. Its reproduction under the shade of its competitors, however,
is prevented, young pine being rarely seen except on old abandoned openings in the forest. (See
PI. II.)
Bullet.n No. 22, Div of Foiestiy. U. S, Dept. of Ag
Fig. 1. White Pine mixed with Hardwoods in Central New York.
Fig. 2. -Old White Pine Tree in mixed Forest (Young Pine in the Foreground' in New York State.
CHARACTER OP DISTRIBUTION, BY REGIONS. 13
In western Neio York the White Pine was once quite abundant as a concomitant of the hard-
wood forest. Young growth is now creeping into every wood lot, while in Fennsylvanin the White
Pine occurred undoubtedly in the lower eastern counties in commercial quantities as well as in the
adjoining counties of Xe^c Jersey, where it begins to be a tree of the mountains, the higher slopes,
ridges, and tops becoming its favorite habitat. It is here largely associated with Hemlock, which
often becomes the preponderant tree. I'ure pine growth is rare, but the mixed hardwood forest is
seldom without an admixture of White Pine to the extent, as a rule, of about 30 per cent numeri-
cally, the soils within the range of its occurrence being seemingly everywhere quite favorable to
its growth.
Besides the Hemlock, the coniferous species with which it is found associated are Pitch Pine
(Pinus rigida) and Spruce, while Red Pine (Piniis resinosa), the most successful rival of the White
Pine in the lake region, is here rarely met, and then only in single individuals. The hardwoods
most frequently represented are ilaple, Beech, and Birch, more rarely Oak and Chestnut, with
Basswood, Cucumber, Hickory, Cherry, etc., interspersed in single individuals.
The best development of the White Pine is usually found along the water courses. Thus, in
Pennsylvania, in Luzerne County the White Pine is situated along Bear Creek and its tributaries;
in Clinton County the pine is found on both branches of Hyner Run aud along Youugwomans
Creek; in Clearfield County there were 20,000 acres along Sandy Creek and its tributaries heavily
timbered with White Pine, of which about 2,000 acres of primeval timber are left, which woidd
cut about 100 million feet B. M. of White Pine. In Jefferson County a tract of Hemlock and
White Pine forest of about 90 square miles, known as the Hay's tract, is traversed by the North
Fork aud its tributaries. In Forest County the areas heavily covered with pine were situated
along Hickory and Tionesta creeks. There is as yet standing over 100 million feet B. M, of White
Pine along Hickory Creek and its tributaries.
The heavy cut of pine in Elk County came from Medix Run, Dents Run, and their tributaries.
The courses of the streams follow the trend of the ridges, the substrata of which are usually of a
porous nature, consisting in most cases of slate or laminated shale, a soil very favorable to pine
situated on moderately elevated grounds and slopes along the hollows and gorges, which, on
account of the iiervious substratum, offer most satisfactory soil-moisture conditions.
From Hew Jersey the White Pine has practically vanished long ago as a factor in lumber
production, and almost as a tree of commou occurrence.
With the extension of the distribution southward, the White Pine becomes less frequent and
of inferior development; the climate forces it to higher and higher altitudes. It occurs in quantity
only in islands or in small bodies on the crests aud along the slopes of the Alleghenies, both east
and west, usually accompanying water courses in broader or narrower belts.
Regarding the manner of occurrence of the White Pine in these southern regions, the remarks
of Mr. W. W. Ashe on the distribution in North Carolina (Bulletin No. 6, North Carolina geological
survey, 1898) are more or less applicable :
The woodland iu which White Pine is the dominant coniferous tree is not extensive, but lies in isolated, small
bodies along the crest and southern and eastern slopes of the Blue Ridge, or on the low hills on the west, • » »
extensive forests seldom being found above the higher limit (3,000 feet in Macon and Jackson counties), or perfect
individual development attained below the lower (2,800 feet). In a few places on the southern slope of the Blue
Ridge ' * " the White Pine is associated with Yellow Pines as well as with deciduous trees, but the trees are
generally short-boled, and neither so large nor tall as those growing at a higher elevation to the west of this range.
Single specimens or small groups of trees are locally dispersed in the broad-leaf forests throughout the mountain
counties between the limits of altitude given above.
It appears from these statements that in these latitudes below the 2,000-foot level this pine
can hardly be expected to be of commercial or forestal value for the future.
The area of greatest quantitative development is found around the Great Lakes and in the
basin of the St. Lawrence and its tributaries, in the very places most perfectly adapted to its
ready and economical exploitation and easy shipment to markets, the largo number of streams
that are capable of carrying logs, the accessibility of natural ports of distribution, and favorable
climatic conditions inviting the logger and lumberman. Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota
have thus become known as the great lumber region of the United States.
14 THE WHITE PINE.
In Michigan the distribution of the species is entirely controlled by the character of the soil,
all sandy areas being- pinery proper, with large areas of pure growth of several square miles in
extent containing only White Pine. Occasionally, and especially on the driest and poorest sandy
gravels, the -Red Pine (Pinus re.sinosa) associates and sometimes predominates, the White Pine
not representing more than 10 to 20 per cent of the number of trees. In the northern regions
Jack Pine [Pinus diraricata) takes the place of the Red Pine.
The typical pine forest on fresh sandy soils consists of White Pine (45 to 55 per cent of the
dominant growth) mixed with Eed Pine (25 to 45 per cent) with scattering Hemlock (10 to 15 per
cent) and occasional Fir and hardwoods. The undergrowth, usually moderately dense, consists
mainly of small Hemlock, Fir, and young hardwoods.
On moister sand with loam or clay subsoil Hemlock and hardwoods replace the pines, the
Eed Pine vanishing entirely and the White Pine occurring only in large isolated individuals. Into
wet or swampy places the White Pine also penetrates in single individuals among Arborvitii?,
Hackmatack, and Spruce.
As the loam in the composition of the soil increases, the hardwoods increase numerically, the
White Pine occurring only in single individuals and groups, and Red Pine and Hemlock only
occasionally. Finally, the heavy clay soils toward the southern range of the species give absolute
preponderance or exclusive possession to the hardwoods, mainly Sugar Maple, Yellow Birch, and
Beech, although occasionally White Pine appears scattered, or even in smaller or larger groups.
Lumbering of White Pine in Michigan began about 1835, and was at its best in 1883, but now
the virgin pine is nearly cut out. Reproduction is satisfactory on the sandy areas wherever fires
are kept out, which is rare; on the clay-loam areas reproduction nnder the shade of the hardwoods
is practically impossible.
In Wisconsin the same dependence on soil conditions in the distribution of the species prevails
as in Michigan. The accompanying map of the forest areas of Wisconsin, taken from Bulletin No.
16, of the Division of Forestry, will serve to give an idea of the manner in which this distribution
appears within the belt of best development. (See PI. III.) From this map it will be seen that
the distribution is to the largest extent dependent on soil conditions, the sandy soils representing
the pinery areas, in which merchantable hardwoods and Hemlocks are wanting; the loam and clay
areas are stocked with the hardwood forest, in which both Hemlock and Pine occur scattering or
in isolated groves, represented almost entirely by mature old timber. Saplings, bushy young
trees, and seedlings are comparatively scarce, an active reproduction of the pine evidently not
going on. This condition is found especially on the heaviest soils, where the hardwoods crovrd out
the pine, while on the sandy or gravelly soils the pine holds its own and forms a fair proportion of
the sapling timber. In the true pinery of the sandy soils the hardwoods are scantily represented
by small White Birch, Aspen, and Maple. The Hemlock is entirely wanting. On the barrens
proper the White Pine is replaced by Jack Pine and Eed Pine, one, or both together, forming
forests of considerable extent, usually with hardly any undergrowth or admixture save some
scattering Scrub Oak.
In Minnesota climatic conditions again begin to assert themselves in influencing the distribu-
tion of the White Pine.
The conifers become preponderant over the hardwoods everywhere. Pines, both Red and
White, together with Tamarack [Lari.r laricina) and Arborvitie (Cedar — Thuja occidentalis) and
some admixture of Spruce occupy those sites, both swamp and dry lands, which elsewhere would
be occupied by hardwoods. With this change in composition goes a decrease in development;
the sizes both in diameter and height are reduced.
It is an interesting fact that both in Wisconsin and INIinnesota the pine area does not, as in
the eastern field of distribution, gradually fade out toward the prairie, but the true pine woods
cease abruptly within 30 or 40 miles at most from the demarcation line of the prairie, leaving the
intervening ground to Birch and Aspen or Scrubby Oak and Jack Pine openings.
In the Canadian extension of the species pure pinery is very rare. The great bulk of the
most productive pine country lies northward and westward from the mouth of the Ottawa River
to Georgian Bay in mixed growth, which consists mainly of hardwoods, with Hemlock, Spruce,
Arborvitaj (Cedar), and Balsam, while the lower tiers of Ontario are of the same character of
hardwoods, with little scattering pine, as in southern Michigan. The eastern extension of the
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NOTES ON GENERAL DISTRIBUTION. 15
field of commercial i)iue iu Canada followed maiuly the St. Lawrence Itiver as far as Quebec. On
Newfoundland the species is indigenous to nearly the whole of the island, and in some parts pro-
duces considerable quantities of merchantable timber. At its northwestern limit the forest fades
out into prairie, the White Pine gradually disappearing, while at the northern limit the change
is into Spruce forest.
NOTES ON GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.
Dr. N. L. BrittoTi, for some years connected with the geological survey of New Jersey, writes of the occurrence
of White Pine in that State as follows :
Pine Brook Station and sparingly northward along the Southern Railroad of New Jersey (Britton); sparingly
3 miles south of Woodbury, Gloucester County (Canby), and frequent in the middle and northern portions of the
State. There are no White Pine forests in New Jersey, and the largest grove known to me is of but a few-acres in
extent. It evidently prefers a heavier soil than does P. rii/ida, which forms the forests of the pine barrens. On
Staten Island, New York, there are a few scattered trees of P. strobus.
Mr. William M. Canby, of Wilmington, Del., reports the existence of a grove of White Pine trees in upper
Delaware, and Jlr. Thomas Meehan, of Germautowu, Pa., states that White Pine grows (or did recently) at the
Soapstone quarry, on the east side of the Schuylkill, some 8 or 10 miles above Philadelphia. Mr. Canby adds: "It
is a very difficult thing to define the limit of a species that is being so rapidly destroyed, and doubtless the southern
line is being rapidly eft'aced."
Prof. Lester 1'. Ward, of Washington, D. C, is of the opinion that Piniis sirohnx is not indigenous around
Washington, and that the few trees met with in wild situations in its vicinity grew from seeds blown from planted
trees. He has never met it in his botanical excursions into southeastern Maryland and Virginia.
Mr. F. E. Boynton writes from Highlands, N. C. :
I have seen some very fine specimens growing in Pickens and Oconee counties, S. C, but I have never seen it in
this part of the country except iu hif;h altitudes, say from 2,500 to 3,000 feet usually. I have never seen or beard of
its forming forests here. I have seen groves of a few acres where it might be said to predominate. As a rule, it is
fouu<l scatteicd among other forest trees. It nearly always grows in or quite near Rhododendron and Mountain
Laurel thickets, which indicate a moist soil. It often grows to be a very large tree here I measured a log in the
mill yard near here last night that was 37 inches through. Considerable lumber is cut from White Pine in this
mountain region, but, as a rule, the lumber is of inferior quality, being very knotty and often shaky. Cultivated
specimens thrive and grow very fast. It is usually found most common on southern exposures. The rock formation
is granite, and soil usually a sandy or gravelly loam wherever I have observed the White Pine in this region.
The following has been furnished by Prof. W. R. Lazenby, of the State agricultural experiment station at
Columbus, Ohio :
From all the data in my possession, I should say that White Pine is rarely met with in Ohio outside the borders
of two of our northeastern counties, viz, Ashtabula and Lake. Occasionally a sporadic ])atch has been noted along
the banks of streams iu some of the eastern counties. I have never heard of its spontaneims occurrence anywhere
throughout the central or southern portions of the State. It appears to thrive well here at Columbus and submits
kindly to change of soil. Wherever I have seen it iu Ohio under artificial cultivation it has presented a thrifty
appearance, although the young plants do not make a very rapid growth for the first few years.
Concerning the occurrence of White Pine near the head of Lake Michigan, Prof. E. J. Hill, of Normal Park, III.,
writes :
It begins at Whiting Station, on the Jliohigan .Southern Railroad, and extends eastward to Michigau City. I
came across a clump of White Pine once, about a mile north of Otis, where the Michigan Southern Railroad crosses
the New Albany road. - ' * You would be pretty safe in taking the Calumet River as the southern boundary.
' " " I do not know of a single native tree iu Cook County, 111.
Mr. M. S. Bebb, of Rockford, 111., communicates the following concerning tlie occurrence of White Pine in the
northern portion of that State:
In a few localities on Rents Creek and Rays Creek, in Winnebago County, and giving the name to Pine Creek
in Ogle, the county immediately north of this, the White Pine is certainly indigenous, but occurring only as a
sparse growth, cresting precipitous banks, where it seems to have found a favorable environment.
To this Mr. S. B. AVadsworth, of Oregon, 111., adds:
The White Pine iu Ogle County grows in some cases to a height of 40 or 50 feet. ' " * Nearly all the small
streams iu Pine Rock towuship have some pines near the mouths of the streams if there are any rocks along the
banks. ' » » Xhe White Pine prefers the St. Peters sandstone, but in some eases grows on limestone rocks.
Mr. R. Williams, of Streator, 111., says :
White Pine is without doubt a native of La Sallo County. It occurs on the Vermilion and its little tributaries
wherever there is an exposure of carboniferous sandstone, and more frequently is seen close to the edge of the
highest blutfs, where the soil is largely composed of the disintegrated rock. To find one beyond the intlueuce of
the sand rock would be almost phenomenal. The number is very small and their situation does not permit them to
attain mucli size. I think that 40 feet is about the limit of height. Small thrifty plants from one to a few feet in
height occur here and there, and are sometimes transplanted to the prairie soil, where they make a vigorous growth,
outstripping Norway Spruce, Scotch and Austrian Pine, Hemlock, and White Cedar. Pines planted here in 1854 or
1855 are now (188i3) about 40 feet high.
The limiting line of the White Pine beyond the Mississippi northwestward is traced substantially as indicated
by Mr. Warren Uphani in the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota. Mr. Upham sends the following :
The White Pine, wherever I have seen it lu New Hampshire and other parts of New England and in the North-
west, prefers somewhat clayey laud. It does not thrive on wholly sandy plains ("modified drift" of glacialists),
16 THE WHITE PINE.
which aro denominnted "pine barrens,'' the congonial dwelling place iu the East for the Pitch Pine (P. rigida), and
ill tho Northwest for the Banksian or Jack Piue (P. divaricata); nor does the White Pine in either rei;ion grow
plentifully and of largest size on very clayey laud, which is the favorite location for Maples, Basswood, Elms, and
other deciduous trees. The White Pine iu this matter of its choice of soil follows the injunction. Medio tiilisaimus
ibis. The Red Pine (P. reainosa), so far as I have observed, can thrive better on the very sandy plains and "bar-
rens" than the White Pine, being intermediate iu this between the White Pine and the Pitch and Jack pines.
Prof. T. H. Macbride, of the State University of Iowa, says:
I have collected White Pine in the following counties in this State: Mitchell, Howard, Winneshiek, Allamakee,
Clayton, Dubuque, Delaware, Jackson, aud Muscatine. It is, by others, reported from Scott. It ought to be found
also in Fayette, but I have never rnn across it there.
[This wonld confine the White Pine in Iowa to the counties bordering the Mississippi River and the Minnesota
State line as far west as the Cedar River Valley.]
CONCLUSIONS REGARDING NATURAL DISTRIBUTION.
Tbe leadiug couclusions to be drawn from what lias been .stated regarding tlie natural di.stri-
bntion of White Piue seem to be the following:
(1) Leaving out of consideration all the outlying iiortions of the region under discussion, there
is left an area of not less than 400,000 square miles in the United States and Dominion of Canada
within which the White Pine is in its home and surrounded by the conditions of its own choice,
throughout which its successful cultivation is fully assured.
(2) A much larger territory than this is included within the limits of extreme distribution as
defined above, and there is abundant evidence to show that over nearly the whole of this wide
area, and in some directions far beyond it, this species makes under cultivation a healthy and
rapid growth. There is ai>parently no species of equal value indigenous to eastern North
America that is at the same time adapted to so wide an area.
(3) The habits of this species near tbe western limit of its natural occurrence, as well as
experimental planting, indicate plainly that its successful growth can not be depended upon much
beyond this limit.
THE WHITE PINE LUMBER INDUSTRY.
No species of American timber has been so much used for lumber as the White Pine, and
the development of the lumber industry in this country is coincident with the exploitation of the
White Pine forests.
The commercial use of White Pine began with the first settlement of New England. The first
sawmills were established in the seventeenth century, and numerous small sawmills, which were
usually an attachment of the neighborhood gristmill, were in operation early in the eighteenth
century. Timber was exchanged for merchandise, and the collections thus made were floated to
ports of shipment, whence they were exported. This primitive industry, confined largely to White
Pine, was continued well into the third decade of the present century. In 1850, J. S. Springer, of
Maine, wrote: "Thirty years ago it was unnecessary to search for a locality for a lumber camj) on
the Penobscot, for a man could step from his house to his day's work, the pine, that forest king,
abounding on every side. Fifty years hence the vast piue forests through which the Penobscot
flows will be on the eve of destruction." This prophecy has long since been verified, for the Spruce
has practically taken the place of the White Pine in the lumber output of Maine.
This early trade in White Pine, though involving small capital and limited operations on the
part of each dealer, was by no means unimportant iu the aggregate, lumber being a leading
industry in New England from the first. The Bangor Weekly Register of March 2, 181G, noted
that between 300 and iOO sleigh loads of lumber, etc., came into Belfast in one day. The Gazette
of July 10, 1822, says that 136,080 feet of lumber and 35,000 shingles were hauled in on one Saturday
by teams. In 1825 twenty-five vessels were engaged in the lumber trade from Bangor to the West
Indies. The mills of those days were all small affairs, generally single-sash saws, driven by water
power, with a capacity of 1,000 to 3,000 feet per day. About 1830 the construction of larger mills
began, and in 1890 a capital of nearly 812,000,000 was invested in the sawmilling industry in the
State of Maine alone.
In general, it may be said that tbe White Pine of New England was cut by numerous small
concerns, and that the bulk of the supplies was cut before modern sawmilling began.
THE LUMBER INDUSTRY. 17
Although the great forests of White Pine in Maine have disappeared, a small amount of this
material is still cut in the State every year, so that since 1881, on the Penobscot, for instance, out
of a total cut of about 150 million feet per year between 24 and 30 million feet have been pine, the
pine thus generally forming 15 to 20 per cent of the entire output.
In Pennsylvania the exploitation of White Pine likewise began quite early. Pittsburg
furnished pine lumber to points along the Ohio and even to St. Louis, Mo. As late as 1850
Philadelphia received its 150 million feet of lumber, largely White Pine, from the State, importing
but very little from New England and the South. At Williamsport, the center of White Pine
lumbering in Pennsylvania, the first large mills were erected about 1838, and the bulk of the pine
was cut prior to 1870.
In the forties the White Pine product marketed at Williamsport excelled in quantity all other
points of production. The highest i^roduction was reached in 1873, with nearly 300 million feet
B. M. in logs boomed, which in 1893 had sunk to a little over one-tenth of that amount. While
in 1873 the amount of timber standing was estimated as 3,300 million feet B. M., in 1896 the State
commissioner of forests places the remainder at 500 million feet B. M.
The only uncut White Pine forests of Pennsylvania now standing are isolated bodies in the
more inaccessible parts of Clearfield, Lycoming, and Tioga counties.
In the State of New York, too, which in the Adiroudacks and in the western counties con-
tained considerable quantities of White Pine, the species is largely cut out. Hardly more than 5
per cent of the cut is now of White Pine, the output from the Adirondack mills being in the
neighborhood of 25 million feet B. M.
The exjiloitation of White Pine in the Lake region began during the thirties, when small
mills were erected at various points, both in ^Michigan and Wisconsin. The first steam sawmill at
Saginaw was built in 1834, and the first mill at Alpena was built two years later. Nevertheless
the lumber industry of both Michigan and Wisconsin remained insignificant until toward the close
of the fifties, when most o6 the present sites of manufacture had been established. Ten years
later (1870) the annual cut of White Pine in Michigan and Wisconsin amounted to nearly 4 billion
feet; Minnesota had scarcely begun to contribute to the output; and in the marketing the rail-
way was fast displacing the older method of rafting. The progress of lumbering is well illus-
trated in the following figures fi'om the Northwestern Lumberman, representing the annual cut of
lumber alone from 1873 to 1897 :
Annual cut ofhtmhcr {ixcliiairc of shiHijIes and laths) of the three Lake States, Michigan, Wisconsin,
and Minnesota, 1S73-1S97.
FeetB.M. j Feet U. M.
1873 3,993,780,000 1886 7,425,368,443
1874 3,751,306,000 1887 7,757,916,784
1875 3,968,553,000, 1888 8,388,716,460
1876 3,879,046,000! 1889 8,305,833,277
1877 5,595,333,496 ! 1890 8,664,504,715
1878 3,699,472,759
1879 4,806,943,000
1880 5,651,295,006
1891 7,943,137,012
1892 8,903,748,423
1893 7,599,748,458
1881 6,768,856,749 ' 1894 6,763,110,649
1882 7,552,150,744' 1895 7,093,398,598
1883 7,624,789,786 1896 5,725,763,035
1884 7,935,033,054 1897 6.233,454,000
1885 7,053,094,555
Or, dividing the time into periods of five years each, the figures are as follows :
Cut of lumber {exclusive of shingles and laths) in Michigan, (Visconsin, and Minnesota, bg periods of
fire years.
Feet.
1876-1880 21,562,090,361
1881-1885 36,933,924,888
1886-1890 40,542,339,679
1891-1895 38,302,143,140
Total 137,340,498,068
20233— No. 22 2
18
THE WHITE PIXE.
From the figures, to which about 10 per cent must be added forshiugles, latlis, etc., it appears
that the yearly output did not reach 4 billiou feet uutil 187!». aud that the greatest increase in the
cut occurred between 1S7(3 and 1SS2, wlien the 7-billiou mark was reached. This enormous cut
continued until the general business depression of 1894 called a temporary halt. lu Minnesota,
l)ino lumbering began on the St. Croix and did not reach conspicuous dimensions until during the
eighties, when the regions along the upper Mississippi, as well as the Dulutli district, were opened.
This progress westward is well illustrated by the following figures, which show the percentage of
the total cut of lumber alone from period to period, by districts:
Feicentage of total cut of lumber, 1S73 to 1S95, by (Ustricts.
Districts.
Lumber cut.
1878
1880
1 1885 1
1890
1895
Saginaw district and mills along railways in southern
Per cent.
36
30
34
Percent.
31
32
37
Per cent.
28
45
Per cent.
24
28
48
Per cent.
16
26
58
Ports about Lake Mfchigan, including those of Green
District west of Chicago, that is, most of the mills in
In this connection the White Pine trade of St. Louis presents au interesting illustration. The
first pine lumbrr was received from Pittsburg in 1S19, and this point remained the principal
source of supplies for years. In 1843 a boom on the St. Croix Eiver broke and the liberated logs
were gathered and rafted to St. Louis, where they were sawn. In 1850 the first regular raft of
Wisconsin logs was brought to the city. lu 1853 Schulenberg and Boeckler built a large sawmill
on tlie St. Croix, and from this time on rafts of sawed White Piue were sent to St. Louis from the
northern rivers.
The receipts of White Pine at St. Louis were: In 1853, about 60 million feet; in 1882, about
162 milliou feet. Similarly the lumber trade of the city of Chicago, the greatest lumber market
in the United States, if not in the woi'ld, illustrates well the development of the White Pine
lumber industry. In 1847 only 32 million feet of White Pine lumber were received. The annual
receipts at intervals of ten vears since 1855 to 1895 were as follows:
Feet.
1855 30r>, 000. 000
1865 647,145,734
1875 1, 153, 715, 432
1885 1,744,892,000
1895 1,637,389,000
The receipts reached their maximum in 1892 with 2,203,874,000 feet, and the heavy diminution
since that date is not greater than would be accounted for by the general business depression
throughout the couutry.
In Canada, as in Kew England, the exploitation of White Piue began almost with the first
settlement. Logs, hewn timbers, and especially ship spars, were exported in early days, and of
late years an extensive trade in sawn lumber, as well as saw logs, has sprung up between that
country and the United States. Since reliable statistics of the lumber output of this region are
wanting, the following figures for the dues on crown timber in Ontario and Quebec must sufiflce to
illustrate the development of the industry:
Ariraiie auiiiial diien un cruiiii tiniher for Ontario nnti (hiehec.
1826-1834 $24,000
1835-1851 82,000
1852-1857 122,000
1858-1866 168,000
1867-1881 450. 000
The export into the United States for 1894, the heaviest year, was: Lumber, 1,155 milliou
feet (Pine and Spruce); piue logs, 277,947,000 feet, or less than 1.} billiou feet B. M,
Though scattering White Pine occurs in all provinces of eastern Canada, large bodies of
merchantable timber are only to be found on the upper waters of the Ottawa, and on the shores
ORIGINAL STAND AND PRESENT SUPPLIES. 19
of Lake Huron (Georgian Bay district) and Lake Superior, aiul tlie White Pine lumbering is
practically confined to these districts. The output of White Pine in the Dominion is estimated
at 1 J to 2 billion feet per year.
ORIGINAL STAND AND PRESENT SUPPLIES.
Wliat the original stand of White Pine was is difficult even to estimate. The amount of
White Pine cut in the New England States, New York, Pennsylvania, and the eastern Provinces
of Canada is not known, and the only reliable tigures which give an indication of what has been
harvested are the tigures for the Lake States above mentioned. For the Lake region alone the
estimated original stand for Wisconsin may serve as an illustration. For the pine-stocked area of
this State, a total stand of about 150 million feet i)er township (23,000 acres) has been shown to be a
fair average. This would indicate a total of about 130 billion feet, of which about GO billion feet were
cut between 1S73 and 1S!I7, and about -0 billion feet are supposed to have been cut prior to 1S73,
making a total of about 80 billion feet as actually harvested, while about 18 billion feet were
believed to be still standing in 1897. These figures are based upon a thorough canvass made by
Mr. Filibert Koth and published in detail in Bulletin No. 16 of the Division of Forestry. On the
same basis, jMichigan possessed fully 1.50 billion feet and Minnesota may be assumed to have had
about 70 billion feet, winch would make an aggregate of about 350 billion feet of pine for the Lake
States. Of this about 170 billion feet were cut between 1873 and 1S97, and about 50 billion feet
were probably cut prior to this time, accounting for about 220 billion feet out of 350 billion feet.
While it must remain mere conjecture, it seems quite fair, neverthele.ss, to assume that the total
supplies of White Pine aggregated i>robably not less than 700 billion feet of standing timber
originally. Of this total, then, not less than 50 per cent was contained in Canada and the
Eastern States, the United States portion representing about two-thirds of this heritage, the
Canadian portion showing less than 20 i)er cent of total supplies.
Of this large amount of virgin supplies, a little over 15 per cent, or 100 billion feet, maj' be
estimated as standing. These supplies may be approximately distributed as follows:
Canada is credited by the statistician of its department of agriculture with about 37 billion
feet of standing pine, an estimate probably far below the real truth. For the Lake States the
following estimates were made in 1897 by the best-informed man of the Lake region : Minnesota, 36
billion feet; Wisconsin, 18 billion feet: Michigan, 10 billion feet. These estimates are considered
quite high by mauj'. The standing pine in Michigan is placed by a detail township canvass in
1890 at only about ('> billion feet; the standing White Pine of Minnesota is estimated by the State
chief fire warden at only about 12,600 million feet, while an estimate for Wisconsin made in 1895
places the standing pine of that State at only 8 billion feet.
Retaining the larger figures as probably the nearest correct, there exist to-day : In the Lake
States, about Gi billion feet: in Canada, over 40 billion feet; in New York and Pennsylvania, not
over 2 billion feet; in New England, not over 3 billion feet; in West Virginia and Tennessee, not
over 1 billion feet; making a total of about 110 billion feet, or about 22 per cent of what may fairly
be believed to have been standing originally. Of this standing supply, about 100 billion feet are
so located that the present rate of exploitation (over G billion feet per year) can be, and probably
will be, continued until over 75 per cent of the present supply is cut, when, of course, a lack of
logs will lead to a reduction in output. This condition may be looked for before the end of the
next ten or twenty years, and from that time, unless recuperative measures are adopted, White
Pine will cease to be the great staple of our lumber markets.
In former years lumbering of all kinds was careless, and even in the White Pine forests the
prevailing "inexhaustible supply" notion led to enormous waste. Stumps were left 3 to 4 feet
high, all defective trees were left, and top logs burned up with the di-bris. Many of these old
slashings have been logged fin- the second and even the third time, often yielding a greater profit
than -when first culled.
At present this is no longer the case. High stumpage prices and a perfect market have led
to the closest economy in logging, milling, and shipping of White Pine. The trees are felled with
the saw, the stumps are 18 inches and less, care is had in the marking and sawing of logs, and
the top is utilized, irrespective of knots, just as far as it will make saw timber. Defective logs
20 THE WHITE PINE.
are rarely left behind, and "clean cutting" now means the removal of all logs, however defective.
In logging, ice roads, improved by nightly sprinkling, enable the transport of enormous loads
(5,000 feet and more) by single or double teams. The logging railway is fast finding favor, and in
many places the logging is thereby made continuous, being carried on at all seasons. (See PI. IV.)
The yields in White Pine are, as might be expected, very variable.
A. cut of 2 million feet B. M. on a " forty," or 50,000 feet per acre, was not a rare one in the
pineries of southern Michigan, and oc-asionally such cuts are made in Wisconsin and Minnesota.
To yield such a result the entire "forty" must be well and evenly stocked. The best acre, then,
need not be far above the average, and, in fact, rarely exceeds 75,000 feet.
A stand of 1 million feet on a " forty," or 25,000 feet per acre, is a good one, but was of quite
common occurrence in all White Pine districts, and may still be found in many places, while whole
townships or counties have .averaged 10,000 feet per acre.
These yields depend, of course, on the character of the forest growth, the greater or smaller
admixture of other species occasioning the differences. Thus, if any large territory of the pine
districts were taken into consideration, a yield of 150 million feet per township would be found a
fair statement for most parts of the pineries of Wisconsin and Michigan.
The best yields do not usually come from those tracts which contain the largest trees, but
where the pine is least mixed with other species and stands most dense.
Such areas, pineries proper, where no merchantable hardwoods were mixed with the pine, are
usually tracts of loamy sand, and occur in extensive bodies in all three of the Lake States.
Generally, White Pine cuts more wasteful than Norway or I'ed Pine, has a thicker bark, more
large dead limbs and knots, these latter often coming to within 20 feet of the ground, even on large
trees, and is cpiite given to forking. This latter peculiarity seems natural to the tree, and has
been observed abroad as well as here. It seems independent of the character of the soil, as it
occurs on clay and sand alike, but it is often localized, so that on a small tract of 10 or 20 acres
nearly all trees are forked. Trees with three and four forks are not rare, and five forks occur. In
addition. White Pine is extensively defective by decay, so much so that in some localities 15 to 20
per cent must be allowed for the loss from this source.
NATURAL HISTORY.
The oldest description of the White Pine appears to be that of Plukenet, published in 1700.
Its scientific name of Pinus strobus was given the species by Linn;¥us in 1753, and unlike most
trees but one other scientific name has been applied to it, the synonym being Pinus tcnuifoUa Salis-
bury, 1706. Besides the generally accepted common name of White Pine, the species is locally
known in the United States as Soft Pine, Northern Pine, and Spruce Pine, and to a limited extent
by its usual European name of Weymouth Pine.
The species was first introduced in Europe at Badminton, England, and was soon after exten-
sively planted on the estate of Lord Weymouth, whence its common name abroad. It was also
extensively planted in Germany at the end of the last century under the same name, Weymuth-
kiefer.
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION.
White Pine (Pinus strobtis L.) in its natural habitat is a tree of large size, 100 feet or more in
height (not unfrequently attaining a height of over 150 feet, even trees of 250 feet in height having
been reported), with smooth, thin, grayish bark (fig. 1), becoming at the base thick and deeply
furrowed with age. The leaves are slender, straight, triangular in section, five in a sheath, 2i to
4J inches long; resin ducts, chiefly two near the dorsal face; stomata in three to five rows on the
ventral faces; flbro-vascular bundle, one. Cones, single or in groups of two to three, stalked and
pendulous, 4 to 6 inches long, cylindrical, slightly tapering and curved, fruit-scales oblong wedge-
shaped, the apophysis half pyramidal, with a triangular blunt point. Seeds, one-fifth to one- fourth
inch long, grayish-brown, with a thin membranaceous wing. Cotyledons, seven to eleven.
A number of varieties, more or less distinctly marked, are recognized in cultivation. Among
these are nana, a dwarf, bushy form, cultivated in gardens in the Old World; nivea, viridis, and
aurea, named from the color of their leaves; brevifolia, and several others {umbraculifera, minima,
Bulle1,n No, 22, Dw, n( Forestry, U. S Deof of Agncult
FiQ. 1 .-Transporting Logs ovtR Ice Road in Michigan.
Fig. 2.— Lumber Camp in Michigan.
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS.
21
fastigiata, gracilifolia, variegata, zchrina, a.n(\. prosfrata), some of which are propagated and sold as
special attractions in nurseries.
KELATIONSHIP.
The White Pine [Pimis strobus) is closely related to the Bhotan Pine {Pinus excelsa) of India,
the Swiss Stone Pine {Phms cembra) of southern Europe, the White Pine {Pinus fle.rilis) of the
Eocky Mountains, the Sugar Pine (Pinus lambertiana) of the Pacific coast, and a number of others
less generally known, of which Pinus monticola, P. albicmdis, P. strobiformis, P. quadri/oUa, P.
])urryana, and P. cembroides are natives of the I'nited
States.
The species belonging to this section of the pine genus
are distinguished by their slender, delicate leaves, five in
a sheath ; by the exceptionally soft and even texture of
their wood, and by certain well-defined botanical charac-
ters, by which they are marked as a natural and easily
recognized group.
The grouj) of species just named sliows a preference,
generally characteristic of tliis section of pines, for ele-
vated, mountain regions, and a light rather than a heavy
soil, making, as a rule, a healthy growth on sandy and
rocky places, and manifestly preferring these to low and
heavy soil. All are handsome trees, symmetrical in form,
some of them, as the Sugar Pine (Pinus litmbertiana), of
rapid growth, and forming magnificent specimens from
150 to over 200 feet in height, wliile others are of slow
growth, as the Stone Pine of the Alps, which produces,
however, a beautiful, fine-grained wood, extensively used
by the Swiss peasants for carving. The Bhotan Pine cf
the Himalayas is the representative of the White Pine in
Asia, resembling it very closely in habit, size, structure
of wood, and various technical characters. ii-. i.-ink i ,1,1 w i, ;. iim.
Admitting the common ancestry of these various species, a more extended comparative study
of their preferences and habits would be of much interest in relation to their cultivation beyond
their natural range, considering the fact that, whatever their environment, such ancestral traits
are certain to manifest themselves.
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS.
BOOT, STEM, AND BRANCH SYSTEM.
In the natural forest, with a due amount of shade, the White Pine has at maturity a straight
columnar trunk, destitute of branches for half to two-thirds of the distance from the ground to
the tip of the leader.
The branches are for many years disposed regularly in whorls, and during this early period
the tree retains a symmetrical, couical form, and is one of the most graceful of the pines for orna-
mental cultivation, but, as is the case with other conifers, the lower branches are short lived, and
ultimately, by their decay, the tree becomes unsightly. This fact, which renders this species, in
common with all other conifers, undesirable during part of their lifetime for ornamental purposes,
gives it the greater value as a timber tree.
The crown, at first pyi'amidal, is finally less regular, although rarely fiattening, and, owing to
the rapid and persistent growth of the tree, conspicuously overtops the surrounding forest of
deciduous trees. The root system is small compared with the size of the tree and spreads near the
surface of the ground; its comparatively slight development is in harmony with the less pro-
nounced dependence of this species on the soil and its greater dependence on the atmosphere.
22 THE WHITE PINE.
Nursery seedlings produce numerous slender, fibrous roots, the delicate tissues of which are as iu
most conifers easily dried at the time of transplanting, resulting in very serious injury or loss of
plant material. White Piues planted upon the dry sand along the Lake Michigan shore and
trimmed of their lower branches have been observed restoring these lower limbs and forming a
tljick, green covering over the roots before making any height growth, suggesting in a striking
manner tlie necessity of protecting the root system against too rapid evaporation and a too highly
heated soil. In the natural forest, and in artificial groves properly planted, tlir- fallen leaves fulfill
this function by making a deep, thick coating over the roots.
The leaves arise from greatly reduced short bi-anchlets and are produced five together, sur-
rounded at the base by a thm deciduous sheath, and are further distinguished by being more
slender and delicate than those of our other native pines. (PI. V, 7, 3, 3, 4.) The relative position
of the five leaves inclosed iu their common sheath is shown in PI. Y, 5, and in PI. V, C, is repre-
sented a cross section of a single leaf, magnified sufliciently to show the characteristic arrange-
ment of the tissues.
Without entering into a detailed account of its functions, which would here be irrelevant, it
may nevertheless be remarked that the leaf of the White Pine constitutes a highly com])licated
and delicate piece of apparatus. Like all foliage leaves, the leaf of the White Pine fulfills the
important functions of respiration and the manufacture of starchy food, during which processes
large amounts of watery vapor are exhaled.
A iiealthy pine seedling, three years old, in the air of a dry room, lost by evaporation in
twenty-four hours 81. 1 per cent and in the Ibllowing twenty-five hours 9fi.7 per cent of its entire
dry weight.' The evaporation, chiefly through the leaves, is more rapid in the daytime than in
the night, in clear than iu cloudy weather, and most rapid of all in a drying wind. It will readily
be seen that if a tree is planted on a clear, dry, and windy day, the conditions are t'he most
unfavorable that could possibly be choseu, the rapid evaporation carrying ofi' the water of the
plant beyond the capacity of the roots, not yet adapted to their new place, to meet the demand,
which results in the drying up of the tissues and often iu the death of the tree.
The various forms of modified leaves are characterized by extreme delicacy. Winter buds
(PI. V, 7), with their thin and small scales, present a striking contrast to those of Longleaf Pine, for
example, and other species that produce large buds with relatively thick and coarse scales. The
very loose leaf sheaths and scale-like leaves of the young shoots are early deciduous, a fact that
contributes to the growth of the smooth, clean bark characteristic of the branches of White Pine,
in which it differs in so marked a way from the sjjecies of the Yellow Pine group.
In PI. Y, 1, the modified, scale-like leaves that constitute the loose sheaths are conspicuously
shown. Separate fascicles, with their sheaths, are rei)resented in PI. Y at -2 and 3, while at 4 is an
older one as it appears at the end of the summer after the sheath has fallen.
EXI'LAXATION OF PLATE V.
1. Shoot sbowiug foliage and scale leaves of ditferent ages.
2. Young fascicle with sheath.
3. Young fascicle further developed.
4. Still older fascicle from which thi! deciduous sheath has fallen.
5. Section of fascicle inclosed in sheath.
6. Section of leaf magnified.
7. Winter bud.
FLORAL ORGANS.
Flowers and fruit are rarely produced to any considerable extent before the tree has attained
the age of fifteen or twenty years, though occasionally trees may bear fruit at ten to twelve years
of age.
The stamiuate and pistillate fiowers are separate, but produced on the same tree. They
appear in May, tlie pollen ripening and pollination taking place (in the latitude of Ann Arbor,
' According to determinations made iu the botanical laboratory of the University of Michigan, November 18, 1886.
ulletin No. 22, Div. of Forestry, U. S. Dept. i.f Agnculti
Leaves and Bud of the White Pine.
Bulletin No. 22, Div. of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agncultun
Cones, Seeds, etc., of the White Pine.
SEEDS AND SEED SUPPLY. 23
Micb.) between the middle and the end of the month. The stamiuate dowers are borne laterally
on the shoots of the season (PI. VI, 1). They are extremely simple in structure, consisting of
numerous pollen sacs borne in pairs on the outer face of the scale like staminal leaves. The
pollen is produced in great abundance and is carried by the wind to great distances. Fertilization,
however, notwithstanding the profuse production of pollen, often fails to take place. In fact,
failure appears to be rather the rule than the exception, if we consider the frequency of "off
years," in which little, if any, good seed is produced. But doubtless other causes often combine
to prevent the production of a full crop of seeds.
The pistillate flowers occupy the apex of the young shoot (PI. VI, 2), tinally forming a bunch of
cones pendent from the ends of the branches. At the time of pollination they are about one-
fourth of an inch in length and ha.ve the appearance of minute fleshy cones, which by the end of
the first summer's growth have attained the length of three fourths of an inch to an inch, and
have the appearance represented in PI. VI, .3. They are not ripe until the fall of the succeeding
year, when the cones, having now attained their full size, as shown in PI. VI, 5 and G, oiien and
allow the winged seeds to escape. In order to prevent loss of seeds it is necessary to gather the
cones a little before they ripen, which occurs during early September in most localities of the
natural range. Afterwards, if kept in a dry place, they will open readily themselves and allow
the seeds to fall out. The ripening is signalized by the change of color to a yellow brown and the
forming of a resin coat.
SEEDS.
The seeds are one-fourth of an inch in length by about half that measure in breadth, of an
oval form, grayish-brown in color, sprinkled with darker spots, and provided with a thin, delicate
wing, by means of which they are disseminated through the agency of the wind (PI. VI, 8). The
seed coats consist of a hard outer shell, or testa, inside of which is a thinner membrane, the
endopleura. Inside of the seed coats is the whitish endosperm, constituting the food of the
germinating plant, within which, occupying the center of the seed, is the small, straight embryo,
the three parts of which, stem, radicle, and cotyledons, are plainly distinguishable.
To get 1 pound of seed from 2 to 2h bushels of cones are necessary.
Concerning the production of seed, the experience in this country is but fragmentary. The
individual tree begins to bear quite early. Isolated specimens, or trees in open groves, bear cones
before they are twenty years old, and even trees in the dense forest seem to bear generally before
they are forty years of age. The capacity to bear abundantly is retained to old age, the oldest
trees seen still bearing heavily, and even mutilation by fire or otherwise does not prevent the trees
from bearing.
KXPLANATUIX OK PLATE Yi.
1. St.amiuate flowers of Finns s()-o/)»s just bcl'oro shedding of poUeu.
3. Pistillate flowers; termin.ating young shoot.
3. Youug cones in autumn of first year.
4. Young cones early iu summer of second year.
5. Cones at close of second year's growth before opening of scales.
6. Mature cone, the scales separated to admit of dissemination of seeds.
7. Single scale, showing outer surface.
8. Single scale, showing inner surface with seeds in pl.ace.
SEED SUPPLY.
A full crop of seeds is usually produced by the same tree only at intervals of several years.
Cones may be formed year after year, but upon examination it is often found that many of the
seeds are abortive. Of a large number of cones gathered at Ann Arbor, Mich., in 1SS6, not a
single one showed a perfect seed. 'Slv. John E. Hobbs states that the same year (1880) was a good
seed year in Maine, and that trees had not produced so largely before since 1879. According to
Mr. J. Dawson, of the Arnold Arboretum, a crop of seed may be looked for about once in five
years, though others make intervals between seed years shorter. The frequency of seed years has
not been sufticiently noted as yet to warrant any general statement, but it is known that during
certain seasons the seed production is perfectly general over large areas, while in other years it
is not. Thus, in 1897 the White Pine bore heavily in every pine county in northern Wisconsin.
24 THE WHITE PINE.
The frequency of seed years varies of course not only on account of more or less favorable seasons,
but according to locality and climatic conditions. In Europe the White Pine is regarded as a
frequent and heavy seeder, one year out of three being generally productive. A grove of 8 acres
near Frankfort on the Main produced during twenty years, on an average, 8100 worth of seed,
with a maximum yield of $500, and with but three "oft" or fail years in the twenty. Similarly
an area of about 40 acres in the Palatinate furnishes as high as 1,700 bushels of cones, or about
1,300 pounds of seed, supplying all the nurseries of the Palatinate State forests with seed.
THE WOOD.
The structure and development of the wood of the White Pine may be studied to the best
advantage by beginning with a young shoot cut from a vigorous tree in early summer. A cross
section of such a shoot in the first season of its growth (PI. VII, 1) shows three plainly marked
zones — the pith (>«) surrounded by the wood (j") and the inner bark (2>h), which together form
the conspicuous zone crossed by radiating bauds, the so-called medullary rays, and outside of the
parts just described, a broad zone of cellular tissue, constituting the middle bark, which is bounded
externally by the epidermis.
The pith, medullary rays, and middle bark consist of simple cells, originally of an irregularly
rounded form. Together they constitute the so-called ground tissue of the stem, as distinguished
from the libro-vascular portion, which includes the wood and inner bark.
Within the cortical portion of the ground tissue numerous large openings (PI. VII, 1, rd) are
seen, of different sizes and ajiparently without definite arrangement. These are the resin ducts.
Each duct runs longitudinally through the stem, and consists of a central cavity filled with resin,
around which is a single layer of secreting cells, easily distinguished by the nature of their con-
tents from the surrounding cells of the cortex. At this stage of develojiment the resin ducts are
confined to the cortical parenchyma, none having yet been formed in the woody portion of the
stem; but later in the season, as may be seen in older sections, a number of ducts are formed,
arranged in a circle near the periphery of the wood. These have essentially the same structure
as those of the cortex, but are of smaller size and are surrounded by fewer secreting cells. In
cross sections of older stems the resin ducts are seen, arranged in an irregular circle, in each
annual ring. Their physiological significance is not fully understood, though there can be little
doubt that De Vries is correct in assuming that the abundant resin is of service to the growing
tree, when wounded, in preventing decay of the wood, and that its preservative influence is con-
tinued after the tree has been cut into luuiber.
In such a young shoot as has been described the cells are vitally active, and are filled with
granular protoplasm, in addition to which several other substances are either produced or stored
up in them, particularly in the cells belonging to the ground tissue. Chloroi)hyll occurs in the
pith and medullary rays as well as in the cortical ])ortion. It is most abundant in the cells of the
cortical parenchyma, occurring in the form of minute grains, irregular in shape and size. Starch,
in rounded granules, occurs abundantly throughout the ground tissue, the cells of the cortex con-
taining a larger proportion than those of the pith. Eesin, as already stated, fills the resin ducts
and the secreting cells around them, though starch is often ibuud in the latter.
Passing now to the woody portion immediately surrounding the pith, two characteristic fea-
tures at once attract attention. The elements composing the wood, .r ( PI. VII, 1 and 3), have a
much narrower lumen than those of the pith, and are regularly disposed in radiating rows. These
elements, the tracheids, are elongated thick-walled cells, four to six sided, according to the number
of tracheids by which they are surrounded. Their walls are lignifled and are marked by the
peculiar structures called bordered ])its. Their structure, when fully developed, is shown in PI.
VIII, 1,2, and 4. In the economy of the tree the wood fulfills the function of mechanical support,
and serves as the conducting tissue through which the water, evaporated from the leaves, is carried
up from the roots.
The medullary rays are composed of cells so flattened by the pressure of the tracheids that
on longitudinal sections they appear as represented inPl. VIII, 5. They contain a conspicuous
nucleus, are closely packed with granular food substances, and serve collectively as a storehouse
THE WOOD. 25
of reserve materials. Communication between these and the tracheids is effected by means of
simple pits on their radial walls.
The inner bark, or phloem, ph (PI. VII, 1 and 5), closely resembles the young wood on
cross section, its elements being arranged in radiating rows and traversed in like manner by the
medullary rays. The cells composing it differ, however, in various important particulars from
those of the wood. Their walls are of cellulose, and although important as conducting tissue, they
contribute comparatively little to the rigidity of the stem.
Between the wood and inner bark is the cambium or formative tissue, represented in PI.
VTl, i, as a light band of extremely small and delicate cells, and in the same plate as a zone
of cells with thin walls and large lumen, contrasting strongly with the wood elements and those of
the inner bark between which they lie. It is from the cells of the cambium that those of the wood
are formed on the one hand and those of the bark on the other. The process is a gradual one, and
no absolute line of demarcation can be drawn between the cambium and the tissues derived from
it. The cells of the cambium multiply by tangential division. The essential features of this
process, as regards the position of the cell walls, are represented in PI. VIII, 4, in which the
lightest lines represent the youngest walls and the heavier ones those of greater age, successively.
It is by the constant repetition of this process of tangential division and the subsequent thicken-
ing of the walls of the cells thus formed that the wood and inner bark make their yearly increase
in thickness. In the spring the cells of the cambium are large and vigorous, and a rapid forma-
tion of wood elements with relatively tliin walls and large cavities takes place, while later in the
season much smaller tracheids with thicker walls are formed. This results in the strong contrast
between the wood last produced in any given year and that formed at the beginning of the next
season's growth, giving rise to the sharp distinction of annual rings so clearly brought out in
PI. VIII, J.
The histological characters thus briefly summarized hold true, in a general way, for other
conifers as well as the White Pine. This species, however, presents a number of peculiarities
that are of both physiological and economical interest.
The resin ducts of the White Pine are larger and more numerous in the cortex than in the
-wood, an arrangement well adapted to secure the protective action of the resin contained in them
without introducing an element of weakness into the wood. Comparisons with other species bring
out this fact in a striking manner. Thus, upon comparing the distribution of the resin ducts in
stems of the White and Scotch pines, as nearly alike as possible, it was found that in the cortex
of White Pine stems of one year's growth the number of resin passages ranged from 20 to 47, the
average being about 33. Tlie number in the wood was more uniform and averaged about 13. In
the Scotch Pine the average for the wood was found to be 33 and for the cortex 10. Taking the
second year's growth in the same way, the average number for cortex of White Pine in the
specimens examined was 28 and for wood 27; in Scotch Pine, for cortex 9 and for wood 37.'
The small size of the resin ducts in the wood contrasts strongly with the very large ones of Scotch
Pine, which seriously interfere with the continuity of the wood and tend both to weaken it and to
give it an uneven texture.
The extremely small number of thick walled tracheids constituting the summer wood of the
White Pine is in marked contrast with the broad baud of summer wood formed in various other
species. Comparing the annual rings of White Pine with those of Longleaf Pine, for exami)le,
it is seen that while the thick-walled tracheids of the former make hardly more than the
mere outer edge of each ring, those of the latter constitute one-third or more of its entire width.
Moreover, the gradual, almost imperceptible, transition from spring to summer wood in -the
White Pine contrasts strongly with the abrupt line of demarcation seen in Longleaf Pine and all
other Yellow Pines. It is to this very gradual transition that the uniform texture of the wood
of White Pine is chiefly due. The medullary rays of the diflerent groups of pines show certain
structural peculiarities that appear to be constant for the group of species in which they occur.
The writer is indebted to Mr. Filibert Eoth for the following notes in regard to this feature:
In all ]iiDes the medullary ray is made up of two kinds of cells whicli differ in their general form, and still
more in the conflgiiratiou of the cell wall and pits. The one kind occupies the upper and lower rows of each ray,
' Etta L. Knowles, in Botanical Gazette, August, 1886.
26 THE WHITE PINE.
an<I are therefore termed the oiifoi- eells: the other kiuil makes up the internicaiato rows and are known as the
inner cells.
In the appearance of both outer and iuuer colls there is a marked aud constant dili'erence in dilVerent groups
of pines. While the interior of the wall of the outer eells (transverse tracheids) is smooth in some groups, it is
beset with numerous bold projections in others. (Similarly the inner cells (parenchyma) of the spring wood of each
ray in some gioujis have but a single large pit communicating with the neighboring traeheid, while in other groups
this is brought about by three to six smaller pits.
Based upon these differences, the following classification of the wood of different species of pines is proposed
by Dr. J. Schroeder: '
Section I. Walls »f the tracheids of tUn pith ray with dentate projections.
a. Due to two large, simple pits to each traeheid on the radial walla of the cfllsof the pith ray.— Croup 1. Represented in this country
only bj P. resinoea.
b. Three to six simple jiits to each' traeheid. on the walls of the cells of the iiith ray.— (Iroup i. P. tanda. palustne, etc., iududing
most of our "hard" aud "yellow" pines.
Section II. Walls of tracheids of pith ray smooth, without dentate pro.ieotions.
ft. One or two large pits to each traeheid on the radial walls of each cell of the jiith ray.— Grou]) ;i. I', strobua. lambertiana, and other
true 'White Pines.
b. Three to six small pits on the radial walls of each coll of the pith riiy.-IJicuiii 4. P. parn/nnn. aud other nut pines, including also
P. bal/ouriana.
Returning to the medullary ray of the White Pine, it is observed that the walls of the outer eells are thin
(1.5 M to 2 u); the round pits quite variable in number and size, but always as small, aud often smaller, than the
pits of the tracheids in the summer wood; also fbat the walls of the inner cells are thin {1.5 n to 3 ;0, for the most
part very thin, being largely occupied by pits; that the pits are large ovals on the radial walls of the cells in the
spring wood, small erect ovals in the summer ivood, and small and irregular in outline above and below where the
inner cells communicate with each other. The leugth of these cells varies, even in the same ray, between 50 /< and
300 /( ; the width was found to lie, about 7 « for the outer and 12 /( for the inner cells; the height, more variable in
the outer than in the inner cells, and less variable than either width or length, may be set at about 23 /( for outer
and inner cells. The average number of cell rows in one medullary ray, for the specimens studied, is 7.5, whereof
2.6 fall to the outer cells aud 4.9 to the inner cells. The limits of the total number of cell rows 'were 2 and 16; the
height of the ray, therefore, 46 /( to 368 /;, dimensions scarcely appreciable to the unaided eye. What is lost in size
is gained in number; on an average 21.3 medullary rays were counted on 1 8(|uare millimeter, or 13,312 to 1 sijuare
inch of tangential section.
A study of the wood iu its physical aud mechauical ]iroperties, by Mr. Filibert Roth, will be
found further ou in this monograph.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.
1. Transverse section of fresh shoot, cut in summer of first year x 25. The zone of small cells surrounding the pith
includes the wood and inner bark, both of -which are traversed radially by the medullary rays. The thick
cortical parenchyma outside of these is marked by the presence of a number of large resin ducts.
2. Portion of epidermis, with appendages. Beneath the epidermis a few cells of the cortical parenchyma containing
starch.
3. Highly magnified view of a part of the transverse section, showing the structure of wood and inner bark, with the
thin- walled cells composing the cambium lying between them.
[Figs. 2 aud 3 were drawn with great care ■with the camera, but unfortunately no statement of the magnification
was preserved with them.]
KXPL.4N.\TI0>f OF PLATE VIII.
1. Cross section of wood x 175. The section includes parts of three medullary rays, the middle one of which is cut
partly through the inner cells and partly through the cross tracheids. The gradual transition from spring to
summer wood is clearly shown. Part of a resin duct is seen on the right.
2. Radial longitudinal section of wood x 200, showing a few of the thick-walled tracheids of the summer wood
followed by the large thin-walled ones of the succeeding spring, both crossed by a medullary ray. The
bordered pits of the outer cells of the ray, shown both in section and surface view, are in strong contrast with
the simple pits of the inner eells.
3. Tangential section of wood X 200.
4. Cross section of part of twig collected May 20, 1686, X 175, showing eauibium and development of wood and bark.
The woody ring is about one-third its final thickness.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.
The seeds of the White Pine retain their vitality for a long period. Trustworthy observers
state that a fair percentage will grow after being kept five years or more. The conditions of
germination and successful growth are, iu general, the same as for other pines, namely, a suitable
'Dr. J. Schroeder, Das IIolz der Coniferen, 1872.
^-
J^^^^
60^
...^<%"
^^^^^J^^^^^^^^^ipy^^^i^
in
;v.
ph
Sections of Young Shoot of White Pine.
Sections of Wood of White Pine.
ullet n No 22 Dv of Forestry U S Dept o! Ajncullui
'/,/
Seedlings of White Pine.
RATE OF GKOAV'PH. 27
soil, moderately warm and moist (not wet), iu wliicli the seeds are covered at a depth uot
exceeding twice their own diameter, and, farther, protection of the youiiK seedlings against the
hot sun and drying winds. Special attention is required in the nursery to avoid undue moisture
when the seedlings appear above the ground, as they are often attacked by a destructive disease
very common in propagating beds, known as -'damping ott'."' If, however, no adverse influences
have interfered with its normal development, the young plant presents itself after some months'
growth as a slender shoot, crowned by tlie persistent seed leaves, in the midst of which is the
terminal bud, the latter having already formed numerous short foliage leaves. No branches have
appeared, and the foliage leaves arise singly instead of in groups of five. The whole plant, as
it appears at this time, with its slender stem and long taproot, is represented, natural size, in PI.
IX, drawn from a specimen obtained iu the pine woods of Michigan, iu September, 1886. Earlier
and later stages of development of the seedlings are shown in the same plate (1, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6) drawn
from uursery specimens.
For the first two or three years the growth of the seedling is slow, and is so greatly influeuced
by its surroundings as to make it impossible to give averages that will fairly represent the yearly
increase in height and diameter.
Thus, a healthy seedling, three years old, from the nursery row, measured 4.0 inches, while a
self-sown specimen from Maine, four years old, measured only 2.7 inches in height. But, if the
circumstances are favorable, after the third year a growth of one to several inches is made each
year, and from this time on the yearly increase iu height is clearly defined by alternating nodes
aud internodes, a whorl of branches being formed at each node.
The leading shoot is from the first the most conspicuous aud the most important part of the
plant, branches being manifestly subordinate, dying off in later years as in other conifers. The
rate of growth being of most important i)ractical interest, much space has been devoted to this
part of the developmental history.
The tree rarely reaches a height of more than 160 feet and diameters of more than 40 inches,
more usually 30 inches. Occasionally these dimensions are exceeded; trees of 200 feet in height
and of 60 inches iu diameter have been reported. The largest actually measured by the Division ot
Forestry was 48 inches in diameter breast high and 170 feet in height, with an age of about four
hundred and sixty years, containing 73'* cubic feet of wood, standing iu a group of similarly old
and large pines in Michigan. Another tree of this group, with 47 inches diameter and 162 feet
iu height, contained 855 cubic feet, being less tapered.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.
1. Seedling as it first appears with seed coat attached to seed leaves.
2. Seedling with seed coat detached.
J. Seedling with seed leaves and primary foliage leaves disposed singly ou stem; five months old.
4. Seedling in its second year, showing primary leaves aud secondary leaves (mature form), the latter iu clusters
of five.
5 and 6. Seedlings three to five years old.
RATE OF GROWTH.
The following statements regarding the progress and rate of growth of White Pine are based
mainly upon the very comprehensive data collected by the Division of Forestry in Maine, Xew
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Wisconsin. These data, involving meas-
urements and detailed analyses of over seven hundred trees grown under varying conditions,
together with records of the conditions under which they grew, aud the amounts of timber which
were produced under such conditions per acre, are presented fully in the tables, with accompanying
notes, in the Appendix to this monograph. It appeared, however, desirable to present in the text
uot only the generalizations and conclusions, but also some typical cases. Some other measure-
ments, made before this comprehensive investigation aud recorded by the writer in his original
manuscript, are also produced.
HEIGHT GROWTH.
SEEDLING STAGE.
The growth of the seedling is variable, according to the conditions under which it grows. In
the forest it is much slower than under cultivation, as would naturally be expected. The common
28
THE WHITE PINE.
practice of uurserymen is to sow the seed broadcast in carefully prepared beds, where the seed-
lings stand from two to four years before transplanting. Standing very close, the trees do not
make as stocky growth as they otherwise would. Under these conditions the average growth of
untransplanted seedlings, according to statements by the well-known nurserymen, Thomas
Meehan & Sons, is as follows: One-year seedlings, 2 to 3 inches high; two years, 4 to 0 inches;
three years, 12 to 15 inches ; four years, 24 to 36 inches.
The late Mr. Robert Douglas, the veteran nurseryman, of Waukegan, 111., wrote:
White Pine seedlings one year old are 1 to 2 inches high and altogether too small and tender fur transplanting.
At two years old they are much stronger, from 3 to 5 inches high, with fine fibrous roots and in fine condition for
transplanting. At three years old they are 6 to 9 inches high and should not be allowed to stand another year, as
they would add about 10 inches to their height during the next year and would not be suitable for planting.
The first season after transplanting, the White Pine (like other trees) will not increase much in height, but
will establish itself, extending its roots and forming a strong terminal bud, so that when it is six years old it will
exceed in weight and bulk over one hundred times its proportions when transplanted, and thereafter will increase
in growth from 18 to 30 inches in height annually in good soil for many years.
Gardner & Sons, whose nursery i.s about 90 miles west of the Mississippi River, in Iowa, and
therefore outside of the natural range of the species, submit the following measurements, coincid-
ing with the above, as representing average growths at their nurseries before and after trans-
planting: One-year-old seedling, IJ inches high; two-year-old seedling, 4 inches high; three-year-
old seedling, 7 inches high. The trees are transplanted at three years of age and thereafter the
average height for the three following seasons are: Four years old, 12 inches high; five years old,
16 inches high; six years old, 33 inches high. Another establishment reports as the average
height of two year-old trees in seed bed, 3i inches; of three-year seedlings, 7 inches.
Casual observations and measurements of some forty-flve seedlings in the forest permit the
following as to the height growth of seedlings in the forest:
Height groirih of White Pine in the forest for the first aix years.
Height of stem.
1 year ,
2 years
3 years
4 years
5 years
6 years
Current
annilaL ac-
cretion.
These measurements show that the rapid height growth begins with the sixth year, when the
total growth of the first five years is almost doubled in one season. This, to be sure, holds only
for seedlings favorably situated. In those less favored the rapid stage of development comes more
gradually. This slow progress in younger years is naturally reflected in a retardation of the year
of maximum height growth, which in dominant trees occurs about the twentieth year, while in
oppressed trees it may not come before the fortieth year.
DEVKLOPMENT IN OPEN STANIl.
Trees on lawns and in pastures, which grow up in full enjoyment of light, are somewhat dif-
ferent from trees in the forest. The slow seedling stage is followed by a very rapid increase in
the rate, which attains its maximum before the twentieth year and then declines graduallj'.
Table I, on the next page, presents a complete record from year to year of the growth of eight
trees planted on a lawn at Ann Arbor, Mich., which were measured in 1SS6, the annual increase
being measured between the whorls of branches. These measurements also exhibit the great
variability of growth from season to season and from tree to tree, even under otherwise similar
conditions. In some of tlie trees, evideutlj-, injuries or accidents retarded development. Such
apparent deficiencies have been left out of consideration in averaging the data.
HEIGHT GROWTH.
Table I. — Height growth of White Pine planted in hinm at Jnn Arbor, Mich., by years, in inches.
29
Diame-
AS«- breast
high.
Height.
Height, by years.
JJuniber of tree.
lto6
In.
26
20
25
41
33
50
32.5
41
39
7
In.
15
3
10
0
12
~9
22
22
8
In.
22
5
4
12
14
16
li
14
20
9
In.
21
11
14
24
14
17
17
14
24
1011
1
In In.
23 28
12
In.
39
13
In.
37
24
23
23
20
30
le
18
14
...
±
In In.
39; 39
33I 32
32 35
5' 29
37. 30
21! 27
32 32
38 27
18 24
16
In
39
35
32
25
10
21
40
31
17 18
In. In.
19
20
In.
21
In.
1
22.23
iJln
24
In
2S
In.
26
In.
2;
In
28
In
29
In.
30
1
Trs. Inches.
17j 5. 1
19 3. 8
m 6
21 6
23: 8.2
29, 12.8
Feet.
30.5
23.5
30.5
26.6
34.5
44.5
In.
28 24
36 26
5 19
32 30
2517
l0 32~
27|ll
18 22
21
32
20
7
34
I7
36
23
3
32 24 23
23 18 2B
20 40 29
24 28 20
24 25 26
9 31 13
35 18| 15
4
25
26
25
~25
28
36
19
24
23
■
5
21 io
22' 17
20
12
9Q
nr
IT
7
jy i.U| ±1
,
■ — 1 —
—
30 15
30 1 13.5
53
47.5
44| 36, 38
291 12j 15
.rr
19; 24
24 31
271 26) W 21
24 22 17j 16
1 1 ,
12
20
8
j
6.3
18
26
—
1
1
1
1 1 i
Note.— Trees Xos. 1 to 6 stood iu shallow soil on gravel subsoil ; N09. 7 and 8 in deep loam.
From this table it appears that these eight trees grew on an average hardly more thau 6
inches during the first six years, more than three times as fast during the next six years, and
reached a maximum rate of over 27 inches per year during the third period of six years, the
decline beginning after the twentieth year and the rate decreasing uutil it has fallen to about 15
inches near the thirtieth year.
To show how, under less favorable conditions, the progress of self-sown trees is very nearly
the same, the following measurements may serve, from which it appears that natural seedlings on
pastures, standing more or less crowded, reach at ten years a height of 10 feet; at the age of
twenty years about 25 feet, and trees thirty-five to forty years of age, with diameters of 6 to 9
inches, attained and even passed the height of GO feet, showing an average growth for that period
of 15 to IS inches per year :
T.\ble II. — ileasiiremeiits of self-sown While Pine on j>asture.
