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Why
Schenectady
Was Destroyed
In 1690.
A PAPER.
Read Before the Fortnightly Club of Schenectady
MAY 3. 1897, BY
JUDSON S. LANDON.
COPYRIGHT 1887, BY J. S. LANDON.
1 COPV DEL. '^^ «*: I^'V.
IJUN 25 1904
Why Schenectady was Destroyed in 1690.
READ BEFORE THE FORTNIGHTLY CLUB OF SCHENECTADY
MAY 3rd, 1897,
By JUDSON S. LANDON.
On the night of the 8th of February, 1600, one hundred
and fourteen Frenchmen and ninety-six Indians, after a
twenty-two days' march from Montreal through the snow
and the wilderness, stole in upon the sleeping village of
Schenectady, then containing about sixty houses and three
hundred inhabitants, massacred sixty of the inhabitants,
l^lundered and burned all of the houses, except six, and on
the following day set forth on their return to Montreal,
carrying away thirty captives and a great deal of plunder,
and leaving in destitution and helplessness such survivors as
were too feeble to endure captivity or make their escape.
The story has been often told. It is not the purpose of this
paper to repeat it, but to attempt to group together the
causes which, operating upon two continents, had as their
incident or their result the destruction of Schenectady.
First, war existed between England and France. James
IT had been driven from the throne of England and had
taken refuge with his Catholic protector, Louis XIV of
France. The great Dutchman, William, Prince of Orange,
and his wife, Mary, daughter of the banished King James,
became King and Queen of England. In French and
Catholic eyes they were usurpers. Louis refused to recog-
nize William as King of England. War was declared
between England and France in 1089. There were other
reasons for it than William's alleged usurpation. As
Elector of the States General of Holland, he had, two years
before, become the leading spirit of what was called the
Augsburg League. This league was made between the
States General of Holland, the Protestant princes of the
Rhine, and tlie Catholic King of Spain, to resist the pre-
tensions of Louis XIV to dictate to them, and possibly to
crush them, one after another. A schism had arisen in the
Catholic church between the Jansenists and the Jesuits.
The Jansenists charged the Jesuits with debasing the
standard of evangelical morality for the jjurpose of increas-
ing their own influence, and the charge was reinforced by
the fervor and genius of Blaise Pascal in his Provincial
Letters — letters which are still famous, because they added
a new glory to the French language, and new strength to
the doctrine that true faith does not justify evil works ;
and the Pope, Innocent XI although he suspected the
Jansenists of heresy, was jealous of the immense power of
the Jesuit order. Louis took part with the Jesuits ; and
the Pope, in retaliation, gave his support to the Augsburg
League. The Protestants joined the league, partly because
Louis, in 1685, had revoked the Edict of Nantes, an edict
under which such of the Protestants of France as survived
the massacre of St. Bartholomew, in 1572, had had partial
toleration for eighty-seven years. War had broken out
between Austria and Turkey, and the Augsburg League
became the allies of Austria, and France the ally of Turkey,
William, by becoming King of England, was able to add
England to the enemies of France. Thus it was that the
armies of the Pope and of the Protestants of Europe, under
the lead of the English-Dutch King William, warred against
the armies of the Crescent and the Jesuit faction of the
cross under the lead of the great French monarch — a war
that was waged from the Danube and the Ehine to the banks
of the Boyne in Ireland.
Of course, among the objects of the Avar between England
and France was the dominion of the North American con-
tinent, or at least that part of it which lies along the
Atlantic coast north of the Gulf of Mexico and east of the
St. Lawrence and the Mississippi rivers. The French had
taken possession of the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi
rivers and the great lakes of the St. Lawrence basin, and
claimed title to all the land within the watershed of these
rivers and lakes.
The English had their fringe of settlements along the
Atlantic coast from the mouth of the Kennebeck as far
south as Charleston, S. C. The Dutch had settled New
York, and had pushed their settlements up the Hudson
and Mohawk to Schenectady, with a few plantations five
or six miles beyond. The Dutch had surrendered to the
English in 1664, and the province of NeAv York was now
governed by the English. The province, however, was
essentially Dutch, and Schenectady almost exclusively so.
Apart from the war between the Dutch-English and French
governments, the French and the Dutch and English colonies
in America had their own cause of war, and that was their
rivalship for the control of the fur trade with the Indians.
