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III 



WINSTON'S 

CUMULATrVE 
LOOSE-LEAF 

ENCYCLOPEDIA 

A COMPREHENSIVE 
REFERENCE BOOK 

Editor-in-Chief 

CHARLES MORRIS 

Litterateur y Historian and Encyclopedist 

Author of " Civilization, an Historical Review of Its 
Element." "The Aryan Race." "Manual of Classical 
Literature." *'Man and His Ancestors," "Famous Men 
and Great Events of the Nineteenth Century," and 
numerous other works. Editor of "Twentieth Cen- 
tury Encyclopedia," "Biosraphical Dictionary." 
"Famous Orators of the World.'' " Half Hours with 
the Best American Authors." etc.. etc Member of 
the "Academy of Nattu«l Sciences of Philadelphia," 
"Geographical Society of PhiladelphU." "Natural His- 
tory Society," and "Society for Physical Research." 

Assisted by 

A CORPS OF CONTRIBUTORS 

Authorities on Special Subjects 



In XTen tDolumes 






lUUSTRATED WITH PH0T06RAPHS, MAPS, DRAWINGS AND 

COLOR PUTES; INCLUDING SEVEN COLOR PLATES FROM 

THE J. L. G. FERRIS COLLECTION OF AMERICAN HISTORICAL 

PAINTINGS, DY SPECIAL PERMISSION OF THE ARTIST 



I' 



> « 

m « 
 



THE JOHN C. WINSTON COMPANY 

Chicago PHILADELPHIA Toronto 



?'. 



KF^3H^ 




COPYRIGHT 1921, BY 

The John C. Winston Co. 

Copyright 1912-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-2© 

Binder protected under 

United States Patent Rights of 
I August 27, 1918 

\ June 4, 1907 

Dominion of Canada Patent Rights or 

June 24, 1919 
made in u. 8. a. 



KEY TO PRONUNCIATION 



Three methods are used to indicate the pronunciation of the 
5;fords forming the headings of the separate articles : 

(1) By dividing the word into syllables, and indicating the 
syllable or syllables to be accented. This method is followed where 
the pronunciation is entirely obvious. Where accent mark) are 
omitted, the omission indicates that all syllables are given sub- 
stantially the same value. 

(2) Where the pronunciation differs from the spelling, the 
word is re-spelled phonetically, in addition to the accentuation. 

(3) Where the sound values of the vowels are not sufficiently 
indicated merely by an attempt at phonetic spelling, the following 
system of diacritical marks is additionally employed to approximate 
the proper sounds as closely as may be done : 



ft, a8 in fate, or in bare. 

ft, as in oima, Fr. ^me, Ger. Bahn=ft 

of Indian names 
ft, the same sound short or medium, as 

in Fr. bal, Ger. Mann, 
a, as in fat. 
A, afl in fall. 
a, obscure, as in rural, similar to u in 

bti^, ^ in her: common in Indian 

names. 
A, as in me=t in machine. 
e, as in met. 
^, as in her. 

I, as in p<ne, or as e» in Ger. Metn. 
i, as in ptn, also used for the short 

sound corresponding to 6, as in 

French and Italian words. 



eu, a long sound as in Fr. je^ne, = 
Ger. long 6, as in Sdhne, G^a 
(Goethe). 

eu, correspondiuff sound short or medi- 
um, as in Fr. pew = Ger. 6 short. 

5, as in note, moan. 

o^ as in not, frog — that is, short or 
medium. 

0, as in move, two. 

tl, as in tube. 

u, as in t«b : similar to ^ and also to a. 

n, as in bull. 

U, as in So abfine=Fr. ^ as in dH, 
Ger. U long as in ffrun, Bfihne. 

ft, the corresponding short or medium 
sound, as in Fr. b«t, Ger. Mailer. 

oi, as in oil. 

ou, as in pound ; or as au in Ger. Haas. 



The consonants, b, d, f, h, j, k, 1, m, n, ng, p, sh, t, v, and z, when 
printed m Roman type, are always given their common English 
values in the transliteration of foreign words. The letter c is indi- 
cated by s or k, as the case may be. For the remaining consonant 
sounds the following ssonbols are employed : 



ch is always as in ric^. 

d, nearly as th in thla = Sp. d in 

Matfrid, eta 
f is always hard, as in go. 
h represents the guttural in Scotch 

loc^, Ger. nac/T, also other c^milar 

gutturals. 
9, Fr. nasal n as in bon. 
r represents both Eo/slish r, and r in 

foreign words, in which it is gen- 



erally much more strongly trilled, 
s, always as in so, 
th, as th in iAin. 
th, as th in thiB. 
w always consonantal, as in ire. 
z = ks, which are used instead, 
y always consonantal, as in yea (Fr. 

Ugne would be re- writ ten Itoy). 
zh, as « in pleasure = Fr. i. 



WINSTON'S SS ENCYCLOPEDIA 



VOLUME m 



ChalGOndvlfl.a (kal-kon'di-las), Db- soft, and admitting no polish. It is an 
wucMwu«*j*»» j£5TBiU8, a Greek impure carbonate of lime, and is used as 

Sammarian, born at Athens about 1424. an absorbent and antacid, and for making 
1 the taking of Constantinople by the marks. — Black chalk is a soft variety 
Turks he came to Italy, was invited to of arg:illaceou8 slate. (See Black Chalk,) 
Florence by Lorenao de' Medici about — Brown chalk, a familiar name for 
1479, and afterwards by Ludovico umber. — Red chalky another name for 
Sforza to Milan, where he died in 1510 ruddle. — French chalky steatite, soapstone, 
or 1511. He did much to further the or talc, a soft mugnesian mineral. See 
study of the Greek language and litera- Cretaceous, 

ture in the west of Europe. f]haU^r\trgk (chal'enj), to jurors, is an 

Ghaldffifl. (kal-de'a), in ancient geog- ^UlUiCflgC objection either to one or 
^" ^"' raphy, the southerly part of all of the jurors. See Jury, 
Babylonia, or in a wider sense corres- nTiftllia (shari), an elegant dresa 
ponding to Babylonia itself. The name ^^o,iJAn fg^^^^^ ^f guj^ ^j^^ worsted 
was of comparatively late origin, the old introduced at Norwich in 1832. soft and 
titles of the country being Accad and pliable and with a clothy surface. 
Shumer. The name Chaldeans was niinlmpra (chft'm^rz, charmers), Al* 
eventually applied to a portion of the viiaxiucio exander, a British journal 
Babylonian Magi, who were devoted to [gt, editor, and miscellaneous writer, bom 
the pursuit of astronomy and magical at Aberdeen in 1759. where his fatheu 
science. See Babylonia, „ the founder of the first Aberdeen news- 

Chftldee iMlgUBJgt (kal-de), a paper, was a printer. About 1777 Chal- 

^^ name often mers came to London, was employed as 

Siven to the Aramean language (or a journalist, and edited the BHtuh Essay- 
lalect of It), one of the principal vari- i,^, from the Tatler to the Observer, pub- 
eties of the ancient Semitic. Chiddee Hghed 1803. He also issued an edition 
Uterature is usually arranged in two divi- of Shakespere. with notes, in 1809 ; and 
sions : the Biblical Chaldee, or those por- the works of the English Poets from 
tions of the Old Testament which are Chaucer to Cowper, with Johnson's 
written in Chaldee, namely, Daniel, from Lives, and additional Lives in 1810. 
ii, 4, to vii, 28; Ezra, iv. 8, to vi, 18; His most extensive work was the Gen- 
and vii, 12-26 ; and Jeremiah, x, 11 ; and eral Biographical Dictionary, thirty-two 
the Chaldee of the Targums and other vols., 1812-17. He died in London in 
later Jewish writings. See Aramaic, 1834. 

niialilrATi (chAlMron), an old English fJliolTnfkrfl George, a Scotch anti- 

vnaiarou ^^^^^^ ^f ^ bushels ; also ^aa^^icrB, ^^^^^ ^^^^^ j^ ^^^ ^^^^ 

a IT. S. measure, 26^ hundredweight led law at Edinburgh, and removed to 

r.TifLl^nr Hslv (sha-Wr'), an inlet of America, where he practised for up- 
viuucui Jjay ^^^ Q^^ ^j g^ La^. wards of ten years. On his return he 

rence, between (Quebec and New Bruna- was appointed in 17^ clerk to the 

wick. The French fleet was here defeated ?J5*^i °^, ^f?^®.' *?o*SP^®«^^^ ^J^^^^ 

by the British in 1760. ^}\, ^^^ ^eaj^ ]^ 1825. He nublished 

' various political and statistical works, 

riifi1ini» (charis), a term generally lives of Daniel Defoe and Thomas Ruddi- 

vuoiAUU uppiie^ iQ a communion cup man, and edited the works of Ramsay 

for the wine In tiie Eucharist, often of and Lindsay ; but his chief work was his 

artistic and highly ornamental character. Caledonia, a laborious historical aal 

Chalk (chft')* ^ well-known earthy topographical account of North Britain 

viwAA limestone, of a white color, from the most ancient to recent times. 



Chalmers Chalybite 




Clialllien. ^o?5 F^^ s,^^^ h truaion moTement Id the Scottish eharch 

Z_ • Boottisn pamter, oom at ^jjj^j j,jg name became most prominent 

MontiOM. He ,«tudied painting at the Throughout the whole contest to the Dla- 

Tnutaes 8dux>l in Edinlrargh under Scott ruptlon in 1843 he acted as the leader 

traits 
erer, 

SSTL ^^^"^TiXi^^Th^^ of*^l gteouTnd/ort'he fiwrasismbirof which 
n^^#^ikJ^iri.J^;»-Jf^iOT^ «i«i« fce was moderator. Having vacated his 

f\9illwM^jl!mm^l^¥imS^u^<^ Uuiversity, he was appointed pnncipal 

2fec'S2^i^T87T''ilSo^^^^^^ "d primarius professor of divinity in 

his that deserve mentis are Running *S« "¥7 """"ok^^^oAi ^^^ ^^"^ Church. He 
Water. The Prayer, and The Legend, the 1>«^ May 30, 1847. - « , . ^ ^ ^ 

latter hi. last painting and one o? Ws Chaion-STir-Saone L* V a t?wn 5 
most beautiful. rfc« I^ocnrf is now in the „ ^ „. .t. ^'\c^°2; 

National GaUery at Edinburgh. He be- France, dep. SaOne-et-Loire, on the nght 
came an associate member of the Royal bank of the Satoe, which here becomes 
Scottish Academy in 1867 and a full mem- navigable for steamboata, and at the 
ber of the academy in 1871. commencement of the Canal du Centre. 

riiolmAra THOMAS, fm eminent Scot- It has a cathedral of the 13th century. 
viuujucim) tlsh divine, bom in 1780. a fine river quay, an exchange, communal 
at Anstruther Easter, Fife. He rtudied college, etc There are foundries, dye- 
at the University of St. Andrews, and work^ etc., and a flourishing trade. Pop. 
was licensed as a preacher in 1790, 26,638. 

afterwards becoming assistant to the r!1|dlA7ic|.a'nr-1/rai*llfk (sha-lO v-s d r» 
professor of mathematics at St. Andrews. ^^^^O^lS ^^^ JILarnc marn), a city 
in 1803 he was presented to the parish of France, capital of the department 
of Kilmany, in Fife, where he niade a Marne (Champagne), on the right bank 
high reputation as a preacher. In 1808 of the river Marne. The principal public 
he publlahcd an Inquiry into the Ewtent buildings are the cathedral, a nne edifice 
andBtahiUty of National Resource: In in the Gothic style; three other interest* 
1813 his article on Christianity ap- ing Gothic churches; the Hotel de Ville, 
peared in the Edinburgh Encyclopwdia, built in 1772 ; the Hotel de la Prefecture, 
and shortly afterwards his review of built in 1764, one of the finest buildings 
Cuvier*s Theory ^f the Earth, in the of the kind in France. There are manu- 
Christian Instructor. His fame as a factures of woolen and cotton goods; 
preacher had by this tlae extended itself also cotton mills, tanneries, etc. In 451 
throughout Scotland, and in 1815 he was Attila was defeated before the walls of 
inducted to the Tron Church of Glasgow. ChAlons, and from the 10th century it 
His astronomical discoursed delivered flourished as an independent state under 
there in the following winter produced counts-bishops, having about 60,060 in- 
a sensation not only in the city but habitants. After being united to the 
throughout the country, 20,000 copies French crown in 1360, it declined. A 
selling in the first year of their publictt- celebrated camp was established by 
tion. In 1819 he was transferred from Napoleon III about 18 miles from ChAlons 
the Tron to St JohnX ^ church built for the purpose of training the French 
and endowed expressly for him by the troops, still to some extent employed. 
Town Council of Glasgow, but his Pop. 21,487. 

Hr^a'ccSa* •^"is^r'thV Zr;' chalybeate Waters ^J^^'^t^. 

morsl philosophy at St. Andrews. In ing iron in solution, either as a carbon- 

1827 he was elected to the divinity ate or as a sulphate with or without 

chair in the University of E^linburgh, other salts. All waters containing iron 

an appointment which he continued to are distinguished by their styptic, inky 

hold till the Disruption from the Scot- taste, and by giving a more or less deep 

tish church in 1843. In 1832 he pub- color with an infusion of tea or of nut- 

lished his PoHtieal Economy, and galls. 

shortly afterwards his Bridgewater Gllfllvllite (l^&l'i'blt), an ore of iron. 

Treatise On the Adaptation of External ^**<**/ *'*»'^ ^ native anhydrous meta- 

A'aCwre to the Moral and Intellectual carbonate (FeCoa), existing abundantly 

Constitution of Man, During this under the name of spathic or sparry ore, 

period he was occupied with the subject or siderite. A siliceous or argillaceous 

of church extension on the voluntary variety called clay ironstone, occurring 

principle, but it was in the great non-in- in the coal-measures, is one of the most 



ChainJa Chamberlain 



ftbandaot and Talaable oree of iron, tion, etc. The office of lord-chamherlain 
Combined with carbonaceoas matter it of the h<yu9ehold is quite distinct from 
forms the blaclc-band ironstone. that of the great-chamberlain, and is 

diama (k&'ma)* the gaping cockle, changed with the administration. This 
a genus of large marine hi- officer has the control of all parts of the 
TaWes. The giant clam, Chama giga$, is household (except the ladies of the 
the largest shell yet discoyered, some- queen's bedchamber) which are not un- 
times measuring four feet across. It is aer the direction of the lord-steward, the 
found in the Indian Ocean. groom of the stole, or a master of the 

Chainade (sha-m&d'), a military term horse. The king's (queen's) chaplains, 
vjuMuauv j^^j. ^jj^ ^^^ ^^ ^ drum or physicians, surgeons, etc., as well as the 
sound of a trumpet inviting an enemy to royal tradesmen, are by his appointment ; 
parley. the companies of actors at the royal 

ChamsrODS (ka-mS'rops), a genus theaters are under his regulation; and he 
vriiaiii.a;xv|ia ^^ palms belonging to is also the licenser of plays, 
the northern hemisphere, and consisting PTioTnTiArlaiTi Joseph, an English 
of dwarf trees with fan-shaped leaves vnamucriiuu, gt^j^tesman. born in 
bom on prickly petioles, and a small London in 1836, and educated at London 
berry-like fruit with one seed. The C University school. He became a member 
^umlU$ is the only native European palm, of a firm of screw-makers at Birmins- 
It does not grow farther north than ham, but gave up active connection with 
Nice. The fibers of its leaves form an the business in 1874. He early became 
article of commerce under the name of prominent in Birmingham both in con- 
erin vigital (vegetable hair). Brazilian nection with civic and political affairs, 
grass is a fiber obtained from the Chamw- being an advanced radical and an able 
rop» argentia. A Chinese species, C. speaker, was chairman of the school* 
Poriunei, is quite hardy in the south of board, and thrice in succession mayor of 
England. the city (1874-76). In 1876 he entered 

ClLfl.maIll.ri (cham-a-lft'r6), Cham- parliament as a representative of Bir- 
wjM»iucuAXA ALHAM, a peak of the mingham, and at the general election of 
Himftlaya Mountains, at the western ex- 1880 he was chosen for the same city 
tremity of the boundary line between along with Mr. Bright and Mr. Munti. 
Bhutan and Tibet Height, 23,920 feet. Under Mr. Gladstone's premiership he 
diamber (chftm'b^r), a word used now became president of the Board of 
wjMMUM^A in many countries to des- Trade, and a cabinet-minister, and was 
Ignate a branch of government whose able to pass the Bankruptcy Act now in 
members assemble in a common apart- force, though he failed with his merchant 
ment, as the chamber of deputies in shipping bill. In the Gladstone govern- 
France, or applied to bodies of various ment of 1886 he was president of the 
kinds meeting for various purposes. The Locid Government Board ; but his 
imperial chamber (in German, Reichs- leader's Irish policy caused him to re- 
kammergerichi) of the old German Em- gign, and since then, as member for West 
pire was a court established at Wetzlar, Birmingham, he has been an active mem- 
near the Rhine, by Maximilian I in 1495, ber of the Liberal-Unionist party. He 
to adjust the disputes between the differ- was Colonial Secretary under Salisbury 
ent independent members of the German and Balfour, 1895-1905, and as such had 
Empire, and also such as arose between much to do with bringing on the war in 
them and the emperor. — Chamhera of ^uth Africa. His later advocacy of a 
commerce are associations of the mer- protective tariff brought on a schism in 
cantile men of towns for the purpose of the Unionist party which led to the res- 
protecting and furthering the interests igoation of the ministry in December, 
of the commercial community. 1905, followed by an overwhelming Lib- 

rniomViPrldiTi (cham'b^r-lin), an eral triumph in the general elections of 
l/namDenain ^^^^^ charged with 1906. He died July 3, 1914. 
the direction and management of the pri- pi.aYnhpr1aiTi Joshua Lawbbncb, 
vate apartments of a monarch or noble- viuwuucinnii, ^^^^ ^^ Brewer, 
man. The lord-chamherlain or lord- Maine, in 1828; entered the army in 
great'chamherlain of Great Britain Is 1862, was promoted brigadier-general on 
the sixth officer of the crown. His func- the battlefield by Greneral Grant in 
tions, always important, have varied in 1864, and made brevet majoivg^eneral in 
different reigns. Among them are the 1865. He was governor of Maine 1866- 
dressing and attending on the king at 71, and President of Bowdoin C:k>llego 
his coronation; the care of the palace of ISri-^. He wrote. Maine: Her rtaee 
Westminster (Houses of Parliament) ; in Hieiory: Bovereignt^ and Saerifhe; 
and attending upon peers at their crea- American Ideals, etc. Died, 1914. 



