Wild flowers east of the Rockies

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THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

PRESENTED BY

PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND
MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID

A Young Botanist

WILD FLOWERS EAST
OF THE ROCKIES

BY

CHESTER A. REED, B. S.

Author of "Land Birds," "Water Birds,"
"North American Birds' Eggs," Etc.

With 820 Flowers in Color, painted by
the Author.

DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & CO.

NEW YORK

1910

Copyrighted 19 lo
Chas. K. Reed, Worcester, Mass

TO

MERTICE ELAINE

The Little "Flower Girl" in the Frontispiece
This Book is Affectionately Inscribed

M351781

PREFACE

Every book has a reason for its being, — or should
have. There are excellent flower books, galore, but
apparently there is a break in the series into which
it is hoped the present volume will make a welcome
fit. We are living in a progressive age, an inquisi-
tive age, an age in which we want to know the names
and meaning of all we see and hear. I have always
held that a well-executed colored picture, as a means
of identification, is worth pages of text. Of course
the text is necessary to call attention to the salient
points of the picture. In the case of flowers, birds,
mammals, etc., the habits, ranges, sizes and other
important points must be obtained from the text, but
the picture, itself, forms the basis of quick and sure
identification.

I was practically brought up among birds and, con-
sequently, flowers, because the two are inseparable
companions in the fields. Wherever I wandered, I
had one eye open for "new" flowers. Every such
prize went home with me; if not carried in the hand,
why, — in the top of the hat. No sooner home than
out came the old "Gray's", the microscope and dis-
secting points. Sister and I eagerly weighed the evi-
dence, placing the "find" in one family and then an-
other, as discrepancies were found, until at last, we
had it cornered down to the family, the genus and,
finally, the exact species.

Every new invention is designed to accomplish* some
end quicker or better than it has been done before.

viii Preface

Every step aims to be a step in advance. The scien-
tific botanist, a term correlary to that of ''closet Nat-
uralist" used in Ornithology, still does, and always
will, analyze his flowers. The layman, however, has
no interest in whether the seeds have copious albu-
men, or not, or in the number of cells in the plant
ovary; he sees a flower, — it may be beautiful, it may
be odd or even its very ugliness may attract his at-
tention, but he wants to know what it is. To such
seekers, and they include the majority of Nature lov-
ers, scientific botany is as a foreign tongue, but the
popular book with the colored pictures furnishes an
open key to knowledge.

That is why this book appears: — We do not claim
it to be perfect, for we know its shortcomings. But,
in so far as it lies in our power, it has been made to
serve the most people to their best advantage, taking
into consideration the limitations set upon size and
upon price.

Flowers vary endlessly in size, in color and shape.
Some have simple stems, others are very branchy and
bushlike in appearance. Obviously if we attempted
to draw the whole of a branching plant, reducing it
down to the size of a small page, the flowers would be
so tiny they could barely .be seen. In all cases it has
been our object to show the flower and that part ol
the plant that will best serve to identify it. In nearly
every case the typical form of flower and of leaf is
shown.

To as great an extent as is practical, all technical
terms have been avoided. In order, however, that
one may if he wish learn the meanings of the botani-
cal, terms that are in very common use, a Glossary
is provided.

Preface ix

The opening pages touch briefly upon the subject of
pollenization and propagation of plants. This is a
study in itself and an exceedingly interesting one.
There is still opportunity for -a great deal of valuable
research in this line of study; in fact, it is in the hope
of awakening interest in this line that the many brief
allusions in the text, to the methods of fertilization
are made. The interdependence existing between the
plant, the insect and the animal world is amazing.
One will be astonished at the truths he will discover
by closely watching the living plants and their visi-
tors.

The body of the book contains plants, chiefly herbs,
found east of the Rocky Mountains, that are conspicu-
ous in flower. These are arranged in their natural
and most approved order. Many attempts have been
made to group flowers according to their colors, but
there are so many colors and flowers of the same spe-
cies vary so greatly that all such attempts have been
chiefly failures as far as assisting easy identification
is concerned.

About 90 per cen-t of the paintings, from which the
colored illustrations were made, were sketched and
colored directly from freshly collected flowers gath-
ered from Maine to Virginia. I have been very great-
ly assisted in the work by many friends, and am es-
pecially indebted to Mrs. Ella L. Horr, Custodian at
the Worcester Natural History Museum, and to Mr.
Herbert D. Braman, Curator in the Dept. of Mineral-
ogy, in the same Institution; very many of the flow-
ers figured herein, especially some of the rarer varie-
ties, were collected and kindly loaned by them.

The technical descriptions and ranges are based

x Preface

chiefly upon "Gray's Manual" and "Britton and
Brown". The scientific names and order of classifi-
cation are those adopted by the international Botani-
cal Congress, the same as now incorporated in the
new seventh edition of ''Gray's."

CHESTER A. REED,
Worcester, Mass.
March, 1910.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

'reface VII

Glossary of Botanical Terms XIII

Parts of Plants 3

Methods of Reproduction 9

Specialized Flowers 14

WILD FLOWERS 17

Key to Flowers by Color 402

ndex . 409

Preface xiii

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

Acute — Terminating in a sharp point.

Adventive. — Not perfectly naturalized.

Alternate — Not opposite, but singly at different

heights on the stem.
Annual — Of only one year's duration.
Anther — That part of a stamen containing pollen.
Appressed — Lying close and flat against.
Axil — Angle formed by a leaf and stem.
Basal — Leaves springing from the stem at the

ground.

Biennial — Of two years duration.
Bilabiate — Two-lipped.
Bract — A small, modified leaf usually at the base of

a flower stem.
Bulbous — Having underground leaf-buds with fleshy

scales or coats.

Calyx — The outer perianth, or "cup" of a flower.
Campanulate — Bell-shaped.
Cleistogamous — Fertilized in the bud, without the

opening of the flower.
Composite — A compound flower head containing

many tubular or ray florets seated in a bracted,

or scaly cup or involucre. (As daisy, thistle, etc.)
Compound — Composed of several similar parts, or

a leaf made up of several leaflets.
Cordate — Heart-shaped with the point upwards.
Corm — The enlarged, solid bulb-like base of a stem.
Corolla — The inner perianth of a flower, usually of

petals as opposed to sepals of the calyx.
Corymb — A flat topped cluster of flowers.

xiv Preface

Cross-fertilization— -The pollen of one flower comin

into contact with the stigma of another.
Creeping — A stem running along the ground and rooi

ing at intervals.

Deciduous — 'Falling off; not evergreen.
Dentate— Toothed.
Disc Flowers— Tubular florets found in the center

of composite flowers.

Entire — Smooth-edged; no teeth or divisions.
Evergreen — Having green leaves at all times.
Fertile — Capable of producing fruit.
Fertilization — The quickening of the seed in the flo^

er ovaries by pollen from the anthers.
Filament. — The thread-like part of a stamen.
Floret — A small tubular flower, usually one of

cluster.

Glabrous — Smooth; not rough or hairy.
Glaucus — Covered wtih a whitish bloom.
Hirsute — Covered wtih rather coarse hairs.
Imperfect — Flowers with either stamens or pisti

wanting.
Introduced — Brought intentionally from other re

gions.
Involucre — A cup-shaped cluster of bracts surround

ing a head or flower cluster.
Irregular — With parts unequal in size or shape.
Lanceolate or lance-shaped — Much longer than wide

pointed at the end and tapering at the base.
Leaflet — A single division of a compound leaf.
Linear — Long, narrow, with parallel margins.
Lip — Either division of a two-parted corolla; th(
broadened petal of an orchid.
Lobe — A rounded division of a flower or leaf.
Midrib — The central vein of a leaf.
Naturalized — Floral immigrants that have becom<

firmly established.
Nerve — A single, unbranched vein or rib.

Preface xv

)blong — Longer than broad, with nearly parallel
sides.

)vary — Part of the pistil containing seeds.

)vate — Egg-shaped, broad end downwards.

'alate — A rounded projection of the lower lip clos-
ing the throat.

'almate— Radially lobed; spreading like the fingers
of the hand.

'arasitic — Stealing nourishment from other plants.

'edicel — The stem of a single flower.

5eduncle — A flower-stalk supporting either a single
flower or a cluster.

>erennial — One that lasts year after year.

'erfect Flower — One having both stamens and pis-
til.

'erfoliate — Leaf 'pierced by the stem.

'erianth — The calyx and corolla of a flower.

'etal — A single division of the corolla.

'etiole — The stalk of a leaf.

'innate — Compound, with leaflets arranged on each
side of a common petiole.

Mstil — The ovary, style and stigma of a flower.

'istillate — Female flowers; pistils but no stamens.

'ollen — The life-producing grains in the anthers.

laceme — Pediceled flowers growing along a more
or less elongated flower stem.

ladiate — Growing from or around a common center.

lay — The marginal flowers surrounding a disc.

lib — A prominent vein of a leaf.

loot — That part of a plant underground.

>cape — A leafless flower-stem rising from the
ground.

epal — A division of the calyx.

errate — Having sharp teeth pointing forward.

essile — Without rootstalk, pedicel or petiole.

limple — Not compounded or branched.

ipadix — A thick, fleshy spike usually in a spathe.

Spathe — A large bract enclosing flowers.

xvi Preface

Spatulate — Rounded at the end and gradually narrow-
ing at the base.

Spike — Sessile flowers on an elongated stem.

Spur — A nectar-bearing, hollow extension of some
portion of a blossom.

Stamen — One of the pollen-bearing organs.

Standard — The upper, dilated petal of a pea-like flow-
er.

Stem — The main ascending axis of a plant.

Sterile — Unproductive.

Stigma — That part of a pistil through which pollen
effects an entrance.

Stipsule — An appendage, or bract, at base of petiole.

Style — Connection between the stigma and ovary.

Tuber — A short, thick, underground root having num-
erous buds or eyes.
Tufted — Growing in clumps or clusters.

Umbel — A flower cluster with pedicels all from a com-
mon center.

Veins. — Thread-like branching nerves.
Whorl — Arrangement in a circle about stem.

WILD FLOWERS
EAST OF THE ROCKIES

Their Construction, their Growth and their
Manner of Living

Descriptions and Colored Plates of those
Species conspicuous in Flower

COMPOUND-PJNNATt
S PAT U LATE.
TUBEROUS

PARTS OF PLANTS.

Plants vary endlessly in turn but, with the excep-
tion of a few parasitic ones, all have roots.

FORMS OF ROOTS. — The form of root most often
found on plants is the fibrous root, made up of numer-
ous branching rootlets or fibres. The thick, fleshy,
horizontal root found on most perennials is called
the rootstalk; the plant stem grows in new positions
each year, leaving scars to denote the locations of
stems of previous years. Many grow from round
Bulbs, composed of over-lapping fleshy scales; oth-
ers have solid, fleshy bulbs, or Corms. Often roots
give off what are called Stolens, underground running
roots that at intervals throw up new plants and form
new roots.

FORMS OF STEMS. — A Simple stem is one that
rises from the root, with no branches before the fltbw-
er or flower-cluster is reached. Stems are Erect
when they are stout, stiff or perfectly capable of
maintaining themselves in an upright position. They
are Reclining when they are too weak to hold them-
selves erect. They are Prostrate or Creeping when
they run along the ground, rooting at intervals, or
from angles of the leaves; such stems usually turn
up at the end or give off erect flowering branches.
A plant is called stemless when the leaves all ra-
diate from the base; in such cases the stalk bearing
the flowers is the Scape.

FORMS OF LEAVES. — Leaves are Linear when
they are exceedingly narrow compared to their width,
and the sides are practically parallel. They are

4 Wild Flowers East of the Rockies

Lanceolate when they are long compared to the
widtii, are pointed at the outer end and taper towards
the stem end, the greatest width coming near the
stem. Spatulale leaves are rounded or bluntly-point-
ed, broadest near the tip and taper gradually to the
stem. Leaves are Arrow-shaped if they have a V-
shaped appendage on each side of the base; if these
appendages are rounded, the leaves are called Auri-
citlate. Other common forms are Heart-shaped, Oblong,
Oval and Round. ,

Leaves are Entire-edged when they are neither
toothed nor lobed; they are Toothed when the edges
are regularly and angularly notched; they are Scal-
loped when these teeth are rounded.

When a leaf has rounded projections on its edge,
it is said to be Lobed; when these projections are
angular, it is said to be Incised. A leaf made up of
several smaller ones is Compound.

A leaf is Palmately-compounded or Palmately-lobed
when the leaflets, or the lobes, radiate from a com-
mon center. A compound leaf is Pinnate when the
leaflets are regularly arranged on either side of a
common stem or axis; when each of these leaflets is
also pinnate, the entire leaf is said to be Bipinnate.

A leaf stem is called its Petiole. Leaves that have
no stems, but are seated directly^ipon the plant stem,
are said to be Sessile. If the plant stem apparently
pierces the leaf, the latter is Per foil ate. Two leaves
appearing, one on either side of the stem, at the same
height are Opposite. If three or more leaves appear
about the stem, at the same height, they are Whorled.
Alternate leaves are those appearing regularly along
the stems at different heights. If the leaf should
clasp the stem with its base it is said to be Sheathing.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 5

Bracts are small leaves that appear of tenest at the
junctions of flower stems with the stalk. Stipules are
small bracts often appearing where a leaf petiole
joins the stem.

FORMS OF FLOWERS.— A Perfect flower is one
that has a pistil and stamens. The Pistil
is usually in the center of the blossom;
it is composed of the Ovary, containing
the seeds, usually located at the base; of a Stigma,
for the reception of pollen, usually at the summit of
the pistil; and of a Style, this being the, usually,
slender connecting link between the sigma and the
ovary.

Stamens usually radiate from the base of the pistil.
At their ends we find enlargements or little cases
called the Anthers; these contain fine, dust-like parti-
cles called Pollen.

A simple, regular, perfect flower has a Calyx, the
outermost part of the floral envelope, divided into
four or five parts each being Sepal, a Corolla, the
inner part of the floral envelope, divided into four
or five parts called the Petals, a pistil and four or five
stamens. This is the most simple form of flower;
from it there are endless variations. Some have one
of the petals enlarged, dilated, twisted or broad-
ened into some unusual form as shown in the Or-
chids, others have two or more of the petals united
as in the Pulse Family; or again, the sepals and pet-
als may be uniform in size, shape and color as in
the Lilies, the whole forming what is called the
Periantn.

Reference to the plate of Flower Forms will give
one a much clearer idea than would text in regard to
the outlines of flower shapes commonly found. A
single flower, or flower head, at the end of a simple

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 7

stem is called Solitary and Terminal. If several are
grouped together, they are in a Cluster. Clusters or
solitary flowers may occur at the ends of branches or
from the angle formed by a leaf and the stem, in
which case they are said to be Axillary.

Clusters of flowers assume different forms.
When the blossoms are distributed along the upper
part of the stem, each on a slender pedicel and at
different heights, they are in a Raceme, if they are so
distributed, but the flowers are stemless the forma-
tion is said to be a Spike. If the cluster is rounded
or hemispherical, the flower pedicels all radiating
from a common point, it is said to be an Umbel. If
the cluster is rather flat on top and the pedicels meet
the axis at different points, it is a Corymb. If the end
of a stem is enlarged, thick and fleshy, and has tiny
flowers grouped on its surface, it is a Spadia. If
this spadix is enclosed in a leafy or fleshy protection,
the latter is a Spathe.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies

METHODS OF REPRODUCTION OF PLANTS.

All living creatures are so constructed as to be
capable of reproducing their kind. In fact, with all
the lower Orders, that is the one object in their life.
We have seen that flowers have stamens and pistils.
These are the reproductive organs; the calyx, petals,
nectar and fragrance are for other purposes as we
shall see later.

The simple pistil is composed of three most im-
portant parts: At the summit is a stigma, this usual-
ly being sticky; just below is a slender tube called
the style; at the base, the pistil is enlarged or swol-
len and contains the ovules or undeveloped seeds.
The simple stamen is composed of a slender filament
supporting at its end a little case or enlargement con-
taining a fine powder-like substance called pollen.

The relationship between the pistil and the stam-
ens was first discovered by a botanist named Grew,
in the 17th century. His discovery, later confirmed
by Linnaeus, was that in order for the seed to be de-
veloped, pollen from the anther must come in contact
with the stigma, thence being transmitted through
the style to the seeds below and quickening them to
life.

Many puzzling propositions occurred, that these
scientists were unable to unravel, — as, — "if the stam-
ens were shorter than the pistil, how could the pollen
ever reach the stigma?" It remained for Sprengel,
late in the 18th century to declare that pollen was
carried from the anthers to the stigma by insects

10 Wild Flowers East of the Rockies

while feeding on the flowers. He also discovered
that the corolla, often brightly colored, was for the
purpose of attracting insects and the nectar was for
their food; fragrance also was a factor in drawing
about the useful insects and, often, lines on the cor-
olla or petals directed the visitor to the supply of
food at the base.

It remained for the great Darwin to discover the
exact truth about the many complicated methods of
fertilization. Whereas Sprengel had supposed in-
sects simply transferred pollen from the anther to
the stigma on the same flower, Darwin claimed that
it was of vital importance that the pollen from one
blossom should be left at the stigma of a different
one, and that many flowers were so constructed that
they were incapable of being fertilized by their own
pollen.

Nature's plan is to disperse families in order to pre-
vent interbreeding, the continuance of which de-
creases vitality. All plants are slowly developing
schemes for insuring cross-fertilization. Many flow-
ers now are self-pollenized, but all first offer the op-
portunity to insects of various kinds to perform that
office for them, and flowers so cross-pollenized will
be stronger and healthier than the others. In ages
to come, we may expect that, through the gradual
elimination of the weaker, all species will be in-
capable of self-pollenization.

Methods for the preventing of self-pollenization are
numerous and varied. The simplest is in having the
anthers or stigma mature, one before the other. Many
ingenious devices locate these members where they
may not come in contact with one another, and so
that an incoming insect will first touch the stigma
and then, as he is departing, be showered with or

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 11

have masses of pollen attached to some portion of
his anatomy.

Many plants, usually annuals, whose roots die each
year and that are dependent entirely upon setting of
seed for their existence, have what are called cleis-
togamous flowers. These are bud-like flowers that
never open, but fertilize themselves in the bud.
These plants also have flowers that do open and that
try to woo insect visitors; the others are for protec-
tion in case of several years shortage of useful in-
sects.

Just as some flowers are so careful in adapting
themselves to certain useful insects, they must be
just as careful in protecting themselves against use-
less ones. In general, smooth bodied insects are of
little value to plants, but they all like nectar. The
most useless visitors are crawling ones, especially
ants and it is against these that plants must erect
their barriers.

The most frequently used preventative is a downy
stem. The small hairs impede upward progress and
often exhaust the tiny insects before they can reach
the flower; often the calyx is sticky and thF maraud-
er finds a barrier from which he must turn or risk
being caught on its surface. Some flowers have their
nectar in long slender tubes so that only moths, but-
terflies or long-tongued bees can reach it. Others
have the entrance closed with a palate, to open which
the weight of a bee on the platform outside is neces-
sary. Still others, like the Closed Gentian, are al-
ways closed, but the petals can be forced apart by the
strong bumblebee.

Many flowers are very highly specialized, — adapted
to be fertilized by but one species of insect. This

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 13

specialization is carried to the highest degree in the
great Angraecum Orchid of Madagascar, that has a
nectar tube eleven inches in length. But one insect,
a huge sphinx-moth, has a tongue- of sufficient length
to drain this nectary and to this insect alone, the
plant owes its existence. It is related that Darwin,
being confronted with the evidence of this flower
against one of his theories, claimed that such a moth
lived, even before it had been discovered.

The seeds having been matured must be dispersed.
The simplest method is simply allowing them to drop
to the ground; a better one is to provide for their
spreading, this constantly widening the range of a
species and making a stronger race by bringing to-
gether widely distant families.

We have all seen the rough-coated milkweed pods
that burst open in the Fall and release quantities of
silky-winged seeds. This flossy subtance is not for
ornament; neither is it designed to amuse children.
Bach seed has an airy parachute that often carries
it miles from the scenes of its birth before it finally
comes to earth. This method is perhaps the sim-
plest and best for wide dispersal; many flowers
have adopted it, — thistles, dandelions, etc. Others
have seeds in pods, like touch-me-not, that explode
when they are matured and scatter the seeds over
an area of several square yards. Still another
method is of having tiny hooks, like the seeds of the
genus Bidens, or in burs, like the burdock, that at-
tach themselves to the hair of passing animals or
the clothing of persons, and travel, perhaps, miles be-
fore they are shaken or brushed off.

14 Wild Flowers East of the Rockies

EXAMPLES OF SPECIALIZED FLOWERS.

By specialized is meant flowers that are incapable
of self-pollenization.

The common apple or pear blossom is a regular,
simple and perfect flower. The stamens surround a
single central pistil; the anthers, however, mature
before the stigma develops, so pollen of a blossom
will have no effect should it fall upon the stigma
of the same flowers. It is not specialized to the ex-
tent of being dependent upon a certain insect, but
welcomes all kinds of bees.

Alighting in the center of the blossom, the bee
commences to drain the base of nectar; as he turns
this way and that, in order to get all of it, the an-
thers dust him well with pollen and 'off he flies to
the next flower, perhaps one in which the stigma is
ripened; as he lands in the center some of the
precious pollen is left on its sticky surface and his
mission, as far as the blossom is concerned, is com-
pleted.

Bluets, the tiny blue and white flowers that grow so
very abundantly in dry fields, have an interesting
lesson to teach us concerning plant ways. It is an
excellent example of a "dimorphic* plant, — one hav-
ing two kinds of flowers. These different flowers do
not grow on the same plant, nor usually in the same
clump. The little pictures on the plate will serve to
show the different forms of the flowers, better than
I can describe them. Examine one little clump care-
fully and you will find four little yellow anthers in a

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 15

slight enlargement near the mouth of the corolla
tube, and almost blocking it; further examination
of this flower will disclose a short pistil with a
forked stigma in the lower part of the tube. Care-
fully look over other clumps and you find some in
which the divided stigma will appear at the throat,
in place of the Anthers found in the first instance.
You will also notice that the corolla tube, in this last
instance, contracts a little just above the base; just
above this contraction we will find the four anthers.

The anthers and stigma in each flower mature at
the same time, yet the flower cannot fertilize itself;
the pollen grains of anthers at the top of the tube,
are larger than those in anthers located near the
base. The pollen from the high anthers will not
quicken the seed of a low pistil, neither will that of
a low anther accomplish this result with a high pil-
til.

Thus it is absolutely necessary that the life-giving
germs be carried not only from one flower to another,
but usually from one clump to another. Bees and
small butterflies commonly visit bluets, the bees,
with their larger tongues, being the most service-
able; as he sips the nectar from the cup, if a high-
anthered one, he gets pollen on his tongue near the
face; if a low-anthered flower, the pollen is attached
near the tip of the tongue. In either case it will be
left at the door of the first flower he visits of the op-
posite kind.

Nearly any flower that we may chance to pick
will have its story to tell to the sharp-eyed, — more
interesting than fiction can relate, because they are
truths. We may learn how the Mountain Laurel has
its pollen on tiny springs waiting to clap it at the

16 Wild Flowers East of the Rockies

proper moment on the body of a visiting insect. The
milkweed will show us how its pollen masses are
connected in pairs; how the legs of butterflies and
bees become caught in the sharp angle of this con-
necting link; how the pollen masses are torn from
their sheaths and carried to another blossom, a re-
verse operation freeing the insect from the valuable
part of his burden and leaving it at its proper destin-
ation; and, alas, how many insects,, not strong
enough to free themselves, perish in this trap.

The Orchids, wonderful creations, and the most
highly specialized of all our flowers, each being
adapted almost exclusively to a certain species of
insect, will show us their ingenious methods of plas-
tering their pollen masses to the eyes or the tongues
of their visitors.

This study of the reproduction of plants offers a
very wide field for investigation, a field much differ-
ent from the old botanist, concerned only in the dis-
section of specimens. It calls for study in the field,
a study of Life, a study that is worth while.

WILD FLOWERS

East of the Rockies

COMMON CAT-TAIL
Typha lati folia.

B. NARROW-LEAVED CAT-TAIL.
Typha angustifolia.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 19

CAT-TAIL FAMILY (Typhaceae).

The members of this family are very abundant
aquatic herbs with perennial roots. Sometimes we
find them in groups of only two or three plants, and
again acres of marsh may be covered with wav-
ing green leaves. We have two species with differ-
ences as noted below. Both have staminate yellow
flowers in a spike above the pistillate brown ones;
the former soon fall off or blow away, while the
latter develop into the large, familiar, brown cat-
tail that is often used for decorative purposes. These
plants are self fertilized by the pollen from the stam-
inate flowers falling upon the stigmas of the pistil-
late ones below.

Tracts of cat-tail marshes usually furnish homes
for various species of birds. The Marsh Wren at-
taches its handsome globular nest to the rushes a
few feet above water; Least Bitterns fasten their
rude platforms also in the leaves, while rails, coots
and grebes find appropriate places among the roots
on the ground, at the waters edge or even floating
upon the surface of the water. The two species of
Cat-tails that we have, differ as follows:

COMMON CAT-TAIL (Typha latifolia) has yellow-
ish staminate flowers encircling the upper end of the
flower stalk, and immediately below is a long cylin-
drical mass of brownish pistillate ones. The pollen
grains are arranged in fours. Leaves three to eight
feet long, sheathing at the base. Found in marshes
throughout the United States and southern Canada,
flowering in June and July.

NARROW-LEAVED CAT-TAIL (Typha angusti-
folia) has narrower leaves, averaging less than % in.
broad. The two kinds of flowers are separated by a
bare space of stalk and the pollen grains are simple.
This species is locally found from Me. to Mich, south-
wards, chiefly near the coast.

A. GREAT BUR-REED.

Sparganium eurycarpum.

B. BRANCHING BUR-REED.

Sparganium androcladum.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 21

BUR REED FAMILY (Sparganiaceae).

The Bur Reeds are marsh inhabiting plants,
some growing along the muddy shores of ponds or
streams, while other species are strictly aquatic,
growing in the water with floating leaves. Like the
Cat-tails they are not in the least dependent upon in-
sects for fertilization. The two kinds of flowers,
staminate and pistillate are always in separate spheri-
cal clusters, usually alternately arranged along
the stem. While the upper flowers are developing,
the middle ones are in full bloom and the lower ones
have been transformed into spherical prickly fruit.
Several varieties of Bur Reed are recognized, the
ones here mentioned being the most common and the
most characteristic.

GREAT BUR-REED (Sparganium eurycarpum) is
stout and erect, two to three feet in height. The
mature heads, or fruit, are about one inch across;
composed of wedge-shaped nutlets arranged in the
form of a sphere, giving the outside a corrugated
appearance similiar to the surface of a pineapple.
The basal leaves are similar to those of the Cat-tail
and clasp the stems at their bases. These plants
are found in the whole of the U. S. and southern
Canada, flowering from June to August.

SMALL BUR REED (S. simplex) is smaller in
every respect; leaves shorter and narrower and the
greenish fruit head less than 3-4 in. in diameter;
the nutlets are very sharply pointed. This species
is found in northern U. S. and southern Canada.

BRANCHING BUR REED (S. androcladum) throws
off several weak flower-bearing branches from the
angles of the upper leaves.

LEAST BUR REED (S. minimum) is slender and
ten to eighteen inches high; leaves grass-like, float-
ing on the water; northern U. S. and Canada.

A. BROAD-LEAVED ARROW-HEAD.

Sagittaria latifolia.

B. NARROW-LEAVED ARROW-HEAD.

Sagittaria Engelmanniana.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 23

WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY (Alismaceae.)

GENUS ARROW-HEAD (Sagittaria.) Arrow-heads
or Sagittarias are among our most beautiful water
plants. The leaves vary greatly in shape but are
always graceful in appearance. All species have
three pure white petals with a golden center formed
by the large anthers. The following are the most
distinctive of the twelve species now recognized in
Gray's Botany. They usually grow in the water but
sometimes on the muddy shores, and flower in June
or July. Except as noted, these species are common
in the U. S. and southern Canada.

BROAD-LEAVED ARROW-HEAD (Sagittaria latifo-
lia) has broad arrow-shaped leaves on long petioles
from the root. The 3-petalled white flowers grow
in whorls of three, the upper ones being staminate
and the lower pistillate. Seed, winged on both edges
and with a twisted horizontal beak. This species is
smooth but a variety, ( pubescens) has the stem
quite wooly. Common in the whole of our range.

NARROW-LEAVED ARROW-HEAD (S. Engelman-
niana) has very narrow leaves with linear sagittate
bases. The seeds are winged but the beak points
upwards instead of being bent at an angle as in the
last.

LANCE-LEAVED SAGITTARIA (S. heterophylla)
has lance:shaped leaves with usually no sagittate ap-
pendages to the bases. The seed is round, winged and
with a vertical beak. This species is found from
Me. to Minn, and southwards.

GRASS-LEAVED SAGITTARIA (S. gracillima) has
linear, grass-like leaves and grows wholly under
water. In July a long slender flowering stem reaches
to the surface and floats the small, 3-petalled white
flowers. Pound locally in the East. Used extensive-
ly in aquaria as it is an excellent oxygen giver.

JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT.

Arisaema triphyllum.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 25

ARUM FAMILY (Araceae).

This is quite a large family of plants containing
six genera. All have acrid or pungent juices; flowers
closely crowded on a spadix, usually surrounded by
a spathe; leaves either simple or compound and of
various shapes.

Genus (Arisaema).

JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT or INDIAN TURNIP (Aris-
aema triphyllum) is the most abundant and the best
known representative of this genus. In most all
moist woods and often in unexpected shady nooks,
you will find Jack, represented by the spadix, look-
ing out at you from his pulpit, represented by the
spathe of the flower. The spathe is light green,
more or less striped with brown, especially on the
inside; the spadix is also green and has the tiny
flowers clustered about its base. The flowers are
sometimes of both kinds on one plant, but usually
the stamens will be found on one and the pistils on
a different one, thus insuring cross-fertilization,
which is accomplished chiefly by small flies and
gnats. The inside of the spathe is very slippery, as
is also the spadix, so that many insects are unable
to crawl up its sides and perish within. The large
solid roots are very acrid and fiery to the taste, but
are said to have been relished by the Indians, al-
though they are now often used in the concoction of
medicines. Usually two, thrice-compounded leaves
spread shelteringly over the flower spathe on long
stems. Large clusters of bright berries remain after
the leaves have withered. Flowers throughout U. S.
from April to July.

..GREEN DRAGON (Arisaema dracontium) has one
leaf divided into ten radiating pointed leaflets on a
long stem, sheltering the flowers clustered at the
base of a projecting spathed spadix.

A. WATER ARUM.
Calla palustris.

B. GOLDEN CLUB.
Orontium aquaticum.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 27

WATER ARUM (Calla palustris) is our only rep-
resentative of its genus. It is quite a common plant
in cool bogs, where it grows from six inches to a
foot in height. The root stalks are perennial and
branch out through the soft mud, continually throw-
ing up new plants, until shallow ponds may become
completely carpeted with the beautiful dark green,
heart shaped leaves. The leaves stand above the
water on long petioles. This plant is distinguished
by a beautiful, waxy-white, spreading spathe that is
often mistaken for the flower.

The true flowers are small and perfect, clustered
at the end of a yellow spadix. They give forth a
rather disagreeable odor that attracts to them num-
erous little flies that assist in pollenization, although
the plant is capable of self-fertilization..

Each plant usually has but two leaves. The flower-
ing season is in June; in August they have been
transformed into clusters of red berries. You may
find this plant commonly in cool bogs from N. J. and
Mo. northwards.

GOLDEN CLUB (Orontium aquaticum) is also our
only member of its genus. As you will see by the op-
posite picture, there is no protective spathe for the
golden floral club, yet it flourishes equally as well
as its more fortunate relatives.

The florets are complete, having six sepals and
stamens; they are set closely on the swollen spadix
and attract many flies and even water snails that
cross-fertilize them simply by crawling over the clubs.

While there is no apparent spathe about the flower
spike, it appears a little lower on the stem as a leaf-
like, sheath. The leaves of the Golden Club are
pointed oblong in shape, floating on the surface of the
water by means of long stems from the perennial
rootstalk. Flowers in May from Mass, to Pla. and
westwards.

SKUNK CABBAGE.
Symplocarpus foetidus.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 29

Genus (Symplocarpus).

The common SKUNK CABBAGE (Symplocarpus
foetid us) although regarded by many only with dis-
gust, has one claim that cannot be disputed, that of
being our first flower to bloom each year. It is not
uncommon to find them with the shell-like spathe
above ground and the pollen fully ripened even in
January although from the latter part of February
to the first of May is the usual flowering season.

While the ground is covered with snow, a tiny awl
point thrusts its way through the hard earth and
slowly enlarges and expands, until, by the time the
melting snow gives us our first glimpse of the ground,
we find the skunk cabbage fully developed and await-
ing its insect visitors. The first warm days bring
forth quantities of small flies, many of which have
simply been dormant beneath the leaves. These flies
feed upon decaying .animal matter; they have no
aesthetic taste and beautiful flowers would lack the
attractiveness to them that the ill-scented skunk cab-
bage has. We must conclude that this odor, combin-
ing that of the skunk and of putrid meat is for the
purpose of attracting carrion flies that they may per-
form the function of fertilizing the flowers.

The flower spathes show a very great diversity of
coloring according to their age, ranging from a pale
green sparingly streaked with brown to an almost
solid purple tone.

The flowers are small, perfect and closely crowd-
ed on the thick fleshy spadix, concealed or partially
so by the large, thick, purple and green stained hood;
The leaves appear after the flower has withered or
commenced to do so; they are bright green, large,
cabbage-like, and strongly veined; quite handsome,
in fact. These plants range from N. S. to Minn, and
southwards, chiefly in boggy ground.

•

A. DAY-FLOWER.
Commelina communis.

B. SPIDERWORT.
Tradescantia virginiana.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 31

SPIDERWORT FAMILY (Commelmaceae).

A small family of herbs containing, in our range,
about a dozen species under two genera.

DAY-FLOWER (Commelina communis) is one of a
very few of our native plants having pure blue flow-
ers. Its common name is very appropriate because
each blossom lasts but a single day, opening in
the morning, and before night, shrinking away to
a little mass of jelly. Its generic name was given
by Linnaeus in honor of a Dutch family of botanists
by the name of Commelin. It flowers all summer and
spreads rapidly by striking out new roots from the
leaf joints on the reclining stem.

The stem is rather weak, much jointed and attains
heights of one to two feet. The leaves are lance-
shaped clasping the stem at its joints. The flowers
have three irregular sepals and three petals; two
petals are large, rounded and blue, while the third
is tiny and colorless; three stamens are sterile and
have no anthers, while three others are fertile, with
orange anthers; the whole flower peeps out from a
clasping, cordate, heart-shaped leaf or spathe. Pound
from Southern Mass, to Mich, and southwards, bloom-
ing in rich woods or dooryards from June to Sept.

SPIDERWORT; JOB'S TEARS (Tradescantia virg-
inana), like the Day Flower, remains open but for
part of a day, after which the petals contract into
glutinous drops, thus giving it one of its common
names. The generic name was given in honor of
John Tradescant, who was gardener for King Charles
the First.

The stem is hairy and sticky; from one to two
feet high. The leaves are linear, hairy and clasping
at their bases. Three purple petals, three brown,
hairy sepals and six orange tipped stamens compose
the flowers. They may be found in rich soil from
Me. to Mich, and southwards, flowering from June to
August.

A. PICKEREL-WEED.
Pontederia cordata.

B. MUD PLANTAIN.
Heteranthera reniformis.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 33

PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY (Pontederiaceae.)

A small family of aquatic plants consisting, in
our range, of only four species grouped under two
genera.

PICKEREL-WEED (Pontederia cordata) is an ex-
ceedingly abundant water plant, growing profusely
in shallow ponds or along the edges of fresh water
streams, and flowering from June to Aug. Its name
is derived from the habits of pickerel in concealing
themselves beneath its leaves.

The flowers grow on a spike that proceeds from
a small, green, leaf -like spathe; the 3 upper divisions
of the 6-parted perianth are partially united, but the
3 lower ones are spreading; in color they are a light
violet blue, with two yellow spots at the base of the
upper united parts. Each flower lasts but a single
day, but new ones continually appear on the length-
ening stalk so that continual bloom exists through-
out the summer. A single heart-shaped, cordate
leaf clasps the stem about midway, while others on
long petioles grow from the rootstalk. They are
blunt tipped, deep glossy green, and stand above the
surface of the water. Commonly found from N. S.
to Manitoba and southwards.

MUD PLANTAIN (Heteranthera reniformis) has

a slender, few-flowered spike proceeding from a
small sheath-like spathe. The perianth is blue and
regularly 6-parted. The three stamens are unequal,
two being tipped with yellow anthers and the third
with a greenish one. The leaves are round-lobed,
kidney-shaped, floating on long stalks from the root.
Found from Ct. to Neb. and southwards.

H. dubia has a single yellow flower with equal
stamens and grass-like leaves. It is found through-
out the United States and southern Canada.

3

A. BELLWORT.
Uvularia perfoliata.

B. WILD OATS.
Oakesia sessi folia.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 35

LILY FAMILY (Liliaceae).

This is an exceedingly large family containing
more than 80 species in our range, divided into 33
genera and 13** different tribes. Many of these rank
as among our most beautiful flowers. They usually
agree in having a 6-parted perianth and 6 Stamens.

BELLWORT (Uvularia perfoliata) is common in
rich woods. The stem, that reaches a length of 6 to
18 in., rises from a short rootstalk; it has scale-like
bracts near the base and forks toward the top. A
single, straw-colored flower is pendent from the end
of each drooping branch; it is long, bell-shaped and
has six narrow divisions and six stamens much
shorter than the perianth and shorter than the
style. The leaves are light green, lance-shaped and
pierced by the stem; usually three below the fork in
the stem. The flowers are slightly fragrant and so
concealed by their drooping position as to be invis-
ible from above. They blossom in May and June;
found throughout the U. S.

LARGE-FLOWERED BELLWORT (U. grandiflora)
has larger flowers; stamens longer than the style
and but one leaf below the fork in the stem. It is
found from N. H. to Minn, and southwards.

OAKESIA; WILD OATS (Oakesia sessifolia) has
an angular stem from 6 to 14 in. long. The ovate-lance-
olate leaves are seated on the stem and not pierced
by it. One or two flowers are suspended opposite the
leaves near the end of the stems; they are similar
in size and coloring to those of Bellwort but the in-
terior is smooth while the latter has rough ridges.
This species is common from Me. to Minn, and south-
wards.

O. puberula is slightly downy. The leaves are
bright green with no glaucus effect. It is found in
the pine barrens from N. J. to S. Car.

A. WILD LEEK.
Allium tricoccum.

B. WILD Garlic.
Allium canadense.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 37

ONION; GARLIC Genus (Allium).

The various species belonging to this genus are
very strongly scented, pugent herbs growing from a
coated bulb. The flowers grow in an umbel at the
top of a long scape that is sheathed towards the base,
by the leaves. The Wild Leek is peculiar in that the
long, broad leaves usually wither away before the
flowers appear. The six-parted flowers, that com-
prise the cluster, are rich in honey and are frequent-
ed by various species of the smaller bees. This spe-
cies is found in rich woodland while the other mem-
bers of the genus inhabit moist fields or marshes.

WILD LEEK; WILD ONION (Allium tricoccum) is
a woodland plant blooming in May and June. The
flowers are in an umbel at the top of a scape 6 to 20
in. high. The flower perianth is divided into six
greenish-white sepals. The leaves are oblong-lance-
shaped, pointed at both ends, on long petioles from
the bulbous root, but usually withering before the
flowers appear. Found from N. B. to Minn, and
southwards.

A. cernuum has fewer, purplish flowers nodding in
a loose umbel at the top of a longer scape. The
leaves are linear. It is found from N. Y. to Mich, and
southwards.

WILD GARLIC (Allium canadense) has few pur-
plish, 6-parted flowers on slender pedicels from a
cluster of bulblets at the top of a scape 10 to 24 in.
high. The leaves are grass-like, sheathing the stem
above the fibrous bulb. Flowers in May and June in
moist meadows, from N. B". to Mich, and southwards.

FIELD GARLIC (A. vlneale) (European) is very
similar to the last species; the leaves are linear and
round in cross section, sheathing the stem below the
middle. Flowering commonly in wet meadows dur-
ing June; Mass, to Mo. and Va.

HEM!

DAY LILY.
Hemerocallis fulva.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 39

DAY LILY (Hemerocallis fulva) (EUROPEAN)
will, we think, prove a welcome addition to our flora.
It is now locally abundant in R. I., Conn., and N. Y.
It flourishes best near salt water and spreads rapidly
by means of its running roots as well as by seed.
The flower stalk is tall, 2 to 5 feet, and at its summit
bears eight or nine buds which open one or two a
day into large showy flowers.

The perianth is funnel-form, with six spreading
orange limbs and six long stamens with large brown
anthers. The blossoms appear in July and August,
each remaining open for but a single day; this
habit makes them very popular for vase flowers as
the number of buds on each stalk insures fresh
flowers every day for a week or more. The leaves
are long and linear, similar to those of the Cat-tail,
appearing from a fleshy perennial rootstalk at the
base of the tall flower scape.

In the absence of any odor, the beautiful flower cup
serves to attract the bees that are necessary for the
setting of its seed.

Another species the YELLOW DAY LILY (H.
Flava) has also escaped from cultivation, but is not
nearly as common as the above. The flowers are
bright yellow and the leaves a lighter shade of
green; the blossoms are also fragrant.

WILD HYACINTH! EASTERN CAMASS (Cam-
assia esculenta) has small blue flowers in a simple
raceme at the top of a scape from 6 to 24 inches high;
the flowers appear on short pedicels and are bracted,
the bracts being longer than the pedicels.

The six divisions of the perianth are wide spread;
both the stamens and the style are extremely slen-
der. The scape and the linear, keeled leaves both
rise from a coated bulb. This species is found grow-
ing in rich ground from Pa. to Minn, and southwards.

RED WOOD LILY.
Lilium philadelphicum.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 41

LILIES; Genus (Lilium).

All the members of this genus are among our most
beautiful flowers. In our range it includes eight spe-
cies, of which seven are natives. The two species
of Red Lily can readily be recognized because their
perianth, or flower funnel, always opens upwards;
the divisions of these perianths at their bases are
very slender and stem-like in contrast with the fol-
lowing species whose divisions are united in a tube
at the base. Its name is rather misleading for, while
it is sometimes found in woods, they will be found
blooming most profusely in sandy or brush covered
land. One of the prettiest sights of which I know
may be seen during the flowering season on the east-
ern end of the island of Martha's Vineyard on the
cliffs known as Gay Head; as a rule each stalk there
bears but a single flower at its summit. This also is
true of the Southern Red Lily that is abundant on
some of the sandy pine barrens of the southern
states.

WOOD LILY; WILD ORANGE-RED LILY (Lilium
philadelphicum) has a leafy stem 1 to 3 feet high, at
its summit bearing one to four erect 4not pendulous)
flowers; the divisions of the perianth are deep or-
ange-red, lightening in color at the stem-like bases
and profusely spotted with dark brown; the outside
of the perianth is dull whitish-green. The leaves are
lanceolate, sharply pointed at each end and whorled
about the stem in groups of from three to seven.
Blooms in July and August in sandy soil from N. E.
to Mich, and southwards.

SOUTHERN RED LILY (L. Catesbaei) has a
single bright scarlet, bell-shaped, upright blossom,
spotted within with purple and yellow. The leaves
are narrow and scattered along the stalk. Found
from N. C. to Mo. and southwards.

TURK'S-CAP LILY.
Lilium superbum.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 43

TURK'S-CAP LILY (Lilium superbum) is a
most beautiful flower; it is very appropriately speci-
fically called superbum. It is prolific in bloom almost
beyond belief. One has to see the tall, stately, leafy
stalk, surrounded by a drooping cluster containing
from thirty to forty brilliant orange flowers, in order
to realize the impressiveness of this flower at its
best. The bright sepals are always reflexed, some-
times so much sb that they remind one of a coiled
spring. These lilies apparently know their own beau-
ty for, be the surrounding foliage high or low, they
will rear their flowering heads above it. They are
cross-fertilized chiefly by bees and some of the larger
butterflies. One has but to touch the large pendant
anthers to get a practical demonstration of how the
pollen is attached to the body of a bee and carried
to another flower, there to be deposited on the sticky
stigma of the mature style. Naturally a species so
prolific of flower and so capable of being cross-ferti-
lized by foreign agency is in little danger of having
its numbers lessened. In fact, wherever it gets a
foothold it spreads with great rapidity; a habit that
I am sure is regretted by none who admire this beau-
tiful lily, and these number all who have ever had
the opportunity to see it.

The flowers, nodding at the top of a stem ranging
from 2 to 7 feet in height, have a six parted perianth,
orange-red, thickly spotted with purplish brown; the
six stamens have large, long brown anthers extend-
ing far beyond the reflexed sepals. The lanceolate
leaves are crowded along the upper stem and whorled
about its lower portion. Blooms abundantly in rich
soil, during July and August, from N. B. to Minn, and
southwards.

Lilium carolinianum is a quite similar species with
broader leaves and only one to three flowers. Pound
on the borders of mountain woods from Va. south-
wards,

MEADOW LILY.
Lilium canadense.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 45

FIELD, WILD, MEADOW, YELLOW or CANADA
LILY (Lilium canadense) is one of the most abun-
dant of the genus. Its graceful, bell-like heads
nod in profusion in all suitable localities soon after it
gains a foothold. Imagine a rich meadow, surround-
ed by deep green woods and covered with thousands
of these lilies, their heads hanging and nodding invit-
ingly and seeming fairly to tinkle in the bright sun-
light. They are great favorites with country chil-
dren, by whom they are often called "Fairy Caps" or
"Witch-caps". They are also great favorites with all
the larger bees and butterflies. On the whole, this
flower may be regarded as more graceful in form
than is the Turk's-cap, but it cannot compare with
the latter flower for beauty of coloring. The regular
whorled leaves and graceful bending penduncles sup-
porting the hanging "bells" make a conventional de-
sign that often appeals to the artistic eye.

The flowers are in terminal clusters of one to
twelve blossoms, nodding on long peduncles from
the summit of a tall leafy stem; yellowish-brown out-
side and yellow or orange within, spotted with
brown; sepals spreading and slightly reflexed, but
not to any such degree as those of the Turks-cap.
The leaves are lanceolate, arranged about the stem
at intervals in whorls of three to eight. Flowers
during June and July in moist meadows, from Que-
bec to Minn, and southwards to Ga. and Mo.