The Dutch colony of New York was founded for the pur-
poses of trade. Its primary object was to enrich the Dutcli
West India Company. There was no religious or political
sentiment about it, as in the case of the early New England
settlements. That the Dutch finally became more of an
agricultural community, composed of people who wished
to make homes for themselves in the New Netherlands,
was a natural evolution, resulting from the fact that the
monopolistic West India company was rapacious and tyran-
nical, and that it was soon found out that the farmer was
surer of a comfortable living than was the hunter or trader.
— 4 —
Besides, tlie colonist could have all the land he could work.
The Dutch were Protestants, and their notions of liherty
were to be let alone. Father Jogues, writing of New
Netherland, in 1040, says : "When any one comes to settle
in the country, they lend him horses, cows, &c. ; they give
him provisions, all of which he returns as soon as he is at
ease ; as to the land, after ten years he pays to the West
India Company the tenth of the produce which he reaps,
* * * The English, however, come very near to them,
choosing to hold lands under the Hollanders, who ask noth-
ing, rather than depend on English lords, who exact rents,
and would fain be absolute." But afterward the Dutch
company became more exacting and the New England
colony more liberal, so that when the Dutch colony surren-
dered to the English, in 1664, the intelligent Dutch farmer
welcomed the change. He expected the government to be
framed upon the New England models, and that he would
keep what he had and get rid of the restraints upon his
trade. The result was the Dutchman prospered and his
tribe increased.
The French colonization of Canada had three objects —
trade, dominion and the conversion of the Indian. That
is to say, the French King wanted the dominion, the favor-
ites of the King wanted the profits of the trade, and the Jesuit
priests Avanted the privilege and the service of converting
the Indians ; and these three purposes were skilfully com-
bined and made co-operative.
There was not much royal control in the English coloni-
zation of that century. No matter what the language of
the charter or commission to the royal governors, the col-
onists themselves either seized the helm of government, as
in New England, or controlled, either by persuasion or
turbulence, its movements, as in New York. The people
took care of themselves, sought to make their own fortunes,
and practically reduced the government to non-interference
with their liberties.
French colonization, on the other hand, was minutely
— 5 —
regulated and restricted by the home government. The
rate of increase was very unequal. In 1G90 the province
of New York had about 18,000. The New England col-
onies together about 150,000, while the entire French
population of Canada did not exceed 12,000. Thus the
aggregate of the English and Dutch people in New England
and New York exceeded the French in Canada fourteen
times. But the Frencli province was under one govern-
ment, while the English colonies were under several. The
New England colonies formed a confederation for mutual
defense, but New York stood alone until after the destruc-
tion of Schenectady, when, in May, 1690, the New England
and New York colonies met by their delegates in Albany,
and concerted measures for the common attack upon the
French and defense against them. This was the first
American Congress.
The French sought to compensate for their great dispar-
ity in numbers by making allies of the Indian tribes. This
had been the French policy from the beginning, in 1601.
It was the French policy to attract the Indians by trade,
and to hold them by conversion to Christianity. The
Jesuit priests were the missionaries, who zealously under-
took the labor of converting the Indians. If successful,
France would enjoy the profits of the Indian trade in times
of peace, and have the support of the Christian, or ' ' pray-
ing Indians," as they were called, in times of war. It must
be said, to the lasting honor of the Jesuit missionary, that
he was actuated by as consecrated and unselfish devotion
to his sense of duty as the annals of lofty self-sacrifice
record.
A chain of Jesuit missions was established from the Gulf
of St. Lawrence as far west as the Lake of the Woods,
and in these, far away from civilization and the faces of
white men, the Jesuit priests, amid the squalor, dirt, inde-
cency and misery of the savage tribes, devoted their sym-
pathy, their labor and their lives to the salvation of the
souls of these unregenerate children of nature. To aid in
~0 —
snatching a dying soul from Hell's burning pit was with
these earnest devotees the highest service in which life
could be spent or sacrificed. With a self-denial that chal-
lenges the admiration of mankind, these men welcomed
witli delight the order of their superior, which bade them
carry the emblem of the cross to the heathen.
Several of the priests kept a record of their labors and
experience. These "Relations" remain to us. They are
not only the amazing chronicles of the capacity of the
human mind, when inspired and sustained by religious zeal,
to rise above and remain superior to the most wretched and
depressing surroundings, but they are also among the most
complete and instructive descriptions of Indian life and
character now extant.