11 






ill 

'Is 

5'-" 1^1 



Il3 

it's 



WINSTON'S 

CUMULATrVE 
LOOSE-LEAF 

ENCYCLOPEDIA 

A COMPREHENSIVE 
REFERENCE BOOK 

Editor -in- Chief 

CHARLES MORRIS 

Litterateur^ Historian and Encyclopedist 

Author of " Civilization, an Historical Review of Its 
Element." "The Aryan Race," "Manual of Classical 
Literature," "Man and His Ancestors," "Famous Men 
and Great Events of the Nineteenth Century." and 
numerous other works. Editor of "Twentieth Cen- 
tury Bncyclopedia." "Biosraphical Dictionary," 
"Famous Orators of the World.'' " Half Hours with 
the Best American Authors." etc., etc Member of 
the "Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia." 
"Geofiraphical Society of PhiladelphU," "Natural His- 
tory Society," and "Society for Physical Research." 

Assisted by 

A CORPS OF CONTRIBUTORS 

Authorities on Special Subjects 



• I 



In Uen IDolumes 



ILLUSTRATED WITH PHOTOGRAPHS, MAPS, DRAWINGS AND 

COLOR PUTES; INCLUDING SEVEN COLOR PUTES FROM 

THE J. L. G. FERRIS COLLECTION OF AMERICAN HISTORICAL 

PAINTINGS, DY SPECIAL PERMISSION OF THE ARTIST 



THE JOHN C. WINSTON COMPANY 

Chicago PHILADELPHIA Toronto 



Chamomile 

motiDtaiti* in Europe and We«t«rD A«Ia. 
Ita LoinB. which sre about 6 or 7 ini^be* 
loBfc, are rouod. almoat ■moolb, p«rpaiidio- 
olar and atralsht until near tbe tip, 
where they BuddeDly terminate in a book 
Arreted backwarda atid downward!. Its 
hair ia brown in winter, browD fawn 



Champagne 



oat of uw Id England ; but Ita medicinal 
properties reaetnble thoao of common 
chamomile, and It la atlll uaed in aome 
pHrta of Europe. 

Chamond ('W-mOo). St. * mano- 
(aeturlng town of France, 
department Loire, on tbe railway from 
Bt. Xtienne to Lyons. It Is well built, 
bai an old castle and a handsome parish 
chnrch ; and hai allk factories, larg* 
iron-found rlet, dye-works, etc. Pop. 
15,46&. 

Chamonni <!"■"«•'•?>'. "' ,p=*- 

MONix (aha-mo-ne), a 
celebrated railey in France, department 
Haute-Savoie. in the Pennine Alps, oTer 
3000 feet above lea-level. It i> about 
12 milea long, by 1 to S milea broad, its 
B. side formed by Mont Blanc aud other 
lofty mountains of the cams range, and 
it la traversed by the Arre. The moan- 
tains on (he e. aide are always snow- 
clad, and from these proceed nnmerons 
gladera, such aa the Glacier de Boaaona 
and the Mer de Glace. The vlUaie of 
Cbamouni (pop. 806) ia much freqnented 
by touriata, and ia one of the points from 
which they visit Mont Blan& There it 
itatne in the Tillace to Saussure who 
  >eBk (1780), 



firat ascended the pea 



la (Antilopt ntpieapra). 



color Id summer, and grayish In spring. 
The bead is of a pale yellow color with 
ft black band from the nose to the eara 
and •nrrciundiug the eyes. The tail la 
black. Its BgiHty, the nature of ita 
hannta. and its powers of amell render 
Ita pursuit an vioaedlngly dilGcult and 
hacardona occupation. 

Chamomile, "'.^t"^!^^ ^^T'T 

' mil; AnJMmit noottu), 
 well-known plant belonging to the nat- 
oral order Compositie. It Is perennial. 
and has slender, trailing, hairy, and 
branched stems. The flower is white, 
with a yeUow center. Both learea and 
flowers are hitter and aromatic The 
fragrance ia dne to the presence of an 
•asential oil, caUed oil of chamomile, of 
a light blue color when firat extracted, 
ind used in the preparation of certain 
medieiiiea. Both tbe leaves and the 
flowers are employed In fomentations and 
poultices, and also Id the form of an iu- 
inalon aa a stimulant stomachic It 
la cultivated In gardens In the United 
Btatea, and also found wild. — Wild cham- 
oaU* lilmtrkmim ckamoMtUa) U now 



ince of France, which before the revoln- 
tion formed one of the twelre great mili- 
tary governments of tbe kingdom. It 
forms at preseut tbe departments of 
Maroe, Haute-Mame, Aube, Ardennes, 
and part of those of Tonne, Alsne, Seine- 
et-Marne, and Meuse. Troves waa the 
capltaL 

ChampaEme ("ham-pan'J, a French 
vuaui^nguu wiDe, wbitc Or red, 
which la made chiefly in the department 
of Marne, iu tbe formtir province Cham- 
pagne, and is generally ciiaracterised by 
the property uC creaming, frothiug. or 
effervescing when poured from tbe bottle, 
though there are also (It II Champagne 
winea. The creaming or slightly spar- 
kling Champagne wines are more highly 
valued b; conuoiaseurs. and fetch greater 
prkes than the full-frothing wines, in 
which the small quantity of alcohol they 
contain escapes from the froth as it 
rises to the surface, carrying with It the 
acoma and leaving the liquor nearly 
vapid. Tbe property of creaming or 
frothing possessed by these winea is d-le 
to the fact that tbey are partly fermented 
in the battle, carbonic acid being thereby 
produced. Wine of a similar kind can 
of course be made elsewhere, and some of 
the German champagnes are hardly to bs 
dlstinguiabed from the French. Mucb 
artifldal or Imitation champagne It aold. 



Champaign '^^ " Chancellor 

CilianiTioicm a ^'ity of Champaign Co., conflirts with the Iroquoig Indians roused 

Viuuu^ai^iiy Illinois. 128 miles s.w. a bitter enmity in that confederacy from 

of Chicago. It is the seat of the Univer* which Canada long suffered, 

sity of Illinois and has manufactures of ni,QniT^Alliftii (shft^-pol-yC?), Jeaw 

mill products, auto tools, sectional house, viittiu|iuAiiuii. pgANgois. a French 

knit goods, ejtectricja^fixturesjlocomodye gcholar, celebrated for his discoveries in 

crane*, etc Pop. (1910) 12,421 ; (1920) the department of Egyptian hieroglyph- 

15373. / V / -v rK >cs» ^^'^ a^ Figeac, department of Ix)t, 

ChamnertV \^^^^ pcr-U), or Cham- j^ 1790. At an early age he devoted hlm- 

yi J y^^Vii *" '5^i ^\ * ^"^^ self to the study of Hebrew. Arabic, 

gam with the plaintiff or defendant in Coptic, etc., and in 1809 became profes- 

any suit to have part of the land, debt, or g^p ^l history at Grenoble. He soon, 

""^^L^t^"^-*.^"*^ ^n""' iJ ^^^ ^55^^ i^""^ however, retired to Paris, where, with 

undertakes it prevails therein, the cham- ^^^ ^^^\^ ^^^ trilingual inscription of 

pertor meanwhile funiishing means to ^^ Rosetta Stone and the suggestions 

filial °'' ^® ^"'^' ^"""^ bargains are J°J^^^ ^^^ ^^^ p^ Thomas YSSng. he 

lilt J •■•- /oi«»«,^A«..8*a\ at length discovered the key to the 

Champ-de-Mars [hat^;** B?efd o^ graphic system of the Egyptians, the 

Mars, an extensive piece of 'ground in *^!«t,«^«°*^°i« ?f ril*rHr?So'*V^!S^ 

Paris formerly used aa a place of military paphic, and f.JP»iabetic—he expounds! 

exercise. It was here that Louis XVI before the Institute in a series of me- 

Bwore to defend the new constitution of ?oirs m 1823. These were published in 

1790, and it was the site of various expo- 1824 at the expense of the state, under 

aitions. Here is the Eiffel Tower. See the title of Vricxs du &y%Ume Ux^o- 

Paris glyphtque den Anctens EgypUens, In 

flliQTnnifmATi (8ham-pin'yon),aname 1826 Charles X appointed him to super- 

UnampignOIL ^^^^^ ^^ (^^ ViKnmon intend the department of Egyptian antiq- 

mushroom {Agaricus compesirtB'^ uities in the Louvre ; in 1828 he went 

as director of a scientific expedition to 
ChAmnlfLin (aham-plan'). Lake, a Egypt; and in 1831 the chair of Bgyp- 
xjunuiyxttLU, lake chiefly in the United tian archaeology was created for him m 
States, between the states of New York the College de France. He died at Paris 
and Vermont, but having the north end of in 1832. Other works are his Gram- 
it in Canada; length, about 120 miles; maire iSgyptien, and Dictionnaire Hi&ro- 
breadth, from a half mile to 15 miles. It glyphtque. 

is connected with the Hudson by canal. r!lioTnT)n11inn-Fi0*eRC (shftv-ppl- 

and has for outlet the Richelieu or Sorrei ^Jiampomon XXgcao y5^.fe.ahAk). 

river, into the St Lawrence. The scenery Jacques Joseph, the elder brother of the 

is beautiful and attracts many visitors, preceding, born at Figeac in 1778, died 

It was discovered by Samuel Champlain in 1867. His principal works are: An- 

(a.T.) in 1609. The possefision of the iiquiUs de Grenoble, 1807; Pal^ographie 

lake was a matter of imnortance in the Universelle; Annales des Lagidee, 1819; 

war of 1812-15, and Sir George Prevost's TraiU SUmentaire d^ Archiologie, 1843; 

attempted invasion of New York was de- tcriture d^motique ^gyptiennet 1843; 

feated here in a naval battle by the Amer- UHgypte Ancienne, 1850. 

leans m 1814. The American squadron ri,oTtr»A a^ P^nhnhiUUi 

was under the command of Captain Mac- t^HaiiCe. See Probabtltiy. 

th? wSil^.i, floSifi" rPi?^^®^ *^°I?*?^^ fiTlflTirpl (chan'sel) is that part ot 

^^ «,!«n5?S";i, The rout of the land l/Iiancei ^he choir of a church be- 

foroes succeeded the naval battle. tween the altar or commnnion-table and • 

ChamDlain (5*i*lP-plav), Samuel, a the rail that encloses it. 

. . French naval officer niiaTinAllAr (chan'sel-or), a high of- 

and maritime explorer, the founder of ^^a^^'^Aiui g^.^| j^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^j^^ 

Quebec, was bom about 1570; died 1635. kingdoms of Europe, the office including 

His exploits in the maritime war against in its duties the supervision of charters 

Spain in 1595 attracted the attention of and other official writings of the crown 

Henry IV, who commissioned him in requiring solemn authentication. The 

1603 to found establishments in North title and office are also ecclesiastical, and 

America. He made three voyages for hence each bishop still has his chancel- 

that purpose* In the last of which he lor, the principal judge of his consistory, 

founded Quebec, and was in 1620 ap- In the new German empire, the chan- 

pointed Governor of Canada. He did cellor (Reichskanzler) is president of the 

mnch to foster the fur trade and explore Federal Council, and has the general 

the region of the Great Lakes, and he conduct of the imperial administration 

proved an able administrator, but his In the United States, a chancellor is tb« 



Chanoellonville Cliannel Islands 

Judge of a court of chancery or equity The Chancery Division now consists of 

established by statute. the lord-chancellor as president and five 

The Lord High-ishanoeittor of Great justices. In American law a court of 
Britain and Ireland (originally of Eng- general equity jurisdiction. Separate 
land), who Is also Keeper of the Great courts of chancery or equity exist in 
Seal, is the first judicial ofBcer of the some of the States; in others the courts 
crown, and exercises an extensive juris* of law sit also as courts of equity; in 
diction as head of the Supreme Court of others the distinction between law and 
Judicature. He ranks as first lay per- equity has been abolished or never ex- 
ton of the state after the blood-ro;raL isted. 

He is a cabinet minister and a privy- CTioTida, (ch&n-dft'), a town of India, 

councilor in virtue of his office, is pro- ^**«*""'«* Central Provinces, surround- 

locator of the House of Lords by pre- ed by a wall 5^ miles long, with manu- 

■cription, and vacates his office with the factures and a considerable trade. Pop. 

ministry which appoints him. There is about 17,000. It is the capital of a dis- 

also a Lord Chancellor of Ireland, who trict of the same name. 

Is the head of the judicial bench. He is PliotifloTia-i (chan-dou>sS'), a town 

Bot a member of the British ministry. ^^»**»»"^»* of India. N. W. Prov- 

The chancellorship of Scotland was abol- inces, Moradabad district. Pop. about 

ished at the union. 30,000. 

The Ohanoellor of the Bwcheguer is the ChAnderi (ch<>n-d&'re), or Chan- 
principal finance minister of the British ^waa pg^u^gg^ ^^ ^^^^ Jq Central 

government, and as all questions of sup- India, Scindia's DominionB, in a hilly 

ply originate in the House of Commons, and jungly tract, 103 miles 8. of Gwalior, 

A peer cannot be conveniently appointed formerly of considerable extent and splen* 

to this office! It is sometimes held along dor, but now an insignificant place, 

with that of first lord of the treasury. There is a fort which ngured much ii 

Chancellor of a universiiyt the high- the wars of the Mogul dynasty, 

est honorary official in the university, GhailderilA^ore (chun'der-nug'er), 
from whom the degrees are regarded as \a****«»5v*.w ^^ Chan'dabnao- 

proceeding. The post in Britain is usu- ab ('city of sandalwood*), a town in 

ally occupied by a person of rank. Hindustan, belonging to France, on the 

ChanceUorsviUe ^^'liu^orlJi; Sf''«! ^"Ji clu^ ''^''iiJ^ eSU^ 

of the greatest battles of the American lished a formal cession of It, together 

Civil war, in which, on the 2d, 3d, and with its territory of 2325 square acres, 

4th of May. 18G3, a yictory was gained from Aurungzebe. It was three times 

by the Confederates under Generate Lee occupied by the British, but was finally 

and Jackson over the Federal troops restored to the French in 1816. Pop. 

commanded by General Hooker. Both of town and territory, 26,000. 

armies lost heavily in the battle, the Chflndniir (ch&nd'pur), a town of 
Confederates suffering severely in the '^ India, Bijnaur district, 

loss of their brilliant leader Jaclcson. N. W. Provinces; thriving, well paved 

GhailCerV (<^b<LQ'B^n), formerly the and drained. Pop. about 12,000. 

^*** J highest court of justice In ilharMfmCihfkVJ (chftng' chou), one of 

England next to Parliament, but since ^***'**& viiuw ^^^ largest cities of 

1873 a division of the High Court of China, in the province of Fokien. 36 

Justice, which is itself one of the two miles W. by S. of Amoy, its port. It has 

departments of the Supreme Court of »n active trade. Pop. est 1,000.000. 

Judicature (which see). Formerly it Clian^-CIIlOW * ^^^ ^^ China in 
embraced six superior courts called high « ZT \_m ' ^iaoK-Su province, E. 

courts of chancery, vis. : the court of the ^y "• ^' Nanking. Pop. 360^000. 

lord high-chancellor, the court of the Clianfir-SIia *.^^ ®' China, capita) 

master of the rolls, the court of appeal , _^ „.^ of Hunan province, o©. 

in chancery, and the courts of the three **>® Heng-Hiang. Pop. 250,000. / 

▼ice-chancellors, with various inferior r!lia.n1r-fi1ip11 the common conch- 

courts. The jurisdiction of the court was ^******^ oucxx, g jj e 1 1 {Turhinelh 

both ordinary and extraordinary, the PVrum)t of a spiral form, worn as an 

former as a court of common law, the ornament by the Hindu women. A shell 

latter a court of equity. The extraordi- with its spires or whorls turning to the 

nary court, or court of equity, proceeded right is held in peculiar estimation and 

npon mles of equity and conscience, fetches a high price. The chank is on% 

moderating the rigor of the common law, of the gasteropodo'us mollusca. 

and giving relief in cases w>^re there dlATlTifkl TfllaTiila (chan'el), a grouo 

was BO remedy in the common law courts, ^^ai"!©^ ISiailCU \^^ laUnds in tts 



Cbannels Chapel 

English Channel, off the w. coast of de- in great part leveled by the mob at the 
partment La Manche. in France. They revolution, but rebuilt by the Due d'An* 
belong to Britain, and consist of Jersey, male after the estate came into his po»- 
Guernsey, Alderney. and Sark, with some session in 1850. Along with its fine do* 
dependent islets. They are almost ex- main and its splendid art collection it was 
empt from taxation, and their inhabitants presented by the duke to the French In- 
enjoy besides all the privileges of British stitute in 1887. Chantilly is a horse- 
subjects. The government is in the racing center. Pop. 4632. 
hands of bodies called the "states," some Chantrev (<^han'tri). Sib Fbanois, 
members of which are named by the ^**"'"«*^J ^n Bnalish sculptor, bom 
2rown, while others are chosen by the in 1781 near Sheffieldf, was the son of a 
people, and others sit ew officio. The well-to-do carpenter. Bven in boyhood 
islands have been fortified at great ex- his chief amusement was in drawing and 
pense. They form the only remains of modeling figures, and he was appren- 
the Norman provinces once subject to ticed in 1797 to a carver and gilder. In 
Ehudand. Area 76 sq. miles, pop. (1911) 1802 he commenced work for himself at 
96,900. See the separate articles. Sheffield by taking portraits in crayons. 
Channels ^' Chain- wales, of a After studying at the Royal Academy in 
' ship, broad and thick London he eventually settled in the 
planks projecting horizontally from the metropolis, where he presented numerous 
ship's outside, abreast of the masts, busts at the exhibitions of the Royal 
They are meant to keep the shrouds clear Academy. This was the commencement 
of the gunwale. of his career of fame and fortune, ano 
CTiannillfl? (changing), William he soon came to be regarded as the first 
*'"•*" Ellert, an Unitarian monumental sculptor of his time. In 
divine and writer, born at Newport, 1816 he was chosen an associate and in 
Rhode Island, in 1780. He studied at 1818 a member of the Royal Academy. 
Harvard College, became a decided Uni- He was knighted in 1836, and died in 
tarian, and propagated Unitarian tenets 1842. His most celebrated works are 
with great seal and success. His first the Sleeping Children, in Lichfield 
appointment as a pastor was in 1803, Cathedral; the statue of Lady Louisa 
when be obtained the charge of a con- Russell, in Wobum Abbey; and statues 
gregation in Boston, and before long he of Pitt, Wallington and others in London, 
became known as one of the most popu- Pliontrv (chan'tri), an endowment to 
lar preachers of America. His reputa- v**"-**"*/ provide for the singing of 
tion was still further increased by the masses ; also the chapel where tiie masses 
publication of writings, chiefly sermons, are chanted. Chapels were frequently en- 
reviews etc.. on popular subjects. He dowe<1 by men who wished to have masses 
died at Burlington, Vermont, in 1842. — for the repose of their souls. 
His nephew, William Henry Chan- Channte (chA-not'), a city of Neoaho 
NINO, born 1810, also a Unitarian ^**"'"***'^ Co., Kansas, 126 miles 0. 
preacher (for some time at Liverpool) B.w of Kansas dty, Missouri, surrounded 
and supporter of the socialistic move- by about 2000 oil and gas wells. Here 
ment, wrote a memoir of his uncle and are the headquarters and car shops of the 
other works. Died in 1884. Southern Division of theSwita Fe R. R 




a melodic phrase or cadence. A single rilicin.Plinixr (ch&'o ch&'ou), a city 

chant consists of two strains, the first viiOrU viiuw ^^ China, province 

of three and the second of four bars in Quangtung, on the river Han, 195 miles 

length. A double chant has the length n. E. of Hong-Kong, the center of an 

of two single ones. important maritime division of the prov- 

CllATltprfille (8han-t6r-el'), a Brit- Ince, Pop. est. at 200,000. 

vnautcrciic .^^ ^^^^^ mushroom piioAa (ka'oa), in old theories of the 

iConiharellus cihariu$) of a bright ^"^"'V» earth, the void out of which 

orange color, with a pleasant fruity sprang all things or in which they ex- 

smell. Isted In a oonfused, unformed shape be- 

Ohantillv (shan-te-yfi), a town of fore they were separated into kinds. 