(Furnished by Mr. J. E. Hobbs, of Xorth Berwick, Me. ; altitude, 250 feet.]
Number of tree.
Number of Number of
nufa OH rings 1 foot
stump cut above
ground
"""'Diameter 4
nSd.* feet high.
Length of
leader at
time of
measure-
ment.
Length of
leader for
last five
years.
> feet from No. 6; bore cones.
ubsoil of sand ; pine i
ith Hemlock, Oak, and Maple.
"So. 1. From old pasture after one year's tillage;
No. 2. TVith No8. 1 and 3, and from similar trees.
No. 3. Old pasture, soil shallow, gravelly loam on compact s
No. 4. Level ground, soil heavy loam, somewhat shaded.
No. 5. From old pasture after one year's tillage; 5 feet from No. 6; bore cones.
No. 6. From old pasture after one year's tillage; 5 feet from No. 1 ; bore cones.
No. 7. From old pasture after one year's tillage; 5 feet from No. 6; bore cones; distant from neighbors 8, 34, and 19 i
No. 8. From old pasture after one years tillage; 5 feet Irom No. 6; bore cones; touched another 4. inch diameter.
30
THE WHITE PINE.
No. 9. Level gronlul, aoil lieavy lomn, MOiuewliat shiidrd.
No. 10. From olil ijastiire after one year 3 tillage; 5 feet from No. 6; bore conea.
No. 11. Old pasture, soil shallow, gravelly loam ou eornpact subsoil of sand ; pine mixed with Hemlock, Oak, and Maple.
No. 12. On slight incline to north ; soil nearly 3 inches from similar tree, with others quite near; crowded.
No. 13. Level ground, .soil heavy loam, somewhat shaded.
Nos. 14-lG. Old pasture, soil shallow, gravelly loam on compact sub.soil of .sand ; pine mixed wit li Hemlock, Oak, and Maple.
No. 17. Isolated; lost leader sis years previous, apparently through leader worm.
No. 18. Level ground, soil heavy loam, somewhat shaded.
No. 19. "SVith No. 12; lost leader five years previous by leader worm; nearest iieigliburs 2, 5, and 10 feet, respectively.
No. 20. Level ground, soil heavy loam, somewhat shaded.
Nos. 21-26. Old pasture, soil shallow, gravelly loam on compact subsoil of saud; pine mixed with Hemlock, Oak, and Maple; ground
slopes to west; all six trees, besides four others, within circle of 24 feet diameter : crown about 20 feet long.
CoTicerniug trees 1, 2, 5, 0, 7, S, and 10 (Table II), Mr. Hobbs sent the following interesting
communication, nnder date of January 11, ISST:
All these trees were found in an old pasture adjoining my land on the north and having similar aspect and soil.
A fringe of tall White Pine timber surrounds it on three sides, north, east, and south. The distance across this open
laud from north to south is about 60 rods. This laud has been in pasture from fifty to one hundred years. It 'was
formerly thickly covered with moss, sweet fern, and other low-growing bushes, in the shade of which animals found
some grass. Although thus surrounded by tall pines their seeds seldom sprung up.
Not many years before these trees started a portion of this laud was plowed and planted with potatoes one year,
and then turned out to pasture again, whereupon young pines immediatel.y sprung up. These were cut down first,
but they continued to come tip so abundantly tb:it they were allowed to grow, and now the patch that was planted
with potatoes is quite thickly covered, iu many places too thickly, with trees like those measured. This fact shows
the importance of turning up the soil so that the seeds that fall upon it may have a chance to take root. Only here
and there a seed will find lodgment ou land that is covered with moss and low-growing bushes, no m.atter how
abundantly seeds may be sown upon it.
How such trees continue to grow is shown in Table III. From the measurements it appears
that a steady growth continues, which, by the hundredth year has brought the tree to a height of
near 100 feet.
Table III. — ilcasiiremenis of White Pine, gronn on ahaniloiud fields.
[Furnished by Mr. J. E. Hobbs, of North Berwick, Me.]
Diam-
eter
breast
high.
Diam-
eter
below
crown.
Total
height.
Height at —
110 120
yrs. yrs.
Inches.
Inches.
Ft. In.
16
134
50 u
lii
loj
30 0
12i
'i
33 0
15J
10
28 6
15J
"i
43 6
UJ
8i
38 0
20J
13
38 8
23
16J
45 6
18
12J
39 4
25
18
49 10
19i
12*
40 4
32
21j
52 6
31
21
61 4
29
23
57 0
23
16
55 0
28
19
50 0
Feet. Feet. Feet.
Feet. Feet. Feet.
Feet. Feet. Feet.
jht
Only one log cut ; height at fifty-eight years, 64 feet 10 inches.
Not cut into sections.
2i
39
' 54
71
19
28
41
52
16
26
39
62
16
28
47
66
21
35
48
60
25
39
53
66
99
106
1
27 I
40
16 '
25
21
35
83
90
97 -
34
92
99
80
85
90
NOTES TO TABLE HI.
No. 1. North Berwick, Me.; near foot of hill sloping to north; growth, dense: apparently abandoned farm land; shallow, sandy soil.
No. 2. South Berwick, Me.: thrifty second growth, in valley of Great Works Kiver; exhausted farm land on granitic ftirmation ;
sand over 20 feet deep, well stocked with White Pine.
No. 3. North Bcrwii.'k, Me. ; ne.ar foot of hill sloping to north; growth, dense; apparently abandoned farm land; shallow, sandy soil.
No. 4. North Berwick, Me. ; near foot of hill sloping to north ; growth, dense; app.arently abandoned farmland; shallow, sandy soil.
No. 5. South Berwick, Me.; thrifty second growth, in valley of Great Works River; exhausted farm land on granitic formation:
sand over 20 feet deep, well stocked with White Tine.
Nos.C-lG. NorthBerwick, Mc. ; near foot of hill sloping to north: growth, dense ; apparently ab;indoned farmland: shallow, sandy soil.
' DEVELOPMENT IX THE FOREST.
Ill the dense forest the same general law of development, namely, of slow and rapid stages,
prevails for dominant trees as is exemplified by the foregoing measurements of trees grown in
the field, although the quantitative progress varies .somewhat. According to the relative amount
HEIGHT GROWTH. 31
of light at the disposal of the crown the rate of growth differs, and there is found, therefore, in the
forest trees, though verj' nearly the same age, trees of dittereiit heights, according to the success
of the struggle for light which they have had with their neighbors. At every stage of the devel-
opment of a forest growth, after its juvenile period, the trees can be classified into dominant, the
tallest, which grow with their entire crown in full enjoyment of light and space, overtopping their
neighbors; codominaut, which, although of same height, have their crowns narrowed in, but still
unimi)eded at the top; while others (oppressed) are pressed in from sides and top, and finally are
entirely suppressed and die. This relationship of individuals changes from time to time, some of
the codominant gradually falling into the class of oppressed, and of these a large number become
suppressed. Occasionally a codominaut becomes dominant, or an oppressed one, by liberation of
its opi^ressors, through storms or accident, finds opportunity to push forward and make up for
lost time. Thus, a natural growth may start with a huudred thousand seedlings per acre; by the
twentieth year these will have been reduced by death to 6,000, and by the hundredth year hardly
300 may be left, the rest having succumbed under the shade of the survivors.
It is owing to these changes that in aualyzing tree growth we find great, often unaccountable,
variation in the rate of growth of even the same individual, and hence, in order to recognize the
average, a very large number must be measured to even out the deviations from the law.
For the same reason it is desirable to classify the trees as indicated above and ascertain the
rate of growth of trees grown under different light conditions. To be sure trees behave also
somewhat differently under varying conditions of soil, climate, and exposure; hence, a further
classification is necessary if it is desired to establish more than the mere general law of progress
and also to ascertain the infiuence of these variable conditions.
In a general way, we find, as in the trees grown in the open, the slow seedling stage followed
by a very rapid increase in the annual rate of growth, beginning with the sixth year and reaching
a maximum of 16 inches with the tenth year in dominant trees. With trees which have not
enjoyed access to light to the same extent the maximum occurs later; hence, in codominaut trees
it is reached, with 13 inches, in the twentieth year, while the oppressed trees reach their maximum
current accretion still later, namely at forty years, with less than lU inches for the year. As soon
as this highest rate is reached decline takes place gradually in all classes, much faster in the
dominant trees than in the less-favored (mes, which decline in the rate of annual height growth
much more slowly.
By the one huudreth year the annual height growth is reduced to from 0 to 7 inches, the
dominant trees showing the lower rate, which continues to decline until about the one hundred
and sixtieth to one hundred and seventieth year, when all tree classes have come to a rate of
about 2 inches, at which they continue to grow, slowly but evenly, for auother century.
This persistence of the height growth, which makes old trees tower 40 to 50 feet above their
broad-leafed neighbors, influences also the shape of the crown, which does not flatten, as is the
case with most pines. Vei'y old trees, four hundred years aud over, rarely exceed a height of 100
feet, although exceptioual individuals have been found of the unusual height of L'OO feet.
It will thus appear that the principal height growth is made during the first century, the
second century noting a persistent but only slow progress.
If we take the average of all the yearly accretions at any one year of the life of the tree
(the average aunual accretion at that year), the influences which have been at work during the
whole lifetime are of course reflected; therefore, since the juvenile period shows a slow growth,
the average accretion attains its maximum much later. This culmination of the average annual
accretion takes place much earlier in the more favored tree classes, namely, at about the twentieth
to fortieth year, after that declining, while in the oppressed it does not occur until the seventieth
year, maintaining itself afterwards for a long period.
This diflerence would also appear if we compared better aud poorer sites. In other words,
when the annual rate of growth is slow it remains more persistent than when it is rapid. The
persistence noted in oppressed trees indicates also the shade endurance of the species. From
Table IV, which gives the accretions tfrom decade to decade (periodic accretion), we see the
capacity of the species to thrive in spite of the shade, even in later stages of its life. , Even after
ninety years of oppression, when the tree is given opportunity by increase of light, it is still able
32
THE WHITE PINE.
to make as good an auuual hei{?lit growth as its more-favored neighbors, and can continue the
same to the second century. From the table of heights at various ages it is learned that the
success in the juvenile stages after all tells on the total height growth.
Table IV. — Periodic height growth, by decades, of dominant, codominant, and oppressed pine.
Class.
Decades.
1
2
3
i
«
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Ft.
S
4
4
Ft.
12
12
8
Ft.
13
10
7
Ft.
13
10
8
Ft.
11
12
9
Ft.
10
6
9
Ft.
a
8
8
Ft.
7
8
8
Ft.
6
7
6
Ft.
I
6
Ft.
5
5
6
Ft.
5
5
5
Ft.
4
4
S
Ft.
3
4
4
Ft.
3
3
4
Ft.
3
3
4
Ft.
3
Ft.
3
f
3
2
3
3
2
2i
3
2
Ft.
Ft.
Ft.
Ft.
2 2
2
..
Effect of composition of forest \ipon height groicth.
The height development of White Pine seems to progress more rapidly when it grows mixed
with other species. A striking instance showing how the height growth of White Pine is bene-
fited by the presence of other species is given in the diagram (fig. 2), which represents the height
growth of White Pine taken from two sites [a and h) in Presque Isle County, Mich. The sites
were about 5 or 6 miles distant from each other.
The soil and the moisture conditions on both
sites were apparently identical (fresh sand), as
were the total number of trees to the acre (the
sample area on site a contained 181 trees and
that on site h 189 trees) and the age of the trees
and their distribution over the ground (density
of crown cover). The only difference found be-
tween the sample areas staked off on both sites
was the composition of the forest. Site a con-
sisted of a mixed growth of Norway and White
Pine, while site h represented practically a pure
growth of White Pine save a few small Hemlock
and an occasional Norway Pine. The diagram
shows that the White Pine on site a was exceed-
ingly stimulated in its height growth by the
^f^n presence of the Norway Pine.
The as.sociated species entering into the
struggle for light with the White Pine naturally
Flo. 2.— Diagram sUowing lieijjbt growth of White Piae iu Presque ^. i. it r 4.1 \ • \ i. j.i x- j.i.
Isle County, Mich.: Site a, in mixed growth; site 6, iu pure growth, aflect the prOgreSS Of the height growth ot the
pine. The effects of the associated species upon
the height growth of White Pine and the period of their influence depend upon the capacity of
the associated species to grow in height as well as upon the time when the associated species are
either introduced among the pine or received it under their shelter. In case, for instance, hard-
woods accompany White Pine from the very start the influence of the hardwood upon the height
growth of the pine will last only for the first sixty or seventy years, that is, up to the age at which
most of the hardwoods practically reach their maximum height. In case the Norway Pine or the
Hemlock starts simultaneously with the White Pine, the height growth of the White Pine will be
stimulated to a considerably later age, because the Hemlock or Norway Pine continues to grow in
height at a similar rate for a longer time. When the White Pine happens to start on ground
already covered with other species in such a manner as not to be interfered with in its growth the
associated species, if capable of growing in height to a later age, will stimulate the height growth
of the White Pine for a considerably longer period. All this is clearly demonstrated in the accom-
panying diagram (fig. 3), representing the height growth of White Pine taken from three sites
(/, A-, and i) of identically the same conditions except as to composition of the forest and the differ-
ence in the ages between the pine and associated species. All three sites had a well-drained
clayey loam underlaid by a laminated shale of indefinite depth. The White Pine on site/ (Clear-
field County, Pa.) was mixed with Hemlock of a large size; the pine on this site had started
40 60
AGE.
HEIGHT GROWTH.
33
among the Hemlock, which stimulated the height growth of the piue during all its lifetime. The
White Piue ou site k (Jeffersou County, Pa.) was mixed with Hemlock of a small uumerchantable
size. The piue here had started simultaneously with the Hemlock, which stimulated the height
growth of the piue only for a certain period, after which the Hemlock, being overtopped by the
pine, was out of the struggle and left in the capacity of an underwood. The White Pine on site i,
which merged into site A-, was mixed with hardwoods, which stimulated the height growth of the
pine for the first sixty years, when the hardwoods reached their maximum height and then with-
drew from the competition, leaving the pine to increase the height on its own account.
The influence of climate and soil ou lieight growth will further appear from a study of the
tables in the Appendix. This influence ou height growth is not very great, if we confine our
inquiry to regions of best development, the difference rarely exceeding from 5 to 10 per cent.
MO
Fig. 3.— Diagram showi
: height growth of "White Pine in forest of varving compcsition
k and i. Jefferson Countv-
/50
Penusylvania : Site /, Clearfield Cotmty p sites
Effect of locality upon height groicth.
Comparing the growth in diflerent localities, it appears that the trees from Pennsylvania
started at a lower rate than those in all other localities, but after the twentieth to the twenty-fifth
year they surpass all others. If this can be accepted as correct, the deduction of the development
in early youth from old trees being subject to errors, it may be explained by the fact that these
trees grew in mixture with Hemlock and were kept back by the shade of their neighbors, but when
they had outgrown these they felt the stimulus exerted by them.
The trees from Maine and Wisconsin, also starting more vigorously thau those from Michigan,
decline and sink below the ^lichigan trees between the eightieth and ninetieth year, which may for
Wisconsin be possibly explained by the retarding influence of winds after the pines have out-
grown the hardwoods, while iu Maine the poorer soil may account for it. Michigan, with its
tempered lake climate, presents a most regular and persistent height curve, comiug nearest to the
average of all locations.
In codominant and oppi-essed trees these diflerences do not come to an expression, but since
the classification is somewhat doubtful and variations withiu wide ranges are possible, these data
are hardly to be used for comparison as to locality effects.
20233— No. 22 3
34 THE WHITE PINE.
GKOWTH IN THICKNESS.
The growth in thickness, or diameter accretion, although remarkably regular in this species, is
much more variable, but it is also more persistent, than the height growth, as will appear from the
following comparisons: Thus, in five groups of trees from dift'erent sites, ninety-four to one
hundred and nine years old, the heights differ only by a little over 8 per cent, varying from 91 to
98i feet, while the diameters differed by almost 50 per cent, varying from 10 to 23.7 inches. Again
the persistence is illustrated by the comparison of the height growtli of five groups from two
hundred and seven to two hundred and thirty-three years old, which showed an increase over the
group just mentioned of somewhat over 20 per cent, while the diameters were by 30 per cent
greater; and if the poorest groujjs of the two sets had been compared the dift'erence would have
been still more striking, namely, 15 per cent for the height as against 37 per cent for the diameters.
This is in part explained by the lact that, where the seedling springs up in the virgin forest,
it is very apt to be suppressed for a longer or shorter period by the large mother trees and the
host of deciduous and other forms which make up the forest cover. While the height growth is
by this shade also impeded, this is not so to the same degree as the diameter, which is a direct
function of the amount of foliage that is at work.
The sapling may thus remain a slender pole for many years, and not until it is able to lift its
head above its crowding neighbors, or until light has been admitted to its branches, does it begin
to expand its crown and consequently thicken its stem.
In managed forests, or in tracts where from any cause crowding has been prevented, the
growth in diameter progresses somewhat more in the manner of the height growth, namely, slowly
at first, then rapidly until the maximum is attained, when a slowly decreasing rate sets in. In
the seedling the diameter growth is exceedingly small, very rapid in the young trees, when the
annual ring is often one-sixth to one-half of an inch wide, but decreases with the slower rate of
height growth. When the tree is sixty to eighty years old, the yearly ring is commonly not more
than one-twelfth of an inch wide; it then gradually sinks to one-fifteenth of an inch, which is then
maintained throughout life, rarely falling to one twenty-fifth of an inch.
The average annual accretion reaches its maximum about the fiftieth to the sixtieth year
with somewhat over one-fifth of an inch on the diameter of dominant trees, which rate is nearly
maintained to the one hundred and fiftietli j'ear.
Thrifty trees at forty years of age grown in the forest, measure from 6 to 9 inches in diameter
breast high; at fiftj^ j'cars, from 10 to 12 inches; at eighty years, 15 to 17 inches; and they reach
a diameter of 18 to 20 inches by the time they are a hundred years old.
To attain a diameter of 30 to 40 inches, which represents the best merchantable material
of days now almost passed, more than two hundred years have been required, while trees four
hundred to four hundred and fifty years old attain diameters of 50 to GO inches and over. Trees
of 40 inches diameter at three liundred years were by no means rare.
To be sure, there are exceptional individuals which exceed these dimensions, and variation in
the rate of growth, due to soil, climate, and surrounding conditions, are naturally as frequent as
in height growth.
The progress of diameter development of dominant, codominant, and oppressed tree classes,
and in different localities, is exhibited in the tables and diagrams in the Appendix.
The usual method is to determine the diameters at 4i feet from the ground (breast high), not
only because when measuring standing trees the measurement is most conveniently made at this
height, but because the lower diameters show much more irregularity. There is also more wood
deposited near the base at and above the root collar, giving rise to the so called root swelling (butt
swelling), undoubtedly a provision to strengthen the stability of the tree. Unfortunately for the
investigations here recorded, it was not practicable to have the trees cut and measured at breast
height, since the measurements were made on trees felled in regular lumbering operations, exposing
only the cross sections at the height of the stump, mostly 2i feet above ground, and at log lengths.
Even at that height (2i feet above ground), a difference in the progress of diameter growth from
that on higher cross sections is noticeable and becomes especially pronounced in later life, as
is shown in the curves representing the progress of diameter growth on cross sections at various
heights.
The diameters here given for the lowest section are, therefore, somewhat larger than those
usually employed, namely, breast high, especially in later years.
GROWTH IN THICKNESS.
35
The higher sections exhibit not only a regular course, but an entirely similar one, from cross
section to cross section. There is no reason to assume that the course at breast height would not
follow the same law; therefore there can be constructed a curve for this height similar to the
curves of higher sections, using for guide i>oints the data obtained from a series of measurements
made to establish the yield of pine in which trees were measured at breast height (compiled in
tables in the Appendix). This has been done on the diagram in the Appendix, which shows the
diameter development of dift'ereut cross sections for dominant trees. From this can be read
the following average dimensions as approximating the diameters of each decade, leaving out
the uncertain juvenile stage:
Diameter, hreaat hiyh, of TVliite Pine {averages approximated), in inches.
Decade.
20
SO
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 110 130
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
300
In.
4.5
In.
5.5
In.
8
In.
11.5
In.
13.5
In.
15
In.
16.5
In.
17.8
III. 1 In. In.
19 20. 2 21. 3
In.
22.2
In.
23
In.
23.8
In.
24.5
In.
25.2
In.
26.4
In.
26.8
In.
27.5
That these figures may be consiilerably exceeded (even by 50 to 60 per cent) under favorable
conditions will appear from the various tables of measurements in the Appendix. Especially is
this the case iu the second-growth groves of pine.
As will be readily seen iu the curves after the Juvenile stage, during which the diameter
grows very slowly, an acceleration in the rale takes place, which soon reaches a maximum,
continuing at that for a short time, and then slowly and persistently declining from about 3 inches
per decade between forty and fifty years to 1^ inches at one hundred years, and half that amount
at two hundred years.
DETAIL MEAStREMKNTS OK ANNUAL GAIX IX CIRCUMFERENCE.
An interesting set of most accurate observations have been made and reported by Mr.
Nathaniel Morton, of Plymouth, Mass., exhibiting 38 young trees of White Pine, which had
sprung up among oak and other hardwoods, mixed with White Pine and a few Pitch Pine iu an
old, rather-neglected piece of woods, and which were measured every year from 1891 up to 1898.
The trees stand rather open. The age varied from twenty-eight to forty-two years, most trees
being between thirty aud thirty-.six years old and their average age thirty-six years in 1891.
In 1891 the average cross section 3 feet from ground was 131 square inches; in 1898, 197
square inches; the growth 66 scpiare inches, or about 9 square inches per year, one tree making
15 square inches per year. This growth corresponds to a growth iu circumference of about 1.3
inches per year, or a growth in diameter of four-tenths of an inch per j'ear.
The detail measurements are given in the following table:
Table V. — Annual gain in circumference of White Pine trees in Massachusetts.
Number of tree.
Circum-
ference
in 1890.
Gain, in quarter inches.
189111S93 1893 1894 189o'1896
5
B
H
2
3
3
4
5
«
3
ti
3
3
3
5
3
3
2
5
5
7
4
6
.■)
4
3
3
3
2
3
5
4
li
7
«
5
6
6
Circum-
ference
in 1890.
Inches.
31i
47
42
4Ui
57
441
42i
44*
46i
1^*
36J
28
33
36
38
Total
Total in inches.
Percentage of
gain as com-
pared -vrith
gain of 1891...
Average gain
per tree (in
Gain, in quarter inches.
18911893 1893 1894 1S95 1896| years.
103
139
190
181 1 157
168
255
34}
47J
45Jj 39lj 42
J
100
135 1 184
176 152
163
m
:fiA>
tSD
m 1 iS3
m
36
THE WHITE PINE.
AREA ACCRETION.
While the diameter accretiou decreases in rate continuously after the juvenile stage, the
growth of the areas or layer of wood corresponding to the diameter increments follows by no
means the same course.
After the juvenile stage, which is determined by the formation of a definite crown, and when
the diameter has attained at least 6 inches the cross-section area begins to increase in arithmetical
progression; a constantly increasing rate prevails until a maximum is attained, which comes
between the sixtieth and one hundred and twentieth year, and then continues remarkably uniform
for a long period. No decline is noticeable until after the second century has begun. In codominant
and oppressed trees the area as well as the diameter accretion move somewhat difierently, the
maximum rate coming later and lasting a shorter time, the decline following soon after the
maximum.
FORM DEVELOPMENT, OR TAPER.
Since size of crown and light conditions regulate the amount of diameter growth, it is evident
that trees with well-developed free crowns form more wood than those crowded, the dominant more
than the oppressed, and those on lawns more than those in the dense forest. Moreover, in these
latter the wood is ditferently disposed along the trunk than in tlie former. Not only do trees
grown in the open throw their energy into branch growth, but the accretion on the bole is laid on
in layers, increasing in width from top to base. The result is a more rapid taper than in forest-
grown trees, in which each annual layer is wider at the top than at the base of the tree, producing
thereby a more cylindrical form.
The following table exhibits in the measurements of six trees this variation in the width of
the same annual rings at difl'erent heights, and also in general the mode of diameter growth in
these trees. More elaborate tables, showing the diameter growth of White Pine at various heights
from the ground for dominant, codominant, and oppressed trees in various parts of its range,
together with diagrams, will be found in the Appendix:
I Hameter growth of forest-grown trees at viirioiis heights from groiiuil.
Height
of sec-
tion
from
Width of rings, in millimeters.
Age of
tree.
Single groups of ten rings, beginning
at periphery.
Accumulative, by groups of ten rings, beginning at
periphery.
gronnd.
1
2
8
1 1 5 1
6
7
8
9 10
30
SO I 40
50
60
;o
80 90 100
Feet.
17
33
14
15
19
21
28
58
10
16
22
19
21
32
39
17
28
27
17
3i
13
18
22
14
15
19
27
9
14
16
19
11
12
13
14
13
20
19
20
24
19
23
33
36
47
85
19
30
38
38
24
27
30
39
39
44
47
53
63
44
56
54
68
86
71
96
113
88-
130
101
119
141
Tears.
115
100
i 105
68 i 27
16 9
34 U
50 16
66 19
18 i 11
34 ! 12
16
23
25
32
20
27
37
21
31
40
35
53
63
70
40
45
53
63
60
72
78
98
55
80
100
76
111
140
116
163
155
52 ,....
15 15
20 32
48
55
65
84
98
84
103
119
70
87
123
140
108
142
155
90
123
162
122
173
170
15 i 18
17 23
31
35
24
31
41
39
42
24
39
39
66
16
28
42
58
76
18
34
50
66
18
42
14
13
20
19
20
24
19
23
24
25
13
13
26
24
28
33
19
25
33
34
35
18
19
21
25
29
21
28
31
45
28
136
170
177
1
102
[■
i 110
i 165
27
35
34
28
44
40
26
31
31
71
91
92
99
135
132
125
166
156
191
"""T""'
21 21 24
20 22 25
22 26 i 27
i
25 1 21
27 35
32 40
21
32
32
18
23
13
13
13
16
11
31
32
34
41
40
52
52
56
66
69
73
74
82
98
97
99
109
133
122
126
141
143
161
181
164
193
213
182
216
193
70 16
29
1
1
1 1
1
1
•
From such tabulations the taper, factor of shape, or form factor, may be derived (see Tables
II and Y in Appendix), which denotes the deviation of the shape of the tree from a cylinder.
This factor varies between 0.40 for the older trees and larger diameters to 0.50 for younger and
GROWTH IN VOLUME. 37
more slender trees, a factor of 0.45 being about the average for centenarians — that means tlie
volume of a liuudred year old tree is forty-flve one-hundredths of a cylinder of the diameter,
measured at breast height and the height of the tree.
This factor varies, of course, according to the ratio between diameter and height, and since in
codomiuaut and oi)presse<l trees this ratio is a diiiereut one from that of dominant trees, as we have
seen, their factor of shape is also ditlerent from that for dominant trees, that is, their taper differs,
the former being more cylindrical than the latter. This will appear from a comparison of the
taper of trees as recorded in Table II of the Appendix, in which small diameters with compara-
tively long shafts indicate the codomiuant and suppressed trees. Those with short lengths and
large diameters are trees grown in open stand.
From Table II, Appendix, we also see that the taper varies within wide limits from less than 1
inch to 5 inches for every 1(5 feet, although in the majority of cases it lies between 2 and 3 inches.
The tops taper, to be sure, much i'aster than the middle portion; and, again, in older trees espe-
cially, the butt logs much faster than the upper portions, which are outside of the influence of the
root swelling.
In young trees which malie three log lengths of 16 feet, it will be safe to allow li inches for
the first two logs and 2 inches for the last one as the average taper. In medium sized trees,
making four to five log lengths, an allowance of 2 inches on the whole will fairly represent the aver-
age taper, or oneeightli of an inch for every foot in length. In old trees which furnisli five and six
or more logs, an allowance of i to ~> and even 7 to S inches must be made for the first log and 3 to
4 inches for the two top logs, while the middle jwrtions show a more regular and less variable
taper of about 2 inches, or one-eighth of an inch per foot.
GEOAVTH IX VOLUME.
During the juvenile stages the volume growtli of the White Pine, as of most trees, is insig-
nificant, a dominant tree of twenty years measuring not more than 0.5 cubic foot, which means an
average accretion of 0.025 cubic foot per year. For the third decade the amount of wood formed
is over three times what it was during the first two decades, and at fifty years the bole of a domi-
nant tree may contain from 10 to 14 cubic feet and over, the average annual accretion having
come up to one-fourth of a cubic foot, or ten times what it was at twenty years.
i^ow, after the rapid height-growth period, with fully developed crowns, a rapid rate of
volume growth sets iu, increasing with each year, in arithmetical progression, until at sixty to
seventy years the current accretion has become 1 cubic foot and over, and at one hundred years
as much as li cubic feet is attained. After the one hundred and twenty-fifth year the increase
in the rate abates, yet before the second century it has become 2 cubic feet, and remains then
practically stationary for another ceutuiy at least.
Some of the oldest trees (four hundred and fifty years and over) measured contained COO to
800 cubic feet of wood iu the stem alone, the largest, with 855 cubic feet, indicating an average
annual accretion for this long life of over 1.8 cubic feet.
While the current annual accretion after the fiftieth j-ear is rapidly increasing, the average
annual accretion, attected by the earlier stages of slow growth, increases naturally more slowly.
For the first one hundred years the average is about two-thirds to three-fourths of a cubic foot
for dominant pine, making the volume about 70 cubic feet. It increases to 1 cubic foot at one
hundred and fifty years and IJ cubic feet at two hundred years, and, as shown above, gains
gradually until old age.
The i)rogress in volume growth naturally varies under ditterent soil conditions and with tree
classes. In a general way, the oppressed trees and those on poorer sites do not begin the period
of rapid volume growth as early as the dominant classes, but just as in the height growth, which
is similarly delayed, the rate when once at its maximum persists with great uniformity until
about the one hundred and fortieth to one hundred and sixtieth j'ear, when a decrease becomes
noticeable.
The tables and diagrams iu the Appendix show, by figures and graphically, the progress of
diameter, height, and volume accretion for dominant, codominant, and oppressed trees throughout
the range of the species. Comparing the growth from the several localities represented, a striking
38 THE WHITE riNE.
difference is not observed. It would appear that in similar soils the White Pine grows at about
the same rate, Ayitli similar persistence, and to the same dimensions in all parts of its range.
In Europe, too, as appears from a table on page 09, its growth as well as its general behavior,
at least in the forests of Germany, is fully as favorable as at home.
Besides dittercnces as result of soils, an inrtuence of the composition of the forest is noticeable.
White Pine mixed with Hemlock (Pennsylvania stations) shows a more rapid growth for the first
one hundred and thirty years, while among hardwoods (Wisconsin stations) the nest one hundred
years seem to produce the thriftiest growth. This is perhaps explained bj' the fact that in the
latter mixture the White Pine has after the tirst one hundred years its entire crown above the
shorter hardwoods, and hence is in full enjoyment of light.
Tlie so called "second growth" pine develops somewhat differently, because, as a rule, it does
not start in a dense growth, enjoying the light conditions of the open stand, the single individuals
make a more rapid volume growth, until they have closed up, and forest conditions prevail. This
is fully exhibited in the measurements of young groves in Massachusetts and New Hampshire,
tabulated in the Appendix.
In managed woods, where the number of trees allowed to grow per acre is under control, the
volume accretion may also be accelerated; the growth energy of the site being then exerted on
fewer individuals, each one deposits larger amounts. What this increase can be may be inferred
from the table on page 09, which records the growth of White Pine in Germany.
CUBIC CONTENTS OF TREES.
Having ascertained by a large number of measurements the diameters, heights, and fiictors
of shape possessed by trees under all sorts of conditions, the cubic contents of such trees can
be calculated and recorded in a table for further use, by reference, in measuring contents of trees.
Such table for White Pine of different diameters and heights will be found in the Appendix, from
which the contents in cubic feet of the bole of a tree whose diameter at breast height has been
measured and whose height has been estimated or measured can at once be read off.
LIMBER CONTEXTS OF TREES.
The total cubic contents, being based on mathematical considerations alone, is the only
rational measure of the volume. By stating contents in boaixl measure we introduce at once a
number of uncertain factors, which are variable in the practice, such as the lowest-size diameter
to which logs are taken: the size of the lumber that is cut, from one halfiuch boards to square
beams; the saw used, which determines the loss in kerf, and the skill of the sawyer, who can
■waste a large proportion in slabs and inconsiderate use of the logs.'
In these losses there is no allowance made for crooks or rot, which would reduce the results
still further, so that hardly one-third of the total volume of the tree would seem to reappear in
the shape of lumber, provided the log scales u.sed are correct, which anticipate a loss of 41: per
cent (Scribner) to 50 per cent (Doyle) in sawdust, slabs, and edgings for 14-incb logs, the average
size of logs in the northern pineries.
As a matter of fact, in good modern mill practice, not only does no such waste occur as is
indicated in these ^og scales, even if all logs were cut into inch boards, but in addition small logs
are worked into dimension material 2 by 4, 2 by 0, 4 by 4, etc., iu which the loss is reduced to a
minimum; thus an S-inch log may be cut to 0 by 0 inches. It then would make, if 10 feet long,
not 10 to 25 feet B. M., but 48 feet. Since the bulk of our pine material is now obtained from
small logs (over one-half below 14 inches diameter), these differences are of considerable practical
importance.
'A careful examination and measurement of one hundred trees of White Pine was made by Mr. Filibert Roth
to iiscertaiu what rational allowance should be made on the cubic contents of trees when converted into lumber.
The average diameter of the trees measnredwas 28 inches, breast high with bark, and the height 100 feet, the factor
of shape 0.43, that is to say, they were old trees with a moderate taper. They averaged 4.2 logs of 16 feet per tree,
which represented 76 per cent of the total volume of the bole with bark, 24 per cent being lost in the top and stump
and in the bark. The lumber contents of these logs, calculated by Scribuer's log rule, represented only 39.5 per cent
of the total volume of the tree, that is to say, over 60 per cent of the whole tree is supposed not to reappear in the
lumber, the saw waste representing 48 per cent of the log volume and 36 per cent of the total volume of the tree.
CONDITIONS OF DEVELOPMENT.
39
Based upon a proper consideration of these practices, it will appear that an average allowance
of 30 per cent in saw waste on the volume of logs of all sizes is more than ample, and that the
lumber yield given in the following table and computed on this assumption of waste, although
being for same sizes even 100 per cent above the log scales in use, remains still below the
practically obtainable results:
Ltimier contents in l>]-foot lof/s.
Diameter
at small
end.
Judson's
favorite.
Doyle rule.
Scrilmer
rule.
Computed
for 3D per
cent waste.
Waste. I
By Scril).
By Doyle.
Inches.
Feet B. JT.
FeetB M.
Feet B. M.
Feet B. M.
Per cent.
Per cent.
3
22
16
25
32 to 48
61
76
10
37
36
49
60 to 85
72
50
65
12
64
64
79
100 to 130
47
57
14
95
100
114
142
44
51
16
142
144
159
187
41
46
18
197
196
213
237
37
42
20
248
256
280
292
33
39
22
324
324
334
336
34
36
24
392
400
404
420
33
33
26
476
484
500
492
30
32
28
562
576
582
504
29
30
In estimating the cut of lumber that may be obtained from a given area, there must, to be sure,
an allowauce be made in addition for un.serviceable, crooked, knotty, rotten material, which may
reach from 15 to 20 per cent, and, furthermore, an allowance for the loggers' risk. in breakages and
other losses, which may be tigurcd at 10 to 12 per cent.
To give, however, an approximate idea of the lumber contents of trees of various diameters
and heights, these have been calculated for a number of trees and recorded in Table II, p. 87,
in the Appendix.
From these measurements, which are based upon Doyle's log scale, the following tabulation is
made, showing approximately the increase of lumber contents with diameter growth and age.
From this it would appear that the greatest per cent of increase occurs during the jieriod from the
fortieth to seventieth year, while in the fortieth j'ear the average annual growth in volume has
been about one-third of a cubic foot, in the seventieth year it is nearly 2 cubic feet, ^r six times as
great, and by the one hundredth year this rate is doubled, centenarians containing about 100
feet B. M. During the next century the trees make twice as much lumber wood, for now all wood
deposited makes lumber:
Increase hi lumher contents icilli ii:e.
.Percent of
j increase
'Periodic ac- per year j
i cretion. i during pre-;
cedfng [
periocl. I
Inches.
7 to 9
10 to 12
13 to 15
16 to 18
19 to 21
22 to 24
25 to 27
28 to 30
Feet.
50 to 70
60 to 80
55 to 115
75 to 125
80 to 135
85 to 140
85 to 150
85 to KO
CONDITIONS OF DEVELOPMENT.
r)E:MANDS UPON CLIMATE AND SOIL.
The wide field of its natural distribution and the thriftiuess with which the White Pine
develops in climates outside of its native home show that it is quite adaptive as far as climatic con-
ditions are concerned. Yet, from the manner of its development within the climatic range of its
40 THE ^YHITE PINE.
occurrence, its use for forestal purposes would seem to be circumscribed by conditions of humid
and cool atmospheres, such as are found in northern latitudes and high altitudes. Its distribution
is manifestly more dependent on humidity than on temperature, or rather, on a low transpiration
factor, that is, such a relation of heat and moisture, both at the foot and at the top, that the thin
foliage can readily perform its functions; hence, its failure in cultivation in the trans-Missouri
States, the contraction of its southern field to the high altitudes, and its best development in
quantity if not in quality withiu the intiuence of the Great Lakes and to the northward and
eastward.
While adapting itself readily to almost any variety of soil, the White Pine manifestly prefers
one with a fiiir admixture of sand, insuring a moderately rapid drainage. The pine tribe in
general occupies the sandy soils, to which it is better ada])ted than most of the deciduous tree
species; but the White Pine is capable of disputing possession with its competitors even of the
fresh medium-heavy loam and clay soils, making here the best individual growth.
Its shallow root system, in which it resembles, as in many other respects, the spruces, permits
it to accompany the latter to the thinner soils of the rocky slopes in the Adirondacks and New
England States, although here its development is naturally less thrifty. Its growth on the rocky
hills of Massachusetts within the hardwoods of that region is, however, at least for the tirst sixty
to eighty years not much less thrifty than in the better soils in the valleys. It does not shun even
the wetter and occasionally overflowed and swampy ground, and is here found, together with the
Fir, Arborvit;e, and even Tamarack; yet, on the dry, light sandy, coarse, and gravelly soil the
Red Pine and Jack Pine seem to be able to outdo it.
ASSOCIATED SPECIES.
The White Pine is less gregarious than any other pines of the Eastern United States. Although
it occurs in pure growths as true pinery on the red clays and moister gravels, it more frequently
is an admixture in the hardwoods, sharing with them the compacter, heavier soils from which the
other pines are excluded.
Spruce, Ilemlock, and Arborvita- (Cedar) are most frequent concomitants of the White Pine
in Canada; various species of Birch and Maple with Beech and Spruce form the composition of
the forest in the Adirondacks, overtowered by the pines, and there is hardly any species of the
Northern Atlantic forest which in one or the other region of its distribution may not be found in
association with the White Pine.
Owing to the fact that the hardwoods as a rule occupy the better soils, the best individual
development of the White Pine is also found in these mixtures. In the pinery of the northwest
Bed Pine and Jack Pine are the associates, while the Pitch Pine [P. r'ujida), and, in the southern
field, the Shortleaf Pine (P. echinata) are not unfrequently found in its company.
The samples of "acre yields" following will serve to illustrate more in detail the manner of
distribution, the associations, and the capacity of White Pine in the native forests in different
parts of its range. More extensive tabulation will be fouud in the Appendix.
CONDITIONS OF DEVELOPMENT. 41
Table VI. — Jere yield of White Pine on sites in JVisconsin, Michigan, reniisylraiiia, and Maine.
WISCONSIN.
Site a : 'Wasliburn County.
White Pine.
Basswood.
Fir.
£lm.
Yellow Birch.
Butternut.
Hornbeam.
£
D
U
s
s
1
1
1
Is
c
s
In.
141
16
19
1
23
24
25
26
28
29
30
31
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40.
w
Ft.
a
r
i
Volume.
1
B
9
6
.2
a
M
Ft.
40
6U
i
1
.a
g
5
1
«
I"
5
.d
40
1
1
r
In.
3 to 6
a,
a
Ft.
40
s
1
1
B
1
12
16
2
3
1
^ .
O Ml
I"'
.2
P
n
Ft.
4U
HI
Cm
1
T3"
5
5
a
Ft.
40
60
1
B
5
1
1
£
ITS'
.2
R
Description oi site.
1
«
55
71
Sample area, I acre, 1,200 feet
Ft. B. M.
In.
3 to 6
6tol0
In.
3 to 6
In.
3 to 10
6 to 10
10 to 14
14 to 18
19
In.
13 to 6
16tol0
In. F«.
3 to 6' 40
6 to 10 60
200 to 220 years. K umber of i 3
288
210
114
280
918
1.440
534
1,152
1,035
1,155
1,482
780
560
315
347
1,101
1,161
408
429
485
1.521
80
80
80
••■j
cent. (;lassificatiou for White 2
1
...1
1
r
formed by White Pine, the 5
■"T""
(Yellow Birch mixed with ! 6
Hornbeam and Fir and occa- 1 2
sional Elm). Scanty under- 1
growth of the young hard- | 1
woods and Fir. Soil, clay, 3
clay and stones. 4-inch mold 1
on top, with a surface coyer , 1
of leayes. 1
:::::.:; :::::;■
3
—
1
_J aji
9
69
15, 341 95. 040
15
5
6
""
illCHIGAX.
SiTEd; ilontmorency County.
White Pine.
Eed Pine.
Hemlock.
i
3
.3 .
5
K
Volume.
1
£
5
1
a
S.5P
1
Description of site.
a
3
.= S
1
3
1
3
3
1
1
3
2
6
5
9
4
1
3
2
7
2
\
I-ncheg.
10
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
21
24
26
27
26
29
30
31
33
Feet.
s
1
Ou./t.
36
38
159
60
2U7
231
86
96
315
280
906
855
1,611
SUO
216
096
493
1,862
5611
302
340
Ft. B. M.
2
1
3
1
3
3
6
5
4
8
1
1
1
Inches.
13
14
15
16
17
IS
19
20
21
22
23
24
30
Feet.
d
s
o
2
1
1
6
1
Inches.
3 to6\
9;
i!
20j
Feet.
years. Number of trees, 113: White Pine, 54
40
50 to SO
cent injured by fire.
White Pine mixed with Red Pine .ind inter-
mixed with Hemlock. Soil, fresh, loose sand
of a gray color, turning brown and red under-
neath, with a surface coyer of brakes, checker-
berry. The subsoil is a brown sand, sometimes
loamy and in spots clayey. Density of crown
coyer, 0.5.
61
1
10, 154 60, 900
39
i
13
Total iiield : 86.100 feet B. il., of which White Pine 66 per cent.
Volume of Red Pine: Boles, 5,256 cubic feet ; merchantable timber, 25,200 feet B. M.
Averaije annual accretion : AVhite Pine, 59 cubir feet.
331 feet li. il.
42 THE WHITE PINE.
Table VI. — Acre yield of JVhiie Pine on sites in Wisconsin, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Maine — Continucfl.
PEXNSYLVANIA.
Site /; Dubois, Clearfield County.
■n'hite Pine.
i
s
1
!2i
1
1
5
Volume.
Description of site.
Boles.
Su
1
Sample area, 1 acre, 1,200 to 1,500
feet above sea. A ^e of pine, 240 to
260 years. Number of trees. 132:
Whtte Pine,37; Hemlock, 64; Ma-
ple, o: Beech, 3; Birch, 3.
Hemlock mixed with White Pine,
with occasional Maple, Beech, and
Birch, on a hill sloping towards
southwest, where it is bounded l>y
the left-hand branch of the Nar-
row Creek. Tlie undergrowth,
moderately dense, consists of very
young Beech, Hemlock, and orca
sionalBirch and Cucumber. Soil,
yellow clayey loam of a medium
grain (fine shales in iti, deep, fresh,
well drained, with 2 to 3 inches
mold on top, with surface cover of
scanty leaves, fern, teaberries, and
scattering dogwood (laurel, north-
east corner and north side). Sub-
soil, laminated shale of an indefinite
depth. Density of crown cover,
0.7 (in places O.'S).
2
2
2
In.
15
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
34
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
34
40
41
45
Feet.
120
120
130
130
130
130
130
130
130
135
135
135
135
135
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
Cu./t.
} 360
i 1, 370
} 570
651
257
1 1, 140
filO
1,220
390
800
511
511
638
Ft.
B.M.
1,360
6,420
3,000
3,690
1,390
6,600
3.900
7,800
2. 300
4,800
3,300
3,300
4,400
37
Total yield: 90,103 feet B. M.
Average annual accretion: "White pine, 36 cubic feet.
209 feet B. il.
MAINE.
Site a: Tork County.
White Pine.
Description of site.
E>4
Is
il
ilf
5~
■J
>
Sample area, one-half acre. Age of pine, 90 to
100 years. Number of trees: White Pine,
118;" Red Oak, 6; Norway Pine, 2. Classi-
fication for White Pine: Dominant. 26 per
cent: codotuinant, 40 percent; oppressed,
18 per cent ; suppressed, 16 per cent.
White Pine with scattering Red and White
(Jak and occasional Norway Pine, on a level
site. The underOTOwth, moderately dense,
consists of small Hemlock and Beech, small
Maple and Oaks numerous. Soil, a fine
loamy sand, gray or brown in color, deep,
fresh, with 2 or' 3 inches mold on top, and
leafy surface cover; cl,iy lies probably
some feet below surface. Density of crown
cover, 0.5.
2
8
8
4
6
4
8
8
8
8
10
18
2
4
6
6
2
4
In.
10
11
12
12
13
14
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Feet.
75
75
75
85
85
75
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
95
95
95
Cu.ft.
42
192
233
120
222
154
333
384
408
528
690
1,323
152
320
534
660
250
280
560
MAINE.
Site h: Tork County.
White Pine.
Description of site.
1
s ^■^
0
In.
6
7
7
8
8
9
10
10
11
12
12
13
17
.a
w
Jl
>
Sample area, one-fourth .acre. Age of pine,
50 to 60 years. Number of trees: Mature
White Pine, 328; young White Pine, 160;
mature Hemlock, '20; young Hemlock, 20.
Classification for White Pine: Dominant,
9 per cent; codondnant, 45 per cent; op-
pressed, 23 per cent; suppressed, 23 per
White Pine, with scattering Hemlock and
occasional Spruce and Fir. on a plain and
level site. Scanty undergrowth of Hazel
and young Hemlock. Soil, a gray sand,
sometimes brown or loamy, with a vegeta-
ble mold of 3 inches, deep, fresh, with a
4
32
60
81
8
36
8
52
8
12
12
4
8
Fett.
45
55
45
55
45
55
65
55
55
65
55
65
75
Cu.fl.
30
256
330
840
72
414
144
780
144
306
240
116
403
4,070
crown cover, 0.7.
Site c: York County.
White Pine.
Description of site.
|s
■a
P
.a
•3
W
1>
Sample area, one-fourth acre. Age of pine,
50 to 60 years. Number of trees: Mature
White Pine. 396. Classification for White
Pine: Dominant, 18 per cent; codominant,
27 per cent; oppressed, 24 per cent; sup-
pressed, 31 per ciut.
White Pine, with occasional Norway Pine,
on a slope to nortli 5^ to 10^. Scanty
undergrowth of Hemlock, Oak. and Fir.
Soil, a sandy loam, with little pebbles in it,
of a brown color, deep and fresh, with
black soil and mold of 3 imhes on top and
leafy surface cover; clay probably 8 to 12
feet down. Density of crown cover, 0.8.
4
28
20
20
84
24
36
32
8
40
4
16
24
8
16
4
12
8
4
4
396
In.
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
16
17
Feet.
65
55
65
55
05
55
05
65
65
75
65
75
65
75
65
75
65
75
75
Cu.Jt.
28
168
190
160
1,008
240
522
576
168
880
100
408
696
232
552
132
462
292
184
204
7, 302
Averaf)e annxLol accreiion: "White Pine, 131 cubic feet.
CONDITIONS OF DEVELOPMENT.
43
LIGHT REQUIREMENTS.
The capacity of the White Pine to keep its place in mixture with the hardwoods is probably
mainly due to its shade endurance. In this respect it excels all pines with which we are acquainted.
Pines are, as a rule, rather light-needing species, and are usually at a disadvantage in the mixed
forest, unless compensating influences are in their favor. The White Pine is an exception. As a
consequence, it is capable of forming dense thickets, supporting a larger number of trees i)er acre
and producing a larger amount of material than the more light-needing species. Also, as a con-
sequence of its shade endurance, it does not clean itself of its branches as readily as other pines;
uotonly do the lower branches remain green for a long period in spite of the shade of the superior
tiers of foliage, but they persist after they are dead for many years.
As this shade endurance is, however, only relative, and as many of the associates possess it
in greater degree, the additional advantage of rapid height growth alone saves the i)ine from
being after all suppressed by its shadier companions. Yet, these succeed in keeping the young
progeny of the pine subdued, and hence the observation that in the dense virgin forest of hard-
woods the reproduction of White Pine is scanty.
The difticulty of cleaning itself of dead branches seems to be overcome by association with
shadier companions, for, as a rule, the best quality, cleaner boles, and absence of black knots,
which denotes earlier cleaning, are found in such association. Yet, in these mixtures the trees are
apt to be shorter bodied, since the hardwood companions are shorter bodied and the stimulus to
height growth ceases sooner. In the pinery proper the stimulus to height growth exerted by the
neighbors continues longer; hence, longer shafts are found here, other conditions being the same,
although the boles are less clean and less free of knots.
Its shade endurance is decidedly less than that of the Spruce, which maintains itself, but
not thriving under the dense shade of ]\Iaple, Birch, and Beech, where White Pine seedlings and
saplings are not to be found, although they sustain perfectly the shade of oaks. To be sure, this
shade endurance is to some extent dependent on moisture conditions of soil, being less ou the
drier than on the fresher soils.
This relatively high shade endurance permits ready natural reproduction of the pine, espe-
cially where the hardwoods have been thinned out to some extent, or where, after clearing, all
species start their race for reoccupation of the soil with equal chance. The pine then appears in
the young hardwood growth in single individuals at first, somewhat behind in height, but finally,
when it enters upon the period of rapid height growth, it outgrows its competitors and is assured
of its place.
More frequently does the reproduction take place in groups, smaller or larger, the many areas
of "second growth" of several acres in extent, which are found throughout the hardwood coppice
of Massachusetts, showing that tendency toward gi'egariousness so characteristic of the conifers.
A further discussion of the conditions of reproduction and the yield occurs in the portion devoted
to the discussion of forest management and of forest yield.
In these natural reproductions the trees grow close together, that is, close for unaided nat-
ural reproduction, as is apparent from the following table of acre yields of young growth taken
at various places in New England :
Tablk VII. — Acre yield of young pine grores.
Soil.
White Pine.
Species intermixed.
state.
Age.
Number.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Length of log.
Volume
of logs.
Number.
Name and remarks.
Massachusetts
Fresh, well-drained loam
and sandy loam.
Years.
35
128
284
75
1
Inches.
14 to IS
10 to 14
6 to 10
3 to 6
3
21ax.
40
40
35
Min.
35
20
20
Ou.feet.
54
1,611.2
348.9
147
52
21
8
Oak.
Chestnut.
Maple.
490
2, 014. 1
228
All small.
Dry, well-drained sandy
loam.
New Hampshire...
35
3
13
79
231
181
5
18 to 24
14 to 18
10 to 14
0 to 10
3t« 6
3
30
30
33
18
22
15
178.9
372.4
1,007
13
10
9
6
Maple.
Grav Birch.
Pitch Pine.
All other.
1
Total
512
1,558.3
38
44
THE WHITE PINE.
Table VII. — Acre yield of younij pine groves — Continued.
Soil.
White Pine.
Species intermixed.
State.
Age.
Number.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Length of log.
Vohime
of logs.
Number.
Name and remarks.
Massachusetts
Fresh, well-drained sandy
Tears.
40
14
136
177
32
3
Inches.
14 tu IS
10 to 14
6 to 10
3 to 6
3
Max.
40
40
Min.
25
20
Cu. feet.
315.9
1.870.4
133
204
19
15
11
15
Oak.
Maple.
1
Gray Birch.
362
2, 186. 3
397
Dry, weU-draiucd loamy
sand.
diameter.
New Hampshire . . -
40
46
65
184
615
150
14 to IS
10 to 14
0 to 10
3 to 6
3
35
30
15
15
489.3
51.9
20
27
1
Hemlock.
Keil Pine.
1,060
541.2
54
Small.
Fresh, well-drained sandy
loam.
Massachusetts
48
11
158
277
18
14 to 18
10 to 14
6 to 10
3 to 6
40
40
30
15
258.2
2,096.9
h
Representing seven
species.
464
2, 355. 1
Dry, well-drained loamy
sand.
50 to 55
1
48
126
147
15
18 to 24
14 to 18
10 to 14
6 to 10
3 to 6
35
40
40
30
102
902
1,311.5
152.2
19
20
15
18
337
2, 467. 7
10
1
It would be possible to increase the number of trees that could grow per acre and develop
satisfactorily by attention of the forester, as will appear from the statements regarding the "VYliite
Pine forest plantations in Germany, where pure "White Pine growths showed at sixty-eight years
iStill over si.x hundred and seventy trees, and in aiiother place at eighty-two years seveu hundred
and twenty-three trees, and at one hundred and four years over two hundred and tifty trees per
acre. Even in such close stand the crown of living branches remains long, occupying one-third of
the bole, and dry branches persist down to over half the length. The stems are straight and
cylindrical, in this respect also reminding one of the Xorway Spruce, although the tendency to
fork seems more frequently developed.
YIELD OF WHITE PI>-E.
The question as to the amount of material which the AYhite Pine is capable of producing per
acre is difficult to answer. It can not, of course, be deduced from a knowledge of the development
of the individual tree, since there remains one factor unknown, namely, the number of trees of
different classes that can occupy an acre. Nor can the capacity of production, as a rule, be ascer-
tained from the actual production or acre yield of natural virgin growths, for these usually not
cnlj- do not occur in pure growths, but also are usually not developed under most advantageous
conditions, and do not, therefore, represent the possible or normal yield which could be secured.
Only by selecting smaller, seemingly normally and favorably developed groui)s in the forest at
different ages and in various localities and measuring the same may we arrive at an ajiproximation
of what the species is capable of producing by itself.
Such measurements have not been attempted, but the yield of virgin acres under varying
conditions has been ascertained to give at least a forecast of the possibilities, although not repre-
senting the normal or possible yield of fully stocked acres of White Pine. In addition we may
utilize the results recorded from Germanj^ (page 69) of a number of plantations, which have had
the advantage of at least the partial care of forest management.
From these indications, we are justified in the assertion that the White Pine produces per
acre as well as any species with which we are acquainted in our northeastern woods, and at a rate
which is not excelled by any of the lumber trees within its range.
In this respect, again, it approaches the German Spruce, though it probably excels this species
in persistency, as it does in the dimensions which it can produce. We can, therefore, for the first
YIELD. 45
hundred years at least, approximate the capacity of our White Piue by reference to experieuce
tables of the German Spruce.
As with all conifers, the rate of production at first is very slow, not more than 40 to 70 cubic
feet in the average per year for the first twenty years. With the better development of crowns
and the assertion of individual superiority in the struggle of neighbors, which leads to the estab-
lishment of dominant classes, the production increases rapidly, and by the fiftieth year, in fully
stocked areas, the average rate of 140 to IGO cubic feet per acre may be attained, so that at that
age we may, with five hundred to six hundred trees to the acre, find 7,000 to 8,000 cubic feet of
wood stored up in the boles of the trees. The current annual accretion, then, may readily be at
the rate of 160 to ISO cubic feet, keeping the average annual accretion of fully stocked acres very
nearly to those figures, so that at one hundred years we should find, under favorable conditions,
as much as 15,000 cubic feet of wood, of which at least 80,000 to 90,000 feet B. M. is saw material.
The persistency of growth seems to continue beyond that age, and the indications are that
the decrease of the current as well as average accretion per acre during the next century takes
place so gradually that at one hundred and fifty years it may still be over 100 cubic feet, and not
much below at two hundred years, when the burden of the acre may be near 20,000 cubic feet,
with over 120,000 feet B. M., and double the amount in the oldest growths of two hundred and
fifty or more years, which may possibly be the limit of production.
While these figures, which differ very materially from those proposed in the tables by Messrs.
Pinchot and Graves, may stand for the better soils, as ideally possible, practically, perhaps, rarely
attainable, especially in older stands, poorer soil sites will vary from them by from 20 to 40 per cent,
so that a yield of 9,000 cubic feet at a hundred years, or 50,000 feet of lumber, would still be quite
reasonable to expect on the poorest soils on which White Pine can be satisfactorily grown. On
the sandy soils of Wisconsin whole forties are found to average 50,000 feet per acre of naturally
grown unattended forests of one hundred and fifty years of age.
Table VIII summarizes the measurements of sample areas, which are given in detail in the
Appendix. It will serve to show what our native woods, without attention, stocked with partly
useless trees and in open stand, exhibiting much wastage in unoccupied ground, are capable of
producing.
If we assume that the areas might have been stocked with pine alone, that they would have
produced at only the same rate as they have under their present conditions, even though the acres
had been fully stocked and not in the fractional manner which is indicated by the decimal giv-
ing density of cover (all assumptions), and if in connection with the density factor we consider
the number of all trees per acre and the percentage which the pine represents, we may, as a mere
matter of Judgment not fit for tabulation, arrive at an indication as to what the acre might
possibly have produced. Such indication of possibility has been attempted in the last column of
the table, and has served in the above discussion in connection with all other data presented.
This is all that can be done in the abseuce of the measurements above indicated. These figures
are of no direct practical application except to give a general notion of the productivity of White
Pine and the variability of yields.
An inspection of the table of yield iu Germany, on page 69, will show that these approxi-
mations are not unreasonable. The lumber contents iu board feet may be approximated by
multiplying these figures by 4 or 5 in the younger growths and by 0 or 7 in the older. Assuming a
moderately careful practice of logger and sawyer, by no means mathematically tenable, the above
tentative propositions for normal yields might be even increased.
To assume, as is done by certain authorities, that tables of normal yield could be constructed
by using the density indicated by a decimal as a matliematical factor, using that factor as a divisor
of the actually measured yield in order to arrive at the normal, is to mistake the value of the
density factor. Not only would trees and whole acres have developed very differently when grown
under different density conditions during their life, but the estimate of the density is such a vague
and uncertain one, a mere opinion, that even if the greatest care were exercised, its use as a mathe-
matical factor would not be admissible. It is a mere indication of the present condition of the
growth, and its meaning at different periods of life is very diflereut in its physiological effects
as expressed in volume accretion.
46
THE ■WHITE PINE.
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48
THE WHITE PINE.
It may be of interest to record more esiiecially the data of a small clump of young White
Pine sprung up naturally on an abandoned field of less than three-fourths of an acre in extent,
situated near Farmingtou, K H., which its owner (Mr. J. D. Lyman, of Exeter) had from time to
time thinned out for the last twenty-two years, with a view of accelerating the growth of the
trees. Unfortunately, no record of previous conditions and frequency and extent of operations
was attainable, but the present condition (three or four years ago) is exhibited in the following
table:
Data of a cliimj) of nalnraUy grown yoiimj White Pint:
[Aje: Forty-six to fifty-six ynars?
Height: 70 to 80 feet. Ar
Number of trees.
Diameter
(breast high).
Volume.
Inches.
22
in
IGtol!)
U tol6
13 to U
11 to 12
10 toll
9 to 10
Cubic feet.
85
84
6U0
), ir.o
S75
S06
3G0
96
20
6
4,095
This would indicate a yield per acre of about 6,000 cubic feet, from which, with the dimensions
attained under careful mill practice, some 30,000 feet of lumber might be cut. To be sure, with
such open stand much of this must be knotty, even though the trees were pruned as far as possible.
By comparison with the measurements of naturally grown unthiuued acres, we fiiul that two
to three times the number of trees of the age indicated in the above table might stand on an acre
and make as much total pi-oduct (see Massachusetts, site c, which, with 32J: trees, produced 6,188
cubic feet); and although a few trees in the thinned grove had reached larger dimensions, the
total product of trees over VI inches in diameter is almost the same, the difference in favor of the
thinned part being only 100 cubic feet. From this comparison it would appear that the thinning
was too severe to secure the most desirable results. PI. X shows the condition of the grove when
the measurements were taken.
Allowance, however, should be made for the amount utilized in thinnings. Whether this
inferior material would pay in most cases the cost of its removal is questionable. A very uncertain
estimate by the man who performed the thinnings places the amount of wood removed equal to
that now standing, among which is 5,000 shingles.
The following table shows the measurements of one of the largest trees in the grove:
Measiirnnents of tree.
[Age: Fifty-six years. Height: 80 feet.]
Height of section, in feet.
Diameter, in
inches.
Number of
rings on sec-
tion.
19S
14
121
li!
P
54
46
42
37
32
24
15
8
20
30
40
50
60
This tree, when felled and cut into waney-edged boards, made lumber to the amount of 364 feet.
Bulletin No. 22, Div, of Forestry, U. S. Dept, of Acrricuitu
.i' ?-^ -^T;. ; -^jti'iT^^ _j*--^"7l'W'»"
Fig. 1.— a thinned Pine Grove in New Hampshire (Trees 51 Years Old— 186 to the Acre)
Fig. 2.— Young Pine in New Hampshire iTrees 20 Years Old).
DANGERS AND DISEASES.
DANGERS AND DISEASES.
49
The White Pine is subject to a considerable number of destructive influences even when
growing spoutaneously, but a large proportion of these might be avoided if projierly uuderstood
and guarded against, since they are in great i^art due to human agency.
INJURIES BY HUMAN AGENCY.
The subject of forest fires has been so fully discussed that it is unnecessary here to treat it
in detail, although the pine forests of the Northern States have suffered more irreparable injury
from this than from all other destructive agencies combined. From the numerous suggestions
that have been made respecting protection from fire and from unnecessary injuries in general, the
most important appear to be:
(1) That a well-digested code of laws, capable of prompt enforcement, based upon the
recommendation of a nonpolitical forest commission, is of primary importance.
Fig. -t.— Girdlud Wliite PiEO toutiuuiu,' lu ^tlhi .
(2) That a correct public sentiment, encouraged by a wider dissemination of information
concerning the value of forest products and the time requii'ed for their growth, will have more
influence than all other means together in preventing unnecessary destruction.
Unlike the Loblolly Pine of the Southern States; or the Eed Pine with which it is commonly
associated, White Pine has a thin bark during the first thirty to fifty years, which aftbrds but
slight protection from fire. Consequently, the species suffers much in young growths from surface
fires, which do little or no harm to the thick-barked pines and hardwoods. In the mature trees
the growing layer is much better protected, as the bark with age becomes proportionately thicker
than that of Eed Pine.
Related to the foregoing, and i>roperly i^laced under the head of injuries to be charged to
human responsibility, are wounds occasioned by cattle. A i)ine forest is less liable to injury
from the browsing of cattle than one composed of deciduous trees, and in the Eastern States old
pastures commonly grow up to pine, the deciduous species being kept down by the cattle. But in
20233— No. 22 i
50 THE WHITE PINE.
auy case, wlieii the growth of timber is the primary object, domestic auimals should be rigorously
excluded, as they are certain to do uiore or less injury to the growing trees. A pine lorest, or a
forest of any kind, is no more properly a "run" for cattle than a field of standing grain, and tlie
damage is likely to be more extensive and less capable of repair in the former than iu the latter
case.
The White Pine shows considerable recuperative power, which is exhibited in the ready
reestablishment of broken leader and the healing of wounds, in which the prolific resin exudations
assist by keeping out water and fungi.
The experiences of Mr. Nathaniel Morton, of Plymouth, Mass., in trimming pines, recorded
in The Forester (June, 189S), show the absolute safety of pruning live limbs of 3 to 5 inches and
more iu diameter, wliich are covered in a few years by new growth (PI. XI). An interesting case
of ])ertinacity of life and recuperative power, which at the same time throws light on the much-
debated question of food and water movement in trees, is also reported from the same source, and
represeuted in fig. 4.
A young pine in the forest was, two j^ears ago, not only girdled, but the bark peeled off for
11 inches all around the tree. The tree has a perfectly healthy appearance, and has continued to
grow in length, although apparently about half as fast as before. The measurements of interuodes
of this tree during the last six years follow. The diameter growth above the wound has continued,
while below the wound it has remained stationary, as will appear from the measurements made
two years after the removal of the bark.
Incbea.
Circumference near the giouud 15
Circumference just below the wountl 11
Circnmfereuce where hark is stripped 9J
Circumference just above first row of branches 14
Circumference above second row of branches 11
The wound is entirely covered by pitch. The growth just above the wound has a baggy
appearance, showing an accumulation of wood deposit, which shows the arrest of the food
materials due to the absence of the cambium layer and bark.