GRAY'S LILY (L. Grayi) has one or two deep
orange-red flowers in a horizontal position; thickly
spotted within; sepals spreading but little and unit-
ing in a larger base than the preceding. Leaves in
whorls of three to eight. Found in mountains from
Va. to N. C.

TIGER LILY (L. tigrinum) (CHINESE) is a magni-
ficent species with larger and brighter flowers than
the Turk's-cap. Leaves 7-nerved instead of three.
An escape from gardens.

/ x

B.

A. YELLOW ADDER'S-TONGUE.
Erythronium americanum.

B. CLINTONIA.
Clintonia borealis.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 47

DOG-TOOTH VIOLET; YELLOW ADDER'S TON-
GUE (Erythronium americanum). These flowers are
familiar and welcome ones to all who wander beside
woodland brooks in the Spring. The name "Violet"
is of course a misnomer. It is often locally known
at the "Trout Lily" or the "Pawn Lily," both of which
names are far more appropriate than those given it
generally.

The single flower grows at the top of a scape
from 5 to 10 in. high; it is 6-parted. with a lily-like
perianth, the sepals being dull yellowish, spotted
near the bases with brownish. Two elliptical-lance-
olate leaves clasp the scape at its base, near the scaly
bulb; they are pale green, mottled with purple and
white. This species blooms in April and May in
moist woods or swamps, from N. B. to Minn, and
southwards.

WHITE ADDER'S TONGUE (E. albidum) is simi-
lar in size and form but the flower that nods at the
top of the scape is either white or pale violet. The
two leaves are less distinctly, or not at all, spotted.
This is found in the same range as the last.

E. mesochoreum has narrower leaves and pale
violet flowers. Prairies of la. and Mo.

E. propullans has small pointed leaves and bright
rose-colored flowers. Pound in Minn, and Ont.

CLINTON I A (Clintonia borealis) is named for and
dedicated to a former N. Y. statesman, DeWitt Clin-
ton. It is a beautiful species, its leaves resembling
those of the Lily-of-the-Valley. The three to six
pendulous, bell-shaped flowers are cream-colored
within and greenish outside. Three large, oblong,
pointed leaves clasp the flower scape at its base.
The plant is about 6 to 16 in. high; it flowers during
June in damp woods from Labrador to Man. and
southwards.

C. umbel lata has many smaller white flowers, spot-
ted with purple. Mountains, N. Y. to Ga.

FALSE SPIKENARD.
Smilacina racemosa.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 49

WILD SPIKENARD (Smilacina racemosa) is quite
an imposing plant, with its long, curving, zig-
zag stem, its many light green deeply ribbed leaves
and its feathery terminal flower clusters.

The white flowers are tiny but perfect, with a 6-
parted perianth, six slender stamens and a short,
thick style. The stem is rather angular and attains
a length of from 1 to 3 feet; alternating along it are
the large, oval, sharply pointed leaves, with parallel
ribs and wavy edge. The perennial rootstalk is thick
and fleshy. Spikenard is quite abundant in most
rich, uncleared ground, flowering in May and June,
from Me. to Minn, southwards.

FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL (Smilacina stellata)
bears some resemblance to the last species, but the
flowers are much larger and few in number, usually
only six or eight terminating the zigzag stem. The
leaves are broader at the bases and slightly clasp the
stem, whereas those of the last species have very
short stems. It grows commonly, but not as much so
as the last, on moist banks and in meadows, from Me.
to Minn, and southwards.

ASPARAGUS (Asparagus officinalis) (EURO-
PEAN),

This is the common garden Asparagus that is sold
in markets throughout the land. Few would think
of it as belonging to the beautiful lily family but such
is the case. Each scaly appendage on the vegetable,
throws off a branch which divides and sub-divides
into very numerous little branchlets, giving the plant
an exceedingly beautiful and decorative appearance.
The tiny yellow flowers appear in the axils of these
branchlets during June. Later, bright red berries
will be suspended on pedicels in place of the flow-
ers. Asparagus is a common escape from gardens
and may be met with anywhere.

4

A. CANADA MAYFLOWER.

Maianthemum canadense.

B. FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL.

Smilacina trifolia.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 51

THREE-LEAVED .FALSE SOLOMON'S .SEAL

(Smilacina trifolia) is the smallest member of the
genus Smilacina. It is found rather commonly in
bogs and wet woods. It is, however, not nearly as
abundant as the next very similar species. The stem
is straight and slender, from 2 to 6 in. high. It us-
ually has three leaves, but sometimes two or even
four; they are shining green, oblong-pointed and
sheathing at the base, arranged at regular intervals
along the stem. The flowers are white, few in num-
ber, on short peduncles in an open raceme at the sum-
mit of the stem. It is found from Labrador to Mani-
toba and southwards to N. J. and Mo., flowering dur-
ing May and June.

CANADA MAYFLOWER; FALSE LILY-OF-THE-
VALLEY (Maianthemum canadense) is a very abund-
ant woodland plant. It usually grows in colonies, thous-
ands of them sometimes carpeting pine woods with
their dark green glossy leaves. At a casual glance
this species very closely resembles the last, but the
distinction is very marked and as follows: The two,
or three, broad, ovate-lanceolate, shiny green leaves
are rather heart-shaped at the base, seated on the
stem or very nearly so. The flower perianth has on-
ly four divisions whereas that of the last species has
six. After the flowering season both of these plants
have berries; at first a creamy white, spotted with
brown, and later turning to a dull ruby-red.

It is unfortunate, and often confusing, that flowers
should receive the common names that they do.
Neither of these species in the least resembles the
true Solomon's Seal and the only respect in which
the False Lily-of-the-Valley resembles the real is that
it usually has two leaves. This last species has the
same range as the preceding.

PURPLE TWISTED-STALK.
Streptopus roseus.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 53

PURPLE TWISTED-STALK (Streptopus roseus)

has, as would be judged from its name, a very angular
or twisted stem. At each angle or joint, appears an
ovate-lanceolate, cordately-ribbed, shining green leaf,
seated on the stem; those of this species are
bright green on both sides. From the axils of the
terminal leaves appear small flowers on slender
thread-like peduncles; these flowers are sometimes
single or, again, in pairs; they have a bell-shaped
base and the perianth is divided into six lanceolate,
spreading dull purple sepals. The stem, which is
rather sparingly bristly-hairy, reaches heights of 1
to 2% feet. This rosy species blooms in May and
June in cold moist woods from Newfoundland to
Manitoba and southwards to the Gulf of Mexico.

COMMON TWISTED-STALK (Streptopus amplexi-
folius) is similar but has greenish-white flowers, the
six sepals of which are very strongly reflexed. The
plant is somewhat larger, the smooth stem being
from 2 to 3 feet in length. The leaves are light,
glossy green and have a whitish bloom on the under
side; they clasp the stem with their bases. The per-
fect flowers are probably largely fertilized by the
numerous small bee-like flies that are usually found
about them. In the Fall, the plants are decorated
with bright red berries in place of the blossoms.
Birds are fond of these berries and, by scattering the
seeds contained therein far and wide, often found
new colonies of Twisted-stalks. The common spe-
cies is found throughout northern United States and
the southern half of Canada.

SOLOMON'S SEAL.
Polygonatum biflorum.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 55

SOLOMON'S SEAL (Polygonatum biflorum) has
small greenish, bell-shaped flowers about one-half
inch in length, hanging in pairs on slender peduncles
from the axils of the leaves. The stem is 1 to 2 feet
in height. The oblong-lanceolate leaves alternate
along, and are partly seated on, the stem; deep green
above and glaucus or whitish below. Very common
in woods from N. B. to Ont. and southwards, flower-
ing from April to June.

GREAT SOLOMON'S SEAL (P. commutatum) is
much larger, the flowers often measuring an inch in
length, and from two to eight in each cluster from
the axils of the leaves. The stem is stout and from
2 to 6 feet long. Found from western N. E. to Minn,
and southwards.

These plants receive their names from the thick,
fleshy and knotted rootstalks. They are perennials
and each year throw up new stalks; after flowering
these wither away and leave pronounced scars
on the roots. These scars suggested the name of
Solomon's Seal and the number of them will prob-
ably accurately denote the ages of the plants. Both
the large and the small species grow in the same lo-
calities. They can readily be distinguished by com-
parison, for commutatum is always larger in all its
parts; while it may be but a foot and a half tall it
will be stouter and have comparatively larger flowers
than its relative. Often it assumes truly gigantic size
and may tower above a tall man's head.

Viewed from above the pendant blossoms are very
inconspicuous, but if we look beneath the spreading
leaves a row of flowers will be seen drooping from
the axils of most of the leaves, in pairs on the spe-
cies biflorum, but usually more on the larger species.
Again the large variety is always smooth in all its
parts while biflorum is usually downy or hairy. In
the Fall the flowers are replaced by pairs of round
bluish black berries.

A. GREEN BRIER.

Smilax rotundifolia.

B. LILY-OF-THE- VALLEY.

Convallaria majalis.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 57

LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY (Convallaria majalis.) As
a garden flower, this species is probably familiar to
nearly everyone. While, as a native, it is only found
in some of the southeastern mountain ranges, it is
sometimes found in the North as an escape from cul-
tivation. The flower we usually see in florists or in
gardens is the European species but it appears to be
identical with our native southern one. It is a deli-
cately beautiful species, very rich in fragrance and
very hardy; its popularity is shown by the frequency
with which it appears in both poetry and prose. The
bell-shaped, white flowers, with six short, re-curved
lobes, grow in a one-sided raceme at the top of a
scape, the base of which is sheathed by the two large,
broad, oblong-pointed, parallel-veined leaves. It flow-
ers in May and June in mountains from Va. to S. C.

COMMON GREEN BRIER (Smilax rotundifolia) is
a woody climbing vine with scattered sharp prickles;
it climbs by means of pairs of tendrils from the axils
of the leaves. Leaves alternating along the stem;
round-ovate, sharply pointed at the tip and somewhat
heart-shaped at the base. Flowers, few on 'slender
peduncles from the angles of the leaves; perianth
bell-shaped, with six short, spreading lobes, pale
greenish in color. Common in moist thickets from
N. S. to Minn, and southwards, flowering in May and
June.

CARRION FLOWER (Smilax herbacea) has a her-
baceous stem without prickles. The flowers are
small, light green, carrion-scented, in a many flower-
ed umbel on a long petiole from the angle of a leaf.
Leaves heart-shaped and parallel-nerved. Found in
the same range and flowers at the same time as the
last. The genus smilax consists of many widely dis-
tributed species, usually having blue-black berries in
the Fall.

INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT.
Medeola virginiana.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 59

INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT (Medeola virginiana)

is a common woodland plant, but the flowers are so
inconspicuous that they are often overlooked; in fact
they are often nodding below the upper leaves so as
to be invisible. The stem is tall and slender, rang-
ing from 1 to 3 feet in height; it rises from a thick
horizontal rootstalk, having a taste similar to that of
the cucumber. A whorl of from five to nine ovate-
lanceolate, pointed leaves is located midway on the
stem; at the top, three smaller but similarly shaped
leaves radiate. Above these, or it may be" below, be-
cause of the curving pedicels, are three flowers. They
are pale greenish-yellow; the three sepals and three
petals composing the perianth are very much reflexed
or curled; they have six stamens each, and one style
dividing into three purplish-brown, recurved stigmas.

It is said that the Indians formerly used the roots
for food; at the present time they are used for var-
ious medicinal preparations. Cucumber-root is found
from N. B. to Manitoba and southwards to the Gulf,
flowering in rich woods during May and June.

COLIC-ROOT; STAR GRASS (Aletris farinosa) is
a tall, wand-like plant, striking in appearance even
though not beautiful in flower. The scape is from
2 to 3 feet high, terminated with a small spike-like
raceme of white, tubular flowers. The perianth is 6-
lobed, very granular and roughened on the outside by
thickly set points. It is this granular appearance, as
though the flower had been sprinkled with white
meal, that gives it its generic name, meaning "a fe-
male slave who grinds corn". The leaves are thin,
flat and lanceolate, radiating from the rootstalk at the
base of the flower scape. It is commonly found from
Me. to Minn, and southwards, flowering in July and
August.

\

PURPLE TRILLIUM; WAKE ROBIN.
Trillium erectum.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 61

Genus (Trillium).

Trilliums derive their generic name from the fact
that all their parts are arranged in threes; three
leaves, three petals, three sepals and a three-part-
ed stigma. The common name of Wake Robin was
probably early given because these flowers appear at
an early date. As a matter of fact they do not bloom
until weeks after the Robins have returned to the
Northern States. All the purple trilliums have an un-
pleasant odor resembling that of putrid meat; as they
are largely dependent for fertilization upon certain
carrion flies, it is very probable that their peculiar
color is for the purpose of an added lure for these
insects. The Sessile Flowered Trillium has the parts
of the stigma so recurved that they are very close
to the anthers and it is very probable that self-ferti-
lization takes place. After the flowering season an
oval reddish berry is seen rising from, or seated
among, the three green leaves.

PURPLE TRILLIUM; BIRTHROOT; ILL-SCENT-
ED WAKE ROBIN (Trillium erectum) has three pur-
plish-brown petals (sometimes these are pink or even
white in color) and three sepals; six stamens exceed-
ing in length the stout spreading stigma. Flower sol-
itary, raising on a short pedicel above the whorl of
broad, ovate, pointed and short petioled leaves. This
trillium ranges in height from 6 to 15 inches. It flow-
ers in April and May, in rich woods from Quebec to
Ont. and southwards.

STEMLESS PURPLE TRILLIUM (Trillium ses-
sile) is very similar, but the flower is seated directly
among the leaves with no stem, and the petals do not
spread as much. It is found from Pa. to Minn, and
southwards.

Trillium viride has both the leaves and flowers ses-
sile. The petals of this species are greenish and nar-
row. Found from Kas. and Mo. southwards.

A. LARGE-FLOWERED TRILLIUM.

Trillium grandiflorum.

B. NODDING TRILLUM.

Trillium cernuum.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 63

LARGE-FLOWERED TRILLIUM (Trillium grandi-

florum) is the largest of the genus in all respects and
is one of the best known and most common species.
It can be looked for with expectation of finding in any
damp, rich woods during May or June. Should a
brook run through the woods, you will be almost sure
of finding this or some other trillium growing at some
point along the banks. ( Usually they grow in colonies
and it is an exception when one finds a single plant
without others being in sight. The stem of this spe-
cies is from 10 to 18 inches in height; the waxy white
petals are from 1% to 2 in. in length; as they grow
older the color changes to a delicate pink and they
curve gracefully backwards.

The flower is on a short pedicel above the whorl of
broad,ovate-pointed and shortly petioled leaves; the
latter are light green with three prominent, parallel
ribs. This species is found from Vt. to Minn, and
southwards, to N. C. and Mo.

NODDING TRILLIUM (T. Cernuum) is quite simi-
lar to, but smaller than the last species. Its blos-
som is either white or pink and is on a curved pedicel
that often bends so as to place the flower beneath the
whorl of leaves; the edges of the petals are quite
wavy. This demure, bashful little trillium is found
from Newfoundland and Man. South to Pa. and Mich.

Trillium declinatum is similar to the Nodding Tril-
lium but the flowers are on a longer horizontal pedi-
cel. It is found from Mich, and Minn, south to Mo.

DWARF WHITE or SNOW TRILLIUM (T. nivale)

is a diminutive species with white flowers, standing
only 2 to 5 in. high. The bell-shaped flower is erect;
both the petals and the leaves have rounded ends. Pa.
to Minn, and south to Tenn. and Mo.

PAINTED TRILLIUM.
Trillium undulatum.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 65

PAINTED TRILLIUM (Trillium undulatum) has

sharply pointed, wavy-edged, waxy-white petals with
crimson V-shaped marks at the bases. The ovate
leaves are sharply pointed and petioled. It is a com-
mon species from Quebec to Ontario and southwards.

The Trilliums may rank as among the few of our
most eagerly sought wild flowers. The Arbutus, the
Moccasin Flowers, Arethusa, Pogonia and Fringed
Gentian all seem to possess sulftle charms that draw
even the novice or those not at all interested in
botany to seek them. To be sure they are all beauti-
ful, but then there are quantities of other flowers that
are beautiful and that are passed by without notice
as we pursue our search for these treasures. Most
of these prizes have a certain peculiarity of form or
a waxy-white purity to the flowers that appeals to us
more than does the ordinary texture and common-
place appearance of the general run of our beautiful
flowers.

The Painted Trillium is usually regarded as the
most beautiful of the genus. Certain it is that it
is the most abundant. It is more gregarious than the
others, and we often find large beds of them with
their dainty, waxy-white, wavy-edged flowers swaying
above the deep green background formed by their
broad, whorled leaves. They grow most profusely
along the banks of woodland brooks and in cool,
moist glens. You will find them most abundant dur-
ing the latter part of May soon after the Wood
Thrush, that frequents the same locality, makes his
appearance from the South. They are always asso-
ciated in my mind with these birds and with Water
Thrushes that I have often watched as they daintily
threaded their way among the numerous plant stalks,
entirely concealed above by the numerous leaves,
and visible only by placing the head close to the
ground.

A. STAR-OF-BETHLEHEM.
Ornithogalum umbellatum.

B. ATAMASCO LILY.
Zephyranthes Atamasco.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 67

STAR-OF-BETHLEHEM (Ornithogalum umbellu-
tum) (EUROPEAN). This dainty plant is sometimes
met with near some farm house, from the garden of
which it may have escaped years before. It is quite
hardy and will increase rapidly if allowed a fair
chance.

It receives its name from the star-like appearance
of the white flowers as they peer up through the
meadow grass. The original home of this flower is in
Italy.

The scape, rising from a coated bulb, is from 6 to
12 in. high; at the top is a loose, terminal cluster of
from four to eight blossoms. The perianth is divided
into six waxy-white sepals, rather greenish on the out-
side, and with three to seven green nerves; six
stamens and- a three-sided stigma; flower pedicels
slender and bracted at their junction with the scape.
The leaves are long, linear and channeled. It may be
found as an escape, from Me. to Va.

AMARYLLIS FAMILY (Amaryllidaceae).

A family of bulbous and scape-bearing herbs with
flat, grass-like leaves and regular six-parted flowers.

ATAMASCO LILY (Zephyranthes Atamasco) is an
exceedingly beautiful species with pure, waxy-white
flowers, only one to a plant, erect at the summit of a
scape from 6 to 12 in. high. Perianth funnel-form,
with six spreading lobes, a short pistil and six sta-
mens with large yellow anthers. Leaves long, linear
and channeled. Quite common in moist places or
swamps, from Del. to Fla., flowering from April to
July.

HYMENOCALLIS (Hymenocallis occidentalls) has
large showy, fragrant, white flowers in an umbel-like
head; perianth broad, funnel-form with a two-notched
edge; 3 or 4 in. in length. Leaves long and strap-
shaped. In marshy places from Mo. and 111. southeast
to Ga. and Ala.

YELLOW STAR GRASS.
Hypoxis hirsuta.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 69

YELLOW STAR GRASS (Hypoxis hirsuta) is the

most widely distributed of any of the members of the
Amaryllis family. It is very appropriately named.
From April until July and more sparingly until Sep-
tember we may see these bright shining golden stars
peering at us from a background of green grass. So
closely do the leaves of this little plant correspond
to the grass leaves, among which they grow, that
sharp scrutiny is required to distinguish them.
Usually fields or open woods are chosen for their
habitat, dry places in which we may also find quanti-
ties of Bluets or Innocence and common Cinquefoil.
Although there are from four to eight buds to be
found near the summit of the slender scape, but one,
or at most two, of these open at a time. As they re-
main open for several days, a single plant may re-
main in bloom for two or three weeks. The blossoms
are visited by several of the smaller bees for pollen;
some of this is often unwittingly carried to the
sticky stigma of the next flower visited and cross-
fertilization effected. The flowers, in withering,
close up so that should a blossom not have been al-
ready fertilized, its own anthers will come in contact
with its stigma.

The flowers are in a loose umbel at the top of a
scape from 3 to 8 in. in height; perianth wide spread
and divided into six shining, golden-yellow sepals,
paler and slightly greenish on the outside; the six
stamens tipped with large golden-orange anthers. The
slender, narrow, grass-like leaves come from a small
bulb together with the flower scape. This species is
common from Me. to Manitoba- and southwards to the
Gulf of Mexico.

Cooperia Drummondii has a solitary white flower
with six wide spread divisions and a long slender
tube, from 2 to 4 in. long. Leaves grass-like. Found
on prairies from Kans. to Texas.

BLUE FLAG; IRIS.
Iris versicolor.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 71

IRIS FAMILY (Iridaceae).

This family is composed of perennial herbs grow-
ing in moist places and having long linear or sword-
shaped leaves and large showy flowers. Iris is nam-
ed from the Greek, meaning rainbow and it certain-
ly is no misnomer as applied to the Blue Flag or Iris
which is the most common of the genus. Small in-
deed is the pond-hole that somewhere around its
edge does not have a little colony of the beautiful
"Fleur-de-lis". The perpetuation of this species in
healthy condition is insured because of the formation
of the flower, which is such that self-pollenization is
practically impossible. The stamens are directly un-
der the strap-like divisions of the style and the stig-
ma is on the upper surface at the rolled-up tip. Bees
are the most frequent visitors and the most valu-
able ones for the plants.

LARGER BLUE FLAG; BLUE IRIS; FLEUR-DE-
LIS (Iris versicolor). Flower solitary, from a green
spathe at the end of a long peduncle; sepals, neither
bearded nor crested, but broad, violet and handsome-
ly veined; petals erect, flat and spatulate. Leaves
sword-shaped, glaucus-green, folded into a flat cluster
at the base. Very common from Newfoundland to
Manitoba and southwards, flowering from May to
July.

SLENDER BLUE FLAG (Iris prismatica) is more
slender in all its parts; narrow leaves, slender stem
and very slender pedicels. Found in marshes near
the coast from N. B. to Ga.

BLACKBERRY LILY (Belamcanda chinensis) CHI-
NESE) has the sepals and petals of equal size and
colored alike; a golden-orange, thickly speckled with
brownish purple. Stem branching and with a loose
cluster of six to twelve buds or blossoms. Fruit black-
berry-like, studded with black seeds. An escape from
gardens.

A. BLUE-EYED GRASS.

Sisyrinchium angusti folium.

B. CRESTED DWARF IRIS.

Iris cristata.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 73

CRESTED DWARF IRIS (Iris cristata). Flowers
usually solitary, very delicate in form and of a light
violet color; the sepals have a central crested rib of
a bright orange color; the smaller petals are also
crested. The tube is long and thread-like. Leaves
lanceolate, about 5 to 7 in. long; those forming the
spathe are ovate-lanceolate. This attractive little Iris
is found on rich wooded hillsides and along streams,
from Md. and Ind. southwards, flowering in April and
May.

DWARF IRIS (I. Verna) has linear, grass-like leaves
covered with a whitish bloom. Sepals not crested but
rather downy on their yellowish base; color pale vio-
let or even white. Pound on rich wooded hillsides
from Pa. southwards.

NORTHERN NEMASTYLIS (Nemastylis acuta)
has a branching stem, at the end of which are one or
two flowers growing on slender pedicels from a grass-
like spathe. The six parts of the blue or purple
perianth spread from 1 to 2 inches. It has long, lin-
ear leaves coming from the coated bulb. Found on
prairies and barrens from Ky. to Mo., southward.

BLUE-EYED GRASS (Sisyrinchium angustifolium),
as one would suspect from the name, has grass-like
leaves and flowers that make one think of bright lit-
tle blue eyes as they peep out of the meadow grass
in which you find them.

The Blue-eyed Grasses have recently been separ-
ated into thirteen species, differing chiefly in the com-
parative lengths of the flower spathes, or the lengths
of the leaves as compared to the flower stem. If one
wishes to know the exact specific name of the spe-
cies he finds, we refer him to the new edition of
Gray's Botany (7th Ed.) The six divisions of the
flower are regular, violet, with >a yellow or white star-
shaped center; each sepal is blunt, with a thorn-like
tip. Common from N. B. to B. C. and southwards.

X

YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER.
Cypripedium parviflorum.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 75

ORCHIS FAMILY (Orchidaceae).

This is a large family composed of herbaceous per-
ennials with tuberoid roots or corms. The perianth
is composed of six divisions, the three outer being
sepals (two of which are often united) and the three
inner ones petals, the lower one of which, termed the
lip, differs in form from the others.

YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER (Cypripedium parvi-

florum) has usually one, but sometimes three flow-
ers at the summit of a leafy stem 7 to 20 in. high. The
inflated lip is bright yellow, slipper-shaped and with
a rounded open -orifice near the base. The two later-
al petals are brownish; exceedingly twisted. The
broad, bright green leaves are very prominently rib-
bed lengthwise, pointed and alternately sheathing the
stem. This is one of: the northerly species, being
found along the northern border of the United States
and southern Canada. It grows in colonies and flow-
ers from May to July, in rich woods or bogs.

LARGE YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER (C. p. pube-

scens) is a form of the last, averaging larger in all
its parts. It is found in the same range.

RAM'S& HEAD LADY'S SLIPPER (Cypripedium
arietinum) -is not as handsome as the other members
of this genus, but it is the most rare of the Lady's
Slippers and, on ; that account, is very highly prized.
The three sepals are separate, the upper one being
ovate and pointed; while the lateral ones are lanceo-
late, brownish-purple-and very similar to the lateral
petals; the swollen lip is small, little more than half
an inch in length; white, with crimson veinings. The
three or four leaves are elliptical and nearly smooth.
The stem is from 6 to 12 inches in height. This spe-
cies is very locally distributed in swamps from Me. to
Manitoba, southwards to Mass, and N. Y.

SHOWY LADY'S SLIPPER.
Cypripedium hirsutum.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 77

SHOWY LADY'S SLIPPER (Cypripedium hir-

sutum) is a magnificent orchid, - usually regarded as
the most beautiful of the genus. It is of imposing di-
mensions and has large fragrant flowers. The leaves
are very large, closely crowded along the stem and
very deeply ribbed, giving the plant, disregarding the
flower, an appearance very much like the beautiful
foliage of the common False Hellebore. While this
species is not rare, it is quite locally distributed and
it is always with a feeling of exultation that we dis-
cover a new colony.

The inflated flower lip is large and balloon-like,
about 2 in. in length; white, with crimson-magenta
blotches and streaks on the front edge; the sepals
are round-ovate and the petals oblong, both pointed
and both greenish-white in color. The leafy stem,
that bears at its summit the solitary blossom, is from
1 to 2 feet in height. Pound locally from Newfound-
land to Minn, and southwards to Ga. and Mo. flower-
ing in rich woods during June and July.

Cypripedium passerinum is a smaller species with
a pale magenta lip, spotted with deep magenta at the
base within; the upper sepal is yellowish and nearly
round. The stem is covered with soft hairs; it is
about eight inches in height. The elliptic-lanceolate
leaves are sharply pointed. This species may be
found in rich woods from Mich, and Ontario, west-
wards.

SMALL WHITE LADY'S SLIPPER (Cypripedium
candidum). The flower of this species is of the same
size and shape as that of the Yellow variety, but the
lip is pure white outside and striped with purple in-
side at the base; the two lateral sepals and the two
petals are ovate-lanceolate, greenish, spotted with
brown. It is a single flowered species with numerous
leaves. It is found in swamps from N. Y. and Minn,
southwards.

MOCCASIN FLOWER.
Cypripedium acaule.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 79

PINK LADY'S SLIPPER; MOCCASIN FLOWER

(Cypripedium acaule) has solitary flowers surmount-
ing a scape from 8 to 12 in. high; lip large, drooping,
pink, with a slit in front, instead of a circular open-
ing as in the others. It frequents dry woods and may
be found from southern Canada, southwards.

This is the most common of the Lady's Slippers
and too in my mind is not less beautiful than any of
the others. I rather think that if it were as rare as
the Ram's Head, it would be regarded and prized as
one of the most beautiful and exquisite flowers that
we have. Among all our plant families none are so
exclusively adapted to fertilization by insects as
those comprising the orchids. The flower of the pre-
sent species is a very ingenious contrivance; it is
fertilized by the common bumblebee. He knows
there is plenty of food in the interior of the pink sac.
The only chance for entrance is through the fissure
in the front; it requires considerable pressure to
force his burly frame through, but at length he suc-
ceeds and the aperture closes behind him. After
eating his fill he takes the easiest way out, towards
the base where he can see two spots of light. As he
forces his way through the narrow passage he comes
in contact with a sticky stigma, armed with in-curv-
ing hairs which remove any pollen he may have on
his back; as he continues his struggle out he reaches
an anther blocking the passage and waiting to clap
its load of pollen on his back. Thus when he
emerges he is fully charged with pollen to deposit
on the stigma of the next flower visited. If you
notice you will see that bees continue feeding on the
same species of flowers and will pass by those of
other species. This habit is Nature's protection
against leaving the pollen of one plant at the door of
another entirely different species, where it would
do no good.

A. GREEN WOOD ORCHIS.

Habenaria tridentata.

B. GREEN FRINGED ORCHIS.

Habenaria virescens.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 81

GREEN WOOD ORCHIS (Habenaria clavellata)

has from three to sixteen inconspicious greenish
flowers in a loose spike at the top of a stem from
6 to 18 in. high; lip oblong and with three teeth;
spur long, slender and curved upwards and to one
side. One or two oblong-lanceolate leaves with ob-
tuse tips, clasp the stem near the base while several
small bracts alternate along it. Grows in bogs from
Newfoundland to Minn, and southwards.

GREEN-FRINGED ORCHIS (Habenaria flava) is a
common green orchis (formerly virescens). The
lower leaves are oblong-lanceolate, while the upper
ones are linear, diminishing in size and passing into
the flower bracts. The flower lip is square-ended
and toothed; spur slender and about the length of
the flower. In the whole U. S. and southern Canada,
we may find this species growing in bogs or wet
places.

Habenaria bracteata is similar to flava, but the
flower bracts are large, being from two to four times
the length of the flowers; the spur is about half the
length of the flower. The upper leaves are lanceo-
late and pointed; the lower ones are broader. The
stem ranges in height from 6 to 20 inches. This
species is also found in bogs, from N. S. to Alaska
and south through the U. S..

Habenaria integra is similar in size and shape to
clavellata but the flowers are a bright orange-yellow
in color; the lip is ovate, rough on the edge; the spur
is short, tiny and descending. It grows in wet pine
barrens from N. J. and Tenn. south to Fla. and Tex.,
flowering in June.

Habenaria nivea is a southern species found along
the coast from Del. to Fla. It is more slender than
the preceding species. The leaves are narrow, and
the numerous flowers are white, with narrow lips
and petals; spur short, slender and ascending.

6

A.

A. YELLOW FRINGED ORCHIS

Habenaria ciliaris.

B. HOOKER'S ORCHIS.

Habenaria Hookeri.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies S3

YELLOW-FRINGED ORCHIS (Habenaria ciliaris)

is an attractive and rather common Orchis with a
tall leafy stem from 12 to 24 in. high. It is always
with a thrill of exultation that we, each year, first
spy the golden yellow spikes in the deep recesses of
a cold bog or swamp. The open blossoms have ex-
quisitely fringed lips, while the buds on the upper
part of the flower spike resemble little golden balls.
The spike is very closely set with flowers having
rounded petals, fringed lips and slender spurs about
an inch in length. The leaves are lanceolate, grad-
ualy diminishing in size as they approach the spike
and passing into the flower bracts. Pound from Me.
to Mich, and southwards.

YELLOW CRESTED ORCHIS (H. cristata) has
orange-yellow flowers in a bracted raceme, the bracts
being of about the same length as the flowers. The
lip is ovate, copiously fringed; petals oblong, fringed
at the top; spur short, not more than half an inch in
length. Leaves narrowly lanceolate and growing
smaller as they approach the flower spike. This
Orchis flowers during July and August in peaty bogs,
from N. J. to Mo. and southwards.

HOOKER'S ORCHIS (H. Hookeri) has a leafless
scape from 6 to 12 in. high, at the base of which are
two, broad, oval, shining, deep green leaves. The
ten to twenty flowers are yellowish green; lip lan-
ceolate and sharply pointed, less than half an inch
long; slender spur about one inch long. Flowers
during June and July in woods from Me. to M.'nn.
and south to N. C.

ROUND-LEAVED ORCHIS (H. orbiculata) is
similar to Hookeri; the lip is oblong, obtuse and
about the same length as the spur. The two basal
leaves are almost round. It is common in rich woods
from Labrador to Alaska and southwards.

A. RAGGED FRINGED ORCHIS.

Habenaria lacera.

B. WHITE FRINGED ORCHIS.

Habenaria blephari glottis.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 85

RAGGED FRINGED ORCHIS (Habenaria lacera)

does not attract our attention because of its beauty,
for its flowers are rather inconspicuous in color.
They are, however, remarkable for the peculiarly cut
and slashed lip, it being divided apparently with no
regard for method or symmetry. The greenish-white
flowers are in a dense, many-flowered raceme at the
summit of a leafy stem from 10 to 20 inches high.
The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, diminishing in size
to the flower bracts as they reach the raceme. This
species is not uncommon in swamps from Newfound-
land to Minn, and southwards.

WHITE FRINGED ORCHIS (H. blephariglottis)
has a densely flowered raceme or spike similar to
that of the Yellow Fringed species, but the flowers
are pure white; the lip is not divided but is copiously
fringed; lateral sepals rounded, upper ones elliptical
and concave; spur nearly an inch long. Leaves lance-
olate and gradually diminishing in size as they alter-
nate to the top of the stem. In July and August you
may find this species flowering, throughout the
United States.

Habenaria leucophaea is also a white fringed Orchis.
It is large, the stem varying from 1 to 3 feet in
height. The flowers are also large, the spur averag-
ing 1 1-2 inches in length; the lip is in three divis-
ions, each of which is conspicuously fringed; the
lateral and upper sepals are nearly round and quite
strongly concaved. The lanceolate leaves are large
at the bottom of the stem, but are reduced in size
to the flower bracts as they reach the spike. This
will be found in wet meadows and swamps from N. S.
to Minn, and southwards, chiefly west of the Alle-
ghanies, to the Gulf of Mexico, flowering in June
and July.

A. PURPLE FRINGED ORCHIS.

Habenaria fimbriata.

B. SMALL PURPLE FRINGED ORCHIS.

Habenaria peramoena.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 87

SMALL PURPLE FRINGED ORCHIS (Habenaria
psycodes) has pale purplish flowers in a dense cylin-
drical spike terminating a leafy stem, about 1 or 1 1-2
feet tall. The spreading flower-tip is 3-parted and
fringed; sepals rounded, petals spatulate and slight-
ly toothed. The leaves are lanceolate and, like those
of the fringed orchids, grow smaller as they ap-
proach the top of the stem. Flowers in July and
August in wet meadows or swamps, from Newfound-
land to Manitoba and southwards.

LARGE PURPLE FRINGED ORCHIS (H. fim-
briata) is the largest and perhaps the most beautiful
of the genus. The pale purple flowers are nearly
twice as large as those of the last species; the lip is
more deeply fringed. The densely flowered spike is
about two inches in diameter and often is twelve
inches long. The leafy stem attains heights of from
1 to 5 feet. It is a magnificent plant, the sight of
which is well worth the inconveniences necessary to
visit its haunts. It grows in swamps throughout the
U. S. and southern Canada.

All the orchids of this genus are cross-fertilized
through the agency of insects. The long slender
spur, of most of them, is peculiarly adapted to the
tongues of sphinx moths and some of the butterflies.
In trying to reach the extreme end of the nectar tube,
the moth presses its face into the opening. Its large
eyes come in contact with a sticky button to which
two pollen masses are attached by slender stalks.
When the head is withdrawn these are firmly at-
tached to the eyes. When he reaches the next flower,
these masses are in the correct position to be deposit-
ed on a sticky stigma, just where they belong. While
we might think a moth would be greatly inconvenienc-
ed by these incumbrances, we must remember that
his eyes are composed of numerous small ones so
that the loss of sight of a few is unnoticed.

\

m

A. GRASS PINK; CALOPOGON.
Calopogon pulchellus.

B. ARETHUSA.
Arethusa bulbosa.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 89

CALOPOGON; GRASS PINK (Calopogon pulchel-
lus) is an exquisite orchid with a loose raceme of
four to twelve delicate pink flowers, at the top of a
scape ranging from 6 to 15 in. long. The flowers are
apparently upside down as the lip is at the top; it is
narrow at the base but broadens into a broad hook-
ed tip, crested on the under side; the column, just
below the lip, has a stigma at the end, and just below
is a two celled antler, each cell containing two
pollen masses. A single grasslike leaf sheathes the
flower scape near its base, as it rises, from the solid
bulb. It grows in deep swamps and bogs, from New-
foundland to Minn, and south to the Gulf, flowering
in June and July.

ARETHUSA; INDIAN PINK (Arethusa bulbosa)
has a solitary magenta-pink blossom topping its slend-
er scape that rises from 5 to 10 in. in height. The
petals and sepals are similar in shape and in their
proper positions at the top of the flower; the lip
rises, then abruptly turns downwards, broadens and
is adorned with three to five yellow and white crests;
margin of lip wavy and sometimes spotted with crim-
son. A single linear leaf is hidden in a sheath at
the base of the scape; it only protrudes after the
flowering season. From Newfoundland to Minn, and
south to Pa. and Mo., Arethusa has been found bloom-
ing in swamps during May and June.

CALYPSO (Calypso bulbosa) is a rare and local-
ly distributed orchid found along the northern edge
of the U. S. and in Canada. It has a single magenta-
pink flower at the top of a slender scape 4 to 8 in.
long. The sepals and petals are similar and ascend-
ing; the lip is sac-shaped similar to that of the genus
Cypripedium; it is spotted with madder-purple and
has three rows of glass-like hairs near its division.
A single oval, wavy, veiny leaf grows on a triangular
petiole from the corm at the base of the scape.

A. SNAKE MOUTH.; POGONIA.
Pogonia ophioglossoides.
B. NODDING POGONIA.
Pogonia trianthophora.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 91

POGONIA; SNAKE-MOUTH (Pogonia ophioglos-
soides) is another of our attractive orchids that leads
the enthusiast a merry chase, often through miles of
tangled swamp, before he finally discovers it in some
almost impenetrable bog. It has been my experience
that, in the southern parts of their ranges, all the
rare orchids are more easily get-at-able than in north-
ern United States, perhaps because in the North they
are hunted so persistently and plucked so freely when
found, that they can survive only in the most out of
the way places.

Snake-mouth is delicate, pure pink in color and
slightly fragrant. Its pollen is not in stemmed
masses but is showered on the back of a visiting in-
sect as he backs out of the flower. The stem is from
8 to 13 inches high, bearing at its top a single flower;
sepals and petals are similar in shape; the lip is spat-
ulate, prominently crested with yellow and white, and
toothed and lacerated. About midway of the flower
stem is a single oval leaf and just below the flower
is a smaller bract-like one. Pogonia grows in swamps
from Newfoundland to Minn, and southwards to the
Gulf of Mexico, flowering during June and July.

NODDING POGONIA (P. trianthophora) has a
leafy stem from 2 to 8 inches high. From two to
eight small oval leaves alternately clasp the stem;
the flowers, which number from one to six, appear
singly from the axils of the upper leaves, nodding on
slender peduncles; they are small, magenta-pink and
with ovate, three-lobed lips. It is locally distributed
from Me. to Wise, and southwards.

Pogonia divaricata is a southern species found in
pine barrens from N. J. to Ga. The plant stem, clasp-
ed by a single oblong leaf at its middle, is 8 to 20 in.
high and bears a single large flower with ascending
brown sepals, pink petals and a 3-lobed lip.

A. WHORLED POGONIA.

Pogonia verticillata.

B. SHOWY ORCHIS.

Orchis spectabilis.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 93

WHORLED POGONIA (Pogonia verticillata) has a
single flower on a long stem, 8 to 12 in. high; the
sepals are greenish-yellow, long, linear, with the
edges rolled or folded together; the petals are ob-
long-lanceolate and purple; the lip is also purple,
wedged-shaped, three-lobed and with a hairy crest
down the middle. Five lanceolate and stemless
leaves are in a whorl about the stem just below the
flower. It is a peculiar, inconspicuous plant found
locally in moist woods from Me. to Wise, and south-
wards.

SHOWY ORCHIS (Orchis spectabilis) is a charm-
ing early blooming orchid found in flower from April
to June in moist woods, often under hemlock trees.
Two broad, ovate, deeply ribbed, beautiful green
leaves sheath the flower scape at its base. The four
to twelve flowers are loosely racemed at the top of
the scape which is from 5 to 10 in. high. The magen-
ta-pink petals and sepals are united to form a hood;
the lip, curving abruptly downwards, is broadly ovate
and white; each flower has a short spur and is
bracted.

The Showy Orchis is our only true native Orchid.
It secretes plenty of nectar in the flower spurs and,
consequently, is visited by many insects, most valu-
able of which are bees. As she presses her head
firmly in the mouth of the flower to drain the bottom
of the tube, her face ruptures the thin membrane of
a pouch containing two sticky buttons carrying pollen
masses. These become firmly attached to her eyes;
the slender stalks holding the pollen bend forward
bringing it directly in front of her head, and it is
deposited on the awaiting stigma of the next flower
visited; surely a wonderful way for Nature to insure
cross pollenization.

This species is found throughout the U. S. Another
with a single leaf and with the flower lip spotted
with magenta is local farther north.

RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN.
Epipactis ophioides.
B. LADIES TRESSES.
Spiranthes cernua.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 95

RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN (Epipactis pubescens)

is a common representative of a genus having the
most beautiful of leaves, all basal and radiating from
the fleshy, creeping rootstalk. The leaves are ovate,
pointed, dark bluish-green, with five to seven promi-
nent white nerves and many reticulations between
them. The scape is 6 to 15 in. high and carries at
its top a densely flowered raceme of small white flow-
ers; lip small and sac-shaped, sepals and petals unit-
ed to form a hood.

This Plantain is quite common and often grows in
large beds in dry woods, especially coniferous ones.
Because of its beauty and the fact that its leaves last
through the winter, it is in demand and freely used
for ferneries. It is found in the whole of the U. S.,
flowering in July and August.

E. repens ophioides has its flowers in a loose 1-sided
raceme. The leaves have five white veins and num-
erous dark cross ones. Has a more northern distri-
bution than the last species.

E. decipiens has densely flowered 1-sided racemes
and plain or faintly marked leaves. It is found from
Quebec to the Pacific and southwards.

LADIES TRESSES (Spiranthes cernua) is so named
because of the braided arrangement of its flowers.
The leaves are few, grass-like, sheathing the scape
near its base. The scape is 6 to 15 in. high, has sev-
eral small bracts and ends in a 2 or 3-ranked spiral
raceme of white or creamy flowers; petals and upper
sepal joined, lateral sepals lanceolate; lip ovate-ob-
long with a rough tip. Common in moist fields or
woods from Me. to Minn, and southwards.

SLENDER LADIES TRESSES (S. gracilis) is
slender, has its flowers in a single-ranked 1-sided or
slightly twisted raceme; lip green, with a white wrin-
kled margin. Leaves small, ovate basal. Found in
dry ground from N. S. to Manitoba and southwards.

A. HEART-LEAVED TWAYBLADE.

Listera cordata.

B. LARGE CWAYBLADE.

Liparis liliifolia.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 97

HEART-LEAVED TWAYBLADE (Listera cordata)
belongs to a genus containing five species. They may
readily be recognized by the two heart-shaped or
ovate leaves clasping the flower stem, oppositely,
about half way up. The flowers are either madder-
purple as in the present species, or greenish.

Like most of the Orchids, they are largely or whol-
ly dependent upon insect aid for fertilization. The
weight, or shock, of an alighting insect on the broad
lip causes a small gland within the flower to "rupture
and cover the pollen, just below with a sticky fluid
that causes it to adhere to the head or body of the in-
sect and thus be transferred to the next flower.

The stem of this species is from 3 to 10 in. high.
At the top is a few flowered raceme; the sepals and
petals are similar and spreading; the lip is drooping,
longer, two-cleft and madder-purple in color. This
species flowers during June and July in swampy
woods from N. J. to Colo, and northwards to the
Arctic coast.

TWAYBLADE (Liparis lilifolia), although having
the same common name, is of a different genus. It
is a more attractive plant, having two broad basal
leaves and larger flowers with a broad ovate lip. It
grows in woodland from Me. to Minn, and southwards.

CORAL ROOT (Corallorrhiza maculata) is so nam-
ed because of its angular, branching, brownish, coral-
like root. The scape is from 10 to 18 in. high; its
only leaf appears as a sheath near the base. The
flowers are madder-purple, in a loose raceme; the
sepals and petals are small, similar and ascending;
the lip and column are white, spotted with purple, the
former being two-lobed. There are five species of
Coral Root, all destitute of green foliage, and differ-
ing only slightly in the flowers. They are found in
spruce woods from Me. to British Columbia and
southwards.

WILD GINGER.
As arum canadense.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 99

BIRTHWORT FAMILY (Aristolochiaceae).

A small family of low herbs or twining vines, with
but two genera and few species.

WILD GINGER (Asarum canadense) may be found
flowering in rich woods during April and May, from
Me. to Mich, and southwards. It has two, large,
heart-shaped leaves on long petioles from the base;
deep green above and lighter below, soft, wooly and
handsomely veined.

The leaves are very beautiful, but it is the solitary
flower that makes this plant so interesting. Small,
dully colored, on a weak, short stem that barely
raises it above ground and often leaves it concealed
by the dead leaves that carpet the woods in early
Spring. Really, the flower is quite attractive. Why
should it not raise its head that it might be noticed
by everybody? A careful watch will convince the ob-
server that all flowers are so constructed and so
placed that they serve the best interests of the plant.
So it is with this species. It blooms early, before
butterflies and moths appear; it needs no bright col-
ors to attract insect friends, as the urn-shaped flower
cup makes an excellent refuge for many small, early
flies. It also provides these flies with an abundance
of pollen for food; in return, they unwittingly carry
some away with them on their bodies and leave it at
the door, or stigma, of another blossom. The stigma
of this flower matures before its anthers ripen so
only pollen from another, earlier blossom will serve
to quicken the seed.

The flower is bell-shaped, with three short, sharply-
pointed, spreading lobes; six stamens with short an-
thers and a thick style with six radiating stigmas.
Another species (grandiflorum), found in Va. and N.
C. has but one leaf and flowers twice as large, or two
inches in length.

PIPE VINE; DUTCHMAN'S PIPE.
Aristolochia macrophylla.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 101

VIRGINIA SNAKEROOT (Aristolichia serpentaria)
is a low herbaceous vine with, a woolystem from 8 to
20 in. long, with several pointed-oblong leaves with
heart-shaped bases alternating along it. The dull
greenish-yellow flowers are on short peduncles from
the root; the calyx tube is bent in the form of a let-
ter S, with three obtuse, spreading lobes. It flowers
in June and July in rich woods from Conn, and Mich,
to the Gulf of Mexico.