J^ France, department of the niiQnAl (chap'el), a term applied to 

Oise, 25 miles N. n.e. of Paris, cele- ^**»PC* buildings of various kinds 

brated for a variety of lace made here erected for some sort of religious service, 

and in the neighborhood; for the splen- Thus it may mean a subordinate place 

did chAteau, built by the great Oond6, of worship attached to a Urge chnreii. 



Chaplain Cjiaraceas 

and especially to a cathedral, separately daily chemistry. He supported the revo- 

dedicated and devoted to special serviceSb lation, and was appointed in 1799 coon* 

{See Cathedral.) Or it may mean a selor of state, and in 1800 minister of 

bnilding subsidiary to a pariah church the interior, in which post he cncoor- 

and intended to accommodate persons aged the study of the arts and estab- 

residlng at a distance from the latter; lished a chemical manufactory in the 

or a place of worship connected with a neighborhood of Paris. In 1805 he was 

palace, castle, university, etc. made a member of the senate. On the 

Chanlain (<^bBP'lix>)* literally a per- restoration he was obliged to retire to 

^/AAAjfMMu ^^ ^^^ .g appointed to a private life, but in 1816 the king nomi- 

chapel, as a clergyman not having a nated him a member of the Academy of 

parish or similar charge, but connected Sciences, and latterly made him a peer, 

with a court, the household of a noble- Chaptal's works on national industry, 

man, an army, a prison, a ship, or the chemistry, the cultivation of the vine, 

like. Chaplains in the United States etc., were very much esteemed, especially 

service have the assimilated rank of his Chimie AppUquie aum ArU (Paris, 

captain. They /eceive a yearly pay of 1807, four vols.), his Chimie Appliqu^e 

$1500. d VAifriouHure (Paris, 1823, two vols.), 

Plionl^f (chap'let), a string of beads and De Vlnduetrie Francai$e (Paris, 

xjonyiKh used by Roman CathoUcs 1819, two vols.). 

to count the number of their prayers. GlioDter (<^^AP'ter), one of the chief 
In heraldry it means a garland of leaves, •ua^/wx divisions of a book. As 
with four flowers among them at equal the rules and statutes of ecclesiastical 
distances; in architecture, a small establishments were arranged in chap- 
molding carved into beads, pearls, etc. ters, so also the assembly of the mem- 
Ghaillliail (^^l^ap'o^n), in general a hers of a religious order, and of canons, 

^^^ merchant or trader, but was called a chapter. The orders of 

in modern times more specifically a knights used this expression for the 

hawker or one who has a traveling meetings of their members, and some 

booth. societies and corporations call their as- 

flha.Ti Tnn. Ti OBOBas, an English poet, semblies ohaptere, 

jjruuk f ^j^^ earliest, and perhaps CliaT)ter*hOTlfte ^^® building at* 

the best, translator of Homer, was born ^**«*i'''^* axviaoi?, tached to a cathe- 

in 1567, and died in 1634. He was edu- dral or religious house In which the 

cated at Oxford, and in 1576 proceeded chapter meets for the transaction of 

to London: but little is known of bis business. They are of dififerent forms, 

personal history. but are often polygonal in plan. Some- 

mg^m J. WiLBTTB (1850-1018), times they were the burying-place of 



an American clergyman clerical dignitaries. See Cathedrak 



Chap 

and evangelist, bom at RichmondT' Ind. fllifl.r ^^ Chabb (ch&r; Salmo urn* 

He graduated from Lane Theological Sem- ^"^^*'9 g/^)^ ^ European fresh-water 

inary in 1882 and was pastor of the BHrst fish of the salmon genus, found plentl- 

Reformed Church, Albany, 1884-00. For fullv in the deeper lakes of England, 

three years he was pastor of the Bethany Wales, and Ireland, more rarely in thoss 

Presbyterian CHiurch, Philadelphia; and of Scotland. The chars inhabit the 

after a notable evangelistic campaign, colder regions of deep waters, where the 

during which he visited various parts of temperature is less liable to vary. The 

the country, be returned to the Bethany body somewhat resembles that of a trout. 

Church in 1806. He was pastor of the but is longer and more slender, as well 

v^5w^HASSg® Pj«»Merian Church, New as more brilUant in coloring, with criDi- 

York, 100(X«5, after which he was repre- gon, rose, and white spots ; weight some- 

n!S^llS:I^'lf'%« pU.w«^?«*rfK^*'l'^ tim'es 2 lbs., but generally "under 1 

Committee of the Presbyterian Church, jb. char is much esteemed for the 

CliaDOO (c^hA'po'), a seaport of table. 

^ «^ China, province Chekiang, flharfl.ne» (ka-rft'se-fi), an order of 

on the If. side of a large bay, 35 miles ^**«»*"'*'vc» crypt ogamous plants, 

N. from Ningpu. It carries on a con- nearly related to the Alge, composed of 

siderable trade with Japan. an axis consisting of parallel tubes, 

Chapra (d-p-rt-). Se. OXu^k. Z^^^'^^.J^^'TSStilnuSSii^t^ 

Chantal ("i^ap-til), Jban Antoxnb nant water, both fresh and salt, be* 

*^^^ Claude, Count de Chante- neath which they are always submersed, 

loup, peer of France, was born in 1756, They are most common in the temper- 

and devoted himself to the study of medi- ate sone, and amit an unhealthy, fetid 

dne and the natural aciencea, and saps- odor. 



Charade Charente 

Cliarade (sbA-i^&d' or sha-r&d'), a wooden vessels, as during long voyages, 
■^ kind of riddle, the subject has acquired an offensive smell, is de- 
of which is a word that is proposed for prived of it by filtration through char* 
discovery from an enigmatical descrip- coal powder. Charcoal can even re- 
tion of its several syllables, taken sep- move or prevent the putrescence of ani- 
arately as so many individual and signin- mal matter. It is used as fuel in vari- 
cant words. When dramatic represen- ous arts, where a strong heat is re- 
lation is used to indicate the meaning quired, without smoke, and in various 
of the syllables and the whole word it metallurgic operations. By cementation 
is called an acting charade. with charcoal, iron is converted into 
GharadriuS Cka-ra'drl-us), the steel. It is used in the manufacture of 

genus to which the gunpowder. In its finer state of aggre- 

plover belongs, forming the type of the gation, under the form of ivorybiack, 

tamily Charadriadae, which includes also lampblack, etc., it is the basis of black 

the lapwings, pratincoles, oyster-catch- paint ; and mixed with fat oils and resin- 

ers, turnstones, sanderlings, etc. ous matter, to give a due consistence, it 

CharaS (chaTo.). see OHarrc. 'AZrt (c^X'^'Z ?Uf SfiJ^: 
CharGOal (cbAr'k^l)f * t^^™ applied ^****''^ choke covered with straw in 
"^ to an impure variety of order to blanch them and make them less 
carbon, especially such as is produced bitter. — Beet charda, the leaf-stalks and 
by charring wood. One kind of it is midribs of a variety of white beet in 
also obtained from bones (see Bone- which these parts are greatly developed, 
black) ; lampblack and coke are also dressed for the table, 
varieties. Wood charcoal is prepared PliariliTi (sh&r-dap), John, son of a 
by piling billets of wood in a pyramidal vrjiaxuin Protestant jeweler in Paris, 
form, with vacuities between them for and a jeweler himself, was bom in 1643. 
the admission of air, and causing them Sent by his father to the East Indies to 
to burn slowly under a covering of buy diamonds, Chardin resided a number 
earth. In consequence of the heat, part of years in Persia and India, and latterly 
of the combustible substance is con- published an account of his travels. He 
sumed, part is volatilized, together with settled in London in 1681, was knighted 
a portion of water, and there remains by Charles II, was envoy to Holland 
behind the carbon of the wood, retaining for several years, and died in 1713. 
the form of the ligneous tissue. An- ni|oi*ATitP (shft-rAvt), a river in West- 
other process consists in heating the ^*^o,A.viL^%i ^^.^ prance, rising in the 
wood in close vessels, by which the vola- department of Haute-Vienne, and falling 
tile parts are driven off, and a charcoal into the sea about 8 miles below Roche- 
remains in the retorts, not so dense as fort, opposite to the isle of Oleron, after 
that obtained by the other process, a course of about 200 miles. It gives 
Wood charcoal, well prepared, is of a its name to two departments.— Charente, 
deep-black color, brittle and porous, an inland department, formed chiefly out 
tasteless and inodorous. It is infusible of the ancient province of Angoumois, 
in any heat a furnace can raise; but and traversed by the river Charente; 
by the intense heat of an electric fur- area, 22d4 sq miles; capital AngoulCme. 
nace it is hardened, and at length is soil generally thin, dry, and arid; one- 
volatilised, presenting a surface with a third devoted to tillage, a third to vine- 
distinct appearance of having under- yards, and the remainder meadows, 
gone fusion. Charcoal is insoluble in woods, and waste lands. The wines art 
water, and is not affected by it at low of inferior quality, but they yield the 
temperatures; hence, wooden sUkes best brandy in Europe, the celebrated 
which are to be immersed in water are cognac brandy being made in Cognac 
often charred to preserve them, and the and other districts. Pop. 351,733.— Cha- 
ends of posts stuck in the ground are rente-Inf£bieube (a^-fft-ri-eiir ; • Lower 
also thus treated. Owing to its pecul- Charente'), a maritime department, com. 
larly porous texture, charcoal possesses prises parts of the former provinces of 
the property of absorbing a large quantity Angoumois and Poitou ; area, 2791 sq. 
of air or other gases at common tempera- miles. Surface in general flat ; soil 
ture^ and of yielding the greater part chalky and sandy, fertile, and well culti- 
01 them when heated. Charcoal like- vated ; a considerable portion planted 




■•oporuer and disinfectant. Water is of common quality, and chiefly used 
wbicb. from having been long kept in for maUng brandy. Oyiten and aardinei 



Charenton-le-Font 



■n tlw ODlf ltUcIm munfactnicd to mj aa thoM ntcd kmonf tke Efyptlau, 
treat extent. Ceidtal La Bochelle. Pop. AMyriaoe, Oneka, and Romani, were of 
403,70^ Tariooa torms, A common form iraa open 

Cha«ntott-Ie-Poiit g^;'*^-|f»-'j 

aboat Q mllea eaat from Farli, at the 



amBDCuce of the Uama with the Selna, 
with DDmcrou mercantile and mannfae- 
t:irinK estabUahmenta. Pop. 18,034. 
Chanra tchar]), in heraldry, tlgotflea 
l/Haige ^^ ™doua fignrea depicted on 
the eacntcheoD. — la tcnnnery charge 
n'lgnihf the qnantitT of powder need at 
one diacharice of a fnn- — Charge, in 
milltarj tactlca, fa the rapid adTBOce of 
infaDtr7 or cavalry agalnat the enem;, 
with the object of breaUm hli linea bj 
' 1 of the attack. Infantry 



Kenerally adTance to aboat 100 jrarda and 

fire, then fTadnaUj qafcken their pace 

into the coaTge-Bt«p, and daih at the »„.^..„ w.^^h.^..! nnuiiipii 

enemy-a Unee. Cay&Tj chante In echelon ItoptUn WM^harlot—HoaelllnL 



fire, then cradnaUy qalcken their pace 
- ■" :barfe - - --' '-^ -' "-- 
les. ( 
an 

unnally formed In aquarea to receive them, two wheels. The chariot waa atroncly 
riiaiv^il'Affflir^a ((bir-ahfl-di f- and even eleeantly hollt, bnt not well 
Unar^a AnaireS \,). tb. title adapted for^>erf: in andent warfare 



AMTTlaa War^abailot.— Layard 

(ThnrilrAT (char-l-klr'), a town of an Elvlnf him a itreat adrantafa acalimt 

vuoijjuu AfBhanlttan, In the diatrict the Iiraelitei. The Phlliatlnea in their 

of Koblatan, 21 mllea north of Cabal, war againit Saal had 80.000 cbarioti. 

Pop. COOO. The acalpturea of andent E^pt ahow 

Cfaaj*ilIS>Cr08l <chflr^D(-kroa>, the that the chariots formed the atreogth of 

vMuuu^ ■uM.voB utnij, center of the EgyptUit army, tbeie vehlclN hulne 

London, no nanwd from a croaa which two-horaed and carrying the driver and 

atood until 1647 at the village of Charing the warrior, aomettme* a third iran, tha 

Id memory of Eleanor, wife of Edward I. ahleld-bearer. There la no representation 

It Is now a triangnlar piece of roadway of Egyptian aoldlera on horatbaek, and 

at Trafalgar Sqoare. eonseqoently when Moiea In hia aoog of 

Chariot (chnr'I-ot), > term applied to triumph over Pharaoh speaka of the 

w>Hu vw niiicica aagj ancienay both ' horss and Us rider,' ' ridtt ' ihnat ba W> 



Charltes Charlenu^fae 

dcntood to meao chariot-rider. In ths nlle; of BoDcesrallcs ij the Blscarana, 
Esrptiui chariots the framewoiit, wbeela, uid th« rear-cuard defeated ; Bolaiid, one 
pole, and yoke were of wood, and the St- of the moet famous wairlon of those 
tinis of the ioaide, the binding! of the timea, fell la the battle. Aa hi> power 
framework, aa well aa the bamcM were increaaed. ha meditated more serioady tb« 
dilefly of raw hide or of tanned leather. accompliahmenC of the plan of hla an- 
We have alw numbera of acolptur«i ceator, Cherlea Martel, to restore the 
which give a clear Idea of the Aaejrian Wertem Umpire <rf Rom'- Having goue 
chariota. These resembled the B^ptlan to Italy to aaaiat the pope, on Christmas- 
La all essential features, containing almost day 6m he was crowned and proclaimed 
invariably three men — the warrior, the Ccaar and Angoatna by Leo III, the titles 
shield-bearer, and the charioteer. A '* ' " *-'"' '*■"" ~- 
peculiarity of both is the qolver or 
qnlTers full of arrows attadied to the 
eide. The Assyrian war-chariot shown In 
the figure ia drawn by three horsea 



■at y^r by that 
1. Thus of bis 
'emained. Louis. 
m Charlemagne 
Q 813. He died 
-seventh year of 
ried at Alz-la> 
I usual place of 
was a friend of 
he name of re- 
] teacher of hla 
lis liberality the 
irs to his court 
from England), 
ay in bis palace 
Imncs of which 
I sdentlBc and 
He Invited 



abreast, and all the appointments are 
rich and elaborate. It has, as will be 
noticed, two anivera crossing each other 
on the aide, filled with arrows, and each 
also containing a small ax. A socket 
for holding the spear is also attached. 
From the front of the chariot a dngnlar 
ornamental appendage atretchea forward. 
fltiaritnn (sharl-tou), a dty, county 

&6 miles 8. by e. of Dea Holnes, on the 
Chariton lUrer. It has coal mines and 
manufactares of vehtdes, farm imple- 
ments, cement blocks, pumps. windmiUa, 

P»<-. Pop. (lOlO) 8794 : (1920) 517B. , ^ □ . _.» j 

ntinritv BiSTiM OT, Bee SMert of '. ,. , , "I- ^5u'''"JE*° 

vaariiy, nharita teachers of language and mathematios 

i,»onw. j^^ jjjjjy ^^ ji,^ prindpai dtlea of the 

Tire, and founded schools of theology 
the liberal sciences in the monas- 
~ "Ivate 

Great), King of tfae'Frank^'^nd aub^ time^of"hls'"dMthP"this intercourse re^ 

aequentlj Emperor of the West, waa malned his favorite recreation. His 

bom In 742, prebably at Aix-la-Cbapelle. mothei^tongua waa a form of German. 

Hla father was Pepin the Short, King of but he spoke several languages readilv, 

the Franks, eon of Charles MorteL Oa espedoUy the Latin, and was naturally 

the decease of his father, in 768, be elaqoent Be sought to improve the 

waa crowned king, and divided the king' litnrgy and church musie, and attempted 

dom of the Franks with his younger nnsnccessfnlly to introduce nntformi^ of 

brother Garlomau, at whoee death in meaaurea and weighta. He built a light- 

771 Charlemagne made himself master oE honsa at Boulogne, constructed several 

the whole empire, which embraced, be- ports, encouraged agriculture, and enacted 

■idea France, a large part of Gennany. wise laws. He convened councils and 

His first great enterprise waa the eon- parllamenta, publlahed capttularlea, wrote 

Sjest of 6ie SaztMis, a heathen natloa many letters (some of whlcb are still 
vine between the Weaer and the Elbe, eztant),* grammar, end several Latin 
whidb he undertook in 772 ; but It was poems. Hla empire comprehended France, 
not tin SOS that they were finally sub- most of Catalonia, Navarre, and Arogon. 
dued, and bi«oriit to embrace Ghria- the Netherlands, Germany as far as the 
tlanlty. While be was combating the Elbe, SosK and Eider, Upper and Middle 
Saxons, Pope Adrian Implored his aaslst- Italy, Istrla, and a part of Bdavonla. 
ance against Deaiderina, King of the In private life Charlemagne was exceed- 
liombaras. Charlemagne immediately Ingly amiable ; a good nther, and gen- 
marched with his army to Italy, took arous friend. In dress and habits he was 
Pavio, overthrew Desiderius. and waa plain and economical. Hfs only excess 
oowned King of Lombardr with the Iron waa hla tove of the other sex. In person 
crown. In 778 he repaired to Spain ta he was strong and of great stature. He 
asslat a Moorish prince, and while return- was sacceedea by bu son Loula (la 
ing hia troops were surprised In the IMbowialre). 