It would appear that the roots could either live without the food supply from above (at least
for two years), or else that a sufBcieut amount can pass through the dead wood of the trunk, and
at least the water uecessary for the elaboration of food materials iu the foliage can be supplied
through the old wood. The writer inspected this tree, and can vouch for the truthfuluess of the
description. A similar case with a southern pine (species undetermined) came to his attention,
where the tree was older and had grown over twenty years above the wound; but as only a cut
was inspected the possibility of a cambial connection of the upper and lower parts was not abso-
lutely excluded, as in the present case.
INJURIES BY STORMS.
Of injuries not within human control may be mentioned, first, those resulting from storms,
snow, and ice. The soft texture of the wood and the short-lived branches of the White Pine
would naturally suggest its being more liable to injury by storms than are deciduous trees. This,
however, is not the case. The angle which the branches make with the trunk admits of their
readily bending, and under such a weight it is found that Maples and other hardwood trees break
down much more frequently. Mr. B. F. Hoyt, of Manchester, Iowa, states that " a whole summer's
observation among the White Pines of Tennessee failed to reveal a single case in which a tree of
that species was injui'ed by the wind," attributing the fact to the mechanical disposition and
structure of the trunk and branches.' In this respect, then, the White Pine stands at a decided
advantage as compared with many deciduous trees with which it is naturally associated.
Like the shallow-rooted Spruce, the White Pine is liable to be uprooted and thrown by storms,
although to a less degree.
While, however, the mechanical effects of the wind and of storms of snow and ice are not
sufficient to require special consideration, the injurious consequences of drying winds are such as
' American Naturalist, December, 1886.
Bulletin No. 22, DIv. of Forestry, U. S Dept, of Agriculti
DISEASES. 51
to become an important factor in determining the limits of tlie artificial cultivation of this species.
At the time of planting, deciduous trees are not in leaf, and accordingly there is but little evap-
oration of water, while the leaf surface of conifers is exposed then as much as ever to the drying
effects of the atmosphere, often resulting in their death before they are fully established in the soil.
It is for this reason and because of the general lack of a sufdcient amount of atmospheric mois-
ture that comparatively slight success has attended the cultivation of the White Pine on the
plains west of the Mississippi. The raw winds from the Atlantic again have been found to be
much more injurious to this species than to the Pitch Pine [Pinus rkjida), and the latter is there-
fore decidedly preferable for i)lanting in the immediate vicinity of the coast.
DISEASES
EFFECT OF HEAT AND DROUGHT.
In Germany, plantations of White Pine thirty-five to forty years old have suffered much injury
from a disease which appears to be occasioned by unusual heat and drought, and which was par-
ticularly severe after the hot, dry summer of 1876." The disease manifests itself externally by
dried up patches on the trunks, the spots being largest 3 to G feet from the ground, gradually
running out above and below this, and often reaching a height of 15 to 18 feet. The spots may be
only an inch or two wide, but frequently the bark is dead nearly around the entire trunk. As
a rule, these dead spots are on the south and west sides of the tree. The wood is often penetrated
by larviv of insects, but these are not the cause of the disease, since in many cases they are not
present.
Dr. E. Hartig, from a comparison of specimems and study of the disease iu question, concludes
that it is due to extreme dryness and that the White Pine can not be trusted to endure such
extremes. He further states that it suffers greatly from dry air even in the winter time.
PARASITIC DISEASES.
The White Pine is subject to a number of parasitic diseases, some of which attack it when
growing spontaneously in the forest, while others are highly destructive to the tree in cultivation,
especially iu Europe under changed climatic conditions. A few only of the best known of these,
including several due to fungi, will be considered in detail.
(1) Agaricus meUeus Vahl. — This fungus, of common occurrence in the United States as well
as Europe, is exceedingly destructive to coniferous trees, the White Pine in particular suffering
greatly from its attacks. It also fastens upon various deciduous species as a parasite, attacking
living trees of all ages, but living as well upon dead roots an.d stumps and on wood that has
been cut and worked up, occurring frequently 6n bridges, railroad ties, and the like, and causing
prompt decay wherever it has effected an entrance. The most conspicuous part of the fungus is
found frequently in the summer and fall on the diseased i^arts of the tree or timber infested by it.
It is one of the common toadstools, this particular species being recognized by its yellowish color,
gills extending downward upon the stem, which is encircled a little lower down by a ring, and by
its habit of growing in tufts or little clumps of several or many individuals together (PI. XII,
1 and S). It is also particularly distinguished by the formatitm of slender, dark-colored strings
(PI. XII, 2 and 3), consisting of compact mycelium, from which the fruiting parts just described
arise. These hard root-like strings (called rhizomorphs) extend along just beneath the surface
of the ground, often for a distance of several feet, and penetrate the roots of sound trees. By
carefully removing the bark from a root thus invaded the fungus is seen in the form of a dense,
nearly white, mass of mycelium (PI. XII, 3, c), which, as the parts around decay, gradually ^iro-
duces again the rhizomorphs already described. These rhizomorphs are a characteristic part
of the fungus. Occurring both iu the decayed wood, from which they spread to the adjacent
parts, and extending in the soil from root to root, they constitute a most effective agency in the
extension of the disease.
The symptoms of the disease are marked, and, taken together, sufliciently characteristic to
admit of its ready recognition. External symptoms, to be observed especially in young specimens
' Hartig. Untersuchuugeu aus dem Forstljotanischeu lustitut zu Miinclien. 1883.
52 THE WHITE PINE.
recently attacked, consist in a change of the leaves to a ])ale sickly color and olten the production
of short stunted shoots. A still more marked symptom is the formation of j;reat quantities of
resin, which How downward through the injured parts and out into the grouiul, resulting in the
sticking together of the roots and masses of dirt that have been penetrated by the resin. Passing
up a little way into the trunk, the cause of this is seen in the active working of the fungus in the
medullary rays and around the resin canals, where apparently both cell walls and cell contents
undergo degeneration and partial conversion into resin. This flows downward, as already stated,
and also works laterally into the cambium, producing great blisters in the younger parts where
growth is going on, and also resulting in the formation of abnormally large resin canals.
As the disease advances the fungus continues to attack the tracheids of the sound wood and
soon induces marked changes. Under its influence the walls lose their liguified character, become
softer, and give the cellulose reaction, while the mycelium of the fungus penetrates and 1111s the
enlarged cavities of the tracheids. (PI. XII, 4, 5, 6.)
The whole inside of the trunk may Anally become hollow for some distance above the stump,
its interior being filled with a loose rotting mass, penetrated by rhizomorph strings, and only
becoming worse the longer it stands. The disease having once reached this stage, there is of course
nothing to be done for the tree bat to fell it as soon as possible and save whatever wood remains
unaftected.
(2) Polijporus annosus Fries ( Trametes radiciperda E. Hartig). — This is one of the most dangerous
parasites of coniferous trees, causing "red rot" and the dying out of plantations both of young
and old pines. In Germany it infests various species of pines, including rinvs sirohus and Pinus
sylvestris ; also Ficea cxcelsa, Juniper us communis, and others. It is more destructive to the White
Pine than to the Scotch Pine.
The disease appears in plantations of various ages, from five to one hundred years old, show-
ing itself by single plants here and there becoming pale, then yellow, and suddenly dying. These
external symptoms are altogether similar to those observed in trees infected by Agaricus mellens.
Other trees are attacked in the neighborhood of tlie infected ones, and so the disease spreads
centrifugally.
The fruiting portion of the fungus (PL XIII, 1 to G) grows on the roots near the surface
of the ground, forming yellowish-white cushions (white on the spore-bearing surface) that may
finally, though rarely, become a foot or more in diameter. Between the wood and bark of the
affected tree are extremely thin layers of mycelium, distinguished from those of Agaricus melleus
by their softness and delicacy. The tissue of the roots and the inside of the stem is decayed to a
considerable height.
The disease is spread by the spores, which are carried away by mice and other burrowing
animals and deposited on the roots of adjacent trees, where they germinate and penetrate the
living tissues of the bark, passing thence into the wood elements and growing in them toward the
stem. It is also communicated by the roots of infected trees crossing those of sound ones in the
ground (PI. XIII, 7), the fungus growing directly from one to the other.
A violet discoloration of the wood is the external symptom of beginning decomposition, in
which the contents of the parenchyma cells die and turn brown through the action of the mycelium.
This color disappears with the loss of the cell contents, and a clear brownish-yellow takes its place,
with scattering black spots here and there. These are surrounded at a later period with a white
zone (PI. XII, 6), and at the same time the wood becomes continually lighter and more spongy.
At last numerous openings arise, the wood is separated into its constituent fibers, and becomes
watery and of a clear brownish-yellow color. The cell wall undergoes decomposition, giving the
cellulose reaction instead of remaining lignified, and finally even the entire middle lamella disap-
liears. The process may go on until the wood elements are isolated, so that they are easily picked
apart like threads of asbestos.
The parasite advances rapidly in the wood elements, decomposition sometimes going on in this
way to the height of 25 feet. In the bark it proceeds more slowly, but is finally none the less
dangerous, since it causes the death of the cortical part of the root in which it originates, and
when after reaching the trunk it passes into the other roots, their death finally resulting in the
death of the whole tree.
DISEASES. 53
In tlie Scotch Pine a great amount of resin is produced, and this, accumulatiuj;- in the lower
part of the stem, probably acts as a barrier to the growth of the mycelium upward. In the White
Pine the fungus extends much farther in the trunk.
PI. XII, 7, represents a stump of White Pine that has been attacked by rol>n)orus annosus.
The heart is surrounded by decayed wood and spots filled with masses of resin. PI. XII, 9,
represents ])arts of adjacent wood elements of Xorway Spruce after they have been acted upon
by the fungus; the mycelium hypha^ and spores, highly magnified, are represented in 10 of the
same plate.
(3) Coleosporium senecionis Pers. — This fungus, under the name of •' pine blister," infests
various species of pines, growing in the a'cidium stage on both leaves and bark, and sometimes
proving very destructive. When growing on the leaves it affects but little the vitality of the tree,
but is highly injurious when the bark is the place of attack. It penetrates the bark, apparently
through wounds occasioned by insects, woodpeckers, or other agencies, and its mycelium spreads
through the cortical parenchyma and bast, and into the -wood to the depth of several inches,
passing through the medullary rays.
Under its influence the starch and other cell contents disappear and a resinous substance
collects in their stead, a mass of dead tissue soon taking the place of the living cells. This change
of the cell contents results in a great accumulation of resin, which often exudes in large quantities
from the diseased parts of the tree.
The mycelium is perennial, extending itself through the stem from year to year, particularly
in a longitudinal direction. Where it is present the growth of the stem is prevented and the
formative materials are diverted to the opposite side of the stem, causing there a greatly stimulated
and abnormal growth. The death of the leader often results, especially in dry summers, for the
reason that the wood, thus choked with resin, is unable to supply it with sufficient water.
The researches of Wolf lead to the conclusion that this parasite of the pine liv'es in the form
known as CoJeoxporium senecioiiin on various sjiecies of Senecio, and that it is communicated to
pine shoots from them. He proposes the extermination of these hosts as a preventive measure.
Later investigations of Kleebahn go to show that a blister rust which he observed badly affecting
the bark of Finits strobus, in the neighborhood of Bremen, is caused by a closely related parasite
form which he names reridcnuium strohi, and considers to be the a^cidium stage of Gronartium
ribicola.
All these fungi have probably caused far more destruction of timber than casual observation
would indicate, but the limited extent to which artificial cultivation of forests has thus far been
carried on in this country gives comparatively few exact data regarding them. The facts, as above
stated, have therefore been drawn largely from the works of Ilartig and other European authorities.
With increasing cultivation of timber and probable increase of such diseases, their investigation
and the employment of protective measures must necessarily receive far more attention.
Several diseases attributable to the action of fungi, but as yet imperfectly investigated, are of
frequent occurrence in this country. One of these, known as "damping off,"' characterized by the
sudden decay of seedlings at the surface of the ground, is common in nurseries, and attacks young
]ilants of different kinds, the White Pine among them.
The disease is most prevalent in plants growing in a damp soil in a warm, moist atmosphere.
As observed in the Ann Arbor (Michigan) greenhouses for several years in various plants propa-
gated from slips, the disease appears a few days after the slips ai-e set, giving the lower part of
the stem a wet, unhealthy aippearance, which extends to the lower leaves, particularly where these
touch the sand in which they are growing. Upon taking up the specimens, the parts affected are
found to be in the early stages of decay, and penetrated throughout, even in the interior of the
epidermal appendages, by the branching filaments of a fungus. The fungus appears to live in the
sand in which the plants are propagated, and to run in it from one to another, resulting often in
the rapid destruction of the plants in the bed.
"Damping oti" is due to the action of several different parasitic organisms, of which the
potting-bed fungus, I'l/thium de baryaunm Hesse, is one of the most common, though a number of
other species have been shown to be capable of producing the disease. The relief measures
recommended by those who have studied the disease are the use of fresh soil free from decaying
54 THE WHITE PINE.
matter, as much sunlight as the plants will endure without wiltiuy, a fairly- low temperature, and
an abundant supply of fresh air. Mr. J. Dawson, of the Arnold Arboretum, suggests watering
the young plants from below, so as to avoid wilting the leaves, as a means of prevention. Other
suggestions will be found in recent literature of the subject, practically in the reports of various
agricultural experiment stations.'
A disease which attacks the trunk of the tree, at various ages, is very prevalent in pine
forests, and occasions the condition known among lumbermen as "punkj' pine." A diseased tree
can frequently be recognized by its having one or more knots with a rough, irregular contour, at
a considei'able height above the ground, commonly conspicuous by a considerable outflow of resin.
These seem to result from the breaking off of branches, followed by gradual decay at tlie place
where thej' have separated from the tree, iu such a way as to admit water into the trunk, the
opening being afterwards partially covered by subsequent growth of the tree while decay is going
on inside.
Upon examining the wood of such a tree, it is seen to be discolored and iu various stages of
decay, the diseased condition extending inward from the knot hole, and both upward and
downward from it in the trunk. By inspecting logs cut from such trees, it will be noticed that
the decayed portion may have filled up the center, making a rotten Iieart; or it may follow the
rings of growth for some distance, midway from the center to the periphery; or it may be still
nearer to the surface, its position and extent being very variable and following no recognizable
rule. The parts diseased are utterly worthless, though boards containing a greater or less amount
of wood thus affected are common iu the market. Microscopic examination shows that the wood
is penetrated by the filaments of a fungus, and that the elements of which the wood is made up
have been greatly altered, and to a considerable extent decomposed by its action.
Continued observation iu the i)ine woods of Michigan, iu different years, does not so far justify
the reference of this disease to any single species of the various fungi found growing upon the
trunks and logs of decaying pine trees. But ■whatever the species, one or several, concerned iu
producing or hasteuing the condition described, the general facts, as stated above, appear to be
that the disease finds its way where the separation and decay of a branch presents a favorable
place for the entrance of water and the spores of fungi, and that it spreads so extensively in the
trunk as to entirely ruin large and valuable trees.
In our natural forests there is, of course, ueither remedy nor prevention, but in artificial culti-
vation careful and seasonable pruning would doubtless be the most effectual preventive, since, if
properly performed, the wounds left by the removal of branches would soon be grown over and
there would be no further danger from this source.
EXPLAXATIOX OF PLATE XII.
1. AgaricKS mclleus, cluster of young sporophores.
2. Agarkiis milieus, larger sporophore with root-like organ of attachment.
3. Root of spruce tree invaded hy mycelium of Ayaricus melleus ; rhizomorph of same fungus on the right.
■i-ti. Fragments of pine -svood showing the destructive action of Ai/arieus melleus.
7. Stump of White Pine attacked by Poly2)oriis anuosus : the heart is still sound, but is surronnded by decayed
wood and spots filled with masses of resin.
<S. Wood of Norway Spruce in early stages of decay occasioned by action of Pohjporus anuosus: the white areas
have become delignified, and the wood elements comyiosing them are soft and easily separable.
9. Wood elements of Norway Spruce isolated and showing the mycelium of the Polyporus annosua.
10. iVuiting hyphse and spores of Polyporus annosus.
KXPLAXATION OF PLATE XIII.
1. Stump of Norway .Spruce, with .i sporophore of Pohjporus annosus several years old; the iuuer portions of the
stump whidly decayed.
2. Roots of a diseased spruce tree, with numerous small sporophores of Polyporus annosus attached.
3. Stump and part of root system of a young pine tree killed by the action of Polyporus annosus, the sporophores of
which have grown entirely around the base of the trunk.
■1. Mature sporophore of Polyporus annosus seen from below, showing the porous spore-bearing surface.
3. JIature sporophore of Polyjmrus annosus from above, showing the velvety upper surface and concentric bands.
6. Mature sporophore of Polyporus annosus in section.
~. Mode of infection; where the smaller diseased root crosses the larger one, the mycelium of the Polyporus annosus
has penetrated the latter and spread in both directions for some distance.
'Of. Atkinson, Cornell Univ., Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 94, 1895.
Ty\
Disease of White Pine: Agaricus melleus.
Bulletin No. 22, DIv. of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agiicultute.
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-414^ J"*
Disease of White Pine: Polyporus annosus.
INSECT ENEMIES. 55
INSECT ENEMIES OF THE WHITE PINE,
By F. H. Chittenden, Division of Enlomoioijij.
INTRODUCTION.
Of all coniferon.s plants, perhaps none are more subject to insect attack than the White Pine.
Upward of a hundred species are reported to affect this tree, aud a careful compilation of all
known species would probably add many more to tliis list. The more important are found in the
order Coleoptera, and of these the cylindrical bark-beetles of the family Scolytidie hold the highest
rank. Most of the Scolytida' live within the cambium of dead or dying trees, but a few penetrate
the solid wood, and several forms, wheu excessively abundant, do not hesitate to attack healthy
growth. Numerous other Coleoptera belonging to the families Cerambycid;c and Buprcstidne
similarly infest the White Pine, but are for the most part secondary in the nature of their attack,
aud will therefore require only passing mention. One species, however, the white-pine weevil
(I'issodes sirohi Peck), is a pest of the most pernicious type. In addition to the bark-boring and
wood-boring insects, several species infest the roots, some only the branches or twigs, some the
cones, and others injure growing trees by defoliation. The leaf-feeding species comprise tlie larvfe
of several sawliies, the caterpillars of numerous moths, aud a number of beetles. Various species
of plant-lice and scale insects also occur upon the leaves, and often the limbs and trunks of trees
are injured by them.
Most of our injurious forest insects are native to this country, in which respect they differ
markedly from those which aliect field and garden crops. Only such species as experience has
shown to be more or less injurious either to living trees or to cut timber will be considered iu
this paper. Some few forms that have not been recorded on White Pine are mentioned, as it is
more than probable that they are cai)able of injury to this tree. The majority, however, have
been observed on White Pine.
In the preparation of the present paper the writer has drawn freely from the published works
of Packard, Fitch, and Hopkins, as well as from personal experience in pine forests, particularly
of New York.
THE DESTRUCTIVE PINE BARK-BEETLE.
The last decade witnessed very extensive destructiou of pine and spruce forests in jjortionsof
the United States east of the Kocky Mountains. The principal injury, which daces from about the
year 1888, has been attributed to the so-called destructive pine
bark-beetle (X»eHfZroffo««s/Voji^a?/s Zimm.), one of a genus of six
described species, all of wide distribution and all destructive to
the Conifer;e. It is quite possible that some predisposing
agency had first caused a weakened condition of the trees in the
infested districts, but it is fairly certain that this species of beetle
was responsible for much injury. The infested area observed
comprised the iiine and spruce forests from Maryland in the
North to aud including North Carolina iu the South, an area j,,q b —Dendr^.a^m^s fr.mtaiis ■ a <ior9iiview
estimated at upward of 10,000 square miles in extent. In some of beeUe; 6. lateral view-euiarged about six
,. J.* r J. 1 -n 1 times; c. anteuna — jjreatlyeularj'ed (author's
sections entire forests were killed. illustration).
The accompanying illustratiou of this species (fig. 5) will
enable its recognition. It ranges from reddish to dark brown iu color, and measures about one-
eighth of an inch in length, being the smallest species of its genus. Its credited distribution
includes Lake Superior to Georgia, and it is recorded also from Arizona and California. The
adult beetle appears some time in May, the date depending upon season and locality, bores into
living trees and its larv:e develop under the green sappy bark. Copious quautities of turpentine
exude from the holes made by the beetles and drj- in masses upon the bark. The manner of work
of the larva? in great numbers beneath the bark produces about the same effect as that of girdling,
thus cutting off the flow of sap, the natural supply of jjlant food and moisture, greatly weaken-
ing and eventually killing the trees. The first outward manifestation of injury is the accumu-
lated masses of pitch, followed by the leaves turning yellow and then red, as though scorched
by Are.
56
THE WHITE PINE.
A singular feature in connection witli the irruption of this species is that it was practically
unknown save in the collections of specialists until its sudden appearance in 1888, but still more
remarkable is its unaccountable, but almost entire, disappearance in 1893, not, however, before it
had done a great amount of damage, which has been estimated at upward of a million dollars.
The apparent extermination of this bark-beetle in the district where it was most destructive is
believed to have been due to a fungoid disease.
REMEDIES.
After boiing insects of this class once gain access to a tree it is practically impossible to eject
them, and to save the tree recourse must be had to preventive measures. For this purpose
various x^rotective washes are in use. One of these consists of lime, to which has been added a
sufiQcient quantity of Paris green to give it a slight green color and enough glue to cause it to be
adhesive. Another wash consists of soft soap reduced to the consistency of a thick paint by the
addition of washing soda in water. A thick wash of soap, i^laster of Paris, and Paris green is
also of value. A carbolated wash, which is in successful use against the peach-tree borer, is pre-
pared by mixing a pint of crude carbolic acid with a gallon of soft soap in eight gallons of soft
water. Fish or traiu oil is valuable as a deterrent, but should
not be used except with the greatest caution upon young
trees. Whatever wash is employed should be applied to the
trees on the first aj^pearance of the beetles in May, and should
be renewed if found necessary.
Better than any other measure, however, is the observ-
ance of clean cultural methods. Owners of pine forests or
groves will do well to cut down all dead and trim all injured
trees. For the protection of pines, dead spruces and other
coniferous trees, and such as are infested and too much weak-
ened to recuperate, should be cut down and destroyed by
burning. A great deal of good can be accomplished merely
by removing the bark of dead timber. The progeny of the
insects that have deposited their eggs in one season so
loosen the bark that it is an easy matter to remove and burn
it before the following spring. By pursuing this method mil-
'Fto.S.—Tomicuscaconraphua: beetle, showing dor- ,. „,, . , •.,, i. i i r ^i i
sal Tiew at left, in profile .-.t right-enlarged lious of the lusccts Will be destroyed before they have an
opportunity to issue and lay their eggs for the destruction of
other valuable trees. A practice known as "rossing"' is in
use on borer-infested lumber in Canada. It consists in cutting a strip of bark along the full
length of the upper side of a log, which causes the bark to dry up and eventually drop away.
about ten times;
nified (original).
antenna above, highly ]
OTHER INJURIOUS BARK-BEETLES.
Of the other species of Deudroctonus, oue has recently been reported as ravaging the spruce
forests of New Hampshire. It is the species at present known as D. ri(_iipennis Kby., and
although not known to affect White Pine, it is not impossible that it might attack this tree in case
it extends its present depredations. The species of Deudroctonus are peculiarly periodical in
their attacks. There is, however, one exceptiou, T>. terehrans Ol., which is usually common at all
times over a very wide area of the United States and Canada, infesting all the pines. According
to information received in May, 1S98, this or a related species is now ravaging the pine forests of
a portion of southern IN^ew Jersey.
The genus Tomicus contains perhaps quite as dangerous forms as those which have just been
mentioned. The appearance of the beetles is somewhat similar, as is also their method of life. A
species that has been associated with the mortality of pines in the region about and south of the
District of Columbia is T. mcographus Lee, or southern pine bark-beetle, which is illustrated much
enlarged at fig. 0. It is reddish in color and may be readily separated from any of the preceding
TIMBER-BEETLES AND PINE SAWYERS.
57
species by the structure of its anteunte and by the toothed apex of the elytra or wing-covers. Its
mine is shown as it appears ou the under side of the bark of a tree at fig. 7.
Tomicus pini Say, the uorthern pine bark-beetle, is destructive to pine forests in the North in
a very similar manner to the preceding species, which it much resembles in structure as in habit,
but is less injurious farther South. T. callhiruphus Germ., a
similar species to the two preceding and about equally destruc
tive, abounds iu the pine woods of both the North aud South,
and T. calaius Zimm. and T. arulsus Eich. also infest White Pine.
Among other well-known white-pine bark-beetles may be
mentioned CrypturguH pusiUns Gyll., Hyhiiyjops glahratits Zett.,
and several species of Hylastes aud Dryoc<etes.
The remedies to be employed against these insects are prac-
tically the same as for the destructive pine bark-beetle.
TIMBER-BEETLES AND OTHER SCOLYTIDiE.
While the majority of the pine-iufesting Scolytidw breed
between the bark and the wood, a considerable number, called
timber-beetles, live entirely within the sapwood; others,
the twig-beetles in the small twigs and branches, aud a third
group, represented by Pifyophthorus coniperda Sz., inhabits the
cones.
The chief danger from the bark-beetles, as has been shown,
is from their attacks on living trees. They do comparatively
little damage to timber, except as they loosen the bark and thus
afford ready access to water and mold and to other destructive
insects. The timber-beetles, or ambrosia beetles, as they are
sometimes called, live almost cxclusivelj' in greenwood, pre-
ferring that which is slightly injured, of impaired vitality, or
such as has been newly felled, but they often attack and kill
healthy growth, and in the process of their work in timber cause
a staining or " bluing " which entails a still greater loss than
results from their direct attack to living trees. The presence of
these beetles in a tree is manifested by the little piles of white i. „ ^ ,, ■ , »- >,
■! ^ ^ Fio. 7 Galleries of Tomicus cacorjraphus
sawdust which they eject irom the " pin-hole" entrance to their on wood under bark oi iitne (original).
galleries. The pine timber-beetles are found in the genera Gnathotrichus, Xyloterus, Xylebo-
rus, and Platypus. Gnathotrichus matermrius Fitch is the commonest of three species of the
genus, all of which attack pine. This species is shown greatly enlarged
at fig. S, and its characteristic galleries in the wood of pine are well illus-
trat d at fig. 9.
The same remedies advised against -bark-beetles will prove valuable
against the timber beetles. Kerosene emulsion or a carbolated wash would
accomplish the destruction of the timber-beetles even after they have
attained entrance to a tree, provided the application be made in time.
The twig beetles are represented by the genera Pifyophthorus and
Hypothenemus. Of the former genus, P. sparsus Lee, cariniceps Lee, pullus
Lee, lautus Wch., plaiilatKs Lee, are all well-known pine species. The genus
Hypothenemus inhabits alike deciduous and coniferous trees.
Fig. 8.-Crnathotrici,us ma. Ecmedics are the same as for bark-beetles. Pruning aud burning
jerioriMs: beetle, enlarged; infested twigs and branchcs and the clearing away aud burning of brush
antenna, still more en- ^ . t * - x
larged at left (Marx del.), hcaps during wiiitcr are indicated. For choice ornamental trees in private
grounds and in parks plugging the "piu holes" with wire and stimulating the trees with manures
aud fertilizers to assist them to recuperate from attack are advisable.
PINE SAW^YERS AND OTHER BORERS.
Of all the insects that occur in pine timber the Cerambycid, or long-horned beetles, of the
genus Monohammus, are the best known, aud are credited with being the most destructive. If
58
THE -WHITE PINE.
we except the losses occasioned by the more or less sporadic attacks of certain species of the
Scolytidie already mentioned, probably this opinion is about correct. Five of these species have
been described, all pine feeders and beetles of the largest size, with elongate cylindrical bodies
and extremely long antenna', those of the male being two or three times as long as the remainder
of the insect. The pine sawyers are most troublesome in the mill yard, and their large white larvae
often do much damage to logs by eating great holes through their solid interior. While burrowing
in the wood the larv;e make a peculiar grating sound that may be heard on quiet nights at a consid-
erable distance. This is a familiar sound in the lumber camps of the North, and has probably
Fig. 0 Gallery of Gnathotrichus matcriar
I pine (adapted fr
; by A. D. Hopkins).
given rise to the name of pine sawyers, by which these insects are known. Monohammus con-
fusor Kby. is a large gray species destructive in the lumbering districts of the Is'ortlieru United
States and Canada; M. tifillator Fab., a mottled brown beetle, replaces the above species in the
South, and 2[. muculosus Hald. occurs in the West; M. seutellatus Say. is widely distributed and
abundant from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and M. marnwrator Kby. is a rather rare northern
form.
Among other borers belonging to the same family as the sawyers, the majority of which infest
White I'ine, may be mentioned Criocephalns agrestis Kby., (J. obsoletus Rand., Asemum mastum
Hald., Orthosoma hrunneum Forst., Prionus ^ocularis Dalm., Hylotrupes hajuliis Linn., Callidium
antennatum Xewm., Ehagium lineatum Ol., GrapMsKruspusiJlus Kby., Acanthocimis
obsoletus 01., A. nodosus Fab., and Xeoclytus muricatidus Kby.
In the Coleopterous family Buprestidaj are many borers which infest pine.
These include five species of Chalcophora, one of which, G. virginiensis Dru., is
figured (fig. 10); Dicerca j'uitctulata Sch., D. tenehrosa Kby., Buprestls striata
Fab., MelanopliiJa fuivogiittata Harr., 21. longipes Say., Ghrysohothris dentipes
Germ., C. fioricola Gory, and C. scabripennis Lap. and Gory. These beetles are
virginiensis—TiiituTui graccful iu fomi, hard of texture, and many are brilliantly metallic. Their larvse
are slender, white grubs with very large, round flat heads. Some of this family
trees and do injury to the sapwood and to felled timber in the same manner as the
sawyers, but the majority of them ])refer devitalized material, and their attacks are usually
secondary to some more injurious species.
Fig. 10 Chalcopho
uiHs — nati
size (Mar:c del).
attack liviuj
THE WHITE-PINE WEEVIL.
In the White Pine forests of the Northern States, particularly in those of a second growth,
one's attention is often drawn to the great number of deformed trees. They sometimes occur
singly, but more often in groups. The insect that is responsible for this damage is the white-pine
weevil {Fissodcs strohi Peck). This beetle is a member of the family Curculionidre, and is about a
fourth of an inch in length, of oval form, red and brown in color, with its elytra marked with white
MOTH CATERPILLARS AND PLANT-LICE.
59
IQ. 11. — Pisiodes strohi: beetle at left ; o,
lan-ft; b, pupa — enlarged about tbree
times (from Packard).
spots, as shown in the accompanying: illustration (fig. 11). It is provided -vritli a ratlier long
rostrum or snout to wbicli are attached it.s elbowed antenna'. The larva, wliicli is white and foot-
less, is illustrated at a, and the pupa, also white, is figured cat h.
This weevil is one of the first spring visitants in the North, occurring as early as !March about
Washington City and in April or May farther north. Its eggs are deposited on the terminal shoots
of pine, particularly of young trees, but sometimes also in the bark of old trees. The larva, when
hatched, bores into the pith or mines the sapwood. Toward the
end of summer it attains full growth, when it goes into hiberna-
tion nntil the next spring, transforming to pupa and soon after-
ward to the mature or beetle form. The presence of this insect in
a tree is first manifested by the wilting of the leading shoots, which
becomes most evident toward the close of summer. The identity
of the species at work may be established at once from its peculiar
cells beneath the bark. (See fig. 12.) These cells, which are
destined for its winter nest and for further transformation, are
sunk into the pith and covered over with long fibers of chipped
wood. When a terminal shoot of a small tree becomes filled in the summer with these larva?, to
the number sometimes of a score or more, the shoot, with its lateral branches, as well as the stock
below, wilt and gradually die, the bark becomes loosened, pitch oozes out, and by autumn the
shoot turns black, aud the bark is covered with masses of pitch. A tree thus damaged will fail
sometimes for several successive seasons to send out a new terminal shoot, with the result that
the lateral shoots continue to grow, and the tree becomes more or less
distorted.
i\|n| Owners and overseers of pine groves will uo well to make a practice
of examining the young trees each year, say in August, and when one
with a wilting terminal shoot is found to cut or break it off and commit
it to the Hames. With every blighted twig thus treated from a dozen to
flftj- or more weevils will be destroyed, and thus the numbers of the
insects for the coming year will be greatly lessened. All dead growth
or such trees as have from any cause been injured beyond recovery
and which might serve as centers of infestation by harboring this weevil
or other injurious species should be similarly treated. What is most
needed is a preventive, and for this purpose a good thick fish-oil soap
mixed with Paris green and carbolic acid, in the proportion of about a
pound of the former and a quart of the latter to 100 gallons of the wash,
is recommended. It should be sprayed in April and May on the terminal
shoots of the trees and repeated at the end of a month if necessary.
MOTH CATERPILLARS AND PLANT-LICE ON TRUNKS AND LIMBS.
The trunks and limbs of pine are also subject to the attack of sev-
eral insects besides those in the order Coleoptera that have been men-
tioned. Of these are three tortricid moths of the genus Eetinia, which
aflect the pitch and other pines. Two other moths of similar habits to
the above occur on White Piue, -wounding the trunk below the insertion
of the branches and causing the resinous sap to exude. These are
the pitch-drop worm (Pinipestis zimmermanni Grote) and Harmonia
'Eia.li.—Pistodes ttrohi: aAoTvaX . . ,
xninca tinder bark; &, pupal piHl IvClI.
cells-natural size (from Eiiey). rpjjg same remedies adviscd for other boring species, and particularly
those specified to be used against the white-pine weevil, are indicated for the present class of
insects.
Several species of plant-lice affect the White Pine. The white-pine aphis (Laehnus strohi
Fitch) is very abundant in the Northern States, living in colonies on the branches of trees aud
puncturing and extracting their juices. The so-called "pine blight," Chermes innk-orticis Fitch, is
sometimes very destructive, its presence being manifested by large patches of a white, flocculent
60
THE WHITE PINE.
secretion, beneath which covering are concealed myriads of niinnte lice. Schizoneura pitiicnia
Thos., feeds on the tender shoots of young White Pine.
Kerosene emulsion applied as a spray is tlie appropriate remedy for these plant-lice.
LEAF-FEEDING INSECTS.
The most destructive insects of the foliage of pine are several species of sa-n-flies of the genera
Lophyrus and Lyda, one of which is represented in its several stages at fig. 13, It is called
Fig. 13.— Lophyrus abbolii: 1 female, enlarged
pupa, enlargoil; 4, 4, larvro, natural size; 5,
natural siz
(from Rile;
; 6, male antenua, 7, female antenna, enlarged
Fig. 14. — Tubes of p
? leaves m.ade by pine tubi
(from Packard).
Abbot's white-pine sawfly [Lophxjrus ahhotii Leach.), and is perhaps the most injurious foliage
feeder which infests the pine woods of the North.
The caterpillar of a single species of bntterfly, Thccla niphon Hbn., is known to feed upon the
foliage of White Pine, but among the larvre of moths of difl'ereut families are innumerable pine-
FiG. 15 Chior.at2'ii pinifolice: 2, scales on White Pine, leaves stunted; 2a, same leaves not stunted by insects ; 2b, 2c, female scale ; 2ri, male
scale — 2 and 2a natural size, 26 and 2o mucli enlarged (from Comstock Ann., Eept. Dept. Agr., 1860).
feeding species. Prominent among them is the magnificent sulphur-yellow imperial moth (Fades
imperialis Dru.), whose larva attacks the leaves of various forest trees. Of other moths whose
caterpillars devour the foliage of White Pine may be mentioned: Harris's pine hawk moth (Ellcma
harrisii Clem.), U. coniferarum S. and A., E. i)ininm Lint., Tohjpe laricis Fitch, the white-pine
tufted caterpillar [Platycerura furcilla Pack.), the redhead iuchworm [Semiotlma hisicjnata Walk.),
FOREST MANAGEMENT. 61
the sulphur leaf-roller moth (Dichelid sulphureana Clem.), Teras ferriiynna S. V., and Amorbia
hiimerosana Clem. An interesting species is the pine tube-builder [Lophoderus politana Haw.),
wliicli, in its larval stage, lives within a tube formed by webbing together a number of pine needles
as shown in fig. 14.
A number of species of adult Coleoptera, whose larval habits are imperfectly understood, sub-
sist upon the leaves of White Pine. Of these are the Scarabaiid, Diclielonyeha albicollis Burm.,
and the Chrysomelid, Gli/ptosceUs pHhesccns Fab.
The best remedy for the sawfly larv*, caterpillars, and beetles is a spray of Paris green,
applied upon the first appearance of these insects on the trees.
The consideration of the insect enemies of the White Pine may conclude with, the mention of
the pine-leaf scale insect {Chionaspis pinifoH(v Fitch), which forms its scales upon the leaves,
exhausting them of their juices and causing them to turn yellow. This species is illustrated at
fig. Id..
A strong spray of kerosene emulsion will be found an efficient remedy against these scale
insects.
FOEEST MANAGEMENT.
As regards forest management, we have, unfortunately, in this country no experiences which
would permit us to form very positive opinions based on actual observation regarding this species
or any other. The study of the natural history of the species in its native occurrence permits us,
nevertheless, to draw conclusions which may at least serve as a basis for its future sylvicultural
treatment.
In tlie first place, it may be declared that the White Pine is the most important and promising
sijecies ;ipon which to expend attention in our coming forestry operations within the limits of its
natural occurrence. Its adai)tation to a variety of soils and situations within these limits, its rapid
growth, its excellent form, its remarkable mass development per acre, its shade endurance, its
all-round useful wood product, and its projjagation, both by natural and artificial reproduction,
give it a position among our timber trees hardly approached by any other.
There are certain general princi])les which are the result of experience in forest management
in Europe and elsewhere, applying to this as to most species. The first is, that mixed growth is in
everj^ respect superior to pure growth; it will therefore be proper policy to grow White Pine pref-
erably, if not altogether, in mixture with other species. This advice is given in spite of the fact
that the White Pine grows rather well in pure stand, ami that, owing to its shady crown during a
long period of its life and the density of stand in which it can develop, and the large (juantity of
foliage which it sheds, the soil conditions are not in danger of deteriorating, as would be the case
with more light-needing species. But, as has been observed in its natural occurrence, its develop-
ment is more favorable in companionship, and especially is this the case with regard to the
cleaning of the bole of its branches, which are peculiarly persistent. Whether it would pay to
substitute an artificial cleaning by pruning the young growths is still doubtful; meanwhile the
self-pruning performed by mixture with shady companions will have to be encouraged, esi^ecially
as thereby other valuable advantages are secured which attach to the mixed forest in general.
Unfortunately, our irrational exploitation has reduced the White Pine in the natural forest areas
often to such an extent that its reestablishmeut is ijossible only by artificial means. Wherever
the culling has not been too severe, and either young growth has developed or seedling trees have
been left, the natural reproduction should be encouraged by favoring the young growth and by
removing or thinning out other species which interfere with the starting of a young growth.
Fortunately, the White Pine, owing to its shade endurance, is specially fitted for natural repro-
duction from the seed of mother trees, more so than most other pines, and the rapidity of its
growth, in which it excels most other shade-enduring species, is also favorable in this respect.
We are not yet prepared to determine the most profitable rotation in which the species is to
be managed under varying conditions. The fact that it is not only a very rapid but one of the
most persistent growers, trees making wood at the rate of IJ to 2 cubic feet per year up to the
one huudred and fortieth year, permits a wide range of choice for rotations, and since its wood,
being rapidly changed into heartwood, becomes serviceable very early, the rotations may be either
low or high, varying from fifty to one hundred and fifty years, according to local economic and
soil conditions.
(32 THE WHITE PINE.
NATURAL REPRODUCTION
The White Pine reproduces itself readily in the viigiu forest ou all saudy and loamy sand
soils where the hardwoods do not interfere. On these areas thickets of young growth, sapling
timber, and dense groves of mature trees are scattered without regularity, and there is no indica-
tion that this pine forest has undergone material change for centuries. In the hardwood districts
of the heavier soils of the Lake region, where the pine is met with chiefly as old, overripe timber,
the reproduction of the pine seems, temporarily at least, to be interfered with by the associated
growth. Large, old trees occur, thinly scattered or in clusters, but sapling timber and young
growth is often entirely wanting over considerable areas. Similar conditions prevail, or have pre-
vailed, in the mountains of Pennsylvania, and also in New England and in the Adirondacks.
Where the pine is cut and some seed trees are left the ground soon covers itself with young growth.
This, contrary to the common notion, is true even where fire has run over the slashings and the
ground for a time is stocked with Poplar and other brush. Such groves or thickets of young pine
occur iu all parts of the pinery of the Lake region, and in the aggregate cover several hundred
thousand acres. Generally, however, the fire returns from time to time, the young seedlings, as
well as the mother trees, are finally all destroyed, and thus the reproduction is completely pre-
vented. On such lands, impoverished by fire and exposure to suu and wiud, not even the Poplar
returns. In the hardwood, Spruce, and Hemlock regions the cutting of the pine in the usual
manner simply assists its competitors, and its reproduction is seriously hampered and frequently
prevented altogether. Where these clay and loam lands are completely cleared and then aban-
doned, as has been the case with thousands of acres of Xew England forests, the White Pine is
one of the first to return if any seed trees exist in the vicinity. Hundreds of groves have sprung
up in New England iu this way.
NOTES ON NATURAL REPRODUCTION.
A case of the kind above referred to was observed in 1880 in York County, Me., and the
following notes on the subject will, no doubt, prove of interest:
In company with Mr. John E. Hobbs, who is thoroughly familiar with the history of the various pieces of
forest.examined, a visit was made to a number of places on which White Piue was growing, others ou which young
pine seedlings were coming in, and still others in tbe immediate vicinity where none were to be seen, although the
general conditions of soil and situation were practically identical. Tbe soil, much of it, was light and saudy, with
a growth of Comptonia, Pterix, Gaiillluria, and other plants common on piue land.
A large number of trees had a crop of cones, tbe last year before this visit in which there was a good crop
having been 1879, according to Mr. Hobbs. Going lirst to an open field that was formerly covered with pine trees,
it was found to be very thickly covered with young seedlings, from a few inches to 2 feet or more iu height,
that had sprung up in such abundance that a bare spot was hardly to be seen over the whole tract. This piece was
cut over in the winter of 1879-80, the ground was not burned over, and there being a good crop of seeds, these
had grown promptly and a young forest was rapidly coming on to take the place of the one removed.
On going to other pieces in the vicinity, from which tbe pine had been cut at dift'erent times since 1879, a most
strikiug contrast was observed. On these pieces that seemed otherwise just like the first, and with the conditions
just as favorable for a second growth, only a very few piue seedlings were to be seen. These few may have come
from seeds carried by wind from the neighboring forests, l)ut evidently tbe ground had not been seeded as tbe first
piece had, and it was impossible not to draw tbe conclusion that the ditierence was due simply to the fact that tbe
first piece was fully seeded, while the others were not. Repeated observations of simil.ar pieces of land led further
to tbe conclusion that no dependence can be placed upon the springing up of seeds that have lain dormant in the
ground for a term of years; or, in other words, although the seeils of the White Piue retain their vitality for a long
time if kept in a dry place, there is a lack of evidence to show that this is the case in the natural forest, where they
are alternately dry and wet.
Other interesting conditions of growth were noticed iu the same region. In the vicinity of standing pine
forests, particularly on their leeward side, seedlings of dift'erent ages were coming up, often very thickly, but upon
entering tbe forest, after the first 2 or 3 rods, no more of these were to be seen, their growth having evidently been
prevented by the deuse shade of the standing trees. In hardwoods, on the other hand, where the surroundings were
a little more favorable, some young pines were growing here and there.
All observations reenforced the truth that there is no mysterious succession of forest growth, involving necessary
alternations, and that the White Pine does actually grow aud flourish for an indefinite number of generations on
the same laud, if only the necessary seeding has been insured.
In such regions as have just been described reforesting with the White Pine is a comparatively simple matter.
Where nothing more is done than to tike advantage of natural conditions by felling the trees in seed years, or by
leaving seed trees here aud there, an abundant crop of young pines may often be secured. As a matter of fact, large
ARTIFICIAL REPRODUCTION. 63
tracts in Maine and Massachusetts are coming up in this way to second-growth pine, and as the profit arising from
theprotectiou of these youu^ forests is better understood, there is no reason to doubt that the whole matter will in
a great measure regulate itself.
In the Adirondack region and in the pine belt of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota the case is far diflerent.
Under the present system forest fives are au almost necessary result of all lumbering operations. To start with, all
trees that are large enough are cut, and if by chance here and there one has escaped that might produce a crop
of seeds, it perishes iu the tires that soon sweep over the ground, leaving hardly a living thing behind them, and
burning the seeds that uuder other conditions might have sprung up to form a second growth of pine. On all
such burned tracts pine seedlings are rarely found in any number, and yet here and there they are seen growing
where the tire had left a seed tree by the side of a stream or a piece of unburned ground, thus giving the seed a
chance to grow.
After making a careful study of the pine lands of Michigan for several years the conclusion seems plain that
here, exactly as iu New England, everything practically depeuds upon reseediug. Here in the Northwest the seed
trees have been destroyed, the seeils in the ground have been burned, and, as an inevitable consequence, the land
remains a wilderness aud must remaiu so until some means are found of restoring the forests by artificial sowing or
planting. There is nothing in the soil itself that prevents reforesting the pine lands of Michigan at once. It is
because seeds are, to a great extent, wanting, and the seedlings that do start are not protected, that these pine lands
are left in their desolate and unproductive condition.'
The experience with White Piue in Europe fully confirms the correctness of the observations
above recited. White Pine abroad reproduces well, seeds abundantly, and is so particularly well
suited to natural reproduction that the most experienced and competent recent writers claim that
this tree fairly " demands" this form of regeneration.
ARTIFICIAL REPRODUCTION.
Concerning the artificial reproduction by seeding or planting, the experience, both in this
country and Europe, is quite extensive. Not only has this species been planted frequently and
for a long time in New England and in (jther parts of its natural range, even for forest ])urposes,
but thrifty groves have been established also in the Western prairies beyond the limits of natural
distribution. In Germany larger or smaller plantations were made in many localities near the
beginning of the century.
The planting in this country has, however, not usually proceeded with a knowledge of proper
forestry practice. As a rule, plants have been set out too old, and hence the planting has proved
expensive; usually, also, it has been too wide spaced to secure the most desirable result in form
development. Another point also usually neglected is the admixture of other species to stimulate
the growth of the pines and possibly to reduce the expense of covering the ground.
In Europe the majority of piue i>lantatioiis made with Scotch Piue {Piniis silvestris) is made
with one-year-old seedlings, which is done very cheaply and expeditiously, often on unprepared
ground, when one man may set 1,(»00 to 1,.J00 plants in a day.
For White Pine, especially under our conditions, where the young plants have much to contend
with in the way of climatic ills, weed growth, etc., this method is probably not applicable.
Two-year and even three-year old plants, grown in seed beds and once transplanted iu nursery
rows, to produce a stocky root system aud growth, will probably be more successful, being better
prepared to overcome adversities.
The .seedlings, grown from seed sown either broadcast or in drills in the seed beds, must be
shaded during the first two years, as is usual with conifers iu this country. After the second year
they will endure the hottest sun. The shade must be graduated according to the weather, as the
seedlings are liable to damp off the first season if too much shaded and to burn off if not shaded
enough.
As there are about 1,S0(» seeds to the ounce, it will take about 5 to C ounces to the 100 feet of
drill, unless the seed be specially poor, when greater allowance will have to be made in proportion
' We are likely to repeat in the Northwest, on an extensive scale, the history of several of the Eastern States.
Under inducements held out to encourage immigration, many settlers have been led to take up land all through the
worst part of Michigan and Wisconsin, inchiding the "barrens." They clear the land, seed it, if they can, with
clover, and put in other crops, work in the adjacent pine woods for a living, and "develop the country," thus doing
for the State exactly what needs to be done aud what the State has neglected to do for itself; but it is a disastrous
experiment for the settlers. The many farms kept up in this way for a while may finally be abandoned, but the
whole region will then be in a great measure secured against extensive fires, and the lands that have been plowed
aud worked over will be in a better condition for reforesting.
64 THE WHITE PINE.
to the percentage of germiuatiou. In ordinary collecting the percentage of germinating seeds
may not exceed 7.5 per cent, and, as is indicated in the discussion on seed snpply (page 23), it may
fall far below this figure in some years. Even if l,'0,000 to 25,000 seeds should germinate per
pound, it would not be safe to count on more than 5,000 to 8,000 seedlings that will grow to use,
and in the transplanting to nursery rows an allowance of at least 5 to 10 per cent should be made
for losses, so that to secure 10,000 transplants at least li pounds of seed is needed, to secure
which it may take from 3 to 4 bushels of cones.
Close planting is indicated on account of the difticidty with which this pine cleans itself of its
branches. It should be planted not more than 4 feet apart or, preferably, set out in mixture with
a shady, slower growing companion, the Black Spruce {Picea nigra) being an ideal choice within
its habitat, and of broad-leafed trees the Sugar Maple {Acer saccharinum), which, for the sake of
economy, may be sown between the wider spaced (S feet or more) plants of White Pine. The
mixture should not stop here, but other kinds chosen with circumspection from the many that are
found associated with the White Pine in its natural habitat should be added, as Chestnut, Yellow,
and Eed Birch, Basswood, Hickories, and Oaks, and of conifers, the Eed Pine, Hemlock, and
occasionally in some localities Arborvita'.
Dr. Fernow has for some time (since 18S7) advocated a method of forest planting in which the
main or "final harvest crop'' is distinguished from the mere "nurse crop" or "filler,'' when only
500 or COO trees per acre, or even less, of the better kinds are set out with care as the main crop,
receiving due attention in their further develojiment, and the nurse crop is introduced of the
cheapest kinds and in the cheapest manner to act as soil cover to check weed growth and stimu-
late height growth, straight form, and cleaning of the main crop. The White Pine would, of
course, be a most excellent main crop.
By the fiftieth year or so the pines, if set out at the rate of 500, will have overtopped the
nurse crop, except where trees of the latter have taken the place of a failing pine, and their
crowns will have closed up, their boles straight and clean, furnishing clear lumber, if the nurse
crop was properly chosen and has done its duty. The further management then would concern
itself mostly with gradual thinning out of the main crop to secure the diameter accretion due to
increased crown development and light. By the one hundredth year it will be reasonable
to expect at least half the trees set out to have reached their highest value in maturity and size,
with 15,0(t0 to 20,000 cubic feet to the acre, for the White Pine is not only a rapid grower, but a
large producer, its shade endurance permitting as large a number of trees to develop satisfactorily
per acre as the Spruce, which it outgrows in height and diameter.
While planting nursery-grown seedlings as a rule furnishes better results, sowing the seeds
into permanent sites may, under certain conditions, especially on soils not too prone to weed growth
and in the more humid climate of the Northeastern States, prove satisfactory and cheaper.
Various methods can be employed according to circumstances. On light soils sowing broad-
cast on snow may furnish satisfactory results ; on heavier soils preparation of the ground to receive
the seed will prove indispensable. This may be done by plowing furrows or by hoeing plats of 2
or 3 feet square (the larger size where overgrowing by brushwood is to be feared) and sowing into
these in drills or broadcast. Dr. Fernow devised such a method for reclothing cut-over lands on
slopes in Pennsylvania grown up with brush, where it would be too expensive to prepare the entire
ground. Here the i^lats were made larger, 4 or even G feet square, and into these not only pines were
either planted or sown but also a nurse crop surrounding the pines, expectation being that this
nurse crop will protect the pines against the encroachment of the surrounding brush growth uutil
the pines are tall enough to fight their own battle and finally kill out the brush. A fuller descrip-
tion of these plantings is to be found in Bulletin 17, "Check list of the forest trees of the United
States," etc., of the Division of Forestry.
PLANTING NOTES.
The following notes on planted groves, their condition, growth, and results are given a place
here as recording individual experiences in various parts of the country, without intending to
recommend the practices of the planters, which, from the forester's point of view, are faulty in some
directions, especially in the open stand, which is advocated :
In Eastern Mass-aeliusetts, particularly in Plymoutli and Bristol counties, there are numerous small bodies of
White Pine that were set out from forty to fifty years ago, and whose rapid growth aud healthy conditions show that
PLANTING NOTES. 65
there the ivork of planting at least has been successful. The trees composing them averaged at thirty to thirty-five
years from the time of planting, not far from 45 feet in height, and measured approximately 2 feet 6 inches in circum-
ference, breast high. These measurements vary for different bodies of pine, but are believed to represent very closely
the average size at the age indicated, and in many cases the trees are considerably larger (see measurements of
growth on page SS). This growth of pine is of such value that according to competent judges of property in that
region, much of the laud that without the pine would be worth only $3 to $10 per acre, is worth with the standing
pine $50 to $75 or more per acre according to location.
Upon visiting these diiferent groves and conversing with men who had planted some of them, it was found
that opinions and practice were quite variable, both as to time and manner of planting. Mr. S. E. Hall, of Rayn-
ham, who has had long experience, states that he has set the White Pine successfully every month in the year.
The young trees, 4 to 6 inches, or even a foot high, are taken up with a piece of sod on their roots and set out in a
wet time. These two conditions were particularly emphasized by Mr. Hall, who says that if they are observed the
trees "will grow anywhere." He plants 10 feet apart each way and recommends this as the best distance, which
is, however, not good forestry practice. In a grove set by him forty years ago the trees were set in rows at the
above distance and had made a vigorous and healthy growth. In another grove, planted about the same time,
the trees stood 8 feet apart each way and were apparently doing quite as well as in the first one. On the other
hand, Mr. Spencer Leonard, of Bridgewater, after many years of practical trial and observation, states that having
formerly set out pine trees 10 feet apart, he is now setting them at a distance of 15 feet, with a view to reduce the
expense of planting and because they soon became crowded if planted closer. He, too, sets out the trees with a
sod, simply plowing a furrow and setting the seedlings at the right distance. Mr. Hall digs a hole for each tree,
hut says that the work can be done very rapidly, and that he has himself set an acre a day.
One of the many plantations in southeastern Massachusetts known as "Leb. Pratt's grove," is within less
than a mile of the village of North Middleboro. It was set out forty-two years ago. The trees were set in rows
10 feet apart each way. The grove twelve years ago even was practically impenetrable by reason of the dead
interlocking branches that had never been removed.
Four trees of average size were measured in 1886 and showed diameters of 7 to 9 inches. Some were of larger
and others of smaller size, though the growth was fairly even. The average height wae estimated at 40 feet; the
branches were dead three-quarters of the way to the top, the remaining one-fourth, say 10 feet, constituting the
crown, was green and healthy. The soil was poor, that passed over from the road in reaching the grove being light
sand with some gravel.
Another grove, some 3 miles northward of North Middleboro, was visited in 1886, and a greater number of
measurements made. According to Mr. S. Hayward, near whose farm it stands, this grove was set out rather more
than thirty, not more than thirty-five, years ago, but had not made quite as good a growth as some others have.
The trees are in rows, 7i to 8 feet apart each way, and are quite uniform in size. Beginning with the third from
the north side, a fair average row, the following measurements were made of the trees taken in order as they stood.
The circumference, breast high, was:
Ft.
Ids.
Ft. Ins
No.l
2
.. 2
10
6*
No. 7
2 6
No.2
No.8
2 11
No.3
.. 2
9
No.9
2 10
No.4
No.5
■" 2
6
No. 10a
l"l 5
lO 10
No.6
.. 2
1
No. 11
2 0
a Two
m.ain stems a
Dd bad lost a third.
The largest tree measured in the grove was 3 feet 1 inch in circumference or 1 foot in diameter, breast high.
A very few have been choked out and have died after living fifteen or twenty years. An average tree on the south
side measured 45 feet in height. All the trees of the grove that were still living seemed healthy and vigorous. The
lower branches had died at an earlier age than iu the preceding grove and the trunks were free from them for some
8 feet or more. Above this lino the dead branches still remained on the trees, only those of the crowns being green
and living.
Near Bridgewater, Mass., a piece of land had been sown with pine seeds some thirty-five years before, the seeds
being sown broadcast and dragged in. The trees were slender and too much crowded, the smallest ones dying out.
Thev seemed much in need of proper thinning. Some of the best specimens measured 2 feet 7 inches in circumfer-
ence, breast high, but they were very uneven in size, and did not impress one nearly as favorably as those in the
groves that had been reguharly planted at a distance of 8 or 10 feet apart.
This second growth pine finds a ready market at the box factories of Bridgewater, Halifax, Taunton, and
various other towns in this part of the State. Six dollars per cord is the price paid at present (1886; now $8 to $9)
for logs delivered at the factory. Logs are accepted down to 8 inches in diameter, and in establishments where
staves are made a smaller size is takeu. There is no trouble in obtaining all that is wanted, there being an
abundant supply of pine for box boards, staves, and the like in the immediate vicinity of the towns where they are
manufactured.
A few notes on plantations made on the Western border and outside of the natural range of
the White Pine will show the adaptability of the species in those regions:
There is an instructive plat of White Pines in the forest plantation of the State University of Illinois. This
institution is located at Champaign, about 200 miles south of Chicago and much beyond the natural r.ange of the
20233— No. 22 5
66 THE WHITE PINE.
pine. The history of tlio plat, as jjivcu in Bulletiu No. 26 of the Univeraity Agricultural Experiment Station, is as
follows:
White Pine seedlings were collected in the spring of 1869, put in close nursery rows and shaded with l.nth
frames. About 8 ]>er cent died the first year. Of a few hundred trees, purpo.sely left without shading, 32 per cent
died. After having grown in the nursery three years, tliey were deemed in good condition for transplanting. They
were at this time 12 to 15 inches high, well-formed, healthy trees.
The land, 1 acre, where the White Pines are planted, is quite flat, what slope there is being to the south; and
at least one-half of it is too wet in spring, and often in the early part of summer, for the best results in tillage.
The soil is black, part of it mucky, 1 to 2 feet in depth, and underlaid, for the most part, with a rather stiff, blue
clay. The trees were planted May 4, 1872, 4 feet apart each way. The White Pine is a comparatively hard tree to
transplant successfully ( ?). The roots are soft, long and naked, with very few small or fibrous roots near the tree.
Knowing the necessity of careful handling, no effort was si)ared, from digging in the nursery to setting in permanent
place, to secure successful results.
Throughout the season the ground w.is kept in a good state of tillage 1 y frcqiient cultivation, but it was
exceedingly dry; and of nearly three thousand trees planted, two-thirds died during the summer. Of Norway
Spruce, planted the same day, in the same manner, and on very similar soil, not more than 2 per cent died. It is
difficult to explain this greater per cent of loss in the pines, except as we take into account the comparative method
of development of the roots of the two species [and its high transpiration factor. — B. E. F.].
In the spring of 1873 the vacant spaces were filled from the nursery, and again in 1874 trees were set where
needed. The result of the three plautings was an almost perfect stand of tree.s. The cultivation with horse and
hoe was kept up thoroughly for three years. During the fourth, fifth, and sixth years the weeds were mowed. But
little cultivating was done, because the ground was too wet in the early p.irt of the season.
For a number of years after the White Pines were fairly started they made admirable growth, and promised to
furnish very valuable timber for the prairie soil here, as well as for their native regions. In a report made in 1886
the following statement is made: " From tlie first the living trees have done exceedingly well. Very few trees have
died from any cause since they began their growth in their present position. They are now remarkably healthy and
vigorous, and the plantation vies with that of the European Larch in beauty and prospective value." At present
they are not maintaining the early promise.
No thinning or pruning of any kind was done, except what nature does, until the winter of 1889-90. During
that winter and the next the dead branches, to an average height of about 10 feet, were trimmed ott', and the dead
trees (some more than three hundred and fifty) were cut out. During the winter of 1891-92 sixty-eight more dead
trees were cut out, and there are at present fifty-two still standing that have died since the last were cut. The trees
cut out the first time had not all died recently. Some of them gave evidence of having been dead for a number of
years, while others had died so lately that they still carried dead leaves. Most of the trees that have died were the
smaller ones, such as were overgrown or badly crowded. A few only of the larger trees have died. Of the trees
still alive, very few have any live branches lower than 20 feet. Many of them have ^n unthrifty look, either in the
top or on the trunk, and the prosjiect is that there will be a very considerable number of trees to cut out year by
year for some time.
The principal reason for so many trees dying is probably overciowding [more likely owing to the stiff subsoil. —
B. E. F.]. As the trees now stand they occupy a space of less than 7 feet square each. The trees have been damaged
in other ways than crowding, but not, so far as can be judged, until after they had already liegnn to die. There is
continually a thick mat of leaves on the ground, and these have been partially burned off twice, bofh times injuring
the trees more or less from the ground up 2 or 3 feet, but apparently not any higher. Boys seem to delight to cut
their names or designs in the smooth bark of the trees. Occasionally a tree is entirely girdled. The girdling soon
kills the trees, but most of the smaller damage to bark soon grows over. A woolly plant louse (Churniis ^nmcuriicis
Fitch) has been very abundant on many of the trees, attacking the trunks and larger branches for several years.
They are sometimes so abundant that the whole trunk has from a little distance a white or grayish- white appearance.
The White Pines do not cast so dense a shade now as they did ten years ago. At that time there was no
undergrowth among them. At present there are small wooded jjlants, such as <irape. Raspberry, Cherry, Box Elder,
etc., besides weeds, coming in, and there would likely be more of these were it not for the heavy mulch of leaves
that covers the ground.
In 1886 the average size of the better trees w.as: Height, 24 feet 9 inches, and a little less than 6 inches in
diameter. At present, 1895, the better trees are 38 to 40 feet high, and 8 to 9 inches In diameter. During the winter
of 1882-83 the leaders of a considerable proportion of the trees were broken down by the weight of sleet. This
was the cause of many trees being crooked at that point, and of others having more than one leader. Except for the
trees deformed in this way nearly all have almost perfectly straight trunks. The trees are much more nearly uniform
in height than in diameter. The sizes of the trees in the plat are as follows; Fifty-eight are 3 inches in diameter;
one hundred and ninety-four, 4 inches; two hunilred and fifty-six, 5 inches; two hundred and thirty-six, 6 inches;
one hundred and forty-four, 7 inches; seventy, 8 inches; eleven, 9 inches; five, 10 inches.
In the autumn of 1895 the thirty-nine trees constituting the central row of the plantation were measured, and
the average diameter, breast high, was 5.9 inches, the range being from 4.1 inches to 8.6 inches.
At the old Elgin nurseries, planted in open prairie about 14 miles west of the Fox Eiver, black loam soil, from
4 to 5 feet to gravel. White Pines, forty to forty-five years old, with Norw.ay Spruce and Scotch Pine as neighbors,
measure 22 inches in diameter, breast high, and are 52 feet high. In a neighboring grove, twenty-five years from
seed, planted exclusively to White Pine, the trees average 11 inches in diameter and 45 feet high. When planted
alternately with European Larch 5 to 6 feet apart, the White Pines, thirty-five to thirty-six years old, are perfectly
straight and average 13 inches in diameter and 75 feet in height. The European Larch proves to be the best tree to
plant with White Pine as a nurse. When planted with Box Elder and Ash the growth of the pines is not so satis-
factory. Where Scotch Pine has been ])lanted altern.ately with White Pine the latter has outgrown the Scotch,
nearly all of which are killed out. In the groves where Larch is planted with White Pine the ground is completely
mulched from the foliage of the Larch; drought has never afl'ected the trees, and no grass or weeds can grow
among them.
Mr. Thomas Hunt, of Ridott, 111., set out White Pine in a plantation of 10 acres twenty-two years ago. The
trees were 10 to 18 Inches high when set, making their age at time of measurement about twenty-seven years.
The grove is planted on a ridge with thin clay loam underlaid with broken laminated limestone. Mr. Hunt found
the land unprofitable under tillage after several years' trial. The trees of each variety are planted in solid rows,
hardwoods and conifers alternating. In a plat of White and Scotch Pine, Norway Spruce, Arborvitai, European
Larch, White Elm, Box Elder, Green Ash, and AVillow, the conifers have almost shaded out the hardwoods. The
AS A FOREST TKEE IX GERMANY. 67
Larch are the tallest and the Arboivlt* the lowest, the remaining conifers being of about equal height, averaging
35 feet. Seventy White Pines were measured, taking all the trees as they came in the rows, and including the center
of the plantation. The average diameter, breast high, was 6.2 inches. The branches were dead, but still persistent
to a height of 18 to 20 feet.
At the Bryant nurseries, Princeton, 111., somewhat south of the natural limit of the White Pine, trees that were
grown as ornamental nursery stock have been permitted to stand, giving some notion of the growth of the species
in the rich prairie loam of that region. The oldest specimens were set in 1858 aud were imported seedlings. They
are now about forty-two years of age, and average about 65 feet in height. Measured trees range from 9 inches to
26 inches in diameter. Norway Spruce of the same plautiu;;; equal the pines in height, but the average diameter is
less. These trees stand about 30 feet apart. On the margin of a n.atural hardwood grove an acre of the richest
prairie land was planted to White and Scotch Pine seedlings about twenty-two years ago. The trees were set 3 by
4 feet, aud have never been thinned. Each species was planted jiure, and one of the tallest White Pines measured
33 feet high, the average height being estimated at 26 feet. Fifty White Pines, taken as they came in the rows, were
measured, bfeast high, the average diameter being 4J iuches. Scotch Pine showed about equal growth.