PIPE VINE; DUTCHMAN'S PIPE (A. macrophyl-
la). The Dutchman's Pipe is chiefly a southern plant
or vine, being found from Pa. and Minn, southwards.
It has a woody, climbing stem that may attain lengths
of from 10 to 40 feet. It is often used to decorate
porches and trellises. The very large, deep green,
veiny leaves that alternate along the stem are very
beautiful. In the dull, greenish-yellow flowers, how-
ever, lies the chief interest of the botanist. Its stig-
ma matures and withers away before the ripening of
the pollen, thus making the plant dependent upon in-
sects for its perpetuation.

Besides furnishing a hiding place in its tube, H
secretes at the bottom a few drops of nectar as an
added attraction for its winged visitors. The throat
is filled with tiny hairs, all pointing inwards, so in-
gress is easy but egress impossible. Entering insects
are held prisoners, living upon the nectar, until the
stigma withers and pollen ripens; after this the hairs
in the throat lose their rigidity and the pollen-dusted
and well fed prisoners are allowed to escape. Their
memories are poor or the pollen feast is well worth
the imprisonment for they usually immediately hie
to another blossom and force their way in, of course
pollenizing the flower in so doing.

It almost seems as though some of these highly
specialized plants were human and had reasoning
power.

r

A. LADY'S THUMB; PERSICARIA.
Polygonum persicaria.

B. SMARTWEED.
Polygonum Hydropiper.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 103

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY (Polygonaceae).

This family contains a great variety and great
number of species. It is divided into seven genera
and many of these are further divided. They are all
inconspicuous in flower and most of them are regard-
ed as obnoxious weeds. The genus Rumex, to which
our common Sorrels belong, contains seventeen spe-
cies: that of Polygonum, which contains the Knot-
weeds, has 32 species included in its six sub-genera.
The scope and size of this book prevents even men-
tion of the majority of these, so we have selected
types most common, most conspicuous and most in-
teresting.

FIELD or SHEEP SORREL (Rumex acetosella has
dioecious flowers, — that is staminate and pistillate
ones grow on different plants. They are tiny, per-
fect, greenish at first but later turning dark red, on
branching spikes. The leaves are arrow-shaped, on
slender petioles from the base, but smaller ones al-
ternate along the plant stem that grows from 6 to
12 in. high; they are very acrid to the taste and usual-
ly turn reddish as the season advances, especially if
in a dry locality. It is very common and a trouble-
some weed everywhere.

LADY'S THUMB; PERSICARIA; KNOTGRASS
(Polygonum persicaria) (EUROPEAN). This is a
very common weed everywhere in damp places, es-
pecially about farm houses. The small, crimson-pink
flowers are in dense spikes terminating the branching
stems that are from 1 to 3 feet high. The lanceolate,
pointed leaves, that alternate along the angled and
sheathed stem, are rather rough and usually have a
dark triangular spot in the middle.

COMMON SMARTWEED; WATER PEPPER (P.
hydropiper) has similar shaped flowers of a greenish
color. The leaves are lanceolate and very acrid. It
is very abundant in wet places throughout our range.

A. CHICKWEED.
Stellaria media.

B. STITCHWORT.
Stellaria longifolia.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 105

PINK FAMILY (Caryophyllaceae).

This is a very large family containing some of our
most beautiful flowers. They are herbs, agreeing in
having smooth-edged leaves growing oppositely and
in having the plant stem usually swollen at its junc-
tion with the leaves. The flowers have either four
or five petals and usually twice as many stamens.

COMMON CHICKWEED (Stellaria media) (EURO-
PEAN). Although this is an introduced weed, so
hardy and prolific is it that probably it now exceeds
in numbers, any of our indigenous plants. It grows
profusely about dooryards and along roadsides every-
where. The flowers are small, so tiny that they are
often unnoticed, even by those who take pleasure in
feeding the leaves to the pet canary. The corolla con-
sists of five white, very deeply cleft petals, and the
calyx of the same number of larger and longer
green sepals. The leaves are ovate, small, opposite,
on small stems about the length of the leaves. The
plant stem is either simple or branched and ranges
from 2 to 10 in. in height.

LONG-LEAVED STITCHWORT (S. longifolia) has

larger flowers than the last, but the petals are very
narrow and so deeply cleft as to appear to be ten in
number instead of five. The sepals are nearly but
not quite as long as the petals. The stem is weak
and usually supported by surrounding grasses or
vegetation. The leaves are small, linear and pointed
at both ends. Common everywhere in wet places.

MOUSE-EARED CHICKWEED (Cerastium arvense)

has much larger and broader petals with rounded
lobes, giving them something the appearance of
mouse ears. Sepals short; leaves lanceolate; stem
downy, 4 to 10 in. high. Common in dry or rocky
places.

A. CORN COCKLE.
Agrostemma githago.
B. RAGGED ROBIN.
Lychnis Flos-cuculi.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 107

CORN COCKLE (Agrostemma githago) (EURO-
PEAN). The Corn Cockle is very closely related to
the Campions (genus Lychnis) ; in fact it was for-
merly classed with them and is now by some authors.
It is an annual with an erect and rather downy stem;
it branches but slightly, each branch being terminat-
td by one or two large handsome magenta flowers
with an expanse of one to two inches. The calyx is
densely hairy, as are also the lanceolate leaves that
grow oppositely on the stem. The stem is swollen
at the leaf junctions and is weakened at that point
so that it breaks quite readily; this is one of the char-
acteristics of most of the members of the pink fam-
ily. In Europe, this is often called the Corn Flower;
it represents one of the typical plants of the harvest
fields. In this country we find it as an escape from
gardens or in waste places near grain fields.

RAGGED ROBIN (Lychnis Flos-cuculi) (EURO-
PEAN). This species, which is also known as Mea-
dow Lychnis, is noteworthy because of the slashed
appearance of its five crimson petals. The flower
calyx is deeply ribbed and is of a brownish purple
color, as is also the upper part of the flower stem;
both are sticky and hairy. The name is, of course,
from the ragged appearance of the petals and also from
their color which approaches that of the breast of
the English Robin Red-breast. It is sometimes found
in waste land or moist places where it has escaped
from cultivation. •

MULLEIN PINK (L. coronaria) (EUROPEAN) is

a showy plant with bright crimson petals, five in
number; the calyx teeth, or sepals, are twisted. The
oblong leaves are seated oppositely upon the stem.
The whole plant, stem, leaves and calyx, is quite
wooly. It has escaped from gardens and is now local-
Ip found from Me. to N. Y. and Mich.

A. BLADDER CAMPION.
Silene latifolia.

B. EVENING LYCHNIS.
Lychnis alba.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 109

BLADDER CAMPION (Silene latifolia (EURO-
PEAN.)

We have several Campions, some natives and
some introduced. The present species was brought
to us from Europe. It has very unusual blossoms, in
that the calyx is very inflated, almost globular and
handsomely marked with darker green, so as to often
give it a very similar appearance to that of the citron
melon. The five white petals are cleft in twain for
nearly their whole length. The plant branches but
slightly, each branch being terminated by a loose,
few-flowered cluster. The leaves are quite smooth and
grow oppositely on the stem, slightly clasping it
with their bases; they are ovate-lanceolate in shape
and deep green in color. This species is a very hardy
one. It is a perennial and plants spring up from the
same root year after year, while numerous new ones
are formed from the flower seeds.

It is a common escape from gardens and may be
found blooming from June to August along roads or
in dry waste places from Quebec to Minn, and south
to Va. and Mo.

EVENING LYCHNIS; WHITE CAMPION (Lychnis
alba) (EUROPEAN).

This is another attractive species introduced from
Europe. It gets its common name from the habit
of opening towards evening and closing the follow-
ing morning. The petals are white, deeply cleft and
crowned at the base with little petal-like divisions;
the calyx is inflated and often deep pink on the ribs.
As usual with members of the family, the leaves are
smooth edged and in pairs, oppositely on the stem
that grows from one to two feet high. These are also
found in waste places and along roadsides where
they have escaped from gardens, from Me. to N. J.
and west to Ohio.

BOUNCING BET; SOAPWORT.
Saponaria officinalis.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 111

BOUNCING BET (Saponaria officinalis) (EURO-
PEAN). This is probably the most hardy and the
most widely distributed of our adventive members
of the Pink Family. It increases very rapidly by
means of underground runners as well as by seed.
It is very commonly known as "Soapwort," because
of the fact that the mucilaginous juice from the
crushed leaves will form a lather if they are shaken
in water; it is said that it was, in olden days, used
for washing purposes.

The plant stem is quite stout, smooth, erect and
sparingly, or not at all branched. At the top is a
corymbed, or flat-topped, cluster containing many
flowers; petals, notched or sometimes quite deeply
cleft, and with an appendage at the top of the long
claws that, bent at right angles, enter the long, tub-
ular, veined, greenish, 5-notched calyx. The ten sta-
mens are divided into two sets of five, one longer
than the other and maturing first. The flowers vary
in color from a delicate, beautiful shade of pink to
white, depending upon the amount of shade and the
dryness of the soil in which they grow. The leaves
are ovate-lanceolate, united opositely on the stem
by short clasping petioles.

Prom July until September, Soapwort blooms pro-
fusely in waste places along railroad beds and be-
side dusty roads where few other flowers are able
to flourish. It was one of the first of foreign flowers
to be introduced into this country and has been es-
tablished as a wild flower for several centuries.

COW-HERB (S. Vaccaria) has a more slender and
branching stem and pale red flowers in a loose cory-
mb, the central flowers of which bloom before the
outer ones; the petals are not crowned. It is ad-
ventive from Europe and may occur anywhere.

A. MAIDEN PINK.

Dianthus deltoides.

B. FIRE PINK; CATCHFLY.

Silene virginica.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 113

MAIDEN PINK (Dianthus deltoides) (EUROPEAN)
A handsome rose-colored Pink that has become nat-
uralized along the Atlantic coast and is quite abun-
dant in some localities, in fields and waste places.
The flowers grow singly, or in pairs, at the ends of
the branching stem; the petals are broad, wedge-shap-
ed and finely-toothed; the calyx is tubular, five-tooth-
ed, veined and subtended at the base by two ovate
bracts that are about half its length. The leaves are
numerous, small, short and narrowly lanceolate.

The Maiden Pink is one of the most graceful in
form of the family, hardy and a favorite under cul-
tivation.

DEPFORD PINK (D. Armeria) (EUROPEAN) has

narrower petals with longer claws; the five-toothed
calyx is very long, equal to the flower tube, and
downy; its two bracts are also long and linear. The
pink flowers grow in small clusters at the ends of
branching, downy, erect stems from 6 to 18 in. high.
It is now distributed from Me. to Mich, and south
to Va., being most abundant near the coast.

FIRE PINK; CATCHFLY (Silene virginica) is one
of our most brilliantly colored wild flowers, the
petals being either deep crimson or scarlet; the five
petals are oblong, 2-cleft, long-limbed and five in
number. The lower leaves are thin and spatulate,
the upper ones oblong-lanceolate. Both stem, leaves
and calyx are rather hairy. This species is found
in open woods from southern N. J., western N. Y.
and Mich, southwards.

WILD PINK (Silene pennsylvanica) is another
beautiful native species, with bright pink flowers and
a low, sticky stem, the upper leaves are small, and .
the numerous basal ones, lance-shaped. It is rath-
er common from Me. to N. Y. and southwards.

8

A. SPRING BEAUTY.
Claytonia virginica.

B. PURSLANE.
Portulaca oleracea.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 115

PURSLANE FAMILY (Portulacaceae).
A small family of low herbs, with thick succulent
leaves and perfect but unsymmetrical flowers, that is
with unequal numbers of petals and sepals.

SPRING BEAUTY (Claytonia virginica), although
very delicate in appearance, is among our earliest
flowering plants. It may be found blooming during
the cold wintry month of March, during tempestuous
April, as well as during the warmer May days.

The beautiful flowers have a pale flush of pink,
with veins of deeper pink radiating from the yellow-
ish base. One would expect flowers blooming at this
season to be rather hardy, but we find this species
to be very frail; the flowers close almost immediately
upon being plucked, and only open during bright,
sunny weather. The weak stem is usually very crook-
ed and is often prostrate on the ground; two linear-
lanceolate leaves clasp it oppositely about half way
up. The flowers are in a loose, long-peduncled clus-
ter, the buds assuming a drooping position. The open-
ed flowers, somewhat less than inch across, have five
petals, two sepals and five golden stamens that ma-
ture before the stigma. It is found in moist woods
from Me. to Mich, and south to the Gulf.

PURSLANE (Portulaca oleracea) (EUROPEAN).

This is a very common weed, naturalized from the old
world. It has a prostrate, juicy stem and thick
fleshy leaves; the latter are wedge-shaped with
rounded ends. The stem is very branching and
spreads or radiates from the root in an attractive
circular form. The flowers are tiny, solitary and
yellowish, seated in the whorls of leaves that termin-
ate the branches. The five petals spread only in the
morning sunshine. Pound in waste places anywhere
and possibly indigenous in the Southwest.

A. Cow LILY; YELLOW POND LILY.

Nymphaea advena.

B. t WATER LILY.

Castalia odorata.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 117
WATER LILY FAMILY (Nymphaecae).

COW LILY; YELLOW POND LILY (Nymphaea
advena). This lily has the misfortune of being close-
ly related to and associated with the Water Lily,
one of our most beautiful, most fragrant, and most
prized wild flowers. It is another case of "comparis-
ons are odious," and the yellow lily suffers in conse-
quence. It is, however, not unattractive and is in-
teresting in its make-up. The leaves are thick, rough,
ovate, slit or lobed to the stem, which is long and hol-
low. The flower is raised above the surface of the
water on a long hollow stem. What appear to be
six large green and yellow petals are in reality sepals;
the real petals are numerous, stamen-like, inserted
with the very numerous stamens under the golden-
yellow rayed disk that forms the stigma.

The Cow Lily is very common in still or stagnant
water, often growing so profusely that passage in
boats is almost impossible. It is found throughout
the United States and southern Canada.

WATER LILY; WATER NYMPH (Castalia odor-
ata) needs no introduction to our readers. To my
mind,( it leads all other flowers in beauty, grace, pur-
ity and fragrance. It is composed of four sepals,
greenish on the outside and whitish within, and
numerous pure, waxy-white petals; the golden-yel-
low stamens, and anthers mature later than the ra-
diating central stigma. The flowers open soon after
sunrise and close shortly after noon; they sometimes
are gigantic in size, often spreading five or six inches
across. It flowers from June to Sept. in ponds or
slow-moving water, everywhere; in ponds near the
coast, we find a variety (roseae) that has pink or
bright pink-red flowers. The rounded, lobed, long-
stemmed leaves are pinkish beneath.

A. WATER PLANTAIN.

Ranunculus laxicaulis.

B. COWSLIP; MARSH MARIGOLD.

Caltha palustris.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 119

CROWFOOT FAMILY (Ranunculaceae).

A very large and very diversified family of herbs,
or sometimes wooly plants, divided into three tribes
containing 23 genera. Practically all of them have
very acrid juices, some of them very poisonous.

WATER PLANTAIN (Ranunculus laxicaulis) is a

rather common marsh-inhabiting buttercup, with five
to seven narrow yellow petals. The stem is stout but
rather weak and angled, at each joint sending out a
clasping lanceolate, almost toothless leaf. The flow-
ers, which are about 3-4 in. broad, are on long pedun-
cles terminating the branching stem that rises from
1 to 2 1-2 feet. It is found in bogs, ditches and muddy
places from Me. to Minn, and south to the Gulf of
Mexico.

STIFF WATER- CROWFOOT (R. circinatus) has

white flowers and sessile leaves that are entirely sub-
merged; the latter are rigid and do not collapse when
taken from the water, as do those of the more com-
mon White Water Crowfoot (R. aquatilis). The first
species is rather rare and the last very common in
slow flowing waters throughout the United States.

MARSH MARIGOLD (Caltha palustris) is the very
common marsh herb usually, but erroneously, called
"Cowslip." Its leaves are very commonly used and
marketed for food. The flowers are perfect, have no
petals but from five to nine (usually the former) gold-
en-yellow, shining sepals and numerous brighter sta-
mens. The stems are hollow and furrowed. The
leaves are round kidney-shaped, usually with scallop-
ed edges. Marsh Marigold is abundant in swamps
or wet meadows from Newfoundland to Alaska and
southwards through the United States, flowering in
April and May.

A. CREEPING BUTTERCUP.

Ranunculus repens.

B. COMMON BUTTERCUP; TALL CROWFOOT.
Ranunculus acris.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 121

CREEPING BUTTERCUP (Ranunculus repens) is,
as per its name, a creeping plant. The stem is pros-
trate, creeping along the ground and striking new
roots from the junctions of the leaf and flower stems
with the main one. The flowers are large and broad-
petalled, both the petals and stamens being a deep
shining golden yellow. This species is indigenous
in the West, but probably introduced from Europe in
the East, where it is found chiefly near the coast, in
ditches or along the edges of marshes.-

SWAMP BUTTERCUP (R. septentrionalis) is an-
other of the Crowfoots that chooses the wettest of
places for its habitat. Its stem is hairy, ascending,
from 1 to 2 1-2 feet high. In very wet places some of
the stems are usually recumbent and form runners.
The leaves are on long petioles, and are 3-parted, each
division being stemmed and further divided, notched
or slashed. The flowers are rather large, for Butter-
cups, with broad, oval, shining yellow petals, spread-
ing much wider than the sepals. It is common in
moist or shady places throughout our range, flowering
from May to August.

COMMON BUTTERCUP; CROWFOOT (R. acris)
(EUROPEAN). Even though we have quantities of
native Buttercups, it is this handsome foreigner that
is the most abundant; this is the species that is found
in fields everywhere, the one that delights the little
folks and figures in many of their childish games.
The opposite picture shows well the character of the
flower and its leaves, but paint cannot be made to do
justice to the dazzling, shining, golden yellow But-
tercup.

The leaves and stems of the Crowfoots are very
acrid, but not poisonous; on this account they are
shunned by cattle and horses. This accounts in
part for their abundance in most fields and pas-
tures.

A. TALL MEADOW RUE.

Thalictrum polygamum.

B. PASQUE FLOWER.

Anemone patens.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 123

TALL MEADOW RUE (Thalictrum polygamum)

is one of the characteristic plants of swamps and
edges of streams. It is very ambitious and determin-
ed that none of its neighbors shall raise their heads
above it. If the surrounding vegetation averages one
foot in height, this is sure to attain a height of two
feet. Should its neighboring plants be three or four
feet high, we will find the plumey flowers of this
species triumphantly waving above them on stems
five, six or even seven feet tall.

Naturally a flower that thrusts itself so prominently
into view, has many insect visitors and is often cross-
pollenized by them. It is very capable of looking
out for itself, for it has often three kinds of flowers
on one plant, staminate, pistillate and perfect.

The stalk is rather stout and grooved, pale green,
stained with maroon. The long stemmed leaves are
many times compounded into small, lobed leaflets of a
pale, dull blue-green color. The flowers are in feathery
clusters; each individual flower having numerous
white filaments, no petals, but usually four or five
early falling sepals.

Prom June to September we may find the mist-like
flowers of Meadow Rue in swamps, from Labrador
to Manitoba and south through the United States.

EARLY MEADOW RUE (T. dioicum) is a smaller
and more slender species found in open woods and
on rocky hillsides. Staminate, brown-tipped flowers
grow on some plants and pale greenish pistillate ones
grow on others.

PASQUE FLOWER (Anemone patens) has a soli-
tary erect flower with five to seven purplish sepals.
Leaves divided and cut into narrow, acute lobes.
Both stem and leaves covered with silky hairs. This
species is found on prairies from Wis. and Montana
southwards.

A. WOOD ANEMONE; WIND FLOWER.
Anemone quinque folia.

B. RUE ANEMONE.
Anemonella thalictroides.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 125

WOOD ANEMONE; WIND FLOWER (Anemone
quinquefolia) is an exceedingly delicate looking
plant, but the fortitude with which it withstands the
winds of early April rather belies its appearance.
Swayed this way and that, with a violence that threat-
ens to demolish it, it safely weathers the most se-
vere storms and, with the appearance of the sun,
its nodding head beckons a welcome to the early
bees. Very appropriate indeed is its common name
of ''Wind Flower."

The stem is slender and 4 to 8 in. high. Three
leaves radiate from a point about two thirds up; each
on a long stem and divided into three to five, tooth-
ed, ovate leaflets. The solitary flower rises on a
slender peduncle from the junction of these three
leaves with the stem proper. It has four to seven
sepals, most often five; white inside and purplish
white on their outer surface; numerous yellow and
brown-tipped stamens radiate from the base of the
greenish pistils; the flower has an expanse of slight-
ly less than one inch, but is rarely seen fully expand-
ed. The very smooth slender stalk grows from an
elongated, horizontal rootstalk. The Wind Flower is
common in woods or thickets from Nova Scotia to
the Rockies and southwards.

RUE ANEMONE (Anemonella thalictroides) is
even more slender in form than the Wind Flower.
From four to nine sepals, (usually six), numerous .
orange-tipped stamens and a broad stigma make up
the flower; there are .several of them on exceedingly
slender peduncles, rising from the whorl of leaves.
The latter are on slender stems, have heart-shaped
bases and three-lobed ends; rather small, pale green
above and with a whitish bloom below. Its root is
a cluster of tuberous rootlets. It is found in the
same localities and the same range as the last spe-
cies, with which it associates.

A. PURPLE VIRGIN'S BOWER.

Clematis verticillaris.

B. VIRGIN'S BOWER; CLEMATIS.

Clematis virginiana.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 127

PURPLE VIRGINS BOWER (Clematis verticillaris)

is probably the most rare species of Clematis. It grows
in rocky hilly or mountainous woods, most abundant-
ly in northern portions of its range, which is from
Quebec to Hudson Bay and south locally to Del. and
Pa. It is a climbing woody vine, supporting itself
by the bending or clasping of the leaf stalks. The
flowers grow singly, on long stems from the axils
of the leaves or from the end of the vine. They are
large and handsome, the four thin, purple, pointed,
translucent sepals spreading from 'two to four inches
when fully expanded. Both sides of the sepals are
covered with silky hairs or down along the edges.
The sepals are usually much concaved, forming a
cup-shaped flower; the petals are very small, spatu-
late shaped; numerous greenish-white stamens are
clustered in the center of the flower. The leaves are
divided into three leaflets, ovate, pointed, with a
heart-shaped base.

MARSH CLEMATIS (C. crispa), found in the south-
ern states is the most beautiful species ; flowers about
the size of the last, with bluish-purple, crimped, or
wavy-edged sepals, sweet scented.

LEATHER FLOWER (C. Viorna) is a larger and
tougher species with a woody stem that often reaches
a length of 10 feet. The flower calyx is bell-shaped,
the four pointed sepals being very thick and leath-
ery. It grows in rich soil, usually climbing over
bushes, from Pa. to Mo. southwards, flowering in May
and June.

VIRGIN'S BOWER (Clematis virginiana) is a beau-
tiful, graceful, climbing, twining vine found through-
out our range. The small greenish white flowers, with
four or five sepals, grow in clusters from the leaf
axils; staminate and pistillate ones are on separate
plants. In Pall, the beautiful silky plumes of the
seed pods gives this species the name of "Old Man's
Beard."

A. WILD COLUMBINE.

Aquilegia canadensis.

B. GOLD THREAD.

Coptis trifolia.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 129

WILD COLUMBINE (Aquilegia canadensis) is one
of our typical, early woodland plants, graceful in
form and beautiful in flower. It grows in rocky wood-
land throughout our range, flowering from April to
June. The slender roots are perennial and the plant
will grow up each year if this is undisturbed. Unfor-
tunately, from the nature and shallowness of the
soil among the rocks, and the tough wiry, slender
stem, it is usually plucked out by the roots by those
gathering flowers. I trust that those of my readers
who find it necessary or advisable to gather this, or
other flowers, will make sure that at least the root
be left for future production.

The flowers are well shown on the opposite page;
the stem is very slender, wiry and graceful, quite
branching and attaining heights of one to two feet.
The flowers are heavy, which causes them to nod
from their slender, thread-like peduncles. A quantity
of nectar is secreted in the base of each red spur,
serving to attract butterflies, moths and often the
Ruby-throated Hummingbirds, for these birds are very
partial to red colors. Columbine blossoms from April
to July throughout our range, on rocky, wooded hill-
sides.

GOLDTHREAD (Coptis trifolia) is a small wood-
land plant receiving its name from the slender,
threadlike, golden-yellow roots; these are very bitter
and are used for the concoction of several medicines.
These roots are characterisitc and readily identify
the species. The leaves also are peculiar in that
they are evergreen, and deep shining green in color,
3-parted and notched, on long petioles from the root
The white flower has five or six early falling sepals;
it is usually solitary on a scape from 3 to 6 in. high.
Common in rich 'woods throughout U. S. and Canada.

A. MONKSHOOD; ACONITE.
Aconitum uncinatum.

B. HEPATICA; LIVERWORT.'

Hepatica triloba.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 131

MONKSHOOD; ACONITE (Aconitum uncinatum)
is an attractive wild flower with a slender, rather weak,
stem often supporting itself against other species.
Some of its traits remind one of the Columbine, to
which it is closely related, but it lacks the hardy qual-
ities of that species. The flowers are quite large and
handsome; they grow in a loose, few-flowered raceme.
The five sepals are very unequal in size and shape;
the upper one is large and hood-like, and conceals
two small petals within it; it has three to five pistils,
numerous stamens and three other abortive petals.
The leaves are firm, three to five-lobed and notched,
on slender petioles. It grows in rich, moist woods
from Pa. southwards, flowering from June to Septem-
ber.

HEPATICA; LIVERWORT (Hepatica triloba). It

is always with a feeling of ecstacy that we find or
hear the first reported blooming of the Tieritica,
each year; its coming is the first sign of the break-
ing up of winter. If we except the early- flower ing
Skunk Cabbage, and many refuse to consider this at
all as a flower, the beautiful Hepatica is the first of
our flowers to appear. It is seemingly well clad for
low temperatures, for its stems are thickly covered
with fuzzy hairs; the three-lobed, smootli-ed^ed
leaves are rather thick and coarse, lasting tb: ough
the winter but turning a ruddy color, while 1;:e new
ones, that appear with the buds, are light green ari.l
radiate above the older prostrate ones. A single blos-
som appears at the end of each long fuzzj -cape; it
is about one inch broad, has five to ten pule pur
pie or lilac sepals and numerous greenish n'-iiils
and yellow anthers; they have a slight fr,«"_" _.uce.

Hepaticas grow in small v. Tories, blooming from
March to May in open 'v-'-Js ti'Jiii N. S to Manitoba
and southwards.

MAY APPLE; MANDRAKE.
Podophyllum peltatum.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 133

MANDRAKE; MAY APPLE (Podophyllum pelta-
tum) belongs to the Barberry Family (Berberida-
ceae), a small family of shrubs or herbs, divided into
five genera of but one or two species each. The
present species is quite common in rich woods, or in
shady, moist ground, from western N. B. to Minn,
and southwards, flowering in May. The bare stalk
rises to heights of 1-0 to 12 inches, then branches into
two long-stemmed, light green, large, spreading
leaves; the latter are five to nine-parted, lobed,
notched, and unevenly balanced. Prom the forked
joint of the leaves, hangs a solitary white flower on a
short, slender, curving peduncle; this is very deli-
cate, nearly two inches across, and of six petals and
twice as many stamens. Other non-flowering stalks
bear at the summits, single, large, one-sided, divided
leaves.

While the blossom of the May Apple yields no nec-
tar, it is visited by bees in search of pollen and is
chiefly fertilized through their agency. The fruit is
large and lemon-shaped, yellow in color, ripening in
July. It is the fruit that gives it the name of May
Apple. It is also known as "Wild Lemon/' quite an
appropriate name if the fruit alone is considered.
While the leaves and stem are poisonous, the fruit is
not, but has a peculiar, acid, sickish flavor.

TWINLEAF (Jeffersonia diphylla) is a small, low
plant, being only about 8 in. high when in flower. The
solitary white flower has eight white petals and half
as many early-falling sepals; it grows at the top of
a naked scape. The two-parted leaves grow from
the root on long petioles; they are bright above and
rather whitish below.

Twinleaf is not uncommon in moist woods from N.
Y. to Wise, and southwards; it flowers in April and
May.

A. BLOODROOT.

Sanguinaria canadensis.

B. PRICKLY POPPY.

Argemone intermedia.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 135

BLOODROOT (Sanguinaria canadensis). Closely
following on the heels of our handsome Hepatica, we
find the delicate flowered Bloodroot unfurling its
leaves and expanding its flowers in rich, rocky, op-
en woodland. Almost before snow has left, the
flower stalk bearing a little bud, closely wrapped in
a delicate silvery leaflet, forces its way up through
the earth and dead leaves. The leaf unfurls and the
flower stalk grows rapidly, forcing the bud up out of
its protection; it now opens, the two sheathing sepals
falling off, exposing to our view an exquisitely —
pure, white, delicate blossom; the eight petals are
partially closed on dull days, but in sunshine spread
wide open, one and one-half inches in diameter, ex-
posing the golden center made up of the numerous,
yellow-tipped stamens. The flowers are very deli-
cate; the petals stay but two or three days anyway,
and a breath of wind may blow them off sooner.

After the flower is gone, the leaf developes rapidly
and becomes very large and imposing, with many
divisions and lobes. The root is reddish and is filled
with a blood-like juice, as is also the stem. This is
now used in medicines and was formerly used by In-
dians for coloring purposes. Bloodroot is common
from N. S. to Minn, and southwards.. It flowers in
April and May.

PRICKLY POPPY (Argemone mexicana) is a hand-
some Mexican plant found in the southwestern por-
tions of the United States and, as an escape, in other
portions. It has a prickly stem from one to two feet
high. The stemless leaves have sharp lobes, also
armed with prickles. The flower is bright yellow,
has four petals and numerous orange-tipped stamens.
The later fruit capsule is about one inch in length
and is covered with prickly bristles. The flowers
give no nectar, but plenty of pollen to the bees that
visit them.

CELANDINE.
Chelidonium ma jus.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 137

CELANDINE (Chelidonium majus) (EUROPEAN).

Although, this is a stranger in a strange land, having
come to us from across the seas, it is by no means
backwards and is extending its range with remark-
able celerity. It is now abundant almost everywhere
in the eastern half of our country, It bids fair, in
time, to extend its range to equal that of the English
Sparrow, but we trust it will never become a pest as
that bird has.

The stem is quite stout and very branching; at
the end of each branch is a loose cluster of buds on
slender pedicels. These open one or two at a time,
so that the plant keeps in bloom for a long time; in
fact, the flowering season extends from early in May
to the end of September. The flowers are half an
inch or more broad, with four golden-yellow petals,
a slender, pointed green pistil and numerous yellow
stamens. The seed-pod is long and slender; when
ripe, it splits at the base and allows the seeds to es-
cape. Towards the end of the flowering season, the
continued bloom is marked by the large number of
these pods with which the plant is decorated.

The thin, soft leaves are very handsomely divided
into three to seven, lobed leaflets. Both stem and
leaves have a bright yellow, very acrid juice, that
stains everything it comes in contact with. Celand-
ine is often known in Europe as "Swallow-wort" as
it is supposed to commence flowering with the com-
ing of the swallows and to cease with their departure.
Its generic name also originated in this belief.

CELANDINE POPPY (Stylophorum diphyllum) is a

very similar species, both as to leaf and flower. It
has fewer flowers than the last, and the seed pod is
ovoid in shape and bristly. It is found from Pa. to
Wise, and southwards.

A. DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES.
Dicentra cucullaria.
B. SQUIRREL CORN.
Dicentra canadensis.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 139

DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES (Dicentra Cucullaria).

This peculiarly flowered herb belongs to the Fumi-
tory family (Pumariaceae), a family of delicate,
smooth plants with watery juices and compound, dis-
sected leaves. One has but to glance at this species
to see why it should have received the name it bears.
Of times objects are fancifully named, and. future gen-
erations look and wonder, but fail to see the reason
for so naming them, but not so with Dutchman's
Breeches, for there are the little panties suspended
where all may see them.

The flower stalk, proceeding from the root, attains
heights of from 5 to 9 inches and bears a loose ra-
ceme of four to eight white, inverted flowers; the
four petals are united in pairs, two of them forming
a large double-spurred sac, and the other two very
small petals forming a protection for the stigma.
The double sac is white, stained with yellow. The
leaves are on long petioles from the rootstalk; they
are pale sage-green in color, 3-parted and finely slash-
ed. Dutchman's Breeches may be found blooming
in April and May. in rich, hilly woods from N. S. to
Minn, and south to N. C. and Mo.

SQUIRREL CORN (D. canadensis) is similar, but
the white *sac-like petals are stained with purple, the
spurs are shorter and rounder and the flower is
slightly fragrant. The roots have little tuberous ap-
pendages resembling grains of corn. This species is
found in the same range as the last.

PALE CORYDALIS (Corydalis sempervirens) is

also similar in some respects to the foregoing
species. The leaves are sage green, 3-parted, but
not slashed as much as those of Dutchman's Breeches.
The pale magenta flowers are half an inch long, have
a rounded base and two-flanged mouth. It is found
from N. S. to Minn, and south to Ga.

A. TOOTHWORT; CRINKLEROOT.

Dent aria diphylla.

B. WHITLOW GRASS.

Draba verna.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 141

MUSTARD FAMILY (Cruciferae).
A large family divided into eight tribes, thirty one
genera and more than a hundred species. All have
pungent watery juices, finely dissected compound
leaves and cruciform flowers, the four spreading
limbs of the petals forming a cross.

TOOTHWORT; CRINKLEROOT (Dentaria diph-

ylla). During the latter part of April or in May we
will find white, crosslike flowers of Toothwort often
growing side by side with Anemones. Its stem is
stout and smooth, and rises to heights of 8 to 12 inch-
es. At the top are the flowers arranged in a loose
spike, on short peduncles; they are half an inch wide,
have four white petals, the same number of shorter
sepals and numerous yellow stamens. Two 3-parted,
notched-edged leaves with short stems, are set op-
positely on the flowering stalk, above the middle;
other larger, similar ones are on long petioles from
the rootstalk. Its names are derived from the shape
of the root, which is crinkled and with toothlike ap-
pendages; it is edible and often used by country
fclk as a relish. It is found in rich woods from N. S.
to Minn, and southwards.

CUT-LEAVED TOOTHWORT (D. laciniata) is very
similar. The leaves are deeply cut into narrow lobes,
conspicuously gash-toothed. The root is deep-seated
and with larger tubers. This species blooms from
April to June in about the same range as the last.

WHITLOW GRASS (Draba verna) (EUROPEAN)

has become quite common throughout our range. It
is a weed that we will find along roadsides, waste
places or barren fields. The flowers are small, and
the four white petals are deeply notched. The scape
is from 1 to 5 in. high. The leaves are all basal,
lance-shaped and lobed or toothed.

A. COMMON BLACK MUSTARD.

Bras sic a nigra.
B. HEDGE MUSTARD.
Sisymbrium officinale.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 143

COMMON MUSTARD (Brassica nigra) (EURO-
PEAN). Mustard is extensively cultivated in Europe
for the small dark brown seeds that form a valuable
article of commerce, being used for the table condi-
ment and for various medicinal purposes, such as
liniments and the dreaded mustard plaster.

In our country, Mustard is regarded as a pest; it
is a very strong, hardy plant, soon over-running sec-
tions where it gets a foothold. It is very abundant
about abandoned farms and often enroaches upon
fields in cultivation; its continued presence in the
latter case usually is a sign of shiftlessness on the
part of the owner. The stem is very branching and
grows to heights of from 2 to 7 feet. The four-petal-
ed, light yellow flowers are in small dense clusters
at the ends of the branches; a trail of small, erect
seed-pods is left in the wake of the flowers as they
continue to bloom along the lengthening stem. The
leaves have a large terminal, notched lobe and small-
er lateral ones.

CHARLOCK; FIELD MUSTARD (B. arvensis) has .
slightly larger flowers (over one half inch broad), the
seed pods are much longer (nearly two inches) and
do not hug the stem as closely; the outline of the
seeds is plainly visible in the pods. The leaves are
notched but not divided nearly as much as those of
the Common or Black Mustard. It is very common,
as an obnoxious weed, everywhere and was also in-
troduced into this country from Europe.

HEDGE MUSTARD (Sisymbrium o ffi c i n a I e )
(EUROPEAN). This is also a common weed, brought
from Europe, that keeps the thrifty farmer everlast-
ingly busy trying to exterminate it. It has tiny, four-
petalled yellow flowers that bloom all summer, along
the lengthening stem, and leaves numerous tiny pods
closely set against the stem. The leaves are more
angular and more finely divided than those of the
Common Mustard.

PITCHER PLANT.
Sarracenia purpurea.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 145

PITCHER PLANT FAMILY (Sarraceniaceae)

A small family of bog-inhabiting plants having hol-
low pitcher-formed or trumpet-shaped leaves.

PITCHER PLANT; HUNTSMAN'S CUP (Sarracen-

ia purpurea). Few plants are as little known, general-
ly as this species. It is one of the most interesting
ones that we have. The shapes of both the leaves and
blossoms are clearly shown in the opposite picture. The
pitchers, or basal leaves, may number from three to a
dozen, all radiating from the root and all with the
orifice up. An examination shows that each pitcher
is partially filled with water. Just below the rim of
the leaf, on the inside, is a sticky substance to at-
tract insects; as these enter, they pass downwards
over countless little hairs, all pointing downwards.
These make it very difficult for insects to crawl out
of the pitcher, and many of them become exhausted
and are drowned in the water. As these insects de-
compose, they are absorbed by the plant. On ac-
count of its killing insects and afterwards devouring
them by absorption, the Pitcher Plant is often class-
ed as a carnivorous species.

Pitcher Plants grow in boggy places, where Spag-
num Moss abounds; of course such places may be-
come quite dry during the summer. This, however,
does not discommode the plant in the least, as it
carries its reservoir with it. In cold weather we find
the pitchers with the water frozen within them.

No less peculiar is the flower of this plant, a sin-
gle blossom, borne on a long, hollow, erect scape, dur-
ing May and June. The five sepals are thick and pur-
plish; the delicate hanging petals are dull pink; the
pistil is umbrella-like and surrounded by numerous
stamens. The Pitcher Plant is local in bogs from
Labrador to Manitoba and southwards.

10

A. THREAD-LEAVED SUNDEW.

Drosera filiformis.

B. ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW.

Drosera rotundifolia.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 147

SUNDEW FAMILY (Droseraceae).

A small family of insectivorous plants found in
bogs or moist sandy soil.

THREAD-LEAVED SUNDEW (Drosera filiformis)
has long, linear, film-like, erect, very hairy leaves.
The flowers are numerous and loosely racemed at the
top of a slender smooth scape; they have five, small,
purple petals, five stamens and several 2-parted stig-
mas. The flowers open only in the sunshine and
bloom towards the top of the scape, where a number
of undeveloped buds droop. This species is found in
wet sandy soil from New England to Delaware, not
far from the coast.

ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW (Drosera rotundifolia)
is one of the most common of the Sundews; it is
found in moist, sandy or peaty soil from Labrador to
Alaska and south to Pa. and Cal. The leaves are
numerous, quite round, and on long stems from the
root. The leaves are thickly covered with hairy
glands, that exude drops of a clear glutinous fluid,
glistening in the sunlight like little drops of dew; it
is from these that the plant is named. These dew-
like drops deceive insects into alighting on the leaves,
when they discover, to their dismay, that they are
held fast prisoners in the sticky fluid. Having caught
a victim, the leaf slowly folds about it and more slow-
ly digests it.

The flower stalk of this species grows from 5 to 9
in. high, is reddish colored and often has one or two
branches at the top. The one to twenty five flowers
that it has during the flowering season are white.
They open but one or two at a time, and only in bright
sunshine. The leaves, and also the short rootstalk,
have rather purplish juices that stain what they come
in contact with. While they are small and inconspic-
uous, one will find it well worth while to study these
plants.

A. GRASS OF PARNASSUS.
Parnassia caroliniana.
B. EARLY SAXIFRAGE.
Saxifraga virginiensis.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 149
SAXIFRAGE FAMILY (Saxifragaceae).

Herbs or shrubs having perfect flowers, usually
with five petals, and either opposite or alternate
leaves. The seeds have copious albumen, which sep
arates this family from the various species of the
Rose Family.

GRASS OF PARNASSUS (Parnassia caroliniana)

is a pretty little swamp or meadow plant growing
from 8 to 24 inches high. The flowers are a delicate
creamy white, finely veined with greenish, and borne
singly on long scapes; a single, heart-shaped leaf
clasps each flower scape a short distance above its
base. The basal leaves are long-stemmed, rather
thick and coarse in texture, smooth-edged and
bluntly pointed.

The flowers present rather an unusual appearance,
both because of the veining and because the five fer-
tile stamens alternate with the petals, leaving the
yellowish anthers located just at the angle, formed
where the petals overlap. We find this species in
bloom from the latter part of June until the end of
September, most abundantly in the latter month. It
ranges from Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Va.
and Mo.

EARLY SAXIFRAGE (Saxifraga virginiensis) is a
tiny-flowered plant that loves dry, sunny, rocky hill-
sides; in these places we may look for its flowers
during March and April. The leaves are all basal;
spatulate in shape, blunt ended, either rough-edged
or toothed, rather coarse in texture, narrowing to-
wards their base into clasping stems. The flower
scapes are quite stout, hairy and rather sticky; the
white flowers, in loose umbels at the top, are small
and five parted. Saxifrage is common from N. B. to
Minn, south to Ga. and Tenn.

A. MlTREWORT.

Mitella diphylla.

B. FOAM FLOWER; FALSE MITREWORT.
Tiarella cordifolia.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 151

MITREWORT (Mitella nuda) is a tiny woodland
plant that might readily escape our notice were it not
for the peculiar little flowers. These are few in num-
ber, very short-stemmed, in a loose raceme at the
top of a leafless, slightly hairy scape 4 to 7 in. high.
The flowers have five petals, each with the edge
beautifully fringed so as to give the flower a crystal-
line appearance almost like a snowflake. The leaves
are on long, hairy stems from the root; they are
rounded or kidney-shaped with rough or lobed edges.

These plants are often called "Bishops Caps" from
the cap-like shape of the little seed pods. We find
this species from Labrador to Saskatchewan, south
to Ct. and Mich.

TWO-LEAVED MITREWORT (Mitella diphylla) is

a larger and sturdier species with similar flowers, but
with two very short-stemmed, heart-shaped leaves
clasping the flower stem oppositely about halfway up
its length. The stem has more flowers at its top than
the last species and is taller, ranging from 8 to 16
inches high. The basal leaves are heart-shaped, with
three to five toothed lobes. This species is found in
rich woods from N. E. to Minn., south to N. C. and
Mo.

FOAM FLOWER; FALSE MITREWORT (Tiarella

cordifolia) has the general appearance of the last
species. The slender, hairy flower scape, rising 6 to
12 in. from the rootstalk, has at the top a loose pan-
icle of many small flowers, each, on a long slender
stem, thus differing from the short-stemmed flowers
of Mitella. The leaves are all basal, on long hairy
stems; heart-shaped, lobed and toothed and often
mottled with brownish. The flowers have five petals
and ten long stamens that give them a fuzzy appear-
ance. Foam Flower is common from N. S. to Minn.,
southwards, flowering in May and June.

A. MEADOWSWEET.

Spiraea latifolia.

B. HARDACK; STEEPLE BUSH.

Spiraea tomentosa.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 153

ROSE FAMILY (Rosaceae).

This is a very large family made up of trees, shrubs
and herbs. It contains some of our most valuable
plants and fruit-bearing trees such as pear, apple,
strawberry, blackberry, etc. The flowers are all reg-
ular, have five petals, five sepals, numerous stamens,
one or more pistils, and an abundance of nectar and
pollen. They supply a bounteous feast for insects
and they are chiefly fertilized by them.

MEADOWSWEET (Spiraea salicifolia) is a com-
mon and beautiful shrub that grows along the edges
of woods, swamps or even roadsides. Its handsome
pyramidal clusters of flowers are in evidence during
July and August. The stem is straight, slender,
woody and yellowish buff; along it, at close intervals,
alternate the lanceolate, toothed, short-stemmed
leaves. At the top is a spire-like panicle of fleecy
flower clusters. Each flower has five, round, white
petals and numerous long, pink stamens that give the
flowers a feathery appearance and a rosy tint.

Its name is rather misleading for the flowers are
only slightly fragrant. It ranges from N. Y. to Mo.
and southwards; the common species found in the
New England states is specifically known as latifolia.
Its leaves are thinner and the stem more reddish.

HARDHACK; STEEPLEBUSH (Spiraea tomento-

sa) is one of our most beautiful flowering shrubs.
The flower spike is more slender and steeple-like
than that of Meadowsweet and the flowers are a
beautiful shade of pink. The flowers bloom1 down-
wards from the top of the spike, so that it soon as-
sumes a brownish or yellowish tinge at the top of
the spire. The leaves are more closely alternated and
are dark green above and lighter below. Steeple-
bush grows in low ground from N. B. to Minn, and
southwards.

A. WILD STRAWBERRY.
Fragraria virginiana.

B. WILD B-LACKBERRY.
Rubus allegheniensis.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 155

WILD STRAWBERRY (Fragraria virginiana). Any-
one not acquainted with the Strawberry in its wild
state has our sympathy for they have missed one
of the most luscious treats that Nature has provided.
We have, after years of cultivation, increased the
size of the berry many times, it is true, but this in-
crease in size has been largely at the expense of de-
terioration in flavor. I have yet to see the cultivat-
ed strawberry that is comparable to the wild one in
this respect.

The hairy stems of both leaves and flowers rise di-
rectly from the running rootstalk. The flowers, sev-
eral of which grow on each stem, are wheel-shaped,
have five rounded white petals and narrow lanceolate
greenish sepals; the center is occupied by a green
cone-like pistil and numerous stamens with small
yellow anthers. After the flowering season, the
green center expands, becomes pulpy and finally
turns red on the outer surface; the numerous seeds
are in little pits provided for them on the surface of
the berry. The weight of the berries causes the
slender peduncles to bend, while the flowers were
erect.

The leaves are three-parted, each division being
spatulate and sharply toothed at the rounded end.
The Wild Strawberry is common in fields and pas-
tures throughout our range.