CharlemonT tSEarles IX 



Charlemont (•Uri-mAv). Sm Oivet. PKsmJ tbe MTolt ot the Poriiiaiu ana a 
«, , . ,\ , . »^«''« «' »"« pewwitB, kept lb« KIni 

CnHrlgrOl y'^'"'**''  ***■ •" *■ Navar™ at bay. and deprived the Enn- 
,, , Beldum, proTince ot Hab of a gnat pari of their donunioD in 

Halnaut, on both aidea of the river France. He died In 1380. He erecK^ 
sambre. M nilea t n. s. Mom. It baa the Bastille for tbe pnrpoae of oTenwicur 
naaufartiirea of gUaa. iroDware, etc, and tbe Paiisiaiia. 

woolen atuff. Pop. 26^ u * CharleS VI "™'>'rf the Bilh. 

Charleroi *.;^"^^"" ''J* '»""«*'"' ^," I^' Kin* or IVanoe and 
„  ..n ., " aBhinBton^Co.. Pennsrl- «» of the fbreeoinE, was born at Paris 
K?*;^„lrn?LH'';.5'"'>'"l^P''*'"^5Jl*»" ^368. and^l^ tcok the "in. "f 
tllnr worka, etc. Pop. 11.5f6. yea„ utn he lost hia reaaon, and one of 

CbarleB L gmperor <^ Aostria and the moat disaatroua periods of Fren. b 

rroiner or ine emppror Francia Joseph. AmniimaH fririaa •>■.>.« t-Tuib u 

On the death of the lutter Chariea became vTfTnJSnd^^^ ™, ?„ v li^"°.^ 
rmpPMr. Nov. 21. 1916; abdicate.) Nov. J "J S"fi£„ t^?^ °'" *° No'T"''^.^. 
12. lni8. fnllowinK defea of the empire. I?^J'n^"?''SLSL'S™' T"" "'^Sf"^"' 
_, , _ . , „• netory of Agiuconrt and compelled the 

Charlea I, '^^^ J" '^''f'S'' °' "■^ *>"? *• acknowledge him aa bii 

' W.^'U* ^'■'? "' France, anccessor, Charlea died In J422. 
waa aon ot IjOQla de iMbonnaire, and waa /Ti,n_i__ tttt Kln» of Fnniw wa* 
born 823. AfUr hia father'a death in CbatleS VII, hora a? ParU i?'l4fa 
«0 he fo.rtt with bU half-broth.r He„c«e<IedonIyw™h'a^SKi^ 
Uthaire for tbe^pire of the Franks inces of the kingdom. Henry VI of W 

tWS2^ tbi ™n ™ Jbe one ride a^ ^ ^"^■- J^« J^"*"'"' <'"'nl°i<'° l" Fran™ 

and Iha Mediterranean, on the ^rTBut M'h^''.'l-i''£i?' """' ^""y didthe Eng- 

be lo.t Southern Aqultolne to hU nephew f.?„Cj' /°''^'"'' ?'" "J^'5'"'" """ 

Pepin, and bad to divide Lorraine with ^^"'f ''?^ ,''""^t »b»ndoned the 

hia brother Ixmli the Oerman. In 875 "/"fB'e " hppeleaa when the appearance 

be woa crowned emperor by Pope John "' JMine d'Are, the ifa.rf of Orleamt. 

VIII. He died In 877. "": "''by a mlraele. a favorable turn 

Charlei H, Jl^.T'Sf^.'-^te " «« Eg,''eVn&of%'X!W^V,^^^^^^^^^ 

al«. known aa ChaVle. ftl. Em«w of ?i'::S'''"5f^ '?„ TiSf" ""^P* Calais 
(Jermany, and waa bom ab^ut g^2. He „"''*! ^'^'Li^U, 

aiFcndnd the French throna Id 8SS to the .. . . "' lMa.i» XI. wai 

prejudice of hIa couain. Charlea the ,7,45 ^70, and ancceeded hia father 

mmiite, but waa depoaed in 887 and died '°,i^»- . In 1491 he married Anne, Itae 

Ihtt followlncyear. heiresa of Brittany, and thereby aDneiPif 

Charlei lit. ^^"t <>' BVance, aor- "•■' '"SS"'"* "*"=''y '•> 'be Frenrb 

.. , . ' namfld the Himp^. waa ''""™- ^he chief event In the reign of 

icISP '*' "'""'■ ""* Htammerer, and born *^"rlM VIII ii his expedition Into Italv. 

In Il7n. Ilia relgn la noted for hii long ■'"' "P'd conqneat of the kingdom ol 

■initfle wJlh Ihn iilraDi'Dl Northmen or Naplea, a conqueit aa rapidly lost when a 

K'lmiaDa, I In illxd lu II21I. few months later Oonsalvo de Cordova 

OharlailV. ^''*' *>* yT»'*<», "ur r»"nnpxed It to Spain. Charlea wi* 

' tiarnM kt /Irt, or Iht meditating a renewed descent into Italy 

IIan4»omii, ihIM mm of i'billppe le Bel, "hen he died In 14B8. 

.r,^i;",,&.'ift r >riS\& Chan.. IX, siii,';,i-rc^,'z<;^. 







• lup- lad «IH1 VMn n pmm wu mad, 1 



Charles X Charles T 

1570, whicb. two yeara later, on 24tb Auitrle, and of Joaona, the daaghter of 
Augnst. 1572, was treacherous); broken Ferdinand and Isabella of Spun, was 
b; the Maiiaere of St. Bartholameic. born at Ghent, Feb. 24, 1500. Charles 
^e king, wbo had been nitle more Iban was thus ihe grandaoQ of the Emperor 
the tool o( bia ichenilDK mother, died twa Mazlmitiaii and Mary, daaghter of 
fean afterwarda, in 1Q74. Charles the Bold, last Dulie of Burgnod;, 

PhoTlna Tt King of France, Comts and Inherited from his fsrand parent* od 
liuancB .A., ^'Artola, born at Ver- both sides the fairest cauntries in Europe, 
■allies In 17S7, graodsoD of Loula XV, Aregon. Naples. Sicily, Sardinia, CaBtUe, 
was the youDgest son of the dauphin, and and the colonies in the New World, 
brother of I»uis XVI. He left France AtiHtria, Burgundy and the Netberlanda. 
Id 17^, after the first popular tnsurrec- On the death of Ferdinand, bis graud- 
tion and destruction of the Bastille, and father, Charles, assumed the title of King 
afterwards assuming tbe command of a of Spain. Id 1519 he was elected 
body of emigrants, acted In concert with emperor, and was crowned at Aii-la-Cha- 
the Austrian and Pruaalan armies on the pelle with eitraordinary splendor. The 
Rhine. Deapairing of success, he retired progress of the Reformation ot Germany 
to Great Britain and resided for aeveral demanded the care of the new emperor, 
yeara in tbe palace of Holyrood at who held a diet at Worms. Luther, who 
Edinburgh. lie entered France at the appeared at this diet with a safe-conduot 
Restoration, and in ]824 succeeded his from Charles, defended his case wltb 
brother. Louis XVIII, as king. In ft 
abort time hia reactionary policy brought 
him into conflict with the popular party, 
■nd in 1830 a revolution drove him from 
the throne. He died in 1836. His 
grandson, tbe Comte de Cbambord (which 
see), claimed the French throne as his 
heir. 

nhat-laa TV Emperor of Germany, of 
VUaries l » , ^jj^ ,,„„gp „, Luxemburg, 
waa bom 1316. and was the son of King 
John of Bohemia. In 134G he was elected 
emperor by five of the electoral prince^ 
while the actual emperor Lonis the 
Bavarian was still alive. On the death 
of the latter e part of the electors elected 
Count Gnntber of Schwanburg, wbo soon 
after died; and Cbarlea at lengtli won 
over bis enemies, and was elected and 

consecrated emperor at Aix-la-Chapelle. ~. , .. ir. 

In 1354 he went to Italy and waa crowned f^*^" ^ "' Cwmaw 

King of Italy at Milan, and emperor at energy and boldness. The emperor kept 
Rome the year following. On his return ailent ; but after Luther's departure a 
to Germany in 1356 Charles issued his severe edict appeared against him In the 
Qolden Bull (which aee) regulating tbe name of Charles, who thought It his 
election of tbe German emperors, lie interest to declare himself the defender of 
died at Prague in 1378. Charles was art- the Roman Church. A war with France, 
ful, but Taclllatlng. and careless of all wbicli tbe rival claims of Francis I in 
interests but those of his own family and Italv. Ihe Netherlands, and Navarre made 
hia hereditary kingdom of Bohemia. In Inevitable, broke out In 1521. Neither- 
Germany banda of robbers plundered the aide bad a decided success till the battle 
country, and the fiefs of the empire were of Pavla in 1525, where Francis waa 
alienated. In Italy Charlen sold stales totally defeated and taken prisoner. 
■nd cities to the highest bidder, or if Charles treated his captive with respect, 
they themselves offered most, made tbem but with great rigor as regarded tbe 
Independent republics. But Bohemia conditions of his release. A league of 
flounabed during hia reign. He encour- Italian states, headed by Pope Clement 
aged trade, industry, and agriculture, VII, was now formed againat the over- 
made Prague s great city, and established grown power of Cbarlea ; but their Ill- 
there tbe first German university (1348). directed efforts had no succesa. Rome 



Charles VI Charles I 

Frands agminst the emperor any more made a French prinee« Philip, Dnke of 

succeeeful, the war endiDg in a treaty Anjon, grandiion of Louis XlV, heir to 

(Cambray, 1529) of which the conditions the Spanish monarchy. This occasioned 

were favorable to Charles. A war the war of the Spanish Succession, in 

against the Turks by which Solyman was which England and Holland took the part 

compelled to retreat, and an expedition of the Austrian claimant. Charles held 

against the Dev of Tunis by which 20r possession of Madrid for a time, and was 

000 Christian slaves were released, added supported by the skill of Marlborough 

to the influence of Charles, and acquired and Eugene, but he was eventually 

for him the reputation of a chivalrous obliged to resign Spain to the French 

defender of the faith. In 1537 he made claimant, and content himself with the 

truce with Francis, and soon after, while Spanish subject-lands, Milan, Mantua, 

on his way to the Netherlands, spent six Sardinia, and the Netherlands (Treaty of 

days at the court of the latter in Paris. Utrecht, 1718, and Treaty of Rastadt, 

In 1541 another expedition against the 1714). He became emperor in 1711. In 

African Moors, by which Charles hoped a war against the Turks his armies, led 

to crown his reputation, was unsuccess- by Eugene of Savoy, rained the decisive 

fnl, and he lost a part of his fleet and victories of Peterwardein and Belgrade, 

army before Algiers without gaining any After the death of his only son, Charles 

advantage. A new war with France directed all his policy and energies to 

arose regarding the territory of Milan, secure the guarantee of the varions 

The quarrel was patched up by the peace powers to the Pragmatic Sanction, whi^ 

of Crespy in 1545. The religious strife settled the succession to the Austrian 

was again disturbing the emperor, dominions on his daughter Maria Theresa. 

Charles, who was no bigot, sought to In 17^ a war with France and Spain 

reconcile the two parties, and with this regarding the succession in Poland ter* 

view alternately courted and threatened minated unfavorably for him, he ha vine 

the Protestants. At length in 1546 the to surrender Sicily, Naples, and psrt of 

Protestant princes declared war, but were Milan to Spain, and Lorraine to France, 

driven from the field and compelled to In 1727 he renewed the war with the 

■ubmlt. But tbe defection of his ally, Turks, this time unsuccessfully. Charles 

Maurice of Saxony, whom Charles had in- died Oct. 20, 1740. 

vested with the electoral dignity, again r!1iaY.lAfl XTJT Emperor of Germany, 

turned the tide in favor of the Protes- ^**»"CB V XX, YH}Ta in 1697, was the 

tants. Maurice surprised the imperial son of Maximilian Emanuel, elector ol 

camp at Innsbruck in the middle of a Bavaria. In 1726 he succeeded his father 

stormy night, and Charles with great as Elector of Bavaria. He was one of 

difficulty escaped alone in a litter. The the princes who protested against the 

Treaty of Passan was dictated by the Prajnnatic Sanction, and after the death 

Protestants. It gave them equal rights of Charles VI (see above), in 1740, he 

with the Catholics, and was confirmed refused to acknowledge Maria Theresa 

three years later by the diet of Augsburg as heiress. In support of his own claims 

(1655). Foiled In his schemes and de- he invaded Austria with an army, took 

Jected with repeated failures, Charles Prague, wts crowned King of Bohemia, 

resolved to resign the imperisi dignity, and in 1742 was elected emperor. But 

and transfer his hereditary estates to his fortune soon deserted him. The armies of 

son Philip. In 1555 he conferred on him Maria Theresa reconquered all Upper 

the sovereignty of the Netherlands, and Austria, and overwhelmed Bavaria, 

on January 15, 1556, that of Spain, re- Charles fied to Frankfort, and returning 

tiring himself to a residence beside the to Munich in 1744, died there the follow* 

monastery of Yuste in Estremadura. Ing year. 

where he amused himself by mechanical fSliorlAft T King of England, Scot- 
labors and the cultivation of a garden. ^^«***'?o ^f Umd, and Ireland, wft 
He still took a strong interest in public bom at Dunfermline, Scotland, in the 
affairs, though in his later years he was year 1600, and was the third son ol 
very much of an invalid, his ill health James VI and Anne of Denmark. He 
being partly caused by his gourmandising married Henrietta Maria, daughter of 
habits. He died on Sept. 21, 155S. Henry IV of France, and in 1625 sue- 
ChArlefl VI German emperor, the ceeded to the throne, receiving the king- 
^ second son of the Em- dom embroiled in a Spanish war. The 
pexor Leopold I, was born Oct. 1, 1685. first parliament which he summoned, 
He was destined, according to the being more disposed to state grievances 
ordinary rules of inheritance, to succeed than grant supplies, was dissolved. Next 
his relative (Charles II on the throna year (1626) a new pitrliament was sum- 
of Spain. But Charles II by his will moned; but the House proved no morw 



Charlwl Charla n 

tnclBble than b«fon, and was mod dl«- wai agalo sanmoDcd, which proved to ba 

•olved. Id 1628 the king wbb obUsed to the Umoua Long Parliament. An ac- 

call a third perliameDt, whkh allowed connt of the struggle between king and 

itself at mnch oppooed to arbitrar; mea»- parliament, the trial and eiecatlon of 

nres as it» predeceisor. and after Totiug Strafford and Laud, etc., cannot here be 

the BUppliea prepared the Petition of given, but tl)« result waa that both klnf 

Right, inilch Charles was coDstraJned to and parliament made preparations for 

pass Into a law. But the determined war. The king had on his side the great 

•plrlt with which the parliament rented bulk of the gGnirv. while nearly all the 

Faritens ana the inhabitants of the great 

trading towns Hided with the parliament. 

The first action, the battle of EdKeblll 

(23d Oct. 1642), gave the king a slUht 

advantage : but nothing very deHslve 

happened till the battle of Maraton \fDoi, 

In 1014 *here Cromwell routed the rofal- 

Ista. The loss of the battle of NaBebj. 

the Tear following, completed the ruin of 

the king's cause. Charles at length gave 

himself up t* the Bcotllsh army at 

Newark (5th Me;. 1646). After tomi 

oegotlationB he was surrendered to tbi 

commisstoners of the parliament. Tb' 

extreme sect of the Independente, largely 

represented In the arm; and headed bj 

Cromwell, now got the upper hand, and 

coercing the parliament and the morf 

hesitating of the PreBbjterlans, hroughl 

Charles to trial for high treason agslnsl 

the people, and had sentence of death 

prononnced sinalnst bim. All interpoal. 

the king's claim to levy tonnage and tion being vain, be was beheaded bpfort 

poundage on his own authority led to a the Banqueting House. Whitehall, on 30th 

rupture, and Charies again dissolved the Jan.. 1649, meeting his fate with greal 

parliament, resolving to try and reign dignity and composure. Charlei had 

wilhout one. In this endeavor he was many good qualities. Possessed of a 

supported hv Strafford and Laud as bis bighly-cultlveted mind, with a fine judg- 

chief counselors. With their help (Carles ment in arts and letters, he was also 

continued eleven years without summon- temperate, chaste, and religious, and, al- 

Ing R parliament, using the arbitrary though somewhat cold in his demeanor, 

courts of High Commission and Star- kind and affectionate. Nor was talent 

chamber as a kind of cover for pure wanting to him. But these merits were 

absolutism, and raising money by oncon- counterbalanced and all but neutraliaed 

■tltutional or doubtful means. In 163? by a want of self-reliance and a habit of 

John Hampden began his career of vacillation, which in bis position had the 

resistance to the king's arbitrary meaa- effect of Insincerity. Coupled with this 

ores by refusing to psy ship-money, the was a temperament which would not 

right to levy which, without authonty of brook control and (ended to abBoIutlsm, 

Esrliament, he was determined to bring pi,a-lAa TT King of F<ugland, Ire- 
Bfore a court of Uw. His cause was ^nanes lA, ^^i. and Scotland, son 
argued tor twelve days in the Court of of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of 
Exchequer; and although he lost it by France, was bom In 1C30. He was a 
the dedsion of eight of the JuUges out refugee at The Hague on the death of his 
of twelve, the discussion of the question father, on which he immediately assumed 
produced a very powerful impression 'n tlie royal title. Cromwell was Ibeu all- 
tbe public mind. It was in Scotlsntf, powerful in England ; but Charles ac- 
however, that formal warlike opposition cepted an invitation from the Scots, wbo 
was destined to commence. The attempts had proclaimed him their king July, 1650, 
of Charles to Introduce an Anglican and, passing over to Scotland, was 
liturgy Into that country produced violent crowned at Scone (1651). Cromwell'a 
tumults, and gave origin to the famous approsch made him take refuge among 
CotieHORf in 1638, to oppose the king's the English royallata, who. having 
design. An English army was sent north, gathered an army, encuunlpred Cromwell 
but was defeated by the army of tbe at Worcester nnd wern tctalty defeated. 
Covenanters, and In 1640 a parliament With great dIfDculty Chnrlea escaped t<i 



Charles n Charles Xn 

France. On the death of Cromwell the selfish, and Indifferent to anything bat hii 

Restoration effected without a struggle by own pleasure. He had no patriotism* 

General Monk set Charles on the throne honor, or generosity, but was not destitute 

lifter the declaration of Breda, his entry of the ability to rule. He had no 

into the capital (29th May, 1660) being legitimate children. His mistresses were 

nude amidst universal acclamations. In numerous, and several of them were 

1662 he married the Infanta of Portugal, raised to the highest ranks of nobility, 

Catharine of Braganza, a prudent and while six of his illegitimate sons were 

virtuous princess, but in no way calcu- made dukes. 