At the Iowa Agricultural College, Ames, Iowa, in the center county of the State, a piece of waste land of about
3 acres was planted to White Pine, European Larch, Box Elder, Green Ash, and Cottonwood in 1875. The plat
occupies a gravelly knoll sloping to the north. The soil is a yellow clay, with much gravel, and of unknown depth.
The top of the knoll forming the south side of the plantation is set with pure Larch. The Pine, Box Elder, and Ash
are mixed, evidently without order. The original planting was 3+ by 3i feet apart, and the trees now average
about 10 I'eet apart each way. The White Pines are estimated to average 30 feet high, and twenty-six measured
trees, taken as they came, ranged from 5 to 14 inches in diameter, the average being 8.7 inches. The pines are now
the dominant trees of the mixture aud are fully 10 feet higher than the Box Elder, which exceed the Ash 5 feet. The
following diameter measurements will serve as an additional basis of comparison:
Inches.
White Pine, as above (26 trees) 8.7
Box Elder, as above (23 trees) 4.7
Green Ash, as above (21 trees) 3.6
European Larch (planted pure on crest, 26 trees) 6
Cottonwood (same plat, base of knoll, 14 trees) 10.5
It should be added that the Cottouwoods stand wider apart than the mixture of Pine, Box Elder, and Ash,
while the Larch stand closer together. All were set originally 3A by 31 feet, and the alternate rows have been
remo\ed throughout the plantation.
At Windom, Jlinu., in the soutliwest part of the State, Mr. IC. .Sevatson has included two rows of White Pine
in a plantation covering 10 acres. These trees were set about thirteen years ago, when 8 to 12 inches high, and
are presumably not over eighteen years old. The two rows of pine are between rows of Arborvit;e and Balsam Fir.
They are about 25 feet in height, and the average diameter, breast high, of seventeen trees, taken as they came in the
rows, was 5 inches. The soil is a stitf clay loam, and the plantation is about 100 feet above the surface of a lake
which joins the farm. The entire country is treeless, except for groups of trees on the lake shore and groves along
the Des Moines River, 3 miles distant. The White Pine in this location is less vigorous than Scotch Pine, European
Larch, or Norway Spruce.
Fine trees of White Pine, set in single specimens about thirty years ago, are growing at Arbor Lodge, Nebraska
City, Nebr., the home of Hon. J. Sterling Morton, ex- Secretary of Agriculture. These stand in bluff soil (a fine loam)
about 2 miles west of the Missouri River. A few tine specimens may also be seen in the lawn at the homestead of
Hon. A. H. Whiting, at Whiting, Monona County, Iowa, in the deep black loam of the Missouri bottoms. At Brookings,
S. I)ak., within 17 miles of the Minnesota line, repeated plantings of the Wliite Pine have resulted in failure. At
Franklin, Nebr., about halfway across the State, near the Kansas line, this species has failed after extended trial.
Very few trees can be seen in Lincoln, Nebr., though it has been repeatedly tested there as an ornamental tree. The
diminished amount of atmospheric moisture will necessarily prevent general satisfactory cultivation beyond the
western boundary of Missouri, Iowa, and Minnesota.
A number of tine specimens of White Pine stand in the lawn of the Rollins homestead at Columbia, Mo., about
10 miles north of the Missouri River aud halfway between the east and west boundaries of tlie State. The soil is a
clay loam, underlaid with limestone, which outcrops at many places in the vicinity. These trees were planted in
1855, when two or three years old, by Col. J. H. Rollins. The largest is now (1897) 29 inches in diameter, breast high,
and 64 feet 9 inches in height. One of the smallest is about 56 fee>t high and 16 iuches in diameter.
Additional notes of plantations in the West might be given, but the above is sutiBcieut to show the White Pine
can be successfully grown somewhat beyond its natural range, but does not well endure the dry conditions of soil
and atmosphere which it must meet in the region west of the Missouri River.
THE "WHITE PINE AS A FOREST TREE IN GERMANY.
As has been stated, the White Pine was introduced quite early into England, and from there
it found its way into various parts of the Continent. In England it remained largely a park tree.
In Germany it has been a forest tree proper for over a century, being used quite frequently, on
account of its hardiness and shade endurance, as '■ gap cover" to fill fail places. It has also been
planted in many places on small areas as pure growth or mixture with the common European or
Scotch Pine {Pinus silvestris) and Spruce. For a long time this " newcomer " was regarded with a
68
THE WHITE PINE.
feeling of doubt and even suspicion, and long before anything definite could possibly be said about
the matter the merits and faults of the White Pine were extensively discussed. The "practical"
man, and with him some scientific men, were satisfied that such a light colored softwood could not
possibly be durable or otherwise desirable, and the small quantities offered from time to time did
not always find ready market. Of late years this condition has changed. In a series of excel-
lent articles, Dr. L. Wappes, a Bavarian forester, records the experience had in one of the oldest
bodies of White Pine in Germany, in which he shows that the tree in pure growth, and also as
mixture with pine, spruce, or hardwoods, has proven a most excellent factor of the German forest;
that it seeds early and heavily, and as plant material is easily aud cheaply secured ; that it is readily
and even preferably reproduced by natural seeding, a rapid grower, capable to withstand crowd-
ing and shading, and that it is a tree especially capable of producing a large amount of timber
even on poor soils, all of which coincides with the observations on its native habitat laid down in
this monograph. He shows that besides the Fir (Balsam), the White Pine is the only tree which, in
the Palatinate and on poor soils will, at the age of one hundred and ten years, make timber of Class I
(according to German notation, diameter at half length, 22 inches and better) ; that while the com-
mon pine at that age furnishes only 13 per cent of Class III aud better (diameter 12 inches and
over), the White Pine furnishes 27 per cent, or more than double this amount of these and more
valuable diameter classes. Dr. Wappes emphatically states that White Pine, wherever known, is
eagerly bought, aud that the opinion of the consumers has radically changed. He proves by the
figures of large sales from the State forests, that since 1882 the value of White Piue has nearly
doubled, while that of Spruce and common Scotch Pine has increased by only 20 per cent, and that
of Fir and Larch has actually declined during this period. The following figures give an idea of
the growth of White Pine abroad. The groves of the Palatinate are stocked on very inferior soil,
nearly all other groves cited being on loamy sand. The figures for total volume are somewhat
misleading, since they do not include the timber which has been removed from the older groves in
thinnings, which would add probably from 10 to 15 per cent to make up whole production.
It will be of interest to give more in detail the conditions of the last-mentioned plantation,
reported this year in Dr. Lorey's Allgemeine Forst und Jagdzeitung:
The plantation of about 9 acres, on fresh loamy sand, situated at an elevation of 2,200 feet
above sea level in Wurtemberg, consists of White Pine mixed with Scotch Piue, Spruce, and Fir
in single individuals or groups. The White Pine represents, numerically, two-thirds of the total
number, Scotch Pine is found among the dominant growth in part, but the Spruce and the small
number of Firs show only codomiuant aud oppressed trees.
The density of the growth was reported as satisfactory until in 1875, when a snowstorm broke
down much material, so that at present the density does not average over 0.7.
The stand, originating from seed, was several times thinned, and the last time, occasioned by
the snowstorm, 400 White Pines were removed, with over 10,000 cubic feet of wood. The number
of trees averaged 183 per acre, of which 112 White Pines, with diameters varying from 7 to 24
inches, and 16 inches in the average, yielded altogether 9,510 (-ubic feet, while the other species
added only 1,290 cubic feet. Comparison with the other acre yields recorded shows that under
these conditions the product was less than in more favored situations, either the site or light
conditions reducing the growth.
The diameters represented on a sample area were distributed as follows :
Diameters inches.. 8 to 10 10 to 12 12 to 14 14 to 16 16 to 18 18 to 20 20 to 22 22 to 24
Number of trees 7 20 24 30 33 23 4 1
Of the Scotch Pines only four had reached diameters over IG inches, aud of the Spruces none
over 14 inches. The superiority of the White Piue also appears from the comparison of height
growth, which was established for every five years by the measurement of average sample trees,
as follows :
Height groivth of White Pine, Scotch Pine, and ffpruce, hy years.
Sample trees.
Age (years) and height growth (in feet). 1
5
10 15
20
35
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70 1 75
SO
S5
00
White Pino height growth
Scotch Pine height growth
2.1
4
2
9 IB
12 20
8 16
29
29
24
38
35
35
45
42
42
52
49
48
59
64
54
65
60
59
71
65
63
76
69
81
73
85
77
89 1 92
80 82
78 80
95
84
82
97
87
84
100
88
86
AS A FOREST TREE IN GERMANY.
69
The preceding table shows how the slow growth of the first five years which the White Pine
has in common with the Norway Spruce is overcome before the fifteenth year, aud by the twen-
tieth year the White Pine has distanced the Scotch Pine, gaining on it constantly until, by the
ninetieth year, it has outgrown it 12 per cent.
Dimensions and yields of White Pine in German forests.
Locality.
Palatinate 1
Palatinatell
Palatiuatelll
Palatinate IV
Palatinate V
Palatinate VI
Prussia (Grafinrode).
Do.
Prussia (Rogelwitz) —
Frankfort on the Main .
Thuringia
Wurtemberg
Character of forest.
Pure growth.
White Pine mixed with Scotch Pine
and Spruce.
Pure growth
White Pine mixed with Scotch Pine,
Spruce, and Fir.
Number
of trees
per acre.
Average
diameter
(without
bark).
(6 to 28) (72 to 87)
(8 to 18) (80 to 87)
15 88
9,7 72
U.7 (79 to 89)
Volume of
wood, es-
clu,sive of
Cubic feet.
13, 300
10,000
12. 000
6,000
4.000
3,200
13, 224
13, 000
14,298
12,024
13, 027
10. 800
From these figures the capacity of the White Pine to produce large amounts of valuable stem-
wood is apparent. Thus, on soil on which the lOOyear-old trees developed only a height of 92
feet, over 13,000 cubic feet of stemwood, corresponding to about 00,000 to 70,000 feet B. M.,
American scale, were cut per acre over and above about 1,200 cubic feet of material removed in
previous thinnings. In every case the White Pine excels the common pine, and even the Spruce
in this respect. It should be added that most of these plantations, made in the early part of this
century, were not executed according to present superior methods, the species being an exotic and
expensive was set out more in orchard fashion, as most i)lanters in our country have been apt
to do, at distances of 8, 12, and more feet apart. Owing to this fact the development was prob-
ably not as satisfactory in the earlier years as it might have been had the method of close planting,
either pure or in mixture, prevailed.
The superiority of growth over the German Spruce and Pine is more fully illustrated in tiie
following table, which shows the distribution and proportion of trees of White Pine and Spruce
and of White Pine aud Scotch Pine that are found in given diameter classes in two mixed planted
growths of these species:
Distribution and proportion of White Pine and Spruce and White Pine and Scotch Fine.
Wliitc Pine and Norway Spruce,
sixty -eight years old.
[65 x>er cent Pine; 35 per cent
Spruce.]
White Pine and Scotch Pine, fifty-
eight vears old.
[50 per cent of each.]
Diameter
of trees.
White
Pine.
Norway
Spruce.
Diameter
of trees.
White
Pine.
Scotch
Pine.
Inches.
4 to 6
6 to 8
8 to 10
10 to 12
12 to 14
14 to 16
16 to 18
Per cent.
0
15
30
22
20.5
Per cent.
9.5
30
27
26
6.8
Inches.
4 to 6
! 6 to 8
I 8 to 10
j 10 to 12
12 to 14
, 14 to 16
16 to 18
! 18 to 20
Per cent.
1
19.5
18.7
26
23.5
8
Per cent.
2.4
32
35
24
4.9
l.G
1.5
2.4
1
It appears that nearly 32 per cent of the White Pine is over 12 inches in diameter, as against
less than 7 per cent of the Spruce, while 35 per cent of White Pine, as against 0.5 per cent of
Scotch Pine, developed over 12 inches in the mixture of these two, aud over 11 per cent of the
former belongs to sizes above 11 inches, which is hardly reached at that age by its competitor.
These figures prove clearly that the White Pine excels the Scotch Pine even during the age of
70 THE WHITE PINE.
most rapid growth, so that the difference, in view of the steady growth of White Pine and the
marked decrease in rate of growth in the Scotch Pine, would be markedly greater if older timber
had been compared.
Just as in its native range, the White Pine is decidedly a heart jiine, the sapwood changing
early into the durable and more valuable heartwood. In timber cue hundred years old grown in
the Palatinate the sap in many cases is less than 1 inch thick, so that 75 per cent and more of
the entire stem is composed of heartwood.
In view of these facts it is quite safe to say that the White Pine in the future will be one
of the prominent forest trees of Germany, and perhaps of Europe, as it will always be the king of
woods in our Northern and Eastern States.
THE WOOD OF THE WHITE PINE.
THE ^VOOD OF THE ^VHITE PINE.
By FiLlBERT Roth, Division of Forestry.
White Pine is a favorite material with the wood consumer in the Northeastern States on
account of the combination of qualities it possesses. It is a light, soft, uniform, straight-grained
timber, to be had in all markets in any quantity and in all dimensions, from the ship's mast to the
clapboard. It seasons well, shrinks and warps but little, is quite durable, insect-proof, and takes
oil and i>aint and has a good color, is light to handle, easy to saw and ijlane, takes nails without
splitting, and is, in short, the ideal material for the carpenter and Joiner, who handles the bulk
of the 30 to 40 billion feet of sawed timber and lumber annually used in this country, of which
White Pine furnishes over 30 per cent.
CHARACTER AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOOD.
The structure of White Pine, like that of other pines, is simple. Ninety per cent and more
of the weight of the dry wood is formed by the common wood fibers, or tracheids, 0.12 to 0.20
inches long, well suited for pulp material. The spring wood of each annual ring passes gradually
into the summer wood and thus the sharply delined bands of hard, dark and soft, light-colored
material so conspicuous in the rings of all hard pine, especially Longleaf and Cuban Pine, are
absent iu White Pine, making the cutting of the wood by either plane or saw much easier
than is the case with hard pines. Sapwood and heartwood are quite distinct — the former white,
the latter with a slightly brownish cast. The change from sapwood to heartwood takes place earlier
in the young tree and the younger portions of old trees than in older timber. Thus, in a thrifty
sapling thirty years old the sapwood shows about eighteen rings on the stump, but only ten rings
35 feet from the ground. In trees over one hundred years old the number of rings in the sapwood
is generally over thirty at the stump, decreasing often to fifteen or twenty near the top. The
number of rings iu the sap, as in other pines, is smaller in thrifty and greater in slow-growing
trees, while the width of the sapwood is generally least in slow-growing timber. Compared to
other pines. White Pine has a narrow sap at all periods of its growth. While iu the hard pines,
like the Longleaf Pine, and still more in Loblollj' and Shortleaf Pines, the sap forms generally
from 50 to 75 per cent of the log, it is generally less than 35 iier cent of mill-sized timber in White
Pine. This highly valuable property of the White Pine is found in all localities, even in Europe,
where the tree has been widely planted.
SPECIFIC ■WEIGHT.
To determine specific the weight of the wood and other physical properties a collection of
seventy-three trees was made, including material from the New England States, Michigan, and
Wisconsin, and also from the mountains of North Carolina.
The specific weight of the greenwood varies chiefly with the amount of sapwood and conse-
quent abundance of moisture, since the heartwood contains but little water outside of its cell
■walls (except in some cases where the heartwood near the stump also contains liquid water).
Generally the weight of the greenwood varies from about 40 to 50 pounds per cubic foot, and is
greater iu young poles than in old timber, which latter on this account floats readily, rarely sink-
ing, even after years of immersion.
The specific weight of the kiln-dry wood varies, generally from 0.33 to 0.40 (20 to 25 i>ouuds
per cubic foot), is greater iu the old tree than in the young sapling, is greater at the stump than
73
74
THE WHITK PINE.
ftirtlier np in the same stem, is iudepeiident of orientatiou (as great on tbe uorth side as on the
south side), is no greater on clay land than ou the sandy soils, and seems in these particulars
quite independent of locality. The wood from the swamp trees is no heavier nor lighter than the
wood from the upland trees, the trees from New England differing apparently in no way from those
of either the Lake region or North Carolina.
Leaving out of consideration the specific weight of the limbs and knots (these being always
heavy, as in all piues), the average specific weight of the dry wood of the stem was found to be for —
Spwilic
gravity.
Five trees 200 to 250 years old 0.386
Five trees 125 to 160 years old 388
Five trees 100 to 125 years old 383
Ten tri-es 75 to 90 years old 378
Ten trees 50 to 71 years old 366
Nineteen trees 40 to 19 years old 353
Nineteen trees 30 to 39 years old 351
From the above, and still more from the table following, in which the trees are grouped
according to age, it will be seen that White Pine displays a uniformity of specific weight, and other
properties dependent on weight, such as is entirely unknown iu any other pine of the Eastern
United States.
Average weight (kiln dry and green), moisture content, and shrinkage per cent of TDiite Pine.
I.— TREES 200 TO 250 TEARS OLD.
Locality.
Original
number of
trees.
Approxi-
mate age
of trees.
Diameter
Specific gravity X 100.
Moisture as
breast high
without
bark.
Width of
rings.
Kiln dry.
Green.
of the
weight of
dry wood.
Shrinkage
in volume.
5
16
3
1
2
3
Veare.
225
250
205
209
202
202
Inchet.
23.0
22.0
19.0
27.0
19.4
20.5
mm.
1.1
.8
1.3
1.6
38.1
38.5
36.0
39.0
69
62
64
66
66
67
Per cent.
93
73
95
85
100
81
Per cent.
7.6
8.6
8.5
8.1
8.0
7.9
1.0
38.5
1.2 1 39.2
38.6 65
88 8.1
n.— TREES 125 TO 160 TEARS OLD.
1
3
4
458
146
140
141
140
158
19.0
22.0
12.0
15.0
33.0
1.5
1.9
1.0
1.2
2.1
42.0
36.4
38.4
40.5
37.1
74
72
65
72
72
92
113
92
87
110
9.0
8.7
9.1
9.8
7.7
Do
Linville.N.C
;
38.8
71
95 8.9
1
III.-TREES 100 TO 122 TEARS OLD. 1
1
2
4
S
8
9
10
110
122
114
105
115
108
112
111
17. 5 2-2
36.0
35.0
39.8
38.3
46.8
38.9
38.0
36.7
64
64
79
76
100
78
85
71
96
99
120
121
138
1£2
147
109
9.2
9.0
9.8
8.5
10.5
8.3
8.8
8.5
17.7
9.5
7.5
7.8
7.8
7.8
5.0
1.8
1.1
.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
.8
Do
Do
Do
38.3
74
119
8.9
IV.-TKEES 75 TO 100 TEARS OLD.
6
12
13
14
15
6
5
6
7
9
75
84
90
81
95
93
83
94
84
78
4.0
14.0
12.0
15.0
10.0
7.0
7.0
6.3
10.4
10.2
0.8
2.0
2.1
2.7
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.0
2.4
1.8
36.3
39.4
37.0
36.0
40.4
40.1
36.3
37.0
37.1
38 5
68
76
85
73
72
90
76
74
76
76
111
110
148
121
88
149
132
115
128
119
B.4
9.0
9.8
9.0
9.4
8.7
9.8
8.0
9.8
8.7
Do
Do
Do
Do
112
9.0
SPECIFIC WEIGHT OF WOOD.
75
Areraye weight (kiln dry and green), mvisture content, nnd shrinkage per cent of White Pine — Continued.
v.— TREES 51) TO 74 YEARS OLD.
Locality.
Original Approsi-
nnmber of mate age
trees. of trees.
Diameter
breast high
without
bark.
■Width of
rings.
Specific gravity ■ 100. Moisture as
per cent
of the
Kiln dry. j Green. weight of
drj- wood.
Shrinkage
in volume.
8
11
3
4
10
1
4
16
17
18
Tears.
60
50
65
73
67
50
52
54
65
60
Iiicliet.
4.5
2.0
5.5
8.0
7.0
4.2
13.0
11.0
14.0
10.0
10.(1
1.3
l!7
2.9
1.5
1.2
4.0
2.8
3.0
2.4
~ 34.3
39.3
33.8
38.7
39.0
35.7
35.3
38.5
39.0
36.5
35.5
80
70
86
78
64
72
68
73
69
67
Percent.
148
Per cent.
8.0
8.5
8.6
9.0
10.1
8.0
8.6
8.6
8.4
7.3
Do
122
84
121
112
106
93
105
Do
Do "
Do
Average
36.8 74 1 115 1 8 0
II
VI.— TREES 40 TO 49 YEARS OLD.
9
10
17
18
19
20
21
2
3
5
6
10
11
12
25
26
27
32
48
47
40
40
40
42
44
46
45
49
47
48
49
46
46
45
45
41
2 3 n.6
6.0
6.0
6.0
2.0
2.8
4.0
8.5
9.2
13.7
9.3
12.5
1U.3
10.2
10. 0
12.8
2.0
2.2
2.3
1.1
1.0
1.4
2.6
3.0
3.9
2.8
3.6
3.1
2.9
2.7
3.8
31.3
33.5
34.5
33.7
35.0
33. K
36.2
36.2
35.0
38.0
34.5
39.0
37.2
35.0
35.5
37.7
3.'i. 0
31.7
86
85
81
71
67
82
58
65
61
64
65
67
70
66
67
75
61
64
162
173
149
124
105
158
76
95
93
81
108
89
104
103
106
118
98
122
8.9
9.0
8.6
8.3
8.4
7.9
8.4
8.5
8.4
8.1
9.3
9.3
7.0
8.1
8.6
9.4
7.9
8.4
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do ....
Do
9. 1 1 2. 6
10.3 ' 3.4
S. 6 3. 1
Do
33 ; 40
Til.— TREES 30 TO 39 YEARS OLD.
22 3S 4.0 l-.l 31.3 1 77
162
93
105
100
131
147
146
85
108
99
143
HI
109
89
108
111
99
129
123
147
8.2
8.3
9.2
7.7
9.1
8.2
7.5
8.1
7.0
9.5
9.3
8.7
8.2
9.8
10.2
8.5
9.0
7.5
9.2
8.0
7
8
9
13
14
15
19
20
21
22
23
24
28
29
30
31
34
35
36
36
34
35
38
38
37
35
33
31
33
36
35
38
37
37
39
34
35
8.3
9.1
12.0
11.0
10.8
10.8
9.2
11.2
6.5
10.5
9.2
7.0
6.8
7.1
8.2
9.5
7.5
0 3
3.5
3.4
4.7
3.4
3.6
3.7
3.6
4.8
2.9
4.4
3.6
2.9
2.4
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.3
3 7
36.5
35.2
33.7
35.2
33.7
36.0
36.1
33.6
35.2
33.0
35.2
34.5
38.5
36.7
36.7
37.7
32.7
34.5
64
66
66
74
74
83
61
65
63
68
66
66
67
71
65
71
74
Do
Do
Do . ...
Merrimack County. N. H
Do :
Do . ...
Do
Do
Do
Do
35 10.3 3.9
30.0 ; 64
35. 1 j 68
104
8.3
1
VIII.— TREES 20 TO 30 YEARS OLD. 1
LinTiUe.N.C
Do
459
460
22'
!!fi
4. 0 1 2. 7 1 34. 7 1 83
7. n 1 •>. R 1 36. 9 Sn
164
156
i
9.4 1
10.2
35. 5 . Hi \ 165 i 9. 8 1
i
1
76
THE WHITE PIXE.
From the table it appears that the specific weight of the timber is quite indepeudent of the
rate of growth, aud that the individual variatiou geuerally moves withiu very narrow limits. The
diagrams (figs. 16 and 17) show the relation of weight for the different sections from the stump
k
"^
^
^
~"^^^fe:-~-_
^='--«s;
M-^
^^^^^
1— fc=
:::::::
— '—
i=s^^^
— '
:;;;;;
2—
ji
-^^
-i
•
Position . of discs, feet from yroimd .
Fig. 16 Diagram sUowJog specific weight of wood at ditieruut cross sections of the stem; also a decrease of weight from the sturap
upward, and the similarity of the wood of different trees. (Fire trees, over 200 years old. Dotted line indicates the average,)
upward; the slightly greater weight of the older timber, as compared to sapling material, the
uniform decrease in weight from stump ui)waid, and also the uniformity of the several individuals
of any group of trees is clearly apparent from the lines. The same decrease in weight from below
Position of discs, feet from ground.
Fig. 17. — Diagram showing specific vreight of kiln-dry wood at different points in the stem from ground ui>ward : a, six trees, 200 to 250
years old ; h. five trees, 125 to 160 years old ; c. seven trees, 100 to 125 years old ; d, ten trees, 75 to 100 years old ; e, teu trees, 50 to 71 years
old; /, eighteen trees, 40 to 40 years old ; g, nineteen trees, 30 to 39 years old.
upward is observed in the wood of any given period of growth : thus, the wood of the last forty
rings (next to the bark) was found to be as follows:
Decrease in niviylit of the wood of the last (onler) forttj rings in the several disks from sliinq) upward.
Disk nmul.er.
Specific gravity.
Tree No.
458.
Tree No. 1.
Tree No. 2. [tree No. 3.
1 0.37
11 .31
rtl .30
IV .295
0.42
.39
.36
.35
.33
0.44
.40
.36
.36
0.45
.405
.39
.30
.37
SHRINKAGE AND STRENGTH OF WOOD. 77
As in other pines, tbere is usually an increase of weight in the crown, apparently clue to an
influence of the limbs, but as this influence is local, so the apparent result is local, and the weight
is very irregular for the crown part of the stem; the pronounced increase is apparent only in the
immediate vicinity of the limbs. The absence of a i^ronounced or sharply defined summer wood
makes it difficult and imi)racticable to apply the microscopic methods to determine the variation
of weight from pith to bark on any cross section. From the actual determinations of weight, it
appears that for the lower portions of any normally grown tree there is usually at first an increase
of weight from the pith outward, reaching a maximum somewhere between the fiftieth and eightieth
ring, maintained for a long period and usually followed by a very slow decrease in weight from
there on outward. This variation is generally small, and never reaches the proportions met in
sections of hard pine, such as Longleaf Pine, where it commonly amounts to 75 to IdO per cent of
the weight of the lightest portion.
Usually about half the weight of a green log is water. The amount of moisture generally
varies in the sapwood from about 1-0 to IGO i>er cent and from 4^0 to flO per cent in the heartwood,
the amount for the entire log, therefore, varying with the proportion of sap and heart is greatest
in saplings and least in large mature trees, in the latter from about 90 to 120 per cent of the
weight of the timber after it is kiln-dried. Tbe wood parts witli its moisture as easily as any
wood in the market, dries rapidly, with little injury, and may safely be kiln-dried fresh from the
saw, though in actual jiractice this method is almost unknown in the White Pine regions, the
usual way of drying by carefully piling in immense piles, being the universal way of seasoning.
Well airdried White Pine, as in an ordinary room, still retains 8 to 9 per cent moisture, and if
unprotected bj' oil, paint, etc., is quite susceptible to changes of humidity, absorbing and giving
off moisture at every change of temperature and humidity of the air.
SHRINKAGi:.
In keeping with its smaller specific weight, the shrinkage of White Pine is less than that of
other pines. It is greater for sap than heart, and therefore greater for sapling timber than for
older trees. From the table on page 71 it appears that the shrinkage in volume varies for the
several groups of trees from 8 to 9 per cent, and, like the weight, is quite uniform for the difterent
individuals of each group.
The ease and rapidity with which White Pine seasons, and the manner of distribution of
White Pine lumber, encouraging proper seasoning before use, have done much to earn for White
Pine the fame of being one of the woods which do "not shrink" nor "work,'' a virtue which is not
only in part due to the small weight and consequent small shrinkage, but is largely the result of
proper handling.
STRENGTH.
Being the lightest, White Pine is also the weakest among the pines of the Eastern United
States, as appears from the following general average:
Strength of JVhite Pine at 13 per cent moisture.
Poiiniis per
square iucit.
Compression eudwise aud in bending to true elastic limit 5, 200
Bending to ruptnre 7, 900
Modulus of elasticity 1, ilO, 000
Compression across the grain (3 per cent det'ormation) 720
Shearing parallel to fiber 380
Out of about seven hundred tests made by the Division of Forestry, about 55 per cent fall
within 10 per cent of this general average, and 90 per cent within 25 per cent of the same. Though
the test series for White Pine was by no means as full as is desirable, the above average results
will probably be found fairly accurate and sufficient for general purposes. The table on the next
page presents the average results for the several trees.
78
THE WHITE PINE.
Ai-erage strength of the icood of TThite Pine of different trees at 13 per cent moisture.
Original
number of
trees.
Modulus of
elasticity I
pounds). -^"P*'
Bending to —
Relative
elastic
limit.
Compres- [
sion across Shearing
grain to 3 { parallel to
^per cent de- liber.
formation.
Average
specific
weight.
Michigan .
1,360
1,520
1,350
1,330
1,190
1,350
1,370
1,470
1,470
1.3S0
1,560
1.510
Pvundsper Pounds per Poundt per Pounds per
— •'" tq. in
Pounds per
8,300
a 6. 800
8,300
7,400
sq. in.
6,200
E,300
6,000
6,300
5.600
5.900
6,300
0,700
6.650
C. 800
7.450
6.700
4.600
4,200
4,800
6,000
4.250
5, 000
5.500
5.700
5,400
5, 700
5,700
690
560
Average
Average for trees 601 to 609.
1.410
a Insufficient data for a fair average.
In the above table the data for trees 101 to 110 are iusufficieut. Both material and tests for
trees OOl to 609 were satisfactory in every respect, and the results, therefore, of far greater value
than those for trees 101 to 116.
In keeping with its greater weight, the wood of the butt logs is slightly stronger than that of
the top logs, and there is generally a regular diftereiice between different parts of the same cross
section, the center, as appears usual in pine, being the weakest, the heavier intermediate portion
the sti'ongest, and the peripheral part lying between the two.
For a more careful study of this relation, tests were made of a set of 2 by 2 inch sticks cut out
of one log from each of three trees, in such a manner that the centers of the logs formed one set,
the part midway from center to bark another set, and the outer portion of the logs a third or outer
set, the latter two being all quarter-sawed pieces. The tests furnished the following average
results :
Strength of J &i/ J pieces at 12 per cent inoistitre.
Kind of test.
Compression endwise
Bending to relative elastic limit
Bending to rupture
Modulus of elasticity (1,000 pounds).
It is api)arent from the above that the jierfect quarter-sawed material confirmed the other
test results in showing the great similarity of the wood of these three trees. It also shows, how-
ever, that the eflect of defects in an uuselected lot reduces the strength values markedly in this
species.
Arranging the results according to the position of the test pieces in the log. it is found that in
comi^ression endwise the strength was: Center pieces, 5, .520 pounds, or 7S per cent; intermediate,
7,000 i)ounds, or 100 per cent; outside pieces, 6,680 pounds, or 95 per cent; showing that the
heart pieces, as has been found in other conifers, are always the weakest, thus verifying the results
of the general series. The slight decrease from the intermediate to the outside pieces is in keeping
with the smaller weight of the latter and need not be ascribed to the fact that these pieces con-
tained small proportions of sapwood. As might be expected, the uniformity of results in this
properly selected and prepared material was greater than in tlie ordinary series. Of 58 tests, all
fell within 25 per cent of the average strength and 70 per cent within 10 per cent of the average.
Ill connection with a general study into the maximum uniformity of wood, three scantlings of
White Pine, with an average specific gravity of about 0..'54 and an average compressive strength
at 8 jier cent moisture of 4,900 ijouuds, were examined, two being tested air-dry (8 i^er cent) and
SHRINKAGE AND STRENGTH OF WOOD.
79
the other after being soaked for three mouths iu cold water. The results of these tests on White
Pine are embodied in the following table :
strength of coniiguoiia blocks of the same scantling of JVhite Pine, select material, in compreaaion endtviee.
[Dimensions gi-nerally, 2.76 Ijy 2.76 by 2.76 inches.]
Number uf block.
Dry scantling.
Soaked
scantling.
Number of block.
Dry 81-
-«'-^- 1 sc'an«ii;l
1 1 2
3
-1
S
Pounds per' Pounds per
sti.in. tq.in.
Pounds per
sq.in.
2,270
2,390
2,300
2,260
a 5, 700
2,390
2, 300
2,310
2,290
2,310
2,340
2,210
2,370
2,340
2,340
2,340
2,330
a 5, 710
2,310
2,260
2,180
2,130
26
Pounds per
so. in.
5,070
4,940
5.020
5.110
5,020
4,950
4.820
4.950
4,900
5,040
5,160
5,120
5,100
5,230
5,280
5,260
5, 280
5,300
5,310
5,300
5,350
5 406
5,360
5,360
5.510
Pounds per
so. in.
4,860
4,940
5,010
4,950
Pounds per
sq. in.
4,860
4,690
4,840
4,760
4,720
4,730
4,760
4,750
4,770
4,730
4,760
4,770
4. 670
4, 600
4,660
5,150
5,020
4,770
4.770
4,920
4,950
4,840
4,860
o6,460
4,860
.=;, 010
27
3
28
29
6
31
1
1
8 .
33 ...
4,690
4,750
4,670
4,630
4,800
4,730
4,660
a 6, 000
4,840
10
11
35
36
13
38.
U
39
4,960
16
41
4,590
18 ...
4,840
4,870
5, 040
5,150
6,340
5,300
5,200
19
4.610
4,880
4,920
4,870
4,970
4.910
a 6, 600
4,600
4,650
44
20
45
21
46
22
23
48
4. 940 4, 860
25
a Dried nt ISii-' F. {to .ibout 2 per cent moisture) before testing.
It ajipears that iu the tests on dry material the greatest diiference between any two contiguous
blocks of select quarter-sawed White IMue was 190 pounds per square inch, or 3.S per cent of the
total strength; that generally it was less than 2 per cent, and several times only about 0.2 per
cent, but that iu tests of this kind less then 200 pounds iu the results can not be regarded as any
difference at all, this amount being due to indeterminable difterences found even in the best
material, and partly duo also to imperfections iu the means and methods of testing. It is also
clear tliat in the same scantling, though select and of small dimension (only G feet long) a
difl'erence of nearly 900 jiounds ])er square inch, or IS per cent of the strength, in compression
endwise may be found, so that any inferences from scantling to .scantling must be taken with
great caution, and anj- accurate relatious, such as the influence of sea.soning, etc., can be made
only in a manner similar to that employed in these uniformity tests.
From the general series of tests, also from the tests on the select 2 by 2 inch pieces, and in
way of indication also from some of the tests in maximum uniformity, it appears that seasoning
affects the wood of White Pine to about the same degree as that of other pines. The strength of
greenwood, or wood soaked to a iioint where additional immersion no longer changes the volume,
is independent of differences in moisture. This is quite clear from the test in uniformity of the
scantling immersed for three months. Though the Idocks differed (especially near the ends)
within wide limits as to the amount of moisture they contained, yet the strength was found to be
as uniform as in evenly dried timber. By drying gieen or fully saturated wood to about 2 per cent
moisture (kiln-drying at 80^ C), the strength is more than doubled; and even if pieces well air-
dried are kiln-dried the strength is still increased by over •lO per cent. For timber to be used
under cover and kept properly ventilated, it is safe to presume that the strength, once seasoned,
will be 50 per cent greater than when green, and if used in heated rooms, an increase of 100 per
cent on the strength of the greeu timber may reasonably be exi^ected. The diagram (lig. 18) well
illustrates this feature.
80
THE WHITE PINE.
100
0 3000 5000 7000 lOOOO
Compression Strength per. scr. inch iiv pounds.
Tig. 18 Diagram sliuwiug elieot of luoiature ou cruahmg strengtli.
DURABILITY.
With regard to its durability, White Pine is generally underrated. The soft, light-colored
wood suggests general frailty aud a lack of resistance, in which resistance to decay is included.
In the region where it grows the unusual great durability of the heartwood of White Pine is
well known; "the stumps of White Pine last a lifetime;" old logs, covered with moss and often
with young Poplars and Birch growing from their surface are uncovered and utilized as shingle
bolts. White Pine shingles wear out, but rarely decay, and a good sidewalk of White Pine is
considered the best to be had. As in other jiines, the sapwood decays readily, but this being
narrow in good logs, more than half of all White Pine sawed is good durable heart, a wood which
is neither subject to decay nor to the boring insects any more than the heavy resinous heart of
the Red Pine or of the Southern pines.
COMPARISON WITH OTHER WOODS.
Generally White Pine is logged and milled on a large scale, cut mostly into boards and plank,
and there is to-day no common wood which is more economically handled aud more carefully
selected.
Compared to other pines, the White Pine is offered more extensively and has a greater
influence on lumber markets than any other wood used. It is more uniform, lighter, softer, aud
USES OF WOOD.
81
shrinks less than any other pine; it is durable, insect proof, and suited to a much greater
number of uses than the wood of other pine. .
The following table exhibits the position of White Pine as to weight and strength:
Weight and strength of White Pine compared with other pines.
Name of pines.
Bending.
., 1
Rupture.
To relative elastic limit.
Actual.
Kelative.
Pounds
per square
inch.
Eelative.
Pounds
per square
inch.
Eelative.
Pounds
per square
inch.
Eelative.
Lon leaf
81
53
51
48
38
1110
87
84
78
62
12, 800
11,800
10, 400
:, 100
7,900
100
92
81
71
62
10, 300
9,500
7,800
7,700
6,400
100
92
76
75
62
8,300
7,800
6,500
6,700
5,200
100
94
78
81
62
Red or Norway
Of the several columns, that on specific weight being at once the simplest and most truly-
representative of the entire stem of mature timber, illustrates probably the relative position of
these five pines most perfectly. The Southern pines, if only the saw timber is considered, will
prove even heavier and stronger by several per cent than appears from this table.
USES OF WHITE PINE.
There is no wood in the United States, perhaps in the world, of which there is a greater
quantity used, nor one which is put to a greater variety of uses thau that of the White Pine. At
present the great mass of White Pine, probably not less than 95 per cent of the entire output, is
cut into even lengths, usually 12 to IS feet long, preferably IG feet (full 75 per cent being 16 feet),
and is converted principally into boards, plank, and " dimension stuff," 1 to 4 inches thick and
4 inches and upward in width, the widths varying always by an even number of inches.
In all the better mills the slabs are cut into laths, pickets, etc., while the thickest slabs and
the sound portions of very defective logs are cut into shingles. These " shingle cants" are of
variable sizes, usually containing knots and decayed portions; these defects in the shingle are
cut out subsequently by the knot sawyers. Shingles of regular widths are rarely made. In the
sawing of the great mass of lumber the main saw merely cuts slices of various thicknesses from
the logs, and their conversion into certain widths, as well as the removal of uneven edges, is left
to the edger, on whose knowledge and skill much of the success of the mill depends. Usually
the clear stuff, whenever possible, is left in broad and thick planks; the rest is cut into different
widths so as to insure the greatest value, in most cases boards of extra width and select boards,
for siding, etc., receiving preference and determining the conversion. The clear stufi', or " uppers,"
rarely forming over 15 per cent of the cut in our times, are used by manufacturers of sash, doors,
and blinds, and by furniture men, and the most select portions by model makers and other special
manufacturers where the price of the material is of secondary consideration. For material of this
kind the consumer generally pays over $50 per 1,000 feet B. M., and in some cases it is retailed at
over $100. Of the remainder, the great mass is used in the construction of frame houses, whei-e
commonly everything of wood, from cellar to roof, is made of this material. Of the inferior
grades, enormous quantities are used for boxes, and much also is used as fencing and barn lumber.
For box shocks, straight-stave cooperage, pails, tubs, etc., a great deal of small sapling pine
is employed. Smaller quantities of better-grade White Pine are used in mill constructions (for
chutes, elevators, etc.); also in the manufacture of farm implements, for large surfaces, panelwork,
etc., and in boat and ship building for decking, in fitting up cabins, for all kinds of spars, where
its lightness, stiffness, and durability, together with its fine form and dimensions, render it a
special favorite.
Considerable quantities of hewn and round timbers are still brought to market for export,
but on the whole this trade is insignificant when compared to the entire output.
White Pine is universally seasoned in the yard ; most of the lumber does not reach the consumer
until a year after manufacture. The ease of working induces the consumers to do a great deal of
20233— No. 22 6
82 THE -WHITE PINE.
resawing. The flooring, and even siding for the smaller markets, and for cheap construction are
commonly the selected parts of sheathing and other inferior grades, as classed at the mill, and it
is rare to find, in recent years, the best grades of White Pine in the smaller retailers' yards.
In the classification of White Pine a great degree of finesse has been introdnced, and the
closest attention is paid here, as well as in edging and trimming, to the probable future use of a
given piece of material.
From the enormous consumption of White Pine alone, and also from the great variety of uses
to which it is put, it is clear that any material diminution of supplies must affect extensively and
intimately the wood market and wood industries of this country. The common claim of substi-
tution of some other pine or conifer, and still more the belief in the use of hardwoods in the place of
White Pine, have but little in their favor. A shipping case of White Pine requires about half the
eflFort to make and only 50 to 6.5 per cent of the effort to haul or handle as one made of Southern
Pine, its most natural substitute. Similarly, a White Pine lath nails with half the effort, shrinks
less, and thus is far more satisfactory than one made of hard pine. For a good door or for satis-
factory sash and blinds only the Cypress and White Cedar can enter as a substitute, and both
are too restricted in their occurrence, and the Cypress has too little chance of future regeneration
to deserve consideration as a general substitute. The transportation of Pacific coast timbers,
a small portion of which have the properties of White Pine, to the densely populated Eastern
United States is not likely to occur on a lai'ge scale, for the cost of hauling alone equals the
value of good grades of Eastern lumber.
APPENDIX.
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
APPENDIX.
TABLES OF MEASUEEMENTS.
The following tables record tlie detail investigations, measurements, and tabulations whicli
have served as a basis for the discussion of the growth of the White Pine. The measurements
in the field were made by Mr. Austin Gary, of Bangor, Me., and by Mr. A. K. Mlodziansky, of
the Division of Forestry. Mr. Mlodziansky has also executed the laborious calculations, and is
responsible for their accuracy.
The methods employed in this investigation have been described in general in Bulletin No. 20,
"Measuring the forest crop," of the Division of Forestry. They are in the main similar to those
practiced by European foresters, with some minor and one important modification, which latter
Mr. Mlodziansky has developed during the course of his work in collating the data. This modifi-
cation, which refers to the analyzing of trees for ascertaining the rate of growth, consists in
grouping by age classes, and instead of analyzing each single-measured tree, as is usually done
in European practice, averages the data of measurement from a number of trees grouped and
then analyzes the growth of the average tree thus constructed of each age class or group. In
this way the work of collating is very considerably reduced and the measurements of a very much
larger number of trees can be expeditiously utilized for average statement. It is needful,
however, in order to be quite satisfactory, that the classification or grouping of trees be made
in the woods while measuring, a task which requires considerable judgment. When the classi-
fication is so done in the woods, the mechanical work is further simplified by entering the
measurements for each group in sets, the measurements of cross sections taken at the same height
being entered on the same sheet for all trees of the group, when the averaging of the measurements
can at once be performed on the same sheets.
The forms used in the investigation are also appended, and will serve to further elucidate the
methods pursued.
Since it was not expedient to fell trees specially for these measurements, it was not always
possible to secure all measurements in the most desirable form ; for instance, the desirable meas-
urement and correlation to age of diameters at breast height, and at short intervals of the height,
could not be obtained, because the work was performed on trees cut in regular lumbering opera-
tions; hence, the data had to be manipulated and interpolations used so as to secure satisfactory
approximations for the periodic growth. The number of trees analyzed (some 700) is so large
that any deficiency of method may be considered as neutralized.
TABLES OP CUBIC AND BOARD CONTENTS OF WHITE PINE.
The tables of cubic and board contents of White Pine are based upon the measurements of
pine taken for analysis from the various sites described in the tabulations of acre yields.
The stem of each individual tree was calipered at intervals of 4 or 8 feet, and the volumes of
the portions between two successive diameter measurements were calculated separately, considering
them as frustrums of cones. From the volumes of stems of similar height and diameter, breast
high, the average volume was noted. The volumes of stems of missing dimensions was calculated
by employmg the corresponding factors of shape. The factor of shape is determined by dividing
the volume of a tree by that of a cylinder of the same height and diameter, breast high ; it shows
the taper of the stem and is usually expressed in decimals, thus representing arithmetically the
form of the stem. For determining the volume of a tree by means of the factor of shape, it is
necessary only to measure the diameter and height of the tree, find the volume of a cylinder of the
corresponding height and diameter, and multiply that volume by the factor of shape.
The lumber of stems in board feet was determined by employing Scribner's rule.
85
86
THE WHITE PINE.
JO odBtis
J0>3BJ
uajq)
■(q3m
!)e«8jq)
i9^9aiB!cr
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
87
Table II. — Actual tapering and board coiilents of stems of TTJiite Pine front 5 to oli inches in diameter, breast high.
Diameter (in inclies) ivitli bark at a heiglit from
grouDd of —
14.2
U.2
14.0
14.7
17.1
17.0
16.9
18.3
18.2
18.0
18.2
17.8
17.8
19.1
19.0
19.2
19.1
19.1
20,0
20.2
105 20.2
120
10.0
10.2
10.6
11.5
12.1 i 10.8
12.9 11.3
12.3 11.4
14.1 13.0
14.3 I 12.9
15.5 1 14.0
16.3
16.6
17.1
17.4
20.3
18.0
21.1
I8..i
20. 9
I8.fi
21.0
IK. 5
21.3
18.4
21.0
17.3
22. 0
18.2
22.3
19.7
12.4
14.9
14.9
15.8
16.0
18.1
10.0
11.1
11.6
13.0
14.6 13.3 U.O
15.2 I 13.5 11.9
15.0 13.9 12.2
16.0 13.8 10.2
15.4 I 13.7 » 11.0
13.2 13.3 1 11.7
16.0 14.5 13.0
17.0 15.5 I 14.0
15.4 12.9 : 9.8
10.3
11.1
13.6
9.4
11.4
11.9
13.6
14.3
7.6
11.6
13.3
13.5
11.0
12.0
14.9
16.4
9.1
12.4
14.6
16.3
16.4
16.5
16. 8 10. 7
17.5 I 13.9
17.3 14.7
19.3 1'
«
s
25.2
"5.1
22.2
22.2
29.0
29.1
29.0
29.1
.30.0
30.1
30.1
30.1
30.0
31.0
31.1
31.0
31.2
31.1
32.0 I
32.0
31.9
32.0
32.2 i
32.2
33.2
33.1
33.1
33.2
34.0
34.0
34.2
34.0
34.0 1
34.3
35.0
35.1
35.2 ,
35.2 :
35.2
35.0
36.0
36.0
36.0
37.0
30.9
37.0
37.0
38.0
38.0
38.0
39.0
39.0
40.0
41.0
! 42. 0
43.0
44.0
43.0
46.0
46.0
47.0
50.0
21.3
21.9
22.7
21.2
20.4
21.1
19.2
18.8
16.4
18.5 14.8
19. 0 16. 7
19. 0 16. 6
19.7 , 18.7
19.5
18.8
18.7
19.4
23.1
21.0
24. 2
21.0
23, 6
21.9
22.9
20.6
23.0
21.0
24.8
22.7
24.8
23.1
25 3
24.2
23.7
21.2
23. 0
20.0
25.0
22.8
24.2
22.6
24.8
23.1
26.3
23.8
24.6
25.1 ■
25.8 j
26.2 I
26.7
27.1
25.1
26.7
26.7
28.3
27.2
27.1
25.9
27.9
30.0
27.9
28.7
28.3
29.4
29.2
28.3
28,0
29,0
31.3
30.0
30,3
31.8
29.8
30.0
31.3
31.3
28.8
33,0
33.0
22.1 •
23.2 i
23.6 j
24.8
23,8 [
24.3
26,1
25,6
27.1
25.8
28.1
28.0
28.5
29.0
25.0
26. 1
14.2
16.5
18.4
20.0
21.1 18.9
21.4 19.3
22.5 16.5
20.4 17.6
21. 0 18. 4
21.6 19.1
22. 9 21. 0
19.7 14.2
21. 2 18. 1
20. 8 17. 9
22,7 ' 20,7
22.7 : 20.8
22.7 I 17.6
23.2 I 19.1
24.0 ' 20.9
21.3 19.1
24. 2 22. 1
24. 1 i 22. 9
22.6 I 18.2
23.8 I 21.3
24.0 I 21.7
24.5 22.6
21.5 ! 16.5
22.7 18.5
23.9 I 21.0
24.3 I 22.2
25.3 23.4
25.5 23.7
23. 7 20. 3
23. 6 20. 8
25.7 I 23.0
27.0
19.5
18.1
i. 9 I 22. 1 I 19. 2
1.0 I 19. 0 i 14.0
1.0 28. 0 25.0
1.0 21, 5 1 19,0
■. 9 I 23. 1 22, 7
26,5
25,0
28.3
23,5
19,9
22,9
20,5
20,0
26,0
37,2
33.5
31.2
28.4
34, 5
31.8
29.0
26.2
36, K
34.1
32.3
29.7
35, H
33.9
30.7
28.7
37, 5
34.4
30.6
2S.0
30.0
23.0
22.5
20.0
38, V
35.8
34.4
32.4
40,4
37.4
35.3
32.4
41,0
38.0
3.5.0
31.0
41.5
38.0
34.0
31.3
12.5
14.3
15.1
18.9
11.7
13.2
15.1
18.5
18.3
12.3
13.9
16.2
16.5
19.9
21.3
11.0
16,7
18,0
20,0
10.0
13.9
14.9
19.1
20.4
22.0
14.4
17.2
20,8
20,0
22,3
24.0
10.0
14.3
15.0
10.0
22.8
14.0
18.3
24.2
24.0
13.0
18.3
17.3
14.8
23,0
22,0 ;
25.5 .
23.0
10.7
10. 3
10.0
9.3
10.0
14.3
15.9
10.0
7.1
13.4
12.6
16.3
18.5
11.6
12.6
16.8
"g.'o'
12.7
14.6
19.3
23.0
9.2
14.0
18.9
13.0
13.1
20.8
18.7
8.0
12.5
6.0
14.2
14.5
1,230
1.513
1,743
1,203
1, 279
1,318
1, 268
1,114
1,278
1,388
1,825
1,120
1.318
1.202
1.650
1,684
1,395
1,409
1,621
1,390
2,023
2,181
1,511
1,779
1,787
1,965
1,341
1,445
1, 705
1.877
2.259
2,408
l,.=i50
1, 672
2,368
2,309
2,512
3. 0fi7
1,490
1,321
1,474
1,285
2, 800
1,509
2,035
2,087
2,396
1,604
2,204
1,751
1.706
3,107
2,850
3,561
2,817
3,810
3,589
3,411
1,665
4,702
4,960
4.483
4,350
88
THE WHITK PINE.
Table III. — Measurements of White Pine grown tinder similar conditions, ijronped in age classes for averaging.
[The groups of trees measured are sample trees recorded in Table VI.]
Age.
Diameter
with bark
(breast
high).
Total
height.
Factor of
shape.
Ratio of
the length
of crown
to the to
tal height
of the
tree.
Volume
of boles.
Accretion,
Group, location, and description of site.
Tree
her.
Current
annual.
Average
annual.
OHonp A.
Matsachuseits and New Hampthire.
White Pine mixed with hardwoods on a hill. Soil,
brown or yellowish .sandy loam, medium-sized grain,
light, loose, fresh, and well drained, with a leafy sur-
face cover. Trees, 400-500 to the acre.
21
33
2
19
3
31
27
25
Yrs.
33
42
48
39
48
41
47
47
Inches.
6.5
8.6
8.5
9.2
9.2
9.5
9.1
10.0
11.2
10.3
13.0
12.8
Feet.
51.3
65.3
60.0
55.2
62.5
63.0
64.0
62.7
53.0
70.0
71.5
69.5
0.57
.51
.58
.58
.57
.57
.56
.50
.52
.50
.50
.52
0.37
.34
.21
.42
.35
.36
.40
.35
.54
.34
.48
.37
Cubic ft^
13! 1
13.8
14.3
15.6
16.0
15.9
17.0
18.4
21.3
32.7
33.1
Oublcft.
Cubieft.
32 ! 44
1 55
26 ! 47
44
41
41
39
40
40
49
49
50
54
39
51
9.8
6.8
7.1
8.3
8.2
9.1
9.5
10.2
10.3
11.2
12.0
12.5
13.7
62.3
43.8
51.8
52.0
53.0
58.2
63.7
68.0
63.0
69.0
59.1
69.9
71.5
.53
0.47
.51
.43
.51
.51
.61
.45
.50
.51
.48
.52
.51
.38
0.42
.51
.40
.61
.36
.43
.47
.46
.37
.51
.41
.42
18.1
5.6
8.0
8.8
9.9
13.0
16.3
16.6
19.0
19.7
22.4
31.3
36.3
0.60
0.41
GROUP B.
Massachusetts and New Bampshire.
■White Pine on a level plain site. Soil, a brown or yel-
low-brown loamy sand, underlaid by sand or sand with
gravel in medium or sometimes coarse grain, shallow,
porous, light, moderately loose, fresh, and well drained,
with an abundant lealy surface cover. Trees, 350-400
to the acre.
28
29
7
30
8
6
12
11
4
9
10
45
9.9
12.0
11.0
12.5
11.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
60.0
60.0
38.5
55.0
59.0
56.0
58.5
60.0
59.0
58.0
55,0
.50
0.43
.47
.41
.48
.45
.49
.48
.51
.46
.42
.44
0.62
.55
.67
.49
.50
.52
.43
.46
.48
.49
0.38
PennsiiUania.
20.2
20.0
19.4
18.7
18.3
17.9
17.3
16.4
16.3
15.4
12 1 44
in it, deep, fresh, and well drained.
8
16
9
5
6
21
47
47
45
47
47
48
11.0
14.5
13.3
12.8
11.8
10.2
11.0
58.0
64
60
61
58
65
62
.45
0.45
.44
.45
.52
.59
.50
.52
0.55
.58
.38
.41
.35
.35
18.0
33.1
26.4
25.6
20.1
22.0
21.1
0.70
0.39
GROUP c.
Maine.
White Pine with scattering Hemlock, occasional Spruce
and Fir, on a level plain site; scanty undergrowth of
"Hazel and young Hemlock. Soil, gray sand, some-
times brown or loamy, with 3 inches vegetable mold,
deep, fresh, leafy surface cover; clayey subsoil
9
4
8
3
10
12
50
69
55
50
59
50
54
64
57
50
47
52
49
52
54
54
12.3
14.5
14.5
8.5
8.6
11.0
11.5
9.5
8.0
10.0
62
54
58
50
46
50
46
63
54
56
.49
0.46
.47
.48
.45
.43
.47
.46
.53
.48
.44
0.66
.66
.60
.61
.60
.61
.66
.66
.68
Pennsylvania.
From a young White Pine grove mixed with mature
Spruce, Hemlock, and scattering hardwoods. Soil,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
28.7
31.4
9.5
14.2
15.7
12.1
10.1
14.7
53
82
81
83
79
10.5
14.0
14.7
15.0
15.0
52
82
84
82
83
85
96
.47
0.49
.50
.48
.48
.46
.47
.64
0.39
.42
.41
.31
.37
.51
16.0
43.0
48.0
48.1
50.8
78.2
85.7
0.68
0.30
GEOUP D.
Wisconsin.
An open grove of hardwoods, in which White Pine is
scattered in varying proportions, on broken land, with
frequent swamps m the hollows; undergrowth, of
young hardwoods. Fir, few Hemlock, and Hornbeam,
boil, light-brown sandy loam, medium tine grain,
loose, deep, fresh, and well drained, with an abundant
leafy surface cover.
22
23
31
27
30
33
81 I 19.0
M 18.7
Average
82*
16.0
85
.48
.40
58.9
2.16
0.71
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS. 89
Table III. — Measurements of Tfhiie Pine grown under similar venditions, grouped in age classes for averaging — Continued.
Tree
ber.
Age,
Diameter
with bark
(breast
high).
Total
height.
Factor of
shape.
Ratio of
the length
of crown
to the to-
tal height
of the
tree.
Accretion,
Gronp, location, and description of site.
Volume
of boles.
Current
annual.
Average
annual.
GROUP E.
Maine.
7
12
13
17
18
23
21
16
9
20
Trs.
98
92
98
92
92
97
97
90
102
100
Inchet.
28.0
28.0
25.0
25.5
25.0
22,0
20.6
22.5
20.0
20.3
Feet.
100
103
92
91
88
98
102
91
100
103
0,41
.36
.46
.42
.44
.46
.35
.46
.47
.41
0.60
.61
.48
.56
.46
.49
.45
.52
.43
.40
Cubic ft.
175.3
161.0
140.3
136.3
131.7
119.4
118.1
115.1
104.0
98.8
V
Cubic ft.
Oubieft.
occasional Norway Pine, on a level; undergrowth,
moderately dense, of small Hemlock and Seecli, with
numerous small Maple and Oak. Soil, gray or brown,
fine, loamy sand, fresh, with 2 or 3 inches mold on
top, and leafy surface cover : clay probably some feet
below surface. Density of crown, 0.7, Trees, 126 to
96 23. 7
97
95
99
96
99
92
80
79
87
89
.42
0.43
.43
.45
.46
.41
.48
.45
.49
.43
.50 130.0
0.40 1 93.3
.33 1 88.4
.35 84.9
.40 1 71.3
.52 69.9
.41 68.4
.48 67.2
. 46 67. 0
.38 60.7
2.10
GROUP F.
Maine.
White Pine with scattering Red and '^Vhite Oak, and
occasional Norway Pine, on a level; undergrowth,
moderately dense, 'of small Hemlock and Beech, with
numerous small Maple and Oak. Soil, gray or brown,
tine, loamy sand, fresh, with 2 or 3 inches mold on top,
and leafy surf:ice cover ; clay probably some feet below
surface. Density of crown cover, 0.7. Trees, 126 to
4
8
22
101
98
98
S9
. 20.5
19.5
19.0
16.8
18,5
18.5
18.7
17 2
14 ! 93
28
19
15
11
93
89
99
89 1 17, 2
95
100
96
82
99
18.5
13.5
14.4
16.5
20.0
91
94
90
94
100
.45
0.44
.47
.47
.41
.41 74.5 1 l.S.'i
0.78
GEOCP G.
Michigan.
Open grove on a level plain, alon^the banks of a river,
of mixed White and Norway Pine, with scattering
White Birch, and occasionally Oak, Hackmatack, and
Banksian Pine; undergrowth scanty, of young Fir,
Cedar (Thuja occidentalia), and few small Oaks. Soil,
gray or light brown, sand,,, medium fine-grained,
porous, light, loose, dry {in places fresh), with a
leafy surface cover.
1
24
18
9
0.57
(?)
.53
.46
41.0
48.7
65.7
90.9
94
109
112
16.0
13.0
14,0
14.8
15.3
16,5
17.0
17.0
18.3
20.5
20.8
94i . 45
.51
0.51
.47
.47
.37
.30
.59
(I)
61. 5 2, 13
0.65
GROUP H.
Michigan.
Open grove on a level plain, alon^^the banks of a river,
of mixed White and Korway Pine, with scattering
5
23
94i
96
93
85
104
101
100
103
105
105
.62
.47
.45
.47
.41
.42
.45
.44
.41
.39
45.7
50.2
51.4
53.3
64.3
67.6
72.4
Fir, Cedar (Thuja occidentalie), and a few small Oaks.
Soil, gray or light brown, sandy, medium, fine-
grained, porous, light, loose, dry '(in places fresh),
with a leafy surface cover.
15 1 106
7 no
6 109
20 112
4 , 112
19 ' 108
21 109
. 49 1 99. 1
.42 i 99.8
109J 16. 7
98i
102
90
99
94
.44
0.40
.42
.42
.39
.46
0.54
.51
.U
.59
68.9
89.7
92.7
96.7
103.0
1.64
0.63
GROUP I.
Michigan.
Norway Pine (67 per cent), mixed with WTiite Pine
(.12 per cent), and occasional Rock Maple, on a level
plain. Soil, yellow or gray sand, fresh, moderately
loose, with a surface cover of brakes; subsoil, sandy.
Density of crown cover, 0,7. Trees, 182 to the acre.
1
22
■ 48
47
123
101
105
104
20.0
20.8
20.5
22.7
108
121
125
125
125
119
21.0
20.2
24.5
26.5
26.3
29.0
96
91
89
96
105
97
.41
0.45
.45
.39
.47
.42
.51
0.50
.58
.46
.53
.57
95.5
90.9
131.8
141.5
176.8
189.5
1.81
0.89
G10UP K.
Wisconsin.
An open grove of hardwoods, in which Whit« Pine is
scattered in varying proportions, on broken land, with
frequent swam'ps in the hollows: undergrowth, of
young hardwoods. Fir, few Hemlock, and Hornbeam.
Soil, '^light-brown sandy loam, medium fine grain,
loose, deep, fresh, and well drained, with an abundant
14
28
15
16
17
Average ».
123
25.3
95
.44
.53
145.5
2.92
1.19
9Q THE WHITE PINE.
Table III.— Measunments of TTli ite Fine groxon xinder Hmilar conditions, grouped in age classes for averaging— Continued.
D<1 description of site.
CROUP L.
Michigan.
■White Pine (70 percent) intermixed TvithKorway Pine
( 14 per cent) and Hemlock (15 per cent), with scattering
Cedar (Thuja occidenlalis) and Kock Maple, and
occasional Beech and White Birch, on a, level plain;
undergrowth, dense, of voung Fir. Soil, gray sand,
fresh and deep, light and loose, with a surface cover
of scanty leaves ; subsoil, sandy loam, underlaid by
clay. Density of crown, 0.8. Trees, 156 to the acre.
Tree
num-
ber.
2IichigaJt.
A tworoof grove, upper roof formed of White Pine,
under roof of Beech, Maple, Fir, and occasionally
"White Birch and Hemlock ; undergrowth, moderately
dense, ot young hardwoods and Fir. Soil, brown
loamy sand, fresh, moderately loose, with a surface
cover ot brakes and grass ; subsoil, sand with stones.
Michiga7i.
Norway Pine (67 per cent) mixed with "White Pine
(32 per cent), and occasional Rock Maple, on a level
plain. Soil, yellow or gray .sand, fresh, moderately
loose, with a surface cover of brakes: subsoil, .sandy.
Density of crown cover, 0.7. Trees, 182 to the acre.
Average.
GRorp o.
Hichigan.
"White Pine (70 per cent) intermised with Norway Pine
(14 per cent) and Hemlock (15 per cent), with scatter-
ing Cedar (Thuja occidentalis) and Kock Maple, and
occasional Beech and "White Birch, on a level plain;
undergrowth dense, of young Fir. Soil, gray sand,
fresh and deep, light and loose, with a surface cover
of scanty leaves : subsoil, sandy loam, underlaid by
clay. Density of crown cover, 0.8. Trees, 156 to the
Wisconsin.
White Pine mixed more or less with Yellow Birch,
Kock Maple, Norway Pine, and occasional Bass, Pop-
lar, and Elm. on uneven land, full of drift ridges and
hollows, frequently full of w.iter. Soil, a mixture
of loam, sand, anit stones, with 2 to 3 inches black
mold on top, and fairly covered with leaves.
riROCP Q.
Alichigan.
Norway Pine intermixed with "White Pine in varying
proportions, on rolling land, with open places of Red
Oak, Maple, and Beech; no undergrowth. Soil,
light-brown sand (slightly loamy), very deep, me-
dium fine, light, loose, dry, and well drained, with a
moderately leafy surface cover.
Average
Diameter
A «a with bark
■*-8®- (breast
high).
Total
height.
Factor of
shape.
Inches.
19.5
19.7
20.0
22.0
22.5
21.7
22.8
23.2
24.0
24.0
23.5
25.0
13.2
15.5
16.3
18.6
23.0
23.0
24.6
Ratio of
thelength
of crown
to the to-
tal height
of the
tree.
Cubic ft.
109.8
115.1
121.5
123.5
130.1
136.4
138.5
141.1
143.5
144.7
48.6
!i5.3
61.7
71.1
94.6
8£.0
129.4
137.9
137.6
154.1
95.3
23.0
24.0
23.5
22.0
24.2
25.0
26.3
23.5
24.0
24.2
25.7
27.3
30.5
23.2
26.0
140.6
148.0
157.3
164.3
168.8
205.4
Oubicft.
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS. 91
Table III. — Measumnents of TThite Pine grown under similar conditions, (jronped in age classes for averaging — Continued.
Total
height.
Factor of
shape.
Eatio of
the leDgth
of crown
to the to.
tal height
of the
tree.
Volume
of holes.
Accretion.
Group, location, and description of aite.
rp_^„ Diameter
num Aire .^ithbark
be?" <b"^*
^^''- high).
1
Carrent
annual.
Average
OROUP B.