..HIGH BUSH BLACKBERRY (Rubus alleghenien-
sis) is a tall branching shrub with slender brown
stems, from three to ten feet long, armed with stout,
slightly recurved prickles. It is from this species
that the well known variety was developed. The
leaves are divided into three to five ovate, pointed,
toothed leaflets with a ribbed and hairy surface. The
flowers have five green sepals alternating with the
narrow white petals. This species is common every-
where.

COMMON CINQUEFOIL; FIVE-FINGER.

Potentilla simplex.

B. SILVERY CINQUEFOIL.

Potentilla argentea.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 157

COMMON CINQUEFOIL; FIVE-FINGER (Poten-

tilla canadensis). This species is the most common
of the Five-fingers, and is also one of our most com-
mon wild flowers, in pastures and along roadsides.
It has a long period of bloom and flowers may be
found from April until August. It is often mistaken
for the Wild Strawberry, because of a similarity be-
tween the leaves of the two species, although those
of this species have five divisions while those of the
Strawberry have but three. The flowers are shaped
like those of the Strawberry, but have bright yellow
petals.

The flowers are solitary, on long, slender stems
from the axils of the leaves near the ends of the
trailing branches, that grow from 6 to 24 inches long.
This species is very common in the United States
and southern Canada.

SILVERY CINQUEFOIL (Potentilla argentea) is a
common and very handsome species found in dry,
barren ground throughout our range, but most abun-
dantly near the coast. It is smaller than the proceed-
ing, being from 5 to 12 in. high. The little, yellow
flowers are clustered at the ends of the branches.
The stems and the undersides of the divided and
deeply cut leaves, are covered with fine, white, sil-
very wool, contrasting sharply with the dark green
of the upper surfaces. This species bloom from May
until September.

SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL (Potentilla fructicosa) is
a very leafy and much branched Cinquefoil growing
from six inches to three feet high. The leaves are di-
vided into five to seven narrow leaflets, with a smooth
but usually rolled edge; they are lighter below but not
wooly as in the last species. The stem is quite erect,
brownish and with bark often peeling off in shreds.
The yellow flowers may be solitary, but usually are
in rather flat-topped clusters. This species is com-
mon everywhere.

A. AGRIMONY.
Agrimonia gryposepala.

B. PURPLE CINQUEFOIL; MARSH FIVE-FINGER.
Potentilla palustris.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 159

MARSH FIVE-FINGER; PURPLE CINQUEFOIL

(Potentilla palustris) is in character quite like the
foregoing species. It is the only one, however, hav-
ing purple flowers, and is easily recognized on that
account. The flowers are nearly an inch broad, larg-
er than those of the other Cinquefoils; they have a
large calyx, the divisions of which are longer than the
petals; the petals are also pointed, whereas those of
the other species are rounded or else wedge-shap-
ed.

The stem grows from 6 to 20 inches long and is
rather woody at the base. The leaves alternate
along the stem, as is customary with all members
of the Rose family; they are divided into five or sev-
en, spatulate-shaped, toothed leaflets. Purple Cin-
quefoil grows in swamps or cool bogs, from Labrador
to Alaska and south to N. J., Pa., la., and Cal., flow-
ering during July and August.

AGRIMONY (Agrimonia gryposepala) is a common
weed found on the borders of swamps or thickets.
It has a tall, hairy, simple stem from two to four
feet high. The bright green leaves are variously
compounded, from three small leaflets at the top of
the stem to large leaves made up of seven, lance-
shaped, toothed leaflets, interspersed with smaller
ones on the lower part of the stalk.

The flowers are in a long, many-flowered spike at
the top of the stalk. Each flower is tiny, has five
yellow petals and numerous, orange stamens, giv-
ing the spike a bright, golden-yellow appearance.
They open from the bottom of the spike, towards
the top, and each plant is in bloom for a long period
Our ancestors used the leaves for various medicinal
concoctions, and some even used them for making
tea. It is a common plant from N. B. to N. C. and
westwards to Cal.

A. CREEPING DALIBARDA.

Dalibarda repens.

B. YELLOW AVENS.

Geum strictum.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies l6l

CREEPING DALIBARDA (Dalibarda repens) is a

delicate woodland plant, found from N. B. to Mani-
toba and south to N. J., Ohio and Mich. It has creep-
ing, densely-tufted rootstalks, from which spring num-
erous heart-shaped leaves on long petioles; these
leaves, their stems and the flower stalks are downy,
the former being scallop-edged or toothed.

Dalibarda has two kinds of flowers: The first on
long, upright scapes spread about half an inch, have
five oval, white petals and many stamens; the pet-
als are deciduous, faling off soon after the flower op-
ens. The second kind of flowers are cleistogamous
ones (fertilized in the bud) on short curving pedun-
cles from the root. These last flowers are fertile,
while many of those with petals are not. Dalibarda
blooms from June to September in rich woods; when
not in flower, its leaves are often mistaken for those
of some of the violets.

YELLOW AVENS (Geum strictum) grows in moist
locations in swamps or thickets. The texture of the
whole plant, leaves and stems, is rough and coarse.
The root leaves are interruptedly pinnate, the seg-
ments being wedge-shaped and toothed; the stem
leaves have three to five oblong, acute, toothed leaf-
lets. The flowers have quite large golden-yellow pet-
als and a downy receptacle. This species is common
from Newfoundland to Manitoba and south to N. C.
and Mo.

PURPLE AVENS (Geum rivale) is an aquatic or
marsh species with lyre-shaped root leaves and few,
3-lobed stem leaves. The nodding flowers have rus-
ty-purple petals terminating in a claw; the calyx is
purplish and bell-shaped. The flower stalk is from
one to two feet in height. Purple or Water Avens
is common in northern U. S. and southern Canada.

11

WILD SWAMP ROSE.
Rosa Carolina.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 163

SWAMP ROSE (Rosa Carolina). Wild roses are
very common throughout our range and, of course,
are familiar to everyone. They are usually, and right-
ly regarded as one of our most beautiful wild flow-
ers. They have a purity of form and color that is
rarely seen in the many varieties that man has cul-
tivated from them. The Swamp Rose is a very bushy
species, growing from one to nine feet high. It is
very common on the edges of swamps or streams,
and in low ground, throughout our range. The com-
pound leaf is made up of five to nine, lance-shaped,
toothed leaflets; each leaf has a pair of stipules, or
tiny leaves, at the junction of the slender stem with
main stalk.

The flowers are two or three inches broad and have
numerous yellow stamens radiating from the green-
ish-white center. The stem of the Swamp Rose is
sparingly armed with stout, wide-based, curved
thorns.

PASTURE ROSE (Rosa humilis) is the most abun-
dant of all our wrild roses and grows in profusion in
all dry, rocky places. It does not grow as high as the
Swamp Rose, rarely exceeding three feet in height,
but the slender stems are more branching and often
grow in large, tangled masses that, in the height of
the blooming season, are exceedingly beautiful. The
flowers are about the same size as those of the
Swamp Rose, but are usually solitary at the ends of
the branches.

The leaves are dark green, without gloss, divided
into five or seven ovate, sharply-pointed, irregular-
ly-toothed leaflets. The stem is armed with straight,
slender, light brown thorns or prickles, two of which
are set oppositely on the stem at its junctions with
the leaf stems. These sharp thorns often discourage
plucking wild roses, and the petals soon fall or are
broken off, so that they are little used for vases.

SWEETBRIER; EGLANTINE.
Rosa rubiginosa.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 165

SWEETBRIER; EGLANTINE (Rosa rubiginosa)

is a very beautiful species of wild rose introduced
from Europe. We may find it blooming quite com-
monly in dry, rocky pastures and waste places dur-
ing June and July. It is remarkable for and easily
identified by, the sweet-scented, aromatic fragrance
of its leaves. The stems are long and arching, grow-
ing from two to six feet in height; they are brown
and are armed at frequent intervals with short, de-
cidedly recurved thorns or prickles.

At regular intervals along the stem, are close-set,
compact clusters of flowers and leaves. The leaves
are made up of five or seven very small leaflets,
rounded-ovate in form and with the edge finely
double-toothed, and covered beneath with fine, sticky,
glandular hairs . The flowers are also quite small,
especially when compared to the very common Pas-
ture and Swamp Roses, being only from one to two
inches in diameter. They are rather light colored,
a creamy-pink, and have five, heart-shaped petals,
the ends being slightly notched; the numerous, curv-
ing stamens are a bright yellow. All of the roses
have quite large fruit, red in color and with the
ends of the sepals spreading from its apex; that of
the present species is ovoid in shape. Eglantine is
found from Nova Scotia to Michigan and southwards
to Virginia and Tenn.

SMOOTH ROSE (Rosa blanda) is a species that is
often wholly unarmed with prickles. The stem and
the underside of the leaves are covered with a light
bloom. The pale crimson-pink flowers measure near-
ly three inches across. The red fruit is either round
or pear-shaped, with persistent sepals.

The Smooth Rose has a very northerly distribution.
It is found in rocky places from Newfoundland and
nothern New England westwards, chiefly along the
shores of the Great Lakes.

A. WILD LUPINE.

Lupinus perennis.

B. BLUE FALSE INDIGO.

Baptisia australis.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 167
PULSE FAMILY (Leguminosae).

A very large and valuable family of plants, many
of them being food-producing. Usually they have
papilionaceous flowers, that is, with a standard, keel
and wings. The family is divided into three sub-
families containing 53 genera.

WILD OR BLUE LUPINE (Lupinus perennis) re-
ceives its generic name from the Latin of wolf, be-
cause it was thought that the species preyed upon the
soil and made it infertile for other kinds of plants. It
is a very common species in sandy places and we of-
ten see it on the banks along railroads. Both the
leaves and the flowers are very attractive. The stem
is quite stout, erect, hairy and branching. The leaves
have long, slender stems; the leaf, proper, is palmate-
ly-divided into seven to eleven narrow, smooth-edg-
ed leaflets that radiate like the spokes of a wheel;
they are rather thin and delicate in structure and at
night partly fold together.

The flowers are in long, showy, terminal spikes of
pea-like blossoms; they are bright purplish- blue in
color; the calyx is two-lipped, sides of the standard
reflexed and the keel scythe-shaped. The single pis-
til developes into an oblong, flattened, knotty pod
containing the seeds. Lupine is very common
through the United States, east of the Rocky Moun-
tains.

BLUE FALSE INDIGO (Baptisia australis) is a tall
branching species with a stem from three to six feet
in height. The leaves are divided into three spat-
ulate-shaped leaflets. The violet-blue flowers grow
in long, loose spikes; they are about one inch long,
have a four or five-toothed calyx, straight keel and
wings, and short standard. The seed-pod has a spur
at its tip. This species is common from Pa. to Ga.
and west to Mo.

A. WILD INDIGO.

Baptisia tinctoria.

B. RATTLEBOX.

C rot alarm sagittalis.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 169

WILD INDIGO (Baptisia tinctoria) is a very
branchy and very bushy herb. The stem divides
soon after it leaves the ground, the slender branch-
lets extending equally in all directions so that the
appearance of the whole plant, from a distance, is
often that of a large, bluish-green globe. The leaves
are three-parted, wedge-shaped, dull green with a
white bloom that gives them a bluish-green appear-
ance. The yellow, butterfly-shaped flowers are in
loose clusters at the ends of all the branches. They
are visited by many of the small butterflies and small
bees. After fertilization, the flowers turn blackish.

The roots of Wild Indigo are used by drug concerns
for the compounding of a number of medicines. An
indigo dye, of a poor quality, can also be made from
the plant. Wild Indigo grows in dry or sandy soil
from Maine to Minnesota, flowering from June to Sep-
tember.

RATTLEBOX (Crotalaria sagittalis) receives its
name because the seeds rattle about in the large,
inflated, blackish, seed-pod. It is an annual herb,
with a hairy, bending stem and stemless, toothless,
pointed-oval leaves alternating along it. The yellow,
pea-like flowers are in small clusters at the ends of
the branches. It is found in sandy soil, chiefly along
the coast, from Mass, to Fla. and Texas and, in the
Mississippi basin, to Indiana and South Dakota.

PRAIRIE CLOVER (Petalostemum purpureum) is

an upright perennial herb, with the smooth stem
crowded with leaves, compounded of five, narrowly-
linear leaflets. The flowers are small and crowded in
dense terminal spikes; they are purple or rose- color-
ed, have a small standard and four petals on thread-
like claws. It is found on dry prairies west of the
Mississippi.

B.

A. GOAT^S RUE ; CATGUT.
Tephrosia virginiana.
B. PARTRIDGE PEA.
Cassia Chamaecrista.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 171

GOATS RUE; CAT GUT (Tephrosia virginiana).

We find this her-b in most all dry, sandy, waste places
from N. H. to Minn, and southwards.

It is a pea-like plant with a simple, silky-haired,
erect stem, leafy to the top where it terminates in a
dense raceme or panicle of yellowish-white flowers
marked with purple. The flowers are large and num-
erous; they have a rounded standard, but little long-
er than the wings and keel. The long leaves are com-
pounded of seventeen to twenty-nine linear-oblong
leaflets. Its roots are long, very slender and very
tough; it is from these qualities of the roots that the
plant receives its common names.

PARTRIDGE PEA (Cassia Chamaecrista) is a

handsome species with large, showy, yellow flowers
measuring about 1 1-4 inches across; on slender ped
icels from the angles of the leaves, usually either sing-
ly or in pairs; often the five, large, rounded petals
have purplish spots at their bases; after flowering,
long erect seed pods are left in the place of each of
the blossoms.

The leaves of the Partridge Pea are long and com-
pounded of 20-30 small, blunt, lance-shaped leaflets,
each with a tiny awl-like point. The stem is erect,
rather smooth, and grows one or two feet tall. We
find this plant in dry or sandy fields throughout the
United States.

WILD SENSITIVE PLANT (Cassia nictitans) is

quite similar but much taller. The flowers are small
and on short stems, in groups of two or three at the
bases of the leaves. The leaves are compounded of
10-20 small leaflets, less than 3-4 inches long; they
are very sensitive and close, or fold together, at night,
or in the daytime if handled roughly. It is found
from Me. to Pla, and west to Nebr. and Tex.

A. RABBIT-FOOT CLOVER; STONE CLOVER.

Trifolium arvense.

B. RED CLOVER.

Trifolium pratense.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 173

RABBIT-FOOT CLOVER; STONE CLOVER (Tri-
folium arvense) (EUROPEAN). It is not always the
largest, brightest colored and showiest flowers that
are the most beautiful; the present species has a
graceful, charming, silky beauty that places it far in
advance of many 'of its brighter colored companions
in the field. Yet, how often are its fuzzy heads pass-
ed by as weeds unworthy of notice. It is because of
this silky, fuzziness that it receives its name of
Rabbit-foot, and from the fact that it often grows
in stony or rocky fields that it has been given its
second name.

The stalk of this species is soft, silky and from 4
to 10 inches high. The light green leaves have three
leaflets with blunt tips. The flower heads are com-
posed of numerous florets ; it is the long, pink, feath-
ery tips of the five-parted calyx that gives the blos-
som its silky fuzziness; it is quite fragrant and is vis-
ited by the smallest butterflies. .You may find this
species everywhere within our range.

RED CLOVER (Trifolium pratense) is the most
common and the most valuable species of clover.
One would hardly believe, knowing how abundant it
is in all parts of our range, that this clover could have
been introduced and have become so widely distri-
buted, yet such is the case. One reason that it does
so well in this country is that we have a very large
number of bumblebees, and it has been found that
clover is so dependent upon these insects for fertili-
zation, that, without them, it will soon die out.

The little florets, composing the globular flower-
head, are bright crimson-pink; they abound in nec-
tar and are sweet-scented. The three leaflets that
make up each leaf, have whitish-green triangles in
the middle. The plant stems are hairy and from*8
to 24 inches high.

A. ALSIKE CLOVER.
Trifolium hybridum.

B. WHITE CLOVER.
Trifolium repens.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 175

ALSIKE or ALSATIAN CLOVER (Trifolium hy-
bridum) (EUROPEAN) is quite similar to our native
white Clover, but the stem is stout, branching and
juicy. The trifoliate leaves of this species are un-
marked and have a simple, rounded end, not notched,
but the edge of the leaf is very finely toothed; they
have long slender stems, with stipules where they
join the stalk. The florets composing the round
flower-heads are cream-colored, tinged with pink;
they are very fragrant and laden with nectar. The low-
er florets on the head bloom first; after they have
been fertilized, they turn brown, and are reflexed, so
that towards the end of the flowering season, the
flowers have a very disheveled appearance, the lower
part being dead and drooping, while the upper is
fresh, pink and erect.

This species is now common throughout our range,
flowering from May to October in meadows, waste
places or along roadsides.

WHITE CLOVER (Trifolium repens) is the most
common of the white clovers. It is supposed to be
indigenous in the northern parts of our range. It
is highly prized as forage for cattle and is often cul-
tivated in fields for that purpose. It is also a fav-
orite with keepers of bees, for it is very rich in nec-
tar and they claim that it makes a better quality of
honey than any other.

Its stems are smooth, reclining and 4 to 10 inches
long; they creep by runners. The leaves are com-
posed of three leaflets, heart-shaped or notched at the
ends, and usually with a more or less distinct tri-
angular mark in the middle. This is the species that
furnishes the prized "4-leaved clovers" that children
so dearly love to find, and that are supposed to sig-
nify "good luck". The flowers are creamy white,
slightly pinkish and very fragrant.

A. YELLOW CLOVER; HOP CLOVER.

Tri folium agrarium.

B. YELLOW MELILOT; SWEET CLOVER.

Melilotus officinalis.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 177

YELLOW CLOVER; HOP CLOVER (Trifolium ag-
rarium) (EUROPEAN). This clover, that came to
our shores, long ago, from across the water, is very
common in the eastern half of the United States and
southern Canada; we find it growing most abundant-
ly along roadsides and in dry or sandy fields.

The stem is quite smooth, slender, erect and
slightly branching and grows from 6 to 15 inches
high. The leaves have very short stems, in fact
they are practically seated on the stalk; the lower
ones have large stipules at their bases; they are thin
and soft and have fine, feather-veining on each of
the three small leaflets making up the leaf.

The flowers grow singly, or in clusters of two or
three, at the ends of the branches. The flower head
is oblong, densely crowded with small, golden-yel-
low florets, having an alternate, scaly arrangement.
They bloom from the bottom of the head, upwards
and, as they mature, turn yellowish-brown and are
reflexed, resembling dried hops. Several stalks may
spring from a single root, so that the plant sometimes
has quite a bushy appearance. Its flowering season
is from June until September.

LOW HOP CLOVER (Trifolium procumbens) (EU-
ROPEAN) is a very similar species with a low,
spreading, branching stem and with the three leaflets,
notched at the ends and the middle one with a short
stem. It is a common species throughout our range.

YELLOW MELILOT; YELLOW SWEET CLOVER
(Melilotus officinalis) (EUROPEAN) is a common,
weed-like plant found everywhere in waste places.
The stem is tall and branching, growing from 2 to 4
feet high. The leaves are trifoliate, each leaflet be-
ing finely toothed and the middle one having a short
stem with a double bend. The yellow, clover-like
florets are in long, loose racemes, terminating the
branches; they have a sweet fragrance.

12

A. ALFALFA; LUCERNE.

Medicago sativa.

B. Cow VETCH.

Ficia Cracca.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 179

ALFALFA; LUCERNE (Medicago sativa) (EUR-
OPEAN) is found growing wild in waste places or
fields most anywhere in our range. It makes an ex-
cellent fodder for cattle and will grow in waste,
sandy places where it is impossible to raise crops of
hay.

Our Government has devoted considerable atten-
tion to the cultivation of this species and it is now
extensively raised in the Southern and Western
States, where thousands of tons are annually harvest-
ed and stored for the needs of livestock.

The stalk is smooth, slender, branching and erect;
it grows from 1 to 2 feet high. The leaves are three-
parted, on long slender stems with narrow stipules
at their bases; each of the three leaflets has a tiny,
sharp bristle at its end, and the middle one has a
short, slender stem with a distinct double bend. The
purple flowers grow in short, loose racemes at the
ends of the slender branches; the seed-pod is cur-
iously twisted or coiled and contains several seeds.

COW VETCH; BLUE VETCH (Vicia Cracca) is a
trailing herb with a weak, angled stem; it is common
on the borders of thickets or the edges of cultivated
fields. The stem grows from two to three feet long
and climbs over grass or low brush by means of
small, slender tendrils at the ends of the leaves.

The compound leaves are made up of twenty to
thirty small, oval leaflets, each tipped with a tiny,
sharp-pointed bristle. The light violet-colored, bean-
like flowers grow in a one-sided raceme on slender
stalks from the angles of the terminating leaves of
the branching, hairy stem. The flowers are reflexed,
that is, they point downwards on their stem.

Several other species of Vetch have been intro-
duced and are quite common, chief of which is the
Common Vetch (V. sativa) which has fewer leaflets
and flowers in pairs.

A. GROUND NUT; WILD BEAN.

Apios tuberosa.

B. HOG PEANUT.

Amphicarpa monoica.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 181

GROUND NUT; WILD BEAN (Apios tuberosa) is

an exceedingly beautiful climbing vine, attaining
lengths of four or five feet, crawling over walls or
fences, or twisting itself about shrubs or other plants.
Its pear-shaped, tuberous root is edible, as every
country boy knows.

While it does not prey upon plants by sucking
their juices, as some of the climbing, twining vines
do, this species sometimes entwines itself so tightly
about its supporting plant as to retard the latter's
growth or even to kill it. One of the most unique
floral sights, that I recall, is that of many large
Tiger Lilies, with their tall stout stalks entwined
with the present species, and each of them in full
flower.

The leaves of the Ground Nut are compounded of
five, or sometimes seven, ovate-pointed leaflets; they
are toothless, smooth and light green. The flowers
grow in dense, rounded clusters on slender stalks
from between the angles of the leaves and the plant
stem; they are maroon or lilac-brown, -have very
broad, reflexed standards and long scythe-shaped
keels, strongly incurved or coiled. The flowers have
a very rich coloring, different from that of any other
species that I have ever seen. We find the Ground
Nut in bloom during August and September in damp
ground, usually on the borders of swamps or wet
meadows, from N. B. to Minn, and southwards to the
Gulf.

WILD or HOG PEANUT (Amphicarpa monoica) is
a dainty, trailing vine 2 to 7 feet long. The delicate,
light green leaves are thrice compounded, on slender
stems from the angles of which are small, drooping
clusters of magenta-lilac blossoms. Other fruitful
blossoms at the base of the plant develop into pear-
shaped pods with single large seeds. From the fact
that hogs used to root up and eat these, came the
rather inappropriate name.

A. COMMON FLAX.
Linum usitatissimum.

B. YELLOW FLAX.
Linum virginianum.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 183
FLAX FAMILY (Linaceae).

A small family of slender herbs; very valuable, as
they furnish the flax from which all linen is made
and many valuable medicinal remedies.

WILD YELLOW FLAX (Linum virginianum) is a
slender perennial species with a smooth stem from
one to two feet in height; it branches slightly near
the summit, each branch bearing at its end a few tiny
yellow flowers, less than a half inch across. The
flowers have a calyx divided into five sepals, a corolla
of five petals, five stamens and pistils, perfect and
symmetrical flowers fertilized by small bees and bee-
like flies. The small leaves are thin and have but one
rib. This species may be found in dry woodland and
thickets from Me. to Minn, and southwards to Ga.

COMMON FLAX (Linum usutatissimum) (EURO-
PEAN). This slender species is more attractive than
the last because of its larger flowers. The stem is
very slender, from one to two feet in height, and each
of its few branches are terminated with one or two
delicate, violet-blue flowers; these measure about
three quarters of an inch broad, or slightly more, the
five petals being large, broad and slightly over-lap-
ping. Small, alternate, sharp-pointed leaves are
thickly crowded on the stem; they have three, longi-
tudinal ribs.

This is the species that is cultivated very exten-
sively in Europe, and less so in this country, for its
linen fibre and its seed oil, both of which have a very
extensive commercial use. It may be found along
roadsides or railroads or in waste places anywhere,
usually as an escape from cultivation.

Linum striatum has tiny yellow flowers crowded on
the stiff, angular branches. The leaves grow oppo-
sitely. It is found in wet woods or on sandy shores
from Mass, to Ga. and west to Tex.

A. WOOD SORREL.

Oxalis acetosella.

B. VIOLET WOOD SORREL.

Oxalis violacea.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 185

WOOD SORREL FAMILY (Oxalidaceae).
A small family of low, recumbent herbs with trifoli-
ate leaves and perfect, regular flowers.

WHITE WOOD SORREL (Oxalis Acetosella) is
one of the most delicate and dainty of our woodland
flowers. It is commonly found in cool, damp situa-
tions and is very partial to mountainous regions. The
flowers are very frail looking, about an inch broad,
borne on long slender peduncles from the root; the
five, spreading petals are white, veined with crimson,
giving the flower a delicate pinkish blush. The leaves
are also on long, slender petioles from the root; they
are trifoliate or clover-like, each of the three leaflets
being inversely heart-shaped, — that is, with the end
notched and with two rounded lobes. White Wood
Sorrel is found from N. S. to Saskatchewan and
south to N. E., N. Y. and in mountains to N. C.

VIOLET WOOD SORREL (Oxalis violacea) is a

very dainty species, perhaps more beautiful than the
preceding. The long slender flower stalks bear at
their summits three or more pale magenta flowers,
while those of the last species have but one. The
flowers are very similar except in color, but are a
trifle smaller than those of the white species.

The leaves of both these sorrels are very sensitive
and fold up, if handled; they also close at dusk and
only open when the suns rays beam on them the fol-
lowing morning. The juices of these plants are very
acid; the well known Oxalic acid is obtained from the
leaves of both these kinds of sorrel.

These Sorrels bear cleistogamous flowers at their
bases, — that is, flowers that fertilize themselves in
the bud and never open. The roots are perennial,
creeping and scaly-toothed.

YELLOW WOOD SORREL.
Oxalis stricta.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 187

YELLOW WOOD SORREL; LADY'S SORREL (Ox-

alis corniculata) is not a woodland plant but is
very common along roadsides, in gardens, dooryards
and fields. The pale green, slender stem is quite
erect, branches but little, if at all, and grows from
three to twelve inches tall. The leaves are long-
stemmed and trifoliate, the three leaflets being broad-
ly heart-shaped. They are very sensitive and close
if roughly handled. They also close at night, or "go
to sleep," as children call it.

The leaves have very acid and sour juices, similar
in taste to those of the common Red Sorrel that, by
the way, belongs to an entirely different family
(Buck-wheat). Country school children often chew
the leaves of both of these, as the sour taste has an
agreeable twang.

The bright golden-yellow flowers are quite frag-
rant; they open only in the sunshine and close tight-
ly at night. They grow in few-flowered umbels at
the end of the stem on slender peduncles from the
axils of some of the leaves; the petals are thin,
notched at the ends and set in a five-parted calyx.
After their flowering season, little erect, pointed pods
take the place of the flowers. This species is a very
common herb or weed throughout our range.

LOW YELLOW WOOD SORREL (Oxalis repens)
has several prostrate and creeping stems and numer-
ous erect, leafy branches; it is very low, seldom at-
taining a height of more than three inches, although
the prostrate stem may measure a foot in length. The
little yellow flowers are set on short deflexed pedi-
cels; this peculiar arrangement is more prominent
after the seed pods have developed as the stems are
even more deflexed at that period; it looks just as
though some one had bent each of the flower pedicels
sharply back at their junction with the stem or ped-
uncle. This species is less common than the preced-
ing.

A. WILD GERANIUM; CRANESBILL.
Geranium maculatum.

B. HERB ROBERT.
Geranium Robertianum.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 189

WILD GERANIUM; CRANESBILL (Geranium

maculatum) is one of our most common woodland
plants, flowering from May to July. The stem, the
leaves and the flower calyx are rough-hairy, the form-
er being quite stout and branching and attaining
heights of one to two feet. The large, magenta or
pale purple flowers are in loose, few-flowered clusters
at the ends of the branches; the petals are large and
rounded and slightly over-lap; they are delicate in
texture and show several rather transparent lines
radiating from their whitish, bearded bases; the ten
stamens are all tipped with large, golden-brown anth-
ers and surround a slender, green pistil. This pis-
til grows to be very long by the time the plant is in
fruit, and it is this long beak that gives the species
the name of Cranesbill; when the fruit is fully ma-
tured, it suddenly splits upwards from the base and
scatters the seeds contained therein, for a distance
of several feet.

The leaves of the Geranium are very beautiful;
some of them are on long petioles from the base and
others on shorter stems from the main plant stalk.
Their texture is very coarse and fuzzy, and the sur-
face often spotted with white or brown; they are
palmately divided into five lobes, each of which is
sharply toothed and pointed. It is very common from
Me. to Manitoba and southwards.

HERB ROBERT (Geranium Robertianum) is a
smaller edition of the last. Its flowers are similar,
but smaller and coarser in texture. Its leaves are
smaller and usually more deeply cleft. The stem is
usually stained with red; both this and the leaves
emit a strong odor when bruised.

The blossoms of this, and the last species, are fre-
quented by various kinds of bees that are necessary
to insure its pollenization, since the anthers have fal-
len away before the stigma ripens. Herb Robert is
common from Me. to Minn, and southwards.

mi

A. FRINGED POLYGALA.
Polygala paucifolia.

B. MlLKWORT.

Polygala polygama.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 191
MILKWORT FAMILY (Polygalaceae).

This is a small family of herbs with opposite leaves
and perfect but irregular flowers.

FRINGED POLYGALA (Polygala paucifolia) is a
dainty and low perennial, usually rising but four or
five inches from the ground; the stem bends sharply
as it enters the soil and continues into a long, slend-
er rootstalk often a foot in length. A few broad,
ovate, pointed, shining, bright green leaves are crowd-
ed along the stem near its top and one or two tiny
ones, resembling scales, clasp the stem lower down.
Either one or two flowers are at the summit of the
stem; they are quite large, being nearly an inch in
length; the two lateral sepals are large and wing-
shaped (one of the common local names for this spe-
cies is "Bird-on-the-Wing" because of the fancied re-
semblance to a bird in flight) ; the three petals are
joined together to form a tube, through which the
yellow stamens and pistil protrude; the two spread-
ing sepals are crimson pink and the petals are light-
er or white, the lower one being fringed or bearded.
This Polygala is common in damp, rich woods from
N. S. to Manitoba and southwards to the Gulf, flower-
ing during May and June. It is largely dependent up-
on the honeybee for fertilization.

MILKWORT (Polygata polygama) is a slender-stem-
med species from five to fifteen inches high; the stem
is closely crowded, alternately, with narrow, oval,
pointed, stemless leaves. The dull crimson flowers
are borne in long, slender racemes at the top of the
stem. Many, usually simple, stems grow from the
biennial root; sometimes they have a single branch
near the top. It also bears cleistogamous flowers on
subterranean shoots; it is from these that it gets its
specific name of polygama. It is quite common every-
where in dry sandy soil.

A. MlLKWORT.

Polygala sanguined.

B. CROSS-LEAVED MILKWORT.

Poll/gala cruciata.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 193

FIELD or PURPLE MILKWORT (Polygala san-
guinea) is a sturdy little pink-headed plant that grows
in fields or meadows or along roadsides, often in com-
pany with Hop Clover; it is a strange fact that the
flower heads of these very different species should
be shaped so nearly alike. The slender, erect, wiry
stems are very leafy and slightly branched at the top.
A single round or cylindrical flowerhead terminates
each branch, and others may be on slender peduncles
from the angles of the upper leaves.

The flowers, proper, are concealed beneath the
large, broad, scale-like, crimson-pink sepals that tight-
ly overlap each other and form the head; these scale-
like sepals correspond to the wings on the Fringed
Polygala, the true petals and minutely crested keel
being shorter and not visible from the outside. The
small, stiff, acutely-pointed leaves are densely alter-
nated on the stem up to the flower head. The plant
grows from 6 to 12 inches high, and abounds through-
out the U. S.

CROSS-LEAVED MILKWORT (Polygala cruciata)
has spatulate-shaped leaves arranged in fours around
the stem, — cross-like. The stem is quite branchy,
and grows from 4 to 14 inches high. At the end of
each branch, seated within the four terminating
leaves, is a dainty little, globular, pink flower-head.
Its construction is more open than that of the preced-
ing species; the pink, sharply-pointed sepals do not
hug closely together, but are -slightly spread so that
the tiny petals and stamens may be seen. The little
heads bear considerable resemblance to tiny Red
Clover blossoms.

We find this species around the edges of swamps
or in rather moist fields, from Me. to Minn, and
southwards to the Gulf of Mexico. Both this species
and the last have a long period of bloom; we may
find their flowers from June until September.

IS

SNOW-ON-THE-MOUNTAIN.
Euphorbia marginata.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 1Q5

SPURGE FAMILY (Euphorbiaceae).

This family contains a dozen different genera, all
agreeing in that they have acrid, milky juices.

SNOW-ON-THE-MOUNTAIN; WHITE-EDGED
SPURGE (Euphorbia marginata) is a large bushy
herb often cultivated because of its beautiful, white-
margined foliage. The stem is very stout and
branchy, and grows from 2 to 3 feet high. The leaves
are dark green, large, ovate-pointed and seated on
the stem; the lower ones are quite similar in shape to
those of the common milkweed and are alternated on
the stem; those near the end of the branches are
crowded, opposite or whorled about the stem; the
terminal ones have the edges of the leaves more or
less widely margined with clear white.

The flowers are rather small, grouped in clusters
in the center of the terminal cluster of margined
leaves. The staminate and pistillate flowers are on
different plants. The involucre is five parted and
has five white petals.

When broken, both the leaves and stems exude
quantities of a milky juice. This species of Spurge
grows in dry soil from Minn, and Ohio west to Colo-
rado, and is sometimes found in parts of the East
where it has escaped from gardens.

PAINTED LEAF (Euphorbia heterophylla) is a pe-
culiar species found on rocky, woody slopes from
Minn, southwards to Texas and in Fla. The stout,
erect, branching, smooth stem grows from one to
three feet high. The alternating leaves vary from
ovate, sinuous-toothed, to lanceolate and smooth edg-
ed. The ones crowded at the ends of the branches
usually have red bases. The involucres in the ter-
minal cluster are five-parted.

CYPRESS SPURGE (Euphorbia Cyparissias) is an
escape from gardens. It has very numerous, linear
leaves, and a large terminal cluster of greenish-white
flowers stained with russet-red.

JEWELWEED; TOUCH-ME-NOT.
Impatiens biflora.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 197

JEWEL-WEED FAMILY (Balsaminaceae).
JEWEL-WEED; SPOTTED TOUCH-ME-NOT (Im-

patiens biflora) is a common rank-growing herb with
a stout, but fragile, branching stem. It has many pe-
culiarities and a great many local names, all of which
pertain to some of these peculiarities. Its most com-
mon name of Jewel-weed is very appropriate, as the
flowers certainly do resemble jeweled pendants hang-
ing from the slender branches. The large, inflated
sac, which is really one of the three sepals, is orange-
yellow, spotted with brown; it is longer than it is
broad and has a sharply incurved spur about half the
length of the sac. Two of these singular flowers
droop from the ends of each thread-like peduncle, but
only one flowers at a time.

The slim seed-pod is the cause of two very com-
monly applied names, — Touch-me-not and Snapweed.
When nearly ripe, these pods can scarcely be touch-
ed but what they will suddenly, almost explosively,
burst and scatter their seeds in all directions. One
not acquainted with their ways, is always startled
when he accidentally brushes against the mature
Touch-me-not.

The leaves are very delicate in appearance, and
their light, slender stems are almost translucent;
they are ovate, round-toothed, dull green above and
whitish-green below; owing to the coloring of the
leaves, Jewel-weed is often locally called "Silver-leaf."
The stem is hollow and juicy, and stained with red-
dish.

PALE TOUCH-ME-NOT (Impatiens pallida) is very
similar. The flower pouch, however, is paler and
with few or no brown spots, the sac is as wide as it
is long, and the curved spur is less than one-third the
length of the sac. The stem is light green. Both
species are common in moist, shady places through-
out the United States.

COMMON MALLOW.
Malva rotundi folia.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 199
MALLOW FAMILY (Malvaceae.)

Composed of herbs or shrubs with alternate, stipu-
late, irregular leaves, perfect, regular flowers and
having mucilaginous juices.

COMMON MALLOW; CHEESES (Malva rotundi-
folia) (EUROPEAN) is a very common weed about
dooryards, especially in the country, and along the
edges of cultivated fields. The long stalks spring
from biennial roots and creep over the ground, the
branches being 6 to 24 inches in length. The dark
green, round leaves are very handsome; they have
a shallow-lobed and very finely toothed edge and are
deeply, palmately-ribbed. The leaves, their stems and
the plant stems are rathe*1 rough.

The small, wide-spread, bell-shaped flowers are
clustered close to the stalk on short stems from the
axils of the leaves. The five petals have notched tips,
are white, delicately tinted with pink or pale magen-
ta, and have veinings of a deeper shade. The flowers
are attractive and, were they not so abundant about
our very doors, would more often be appreciated.
The seed is hard, flat and rounded, composed of a
dozen or more carpels; it is eaten by children with
great relish, these being the "cheeses" that give the
species one of its common names.

Like so many others of our flowers, this species
came to our shores from across the Atlantic. As
usual with foreign plants introduced into this coun-
try, it thrives here better, and multiplies even faster,
than in its native home. It is the same with all
classes of life. The English Sparrow, to our sorrow,
is so strongly entrenched here that it can never be
driven out. The Ring-necked Pheasant, introduced
from China, is very abundant in the Northwest and,
even in the East, thrives better than the native
Grouse.

A. HIGH MALLOW.
Malva sylvestris.

B. MUSK MALLOW.
Malva moschata.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 201

HIGH MALLOW (Malva sylvestris) (EUROPEAN)

is a tall biennial with a coarse branching stem, often
attaining a height of three feet, or even more on
waste land; usually, as we see it along roadsides, it
is only from one to two feet in height. Both the stems
and the leaves have a thick covering of hair; the lat-
ter are all borne on long stems, alternating along the
plant stalk, and are divided into five or seven lobes
with a serrate outline. The flowers grow in clusters
of perhaps a half dozen from the axils of the leaves;
they have five, heart-shaped petals of a purplish color,
with two or three conspicuous veins of a darker shade
of the same color. This species is often erroneously
called Marsh Mallow, because of the similarity of the
names. The latter plant, though, is quite different
from the present species.

The Mallows get their generic name of Malva, in al-
lusion to the soothing effect of the mucilaginous
juices of the root and stem. This is used for the mak-
ing of a number of soothing compounds.

MUSK MALLOW (Malva moschata) (EUROPEAN)

is a similar species with the leaves deeply and palm-
ately slashed and toothed. Several hairy, branching
stems proceed from the perennial root, to heights of
one or two feet. The flowers are peculiar in that the
ends of each of the five rose-colored petals are rough-
ly notched, looking as though they had been bitten off .
This species received its name from the fact that
when the leaves are crushed., they give forth a slight
odor of musk. The blossoms occur, singly or in
pairs, from the axils of the leaves, near the ends of
the branches. It blooms in July and August in waste
places, often* -alorig^ roadsides, where' it 'has made its
escape from gardens. It is now quite abundant in
northern New England and southern Canada.

ROSE MALLOW.
Hibiscus moscheutos.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 203

ROSE MALLOW (Hibiscus Moscheutos) is a tall,
leafy perennial, bearing flowers that easily rank as
being among the largest and most beautiful of any of
our wild flowers. The stem is quite stout and inclin-
ed to be hairy. The large leaves are ovate-pointed
and toothed; they are stemmed, and alternate along
the main plant stalk. The lower ones are often three-
lobed.

The flowers grow on short stems at the end of the
upright stalk. But one usually blooms at a time
and there are not a great many buds; what they lack
in profusion of bloom, this species fully makes up in
size, for its blossoms measure four to six inches
across. The five, large petals, are a delicate rose
color, conspicuously veined, and often with crimson
bases. The long, slender pistil divides at the tip, in-
to five flat-headed stigmas; for more than half its
length, it is encased in the long stamen column, the
sides of which are covered with yellow anthers.

The Rose Mallow grows in swamps and marshes
near the coast, from Mass., southwards, and along
the shores of the Great Lakes to Mich. It blooms
from July to September.

For twenty years a small colony of perhaps half a
dozen of the beautiful plants grew in a certain swamp
near Narragansett Bay in R. I. They were so sur-
rounded by bogs that it was very difficult to reach
them, but finally they were found by summer visitors
and the plants, root and all, removed bodily. Such
is the fate of our beautiful flowers.

MARSH MALLOW (Althea officialis) is a species
that has been introduced from Europe and is found in
some of the salt marshes near the coast. The leaves
are downy, three-lobed, toothed and stout-stemmed.
The hollyhock-like flowers are in small clusters from
the angles of the leaves. The thick root furnishes
material for confectionery.

COMMON ST. JOHNSWORT.
Hypericum perforatum.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 205

ST. JOHNSWORT FAMILY (Hypericaceae).

A small family of shrubs and herbs, having oppo-
site, toothless, and generally stemless leaves, and reg-
ular, four or five-petalled flowers.

COMMON ST. JOHNSWORT (Hypericum perfor-
atum) (EUROPEAN) is a wanderer from the old
world that, having reached our hospitable shores, pro-
ceeded to multiply and over-run the native plants so
that it is now regarded by farmers as a pest along
with the Wild Carrot and Mustard. If it is true that
in the struggle for existence, the fittest survive, then
surely this species must be one of the fittest; we
often see it growing lustily in circumstances under
which few plants could exist. It grows promiscuous-
ly in fields or along roadsides. Even a generous
sprinkling of tarvia, received when the roads were
sprinkled, failed to kill this plant, although many
other species died from the effects.

It has a slender but tough stem from one to two
feet high; it has numerous short branches, each
crowded with tiny, stiff, oval leaves. The upper
branches terminate in clusters of 5-parted, golden-
yellow flowers with numerous, long, yellow stamens.
This species blooms from July until September.

SPOTTED ST. JOHNSWORT (Hypericum puncta-
tum) is a similar species, with paler flowers having
fine black streaks on the petals, especially on the un-
der sides; the leaves are thickly dotted with black
and brown. It is found in moist places or thickets
from N, S. to Minn, and southwards.

SHRUBBY ST. JOHNSWORT (Hypericum proli-
ficum) is a very shrubby species, with stout branch-
ing stems. The deep green, linear-oblong leaves are
closely seated on the stem and at their bases are
other tiny leaves or leaflets. The flower clusters are
thick, flat and bright golden-yellow; the numerous
stamens are orange-yellow. Common from N. Y. to
Minn, and southwards.

A. MARSH ST. JOHNSWORT.

Hypericum virginicum.

B. ST. JOHNSWORT.

Hypericum ellipticum.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 207

MARSH ST. JOHNSWORT (Hypericum virgin!-

cum) is an entirely different species in every respect.
The stem is slender, erect and from one to two feet
in height, growing from perennial running rootstalks.
The comparatively large leaves are light green, with
brownish spots and a white bloom on the under side;
they are closely set, oppositely on the stem.

The flowers are in small clusters terminating the
branches; the five petals are of a pinkish, flesh-color
ar-d surround three groups of golden-yellow stamens.

This species is prcbably chiefly self-pollenized; the
three bundles of stamens are close to the stigmas,
and just on a level with them, so that a visiting in-
sect could scarcely help depositing pollen on the
stigma of its own flcwer. True, some of it may be
left on his body to carry to another blossom, so that
occasionally cross-fertilization may occur. After the
flowering season, the flower contracts so that the an-
thers and stigmas are in contact with each other.
Later in the summer, after the flowers have entirely
withered away, the stem and the leaves take on a
rosy tinge that attracts the attention of the observer,
even though he be not interested in flowers.

ST. JOHNSWORT (Hypericum ellipticum) has a

simple usually 4-angled stem, sometimes with a sin-
gle branch near the top. It grows from 8 to 20 inches
high and is quite leafy. The leaves are comparatively
large, about the same shape as those of Marsh St.
Johnswort. At the top are a few five-petalled flowers
with bright golden-yellow stamens. The ovoid pods
succeeding the flowers are brownish. This species is
found in damp places or along streams from Me. to
Minn, and south to Pa.

A. ROCK ROSE; FROST- WEED.
Helianthemum canadense.

B. HUDSONIA.
Hudsonia tomentosa.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 209

ROCKROSE FAMILY (Cistaceae).

A small family of small shrubs or herbs, having
regular flowers with three or five petals and five
sepals, the two external ones being small and bract-
like.

FROSTWEED; ROCKROSE (Helianthemum can-
adense). This little perennial is very remarkable
and unique, because late in autumn, crystals of ice
form about the cracked bark of the root. It is also
remarkable for the fact that it has two sets of flow-
ers, the first ones in June and later ones in July or
August. The first flowers are large and solitary,
about one inch across, with five showy yellow petals;
these are very delicate and the petals soon fall.

Continuing its growth the plant developes several
short branches near the top, on each of which will
appear from one to four smaller flowers, some with
yellow petals and some without any.

The leaves are small, oblong-lanceolate, hoary with
white hairs on the under side, alternating along the
stem that rises from 10 to 18 inches high. Both
the early and late flowers are fertile, the seed pods
of the former are about a quarter inch long, those of
the latter, less than half as long. Frostweed grows
in sandy, dry soil from Me. to Minn, and southwards.

HUDSONIA (Hudsonia tomentosa) is a low branch-
ing, little shrub rising only 5 or 10 inches above
ground. Its branching stems are closely crowded
with tiny, scale-like, oval leaves about one-half inch
long. These are set as closely about the stem as pos-
sible and hug closely to it, instead of spreading.

The small, yellow flowers that are crowded along
the ends of the branches, open only in sunshine; the
five tiny yellow petals surround numerous stamens
and a long, slender style. Hudsonia is found on sandy
shores from N. B. to Va. and along the Great Lakes.

14

A. BIRD'S-FOOT VIOLET.

Viola pedata.

B. PALMATED VIOLET.

Viola palmata.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 211
VIOLET FAMILY (Violaceae).

A small family of herbs with perfect but irregular
flowers having five petals, the lower one of which is
spurred; flowers nodding.

BIRD-FOOT VIOLET (Viola pedata) is a well
known and very characteristic violet, one not apt
to be confused with the other species of blue violets.
The flowers of this species are the largest of the blue
violets; they are blue-violet or purple-violet and have
a bright orange center, formed by the large anthers
that block the throat of the blossom. The lower,
large petal is slightly grooved, veined with white at
its base and has a short spur to hold nectar for its
valued insect visitors, these being bumblebees and
small butterflies.

The leaves grow on long petioles, in dense tufts,
from the root; each leaf is cut into five to eleven
parts, all sharply pointed, and the middle and lateral
ones with their ends notched or cleft.