Imted to acquire the affection of a man like Charles XII ^^^S of Sweden, was 
Charles. For a time his measures, mainly ^**«***^" ^^aa, ^^^^ ^^ Stockholm, 
counseled by the chancellor. Lord June 27, 1682. On the death of his 
Clarendon, were prudent and conciliatory, father, in 1607, when he was but fifteen 
But the indolence, extravagance, and years old, he was declared of age by the 
licentious habits of the king soon involved estates. To his jealous neighbors this 
the nation as well as himself in dif- seemed a favorable time to humble the 
ficulties. Dunkirk was sold to the French pride of Sweden. Frederick IV of Den- 
to relieve his pecuniary embarrassment, marlc^ Augustus II of Poland, and the 
and war broke out with Holland. A Czar Peter I of Russia concluded an 
Dutch fleet entered the Thames, and alliance which resulted in war against 
burned and destroyed ships as far up as Sweden. With the aid of an English and 
Chatham. The great plague in 1665, and Dutch squadron the Danes were soon made 
the great fire of London the year follow- to sign peace, but Augustus of Saxony 
ing, added to the disasters of the period, and Poland, and the czar were still in the 
\n 1667 Clarendon was dismissed, and a field. Rapidly transporting 20,000 . men 
Cnpie alliance between England, Holland, to Livonia, Charles stormed the czar's 
and Sweden, for the purpose of checking camp at Nerva, slaying 30,000 Russians 
the ambition of Louis XIV, followed ; but and dispersing the rest (30th Nov., 1700). 
the extravagance of the king made him Crossing the Dwina he then attacked the 
willing to become a mere pensioner of Saxons and gained a decisive victory. 
Louis XIV, with whom he arranged a Following up this advantage he won the 
private treaty against Holland in 1670. battle of Clissau, drove Augustus from 
The Cabal ministry was by this time in Poland, had the crown of that country 
power, and they were quite ready to conferred on Stanislaus Leczinsky, and 
break the triple alliance and bring about dictated the conditions of peace at 
a rupture with the Dutch. As the king Altranstadt in Saxony in 1706. In Sep- 
did not choose to apply to parliament tember, 1707, the Swedes left Saxony to 
for money to carry on the projected war, invade Russia, Charles taking the shortest 
he caused the exchequer to be shut up in route to Moscow. At Smolensk he altered 
January, 1672, and by several other dis- his plan, deviated to the Ukraine to gain 
graceful and arbitrary proceedings gave the help of the Cossacks, and weakened 
great disgust and alarm to the nation, his army very seriously by difficult 
The war ended in failure, and the Cabal marches through a district extremely 
ministry was dissolved in 1673. The year cold and ill supplied with provisions. In 
1678 was distinguished by the pretended this condition Peter marched upon him 
Popish plot of Titus Oates. which led to with 70,000 men, and defeated him com- 
the exclusion of Roman Catholics from pletely at Pultawa. Charles fled with a 
parliament. In 1670 the Habeas Corpus small guard and found refuge and an 
Act wms passed, and the temper of the honorable reception at Bender, in the 
parliament was so much excited that the Turkish territory. Here he managed to 
king dissolved it. A new parliament persuade the Porte to declare war a^nst 
which assembled in 1680 had to be dis- Russia. The armies met on the banks of 
solved for a like reason, and yet another the Pruth (July 1, 1711) and Peter 
which met the year following at Oxford, seemed nearly ruined, when his wife. 
Finally Charles, like his father, deter- Catharine, succeeded in bribing the grand 
mined to govern without a parliament, vizier, and procured a peace in which the 
and after the suppression of the Rye interests of Charles were neglected. The 
House plot and the execution of Russell attempts of Charles to rekindle a war 
and Sidney re-established an absolute rule, were vain, and after having spent some 
He died from the consequences of an years at Bender he was forced by the 
apoplectic attack in February, 1685, after Turkish government to leave. Arrived in 
having received the sacrament according his own country in 1714, he set about the 
tc the rites of the Roman Church, measures necessary to defend the king- 
Charles was a man of wit, and possessed dom, and the fortunes of Sweden were 
an easy good nature^ but was entirely beginning to assume a favorable aspect 



Charles XTTT Cbajrles Edwaxd Stuart 

when he was slain by a cannonball as he against the French. In 1805 he corn- 
was besiegfing Frederikshall, Norway, manded in Italy against Mass^na, and 
Not. 30, 1718. Firmness, valor, and love won Galdiero (31st Oct.) ; but in the 
of justice were the great features in the campaign of 1809 in Germany against 
character of Charles, with which were Napoleon he was unsuccessful, the battle 
combined a remarkable military genius of Wagram (5th and 6th July) laying 
and a desire to emulate the career of Austria at the feet of the French em- 
Alezander the Great. But his rashness peror. With that event the military 
and obstinacy were such as to negative career of Charles closed. He died in 
the effect of his high powers. After 1847. He published several military 
his death Sweden sank from the rank of works of value. 

a leading power. V^oltaire's Life of fjliQrlpfi Alhi^rf K^ns of Sardinia, 

CKar\€9 XII gives a picturesque account ^*^**^n ^xiMCit, ^^ ^^q^ ^^ ^^ 

of his career. son of Charles Emmanuel, Prince of 

f!1iQrlAa TTTTT K>Bg of Sweden, was Savoy-Carignan. In 1831 he succeeded 

UimriCB ^J^x, ^^^ j^ j^-^g^ ijgi^g t^j jijg throne on the death of Charles 

the second son of King Adolphus Fred- Felix, but his government at first greatly 
erick. In the war with Russia, in 1788, disappointed the liberal party by its 
he received the command of the fleet, despotic tendencies. It was not till near 
and defeated the Russians in the Gulf 1848 that, seeing the growing strength of 
of Finland. After the murder of his the progressive and national movement 
brother, Gustavus III, in 1792, he was in Italy, he took up the position of its 
placed at the head of the regency, and champion. As such he took the field 
gained universal esteem in that position, against Austria on behalf of the Lom- 
The revolution of 1809 placed him on the bardo- Venetian provinces, but was crush- 
throne at a very critical period, but his ^ngly defeated at Novara, 23d March, 
grudent conduct procured the union of 1849. He abdicated in favor of his son, 
weden with Norway, Nov. 4, 1814. He Victor Emmanuel, and, retiring to 
adopted as his successor Marshal Berna- Portugal, died 28th July, 1849. 
dotte, who became king on the death of fHiorlAA AiKrufltils Grand Duke of 
Charles, Feb. 6, 1818. UnariCS ilUgUSlUS, Saxe-Weimar, 

r!liaT>lAa YTV o^^ D -. J -.^ bom in 1757; died in 1828. He suc- 

LnarieS AIY. See BemadoUe. ^^ded to the dukedom in 1775, and be- 

niiarlpa T King of Spain. See cause of his lasting friendship with 

vuaiACD ±j Charlea 7, Emperor of Goethe, gathered around him a cotene of 

Germany. literary people, which made his court 

Charles TV King of Spain, born at famous. He was one of the few rulers at 

vuaixus XV, j^.pig- 12th Nov 1784 that time with democraUc impulses. 



succeeded his brother Ferdinand VI in CharleS CitV. 5i,^*/'^"°^/ ®®*^ ^^ 
1788, was aU his life completely under "J^^^* ^\^^ K^""^^ ^9Sr ^°^*', ^° 
the influence of his wjfe and her ?»« P«**' River. Manufactures include 



paramour GodoyT" In ISOS'Charies abdi- J?.™*?,"^? traction engines, etc. Charles 
cat^ in favor of Napoleon. He died in SSd ^11^ pinsSo.^'''^ "^'^ " '" 

/«. 1 X in«. # T, , Charles City Cross Boads, » J^ 

Charles I, ^ i^\^r^%t Th"; m Vlr^nla, 1/ miles 8. e. of Rich.S^^^ 
German Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzol- ™ac*e famous by a battle in the Civil war 
lern-Sigmaringen. He was elected Prince between the Confederates under Long- 
of Roumania in 1866 and was crowned street and Hill, and the Federals under 
king in 1881, following the Russo-Turkish McClellan, June 30, 1862. 

55'^« S" "^^'^li^SH^*"' daughter of Charles Edward Stuart, fv**i«^ 

Prince Herman of Wied, became a notable , ^ ^ * ^ ^^ iJ?®*^^^ 

author under the pen name of Carmen lender, grandson of James II, A^imr oi 
Sylva. On the outbreak of the European England, son of James Edward and Clem- 
war he maintained the neutrality of Kou- entina, daughter of Prince Sobieski, was 
mania and kept in close touch with the bora in 1720 at Rome. In 1742 he 
Triple Alliance. He died on October 10, ^ent to Paris and persuaded Louis XV 
1914, and was succeeded by his nephew, to assist him in an attempt to recover tha 
Prince Ferdinand of HohenzoUem-Sigma- throne of his ancestors. Fifteen thou- 
ringen, in default of direct heirs. sand men were on the point of sailing 

Charles Abchduke of Austria, third from Dunkirk, when the English admiral 
9 son of the Emperor Leopold Norris dispersed the whole fleet. Charles 
U, was bom in Florence 5tn Sept., 1t71. now determined to trust to his own exer- 
oommander-in-chief of the Austrian army tions. Accompanied by seven officers he 
on the Rhine, he won several victories. landed on the west coast of Scotland 



Charles Harter Cliarles Xiver 

from a small ebip called the Douielle. October, 732, over the Saracens, near 

Many Lowland nobles and Highland Tours, from which he acquired the name 

chiefs went over to bis party. With a of Martel, signifying hammer. He died 

smaU army thus formed he marched for 741. Charlemagne was his grandson, 

ward, captured Pet-cb, then Edinburgh See Charlemagne. 

WBiiU'^<J«'8«oh'S ^ l\ Charles the Bold, SV'.'oSTr 

Prestonpans (Sept. 22), and adTandng Philip the Good and Isabella of Portugal, 

obtained possesion of Carlisle. He now bom at Dijon Nov. 10, 1433. While his 

caused his father to be proclaimed King father yet lived Charles left Burgundy, 

and himself Regent of England ; removed and forming an alliance with some of the 

his headquarters to Manchester, and great French nobles for the purpose of 

soon found himself within 100 miles of preserving the power of the feudal 

London, where many of his friends nobility, he marched on Paris with 20,000 

awaited his arrivaL The rapid successes men, defeated Louis XI at Montlh^ri, and 

of the adventurer now caused a part of won the counties of Boulogne, Guines, 

the British forces in Germany to be re- and Ponthieu. Succeeding bis father in 

called. Want of support, disunion, and 1467, he commenced his reign by severe 

jealousy among the adherents of the house repression of the citizens of Li^ge and 

of Stuart, some errors, and the superior Ghent In 1468 be married Margaret of 

force opposed to him, compelled Frince York, sister of Edward IV of England. 

Charles to retire in the beginning of 1746. Li^ge having rebelled, the dnke stormeo 

The victory at Falkirk (Jan. 28, 1746) and sacked the town. In 1470 the war 

was his last. As a final attempt ha with France was renewed, and although 

risked the battle of Culloden against the the duke was forced to sue for a truce 

Duke of Cumberland, April 16, 1746, in he soon took up arms anew, and, crossing 

which his army was defeated and entirely the Somme, stormed and fired the city of 

dispersed. The prince now wandered Nesle. Louis meanwhile involved him 

about for a long time through the wilds in greater embarrassments by exciting 

of Scotland, often without food, and the agamst him Austria and the Swiss. 

grice of £210,000 sterling was set upon Charles, ever ready to take up a quarrel, 
is head. At length, on Sept 20, 1746, threw himself on Germany with char- 
five months after the defeat of Culloden, acteristlc fury, and lost ten months la 
he escaped in a I^nch frigate. He a futile siege of Neuss. He was success- 
received a pension of 20,000 llvres yearly ful, however, in conquering Lorraine from 
from France, and of 12,000 doubloons Duke Ren6. Charles now turned his 
from Spain. Forced to leave France by arms against the Swiss, took the 
the terms of the Peace of Aiz-la-Chapelle city of Granson, putting 800 men to the 
(1748). he went to Italy, and in 1772 sword. But this cruelty was speedily 
married a princess of Stolberg-Gedern, avenged by the descent of a Swiss armv, 
from whom eight years later he was which at the first shock routed the duke s 
separated. (See Albany.) In the end forces at Granson, March 3, 1476. Mad 
he fell into habits of intoxication, died with rage and shame Charles gathered an- 
Jan. 31, 1788, and was buried at Frascati. other army, invaded Switzerland, and 
The funeral service was performed by his was again defeated with great loss at 
only surviving brother, the Cardinal of Morat. The Swiss, led by the Duke of 
York, with whose death In 1807 the Lorraine, now undertook the reconquest 
Stuart line ended. The cardinal received of Lorraine, and obtained possession of 
a pension from Britain of £4000 a year Nancy. Charles marched to recover it, 
till his death. but was utterly routed and himself slain. 
Chftrles Mfl.rtel' 'uler of the The house of Burgundy ended in him, and 
vuc»AA«/o 4iM»A v\0M, y ppnQj^g^ ^^s a SOU his dcsth without male heirs removed 

of Pepin H^ristal. His father had gov- the greatest of those independent feudal 

erned as mayor of the palace under the lords whose power stood in the way of 

weak Frankish kings with so much Justice the growth of the French monarchy, 

that he was enabled to make his office be- His daughter Mary married Maximilian 

reditary in his family. Chilperic II, king of Germany, but most of his French 

of the Franks, refusing to acknowledge territory passed into the hands of the 

Charles Martel as mayor of the palace, French king. 

^ ^tter deposed him. and set Clothaire ChailCS thc GlCat. ^ee CharUn 

IV in his pUce. After the death of ^"«***^" •'"^ \«*«c»v. fnaffne. 

aothaire he restored Chilperic, and sub- GharleS ElVer * "^o^ river in 

■equently placed Thierri on the throne. "***'^* •■*^^''*» Massachusetts, which 

Ohanes Martel rendered his rule famous flows Into Boston harbor, separating Bos- 

by the great victory which he gained in ton from Charlestown. It affords motiva 



Charles's 



Charlotte-Amalie 



power for many factories and is navigable 
for a few miles above Boston. 

Charles's Wain, see Bear, Qreai. 

nTiarlpfH-ATi (Gharls'tun). a city and 
l/naneSXOn ieaoort of South Caro- 
lina, on a toneue of land formed by the 
confluence of the rivers Cooper and Ash- 
ley, which unite just below the dtv, and 
form a spacious and convenient harbor 
extending about 7 miles to the Atlantic, 
and defended by several forts. The city 
is regularly laid out, most of the principal 
thoroughfares being 60 to 70 feet wide 
and bordered with fine shade-trees. It 
has become the metropolis of the Caro- 
linas, and is one of ttie leading commercial 
cities and seaports in the south. Its insti- 




tutiona are numerous, including the 
Charleston Library, founded in 1743, the 
College of Charleston, 1785, and the 
Orphan House, 1794, one of the oldest in- 
stitutions of its kind in the country ; and 
the Charleston Museum, the oldest in 
America. The staple exports are cotton, 
rice, lumber, and phosphate, as weU as 
manufactured goods from the Midwest. It 
also has important manufacturing indus- 
tries and is a military and naval center. 
Tt has a navy yard and a naval encamp- 
ment, with provision for 6000 recruits. 

It was the scene of the outbreak of the 
Civil war, April 12, 1861, and was evacu- 
ated by the Confederacy February 7, 1865. 
Pop. (1910) 58,833; (1920) 67.957. 

Charleston* S^*^h capital o^ west 

vMOAA^Buvu, Virginia, at the conflu- 



ence of the Great Kanawha and Elk 
Rivers, in Kanawha Co., near the center 
of the State. It was incorporated in 
1794, chartered as a dtv in 1870. It is 
the center of large coal and gas fields. 
Other industries include gun forging and 
high explosives, steel plants, iron foun- 
dnes, wood-working, sheet glass (notably 
the Libbey-Owens factory), lamp chim- 
neys, chemicals, fire brick, terra cotta 
clays, kaolin, bauxite, hard and soft lum- 
ber, salt brine, etc. Pop. (1910) 22,996; 
(1920) 89,608. 

Charleston, Soit^'coT'^mZ' &' 

miles w. of Terre Haute. It has flour 
mills and various manufactures. Oil, 
coal and gas are found in the region. It is 
the seat of the Eastern Illincas Normal 
School. Pop. (1920) 6615. 

Charlestown, Si^«<5,.f SiSL^^^: 

setts, incorporated with Boston (q. v.) in 
1874. Scene of the Battle of Bunker 
Hill (q. v.), June 17, 1775. There is a 
U. S. Navy Yard here. 

CharleviUe 9!SSJ^« VrtSSS Sf 

Ardennes, on the Meuse, opposite Mezieres. 
It has a large trade in coal, iron, wine, 
etc. Pop. 22,654. 

Charlock, see Mustard, 

Charlotte <J*^'^*>i4i^^\ar^!: 

North Carolina. It is the center of the 
cotton mill industry of the South, with 
over 700 textile mills and 170 cotton oil 
miUs within a radius of 150 miles. It has 
over 160 widely diversified manufacturing 
and industrial plants with an annual pay- 
roll of over $10,000,000. Textile mill 
machinery and equipment are among its 
important products. It is the Southern 
market for dyestui&i, and is a large dis- 
tributing Doint for automobiles. Center 
of extensive hydro-dectric development. 
It is the home of Queens College for 
Women and other colleges. Here was 
signed the first Declaration of Independ- 
ence, May 20, 1775, by the colonists of 
Mecklenburg Co. Pop. (1910) 34,014; 
(1920) 46,^. 