Wisconsin.
White Pine intermixed with Yellow Birrh. Rock Maple,
r™.
1 1 304
2 1 210
3 207
4 200
5 206
0 205
7 210
Incfies.
27.3
25.2
31.0
29.5
29.2
Feet.
123
137
127
116
1.30
0.44
.48
.37
.43
.46
.43
.39
.39
.38
0.59
.40
.35
.51
.29
.52
.37
.38
.49
Cubic ft.
219
227
246
239
282
284
292
312
415
Cubic ft.
Cubieft.
sometimes full of water, more often open grassy
swampa, with Alder and Hackmatack, fringed by
stones of all sizes, nioist; subsoil, sometimes of clay,
30.0 1 133
34.0 118
8
9
214
210
36.0
39.0
113
130
207
211
228
220
207
204
205
212
204
31.2
20.2
23.6
22.8
27.2
27.0
27.0
27.8
27.3
125
110
113
121
107
121
122
104
112
.42
0.51
.43
.45
.46
.42
.43
.41
43
0.64
.42
.45
.28
.43
.25
279
132
148
153
200
204
210
180
186
1.67
OROCP s.
Wisconsin.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Bass, and Norway Pine, on ridge land, with hollows
sometimes full of water, more often open grassy
swampa.with Alder and Hackmatack, fringed by pine.
Soil, red clayej- ^oam, mixed with sand and stones of
all sizes, moist ; aubsoil, sometimes of clay, sometimes
.41 .41
176.5
166
183
Wl
201
210
187
238
250
291
0.83
GROUP T.
Wisconsin.
24.7
27.0
27.0
26.0
26.8
24.0
29.0
29 0
30.0
102
113
121
126
126
134
132
133
133
0.49
.41
.39
.43
.42
.44
.39
.41
0.45
.38
.37
.41
.40
.42
.37
.39
what uneven land ; underCTOwth. of young hardwoods
and Fir. Soil, clayey, underlaid by a hardpau of clay
and stonea, fresh with 4-inch mold on lop.
2 221
3 213
5
6
8
216
202
204
212
^
211
216
222
228
220
27.0
31.8
35.0
24.8
24.0
24.5
29.0
124
121
123
U6
100
107
118
.42
0.43
.42
.41
.49
.45
.44
.44
0.40
.46
.40
.27
.35
.49
GROUP U.
Wisconsin.
10
11
12
13
287
344
160
156
157
249
RockMaple. Norway Pine, and occasional Bass. Pop-
lar, and Elm, on uneven land, full of drift ridges
and hollows, frequently full nf water. Soil, a mix-
mold on toj), and fairly covered with leaves.
17 218
221
28.2
20.0
■ 24.5
27.5
27.5
28.3
30.2
33.0
33.0
33.0
37.0
40.0
114
120
137
138
129
143
141
121
140
144
147
125
.44
0.43
.42
.38
.41
.42
.39
0.46
.41
'■".38
.60
224
112.56
191.07
' 215. 28
1.57
1.01
GROUP V.
Miclii()an.
A two-roof grove, nppfr roof formed of "White Pine,
under roof of Beecli, Maple. Fir, and occasionally
8
30
1
242
226
226
264.49
291. 03
317.85
321. 86
389. 57
455. 05
l5 5Vn
33
39
29
3
226
237
233
245
.38
.45
.41
.49
.77
.55
233
234
236
235
30.3
23.2
23.8
24.5
23.0
24.5
27.0
24.5
25.5
135
137
142
142
140
145
120
145
143
.41 .48 1 296.6 1.05
1.27
GROUP w.
Michigan.
A two-roof grove, upper roof formed by White Pine (80
percent) and Norway Pine (20 per cent), under roof of
fine, tall Hemlock; undergrowth, of young Hemlock,
Beech, and Dwarf Maple. Soil, brown loamy sand,
deep, fine (for sand), porous, loose, and well ilrained
surface cover; aubsou, same as soil.
3
2
11
0.43
.44
.43
.46
.43
.43
.43
.42
.44
!
0. 39 169. 0
. 43 197. 3
.43 199.1
6 : 237
.40
.36
.47
.42
.44
205.4
206.8
207.0
212.6
227.3
231.1
233. 9
17
10
10
15
18
9
4
8
19
12
232
233
237
235
245
236
236
238
244
233
26. 0 143
30. 0 122
26. 2 145
27. 0 150
29. 0 140
34. 0 130
32. 0 144
.39 .35
.44 .42
.45 .41
.43 1 .40
.42 1 .62
.43 1 .39
271.5
281.1
348.1
349.6
..
1
1
Average
237J
26.5
140
.43
.41
236.4
1.64
0.99
92 - THE WHITE PINE.
Table III.^MeasuremenU of White Pine grown under similar conditions, grouped in age classes for averaging — Continued.
Tree
num-
ber.
Age.
Diameter
vith bark
(breast
high).
Total
height.
1
Ratio of
helength
of crown
to the to-
al lieight
of the
tree.
Volume
of boles.
Accretion.
Group, location, and deacription of site.
Factor of
shape.
Current
annual.
Average
annnd.
OROtJP X.
, Michigan.
A t woroof crore, npper roof formod of "^hite Pine, un-
der roof of Boecb, Maple. Fir. and occasionally White
Birch and Hemlock; undergrowth, moderatelj- dense,
of young hardwoods and Fir. Soil, brown loamy sand,
fresh, moderately loose, with a surface cover of brakes
and grass; subsoil, sand with stones.
14
7
38
23
13
30
4
42
16
2
35
6
15
5
17
Tra.
258
2.52
252
265
253
2.56
260
260
251
256
265
266
256
258
260
Inchet.
26.0
29.2
25.5
27.0
30.0
32.0
31.5
29.5
33.0
31.0
31.5
33.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
Feet.
119
139
157
126
135
142
132
155
144
145
144
139
154
138
149
0.37
.41
.35
.41
.39
.34
.38
.42
.33
.41
.40
.38
.41
.42
0.40
.46
.58
.44
.45
.59
.48
.48
.41
.39
.33
.51
.33
.59
.45
Cubic ft.
162.54
Cubic /t.
Cubic/t.
205.21
207. 67
259.13
267. 87
275. 89
311.99
313.07
314.06
314.38
316.81
360. 75
370. 50
404. 18
Av raee
258
417
445
4.55
426
460
457
461
435
45S
30.5
37.0
35.5
41.0
43.0
46.0
47.0
48.0
46.0
47.0
141
155
141
152
160
150
160
170
168
162
.39
.46
0.45
.3D
.53
.56
.48
.45
.56
.51
.57
285. 00
433.2
510.5
583.7
077.3
694.1
721.9
737.9
819.6
855.3
1.50
1.10
GKOrp T.
Michigan.
Moderately dense grove of White Pine intermixed with
hardwoods and Hemlock, with occasional Norway
Pine, on a level plain ; undergrowth, of young Hem-
lock and haidwoods. Soil, brown loamy sand, me-
dium line grain, light, loose, very deep, fresh, well
drained, with a moderately leafy surface cover.
5
1
4
9
8
3
6
10
52
41
42
40
37
38
42
Average
446
260
260
259
241
244
262
265
250
266
245
248
259
262
263
241
261
43.0
35.5
36.0
32.0
32.0
33.0
28.0
39.0
34.0
44.0
34.0
34.0
33.0
33.0
31.0
31.5
37.0
157
158
157
152
150
146
156
153
150
144
146
142
133
146
144
134
146
.41
0.40
.43
.46
.41
.42
.43
.40
.42
.42
.40
.42
.40
.42
.36
.42
.44
.50
0.43
.42
.44
.59
.34
.43
.42
.48
.30
.37
.37
.31
.38
.43
.34
670.4
435.4
481.3
396.0
347.7
365.9
285.8
511.1
402.4
638.4
366.7
373.4
304.5
369.2
275.2
307.7
482.9
2.60
1.50
GEorp z.
Penmylvania.
Hemlock mixed with "White Pine, with scattering hard-
woods; undergrowth, moderately dense, of young
hardwoods and Hemlock. Soil, yellow clay loam of
a medium grain, deep, fresh, well drained, with 2 to
3 inches mold on top, and a surface cover of scanty
leaves, Fern and Teaberries.
1
3
4
10
12
18
19
30
21
23
33
34
35
3«
37
255
34.0 1 147 1 .41 1 .39
390.0 1 2.10 1.53
!
1
TABLES OP MEASUREMENTS.
93
Tablk IV. — Tlimenaiom, volume, and rate of yroioih, by decades, tased upon analysts of trees in Tahles III and VI.
(J.) OLD-GEOWTH PINE.
(1) DOMINANT TREES.
Average throughout the range.]
(224 trees.)
Age.
Diameter
at height
of2Jftet
(without
bark).
Total
height
of tree.
Volumo
of stem
(without
bark).
Eelative per cent of total
volume.
Periodic accretion.
Average
annual
accretion.
Current
annual
accretion.
Heart-
wood.
Per cent.
Sapwood.
Bark.
Decade.
Height.
Volume.
Tears.
10
20
3D
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
Inches.
0.9
2.5
4.8
6.9
8.7
10.5
12.1
13.8
15.5
17.2
18.9
20.6
22.2
23.7
25.0
26.3
27.5
28.7
29.8
31.0
30.7
31.6
32.0
Feet.
7.7
21.0
33.7
46.0
56.7
66.3
74.7
82.0
89.0
91.3
99.0
103.7
107.7
111.3
114.4
117.3
120.7
123.7
126.3
129.0
134.5
137.5
140.5
Cubic /t.
(?)
0.5
2.2
5.6
10.8
18.6
28.0
38.8
50.9
66.0
82.7
100.3
118.5
137.3
155.7
175.3
194.6
214.8
234.7
254.7
Per cent.
Per cent.
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
( 1"
{ \l
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Feet.
7.7
13.3
12.7
12.3
10.7
9.7
8.3
7.3
7.0
5.7
4.3
4.7
4.0
3.7
3.U
3.0
3.3
3.0
2.7
2.7
3.0
3.0
3.0
Cubie/t.
(?)
(»)
1.7
3.4
5.2
9.5
10.8
12.1
15.1
16.7
17.6
16.2
18. a
18.4
19.6
19.3
20.2
19.9
20.0
20.6
21.5
21.6
Cubic ft.
(')
0.02
.07
.13
.22
.31
.40
.49
.56
.66
.75
.84
.91
.98
1.04
1.09
1.14
1.19
1.23
1.27
1.25
1.30
1.34
Cubic ft.
(?)
(!)
0.17
.34
.52
.77
.95
1.08
1.21
1.51
1.67
1.76
1.82
1.88
1.84
1.96
1.93
2.02
1.99
2.00
2.06
2.15
2.16
40
47
13
j
j 55
33
12
66
23
12
69
21
U
80 100 ISO 140
PDE
Flo. 19.— Diagram slwwiug rate of height growth of dominant trees.
180 200
94
THE WHITE PINE.
Tablk IV. — Dimenaions, volume, and rate of growth, by decades, etc. — Continued.
(J.) OLD-GROWTH PINE— Continued.
(2) CODOMINAMT TKEES.
[Average throughout the range.]
(106 trees.)
Age.
Diameter
at height
of 2J feet
(without
bark).
Total
height
of tree.
Volume
of stem
(without
bark).
Relative per cent of total
volume.
Periodic accretion.
^arnua"
accretion.
Current
annual
accretion.
IZt S'^P-""-
Bark.
Decade.
Height.
Volume.
Teart.
10
20
30
40
60
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
Inchet.
0.8
2.3
4.0
6.8
7.5
9.0
10.5
11.9
13.3
14.7
16.0
17.3
18.6
19.8
20.8
23.0
23.0
23.8
24.7
25.6
26.3
27.0
27.7
Feet.
6.0
16.0
28.5
38.0
47.5
56.5
64.0
71.5
79.0
84.5
89.5
94.5
19.0
103.0
107.0
111.0
114.0
117.5
120.0
122.5
125.0
127.5
130.0
Cubic /t.
(0
0.4
1.6
4.4
7.7
11.3
17.4
24.9
34.4
44.5
65.5
67.5
78.6
91.5
104.0
115.9
127.7
129.2
142.9
162.7
165.5
179.3
193.0
Per cent
Per cent.
Per cent.
1
3
Feet.
6.0
10.0
12.0
9.6
9.5
9.0
1:1
7.5
5.5
5.0
5.0
4.5
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
3.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
Cubic ft.
(?)
(»
1.2
2.9
3.3
3.6
6.1
7.5
9.5
10.2
11.0
12.0
11.2
12.9
12.5
12.0
11.8
13.9
13.7
9.8
12.8
13.8
15.7
Cubic ft.
(!)
0.02
.05
.11
.15
.19
.25
.31
.38
.45
.50
.56
.61
.66
.69
.72
.75
.72
.76
.76
.79
.81
.84
Cubic ft.
(!)
(?)
0.12
.29
.33
.36
.61
.75
.95
1.02
1.10
1.20
1.12
1.29
1.25
1.20
1.18
1.39
1.37
.98
1.28
1.38
1.67
6
6
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IS
19
20
21
23
/^tra
/s
tpfO
I
I
mmmmmm
■■I
::::::::: ftveragB i
Current
II
l::::::::::::::::::::s
nnual accretion
j> »j
rHI
■
U
HjlHiilliy^^^^^^^ m^
::
\V:\V^z\\\\\V-.\\\\Vz
LU-U-- Kit'
iTrl
20 40
60
80
laO 120
fiEE
140 /GO 180 200
Fig. 20. — Diagram ebowing rate of lieiglit growth, of codoiuinant trees.
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
95
Table IV. — Dimensions, volume, and rate of growth, hy decades, etc. — Continued.
(A) OLD-GEOWTH PINE— Continued.
(3) OPPRESSED TBBES.
[Average throughout the range.]
(104 trees.)
Age.
Diameter
at height
of 2iteet
{without
bark).
Total
height
of tree.
Volume
of stem
(without
bark).
Relative per cent of total
volume.
Periodic accretion.
Average
aunual
accretion.
Current
annual
accretion.
Heart-
wood.
Sapwood. Bark.
Decade.
Height.
Volume.
Tears.
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
160
160
170
180
190
200
Inches.
0.9
2.0
3.7
5.2
6.7
8.0
9.2
10.6
11.9
13.3
14.7
15.9
17.1
18.2
19.3
20.3
21.2
22.2
23.2
23.9
Feet.
4.0
11.0
18.0
26.0
34.0
43.5
61.5
59.5
66.5
73.0
79.0
84.5
89.0
93.5
97.0
100.5
103.5
106.5
109.0
111.5
Cubic ft.
(0
0.4
0.7
Per cent.
Per cent. Per cent.
1 i
18
19
20
Feet.
4.0
7.0
7.0
8.0
8.5
9.0
8.0
8.0
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
4.5
4.5
3.5
3.5
3.0
3.0
2.5
2.5
Cubicft.
<!*
(!)
0.4
1.0
1.9
2.9
Cubic ft.
0)
0.02
.02
.04
.07
.11
Cubicft.
'i'
(?)
0.04
.10
.19
.29
.38
.48
.65
.75
.85
.93
1.03
1.15
1.10
1.13
1.15
1.18
1.10
1.10
3.6
6.5
10.3
15.1
26.5
29.0
37.5
46. S
57.0
68.5
79.5
90.8
102.3
114.0
125.0
136.0
4.8 ' .19
1 "
36
13
7.5
8.5
9.3
10.3
H.5
11.0
11.3
11.5
.29
.35
.39
.44
.49
.54
.67
.60
1
i
60
28 12
11.0
.68
Fig. 21. — Diai^ram showing rate of height growth of oppressed tree
96
THE WHITE PINE.
140
160 180 200 220
80 100 120
RGE
Fig. 22.— Diagram showing height gro-wth of dominant, codominant, and oppressed trees throughout range.
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
97
Z60
Fig. 23. — Diagram showing volume growth of dominant, codominant, and oppressi-d trees throughout range.
20233— No. 22 7
98
THE WHITE PINE.
Table IV. — Dimensions, rolunw, and rate of growth, hij decades, etc. — Contiuiied.
(A) OLD-GROWTH PINE— CoDtinued.
(4) DOMINANT TREES.
[Average in "Wisconsin.]
(68 trees.)
Age.
Diameter
at height Total
of 2J feet height
(without I of tree,
bark). ,
Volume
of stem
(^•ithottt
bark).
w^d.' Sapwood. Bark
Average
Decade. ) Height. , Volume, accretion
Current
annual
accretion.
17.4
19.6
21,8
24.0
25,7
27.4
29.0
30,5
32.0
33.3
Feet.
Per cent. I Per cent.
,
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
65
23 ! 12
Cvbicft.
Cubii
(?
20.0
,71
22.5
.84
23.5
.95
23.5
1.05
21,5
1.13
21.5
1.19
22,0
1.25
22.0
1.30
21.5
1.35
21.0
1,38
(3) OPPRESSED TREES.
[Average in Wisconsin.]
(55 trees.)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
100
170
180
190
200
1.0
2.2
4.0
5.4
6,8
8,0
9,2
10,6
12,0
13.4
14.7
16,0
17,2
18,3
19,5
20. B
21.6
22.7
23.7
24.6
4
10
16
24
32
40
47
55
62
69
81
86
90
94
98
101
104
107
110
(!)
0,4
,7
1,6
3,2
6,0
9,5
13,5
20,0
28,0
38.0
48,5
60,0
73.0
85.0
87.5
109.5
122,0
134,0
146,0
7
18
19
20
4
6
6
8
8
8
8
6
6
5
4
4,
4
3
3
3
3
(?)
(0
0,3
,9
1,6
2.8
3,5
4,0
6.5
8.0
10.0
10,5
11,5
13,0
12.0
12.5
12.0
12.5
12,0
12,0
0)
0,02
.02
.04
.06
.10
.13
.17
.22
.28
.35
.40
.46
.52
.57
.61
.64
.68
.70
.73
(?)
(?)
0.03
.09
.16
.28
.35
.40
.65
.80
1.00
1.05
1.15
1.30
1.20
1.25
1.20
1.25
1.20
1.20
60
28
12
(6) DOMINANT TREES.
[Average in Michigan.]
(75 trees.)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
0.8
2.6
5,2
7.4
9.4
11.3
13.1
14.8
16.4
17.9
19.3
20.6
21.8
23.0
24,0
25,1
26,1
27,0
27,9
28,8
29,5
30,3
31,0
20
32
43
53
63
72
80
85
94
98
103
107
110
113
116
120
123
126
129
132
135
138
(?)
0,5
2,0
5,5
10,5
17.6
27.0
38,2
51,6
65,5
79,4
93,6
108.0
123,5
140,0
158,5
175.0
192.5
210,0
226.5
244.0
261.5
279.0
..
13
12
11
10
10
9
8
8
6
4
5
4
3
3
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
(?)
I?l
1.5
3.6
5,0
7,1
9,4
11,2
13.4
13.9
13,9
14,2
14,4
15,5
16,5
18.5
16,5
17,5
17.5
16.5
17.5
17.5
17.5
(?)
0.02
.07
.16
.21
,29
,39
,48
!65
,72
,78
.83
.88
.93
.99
1.03
1.07
1.10
1.13
1.16
1.19
1.21
(?)
(?)
0.15
.35
.50
.71
.94
1.12
1.34
1.39
1.39
1.42
1,44
1,55
1,65
1.85
1.65
1.75
1.75
1.65
1.75
1,75
1,75
....::■■■.■
1
g
1 ll
18
19
20
21
22
23
57
31
12
1
1
69 20 ii
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
99
Table IV. — Dimensions, volione, ami rate of groivth, hy decades, etc. — Continued.
(J.) OLDGEOWTH PINE— Continued.
(7) CODOMINANT TBEES.
[Average in Micliigan.]
(28 trees.)
Diameter
at height
of 2* feet
(without
bark).
Total
height
of tree.
Volume
of .stem
(without
bark) .
Periodic accretion.
w'ood: |s«p^°'»i- i'"-'^-
Decade. Height. ; Volume.
-veraee Current
tnnual annual
cretion. accretion.
Inches.
13.2
14.6
15.9
17.2
18.5
19.8
20.9
22.1
23.2
24.1
25.1
26.0
26.7
27.4
28.0
Per cent. | Per cent. Per cent.
38. 0
50.0
63.0
77.0
92.0
106.0
119.0
130.0
140.0
(?)
(?)
(J)
(!)
(?)
(?)
Cubic/t.
(i)
(?)
11.6
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
14.0
13.0
11.0
10.0
Cubie/t.
(?)
(?)
1.16
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.40
1.30
1.10
1.00
(8) OPPRESSED TREES.
[Average in Michigan.]
(36 trees.)
10.5
11.8
13.2
14.6
15.8
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
20.8
21.6
19
13
10.0
10.0
10.0
11.0
11.0
10.0
10.0
11.0
10.0
10.0
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.10
1.10
1.00
1.00
1.10
1.00
1.00
(9) DOMINANT TREES.
[Average in Pennsylvani
(81 trees.)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
1.0
2.8
5.5
8.0
10.2
12.2
14.0
15.6
17.1
18.6
20.0
21.5
22.9
24.1
25.2
26.4
27.5
28.6
29.6
30.8
31.9
33.0
34.0
21
35
49
60
70
78
86
93
99
104
108
112
116
119
122
125
128
131
134
137
140
143
(?)
0.5
2.6
7.8
14.4
24.9
36.1
48.3
59.6
74.6
90.7
106.9
123.6
140.9
158.2
176.9
196.2
217.4
238.0
260.5
284.2
309.7
335.4
1 5?
I 12
13
14
15
16
17
IS
19
20
21
22
23
14
14
14
11
10
8
8
7
6
5
4
4
i
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
(?)
'y.i
5.2
6.6
10.5
11.2
12.2
11.3
15.0
16.1
16.2
16.7
17.3
17.3
18.7
19.3
21.2
20.6
22.5
23.7
25.5
25.7
(?)
0.02
.09
.20
.29
.41
.52
.60
.66
!82
.89
.95
1.00
1.06
1.10
1.15
1.21
1.25
1.30
1.35
1.41
1.46
(?)
(?)
0.21
.52
.66
1.05
1.12
1.22
1.13
1.50
1.61
1.62
1.67
1.73
1.73
1.87
1.93
2.12
2.06
2.25
2.37
2.55
2.57
40
47
13
I 53
35
12
69
10
100
THE WHITE PINE.
Table IV. — DimeusioiiK, vohime, and rate of ijroirth, hi) decades, etc. — Continued,
iA) OLD-GROWTH PINE— Cuutinued.
(10) CODOMINAXT TREES.
[Average in Pennsylvania.]
(78 trees.)
Diameter
at height
Total
Volume
of stem
Kelative per cent of total
volume.
Periodic accretion.
Average
accretion.
Current
annual
accretion.
[(without
1 bark).
ofifee' <''"''°"'
o"™^- bark).
Heart-
wood.
Ter cent.
Sapwood.
Bark.
Decade.
Height.
Volume.
Years.^ Inches.
10 1 0. 9
20 2.3
30 ' 4. 0
40 1 5.9
60 1 7.8
Feet.
S
16
28
39
48
56
63
69
75
80
85
90
94
98
102
106
109
112
114
116
118
120
122
Cwbic/t.
(f)
0.4
1.8
4.8
7.8
11.1
16.7
23.3
30.7
39.0
47.9
57.9
05.2
76.9
88.9
101.8
115.3
129. 2
142.9
152.7
165.5
179.3
las.o
Per cent. 1 Per ceiit.
1
2
3
4
I
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
,17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Feet.
5
11
12
U
9
8
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
3
3
2
2
2
2
Cubic/t.
';'
(!)
1.4
3.0
3.0
3.3
5.6
6.6
7.4
.8.3
8.9
10.0
7.3
11.7
12.0
12.9
13.5
13.9
13.7
9.8
12.8
13.8
15.7
Cubic/t.
(?)
0.02
.06
.12
.15
.18
.24
.29
.34
.39
.43
.48
.50
.55
.59
.63
.68
'.75
.76
.79
.81
.84
Cubic ft.
(?)
(»)
0.14
.30
.30
.33
.56
.66
.74
.83
.89
1.00
.73
1.17
1.20
1.29
1.35
1.39
1.37
.98
1.28
1.38
1.57
1
70
80
no
100
1]0
120
130
140
150
160
170
ISO
190
200
210
220
230
10.8
12.0
13.4
14.7
16.0
17.3
18.6
19.7
20.7
21.8
22.7
23.5
24.3
25.1
25.8
26.5
27.3
,
i
1
C5
25
10
a ZO 40 60 80 100 120 140 /SO 180 200 220 240 260
ABE
Fig. 24.— Diagram show-iug height growth of dominant trees, by States.
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
101
"Fig. 23.^J)iagraiii sliowiug height growth of codominaut trees, by States.
/f^r-T
'0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 .220 240 2B0
Fig. 26.— Diagram showing heiglat growth of oppressed trees, by States.
102
THE WHITE PINE.
J4»
Fig. 27. — Diagram showiug volume growth of dumiuant trees, by States.
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
103
20 ao 60 80 mo iso lao ibo /so 200
Fi(i. 28.— DiaiTam showing volume growth of codominant trees, hy States.
104
THE WHITE FINE.
UOLUME IN CUBIC FEET
ch S? & Ji?
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
105
Tablk IV. — Dimensions, volume, and rate of yrowth, by decades, etc. — Continued.
(/!) SECOND-GROWTH PINE.
(11) Site a: Tobk County, Me.
DOMINANT TEEES.
(11 trees.)
Age.
Diameter
at height
of2J teet
(without
bark).
Total
height
of tree.
Tolnme
of stem
(without
bark).
Itelative per cent of total
volume.
Periodic accretion.
Average
annual
accretion.
Current
annual
accretion.
Heart-
wood.
Sap wood.
Bark.
Decade.
Height.
Volume.
Yearg.
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Inches.
2.1
6.7
10.2
14.2
18.6
22.1
24.8
26.2
Feet.
7*
21"
37
49J
60J
69
77
85
90
Cubic ft.
0.5
2.1
6.5
17.0
34.0
60.3
82.2
100.0
(!)
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
Feet.
IB
12*
11'
8*
8"
8
5
Cubic/t.
0.9
1.6
4.4
10.5
17.0
26.3
21.9
17.8
Cubic ft.
0.05
.10
.21
.42
.68
1.00
1.17
1.25
Cubic/t.
0.05
.10
.44
1.05
1.70
2.63
2.19
1.78
1 58
to
J 60
29
to
32
10 j
to
11 I
CODOMINANT TREES.
(33 trees.)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1.8
4.1
6.2
8.6
11.7
14.8
17.3
19.1
21.0
17J
30
43
56
66i
0.2
2! 4
6.4
14.6
26.2
39.6
54.0
70.0
1
2
3
4
6
8
9
lOi
13
13
6*
0.2
.5
1.7
4.0
8.2
11.6
13.4
14.4
16.0
0.02
.03
.08
.16
.29
.44
.56
.67
.78
0.02
.05
.17
-40
.82
1.16
1.34
1.44
1.60
1 *'
1 n
34
to
41
to^
13 1
OPPKESSED TREES.
(12 trees.)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1.5
4.5
7.2
9.5
11.2
12.8
14.0
15.0
15.4
6
18
30
41i
53
66J
79J
83J
(•')
0.7
2.8
6.6
12.3
19.0
26.0
32.4
39.0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
6
12
12
Hi
llj
134
9
4
4
(?)
0)
2.1
3.8
5.7
6.7
7.0
6.4
6.6
(!)
0.03
.09
.16
.25
.31
.36
.40
.43
0.21
.38
.57
.67
.70
.64
.66
.. .
68
28
12
(12) Site c; York Cocxty, Me.
dominant trees.
(10 trees.)
DOMINANT TREES.
(8 trees.)
■
10
20
30
40
50
2.2
5.6
7.7
9.0
10,3
9.7
21.3
33.4
43.0
66.0
0.2
1,0
3.8
8.4
13.0
1
9.7
11.6
12.1
9.6
13.0
0.2
.8
2.8
4.6
4.6
0.02
.05
.13
.21
.26
0.02
.08
.28
.46
.46
2
3
4
5
43
43
12
(13) Massachusetts and New Hampshire.
dominant trees.
(12 trees.)
2.2
4.7
9^6
9
25
39
53
0.1
1.4
4.3
9.3
!
1
2
3
4
9
16
14
14
0.1
1.3
2.9
5.0
0.01
.07
.14
.23
0.01
.13
.29
.50
40
40
51 9
(Average in Massacliiisetts and New Hampshire of 12 trees.'
2.5
5.4
7.8
9.4
1
10
33
48
58
0.5
2.0
6 5
12.5
1
2
3
4
10
23
15
10
0.5
1.5
4.5
6.0
0.05
.10
.22
.31
0.05
.15
.45
.60
40
48
46
6
106
THE WHITE PINE.
Table IV. — Dimensions, volume, and rate of growth, iy decades, etc, — Continued.
iB) SECOXO-GEOWTH PINE-Continued.
(14) Site g: Cleabfield Cocntt, Pa.
DOMINA-VT TREES.
li trees.)
Relative per cent of total
Tntnl I * otams volnme.
-^''"" of stem
Diameter!
at beight
atbeight! Total ! •/;■:;" I >mum».
Age. of 2* feet height ,ZiT^t i
Tears. Inches.
Per cent . Per cent.
Periodic accretion.
Decade. Height. Tolmne.
Average Current
annual i annual
accretion, accretion.
CODOaHXANT TREES.
(5 trees.)
OPPRESSED TREES.
{3 trees.)
SUPPRESSED TREES.
(3 trees.)
t ' 1
1
'
1 ! '
1
1
(15) Site i: Forest County, Pa.
DOMLXAXT TREES.
(2 trees.)
10
20
30
40
1.8 9 (?)
6.9 29i 2.5
10.4 41i 9.7
12.9 52§ 19.0
1
2
3
4
9 (!) (?)
20J ( ?) 0. 12
12 7.2 .32
11 9.3 .47
(?)
(!)
0.72
.93
36
54
10
D0.M1NAST TREES.
(10 trees.)
(?)
(?)
0.42
CODOMIXANT TREES.
(10 trees.)
1 10
1.9 9
4.8 27
6.8 40
8.5 52
(?)
1
3
4
9
18
13
12
( 0 ( .') ( ?)
( ?) 0. 06 ( ))
3. 4 .16 0. 34
5.1 .24 .51
1 20
1. 3 . . .
1 30
4.7
L^L
9.8 36
.
53 11
OPPRESSED TREES.
(5 trees.)
10
20
30
40
2.1
4.2
5.7
6.6
7
23
36
44
(?)
1.0
2.7
4.8
1
3
4
7
16
13
8
!?!
1.7
2.1
(!)
0.05
.09
.12
1
1
34
si
ii
.2. 1
(16) Site c: Lczerne Countt, Pa.
dominakt trees.
(9 trees.)
10
20
30
40
50
1.0 6 (?)
3.2 19 0.4
5.9 33 2.5
8. 7 44J 7. 2
11.5 51 14.0
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
13
14
llj
6J
(!)
(?)
2.1
0.02
.08
(!)
0.21
.47
.68
40
47 13
6.8
.28
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
107
Table V. — Growth of diameter and croag-seclion area at various heights from the ground.
(1) AVERAGE THROUGHOUT THE RANGE.
Charac-
ter of
growth.
Height
of section
from
ground.
DIAMETER OF SECTION, IN INCHES, AT AGE (YEARS) OP—
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
ISO
140
150
160
170
ISO
190
200
210
220
230
Feet.
2i
l.il
4.1
6.2
8.2
9.S
11.(1
13.2
14.8
16.6 18.4 20.1
21.7
23.2
«4.7
26. (1
27.2
28.4
29.6
30.7
31.7
32.6
33.6
34.6
^ ^
18
2.P
,S.4
7.3
9.(1
10.5
11. a
13.3
14.6
15.8 17.0 18.2
19.3
20. a
21.2
22.1
22. a
23.7
24.5
25. 2
2,5. S
26.4
26. fl
u g
34
•-'. 7
.■i.a
7.5
9. a
1(1. !l
12.4
13. H
15.1
16.3 17.4! 18.5
19.4' 30.3
21.1
21. a
22. (1
23.3
24. (1
24.8
2.5.4
26.0
= £
50
2.6
.i.4
7.V
9.6
11.2
12.7
14.(1
15.1
16.2 17.1) 18 0 18.9 19.7
211.5
21. a
22. (1
22.7: 23.4
24. (1
24.7
- ^
66
2.5
5.1
7.2
9. a
111. a
12.2
13.4
14. 5
15.5 16.5; 17.4 18.2, 18.8
19.6
20. a
20. a
21. 5i 22.0
ai
82
2. a
4,4
6.1
7.6
9.1)
1(1.2
11. a
12.3
13.3, 14.1
14.9, 15.7
16.5
17.2
17. a
18.6
100
l.S
3.f
.1.4
6. a
K.2
9.4
10.4
11.4
12. a
13.2
14.1
14. S
1,5. li
16. t
115
1.4
2.9
4.4
5.6
6.9
8.1
9.3
10.4
11:3
12.1
24
1.6
.<i.5
5.3
7.0
S.fi
10.0
11.4
12.9
14.3
15. e' 16.9
18.3
19,5
20.6
21. 7! 22. 8' 23. 8' 24. 7
25.6
26.4
27.1
27.8
28.5
■g ■
18
2.4
4.6
6.7
8. a
9.6
10. t
12. (^
13.1
14.1
15. r 16. c
17.0 17.8' 18.5 19.2' 19.9 20.6 21.2
21. (i
22.4
23. (1
23.6
1!
34
2.6
5. 1
7.t
8.6
10. i;
11.2
12. a
13.3
14.2 15.1 15. S
16.7 17.4; 18.1 18.7, 19.4 20.0 20.6
21.1
21. (■
22. 4
50
2.6
i.U
6.6
8.6
lU. 1
11.4
12.4
13.4
14.3: 1.5.2 16.0
16.8 17.5: 18.2, 18. S
19.5 20.2, 20.8
21.4
66
2.2
4. a
6.1
V.ti
K.il
10. C
ll.C
11. a
12.7; 13.5 14.3
15.0 15.7
16.31 17.1
17.6
18. 2|
1 =
82
1 d
;^,^
,=>,a
6.7
7.H
9.(:
IOC
10. a
11.7 12.4 13.1
13. 7| 14.3
15. Oj
o~
98
114
1.6
1.0
2.9
2.0
4.2
3.1
5.4
4.2
6.5
5.2
7.6
8.5
9.6
10.2 10. S 11.5
2i
1.4
3.1
4.8
6.4
7.7
8.9
10.3
11.5
13.0 14.3 15.7
16.9 18.1
19.2 20.3
21.3
22.3
23.2 24.0 24.8
2.5.4
25.9
26.4
■3i
18
2.1
4.2
."..t
7.1
8.1
9.2
10.1
11.2
12.4' 13.41 14.4
15.3 16.1
16.9 17. 7i 18.4
19.0 19.5 19.9' 20.3
j
34
2.2
4.4
6.2
•i.a
9. a
1(1.5
11.6
12.7
13. 6| 14.4 15.2
16.0 16.7' 17.4 18.0! 18.4
18.8, 19.1
£ -i \
50
2.1
4. a
6.2
7.V
9.1
1(1.4
11.6
12.6
13.6 14.5 15.4
16.2 16. 81 17. 4i 17.8 18.2
18.7
S.^
66
2.4
4.7
6.4
7. SI
9.1
10.;-
11. a
12.2
12.9 13.5 14. [
14.5 15.0: 15.5; 15.9
cc
82
2. a
4.1
5.7
6. a
l.t
H.4
9.1
a.^
10.2 10.6 11. 1
11.4 11.9:
100 1 1.9
3.8
6.0
5.9
6.7
7.4
8.1
8.6
9-» . 1 1 i
Charac.
ter of
growth.
Height
of section
from
ground.
DIAMETEE ACCRETION,
IN INCHES,
FOR
DECADES—
1
2
3
4
5
6
J
s
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22 23
Feet.
^
1 i!
2. 2
2.1
2,(1
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.(1
O.a
1.0 0.9
^ .
18
2.f
2.6
i.a
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.(1
0.9
O.a
(1.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.5
n S
31
2.7
2.6
2.2
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.4
I.a
1.2
1. 1
1.1
O.a
(I.a
0.8
0.8
0.7
(1.7
»l.7
0.8
0.6
0.6
50
2.6
2.f
2,3
I.a
1.6
1.5
I.a
1.1
1.1
o.a
(I.a
o.a
0.8
0.8
0.8
(1.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.7
2 ^ S
66
2.5
2.6
2.1
2,1
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.(1
1.(1
o.a
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
O.fl
0.5
^^
82
2. a
2.1
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.(1
1.(1
0.8
0.8
0.8
(1.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
100
115
1.9
1.4
1.9
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.2
1.0
1.1
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.8
2J
1,6
1,9
1 «
1.7
l.fi
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
■s .
18
2.4
2. 5
1.8
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.2
11
1,0
1.0
o.t
1.(1
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
O.d
0.(i
O.d
().«
0.6
■s2
34
2.6
2.5
1.9
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.(1
0.9
O.a
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.6
60
2,6
2 a
2 (1
1,7
1.5
1.3
1.(1
1.(1
(I.a
(I.a
(1.8
0.8
(1.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
(1.7
0.6
0.6
oi
66
2. 2
2.1
1.8
1.5
1.3
1.1
l.C
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
(1.7
0.6
0.7
0.6
U.6
1=
82
l.t
i.a
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.1
l.C
o.a
0.8
(1.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
(1.7
0-
98
114
1.6
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.1
0.9
1.1
0.6
0.6
0.7
2i
1,4
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.4
1 2
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.2
1,1
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.5
■s j
18-
2.1
2.1
1.6
i.a
l.f
1.1
o.a
1.1
1.2
l.C
l.f
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.4
34
2.2
1.8
1,7
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.1
(I.a
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
(1.7
0.6
0.4
0.4
O.a
£S
50
2.1
2.2
l.E
1.5
1.4
I.a
1.2
1,(1
1.0
o.s
O.i
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.5
&^
66
2.4
2.3
1.7
1.5
1.2
1.2
l.C
II. a
0.7
(1.6
0.5
(1.5
0.5
O.b
0.4
§3
82
2.;-
1.^
l.h
1.2
(I.a
0.6
0.7
(1.7
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
(l.h
100
1.9
1.9
1.2
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.4
Charac-
Height
of section
from ■
ground.
COKBESPONDING
AREA ACCRETION, IN
SQUARE FEET, FOB DECADES-
growth.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
IS
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Feet.
24
0.02
0.07
0 13
0,16
0.18
0. "0
0, 21
0.24
0.3(1
0.3a
0.35
(1. 35
(I. 36
0. 39
0.35
0.36
0.38
0.38
0.37
0.34
0.32
0.35
0.32
-^ *
18
04
12
, la
.16
,17
.17
.la
20
.20
.25
.23
.22
.22
.2(1
.21
.21
.20
.22
.20
.20
.14
.16
a n
34
,04
.12
15
.17
.18
.18
. 2(1
.20
.2(1
.2(1
.21
.18
.18
.18
.18
.18
.18
.18
.20
.It
.le
50
04
13
16
,18
18
19
,ia
18
.10
.18
.17
.17
.18
.17
.17
.18
.16
.16
.16
.16
66
.oa
.11
.14
.15
.17
.16
.17
.12
.17
.16
.17
.15
.14
.14
.15
.16
.14
.12
1^
82
.03
.07
.1(1
.11
.12
.13
.12
.12
.14
.13
.12
.12
.14
.13
.13
.14
100
115
.02
.01
.06
.03
.08
.07
.11
.07
.10
.09
.12
.10
.11
.11
.12
.10
.12
.11
.13
.12
.12
.IB
.14
24
,01
.06
.09
.11
.13
.15
.16
.19
.21
.21
.23
.27
.24
.23
.24
.27
.24
.23
.23
.22
.20
.21
.21
18°
oa
10
.1?
ia
1?
14
.14
15
.15
.15
.15
.17
. 15
. 14
.14
.15
.14
.14
.13
.14
.14
II
34
,04
.10
.13
.13
.14
.14
.14
.14
.14
.14
.14
.13
.la
.13
.12
.14
.13
.13
.U
.16
.13
50
.04
.09
.14
.14
.15
.15
.13
.14
.14
.14
.13
.14
.13
.13
.13
.12
.14
.12
.13
66
na
07
.10
.11
.12
.11
.12
.11
.10
.11
.12
.11
.12
.10
.11
.10
.12
0 =
82
(V>
.06
.(18
.OS
.08
.1(1
.IC
.10
.10
.09
.1(1
.08
.OS
.10
0 —
98
114
.02
.01
.03
.01
.06
.03
.06
.05
.07
.05
.08
.08
.10
.07
.07
.09
24
01
04
.07
.10
.10
.11
.15
14
.19
.20
.22
.20
.22
.22
.23
.23
.21
.22
.20
.20
.15
.14
.13
■Si
18'
.02
.08
.08
oa
.08
,1C
.0(1
.13
.15
.14
.15
.14
.14
.13
.14
.12
.11
.10
34
oa
08
,11
,13
.la
.13
.13
.14
.13
.12
.12
.13
.13
.12
.12
.08
.08
.08
Sis
50
0?
.08
.11
.11
,12
.14
.14
.14
.13
.13
.13
.13
.10
.11
.07
.07
.10
1^
66
n?
oa
11
12
,11
.12
.12
.11
. 10
.09
.07
.08
.0/
.08
.07
82
,03
06
.(IS
.08
.07
.05
.07
.07
.05
.04
.05
.05
.06
100
.02
.00
.06
.05
.05
.06
.06
.04
.04
108
THE WHITE PINE.
^t^ 4i5? ffa cR? /^t? /^Of /^6> /ffO /<S£P ^^iCP ^rJ?^
' Fig. 30. — Diagram showing average progress of diameter growth (breast high) of dominant trees.
'O 20 40 60 80 100 120 /40 ISO 180 200 2ZO 240
f\DE OF DISK
Pro. 31.— Diagram showing diameter growth of domiuant trees at various heights from ground (average throughout range).
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
109
0 20 40 BO 80 laa 12a lao tea 180 soo 220 240
RGE OF DJSK
Fig. 32— Diagram showing diameter growtli of coilomiuaiit trees at various heights frnm gronnd (average throughout rauge).
'0 20 40 SO 80 100 I20 /40 160 180 200 ZZO 200
AGE OF DISK
Fio. 33.— Diagram ahowing aiamettr growtli of oiJiiresSL-d trees at various lieights from grouud (average throughout range).
110
THE WHITE PINE.
Table V. — Growth of diameter and cross-section area at various heights from the ground — Continued.
(2) AVERAGE FOP. WISCONSIN.
Jf^°f from
g™'^"^- ground.
DIAMETEE OF SECTION, IN INCHES, AT AOE (TEAKS) OF—
SO
40
4.8
fi.2
B.C
7.2
K,A
H.H
7.4
H.IS
7.';
9.2
6.1
7.6
4.S
6.4
i).7
6.E
.">.(
(>.h
a.v
« 7
6.4
8.1
100 110 120 1 130 140 ISO 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
11
8.8 10.3 12.0 14.2 16.6 18.91 21. o! 23.1 25. li 26.8
10.1 11.7 13.3 14.81 16.4 17.9 l!l.3| 20.4] 21.51 22.6
10.1 11.9' 13.5 15.1 16.6 17.9 19.0 20.0 21.0 21.9: 22.8
11.3 13.0 14.5 15.8 17. i; 18.2 19.2 20,2 21. Oi 21.8: 22.6
11.0 12.5 13.9 15.1 16.2 17.2 18.1 18.8 19.4' 20.0
9.0 10.3 11.4, 12.3 13.2 14.0 14.7 15.5,
28.4 30.0; 31.5
23.6 24.51 25.4
23.6 24.4!
23.4
It
7.6
8.7
12. 8 14. 21 15. 6; 16. 7 :
12. ll 13. 1 14. 2 15. 2 16. 0
12. 7| 13. 7| 14.6 15.51 16.3
13.5 14.5 15. 4| 16.31 16.8
13.4 14.0 14.4
19.0 20.2
IB. 8' 17.7
17.1 17.8
Charac-
ter of
growth.
Height
of section
from
ground.
DIAUETER ACCRETION, IN INCHES, FOR DECADES-
34 ' 2.2 2.2 2.0
50 ] 2.4! 2.6' 2.4
66 I 2.4; 2.6; 2.2
82 I 2.3 2.1J 1.7
2* I.5I I.9I 1.5
-- 2.1 2.1 1.5
1.81 1.8| 1.4
2.2 2.4 1.
. 1 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.5!
1.9 1.8 1.8]
2.1: 1.8 1.7
2.0! 1.8 1.5
1.5 1.2 1. II
7
8
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.3
!.4
1.2
1,1
0.9
1.,'5
1.2
O.S
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.1
0.9
12 13
14
16
10
17
18
19
20
21 22
1
2. ll 2.1
2.0
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.4 1.1
1.1
1.1
1.(1
U.S
0.9
O.t
1.0 l.,C
0.!l
0.9
II. H
II. «
1.0; 0.6
O.H
O.fl
o.«
0. 7I 0. «
0.6
0.8
1.1: 1.1
1,2
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.1
0.8
0.8
1. 0 0. S
O.fl
0.9
0.7
0.6
0. 9 0. S
o.«
0.7
0.9 0.5
Cbarac-
terof
growth
Height
of section
from
ground.
CORBESPONDING
AREA
ACCRETION, IN
SQUARE FEET, FOE DECADES-
1
2
3
*
5
G
7
s
9
10
11
la
IS 14
16
16
1;
18
19
20
21
22
23
Feet.
*; • f
n
0.01
0.05
0.07
O.Ofl
0.1(1
0.11
0.1(i
0.2(1
0.32
0.40
0.4B
0.45
0.51 0.53
0.4f
0.4f
a..5i
0..5fl
0.4(1
0,43
§ "«"
18
.02
.(If
.m
.1(1
.12
.16
.l!i
.21
.231
.281
.iW
.28
.241 .25
.26
.26
.23
.25
.22
p 0 '
34
.m
.w
.11
.16
.ll'
.21
.22
.25
.26
.2.5
.22
.21
.22 .21
.22
.21
.21
i-^ ^
50
.oa
.11
.16
.IS
.21
.«
. Ki
.21
.23
.22!
.21:
.211
.18 .19
.IS
.21
oil
66
.03
.11
.14
.U
.2(1
.19
.2f
.18
.19
18
.If
.14
.12 .13
82
.03
.08
.09
.11
.13
.14
.13
.11
.13
.12'
.11
.13
'CX
n
.01
.05
.07
.09
.OD
.10
.16
.14
.18'
.21
.23
.19
.21 .24
.25
.23
.26
.28
.20
.22
18
.02
.0!^
.W
.Oh
.07
.oa
.m
.14
.15
.13
.17
.16
.14; .14
.17
.14
.12
Is
34
.02
.05
.07
.oa
.11
.12
.IS
.14
.15
.14!
.14
.15
.14 .14
14
.14
Is
50
.01
.05
.OSi
.Oil
.in
.15
.i«
.Id
.15
.161
.14
'"*!
.09
66
.03
.08
.11
.14
.12
.14
.14
.12
.10
.09
.06
TABLES OF MEASUKEMENTS.
Ill
0 20 40 60 80 100 /20 140 160 180 20)
AGE OF DISK
Fig. 34. — Diagram showing diameter growth of dominant trees at various heights from ground in "Wisconsin.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 100 160 180 200
flDE OF DISK
Fig. 35 Diagram showing diameter growth of uiiprcssed trees at rarions heights from ground in 'Wisconsin.
112
THE WHITE PINE.
Table V. — Growth of diameter and cross-seetion area at various heights from the ground — Continued.
(3) AVERAGE FOE PENNSYLVANIA.
Charac
Height of
section
from
grouDd.
DIAilETER OF SECTION, IN INCHES, AT AGE (TEARS) OF—
growth
10
20
SO
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
110
150
160 170
180
190 200
210
220
230
Feet.
18
•> n
4 4
7,1
9.5
11.5
13.4
15,0
16.5
18,0
19.5
21.0
22.4
23.6
24.9
26.0
27. l! 28. 2
29.3
30.4 31.5
,12.7
33.9
M.»
3 4
6,4
8,5
HI 3
11 8
13.0
14.1
1.5.2
16.2
17.2
18.2
19.1
20.0
20.8
21.5
22.2 23.0' 23.8
24.6 25.4
2,5.9
26.4
Q '^
31
!t ?
6 1
8 3
9,9
11,3
12.5 13.6
14.7
1.5.7
16. V
IV. 6
18.4
19.3
20. 1
20.9
21.6 22.3 23.1
24.0 24.7
25. 3
a §
50
? 7
5 6
7 S
9.4
in. 7
11.9 13.1
14,2
1,5.2
16.0
lfi.7
17.4
18.2
1H.9
19. V
20.5 21.2 21.9
22.6 23.3
•5S
66
?. 5
5,0
7 0
8 7
10,3
11. 6i 12.8
13.9
14.9
15.8
16.7
17.5
18.3
19.1
19.9
20.6 21.3 21.8
sn
82
? ■'
4 4
6 2
7.8
9,2
10.51 11.6
12.7
13,7
14.5
15.3
16.1
16.9
iV.V
18.4
19.1
100
1.8
3,7
5,3
6.8
8,1
9.3
10.4
11.6
12.6
13.6
14.6
ltp.6
16.4 17.2
115
1.4
•J. 9
4.4
5.6
6.9
8.1
9.3
10.4
11.3
12.1
18
1 fi
3 5
5,4
7 2
8.7
10 2
11,6
12.9
14,2
1,5. 5
16.8 18.2
19.3
20.3
21.3
22.3 23.2 24.0
24.8 25.5
26.2
27.0
27.8
g~
t 4
4 8
fi 5
8 0
9 1
10.1
11.2
12,3
13,2
14.1
14.9 15.8
16. b
IV. 2
IV. H
18.4 19.1 19.7
20.3 21.0
21.6
22.2
34
4 fi
6 4
7,8
9.0
10. 1
11 1
12 0
12,8
13.6 14.4 15.1
1.1. K
1H..'>
IV. 1
17.8 18.4 19.1
19.7' 20.4
21.0
.|S
50
4 4
6,2
7 9
9,3
10 5
115
12, .5
13,4
14.2 14.9 15.6
16.3
16.9
17.6
18.2 18.9 19.5
20.1
as
66
2.1
4 1
5 8
7 2
8,5
9,61
10.6
11.5
12, 3
13.1
13.9 U.6
11). 3
15.9
16.6
17.2 17.8
Sw
82
1 6
3 1
4 5
,5,7
6.8
7.8
8.7
9.6
10.4
11.1
11.8 12.4
13.0
13.7
6-
98
lU
1.4
1.0
2.5
2.0
3.8
3.1
5.0
4.2
6.1
5.2
7.1
8.0
^
Charac-
Height of
section
DIAMETER ACCRETION, IN INCHES, FOR DECADES—
,
1
ground.
1
2
3
i
s
G
'
H
U
10 11
li
IS
11
15
16
IJ
18
lU
20
21
22
2S
Feet.
.f
•> (
2 .
2 7
«.•
2.(
l.S
1.6
l.b
1.6
1.5 1.5
1.
1.'.
l.i
I.
1.]
1.1
1.
1.1
1.
l.i
1.2| 1.0
^
3 4
3.(
2.
I.(
1.5
1.2
1.
1.(
1.0 l.(
.1
.£
.1
.'
.7
.t
.1
.t
.1
.5
a 9
34
3, S
2.i
2.2
1 ti
1,'
1.2
1.-
1.1
'1. Oi .!
.
.S
.1
.1
.■;
.\
.1
.i
.1
a a
50
2.7
2 <
2,?
1.1
1.:
1.2
1.:
1.(
.8' .1
.
.'
.;
.i
.7
.'
.;
.'
66
? 5
2, S
2.(
1.-
i,(
1.:
1.
1.(
.9, .!
.
.
.1
.1
.7
.'i
.6
SrH
82
2.?
1 (
1 1
1 .
1.;
1.
1.(
.8 .!
.
.
.1
.'
.7
P£-
100
1.8
1,fl
l.(
1.5
1.;
1.2
1.1
l.(
1.0| l.C
.1
.1
.1
115
1.4
l.S
1.5
l.L
1.3
1.2
1.1
.9
.i
,
25
18
1 fi
1 fl
1,9
1.8
1.5
15
i.a
1.3
l.S
1.3
!..(
1.1
l.f
i.r
1.0
O.B
O.P
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
2 4
2,4
1 '
l.S
1.
1.1
1.
.!
.!
.i
.t
.'
.1
.6
7
.1
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.6
34
?a
2.:
1 1
1 '
1.2
1.
1 1
!
.1
.1
.i
.'
.1
.',
.6
.■
.b
.■
.1
50
2.3
2.'
l,i
1.'
1.'
1.2
l.(
1.1
.!
.1
.',
.(
.7 .6
.7
.1
.6
66
2,1
1 7
1.'
1.;
1.1
l.(
.!
.1
.1
.1
.1
.7 .(
.b
82
1.6
1.5
1.'
1.1!
1.:
l.C
.S
.!
.1
,'
.7
.
.<
.'■
o
98
114
1.4
1.0
1.1
l.C
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
.9
Charac-
ter of
growth.
Height of
section
from
ground.
CORRESPONDING
AREA ACCRETION, IN
SQUARE FEET, FOR DECADES-
1
2
3
i
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
IS
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Feet.
2J
18
0 0"
O.Of
0.17
0.22
0 2S
0, 25
0 25
0, 2li
(I, m
0, 30
II. 33
11. 34
0. 311
(1. 34
(1. 31
0.31
0. 34
0. 34
0.36
0.37
0.42
0,44
1). 37
,06
.16
17
19
.If
.16
.16
,18
.17
.18
.20
.18
.n
.18
.16
.17
.ISI
.21
.21
.22
.14
.14
- '«
34
05
15
,17
16
.17
.15
.1<
17
,16
.18
.17
.16
.18
.17
.If
.16
.17
.2(1
.2S
.19
.16
a S
50
04
.IS
.16
,15
.14
.15
.16
.17
.16
.14
.12
.13
.16
.14
.IV
.17
.16
.16
.17
.16
'- .^ 1
66
,03
11
13
14
.17
.15
.16
. 16
.16
.15
.16
.15
.16
.16
.IV
.18
.13
.12
o<-i
82
03
,07
.11
.12
.IS
.14
.13
.15
.14
.13
.13
.13
.15
.15
.14
.14
100
115
.02
.01
.05
.03
.08
.07
.10
.07
.11
.09
.11
.10
.12
.11
.14
.12
.13
.11
.15
.10
.16
.15
.16
.14
2J
.01
.06
09
12
.13
.Ifi
.16
.18
.19
.21
.23
.27
.22
.22
.22
.24
.22
.21
.21
.20
.19
.24
.23
c ^
18"
OS
OS
.11
.12
11
. 11
.12
.14
.IS
.13
.13
.15
.12
.13
.12
.12
.14
.13
.13
.15
.14
.15
34
.03
.Of
.11
.11
.11
.12
.11
.11
.11
.12
.12
.11
.12
.12
.11
.14
.12
.14
.13
.15
,13
.s s
50
OS
07
11
13
.IS
.IS
.12
.IS
.IS
.12
.11
.12
.12
.11
.13
.12
.14
.12
.13
i-^
66
,n?
,07
.OS
.in
.11
. 11
.11
.11
.ic:
.11
.12
.11
.12
.1(1
.12
.11
.12
— X>
82
.01
.(W
.116
.07
.m
.(l^
.Of
.(l!i
.lis:
.08
.m
.1)8
.Of
.10
6~[
98
114
.01
.01
.02
.01
.06
.03
.0«
.05
.06
.05
.07
.08
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
113
O 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 ISO 180 200 220 240
AGE OF D/SK
Fig. 3G.— Diagram showing diameter growth of duminant trees at various heights from ground in Pennsylvania.
^^"""^^' 40 '60 To loo JfO^ Q/r'SJsK '^° '^° ^°° ^^° ^^°
Fig. 37. — Diagram showing diameter growth of codomiDant trees at various heights from ground in Pennsylvania.
20233— No. 22 8
114
THE WHITE PIXE.
Table V. — Growth of diameter and cross-section area at various heights from the (/round — Continued.
(4) AVERAGE FOR MICHIGAN.
Charac-
ter of
growth.
Height of
section
from
ground.
DIAMETEB OF SECTION, IN INCHES, AT AGE (YEARS) OF —
10 20 30 40 60 I 60 70 80 90 ' 100 ; 110 i ISO 130 140 { 160 1 160 | 170 180 ; 190 ] SOO I 310 330 | 230
4.4j 6.0 7.5 8.1
3.2 4.5 5.6 6.'
8. 7 10. 6 12. 4 14. 0 15. 6,
9.6 11.3 12.8 14.2 15.5;
9.8 11.4 12.8 14.21 15. 3|
10. l' 11.6 13.3' 14.5 15.5
8.8 10.1 11.3: 12.4 13 5
7.4 8.7 9.7i 10.71 11.6
7.0 8.2 9.4 10.3: II. 1
6.7 8.3 9.0: 11.0 12. 6|
8.4 9.8* 11.2 12.41 13.5
9.1' 10. C] 11.91 13.1 14.2
9.2 10.71 12. O' 13.0 14. Ol
7.7 9.0 10. 0' 11.0 11.8;
9.9, 10.9: 11. 8|
7. 8 8.
2. 6 4. 4 6. 1
4.0 5.6 7.0|
6. Q[ 6. 9 8. 3
4. 71 6. 3! 7. 6
4.1 6.7I 6.9:
9.5
15.4
16,7
15,6
16. h
16.1
16, i
l.i.f
1(!. 6
13. :i
14.1
13. H
14. (
11.0
11.7
7.5 8.8 10.1
8.1 9,2 10.0
10.3 11. 4| 12.4
9.5 10.6 11.6
8.7; 9.7 10.6, 11. 4|
7.8| 8.4 9.1 9.81
6.71 7.41 8.1: 8.6
12. 8i 14.0 15.3
12.1 13.1 14.0
14.0 14.6 15.
13. 2I 13.9] 14.6
12.1] 12.7 13.3
10.2 10.6, 11.0
9.0
22.3 23.5 24.5
20.6 21. 5i 22.4
20. 2; 21. 0 21. 7
20.1 20.9 21.6
18.1 18.8' 19.4
15.8, 16.4 17.1
18.1 19.4 20.
17.6 18.5 19.2
17.7 18.4' 19.1
17. 4I 18.1 18.8
14. 8| 15.4 15.9' 16. 4; 16. 9 1
14.6 15.1 15.7'
25.5 ;
23. 2i 23.9
22. 4 23. 1
22.21 22.8
10.9 20.4
21.6 22.8
19.9 20.6
19.7 20.3
19.4! 19.9
27.5
28.4
24. «
25.2
23. 7
24. 3
23.4
23.9
29. ll 29.8
25. 8| 26.3
24.8
23. 8 24. 7 25. 6
21.3 21.9; 22.4
20.9 21.4' 21.8
20.5 21.0
16. 5l 17.7, 18.7
14. 7| 15.5 16.2
15.8 16.4 16.9
15.2! 15. 8| 16.4
13.81 14.3 14.8
11.4' 11.9;
19.7 20.6 21.4
16.81 17.31 17.8
17.4 17.8 18.2
16.8 17.2 17.7
15.2; 1
22.1! 22.9
18. 3; 18.
18.5,
Charac-
ter of
growth,
Height of
section
from
ground.
DIAMETER ACCEETION, IN INCHES, FOB DECADES —
•
8
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
1.4 1.6
1.2; 1.1
I.2I 1.1
1.0
1.0
1.11 1.2, 1.0
0.9, 0.9 0.8 0.7
0. 8 0. 8 0. '
2.2' 2.II 1.9
2.2| 2.21 1.6;
1.7 1.5 1.3
1.2' 1.4 1.8; 1.7
2.0J 2.0 1.61 1.4
2.5 2.6 2.1, 1.8
50 i 2.5' 2. i
2.51 2.2: 1.6 1.3
82 j 2.3 1.8 1.6 1.2
100 1.9 1.9| 1.2, 0.9
1.3, 1.0 1.0 0.8
1.3 1.1 l.Oi 0.9
1.1 1.1, 0.9| 0.8
I '
1.4 1.3 1.3: 1.2
1.1! l.ll 0.8 1.0
1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9
1.2 1.1 1.0 0.8
1.1 1.0 0.9 0.
0.9 0.6 0.7 0.
0.81 0.7, 0.7, 0.5
1.5 1.3; 1.3 1.4
1.1 l.Ol 1.0 1.0
1.0 0.9! 0.8|
0.9 0.9 0.8! 0.8
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.8,
0.7
J
1.2!
1.1
1.0,
0.7
0.6l
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.41
0.4
1.3; 1.2i 1.2
0. 9, 0. 7i 0. 8
0.6! 0.6 0.6
0. 61 0. 5 0. 5
0.8 0.7 0.6, 0.
0.7, 0.6' 0.51 0.5
0. 9 0. 7 0. 7
0. 6 0. 6 0. 5
0. 6 0. 5,
1.1 l.ll 1.2 1.0 0.9
0.7i 0.7| 0.7l 0.7 0.6
0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4
0.7i 0.6 0.5; 0.6 0.5
0. 5! 0. 5 0. 5
0.8 0.7 0.8
0. 6 0. 5 0. 4
0.4! 0.3'
Charac-
ter of
growth
Height of
section
from
ground.
OOBKESPONDINO ASEA ACCRETION, IN SQUARE FEET,
DECADES—
0.20 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.28
.20 .19 .21 .21
.18 .19 .18 .21 .18 .17
.21' .20 .20 .19 .16'
.13 .14 .14 .14: .15 .16
.11 .111 .10! .Ill -"I
.11 .09i .12 .101 .091
.081 .10 .13 .13 .16
.12; .13 .14 .16
.14 .15, .16' .16
0.26 0.30 0.26 0.28
.22 .181 .22' .19
.17, .18 .17; .17
.19 .18 .16 .15
.04 .05 .06: .07 .09i .08
.03' .06 .10' .11 .11
.021 -071 .08
.21 .23 .27
. 17 . 17i
.15 .15
.14' .15
0.28 0.29, 0.281 0.22; 0.22
. is! . 19 . 16
.17; .15' .16|
. W . 16 . 12i
.14; .151 vis;
.14 .13| .13! .13
.14 .12 .11: .13
.14
.14
.13
.11
.OS)
.10
. II
. Id
.11
.0!'
.(Ifl
.08
.09
.04
.05
.04
.24 .24 .23' .20
.10' .10 .11 .07 .07
TABLES OF MEASUKEMENTS.
115
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 100 160 180 200 220 240
fiGEOFD/Sf<
Fia. 38.— Diagram sliowlng diameter gro\Tth of dominant trees at various heiglits from gronnd in Michigan.
"0 20 40 SO 80 too 120 140 /BO I80 200 220 Z40
AGE OF DISK
FlQ. 39.— Diagram showing diameter growth of codominant trees at various heights from ground in Michigan.
THE WHITE PINE.
'0 20 40 £0 80 100 120 mo 160 IBO 200 220 240
AGE OFD/SH
Fig. 40.— Diagram showing diameter growth of oppressed trees at various heights from ground in Michigan.
Table VI.— ^cre yields of JVliite Pint and measunments of samiile trees. .
A.— MICHIGA^r :
(1) Site a:
Presque Isle County.
[700 to 800 feet ahove sea level.]
Sample area: 1 acre.
Yellow or gray sand, moderately loose, deep; subsoil with small stones, surface cover of Age of pine: 100 to 150 years.
--*'--' *^ Density of crown cover ■ n h.
Number of trees : 181.
Foretr canditmis: Eed" Pine '(61 per cent), mixed wiih 'White Pine (36 per cent), and occasional
Maple, Poplar, Cedar (3 per cent), on level
Classification :
Dominant
Oppressed 'Y^'
Suppressed "°-
ACEE YIELD.
■White Pine. Red Pine,
.percent.. 40 46
43
■White Pint
Eed Pine.
Volume. i
■V- „i,„. Diameter
Number „,jea3t
Height.
Number !l?j,'™4\^'
Height.
1 Mer-
of trees. ',,i^^,. ]
Bole, chantable
high).
timber.
4
17
Inches.
3 to 6
6 to 10
Ftet.
CuMcfeet.
FutB. M.
Inches.
Feet.
{
170
25
6 to 10
1
10
18
4
10
4
11
100
7
11
2
12
60
5
13
175
5
13
80
6
14
240
7
14
15
322
9
15
100
16
232
13
16
5
17
325
12
17
3
18
216
9
18
2
19
158
3
19
2
21
we
3
303
1
24
119
2 27
866
113 trees:
. 2, 990
Total cubic fee
. 18,300
Tola
feet B. M
. 14,350
Tota
feet B. M
Total yield : Pine, 32,650 feet B. M., of which ■White Pine 44 per cent.
Average annual accretion: ■White Pine, 57 cubic feet.
272 feet B.M.
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
Table VI. — Acre yieldii of White Pine and measurements of sample trees — Contiuued.
A.— MICHIGAN-Contiuued.
IIEASUEEMEXTS OF SAMPLE TREES.
Age clan: 80 to lOD years.