EARLY BLUE VIOLET; PALMATED VIOLET
(Viola palmata) has slightly smaller blue flowers with
bearded side petals; occasionally the flowers may be
nearly white. Its petals are narrower than those of
the last species and the anthers are smaller and
less .conspicuous.

The basal leaves are very variable in shape, rang-
ing from heart-shaped with rounded teeth and an un-
broken edge to palmately cleft ones with five or
seven rounded lobes; they are never cleft entirely to
the stem as are those of Bird-foot Violet, but only
about half way, and all divisions are rounded with no
sharp angles. Both of these violets are common in
dry ground, the former in fields or the borders of
swamps, and the latter usually in thin woodland,
from Me. to Minn, and southwards.

A. COMMON VIOLET.
Viola cucullata.

B. CANADA VIOLET.
Viola canadensis.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 213

COMMON VIOLET (Viola cucullata) is the common-
est and best known of all the violets. It grows in low
land everywhere, — in woods, meadows, marshes
or along roadsides. It is a very beautiful and vari-
able species both as to size and color of blossoms and
to shape of the leaves. If the ground is dry, the
plants will be small, and the flowers nodding from
scapes perhaps 3 inches high. In rich swampy
ground we find it at its best, the handsome flowers
sometimes proudly waving their heads on slender
stems a foot long.

The flowers are sometimes a deep purple and again
may be a light blue, or even nearly white. The two
upper petals are usually darker near the throat; the
three lower ones shade to white at the throat, the
side ones being beautifully fringed or bearded. The
leaves are usually heart-shaped, round-toothed and
concave or furled; they are on long stems from the
base.

CANADA VIOLET (Viola canadensis) is the most
common of the leafy stemmed blue violets. You will
notice that the preceding species all had their leaves
from the base, and the flowers nodding on slender
scapes, while this one has leaves growing on the slen-
der stem and flowers above them on peduncles,
springing from the angles of the leaves. The leaves
are heart-shaped, pointed and serrate. The flowers
are pale violet or even white, the lower, spurred petals
having yellowish bases, streaked with purple veins;
the side petals streaked with purple and bearded.
This species is quite common in woods throughout
the United States.

Violets are among our most popular flowers. Varie-
ties obtained from our wild ones are cultivated in
enormous quantities for adornment and for perfume.
The violet is the state flower of Rhode Island, and
has been adopted as their representative flower by
several colleges.

A. WHITE VIOLET; SWEET VIOLET.

Viola blanda.

B. LANCE-LEAVED VIOLET.
Viola lanceolata.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 215
SWEET WHITE VIOLET (Viola blanda) is the

most fragrant of our wild violets, regardless of color.
It is a most charming plant, but very diminutive, in
fact it is probably the smallest of the entire family.
Occasionally we may find them in some exceptional-
ly favorable locality growing to a height of perhaps
six inches, but the usual height will barely exceed
two inches. The plant is stemless, that is the leaf
stems and flower stalks all spring directly from the
root.

The delicate, white flowers are small, — barely a
half inch across and many of them not more than
a quarter of an inch. The petals are not widely ex-
panded, and the top two are usually more or less
curved backwards; the three lower petals are very
delicately veined near the throat with purple, and
the lateral ones are sometimes fringed of bearded. By
the way, this beard that is found on most of the violets
is there for a purpose,— to prevent crawling insects,
such as small ants, from gaining admittance to the
store of nectar in the spur back of the throat. Useful
bees or butterflies can reach through with their
tongues, but it is almost impossible for other pilfer-
ers to force their way through bodily.

The leaves of the common white violet are rounded
heart-shaped with slightly scalloped or round-toothed
edges. It is very common in swamps and moist woods
throughout the United States and southern Canada.

LANCE-LEAVED VIOLET (Viola lanceolata) is a
taller, more slender species growing from 3 to 8
inches high. Its leaves are lance-shaped, scallop-edg-
ed and on long stems from the root. The white flow-
ers are only slightly fragrant; the three lower petals
are strongly veined with purple and the two side ones
are rarely bearded. It is commonly found in swamps
and moist ground from N. S. to Minn, and south-
wards, flowering from April to June.

DOWNY YELLOW VIOLET.
Viola pubescens.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 217

DOWNY YELLOW VIOLET (Viola pubescens) is
a large very handsome violet that prefers, for its
habitat, dry hilly woods, often by the side of rushing
brooks, but not usually where the soil is moist.

In a certain piece of woodland, a small brook tum-
bles its way noisily along its rocky bed. Alders spar-
ingly line both banks of the brook, banks that slope
steeply upward on either side. In one place along
it, in a place the size of an ordinary room, is a colony
of Yellow Violets, growing so closely together that
one can barely see the ground between the leaves.
Directly over this wild flower bed, a pair of Wood
Thrushes make their home, year after year. Ordinar-
ily Yellow Violets bloom in April and May, but in
this particular case their bloom is delayed until the
latter part of May, the time when their feathered
neighbors have their home also completed.

The Yellow Violet is one of the tallest members of
the family, its stem ranging from 6 to 18 inches in
length. Both the stems and the leaves are wooly
hairy. There are from two to four leaves growing
from the stem near its summit; they are heart-shap-
ed, pointed, and either toothed or scalloped. The
flowers, rising on slender peduncles from the axils
of the leaves, are rather large and bright yellow; the
two lateral petals are heavily bearded and the lower
one is handsomely veined with purple. These beards
compel visiting insects to brush against the stigma
and then against the anthers before reaching the
nectar in the short spur.

Most of the violets, during the summer, have apeta-
lous or cleistogamous flowers on short peduncles from
the root; these never open, but are fertilized in the
bud. Closely allied species when growing near each
other, often form hybrids that are confusing except
to the expert botanist.

SMOOTH YELLOW VIOLET (Viola scabriuscula)
is similar to the former but, normally, is smooth or
only very slightly hairy. Yellow Violets are found
from N. S. to Manitoba and southwards to Md. and
Kans.

. A

A. PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE.
Lythrum salicaria.
B. LOOSESTRIFE.
Lythrum alatum.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 219

LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY (Lythraceae).

A small family of herbs or shrubs, usually with op-
posite, entire-edged leaves and perfect flowers.

PURPLE or SPIKED LOOSESTRIFE (Lythrum
Salicaria) (EUROPEAN). Undoubtedly this species,
which came to us from Europe, is the most beautiful
of the genus. It is quite commonly known by the
names of "Long Purples" and "Spiked Willow-herb."
It is a very ornamental plant and forms a very attrac-
tive contrast to the surrounding vegetation when seen
growing in profusion, as it so often does, along the
banks of rivers and ponds. The rootstalk is perennial
so that, once established, this species will spring up
year after year in the same place.

The plant grows from 2 to 4 feet high and branches
towards the top; during the flowering season, from
June to August, we may see from one to, often, as
many as half a dozen of these beautiful, long spikes
flowering simultaneously on the same plant. The
green leaves are stemless, lance-shaped and grow op-
positely, or in circles of three, on the slightly hairy
stem. The many purple flowers, making up the spike,
each have six long petals and are trimorphous, that
is flowers on the same plant have, relatively, three
different lengths of stamens and pistils. They are
cross-fertilized by bees and various species of butter-
flies. Purple Loosestrife is found locally in swamps
and on marshy borders of streams from Me. to Del.
and westwards.

LOOSESTRIFE (Lythrum alatum) is a tall slend-
er, native species growing 1 to 3 feet high, angular
and branching. The deep green, lance-shaped leaves
are set oppositely on the lower stem and alternately
on the upper branches. The flowers appear sparing-
ly from the axils of the leaves near the ends of the
branches. This species grows in moist ground from
N. S. to. Minn, and southwards to the Gulf.

MEADOW BEAUTY; DEERGRASS.
Rhexia virginica.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 221

MELASTOMA FAMILY (Melastomaceae).

MEADOW BEAUTY (Rhexia virginica) is a pretty
little plant that always causes a thrill of admiration
to pass through us as we come across it in grassy
marshes where other flowers are usually few and
very far between.

The individual blossoms are very handsome, but
the plant, as a whole, has rather a disheveled ap-
pearance; it has numerous buds, two or three of
which, only, open at a time, lasting but for a short
space, the petals then falling off and the calyx and
long stamens becoming withered and brownish; these
detract greatly from an otherwise very beautiful
plant.

Meadow Beauty or "Deer-grass' is a perennial, has
a stout stem, quite branching and sharp-pointed,
ovate, toothed, three-ribbed leaves, seated oppositely
on the stem. The flowers grow on slender peduncles
from the angles of the upper leaves; they have four
large, rounded, magenta petals, each with a short,
sharp point at the tip. The eight stamens are long
and slightly unequal, the anthers being exception-
ally large and bright golden-yellow; the calyx is urn-
shaped, with four, short, sharp teeth. Meadow beauty
is found blooming during July and August in sandy
marshes and shores from Me. to Fla. and in the
states bordering the Mississippi. Several other spe-
cies are found, differing but slightly, as follows:

Rhexla aristosa has a square, or wing-angled stem,
linear-oblong leaves and pink or purple petals. Pound
in pine barrens from N. J. to Ga.

R. mariana has a round stem and linear-oblong
leaves with short stems. Found in sandy swamps
from N. Y. to Fla. and west to Mo. and Tex.

R. ciliosa has a square stem, broad, ovate leaves
few, stemless flowers with straight anthers. Found
from Md. to Fla. and La.

A. WILLOW HERB; FIREWEED.

Epilobium angustifolium.

B. HAIRY WILLOW HERB.

Epilobium hirsutum.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 223

EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY (Onagraceae).

A family of herbs or shrubs with perfect, usually
four-parted flowers, four petals, four sepals, four or
eight stamens and a two or four-parted stigma.

GREAT WILLOW-HERB; FIREWEED (Epilobium
angustifolium) springs up in profusion and attains
its greatest growth in clearings or recently burned
land; hence the name of "Fireweed" by which it is
most commonly known, a name which is also given
to an entirely different plant (Erechtites hieracifolia),
belonging to the great Composite Family.

The tall, upright stem is usually simple, but occa-
sionally slightly branched at the top. It attains
heights of from two to eight feet. The closely al-
ternating leaves are long, lance-shaped, greatly re-
sembling those of the Willow, from which fact it re-
ceived its other common name, a name, by the
way, that it is advisable to apply to this species as
it will avoid confusion of conflicting names.

The flower spike is long; the flowers, blooming
from the bottom, upwards, leave in their wake, num-
erous upright, long, slender pods. The four pink
petals of each flower are very broad and rounded
at the outer end, alternated with narrow brownish
sepals; it has eight stamens and a prominent 4-parted
pistil. They are apparently seated on the ends of the
slender undeveloped pods.

The Great Willow Herb is abundant throughout our
range in low ground, blooming during July and
August.

HAIRY WILLOW HERB (Epilobium hirsutum)
(EUROPEAN) has become naturalized and is fairly
common in waste places and about old dwellings. It
is branchy, hairy, has finely toothed, stemless leaves,
and four-parted, magenta flowers growing from the
angles of the upper leaves.

A. EVENING PRIMROSE.
Oenothera biennis.

B. SUNDROPS.
Oenothera fructicosa.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 225

EVENING PRIMROSE (Oenothera biennis) is an
exceedingly common biennial plant, so persistent and
so profuse in its growth that it is often regarded as
an obnoxious weed. Its common name was given it
because of its nocturnal habits, the flowers spread-
ing wide open at dusk and partly or wholly closing
the next morning.

The stem is soft-hairy, quite stout and often very
tall, ranging from 1 to 6 feet in height. It is usually
simple, but sometimes branches, especially in the
Fall. Both the stem and the leaves are rather
coarse in texture; the latter are lanceolate, stemless
and rough-edged or very slightly toothed. The flow-
ers are seated in the angles of the upper leaves; they
appear to be on stems, for the calyxtube is very
long and slender, with the four lobes, or sepals, re-
flexed. The four, pale, lemon-yellow petals are large
and rounded, the flower spreading slightly less than
two inches; the eight stamens have golden-yellow
anthers.

The lower buds open first, only a few at a
time, so that usually we may find seed-pods seat-
ed among the leaves just below the flowers and un-
developed buds and leaves above. It is fertilized
sometimes by bees in the daytime, but chiefly by
night-flying moths. A large variety (grandiflora) is
often cultivated and sometimes escapes. It is an
European species with flowers measuring 3 or 4
inches across. The Primrose blooms in fields and
roadsides, everywhere, from July to September.

SUNDROPS (Oenothera fructicosa) a somewhat
similar, diurnal species, with a branched stem grows
1 to 3 feet high. The pale yellow flowers measure
from y2 to 1 inch across; they are in loose terminal
clusters or from the angles of the upper leaves. The
leaves are linear-lanceolate, slightly toothed. Com-
mon from Me. to Minn, and southwards.

15

WILD SARSAPARILLA.
Aralia nudicaulis.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 227

GINSENG FAMILY (Araliaceae).

A family of herbs with compound leaves and usual-
ly perfect, tiny flowers in umbels or clusters.

WILD SARSAPARILLA (Aralia nudicaulis) has a
single large, compound leaf on a long stem from the
creeping, fragrant, aromatic root; the leaf is divided
into three branching divisions, each containing five
ovate, toothed leaflets. This single leaf is often mis-
takenly called three. The flowers are gathered into
three, rounded umbels, on short pedicels, from the
top of a long stem that joins the leaf -stem near its
base; each cluster bears many, tiny, five-parted,
greenish-white flowers with reflexed petals. It is a
very decorative plant, common in moist woodland
from Newfoundland to Minn, and southwards. It is
often locally known as "Umbrella-plant" because of
the manner in which the large leaf spreads protecting-
ly over the round, flower clusters.

GINSENG (Panax quinquefolium) is well known as
the plant that is collected and cultivated for the thick,
fleshy, branching roots. Enormous quantities of these
roots are annually shipped to China, where they com-
mand large prices because of supposed medicinal pro-
perties. The plant grows from 8 to 18 inches high.
Three compound leaves, each consisting of five, ovate-
pointed, toothed, short-stemmed leaflets, radiate from
near the top of the smooth stem. From six to twenty,
tiny, 5-parted, yellowish-white flowers are in a round
umbel, on a slender, upright peduncle above the
leaves. It is found in rich, cold woods from Quebec
to Minn, and South to Ala. and Mo.

DWARF GINSENG (Panax trifolium) is a tiny spe-
cies from 4 to 8 inches high. It has a spherical root,
slender stem, three leaves compounded of three leaf-
lets each, and numerous, tiny white flowers in an
umbel above them. Common in rich woods from N.
S. to Minn, and southwards.

B.

HI I 'Si

A. WATER PARSNIP.
Slum cir cut ae folium.
WILD CARROT; QUEEN ANNE'S LACE.
Daucus Carota.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 229
PARSLEY FAMILY (Umbeliferae).

A large family of herbs, usually with hollow stems,
tiny, .perfect or polygamous flowers in umbels or flat-
topped clusters and with deeply-cut, compound leaves.

WATER PARSNIP (Slum cicutaefolium) is a stout
branching herb growing in shallow water. The rather
weak stem is from 2 to 6 feet high. The alternating,
compound leaves are very variable, but usually of
from seven to fifteen, sharply-toothed, linear or lance-
shaped leaflets. Flat, dome-shaped clusters, or um-
bels, of tiny white flowers terminate the upper
branches. This species is very abundant throughout
the country.

EARLY MEADOW PARSNIP (Zizia aurea) is a
common roadside weed, or found along the borders
of woods, swamps or meadows. Its rather weak ap-
pearing stems surprise us with their power of re-
sisting when we try to break them. The leaves are
divided into three parts, containing five or seven, lan-
ceolate, toothed leaflets, each. The tiny golden-yel-
low flowers are arranged in terminal heads consist-
ing of numerous wide-spread, little umbels.

WILD CARROT; BIRD'S NEST; QUEEN ANNE'S
LACE (Daucus Carota) (EUROPEAN). While to
flower lovers, this may appear to be the most beauti-
ful species of the family, it is the most heartily de-
tested weed with which the farmer has to contend.
It is very prolific, and each individual plant strikes
its roots deep into the ground, as though determined
to defy extermination. It is a very near relative to,
and by some supposed to be, the species from which
our cultivated carrots descended. The fully opened
flower clusters have an exquisite, lace-like appear-
ance, while those half-opened are hollowed sugges-
tively like a bird's nest; in the center of the cluster,
is a tiny purple floret, all the others being white.

A. FLOWERING DOGWOOD.

Cornus florida.

B. DWARF CORNELL; BUNCHBERRY.
Cornus canadensis.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 231

DOGWOOD FAMILY (Cornaceae).

FLOWERING DOGWOOD (Cornus florida) is a tall
shrub or tree, ranging in height from 7 to 40 feet. It
is in reality outside the scope of this book, as we do
not aim to include shrubs or trees, but Dogwood is
so conspicuous in flower and so closely related to the
following species, that it has been included. The
large handsome flowers are in full bloom before or
just as the leaves commence to appear. So profuse-
ly do the large white, flowers, measuring 2 to 4
inches across, cover the whole tree that the appear-
ance, from a little distance, is as though the tree were
mantled with snow.

The four, large, notched segments are not petals, but
form the involucre and the real flowers are clustered
at the center; they have four tiny greenish-white pet-
als and numerous little stamens. This Dogwood is
common in* dry woods from Me. to Minn, and south
to the Gulf.

BUNCHBERRY; DWARF CORNEL (Cornus can-
adensis) is really a dwarf as compared to the preced-
ing, for it grows only from 4 to 8 inches high.

The stem is leafless except at the top, at which
point, four to six leaves radiate; they are ovate-point-
ed, shining yellow-green and have five or more deep,
parallel ribs. They usually grow in colonies, often so
closely together that the leaves overlap and obscure
the ground.

What appears like a singled large blossom seated
almost within the whorl of leaves, is in reality a clus-
ter of tiny, green-peta-lled, 4-parted flowers surround-
ed by four large greenish-white bracts; these pointed
outer divisions form what is termed the involucre of
the flowers.

In Pall a cluster of scarlet berries takes the place
of the flowers, so the plant is attractive at all sea-
sons. It ranges from Labrador to Alaska south to
N. J., Ind. and Minn.

A. SPOTTED WINTERGREEN.

Chimaphila maculata.

B. PIPSISSEWA; PRINCESS PINE.

Chimaphila umbellata.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 233

HEATH FAMILY (Ericaceae).

A family of shrubs or herbs having perfect and
usually regular flowers, with four or five petals and
the same number, or twice as many, stamens.

Divided into three sub-families, the Pyrola (Pyrol-
oideae), the Indian Pipe (Monotropoideae) and the
Heath (Ericoideae).

PYROLA SUBFAMILY.

SPOTTED WINTERGREEN (Chimaphila macula-
ta) is a very handsome plant that we often come
across in our rambles through rich woodland. It is a
species one cannot mistake, for no other is like it.
The stalk, that rises from 3 to 9 inches high, is of a
ruddy color; the leaves are thick, smooth, irregularly
toothed, lance-shaped, pointed and with conspicuous
whitish streaks following the veins. In July and
August, it bears one to five nodding flowers on long,
erect peduncles above the topmost whorl of leaves;
the five rosy or cream-colored petals have a frail,
translucent, waxy appearance that characterizes
members of this sub-family.

As would be imagined from its name, the leaves
of this species remain on the plant through the win-
ter. Because of this fact and their beauty, they are
in demand for, and make excellent plants in ferner-
ies. It ranges from Me., Ontario and Minn, south-
ward to Ga. and Miss.

PIPSISSEWA; PRINCE'S PINE (Chimaphila um-
bel lata) grows in similar localities and is generally
more common than the last. Its leaves are usually
in two whorls about the brownish stem; they are
bright shining green, toothed, unspotted, pointed, but
broadened towards the end. The flowers are similar
to the last and are in a loose 2 to 8-flowered umbel.
The style is very short, with a five-parted gummy
stigma; the ten stamens have double, purplish anth-
ers. This species is found from N. S. to Ga. and west
to the Pacific Coast.

A. SHIN-LEAF. Pyrola elliptica.
B. ONE-FLOWERED PYROLA. Pyrola uniflora.
C. INDIAN PIPE. Monotropa uniflora.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 235

SHIN-LEAF (Pyrola elliptica) is the most common
of the Pyrolas. During the greater part of the year
it is composed of a tuft of thin leaves, almost pros-
trate on the ground. The evergreen leaves are
bright green, obscurely toothed, broadly elliptical and"
narrowing into long stems that clasp at the base.
During May a long, smooth scape springs from the mid-
dle of the group of basal leaves to a height of 5 to 10
inches, bearing near its top a raceme of many buds;
during June and July, these buds expand into nodding
flowers; each has five waxy-white petals, a small, five-
parted, green calyx and a long curving pistil.

The name Shin-leaf was applied because the leaves
were formerly used for, and supposed to cure, sores
or bruises. It is common throughout the United
States and southern Canada.

ONE-FLOWERED PYROLA (Moneses uniflora) ex-
ternally closely resembles the preceding species; in
reality it is intermediate between the Pyrolas and
Chimaphila. The leaves, clustered at the apex of
creeping subterranean shoots, are thin, rounded, shal-.
low-toothed and on slender trough-shaped stems. The
flower scape is from 2 to 5 inches high, has a few
scale-like bracts, and at the summit bears, during
June or July, a single nodding flower, with five ivory-
white petals, ten white stamens with large, two-point-
ed anthers and a prominent, club-shaped, green pistil.
It ranges from Labrador to Alaska and south to Pa.
and Minn.

INDIAN PIPE, CORPSE PLANT (Monotropa uni-
flora) is a very peculiar, ghostly appearing plant
found commonly in dimly-lighted, rich woods. It has
no green foliage, just white bract-like appendages on
its upright, white, cold, clammy stem. A single white
flower nods from the top. It is parasitic, drawing its
nourishment from living roots or decaying vegetable
matter. Common throughout our range,

WHITE AZALEA; SWAMP HONEYSUCKLE.
Rhododendron viscosum.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 237

SWAMP HONEYSUCKLE; WHITE AZALEA

(Rhododendron viscosum) is a most beautiful swamp
shrub with handsome, fragrant, white flowers. In
low, wet swamps it is very common and blooms very
profusely during June and July. The bush is from 3
to 8 feet in height and very branchy. The leaves are
long-oval, broadest towards the blunt-pointed tip and
narrowing to short stems.

The beautiful flowers are pure white, or rarely
tinged with pink; the tube of the long corolla is cov-
ered with very sticky, brownish hairs, and termin-
ates in five, large, pointed, spreading lobes. The
stamens are very long, slender and white, and tipped
with yellow anthers. The five-pointed calyx is very
small and inconspicuous.

Besides being quite fragrant, the flowers secrete
considerable nectar in the base of the tube, and are,
consequently, favorites with many species of but-
terflies, moths and bees. Pilfering insects, like ants,
are unable to reach the nectar tube, because of the
very sticky exterior of the corolla. This species has
the branchlets, and the margins and midribs of the
leaves, bristly, this distinguishing it from the very
similar Smooth Azalea (R. arborescens). The corolla
tubes of both these species are much longer than
the spreading lobes, this readily distinguishing them
readily from the Pink Azalea in which the tube is
about the same length as the lobes.

During the early time of their bloom, all the Aza-
leas bear, hanging among the fragrant flowers, pe-
culiar, juicy, pulpy growths that are edible, as any
well bred farmer's boy knows; he calls them May or
Swamp Apples, but they are really modified buds and
not fungus growths or caused by insects, as was for-
merly believed. These beautiful Azaleas are found
from Me. to Ohio and southwards.

A. PINK AZALEA.
Rhododendron nudiflorum.

B. RHODORA.
Rhododendron canadense.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies Z3Q

PINK AZALEA; PINXTER FLOWER, (WILD HON-
EY-SUCKLE) (Rhododendron nudiflorum) is one of
our most interesting wild shrubs, interesting because
the flowers bloom before the leaves appear, or just
as they commence to grow, and because of the very
beautiful colors its pink flowers impart to our swamps
during April and early May. The flowers are prac-
tically the same in form as the white varieties, ex-
cept that the corolla-tube is shorter. The color
varies from just a rosy blush to a crimson pink.
This added coloring seems to be at the expense of
fragrance, for this species, while sweet scented, is
not nearly as fragrant as the White Azalea. When
the blossoms commence to fade, they loosen at the
base and slip down on the long stamens, where they-
often remain suspended for several days before fall-
ing off.

Pink Azalea grows in open woods or swamps from
Me. to 111. and southwards.

FLAME-COLORED AZALEA (R. calendulaceum) is
a similar species well described by its names. Its
large blossoms are orange, usually turning red, but
are not fragrant, a still further loss of fragrance in
conjunction with a brightening of color. The corolla
tube is shorter than the lobes. This species is found
from southern N. Y. to Ga.

RHODORA (Rhododendron canadense) is a beau-
tiful member of this family, immortalized in verse by
Emerson. It is a smaller shrub growing from 1 to 3
feet high. The flowers usually appear before the pale
green, oblong leaves; the corolla is about one inch
long, light magenta, and two-lipped. The upper lip
is 3-lobed and the lower is nearly divided into two
distinct, linear petals. They grow in thin clusters
terminating the branches. Rhodora is found on damp
hillsides and in swamps from Newfoundland to Que-
bec and south to N. J. and Pa., flowering during May
and June.

GREAT LAUREL; RHODODENDRON.
Rhododendron maximum.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 241

AMERICAN RHODODENDRON; GREAT LAUREL
(Rhododendron maximum) is a large, tall and very
ornamental shrub growing from 5 to 35 feet high. It
is one of the most characteristic shrubs of the Alle-
gheny Mountain region, where it grows in such pro-
fusion as to form almost impenetrable thickets. As
it is a very hardy shrub and not injured by trans-
planting, it is very often used for decorative effects
in parks and about private dwellings.

The oblong leaves are deep, glossy green, tough
and leathery in texture and have a smooth, slightly
rolled-under edge. They droop in the winter season
but are wide spread in summer.

At the ends of the numerous branches, during
June and July, are showy clusters of pink or white
flowers. Each blossom spreads nearly two inches
and is composed of five, broad, blunt-ended petals
of a pink-white color, spotted with golden-orange.
They have ten spreading stamens and a small pistil.
The flowers are visited most often by the common
bumblebee. Each flower stem is sticky to prevent
crawling insects from visiting the interior of the blos-
som; such insects usually have smooth, shining
bodies not capable of transferring pollen and are use-
less to the welfare of the plant.

Rhododendron is found in rich, hilly or mountain-
ous woods, commonly from Pa. to Ga. but rarly
northwards to Ontario and Nova Scotia.

MOUNTAIN ROSE BAY (R. catawbiense) is a
similar species found in the higher mountains from
Va. to Ga. It has oblong, round-ended leaves and
flowers with a broad, bell-shaped corolla of lilac-
purple petals.

LAPLAND ROSE BAY (R. lapponicum) is a dwarf
species with small elliptical leaves and a prostrate
stem, both dotted with rusty scales, and small purple
flowers. It is found from N. Y. and Me. to the Artie
regions.

16

MOUNTAIN LAUREL.
Kalmia latifolia.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies

MOUNTAIN LAUREL; SPOON-WOOD (Kalmia

latifolia) is one of the most popular of our beautiful
flowering shrubs. In the North it grows from 3 to
8 feet in height, but in the Southern States it often
attains heights of 20 to 30 feet. Its evergreen leaves
lend themselves very readily to decorative effects and
are used in large quantities for wreaths, so many are
used, in fact, that Laurel is becoming scarce near
the larger cities of New England. Laurel often grows
in dense thickets, so dense, in fact, that it is some-
times impossible to force a way through them.

The leaves are dark glossy green, pointed at each
end and oblong in shape; they are arranged alter-
nately along the branches and in dense terminal clus-
ters. The flowers are very peculiar in their construc-
tion, the corolla being deep saucer or bowl-shaped,
with five short, broad lobes; on the outside, around
the bottom edge of the "bowl," are ten small humps,
that inside the corolla form little pockets to receive
the anthers of the slender white stamens, curving
from the center of the blossom like the spokes of a
wheel.

Both moths and bees visit these flowers in quest
of the little supply of nectar that is secreted about
the base of the greenish pistil. In order to get at
it they alight right in the center of the flower, and
pollen they may have brought from previous blos-
soms visited, is quickly entangled on the sticky stig-
ma. As they successively insert their proboscis be-
tween the curved stamens, these become loosened
from their little pockets and spring upwards, covering
the under side of the visitor with a fresh supply of
pollen to carry to another blossom. The flower stems
are sticky so that only winged insects can get to
the interior. Laurel is common from N. B. to Ont.
and southwards.

SHEEP LAUREL.
Kalmia angustifolia.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 245

SHEEP LAUREL; LAMBKILL (Kalmia angustifol-

ia) is a small shrubby species, ranging from 8 to 36
inches high and is no less beautiful than the pre-
ceeding. Besides the common names given above, it
is less often known as "Sheep Poison" and "Wicky,"
a rather sinister lot of names to be applied to a shrub
with such handsome flowers.

All of the laurels have dangerous properties, the
juices of the leaves being very poisonous. It is also
claimed that honey made by bees, feeding on the
nectar from laurel blossoms, is also poisonous. This
species gets its many names, referring to its destruc-
tive effects on sheep, because it grows in abundance
in pastures suitable only for the pasturage of sheep.
The leaves of this small laurel look tempting but are
very often fatal to the animals eating them.

The small, oblong leaves are rather closely set on
the upright, woody stems either oppositely or in
threes; they are bright green above and much paler
on the under side, often spotted with rusty; the stem
and the midrib is of a yellowish shade of green.

The handsome flowers are grouped in clusters
about the middle of the branches or near the top,
with a dense cluster of light green leaves, of new
growth, just forcing its way above them. Their
shapes, forms and mechanisms are about like those
of the Mountain Laurel, but the color is a beautiful,
deep pink; little red anthers fit snugly in the ten
little pockets formed for them in the surface of the
corolla. Sheep Laurel is common from Lab. to Ont.
and southwards, blooming in June and July.

PALE LAUREL (Kalmia polifolia) is similar but
distinguished by its two-edged branches, the whit-
ish green under surface of the leaves and their rolled-
up edges. It grows from Lab. to Alaska and south-
wards.

A. WINTERGREEN; CHECKERBERRY.

B. ARBUTUS; MAYFLOWER.

Epigaea repens.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 247

WINTERGREEN; CHECKERBERRY (Gaultheria
procumbens). I doubt if there is a country boy or
girl within the range of this plant, and it extends
from Newfoundland to Manitoba and southwards to
the Gulf, who is hot perfectly familiar with it. In
Spring they search for "pippins," as they term the
tender, young, yellow-green leaves of the new shoots
that spring up on reddish stalks; the leaves have a
very palatable, spicy, flavor, when they first appear.
In Pall, children troop to the woods and gather the
bright, luscious checkerberries, competing with one
another to see who will find the plant with the large-
est number of berries; ordinarily there are but two
to a plant, but occasionally we may find five, six or
even eight of them hanging beneath the sheltering
leaves.

The leaves are all clustered at the top of the rud-
dy stem that grows from 2 to 5 inches high; those of
adult plants are deep, shining green, ovate-pointed
and very sparingly toothed. Usually two white, tubu-
lar, 5-notched flowers hang on slender peduncles,
just beneath the spreading leaves, during July and
August.

TRAILING ARBUTUS; MAYFLOWER (Epigaea
repens). Probably no flower, especially in New Eng-
land, is as eagerly sought nor as highly prized as the
early blooming Mayflower. In fact its haunts are
ravaged so thoroughly that one has to go farther from
the city limits each year in order to find them. Ar-
butus is a creeping plant; the stems are tough, hairy
and branched; they spread out along the ground for
6 to 15 inches from the root. The evergreen, alter-
nating leaves are tough, oval, slightly heart-shaped
at the base, net-veined and toothless. The flowers
are in terminal clusters, opening in April and May.
They are 5-parted, delicate pink and have a fragrance
similar to that of the Water Lily. Arbutus grows
throughout the eastern half of our continent on shady,
rocky hillsides.

A. LABRADOR TEA.

Ledum groenlandicum.

B. PYXIE; FLOWERING Moss.

Pyxidanthera barbatula.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 249

LABRADOR TEA (Ledum groenlandicum) is an
erect shrub growing from 1 to 3 feet high. It is not
uncommon in suitable places in the eastern half of
Canada, and is found rarely in mountains south to
Conn., Pa., and Minn.; its habitat is in bogs or damp
thickets. The narrowly oblong leaves are green
above, have the edges rolled back and are covered be-
neath with a rusty wool. They alternate along the
stems the same as do those of the laurels, becoming
more crowded towards the ends of the branches.
The small white flowers are clustered at the ends of
the branches; each has a small five-toothed calyx,
five petals and five or ten long stamens surrounding
the short pistil.

LEATHER LEAF (Chamaedaphne calyculata) is a
low, much-branched shrub with small, obtuse, flat,
leathery leaves. Small white flowers grow in the
axils of the upper leaves, forming one-sided leafy ra-
cemes. It is found in bogs from Labrador to Brit-
ish Columbia and south to Ga.; 111. and Minn.
DIAPENSIA FAMILY (Diapensiaceae).

A small family of low herbs, or tufted moss-like
shrubs closely related to the heath family, the chief
distinction being the insertion of the stamens on the
corolla.

PYXIE; FLOWERING MOSS (Pyxidanthera bar-
bulata). Pyxie is a very attractive moss-like shrub
found commonly growing in the pine barrens of the
southeastern states, from N. J. to N. C.. The
branches are prostrate and creep along the ground
for 6 to 10 inches from the roots.

Each branch is very thickly set with tiny, stiff,
lance-shaped leaves less than half an inch in length.
The numerous, tiny, white or pink flowers are seated
on the stem, growing from the angles of the leaves;
they have five, broad-ended petals and attached be-
tween each of them is a curious, short, stout stamen.

SEA LAVENDER; ROSEMARY.
Limonium carolinianum.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 251

LEADWORT FAMILY (Plumbaginaceae).

Seaside plants with perfect, regular flowers in 1-sid-
ed racemes or spikes ; 5-parted and with plaited calyx.

MARSH ROSEMARY; SEA LAVENDER (Limon-
ium carolinianum) is a very characteristic plant of
the seashore; it is found very commonly in salt mar-
shes along the Atlantic coast from Labrador to Flor-
ida, and along the Gulf to Texas.

The plant has a thick, woody, very astringent
root, from which grows a single naked stalk. This
stem divides into numerous branches and branchlets,
all destitute of leaves and spreading out so that the
appearance of the whole plant is that of a very dim-
inutive tree. The leaves all radiate from the root
at the base of the flower stalk; they are spatulate-
shaped, thick, almost smooth-edged, have a promin-
ent mid-rib and are on long stems.

At the end of each branchlet. is a slender, 1-sided
raceme of tiny buds. From July until September
these open out into tiny lavender flowers with five
tiny petals, each coming from a 5-toothed, ribbed
calyx.

Large portions of marshes are often covered with
Marsh Rosemary, growing so closely together that
the branches of the different plants interlock; when
these are in flower, they give a purplish misty appear-
ance to the whole marsh.

The little Sharp-tailed Sparrow is a common bird
of the New England salt marshes. I have often
found their little homes, built of woven grasses, at-
tached to the marsh grass and sheltered by little
patches of seaweed that had lodged in the branches
of Marsh Rosemary during high spring tides.

If picked in the early stages of its bloom, Sea
Lavender retains the color, of its flowers when dried
and is often used for decorations in vases.

A. YELLOW LOOSESTRIFE.

Lysimachia terrestris.

B. FOUR-LEAVED LOOSESTRIFE.

Lysimachia quadrifolw.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 253

PRIMROSE FAMILY (Primulaceae).

A family of herbs having regular perfect flowers
and simple leaves, arranged oppositely, alternately
or whorled about the stem.

YELLOW LOOSESTRIFE (Lysimachia terrestris).
From July until September, our swamps are brighten-
ed by the golden-yellow wand-like spikes of Loose-
strife, swaying on tall, slender leafy stems. We of-
ten find this species growing in company with the
following, but the present one is fond of very wet
places and is most abundant in boggy swamps that
are impenetrable unless shod especially for it. Yel-
low Loosestrife has a tall, slender, simple stem from
8 to 24 inches high. The leaves are pointed-lanceo-
late, stemless and crowded along the stem, either op-
positely or alternately. The flower spike is long and
contains many buds on slender pedicels; they open,
a dozen or more at a time, from the bottom of the
spike upwards, each plant thus being in bloom for
several weeks. Each flower has five, pointed golden-
yellow petals, each with two small reddish brown
spots near the base; the stamens and pistil project
in a cone-like cluster, the stigma being so far remov-
ed from the anthers that self fertilization is not apt
to occur. The setting of the seed depends largely
upon small bees that visit the flowers for pollen.
This Loosestrife is abundant from Newfoundland to
Hudson Bay and southwards.

FOUR LEAVED LOOSESTRIFE (Lysimachia quad-
rifolia) is also a very common species found in low
land in about the same range. The flowers are very
similar but each petal has a single large spot of red-
dish brown at its base instead of a double one; the
flowers appear from the axils of the upper leaves. The
pointed, lanceolate leaves are whorled about the
stem usually in groups of fours, occasionally more or
less.

SHOOTING STAR; AM. COWSLIP.

Dodocatheon meadia.

B. MYRTLE; MONEYWORT.

Lysimachia Nummularia.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 255

SHOOTING STAR; AMERICAN COWSLIP (Dod-

ecatheon Meadia) is a western species that grows in
open woodlands and on prairies from Pa. and Md. to
Manitoba and southwards through the Mississippi
Valley.

The leaves are all in a tuft radiating from the base;
they are oblong, bluntly-pointed and taper into trough-
like stems. From the center of this cluster of leaves
rises a bare flower stalk, 8 to 20 inches tall, branch-
ing at the summit into several slender, curving pe-
duncles, each suporting a single nodding flower.

The flowers have five, light magenta, pink or
even white petals each sharply reflexed and with
purplish spots near the bases. The stamens project
from the throat of the flower, the five golden anthers
forming a conspicuous cone, within which is the slen-
der pistil. The pistil matures before the anthers so
that cross-fertilization is necessary and is performed
by bees, that, in endeavoring to reach the little store
of nectar at the bottom of the flower, must force their
tongue between the anthers and come in contact with
the stigma. Shooting Star blooms in April and May.

MONEYWORT; MYRTLE (Lysimachia Nummular-
ia) (EUROPEAN) is a very dainty and beautiful
trailing or creeping vine, often spreading over large-
surfaces of ground. It is found in this country as an
escape from cultivation; it is a most beautiful plant
for rockeries and does well in the house in hanging
pots, the long slender, beautifully leaved branches
drooping over the edge of the pot, giving a very de-
corative effect. When in bloom, its beauty is great-
ly enhanced by the large, yellow, star-like flowers.
The leaves, that grow oppositely all along the stem,
are almost round; it is from their shape and the fact
that they are about the size of the English twopence
that they originally received the name of Moneywort.
It blooms from June until August.

FRINGED LOOSESTRIFE.
Steironema ciliatum.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 257

FRINGED LOOSESTRIFE (Steironema ciliatum)
Fringed Loosestrife is a very branching herb not at
all like the other varieties. The smooth stem rises
to heights of from 12 to 24 inches. The species
receives its specific name Fringed, (ciliatum,) be-
cause of the fine hairs on the upper side of the leaf
stems, the rest of the plant being smooth.

The smooth, light green leaves are lance-shaped
and pointed, on short petioles or stems growing oppos-
itely an the plant stem. The flowers grow on slen-
der pedicels from the axils of the terminal leaves;
the golden-yellow corolla is divided into five ovate
lobes, each terminating in a sharp, twisted or muc-
ronate point; around the center of the corolla is a
reddish brown ring, formed by small spots at the bas-
es of the five lobes. The pale green pistil in the cen-.
ter is surrounded by ten stamens, five being fertile
and the other alternating ones being abortive.

The sight of any familiar plant usually recalls to
our minds some particular incident connected with
it, usually the place in which we have previously
found it most abundantly. The present species al-
ways brings before me a certain swamp, regarded as
utterly worthless by persons not interested in living
creatures or plant life, but a veritable paradise for
the botanist, entomologist and ornithologist. I have
never seen the present species growing as abundantly
anywhere as in this swamp.

Fringed Loosestrife is common in low ground and
thickets from Newfoundland to British Columbia
southwards to the Gulf of Mexico.

S. lanceolatum is a similar but more slender spe-
ies with narrow leaves and smaller flowers, the latter
measuring about one-half inch across. It is found
from Me. to Minn, and southwards in the same hab-
itats as the preceding.

17

A. STAR FLOWER.
Trientalis americana.

B. PIMPERNEL.
Anagallis arvensis.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 259

STAR FLOWER (Trientalis americana) is a very
dainty little plant often called the "Star Anemone,"
because of its color, the position of the flower above
the whorl of leaves and the fact that it is often
found blooming very closely to the Anemones.

The perennial rootstalk is long and horizontal and
throws up a single, smooth, slender stalk from 3 to 9
inches high; at the top of this stalk is a whorl of
from five to ten, thin, smooth, veiny light green leaves ;
they are lance-shaped and sharply pointed. During
May and June a solitary blossom, (rarely two,) ap-
pears above the whorl of leaves on a very slender
pedicel. The delicate white petals are sharply
pointed and range from six to eight in number; the
wide-spread stamens have tiny golden anthers that
mature later than the little stigma. Fertilization is
effected by the visits of small bees that visit the at-
tractive little flower for pollen. The Star Flower
is found in thin woodland from Labrador to Mani-
toba and south to Va., 111., and Minn.

PIMPERNEL; POOR MAN'S WEATHER-GLASS
(Anagallis arvensis) (EUROPEAN) is a flower read-
ily identified; in the first place there are very few
red flowers to be found and no others with the shade
of red of this one, a salmon or coppery-red. The
square stem is smooth, slender and rather weak,
often lying prostrate on the ground. The small oval
leaves clasp the stem oppositely.

The flowers grow singly, either on slender pedi-
cels terminating the stem or from the axils of the
outer leaves. They are five-parted, wheel-shaped,
each division being finely toothed at its apex. They
are very sensitive, opening only in sunshine and
closing quickly when the sun is obscured, and usual-
ly at four o'clock anyway. It is found in waste sandy
places especially near the coast.

A. YELLOW FALSE JESSAMINE.
Gelsemium sempervirens.

B. INDIAN PINK; PINK ROOT.

Spigelia marilandica.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 261

LOGANIA FAMILY (Loganiaceae)

A small family of herbs, shrubs or trees with en-
tire-edged, opposite leaves, usually with stipules,
and with regular, perfect, four or five-parted flowers;
forming a connecting link between the Gentian, Dog-
bane and Rose Families.

YELLOW FALSE JESSAMINE (Gelsemium sem-
pervirens.) This beautiful vine is very common in
the Southern States where it may be found climb-
ing the trunks of trees, trailing over bushes or even
creeping over the ground. During March and April,
large, handsome yellow flowers appear in one-sid-
ed spikes. The blossoms are tubular-funnel-form and
range from one to two inches in length; the opening
is spreading and divided into five lobes. The five
stamens are tipped with saggittate anthers and the
two slender pistils have two-parted stigmas.

The ovate-pointed leaves, that grow oppositely on
short petioles, are evergreen; the short flower spikes
grow from their axils. Tha stem is smooth, woody and
twining. This species ranges from Va. to Fla. and
Texas.

INDIAN PINK; PINK-ROOT (Spigelia marilan-
dica) is an erect herb found in rich woods from Ohio
and Ky. to Fla. and Texas. It is a perennial with
a simple stem rising from 1 to 2 feet high. The
pointed, ovate-lanceolate leaves are seated opposite-
ly on the stem, united by stipules. The flowers grow
in a short, one-sided spike; the corolla is tubular-fun-
nel-form, 5-lobed at the end and about one or two
inches in length. The inside of the tube is a bright
yellow and the outside a dull red. The five stamens,
with their linear anthers, are long and appear be-
yond the end of the tube. The single style is slender
and hairy above.

The roots have a pink juice that may be used for
coloring, a property instrumental in giving the plant
its common names.

A. ROSE PINK.

Sabatia angularis.

B. SEA PINK.

Sabatia stellaris.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 263
GENTIAN FAMILY (Gentianaceae).

A family of beautifully flowered herbs having
smooth stems and simple, opposite and sessile leaves.
They also agree in having regular, perfect flowers.

ROSE PINK (Sabatia angularis) is the most wide-
ly distributed of the Sabbatias. Whereas the rest
of the tribe are confined in a range very close to the
seacoast, this species is commonly found in rich
ground in all the states from the Mississippi River
to the Atlantic. It is found most abundantly in mea-
dows or along ditches, but also grows in comparative-
ly dry land too. Its period of bloom is during July
and August.

Rose Pink is a handsome plant when in bloom; the
stem is square and grooved, branches considerably
and rises 2 to 3 feet high. The ovate-lanceolate
leaves are stemless and seated oppositely on the stem.
The branches usually divide near their ends, each
division bearing a beautiful flower about an inch
across. At the center of the five-parted, pink corolla
is a yellow-green star, a feature that is quite charac-
teristic with members of this family. The calyx is
composed of five very narrow sepals.

The roots have very bitter properties that are of
use medicinally; because of the diligence with which
it is hunted for the sake of these roots, it is yearly
growing less abundant.

SEA PINK (Sabatia stellaris) is a beautiful, slen-
der species common on salt marshes from Me. to
Fla. The pink flowers grow singly at the ends of the
slender branches. Like that of the last species,
the center is yellow-green but is often edged with a
deep crimson which adds greatly to the attractive-
ness of the blossom. The oval leaves are very
small, almost bract-like, at the ends of the branches,

w

1 •

SABBATIA.
Sabatia dodecandra.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 265

LARGE MARSH PINK; SABBATIA (Sabatia dod-
ecandra) is the largest flowered and the most beauti-
ful species of this genus; in fact, it is one of the most
delicately beautiful flowers of our wild flowers.

During July and August, along the Atlantic coast,
we sometimes find brackish ponds, the shores and
muddy flats of which have a ruddy glow owing to
the number of these large attractive blossoms that
appear. The stems are slender and wiry, and but
little branched; they attain heights of 1 to 2 feet,
each branch bearing usually but a single blossom.

The flowers measure from two to two and one-half
inches across; the nine to twelve petals are a deli-
cate rose color and each has, at its base, a yellow-
green spot margined by a three-pointed ochre or crim-
son border. The corolla has a regular, symmetrical
wheel-like apearance, the petals making the spokes
and the yellow center forming the hub. The calyx is
composed of linear sepals to the same number as the
petals. The stamens are quite widely separated from
the slender style so that self-fertilization is hardly
to be expected. Of course such beautiful flowers
have hosts of insect admirers, most beneficial of
which are some of the bee-like flies that are usual-
ly to be found about them.