The native tribes that inhabited the valleys of the St.
Lawrence and Ottawa rivers and the northerly shores of
the great lakes, were easily and strongly impressed by the
picturesque symbols and the simple and zealous expositions
of the Christian faith presented by the Jesuit fathers.
Great numbers professed conversion.
The English and Dutch took little account of the Indians,
except to protect themselves against them and profit by
their trade. It is true that the English charters usually
recited that one object of tlie colony was to carry the bless-
ings of the Christian religion to the benighted savages, and
it is true that a few devoted men, of whom Eliot was the
most remarkable for successful results, and Brainard for
self-denial, devoted their lives to the conversion of the In-
dians to the Protestant religion. With few exceptions the
efforts made by the Protestants to convert the Indians were
feeble and spasmodic, deriving their vigor from individual
piety and zeal instead of from the government. The Indian
mind and language readily lend themselves to symbolic and
picturesque methods of thought and expression, but strug-
gle vaguely with abstract conceptions when not thus illus-
trated. Thus the Catholic French succeeded far better
— 7 —
than the Protestant English and Dutch in their missionary
labors. Wherever the Jesuit priest maintained his mis-
sion, there the fur trade with the Indians was secured to
the French ; there French policy prevailed, and the "pray-
ing Indians" became the friends and, to some extent, the
allies of the French. Could this policy of conversion,
friendship and trade be continued and extended, it was not
difficult to foresee that the North American continent, from
the mouth of the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Mis-
sissippi, would be possessed by French and Indians, and
governed by the French.
Opposed to the success of such a scheme of colonization
were the English colonies on the seaboard and the Dutch-
English colony of New York. But the most annoying,
and at that time perhaps the greatest obstacle to the suc-
cess of the French scheme was the Iroquois confederacy of
Indians, the Five Nations of New York.
This remarkable confederacy, consisting of the Mohawks
on the east, the Senecas on the west, with the Oneidas,
Onondagas and Cayugas between, occupied what is now
central New York, from the Hudson to beyond the Gene-
see. This confederacy of nations was the friend of the
Dutch colony of New York and the enemy of the northern
and northwestern races, who opened their villages to the
Jesuits and gave their fur trade to the French. In 1643
the New York colony, Kieft being governor, very treach-
erously made war upon some Algonquin tribes who inhab-
ited near Manhattan Island. The Mohawks claimed that
these southern tribes were under their protection, and
they avenged Kieft's treachery and waged a desultory war
against the Dutch for five years and nearly exterminated
them. In the end the Dutch made a treaty with the
Iroquois, humiliating in its terms, but which really proved
to be of the utmost service to them. The Dutch observed
its provisions so faithfully and thereafter dealt with the
Iroquois so fairly and kindly as to inspire them with respect
and affection. The English, succeeding in IGCA to the
government of the colony, were wise enough to cherish
this friendly alliance.
Tlie Iroquois were a hrave and warlike people. In sys-
tematic government and native intelligence they were far
in advance of most of the northern trihes. They were
kind and faithful to their friends, but practiced every sav-
age cruelty upon their enemies. Their skulls were larger
than those of any other tribe of aborigines in North or
South America. Besides their resources of fish, game and
furs, they permitted their women to cultivate plantations
of Indian corn, beans and pumpkins. Manual labor, except
in pursuit of game or the enemy, was unworthy an Indian
man. Their power and prowess were respected and feared
by the other tribes north of the Gulf of Mexico and east of
the Mississippi.