DOMINA.NT GROWTH.
117
Tree number.
Age.
Diameter
{breaat
high).
Height.
Rings
per inch
stump.
Volume
of tree.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Current annual
accretion.
Average
annual
accre-
tion.
13
Yeart.
100
100
95
Inches.
19.0
20.2
21.5
Feet.
94
95
100
No.
5.2
4.9
4.1
C«. /(.
75.4
99.6
115.4
0.40
.48
.45
0.52
.42
.48
Percent. Cu.ft.
2. 0 1. 50
.8 .80
Ou. ft.
0.75
1.00
1.21
Average...
1.15
98
20.2
96
4.7
96.8
.44
.47
1.3
.99
OPPRESSED GROWTH.
66 .
98
U.5
78
5.9
46.9
0.52
0.42
2. 2 1 1. 03
..
SCPPRE9SED GROWTH.
92
84
10.5
10.0
72.0
73.0
8.2
7.6
20.6
20.9
0.47
.53
0.26
.48
1.2
3.7
0.25
.77
0.22
.25
Average...
88
10.2
72.5
7.9
20.7
.50
.37
2.4
.61
.23
Age class: 100 to 150 years.
DOMINANT GROWTH.
OPPRESSED GROWTH.
SUPPRESSED GROWTH.
Age clasg: 250 to 300 years.
DOMINANT GROWTH.
123
101
105
104
20.0
20.8
20.5
22.7
10.2
90.0
99,0
94.0
5.5 1
4.7
5.1
4.7 \
89.7
92.7
96.7
103.0
0.40
.42
.42
.39
0.54
.51
.44
.59
2.9
2.0
1.3
1.5
2.60
1.85
1.26
1.55
0.73 1
.91 1
.92 1
.99
22
48
47 ---
5...
Average...
108
149
135
135
21.0
20.2
21.0
22.0
96.0
105.0
114.0
121.0
5.0
7.6
6.2 ;
5.5
95.5
88.9
107.9
139.6
.41
.39
.39
.40
.52
.50
!43
1.9
2.0
2.2
1.5
1.81
1.78
2.37
2.10
.89
.60
.80
1.03
35
Average...
139.7
21.1
1
113.0
0.4 (
112.1
.39
.50
1
1.9
2.08
.81
102
102
102
105
16.0
15.1
17.0
16.8
85.0
86.0
84.0
87.0
6.6
6.7
6.0
6.1
48.8
49.4
58.5
67.3
0.41
.46
.44
.49
0.46
.40
.61
.42
2.5
1.4
1.7
1.22
.69
.99
.47
0.47
.48
.57
.64
Average. . .
103
127
134
147
16.2
17.0
15.0
18.0
85.5
88.0
94.0
91.0
6.3
6.7
8.6
7.9
56.0
56.9
57.6
66.0
.45
.41
.50
.41
.47
.54
.30
.44
1.6
5.2
2.2
4.9
.84
2.96
1.26
3.23
.54
.44
.43
.44
46::;:;;;:::;:::
3..:..:::.:...:::;
Average...
136
16.7
91.0
60.2
.44
.43
4.1
2.48
.44
127 11.0
69
1.2
24.6
0.54 0.22 3.2
0. 79 0. 19
118
THE WHITE PINE.
Table VI. — Acre yields of White Pine and mcasiiremciits of sampie trees — Coutimied.
A.— MIC'HIG AX-Cout inucd.
(2) SiTE^: Pres(]ue Isle County. Sample area: 1 acre.
[700 to 800 feet above sea level.]
Soil : Deep, loose, gray sand, covered with leaves; said to be underlaid by clay. Age of pine: 130 to 140 years.
Density of crown cover: 0.7 to
Forest conditions : White Pine (68 per cent), intermixed with Red Pine (li per cent), Hemlock 0.8.
(18 per cent), with scattering CJedar. Number of trees: 181.
ClassiJlcatioH : White Pine.
Dominant per cent.. 52
Oppressed do 18
do... 30
ACEE YIELD.
White Pine.
Red Pine.
Hemlock.
•Nnmbev Diameter'
octrees!, ~ | Heig>^*-
Volume.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Diameter
(breast
high).
Bole.
Mer-
chantable
Number
of trees.
Height.
Number
of trees.
Height.
timber.
Inches.
Feet.
Cubic/eet.
FeetB.M.
Inches.
Feet.
Inches.
Feet.
28 6 to 10
280
1
6 to 10
20
6 to 10
1 *"
5 ■ 10
95
1
14
11
10 to 14
to
6 1 11
192
1
15
3
14 to 18
) 60
7 1 12
266
5
16
100
to
120
6 1 13
264
6
17
U 14
550
1
18
9
15
522
3
19
6
12
384
2
20
10
fl
100
720
5
21
8
18
to
040
1
22
7
19
120
616
6
20
690
6
21
744
7
22
945
1
23
147
1
24
153
3
1
26
27
555
199
1
30
240
129 trees :
26 trees
34 trees:
Total cubic feet
. 8, 202
Tot
il cubic fee
t. 2,440
Total cubic feet... 520
. 39,300
1
Total yield : AU species, 11,162 cubic feet, of which White Pine 73 per cent.
Average annual accretion : White Pine, 63 cubic feet.
302 feet B. M.
MEASUREMENTS OF SAMPLE TREES.
Age class : 130 to 150 years.
DOMINA.NT GKOWTH.
Tree number.
Average .
Age.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Inches.
19.5
19.7
20.0
22.0
22.5
21.7
22.8
23.2
24.0
24.0
23.5
25.0
23.0
24.0
23.5
22.0
24.2
25.0
26.3
Height.
Rings
per inch
115.9
121.5
123.5
130.1
136.4
138.5
141.1
143.5
144.7
136.6
138.9
140. 6
148.0
157.3
164.3
168.8
205.4
160.5
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Cu./t.
1.10
1.39
1.94
2.58
1.30
1.46
2.81
2.36
2.79
1.35
2.46
1.10
1.07
1.06
1.27
1.04
1.11
1.14
1.06
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
119
Table VI. — Acre yields of White Pine and measunments of sample trees — Continued.
A.— MICHIGAN— Continued.
MEA.SUKEMENT3 OF SAMPLE TEEES— Continued.
OPPBESSED GROWTH.
SUPPRESSED GROWTH.
Tree number.
Age.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Biugs
per inch
stump.
Volume
of tree.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Current annual
accretion.
Average
accre-
tion.
reor«.
132
139
135
135
135
140
Inches.
17.8
18.5
18.0
17.5
19.5
18.5
Feet.
lU
112
116
110
107
102
A'o.
6.7
7.8
7.2
7.3
6.8
7.5
Cu./t.
83.6
88.4
91.2
92.0
95.6
98.2
0.41
.42
.44
.49
.43
.51
0.42
.38
.27
.36
.42
.27
Per cent.
1.2
1.1
.9
1.6
.5
1.9
Cu./t.
1.00
.97
.82
1.47
.48
1.87
Cu. ft.
0.63
.63
.67
.67
.70
.70
18
28
U
29
Average . . .
136
18.3
110
7.2
91.5
.45
.35
1.2
1.10
.67
131
135
238
131
138
15.0
17.5
17.4
16.4
19.0
115
(?)
104
114
103
8.5
7.2
7.3
7.7
7.0
66.2
73.9
78.6 1
79.7 1
80.6
0.47
(?)
.45
.47
.39
0.35
(?)
.29
.28
.28
1.0
2.4
1.7
1.3
1.6
0.66 '
1.77
1.34
1.04
1.29
0.50
.55
.57
.61
.58
32
17 ■...
6...
Average . . .
134.6
142
154
17.0
21.0
19.0
109
109
97
7.5
7.2
7.7
75.8
121.7
78.6
.44
.46
.41
.30
.44
.41
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.22
1.82
1.10
.56
.85
.50
Average . . .
148
20.0
103
7.5
100.0
.43
.42
1.4
1.46 1
.67
Montmorency County.
Sample area: 1 acre.
Soil: Fresh, loose gray sand, turning brown and red below, with surface cover of brakes and Age of pine: 250 to 270 years.
checkerberry ; subsoil, brown sand, sometimes loamy, and in spots clay. Density of crown cover : 0.5.
Forest conditions : White Pine (54 per cent) mixed witH Ked Pine (35 per cent) and Hemlock (11
percent). Nim^iber of trees: 113.
Damaged by fire twelve years before; sample area shows 15 per cent dead trees and 20 per
cent damaged by fire.
ACKE YIELD.
White Pine.
Eed Pine.
Hemlock.
Volume.
1
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Bole.
Mer-
chantable
timber.
Inches.
Feet.
Cubicfeet.
FeetB.M.
Inches.
Feet.
Inches.
Feet.
2
10
36
2
13
2
3 to 6
40
1
12
38
1 14
1
9
^
3
1
13
14
159
60
3
> 1
15
16
1
2
11
12
1 50 to
f 80
3
15
207
3
17
6
15
3
1
16
17
231
86'
3
6
18
19
120
^ to
1
20
1
18
96
5 i 20
140
3
19
315
4 21
2
21
120
280
8
22
6
22
> to i
906
1
23
5
23
140
855
1
24
9
24
1.011
1
30
4
25
800
1
26
216
3
27
696
2
28
493
7 { 29
1,862
2 30
560
1 31
302
1 33
340
61 trees :
39 trees :
13 trees.
Total cubic feet
10, 154
Total cubic feet
5,256
Total feet B. M
60,900
Total feet B.M.
25, 200
Total yield: Pine, 86,100 feet B. M., of which White Pine 6
Average annual accretion : Pine, 59 cubic feet.
331 feet B. M.
120 'J'HE WHITE PINE.
Table VI. — Acre ijields of TThite Pine and measurements of sample (t-ees— Continued.
A.— MICHIGAN— Continued.
(4) Site c: Montmorency County. .S.iniple area: one-half acre.
Soil- Brown or red sandv loam, light, loose, dry, with stones, and surface cover of hrakes and Age of pine: 100 to 120 years
other weeds. * Density of crown cover: 0.5.
Fore** conditions.- Red Pine (59 per cent) mixed with White Pine (41 per cent): no undergrowth: ,, , ,
IgYel. Number of trees: 110.
OtasHfication : -White Pine. KedPine.
Dominant percent.. 65 60
Oppressed flo 18 34
Suppressed 'lo — ^" "
HALF-ACPvE YIELD.
White Pine.
Eed Pine. |
Volume,
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
-.T. i,„. Diameter
Height.
Bole.
Mer-
chantable
timber.
Inches.
Feet.
ChMefeet.
FeetB.M.
Inches.
Feet.
4
3 to 6 '
2
6 to 10
20
6
6 to 10
i ! 10
72
4
10
2
11
56
2
11
2
VI
63
6
12
6
13
234
4
13
g
14
360
6
14
80
2
15
104
2
15
to
6
16
348
2
10
100
2
17
130
4
17
4
18
288
10
18
6
19
\
474
6
4
2
2
19
20
21
22
64 trees :
2,154
Total cubic feel
. 3,532
. 9, 030
. 14,800
Total yield: Pine, 23,830 feet B. M., of which AVhite Pii
Average annual accretion : Pine, 51 cubic feet.
MEASUREMENTS OF SAMPLE TREES.
DOMINANT GROWTH.
Tree number. Age.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Eings
per inch
stump.
Volume
of tree.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Current annual
accretior.
Average
annual
tion.
Tears.
3 120
Inches.
18
Feet.
96
Vo.
6.5
Cu.feet.
71.6
0.42
0.41
Per cent.
1.1
Cu.feet.
0.79
Cu.feet.
0.60
OPPRESSED GROWTH.
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
121
Table VI. — Acre yields of White Pine and measurements of sample trees — Continued.
A.— MICHIGAN?— Continued.
(5) Site /.- Montmorency County. Sample ai
Soil: Brown, dry sand, with atones, and surface cover of brakes and grass.
Forest conditions : Red Pine {94 percent) with scattering White Pine (6 percent) on a level plain;
no undergrowth sare very small shrubs of scattered Oak {characteristic of thia locality).
About 15 per cent of trees injured by fire in 1891.
Classification : Red Pine.
Dominant per cent . . 72
Oppressed do 13
Suppressed do 15
ACRE YIELD.
Number of trees: 115.
White Pine. [ Red Pine.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Volume,
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast Height,
high).
Bole.
Mer-
chantable
timber.
1
2
1 (dead)
1 (dead)
1
1
Inches.
15
16
Feet.
90
Ctibic/eet.
52
110
FeetB-if}
1
1
6 (2 dead)
8 (3 dead)
13 (1 dead)
18 U dead)
20 (3 dead)
24 (4 dead)
6
5
2
1
Inches.
10 ;
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Feet.
90
to
100
21 } A" S
22
23
J '"" [
112
122
7 trees :
402
108 trees :
Total cubic feet ... 6,863
Total feet B. M 28. 800
Total feet B. M .
1,690
Total yield : Pine, 30,490 feet B. M., of which "White Pine 5 per cent.
Average annual accretion : Pine, 42 cubic feet.
179 feet B. II.
(6) Site g: Crawford County. Sample area: 1 acre.
[About 1.200 feet above sea level.]
Soil: Brown, loamy sand, deep, fresh, moderately loose, with surface cover of fern and grass;
sand with stones underlies the soil.
Forest conditions: Two-story stand, upper story of White Pine (1 Red Pine of 26 inches in diam-
eter), with 0.3 density of crown cover, lower story of t^r {22 from 4 to 10 inches in diameter).
Beech (4 from 4 to 10 inches in diameter), and Hemlock (19 from 4 to 10 inches in diameter) ;
undergrowth moderately dense, of Maple, Fir, Hemlock, and Beech. Percentages; White
Pine.50; Hemlook,20; Iir,25: hardwoods. 5- Number of trees: (?).
Classification: White Pine.
Dominant per cent.. 77
Oppre.ssed do 13
Suppressed do 10
ACRE YIELD.
White Pine.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Volume.
Number
of trees.
Height.
Bole.
Mer-
chantable
timber.
Inches.
Feet.
Oubie/eet.
FeetB.M.
3
10
213
1
18
21
100
79
228
i
23
24
120
134
146
3
25
471
4
26
432
464
7
28
1,743
2
29
632
5
30
130
1,400
2
31
) to {
604
5
32
150
1,600
3
1
1
1
33
35
36
42
1,020
381
401
537
44 trees :
1
. 62,300
122 TH?: WHITE PINE.
Table VI. — Acre yields of White Pine and meaaurementx of sample trees — Continued.
A.->nCinGAX-Con,inuea. MEASUREMENTS OF SAMPLE TREES.
Age clast: 130 to 150 years.
DOMINANT GROWTH.
Tree number.
Age.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
RiDgs
per iuch
on
stnmp.
Volnme
of tree.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Current annual
accretion.
ATeraee
accre-
tion.
rear*.
133
141
132
U5
128
152
131
148
153
136
Inches.
16.2
15.5
16.3
18.6
20.5
19.0
22.5
1 23.0
1 23.0
t 24.6
Feet.
92
92
88
100
98
104
112
116
100
115
yo.
8.3
l.l
7.0
7.0
7.3
5.4
6.8
5.9
5.2
Cu./I.
48.59
55.32
61.70
71.11
94.56
84.97
129. 42
137. 91
137. 63
154. 12
0.43
.46
.47
.58
.42
.41
.41
.41
.47
.41
0.43
.42
.66
.44
.47
.38
.46
.46
.30
.40
Per cent.
2.2
2.3
.8
2.0
1.5
1.4
.7
1.9
1.7
1.4
Cu./t.
■ 1.07
1.27
.49
1.42
1.42
1.19
.91
2.62
2.40
2.16
Cu./t.
0.36
.39
.46
.49
.73
.55
.98
.93
.90
1.13
12
26
Average . . .
140
1 ■''■'.
102
6.9
.7.5
.43
.43
1.6
1.49
.69
OPPRESSED GROWTH.
18 109 14
82 ] 7.5 40.53 0.46
0.56
4.5
1.82 0.37
Age cla^s: 220 to 240 years.
DOMINAXT GROWTH.
245
242
226
226
220
250
219
226
237
233
245
20.0
24.5
27.5
27.5
28.3
30.2
33.0
33.0
33.0
37.0
40.0
120
137
138
129
143
14)
121
140
144
147
125
11.0
9.9
7.6
7.6
7.1
8.7
6.3
7.1
7.2
6.1
5.4
112.56
191. 07
215. 28
222.29
264.40
291. 03
317.85
321. 86
389. 57
455. 05
479. 51
0.43
.42
.38
.41
.42
.42
.44
.38
.45
.41
.43
0.46
.41
0.9
.5
.4
.4
.8
.4
.7
.8
.6
.6
.5
1.01
.95
.86
.89
2.11
1.16
2.22
2.57
2.34
2.73
2.40
0.46
.79
.95
.98
1.20
1.16
1.45
1.42
1.64
1.95
1.96
8
.38
.60
.31
.43
.49
!55
.40
28
29
3
Average . . .
233
258
252
252
265
253
256
260
260
251
256
265
266
25G
258
260
30.4
26.0
25.2
25.5
27.0
30.0
32.0
31.5
29.5
33.0
31.0
31.5
33.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
135
119
139
115
126
135
142
132
155
144
145
144
139
154
138
149
7.6
10.0
9.5
9.5
10.4
8.8
B.l
8.3
8.9
7.1
7.6
8.2
8.0
7.4
7.6
7.5
296, 41
162. 54
193. 21
205. 21
207. 67
259. 13
267.87
275. 89
311.99
313.07
314. 06
314.38
316.81
360. 75
370.50
404. 18
0.41
0.37
.41
.35
.41
.39
.34
.38
.42
.33
.11
.40
.38
.41
.42
.37
.48
0.40
.46
.58
.44
.45
.59
.48
.48
.41
.39
.33
.51
.33
.59
.45
.6
0.4
.4
.9
.5
.4
.4
'.3
.9
.5
.4
.4
'.S
.2
1.75
0.65
.77
1.85
1.05
1.03
1.07
1.93
.93
2.82
1.57
1.25
1.27
2.52
2.96
.81
1.27
0.63
.76
.81
.78
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.20
1.24
1.22
1.18
1.19
1.41
1.43
1.65
13
16 ..
2
6
17
Average . . .
258
30.5
138
8.5
285.15
.39
.45
.5
1.50
1.10
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
123
Table VI. — Acre j/iehls of TThite Pine and measnrvments of sample trees — Continued.
A.— MICHIGAX— Continued.
(7) Site h:
Crawford County.
Soil: EroTm, loamy sand, medium fine, light, loose, very deep, fresh, well drained, with surface
cover of abundant leaves.
Forest conditions : Moderately dense stand of "WTiite Pine intermixed with Hemlock and Beech,
with scattering Yellow and White IJirch and occasional Red Pine, on a level plain; under-
growth of young Hemlock and hardwoods.
MEASUKEMENTS OF SAMPLE TREES.
Ageclais: 420 to 450 years.
DOMINANT GROWTH.
Tree number.
Tears.
445
426
457
3
461
435
i6;:::::::::::::::
458
(breast
high).
Inches.
37.0
35.5
41.0
43.0
46.0
47.0
46.0
46.0
47.0
No.
14.0
10.0
11.0
10.5
(0
(!)
10.0
(0
10.5
Cu. ft.
433.2
510.5
583.7
677.3
694. 1
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Cu. ft.
1.73
3.06
1.17
2.71
2.08
2.89
2.21
3.28
4.28
11.0
Cu.ft.
1.03
1.15
1.28
Age class: 270 to 290 years.
(8) Site i: Crawford County. Sample area: 1 acre.
Soil ; Brown, loamy sand of medium ffrain, light, loose, deep, fresh, well drained, with 2 to 3 inches -Age of pine : 95 to 105 years,
mold on top and surface cover of leaves. Density of crown cover: 0.6.
Forest conditions : "White Pine {47 per cent) mixed with hardwoods (30 per cent) and Hemlock (23
per cent), on a gentle slope; undergrowth scanty, of young Hemlock and Maple. ^' umber of trees: 364.
Classification: White Pine.
Dominant percent.. 47
Oppressed do 18
Suppressed do 35
ACRE TIELD.
White Pine.
Hemlock.
Maple.
Beech.
Xum-
Diameter
Volume.
Xum- Diameter
Num-
Diameter
Num-
ber of
(breast Height
Mer.
berof (breast
Height.
ber of
(breast
Height.
ber of
(breast
Height.
trees.
high).
Bole.
chantable
timber.
trees. I high).
trees.
high).
trees.
high).
Inches.
Feet.
Cu.ft.
FeetB.M.
Inches.
Feet.
Inches.
Feet.
Inches.
Feet.
4
3 to 6
18
3 to 6
26
3 to6
)
20
3 to 6
) 40
52
6 to 10
520
44
6 to 10
28
6 to 10
40
14
6 to 10
to
9
10
162
3
10
2
10
I
1
10
1 50
8
12
11
12
256
456
3
4
11
12
60
15
13
660
2
13
) to
White Eire
1.
XeUow Birch.
16
11
14
15
90
to
800
638
2
3
14
16
80
11
16
704
1
18
6
6 to 10
1
■ 2
6 to 10
13
17
936
1
20
4
10
40
8
18
640
2
23
14
\ to
5
19
435
1
1
60
4
20
384
2
17
3
21
309
1
23
122
1
25
143
173 trees;
83 trees ;
71 trees.
37 trees.
. 7, 165
. 28,650
Total cubic ft. .
1,330
4,780
Total tept T!
M ...
1
Total yield : White Pine and Hemlock, 33,430 feet B. M., of which White Pine 87 per cent.
Average annual accretion : White Pine, 71 cubic feet.
286 feet B. M.
124
THE WHITE PINE.
Table VI. — Acre yieUU of White Fine and measurements of sample trees — Continued.
A.— iVUCniGAX— Continued.
MEASUREMENTS OF SAMPLE TREES.
DOMINANT GROWTH.
Tree number.
Age.
Diameter
(breast
liigli).
Height.
Rings
per inch
Btnmp.
Volume
of tree.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Current annual
accretion.
Average
annual
tion.
Cu.ft.
0.64
.70
.70
.95
.93
.78
Tears.
100
98
103
100
103
Inches.
16.5
16.5
17.0
19.5
.18.5
Feet.
98
lOB
104
100
109
(0
(!)
5.3
4.9
4.8
Cit./t.
64.5
68.4
71.7
94.6
95.9
0.44
.43
.43
.46
.47
0.45
.40
.45
(!)
.37
Per cent. Cu./t.
1.7 1.10
2. 2 1. 50
1.5 1.07
1.7 1.61
2.i 2.01
8
Average...
101
17.6
103
5.0
79.0
.44
.42
1.8 1.46
CODOMINAST GROWTH.
5
95
101
101
14.0
15.3
15.5
94
91
96
6.6
5.8
6.0
49.6
52.1
62.8
0.49
.43
.49
0.38
(0
.57
2.0
4.2
2.6
0.99
2.46
1.63
0.52
.51
2
Average . . .
99
15.0
94
6.1
54.8
.47
.44
2.9
1.69 .55
Crawford County.
■ith 1
Sail: Gray or light sand, medium fine grain, porous, light, loose, dry (in places fresh),
moderately leafy surface cover. ■ , ^^ ■ ,i-i_-.
Forest conditions: Open stand of mi.ied TThite Pine and jSorway Pine with scattering \\ hite
Birch and occasional Oak, Haclcmatack. and Banksiau Pine on a level plain along the banks of
a river; undergrowth scanty, of young Fir, Cedar (Dijy'a occidrafad*), and a few small Oaks.
MEASUREMENTS OF SAMPLE TREES.
Age class ; 90 to 110 years.
DOMINANT GROWTH.
Tree number.
Age.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height
Rings
jier inch
on
stump.
Tolnme
of tree.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Current annual
accretion.
Average
annual
accre-
tion.
Tears.
109
112
109
106
no
109
112
112
108
109
Inches.
13.0
14.0
14.8
15.3
16.5
17.0
17.0
18.3
20.5
20.8
Feet.
94.0
96.0
93.0
85.0
104.0
101.0
100.0
103.0
105.0
105.0
Ko.
7.6
7.3
6.7
6.5
6.5
6.3
6.1
5.8
4.8
6.0
Cu./t.
45.7
50.2
51.4
53.3
64.3
67.6
72.4
85.3
99.1
99.8
0.52
.47
.45
.47
.41
.42
.45
.44
.41
.39
0.51
.47
.47
.37
.30
.59
(?)
.56
.49
.42
Per cent.
3.2
3.5
2.2
2.5
2.2
1.8
3.4
2.5
1.9
1.6
Cu./t.
1.46
1.75
1.14
1.33
1.41
1.22
2.46
2.13
1.88
1.60
C>i./t.
0.42
.44
.47
.50
.58
.62
.65
.76
.91
.91
19
Average . . .
109.6
16.7
98.6
6.3
68.9
.44
.46
2.5
1.64
.63
CODOMINANT GROWTH.
100
96
82
99
13.5
14.4
16.5
20.0
94.0
90.0
94.0
100.0
7.0
6.6
4.8
4.4
41.0
48.7
65.7
90.9
0.44
.47
.47
.41
0.57
(0
.53
.46
2.0
4.3 j
4.0
3.3
0.82
2.08
2.63
3.00
O.il
.50
.80
.91
9
Average . . .
94
16.1
94.5
5.7
61.6
.45
.52
3.4 1
2.13
.65
Age cUu8: 150 to 160 years.
DOMINAXT GROWTH.
2
158
157
22.5
21.8
114.0
115.0
6.6
7.0
124.9
121.1
0.40
.40
0.36
.58
2.4 1
1.2
3.00
1.45
0.80 1
13 -
.80 1
Average - . .
157.5
22.1
114.5
6.8
123.0
.40
.47
1.8
2.22
.80 1
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
125
Table VI. — Acre yields of White Piue and measurements of sample trees — Continued.
A.— MICHIGAN— Continued.
(10) Site k: Eoscommon County. Sample area: 1 acre,
[About 1,000 feet above sea level.]
Half acre Xo. 1.
Soil: Brown, loamy sand, deep, fine (for sand), porous, loose, fresh, and Tvell drained (water stands Age of pine: 230 to 240 years.
1 low ground), with a moderately leaty surface cover; subsoil, same as soil.
Forest conditions: Two-story stand on a gentle slope, upper story of White Pine (80 per cent) and
Ked Pine (20 per cent), lower story of tine tall Hemlock'; undergrowth scanty, of young
Hemlock, Beech, and dwarf Majde.
Clas.fi Hcation : White Pine.
Dominant per cent. . 63
Oppressed do 21
Suppressed do 16
HALF ACRE YIELD.
Density of crown cover: 0.8 to
0.9.
Number of trees : 186.
White Pine.
Eed Pine.
Hemlock.
Diameter
(breast
liigb).
Volume.
of trees. j^ig^,_
-v„™i^fl». ! Diameter
Number
of trees.
Height.
Bole.
Mer-
cbantable
Height.
Height.
timber.
Inches.
Feet.
Cu./eet.
Feet B.ir.
Inches.
Feet.
Inches.
Feet.
6
11
192
2
14
32
6 to 10
60
2
15
80
. to
125
116
2
16
4
10
70
. to
80
2
4
16
17
18
128
288
160
4
14
6
18
19
21
80
to
150
6
2
6
11
12
14
6
19
528
2
23
8
15
2
20
250
2
24
2
17
4
21
^
5-0
2
25
2
18
8
22
1,216
4
19
100
12
24
130
2,076
2
20
to
8
25
to
1,544
2
21
120
6
27
150
1,344
2
22
8
28
1,920
2
23
30
540
2
24
4
33
1,312
76 trees :
34 trees :
76 trees :
Total cubic feet
. 12,174
. 68,400
Total cubic fee
. 4, 270
. 20,500
Total cubic feet
. 3,616
. 13,000
Total yield: All species 20,060 cubic feet, of which White Pine was €1 per cent.
Average annual accretion: White Pine, 5:^ cubic feet.
248 feet B. il.
MEASUREMENTS OF SAMPLE TREES.
Age class: 230 to 250 years.
DOMINAKT GROWTH.
Tree number.
Age.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Kings
per inch
stump.
Volume
of tree.
Factor
of
shape.
Eatioof
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Current annual
accretion.
Average
annual
tion.
Tears.
234
236
235
237
237
232
233
237
235
215
236
236
238
244
233
251
Inches.
23.2
23.8
24.5
23.5
24.5
24.7
25.5
25.5
26.0
30.0
26.2
27.0
29.0
34.0
32.0
27.0
Feet.
137
142
142
140
145
145
143
145
143
122
145
150
140
130
144
120
Xo.
10.0
9.6
9.2
9.6
9.0
(!)
8.4
9.1
9.0
(?)
9.0
8.5
7.8
7.0
7.0
9.1
Cu./eet.
169.0
197.3
199.1
202.6
205.4
207.0
212.6
227.3
231.1
233.9
240.2
271.5
281.1
348.1
349.6
206.8
0.43
.44
.43
.46
.43
.43
.42
.44
.43
.39
.44
.45
.43
.42
.43
.43
0.39
.43
.43
.3«
.40
.47
.42
.44
.23
.35
.42
.41
.40
.62
.39
.36
Per cent.
0.8
.7
.7
.8
.5
1.0
.5
.9
.7
.8
.3
.8
.6
.5
1.0
.5
Cu./eet.
1.35
1.38
1.39
1.62
1.03
2.07
1.06
2.04
1.62
1.87
0.72
2.17
1.69
1.74
3.50
1.03
Cu./eet.
0.72
.83
.84
.86
.86
.89
.91
.96
.98
.95
1.01
1.15
1.18
1.42
1.50
.82
6
15
18
12
Average . . .
237
26.6
140
8.7
23G.4
.43
.41
.7
1.64
.99
OPPRESSED GROWTH.
237 21 136
11.0
133.8
0.41
0. 51 , 0.7 0.94
0.56
SUPPRESSED GROWTH.
235
229
13.0
15.3
120
126
17.7
15.2
61.1
86.7
0.55
.52
0.31
,41
0.0
.6
0.37
,52
0.26
.37
Average . . .
232
14.1
123
16.4
73.9
.53
.36
.6
.45
.31
126 THE WHITE PINE.
Table VI. — Acre yields of White Pine and measurement) of sample trees — Continued.
A.-MICHIf;AN-Continued.
Half acre Ao. 2.
Soil: Moist, low ground, near swamp. Ageof pine; 230 to 240 years.
Forest conditions : White Pine (61 percent) :inil Eemlock (iO per cent). Density of crown cover: 0.5.
Classification: 'Wliite Pine. Number of trees : 118.
Diimiu.ant per cent.. 80
Oppressed do 10
Suppressed do — 10
HALF-ACEE YIELD.
White Pine.
Hemlock.
Volume.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Bole.
Mer-
ch.intable
timber.
Inches.
Feet.
Cu.feet
FeetB.M.
Inches.
Feet.
2
15
1 80 f
116
6
6 to 10
60
i
18
to
320
6
11
1 70
to
j 80
19
J 125 1
176
4
12
2
22
304
4
13
2
24
360
4
14
2
25
400
6
15
4
2«
864
6
16
100
1 to
1 120
2
26
498
0
17
4
23
1,064
2
19
6
30
130
1,680
10
20
2
31
to i
604
2
24
4
32
150
1,280
2
25
12
33
4,080
2
34
720
2
35
762
4
36
1,604
2
37
846
2
38
890
60 trees :
58 trees :
Total cubic feet
. 16,586
Total cubic feet. 4,490 |
99, 400
. 16,160
Total yield : White Pine and Hemlock 21,076 cubic feet, of which "White Pine 71 per cent.
Averaije annual accrctio7i: White Pine, 70 cubic feet.
423 feet B. M.
(11) Site I .- Roscommon County. Sample area: 1 acre.
tSoil : Light'brown, dry sand, loose, light, very deep, "well drained { ?)> with 1 inch mold on top and Age of pine : { 0
surface cover of leaves. Density of crown cover: (?)
Forest condiiions : Red Pine (84 per cent) intermixed with White Pine (16 per cent), with occa-
sional Beech on a gentle slope (angle 5°) ; no undergrowth. Number of trees : 136.
ClasUfication: White Pine. Red Pine.
Dominant per cent . . 57 62
Oppressed do 24 31
Suppressed do. . . . 19 7
ACRE YIELD.
White Pine.
Eed Pine.
Beech. 1
Volume.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Bole.
Mer-
chantable
timber.
Inches.
Feet.
Cubicfeet.
FeetB. U.
Inches.
Feet.
Feet.
2
10
36
1
6 to 10
1
3 to 6
] 40
1
11
32
2
10
1
6 to 10
1
12
38
3
U
2
13
06
7
12
1
14
65
13
13
90
to
100
2
15
100
126
26
14
2
16
to {
142
16
1.5
3
18
120
261
18
16
1
19
96
16
17
2
21
228
5
IS
2
1
1
22
23
27
246
134
199
5
1
19
20
21 trees :
113 trees :
2 trees.
Total cubic feet
Total feet n. M
. 1,689
. 7, 090
Total cubic feet
. 6,207
. 26,060
Total yield : Pine 7,896 cubic feet, of which White Pine 21 per cent.
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
127
Table VI. — Acre ifields of TVhite Pine ajid measuremnits of sample trees — Continued.
A.— ^riCIIIG AN— Continued.
(12) Site m: Roscommon County. Sample area: 4 acres.
[900 to 1,000 feet above sea level.]
Acre Ko. 1.
Soil: Dry, li^ht-brown sand, medium fine, deep, well drained, with moderately leafy surface cover. Age of pine : 160 to 200 years.
Forest conditions : Red Pine (53 per cent) with White Pine (39 per cent) and haVdwoods (8 per Density of crown cover: (?).
cent) on une%"en ground ; stand open, ;iu(I open places with Red Oak and Maple. Number of trees : 91.
Classification: ^Yhite Piue. Red Pine.
Domiuaut per cent.. 73 87
Oppressed do 19 11
Suppressed do. ... 8 2
ACRE YIELD.
White Pine.
Eed Pine.
Oak.
1
Volume.
Number
of trees.
Diameter;
(breast Height,
high). 1
ViiTnhpr Diameter
otTees ""-o^^'
ot trees. j^j^^j
Height.
Number °jf,?«]?"-
«ft-«^«- highK
Height.
Bole.
Mer-
chantable
timber.
Inches.
Feet.
OvMcfeet.
FeetB.M.
Inches.
Feel.
Inches.
Feet.
1
14
55
1 13 '
1
Under 3
}
40
1
17
79
2 14
3
3 to6
1
18
88
1 1 15
2
2
20
21
210
228
6
5
17
18
100
Maple.
23
268
8
20
120
3
?-
110
438
314
3
21
2
2
3 to 6
6 to 10
I
40
0
4
26
27
845
732
2
2
23 ,
24
2
1
1
28
33
34
392
267
283
1
25
1
39 '] [
451
36 trees :
47 trees ;
8 trees.
Total cubic feet
. 5,553
5,360
Total feet B. M
. 26,600
Total feet B. M
26,000
Total yield: Pine, 10,913 cubic feet.
52,600 feet B. M., of which White Pine 50 per cent.
Average annual accretion: Pine, 61 cubic feet.
298 feet E. M.
AcreXo.3.
Soil : Dry, ligbt-brown sand, medium fine, deep, well drained, with moderately leafv surface cover.
Forest conditions : Eed Pine (75 per cent) with White Pine (25 per cent) intermixed; level.
Classification : White Pine. Red Pine.
Dominant per cent.. 62 74
Oppressed do 25 23
Suppressed do 13 3
ACRE YIELD.
Ape of pine : 160 to 200 years.
Density of crown cover; (?)•
Number of trees: 153.
White Piue.
Eed Pine.
Volume.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast Height,
high).
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
1 Mer-
Bole. chantable
timber.
Inches. Feet.
Cubic/eet.
FeetB. M.
Inches.
Feet.
6 to 10
1
11
3
111
1
12
9
12
4
1-4
12
13
1
15
8
14
100
7
16
100
32
15
^ to
4
17
17
16
120
3
3
1
18
19
20
120
18
8
4
17
18
19
6
21
2
20
3
23 ,
1
25 1
39 trees :
113 trees :
. 3 332
. 7,914
. 33,240
Tot
il feet B. M
. 15,980
Tota
feet B. M
Total yield: Pine, 11,246 cubic feet.
49,220 feet B. M., of which White Pine 32 per cent.
Average annual accretktn : Piue, 95 cubic feet.
273 feet B. M.
128 THE AVHITE PIXE.
Table VI. — Acre yields of TThiie Pine and measurements of sample (rces— Continued.
A MICHIGAN— Continued.
Acre Xo. 3.
Soil: Light brown, dry sanil, medium tine, doop, well dr.aiued, with a moderatel,y leafy surface
Forest conditions: Eed Pino (90 per cent) intermixed with White Pine (10 per cent) ; level.
OUsHificatioH: WhitePine. Ked P.ne.
Dominant perceut.. 75 80
Oppressed do---- 1' ^J
Suppressed do » »
ACRE YIELD.
Age of pine : 160 to 200 years.
Density of crown cover: (?)
Number of trees: 117.
White Pine. i| Eed Pine. 1
T.T „i Diameter
of trees. \^^^-^_
Volume.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Height.
Bole.
Mer-
chiintaWe
timber.
Number
of trees.
1
1
2
1
1
3
2
1
Inches.
6 to 10
13
14
19
20
22
25
26
Feet.
100
to
120
Cubiefeet.
10
48
110
96
105
369
314
169
FeetB.M.
5
1
1
6
3
12
10
15
25
12
4
6
2
2
1
Inches.
OtolO
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IS
19
20
21
22
23
Feet.
100
. to
120
12 trees ;
1,221
105 trees:
Total cubic feet.. 8,170
Total feet B.M.. 34,300
5,120
Total yield: Pine, 9,391 cubic feet.
39,420 feet B. M.. of which White Pine 15 per cent.
Average anmial accretion: Pine, 52 cubic feet.
•^ 219 feet B. M.
Acre Xo. 4.
Sail: Light-brown, fresh, loose sand, medium fine, deep, well drained, with a moderately leafy
Porcit conditions: Eed Pine (61 per cent) intermixed with White Pine (33 per cent) and hard-
•woods (6 per cent) : scattered young Oak and Beech on uneven ground.
CtatHjication: ' WhitePine. Eed Pine.
Dominant percent.. 47 /2
Oppressed d»---- " If
Suppressed do 39 iS
ACEE riELD.
Age of pine: 160 to 200 years.
Density of crown cover : (?).
Niunber of trees : (?).
White Pine. |
Eed Pine. 1
Oak. 1
Num-
Volume.
Num-
Diameter
Num-
Diameter
Mer-
chant-
ber of
(breast
leight.
ber of
(breast
Height.
ber of
(breast
trees.
high).
Bole.
trees.
high).
timber.
1
Feet.
Cubiefeet.
Ft.B.M.
Inches.
Feet.
Inches.
Feet.
6
6 to 10
63
1
11
1
3 to 6
40
3
3
1
10
11
12
13
54
96
38
96
2
6
14
12
13
14
15
100
to
120
4
14
15
110
252
11
8
16
17
3
16
100
213
13
18
4
18 > to <
19
20
120
192
210
492
2
21
22
3
3 to 6
23
268
\ to
1
157
60
3
26
507
1
27
183
1
34 J
283
85 trees :
9 trees.
3,563
Total cubic ft.
7,572
Total feet B.M
14,900
j Total ft. B.M.
31, 800
lotalyield: Pine, 11,135 cubic feet.
46,760 feet B. M., of which White Pine 32 per cent.
Average annual accretion : Pine, 62 cubic feet.
TABLES OF MEASUKEMENTS.
Table VI. — Acre yields of JVkile I'ine tnid vieasurements of sample trees — Continued.
A.— MICHIGAN— Continued.
MEASUREMENTS OF SAMPLE TKEES.
Age class ; 160 to 180 years.
DOMINANT GROWTH.
129
Tree number.
Age.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Kings
per inch
stump.
Volume
of tree.
Factor
of
shape.
Eatio of
leneth
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Current annual
accretion.
Average
accre-
tion.
Tears.
178
173
163
Inches.
24.2
27.2
26.5
Feet.
118
121
120
No.
7.5
6.2
6.2
Cu.ft.
170.1
218.8
211.0
0.46
.45
.46
0.54
.28
.31
Percent.
1.2
.7
.7
Cu. ft.
2.04
1.53
1.47
Cu. ft.
0.95
1.26
1.29
29.
24.
34.
18.
Average...
171
182
188
186
26.0
25.2
26.7
31.0
120
118
118
119
6.6
7.4
6.9
5.5
200.0
173.0
202.1
286.6
.46
.43
.45
.45
.38
.53
.59
.40
.9
1.3
1.2
.7
1.68
2. 25
2.42
2.0
1.17
.95
1.07
1.54
Average...
185
27.6
118
6.6
220.5
.44
.51
1.1
2.22
1.19
CODOMINANT GROWTH.
179
185
185
184
182
19.0
17.0
20.3
24.5
125.0
125.0
105.0
109.0
111.0
9.9
11.5
9.1
7.4
7.7
118.4
79.2
111.8
128. 6
134.3
0.48
.41
.46
.36
.45
0.26
.51
.32
.38
.44
0.8
1.5
.8
1.0
1.5
0.95
1.19
.89
1.29
2.01
0.66
.42
.60
.70
.73
Average...
184
20.9
112.0
8.9
113. 5
.42
.41
1.2
1.34
.61
OPPRESSED GROWTH.
Age class : Over 200 years.
DOMINANT GROWTH.
20233— No. 22 9
211
28.5
119
7.3 218.9
0.41
0.63
1.3
2.84
1.03
OPPRESSED aRO^VTH.
13
206
22
119
9. 7 1 144. 4
0.46
0.38
0.6
0.87
0.70
130 THE WHITE PINE.
Table VI. — Acre yitlds of JVhite Pine and mtastirements of sample trees — ContinuecL
A.— MICHIGAN— Continued.
(13) Site ?i: Roscommon County. Sample area; lacre.
[900 to 1,000 feet above sea level.]
Soil; Liglu-brown.lotimy sand, freah, light, loose, fine, well drained, with 2 to 3 inches mold on Age of pine: 160 to 200 years,
top, and a surface cover of abundant leaves. Density of crown cover: ( !)
Forest conditions: Hardwoods (69 per cent) mixed with White Pine (31 per cent) situated on a
slope (angle 10°) ; undergrowth scanty, of young Oak and Beech. [The single Red Pine stand-
ing rather exceptional. About 20 to 25 per cent of Red Pine would have been more typical.) Number of trees : 130.
Classification: White Pine.
Dominant per cent . . 80
Oppressed do 10
Suppressed do 10
ACRE riELD.
White Pine.
Beech.
Rock Mapl
Volume.
i
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Number °,'^S!^/
of trees. <br-»t
Height.
Bole.
Mer-
chantable
timber.
Inches. Feet.
Cubic ft.
Feet B.M.
Inches.
Feet.
Inches.
Feet.
1
11
32
26
3 to 6
6
6 to 10
3
13
159
34
6 to 10
10
1
14
60
4
11
1 12
1
15
72
6
12
1 13
1
17
90
13
1 14
2
20
240
14
1 17
3
3
21
23
387
477
15
16
1
3
24
25
100
to {
166
555
18
Red Oak.
4
27
864
'
4
1
28
29
924
247
1
1
12
31
560
1
13
2
32
594
1
26
2
33
630
2
34
G68
1
36
373
40 trees :
75 trees.
15 trees.
Total cubic feet
. 7,698
. 36,950
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
131
B— wiscoNsrx
(1) Site a:
Table VI. — Acre yields of White Pine and measurements of sample trees — Continued.
"Washburn County. Sample area: 2 acres.
[1,200 feet above sea level.]
Acre No. 1.
Soil: Fresh clay, underlaid by hardpan of clay and stones ; 4 inches of mold, surface cover leafy.
Forest conditions: Two-story etana, White Pine occupying upper story, hardwoods (Maple,
Yellow Birch, Elm or Basawoods, or Hornbeam) the lower story; undergrowth dense, of
young hardwoods, 1 to 3 inches in diameter, 20 to 30 feet high. White Pine, 56 per cent;
hardwoods, 44 per cent.
Classification: "White Pine.
Dominant per cent . . 73
Oppressed do 9
Suppressed do — 18
Age of pine: 200 to 220 years.
Density of crown cover: (f).
Number of trees : 76.
ACKE YIELD.
Diameter
(breast Height,
high).
Mer-
chantable
timber
43 trees :
Total cubic feet 8,119
TotalfeetB. M 52,920
Maple.
Diameter
(breast Height,
high). I
Inche*.
3 to 6
6 to 10
10 to 14
6 to 10
10 to 14
14 to 18
Average annual accretio
132
THE WHITE PINE.
Table VI. — Acre yields of JVliite Pine and measurements of sample trees — Continued.
B.—WISCONSrN— Continued.
Soil- Freah clav, underlaid by bnrdpan of clay and stones; 4 inches of mold, surfiice cover Age of pine: 200 to 220 yMTS.
ieafv Density of crown cover: (i>
Forest conditions: Twostorv stand, White Pine occupying the upper story and h.-irdwoods
(Manle Yellow Birch, Elm or Basswood, or Hornbeam) the lower story; undergrowth scanty, _ , , ,,„
of voun" hardwoods .%nd Fir. White Pine, 52 per cent ; hardwoods, 48 per cent. Number ot trees: 133.
Clateificalion: White Pine.
Dominant percent.. ;d
Oppressed "° -"
Suppressed ao... j
ACRE YIELD.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Mer.
chantable
timber.
69 trees :
Total cubic feet 15,849
Total feet B.M 95,040
Diameter
(breast
high).
YeUow Birch.
3 to 10
6 to 10
10 to 14
14 to 18
MEASUKEMENTS OF SAMPLE TREES.
Tree number.
Age.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Volume
of tree.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
accre-
tion.
Tears.
204
221
213
214
216
202
204
212
213
Inches.
24.7
27.0
27.0
25.0
26.8
24.0
29.0
29.0
30.0
Feet.
102.0
113.0
121.5
126.0
126.0
134.0
132.0
133.0
133.5
Cu./t.
166
183
191
201
210
187
238
250
291
0.49
.41
.40
.43
.42
.44
.39
.41
.44
0.45
.37
.53
.52
.46
.40
.39
.42
.47
Cit./t.
0.81
.82
.90
.94
.97
.93
1.17
1.18
1.37
Average...
211
27.0
124.0
213
.42
.44
1.01
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
133
Table VI. — Acre yields of TJliite Pine and measitrements of sample trees — Continued.
B.—'WISCOXSrN— Continued.
(2) Site C.-
Washburn County.
[1,400 feet above sea level.]
Acre No. 1.
Sample area: 3 i
underlaid by sand at a depth of about 2 feet ; fresh, moist in hollow, Age of pine : 200 to 220 (few 160|
1 top and surface cover of leaves. years.
Forest conditions Two-story stand of typical open pine growth, upper storv ol White Tine Density of crown cover: (!)
(22 per cent), lower story of hardwoods (74 per cent), mainly Kock Slaple, scattering
Yellow Birch, and occasional Elm, Hornbeam, and Fir (4 per cent) ; underjprowth, moder-
ately dense, of young hardwoods. Number of trees : 88.
ACRE YIELD.
White Pine.
Rock Maple.
Yellow Birch.
Elm. 1
Num-
ber of
trees.
Diame-
ter
(breast
high).
Height.
Volume
Num-
ber of
trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Num-
ber of
trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Num-
ber of
trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Bole.
Mer-
chant-
able
timber.
2
1
1
2
1
1
I
1
2
3
1
1
Inches.
18
19
23
26
28
32
33
34
35
38
40
46
Feet:
1 120
120
to ■
140
Cu./t.
160
87
103
318
400
231
297
315
334
706
1,335
490
638
Ft.B.2I.
18
24
6
1
1
Inches.
3 to 6
6 to 10
10 to 14
17
19
Feet.
40
60
80
80
80
1
3
2
Inches.
3 to 6
6 to 10
10 to 14
15
16
17
20
31
Feet.
40
60
80
80
80
60
80
Over
80
1
Inches.
15
Feet.
80
Hornbeam.
3 3 to 6 40
Fir.
4
3 to 6
4
19 trees :
Total ciibi(
5,414
32,480
50 trees.
11 trees.
8 trees.
Tc
tal feet I
3.M
Averaije annual accretion: "\\'hite Pi]
Acre Xo.
Soil: Light-colored clay, underlaid by sand .it a depth of about 2 feet; fresh, moist in hollow, Ageof pine: 200to220 (few 160)
■with 3 Inches mold on top and surface cover of leaves. years.
Forest conditions: Two-story stand of White Pine (44 per cent) mixed with hardwoods (53 per Density of crown corer: (?)
cent), upper story of pine, the lower story of hardwoods (Rock Maple intermixed with
Yellow Birch and scattering Hornbeam and Elm) and occasional Fir (3 per cent) : no under-
growth. Number of trees : 136
Classification: White Pine.
Dominant per cent . . 68
Oppressed do 26
Suppressed do 6
ACRE YIELD.
White Pino.
Rock Maple.
Number
of trees.
Volume.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
(breast
high).
Bole.
Mer-
chantable
timber.
4
4
4
4
. 4
12
4
4
8
8
Inches.
6 to 10
14
18
19
20
24
26
29
31
32
Cubicfeet.
40
20
320
348
384
1,992
800
988
2,240
2,376
2,448
FeetB.M.
36
16
Inches.
3 to 6
6 to 10
Feet.
40
60
Yellow Birch. . 1
12 6 to 10
4 10 to 14
4 14 to 18
60
} 80
4 45
Fir.
1
4 j 3 to 6 40
60 trees :
Total cubic fee
t 12,136
. 72,810
76 trees :
1
134
THE WHITE PINE
Tarle VI. — Acre yiihU of TTIiite Pine and measurements of sample trees — Continued.
-WISCONSIX— Continueil.
Acre No. S.
Soil: Light-colorert clay, underlaid by sand at a depth of about 2 feet; fresh, moist in hollow. Age of pine: 200 to 220 (few
with 3 inches mold on top, and surface cover of leaves. 160) years.
Forest conditiojis: Twostory stand of White Pine (40 per cent) mixed with hardwoods (47 per Density of crown cover: (t).
cent), upper story of hardwoods (Rock Maple intermixed with Yellow Birch and scattering
Hornbeam and Elm; and occasion.il Fir (13 percent); moderately dense undergrowth, of very
young hardwoods. Number of trees : 123.
Clamjication: White Pine.
Dominant per cent . . 76
Oppressed tlo 8
Suppressed do 16
ACEE YIELD.
White Pine.
Rock Kaple.
Ehn. 1
Volume.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Mer-
Bole. , chantable
timber.
Feet.
Culic/eet.FeetB.M.
Inches.
Feet.
Inches.
Feet.
1
13
44
18
3 to 6
40
6 to 10
1
15 ,
38
19 6 to 10
60
1
14 to 18
80
2
3
17 1 80
18 \\ to {
144
240
6 , 10 to 14
1 14 to 18
} 80
1
5
19 1 120
20
87
480
1
Basswood
3
3
1
2
23 l)
477
498
185
400
Yellow Birch.
1
60 to 10
60
26
1
3 to 6
40
28
093
2
6 to 10
60
Fir.
2
29
494
3
10 to 14
5
31
120
1,400
1
1
18
19
12
3 to 6
40
i
34
140
334
4
6 to 10
60
1
35
353
3
1
36
37
1,203
423
42
1,074
1
43
562
,
1
44
584
1
46
633
54 trees.
19 trees
Total cubic feet
12,169
. 73,000
MEASUREMENTS OF SAMPLE TREES
Age class: 300 to 150 years.
Tree number.
Age.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Volume
of tree.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Average
annual
tion.
Tears.
107
104
102
120
101
Inches.
18.5
18.0
18.7
19.3
14.0
Feet.
86.0
80.0
86.5
90.0
75.0
Ou./t.
63
70
74
81
41
0.39
.49
.45
.46
.52
0.44
.63
.61
.55
.40
Ou./t.
0.59
.67
.73
.68
.41
47
60
Average . . .
25
107
102
102
100
102
103
112
118
105
17.7
12.8
13.2
14.0
16.7
22.2
18.8
17.0
5.6
83.5
77.5
73.5
75.0
79.5
83.0
86.0
86.5
41.5
66
34
36
46
56
97
81
69
4
.46
.49
.51
.57
.52
.43
.49
.50
.56
.52
.30
.48
.37
.58
.49
.50
.41
.56
.61
.34
.35
.46
.55
.94
.70
.59
.38
26
27
30
32
Average . . .
105.5
104
104
101
105
100
105
102
105
15.0
15.3
15.5
16.5
19.5
14.0
17.0
16.5
18.5
75.0
91.0
96.0
98.0
100.0
94.0
104.0
106.0
109.0
53
52
63
65
95
50
72
68
96
.51
'.45
.50
.44
.45
.50
.44
.43
.47
.46
.54
.50
.61
.64
.90
.50
.69
.67
.91
.51
.41
3
5
.38
.45
.41
.38
6
7
8
Average . . .
1
103
137
142
18.6
24.0
27.8
100.0
105.0
108.0
70
118
201
.46
.36
.44
.42
.31
.43
.68
.86
1.42
2
Average . . .
139.5
26.0
106.5
159
.40
.37
1.14
TABLES OF MEASUBEMENTS.
135
Table VI. — Acre yields of TThite Pine and measurements of sample trees — Continned
B.— "WISCONSEN— Continaed.
MEASTTEEMENTS OF SAMPLE TREES— Continued.
AgeclaiS: ] 50 to 200 years.
Tree number.
Age.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Volume
of tree.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Average
annual
accre-
tion.
13
Tears,
207
200
208
195
197
196
205
198
217
197
210
202
205
205
204
225
206
207
204
205
200
201
Inches.
19.0
20.3
22.6
24.2
24.2
23.0
23.5
25.8
29.5
29.0
31.0
30.5
33.3
25.6
3.1.3
28.2
28.5
28.5
32.0
32.0
H4.0
28.3
Feet.
94.5
101.0
96.0
97.0
112.5
Cu./t.
94
100
121
133
MR
0.50
.44
.45
.43
.41
.46
.47
.43
.35
.45
.42
.44
.42
.44
.43
.37
.40
.40
.44
.44
.39
.40
0.45
.55
. .40
.32
.54
.46
.42
.42
.58
.63
.59
.47
.43
.39
.51
.50
.43
.34
.54
.69
.43
.61
Cu./t.
0.45
.50
.58
.68
.74
.79
.78
.84
.88
1.20
1.20
1.40
1.48
.78
.86
.78
.89
1.03
1.34
1.37
1.43
1.03
15
16
17
116.0 154
113.5 161
114.5
115.0
115.0
127.5
120.0
100.5
116.5
110.0
103.0
119.0
111.5
115.0
117.0
119.0
192
236
253
282
304
161
175
175
183
213
274
281
285
208
22
24
28
31
33
Average . . .
40
204 27.0
195 16.0
111.0
ins. n
195
75
.47
.47
.49
.44
1.75
.38
201 , 22.2
95. 0 115
116. 0 , 216
120.0 ; 262
128. 0 308
126.0 342
0.45
.41
.49
.37
.+1
0.63
.55
.52
.56
.39
0.57
1.13
1.21
1.40
1.65
30
216
220
207
28.5
34.5
35.0
38
Average . . .
207
204
209
200
212
210
212
214
206
220
210
210
210
29.8
34.0
35.5
35.0
34.0
33.5
37.0
38.0
38.0
37.0
42.0
43.0
117.0 249
118.0 274
121.0 305
116. 0 306
120. 0 313
141. 0 323
128. 0 1 355
114.0 1 357
127. 0 371
127.0 399
140.0 1 506
144. 0 577
138.0 1 726
.43
.37
.37
.40
.42
.37
.37
.40
.53
.61
.55
.41
.42
.50
.64
il
1.19
1.34
1.46
1.53
1.48
1.54
1.68
1.67
1.80
1.81
2.41
2.75
3.46
6 .. .
7
.37 .46
.42 .61
.38 .60
.40 ! .56
.39 .51
9
12
Average . . .
210
166
151
167
155
155
38.0
25.0
29.5
28.7
29.0
28.0
128. 0 1 401
105. 0 158
103.0 1 175
96. 0 176
101.5 ' 201
113.5 1 217
.39 .52
.44 i .38
.36 ' .52
.41 .55
.43 .52
.45 .41
1.91
.95
1.16
1.05
1.30
1.40
Average . . .
159 1 28. 0
104. 0 185
.42 .47
1.17
136
THE WHITE PINE.
Table VI. — Acre yitlde of TVIiite Pine and meaaurements of sample trees — Continued.
B.—TTISCONSIN— Continued.
(3) Site c- Barron Comity. Sample area : 3 acres.
Acre Xo. 1.
Soil: Clayeyloammixedwithsantlandstones, leaf cover underlaid by 2 to 3 inches mold; sabsoil. Age of pine: 160 to 200 (few
clay i'n places and in others sand. 90 to 100) years.
Forett conditions: Eidses coveveil with White Pine (65 per cent) intermixed with hardwoods (32 Density of crown cover: ( ! ).
per cent), mainly Rock Maple, few Yellow Birch, Hornbeam, Basswood, and occasional Elm,
with scattering "Fir (2 per cent) and Eed Pine (1 per cent) ; hollows sometimes full of water,
but more often open, grassy swamps, with Alder and Hackmatack, fringed by pine. Number of trees : 166.
Classifieation : White Pine.
Dominant percent.. 57
Oppressed do 30
Suppressed do 13
ACRE YIELD.
White Pine.
Red Pine. 1
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
A'olume.
T.T , Diameter
o^f^e^. ^^
Height. .
Bole.
Mer-
chantable
timber.
4
4
6
• 2
6
10
8
2
6
4
8
4
4
6
8
6
4
2
8
4
2
Inches.
6 to 10
11
11
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
24
25
26
28
30
32
33
Feet.
80
to
100
110
to
130
Cubic/eet.
40
112
204
78
270
520
464
130
432
316
688
248
536
684
918
1,368
1,110
796
426
1,920
548
582
FeetB.M.
2
Inches.
18
Feet.
100
Maple.
20
18
3 to 6
6 to 10
40
eo
Yellow Birch.
4 1 3 to 6
40
Hornbeam.
6
3 to 6
40
Basswood.
4 I 3 to 6
1
40
Fir.
4 1 3 to 6
40
108 trees :
. . 12, 290
58 trees.
Total
feet B. M.
58,990
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
137
Table VT. — Acre yields of JVhitc Pine and measurements of sample trees — Continued.
B.— WISCONSIN— Continned.
iXc
Soil: Clayey loam mixed with sand and Stones, leaf cover underlaid by 2 to 3 inches mold : subsoil, Age of pine: 160 to 200 (few
clay in places and in others saud. 90 to 100) years.
Forett conditions : Eidges covered with White Tine (49 per cent) intermixed with hardwoods Density of crown cover: (»).
(51 per cent), mainly Eock Maple, few Yellow Birch, Hornbeam, Basswood, and occasional
Kim, with scattering Fir and Red Pino ; hollows sometimes full of water, but more often open,
grassy swamps, with Alder and Hackmatack, fringed by pine. Number of trees; 110.
Classijication : ' White Pine.
Dominant per cent . 78
Oppressed do 22
Suppressed do 0
ACRE YIELD.
White Pine.
Maple. 1
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Volume.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Height.
Bole.
Mer-
chantable
timber.
2
2
4
4
2
10
10
2
6
2
2
2
Inches.
6 to 10
19
20
21
23
24
26
28
29
30
32
35
42
Feel.
\ To 1
1 100
Cltbicfeet.
20
158
172
496
Feet B.M.
26
16
2
Inches.
3 to 6
6 to 10
10 to 14
Feet.
40
60
80
110
to
13U
536
292
1,530
370
1.990
426
456
480
548
652
1, 074
Yellow Birch.
2 23 1 80
Hornbeam.
10 3 to 6 1 40
64 trees :
Total cubic feet 9,200
Total feet B.M 41,160
56 trees.
138
THE WHITE PINE.
Table VI. — Acre yields of While Pine and meaauremenis of sample trees — Continued.
B.— WISCONSIN— Continned.
Acre Xo. S.
Soil: Clayey loam mixed with sand and stones, loaf cover underlaid by 2 to 3 inches mold; subsoil, Age of pine ; 160 to 220 (few 90
clay in places and in others sand. to 100) years.
Forest conditions: Ridges covered with White Pine (59 per cent) intermixed with hardwoods (38 Density of crown cover: ( !).
per cent), mainly Kock Maple, few Yellow Uirch, Hornbeam. Basswood, and occasional Elm,
with scattering'Fir (3 per cent) and Ked Pine; hollows sometimes full of water, but more
often open, grassy swamps, with Alder and Hackmatack, fringed by pine. Number of trees : 144.
Classification: White Pine.
Dominant per cent.. 61
Oppressed do 15
Suppressed do 24
ACRE YIELD.
White Pine.
Maple. 1
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Volume.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Bole.
Mer-
chantable
timber.
3
1
1
5
1
11
5
7
6
4
4
6
4
5-
3
1
4
1
5
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Inches.
6 to 10
11
13
14
15
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
34
35
30
38
40
Feet.
80
to
100
110
to
130
140
Oubicfeet.
30
28
39
225
52
715
360
553
516
496
636
876
612
855
555
199
852
228
1,200
518
274
! 360
380
401
445
490
Feet B.M.
22
11
Inches.
3 to 6
6 to 10
Feet.
40
60
Hornbeam.
3
3 to 6 40
Basswood.
4
2
3 to 6
6 to 10
40
60
Fir.
5
3 to 6
40
85 trees:
Total cubic feet 11,795
Total feet B.M 66,610
49 trees.
Average annual accretion: Wbito Pii
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
139
Table VI. — Acre yields of TVhile Pine and mtaaiirmienta of aample trees — Continued.
B.— ■WISCONSIN— Continued.
IIEASUEEUENTS OF SAMPLE TREES.
Age daas : 200 to 220 years.
Tree number.
Age.
Diameter
(breast
bigli).
Height.
Volume
of tree.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Average
accre-
tion.
reai«.
204
210
207
200
206
205
210
214
210
Inches.
27.3
25.2
31.0
29.5
29.2
30.0
34.0
36.0
39.0
Feet.
123.0
137.0
127.5
116.0
130.5
133.0
118.5
113.5
130.0
Cu.ft.
219
227
246
239
282
284
292
312
415
0.44
.48
.37
.43
.46
.43
.39
.39
.38
0.59
.40
.35
.51
.29
.52
.37
.38
.49
Cu.ft.
1.07
1.08
1.19
1.20
1.37
1.38
1.40
1.46
1.98
6
9
Average...
207
211
228
220
207
204
205
212
204
31.0
20.2
23.6
22.8
27.2
27.0
27.0
27.8
27.3
125.0
116.0
113.0
121.0
107.5
121.0
122.0
104.5
112.0
280
132
148
153
200
204
210
180
186
.42
.51
.43
.45
.46
.42
.43
.41
.41
.43
.64
.42
.45
.28
.43
.25
.51
.41
1.35
.03
.65
.70
.97
1.00
1.02
.85
.91
15
Average...
211
25.0
114.0
177
.44
.42
.84
Age class: 160 to 180 years.
168
165
173
163
162
174
166
30.0
28.4
28.4
17.8
23.0
28.0
25.4
121.5
120.0
127.0
91.5
101.0
108.5
104.0
206
224
257
72
130
167
166
0.35
.41
.46
.46
.46
.36
.45
0.49
.50
.35
.34
.54
.54
.52
1.22
1.36
1.49
.44
.80
.96
1.00
19
23
24
Average...
167
26.0
110.0
174
.42
.47
1.04
140
THE WHITE PINE.
Table VI. — Acre yields of Ifliite Pine and measurements of sample trees — Continued.
B.— "WISCONSIN— Coutinued.
(4) Site/;
Washburn Countv
Soil: Light brown sandy loam, medium fine grain, loose, deep, fresh, well drained, with abun-
dant leafy surface cover.
Forest conditions: An open stand of hardwoods (Itock Maple. Yellow Birch, and scatteriiiff Basa-
wood, with Hemlock, and occasional Reil Uals, White Birch, and Poplar), in which White Pine
is scattered in varying proportions, on brokeu land, with frequent swamps in the hollows;
undergrowth of young hardwoods. Fir and Hornbeam, and few Hemlock.
MEASUREMENTS OF SAMPLE TREES.
Age class: 80 to 100 years.
Tree number.
Age.
Diameter
(breast
higb).
Height.
Rings
per mob
stump.
Volume
of tree.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Current annual
accretion.
Average
accre-
tion.
Years.
54
62
68
90
Inches.
5.5
6.0
6.8
6.8
Feet.
37
40
46
38
iVo.
Cubic feel.
3.2
4.2
6.5
4.8
0.52
.53
.48
.50
0.57
.50
.72
.45
Per cent.
Cubicfeet.' Cubicftet.
j .06
.07 1
.05
Average . . .
68.5
0. 3
40
4.4
.51
.56
.06
DOMINANT GROWTH.