SLENDER MARSH PINK (S. gracilis) is very sim-
ilar to stellaris, but the stem is very slender and
the leaves are linear. The flowers are about the
same size, with the petals averaging a trifle more
narrow. The linear sepals are fully as long as the
petals, with which they alternate. This species is
found along the coast from Conn, to Fla.

LANCE-LEAVED SABBATIA (S. lanceolata) is a
narrow-leaved variety found in pine barrens from
N. J. to Fla. The flowers terminating the slender
branches are white, star-like and about one inch
across.

FRINGED GENTIAN,
Gentiana crinita.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 267

FRINGED GENTIAN (Gentiana crinita), because
of its exquisite beauty and comparative rarity, is
one of the most highly prized of our wild flowers.
Surely it needs no introduction to our readers for has
not Bryant immortalized it in his verse:
"Thou waitest late, and com'st alone
When woods are bare and birds have flown,
And frosts and shortening days portend
The aged year is near his end."
"Then doth thy sweet and quiet eye
Look through its fringes to the sky,
Blue — blue — as if that sky let fall
A flower from its cerulean wall."
The Fringed Gentian is rather a fickle plant; we
may find it in a certain locality one year and then
search in vain for it for the next few years. It is
an annual and, unless the seed is properly set and
conditions favorable, we will fail to find it next year
even though it be abundant in certain places this.
The stem is stout, stiff and branching, each branch
being erect and terminating in a bud. The yellow-
green leaves are ovate-lanceolate, seated oppositely
on the stem.

The calyx is angular, has four sharp points and
is a bronze-green in color. During September and
October we may find these blossoms fully expanded,
delicate, vase-shaped creations with four spreading
deeply-fringed lobes bearing no resemblence in shape
or form to any other American species. The color
is a violet-blue, the color that is most attractive to
bumblebees, and it is to these insects that the flow-
er is indebted for the setting of its seed. The anth-
ers mature before the stigma is developed so that
self-fertilization is impossible. The flowers are wide
open only during sunshine, furling in their peculiar
twisted manner on cloudy days and at night. In
moist woods from Me. to Minn, and southwards.

A. DOWNY GENTIAN.

Gentiana puberula.

B. SOLITARY GENTIAN.

Gentiana porphyrio.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 269

DOWNY GENTIAN (Gentiana puberula) is a hand-
some species springing from a perennial root, the
simple, straight stem, rising from 8 to 18 inches high;
the stem is usually rough and slightly hairy. The
light green leaves are stiff and seated oppositely on
the stem. The flowers are borne in terminal clus-
ters or, sometimes, from the axils of the upper
leaves; they are bell-shaped with five triangular,
slightly spreading lobes. In color they are brilliant
violet blue. The sharply toothed calyx is less tnan
half the length of the tube of the corolla; it is quite
rough to the touch.

Downy Gentian is common in dry fields and on
prairies from Pa. to Ga. and west to Minn, and Mo.,
flowering during September and October.

SOLITARY GENTIAN (Gentiana Porphyrio) is a
pretty little species growing in moist places from
southern N. J. to Fla. The simple, slender stem
ranges in height from 6 to 15 inches and bears at the
summit a solitary, erect, bell-shaped flower, of a
light ultramarine blue color; the five, spreading lobes
are notched at their bases. The flower is very large
compared to the stem and leaves of the plant it grows
upon; the blossom measures from 2 to 2 1-2 inches
long, which is about the length of linear leaves that
are oppositely set on the stem.

AGUE-WEED (Gentiana quinquefolia) is a smaller
and more common Gentian. It grows on moist hill-
sides from Me. to 111. and southwards. It is an an-
nual with a ridged, four-sided stem growing 8 to 22
inches high. The leaves are stiff, pointed and slight-
ly clasping at their bases. The violet blue flowers
are clustered at the end of the stem usually in fives,
although sometimes we may find from two to seven
in a group. The five lobes have sharp bristle-like
points. All the Gentians have bitter juices that are
used medicinally.

CLOSED GENTIAN; BOTTLE GENTIAN.
Gentiana AndrewsiL

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 271

CLOSED GENTIAN; BOTTLE GENTIAN (Genti-
ana Andrews! i) is the most abundant of all Gentians.
It is handsome but lacks the subtle beauty of the
Fringed Gentian, the beauty that leads one to tramp
miles in quest of it, and that, in time, is sure to ex-
terminate a species. Again, the present species is a
perennial and such plants have a tremendous advant-
age in the struggle for existence, over those whose
roots last but a year and then die. The flowers of
the Closed Gentian are as peculiar in their way as
those of the Fringed are in theirs. It is remarkable
because the five parts of the corolla never spread,
the flower remains closed. The flowers are cross-
fertilized by the common bumblebee. He knows there
is a supply of nectar at the bottom of each blossom
and he has the wits and the strength to get at it. Slow-
ly, but surely, he is able to force the closed lobes
apart until his body is half concealed in the "bottle",
and he is able to reach the bottom. As he leaves the
flower he is certain to scrap off quantities of pollen
on his head and almost sure to leave some of it on
the receptive stigma of the next flower visited.

The stem is smooth and simple; it grows from 1
to 2 feet high. The leaves are rather large, ovate-
pointed and narrowed into very short clasping stems.
The flowers grow in terminal clusters, set in the
axils of the last pairs of leaves. They are deep,
bright blue at the outer ends and shade to nearly
white at the bases. The younger flowers, those that
have not matured or had the nectar drained from
their bases, are lighter colored than the old flowers.
The distinction between the two is very evident to
the bees that visit them, for they never make the
mistake of entering a blossom that has already been
drained. Closed gentian grows in moist places, often
along brooks, from Me. to Manitoba and southwards.

A. INDIAN HEMP.

Apocynum cannabinum.

B. SPREADING DOGBANE.

Apocynum androsaemifolium.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 273

DOGBANE FAMILY (Apocynaceae).

A small family composed chiefly of poisonous trop-
ical plants, usually with milky, acrid juices. They
have perfect and regular, five-parted flowers and op-
posite, smooth-edged leaves.

INDIAN HEMP (Apocynum cannabinum) is a rath-
er unattractive species with a smooth branching
stem, rising from vertical roots to heights of 1 to 4
feet. The ovate-pointed leaves are lusterless, have
very short stems and are closely crowded on the
stalk oppositely to one another.

The small, five-parted, greenish-white flowers grow*
in terminal clusters. A tiny drop of nectar, secret-
ed at the bottom of each small, shallow cup, fur-
nishes food for quantities of insects, including a
great many crawling ones that are of no value to the
plant. The name of Indian Hemp has its origin be-
cause Indians formerly used the tough fibres as
a substitute for hemp in their basket work. We find
this species very abundant in dry fields and thickets
throughout our range; it flowers from June to Aug-
ust.

SPREADING DOGBANE (Apocynum androsaemi-
folium) is a much more attractive species than its
relative, just mentioned. It grows from 1 to 4 feet
high, and has many long, spreading branches. The
short-stemmed, broadly ovate-pointed, pale green
leaves grow oppositely, to the ends of the branches,
the leaves are all approximately in the same plane,
that is, each succeeding pair does not appear at right
angles to the pair before it, as is usually the case.
The clusters of flowers terminating the branches are
composed of pink, bell-shaped blossoms, having five,
pointed, recurved lobes; they are veined with deeper
pink and are fragrant. It is adapted to, and largely
dependent upon butterflies for the quickening of its
seeds. Common on borders of fields or thickets with-
in our range.

18

BUTTERFLY-WEED.
Ascleplas tuberosa.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 275
MILKWEED FAMILY (Asclepiadaceae).

A family of stout-stemmed plants having milky
juices and ,usually, large opposite or whorled leaves.
They all have umbels of small flowers that are very
peculiar in construction and highly specialized for
cross-fertilization by particular classes of insects.
Each blossom has five tiny structures shaped like
wish-bones, with pollen masses on each end. They
are so placed that the visiting bee or butterfly is pret-
ty sure of getting one or more of its legs caught in the
sharp angle at the apex and must, in order to get free,
tear the tiny arrangement from its support. He then
flies to the next plant with this dangling from his
legs. It is an unique method of forcing insects to
work for it, but one that never fails as far as the
plant is concerned, but sometimes proves a fatal trap
for insects lacking the strength to tear away the tiny
pollen saddle bags. We often find the corpses of
several such insects hanging from the flower cluster,
with their legs hopelessly entangled.

BUTTERFLY-WEED; PLEURISY-ROOT; OR-
ANGE MILK-WEED (Asclepias tuberosa) is the most
brilliantly colored species of the genus. Even those
accustomed to the sight of this plant cannot sup-
press the feeling of admiration that stirs them as
they suddenly behold the vivid, orange flashes greet-
ing them as they cross wraste or dry fields.

The stem of butterfly-weed is usually erect, from
1 to 3 feet high; it is rather rough and has but little
of the milky juices so common to the other species.
The leaves are pointed-oblong, very short-stemmed or
seated oppositely. The beautiful orange flowers grow
in flat-topped clusters or umbels, at the summit of
the plant. It is found from Mass, to Minn, and south-
wards, most abundant in the Southern States. Its
roots are used medicinally.

COMMON MILKWEED.
Asclepias syriaca.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 277

COMMON MILK-WEED (Asclepias syriaca) is the
most abundant and the best known of the Milk-
weeds. It grows everywhere along roadsides, in fields
and on the borders of woods. The rather stout stem
rises from 2 to 5 feet high and has numerous, oppo-
site, large, oblong, short-stemmed leaves of a yellow-
green color. Both the leaves and the stem are finely
hairy and both yield quantities of a thick, sticky,
bitter, milky fluid if they are broken pr bruised any-
where. It has been found that the outer covering
of the stem is extremely delicate and that the tiny,
claw-like feet of insects that attempt to crawl up
the stalk will cut through this covering sufficiently
to cause the feet of such visitors to become sticky
with the milky fluid; this not only discourages the
would-be pilferers of the flowers' sweets but makes it
quite impossible for them to reach the top of the long
stem. Ants frequently become so gummed up with
the sticky substance that it causes their death.

The flowers grow in rounded clusters often in a
pendent position, from the axils of the upper leaves.
They are very fragrant and secrete an abundance of
nectar. They are visited by many varieties of bees
and butterflies, by one of the latter so frequently that
it is known as the Milkweed Butterfly (Anosia plexip-
pus.)

In the Fall, the clusters of lilac-colored flowers have
been replaced by large, rough-coated seed-pods that
are completely filled with the silkiest of flossy sub-
stance attached to the numerous black seeds; final-
ly the pod bursts and liberates the seeds, each
floating away on the breeze, sometimes aviating for
several miles before coming to earth. This provis-
ion for the spreading of the seeds results in a wide-
ly distributed, strong race, that is ever on the in-
crease.

A. POKE MILKWEED.

Asclepias syriaca.

B. NARROW-LEAVED MILKWEED.

Asclepias verticillata.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 279

POKE MILK-WEED (Asclepias phytolaccoides) is

a tall species growing from 2 to 6 feet in height. The
flowers composing its clusters are fewer in number
than those of the common milkweed but much larger
and of a clear, ivory-white color. The flower stems
are long and slender so that the entire cluster is in
a nodding position, it being the only one of the genus
in which all the flowers are pendent. The leaves
are large and thin, and pointed at each end. The
seed-pod is large and has a longer, more pointed tip
than that of the Common Milkweed. Poke Milkweed
is found, usually in dry situations, along the edges
of woods or along roadsides, from Me. to Minn, and
southwards. It flowers from June until August.

WHORLED MILKWEED (Asclepias verticillata) is
a very slender species, common in dry woods and on
prairies in the South; found north to Mass, and Sas-
katchewan. The stem is slender, simple and rises
from 1 to 3 feet high. The narrow linear leaves have
their margins rolled under; they grow in closely clus-
tered whorls about the stem, usually quite erect. The
numerous, small, greenish-white flowers grow in a
round clusters or umbels at the summit of the stem.
It is a ver.y dainty species, one not apt to be con-
fused with any other member of the family. Both
the stem and the leaves are slightly downy and have
a whitish bloom. Their juices are milky like those of
the others.

PURPLE MILKWEED (Asclepias purpurascens) is
a common species whose umbels of deep magneta
flowers loom up conspicuously in dry fields and thick-
ets, from June until August. It is found from Me.
to Minn, and southwards.

FOUR-LEAVED MILKWEED (A. quadrifolia) bears
one or two whorls of four leaves about midway of the
stem and several pairs near the summit. It Is a
delicate species with few clusters of small magenta
flowers.

HEDGE BINDWEED; MORNING GLORY.
Convolvulus sepium.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 281

CONVOLVULUS FAMILY (Convolvulaceae).

A small family of climbing or twining herbs having
regular, perfect, usually bell or funnel-shaped flowers
and alternating leaves.

HEDGE BINDWEED; WILD MORNING GLORY
(Convolvulus sepium) climbs gracefully over walls,
through thickets or twines its stem tightly about
those of other plants or shrubs. Its embrace is some-
times so ardent that it causes suffocation and death
to the plant to which it attaches itself. The stem is
smooth, rarely slightly hairy, and grows to lengths
of from 3 to 10 feet.

The leaves are triangular or slightly arrow-shaped
on long petioles. The large funnel-shaped blossoms
grow singly on slender peduncles from the axils of
the leaves. They are pink with white stripes and
a flaring mouth; the calyx consists of five sepals that
are concealed by two large bracts at the base. The
flowers remair open only during sunshine and occas-
sionally on bright moonlight nights. At the base of
the corolla are five tubes leading to the supply of nec-
tar. Only long tongued bees, butterflies or moths are
able to reach the sweets, to which they are guided
by the white stripes on the inside of the tube. It
is very commonly found in moist ground along road-
sides or the borders of woods or thickets, through-
out our range and also in Europe.

COMMON DODDER (Cuscuta Gronovii) is a very
common little parasitic plant found in moist shady
thickets or among the shrubs and plants bordering
ponds or streams. It germinates Its seeds in the
ground and the slender stem rises until it comes in
contact with some living plant, when the root dies
and the dodder gets its nourishment from its
host by means of numerous little suckers. It has
no leaves; the stem is orange and the clusters of
minute bell-shaped flowers are white.

A. DOWNY PHLOX.

Phlox pilosa.
B. Moss PINK.

Phlox subulata.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 283

POLEMONIUM FAMILY (Polemoniaceae).

A small family of herbs having either opposite or
alternate leaves and regular, perfect flowers, the
lobes of the corolla being convolute in the bud.

DOWNY PHLOX (Phlox pilosa). Both the leaves
and stem of this species are covered with fine, downy
hairs; the sharply pointed calyx is also hairy and
sticky. The plant stands from one to two feet in
height. The narrow, lance-shaped leaves are rather
closely alternated along the stem. The flowers are
in a flat-topped clusters at the summit. The five
lobes of the corolla are wide spread and bluntly point-
ed. The flowers vary in color from a magenta-pink to
white.

All varieties of phlox are hardy and make excellent
garden plants, a purpose for which they are exten-
sively used. The present species ranges from Conn,
to Manitoba and southwards, flowering during May
and June in dry woods or on prairies.

BLUE PHLOX (Phlox divaricata) also has a slight-
ly downy, hairy stem, with broader leaves and leafy,
decumbent shoots from the base. The flowers are
in loose flat-topped clusters. The five lobes of the cor-
olla are pale lilac and usually notched at the ends.
It is found in damp, rocky woods from N. Y. to Minn,
and southwards.

MOSS PINK; GROUND PINK (Phlox subulata) is
a low, creeping species that spreads over sandy or
rocky ground, forming compact masses resembling
moss. The stem is very branchy but grows only a
few inches high; the ends of the branches turn up-
wards and terminate in clusters of flowers varying
from crimson pink to white. The five, spreading
lobes of the tubular corolla are wedge-shaped and
notched at the tips. The stiff, pointed, evergreen
leaves are closely crowded along the stem. Ground
Pink is found from western N. E. to Mich, and south-
wards.

A. FORGET-ME-NOT.
Myosotis scorpioides.

B. WILD COMFREY.
Cynoglossum virginianum.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 285
BORAGE FAMILY (Boraginaceae).

A family of herbs with rough stems and leaves and
perfect flowers, regular except in the case of Bchium.

FORGET-ME-NOT (Myosotis scorpioides) (EURO-
PEAN) Doubtless this pretty little plant is familiar
by name, at least, to all my readers. Besides its own
peculiar charms it has a great many legendary and
poetical associations connected with it. It has also
been a favorite flower for painters the world over.

Forget-me-not is a common wild flower in Europe
and Asia, but is not indigenous in this country. It
does, however, appear as an escape and is fairly well
established in Nova Scotia, New England, New York
and southwards. The stem is rather stout but weak,
it rise about a foot in height, and is smooth but the
leaves are rough and hairy. The flowers are borne in
one-sided curving terminal clusters. The five, broad,
rounded petals are sky-blue with a yellow eye; the
undeveloped buds are pink. The generic name was
given because one of the species has soft leaves shap-
ed like mouse ears. The specific name refers to the
curved tendency of the flower stalk containing the
buds, it being curved after the fashion of a scor-
pion's tail. There are several species of Myosotis,
the present one having the largest and most beauti-
ful flowers.

WILD COMFREY (Cynoglossum virginianum) is a
common, rough-stemmed perennial growing in decid-
uous woods from Me. to Mich, and southwards. The
tubular corolla is pale blue; it is &et in a five-parted
hairy calyx. The basal leaves are large and ovate;
the stem ones clasp the flower stalk with somewhat
heart-shaped bases. The fruit succeeding the flow-
ers, is composed of four very bristly nutlets.

A. BLUE-WEED; VIPER'S BUGLOSS.

Echium vulgare.

B. SMALL BUGLOSS.

Lycopsis arvensis.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 287

BLUE-WEED; VIPER'S BUGLOSS (Echium vul-
gare) (EUROPEAN). Thi3 peculiar plant is locally
abundant in dry fields and waste places in the East.
It is a waif that has strayed across the ocean, and, I
must confess, it is one that farmers wish had stayed
in its native countries. It is often regarded as a
pest and is a difficult one to get rid of. Of course the
botanist welcomes it, as he does any new species
that he comes upon; it has unusual flowers both as to
form and to manner of growth. We can safely say
that Blue-Weed will never be popular as a flower for
bouquets; one has but to touch it to find the reason,
the stem is thickly set with light-colored bristles as
sharp as needle points and even more penetrating.

The stem is light green, spotted with purple; it
grows erect from 1 to 3 feet high. The alternating
leaves are rough, hairy and clasping. The flowers
grow on leafy spike, springing from the stem near the
top. When the first flowers appear, in June, they
are close to the stalk at the base of the rolled-up,
leafy spike. As they continue to bloom, the spike
gradually straightens and the open flowers appear far-
ther and farther from the stem, leaving behind them
a train of wrinkled nutlets in the axils of the small
leaves. The showy, tubular corolla is bright blue,
and is exceeded in length by the long stamens and
three-parted style; the buds are pink.

SMALL BUGLOSS (Lycopsis arvensis) (EURO-
PEAN). This is a very rough, bristly-stemmed spec-
ies, also naturalized from Europe, and now found in
waste places near dwellings, from Me. to Minn, and
south to Va. The lanceolate leaves are seated on
the stem; they diminish to the size of bracts and
pass into the racemes of small, tubular violet-blue
flowers that terminate the branching stem. The curv-
ed corolla is but little longer than its enclosing, hairy
calyx.

I

BLUE VERVAIN.
Verbena hastata.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 289

VERVAIN FAMILY (Verbenaceae-.

Herbs with opposite leaves and perfect but usually
irregular flowers, the tubular corollas spreading into
two lips or four or five lobes.

BLUE VERVAIN (Verbena hastata) is our most
common example of the genus. It is a tall, slender,
rank-growing plant reaching heights of 2 to 7 feet.
The leaves are dark green, short-stemmed, lanceolate,
sharply toothed and grow oppositely on the stem.

At the top of the stem are numerous, slender flow-
er spikes, each branching from the stem and assum-
ing a vertical position, in a regular order suggestive
of candelabra. These slender spikes contain many
buds, the lower of which open first. From July until
the end of August we will find rings of purple flowers
about the spikes, gradually drawing nearer the ends
as the flowering season advances, and leaving behind
a long trail of purplish calyces. The tubular corolla
has five spreading lobes, a slender pistil and
two pairs of stamens. Blue Vervain, which is
found throughout our range, was formerly, and is now
to some extent, used for certain home medicinal rem-
edies.

WHITE VERVAIN (Verbena urticaefolia) is a sim-
ilar but smaller and even more slender species found
in thickets and waste ground. The flower spikes are
very slender and the flowers much smaller than those
of the last species, and they are white in color. The
stem grows from 2 to 4 feet high, is erect, coarse,
four-sided and grooved.

Verbena canadensis is quite different; it has an
erect bristly-hairy stem from 6 to 18 inches tall and
opposite, deeply lobed and toothed leaves. The lilac
flowers, nearly an inch broad, are in short terminal
clusters ; the tubular corolla has five spreading, notch-
ed lobes. It grows in open woods and on prairies
from Ind. to Dakota and southwards.

19

A. SELF-HEAL.
Prunella vulgaris.

B. SKULLCAP.
Scutellaria intergrifolia.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 291

MINT FAMILY (Labiatae).

A very large family of herbs having, usually,
square stems, strong scented foliage and small tubu-
lar flowers conspicuously situated in spikes or from
the leaf axils. The flowers usually have two-lobed or
entire upper lips and three-lobed lower. They all
bear honey and are nearly all dependent upon mem-
bers of the bee family for cross-fertilization.

SELF-HEAL; HEAL-ALL (Prunella vulgaris) is
one of the commonest and most widely distributed
members of the mint family. Along roadsides, in
fields and on the borders of woods, everywhere
throughout the country, we will find this familiar
flower. The stem grows from 6 to 15 inches high and
is topped with a cylindrical flower head, composed of
many, two-lipped, tubular, purple florets. But few of
these bloom at a time commencing at the bottom, and
the flowering season extends from June to Septem-
ber. The leaves are sparingly toothed and seated
oppositely on long stems. Usually several leaflets
appear from their axils and sometimes smaller flower
heads from the axils of the upper ones. It is fre-
quented most often by bees, in fact it is often known
as the "bee flower."

SKULLCAP (Scutellaria intergrifolia) is one of the
handsomest of the Skullcaps, the tubular, two-lipped
flowers in the loose terminal spike, each measuring
about one inch in length. The downy stem rises
from 6 to 24 inches high and is set oppositely with
toothless, lance-shaped, round-ended leaves. It is
found in dry ground from Mass, to Fla. and along the
Gulf.

BUGLEWEED (Lycopus virginicus) is similar in
general form to the last; the leaves are coarsely
toothed. The tiny, white, tubular flowers are in small
clusters in the axils of the leaves. A slight, fancied,
bugle-shape to the corolla form the basis for its com-
mon name.

A. GROUND IVY; GILL-OVER-THE-GROUND.
Nepeta hederacea.

B. CATNIP.
Nepeta Cat aria.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 293

GROUND IVY; GILL-OVER-THE-GROUND (Nep-

eta hederacea) (EUROPEAN) is a beautiful little
trailing mint that grows very profusely about country
houses, where it has escaped at some time from culti-
vation. It is very inconspicuous and lowly in its
habits, so that it is very apt to escape notice even
when it is in flower. Its stems are weak and pro-
cumbent; it frequently strikes root from the stem at
the angles of the leaves so that it may trail over the
ground for a long distance from the parent root. The
upright flowering stems, given off from this creep-
ing one, rarely exceed eight inches in height.

The leaves rise from the stem in pairs; they are
round, with a heart-shaped bases, the edge cut into
rounded lobes, and their whole surface is downy and
veiny. The pretty little purple flowers grow in small
clusters from the axils of the leaves. The upper
lip is erect and slightly notched; the lower one has
three spreading lobes and is spotted with dark pur-
ple.

Depending upon the amount of light and moisture
received, the stems and leaves vary greatly in color
from green to a purplish-red. Ground ivy is found
in blossom from May to July throughout the eastern
half of our country.

CATNIP (Nepeta Cataria) (EUROPEAN) is a very
common mint, introduced from Europe, the aromatic
foliage of which has a very peculiar attraction for
all members of the feline race. It apparently has an
intoxicating effect upon them; after eating the leaves
they will roll about on them for a long time. It also
formerly was used for making Catnip tea, a one-time
remedy for most of the ills of childhood. The plant
has a stout, square hollow stem from 2 to 3 feet tall
ard is downy, as are the sage green, toothed leaves.
The lilac-white flowers are clustered on peduncles
from the axils of the leaves. Catnip is common
throughout our range.

A. MOTHERWORT.

Leonurus cardiaca.

B. HEDGE NETTLE.

Stachys palustris.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 295

MOTHERWORT (Leonurus Cardiaca) (EURO-
PEAN) is a simple, erect-stemmed mint growing from
2 to 4 feet high. It has a very decorative effect, the*
leaves being large at the base of the stem and rapidly
diminishing as they approach the top; the lower ones
are quite long-stemmed and all are palmately slashed.
The flowers grow in round clusters surounding the
stem at the axils of the leaves.

The numerous flowers composing these clusters
have tiny, two-lipped, white, pink or purple corollas
and minute stamens. Both the stem and the leaves
have a 'woolly texture and the former are strongly
veined. Motherwort is commonly found about
old country dwellings and along roadsides. We find it
in bloom from June until August. It is a much more
leafy species than most of the mints; the pairs of
leaves are closely crowded together and extend in
all directions from the stem.

WILD MINT (Mentha arvensis canadensis), a com-
mon species, is one of our few native mints. It has
a simple stem from 1 to 2 feet high and toothed,
petioled lance-shaped leaves. The tiny white or li-
lac-white flowers are clustered around the stem in
the axils of the opposite leaves. Both the stem and
the leaves are more or less hairy and have an aro-
matic odor resembling pennyroyal. Wild Mint is
common throughout the United States and southern
Canada.

HEDGE NETTLE; WOUND-WORT (Stachyspalus-
tris) is a tall mint (1 to 3 feet) with a downy-bristly
stem and purple, tubular, two-lipped flowers in a ter-
minal spike and from the axils of the upper leaves;
lower lip streaked and spotted. Common in moist
ground from N. S. to Manitoba and southwards.

PEPPERMINT (Mentha piperita) (EUROPEAN)
has ovate-pointed, finely toothed leaves, usually with
pairs of leaflets from the axils and little purplish
flowers in small terminal spikes.

OSWEGO TEA; BEE BALM.
Monarda didyma.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 297

OSWEGO TEA; BEE BALM (Monarda didyma) is

one of our most brilliantly colored wild flowers and
shares with the Cardinal Flower the honor of being
the most intensely scarlet colored. It grows along
the shady borders of woodland streams or pools where
its vivid coloring is in strong contrast with the deep
greens of the surrounding vegetation. The stem
is hairy and rather rough; it attains heights of two
feet or more. The short-stemmed, broad-lance-
shaped leaves are light green, sharply toothed and
rather thin, the stem and the smaller leaves, just be-
low the flower heads, are often tinged with ruddy.

The flowers grow in rounded terminal heads, com-
posed of numerous, long tubular, scarlet florets. The
upper lip is long, arched, pointed and often notched
at the tip; the lower lip is three-parted, the middle
one being longer than the side ones.

Nectar, seated at the base of the long tube, can
only be reached by long-tongued insects. Best adapt-
ed to it are bumble bees and certain of the butter-
flies. The Ruby-throated Hummingbird, too, attract-
ed to this, his favorite color, often partakes of the
sweets. Two Stamens with prominent anthers and
a pistil with a two-parted stigma, are so situated in
the throat of the flower that it is impossible for either
bee or butterfly to reach the honey-cup without pol-
lenizing the stigma, usually with some brought from
another blossom. From July until September this
beautiful species blooms in suitable localities from
Quebec to Manitoba and southwards to Ga, and Mo.

WILD BERGAMOT (Monarda fistulosa) is a quite
similar species with a smooth stem and paler flowers,
either pink or magenta-pink in color. The upper
leaves are stained with the shade of purple or lilac
that characterizes the flower bracts. We find this
species in dry ground in the same range.

A. BITTERSWEET.

Solanum Dulcamara.

B. BLACK HENBANE.

Hyoscyamus niger.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 299

NIGHTSHADE FAMILY (Solanaceae).

A small family of herbs, some of them very valu-
able, having colorless juices, alternating leaves and
regular five-parted flowers, usually with five stamens
and a short pistil.

BITTERSWEET; NIGHTSHADE (Solanum Dulca-
mara) (EUROPEAN), although an immigrant, is
quite common in the eastern half of our country. It
chooses for its habitat, moist thickets or the edges
of ponds where there are plenty of shrubs to help sup-
port it, for this species has weak stems with climbing
tendencies.

It is a species that often attracts the attention of
the casual passerby because of the beauty and quaint
forms of its flowers and leaves. It grows from 2 to 8
feet tall and throws out numerous, long branches that
climb and sprawl over the surrounding vegetation.
The dark green leaves are variable in form; some are
lobed, others have small lateral leaflets and still
others have another pair of still smaller leaflets on
the leaf stem. The flowers hang in loose clusters on
long peduncles from the axils of the leaves; they
have five, reflexed, purple petals and a yellow, coni-
cal center formed by the stamens. The berries that
succeed the flowers are first green, then turn yellow
and ultimately a deep ruby-red. This species blooms
from June until September and, like most plants with
a long period of bloom, we may often find flowers
and berries in all stages of color at the same time.

BLACK NIGHTSHADE (Solanum nigrum) is a na-
tive species with a smooth, erect, branching stem 1
to 2 feet high. The long-stemmed ovate leaves have
a wavy-lobed edge. The five-parted white flowers
grow in few-flowered clusters from the leaf axils,
the round berries are black when fully ripe, and are
quite poisonous. This species is found throughout
our range, frequenting waste ground.

PURPLE THORN APPLE,
Datura tatyla.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 301

PURPLE THORN APPLE (Datura Tatula) is a
large, ill-scented, rank-growing weed with a stout,
smooth stem from 1 to 5 feet high. The long-stem-
med leaves have very irregular, coarsely toothed out-
lines. The lavender-colored, trumpet-shaped flowers
are about four inches long. The flaring corolla has
five broad sharply pointed lobes and is seated in a
light green, five-parted calyx about half its length.
Usually the color of the corolla is more intense on
the lobes and often shades to white towards the base
of the tube. After flowering, a large green, fruit-cap-
sule about two inches long appears; it is ovoid in
shape and armed with stout prickles. The entire
plant has poisonous juices, because of which and the
unpleasant odor, farmers usually try to suppress it
on their premises. It grows in waste ground,
especially about barnyards, from Me. to Minn, and
southwards.

THORN APPLE; JIMSON WEED (Datura Stra-
monium) also comes from across the water; it is
very similar to the preceding, grows in the same
places and in the same range. The flowers are white
and the leaves are lighter green; the stem is also
somewhat stouter.

All the preceding members of the Nightshade Fam-
ily have more or less poisonous qualities, but there
are others that are of inestimable value to mankind.
The Potato, one of the most valuable and widely cul-
tivated vegetables throughout the civilized world, be-
longs to the genus Solanum. It is specifically term-
ed Sclanum tuberosum. The common Tomato be-
longs to another genus of this same family (Lycoper-
sicon). The Egg Plant is Solanum Melongena. Not
only do these valuable food products come from mem-
bers of this family, but one of the oldest and most
widely cultivated of our garden flowers does too, — the
Petunia.

A. COMMON MULLEIN; FLANNEL PLANT.
Verbascum Thapsus.
B. MOTH MULLEIN.
Verbascum Blattaria.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 303

FIGWORT FAMILY (Scrophulariaceae).

A large family of herbs with perfect but irregular
flowers, usually with two sets of stamens of different
lengths. They all have bitter juices and some of
them are narcotic-poisonous.

COMMON or GREAT MULLEIN (Verbascum Thap-
sus) (EUROPEAN). This well known plant is one
of the most common sights along roadsides and in
dry fields. It is very conspicuous, the more so from
the fact that it commonly grows where other plant
life is of small stature. Its long stalk rises from 2 to
7 feet above ground; the plant may well be compared
to its neighbors as a modern skyscraper surrounded
by cottages.

Mullein leaves are very soft, with fine white downy
hairs; they have given to the plant a name very of-
ten applied, — -"Flannel Plant." The basal tuft of
leaves first appears: they are large, ovate and point-
ed. The ones on the tall stalk are smaller and
diminish in size to bracts as they reach the bottom
of the long flower spike. Prom June until Septem-
ber, these flowers open a few at a time and last but a
day. The light yellow corolla has five uneven, con-
caved lobes and five protruding stamens; three of the
stamens are fuzzy and tipped with orange anthers,
the others are smooth.

Mullein is always associated in my mind with King-
birds because the tall spires are commonly used as
lookout perches. It is very common throughout our
range.

MOTH MULLEIN (Verbascum Blattaria) (EURO-
PEAN) has a tall, very slender stalk at the summit
! of which is a loose raceme. The flowers open two or
three at a time; they are large, have five petals, very
prominent stamens and orange anthers. The upper
i leaves are lance-shaped, the lower ones have the
margins deeply cut, toothed, and notched. It is com-
mon from Me. to Ontario and southwards.

MM,

A. BLUE TOADFLAX.

Linaria canadensis.

B. TOADFLAX; BUTTER-AND-EGGS.

Linaria vulgaris.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 305

BLUE TOADFLAX (Linaria canadensis). This is
a very slender and dainty species related to the very
common introduced "Butter-and-Eggs. The stem at-
tains heights of from 5 to 30 inches, but is so slend-
er and weak that it is often supported by the sur-
rounding plants. The small linear leaves alternate
along the stem and continue in a diminishing size to
the ends of the branches, where they act as bracts for
the loose raceme of flowers.

The little tubular flowers are violet-blue in color;
the corolla is two-lipped, the upper one having two
Ibbes and the lower one three; the latter is pouch-
shaped and extends backwards into a very slender
spur. Blue Toadflax is commonly found in dry sandy
fields throughout the United States and southern
Canada.

TOAD-FLAX; BUTTER-AND-EGGS (Linaria vul-
gar is), although an immigrant, takes so kindly to our
land that it has extended its range from the Atlantic
to the Pacific and southern Canada to the Gulf of
Mexico. It is a very attractive plant and interesting
in many ways. The stem is simple and from 6 to 30
inches, high. The narrow alternating leaves are gray-
ish green, covered with a whitish bloom. As the
plants grow often in dense colonies the effect on the
landscape is that of a grayish bank, studded with
gold and orange jewels.

The tubular, yellow flower has a two-lipped corolla,
the upper one being of two lobes and the lower one
three, the center one of which extends into a large
sac-like spur and has a protruding, pouting, orange
palate that closes the throat of the blossom. This ar-
rangement is designed for the bumblebee, whose
weight on the lower lip opens the flower so he can
get at the nectar, while it is tightly closed to pilfer-
ing ants. We find Butter-and-Eggs in bloom during
July to October in waste land, along roads and in
fields or pastures.

20

A. TURTLE-HEAD.
Chelone glabra.
B. BEARD-TONGUED.
Pentesmon hirsutus.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 307

TURTLE-HEAD (Chelone glabra.)

Many plants derive their names from the fancied
resemblance of their flowers to some well known
objects. Often these fancies are so far fetched that
no one but the authors are able to discover the reason
for the name. In this instance the profile view of the
blossom really does give a suggestion of the head of
a turtle; its generic name, too, is derived from the
Greek, meaning a tortoise. Other names applied less
often to this species are "Snake-head," "Cod-head"
and "Shell Flower." It is a moisture loving plant and
is usually found in wet locations in swamps or on the
banks of streams or ponds.

The stem is stout, smooth and erect, from 1 to 3
feet tall. The leaves grow oppositely and are lance-
shaped, stemmed, pointed and toothed. The flowers
are clustered in a short spike at the summit of the
stem; the corolla is tubular, about an inch in length
and is white, tinged with pink. The upper lip is broad,
arched, creased and notched in the middle; the lower
lip is three lobed and woolly-bearded in the throat;
the corollas are set in five-parted calyces which, in
turn, are subtended by leafy bracts. Turtlehead
blooms from July until September and ranges from
Newfoundland to Manitoba and southwards.

PENTESMON; BEARD-TONGUE (Pentesmon hir-
sutus) has a straight, slender woolly stem that grows
from 1 to 3 feet high. The leaves are light %reen,
lance-shaped, rough-edged or minutely toothed, the
upper ones seated oppositely on the stem and the
lower ones with short petioles. The small magenta-
white flowers are in panicled racemes. The trumpet-
shaped corolla has two lobes to the upper lip and
three on the lower, the throat nearly closed by a «
hairy palate on the lower lip. Me. to Wisconsin and
southwards.

MONKEY FLOWER.
Mimulus ringens.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 309

MONKEY FLOWER (Mimulus ringens) is a very
appropriate name for this strange looking flower.
Viewed from in front, the plaits and twists of the
corolla are such that one can easily imagine that a
little blue ape is grinning at him from among the
leaves. The plant is a perennial with a smooth,
square, hollow stem growing from one to three feet
in height and branching considerably. The leaves,
seated oppositely on the stem, are lance-shaped,
pointed and slightly toothed. The flowers are few in
number and are on long, slender pedicels from the
axils of the upper leaves. They open one or two at a
time. The pale purple flowers have two large lips,
the upper divided into two lobes and the lower one
into three, all broad and wavy. Four white stamens
and a pistil nearly fill the throat, at the mouth of
which are two bright orange-yellow spots.

A small store of nectar is secreted in the base of
the flower tube. The double, yellow palate serves to
close the entrance to the tube so that small useless
insects may not be allowed to partake of the sweets
within. When, however, the burly bumblebee alights
upon the lower lip, his weight causes it to droop and
allow easy access to its meager supply of nectar. He
does not get it, though, without paying the price the
flower asks, — that he bear away some of its precious
pollen on his head and shoulders, to deposit at the en-
trance of the next blossom visited. Butterflies also
sometimes visit the flowers, but without any resulting
benefit to the latter, for their long, slender tongues
readily pass down the throat of the flower and drain
the honey-cup without their faces coming in contact
with the anthers. Each flower is more or less adapt-
ed to certain classes of insects and endeavors, but not
always with success, to erect barriers to keep away
c ther kinds. Monkey flower is found in wet places
from N. B. to Manitoba and southwards.

A. AM. BROOKLIME.

Veronica americana.

B. COMMON SPEEDWELL,

Veronica officinalis.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 311

AMERICAN BROOKLIME (Veronica americana),
the prettiest of the speedwells or veronicas, is a very
frail plant; the stem is fragile and the petals fall off
at the slightest provocation. At a short distance the
little beds of blue flowers, lining the sides of the
brook, might be mistaken for Forget-me-nots, but in-
spection quickly reveals the differences. Except when
it does grow in colonies or beds, it is quite apt to be
overlooked entirely for it is quite inconspicuous in
the rank and luxurant vegetation that fringes the
streams it inhabits.

The stem is stout, smooth, hollow and quite weak;
the lower part spreads over the ground and frequent-
ly takes root at the angles of the lower leaves. At
intervals, branches rise to height of 6 to 15 inches,
bearing from the axils of the upper leaves, small four-
parted blue flowers in loose racemes. The light
blue petals have purple stripes and a white
spot at the base. The two spreading stamens and the
pistil are purple. The light green, oblong-lanceolate
leaves are toothed and have short, flat stems.

Brooklime has a long season of bloom, being found
in flower from May until September. It is common in
moist ditches and along brooks or in swamps, from
Newfoundland to Alaska and south to Va. and Mo.

COMMON SPEEDWELL (Veronica officinalis) is a

popular little plant as common in dryfields and open
woods as its preceding relative is in moist places.
The prostrate woolly stem is erect at the end and ter-
minates in a raceme of pale lavender, four petalled
flowers, the lower petal of which is conspicuously
smaller than the other three, a common trait of this
genus. Speedwell is quite common through the Unit-
ed States and southern Canada. These two veronicas
are the prettiest and the most common of several
found in our range.

A. PURPLE GERARDIA.

Gerardia purpurea.

B. SMOOTH FALSE FOXGLOVE.

Gerardia virginica.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 313

PURPLE GERARDIA (Gerardia purpurea) is a
pretty little species that decorates low, moist, sandy
fields and meadows with its beautiful purple-pink
blossoms. The slender stem is quite branchy and
averages about a foot in height, though it occasion-
ally attains heights of two feet. The leaves, closely
crowded along the stem, are linear, pointed and
rough-margined. From three to eight flowers, open-
ing one at a time, grow along the ends of each branch.
The corolla is broad and about 1 in. long, bright pur-
plish pink, the mouth of the funnel spreading into
five rounded lobes, spotted or downy within.

If we watch these flowers for a few moments, we
will be sure to see a big, burly, bumblebee buzzing
along inspecting each blossom, not with an eye to
their beauty but thinking only of the sweets they con-
tain for him. As he reaches the bottom of the cor-
olla, the flower fits over his head like a little tobog-
gan cap. All the Gerardias and Foxgloves are quite
parasitic, attaching their roots to those of other
plants and getting part of their sustenance from them.
One would little suspect such pretty plants of such
pilfering. This species is found chiefly along the
coasts of the Atlantic, the Great Lakes and the Gulf
of Mexico. It blooms from August to October.

A more slender, smaller flowered species (G. ten-
uifolia) is found throughout the eastern half of the
United States.

SMOOTH FALSE FOXGLOVE (Gerardia virgini-
ca) has a smooth, branching stem from 2 to 6 feet
high. The leaves are lance-shaped, wavy-edged and
usually toothed. The large, lemon-yellow flowers
measure nearly two inches long by an inch broad.
The plant grows from Me. to Minn, and southwards
and blooms during August and Sept. The Fern-
leaved. Foxglove, (G. pedicularia) is smaller and has
pinnatifid leaves. It is found in the same range.

PAINTED Cup.
Castilleja coccinea.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 315

SCARLET PAINTED-CUP; INDIAN PAINT BRUSH

(Castilleja cocci nea). This singular species is a par-
asite, that is it fastens its roots upon those of other
plants and takes their nourishment from them. Most
plants of this nature have pale flowers and foliage, as
instanced by Indian Pipe and Beech Drops, but the
Gerardias, Foxgloves and the present species rank as
among our most handsomely colored plants. This
simply goes to show that plants may be deceitful, and
that we can form no more idea of what goes on be-
neath the surface from their attractive appearance
than we can judge a man's nature by his face.

The slender, hollow, reddish, angular and hairy
stem grows from a tuft of smooth-edged, oblong
leaves. The stem leaves are rather small and, the up-
per ones especially, have the ends three-lobed; those
near and surrounding the flowers have their ends
scarlet, as though they had been dipped in a pot of
red paint. The flowers' corolla is almost concealed
in the two-lobed cylindrical calyx, the end of which
is usually a brilliant scarlet. The corolla is irregular,
greenish yellow, with a narrow upper lip and a three-
lobed lower one. They have, set in the upper lip, four
unequal stamens and a long pistil.

There is a great difference in the coloration of
Painted Cup, apparently depending upon the nature of
the soil and the light received. While most speci-
mens are marked with the brightest of scarlet, we
sometimes find it with yellow or even light green.
The Scarlet Painted-cup is found in low sandy ground
from Mass, to Manitoba and southwards. A paler
species, C. pallida, is found in moist, rocky situations
on hill or mountain sides from northern United States
nortlrwards. The stem leaves are usually entire,
without lobes and the upper part of the stem is quite
woolly.

WOOD BETONY; LOUSEWORT.
Pedicularis canadensis.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 317

WOOD BETONY; LOUSEWORT (Pedicularis can-

adensis) is a peculiar plant that we find in dry woods
and thickets and often along roadsides. It almost al-
ways has an unkempt appearance due chiefly to the
fact that the florets grow from the flowering head
with little regard to symmetry, and the leaves are
rolled, folded, twisted or bent out of shape. It has
many cognomens, one at least being undeserved, that
of Lousewort, this being applied because of an early,
mistaken belief of farmers that it had insects that
infested sheep that fed upon its foliage. It is quite
commonly called Beefsteak Plant because of the
color of the upper lips of the flowers and because the
leaves and stem are often stained with a purplish
brown.

The flowering stems are stout, hairy and leafy;
they rise to heights of 6 to 18 inches. The leaves are
all fernlike in form; many of them rise on long hairy
stems from the roots and smaller ones alternate up
the flower stalk. The flower spike is short and dense-
ly flowered and contains many small bract-like leaves
among the tubular flowers. The corolla is composed
of two lips, the upper one being arched and strongly
curved or hooked at the tip ; four stamens are gather-
ed under the shelter of the upper lip and a slender
pistil projects through and beyond a small
tooth or notch in the end of it; the lower lip is short-
er, three-lobed and yellowish in coloV. The upper lip
varies from a yellowish green in freshly opened flow-
ers to a dull reddish on the mature blossoms, this
latter being the beefsteak color alluded to in one of
its common names.

Wood Betony is found from Nova Scotia to Manito-
ba and southwards. It is quite abundant throughout
its range and its flowers may be found from early in
May to the latter part of July.

A. BEECH DROPS.

Epifagus virginiana.

B. BROOM-RAPE.

Orobanche uniflora.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 319

BROOM-RAPE FAMILY (Orobanchaceae).

The members of this family are typical parasites,
destitute of green foliage and practically colorless.

BEECH DROPS; CANCER-ROOT (Epifagus vir-
giniana). This peculiar growth is found almost ex-
clusively in beech woods. At first glance it might
readily be taken for a little group of twigs projecting
above the ground. The stalk is tough, brownish,
erect and has several erect branches at the top. Along
the lower part of the stem are a few scale-like bracts
that represent the best the plant can do in the way of
leaves.

The stems attains heights of 6 to 20 inches. At the
ends of the branches are a number of curved, tubular
flowers; these are stained a dull magenta. While
they are perfect in all their parts, they are usually in-
fertile. Just below the tubular blossoms are a num-
ber of tiny ones resembling buds. These are cleis-
togamous flowers that never open, but are fertilized
without external agency.

Beech Drops attaches its roots to those of beech
trees and gets all its sustenance from them. It blooms
from August to Oct. and ranges from N. B. to Minn,
and southwards

ONE-FLOWERED CANCER-ROOT; BROOM-RAPE
(Orobanche uniflora) is an attractive little parasite
with a subterannean scaly stem, that sometimes
branches underground, each branch sending up one
to four very slender stalks from 3 to 6 inches high
and bearing at the top a single blossom each.