From the first the Iroquois become the enemies of the
French. In 1G09, before Hudson ascended the river
which bears his name, the Frenchman, Samuel Champlain,
with two French followers and a war party of Hurons
and Algonquins, marched southw^ard from Montreal
and came to the lake, which in like manner perpetu-
ates the name of Champlain, and ascended it in canoes as
far as Ticonderoga. There they met a party of the Iroquois
and engaged them in battle. Champlain and his two
French companions fired their guns upon the Iroquois, and
thus brought upon them consternation and defeat. These
were the first white men they ever saw and the first guns
they ever heard. In 1610, and again in 1610, Champlain,
as the ally of the Hurons and Algonquins, defeated the
Iroquois by the use of firearms. It was plain to the Iro-
quois that unless they also could obtain firearms their long-
established supremacy over all the other Indian nations
was at an end. When, therefore, the Dutch came up the
Hudson, the Mohawks received them kindly, partly because
they were afraid of the guns of white men, and partly also
because, when they discovered they were not Frenchmen,
they hoped to obtain from them the same kind of firearms
which the Hurons and Algonquins had received from the
French. Thus the Mohawks early found that the Dutch
were as useful to them as the French were to the Hurons
and Algonquins. The Dutch furnished them with guns
and ammunition, and they soon regained their lost
ascendency. The Mohawks and the Dutch north of the
Catskills early made a treaty of peace at the Norman's Kill
near Albany, and this treaty was observed, renewed and
continued, with, it is true, occasional waverings and inter-
ruptions, until the breaking out of the war of the Revolu-
tion in 1775. The white man then abandoned his fealty
to the King of Great Britain, but the Iroquois remained
faithful to his long pledged alliance, and because of his
fidelity to it his people were wasted, his hunting grounds
were taken from him, and the remnant of his tribes became
vagabonds in the land over which their fathers had been
rulers.
As the French claimed all the watershed of the St, Law-
rence valley, their claim embraced a portion of the Iroquois
territory in northern and western New York. In support
of this claim the French and Indian allies had made
frequent incursions into this territory, but without any
permanent success.
The French were also sedulous in their efforts to convert
the Iroquois tribe to Christianity, as well as the Hurons
and Algonquins. In these efforts many of the Jesuit priests
laid down their lives — martyrs to their faith and sense of
duty. The chief obstacle to their success with the Iroquois
was that the religion they taught was so readily accepted
by their enemies, the Hurons and Algonquins. In their
wars against them the Iroquois spared neither priest nor
convert. History preserves in reverent honor the names of
Fathers Daniel, Lalemant, Brebeuf and others, mission-
aries to the Hurons, who perished by the bloody hands of
the Iroquois. Among the martyrs was the saintly Father
Jogues, whose monument in the form of a shrine to the
— 10 —
Virgin, " Our Lady of Martyrs," stands upon the southern
bank of the Mohawk, at Auriesville, a few miles west of
us, within sight of the windows of the passing cars of the
New York Central Railroad. Father Jogues himself, in a
letter still preserved, recounts in a strain of touching sim-
plicity the tortures he and his companion, Rene Coupil,
suffered while captives upon a previous occasion in the
hands of the Mohawks, the death of his companion, and
his own ultimate escape. But he afterward returned to
the Mohawk country, hoping to convert the very savages
who had tortured and maimed him. But the Mohawks,
after wavering between accepting him as a teacher and
priest, or condemning him as an enchanter, who had de-
stroyed their harvests, finally adopted the latter alterna-
tive ; they cut off his head, placed it on a pole with the
face toward Canada, as a warning of the fate his imitators
might expect, and threw his body into the river. This was
in 104G, near the place where the shrine now stands.
But the zeal of the Jesuits was superior to their fear of
savage cruelty. At last, in 1658, the Onondagas admitted
the priests into their villages, and soon after the Oneidas,
Senecas and Cayugas did the same. The Mohawks were
less indulgent. They understood that to favor the Jesuits
was to displease their Dutch friends at Schenectady and
Albany. But the Jesuits finally won their way into the
Caughnawaga (Fonda) family or castle, and succeeded in
making many converts. In 1671 they induced most of
the converted Mohawks to migrate to Canada, where in a
new Caughnawaga, near Montreal, their descendants still
remain. These converted emigrants were the "praying
Indians," who, with the French, destroyed Schenectady
in 1690.
The French, however, never succeeded in establishing a
permanent foothold or influence among the great body of
the Iro(iuois. The priests could not change their savage
natures. The convert would revert. The French still
continued their alliance and friendship with their Indian
— 11 —
allies, the ancient enemies of the Iroquois. Naturally
strifes arose, and war followed in which the French were
greatly reduced. In 1665 France was constrained to send
a fresh regiment of troops to Canada to restore her fallen
fortunes. They built a fort near where Lake Ontario dis-
charges into the St. Lawrence, afterward called Fort
Frontenac. This served to hold the Iroquois in check and
as a base for the fur trade of the lakes.
In 1672 Frontenac became Governor General of Canada.