Charlotte, 5, city, eountv seat of 
vucftAAvuu^, Baton Co., Mchigan. 18 

miles s. w. of Lansing on the Grand 
Trunk and Michigan Central Railroads. 
It has manufactures of automobiles, fur- 
niture, farm implements, etc. Pop. 5126. 

Charlotte-Amalie, it\*)';'^^a'^^^^ 

of the island of St. Thomas, Virgin Is- 
lands, belonging to the United States. It 
has an excellent harbor with a floating 
dock. It is an important coaling and oil- 
refueling station. Pop. 7747. 



Charlottenburg Charter Oak 

f!liftrlottftlllnirff("^*''"^o*'«»'^«'*)»* Chart * hydrographical or marine 
i/nariOl1iCnDlirg^j^^n ^^ Pmaaia, on ^*1»", j^^p^ jjjj^j jg ^ draught or pro- 

rhe Spree, about 3 miles from Berlin, Jection of some part of the earth's sur* 

with a royal palace and park, many face, with the coasts, islands, rocks, banks, 

beautifol villas and handsome monu- channels, or entrances into harbors, 

ments, also important industrial and rivers, and bays, the points of compass, 

manu&cturing efftablishments, especially soundings, or depth of water, etc., to 

of electrical appliances. Pop. 906J978. regulate the courses of ships in their 

fniarlntf^flinllA ( Bh&raots-vil ), a voyages. The term chart is applied to a 

VimriQl,l.eBYlllC ^^^ ^^ Virginia, 97 marine map ; map is applied to a drauaht 

miles w. H. w. of Richmond. It is the of some portion of land (often including 

■eat of the University of Virginia, founded sea also). And plane chart is one in 

by Thomas Jefferson, and near by is which the meridians are supposed parallel 

Monticello, Jefferson's home. It has flour to each other, the parallels of latitude at 

mills, railroad shops, woolen and silk equal distances, and of course the degrees 

mUls, etc^ and is in a rich farm^g and of latitude and longitude everywhere 

fruit-growing district. Fop. 10,688. equal to each other. A great number of 

(JJll^fjQ^^^^Q^I^ a town of British excellent charts are produced by the 

' North America, cap- hydrographic department of the British 
ital of Prince Edward Island, on Hills- admiralty and are sold at a low rate, 
borouirh Bay« 110 miles N. of Hali- The United States Coast Survey Depart- 
fax. It contains handsome public build- ment produces similar charts. See Map, 
ings and churches, is advantageously Charter ^^^'^''^®'^* ^ written instru- 
situated for commerce, and its harbor ^*"**''^*' ment, executed with usual 
Is one of the best in North America. Pop. forms, given as evidence of a grant, con- 
(1911) 11,108. tract, or other important transaction be- 
Charm Anything believed to possess tween man and man. Royal charterB are 
x/ucMu*| some occult or supernatural such as are granted by sovereigns to con- 
power, SQch as an amulet spell, etc, but vey certain rights and privileges to their 
properly applied (as the name, derived subjects, such as the Great Charter, 
from Lat. carmen a song, indicates) to granted by King John (see Magna 
spells couched in formulas of words or Charta), and charters granted by various 
verses. sovereigns to boroughs and municipal 
Char^Tiel-Tlonafi • chamber or build- bodies, to universities and colleges, or to 
vuax ucx lAuus^l 1^^ under or near colonies and foreign possessions; some- 
churches where the bones of the dead are ^^at similar to which are charters 
deposited. granted bv the state or legislature to 
nil Aran (ka'ron), in Greek mythology, J,a°ks and other companies or associa- 
tnaron ^^^ ^^ ;^, ^^^^^^ J^ ^^^l^^ tions, etc. ,^ ^ „ ^ 

It was his office to ferry the dead in his CharterhOUSe. "*® Bn^h name for 
crasy boat over the rivers of the infernal ^. ^ ^, . ' * fS^^'^u ^^^ *if 
regions, for which office he received an ^AtiSl'^K^^^J'^^^ iil^^n^t ^iE!°2? 
obolus, or farthing, which accordingly was Mateon Chartreuae). The Charterhous^ 

usually put into the mouth of the ff.iiI^n^^T^TifTn/ .S«^S fff^JJ!! 
deceased. He was represented as an old fcl"V«rtHl?^«*°mn«£-''^h^ S.*i^«itS 

2LTtI«^'r5l"l=nVs^^ "*""' "^'"^^ SLu'V^'^'SlSfr X^Tuti^o^ Ke 
ana taiierea garaiencs. ^ . . , monasteries it passed through several 

Charpie \!°.*^Pf>' "*** '®' dressing hands till it came into the possession of 
^ Tk? '• IX . *u w . T Thomas Sutton (1531-1611), a rich coal 

Charpoy yn"Poi)» >» the Bast in- merchant, who converted it mto a hospital 
f "^ ^dies, a small portable bed, (ahnshouse) for eighty male pensioners 
consisting of a wooden frame resting on and a school for forty poor boys. The 
'our lepj. with bands across to support school developed beyond the original plan 
the bedding. of the founder and now ranks as one of 

Charani (c*^^!^^)? jerked beef, the the great schools of England. Among end- 
MKMi^ Chilean name of which the nent men educated here have been Addison. 
English term is a corruption. Steele, John Wesley, John Leech, and 

Pit am cf ^L Thackeray. (Consult Thackeray's The 

Uliarr. See Char. Newcome9 for a description. In 1872 the 

Charras <?SSen"w-^iVh%xXT^^^^^^^^ ?hnmTo^^4:'st^^ ,?^»iiSJSf ' 

Indian hemp and is collected for use as a Charter Oak, ^.J^'^^Sf wnf tJ?,5i^ 
narcotic or intoxicant, forming a con- p«„„««*««„f „„hi iSm a«wSSV5 ^S 
aidarable article of trad* in Arf, , Connecticut, until 1856. According to 



Charter-party 



tradition, CaptBin Wadswoith, in 1687, refusal of the House of CommonB to con- 
hid the charter of the Colonr of Connec- eider a monster petition in favor of the 
ticut in the hollow o( this oak tree, when Charter, serious riots took place. In 
Governor Androa came from Boston to 1848 Ibe French revolution of February 
demand its surrender. stirred all the rerolutionar; elementa In 
riiflr+»r-nartv ^ ^ contract execut- Europe, and a ereat demonitration on 
\/UHi i,ci pni i,y ^ ^^ ,^g freighter the part of the Chartists was organiied. 
and the master or owner of a ship con- But the preparatioua taken b; the govern- 
talning the terms upon which the ship ment tor defense prevented outbreaks of 
Is hired to freiKht. The masters and nay consequence, and CbartiHtn then grad- 
owners nsnally blQd themselves that tbe ually declined. Some of the demands of 
fiKtdf, shall be delivered (danners of the the Charter have been adopted by the 
■ea excepted) in Jtood condition. The Liberal party and made Into law i while 
charterer is bound to furnish the cargo the more advanced section of Cbartlstn 
St the place of lading and to take de- hag been absorbed by Socialistic and 
liver; at the port of discharge wicfain republican movements. 
Kpecified periods called lav dav- niia.rt.rPll ("hftrtrl, a city of France, 
ChartllT (ahar-tya), AtAlB. a ^"*""* capital of the department 
viuubici French poet and moralist, Eure et-Loire, 49 miles b.w, of Paris, 
bom. it la supposed, at Bayeuz about It Is a very andenl city ; a large nambet' 
List!: died in 1440. His contemporaries of the honaes are built of wood and 
considered him the father of French plaster, and have their gables toward tfae 
eloqaeDce. Hla poems are often graceful street. The cathedral, one of the moat 
and nervoas, and bis vieorona prose con- 
tains many fine thoughts and pradent 

Cl^jtigjjl (chart'ism), Chartibto. 
viuMHBux u^jjj^ f^^ ^ political move- 
ment and Ita snpporters that formerly 
caused great excitement in Britain. Tbe 
reform bill passed in 1832 gave political 
en franchise ment to the middle classes, but 
>o tbe large body of the working clBsses 
It brought, primarily at least, no addi- 
tional advantages, and this circa instance 
was turned to account by many dema- 
gogiies, wbo urged on the people the Idea 
that they had been betrayed by the 
middle classes and tbeir interests sacri- 
ficed. A period of commercial depression 
and a snccessioD of bad harvests brought 
discontent to a head in tbe Chartist move- 
ment. It was founded on the general 
idea that the evils under which the people 
were laboring were due to tbe misconduct 
of government and a defective political 
representation. In 1836 the famous 
' Charter,' or ' People's Charter,' was pre- 
pared by a committee of six members of 
parliament and six working men. It com- 
prised six heads, namely: — 1. Universal 
saffrage, or the right of voting for every 
male of twenty-one years of age. 2. 
Kqaal electoral districts. 3. Vote by 
balloL 4. Annual parliaments. 6. No 
other qualification to be necessary for 
members of parliament than the choice of 

the elector*. 6. Members of parliatnetit The Cathedral, Chartraa. 

to be paid for their services. Immense 

meetings were now held throughout the magnificent In Europe. Is rendered con- 
country, and popnlar excitement monnted spicuous by its two iiplres surmounting 
to the highest pitch. Physical force was the height on which the city stsndib 
ndvorsted ss the only means for obtaining Manufactures : woolen, hosiery, hats, 
MtiKfncilon. In June, 1839, after the earthenware, ani) leather; there Is « oon- 



Chartrense Chastelard 

•iderable trade. This town was ioni; carrying on the Giyil war. In 1864 ht 
held by the English, from whom it was resigned office, and was appointed chief- 
taken by Dnnois in 1432. Henry IV was Jusace of the supreme court. He died in 
crowned here in 1501. Pop. 19,433. 1873. 

ChflTtrense (Bhttr-tre«z), or Obeat ChftSA WnxiAM Mebritt, «n Ameri- 

wAUMVAWMow ChabtreubEj, s famoufl ^**«*"«> can painter, bom at Franklin, 

Ckrthusian conastery in Southeastern Indiana, November 1. 1849. He went to 

France, a little northeast of Grenoble, Munich in 1872, Joining the group of 

situated at the foot of high mountains, American students afterward known as 

8280 feet above sea-level, the headquarters Munich secessionists, who etablished the 

of the order of the Carthusians. It was Society of American Artists in New York, 

founded in 1084, but the present building, He soon became noted for his brilliant 

a huge, plain-looking pile, dates from paintings, especially his portraits and 

1676. The monks of this monastery, ex- ugure pieces. He waa also active as an 

gBUed in 1003 and since then settled in instructor and lecturer. He was elected 

pain, manufacture the well-known liquor ^ member of the National Academy, 1890. 

called Chartreute, ChuiaMm (Jas'i-dfim). or^ Pieiistb, 

ChftTtnlftrv (char'tfl-lar-l), a record T: ^ ^^ the name of a Jewish sect 

vuiutuxaAjr ^^ register in which the which appeared in the eighteenth century, 

charters, title-deeds, etc., of any corpora- !*■ ^adherents are strongly inclined to 

tion were copied for safety and con- mysticism, depreciate the Old Testament 

venience of reference. They were often ^^^ ^^s ordinances, believe in extraoxdi- 

kept by private families. P*! ^^'^ 5i^, V^VL *" "?■* numerous 

Charvhdifl (ka-rib'dis). an eddy or in Russian Poland, Roumania, and some 

UnaryOOIS whirlpool in the Straits T^.^l ^^^ «^°? ^'ff^^' *?^ S* 

of Messina, celebrated in ancient times, !!f?I2?S t '^?i antipathy by ^e 

and regarded as the more dangerous to ?!^^2 ^^^^ ^^"^l?v** *^ **** 

navigators because in endeavoring to JJJJ® f2l%*; •f„t^^.n^^^r^Kl?!SL'^^ 

escape it they ran the risk of being J^Sl! J'ti^ ?^^StV*i^flir2^^^'^Jl 

wrecked upon Scylla, a rock opposite. ^ S!rA^2!^*^.iy*&?^l.^® ^^^^ ^' **^! 

Cliage (SasJT (1) in pJSing an .^ft ^fie PhariS^ ^^* ^^ ^'""'' 

vjMMv i^j^ frame used to confine types "JJ^* ^^ ®*t fffl^S « -i^ j 

when set in columns or pages. (2^ *he CliaSing J!! JJf f^2i7?^^lu.fui 

part of a gun between the trunnions and , • ., rative forms in low reUef in 

the swell of the munde, or in modem !?Hf^"'i^t«'rt2L''^®' ^^J^ ^Hiu^J^ 

guns, in which the munle has no swell, e'**ly . practised in connection with r»- 

Sei^hole of that part of a gun which U P<M«t^ .work, in which the figures are 

in front of tS teunnicms. punched put from behind and are then 




SSu not private pro^^r^ iSid is "ff •«**' *^/°r°Sli ^^. ?^^?*"^ ".o&* 

T^^ "SiSi >5vu5U a£d from i park, ^^^r.^^^^r.^'^'^V^^^^nl^ 4^ 

which is enclMed. m L'^**?v "^^^S ^^' 1} ^" about 4 Ib^ 

/iiL-Tli^ Ratmiiiv PosTr^RD atiLfMimMi "ghtcr thau the needle-gun and about 1 

Cll"«» f^^M^V^SI^ifiwuS^ IS; "«^**' ^^ ft? Martini-Henry rifl^ 

shire, in 1808. Having adopted the law CnaSSeurS i^'li'^i,,if'i„ J ' 

aa hU profession, he settled at ancinnati ^.. ^ ««mr rL«« *Sr^i?5nn. ^ 

and acquired a practise there. He early ?■ >• A. Pf?®, ^J^^ ^ various sec- 

showe? himself an opnonent of slavery, &?• S' ^^Ji^i"^"*'^ ^'^^ ^*^*^^ ^ *^* 

and was the means of founding the Free- jrencn service. t>t»«»- »• 

soil party, which in time gave rise to the ChOStelard «°SSSl)' JU. . JS«S5 

great RepubUcan party— the power that » . Boscobel ml a yoong 

brought the downfall of slavery. In J2?^™SIV» fnr"if«^ o«-*.n «f SSjJS* 

1840-66 he was a member of the United •^^^ i?*"*?5^®f Mary, Queen of Scota. 

Sutes Senate, in which he vi£orously !L",Xii,,\^.^^^ rt,^«!J; 

opposed the extension of slavery into the **^^ family, handsome, ^.'^ a.^rnto 

newterritoriS. In 1866 he was elected ▼«"e-making. He fell madly in love with 

governor of Ohio, being renslected in MftJ^^^HfJ* ?* Slfi2"? «« J^^ wT 

1867. In 1860 he was an unsuccessful i^']?y^i,J**^ *S ?fSS?.°ik.i "IvnT^ ™: 

candidate for the presidencv. In 1861 he !,.. v J«t «®if^-^ k\ w I-w. wl 

waa appointed secretary d tiie treasury J" ^f}^ ««M^R^.f^^flf aS^^ ^a 

in Lincoln's cabinet and in this post was 7" ^®?^JSR"^1 ** °^ -^""F®?" « 

signally anooeHful in providing fonds for aaagea (lo63)9 the queen resisting aU 



Cli&teandim 



. ._ _,, ._ . noble ttmlly, 

.„ r - I September 14, 1T68, After •erriDs in 

loiiMBieut with prudence. the obt; and the acmr be tnTeled In 
PltasnMB (chaa'D-bl), the uppet gu- North Amenca; but Ue new* ot the 
l^naSUDie ^^^^^ ^^^ ^y ^ p^^^^ 81^1,^ „, Louj^ xvi and hli arrest at 
during the celebration of maas. It was VarenneH brought him back to France. 
oHsinallj circular, bad a hole in the Sbortlf after he quitted France and 
middle tor the head, but no boles for joiaed with other emigrants the Pnualan 
tbe arms. In later times the tides were arm; on the Rhine. After being 
wounded at the siege of ThlonvIUe and 
BUfCerlng many mlseriea, he made hla 
ws; to London, where, friendless and 
penniless, he was jutt able to earn a 
•ubsistence b; giving lessons in French 
and doing translBtiona. Here he pub- 
lished in 1T97 his Eitai HUtongue, 
which met with but smaU nccess. At 
this time the death of hla mother and 
the accounts ot her last moments trans- 
mitted to him by hla slater helped to 
effect a certain change in the religious 
opinions ot Cblteaubriand, and Crom 
a not very profound skeptic he became a 
not very profound believer. In 1800 he 
returned to France, and In the following 
year publisbed his romance of Atala, the 
■"  and 

Oinie du CKrittianitme, which is a Und 
of brilliant picture of Chriatiani^ In 
an {esthetic and romantic aspect. Style, 
tADelentroroiof CharoWe: 1, Apparrt of the power of description, and eloquence are 
"r^ „?-*-!-%h^:;;i^'«^'Pi2l''^iK''i'K! the merita of the book rather than any 
SSl'Si'tneU'r^mV-lpr*"" '■*'" depth ,o( thought; but it carried the 
Bt^oden form ot (A^uble. authors reputation far and wide, and 
contributed much to tbe retigions reac- 
ODt away to give a freer motion to tbe tloo of the time. After a short career 
arms, and It has now become an oblong as diplomatist under Napoleon, Chateau- 
garment banging down before and be- briand made a tour in the Elast (1806-7), 
bind, made ot rich meterUls, as illk, visiting Greece, Asia Minor, and the 
velvet, cloth ot gold, and baa a cross Holy l>and. As tbe fruit of his travels 
embroidered on tbe back. he published Lei Martyr* (1809) and 
Phnt (<^bBt), the popular name of Itineraire de Parii i Jirtisatetn (1811). 
vuAb ^j^^ ^f ^jjg ft^nus Samedla, He hailed the restoration of Louis 
family Sylvisdie or warblers. They are XVIII with flnthusiasm, was appointed 
■mall, lively birds, moving Incessantly ambassador to Berlin, and then to Lon- 
and rapidly about in pursuit ot the in- don, but in 1824 quarreled with the 
sects on which they chiefly live. There premier, M. de Viilfele, and was sum- 
are three species found in Britain, the maril; dismissed. On tbe revolution at 
stone-chat, whin-chat, and wheatear. 1630 be refused to take the oath of alle- 
Tbe yellow -breasted rbat of tbe United giance to Louis Philippe, forfeiting thna 
Stales is a larger bird, belonging to tbe a pension of 12,000 franca. At this 
geuuH leteria II. polvglotta), family time bis writings were chiefly political, 
Turdide or tbruahee. and mostly appeared as newspaper arti- 
Ch&tean («htt-l6), the French term cles, pamphlets, etc. In his later yeara 
for a castle or mansion In he wrote several works, but none of the 
tbe country ; a country-seat.— CAd fen u value of bis earlier productions. He died 
«» Etpagne, literally, a castle in Spain; 4th July. 1848, leaving memoirs (Mi- 
flguraclvelv a castle In the air, ao Imag- mo<re« (Toutre Tombe) which contain 
luary palace; a phrase of doubtful severe Judgments on contemporary men 
origin. arid things. 