These terminal flowers are tubular and have five
rounded lobes. Their color varies from a pale pur-
ple to a cream color and they average about three-
quarters of an inch in length. They are chiefly fer-
tilized by small flies, attracted by the slight fragrance
they emit. It is found in moist woods throughout the
United States and southern Canada.

TRUMPET CREEPER.
Tecoma radicans.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 321

BIGNONIA FAMILY (Bignoniaceae.)

A small family of woody plants having two-parted
calyces and tubular, five-lobed corollas, the lobes
somewhat irregular, the lower one usually being
the largest.

TRUMPET CREEPER (Tecoma radicans) is an ex-
ceedingly beautiful woody vine having a southern dis-
position, in fact all the members of this family are
rather tropical in their habits.

Audubon in his plate of the Ruby-throated Hum-
mingbirds shows them about a cluster of flowers of
this vine. His choice was well made for it is one of
the favorites with these tiny birds. I have spent
hours, in Virginia, in watching these beautiful crea-
tures hovering, with whirring wings, at the door of
each blossom in turn. In order to reach the nectar
at the base of the long tube he has to force himself
well into the flower so that it conceals his head and
shoulders.

The stem of this species grows from 20 to 40 feet
long and is either prostrate or climbing. Sometimes
it extends over the ground, climbing over the bushes
that may be in its path, and again it may take an up-
ward course and climb the .trunks and branches of
small trees. As it is a hardy plant it is often seen in
cultivation and is used to decorate porches in the
North.

The flowers are trumpet-shaped, red within and
tawny or orange on the outside of the tube. They
grow in terminal clusters of two to nine blossoms,
each in a cup-shaped, two-parted calyx. The corolla
is about 2% inches long and flares into five rounded
lobes. Four anther-bearing stamens and a pistil are
in the upper part of the tube. The leaves grow op-
positely on the stem and are each composed of 7 to
11 ovate, toothed leaflets. We find this vine from N.
J. to la. and southwards.

21

A. COMMON PLANTAIN.
Plantago major.

B. ENGLISH PLANTAIN.
Plantago lanceolata.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 323

PLANTAIN FAMILY (Plantaginaceae).

A small family of despised weeds with coarse tooth-
less leaves clustered at the root and tiny flowers on a
coarse spike.

ENGLISH PLANTAIN (Plantago lanceolata) is one
of the most common flowering weeds about dooryards
everywhere. It is only because of its very abundance
that it has been given a place in this volume, certain-
ly not because of its beauty for it is one of our most
inconspicuous weeds in flower. It is regarded as a
pest by real estate owners who take pride in the ap-
pearance of their yards. It is very prolific and very
difficult to eradicate.

The leaves all radiate from the base; they are lan-
ceolate, sharply pointed and set on long, troughed
stems; they are dark green in color and are strongly
ribbed lengthwise.

The flower stem is stiff and smooth and attains
heights of 6 to 18 inches. The head is short and
studded with tiny, four-parted, dull white flowers,
with long, slender stamens There are often perfect,
staminate and pistillate flowers on the same plant. It
is now as abundant in all parts of our range as it is
in its native European home.

COMMON PLANTAIN (Plantago major) is, like the
last, a very familiar weed about ill-kept dooryards.
The leaves are larger, more spreading and not as
erect; they are broad-oblong and on long troughed
stems that radiate from the root.

The flower stalk rises to about the same height as
the last, but the flower head is very long. The tiny
white flowers open in circles about this head, slowly
making their way towards the top in their succession
of bloom, which lasts from June until September.

A. BLUETS; INNOCENCE.

Houstonia caerulea.

B. PARTRIDGE VINE; TWINBERRY.

Mitchella rep ens.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 325

MADDER FAMILY (Rublaceae).

A large family of shrubs or herbs with opposite or
whorled leaves having entire edges. The flowers are
regular, perfect and usually four-parted, with the
same number of stamens as divisions to the corolla.
The family includes the Coffee Plant and the Peruvian
bark trees.

BLUETS; INNOCENCE (Houstonia caerulea).
These are very dainty and beautiful little plants that
decorate our fields profusely from April until July.
They frequently grow in such large patches that,
from a distance, the ground appears as though cover-
ed with snow of a bluish or pale violet shade. The
stems are very slender, about 3 to 6 inches tall, and
have a few pairs of tiny leaves; larger leaves appear
in tufts from the base. Usually each stem bears but
a single four-parted blossom at the top. The perianth
is slender and the lobes flare widely; the corolla is
about one half inch in width-, — white, with the ends
of the lobes pale blue or violet, and stained with yel-
low towards the center of the flower. They are cross-
fertilized by small bees and little butterflies. The
species is very abundant from N. S. to Manitoba and
southwards to the Gulf.

PARTRIDGEBERRY (Mitchella repens) is a most
beautiful little trailing vine with rounded, opposite,
white-veined leaves along the creeping stem, that ex-
tends 6 to 12 inches from the root. Two beautiful
little four-parted, bell-shaped flowers terminate each
branch. They are downy white within, and pinkish
and smooth on the outside. They have a fragrance
similar to that of the Water Lily. A double, red ber-
ry replaces the flowers in the Pall; at this season, the
plants are collected extensively for use in ferneries,
as their leaves are evergreen. It is common in woods
throughout our range.

BEDSTRAWS (Gallium) have weak, square, brist-
ly stems, tiny four-parted flowers and whorled leaves.

A. FLY HONEYSUCKLE.

Lonicera canadensis.

B. TWIN-FLOWER.

Linnaea borealis.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 327

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY (Caprifoliaceae).

A family composed of shrubs, vines or herbs with
opposite leaves and perfect, usually regular flowers of
a funnel-form.

FLY HONEYSUCKLE (Lonicera canadensis) is a
bush or shrub with thin, straggling, brown branches,
attaining heights of 2 to 4 feet. The leaves are thin,
light green, somewhat heart-shaped and short stem-
ed. They grow oppositely on the branches and have
small stipules between them. The flowers are borne
in pairs from the axils of the terminal leaves. The
Naples yellow tubes are about three fourths of an
inch in length and have five lobes. The pairs of
blossoms are joined to the slender peduncles with
exceedingly short stems. After the flowering sea-
son, two bright red berries, with their bases touch-
ing but not united, take the places of the pairs of
flowers. This species is common from Quebec to
Manitoba and south to Pa. and Mich.

A similar species, the Mountain Fly Honeysuckle
(L. caerulea) has the pairs of flowers almost united
at their bases and the berries united into a single
one with two "eyes." This is also common in low
woods in the same range.

TWINFLOWER (Linnaea borealis americana) is
one of the most delicately beautiful of our wild
flowers. The stem is slender, trailing, reddish-brown
and from 6 to 24 inches long; at intervals very slen-
der, leafy flower stalks rise, bearing at the end, two
pendulous, bell-shaped, white, fragrant blossoms; the
corolla, which has five lobes, is crimson pink within.
The evergreen leaves are short-stemmed, almost
round and scallop-toothed. It was a favorite plant
with Linnaeus and is named after him. It is also
highly prized by all who reside in, or visit, the sec-
tions it frequents. It blooms in July and August in
cool mossy woods from Lab. to Minn, and south to
Pa. in the mountains.

CORAL HONEYSUCKLE.
Lonicera sempervirens.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 329

CORAL OR TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE (Lonicera

sempervlrens) is a very ornamental, climbing, woody
vine growing from 8 to 15 feet in length. It trails
over bushes or entwines its stems about the branches
of trees. It is more slender and graceful than the
Trumpet-creeper and, while its flowers are not as
large as the latter, they are brightly colored so that
the species is fully as often seen in cultivation as
the Trumpet-creeper. The lower leaves have short
stems, are rounded-oval in shape and opposite, as
are those of all the members of this family. The
leaves near the ends of the branches are united at
their bases, clasping the stems and forming cup-shap-
ed structures. The strikingly colored flowers grow
in whorls on spikes terminating the branches. The
tubular corollas are about two inches in length, bright
red on the outside and yellow within; the opening of
the corolla spreads but very little and is five-lobed.
As may be seen from the picture on the opposite
page, this honeysuckle flaunts the favorite colors of
the Ruby-throated Hummingbird and is consequently
visited very often by these birds. Its long slender
corolla is perfectly adapted to the long bill and
tongue of this smallest of our birds. In the South the
leaves of the Coral Honeysuckle are evergreen but
in the North they are deciduous. In the Fall where
each flower was located during the Summer we find
an orange-red berry. These are eaten by variou^
migrating birds and in this manner the seeds con-
tained in the berries are scattered over a wide range
of territory. This is one of Nature's surest ways of
increasing the range of a species and adding to its
vitality by bringing it into contact with the same kind
of plants from widely separated localities. This
species is distributed from Conn, and Nebr. south-
wards.

f

A. BELLFLOWER.

Campanula rapunculoides.

B. BLUEBELL; HAREBELL.

Campanula rotundifolia.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 331

BLUEBELL FAMILY (Campanulaceae).

A small family of herbs with alternate leaves and
acrid, usually milky, juices. The flowers are reg-
ular and perfect and have a five-parted, usually bell-
shaped, corolla.

BELLFLOWER (Campanula rapunculoides( (EU-
ROPEAN). This beautiful European species is a
frequent escape from gardens and is quite firmly es-
tablished in several localities in the Eastern States.
It is, of course, to be met with in the vicinity of
habitations and often alongside roads. As it is a
perennial its occurrence in the same places may be
looked for year after year.

The simple stems are erect and quite tall, ranging
from 1 to 3 feet high. The toothed, lance-shaped
leaves alternate along the lower portion of the stem
and the bell-shaped, purplish flowers are in loose
spikes on the terminal portions. They are all in nod-
ding positions, seated in five-parted calyces, on slen-
der pedicels each subtended by a small bract-like
leaf.

HAREBELL; BLUEBELL (Campanula rotundifol-
ia) is the "Blue Bells of Scotland" so familiar to us
in song and verse. It is a very slender-stemmed
species but very hardy, as attested by the altitudes
at which it is found on mountains. It gets it speci-
fic name, rotundifolia, from the little tuft of rounded,
toothed leaves that appear before the flowering stem,
and rarely last until the flowers appear. The flower-
ing stems are very slender and wiry, sparsely set
with linear leaves ; they usually branch near the sum-
mit, each division bearing a demure, drooping, violet
bell. It is found in bloom from June until Septem-
ber in rocky or sandy places in Canada and northern
United States.

VENUS' LOOKING GLASS (Specularia perfoliata)
is a tall, wand-like annual with rounded, scallop-edged
clasping leaves and little 5-parted blue flowers in
their axils. Pound throughout the United States,

CARDINAL FLOWER.
Lobelia cardinalis.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 333

LOBELIA FAMILY (Lobeliaceae).

A small family of herbs with acrid, milky juices,
alternate leaves and loosely spiked, or scattered, ir-
regular flowers.

CARDINAL FLOWER (Lobelia cardinalis). Al-
though exceedingly bright colored, these flowers are
rightly classed as among our most beautiful wild
ones; they have a grace of form and a clearness of
color that charms everyone. They dispute with Os-
wego Tea the title of supremacy in the brilliance of
their scarlet coloring. As might be expected from
their color, they are visited by and chiefly fertilized
by the Ruby-throated Hummingbird.

The simple stem grows to heights of 2 to 4 feet
from perennial creeping rootstalks that often throw
up new plants; the stalk is hollow and rather closely
set with alternating, lance-shaped leaves, the lower
ones stemmed and toothed, the upper ones clasping
the stem and nearly smooth-edged. The showy flow-
er-spike is loosely set with bright red flowers; the
narrow, tubular corolla proceeds from a five-parted
calyx, and ends in two lips, the upper having two
erect, narrow lobes and the lower a broad three-cleft
one, velvety-scarlet; the five stamens are united in an
erect tube. The Cardinal Flower is found in moist
ground, especially along brooks, blooms in August
and September and is found from N. S. to Minn, and
southwards.

GREAT LIBELIA (Lobelia siphilitica) has a sim-
ple, stout, hairy and leafy stem 1 to 3 feet high. The
leaves are oval, toothed and short-stemmed and grad-
ually decrease to the size of bracts at the top of the
stem. The light blue-violet flowers appear in the
axils of the upper leaves. They are nearly an inch
long, two-lipped, the lower one having three spread-
ing lobes and are seated in rather large, rounded
calyces. It is common in low, moist ground from
Me. to Minn, and southwards; it may be found In
bloom from July until September.

A. SPIKED LOBELIA.
Lobelia spictata.

B. INDIAN TOBACCO.
Lobelia inflata.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 335

SPIKED LOBELIA (Lobelia spicata) is a smaller
flowered species having a simple leafy stem from

1 to 4 feet in height. The leaves vary greatly in
shape from lance-shaped to oblong, and decrease in
size rapidly as they approach the flower spike. The
small, pale blue-violet flowers are set in short smooth
calyces. The upper lip of the corolla has two small
lobes and the lower one is divided into three, larger,
spreading ones. It is commonly found in dry, sandy
soil from N. S. to Manitoba and southwards.

INDIAN TOBACCO (Lobelia inflata) is the most
common of the Lobelias; it is found growing every-
where in either sandy or moist soil, in woods or in
fields. The alternating leaves are pointed-oval and
sparingly wavy-toothed; the lower ones are quite
large, while the upper ones are very small. The sim-
ple stem is stout and quite hairy; it grows from 1 to

2 feet in height. The little blue-violet flowers are
barely one quarter inch long, each seated in a large,
smooth inflated calyx. This species of Lobelia is
used very freely in the compounding of various medi-
cines and, in one form or another, is supposed to cure
a great many of the ailments of mankind. The leaves
were used by Indians for chewing, but have a very
nauseating taste; they have poisonous properties and
will cause ill effects if swallowed.

The flower calyces enlarge still more after the cor-
ollas have withered away, and form round seed pods
that follow closely up the stem on the heels of the
flowers, for the succession of bloom is from the bot-
tom of the spike towards the top.

WATER LOBELIA (Lobelia Dortmanna) is a
species found on the borders of ponds or even in the
water. The flowers are similar to those of the other
species, but the leaves are thick, linear and in a tuft ,
at the base of the hollow stem. It is quite common
from N. E. and N. Y. northwards.

iflBP^^^H^^HpFx''
IK

A. BLAZING STAR.

Liatris scariosa.

B. IRONWEED.

Vernonia noveboracensis.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 337
COMPOSITE FAMILY (Compositae).

TALL BLAZING STAR (Liatris scariosa) is a tall,
handsome perennial that throws up its beautiful
spike of blossoms in Fall, together with those of the
Asters and Golden-rods. The plant usually grows in
dry situations and attains heights of 2 to 6 feet. A
long spike containing numerous, quite large, flower
heads adorns the top of the stem. These heads,
which are about % in. in diameter, have a very dis-
heveled appearance for the magenta-purple rays
emerge in all directions; they are contained in a
large imbricated involucre. The leaves are stiff, lan-
ceolate, and closely alternated along the stem, the
upper, small ones, acting as bracts for the flower
heads.

The Blazing Star furnishes another welcome color
to add to the many hues of the late flowers that so
plentifully bedeck our land. It is found from Me. to
Mich, and southwards. A more common species,
(Liatris spicata) has smaller flower heads, set in a
longer spike and has linear leaves. It is found from
Mass, to Minn, and southwards.

I RON WEED (Veronia noveboracensis) is a tall (3
to 7 feet) and smooth-stemmed member of the Com-
posite Family. The alternating leaves are lanceolate
and finely toothed. The flower heads are grouped in
flat-topped clusters. The rays are slender and very
numerous, giving the heads the appearance of lit-
tle thistles. This species blooms in August and Sep-
tember, at which season it is one of the characteris-
tic plants in moist ground near the seashore. Other
similar species are found in the central portions of
the country, notably V. altissima, which is common
from N. Y. to Mich, and southwards.

A. JOE PYE WEED.

Eupatorium purpureum.

B. THOROUGHWORT; BONESET.

Eupatorium perfoliatum.

'

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 33Q

JOE PYE WEED (Eupatorium purpureum) is a

very familiar and pretty species, found commonly
everywhere along the edges of swamps, thickets or
about ponds. The simple, rather slender, stem is
very tall, attaining heights of from 2 to 10 feet.
The stem is usually stained purplish and is set at
intervals with whorls of three to six, rough, coarsely-
toothed leaves; these latter have short stems, rather
broad bases and are sharp-pointed. The flowers grow
in flat-topped terminal clusters. Each floret is of a
rosy purple color and has projecting styles that give
the flowers a very fuzzy appearance. The color,
which is very nearly like that of the common Milk-
weed, causes many to confuse this plant with that
species, although they are very dissimilar in every
other respect.

Each little tubular floret yields a drop of nectar
and is, consequently, highly appreciated by many
species of butterflies as well as by bumblebees. Its
common name is that of a quack Indian doctor who
made frequent use of this plant for the "cures" of
various ailments.

Joe Pye Weed is commonly found in moist places
from Newfoundland to Minn, and southwards, flow-
ering during August and September.

THOROUGHWORT; BONESET (Eupatorium per-

foliatum) is a flowering herb, dearly beloved by the
old-fashioned housewife and equally detested by the
small boy. It was, and still is, one of the most
commonly used home remedies and doubtless is quite
often efficacious in producing, or conducing to, cures
of colds, chills, slight fevers etc. The stem is stout,
hairy and 1 to 5 feet tall. The opposite leaves are
perfoliate, that is the ends are joined together. It
is very common in swamps or thickets everywhere.

A. GOLDEN ASTER.

Chrysopsis mariana.

B. LANCE-LEAVED GOLDEN ASTER.

Chrysopsis falcata.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 341

CURVED-LEAVED GOLDEN ASTER (Chrysopsis

falcata) is a very beautiful species with a silvery,
woolly stem 4 to 10 inches high, closely crowded
with stiff, linear, downy, slightly recurved leaves.
The golden-yellow flowers spread about an inch; the
tubular florets in the center have a brownish orange
tinge but the numerous straps or ray-flowers are the
brightest of orange-yellow. This species loves dry
sandy soil and is most abundant near the coast from
Cape Cod to the pine barrens of New Jersey. It may
be found in bloom from the latter part of July until
September.

GOLDEN ASTER (Chrysopsis mariana) is, as one
would judge from its species name, very partial to
the seacoast, where it may be found in profusion in
dry sandy places and along roadsides.

It is to me, an even more beautiful species than the
preceding. It is a larger, more rugged plant, growing
from 1 to 2 feet tall. The stem is quite branchy and
is rather closely set with lance-shaped stemless, gray-
green leaves. The flowers, however, are just a trifle
smaller than those of the last species; they grow in
rather loose, flat-topped clusters, each head being on
a rather long, slightly sticky peduncle. The tubu-
lar and ray florets proceed from a bell-shaped involu-
cre composed of closely overlapping bracts, a forma-
tion quite characteristic of members of this family.
This species is not as closely confined to the im-
mediate seashore as is the last and may even be
found in dry woods. Its period of bloom is during
August and September and it ranges from N. Y. and
Pa. southwards to Pla. and La.

Another species (C. villosa), with hairy stems and
leaves, is found on dry plains and prairies from Man-
itoba southwards to the Gulf.

w

A. WHITE GOLDEN-ROD; SILVER-ROD.

Solidago bicolor.

B. BLUE -STEM MED GOLDEN-ROD.
Solidago caesia.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 343

GOLDEN-RODS; Genus (Solidago).

The Genus Solidago is a very large one, comprising
more than eighty species. They are the most fa-
miliar and abundant of our Fall flowers. The flowers
are always in clusters and with one exception they
are yellow or golden. The most common forms have
a simple wand-like stem topped with a long golden
spike, readily suggesting the common name of Gol-
den-rods.

SILVER-ROD; WHITE GOLDEN-ROD (Solidago
bicolor) bears the distinction of being the only one
of our very numerous Golden-rods that does not have
golden flowers. Those of this species are white or
cream-colored. The stem is usually simple and at-
tains heights of from 10 to 30 inches. It is downy
and is rather closely set with rough, elliptical, slight-
ly toothed leaves. The clusters of flower heads grow
in racemes from the axils of the upper leaves or in
a cylindrical terminal spike.

The cream-yellow tubular florets are surrounded
by from three to twelve white rays. As a rule, the
flower heads are not as closely crowded together as
in other species. Silver-rod blooms during August
and September on dry ground, frequently along road-
sides or the edges of woods, from N. B. to Minn, and
southwards to the Gulf.

BLUE-STEMMED GOLDEN-ROD (Solidago cae-
sia) blooms during Sept. and Oct. The simple stem
is closely set with lanceolate, toothed leaves, and
from the axils of those on the upper half of the
stem, appear loose racemes of flowers. The heads
are rather larger than those of most of the Golden-
rods and have from three to five, comparatively long,
golden rays surrounding the tubular florets.

This species has a somewhat bluish or purplish
cast to the stem; the arrangement of the flowers,
from the axils of the leaves, will serve best to iden-
tify it however.

EARLY GOLDEN-ROD.
Solidago sempervirens.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 345

EARLY GOLDEN-ROD (Solidago juncea) is a very
common species and one of the earliest to bloom, be-
ing found in flower from July until Sept. The flowers
are in a large graceful cluster, composed of numer-
ous racemes, at the summit of a tall, simple stem 2
to 4 feet high. The stem is smooth, angular and
usually a ruddy brown. The leaves are smooth,
lance-shaped; the lower ones toothed, but the upper
with nearly even edges. The golden-yellow flowers
have eight to ten rays. Pound in dry places from N.
B. to Sask. and southwards.

SEASIDE GOLDEN-ROD (Solidago sempervirens)
is a common species of the salt marshes from Me.
to Fla. It has a large, showy flower cluster, and the
flowerheads, individually, are also quite large;, they
have 7 to 10 rays. The lanceolate leaves are tootn-
less and slightly clasping at their bases. The smooth,
stout stem grows from 2 to 8 feet tall.

ROUGH-STEMMED GOLDEN-ROD (Solidago rug-
osa) is a very hairy species, rough to the touch. The
stem attains heights of 1 to 7 feet and often branches
at the top. The flower racemes spread in a broad
pyramidal panicle. The pale golden-yellow flowers
have 6 to 9 rays. The leaves are feather-veined,
quite hairy and coarsely toothed. Common in fields
and on the borders of woods and thickets from New-
foundland to Minn, and southwards.

CANADA GOLDEN-ROD (Soligado canadensis) is
perhaps the most common and the handsomest of
the genus. The flower cluster is very large and
plume-like. The leaves are thin, narrowly lanceolate
and finely toothed. The rather slender stem ascends
to heights of 2 to 7 feet. The flowerheads are rather
small, but are closely crowded on the curving pe-
duncles. This is a very common species throughout
our range.

w

LANCE-LEAVED GOLDEN-ROD.
Solidago graminifolia.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 34?

LANCE-LEAVED GOLDEN-ROD (Solidago grami-
nifolia). This species differs greatly in appearence
from the usual form of most of the Golden-rods; in
fact the difference in form is even more pronounced
than that of the Blue-stemmed variety, and is so great
that many botanists favor the forming of a new
Genus for it. It is a very common species and is
found everywhere, either in moist or dry situations.

The stem is simple, angular and slightly rough; it
ascends 2 to 5 feet and near the summit sends up
many slender wiry, leafy branches supporting flat-
topped flower clusters. The flowers are crowded
closely together but are very small and rather dull-
colored; they have 12 to 20 minute rays. The leaves
are small and narrowly lanceolate; they have three
to five ribs and are toothless but have a rough edge.
It blooms from August until October, very commonly
from N. S. to Sask. and southwards to N. J. and Mo.

SLENDER GOLDEN-ROD (Solidago tenuifolia) is
a somewhat similar species with narrower leaves,
linear-lanceolate, usually one-ribbed and minutely
dotted. The stem is smooth and more slender; it
grows from 1 to 3 feet high. The flowers are in a
flat-topped cluster, each head having 6 to 12 tiny rays.
It is found in sandy soil, chiefly near the coast, from
Mass to Pla.

SHOWY GOLDEN-ROD (Solidago speciosa) is a
large species, from 3 to 7 feet tall, with a stout sim-
ple stem and a magnificent, bright golden-yellow,
plume-like head; the flowers are comparatively large
and have usually five rays. Readily distinguished by
its leaves, the lower ones rather large, contracting
into a margined stem, gradually decreasing in size to
small lance-shaped ones at the top of the stem.

NEW ENGLAND ASTER*
Aster

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 349

THE ASTERS. Genus (Aster).

The members of this genus are exceedingly numer-
ous in species. Collectively they greatly outnumber
all the rest of the family combined. They are very
variable; some have large flower heads, others tiny
ones; some are quite tall, others barely rise above
the ground; some have few flowers on a plant while
on others they are exceedingly numerous. Their col-
ors are usually some shade of purple or white. They
all yield an abundance of nectar and are frequented
by numerous small bees. The tubular flowers, those
on the disc, or "button", in the center of the flower,
are regular and perfect; the ray florets are pistillate.

The flowers are so numerous and vary so greatly,
one type gradually merging into another, that they
form a confusing Genus. The latest edition of Gray's
Botany describes 57 species; we refer anyone to this
work if they wish to learn the specific name of every
species. We will describe a few of the distinct and
most common types.

NEW ENGLAND ASTER (Aster novae-anglae) is
one of the largest of the genus, its stem attaining
heights of from 2 to 6 feet; it is also one of the most
common and most popular species.

The stem is stout, branched and rather rough.
The leaves are soft, hairy, lance-shaped and clasp the
stem by a somewhat heart-shaped base. The flowers
are in a broad corymb at the top of the stem. They
are quite large, measuring about an inch across; the
30 to 40 narrow rays are of a purplish color, often
quite bright.

This species is not, as might be judged from its
name, a native of New England, only, but is common
from Me. to Minn, and southwards, blooming from
August to October, frequenting dry ground.

SMOOTH ASTER.
Aster laevis.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 351

SMOOTH ASTER (Aster laevis) is a handsome
species having a smooth, stout stem, quite branching,
usually covered with a whitish bloom and growing
from 2 to 4 feet high. The flowers are in lovely ter-
minal clusters, each blossom measuring about an
inch across; they are usually light violet blue in
color, although color is very variable with all fhe
so-called blue asters; each disk is surrounded by 15
to 30 rays. The leaves are nearly smooth-edged, lan-
ceolate, clasping the stem with a distinct heart-shap-
ed base. The Smooth Aster is abundant from Me. to
Minn, and southwards, growing in dry soil and bloom-
ing in September and October.

NEW YORK ASTER (Aster novi-belgii) is one of
the very commonest of the "blue asters." The stalk
is slender, very branchy and grows from 1 to 3 feet
in height. The leaves are commonly narrowly lanceo-
late but are very variable; they slightly clasp the
stem with their bases. The numerous flower heads
are a trifle more than an inch across, the yellowish
center being surrounded by 15 to 24 lilac or blue-
violet rays. This species abounds from Newfound-
land to Florida and perhaps west to the Miss. Valley.
It blooms in September and October.

PURPLE-STEMMED ASTER (Aster puniceus) is
more widely distributed and perhaps as abundant as
the last species. It is tall and branching, the stem
growing from 2 to 7 feet in height. The stalk is
brownish purple and is stout and rough-hairy. The
leaves are large, oval, with a tapering point, rough
above and hairy on the midrib below, coarsely but
sparingly toothed. The flowers grow very profusely
in terminal clusters. The centers are dull yellow and
the 20 to 24 rays, light violet blue or white. Com-
mon from N. B. to Manitoba and southwards.

A. HEART-LEAVED ASTER.

Aster cordifolius.

B. PANICLED ASTER.

Aster paniculatus.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 353

HEART-LEAVED ASTER (Aster cordifolius) is a
common species, readily identified by the shape of
its leaves that are, the lower ones especially, heart-
shaped and on quite long, slender, ciliate petioles;
they are thin but rather rough and are toothed on the
edge. The stalk is slender, branchy and grows from
1 to 4 feet high. The flowers are numerous but com-
paratively small, about % inches across; they have
brownish yellow centers and 10 to 20 lilac, or light-
er colored rays. It is a very common species in thin
woods and thickets, or along their edges, or road-
sides. Pound from N. B. to Minn, and southwards,
flowering in Sept. and Oct.

WAVY-LEAVED ASTER (Aster undulatus) is also
readily identified because its leaves have long, broad
stems that expand into heart-shape as they clasp the
stem. The stems are stiff, rough and 1 to 3 feet tall.
The light, blue-violet flowers have 9 to 15 rays. This
species ranges from N. B., Ont. and Minn southwards.

PANICLED ASTER (Aster paniculatus) is a very
tall, branching, slender-stemmed species, commonly
found in moist ground and on the borders of woods or
copses. The smooth stalk attains heights of from 2
to 8 feet. At the ends of the branches are numerous
flower heads about the size of a nickel, loosely pan-
icled. The leaves are long lance-shaped, nearly
smooth, obscurely, or not at all, toothed and dark
green in color. This is one of the palest colored of
the "blue asters," the flowers are very light violet
and often white.

SHOWY ASTER (Aster spectabilis), a seaside spe-
cies, has probably, the deepest colored flowers; large,
about iy2 in. across, deep purplish violet and but few
in number. Simple stem 1 to 2 feet tall and rough,
toothless, lance-shaped leaves.

23

A. HEATH ASTER.

Aster ericoides.

B. MANY-FLOWERED ASTER.

Aster multiflorus.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 355

HEATH ASTER (Aster ericoides) is also a com-
mon white aster from Me. to Minn, and southwards.
Its many flowers are but a little larger than those of
the last. The plant grows 1 to 3 feet tall and has
many branches, each having simple, many-flowered
stems racemed along their outer ends. All the stems,
even the flower peduncles, are set with tiny, health-
like, linear leaves. In our illustration, the apparently
different size between the flowers of this and the last
species is because the scale is different; the present
one represents a single flowering stem, correspond-
ing to one of the several shown in the other figure.
All the asters are frequented by bees, this species is
a special favorite with the honey bee and furnishes
him with a large percentage of the nectar he secures
during the waning days of his active year.

MANY-FLOWERED ASTER (Aster multiflorus)
has, as its name would lead one to think, very many
flowers, but they are small, averaging less than %
inch across. In fact most of the white-flowered spe-
cies do have smaller flowers than the blue ones, but
what they lack in size they more than make up in
numbers. The stem is slender but very branching,
making a bush-like plant. Each branch is terminated
by short, many-flowered racemes. Our illustration
shows but a tip of one of the very numerous branches.
The leaves are tiny, light green and linear, smooth-
edged but rough to the touch, crowded along the
branches to their tips. This is a common species
from Mass, to Minn, and southwards, growing in dry
places everywhere and blooming from Sept. to Nov.

A. ASTER VIMINEUS.

B. STARVED ASTER.
Aster lateriflorus.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 357

SMALL WHITE ASTER (Aster vimineus) is still
another of the tiny, white-flowered asters. It has a
tall, branching stem from 2 to 5 feet high; the
branches nearly all leave the main stalk in a hori-
zontal position. The inflorescence is chiefly on one
side of the flowering stems. This species can usually
be identified by the reddish tinge to its stems. The
leaves are linear or narrowly lanceolate, the larger
ones being obscurely serrate. The flowers are tiny,
smaller than any of the preceding, but have from 15
to 25 narrow white rays. It grows in moist soil from
Me. to Minn, and southwards.

STARVED ASTER (Aster lateriflorus) is a much
branched, slightly hairy species, common in thickets
and fields from N. S. to 'Ontario and southwards. The
leaves are lanceolate and taper to a point at each
end; they are rather rough and sharply serrate in the
middle. The plant has a ''starved" appearance owing
to the rather brownish colored disc florets; the ray
florets are usually less in number than most of the
other white species.

DAISY FLEABANE (Erigeron ramosus) is a com-
mon aster-like species found blooming in fields from
June until October. The stem is rough-hairy and
grows 1 or 2 feet tall. The leaves are also slightly
hairy, smooth-edged, the upper ones lanceolate, the
lower rather spatulate in shape tapering into slender
petioles. The small, daisy-like flowers grow in a
corymbed cluster at the top of the stem; they are
about y2 inch across, have quite a broad disc of tubu-
lar, yellowish florets and very numerous, narrow, ray
florets; these rays range from 40 to 80 in number; at
night they usually turn upwards so as to partly en-
fold the disc.

•

A. FLAT-TOPPED WOOD ASTER.

Aster umbellatus.

B. SHARP-LEAVED WOOD ASTER.

Aster acuminatus.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 359

Aster umbel latus is a common species of white as-
ter found growing in moist woodland or thickets. It
has smooth, leafy, branching stems from 2 to 6 feet
tall. The leaves are lanceolate, pointed at each end
and the lower ones are serrate.

The numerous flower heads are in compound flat-
topped corymbs; the center, or disc florets, are green-
ish-yellow and are surrounded by a few white rays,
usually less than a dozen. It is a common species
throughout the northern parts of the United States.

SHARP-LEAVED WOOD ASTER (Aster acumina-
tus) is a low-growing woodland aster with a simple,
rather zig zag stem, quite hairy, growing from 1 to 3
feet in height. The leaves are quite large, sharply-
pointed, sharply toothed and short-stemmed. A few
alternate along the lower portions of the stem and a
number are so closely together as to appear whorled
about the stem, just below the flowers. The flowers
are few in number, on slender pedicels. They have
few white rays and a rather brownish center, giving
them a very unkempt appearance as compared to the
tidiness of most of the asters; the rays are long,
narrow, often wavy and give the flower a spread of
from 1 to iy2 inches. It is quite a common species
in cool rich woods from Labrador to Ontario and
south to Pa. and even farther in the mountains. It
blooms during August and September.

Aster linariifolius is a peculiar, but not uncommon,
aster found in dry soil in the northern parts of the
United States. The stem is usually .simple, with
rough-margined, linear leaves and bears a single
blossoms at the summit; the few rays are light vio-
let or white and surround a brownish disk of tubular
florets.

A. PEARLY EVERLASTING.
Anaphalis margaritacea.

B. EVERLASTING.
Eugnaphalium decurrens.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 36 1

PEARLY EVERLASTING (Anaphalis margarit-
acea) is the largest flowered and the prettiest of the
everlastings. It is one of the very few flowers that
will naturally preserve its color and shape upon dry-
ing. Because of this fact, these flowers are often pre-
served for vases and are used by florists for the mak-
ing of wreaths. We frequently see them dyed green,
blue, red, yellow, etc.

The stems are simple, quite stout, white-woolly,
leafy and 6 to 30 inches in height. The leaves are
long and narrow, have a smooth edge, are grayish-
green above and woolly below, and narrow into clasp-
Ing bases; they are closely set around the stem from
the base to the flower cluster.

The flowers are in flat-topped clusters; each head
is composed of many, pearly-white, dry, overlapping
scales that surround brownish-yellow, tubular florets.
Before they have expanded they look like large pearls
but after opening they resemble, somewhat, miniature
Water-Lilies. Staminate and pistillate flowers grow
on different plants. When the flowers are opened,
we usually see many varieties of small moths and
butterflies about them, as well as small bees. These
are the useful agents for cross-fertilization. This
Everlasting is very common on dry hillsides, in woods
or on recently cleared land. Its range extends from
N. S. to Manitoba and southwards to S. C. and Mo.
It is in full bloom from July until September.

SWEET EVERLASTING (Gnaphalium polycepha-
lum) has a woolly stem and wavy, lanceolate, woolly
leaves. The pearly flowerheads are oval in shape;
they do not expand until after they have matured.
It is common in pastures everywhere.

A. PRAIRIE DOCK.

Silphium terebinthinaceum.

B. COMPASS PLANT.

Silphium laciniatum.

Wild Flowers East of the. Rockies 363

ROSIN-WEED; COMPASS PLANT (Silphium lacin-
iatum) is a large, showy-flowered plant found on the
western prairies. It has a stout, rough, bristly stem
that attains heights of from three to ten feet. The
stem grows from a perennial root; it exudes copious,
resinous juices. The large leaves are pinnately divid-
ed, each division being linear and cut-lobed; they are
on long, broad petioles that spread into clasping
bases.

The flower heads are very large, measuring from
two to four inches across. They are sessile or ex-
ceedingly short-stemmed, seated along the upper
portion of the stout stem. Their arrangement is
quite similar to that of Chicory, the well known and
common flower in the East. The bracts of the in-
volucre are long and taper into spreading points, that
spread nearly as wide as the ray florets; the central,
tubular florets form a large, flat orange ."button" and
are surrounded by bright yellow, notched rays. The
lower and root leaves are very large, ranging from
one to three feet in length. They are disposed to
present their edges north and south. Compass plant
is found on prairies from Mich, to North Dakota and
southwards; it blooms from July until September.

PRAIRIE DOCK (Silphium terbinthinaceum pinnat-
ifidium), in spite of its cumbersome Latin name, is
rather an attractive plant that also grows on prairies
and the edges of copses. The smooth, slender str^p
ascends 3 to 10 feet high and bears a loose panicle of
large, yellow-rayed flower heads. The leaves mostly
come from the root and lower part of the stem- they
are slender-petioled and deeply pinnatifid. Found
from O, to Minn, and southwards

ELECAMPANE.
Inula helenium.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 3&5

ELECAMPANE (Inula Helenium) (EUROPEAN)

is a tall, stout, beautiful member of the composite
family that comes to us from the old world. It has
become naturalized and is now common throughout
the eastern half of the United States.

The stout, smooth, usually unbranched stalk grows
from 2 to 6 feet in height and is leafy throughout. At
the summit of the stem is a single, or sometimes two,
large flower set on a peduncle from the angle of the
upper leaf. A smaller, flat, bract-like leaf appear
just below the flower involucre. The head measures
two or three inches across and has a broad disc of
tubular, yellow florets, these turning tan color as they
age. The yellow rays are numerous, but very narrow,
usually set at different angles and with some vacant
places so that the flower has a rather disheveled ap-
pearance.

The upper leaves usually clasp the plant stem,
while the lower ones are on petioles. They are broad,
thick-textured, toothed and pointed; the large, whit-
ish veins show very prominently; the upper surface
of the leaf is rough, yellowish-green, while the lower
is lighter and woolly. They alternate quite closely
along the stem.

The leaves were formerly used by industrious coun-
try housewives for the concoction of various home
remedies and doubtless proved effective. The roots
yield a mucilaginous juice that was supposed to have
healing and antiseptic properties. Bees, butterflies
and small moths are usually seen about the beautiful
flower heads, and are the chief agents for cross-ferti-
lization.

A. ROBIN'S PLANTAIN.

Erigeron pulchellus.

B. PURPLE CONE FLOWER.

Brauneria purpurea.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 367

ROBIN'S PLANTAIN (Erigeron pulchellus) is one

of the earliest members of the composite family to
bloom. In fact it is often known as the "Blue Spring
Daisy," a name which is very appropriate for it, much
more so than the one it commonly bears. The very
fuzzy, light green, juicy stalk attains heights of from
10 to 24 inches. Must of the leaves are in a dense
rosette at the base of the stalk they are spatulate in
shape, indistinctly toothed and hairy throughout.
The few stem leaves are small, hairy and clasping at
their bases. From one to nine flowers, an inch, or
slightly more, broad are grouped at the top of the
stem. They are handsome blossoms, resembling ast-
ers, but the yellowish centers of tubular florets are
broader and flatter; the lilac or violet rays are very
numerous and are arranged quite evenly around the
central disc.

Robin's Plantain is a perennial with creeping root-
stalks and will be found year after year in the same
localities. It is often communistic and found growing
in quite large colonies; it may also be met with sing-
ly. It is common everywhere, most abundant in
slightly moist soil, from Me. to Minn, and south-
wards, blooming in May and June.

PURPLE CONE FLOWER (Brauneria purpurea) is

a showy western species bearing a single, large flow-
er head with a conical center of purple disc florets
and surrounded by many, large, notched, magenta
rays. The stiff, hairy stem rises 2 to 3 feet high.
The leaves, also stiff -hairy, alternate along it; the
upper ones are toothless and seated on the stem,
while the lower ones are sharply toothed; they are
five-ribbed and deep green in color. Rich soil, IN. Y
to Mich, and southwards.

%

BLACK-EYED SUSAN; CONE FLOWER.
Rudbeckia hirta.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 369

BLACK-EYED SUSAN; YELLOW DAISY; CONE
FLOWER (Rudbeckia hirta) is a beautiful, large-
flowered, tough-stemmed species that is commonly
found in dry fields and pastures throughout the East,
although it is, by nativity, a western species.

The stem is hairy, rough, very tough and grows
from 1 to 3 feet in height; usually it is simple but
sometimes tufted, that is two or more stems may pro-
ceed from a single root. Single, large flowers are
borne at the summit of each stem.

The involucre is composed of two rows of leaf-like
bracts that spread as the flower opens, the outer ones
extending almost as widely as the rays. The conical,
dark purple center is composed of long, tubular flor-
ets that ripen in successive circles about the cone,
making a fringe of yellow pollen on its surface. The
orange-yellow rays are neutral, with neither stamens
nor pistils. They have their uses, however, for they
present a flaming advertisement to all passing bees
and butterflies, of the stores of nectar and pollen to
be reaped from the florets at the center. The tubes
are long and the nectar is seated at the bottom, so
it is only insects with long, slender tongues that are
enabled to taste of the sweets.

The leaves, scattered alternately along the stem,
are also stiff and hairy; they have three prominent
ribs. The upper ones are lanceolate and seated on
the stem, the lower ones are broader towards the tip,
rather spatulate-shaped. The plant stem is so rigid
and tough that it is difficult to pick the flowers with-
out pulling up the entire stem. This should be care-
fully avoided, for the roots are perennial and plants
will spring up year after year if they are undisturbed.

TALL CONE FLOWER.
Rudbeckia laciniata.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 3^1

TALL CONE-FLOWER (Rudbeckia laciniata) is a

tall, lanky member of this genus, with an entirely dif-
ferent temperament from that of the Blackeyed Su-
son. No hot, sandy or dusty fields for this, but the
cool depths of moist thickets. As usual with vegeta-
tion in moist, rich soil, its growth is luxuriant. The
smooth, branching stem ascends to heights of 3 to 10
feet and is leafy throughout. Ordinarily, the plant
does not grow more than five feet in height; those
that exceed this height might be termed giants of the
species. The lower leaves are very large, are on long
petioles and are cleft into five or seven divisions; the
lower and middle stem leaves are usually three-part-
ed while the upper ones, or at least, the ones nearest
the flowers are small and elliptical.

Several large flower heads terminate the branches;
they measure from 2 to 4 inches across. The central
disc is, at first, hemispherical and green but finally
becomes elongated and brownish. The rays number
six to 12 and are bright yellow in color. This species
blooms from July until Sept. and is found from Me. to
Manitoba and southwards.

Rudbeckia triloba is a hairy biennial with slender,
spreading branches, at the ends of which are num-
erous, comparatively small, but showy, flower heads.
The central disc is hemispherical, composed of
brownish-purple florets. The rays are golden-yellow,
brightest near the disc. The leaves are bright green,
thin, rough, the upper ones being lance-shaped and
the lower one three-lobed; all are rather coarsely
toothed. Common in rich soil from N. J. to Minn,
and southwards.

TEN-PETALLED SUNFLOWER.
Helianthus decapetalus.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 373

TEN-PETALLED SUNFLOWER (Helianthus de-

capetalous.) This is a slender stemmed, graceful,
showy-flowered Sunflower, common in damp woods
and on the borders of thickets, from Me., Quebec and
Minn, southwards. The branching stem grows from

2 to 5 feet tall; it is slightly hairy-rough on the up-
per portions but smooth below. The leaves are thin,
rather rough-broad lance-shaped, short-stemmed and
grow oppositely on the stem; they are all sharply
saw-toothed. The showy flowers, growing on slend-
er peduncles from the ends of the branches, are 2 to

3 inches across. Though often with ten rays, they
just as frequently have any number from 8 to 15.

COMMON SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus) is
the common garden sunflower that often has such
enormous heads. The normal, wild plant is common
from Minn, to Texas and westward. The flower
heads range from three to six inches in diameter; it
is only the cutlivated variety, produced from this,
that has the mammoth heads we often see. It has
been introduced into most civilized countries and
furnishes many staple articles of commerce. It prob-
ably reaches its greatest development in point of
size in Russia, the seeds from plants grown in that .
country being more than double in size of any pro-
duced in the United States.

In its wild state the plant only grows from three
to six feet tall. Its name is due, not only to its sun-
like face., but also to the fact that the flowers usual-
ly face the sun, turning their heads slowly so as to
follow it around the horizon. Their period of bloom
is from July until Sept.. This species may readily
be recognized by the large, alternately, three-ribbed,
rough, toothed leaves.

JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE.
Helianthus tuberosus.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 375

JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE (Helianthus tubero-
sus) is, like the Common Sunflower, a valuable spe-
cies, and one that is often cultivated because of its
edible roots, these being tender and of good flavor;
they are eaten raw or cooked. Their value as articles
of food was first discovered by Indians and by them
imparted to our early colonists. The name Jerusa-
lem, in connection with this plant, is a corruption
from the name applied to the species by Italians, (Gir-
asole Articocco), meaning sunflower artichoke.

It is a handsome plant, the stout, leafy, hairy stalk
growing from 3 to 12 feet tall and being topped with
several large showy flowers. The large, three-vein-
ed leaves are hairy and have toothed margins. They
are chiefly set oppositely on the stem, although some
of the upper ones may alternate. The several flower
heads are large, measuring up to three inches across.
The central florets are greenish yellow and are sur-
rounded by from 12 to 24 long, golden-yellow rays.

This species is often also known as the Canada
Potato and the Earth Apple. Its range extends from
southern Canada southwards nearly to the Gulf.

TALL or GIANT SUNFLOWER (Helianthus gigan-

teus) is a very tall species with a rough, ruddy stem
from 2 to 10 feet tall, growing from perennial creep-
ing, tuberous roots. The leaves are rather coarse,
rough, bright green, toothed, nearly stemless and
usually alternating along the stem. The stem
branches at the summit and bears several large flow-
er heads from 2 to 3 inches across. The yellowish-
green disc is surrounded by from 10 to 20 neutral,
golden rays. The Tall Sunflower is common in
swamps and on the borders of wet woods from New
England to Minn, and southwards.

A.

\

r

T

,: ^ »*^ • * - .••*
A. BEGGAR TICKS.

Bidens frondosa.

B. LARGE BUR-MARIGOLD.

Bidens laevis.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 377

BEGGAR-TICKS; STICK-TIGHT {Bidens frondosa)
is a plant familiar, to their sorrow, to all who roam
the woods and fields during Pall. Who has not had
the pleasant task of sitting down and, one by one, re-
moving the little two-hooked, black seeds that hang
so closely to clothing. These little hooked seedpods
are not designed for the adornment of the plant, nor
for the purpose of annoying human beings, but serve
a very important purpose, just like the plumed seeds
of the milkweed, but they travel in a different man-
ner. Of course they were originally designed to be
carried from place to place on the hairy coats of our
wild animals but man often serves their purpose even
better than beasts.