He was a man of great vigor and skill. He speedily divined
the Indian character, and conducted his affairs with the
Indians with masterly address. Adroit in conciliation,
where conciliation failed, he carried fire and sword. The
Iroquois were astonished and alarmed at Frontenac's vigor
and boldness, and it needed all the skill and address of the
English to dissuade them from making alliances with him.
Frontenac carried war into the Iroquois villages, with such
success that he finally succeeded in extorting a treaty from
them, which for a time at least secured a nominal peace.
After ten years of his vigorous rule, Frontenac was recalled
by his King in 1682, and remained away until 1689, when,
war having been declared by England and France, the King
sent Frontenac again to Canada, in order that he might
have the benefit of his great abilities in wresting from the
English their American colonies. Meantime the French
government of Canada had perpetrated a great outrage
upon the Iroquois. In 1687, the French, having invited
fifty chiefs of their tribes to a conference at the French
camp at Onondaga, the French seized them upon their
arrival, and sent them as captives to France, where they
were consigned to service in the galleys at Marseilles.
Those of you who have read Chateaubriand's Atala will
recall how this outrage is made to furnish an interesting
actor in that delightful story.
Exasperated by this treachery, the Iroquois the next year
marched upon Montreal, held it from August until Octo-
— 12 —
ber, then destroyed it, laid waste the settlements in the
vicinity, and returned home laden with booty.
The English Kings, Charles II and James II, were not
ashamed to sue for and accept the bounty of the French
King, Louis XIV. The natural outcome of this depend-
ancy was that the English governors of New York were
advised by their Kings not to be too zealous in resisting
the French pretensions to the Iroquois territory and the
French aggressions upon their tribes. But the English
soon found out that the friendship of the Iroquois was their
chief bulwark against French invasion.
Thomas Dongan was governor of the province of New
York from 1683 to 1088, and he obtained the reluctant con-
sent of James II to take the Iroquois under his protection
as English subjects, whence it followed that he must pro-
tect them against French assault. Governor Dongan was
a Catholic, but not a Jesuit. He was making preparations
for an assault upon Fort Frontenac and the French military
post at Niagara, when he was superseded, in 1(!88, by Ed-
mond Andros, to whom James confided the government,
not only of New York, but of New Jersey and all of the
New England colonies. Governor Andros ruled the
province through his lieutenant-governor, Nicholson. Gov-
ernor Nicholson, following the New York policy, forbade
the French to attack the Iroquois, and demanded that Fort
Frontenac, at the eastern end of Lake Ontario, should be
destroyed and the French post at Niagara abandoned. The
French abandoned both post and fort. This testified to the
Indians that the English were the superior power. It
diverted the trade of the Jiorthwest from the French to the
English.
It was when the French were thus humiliated by the
English, and Montreal laid waste by the Iroquois, that
Frontenac returned. He had not expected the situation
that confronted him. He had arranged with the French
monarch a plan for the capture of New York. Troops were
to march from Montreal by way of LakeChamplain, capture
— 13 —
Albany on the way, and then assail New York by land,
while the men-of-war despatched from France were to
cannonade the city from the harbor. The two men-of-war
sailed with Frontenac, and awaited on the eastern shore of
Nova Scotia the journey of Frontenac to Quebec and Mon-
treal, the collection of his troops, and the news of their de-
parture upon their march toward New York. But when
Frontenac learned of the invasion of his province by the
Iroquois and the Jiavoc they had wrought, he was forced to
abandon the expedition against Albany and New York.
With such forces as he could command he proceeded to the
reUef of Montreal. He again sought to terrify the Iro-
quois by threats of his vengeance, holding out at the same
time offers of conciliation. The Indians affected to despise
his weakness and to magnify the superior strength of the
English. He could not pursue them to their homes in the
wilderness, but he could ravage the frontier settlements of
the English, and thus not only destroy them, but at the
same time convince the Iroquois that he retained his ancient
strength. He knew their respect and admiration for bold-
ness and success, and he resolved to win it at the least cost
and hazard to himself. He could still summon to his aid
the "praying Indians." He directed a descent upon sev-
eral English towns in New England and upon Albany in
New York. In the incursion upon Albany the ' ' praying
Indians," who had been converted by the Jesuits at Caugh-
nawaga (Fonda) on the Mohawk and were now living in the
new Cauglmawaga on the St. Lawrence, were found ready
to take part. They knew the country ; some of their own
people had fallen in the Iroquois raid of the previous year,
and they were willing to serve the French and eager to
avenge their fallen brothers. The expedition was formed
and started upon its journey. The toilsome march through
the wilderness and the deep snow depressed the spirit of
the Indians, and when they reached a point on the Hudson
where the paths to Albany and Schenectady separated,
they took the path toward Schenectad}' .