Chateaubriand V.\',!^5;i'Ji; OUteaudun '.riS^S'-to. *!',; 

OVVTE. ricoun OK, a celebrated French et-LoIre, 26 miles B. a. w. of Chartres, 
■nthiir and politician, was born Kt SL nsu tha I«ire. Tha old caatle of tha 



Ch&teaurottx Chatham 



ooanti of Diinois overloolu the town, can Diyision made local advances, the 
Pop. 7296. 9th and 23d Infantry taking the town of 

Chfl.teA.liroilX (fha-tO-rd), a town of Vaux, and the marines finally clearing up 
\/itobvaiuvuA France, capital of the Belleau Wood. 

Department of Indre. Pop. 26,100. (3) Champagne-Mame Defensive — JmI& 

niidfAon-TliiPrrv (sha-tA-tyar-re), 15 to 18: The last phase of the Second 
xjuuwau, xuAcxAjr ^ ^^wn in the Battle of the Mame. The Germans at- 
Department of Aisne, France, on the tacked across the Mame and were stopped 
right bank of the Mame, 59 miles N. B. of by the French and two American divi- 
Paris: originally a Roman camp {Caa- sions, the 3d and the 28th (east of 
irum Theoaorici). Here La Fontaine was ChAteau-Thierry) . At the same time the 
bom. It was captured by the English in 42d American Diirision, operating under 
1421, by Charles V in 1546, and by the the 4th French Army, east of Rheims, 
Spaniaras in 1591. Here, in 1814, Napo- participated in that localit^r. 
leon defeated Blucher. Pop. 7770. (4) Aiane-Mame Offensive — July 18 to 

Chfttean-Thierry and its vicinity was August 6: The Allied offensive or counter 
the scene of much severe fighting during stroke at the Soissons-Ch&teau-Thierry- 
the World war, especially in 1918, when Rheims salient, just southwest of Soissons. 
the third great German offensive of the by the 1st and 2d American divisions and 
year was launched, on May 27, by the 1st Moroccan Division (French). The 
Crown Prince, from the Chemin-des- Germans were forced to retreat from the 
Dames, with Paris as the objective. west leg of the salient, being driven ba^ 

In three days the French were swept day by day by the divisions above named, 
from the Aisne, southward across the including the 26th Division: and from 
Vesle and the Ourcq, down to the banks the south and east by the 3a, 4th, 28th, 
of the Mame. The direction of this 32d, 42d and 77th American divisions, 
attack was towards ChAteau-Thierry, Chfttelet (shfit-lft), a manufacturing 
where the Germans expected to cross the v"**"^**''' town or Belgium, prov. of 
Mame, and by 4 p. H., May 31, their Hainaut, in the Sambre. Pop. 11367. 
advance troops reached the bridges into niidfAllAraTilf (shft-tel-rO), a town 
that dty. The Germans were halted here vuatcucrauii, ^^ France, depart- 
by French troops and the 7th Machine ment Vienne, 20 miles N. N. E. of PoitierB, 
Gun Battalion of the 3d American Divi- on the Vienne. Pop. 18,260. 
sion. This Machine Gun Battalion, after CliQtlLaill (cl><^t'&n>)i a town, naval 
a twenty-four-hour march of one hundred ^**«* »***«*"* arsenal, and seaport of 
and ten kilometers was the first of the England, C!k>unty Kent, on the Medway, 
American troops to actually participate in about 34^ miles by rail from London, 
the defense of ChAteau-Thierry itself. adjoining Rochester so closely as to form 

The fighting in the Mame salient thus one town with it. The importance of 
began on May 27, and before ChAteau- Chatham is due to the naval and military 
Thierry was finally relieved (August 6), establishments at Brompton in its Imme- 
seventy-two days of combat of varied in- diate vicinity. The royal dockyard was 
tensity had engaged the Americans and founded by Queen Elizabeth previous to 
their allies. During these seventy-two the sailing of the Armada. It has been 
days of combat, four separate and distinct greatly enlarged in recent years. The 
battles took place and have since been military establishments include extensive 
designated as major operations. barracks, arsenal, and park of artillery, 

(1) Aisne Defensive: Chemin-des- hospital, storehouses and magazines, etc. 
Dames and northeast of Rheims. between The town is defended bv a strong line of 
May 27 and June 5. This constituted the fortifications. Pop. (1920) 47,()00. 
first phase of the third German offensive niiofliQTVi & town of Canada, prov. 
in 1918, and it reached ChAteau-Thierry vuawmm, Ontario, on the river 
and vicinity, where it was halted. The 3d Thames, 45 miles E. of Detroit, Mich., 
American Division (regulars) partici- with water communication with the Great 

Sated at ChAteau-Thierrv and along the Lakes. There are manufactures of ma- 
(arae to the east. Tne 2d American chinery. iron and steel castings, woolens. 
Division (regulars and marines) partici- automobiles, motor tmcks. agricultural 
pated to the southwest and west of implements, etc. Pop. 16,000. 
ChAteau-Thierry. r!Tiflflici.Tn a town of New Branswick, 

(2) Montdidier-Neypn Defensive: Be- vuatuam, ^^ ^^^e Miramichi. It has 
tween June 9 and 15, the Geraians at- a fine harbor. Lumber and fish are the 
tempted to widen the Mame salient to chief industries. Pop. 61()0. 

the west, and the 1st Division (regulars) rHiafhain Whxiam Pitt, Earl or, 

was in the defensive line and assteted in ^uawuiuu, ^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^ illustri- 

•tqpping the German attempt. ous statesmen of Britain, the son of 

From June 5 to July 15, the 2d Ameri- Robert Pitt of Boconnoc, in CorawaB. 



Chatham Islands Chatsworth 

born Not. 15, 1708, and educated at Bton places fertile, and croi>8 of potatoes, 
and Oxford. He entered parliament as wheat, and vegetables are successfnlly 
member for the borough of Old Sarum grown. Cattle and sheep are reared, 
(which was the property of his family), and thus whaling or other vessels that 
and soon attracted notice aj a powerful call are supplied with fresh provisions 
opponent of Walpole. In spite of the as well as with water. The original in- 
king's dislike Pitt was powerful enough habitants, called Morioris, differed con- 
to win a place in the administration siderably from the Maoris, by whom and 
(1746), first as vice-treasurer of Ireland, a mixed race they have been supplanted, 
and afterwards as paymaster-general. The present population amounts to only 
In 1756 he became secretary of state and 420. The islands were discovered in 
real head of the government. Dismissed 1791. 

in 1757 on account of his opposition to Pliati (ch&'tS), a species of small 
the king's Hanoverian policy, no stable ^'=^*^*'^ leopard found in South Amer- 
administration could be formeii without ica, very destructive to small quadrupeds 
him, and he returned to power the same and birds, and especially to pouf try- 
year in conjunction with the Duke of yards, but so gentle, when domesticated, 
Newcastle. It was under this adminis- as to have gained for itself the name of 
tration and entirely under th«if inspira- Peli* mitU, or gentle leopard, 
tion of Pitt that Britain rose t^ a place pitAf^ii/^vft aiii> Qaiiia (shll-te-yOn- 
among the nations she had not before tnatlllOn-Slir-beine i a r-s e n) . a 
occupied. Wolfe and Gllve, both stimu- town of France, department of dote 
lated and supported in their great de- d'Or, 45 miles n. w. of Dijon, on the 
signs by Pitt, won Canada and India Seine. It is chiefly notable for the con- 
from the French and the support the gress of the allied powers and France 
Great Commoner gave Frederick of held here in 1814. Pop. 4430. 
Prussia contributed not a little to the niigf lurnaa &n extensive morass, 
destruction of French predominance in ^**^^ jilu»», ^^^^ about 6000 to 
Europe. The accession of George III 7000 acres, situate chiefly in the parish 
brought Lord Bute into power, and Pitt, of Eccles, Lancashire. It is remarkable 
disagreeing with Bute, resigned in 1761. as being the scene of operations for re- 
in 1766 he strongly advocated concilia- claiming bog-lands, at first successfully 
tory measures towards the American carried out on a large scale at the end 
colonies, and undertook the same year to of the eighteenth and beginning of the 
form an administration, he going to the nineteenth century ; — also for offering one 
House of Lords as Earl of Chatham, more field of triumph to George Stephen- 
But the ministry was not a success, and son, who in 1829 carried the Liverpool 
in 1768 he resigned. After this his and Manchester Railway over it after 
principal work was his appeals for a all other engineers had declared the feat 
conciliatory policy towards the colonies, impossible. 

But his advice was disregarded, and the nimf nvanf (sha-toi'ant), a term 
colonies declared themselves independent viiowujr»in# applied to gems that 
in 1776. Chatham died May 11, 1778. have, when cut and polished, a change- 
He received a public funeral and a mag- able, undulating luster like that of a 
nificent monument in Westminster Ab- cat's eye in the dark, 
bey. The character of Chatham was pVififrA (shft-tr), La, an old town of 
marked by integrity, disinterestedness, ^**»*'*c France dep. Indre, 21 miles 
and patriotism. With great oratorical 8. e. of Ch&teauroux, right bank of the 
gifts and the insight of a great statesman Indre. Pop. about 5000. 
he had liberal and elevated sentiments; niiofoTiynrfli (chats'worth), an es- 
but he was haughty and showed too ^■»*»*'»wun/U ^^^ ^^ ^j^^ Dukes of 

marked a consciousness of his own su- Devonshire, in Derbyshire, purchased la 

periority. the reign of Elissabeth by William Cav- 

diatham Islands ^ ?^QP of three endlsh, who began the building of a hall 

' islands in the which served as one of the prisons of 

South Pacific Ocean, belonging to New Mary, Queen of Scots. The present 

Zealand. The largest, or Chatham Is- building was nearly completed by the 

land, lat. (s. point) 44" 7' B. ; long, first Duke of Devonshire between 1687 

176* 40* w., about 350 miles e. from and 1706, the north wing being added 

New Zealand, and is about 38 miles by the sixth duke. It forms a square, 

long and 25 broad. Pitt Island is with an inner court, and is remarkable 

much smaller, and Rangatira is an in- for the collections of pictures and statues 

significant patch. A considerable por- it contains. The facade is 720 feet loner, 

tion of Chatham Island is occupied by or with the terraces 1200 feet. The park 

« salt lagoon. The soil is in many is about 11 miles in circumference, di- 



Chattahoochee 



tr«rdiled by hill and dale. The eouMrra- 
toi7 coven utarly an acre, and wai de- 
sltsed b; Paitao, forming on a imall 
■caie the forprunner of the ezblbltion 
baildlnK of 18&I. 

Chattahoochee t*^f'":'';'">'=5*': 



riv 



of the 



United SlatPB, riaing In tbe Appalacblan 
Mountains in Oe«rgTa, and formins for a 
considerable distance the boundar; be- 
tween Georgia and Alabama. In Its 
lower coarse, after the junction of the 
Flint RlTer, it Is named the Appalachi- 
cola, and is navigable to Oolumbus in 
Georgia for steamboats. Total course, 
Bboat EiCO milea. 

Chattanooga i^.'^X?''." ii.." 

ilton Co., Tennessee, on [be Tennessee 
River, near tbe Georgia boundary, an 
important center of trade and manutac- 
tares, its induBtriea including iron works 
OD a large scale, textile milla, car, wagon 
and carriage factories, implement woras, 
Htuve worka. fumilure factories, boiler 
works, structural steel works, tanneriea, 
etc, white it has an extensive trade in 
coal. Iron and wbeat There ia 



at Bristol was completed, he inserted l 
paper la tbe Brittot Journal entitled A 
Detoription of Ike Friari' Pint PtHng 
over the Old Bridge, which he pretended 
he had found along with other old maoD- 
scripts in an old chest in St. Mary Bed- 
cliffe Church, Bristol. He also showed 
bis friends several poems of ■imilarly 
spurious antiquity which he attribuled 
Rowley. In 1769 he ventured to 



_ _ number of cJd Bris- 
tol painters which was clever enough to 
deceive Walpole for a time. Dismissed 
from tbe attorney's office, be left with 
hia manuscripts for London, where a 
favorable reception from the bookselleia 
gave him high hopea. For tbem be wrots 
numerous pamphlets, satires, letter*. 
etc., but got no substantial return, and 
his situation became dally more desper- 
ate. At last, after having been several 
days without food, he poisoned himself, 
25tb August, 1770. The most remarkabU 
of bis poems are those published ander 
the name of Rowley, spurious antique*, 
such as The Tragedy of itHla. The 
Battle of Haltingi, The Briitox Tragedy, 



1863, tbe Confederates bere suffered a 

great defeat after three battles, known as 

Lookout Mountain, Chickamauga and Mis- ni._i.j,__i__»_ /l-_™_ J 

Bionarv Ridge. Pop. (1910) 44,604; '-'IiattertOn 8 LOmpOIUta, 

(1»20> B7«». 

Chattels <fl?5«^'', pi^J^^IL. '^^^ 






Stockholm tar, resin, and gutta pen^ia. 
used in tbe construction of ■ubmariac 
telegraph cables, etc. 
riin.11RPr (cha'str), Geoffbet, 'the 
l^naUCer ,^jg^^ '^f English jKWtr,.- 
born In I^ndon probably about 1340, 
nntl not in 1328. tbe date formerly given. 



able and , — 

being freehold. Tie word chattel is orig- 
inally the same work with cattle, formed 
from late Latin capitalia, meaning 
heads of cattle, from U caput, head, 
('battels are divided into real and per- 
•onaL Chattels real are such as belong 
not to the person immediately, but de- 
{KUdent apon something, as an interest 
in a land or tenement, or a lease, or aa 
interest in advowsons. Chattels perional 
are goods which belong immediately to 
the penoa of tbe owner. 

Chatterers (ci^fer^w), the popu- 

*^ lar name of certain In- 

•e«orial birds of the family Ampellds, 
genua Amp^fi*), as the Bohemian chat- 
terer or waiwlng (Ampitii garrula) 
and tbe chatterer of Carolina (A. 
eedr6rum). 

Chatterton (ctafer-ton), THOMAi, 
a youth whose gem as 
and melancholy fate have gained him 
much celebrity, was born at Bristol in 
170^ of poor parents, and educated at 

tbe charity achooL He eibibited great Geoffrey Chaoo.,! 

precocity, became extremely devoted to 

reading, and was especially fond of old died there on the 2Sth of October 140b. 
wridojta and documcuti. At tbe >■« of He woi the md of k Tiotur nimrt 



Chauoer Chaumontells 

John Ghaaccr. Nothing is known of OlioTini (cha'sS). an ancient Teuton 

his education, but in 1356-^9 he wa« a ^^»»^*'A ic tribe dwellinir e. of th«) 

Eage to Princess Lionel. He tells us Frisians, between the Ems and Elbe on 

imself that in 1359 he bore arms in the shore of the German Ocean. 

France and was talten prisoner. He Chaildes-Ai^Ties (shOd-ftg), a vil- 

was ransomed next year, the liing pay- **»»***vo xaa^ia^o j ^j France, 

ing £16 towards the necessary sum. In department of Gantal, 28 miles e. 8. E. 

11^7 we find his name as a valet of the of Aurillac, with thermal springs so 

king's chamber. Whether he married copious that the water is used for warm- 

his wife Philippa in 1966 or not till ing the town in winter and for washing 

1374, and who she was, we do not know fleeces. Pop. (commune) 1558. 

for certain. In 1367 he received a pen- Ghaiidet (B^^^ft)* Antoinb Denis, 

sion of twenty marks, and between 1370 ^"«*""**^ ^ French sculptor, born at 

and 1880 he was employed abroad in Paris in 1763; died there in 1810. His 

seven diplomatic missions. In one of first work was a bas-relief under the per- 

these, in 1372, he was sent to Genoa as Istyle of the Pantheon, representing the 

a commissioner to negotiate a commer- love of glory, an ezeelleDt work, the very 

rial treaty. It is probable that he visited simplicity and grandeur of which pre- 

the Italian poet Petrarch on this occa- vented it being justly estimated by the 

sion. In 1374 he was appointed comp- false taste of the age. In the museums 

troller of the customs on wool at Lon- of the Luxembourg and Trianon are sev- 

don, a lucrative post, and he also re- eral of Ghaudet's finest works: La Sen' 

ceived an annual allowance. In 1377 he $ihiUt4, the beautiful statue of Cypa^ 

was sent to Flanders and France on riMO, etc. 

diplomatic business, and next year to P.liQTiiii^rA (shOd-yftr), a river of 

I^mbardy. In 1382 he was appointed vuttuuicic Canada, Quebec prov- 

comptroller of the petty customs. In ince, which rises on the borders of Maine, 

1386 he was returned to parliament as near the sources of the Kennebec, and 

knight of the shire for Kent, but in the flows into the St. Lawrence about 6 

same year he shared the disgrace of his miles above Quebec. The bani^s of the 

patron, John of Gaunt, was dismissed river are generally steep and rocky, and 

from his comptroUership, and reduced to about three miles above its junction with 

a state of comparative poverty. Three the St. Lawrence are the Gbaudi^re 

years later, however, he was made clerk Falls, about 120 feet high. On the 

of the works at 2«. a day, and after- Ottawa river are other two fidls of lesser 

wards had other offices and one or two dimensions known as the Great and the 

annuities bestowed upon him, but in Little Ghaudidre. 