Beggar-ticks, in appearance, is an uninteresting
weed common everywhere in moist ground or along
roadsides. The stem is very branching and is from
1 to 8 feet tall. The leaves are compounded of three
to five, sharply toothed, lance-shaped leaflets. The
flower heads are composed of tubular brownish-yellow
florets, sometimes with no surrounding rays and again
with a few, tiny, short ones.

LARGER BUR-MARIGOLD; BROOK SUNFLOW-
ER (Bidens laevis) is a very attractive species while
it is in flower, but later, after the little seeds have
formed, it has the same disagreeable traits common
to all the members of the genus; the seeds have the
same two little teeth (bidens) and stick just as close-
ly as those of their more homely relatives. The flow-
ers of this species are 1 to 2 in. across, having 8 or
10 large, yellow, neutral rays surrounding the dull-
colored disc florets. The stem is slender and branch-
ing, the leaves lance-shaped and toothed. Common in
swamps and along brooks.

A. OX-EYE DAISY; WHITE DAISY.
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum.

B. FEVERFEW.
Chrysanthemum parthenium.

Wild Flowers' East of the Rockies 379

COMMON WHITE DAISY; OX-EYE DAISY (Chry-
santhemum leucanthemum) (EUROPEAN) is a nat-
uralized, floral citizen. It is so common and has be-
come so wide-spread that it is even better known
than most of our common native flowers. It is a very
beautiful species in the eyes of all not engaged in
pursuits agricultural, but to the farmer it is a pest
that must be exterminated if he would make hay. It
grows in such profusion and multiplies so rapidly
that it often forms a snow-white, floral carpet over
whole fields. They furnish beautiful bouquets for
the home and much amusement for the children. I
wonder how many of the lassies, who read these lines,
fail to remember the old ditty: — "Rich man, poor
man, etc." and the shorter one supposed to conclu-
sively prove or disprove the affection of someone.

This daisy needs no description. We have two
very similar kinds differing in the shape of the leaves
one being more pinnatifid than the other. The one
shown on the opposite page is the most common, a
variety of Leucanthemum called (pinnatifidum). The
other variety has the ends of the leaves rounded and
finely toothed but not cut or slashed.

FEVERFEW (Chrysanthemum Parthenium) (EURO-
PEAN) is found in some places in the East as an es-
cape from gardens. The stem grows from 1 to 2 feet
tall and is quite branching. The flowers are grouped
in clusters; they are much smaller than those of the
last species and have a comparatively broader disc
of yellow florets. The leaves are broad, deeply pin-
natifid and each division further toothed or cut. It
is locally naturalized from Mass to N. J. and west-
wards. It blooms from June until Sept., the same as
does the last species.

A. YARROW.

Achillea mille folium.

B. MAYWEED; CHAMOMILE.

Anthemis cotula.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 381

YARROW; MILFOIL (Achillea Millefolium) is one

of the most common of our wayside weeds. Its gen-
eric name is applied because the mighty Achilles
formerly used an Old World yarrow for healing the
wounds of his soldiers. The leaves and their juices
are still used in this and other countries in medicinal
remedies and for their healing properties.

The stem is stout, gray-green usually simple, or
forking near the top. The leaves, alternating along
and clasping the stem, are soft and feathery, — deeply
and finely bipinnatifid.

The flowers grow in very compact, flat-topped clus-
ters at the top of the stem. Each flower head has a
center of short, tubular, yellowish florets that turn
brown or grayish as they grow old; they are sur-
rounded by from four to six round, white rays. In
some localities these ray florets, that, by the way, are
pistillate, vary in color through pink to a deep crim-
son. This latter color is most apt to occur near the
seacoast. I have met with it most frequently on
Cape Cod.

Yarrow is a very hardy plant; we may find it
thriving beside roads where the dust has killed near-
ly every other living thing. Its leaves have a strong,
not unpleasant, aromatic odor.

MAYWEED; CHAMOMILE (Anthemis Cotula)
(EUROPEAN) is also a common weed found by the
wayside in company with the last species. The stem
is very branchy, 8 to 20 inches high. The leaves are
very finely divided. The strong, unpleasant odor of
the foliage will at once correct the impression that it
may be a daisy. The flowers are very similar to
those of the common White Daisy except for their
smaller size. Very common about dwellings and
along roadsides -everywhere.

A. SNEEZEWEED.
Helenium autumnale.

B. TANSY.
Tanacetum vulgare.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 383

SNEEZEWEED (Helenium autumnale) is a beauti-
ful, rather odd, plant that brightens meadows and
swamps during August and Sept. The stem is rather
stout, smooth and branching; it ascends from 2 to 6
feet. Alternating along the stem, are numerous
ovate, pointed, sharply-toothed, bright green leaves, —
short-stemmed and strongly veined.

It is the blossoms that attract our attention for,
besides being very handsome, they are unusual in
form. The hemispherical center is composed of close-
ly packed tubular florets and is surrounded by a num-
be: of broad, toothed, golden-yellow rays; the heads
lu,ve an expanse of 1 to 2 inches. Both the tubular
and the yellow, pistillate rays are fertile. The flow-
ers are frequented by numbers of various kinds of
bees and many small butterflies. The disc florets
secrete an abundance of nectar in their tubes.

Although this plant has little odor, the foliage is
very bitter and cattle soon learn to avoid the leaves.
Sneezeweed or "Swamp Sunflower" is common along
brooks, river banks and in wet ground generally,
from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

TANSY; BITTER BUTTONS (Tanacetum vulgare)
(EUROPEAN) is one of those lusty, foreign plants
that take so kindly to our soil and climate that they
try to over-run the country. This species is abundant
everywhere about houses and along roads, from the
Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains, and is gradually ex-
tending its range towards the Pacific.

The foliage is very bitter and is the foundation of
many an old fashioned remedy. The flowers grow in
flat-topped clusters and are composed of round discs,
or "buttons," of tubular florets only. It is a species
not to be mistaken; it has an appearance, an odor
and a taste of its own. It blooms from July until the
end of September.

A. GOLDEN RAGWORT.
Senecio aureus.
B. ARNICA.
Arnica mollis.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 385

GOLDEN RAGWORT (Senecio aureus).. As the
blue asters have a similar representative, early in the
year, in the form of Robin's Plantain, so the yellow
asters or sunflowers have theirs, too, in this species.
In latter March and early April, Ragwort shows simp-
ly a tuft of stemmed, heart-shaped leaves, resembling
those of violets. A little later a stem ascends from
the perennial root; a slender, tough, angular, twist-
ing stem that finally reaches heights of 1 to 3 feet;
a single stem, or two or three, may rise from the
same root. During May and June, they carry at their
summit a loose cluster of bright, orange-yellow flow-
ers. These are deeper colored than most of the Fall
asters, in fact they are almost the same shade as the
rays of the common Cone Flower. Each flower is
composed of but 8 to 12 narrow, orange-yellow rays,
surrounding a central cluster of tubular florets of a
brownish-orange color.

The stem leaves are chiefly sessile; they are ob-
long in shape but deeply cut or pinnatifid, the termin-
al section being less so than the basal half. Rag-
wort grows most abundantly and most luxuriantly in
swamps or moist ground, but is also found in dry
places or stony pastures. Its range extends from
Newfoundland to Wisconsin and southwards to Va.
and Mo.

ARNICA (Arnica mollis) is a northern plant with
large, delicate, pure yellow, daisy-like flowers. Its
slightly hairy stem grows from 1 to 2 feet tall. The
basal leaves are long-petioled but the stem ones are
sessile and opposite, shallow-toothed. At the summit
are one to nine flower heads on slender peduncles.
About the central disc are 10 to 14 yellow rays, each
with three notches in their ends. Found in Canada
and the mountains of northern U. S.

25

BURDOCKS
Arctium minus.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 387

BURDOCK (Arctium minus) (EUROPEAN) is a

very common plant on waste ground, along roadsides
and the edges of woods. The plant is often four
feet or more high. The lower leaves are very large,
often more than a foot in length, heart-shaped, deep
green and finely veined above, greyish beneath be-
cause of the fine wool that covers the under sur-
faces. The upper leaves are smaller, more ovate in
form and less densely woolly on the undersides.
The flowerheads grow in clusters at the ends of the
branches. The involucre is almost spherical, — com-
posed of numerous bracts, each terminating in a
sharp, hooked point. Tubular florets, only, are seat-
ed within this involucre; they are purple and white
in color, and secrete an abundance of nectar, on
which account they are frequented by honey bees.

We have seen how the Milkweed attaches to each
of its seeds, a little parachute so it may fly away on
the winds and found new colonies at a distance from
the parent plants. We have also seen how the Beg-
gar-tick and members of the Genus (Bidens) disperse
their seeds by attaching them to the hair of animals
or the clothing of man. The present species adopts
the policy of the Beggar-ticks, but instead of single
seeds, it attaches the whole bur-like head by means
of its numerous little hooks. They cling tenaciously
to everything they touch; doubtless most of my read-
ers recall massing these burs together to make cas-
tles, funny men, animals, etc.

We have two species of this plant, — the present,
and one slightly larger and with coarser leaves, (A.
Lappa). Both of them are immigrants from across
the water.

CANADA THISTLE.
Cirsium arvense.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 389

CANADA THISTLE (Cirsium arvense) (EURO-
PEAN) is a small flowered, perennial species that has
strayed across the ocean and became a pernicious
weed. Individual plants are not themselves any
more of a pest than are our native thistles but they
have a dangerous, latent or potential power, in that
they are far more prolific than our native species,
due perhaps more to the number of the flowering
heads than to any physical qualities of the plant.

The stem is rather slender, branching and grows
from 1 to 3 feet in height. It grows from a perennial,
creeping rootstalk that is, as farmers have discover-
ed, very difficult to eradicate from the soil. It grows
in extensive colonies and, unless strenuous efforts
are made to destroy them, they very soon take pos-
session of a field to the exclusion of almost every-
thing else.

The leaves, that grow alternately and closely to-
gether on the stem, are long, lance-shaped, deeply
cut into sharply-prickled lobes. Numerous flower
heads, about one inch across, terminate the branches.
When in full bloom, the florets vary in color from
rose-purple to white; the involucre is almost globu-
lar and covered with over-lapping bracts, each with
a tiny, sharp, out-turned point.

All the thistles yield an abundance of nectar and
are frequented by bees and butterflies, by one of the
latter so persistently that it has been named the
Thistle Butterfly or Painted Lady (Pyrameis cardui) ;
in fact this butterfly usually begins its career, as a
caterpillar, on the thistle and lives chiefly upon its
nectar and pollen through life.

PASTURE THISTLE.
Cirsium pumilum^

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 391

PASTURE THISTLE (Cirsium pumilum) is the
thistle that we most often see in fields and pastures.
It is one of the largest of the genus, its heads often
measuring three inches across. The stem is stout
and simple, and grows from 1 to 3 feet high; it is
hairy and angular in section and grows from a bien-
nial rootstalk.

The flower heads are very large, two to three and
one-half inches across and usually solitary, although
frequently two heads grow on the same stalk. The
leaves are lance-shaped, green, clasping, rather hairy,
pinnatifid and armed with short, stout prickles. Just
below the flowers are several small bract-like leaves,
also armed with sharp prickles. All this armor tends
to discourage pilfering insects from crawling up the
stem; should they persist and reach the large invol-
ucre, which is also armed, they will find that, in addi-
tion, it is slightly sticky, and presents an impenetr-
able barrier to their upward progress. This species
is common from Me. to Del. and Pa. It blooms from
July until Sept.

COMMON or BULL THISTLE (Cirsium lanceola-
tum), although an introduced species has a larger
range than the last. It is common in fields and pas-
tures and along roadsides from Newfoundland to Ga.
and west to Nebr. Its heads are only slightly smaller
than those of the preceding; usually but one is found
on a plant. The stout stem grows from 2 to 4 feet
high. The leaves are rough and bristly above and
woolly underneath.

Although thistles may be foes to those following
agricultural callings, they are staunch friends of
birds and insects (except crawling ones). The plant
fibres and down from the mature heads forms the
principal part in the composition of nests of the Gold-
finch.

A. STAR THISTLE.

Centaurea Scabiosa.

B. CHICORY; SUCCORY.

Cichorium intybus.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 393

STAR THISTLE (Centaurea nigra, var. radiata).

This is a slender-stemmed plant with a small, this-
tle-like head but with none of the other characteris-
tics of the true thistles.

The slender stem branches slightly and rises to
heights of 1 to 2 feet, each branch bearing a solitary
flower head at the end. The flower head has a round
involucre of tawny, or dark brown, dry bracts; the
florets are all tubular and rose-purple, the outer ones
being rather larger and spreading horizontally.
The whole head has a loose tousled appearance.
Rather small, oblanceolate leaves alternate along the
stem, from the base to the flower heads.

This species, which is introduced from Europe,
grows in waste places and along roadsides from N.
S. to Ontario and south to N. J. and Pa. It may be
found in bloom from July until Sept.

CHICORY; SUCCORY (Cichorium intybus) (EURO-
PEAN) has become thoroughly naturalized and is
common in the eastern half of the United States, es-
pecially so near the coast. It is a perennial so there
is little danger of its losing ground in any locality in
which it becomes established.

The stem is stiff, tough and angular in cross-sec-
tion; it attains heights of from 1 to 3 feet. It is of-
ten quite branching but the branches spring out
abruptly so that the effect is not very graceful. The
leaves are long-lanceolate, dark gray-green and
coarsely toothed. The flowers are very beautiful, — a
violet-blue, approaching a pure blue in color. There
are at least two ranks of strap-shaped rays, the inner
ones much shorter, all toothed at the ends. Suc-
cory blooms in dry situations from July until Oct.

A. FALL DANDELION.

Leontodon autumnalis.

B. DWARF DANDELION; CYNTHIA.

Krigia virginica.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 395

FALL DANDELION (Leontodon autumnalis) (EU-
ROPEAN) is a small dandelion, naturalized from Eu-
rope and common in the Eastern States during Fall,
or from the latter part of July. The leaves, tufted
at. the base of the flower scape, are long and narrow
and have blunt teeth. The flower scape is long and
slender and usually forks near the summit, bearing
two or three flower heads, rarely only one; the scape
attains heights of 7 to 18 inches. The upper parts of
the stem are covered with minute, scaly bracts set
at intervals of perhaps every half inch. The flower
stalk is not hollow like that of the common dande-
lion, but is solid. The flower heads are large and
showy, composed of numerous, golden-yellow, toothed,
strap-shaped rays, set in a small involucre, scarcely
imbricated but with several bractlets at the base. It
grows in fields and along roadsides and is quite com-
mon from Newfoundland to Mich, and south to Pa.

DWARF DANDELION; CYNTHIA (Krigia virgin-
ica) is a tiny little plant as compared to the common
dandelion. The leaves are all basal on rather long
petioles; they are coarsely and sharply, or lacinately,
toothed. Numerous unbranching, slender flower
scapes rise from these tufts of basal leaves, each
bearing at the summit a little golden-rayed flower re-
sembling a miniature dandelion. When the flower
heads have matured, the scape lengthens and fluffy
parachutes, each attached to tiny seed, form into
filmy globes that takes the places of the flowers until
the winds bear them away to new fields.

Cynthia is a very common native species and is
found blooming from April until July in dry fields,
open woods or sandy soil, from southern Canada to
the Gulf.

A. COMMON DANDELION.

Taraxacum officinale.

B. RED-SEEDED DANDELION.

Taraxwum erythrospermum.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 397

COMMON DANDELION (Taraxacum officinale) al-
though an immigrant to our land, has extended its
range from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and is as well,
or better, known as any other wild flower that we
have. As everyone knows, its green, jagged leaves
form a staple article of food and can be purchased
in markets in Spring at so much per peck. This spe-
cies, with its large, flat rosette of leaves and bright
sunny flowers needs no description; it is well shown
on the accompanying plate. All parts contain a bitter
milky juice that exudes freely whenever the plant is
broken. It is most interesting to children when the
flowers have gone to seed and are replaced by the
round fluffy heads. Many childish games and fan-
cies depend upon the number of seeds left in the "puff
ball" after a good strong "blow." The stems, slit
at the ends, make little horns and are also used for,
drinking purposes and for ''blowing soap bubbles."

Those who try to keep a lawn in condition, regard
the dandelion as a great pest. Its persistence is
shown, when we may find the flowers sunnily smiling
at us, the day after the grass has been cut as close-
ly as possible with a mower. The dandelion blooms
most abundantly during the Spring months but may
also be found during every other month, even in Win-
ter. The name dandelion, of course, refers to the
jagged edge of the leaves.

RED-SEEDED DANDELION (Taraxacum erythros-
permum) is a smaller species, also European, with
more deeply cut leaves, (pinnatifid), and with reddish-
brown seeds, whereas those of the preceding spec-
ies are usually olive-green. Common in dry fields
from Me. to Pa. and westward to the Mississippi.

A. Sow THISTLE.

Sonchus oleraceus.
B. WILD LETTUCE.
Lactuca canadensis.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 399

SOW THISTLE (Sonchus oleraceus) (EURO-
PEAN) is still another of the unwelcome weeds that
has come across the water and made itself at home
here. Unfortunately the government can establish
no immigration bureau that can successfully keep
out undesirable plant immigrants, for their seeds
come over with all kinds of grain and are sown with
them. Practically all foreign plants get their start
in cultivated fields or as escapes from flower gardens.
This species is not a real thistle at all and the name
"Sow" is applied rather as a term of derision, signi-
fying spurious or worthless. The specific name, Son-
chus, is from the Greek signifying hollow, because
the stem of this species is hollow.

The stem is stout, smooth, grooved, hollow and suc-
culent; it attains heights of 1 to 6 feet. The leaves
are shaped more like those of the dandelion than a
thistle, but are armed with soft spikes. The small,
thistle-like flower heads are light yellow; they grow
in loose clusters, terminating the branches.

WILD LETTUCE (Lactuca canadensis) is one of
the rankest-growing of our native plants. The milky-
juiced, branching, smooth stem ranges in height from
3 to 10 feet. The leaves are all very angular, cut,
toothed and gouged in all manner of forms. Those
near the base of the stem are very large, often attain-
ing lengths of more than a foot. They become small-
er and less deeply lobed as they mount the stem, the
upper, small ones being almost entire-edged. The
small, yellow-rayed flowers are numerous but unin-
teresting. At maturity they are succeeded by silky
beards of down, proceeding from the deep-vase-like
involucres.

A. RATTLESNAKE-WEED.

Hieracium venosum.

B. CANADA HAWK-WEED.

Hieracium canadense.

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 401

RATTLESNAKE-WEED (Hieracium venosum) is
commonly found in dry sandy places and in open
woods. It can readily be recognized by the tuft of
spatulate leaves spreading from the root, each leaf
having strong veinings of purple. A fertile imagin-
ation likens these veinings to the tongues of rattle-
snakes,— hence the common name.

A solitary stem, branching slightly at the top,
grows from the center of the tuft of leaves. It is
without foliage, save for a few small, bract-like
leaves. The flower heads are composed of bright,
golden-yellow rays seated in a rather deep involucre;
they resemble little dandelions but the rays are few-
er in number, giving a more open construction to
the flower. Rattlesnake-weed blooms from June until
September and ranges from Me. to Minn, and south-
wards to Ga.

CANADA HAWKWEED (Hieracium canadense) is
a smooth, slender, leafy-stemmed species. Besides
the large, spreading, basal ones, the stem is alter-
nately set with stemless, lance-shaped, sharply-
toothed, light green leaves. The flowers are practi-
cally like those of the last species. In October, they
are replaced by little brownish globes of down. Can-
ada Hawkweed is common on the borders of woods
from Newfoundland to British Columbia south to N.
J., Mich, and Oregon. It blooms from July until Sep-
tember.

TAWNY HAWKWEED (Hieracium aurantiacum)
(EUROPEAN) can always be recognized by the taw-
ny-orange color of its flowers, the general hairiness
of the stem and the basal tuft of lanceolate, hairy
leaves; but. two or three tiny leaves claps the flower
stalk. The flowers are closely clustered on short
hairy peduncles. It is common in fields, woodland
and along roadsides from N. S. to Quebec and south
to Pa., flowering from July until September.

26

402 Wild Flowers East of the Rockies

KEY TO FLOWERS BY COLOR-

The flowers are grouped under their most conspic-
uous colors, the ones the novice would be most apt
to call them. As far as possible the smallest flowers
are placed first in each section.

WHITE AS THE CHIEF FLOWER-COLOR.

False Spikenard. — -Tiny; clustered 49

False Solomon's Seal. — 3 leaves on stalk 51

Meadow Rue. — Filmy cluster; 3-lobed leaves 123

Sundew. — Raceme; leaves hairy, basal 147

Saxifrage. — Cluster; 5 petals; basal leaves 149

Mitrewort. — Raceme; 5 petals, crystal-like 151

Foam Flower. — Feathery spike; leaves basal... 151

Meadowsweet. — Spire-like cluster 153

White Clover. — Triple leaves; round heads 175

Ginseng. — Umbel; 3 compound leaves 227

Wild Carrot— Flat cluster; divided leaves 229

Catnip. — Small clusters; aromatic 293

Rattlesnake Plantain. — Tubular, spiked 95

Ladies' Tresses. — Spiral spike ;T tubular 95

Checkerberry. — Tubular, pendent; evergreen 247

Partridge Berry. — In pairs, 4-lobed 325

Violet. — 5 petals, lower large, veined 215

Star-of-Bethlehem. — Umbel; grasslike leaves.... 67

Dutchman's Breeches. — 2 sac-like spurs 139

Squirrel Corn. — Tubular, heart-shaped 139

Tooth wort. — 4 petals ; 2 compound leaves 141

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 403

Star Flower. — Above whorl of leaves 259

Bladder Campion. — 5 petals; inflated calyx 109

Evening Lychnis. — 5 notched petals 109

Anemone. — 5-6 sepals; delicate low herbs 125

Pipsissewa. — Cluster; 5 waxy petals 233

Shinleaf. — Raceme; 5 waxy petals 235

Indian Pipe. — Cold, clammy white; no green.... 235

Turtle-head.— Tubular, 2-lipped; spiked 307

Cornel. — 4-parted involucre. Low herb 231

Bloodroot. — Solitary; 6-10 petals 135

Mandrake. — Solitary; 6 petals; large leaves 133

Fringed Orchis. — Showy spike; lip fringed 85

Trillium. — 3 petals, 3 sepals; 3 leaves 65

Arrow-heads. — Aquatic; 3 petals 23

Water Arum. — Aquatic; large white spathe 27

Grass of Parnassus. — 5 petals, green-veined 149

Azalea. — Shrub; tubular, 5 spreading lobes 237

Laurel. — Clustered, Saucer-shaped; shrub 243

Atamasco Lily. — Erect, 6-parted; solitary 67

Lady's Slipper. — Large, white, slipper-shaped 77

Dogwood. — Shrub or tree; 4-parted involucre 231

Water Lily. — Floating, numerous petals 117

BLUE AS THE CHIEF FLOWER-COLOR.

Bluets.— Tiny, 4-lobed; white, blue -tipped 325

Toadflax.— Spurred, hooded, tiny lip 305

Forget-me-not. — 5 petals, yellow center 285

Day Flower. — 2 petals; delicate; spathed 31

Pickerel-weed — Aquatic; showy spike 33

Mud Plantain. — Aquatic; kidney-shaped leaf 33

Fringed Gentian — 4 spreading, fringed lobes 267

Bugloss — Leafy racemes; tubular, 5 lobes 287

Lobelia— Leafy spike; 3-lobed lip 335

404 Wild Flowers East of the Rockies

PURPLE OR MAGENTA COLORED FLOWERS.

Blue-eyed grass — 6-parted, white center 73

Sundew. — Raceme; leaves thread-like 147

St. Johnswort. — Flesh color, 5 petals 207

Speedwell — Axillary racemes, 4 petals 311

Showy Orchis — Purple hood, white lip 93

Fringed Orchis — Showy spike; lips fringed 87

Cinquefoil — 5-parted, calyx large 159

Lupine — Pea-like; 8-palmated leaflets 167

False Indigo — Pea-like; 3-palmate leaflets 167

Flax — 5 large petals; tiny leaves 183

Vervain — 5 petals, tiny; slender spikes 289

Self-heal— Short stout spike; hooded 291

Skullcap — Spiked; tubular with hood and lip... 291

Ground Ivy — Prostrate; axillary flowers 293

Monkey Flower — 2 lobed upper; 3 lobed lower 309

Gerardia — Tubular, 5-lobed; linear leaves 313

Hepatica — -6 petals; 3-lobed leaves; downy ....131

Spiderwort — Small cluster; 3 petals; hairy 31

Violets — 5 petals; lower large, veined 211

Loosestrife — Showy spike; 5 long petals 219

Milkweeds — Axillary clusters; milky juice 277

Bittersweet — 5 petals; yellow cone center 299

Cranesbill — 5 petals; palmate leaves 189

Virgin's Bower — Large bell-shaped; 4 sepals 127

Meadow Beauty — 4 petals; long curved pistil 221

Closed Gentian— Tubular, closed 271

Phlox — Corymbed; 5 spreading^petals 283

Bluebell — Bell-shaped, 5-toothed; slender 331

Bellflower — Showy spike; 5 toothed corolla ...331
Thorn Apple — Funnel-form; 5-pointed lobes 301

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 405

Morning Glory — Funnel-shaped; climbing 281

Blue Flag — 3 petals; 3 sepals variegated 71

Wake-Robin — 3 petals, 3 sepals, 3 leaves 61

BLUE OR MAGENTA COMPOSITES.

Iron-weed — Tubular florets; clustered 337

Blazing Star — " " loose spike 337

Joe Pye Weed— " " flat clusters 339

Burdock — " spiny involucre 387

Thistles— " spiny leaves 389

Asters — 'Blue or purple rays 349

Robin Plantain — Purple rays 367

Chicory — Blue rays, notched at tip 393

PINK AS THE CHIEF FLOWER-COLOR.

Persicaria — Tiny, in slender spikes 103

Steeplebush — Steeple-like cluster .153

Red Clover — Trifoliate; round flowerhead 173

Twinflower — In pairs; crimson inside ...327

Dogbane — 5-toothed, bell-shaped; spreading 273

Arbutus — Creeping; 5-parted, fragrant 247

Milkwort — Round scaly heads; small leaves 193

Fringed Polygala — 2 wing-like sepals 191

Pogonia — Solitary; broad, crested lip 91

Calopogon — Several; fringed lip at top 89

Arethusa — Solitary; broad crested lip; erect 89

Bouncing Bet — 5-parted, deeply lobed Ill

Spring Beauty — 5-parted; grass-like leaves 115

Willow Herb — 4 petals, slender pods; spike 223

Azalea — Tubular, 5-lobed; long stamens; shrub.. 239

Laurel — Clustered; saucer-shaped 245

Moss Pink — Creeping; 5 notched petals 283

Sabbatia — Large; 10-12 petals; 2 in. across 265

406 Wild Flowers East of the Rockies

Sea Pink — 5 petals, crimson marks; showy ...263
Rhododendron — 5 petals, yellow spots; shrub ...241
Rose Mallow — 5 petals; large, 3 in. across ....203

Wild Rose — 5 large petals; spiny stems 163

Moccasin Flower — Large, slipper-shaped 79

RED AS THE CONSPICUOUS FLOWER-COLOR.

Wood Lily— Deep orange-red, spotted; erect 41

Columbine — Pendulous; 5-spurred 129

Pitcher Plant — Leaves hollow 145

Pimpernel — Coper-red, 5 petals; sandy soil ....259
Oswego Tea — Striking, tubular; round heads ...297

Painted Cup — Floral leaves scarlet tipped 315

Coral Honeysuckle — Slender, yellow within 329

Cardinal Flower — Lip 3-lobed; velvety 333

ORANGE AS THE CHIEF FLOWER-COLOR.

Jewel-weed — Pendent; pouch-like, spurred 197

Butterfly-weed — Terminal cluster; brilliant ....275
Toadflax — Yellow spur and lip ; orange palate . . . 305
Trumpet Creeper — Large trumpet-shaped; vine ..321

Turk's Cap Lily — Reflexed, spotted; leafy 43

Day Lily — Erect; basal, sword-shaped leaves . . 39

Hawkweed — Rays in several ranks 401

Dandelions — Rays in several ranks 395

Tansy — Flat clusters, no rays 383

Golden-rods— Plume-like spikes; 5-12 rays 345

Golden Aster — Golden rays; saftdy soil 341

Elecampane — Slender, yellow rays; disc 365

Sunflowers — Yellow rays, large disc 373

Coneflower — Orange rays, purple cone disc 369

Ragwort — Orange rays and small disc 385

Wild Flowers East of the Rockies 407

YELLOW AS THE CHIEF FLOWER-COLOR.

Golden Club — Aquatic ; club-shaped spike 27

Hop Clover — Cylindrical, scaly heads 177

Yellow Flax — Tiny flowers; tiny leaves 183

Hudsonia — Tiny flowers; scale-like leaves 209

Ply Honeysuckle — Axillary in pairs; tubular ...327

Wood Sorrel — 5 petals; delicate; trifoliate 187

Wild Indigo — Pea-like, racemed; trifoliate 169

Cinqfoil — 5 petals; 5-palmate leaflets 157

Mustard — 4 petals, slender pods; clusters 143

Celandine — 4 petals, slender pods; orange juice.. 137

Yellow Star Grass — 6 sepals ; grass-like 69

Dog-tooth Violet — Solitary, 6-parted 47

Clintonia — 6-parted; 3 oval, basal leaves 47

St. Johnswort — 5 petals, many long stamens ...205

Violet — 5 petals; lower large, veined 217

Loosestrife — Showy spike; 5 petals, basal spot. .253

Axillary; leaves whorled in fours 253

Myrtle — Creeping; axillary, 5 petals 255

Mullein — Long spike, 5 petals; woolly 303

Moth Mullein — Raceme; 5 large petals 303

Fringed Orchis — Showy spike; lip fringed 83

Cowslip — 5 shining petals; clustered 119

Buttercup — 5 shining petals 121

Partridge Pea — 5 petals ; pinnate leaves 171

Frostweed — 5 petals; axillary; small leaves ...209

Primrose — 4 petals; coarse stem and leaves 225

Sundrops — 4 petals; slender stem 225

Foxglove — Tubular, 5-lobed; leafy spike 313

False Jessamine — 5-lobed; climbing, tubular ...261
Yellow Pond Lily — Aquatic; floating leaves 117

408 Wild Flowers East of the Rockies

Lady's Slipper — Solitary, slipper-shaped 75

Canada Lily — Pendulous; leafy stem 45

BROWNISH, GREENISH OR INCONSPICUOUS.

Cat-tails — Cylindrical brown heads 19

Bur-Reeds — Spherical brown-yellow heads 21

Indian Turnip — Large striped spathe 25

Skunk Cabbage — Large spathe set on ground ... 29
Solomon's Seal — In pairs from axils, greenish . . 55
Cucumber-root — 3, 3-parted spiderlike flowers .... 59
Green-fringed Orchis — Lips fringed; spiked ... 81

Wild Ginger— Tubular, 3-lobed; near roots 99

Stone Clover — Fuzzy gray heads; trifoliate 173

Ground Nut — Spherical, pea-like clusters 181

Wood Betony — 2-lipped; clustered; fern-like 317

Beech Drops — Resembling little twigs 319

INDEX

Achillea millefolium 381

Aconite 131

Acontium uncinatum 131

Adder's-tongue 47

Agrimonia gryposepola 159

Agrimony 159

Agrostemma githago 107

Aletris farinosa 59

Alfalfa 179

Allium 37

Amphicarpa monoica 181

Anagallis arvensis 259

Anaphalis margaritacea 361

Anemone quinquefolia 125

Rue : 125

" patens 123

Wood 125

Anemonella thalictroides 125

Anthemis Cotula 381

Apios tuberosa 181

Apocynum 273

Aquilegia canadensis 129

Aralia nudicaulis 227

Arbutus 247

Arctium minus 387

Arethusa 89

Argemone mexicana 135

Arisaema dracontium 25

triphyllum 25

410 Index

Aristolochia 99

Arrow-heads 23

Arnica mollis 385

Arrow-heads 23

Artichoke, Jerusalem 375

Arum, Water 27

Asclepiadaceae 275

Asparagus officinalis 49

Aster acuminatus 359

" Cordifolius 353

" ericoides 355

" Golden 341

" Heath ...355

" Heart-leaved 353

" laevis 351

" laterifolius 357

linarifolius 359

" multiflorus 355

" New England 349

" New York 351

" Smooth 351

" Starved '. 357

" umbellatus 359

" vimineus 357

" Wood 359

Avens 161

Azalea 237

Baptisia australis 167

tinctoria 169

Bean, Wild * 181

Beard-tongue 307

Bedstraws 325

Bee Balm 297

Beech Drops 319

Beggar-ticks 377

Belamcanda 71

Index 411

Bellflower 331

Bellwort 35

Bergamot : 297

Betony, Wood 317

Bidens frondosa 377

laevis . . 377

Bignonia Family 321

Bindweed, Hedge 281

Bitter Buttons 383

Bittersweet 299

Blackberry 155

Black-eyed Susan 369

Blazing Star 337

Blood root 135

Bluebell 331

Bluets 325

Blue-weed 287

Boneset 339

Borage Family 285

Bouncing Bet Ill

Brassica nigra 143

Brauneria purpurea 367

Brooklime 311

Broom-rape 319

Bugleweed 291

Bugloss 287

Bunchberry 231

Burdock 387

Bur-Marigold 377

Bur-Reeds 21

Butter-and-eggs 305

Buttercups 121

Calla palustris 27

Calopogon 89

Caltha palustris 119

Calypso bulbosa 89

Index

Camassia esculenta 39

Campanula 331

Campion, Bladder 109

Cancer-root

Cardinal Flower 333

Carrion Flower 57

Carrot, Wild 229

Cassia Chamaecrista 171

Castalia odorata 117

Castilleja coccinea 315

Cat-gut 171

Catnip 293

Cat-tails 19

Celandine 137

Centaurea nigra 393

Cerastium arvense 105

Chamaedaphne 249

Chamomile 381.

Charlock 143

Checkerberry 247

Chelidonium majus 137

Chelone glabra 307

CMckweed 105

Chicory 393

Chimaphila maculata 233

umbellata 233

Chrysanthemum 379

Chrysopsis falcata 341

mariana 341

Cichorium Intybus t 393

Cinquefoils 157

Cirsium arvense 389

" pumillum 391

" lanceolatum 391

Claytonia virginica 115

Clematis ... . 12T

Index 413

Clintonia 47

Clover, Prairie 169

Rabbit-foot 173

Red 173

White 175

Yellow 177

Colic-root 59

Columbine, Wild 129

Comfrey 285

Commelina communis 31

Compass Plant * 363

Coneflowers 371

Purple 367

Convallaria majalis 57

Convolvulus sepium 281

Coptis trifolia ' 129

Cooperia Drummondii 69

Corallorrhiza 97

Coral-root 97

Corn Cockle 107

Cornel 231

Cornus florida 231

" canadensis 231

Corpse Plant 235

Corydalis 139

Cow Herb Ill

Cowslip 119

american 255

Cow-Lily 117

Cranesbill 189-

Crotolaria sagittalis 169

Crowfoot Family 119

Cucumber-root, Indian 59

Cuscuta Gronovii 281

Cynoglossum virginianum 285

Cypripedium 75

Index

Daisy, Ox-eye 379

" White 379

" Yellow 369

Dalibarda repens 161

Dandelions, Common 397

Fall 395

Datura Tatula 301

Daucus Carota 229

Day-flower 31

Dentaria diphylla 141

Diapensia ." 251

Dianthis Armeria 113

Dicentra Cucullaria 139

Dock, Prairie 363

Dodder 281

Dodecatheon Meadia 255

Dogbane : 273

Dogwood, Flowering 231-

Draba verna 141

Droscera rotundifolia 147

filiformis 147

Dutchman's Breeches 139 -

Echium vulgare 287

Eglantine 165

Elecampane 365

Epifagus virginiana 319

Epigaea repens 247

Epilobium angustifolium 223

hirsutum t 223

Erigeron pulchellus 367-

ramosus 357

Erythronium . . . ." 47

Eupatorium perfoliatum 339-

purpureum 339

Euphorbia 195

Evening Primrose 225 -

Index 415

Feverfew 379

Figwort Family 303

Flag, Blue 71-

Flax 183

Fleabane, Daisy 357

Foam Flower 151

Forget-me-not 285 -

Fragraria virginiana 155

Frostweed 209

Gallium 325

Garlic, Wild 37

Gaultheria procumbens 247 -

Gelsemium sempervirens 261

Gentian, Bottle 271

Closed 271

Downy 269

Fringed 267

Solitary 269

Gentiana Andrewsii 271

crinita 267

puberula 269

quincruefolia 269

Geranium maculatum 189

Robertianum 189

Wild 189 -

Gerardia, Purple 313

" purpurea 313

Geum strictum 161

Gill-over-the ground 293

Ginger, Wild 99 -

Ginseng 227

Gnaphalium polycephalum 361 -"'

Goat's Rue 171

Golden Club 27

416 Index

Golden-rod, Blue-stemmed 343

Canada 345

" Early 345

Lance-leaved 347

" White 343

Goldthread 129

Grass, Blue-eyed 73-

Grass of Parnassus 149

Grass Pink 89

Green Brier 57

Green Dragon 25

Ground Nut 181

Ground Ivy 293

Habenaria clavellata .' 81

ciliaris 83

fimbriata 87

lacera 85

Hardback 153

Harebell 331 -

Hawkweed, Canada 401

Heal-all 291

Hedge Nettle' 273

Helenium autumnale 383

Helianthemum canadense .-• 209

Helianthus anius 373

" decapetalous 373

tuberosus 375

Hemerocallis fulva *> 39

Hemp, Indian ' 273

Hepatica 131"

Heteranthera reniformis 33

Hibiscus Moscheutos 201

Hieracium canadense 401

" venosum . 401

Index 417

Honeysuckle, Coral 329

Fly 327

Swamp 237~

Trumpet 329

Houstonia caerulea 325

Hudsonia 209

Hyacinth, Wild 39

Hymenocallis 67

Hypericum 205

Hypoxis hirsuta 69

Impatiens biflora 197

Indian Paint Brush 315

Indian Pipe 235

Indian Tobacco 335

Indian Turnip 25

Indigo, Blue false 167

Wild 169

Innocence 325

Inula Helenium 365

Iris 71

Ironweed 337

Jack-in-the-Pulpit 25 *

Jeffersonia diphylla 133

Jessamine, Yellow False 261

Jewel-weed 197 *

Job's Tears 31

Joe Pye Weed 339 -

Kalmia angustit'olia » 245

11 latifolia 243

Krigia virginica 395

Labrador Tea 249

Lactuca canadense 399

Ladies' Tresses 95 "

27

418 Index

Lady's Slipper, Pink 79

Ram's-head 75

Showy 77

Yellow 75

Lady's Thumb 103

Laurel, Mountain 243

Sheep 245

Leatherleaf 249

Ledum groenlandicum 249

Leek, Wild 37

Leontodon autumnalis 395

Leonurus Cardiaca 295

Lettuce, Wild 399

Liatris scariosa 337

Lilium canadense 45

philadelphicum 41

" superbum 43

Lily, Atamasco 67

Blackberry ' 71

Cow 117

Day 39

Red Wood 41

Turk's-cap 43

Water : 117

Lily-of-the-Valley 57

Limonium carolinianum 251

Linaria canadense 305

vulgaris 305

Linnaea borealis 327

Linum virginianum .* 183

Liparis 97

Listera cordata 97

Liverwort 131

Lobelia cardinalis 333

Great .335

Index 419

Lobelia inflata 335

spicata 335

Spiked 335

Lonicera canadensis 327

" sempervirens 329

Loosestrife, Four-leaved 253

Fringed 257

Purple 219

Loosestrife yellow 253

Lousewort 317

Lucerne 179

Lupine, Wild 167

Lupinus perennis 167

Lychnis 109

Lycopsis arvensis 287

virginica 291

Lysimachia 253

Lythrum Salicaria 219

Madder Family 325

Mainthemum canadense 51

Mallow, Common 199

Mush 201

Rose 203

Malva 201

Mandrake 133

Marigold, Marsh 119

Marsh Rosemary 251

May Apple 133

Mayflower 247

Canada 51

Mayweed 381

Meadow Beauty 221

Meadow Rue 123

Meadowsweet 153

Medeola virginiana 59

Medicago sativa 179

420 Index

Melilot, Yellow 177

Melilotus officinalis 177

Mentha arvensis 295

piperata 295

Milfoil 381

Milkweeds 275

Milkwort 191

Mimulus ringens 309

Mint Family 291

Mitchella repens 325

Mitella nuda 151

diphylla 151

Mitreworts 151

Monarcla didyma 297

Moneses uniflora 235

Monotropa Umflora 235

Moneywort , 255

Monkeyflower 309

Monkshood 131

Motherwort 295

Mud Plantain 33

Mullein, Common . 303

Moth 30'3

Mustard 143

Myosotis scorpiodes 285

Myrtle 255

Nemastylis acuta 73

Nepeta cataria 293

hederacea * 2*93

Nightshade 7 299

Nymphaea advena 117

Oakesia 35

Oats, Wild 35

Oenothera biennis : 225

fructicosa 225

Index 421

Orchis, Green Wood 81

Purple-fringed 87

Ragged-fringed - 85

Round-leaved 83

Showy 93

" spectabilis 93

" Yellow-fringed 83

Orontium aquaticum 27

Ornithogalum umbellatus 67

Orobanche uniflora , 319

Oswego Tea 297

Oxalis 185

Painted-cup 315

Panax quinquefolium 227

trifolium 227

Parnassia caroliniana 149

Parsnip, Water 229

Pasque Flower 123

Peanut, Wild 181

Pea, Partridge 171

Peducularis canadensis 317

Pentesmon 307

Peppermint 295

Persicaria 103

Petalostemum purpureum 169

Phlox 283

Pickerel-weed 33

Pimpernel 259

Pink, Fire 113

Ground 283

Indian 259

Maiden 113

Marsh 265

Moss 283

Mullein 107

Rose 263

" Wild 113

422 Index

Pink-root 259

Pinxter Flower 239

Pipsissewa % 233

Pipe Vine 101

Pipe, Dutchman's 101

Pitcher Plant 145

> Plantain, Common 323

" Robin's 367*

" Water 119

Plantago major 323

Pogonia 91

Polygala 191

Polygonatum 55

Polygonum persicaria 103

Polymonium Family 283

Pontederia cordata 33

Poppy, Prickly 135

Portulaca oleracea 115

Potentilla canadensis 157

" palustris 159

Primrose, Evening 225

Prince's Pine 233

Prunella vulgaris 291

Purslane 115

Pyrola elliptica 235

Pyxie 249

Ragged Robin 107

Ragwort, Golden 385

Ranunculus 119

Rattlebox 169

Rattlesnake Plantain 95

Rattlesnake-weed 401

Rhexia virginica 221

Index 423

Rhododendron 241

canadense 239

maximum 241

nudiflorum 239

viscosum 237

Rhodora 239

Rosin-weed 363

Rock-rose 209

Rosa Carolina 163

" rubiginosa 165

Rose, Pasture 163

" Sweetbrier 165

Rubus allegheniensis 155

Rudbeckia hirta 361

laciniata 371

Rumex acetosella 103

Sabbatia 265

Sabatia angularis 263

" dodecandra 265

stellaris 263

Sagittaria 23

Sanguinaria canadensis 175

Saponaria . Ill

Sarracenia purpurea 145

Sarsaparilla, Wild 227

Saxifraga virginiensis 149

Saxifrage, Early 149

Scutellaria intergrifolia 291

Sea Lavender 251

Self-heal 291

Senecio aureus 385

Shinleaf '235

Shooting Star 255

Silene latifolia 109

virginica 113

Silphium lacinatum „ 363

424 Index

Silver-rod 343

Sisyrinchium 73

Slum cicutaeiolium 229

Skullcap 291

Skunk Cabbage 29

Smartweed 103

Smilacina 49

Smilax 57

Snakeroot, Virginia 101

Sneezeweed 383

Snow-on-the-Mountain 195

Soapwort Ill

Solanum Dulcamara 299

nigrum 299

Solidago bicolor 343

caesia 343

canadensis 345

" juncea 345

graminil'olia 347

Solomon's Seal, False 49

" True 55

Sonchus oleraceus :>!)!)

Sorrel, Sheep 103

Wood ' 185

Sparganium eurycarpus 21

Specularia perfoliata 331

Speedwell 311

Spiderwort jt 31

Spigelia marilandica 261

Spikenard 49

Si)irea tomentosa % 153

salicifolia 153

Sj)ring Beauty 115

Spurge, Cypress 195

Squirrel Corn 139

Stachys palustris 295

Index 425

Star Flower 259

Star Grass 59

" Yellow 69

Star-of-Bethlehem .- 67

Steeplebush 153

Steironema ciliatum 257

Stellaria 105

St. Johnswort, Common 205

Marsh 207

Stitchwort 105

Strawberry, Wild 155

Streptopus : 53-

Sundews 147

Snndrops 225

Sunflower, Giant 375

Common 373

Ten-petalled 373

Sweetbrier 165

Tanacetum vulgare 383

Tansy 383

Taraxacum officinalis 397

Tecoma radicans 321

Tephrosia virginiana 171

Thalictrum polygamum . . .- 123

Thistle, Common 391

Canada 389

Sow 399

Star 393

Thorn Apple 301

Thoroughwort 399

Tiarella cordifolia f 151

Toadflax 305

Toothwort 141

Touch-me-not 197

Tradescantia virginiana 31

Trifolium 173

426 Index

Trientalis americana 259

Trilliums 61

Trumpet Creeper 321

Turtle-heaJ 307

Twayblade , 97

Twin Flower 327

Twinleaf 133

Twisted-stalk 53

Typha angustifolia 19

latif olia 19

Uvularia perfoliata 35

Venus' Looking Glass 33:

Verbascum 303

Verbena 289

Vernonia noveboracensis • 337

Veronica 311

Vervain 289

Vetch, Cow 179

Vicia Cracca 179

Viola blanda 215

" canadensis

" cucullata ^ 21<

" lanceolata " 215

" palmata 211

" pedata 211

" pubescens 217

Violet, Bird-foot , 211

" Common 212

Canada 21?

Dog-toothed 47

Palmated

White 21E

Yellow 211

Virgin's Bower 12'

Index 427

hitlow Grass 141

ild Mint 295

illow Herb 223

" Hairy 223

ntergreen 247

Spotted 233

oundwort . 295

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