22
82
81
83
79
81
89
14.0
14.7
15.0
15.0
19.0
18.7
82
84
82
83
85
96
5.5
5.0
4.6
4.8
3.9
3.9
43.0
48.0
48.1
50.8
78.2
85.7
0.49
.60
.48
.48
.40
.47
0.39
.42
.11
.31
.37
.51
4.0
2.7
5.2
3.2
2.4
4.6
1.72
1.30
2.50
1.62
1.88
3.94
0.52
.60
.58
.61
.96
.96
23
27
Average . . .
82.5
16.0
85
4.6
59.0
.48
.40
3.7
2.16
.71
OPPRESSED GH
26
82
81
80
.92
11.3
11.8
11.9
14.5
101
77
81
79
6.6
6.2
5.7
6.6
30.0
30.5
32.8
39.7
0.42
.50
.51
.43
0.40
.37
.33
.64
3.1
4.0
4.6
3.6
0.93
1.22
1.51
1.43
0.36
.37
.41
.43
29
Average . . .
84
12.4
84.5
6.0
33.3
.46
.41
3.8
1.27
.39
SrpPBESSED GROWTH.
Age class : 120 to 130 years.
DOMINANT GROWTH.
121
125
125
125
119
20.2
24.5
26.5
26.3
29.0
91
89
9U
105
97
5.4
4.0
4.0
4.1
3.8
90.9
131.8
141.5
176.8
184.5
0.45
.45
.39
.47
.42
0.50
.58
.46
.53
.57
3.4
2.9
1.6
1.6
1.5
3.09
3.82
2.12
2.83
2.77
0.75
1.05
1.13
1.41
1.55
28
16
17
Average . . .
123
25.3
95
4.3
145.1
.44
.53
2.2
2.92
1.18
A(!e class : 220 to 230 years.
DOMINANT GROWTH.
36
223
223
228
219
30.5
31.0
35.3
35.0
116
112
124
118
7.0
7.0
6.0
6.0
237.4
246.6
322.2
■ 359. 9
0.40
.42
.40
.46
0.38
.56
.48
.44
0.8
.6
.5
.7
1.90
1.48
1.61
2.52
1.06
1.10
1.41
1.64
12
6
Average . . .
223
33.0
117
6.5
291.5
.42
.46
.6
1.83
1.30
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
141
Table VI. — Acre yields of JVhile Pine and measurements of sample trees — Continued.
B.— WISCONSIN-Continned.
(5) Site J. ■ Waahbum County.
Soil : Loam, generally fresh, sand and stone raised, 2 to 3 inches mold on top, and a surface cover
of leaves.
Forest conditions: Two-story stand, upper story of White Pine (54 per cent) and Red Pine (9 per
cent), second story of ^ir (13 per cent and hardwoods (24 per cent)— Maple, with scattering;
White and Yellow Birch, occasional Oak and Elm, Hemlock occurring singly; undergrowth
scanty, of youn^ hardwoods, uneven land full of drift ridges and hollows, often with steep
inclines, the liolTows frequently full of water.
Classification: White Pine.
Dominant per cent. . 70
Oppressed do 15
Suppressed do 15
Age of pine: 160 to 230 years.
Density of crown cover : ( 0
Number of trees: 143.
ACRE YIELD.
White Pine.
Red Pine.
Maple. 1
ISambeT
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high)-
Height.
Volume.
Nomber
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Bole.
Mer-
chantable
timber.
3
3
1
3
4
5
2
5
2
5
5
8
4
3
3
5
6
2
3
1
1
1
2
Inches.
6 to 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
29
31
32
33
34
Feet.
80
to
100
100
to
120
Ctthic/eet.
30
84
34
117
180
260
116
325
176
4i!0
525
912
492
402
438
783
1,014
364
627
237
251
207
566
FeetB.M.
1
2
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
Inches.
15
16
17
18
19
20
24
25
26
Feet.
80
to
120
9
16
3
Inches.
3 to 6
6 to 10
10 to 14
Feet.
40
60
80
Birch.
2
3
1
1
3 to 6
6 to 10
14
16
40
60
} 80
Fir.
16
3 to 6
6 to 10
40
60
77 trees :
t 8,682
13 trees :
Total eiihie feet.. 1.469
53 trees. 1
Tot
1 feet B. SI
41.600
Tota
feetB.M
.. 6,160
1
MEASUREMENTS CF SAMPLE TREES.
A'je class : 220 to 230 years.
Tree number.
Age.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Volnme
of tree.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length
to total
height of
tree.
Average
tion.
Tears.
216
222
228
220
208
220
218.
Inches.
31.8
35.0
24.8
24.0
15.0
24.5
29.0
Feet.
121.5
123.5
116.5
100.0
96.0
107.5
118.0
Cubic/eet.
287
344
160
156
58
157
240
0.43
.42
.41
.49
.50
.45
.44
0.40
.46
.40
.27
.47
.35
.49
Cubicfeet.
1.33
1.55
.70
.78
.28
.71
1.10
Average...
219
26.3
112.0
200
.45
.40
.92
Age class: 160 to 180 years.
160
170
178
170
173
168
185
173
23.5
24.0
24.2
25.7
27.3
30.5
23.2
26.0
104.5
119.0
114.0
111.5
122.0
114.0
110.5
112.0
127
172
176
181
217
256
138
190
0.40 0
.46
.48
.45
.43
.44
.42
.46
40
41
38
41
46
42
34
28
0.79
1.01
.99
1.07
1.24
1.52
.74
1.10
8
Average...
172
25.5
113.0
182
.44 j
39
1.06
142
THE WHITE PINE.
Table VI. — Acre yields of White Pine and measurementg of sample trees — Continued.
B.— "WISCONSIN— Continued.
(6) Site W.-
Lincoln County.
Soil : Red, compact clav (black on top), well drained, with leafy surface cover.
Forest conditions: A mixed stand of White Pine (50 per cent), Hemlock (30 per cent), and Birch
(20 per cent), rolling country.
MEASUREMENTS OF SAMPLE TREES.
Afie class: 100 to 150 years.
Tree number.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height,
Volume
of tree.
Factor
of
shape.
Tree number.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height,
Volume
of tree.
Factor
of
shape.
Inches.
21.0
20.5
36.5
Feet.
97
97
104
Cu./t.
108.1
105.8
276.2
0,48
.48
.37
25
Inches.
36.5
Feet.
114
Cu./t.
308.5
.38
Average
28,6
103
199,6
.43
A!,e
class : 150 to 200 years.
24.0
21.0
27.0
24.0
25.0
24.0
24.0
33.0
34.0
33.0
117
08
101
104
87
121
121
107
105
136
122.2
137.7
140.5
136.7
140.1
178.6
180.7
230.8
249.0
257.1
0.33
.44
.35
.42
.47
.47
.47
.37
.38
,32
40
31.0
35.0
34.0
35,0
32.0
36.0
36.0
132
118
133
138
140
127
157
273. 2
287.7
313.8
311.4
318.6
283,2
365.8
.40
.36
.37
.34
.41
.35
.33
88
38
39
84
Average . . .
30.0
120
231,2
.38
Agi
class : 200 to 250 years.
25.0
25.0
22.0
25.0
25.0
24.0
24.0
27.0
30.0
31.0
29.0
27.0
27.0
30.0
28.5
35,0
29,0
26.0
26.0
28.5
30.0
31.0
31.0
32.0
31.0
31.0
32.0
31.0
30.0
36.0
38.0
35.0
35.0
33.0
37.0
38.0
33.5
34.0
105
111
118
97
101
115
115
106
110
97
97
98
126
115
127
108
135
117
117
127
129
94
101
136
114
121
119
122
110
119
137
128
128
105
101
119
139
104
102.:
105.2
129.9
136.6
139.4
151.7
153.5
173.5
180.4
181.5
182. 7
185.6
194.2
194.6
202.0
208.6
209. 7
215.4
216.6
216.8
217.2
218.8
220. 7
221. 1
223.5
228.4
230.8
233. 1
237.6
239.6
243. 2
247.5
248 2
255.4
256.8
258.8
260,1
261,4
0.29
.28
.42
,41
,40
.42
,42
.41
,31
.36
.41
.48
.30
.34
.36
.29
.34
.50
.50
,38
,34
,44
.42
,29
,37
,36
,35
0,36
.31
.28
.22
.29
.29
,41
.34
.28
.32
.40
75
36.0
33.5
33.5
29.0
37.0
32.0
38.0
35.0
38,0
35.0
35.0
34.0
51.5
103
114
115
123
110
129
123
133
149
149
148
138
148
263.5
267.8
267,8
277.3
274.4
286.2
290.5
314.0
315.7
335. 6
339,8
361.5
634.8
.36
.38
.38
.48
.33
.40
.30
.35
.27
.34
.34
.41
.30
23
89
35
99
34
82
55
17
4
61
20
10
Average
8
31.7
26.0
27.0
26.0
27,0
27.0
30.0
31.0
34.0
33.0
32.0
32.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
32.0
36,0
34,0
34.0
35,0
119
126
119
126
152
152
126
113
129
116
137
137
108
137
126
138
135
134
134
129
235,5
159.1
164.6
167.0
188.3
194.3
207.9
227.1
240.6
256.9
257.0
263,0
272.3
276.2
279.6
293.4
303, 6
310.0
321.9
341.6
.36
.34
.35
.36
.31
,32
.34
.38
.30
.37
.34
.34
.45
.32
,31
.38
.32
.37
.38
.40
69
51
52
12
83
56
80
72
62
3
85
21
18
26
9
29
70
41
Average . . .
31,5
130
248,6
.35
Ag
e class: 300 to 350 years.
31,0
30,0
30,0
36.0
33.0
46.0
115
132
120
124
129
140
215.9
219.8
231.9
240.3
296.2
309.4
0.36
.34
.39
.27
.39
.19
15
33.0
36,0
34,0
136
124
146
332, 0
237.0
380,4
0,41
.27
.41
64
36
Average . . .
34.3
129
273,6
.33
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
143
Table VI. — Acre i/ieJds of TTldte Pine and measurements of sample trees — Continued.
C— PEN:VSXLTAiN'IA :
(1) Site d:
Clintou CountT.
[2.000 feet above sea level.]
Sample
Soil: Rocky, Tinderlaid by sand, stone, or slates in places, sand or clay or a mixture of both in Age of pine : 240 to 260 years,
varving proportions: no soil to depth of 4 to 5 teet, rocks covered -with 3 inches mold, and Density of crown cover: 0.4
Rock Fern, Laurel, Green Brier, and in openings some Blackberries are seen. to 0.5 ; openings near top of
Forest conditions: Hemlock (60 per cent) intermixed with White Pine (24 per cent), scattering slope.
Black Birch and Yellow Birch and occasional Oak, Chestnut, and Maple, on steep slopes
bordering Hyner Run: undergrowth, moderately dense, of young Hemlock near the run and Xumber of trees per acre: 96.
Birch and hardwoods above named near top of slope.
YIELD FOR THE TWO ACRES.
"White Pine.
Hemlock.
Oak.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Volume.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Xnirilier Diameter
Bole.
Mer-
chantable
timber.
1
2
1
3
4
1
5
, 2
3
2
3
1
3
6
1
2
2
1
1
Inches,
ID
11
13
19
22
23
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
39
40
41
42
Feet.
80
80
80
130
130
130
130
135
135
135
135
135
145
145
145
145
145
145
146
145
145
Cu./t.
\ 108
\ 959
190
1, 083
514
i 1, 995
915
310
1,170
} 2,400
960
I 3,066
Feet B.M.
432
4,494
1,000
6,150
2,780
9,800
5,850
2.000
6, 900
14, 400
5,600
19,800
10
24
3
4
4
5
9
3
7
3
8
5
3
8
5
1
3
4
i
Inches.
3 to 6
CtolO
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
25
26
27
28
30
36
Feet.
80
to
100
' Inches. | Feet.
2 1 6 to 10 |1 35 to
3 i 10 to 14 / 60
Birch.
5 1 3 to 6
10 6 to 10
1 10 to 14
1 14 to 18
1 40
to
J «»
Chestnut. |
6 to 10 i) 40
10 to 14 \} to
14 to 18 J 60
Maple.
3 to 6
6 to 10
10 to 14
47 trees:
Total cubic feet 6,836
Total feet B.M 39,603
146 trees :
Total cubic feet 11.148
Total feet B.M 66,005
MEASUREMENTS OF SAMPLE TREES.
Af/e claes: 180 to 200 years.
Tree number.
Age.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Height to
base of
crown.
Rings
per inch
stump.
Volume.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
heightof
tree.
Lumber
product
under
present
practice
(percent
used of
total
volume
of stem).
Tree.
Mer-
chantable
timber.
Tears.
194
199
197
196
199
189
186
189
197
183
Inches.
26.0
30.0
26.5
23.0
29.0
23.0
22.0
25.5
26.0
26.5
Feet.
116
114
105
95
103
104
104
105
101
88
Feet.
56
56
56
40
52
60
54
45
50
40
Xo.
6.6
5.6
7.0
7.4
6.3
8.0
7.8
6.9
7.3
7.2
Cu./t.
170.8
214.4
183.3
111.1
220.6
106.4
128.0
176.1
155.7
151.2
FeetS.il.
908
1,273
997
490
1,290
534
643
892
791
760
0.40
.38
.45
.40
.46
.35
.46
,47
.42
.45
0.51
.51
.46
.58
.49
.42
.48
.57
.50
.54
44
49
45
37
48
41
42
42
42
41
15
17
Average...
193
26.0
103
51
7.0
162.0
858
.42
.51
43
Age class: 230 to 250 years.
DOMINANT GROWTH.
256
242
34.0 ;
35.0 t
158
150
94
82
7.5
6.2
416.3
376.1
2,660
2, 261
0.42
.37
0.40
.45
53
50
Average . . .
249
201
34.5
40.0
154
129
88
64
6.8
5.0
396.0
401.7
2,460
2, 300 1
.40
.36
.42
.50
51
47
144
THE WHITE PINE.
Table VI. — Acre yields of TThiic Pine and measurements of sample trees — Continued.
C.— PEXXSYLVAXIA— Continiifil.
MEASrKEMENTS OF SAMPLE TKEES— Continueii.
Age class: 230 to 250 years.
CODO-VINANT OKOTVTH.
Tree number.
Age.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Height to
base of
Kings
per inch
on
stump.
Volume.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Lumber
product
under
present
practice
(per cent
used of
total
volume
of stem).
Tree.
Mer-
chantable
timber.
Tears.
245
232
256
Inches.
28.5
23.0
23.5
Feet.
132
132
141
Feel.
94
78
90
No.
7.0
9.3
10.1
Cu./l.
256.6
160.6
192.7
FeetB.M.
1,583
766
1,066
0.44
.42
.45
0.29
.41
.32
51
39
46
2
Average . . .
5
244
229
234
(?)
231
229
25.0
25.0
23.0
28.0
27.0
30.0
135
120
116
124
110
120
89
60
60
60
62
8.8
7.1
9.3
(!)
7.8
7.7
203.0
197.6
160.4
224.2
190.2
268.0
1,138
1.100
888
1,348
1,070
1,535
.44
.48
.48
.42
43
.45
.34
.50
.48
.42
.45
.56
45
46
46
50
47
48
7
Average . . .
231
26.5
118
61
8.0
208.0
1,188
.45
.48
47
Clearfield County.
[1,200 to 1,500 feet above sea level.]
Sample area : 1 acre.
Soil: TelloTV clayey loam of medium grain (fine shales in it), deep, fresh, well drained, with 2 Age of pine: 240 to 260 years.
to 3 inches mold on top, and surface cover of scanty leaves, Fern, Teaberries, and scattering Density of crown cover : 0.7 ;
Dogwood (Laurel northeast comer and north side) ; subsoil, laminated shale of indefinite in places, 0.8.
depth.
Forest conditions: Hemlock (62 per cent) mixed with White Pine (2S per cent), with occasional Number of trees: 132.
hardwoods (10 per cent), Maple, Beech, and Birch, on hill sloping toward southwest, bordered
by left-hand branch of Xarrow Creek : undergrowth, moderately dense, of very young Beech,
liemlock, and occasional Birch and Cucumber.
ACEE YIELD.
Diameter
(breast Height,
high).
Cubicfeet.
Mer-
chantable
timber.
FeetB.M.
1,360
3,900
7,800
2, 300
Total cubic feet 9,028
Total feet B.M 52,260
Diameter
(breast
high).
Inches.
6 to 10
10 to 14
Heights
Diameter
(breast
high).
Inches.
6 to 10
14 to 18
Height.
Feet.
^40 to 60
Total cubic feet 15,686
Total feet B.M 90,103
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
145
Table VI. — Acre yiihh of lUiilc Pine and measurements of sample trees — Continned.
C.-PEN^SYL,VANIA— Continued.
MEASUREMENTS OF SAMPLE TREES.
DOMINANT GROWTH.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Inches.
35.5
36.0
32.0
32.0
33.0
28.0
39.0
34.0
44.0
34.0
34.0
Height to
base of
crown.
Rings
per inch
Mer-
chantable
timber.
Cu./t.
Ft. B. il
435.1
3,030
481.3
3,401
396.0
2,637
347.7
2,079
365.9
2,384
285.8
1.648
511.1
3,318
402.4
2,397
6,38.4
4,388
366.7
2,248
373.4
2,318
304.5
1.770
369.2
2,220
275.2
1,458
307.7
1,853
482.9
2.970
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Lumber
product
under
present
practice
(per cent
used of
total
volume
of stem).
CODOMINANT GROWTH.
28.5
28.5
25.0
31.0
29.0
29.0
29.0
29.0
32.0
30.0
23.0
25.0
26.0
24.5
25.0
26.0
26.5
28.0
25.5
26.0
264.3
1,551
298.1
1,954
192.1
1,102
310.3
1,731
300.4
1,905
291.4
1.631
302.8
1,854
248,6
1,318
287.7
1,648
305.3
1,947
206.0
1,048
217.1
1,233
257.2
1,389
163.8
815
214.4
1.183
199.2
1, 021
228.6
1,336
276.5
1,577
191.8
863
239.9
1, 322
OPPRESSED GROWTH.
259
260
258
261
19.0
23.0
20.5
16.5
132
137
123
120
94
96
109
82
11.6
11.1
13.0
13.7
138.8
189.6
130.9
89.6
683
987
558
339
0.63
.48
.46
.50
0.29
.30
.11
.31
41
43
35
31
38
40
Average . . .
259
20.0
128
95
12.3
137.0
642
.49
.25
37
20233— IS^o. 22-
-10
146
THE WHITE PINE.
Table VI. — Acre yields of JVIiite I'ine and measiiremeiits of sample trees — Continued.
-PEXNSYLVAXIA— Continued
(3) Site h .-
Sample are.i; 1 acre.
Clearfleirt County.
[1,200 to 1.500 feet above sea level.]
Soil: Yellow clayey loam, of medium gr,iin. with fine shales, deep, fresh, well drained, with 2 to Ago of pine; 240 to 260 years.
3 inches mold on top, and surface cover of scanty leaves, Fern, Dogwood, and Blackberries; BenBity of crown cover: 0.5
subsoil, laminated shale of indefinite depth. " to 0.7; in places openings.
Forest conditions: Hemlock (47 per cent) and White Pine |30 per cent) with scatterini Beech and
oixa.>>ional Black Birch (hardwoods 23 per cent) ; undergrowth scanty, of young Beech with a
few Black Birch and Basswood. Number of trees : 78.
ACRE YIELD.
White Pine
Hemlock.
Beech.
Yolume.
i
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast 1 Height,
high).
5-S' ?Jff
Height.
-Kr«™i^«« Diameter'
Bole.
Mer.
chantable
timber.
Inches, i Feet.
Cubicfeet.
FeetB. M.
Inches. \
Feet.
1 Inches. 1 Feet.
1
18 1 130
137
mi
1
3 to 6 !
16 1 6 to 10 i30to40
1
1
20 130
137
137
642
642
2
2
7
8
1 1
21
1
1
22
23
24
26
130
130
130
135
)
137
380
642
2,000
1
2
" 1
16 1
Black Birch.
2
514
2,780
1
17 )
2
28
135
570
3,300
1
18
80
to
100 •
} «
3
31 145
915
5.850
2
19
4
32 ! 145
1,560
9.200
3
20
2
34 1 145
800
4,800
3 21
1
1
35 1 145
36 145
)
960
6.400
2 1 23
3 1 24
1
1
40 145
41 145
)
1.022
6,600
1 25
4 1 26
1 27
3 28
1 33 1
23 trees :
55 trees :
. 7,269
Total cubic feet
11.224
Total feet E. M
. 43.490
Total feet B. M
66.900
Average annual accretit
iTEi; Jeflerson County. Sample area: 1 acre.
[1.500 to 1,800 feet above sea level.]
Soil : Reddish-browu clayey loam, deep, fresh. Tvell drained, with 2 to 3 inches mold on top and Age of pine ; 230 to 240 year8.
a surface cover of abundant leaves and ground Hemlock; subsoil, laminated shale of indefi-
nite depth. Density of crown cover: 0.7;
Forest conditions: Hardwoods (71 per cent)— mainly Beech, "WTiite Oak, and Maple — mixed with in places 0.8.
Hemlock {22 per cent) and scattering "White Pine (7 per cent) on ridge: undergrowth, moder-
ately dense, of very young Beech and some Maple. Kumber of trees: 155.
ACRE YIELD.
White Pine.
Beech.
Maple.
Hemlock.
jj 1 Diam-
tre'e^'i"'™-*''"^"-
^^^'^ high).
1
Volume.
Num-
ber of
trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Num-
ber of
trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Num-
ber of
trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Bole.
Mer
chantable
timber.
2
1
Inches.l Feet.
12 1 90
17 99
19 102
23 122
24i 126
30i 1 136
31J 140
351 140
37 147
40 138
Cu.feet.
30.0
70.2
90.3
152.3
174.9
300.0
278.2
401.2
949.4
487.1
FeetB.M
120
236
386
656
820
1,682
1.425
2,605
5,755
3,056
37
14
17
1
Inches.
3 to 6
6 to 10
10 to 14
18 to 24
Feet.
1 40
V to
60
5
9
2
3
Inches.
6 to 10
10 to 14
14 to 18
18 to 24
Feet.
] 60
> to
60
5
15
4
3
7
3
Inches.
3 to 6
6 to 10
10 to 14
14 to 18
18 to 24
over 30
Feet.
60
to
80
100
White Oak.
Chestnut.
4 14 to 18
7 18 to 24
6 24 to 30
)..
2
3 to 6
( 20
to
I 30
11 trees :
. 2,933
. 16,741
144 trees :
5,526
T
jtalfeetB.M ...
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
147
Table VI. — Acre yields of White Vine and measurements of sample trees — Continued.
C— PENNSTLVAXIA-Continucd.
MEASUEEMEXTS OF SAMPLE TKEES.
DOMINANT GROWTH.
Tree number.
Age.
Diameter
(breast
Mgh).
Height.
Height to
base of
crowu.
Kings
per inch
stump.
Tolame.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Lumber
product
under
present
practice
(per cent
nsed of
total
volume
of stem).
Tree.
Mer-
chantable
timber.
Tears.
228
239
234
240
239
239
Inches.
30.5
40.0
37.0
3L5
37.0
35.5
Feet.
136
138
146
140
148
140
Feet.
80
80
72
86
96
80
-^1-6
5.0
5.4
9.6
6.1
6.1
Cubicfeet.
Feet B. 31.
0.43
.40
.44
.37
.42
.42
0.41
.42
.51
.39
.35
.43
47
52
45
42
56
54
487.1 3,056
482. 8 2, 626
278.2 1,425
466. 6 3, 129
401.2 2,605
6
Average . . .
236
35.0
141
82
0.4
403. 0 1 2, 420
.41
.42
49
OPPRESSED QEOWTH.
7 1 235 23.0
. 122
126
86 9. 3
92 ■ 8.7
152.3
174.9
656
820
0.43
0.29
.. 1
j Average...! 236 i 23.5 1 124
89 9.0 163.0
738 1 .42 1 .28
35 1
SUPPRESSED GROWTH.
1230 to/I
1 240 \l
19
17
102
99
50
80
(!)
(?)
90.3
70.2
386
236
0.44 !
.44
0.51
.19
35
28
18
100
65
80.0
311
.44 .
.35
31
ITE k: Jefl'erson County.
[1,500 to 1,600 feet above sea U'vel.]
Soil: Reddish-brown clayey loam, deep, fresh, aod drained by "Windfall Eim.
Forest conditions: "White IMne, with Hemlock and occasionarhardwoods: Hemlock comparatively
small, acting a3 an underwood, giving ample shade to the stems of the "White Pine.
MEASUREMENTS OF SAMPLE TREES.
Tree number.
Age.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Height to
base of
Eings
per inch
stump.
Volume.
Lumber
product
under
present
practice
(per cent
used of
total
volume
of stem).
Tree.
Mer.
chantable
timber.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length ,
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Tears.
247
241
238
236
238
241
233
227
342
236
Inches.
32.5
35.0
32.5
32.5
34.0
30.0
31.0
29.5
32.0
35.0
34.5
32.5
Feet.
146
176
142
158
148
143
145
142
153
158
152
158
Feet.
96
90
96
96
96
96
90
88
100
112
90
92
So.
6.3
7.3
6.2
8.2
6.2
8.0
6.5
6.6
e.2
6.2
5.8
Cubicfeet
398.0
499.2
359.7
386.3
382.4
322.2
323.4
255.8
335.5
485.3
396.8
387.9
Feet B.M.
2.221
3,003
2.053
2,244
2,236
1,832
2,464
1,391
1,985
2,795
2,312
2.243
0.47
.42
.44
.42
.41
.46
.42
.38
.39
.46
.45
.42
0.34
.49
.32
.40
.35
.33
.38
.38
.34
.29
.41
46
50
48
48
49
47
63
45
46
48
49
48
16
20
22
Average...
" 1
238
32.5
152
95
6.7
378.0
2,231
.43
.37
49 1
148
THE WHITE PINE.
YIELD OF SBCOND-GROV7TH W^HITE PINE, 'WITH MEASUREMENTS OP YOUNG PINE
TAKEN FOR ANALYSIS.
The yield of second-growth White Pine on selected sample areas in the States named is
shown in the following notes and tabulations, which also give, for illustration, the number of trees,
volume, and average annual accretion of pine, the soil, forest conditions, acre yields, and measure-
ments of sample young pines taken for analysis:
Table VII. — Acre yields of second-growth Tfhite Pine, with measurements of young pine taken for auahjsis.
A.— PENNSTLV^VNTA:
(1) Site C.-
Luzerne County.
[1,400 to 1,500 feet above eea, level.]
Half acre Xo. 1.
Sample area : 1 acre.
Soil: Dark-brown loamy sand, medium grain, with pebbles and gravel, liglit, loose, deep, fresh. Age of pine: 60 to 80 years,
drained by Bear. Creek and a number of other small streams, 'Z inches mold on top, and a sur-
face cover of abundant leaves and scanty fern. Density of crown cover: 0.5.
Forest condition&; White Pine, mixed with 'Maple, Beech, Hemlock, and scattering Yellow and
Wliite Birch, White and Red Oak, and occasional Black Cherry, in a valley sloping toward
southwest and bordered on all sides by hills over 300 feet above station; undergrowth moder-
ately dense, of young Hemlock, Beecfi, Maple, Birch.' Number of trees: 21B.
HALF-ACEE YIELD.
White Pine. 1
Diameter
(breast
high).
Volume.
Number
of trees.
Height.
Bole.
Mer
chan table
timber.
Inches,
Feet.
Cubicfeet.
FeetB.M.
2
6
50
11
o
7
50
12
2
8
50
19
10
9
50
115
4
10
50
60
6
11
60
126
6
12
60
150
8
13
60
208
8
14
60
240
4
15
80
176
4
16
80
184
8
17
80
456
2
18
80
135
4
19
80
276
6
20
80
1
2
22
80
) 750
-
23
80
)
80 trees :
Total cubic fee
■:
2,918
Total feet B. M
14,006
Average annual accretion: VThite Pine, 41 cubic feet.
^Intermixed species: Maple, 68; Beech, 22; Hemlocls* 18; Yellow nntl "White Birch, 14; "White and Eed Oak, 12; Cherry 2.
Undergrowth: Young Hemlock, 280; Beech, 146; Maple, 84; Birch, 12.
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
149
Table VII. — Acre yields of second-growth White Pinr, with measurements of i/oung jnne taken for analysis — Continued.
A.— PENNSYLA'ANIA— Continued.
Half acre Xo. S.
Soil : Reddisb-brown sandy loam, fine grain, medium loose, deep, fresh, drained by Boar Creek, Age of pine : 60 to 80 years.
2 to 3 inches mold on top, and surface cover of abundant leaves ; Laurel and few Fern. Densi ty of crown cover : 0.5 to
Forest conditions : White Pine (154) mixed with Maple, scattering Beech, Hemlock, and occa- 0.8.
sional Spruce, on uneven ground of a valley sloping toward northeast and bordered on all
sides by hills over 300 feet above station ; undergrowth, moderately dense, of young Hem-
lock, Beech, Maple, and a few young Spruce.' Number of trees : 232.
HALF-ACRE YIELD.
■White Pine.
Volume.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
Height.
1 Mer- i
high).
Bole. Ichantable!
timber.
Inches.
Feet.
Cubic/eet
FeetB.M.
U
2
3 to 6
6
40
50
11
4
7
5C
24
12
8
50
114
10
9
50
115
14
10
50
210
10
11
60
210
8
12
60
200
12
13
60
312
l(i
14
60
480
4
15
80
176
4
16
80
184
14
17
80
798
8
19
80
552
6
20
80
\
6
21
80
1
4
22
80
\ 1,650
4
24
80
2
25
80
'
154 trees:
. 5 036
Tots
IfeetB.M
. 24,173
Average annual accretion: "White Pine, 72 cubic feet.
MEASUREMENTS OF SAMPLE YOUNG PINE TREES.
Ti
ee number.
Age.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Height to
base of
crown.
Kings
per inch
stump.
Volume.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Lumber
product
under
pre.sent
practice
(percent
used of
total
volume
of stem).
Tree.
Mer-
chantable
timber.
1
Years.
123
132
134
128
Inches.
29.0
20.0
22.0
31.0
Feet.
84
81
81
90
Feel.
34
20
16
20
So.
3.5
5.7
5.7
3.8
Cutic/eet
140.6
78.1
81.6
193.8
FeetB.M.
627
369
369
935
0.36
.44
.38
.41
0.60
.75
.80
.77
37
o39
a 38
40
Average...
129
25.5
84
22
4.7
124.0
575
.40
.73
38
a Oppressed for the last forty years.
' Intermixed sjiecies: Maple, 36: Hemlock. 16; Beech, 18: Spruce, 8.
rndergrowth: Young Hemlock, 200; Beech, 66; Maple, 24.
150
THE WHITE PINE.
Table VII. — Acre yields of second-growth TThite J'iiu, irith measiir
'tis of i/oiiiHi pine taken for analysis — Continued.
A.— PENXSTLVAXIA— Continued.
ulium loose, fresh, deep, and well drained, with surface cover
xed with
Soil: Reddish-brown sandy It
of abundant leaves.
Forest conditions: Hardwoods — mainly Beech. Oak, Maple, Chestnut, and Birch
White Pine, Pitch Pine, Hemlock, and occasional Spruce.
MEASUREMENTS OF SAMPLE YOUNG PINE TREES.
DOMINANT GROWTH.
Tree number.
Age.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Height to' 5??gJ.
bafeoi Pernich
"o^"- stump.
Volume.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Lumber
product
under
present
practice
(percent
used of
total
volume
of stem).
Mer-
Tree. cban table
timber.
rears.
163
98
96
92
Inches.
29
25.0
20.0
31.0
Feet, i Feet. Xo. Cubic/eet) Feet B.M.I
0.57
.62
.56
.67
.66
40
36
40
40
45
.42
.48
.41
.42
2
73
97
32 4.3 76.1 360
32 2.5 210.0 976
Average . . .
96 1 24.0 82 1 30 3.5 118.0 557 j .43
.63
40
Soil: Fresh sand, well drained.
Forest conditions: A young White Pii
ing hardwoods.
1 Spruce, Hemlock, and scatter-
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Height to
base of
Rings
per inch
stump.
Volume.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Lumber
product
under
present
practice
(per cent
used of
total
volume
of stem).
Tree number.
Age.
Tree.
Mer-
chantable
timber.
Tears.
64
57
50
47
52
49
52
54
54
Inches.
14.5
14.5
8.5
8.0
11.0
11.5
9.5
8.0
10.0
Feet.
54
58
50
46
50
46
S3
Feet.
18
20
20
18
20
18
18
.Vo.
4.0
i'.B
5.0
3.7
3.6
4.0
5.7
4.3
Oubic/eet.
28.7
31.4
9.5
7.3
14.2
15.7
12.1
10.1
14.7
FeetB.M.
110
144
43
.32
54
59
48
34
59
0.46
.47
.48
.45
.43
.47
.46
.53
.48
0.66
.66
.60
.61
.60
.61
.66
.66
.68
31
38
36
37
31
31
33
27
33
3
4
5
6
7
8
56 I 18
Average . . .
53 10,5 52 1 19 4.2 1 16.0
65
.47
.64
33
Sample area: 1 acre.
[1.500 to 1.600 feet above sea level.]
Soil: Loamy sand with rocks on face of slope, the brown-yellowish coarse grain full of shales, Age of pine: 120 to 130 years
surface cover of 2 to 3 inches mold and abundant leaves. Density of crown cover; 0.2
Forest conditions: Brush of very young "White, Ked, and Chestnut Oak, with scattering "White (scattered).
Pine (U). and occasional Chestnut Oak (6), Jack Pine (3), and Norway Pine (2), on a steep hill
300 feet above station, facing south; undergrowth, dense, of young hardwoods of same species
as above.
Number of trees : 25.
ACRE YIELD.
White Pine.
Volume.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Bole.
Mer-
chantable
timber.
Inches.
Feet.
Cubic/eet.
FeetB.M.
1
1
10
15
70
76
19
46
. .. .
161
1
19
84
66
370
3
21
85
270
1,245
1
22
87
99
432
3
24
85
345
1,449
3
25
85
372
2,004
1
29
85
151
760
14 trees :
Total cubic feet
.- 1,368
Total feet B.M
.. 6,421
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
151
Table VII. — Acre i/ields of second-grou-th Wliite Pine, with measurements of i/oiing pine taken for analysis — Continued
A.— PENNSYl^VAJSIA-Coiitinued.
MEASUREMENTS OF SAMPLE YOUNG PINE TREES.
Tree number.
Age.
Diameter
{ breast
high).
Height.
Height to
base of
crown.
Rings
per inch
on
stump.
Volume.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length of
to total
height of
tree.
Lumber
product
under
present
practice
(per cent
used of
total
volume
of stem).
Tree.
Mer.
chantable
timber.
Tears.
125
124
124
116
122
(!)
120
128
127
122
125
(?)
Inches.
21.0
24.0
22.0
18.5
19.5
24.5
21.0
19.0
19.5
15.0
17.0
20.5
Feet.
78
86
87
79
85
83
89
84
88
76
84
76
Feet.
40
28
34
36
40
38
38
40
40
36
3f
38
jVo.
4.8
5.4
5.5
6.2
5.9
(^1
5.4
6.4
5.7
7.1
6.9
(0
Cubicjeet: Feet B.M.
88. 6 1 404
115.8 483
99. 0 ! 432
63. 9 280
79. 7 364
124.5 , 668
94. 5 429
66. 2 , 370
92. 0 , 44G
46.2 1 161
61.4 1 267
78.0 1 293
0.47
.42
.43
.43
.45
.46
.44
.40
.50
.49
.46
.45
0.48
.67
.61
.54
.53
.56
.57
.52
.54
.52
.57
.30
39
34
36
36
38
44
37
46
40
10
36
Average . . .
123
20
83
37
6.0
84. 0 383
.45
.55
37
Clearfield County.
[1,200 to 1.500 feet above se
I level.]
Age of piue : 25 to 35 years.
Soil: Yellow clayey loam, medium grain, deep, fresh, well drained (three small streams cross the
hollow in different directions), with 2 to 3 inches mold on top, surface cover of leaves. Fern,
Ground Pine. 'Wintergreen, Elderberry. Blackberry, and Dogwood; subsoil laminated shale Density of cro-wn co'
of indefinite depth. to 0.6.
Forest conditions : Young White Piue intermixed with young hardwoods in hollow extending north
and south, and bounded on the west by hill over 2 feet above station : undergrowth dense, of
very small and various hardwoods, mainly Black Birch, Maple, and Beech, and few White
Birch and Hemlock.* Number of trees: (?)
ACRE YIELD.
(breast
high).
6 to 10
10 to 14
14 to 18
16 to 37
40 to 47
42 to 50
Mer.
jChan table
timber,
Oubic/eet.Feet B. il.
4.5 I
61.5
432. 0
612.0
42.0
; annual accretion : White Pine, 38 cubic feet.
i Intermixed species : White Pine, 131 + 154 small; Aspen, 12+54 small; Beech, 1 + 137 small; Maple, 6+254 small; Oak. 5+12 small; White
Ash, 3+21 small; Cucumber, 6+90 small; Black Cherry, 2+77 small; Black Birch, 17+415 small; Hamamelis, 4 small; Basswood, 6 small;
Tulip, 13 small; Ironwood, 2 small; Chestnut, 2 small; Willow. 10 small; Hemlock, 50 small.
152
THE WHITE PINE.
Table VII. — Aci'e yields of second-growth White Pine, with vieasiiremeutu of youuij piiie taken for anali/ais — Continued.
A.— PEIOfSXriVAJflA— Continued.
MEASUREMENTS OF SAMPLE YOUNG PINE TKEES.
DOMINANT GROWTH.
Tree number.
Age.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Height to
base of
crown.
Rings
per inuli
stump.
Volume
of tree.
Factor
of ■
shape.
Ratio of
leugth
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Teai-g.
33
36
35
34
inches.
13.5
14.0
12.5
13. S
Feet.
43.8
47.0
49.0
43.0
Feet.
11.0
14.0
18.6
12.0
1.6
1.9
2.1
1.9
Onljtc ft.
21.0
20.9
18.8
18.1
0.48
.41
.45
.42
0.75
.70
.62
.72
17
Average . . .
34
13.4
46.0
14. U
1.9
19.7
.44
.70
OODOMINANT GEOWTH.
32
31
34
34
34
11.2
9.5
8.0
8.0
7.2
42.5
47.0
45.0
41.8
41.5
19.5
28.0
28.0
22.5
14.8
1.7
2.5
3.1
3.5
3.9
12.6
10.9
7.7
6.7
5.2
0.45
.47
.48
.45
.47
0.54
.40
.38
.46
.64
13
Average - . .
33
8.8
43.0
22.0
2.9
8.6
.46
.48
OPPRBSSED GEOWTH.
1 6
31
33
29
6.0
5.2
5.0
39.8
37.0
32.5
25.0
21.5
14.0
3.8
4.7
4.3
4.0
2.8
2.1
0.51
.55
.48
0.37
.42
.57
8
Average . . .
1
31
5.4
36.0
20.0
4.3
3.0
.51
.45
SDPPRESSKD GEOWTH.
27
30
3.0
3.3
3.1
27.0
23.5
27.8
13.0
9.0
14.0
7.0
7.9
7.4
0.7
.7
.6
0.63
.44
.47
0.51
.61
.49
2
Average . . .
27
22
24
3.1
3.0
2.5
26.0
16.0
24.0
12.0
16.0
7.0
7.4
4.8
5.9
.7
.4
.3
.48
.69
.41
.64
1.00
.71
i
Average...
23
2.7
20.0
11.0
6.3
.3
.50
.85
iTEj.- Forest County. Sample area : 1 acre.
(1,100 to 1,200 feet above sea level.]
Soil : Tellowish-brown clayey loam, with shales, deep, fresh, drained on south by Beaver Creek Age of pine : 40 to 50 years
and on the west by Hickory Creek, 3 to 4 inches mold on top, and surface cover of leaves Density of crnwn cover
and Fern : subsoil, laminated shale of indefinite depth.
Forest conditions ; Toung White Pine intermixed with hardwoods and occa.iional Hemlock on
slope facing southwest; undergrowth dense, of very young Hemlock, Birch, Beech, some
Maple and Ironwood, and a few other hardwoods.'
(in places thick and crowded,
and in other places open-
Number of trees : (?).
ACRE YIELD.
White Pine.
Vol
tme.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Bole.
Mer-
chantable
timber.
Jnchet.
Feet.
Cttbic/eet
FeetB.M.
144 {
3 and
under
[20 to 40
53
41
4
)
49
S
46
1
34
6
46
572
23
7
46
1
24
8
54
1
28
9
54
i 839
21
10
54
I
12
11
58
1
4
1
12
13
58
58
\ 306
1
1
14
15
61
61
} 66
383 trees:
Total cubic fee
t
.. 1,826
Average annual accretion: White Pine, 40 cubic feet.
' Inti-rmixed ipeeies ! White Pine, 239+144 small; Hemlock, 78+248 small; Beech, 50+160 small; Maple, 46+108 small; Oak (White and
Red), 20+12 small; Ash, 10+9 small; Black Birch, 73+76 small; Yellow Birch, 59+189 small; Ironwood, 13 + 100 small; Black Cherry,
15+2 small; Hickory, 2; Cucumber, 2; Juneberry, 50; few small Aspen, Butternut, and Waterbeech.
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS. 153
Table VII. — Acre yields of second-growth White Pine, with measurements of youmj pine taken for analysis— Continned.
A.— PENNSTL VAN lA— Continued.
MEASUREMENTS OF SAMPLE YOUNG PINE TREES.
DOMINANT GROWTH.
Tree number.
Age.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Height to
base of
Rings
per inch
on
stump.
Volume
of tree.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Tears.
46
41
44
47
47
45
47
47
48
47
Inches.
12.0
11.5
12.5
11.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
Feet.
60.0
68.5
55.0
59.0
66.0
58.5
60.0
69.0
58.0
55.0
Feet.
23
26
18
30
28
28
34
32
30
28
Xo.
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.3
2.7
3.7
3.3
3.6
3.1
Cubic/t.
20.2
20.0
19.4
18.7
18.3
17.9
17.3
16.4
16.3
15.4
0.43
.47
.41
.48
.45
.49
.48
.51
.46
.42
0.62
.55
.67
.49
.50
.52
.43
.46
.48
.49
12
2
16
9
5
6
21
19
Average . . .
7
46
47
46
11. U
14.0
14.0
58.0
64.0
58.0
28
34
22
3.3
2.9
3.0
18.0
29.6
26.9
.45
.43
.43
.52
.47
.62
15
Average . . .
46
14.0
61.0
28
3.0
28. 2 1 . 43
.54
CODOMINANT GROWTH.
18
14
43
43
46
45
44
45
45
43
47
44
9,5
10.0
10.0
9.5
9.0
9.0
8.5
8.0
8.0
8.0
56.0
52.5
53.0
58.0
58.0
46.0
50.0
54.0
50.0
56.0
28
30
28
30
32
23
30
28
20
36
4.1
4.2
3.9
4.9
3.9
4.9
4.6
3.7
5.1
5.1
13.9
13.9
13.7
13.1
12.9
11.4
10.0
9.6
9.2
8.6
0.50
.48
.47
.46
.47
.46
.51
.51
.53
.44
0.50
.43
.47
.48
.44
.59
.40
.48
.60
.53
11.
26
10
Average . . .
44
9.0
54.0
28
4.4
11.5
.48
.49
OPPRESSED GROWTH.
27
20
26
43
42
43
43
44
7.5
7.0
7.6
5.0
5.6
48
46
46
45
46
30
30
28
38
5.0
5.0
5.2
6.9
6.8
7.9
6.6
6.1
3.1
3.6
0.64
.53
.43
.50
.47
0.54
.34
.35
.38
.17
23
Average . . .
43
6.5
46
30
5.8
6.4
.49 1
.35
164
THE WHITE PINE.
Table VII. Acre yields of second-growth White Vine, with measiu-vments of ijounij pine talen for analysis — Continued.
B.— MAINE :
(1) SlTEo: York County. Sample area: One-half acre.
Soil ■ Gray or brown line, loamy sand, deep, fresh. 2 to 3 inches mold on top .and leafy surface Age of pine : 90 to 100 years,
cover," and clay probalily some feet below surface. Density ot crown cover: 0.5.
Forest conditions:' White I'lne, with scattering Ked Oak and White Oak and occasional Norway
Pine on a level ■ undcrTowth, moderately dense, of small Hemlock and Beech and numerous
small Maple and Oak. ^^. .„. Number of trees: 118.
Classification: White Pme.
Dominant percent.. %
Codominant do.... 40
Oppressed 'J" }°
'* do 10
HALF ACRE YIELD.
White Pine
.
Diameter
(brea.st
high).
Volume.
Number
of trees.
Height.
Mer-
Bole, ohantable
1 timber.
Inches.
Feet.
Cubic/eet.FeetB.M.
2
10
75
42
8
11
75
192
8
12
75
233
i
12
85
120
6
13
85
322
4
14
75
154
3
14
85
332
8
15
85
384
8
16
85
408
8
17
85
528
10
18
85
690
18
19
85
1,323
2
20
85
152
4
21
85
320
6
22
85
534
C
23
85
660
2
24
95
250
2
25
95
280
4
26
95
560
118 trees:
Total cubic feet
7,383
Average annnal accretion: White Pine, 77 cubic feet.
Current annual accretion : White Pine, 160 cubic feet.
MEASUREMENTS OF SAMPLE YOUNG PINE TREES.
Age class : 90 to 100 years.
DOMINANT GROWTH.
Tree number.
Age.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Rings
per inch
stump.
Volume
of tree.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Current annual
accretion.
Average
annual
tion.
rears.
98
92
98
92
92
97
97
90
102
100
Inches.
28.0
28.0
25.0
25.5
25.0
22.0
20.6
22.5
20.0
20.3
Feet.
100
103
92
91
88
98
102
91
100
103
JVo.
2.9
2.7
3.2
3.0
3.2
3.8
4.1
3.4
4.1
4.3
Cubic ft.
175.3
161.0
140.3
136.3
131.7
119.4
118.1
115.1
104.0
98.8
0.41
.36
.46
.42
.44
.46
.35
.46
.47
.41
0.60
.61
.48
.56
.46
.49
.45
.43
.40
Per cent.
Cu./t.
Cu.ft.
12.'.'.'.'.'.'. ".'.'.'.'....
Average...
96
23.7
97
3.5
.50
CODOMINANT GROWTH.
101
98
98
89
93
93
89
99
89
20.5
19.5
19.0
16.8
18.5
18.5
18.7
17.2
17.2
95
99
96
99
92
80
79
87
89
3.8
3.8
4.1
3.8
4.3
4.6
4.1
4.6
4.0
93.3
88.4
84.9
71.3
69.9
68.4
67.2
67.0
60.7
0.43
.43
.45
.46
.41
.48
.45
.49
.43
0.40
.33
1
.35
.40
.52
.41
.48
.46
.38
1
i
Average . . .
94
18.5
91
4.1
74.5
.45
.41
1
i 1
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
155
Table VII. — Acre yields of second-growth IVhite I'ine, with measnrements of i/ovng pine talcen for analysis — Continued.
B.—MAIXE— Continued.
MEASUREMENTS OF SAMPLE TOUXG PISE TREES— Conti;
OPPRESSED GROWTH.
Tr
6 number.
Age.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Rings
per inch
stump.
Volume
of tree.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Current annual
accretion.
Average
annual
accre-
tion.
reor«.
100
100
99
S6
97
99
91
99
Inches.
15.0
15.0
14.0
14.3
13.5
12.6
13.2
12.0
Feet.
93
90
90
88
81
86
80
80
Xo.
5.4
6.5
6.0
5.0
5.8
7.2
5.2
6.3
Cubic ft.
55.5
55.3
47.3
43.1
37.3
37.1
35.9
30.7
0.48
.51
.49
.42
.46
.50
.48
.49
0.27
.36
.21
.18
.20
.14
.30
.22
Percent. Cu./t.
Cu./t.
Average . . .
96
13.7
86
6.0
42.8
.48
.23
;
Age class : 50 to 60 years.
DOMIXAXT GROWTH.
60
60
59
14.0
14.7
17.0
19.1
61
69
61
65
3.2
3.3
3.1
2.8
34.2
39.8
42.8
60.7
0.52
.50
.44
.47
0.69
.47
.64
.69
5.4
4.0
4.6
4.4
1.85
1.59
1.97
2.67
0.62
.66
.71
1.03
Average . . .
58.5
16.2 j
64
3.1
44.4 j
.48
.62
4.6
2.02
.75
(2) Site c- York County.
One-fourth acre No. 1.
Soil: Gray sand, sometimes brown or loamy, deep, fresh, with 3 inches vegetable mold, and a
leafy surface cover; subsoil clayev. probably 4 or 5 feet below surface.
Forest conditions: "White Pine, with scattering Hemlock and occasional Spruce and Fir, on a level
plain; undergrowth, scantv, of Hazt-l and young Hemlock. i
Clas^jication: * White Pine.
Dominant percent.. 9
Codominant tlo ^^
Oppressed do -■*
~^^ - do 23
ONE-FOURTH ACRE YIELD.
Sample area : 1 acre.
Age of pine : 50 to 60 years.
Density of crown cover: 0,7
!N umber of trees: 328.
"White Pine. 1
Volume.
Number
of trees.
(breast Height,
high).
1
Mer-
Bole. chantable
timber.
Inches.
Feet.
Ctibicfeet. FeetB.il.
4
32
B
45
55
20
256
60
7
45
330
84
8
55
840
8
8
45
36
9
55
414
8
10
65
144
10
55
780
8
12
11
12
144
306
65
. 12
12
55
240
4
13
65
116
8
17
75
408
328 trees:
Avera^/e annual accretion: White Pine, 74 cubic feet.
Current annual accretion: White Pine, 133 cubic feet.
' Intermixed specii
' White Pine, 160; Hemlock, 20 mature and 20 small.
156
THE WHITE PINE.
Table VII.— ^cre yields of second-growth White Pine, with measurements of young pine taken for ano/y»J8— Continued.
B MAINE— Continued.
MEASUUEMEXTS OF SAMPLE YOUNG PINE TREES.
DOMINANT GROWTH.
Tree number.
Age.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Rings
per inch
on
stump.
Volume
of tree.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Tears.
50
59
55
50
59
50
Inches.
14.5
13.3
12.8
11.8
10.2
11.0
Feet.
M
60
61
58
65
62
No.
2.8
3.8
3.3
3.5
4.4
3.7
Cvhicfeet.
33.1
26.4
25.6
20.1
22.0
21.1
0.45
.44
.45
.52
.59
.50
0.55
.58
.38
.41
.35
.35
Average...
54
12.3
62
3.6
24.7
.49
.44
CODOMINANT GROWTH.
52
.■iO
51
50
51
SO
49
52
10.0
9.0
8.8
9.4
8.1
8.4
8.1
8.0
59
58
58
51
56
55
56
57
4.3
4.3
4.6
4.3
5.1
4.5
5.0
5.5
16.1
13.4
13.3
12.3
10.7
10.6
10.2
10.1
0.50
.52
.54
.46
.55
.50
.52
.50
0.40
.41
.38
(?)
.35
.40
.34
.37
20
27
29
Average...
51
8.7
57
4.7
12.1
.51
.39
OPPRESSED GROWTH.
49
52
49
48
50
51
50
7.7
7.8
?:?
7.4
8.2
7.4
53
54
51
54
58
47
54
5.2
5.0
6.0
5.1
5.6
5.1
5.6
9.6
9.5
9.5
9.U
9.0
8.9
8.0
0.56
.50
.53
.52
.50
.51
.50
0.30
.26
.39
.40
.33 I
.34
.30
.33
25
17
Average...
50
7.8
73
5.2
9.1
.52
SUPPRESSED GROWTH.
48
46
46
48
50
48
52
52
6,3
6.9
6.3
6.2
5.6
6.0
5.3
5.0
5.0
57
49
51
47
50
.^9
46
48
46
(?)
5.7
5.5
5.8
7.0
8.0
7.6
8.3
10.0
6.3
5.8
6.5
6.1
4.3
3.7
3.6
3.4
3.2
0.51
.44
.47
.51
.52
.48
.47
.52
.50
0.31
.28
.25
.27
.20
.56
.26
.43
16
13
28
23
Average . . .
50
6.8
48
7.2
4.5
.49
.31
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS. 15'?
Table YU.-Acre yields of second-growth mile Fine, with measurements of young pine taken for analysis-Continned.
B.— MAINE— Continned. „ ^ ,i »r ■>
Soil: Brown sandy loam with little pebbles in it. deep, fresh, 3 inches black soil and mold on top,
and leafvBurfice cover; clay probably 8 to 12 mclies below surface.
Forest conditions: White Pine, with occasion.il Norway Pme, on a slope to north 5 to 10 ,
undergrowth scanty, of Hemlock, Oak, and Fir. White Pine
Olasnfication: percent.. 18
Dommant ^ ^^ 27
Codominant , 04
Oppressed ■.'.".■.■.■.ido".:/. 31
Suppressed
ONE.FOURTH ACRE YIELD.
Age of pine: 50 to 60 years.
Density of crown cover : 0.8
Number of trees : 396.
TLT 1 - Diameter
ST^b <'"^^'«* H^'eht.
ot trees. ^igh).
Mer-
chantable
timber.
Feet. Oubic/cet.'FeetB.M.
Total cubic feet 7,202
Average anmial accretion: White Pine, 131 cubic feet.
One-half acre Xo.S.
Claasijlcatwn: percent.. 8
Dominant.. ...do.... 36
Codominant ^^ 3q
Oppressed ^^■"- ,6
Suppressed
HALF-ACRE YIELD.
White Pine.
Volume.
Number
of trees.
(breast
high).
Height.
1 iler- i
Bole, chantablel
timber.
Feet.
CuUcfeet.
FeetB.M.
18
7
65
162
48
7
55
384
60
8
65
720
26
8
55
260
44
9
65
638
6
9
55
69
4
10
75
82
38
10
65
684
10
11
75
250
28
11
65
616
4
12
75
116
14
12
65
357
13
75
138
6
13
65
174
11
75
77
2
15
65
73
314 trees :
al accretion : White Pine, 87 cubic feet.
158
THE WHITE PINE.
Table VII. — Acre yields of second-growth Ifhite Pine, with measurements of young pine taken for analysis — Continued.
B.— MAINE— Continned.
MEASUREMENTS OF SAMPLE YOUNG PINE TREES.
DOMINAST GHOWTH.
Tree number.
Age.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Rings
per inch
stump.
Volume
of tree.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Years.
89
»5
92
92
82
82
96
91
91
Inches.
2L8
19.6
17.3
19.3
18.8
17.7
18.5
17.2
17.2
Feet.
86
85
87
79
80
85
85
82
Kc.
3.7
4.0
4.4
4.2
3.8
4.4
4.4
4.5
4.4
Cu./t.
89.3
76.5
69.5
69.3
68.6
67.4
68.6
66.4
63.7
0.40
.43
.48
.42
.43
.46
.42
.49
.49
0.42
.50
.52
.47
.39
.41
.46
.48
.46
.46
.54
89
89
18.6
21.0
83
85
4.2
3.3
70.8
123. 5
.45
.45
SUPPRESSED GHOWTH.
100
190
12.6
10.0
57
69
8.0
8.7
24.9
20.1
0.50
.53
.39 1
95
11. s
63
8.3
22.5
.51
16 1
PENOBSCOT COUNTY.
Tree number.
Age.
Biamcter
{breast
high).
Height.
Volume
of tree.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Current annual
accretion.
Average
annual
accre-
tion.
Years.
66
77
73
74
70
69
73
75
70
73
79
77
72
Inches.
12.5
16.0
12.7
13.0
13.0
13.2
13.5
14.7
15.7
14.5
17.0
16.5
15.2
Feet.
76
62
80
80
77
82
83
83
81
82
74
78
85
Cu./t.
3L83
34.55
35.51
36.00
35.15
38.49
40.43
43.20
42.34
45.10
61. 14
51.28
61.91
0.49
.39
.52
.48
..50
.51
.49
.45
.40
.47
.43
.44'
.48
0.40
.69
.45
.40
.52
.35
.32
.35
.43
.39
.43
.65
.30
Percent.
2.8
3.3
3.7
3.1
3.0
3.6
2.1
2.5
3.6
3.2
2.0
3.8
2.0
Cu./t.
0.89
1.14
1.31
1.12
1.06
1.38
.86
1.08
1.61
1.44
1.02
1.96
1.04
Cu./t.
0.48
.44
.48
.48
.50
.55
.55
.57
.60
.61
.65
.66
.72
6
3 . ..
5
2
2
Average . . .
73
14.4 ' 79 41.30
.46
.44
3.0
1.21
.56
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
159
Table VII. — Acre yields of second-grouth JfJiite Pine, ivith measurements of young 2>i>ie taken for nnulytia — Continued.
C— MASSACHXJSETT.S:
(1) Site a:
Holbrook, Norfolk County.
Sample area : 1 acre.
Soil: Tellowish-brOTvn sandy loam, .slialloir, loose, rtry, with 1 or 2 inches mold on top and a mod- Age of pine: 35 to 38 years.
erately leafy surface cover; subsoil, sand with stones and gravel. Deu.sitv of cro\vn cover; 0.6.
Forest conditions : Whit« Pine on a .slope (angle about 10°) ; undergrowth scanty, of Ked Cedar
with scattering Hemlock and White and l5ed Oak.' ' Number of trees ; 286.
ACRE YIELD.
White Pine. |
Volume.
Number iDj"""'?'-
of trees <''rea3t
Height.
Mer-
high).
Bole.
chantable
timber.
Inches.
Feet.
Cubic/eet.
Feet B.M.
169
8
60
1,690
5
10
60
80
18
10
70
342
24
11
70
528
23
12
70
598
28
13
70
868
11
11
70
385
7
15
70
280
1
17
70
51
286 trees :
Average annual accretion : AVhite Pine, 131 cubic feet.
ITE b: Pembroke, PljTiioutb County.
Soil: Yellowish-brown sandy loam, medium grain, ligbt, loose, fresli. with 2 to 3 inches mold on
top and surface cover of abundant leaves.
Forest conditions: White Pine with scattering Oak, Maple, Gray Birch, and occasional Sassafras
and Hornbeam; undergrowth moderately dense of above species of hard woods. *
ACRE YIELD.
Sample area : 1 acre.
Age of pine : 50 to 55 years.
Density of crown cover: Thick
and quite even.
Number of trees: 339.
White Pine.
Volume.
-"^l"^?
Height.
Mer-
Bole, ohantable
timber.
Inches.
Feet.
Cubic/eet' FeetB.M.
226 8
60
2,260
19 ; 10
60
304
18
10
70
342
38
11
70
836
22
12
70
572
10
13
70
310
2
14 70
70
3
15 70
120
1 1 16 1 70
45
339 trees ;
Total cubic feet
4,859
Average annual accretion: White Pine, 92 cubic feet.
' Intermixed species: Red Cedar, 2 from 6 to 10 inches diameter and under 60 feet high; 8 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and under 40 feet
high. Red Oak, 1 over 6 inches diameter and under 60 feet high ; 1 over 3 inches diameter and under 40 feet high. Hemlock, 4 from 3 to 6
inches diameter and under 40 feet high. White Oak, 3 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and under 40 feet high. Voung White Pine, 85.
Undergrou'th : Red Cedjir, 29; White Oak, 1; and Hemlock, 3.
^Intermixed species: Oak, 10 from 10 to 14 inches diameter and under 80 feet high ; 1 over 6 inches diameter and over 60 feet high ; 6 from
6 to 10 inches diameter and under 60 feet high ; 2 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and over 40 feet high. Maple, 4 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and
over 40 feet high ; 8 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and under 40 feet high. Gray Birch. 1 over 6 inches diameter and over 60 feet high ; 6 from
6 to ] u inches diameter and under t^o feet high ; 43 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and over 40 feet high. Young White Pine, 69.
Undergrowth : Gray Birch, 21 ; Maple, 38 ; Hornbeam, 1, and Sassafras, 3.
160
THE WHITE PINE.
Table VII. — Acre yields of aecond-yrowth White Vine, with measurements of young pine taken for analysis — Continued.
C— MASSACHUSETTS-Contiin.
(3) SiTEc:
Hanson, Plymouth County.
Sample area: 1 acre.
Soil: Tellowisli loamy sand, medium grain, porous, light, loose, deep, dry, and well drained, with Age of pine : 50 to 55 years,
about 2 inches mold on top and surface cover of abundant leaves ; suusoil, sand and gravel. Density of crown cover : ( ?)
Forest conditions: Pure White Pine ou level plain, originally mixed with hardwoods, but ten
years .ago hardwoods and dying pine cut out, leaving young oaks 1 to 2 feet high throughout
site; undergrowth of hardwoods.' Number of trees: 310.
ACRE YIELD.
■White Pine. 1
Diameter
(breast
Volume.
Number
of trees.
Height.
Mer-
high).
Bole.
chantable
timber.
Inches.
Feet.
Cubicfeet.
Feet B.M.
127
8
65
1,143
19
10
55
285
21
10
70
399
39
11
70
858
31
12
70
806
23
13
70
7i;i
22
U
70
770
16
15
70
640
8
16
70
360
2
17
70
102
2
18
70
112
310 trees:
.. 6,188
Average annual accretion : "White Pine, 123 cubic feet.
"Weymouth, Norfolk County.
[180 feet above sea level.]
Sample area: 1 acre.
'Soil: Brown or yellow sandy loam, medium grain, shallow, light, loose, dry, and well drained, Age of pine: 50 years.
with 1 or 2 inches mold on top and surface cover of abundant leaves; subsoil, gravel and atone. Density of crown cover: {h
Forest conditions: White Pine, with scattering Red Oak and occasional Maple and Hornbeam on
somewhat hilly site; undergrowth dense, of White Oak, Ked Oak, Gray Birch, and Black
Birch.' ' Number of trees: 295.
ACRE YIELD.
White Pine. 1
Volume.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
Height.
Mer-
high).
Bole.
chantable
timber.
Inches.
Feet.
Cubicfeet.
Feet B.M.
. 174
8
00
1,740
36
10
65
012
26
11
70
572
21
12
70
546
16
13
70
496
10
14
70
350
4
15
70
160
3
16
70
135
1
17
70
61
3
19
70
183
1
21
70
78
295 trees :
Total cubic feet
4,923
Average annual accretion: "White Pine, 98 cubic feet.
^ Under growth: Hemlock,?; Maple, 1 ; Eed Cedar, 1; Black Birch, 4; Cherry, 4; Poplar, 1; "White Oak, 1, with numerous small oaks.
^Intermixed species: White Oak, 5 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and over 40 feet high; 16 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and under 40 feet high.
Gray Birch, 8 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and over 40 leet high; 7 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and under 40 feet high. Red Oak, 2 from 10 to
14 inches diameter and under 80 feet high; 20 from 6 to 10 inches diameter and under 60 feet liigh; 12 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and over 40
feet high; 23 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and under 40 feet high. Cherry, 1 over 3 inches diameter and under 40 feet high. Black Birch, 2
from 3 to 6 inches disuneter and under 40 feet high. Red Cedar, 1 over 3 inches diameter and under 40 feet high. Maple, 1 over 3 inches
diameter and over 40 feet high. Young White Pine, 47.
Vndergrowth: White Oak, 35, and numerous small ones; Cherry,2; RedCedar.l; Red Oak, 4; Black Birch, 19, and numeroussmallones;
Hemlock, 1; Gray Birch, 2; Hornbeam, 1.
TABLES OP MEASUREMENTS.
161
Table VII. — Acre yields of second-growth irhite Pine, with measurements of nouiuj pine taken for analysis — Continued.
C— MASSACHXJSETTS-Continued.
(5) Site e: Bridgewator. Plymouth County. Sample area: 1 acre.
[100 feel above sea level.]
Soil: Dark-brown loamy sand, medium grain, light, loose, shallow, fresh, with about 2 inches mold Age of pine : 45 years.
on top, and surface cover of abundant leaves; subsoil, yellow fine sand. Density of crown cover: (?)
Forest conditions: Cultivated White Pine, with occasional Gray Birch, on level plain; undergrowth
of scattering Oak and Maple.' Number of trees: 374.
ACRE YIELD.
White Pine.
Volume.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
Height.
Mer-
high).
Bole.
chantable
timber.
Inches.
Feet.
Cubic/eet.
FeetJB.M.
240
B
55
2,160
1
10
55
15
42
10
60
672
22
11
60
418
27
12
60
621
15
13
60
390
13
14
65
429
6
15
65
222
0
16
65
84
i
17
70
204
2
18
70
112
374 tree
Tot
ll cubic fe
Average annual accretion : ^Vhite Pine, 118 cubic feet.
ITE f: Bridgewater, Plymouth County. Sample area : 1 acre.
[100 feet above sea level.]
Soil: Light-brown sandv loam, medium grain, shallow, light, loose, dry, well drained, with about Age of pine: 25 years.
2 inches mold on top, and surface cover of abundant leaves; subsoil, gravel of all sizes. Density of crown cover: (?J.
Forest conditions: Cultivated AVhite Pine, intermixed with young hardwoods and Pitch Pine.
(Pine seedlings from woods, 1 to 2 feet hi^^h, set in furrows at 6 (
ACKE YIELD.
' 8 feet each way.)^
Number of trees; 560.