— 14 —
The recent political troubles in the Province of New
York had contributed to render Schenectady singularly ex-
posed to ouch an assault.
When the news of the abdication of James II reached
New York, it was followed by confusion and anarchy.
The adherents of William and Mary insisted that the
governor appointed by James had no further authority,
and they appointed a committee of safety who chose Jacob
Leisler captain, and clothed him with the powers of gov-
ernor, to be exercised until the new King and Queen f^hould
signify their pleasure. Leisler was of humble origin and
of little education, and the aristocrats of tlie i)rovince
would not recognize his authority. They still professed
adherence to James, and rallied to the support of Nichol-
son, who was lieutenant governor under Andros. Gov-
ernor Nicholson soon became so fiightened that he sailed
away to England, leaving his powers with his council.
The political magnates at Albany would not recognize
Leisler, and the people of Schenectady were divided in
their sentiments, and though warned of their danger
by the friendly Mohawks, still, incai:)able of union,
they failed to obey either power and fell into anarchy
and subsisted without any government. The result
was that, though the village was surrounded by a
stockade and had a garrison of eight soldiers commanded
by a lieutenant, the gates of the stockade were upon this
night of destruction left open and unguarded, and citizens
and soldiers slept the sleep of the just. The destruction
was nearly as complete as the assailants desired to make
it. It was applauded at Versailles and Paris, as a blow
both to England and to heresy, and it was recounted in
the wigwams, castles and ' ' long house" of the Iroquois
as evidence of the mighty daring and prowess of the great
Frontenac.
Governor Leisler's fate is of interest : It was a sad
one. Instead of being commended for his zeal and courage
he had the misfortune to be arrested upon the complaint of
— 15 —
his enemies, charging him with high treason in usurping
the government; he was also charged with the responsi-
bihty for the massacre at Schenectady. In vain did his
friends plead his loyalty to William and Mary, and his de-
votion to the welfare of the province. He was a Huguenot,
and his enemies answered, that his real motive was hos-
tility to the Church of England. He and his son-in-law,
Jacob Milburne, who had vigorously aided him, his secre-
tary, Abram Gouverneur, and five others, were convicted
of high treason and sentenced to death. Gouverneur and
the five others w^ere reprieved, but Leisler and Milburne
w^ere hung. May 16, 1691, the gibbet being erected near
where the New York Tribune building now stands. Their
estates were also confiscated.
The new governor, Sloughter, supposing that an applica-
tion had been made to William and Mary for their pardon,
was unwilling to sign the death warrant until he should
hear the result of the application. But Governor Leis-
ler's enemies had suppressed the application; they then
managed to get Governor Sloughter drunk, and then to
procure his signature to the warrant, whereupon Governor
Leisler and Mr. Milburne were hung before Governor
Sloughter became sober. The parliament of England af-
terwards reversed their attainder and restored their estates
to their heirs. Abram Gouverneur, who had been re-
prieved, married Leisler's daughter, the widow of Milburne,
and he, being elected to the assembly, was chosen speaker,
and succeeded in procuring the assembly to pass an act to
pay Leisler's heirs one thousand pounds on account of the
money which Leisler had expended in defence of the
province.
My narration ends here. I am obliged to sacrifice detail
to condensation, but I hope it is not uninteresting to you
to recall that the destruction of this infant village was one
of the results of the strife between the Christian and the
Turk, the Pope and the Jesuits, England and the allied
powers of Europe against France and Turkey, the alliance
— IB —
of Pope and Protestant, the alliance of Canadian French
Avitli Hurons, Algonquins, and the Mohawk "praying
Indians," the alliance of the Dutch and English of New-
York with the Iroquois nation, the strife for the dominion
of the North American continent, and last but not least,
the political dissensions in the province of New York that
folloAA^ed upon the abdication of James II, and the accession
of William and Mary, King and Queen, of ever blessed
memory.
014 224 455 fl !|
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