WhitePine.
Number
of trees.
Volume.
(breast
higli).
Height.
Bole.
Mer-
chantable
timber.
115
184
211
47
1
2
Inches.
3
3 to 6
6 to 8
8 to 10
10
14
Feet.
20
30
30
30
35
35
Cubic/eet.
FeetB.M.
1,055
423
11
46
560 trees :
Total cubic feet
1,536
reiion: VThite Pine, 61 cubic feet.
' Intermixed species: Gray Birch, 4 from 6 to 10 inches diameter and under 60 feet high ; 7 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and over 40 feet high.
Undergrowth: White Oak, 23; Maple, 3.
' Intermixed species: Gray Birch, 13 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and under 30 feet high. Pitch Pine. 1 over 8 inches diameter and under
30 feet high ; 5 from 6 to 8 inches diameter and under 30 feel high ; 28 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and under 30 feet high. Eed Cedar, 1 over 3
inches diameter and under 30 feet liigh.
rii(ier</rui((7i.- Oak, 97; Gray Birch, 54; Pitch Pine, 16; Maple, 8; Cherry, 3; Hickory, 1.
20233— No. 22—11
162
THE WHITE PINE.
Table VII. — Acre yields of second- growth Whitu Pine, with meaauremvnts of young pine talcin for niM/i/sis— Continued.
-MASSACHUSETTS— Continued.
(7) SlTEff;
Grnfton, Middleaex County.
[500 feet above sea level.]
Sample area; 1 acre.
Soil: Brovru. nearly hlaek, sandy loam, medium grain, sballow, fresh, well drained, with I or 2 Age of pine: 40 years.
iuches mold on top, and moderately leafy surface cover; subsoil, rock on ridge, yellowish Density of crown cover: O.S
sand on low ground. to 0.2.
Forest conditions: WTiite Pine on hill ; undergrowth, dense, of Maple and Oak and some Chestnut, Number of trees: 323.
Cherry, Gray Birch, and other hardwoods. '
ACRE YIELD.
White Pine. 1
Diameter
(breast Height,
high).
Volume.
Number
of trees.
1 Mer-
Bole. chantable
timber.
Inches.
Feet.
Ouhicfeet.
FeetB.li.
170
8
60
1,760
2
10
60
32
43
10
70
817
44
11
70
968
23
12
70
598
21
13
70
651
8
14
70
280
4
15
70
160
2
18
70
112
323 trees:
Total cubic feet
5,378
Average annual accretion: "White Piut,, 134 cubic feet.
"VTorcester, Worcester Connty.
[About 600 feet above sea level.]
Sample area : 1 acre.
Soil: Brown sandy loam, medium grain, deep, fresh, well drained, with about 1 inch mold on top Age of pine : 30 to 35 years.
and a moderately leafy surface cover: subsoil, drift gravel and stones. Density of crown cover: 0. 6 to
Forest conditions : AvhitePine, with scattering (Jray Birch and occasional Poplar and Pitch Pine 0.8 {in places 0.2 and 0.4).
on a hill ; undergrowth, scanty, of Hemlock.'^ ' Number of trees : 301.
ACRE YIELD.
White 'Pine. |
Diameter
(breast
Yolume.
Number
of trees.
Height.
Mer-
hish).
Bole.
chantable
timber.
Inches.
Feet.
Cubicfeet.
FeetB.M.
193
8
60
1,930
39
10
70
741
34
11
70
748
13
12
70
338
12
13
70
372
5
14
70
175
3
15
70
120
1
16
70
45
1
17
70
51
301 trees:
Total cubic feet
:... 4,520
Average annual acci-etion: "WMto Pine, 141 cubic feet.
• Intermixed epecifs: Pitch Pine. 1 over 3 inches diameter and over 40 feet high; 1 over 6 incbe
10 inchi^B diameter and under 80 feet high. AVhite Birch, 2 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and ov
iuchea diameter and under 40 feet high. Young "VThite Pine, 35.
Uniiergrowth (under 3 inches diameter and under 40 feet high) : Maple, 204 (mostlv Striped Maple) ; Oak, 133 : Chestnut, 19 : Che
Gray Birch, 6; Thorn, 4; Hamameli8,3; Hickory.l; Hemlock.l; Elm, 2.
'^Intermixed upecies: Pitch Pine, 3 from 6 to 10 inches diameter and nnder 60 feet high. Fojmlvs grandidentata, 1 over 6 ir
eter and under 60 feet high. Gray ]5irch, 6 from 6 to 10 inches diameter and Tinder 60 feet high ; 31 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and over 40
feet high. Poplar, 2 from 6 to 10 inches diameter and under CO feet high. Hemlock, 1 over 3 iuches diameter and under 40 feet high. Young
"White Pine, 90.
Vudergrowth : Oak, 53 ; Gray Birch, 1, and a few small Cherry, not counted.
. diameter and under 60 feet hiirh: 1 ovi-r
«r 40 feet high. Gray Birch, Gfrom 3 to 6
y, 11:
dies diam-
TABLES OK MEASUREMENTS.
163
Table VII. — Acre yields of second-growth WTiite Pine, icith measurements of young pine taken for analysis — Continued.
C— MASSACHUSETTS— Continued.
(9) Site i:
Xortbbridge, Worcester County.
[500 feet above sea level.]
Sample area : 1 acre.
Soil: Yellow sandy loam, fine crain, deep, fresh, well drained, -n-ith about 4 inches mold on top, Age of pine : 35 years,
and a nioderately leafy suriace cover; subsoil, probably ledge rock. Density of crown cover
Forest condihoiie: White Pine, with occasional Birch and ilaple, on a hill: undergrowth, moder- Xumber of trees: 413.
and a moderately leafy surface cover: subsoil, probably ledge rock.
rest conditions: White Pine, with occasional
ately dense, of Oak, ilaple, and Chestnut.'
ACRE YIELD.
White Pine. 1
Diameter!
(breast 1 Height,
high).
Volume.
Number
of trees.
Mer-
Bole. chantable
1 timber.
284
5;i
36
20
U
7
2
Inches. 1 Feet.
8 ' 50
10 ! 70
11 70
12 70
13 70
14 1 70
15 70
Cubic/eet.FeetS.M.
2, 556 1
1,007 '
792
520 1
341
245
80
413 trees :
Average anmial accretion: Whit<? Pine, 158 cubic feet
(10) SiTEJ:
Brooktield, Worcester County.
[800 to 900 feet above sea level.]
Sample area : 1 acre.
Soil: Dark brown or black loam, fine grain, light, deep, fre.sh, well drained, with about 2 inches Age of pine: 35 to 40 years.
mold on top and a moderately leafy surface cover; subsoil, rock not far below surface. Density of crown cover : 0.8.
Forest conditions : White Pine, with occasional Pitch Pine and hardwoods on north slope of uneven If umber of trees : 303.
land ; undergrowth dense, of various hardwoods, with Oak and Chestnut predominating. *
ACEE YIELD.
White Pine.
1
Tolume.
Ifomber
of trees.
(breast I Height.
] iler- 1
Bole, chantable
timber.
Inches.
Feet.
CuHc/eet.FeetB.M.
165
8
55
1,485
43
9
55
516
1
10
55
15
33
10
60
528
25
11
60
475
14
12
60
322
14
13
60
364
7
14
65
231
1
15
65
37
303 trees :
Average annual accretion : White Pine, 104 cubic feet.
' Intermixed tpecies: White Maple, 1 over 6 inches diameter and under 60 feet high; 2 from 3 to 6 inches diameter ;
Maple, 2 from 10 to 14 inches diameter and under 80 feet high ; 8 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and over 40 feet high ; 1 O'
and under 40 feet high. Apple, 1 over 3 inches diameter and over 40 feet high. Young Wliite Pine, 77. ,, , -,
Vndergrowth- Oak, 152 (and nimierous small trees) ; Chestnut, 52 ; Gray Birch, 1 ; ilaple, 12 (.and numerous small trees) ; White ilaple, 3.
2 Intermixed species ; Pitch Pine, 2 from 10 to 14 inches diameter and under 80 feet hij;h ; 5 from 6 to 10 inches diameter and under 60 feet
high. Oak, 1 over 6 inches diameter and under 60 feet high; 1 over 3 inches diameter and over 40 feet high; 1 over 3 inches diameter and
under 40 feet high. Grav Birch,2l from 3 to 6 inches diameter and over 40 feet high ; 4 from 3 to 6 iuches diameter and under 40 feet high.
WTiito Birch, 1 over 3 inches diameter and over 40 feet high. Maple, 1 over 6 inches di.-imeter and under 60 feet high ; 1 over 3 inches diame-
ter and under 40 feet high. Chestnut, 1 over 10 inches di.TOiefcr and under 80 feet high : 1 over 3 inches diameter and under 40 leet high.
Poplar, 1 over 10 inches diameter and under 80 feet high. Young White Pine. 89.
rndergrowlh : Oak, 404; Chestnut, 188 : Maple (Red and White), 93; Black Birch, 27; Hemlock, 7; Ash, 30; Gray Birch, 33; Cherry (and
numerous small trees), 1. Ifumerous small Poplars not counted.
164
THE WHITE PINE.
Table VII, — Acre yields of second-growth White Pine, with mean ur emeu ts of young pine taken for analysis — Continned.
C.—M^VSSACHTJSETTS— Continued.
(U) Site k: Charlton, Worcester County. Sample area: lacre.
[About 800 feet above sea level.]
Soil: Dark-brown sandy loam, medium grain, loose, deep, fresb, well drained, with about 2 inches Age of pine : 48 years.
mold on top, and a moderately leafy surface cover: subsoil, rock and sand. Density of crown cover: 0.6.
Forest conditio7is : White Pine, nearly pure, with 18 young trees on a hill; undergrowth scanty, of
Chestnut, Maple, Oak, and Cherry. Number of trees: 446.
ACRE YIELD.
■White Pine.
Volume.
K umber
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
Height.
Mer-
high).
Bole. chautable
timber.
Inches.
Feet.
Cubic feet. FeetB. M.
277
8
00
2, 770
62
10
70
1,178
50
11
70
1,100
29
12
70
7.54
13
13
70
403
9
14
70
315
3
15
70
120
3
16
70
135
1
446 trees :
Average annual accretion: ■White Pine, 141 cubic feet.
MEASUEEMENTS OF SAMPLE YOUNG PINE TREES.
SITE b.
Tree number.
Age.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Volume
of tree.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Average
annual
tion.
1 «...
3'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'."
Tears.
52.0
50. 0
48.0
Inches.
13.0
9.0
9.2
Feet.
71.5
60.0
62.5
Cm. ft.
31.7
13.8
15.6
0.47
.52
.54
0.47
.22
.36
Cu./t.
0.61
.28
.32
Average . . .
50.0
10.4 65.0
20.4
.51
.35 .40
54.0
52.0
50.0
11.3
13.8
9.5
59.0
71.5
64.0
19.7
36.3
16.3
0.48
.49
.52
0.37
.42
.28
0 36 1
.70
6
.33
Average . . .
62.0
11.5
65.0
27.4
.50
.36
.46,
SITE «.
39.0
39.0
39.0
8.3
9.2
12.0
52.0
58.0
69.0
8.8
13.0
22.4
0.45
.49
.48
0.40
,36
.50
0.22
Average . . .
39.0
9.8
56.0
14.7
.47
.42
.37
SITE 1'.
40.0
36.0
33.0
9.5
11.2
6.5
65.0
53.0
51.0
14.3
18.4
6.7
0.53
.51
.57
0.42
.65
.37
Average . . .
36.3
9.0
53.0
13.1
.54
.45
.36,
SITE J.
22..
23..
24..
Average . . .
37.0
39.0
39.0
10.5
9.3
7.0
53.0
55.0
62.0
16.4
13.8
7.9
0.51
.54
.56
0.45
.44
.37
0.44
.35
.20
38.3
8.9
53.0
12.7
.54
.42
.33
SITE *.
25
48.0
48.0
48.0
10.0
12.8
9.1
63.0
69.5
64.0
17.0
33.0
16.0
0.50
.53
.54
0.26
.38
.40
26
.69
27
Average . . .
48.0
10.6
65.5
22.0
.52
.35
.46 1
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
165
Table VII. — Acre yields of second-growih JJliite Pinr, with measurements of young pine taken for analysis — Contiiiiied,
D.— NEW HAMPSHIRE:
(1) SiteZ:
Boscawen, Merrimack County.
[300 feet above sea level.]
Sample area : 1 acre.
Soil: Bark-brown loamy sand, coarse grain, porous, loose, sballow, dry, well drained, with 1 inch Age of pine: 40 years,
mold on top and moderately leafy surface cover; subsoil, yellow sand. Density of crown cover
lock and small White Pine.'
tiber of trees: 1,077.
ACRE YIELD.
AVhite Pine. |
Volume.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
Height.
Mer-
Bole. chautable
1 timber.
Incht^.
Feet.
Oubic/eet. FeetS.M.
150
619
195
Under 3
3 to 6
6 to 8
20
40
50
1,365
65
8 to 10
50
715
30
10
50
390
7
11
50
112
4
12
50
76
5
13
50
110
1
14
60
25
1
16
50
39
1,077 trees :
Average annual accretion : "White Pine, 71 cubic feet.
liTE m : Franklin, Merrimack County. Sample area: 1 acre.
[900 to 1,000 feet above sea level.]
Soil : Brown sandy loam, medium grain, compact, moist, well drained, with 1 to 3 inches mold on Age of pine: 40 to 45 years,
top and raoderately leafy surface cover: subsoil, rock. Density of crown cover: 0.9.
Forest conditions : White Pine intermixed with Maple and Birch, on a hill; undergrowth, moder-
ately dense, of young Maple, Birch, and other scattering hardwoods.^ Number of trees: 410.
ACRE YIELD.
White Pine.
Volume.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
{breast
Height.
Mer-
high).
Bole, chantable
timber.
Inches.
Feet
Cubicfeet FeetB.M.
298
8
60
2.930
7
9
60
91
47
10
70
893
38
11
70
836
9
12
70
234
7
13
70
217
2
14
70
70
1
15
70
40
1
16
70
45
410 trees :
Average annual accretion : White Pine, 120 cubic feet.
I from 8 to 10 inches diameter and under 40 feet high ;
nder 40 feet high; j from 3 to 0 inches diameter and
er 8 inches diameter and cer 40 feet high ; 1 over 3
1 Intermixed Rpeciee: Red Pine, 1 over 10 inches diameter and under 40 feet high :
4 from 6 to 8 inches diameter and over 40 feet high ; 4 from G to 8 inches diameter and r
over 40 feet higli ; 13 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and under 40 feet high. Red Pine, 1 O'
inches diameter and over 40 feet high ; 1 over 3 inches diameter and under 40 feet high.
Vndergrowth: Hemlock, 26: Gray Birch, 1.
''Intermixed si>ecies : Red Maple, 11 from 6 to 10 inches diameter and over 60 feet high; 6 from 6 to 10 inches diameter and under 60 feet
high ; 30 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and over 40 feet high ; 3 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and under 40 feet high. White Birch, 7 from 10 to
14 inches diameter and under 80 feet high ; 26 from 6 to 10 inches di;imeter and over 60 feet high ; 29 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and over 40
feet high. Red Oak , 2 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and over 40 feet high. Pmnus terotina, 1 over 6 inches diameter and under 60 feet high.
Poplar, 2 from 6 to !U inches diameter and over 60 feet liigh. Hemlocls, 2 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and under 40 feet high. Chestnut, 1
over 6 inches diameter and over 60 feet high. Young White Pine, 119.
Undergrowth: Red Maple, 23; Cherry, 3; Hamamelis. 14; White Birch, 2; Hemlock, 4; Ash, 1; Poplar, 1.
166
THE WHITE PIXE.
Table VII. — Acre yields of second-yrowlh iriiite Pine, with measiiremeiils of \joung pine taken for anahjtin — Continued.
-NEW HAMPSHIRE-C.mlii
(3) SiTEn,-
KopkintoD, Merrimack Couuty.
[800 to 900 feet above soa level.]
Sanplearea; 1 acre.
Soil ■ Brown, gray, or nearly black sandy loam, fine grain, moist, well drained, with mold on top Age of pine : 60 to 65 years.
and raoderatelv leafv surface cover; subsoil, rock. Density of crown cover: 0.(
Forest conditions: "White Pine, with occasional Red Pine, on a hill; undergrowth, moderately dense, to 0.9.
of Hemlock and scatterintc hardwoods; on occasions dead and little su]>pre.s8cd trees cut out
and trimming done.'
ACRE YIELD.
Number of trees: 291.
White Pine. 1
Volume.
Number
of trees.
(breast
high).
Height.
Bole.
Mer-
chantable
timber.
Inches.
Feet.
Cubic/eet.
FeetB.M.
54
8
60
540
43
10
70
817
48
11
70
1,056
36
12
70
938
37
13
70
!.147
27
14
70
945
14
15
70
560
14
16
70
630
8
17
80
464
3
18
80
192
3
19
80
210
1
20
80
77
22
80
192
1
23
80
104
291 tree
Tot
il cubic feet
7,870
Average animal accretion : "White Pine, 127 cubic feet.
(4) Site o .-
Hopkinton, Merrimack County.
[800 to 900 feet above sea level.]
, fine grain, moderately loose, fresh, well drained, with 3 to 4 inches mold on
. _ .^ i?__ ^-^jj
dergrowth,
Sample s
Soil : Brown h , „ . „
top and leafv surface cover; subsoil, rocks not very far down
Forest conditions: White Pine with occasional Red Pine on a north alope of hill;
moderately dense, of Elm, Maple, Hemlock, and occasional hardwoods.'^
Qber of trees : 435.
ACRE YIELD.
White Pine. 1
Volume.
Number
of trees.
(breast
hiffh).
Height.
Bole.
Mer-
chantable
timber.
Inches.
Feet.
Cubic/eet.
FeetB.M.
63 1 3 to 6
189 1 6 to 10
50
1,701
56
10
60
876
52
U
60
988
26
12
60
598
27
13
60
702
8
14
60
240
11
15
65
418
3
16
65
126
435 trees: 1
t 5,649
Average aniiual accretion : White Pine, 148 cubic feet.
' Intermixed species: Red Pine, 6 from 10 to 14 inches diameter and under 80 feet high; Maple, 1 over 10 inches diameter and under
80 feet high.
Vndergrawth : Hemlock, 98 ; Beech, 4. , „ » , , j . » j
2 Intermixed species : Red Pine, 3 from 10 to 14 inches diameter and under 80 feet high. Maple, 2 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and over
40 feet high. White Birch, 1 over 3 inches diameter and over 40 feet high. Apple, 2 from 10 to 14 inches diameter and under 80 feet high.
Hemlock, 3 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and under 40 feet high. ,. „ , „„ „
Undergrowth ■■ Elm, 64 ; Cornus altemi/olia, 1 ; Beech, 1 ; Hemlock, 36 ; Cherry, 2 ; Ash, 1 ; Hamamelis, 1 ; Maple, 62 ; numerous small
Maples ; small Oaks.
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
167
Table VIL—Acre yields of secoitd-ijroirth irhite Pine, with mmsurements of young pine taken for analysis— Coatinued.
D XE'O' HAMPSHIRE-Continiied.
(5) Site;;.-
Litchfield, Hillsboro County.
[About 250 feet above sea level.]
Soil- Dark-brown sandy loam, fine grain, porous, light, loose, shallow, dry, well drained, with Age of pine: 35 to 40 years,
kbout 2 inches mold on top and moderately leafy surface cover; subsoil, yellowish fine sand Density ot crown cover: 0.7 to
with clas- about 4 to 6 feet below anrface.
Forest conditions: White Pine with scattering Pitch Pine on level pin
Maple, Birch, and few other hardwoods.'
ACRE YIELD.
udergrowth scanty, of
Number of trees : 517.
"White Pine. 1
Diameter
(breast Height,
high).
Volume.
Number
of trees.
1 Mer-
Bole. ohantable
timber.
1 Inches. Feet.
Cubicfeet. Feel B.M.
5 Under 3 1 20
182 3 to « 1 40
233 6 to 10 ' 50
2,097
30 10 60
480
19 U 60
361
13 12 00
199
10 1 13 CO
260
12 ' 14 65
396
6 1 15 65
222
2 16 1 65
84
2 17 i 70
102
1 18 70
56
1 19 70
61
1 22 , 70
78
517 trees ;
Total cubic feet
4,396
Averatje annual accretion: White Pine, 15 cubic feet.
(6) Site ./ .■
Hillsboro Co
[About 700 feet above s
Sample area : 1 acre.
1 level.
soil : Brown loam, fine grain, deep moist, well drained, with 2 to 4 inches mold on top and abund- ;^g»^»f P'°.% «^t° « ^^^^i^
^.JS^S^w£r^rSSp:;:'SS.e^;i nenjloc. on hil, undergrowth dense, S^
of Maple, Oak, Chestnut mainly, and few other scattering hardwoods.' JS umber ot trees, in.
ACRE YIELD.
White Pin€
1
Toluroe.
Number
of trees.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Bole.
Mer-
chantable
timber.
Inches.
Feet.
CuMcfeet.
FeetB.M.
76
153
3 to 6
6 to 10
50
1,377
36
10
60
676
40
U
60
31
12
60
713
13
60
8
14
60
240
6 15
65
222
3 16
65
126
1 1"
65
47
371 trees:
Average annual accretion .- White Pine, 107 cubic feet.
.7„<.™i«d.p.c«.: Gray Birch 1 over 3 inches mameter^^^^^^
Maple, 1 over 6 inches diameter and under 60 feet '"Sj' • 1 »^«%^'??J^f,l'*'a'^^^''lS"o 14 inches diamlter and under 80 feet high.
'-H'nac^io^^tl^^'XX'l'^^T-^^^^^^
high.^i;^^™f::^:n?in.SrS^^?59.^fHlS S^
dl.™eter and under 60 feet high ; 26 from 3 to 6 '"'hes dianieter f^";<3'^j^„°g'"^^'^S;f 'diameter and under 40 feet high. Cherry 1 over 10 inches
White Oak, 5 from 3 to 6 inches <l''i'"<'«r and over 40 teet higli 3 ti on. 3 to b mcne.s mame diameter and over 40 feet high.
168
THE WHITE PINE.
Table XII.— Acre yields of second-grotclh TTIiiie Pine, «i(/i measiiremetits of young pine ia'ken for analysis — Continued.
D NEW HAMPSHIRE— Continued.
17) Site r.-
Milford, Hillaboro Connty.
[300 to 400 feet above sea level.)
Acre Xo. 1.
Soil: Dark-brown sandy loam, iine grain, shallow, dry, well drained, with 1 to 2 inches mold on Age of pine : 35 to 40 years.
top and surface cover of abundant leaves; subsoil, light colored and powdery. 0 to 10 inches Density of crown cover: Full.
deep, probably sandy lower down.
Forest conditions:' White Pine on slope; undergrowth, dense, of Oak mixed witli Maple, Chestnut.
and other scattering hardwoods.' Number of trees: 794.
ACRE YIELD.
White Pine. 1
Number
of trees.
1
Volume.
(breast
high).
Height.
Bole.
Mer- 1
chantable
timber.
339
323
106
11
9
2
2
Inches.
3 to 6
6 to 8
8 to 10
10
11
12
13
rcet.
40
50
50
50
50
50
50
Cuiic/eet.
Feet B. jr.
1
2.261
1,188
143
144
38
44
794 trees:
3,818
Average animal accretion: White Pine, 109 cubic feet.
t-Vo
Age of pine: 35 to 40 years.
Soil: Brown sandy loam, medium grain, loose, fresh, 1 foot deep, with 2 inches mold on lop and a Density of crown cov
moderately leafv surface cover. to 0.7.
Forest conditions: White Pine with scattering Maple on north slope of hill; undergrowth, in parts
moderately dense, of Ash, Maple, and few otber hardwoods, and in denser parts very little
undergrowth. 2 Number of trees: 503.
ACKE TIELD.
White Pine. 1
Diameter
(breast
high).
Volume.
Number
of trees.
Height.
Bole.
Mer-
chantable
timber.
Inches.
Feet.
Cubicfeet.
FeetB.M.
151
3 to 6
40
236
6 to 10
50
2 124
44
10
55
660
21
U
55
378
17
12
55
357
10
13
55
240
11
14
60
330
5
15
60
175
3
16
60
117
2
17
60
86
1
19
60
57
1
20
70
72
1
21
70
78
1
503 trees ;
)t
4,674
Average annual accretion: White Pine, 123 cubic feet.
* Intermixed species: Oak, 1 over 10 inches diameter and over 50 feet high; 1 over 8 inches diameter and under 50 feet high; 3 from 3 to 6
inches diameter and over 40 feet high.
Vndergroivth : Oak. 381; Maple, 64; Chestnut, 41; Gray Birch, 4 ; Yellow Birch, 1 ; Hemlock,!; Cherry, 14, with numerous small trees.
2 Intermixed species: Maple, 1 over 10 inches diameter and under 80 feet high ; 5 from 6 to 10 inches iliameter and under 60 feet high;
4 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and over 40 feet high ; 2 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and under 40 feet high. Cherry, 1 over 6 inches diameter
and under 60 teet high; 2 from 3 to 6 inches diameter and under 40 feet high. Apple, 1 over 6 inches diameter and under 60 feet high: 1 over
3 inches diameter and under 40 feet high. Pitch Pine. 2 from 6 to 10 inches diameter aud under 60 feet high. "White Birch, 1 over 6 inches
diameter and over 60 feet high.
Undergrowth: Ash. 45; Maple. 8: Cherry. 3; Oak. 5; Hamamelis, 10; Chestnut, 1; Elm, 2.
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
169
Table VII. — Acre yields of second-growth White Pine, with measurements of young jtine taken for analysis — Continued.
D.— NEW HAMPSHIRE- Continued.
MEASUREMENTS OF SAMPLE YOUNG PINE TREES.
Age class: Under 50 years.
SITE I.
Tree ni
mber.
Age.
Diameter
(breast
high).
Height.
Rings
per inch
stump.
Volume
of tree.
Factor
of
shape.
Ratio of
length
of crown
to total
height of
tree.
Current annual
accretion.
Average
accre-
tion.
Years.
41
41
41
Inches.
tj.8
7.1
8.2
Feel.
44
52
55
Ko.
Cubie/t.
5.6
8.0
10.0
0.51
.56
.51
0.43
.51
.51
Per cent.
Cubic ft.
Cubic ft.
0.30
.20
.24
A
■erage . . .
41
7.4
50
7.9
.53
.48
.23
42
42
42
42
9.7
10.4
8.7
63
70
65
16
21.3
13.1
0.50
.51
.49
0.38
.34
.34
0.38 1
.51
.31
Average . . .
9.6
66
.50
.35
.40 1
1
38
39
9.3
10.3
57.5
62.5
13.8
18.0
0.51
.50
0.39
.40
0.36
.46
Average . . .
38.5
9.8
60
15.9
.50
.39
.41
81
77
17
17
73
74
4
4
48.2
52.4
0.42
.44
0.53
.55
4.6
3.0
2.22
1.57
0.59
.68
Average . . .
1
79 1 17 j 73.5
4
50.3
.43
.64
3.8
1.89
.63
SCHEDULES AND SAMPLE RECORDS.
SCHEDULKS AND SAMPLE RECORDS.
FORMS USED IN THE INVESTIGATION.
FORM NO. 1.
United States Department of Agriculture.
DIVISION OF FORESTRY.
RECORDS OF TREE MEASUREMENTS.
Kame of collector: N.
Species: 'NVhUe Pine.
Year: 1897.
GENERAL UKSCRIPTION OF STATION.
[Dentited by capital letter.]
State: Peuusylvania. County: Clearlield. Town: Dubois.
Longitude: 78-45. Latitude: 41^ 3'. Altitude: 1,200 to 1,500 feet.
General contiguratiou : Plains hills plateau mountainous.
General trend of valleys or bills: (Not noted.)
Climatic features : (Meteorological tables furulsbed.)
General forest conditions of tlie region : This region in 1876 extended over 20,000 acres. The lumber operation
carried on for twenty years by Mr. Du IJoi.s left for tbe present only from 1,500 to 2,000 acres standing timber in a
primeval condition.
Three typical forms of forest conditions are snggested to the observer:
(1) Hemlock and White Pine forest, with an admixture of mature hardwoods and a number of young hard-
woods and young Hemlock, which form the uudergrowth.
(2) Hemlock mixed with White Pine, with scattering hardwoods; the undergrowth usually moderately dense,
consists mainly of young Hemlock with the admixture of young hardwoods.
(3) Hardwoods intermixed with White Pine and scattering Hemlock. The undergrowth here consists mainry
of young hardwoods.
Among the hardwoods, the O.ak, Birch, and Maple form the staple of the hardwood forest, while the Beech,
Chestnut, Hickory, Cucumber, Ash, Cherry, and liasswood are comparatively few in number. The region has a
uniform soil and subsoil as it may be judged by the sample areas NN. 5, 6, and 7, and is well provided with moisture
by the mauy streams crossing it all over in diti'erent directions.
173
174
THE WHITE PINE.
FORM NO. 2.
DESCRIPTION OF SITE.
[Denoted by small letter.]
Sample area, No. 5: (One acre.)
Conformation of surface : Hill sloping toward southwest, where it is bordered by the left-hand branch of Irish
Narrow Creek.
Soil and drainage conditions: Yellow clay loam of a medium grain (fine .shale in it), deep, fresh, well drained,
with 2 to 3 inches mold on top.
Subsoil : Laminated shalo of an indefinite depth.
Soil cover: Scanty leaves, fern, and teaberiies.
Origiu of stand: Natural regeneration.
Form: Uniform; storied. White I'iuo forms first and Hemlock the second.
Composition: A stand of Hemlock mixed with White Pine, intermixed with scattering Maple, Beech, and Birch.
UndcroTowth : Absent; dense; moderately dense; scanty; consists of very young Beech, Hemlock, and occa-
sional Birch, Cucumber, and Dogwood (Laurel in northeast corner).
Density of stand: 0.7 (in places 0.8).
Remarks. — Crowns of White Pine generally well developed; clear and straight stems. Ago of White Pine
230 to 260 years. Age of HemlocR almost the same as that of White Pine
ACKE-TIELD ilEASUEEilENTS.
-5
Name of species.
Undergrowth.
I
White Pine.
Hemlock.
Maple.
Beech.
Birch.
Diameter
(breast high).
rt 'a?
^
^
^
^
-*»
-»3
^
^
^
^
4J
^
o a
^ .
.£3
ja
.a
J3
•fv,
ja
■a .
-So
1
1
o
II
■gs
Mo
3 a
IS
|S
p
If
P
'So
P
is
ll
bCo
1*
P
1°
ll
i
1
3-6
inches.
Under
3 inches.
R
o
o
n
"
o
n
O
o
0
"
o
p
5
o
"A
6
~^
29
7
mjiHJii
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%
36
8
/
43
9
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/
37
10
II
a
34
11
/
11
12
nil
/
47
13
II
38
14
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o
31
15
nil
//
p.
42
16
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20
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A
28
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HI
1
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29
nil
1
S
30
1
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31
//
32
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33
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i
35
fi
38
//
s
37
/
g
38
39
/
u
40
41
42
43
44
/
45
DEDUCED RESULTS.
Total number of trees on the acre : 132, of which there were —
First species: White Pine, 37; dominant, 41 per cent; codominant, 48 per cent; oppressed, 11 per cent.
Second: Hemlock, 84; dominant, 32 per cent; codominant, 26 per cent; oppressed, 42 per cent.
Third: Maple, 5.
Fourth : Beech, 3.
Fifth: Birch, 3.
Total yield of the acre : Volume of stems, 15,686 cubic feet ; merchantable timber, 90, 103 feet B. M.
Of which there were —
First species: White Pine, 58 per cent of total yield.
Second species : Hemlock, 42 per cent of total yield.
Third, fourth, and fifth species: Hemlock not taken into consideration.
Average aunual accretion: In cubic feet, 65; merchantable timber, in feet B. M., 375.
SCHEDULES AND SAMPLE RECORDS.
175
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3
g S sfsSSS S53Sfs
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8 R ffsSSS SSfss
sss g3sfsssssss3 gJsffsS'S'S'
S
f s sssfss ?!s?382s sssi" ffassffssss ssssfsss
3
s s i'sssss sfassf ssgf ssfsis2S2S?3f asfsssss
g
s g sssifa fsfsfs ssss sffssgS'fl'll's ssssss's^;
S
s g sssffi" ssssigjj fssf sfss^ssfaS'sf I'sS's53§S"s
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s s ssssff sasfsf fsss ggssssfsS'ss ssaffi'ss
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s IS gssss's fffsfi" ssfs sgsgsii'sssi' ggssssss
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176
THE M'HITE PINE.
•enipBJ QJijna
i^Q_
jo eeaa'ionix
■punoj3
■oji OMX
ilSSouSSuuoas;;
SCHEDULES AND SAMPLE RECORDS.
177
■enipuj aii'jaa;
'laBataiopoQ
-do
•eSau i
jo_J9qtnnjsL J
■OVJ 9JJX 1
20233— No. 22 12
178
THE WHITE PINE.
FORM NO. 5.
Site : /.
Age class : 240 to 260 years.
Species: White Pine.
Volume.
2
'a
o
s
1
P.
a
3
1
'+3
P.0
Location.
Description of site.
.2
a
"
1
1
■*3
\
1
.a
i
lift
u o
Ip-S
1
H
n
H
W
s
^^
S
^il_
►J
«
Fmt.
Trs
In.
Tt.
JVo.
Cu4t.
B.M.
Dnbois, Clear-
Heiulocli, mixed
1
260 35i
158
90
7.6
435.4
3, 030 0. 40
0.43
58
field County,
Paj lati-
■vritb White Pine.
2
260' 36'
157
90
7.0
481.3 3,4011 .43
.42
59
with scattering
Maple, Beech, and
3
259 32
152
84
7.8
396.01 2,637: .46
.44
55
tude, 410 3';
4
241 32
150
62
6,6
347.7
2,079 .41
.59
50,
longitude,
Birch, on a hill
10 244] 33
146
96
0.8
365.9
2,384i .42
.34
64
78= 45' ; alti-
sloping toward
12 262 28
156
88
9.0
285.8
1,648 .43
-43
47
-B
tude, 1,200 to
Bouthwe-st, Tvhere
18 265 39
153
88
6.0
511.1
3,318: .40
.42
54
§
1,400 feet.
it is bordered by
19 250 34
150
78
6.3
402. 4
2,397! .42
.48
49
a
the left-hand
20 266 44
144
100
5.7
638.4
4,388, .42
.30
57]
1
branch of Narrow
21 243, 34
146
92
7.1
366.7
2,248! .40
.37
51]
Creek. The mod-
23 248 34
142
90
7.2
373.4
2,318: .42
.37
51
fi
ei-ately dense un-
33 259| 33
133
91
8.0
304.5
1,770] .40
.31
48
dergrowth c 0 n -
34 262 33
144
90
7.4
369.2
2,220; .42
.38
50
sistsofveryyoung
35 263' 31
144
82
8.5
275.2
1,458 .36
.43
44
Beech, Hemlock.
36 241* 31* 134
88
7.1
307.7
1,853J .42 .34
50
and occasional
37 201 37 i 146
106
6.7
482.9
2,970
.44 ,27
50
Birch and Cucum-
ber.
\ \
Average
255 34 147
262 28* 138
88
75
7.0
9.8
390.0
264.3
2,507
1,351
.41
.43
.39
.45
52 1
Soil: Yellow clav
28
J
loam of a medium 25 244 28$ 138
107
7 7
298.1] 1.954
.49
.22
54
grain (fine shales
24 245 25
130
84
9.3
192. li 1.102
.43
.35
48]
in it), deep, fresh.
22 246 31
130
82
7.3
310.3, 1,731
.45
.37
46
well drained, with
5 264 29
140
100
8.4
300.4 1,905
.47
.28
52'
2 to 3 inches mold
0 264 29
140
110
8.5
291.41 1.631
.45
.21
*''(
on top, and with a
7 262 29
152
112
9.5
302.8' l,8.i4
.46! .26
51
surface cover of
8 235| 29
142
86
248.61 1,318 0.38 0.39
44
a
scanty leaves.
9 236
32
142
84
287.7] 1,648] .36
.41
48:
1
fern, teaberries,
11
244
30
141
81
7.5
305.3 l,947l .44
.42
53]
and scattering
13
258
23
141
93
9.6
206.0] 1,048
.48
.37
42!
Dogwood (Laurel
14
242
25
139
98
217.1 1,233
.46
.30
47]
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in northeast cor-
15
262
26
136
98
257.2 1.389
.51
.28
45
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16
235
24J
124
93
163.8 815
.40
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side).
1"
262
25
128
108
214. 4 1, 183
.49
.16
46
Subsoil: Laminated
26
245
26
136
98
9.' 3
199.2 1,021
.40
.28
47
shale of an indefi-
31
259
26*
134
90
9.2
228.6 1.336
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.32
48|
nite depth.
29
264
28"
141
841 9.2
276. 5
1,577
.46, .40
47
31
262! 25J
132
8810.0
191.8
803
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37
32
261
26
142
99 9. 1
239. 9
1,322
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46
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253
27
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250.0
1,421
683
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INDEX.
Page.
Abbot's white- pine sawfly, note 60
Accretion, area, in "White Pine 36
average annual, for oUl trees 37
diameter, of pine, discussion 31
yearly, of White Pine, notes 31
Acre yield of second-irrowth "White Pine, with measurements of
youn.^ pine 148-169
White Pine in natural forest 46
young pine groves 43
yields of White Pine and measurements of sample trees. 116-147
Adirondack mills, output of White Pine 17
region, destruction of young pine growth by fire.. 63
Adirondacks, composition of forest 40
condition as to reproduction of White Pino 62
growth of White Pine 12
Agarictis melleus, injury to White Pine 51
Age classes of White Pine, tables of measurements 88-92
AUeghenios, occurrence of White Pine 13
Alpena, Mich., first sawmill 17
Ann Arbor, Mich., growth of pine 28
Annual height growth of White Pine in first hundred years. . . 31
rings, comparison for varieties of pines 25
Aphis. White Pine, note 59
Arborvit«, concomitant of White Pine 40
mixture with White Pine 14
Area accretion of White Pine 30
Artificial reproduction ot pine, discussion 63
Ash. result of planting with White Pine 66
Atlantic, injury by raw winds to White Pine 51
Balsam Fir, admixture with White Pine 12
Bark-beetle, destructive to pine, discussion 55
pine, description and injury 55
Bark-beetlesotherthanpine bark-beetle, injuriousto pine trees. 56, 57
Bark of pine, manner of growth and function 25
White Pine, slight protection against fire 49
Barn lumber, use of pine 81
Bebb. M. S., note on White Pine in Illinois 15
Beech, Birch, and Maple, eflfect of shade on White Pine 43
with pine in Adirondacks 40
Beetles, bark, destructive to pine 55-57
Biiprestidie, injurious to pine, description 58
Belfast, Me., trade in White Pine 16
Bhotan Pine, relationship to White Pine 21
Birch, Maple, and Beech, efl'ect of shade on White Pine , 43
with pine in Adirondacks 40
Black Spruce, usefulness for planting with pine 64
Board and cubic contents of White Pine, tables 85-147
Boards, plank, and "dimension stuff" of White Pine, sizes 81
Boat building, use of White Pine 81
Boles of pine.s, variation with character of associated trees 43
Borers and pine sawyers, discussion 57
Botanical description of White Pine 20
range of White Pme 12
Box Elder, result of planting with White Pine 66
Boxes, use of White Pine 81
Boynton.F.E., note on occurrence of White Pine in the Caro-
linas 15
Branch, root, and stem system of White Pine 21
Britton, N.L.. note on occurrence of White Pine in Xew Jersey. 15
Brookings, S. Dak., failure of plantings of White Pine 67
Buprestidie, species injurious to pine; description 58
Cambium of pine, characteristics 25
Canada, field of commercial pine 15
occurrence of White Pine 18
original and present supplies of White Pine 19
"rossing"' sla protection from pine bark-borer 56
trade in White Pine 18
Canadian pinery, note 14
Canby, William M., note on occurrence of White Pine in Dela-
ware 15
Carbolated wash, remedy for beetles on pine 57
Carbolic acid, use against pine weevil 59
Cary, Austin, measurements of White Pine 85
Caterpillar injurious to pine, notes 60
Cattle, injurious to pine forests 49
Cedar, White, and Cypress as substitutes for White Pine 82
Cells in pine wood, discussion 25, 26
Cerambycid beetles, injury to pine 57
Ch.oicophora. species injurious to pine 58
Champaign, III., instructive plat of White Pine 65
Chermes phiicorticis, "pine blight," note 59
Chicago, growth of White Pine trade 18
Chionaspis pini/olicB, manner of injury to pine 61
Chittenden, F. H., discussion of "Insect enemies of White
Pine " 55
Chlorophyll, occurrence in young pine 24
Circumference of pine trees, measurements of annual gain 35
Classification of White Pine 82
Clay and loam lands, reproduction of White Pine 62
land, relation of specific weight of pine wood 74
Climate and soil, demands for development of White Pine 39
influence on height growth 33
Coleoptera, adult, inj ury to pine 61
enemies of White Pine 55
Coleosporium senccionis, cause of disease in pine 53
Compression endwise, tests of White Pine 77, 78. 79
Cones, age of trees at first production 23
quantity to produce pound of seed 23
Conifers and hardwoods, planting in alternate rows 66
danger of drying atmosphere in planting 51
necessity of shading 63
useful for planting with pine 64
"Cork Pine" of Michigan, locality of growth 12
Cortex of pine, characters 25
Criocephalus agrestis and other species injurious to White Pine 58
Cronartium ribicola, relation to cause of disease in pine 53
Crop of White Pine, time for maturity 64
Crown of White Pine, description 21
Cubic and board contents of White Pine, tables 85
Cultivation of pine nursery at University of Illinois 66
White Pine, area of probable success 16
Curculionidfe. beetle, damage to White Pine 58
Cypress and White Cedar as substitutes for White Pine 82
"Damping off" parasitic organisms as cause 53
relief measures 53
Dangers and diseases of White Pine, discussion 49-55
Dawson. J., statement as to seed crop of White Pine 23
De Tries, assumption as use of resi n in plant growth 24
Delaware, occurrence of White Pine 15
Dendroctonus frontalis, pine bark-beetle, description 55
181
182
Deiidroctoiiiis, Species iiyui ions to pine 56
terebrans, ravages in piue forest of New Jersey- . 5G
Development of pine in forest 30
open stand 28
White Pine, conditions 39
Diagrams and tables of measurements 93-100
Diameter accretion of pine, discussion 34
" Dimension stufl'," boards and plank, of White Pine, sizes 81
Diseases and dangers of White Pine, discussion 49-55
of pine, discussion 51-55
Distribution, geographical, of White Pine 11
natural, of White Pine, conclusions 16
of White Piue, by regions 12
Domestic animals, notes on. danger to forest 49
Douglas, Pobert, remarks on transplanting june 28
Drought and heat efTect on pine 51
Drying and seasoning, effect on strength of White Pine 70
winds, injurious conseqnences to pine 56
Durability of WTiite Pine, discussion 80
Elgin nurseries, White Pines of forty-five years' growth 60
Enemies, insect, of White Pine 55
England, introduction of White Pine 20
note on introduction of White Pine 67
Europe, comparison of pine growth with, America 38
experience regarding reforesting 63
notes on Stone Pine 21
planting of Scotch Pine 63
production of seed by White Pine 24
European Larch, use as nurse tree for White Pine 66
Experiment stations, note on reports as to "damping off" 54
Export of White Pine, note 81
Factor of shape for White Pine 36
in finding cubic and board contents of tree, use. 85
Farm implements, use of White Pine 81
Farmington, N. H., record of growth of White Pine 48
Fencing, use of White Pine 81
Fernow, Dr.. method of forest planting 64
Fields, abandoned, measurements of pine 30
Fire, damage by burning young seedling pine growth 62
problem of protection of pine forest 49
Fir, note on growth in the Palatinate, Germany 68
Fish-oil soap, use against pine weevil 59
Floral organs of White Pine, discussion 22
Forest, effect of composition on height growth 32
fires, suggestions for laws 49
growth, classification of trees 31
of pine, classification 31
insects, injurious, nativity 55
management, discussion 61
planting, method advocated by Dr. Fernow 64
table showing first sis years' growth of White Pine ... 28
tree in Germany, White Pine, discussion 67
Forester, The, facts on trimming pinea 50
Forest-grown trees, diameter growth at varioua heights 36
Forests of White Pine, note on probable exhaustion 11
Form development of pine 36
Forms used in the investigation 173-170
Frame house, use of pine 81
Frankfort on the Main, product of seed of White Pine 24
Fresh air, use agiinst "damping off" 54
Fungi, various species, cause of " punky pine" disease 54
Fungus, J. f/aricKsmeHcH.?, injury to White Pine 51
Coleosporiuni eeneciojiis, cause of disease in pines 53
Polyponis annosKS, injury to coniferous trees 52
Furniture men, use of White Pine 81
Gardner & Sons, measurements of height growth of pine 28
German Spruce, use of tables for finding yield of White Pine.. 44
Germany, injury to pine by heat and drought 51
plantations of pine 63
statements regarding acre yield of pine under forester 44
White Pine as forest tree, discussion 67
Germination of pine seeds, conditions 26
Girdling of young pine, efiect 50
Gnathotrichus matcriarius, form ; protection for pine 57
Graves and Piuchot, Messrs., figures for yield of pine per acre. 45
Growth and development of White Pine 26-48
height of White Pine in forest, first six years 28
Page.
Growth in thickness of pine 34
volume of White Piue 37
of diameter and cross section, tables and diagrams . . 107-116
pine, rate 27
Hall, S. E., statement as to time of setting pine Go
Hard pine, variation in weight 77
Hardwood forest, notes on growth of White Pine 43
intermixture with White Pine 12
species useful for planting with pine 64
Hardwoods and conifers, planting in alternate rows 66
mixture with White Pine 14
Sarmonia pini, enemy of pine, note 59
Hartig, R., conclusion as to endurance of extreme weather by
pines 51
Heartwood of White Pine, instances of remarkable durability. 80
variation iu moisture 77
Heat and drought, efiect on pine 51
Height growth of pine, seedling stage : 27
trees after first century of life 31
White Pine, tables 29
Hemlock, concomitant of White Pine 40
growth of White Pine in mixture 38
mixture in growth with White Pine 32
occurrence with White Pine in Pennsylvania 12
Hill, E.J. , note on White Pine at head of Lake Michigan 15
Histological character.s of pine 25
Hobbs, John E., statements as to seed production of White
Pine 23
table on height growth of pine 29
Hoyt, B. F.. statement as to efiect of wind on White Pines 50
Humidity, relation to development of White Pine 40
Hunt, Thomas, plantation of White Pine at Ridott, HI 66
Hypothenemus. twig beetles injurious to pine 57
lee roads, note on use in logging 20
Illinois, growth of spruce and pine in forty-five years 67
occurrence of "White Pine 15
University, note on forest plantation 65
India, note on Bhotan Pine 21
Inj uries to pine by human agency — 49
Insect enemies of White Pine, discussion 55
Iowa Agricultural College, notes on planting of pine, larch, and
broad-leafed trees of 1675 67
growth of White Pine at Whiting 67
occurrence of White Pine 16
Jack Pine, admixture with "White Pine 12,14
associate of White Pine 40
Jerome, Governor, estimate of Michigan products 11
Juvenile stage, determination of limit for pine 36
Kerosene emulsion, remedy for beetles on pine 57
use against plant-lice 60
Kleebahn, investigation of blister rust 53
Lachnus strohi, enemy of pine 59
Lake Michigan, note on growth of White Pine on shore 22
region, condition as to reproduction of White Pine 62
original stand and present supplies of White Pine 19
trade in White Pine, and present supply 17, 18
Land in Massachusetts, estimate of value added by fifty years'
growth of pine 65
Lath of White Pine, advantages 82
Laths and pickets, use of White Pine 81
Laws against injuries to forests, suggestion 49
Lazonby, W. K., note on White Pine in Ohio 15
Leaf- feeding insects injurious to pine, discu.ssion CD
Leaves of White Pine, description 22
Leonard, Spencer, practice in setting out pine 65
Life zones of White Pine 11
Light requirements of White Pine 43
Liiue and Paris green, used against pine bark-beetle 56
Libcoln, Nebr.. comparative failure in growing White Pine 67
Loam and clay lands, reproductiou of White Pine 62
effect on growth of hardwoods 14
prairie, growth of pine in Illinois 67
stifi'clay, growth of pine at Windom. Minn 67
Loamy and sandy soils, reproduction of White Pine 62
Locality, effect on height growth of trees 33
Loggers' risks in breakages, etc.. allowance 39
Logging railway, note on effect on lumbering 19
183
Logs, small, reduction of loss 38
LoDg- horned beetles, enemies of pine 57
Longleaf Pine, comparison of annual rings with "NVUite Pine... 25
specilic -weight for crown part of stem 77
Lumber contents in 16- foot logs 39
of trees - 38
cut in Lake region, by districts, 1873 to 1895 18
industry, "White Pine, discussion 16-19
markets, influence of White Pine 80
of stem of tree, reckoning 85
pine, importance of production 11
ratio to total volume of pine tree 38
Lumbering districts for Whito Pine in Canada 18, 19
of White Pine, change of methods 19
in Michigan, note 14
waste 18,19
Lumbermen, name lor disease of pine tree 54
Lyman, J. D., record of growth of White Pine 48
Macbride, T. H.. note on White Pine in Iowa 16
Maine, acre yield of White Pine 42
character of White Pine growth, 12
second-growth pine, note 63
trade in White Pine, and supply 16
Wisconsin and Michigan, comparison of growth of pine. 33
Maple, Birch, and Beech, effect of shade on White Pine 43
with Beech and pine in Adirondacks 40
Market for second-growth pine in Massachusetts 65
White Pine, change in Germany 68
Markets for lumber, intluence of White Pine. 80
Maryland, occurrence of White Pine ■ 15
Massachusetts, market for second-growth pine 05
note on groves of pine set fifty years ago 64
second-growth pine, note 63
soil of pine groves and value of young pine
growth 65
table of annual gain in circumference 35
Measurements, detail, of annual gain in circumference of pine. 35
diameter, of trees 34
of sample trees and acre yields of White Pine . 116-147
White Pine, tables 85-179
Medullary rays in pine, notes 24. 25
Meeban, Thomas, &- Sons, statements as to growth of seedling
pine 28
note on occurrence of White Pine in Penn-
sylvania 15
Mice, spread of fungus disease 52
Michigan, acre yield of White Pine, table 41
yields of White Pine and measurements of sam-
ple trees 116-131
destruction of young pine growth by fire 63
Maine, and Wisconsin, comparison of growth ofpine. 33
need of seed for reforesting bare pine lands 63
occurrence of White Pine 14
original stand and present supply of White Pine ... 19
value ofpine and other products in 1879 11
Wisconsin, and Minnesota, annual cut of White
Pine, 1873-1S97 17
yield of White Pine, per acre 20
Mill construction use of White Pine 81
Minnesota, beginning ofpine lumbering 18
destruction of young pine growth by fire 63
Michigan, and Wiscciisin. annual cut of White
Pine, 1873-1897 17
occurrence of White Pine 14
original stand and present supplies 19
Windom, growth of AVhitePine 67
Missouri (river) bottoms, growth of White Pine 67
growing specimens of White Pine at Columbia 67
Mixed growth, advantages for pine 61
Mlodziansky, A. K., measurements and calculations of White
Pine 85
Model makers, use of White Pine 81
Modulus of elasticity of White Pine 77
Moisture content of White Pine, table 74
Monohammus, beetles most destructive to pine 57
co}i/i(Sor and other species injurious to pine 53
Morphological characters of White Pine 21
Page.
Morton, J. Sterling, note on White Pine trees at home 67
Nathaniel, experience in trimming pines 50
Moth caterpillars and plant-lice on trunks and limbs 59
Moths, species injurious to pine GO
Names synonymous with White Pine 20
Natural history of White Pine 20
reproduction of White Pine, discussion . 62
Nebraska, White Pine at Arbor Lodge 67
New England, condition as to reproduction of White Pine 62
early commercial use of White Pine 16
planting of pine 63
present supply of White Pine 19
Newfoundland, occurrence of White Pine 15
New Hampshire, distribution of White Pine 12
New Jersey, occurrence of White Pine 13, 15
New York and Pennsylvania, present supply of White Pine... 19
distribution of White Pine 12, 13
occurrence of White Pine 13
trade in White Pine ; present supply 17
Nomenclature, synonyms of White Pine 9
North Carolina, occurrence of White Pine 13
Middleboro. Mass., notes on pine groves of forty years'
growth 65
Northwestern Lumberman, figures for annual cut of lumber in
Lake States, 1893-1897 17
Norway Pine, growth in mixture with White Pine 32
Spruce, growth iu forty-five years at Princeton, 111 67
Nurse crop of trees, cheap method of use 64
Nursery, growth of White Pine 28
Nurserymen, practice in sowing pine seeds 28
Ohio, occurrence of White Pine 15
Old-growth pine, tables of measurements and diagrams 93-100
Ontario and Quebec, average annual dues on crown timber IS
Orientation, relation to specific weight of pine wood 74
Pacific coast timbers, barrier to substitution for White Pine on
Eastern markets 82
Palatinate, report ou growth of pine and fir 68
supply of cones for seed 24
Parasitic diseases of White Pino 51
organisms, cause of "damping off'" in pines 53
Paris green and lime, use against pine bark-beetle 56
use against pine weevil 59
sawfly, larva?, caterpillars, and beetles - 61
Pennsylvania, acre yield of second-growth White Pine, with
measurements of young pine. . 148-169
White Pine 42
and New Tork, present supply of White Pine.. 19
conditions as to reproduction of White Pine 62
occurrence of White Pine 13,15
trade in AThite Pine; present supply 17
Penobscot, White Pine trade and supply 17
Peridermium strobi, cause of disease in White Pine 53
Phloem of pine, characteristics 25
Physical properties and character of White Pine wood 73
Pickets and laths, use of White Pine 81
Pinchot and Graves, Messrs., figures for yield of pine per acre. 45
Pine bark-beef le, destructive, discussion of injuries 55
blight, note ' 59
blister disease caused hy Coleosporium senecionis 53
leaf scale insect, manner of injury to pine 61
number of seed to ounce; of ounces to 100 feet of drill... 63
percentage of heart wood in several kinds 73
sawyers and other borers, discussion 57
value per acre of fifty years' growth, note 65
Pines, comparison weight and strength, table 81
note as to shrinkage 77
PinipesiU zi mmerman?u*. enemy of pine, note 59
Finns nana, variety of White Pine, description 20
nivea, viridis, aurea, brevifolia, etc., varieties of White
Pine 21
Pi«5orfes*(ro&t, enemy of White Pine, discussion; description. 58
Pistillate flowers of White Pine, description 23
Pitch Pine, associate of White Pine 40
value for planting on Atlantic coast 51
Pits in pine wood, location, number, and size 25,26
Pittsburg, tTiide in White Pine 17
Pityophthorus, species injurious to pine 57
184
Page.
Plains, reason for slight success lu cultivation of pine 51
Plank, boards, anil " dimension stuff" of WTiite Pino, sizes ... 81
Planting notes for White Pine 64
of pine, comparison of nursery-grown seedlings with
sowing seed 64
distance between trees 64
notes 63
White Pine, note on experiment at Illinois TTni-
versity 66
time for White Pine, note 65
Plant-lice, and moth caterpillars, on trunks and limbs ^ 59
kerosene emulsion as remedy 60
louse, attacks on pine, note 66
Pollen, ripening, and pollination -2
Pollination of White Pine, notes 23
Polyporus annosus, injury to coniferous trees 52
Poplar, growth on pine slashings 62
Presque Isle County, Mich., height growth of trees 32
Princeton, 111., pine of forty-five years' growth 67
Protective washes against pine bark beetle 56
Public sentiment, value in preservation of forests 49
"Punky pine" disease of trunk of pine tree 54
Pythium de baryanum, cause of "damping off" in young pines 53
Quebec and Ontario, average annual dues on crown timber 18
Rate of growth and volume of White Pine, tables 93-106
of White Pine 27
Records of tree measurements, forms 173-1(9
Red Pine, admixture with White Pine 12
associate of White Pine 40
mixture with White Pine 14
Reforesting with White Pine, ease 62
Remedies for pine bark-beetle 56
Reproduction, artiticial, of pine, discussion 63
of White Pine, natural, discussion 62
Reseeding, importance in reforesting with pine 63
Resin ducts, discussion 24
in cortex of pine 25
of pine, effect of fungus diseases 52, 53
Rhizomorphs, action in fungus disease of White Pine 51
liings, annual, comparison for varieties of pine 25
Rocky Mountains, note on White Pine 21
Root, stem, and branch of White Pine 21
system of White Pine, relation to place of growth 40
Roots, seat of fungus disease of pines 52
"Rossing" protection against pine bark-borer 56
Rotation of trees in forest management 61
RoTH,FiUBERT, article on "Wood of the White Pine" 73
conclusions as to allowance for waste in saw-
ing 38
Saginaw, Mich., first sawmill 17
St. Lawrence River, occurrence of White Pine 15
St. Louis, growth of White Pine trade 18
Sand, loamy, growth of White Pine 68
preference of White Pine 40
spread of fungus in causing "damping off" of pines 53
Sandy and loamy soils, reproduction of White Pine 62
soils, relation to specific weight of pine wood 74
Sapwood of tree, variation of moisture 77
White Pine, note on change to heartwood 73
Sawflies, enemies of pine, notes CO
Sawing of lumber from White Pine, notes 81
Sawyer, possible waste of pine 38
Sawyers, pine, and other borers, discussion 57
Scale insects, kerosene emulsion as remedy 61
Schedules and sample records, forms 173-179
Schizoneura pinicola, enemy of White Pine, note 60
Soliroeder, J., proposed classification of wood of pine 26
Scolytidie, enemies of White Pine 55
other, timber beetles 57
Scotch Pine, comparison of resin ducts with White Pine 25
growth in forty-fivo years at Princeton. Ill 67
Germany 68
result of planting With White Pine 66
Seasoning and drying, effect on strength of White Pine 79
of White Pine, comparison with other pines 77
note 81
Second-growth pine, development -. 38
Page.
Second-growth pine, market and use in Massachusetts 65
tables of measurement and diagram 100-106
White Pine, acre yield, with measurements of
young pine 148-169
Seeding of White Pine in Germany,note 68
Seedling stage of pine, height growth 27
Seedlings of pine, growth; destruction by fire 62
protection 27
Seed, number to the ounce for pine; to 100 feet of drill 63
of pine, method of sowing ^ 63
White Pine, effect of exposure upon vitality 62
production, discussion 23
Seeds of pine, conditions for germination 27
percentage germinating 64
retention of vitality 26
White Pine, description 23
ripening 23
Shade endurance of White Pine, note 43
for seed beds of pine 63
Shape, factor, in White Pine 37
' use in finding cubic and board contents of tree. . 85
Shingles, laths, etc., note on output in lake States 18
of White Pine, durability 80
useof WhitoPine 81
Shipbuilding, use of White Pine 81
Shipping case of White Pine, advantages 82
Shortleaf Pine, associate of White Pine 40
Shrinkage of White Pine, discussion 77
table 74
Size of Whit* Pine 20
Soap, fish-oil, use against pine weevil 59
soft, use against pine-bark beetle 56
Soda, washing, use against ])ine-bark beetle 56
Soil and climate demands for development of White Pine 39
influence on height growth of trees 33
black lo.am, growth of pine 66
character for use against "damping off" 53
for White Pine, notes 15
of Palatinate, character for growth of pino 68
Soils and soil conditions for White Pine 12,13,14
light, advisability of sowing seed of pine broadcast 64
South Carolina, occurrence of White Pine 15
Dakota, failure of plantings of White Pineat Brookings. 67
Specific weight of pine, notes 73, 74
Spores of Folypont^ annosus, spread of disease in pines 52
Springer, J. S., note on White Pine 16
Spruce, concomitant of White Pine 40
forest of Canada, note 15
Uability to being tiprooted 50
mixture with White Pine 14
Norway, record of growth in Germany 69
Spruces, admixture with White Pine 12
Staminate flowers of White Pine, description 23
Stem, root, and branch system of White Pine 21
Storms, injuries to forest 50
Strength and weight of pines, comparison 81
of i)ine, variation with location of wood in tree 78
White Pine, discussion 77-79
Structure of White Pine, notes 73
Subsoil, stiff, effect on young pine 66
Sugar Maple, usefulness for planting with pine 64
Pine, rel-ationship to White Pine 21
Sunlight, value agilinst "damping off" in pines 54
Supplies of White Pine, original and present, discussion 19
Swamp trees, note on specific weight 74
Swiss Stone Pino, relationship to White Pine 21
Synonyms of White Pino 9
Tamarack, mixture with White Pine 14
Taper of pine tree, relation to conditions of growth 36
White Pino, variations 37
Temperature, relation to development of White Pine 40
to prevent "damping oft"' 54
Tennessee and West Virginia, present supply of White Pine - . 19
Theclaniphou, m)uiy to pine 60
Thinning of pine, note 66
White Pine, conclusion from record at Farming-
ton, N. n -
48
INDEX.
185
Pagi-.
Timber beetles and otber Scolytidae, discussion 57
coiuuiercially valuable, distribution of AVhile Pine 12
of Wbite Pine, diagrams ou weight 7C
variation in stn^ngth with location in
tree 78
products of Micliigan, comparison for 1879 with otber
products 11
Tomicus cacfitjraphus, injury to pines, deacriptiou 5G
pini and other species, injury to pine 57
Tortricid moths, enemies of pine, remedies 59
Tracheids in pine, notes 25
Tramelen radiciperda. injury to coniferous trees 52
Transplanting pine seedlings, notes 28
Tree, largest pine actually measured 27
measurements and calculation for determination of volume 85
Trees, cubic and lumber contents, not« 38
deformed, damaged by White Pine weevil 58
forest-grown, diameter growth at various heights 36
living, dauger of attacks from bark beetles 57
of different ages, table showing average weight, moist-
ure content, and shrinkage 74,75
young, average taper 37
Trunks and limbs of pine, moth caterpillars and plant-lice 59
{See also Stems and Boles.)
Tube-builder, pine, manner of injury 61
Turpentine flow from holes made by bark beetle 55
Twig beetles, genera inj iirioua to pine 57
Upham, "Warren, note on soil for White Pine 15
Upland trees, note on specific weight 74
Uprooting, danger of White Pine 50
Uses of White Pine, discussion 81
Varieties of White Pine 20
Virginia, occurrence of AVhite Pine 15
Volume and rate of growth of White Pine, tables 93-lOti
growth of pine, variation with soil 37
of tree, measurements and calculation 85
Wadsworth, S. K., note on White Pine in Illinois 15
Wappes. L., Bavarian forester, report ou White Pine 68
Ward, Lester F., noteou occurrence of White Pine in Maryland
and Virginia 15
Wash, composition for use against bark beetles 56
for protection against White Pine weevil 59
Washes, protective, against pine bark-beetle 56
Washington City, first spring visitation of White Pine weevil. 59
Watering, method for prevention of "damping off" 54
Weather, relation to shading of pine aeedliugs 63
Weed growth, drawback to reproduction of pine 63
Weevil, White Pine, discussion 58
measures for protection of pine 59
time of appearance 59
20233— No. 22 13
Page.
Weight, specific, and strength of pines, comparison 81
of White Pine timber, (liagrams 76
wood of Wbil* Pine, discussion 73
West Virginia and Tennessee, present supply of White Pine. . 19
Western prairies, establishment of pine groves 63
White Pine, advantage over other pines in reproduction from
serd 61
trees in wind storm 50
burning of wilting terminal as protection against
weevil 59
insect enemies, general statement 55
weevil, discu-ssion 58
Whiting, A. H., growth of White Pine at home 67
Williams, R., note on Wbite Pine in Illinois 15
Williamsport, Pa., trade in White Pine 17
Wind, immunity of White Pine from injury 50
Windom, Minn., growth of White Pine in thirteen years 67
Winds, dryini;, injurious consequences to pine 50
Wisconsin, acre yield of White Pine, table 41
yields of White Pine and measurements of
sample trees 131-147
destruction of young pine growth by fire 63
first logs taken to St. Louis 18
heavy production of pine seed 23
Maiue and Michigan, comparison of growth of pine 33
Michigan and Minnesota, annual cut of White
Pine, 1873-1897 17
occurrence of White Pine 14
original stand and present supply of White Pine.. 19
yield of White Pine, per acre 20
Wood, amount formed in pine in different decades of growth .. 37
lanetion in economy of tree 24
green, variation in weight 73
kiln-dry, variation in specific weight 73
note on change in White Pine 70
of While Pine, character and physical properties 73
discussion 73-82
remarks 24-26
Woods, other, comparison with White Pine 80
Wurt«mbnrg, growth of White Pine 68
Yield, acre, of White Pine in natural forest 46
young pine groves 43
nf White Pine, discussion 44
per acre 20
second-growth White Pine with measurements of
young pine taken for analysis 148-169
Yields, acre, of White Pine and measurements of sample
trees 116-147
York County, Me., statement as to reproduction of pine 62
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