1394-98 he must have been quite poor. nhoiiffAiir (sho-f^r; French for 

In 1399 he got a pension of forty marks **"*«* "-**^*"' stoker or fireman), the 

from Henry IV, but did not live long to driver operating an automobile and the 

enjoy it. His most celebrated work, mechanic carried to look after its ma- 

The Canterbury Tales, was written at chinery and fuel, these bein^ usually 

different periods between 1373 and 1400. combined in one person. See Automo- 

It consists of a series of tales in verse hUe, 

(two in prose), supposed to be told by niiaTi1niTi9rft (shftl'mfi-gra), a tree 

a company of pilgrims to the shrine of viiauiiuu^ia (Qynocardia odorfi- 

St Thomas (Becket) at Canterbury in fa) of S. Asia, from the seeds of which 

1386. In its pages we get such pictures an oil Is obtained that has long been 

of English life and English ways of known and highly valued in India and 

thought in the 14th century as are found Ghina as a remedy in skin diseases and 

nowhere else, while it displays poetical complaints arising from blood impurities, 

skill and taste of a high grade. Besides and has been introduced into western 

this brilliant production Ghaucer wrote countries in the treatment both of skin 

many poems (and others are falsely at- and chest diseases. 

tributed to him) : The Book of the nVianTnATif (shO-mO^), a town of 

Duchei9 (1369), The Parliament of '^naumom; France, aipital of the 

??1^ Ji^^^}* Trot/tM and CreaHda department of Haute-Marne, on a height 

• ;lif27°^lji»^** ^^ff^^^ 0/ Oood Women between the Marne and the Suize, with 

(1385), The Houee of Fame (1386), manufactures in woolens, hosiery, etti. 

ete., some of which are founded on Here the allies (Great Britain, Russia, 

French or Italian works. He also trans- Austria, and Prussia) signed the treaty 

lated Boethins, and wrote a treatise on of alliance against Napoleon. March 1, 

the Astrolabe (1391) for his son Lewis 1814. Pop. 12,089. 

i^£» ?'®*S?^^. 1'^. ^?^' ^® ^'^ Chfl.11inontelle (shO-montel). a de- 
boried in Westminster Abbey. vttl»uxiiuill,cuc n^ji^us dessert petf 



men of 

Europe 

loons 



^^^y Cheese 

irtdAtamiiAirrgnilnJeney, Guernsey, Chav-root t'^^^* ^^ «>o*« «* • 

snd the south of England. viiajr xuuu ^^^^^ biennial plant of 

ChannV (>bO'n§K a town of France. India, the Oldmlandia umheUata, growing 

-r dep. Aisne, 22 miles w. of spontaneously on dry, sandy ground near 

liaon. It wsa the scene of much fighting the sea ; and extensively cultivated, 

during the European war. It was cap- chiefly on the Coromandel coast. It yields 

cured bv the Germans in the first drive on a red dye used in coloring chintz. 

Anii* ^^^T^^K?^' retaken by the CheboVM.n ( s^S-boiW ). a dty, 

Allies in 1017, and fell again into German ^ncooygaa ^^^ ^^^ '^f Cheboy- 

hands in B£arch, 1918. It had extensive aan Co.. Michigan, on Lake Huron. It 
cotton nu^, bleaching grounds and tan- Has paper and pulp mills, tanneries, can- 
neries, and numufactures of sacking, soda, neries, and manufactures of wood prod- 
swPhurie and nitric adds. Pop. (1914) ucts. boilers, cigars, flour, etc., with ex- 
10,127* tensive lumber and farm interests. Pop. 
ChAnasAa (shOs), the Ught covering (1920) 5642. 
v4M»uQo«,B f^^ ^jj^ J ^^^ j^y^ Check See Cheaum 
reachina to the waist, formerly worn by ^"^CK. »ee oneque. 

of nearly all classes throughout niiPnlrArfli (chek'ers), the common 

»e. They resembled tight panta- vriici^Acio ^^^^^ j^ ^.^^ United States 

with feet to them. The name for the game of draughts (which see). 

ehauM$€9 de maillei was given to defen- fih^olrmaft^ /nh^^vmsfi a^ /»i*.. 

sive armor worn on the same paru of ^XieCJaiiaie (chekmftt). See Chen. 

the body. r!1iAf|#1n.r (ched'ar), a parish and 

Chantanana (chA-tftl^wA), a beau- vucuu^ir thriving viUage, England, 

uuauuiu^aa ^^^ j^j^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ Somerset. 18 miles s. w. Bristol. 

York, 18 miles long and 1-3 broad, 726 The dairies in the neighborhood have long 

feet above Lake Erie, from which it is been famous for the excellence of their 

8 m. distant. On its banks is the vil- cheese, which is made from the whole 

lage of Chautauqua, the center of a milk, and the whey skimmed oif, heated, 

religious and educational movement of and added to the curd, 

some interest. This originated in 1874, Chedllba (che-dO'ba), an island In 

when the village was selected as a sum- v**^** •**'«» the Bay of Bengal, belong- 

mer place of meeting for all interested ing to Burmah, about 25 miles off the 

in Sunday schools and missions. Since coast of Arracan ; length and breadth, 

then the Chautauqua Literary and Scien- each about 15 miles ; area, nearly 250 

tific Circle has taken origin here, the square miles; pop. about 25,000. The 

most prominent feature of which is to soil is fertile and produces tobacco, ric^ 

engage the members — wherever they may indigo, pepper, etc Petroleum is also 

reside — in a regular and systematic found. 

course of reading, extending, when com- (JhAAgA (ch6s), one of the important 

pleted over four years and entitling the ^^^^"^ products of the dairy, is com- 

student to a diploma. There are many posed principally of casein, which exists 

local branches or societies. In cows' milk to the extent of about 3 

ChanviniBin (Bh6'vin-izm), an un- or 4 per cent., fat, and water. It is 

\/u€»uvuu>oiu reflecting and fanati- made from milk, skimmed wholly, par- 

cal devotion to any cause, especially an tially, or not at all, the milk being 

exaggerated patriotism, so cidled from curdled or coagulated, and the watery 

IfickoUu Chauvin, a soldier so enthusi- portion or whey separated from the in- 

astically devoted to Napoleon I and so soluble curd, which being then worked 

demonstrative in his adoration that his into a uniform mass, salted (as a rule), 

comrades turned him into ridicule. and pressed into a vat or mold forms 

Chanx-de-Fonds (8h6d-f0^), La, a cheese, but requires to be cured or rip- 

vixni&A \A\0 A.VUWV ^^^ ^^ Switxer- ened for a time before being used. The 

land, in the canton and 9 miles N. w. coagulation of the milk may be effected 

of the town of Neufch&tel, In a deep either by adding an acid as in Holland, 

valley of the Jura. The inhabitants are or sour milk as in Switxerland, or ren- 

laraely engaged in the making of watches net as usual in Britain and America. 

and clocks, of which Chaux-de-Fonds and There are a great many varieties of 

Lode are the chief centers in Switzer- cheese, of which the most notable are 

land, and in similar branches of Indus- Stilton, C^faeshire, Cheddar, Dunlop, 

try. Pop. 36,388. amongst British; and Parmesan, Gruy- 

Chavica (<^havl-ka), a genus of ^re, (^orgonzola, Gouda, Roquefort, 

plants, nat. order Pipera- Limburg, etc., amongst European ones. 

cen, including the common long pepper, (See different articles.) In America 

Java long pepper, and betel-pepper. immense quantities of cheese are nrad^ 



Cheesefly Cheke 



irfkM^l^i^MMftaiA^ilhi 



# 

almost an the different European kinds abled to creep oyer mud and sand when 
being imitated. Large factories are there left dry by the receding tide, and also 
dcToted to the manufacture. Other to take short leaps like a frog, whence 
kinds are known as sour-milk, skimmed- the name frogfish, as well as handfish. 
milk, cream, sweet-milk, etc., cheese. They are found in the estuaries of the 
Sheep's and goats* milk cheese are also norUieast of Australia. — The same name 
made. is given to a Brazilian genus of opos- 

Cheeseflv. ? small, black, dipterous smns, in which the hinder hands 

*^' insect bred in cheese, the are webbed, the Yapock opossunu 
Piophila catei, of the same family to niiAirn-nronfift a /ti« *-• 

which the housefly, blowfly, etc, be- l/iieiropracno. See CMroprocfw. 

long. It has a very extensible ovipositor ClieiroiltArfi. (kl-i^op't-e-ra), or 
which it can sink to a great depth in ^'^'^^^'r •***«* Bats, an order of 
the cracks of cheese, and lay its eggs mammals, the essential diaracter^ of 
there. The magot, well known as the which is the possession of a pataqfum, 
cheesehopper, is furnished with two o^^ expansion of the intgsument of the 
horny, daw-shaped mandibles, which it ,,£^ _^ °^^ ^X^j* ^^Ji: 

uses both for digging into the cheese and ^^^.^-•TS. fhSfiirh^t 1 1  

tor moving itself, having no feet. Its T^^S^ I ^v whSle leSith tS 
leaps are performed by a jerk, first brmg- VW9^^_/\\ the hinder limbs 



ing itself into a drcnlar attitude, when jA( ^^>f'^*'*>\\ as far as the 
it can project itself twenty to thirty x^^^Sl ^""^ ankle, and 

times its own length. *\ 1 /^ thence passes 

Cheesehopper. see Cheeaefly. Wy *l®°f *?«. ^^^ 

1 ^# ^^ of the body to 

Cheese-rennet, f », ^^p, „5 £S!!L^ siwieton wd wii».m«i- the fore-umbs, 

vu«^i^o« A«^aui.vi;, 1^^ plant oeMJitMO* bnneiofNoc^deBat. which are great- 
Cheetah* same as Chetah. ly elongated, and give support and varied 

4^«i •« /^ii&'fK ^ a town of China movement to the expansion (which is pop- 
Che-FoO^^^^^Se^' proving of ShaS- ulariy called^ the wing) by means of the 
IJi ^Si i«flf nnrta oDcnS^to Very loug and sleuder digits. Other mam- 
tung, one of the htBt P^J^ts open^ to ^ j Squirrels and the 

foreign trade, which IS now^ consider- ma«^ the iower of gUding 

able volume. Pop. »»^"io^'?^ ^^^ through the air for so£e distance, but 
CheilOgnatha Kf two^Jders of none of them has^the power of susta ned 

., _. ? 1 1 J. 4.i:?^«ni?^SS- onH flight nor are the anterior extremities 
Mjrriapoda, including the millipedes and ^^^ ^ ^^ ^^^ ^^y ^ ^ those of 

other forms. ,.,, . .^v „^ ^s the the bats. The Cheiroptera are divided 

Cheilopoda ^A^:^*yJ^^^ 'f MyriaDoSi ^^o two sub-orders, Frugivdra, or Fruit- 

*^rv ^^ *^^1" 5 «^ ^ShsiS: eaters, and InBeoHvdra, or Insect-eaters, 

represented by the centipedes in whi<A ^'^brfV 

a pair of mandibles two pairs off iSrl.°'l;:l*^^ (kl-pR-thCri-um), a 
maadilipeds or foot-jaws and a lower Up Cheirothennm iamT^ven to a 

are developed. ..,.._,..„_ v the waU- ««»* unknown animal tiiat formed the 
CheiranthUS ^J^J^'e^^e^^^ l*n?er footsteps upon the slabs of the 

ni«^;«^lATt;a (kl-rol'e-pis), a genus Triaa, or upper! New Red Sandstone, 
CheirOlepiS )^ ^^§^ ^'^^ \^^ and which bear a resemblance to the 

found in the Old Red Sandstone of human hand. It is supposed to be iden- 
Orkney and Morayshire, characterized by tical with the labyrinthodon. 
the great development of the pectoral filiAlrA (di^k), Sa John, an Bngliah 
and ventral fins. \juxiasi scholar, bom at Cambridge 

niAirATYiaTioir (kl'ro-man-si), or in 1514; educated at St John's College, 
UneirouUilK/jr Palmibtbt, the art and made regius professor of Greek, 
of divining by inspection of the lines of in 1544 he was appointed tutor to the fu- 
the hand ; it was practised in India in ture Edward VI, and he became secretary 
the remotest ages ; in Europe, during the of state in 155Si, and was also privy-coun- 
middle ages, it was in great repute, but dllor. On the king's death he supported 
latterly it took refuge among the gypsies. Lady Jane Gr^y, and was committed to 
PliA{i*ATiAr»fAs (k!-rd-nek't€9E), a the Tower. After a few months, however, 
^neuruuci^tcs genus of acanthop- he was set at liberty and settled at 
terygiouB fishes, having the pectoral fins Strasburg; but his connection with the 
supported, like short feet, upon pedun- English J?rotestant church gave offense 
clea by meana of which they are en- to the Catholics and, and hia estates wevs 



Che-kiang ChemiBtry 

confiscated. He lupported himself by 1882 and general in 1888, he was placed 
teaching Greek, bat in 1556, having been on the retired list in 1883. 
induced to visit Brussels, he was arrested ClieloniailS (ke-lO'nl-ana), or Chi- 
by order of Philip 11 and sent prisoner ^**^*^***«'**« lonia, an order of rep- 
to England. Unaer threat of the stake tiles including the tortoises and turtles, 
he recanted, and received the equivalent ftnd distinguished by the body being in- 
of his forfeited estates; but he felt so closed in a double shell, out of which 
keenly his degradation that he died of the head, tail, and four legs protrude, 
grief in 1557. His chief distinction was The order is divided into five families: 
the impulse given by him to the study of the Ghelididse, or frog-tortoises; Testa- 
Greek. dinidflB, or land- tortoises ; Emyde, the 
nViP-lriATicr (che-ke-Ang'). a maritime terrapins or fresh-water tortoises; Trl- 
viic xkxaug province of China, be- onychidae, the mud-turtles or soft-tor- 
tween lat. 27" and 31* N., and in- toises; Chelonids, or sea-turtles. See 
eluding the Chusan Archipelago; area. Tortoise, Turtle. 

36,700 sq. miles; pop. about 18,000,000. ChelSGa (chel'se), a suburb of London, 
It is traversed by several rivers, and has And & parliamentary borough, 

as its principal ports Ningpo and Hang- OQ the Thames, opposite Battersea, and 
chow, the capital. Staple exports, d& chiefly distinguished for containing a 
and tea. royal military hospital, originally com- 

Cht»}mnffkTi\ (chema'ford), a county ™«n<^ed by James I as a theological 
l/neimSIOra ^J^^ ^^ ^^^ EnSmd; <^ollege. but converted by Charles II into 
in a valley between the Chelmer and ^^ asylum for the reception of sick, 
Cann, with several handsome public build- maimed, and superannuated soldiers, 
ings. There are manufactories of agricul- The. building was finished in 1682 by 
tural implements, electrical appliances, Sir Christopher Wren. Connected witn 
etc. Pop. 21,500. the hospital is a royal military asylnm, 

Chelmsford « town of Middlesex J??,°^^^ '^ ^^' '^T the edocatlon and 

vuciiusiora, ^ Massachusetts, 4 S^^iP^^^ce <>' soldiers' children. Pop. 

miles 8. w. of Lowell, in a farming and %*?• , ^ , ^, 

fruit-growing district, with manufactures ChelSea. f ^1*^ ^^ Massachusetts, 

ofwoolens and worsteds, etc. Pop. (1820) ^^^^ (WbSJSIi.; U". Is,^ ^^ 

Chelmsford, ^i" ^rlST""^ '"f™^; Cheltenham j^^eitn-am)^^^ a 

Pn.rn.hl«w..,V?^^«^"^•^*'',*°i*JS?^ borough and fashionable watering-pUci 
S^ in 1877'ent^^ ^rW^±f. n iSn! ^ England, in the county of Glo/cSTer, 
wS t>i w?nV tona^i ^«i* /^^ ^^^' ^^ the small river Chelt, within the shel- 
Trtl S^ii «?! n*L**°^, *Jtomey-gen- ter of the CoUwcM HOli. The town has 
I^L^^^I^^'u ^""^^^ K^^k T" ap- fine squares, crescents, terraces, gardens 
?S« t^n^^^'^^/r*^^^'! ''^ 5?*^"^ ^° *"^ v^'^^^"' assembly-rioms, theatfr, et" 
i s5r*i° 1 n^d« Lo«^„Chelmsford; was ap- and has become especiallv distinguished aa 
pointed lord chanceUor again in 1866.— an educational center. Pop. 48:844. 
His son, the second Lord Chelmsford Chemiftflii*rftTiAnfi/»« (kem-i-o-thir- 

(Fredemck Augustus Thesioeb). born ^*lCimoinerapeTinCS ^a-pfl'tSsr 
in 1827 ; died in 1805 ; was educated at the science which deals with the treat- 

V ' *nd served in the Crimea and ment of disease by the application of 
through the Indian mutiny. As deputy chemical principles. Its fdm is the cure 
adjutant-general he served in the Abys- of disease by rationalized chemical prin- 
sinian campaign, was nominated C.B., ciples founded on the results of exact 
made aide-de-camp to her Majesty, and chemical research. In the past new reme- 
adjutant-general to the forces in India S?» ^^^ discovered largely by accident. 
(1868-76), and in 1877 was appointed ?^« chemiotherapists go to work with 
commander of the forces and lieutenant- »boratory methods to find the chemical 
governor of Cape Colony. He restored 2?^ Sli^*l* Si«P*''5f**® ^i""!?* S"®^ 
Kaffraria to tranquiUity. and was given ?S!*JSK2?^ Wl°* *^® patient Sndi is 
the chief command in the Zulu wS of SS SllVlSSf T?*^** **!? *?,« "^^ <»« ^ 
1878. After great difficulties with the SSJSrHn«i-??'"^"^*> ^t?^v«rf« dncf 
transport, and some disasters, he gained J^f^ination-flalvamn (whi^h see), 
the decisive victory of Ulundi, before the vnCmiStry \;?Sk** V *^® ^science 

arrival of Sir Garnet Wolseley, who had position and cha^^ of m«S«S^ 'rH *^™" 
been sent to suDer<iede him On h\» i-JT^tll!? aZr J^ p®" P\ matter. Chemis- 

.nd In 1884 became U^uUn^ntot^t^^^loiiu^eni^i^^^HVJ^V' 
Toww. Promoted Ueutenant-general In pr^^^ to,SS*UffpSM2 uij* 



Chemistry Chemistry 

1641) aBseited that solphnr. mercury, and failed to distinguish between atomic 
■alt, aubstances regarded by the alche- weights of the elements and the sum of 
mists as elementary, were present not the atomic weights of the same or differ- 
only in inanimate objects but also in liv- ent elements when joined together to form 
ing organisms. Upon this belief he built a definite chemical compound. For this 
op a system of medical theory which is sum of the atomic weights in chemical 
known as iatrochemistry (literally mod- compounds Cannizzaro proposed the term 
ical chemistry). The influence of the al- molecular weight (q. v.). The term atomic 
chemists and of Paracelsus continued to weight has since been applied only to the 
be predominant until the time of Robert weight of the free elements uncombined 
Boyle (1626-1601), who stated that all with atoms of other elements or even of 
matter was made up of very, minute par- the same element. The term molecular 
tides. He learned experimentally that a weight has referred only to the smallest 
substance after burning increased in possible division of a chemical compound 
weight. But Boyle's correct observation made up of two or more atoms of the 
upon the theory of combustion was disre- same or, more freguently, of different ele- 
garded by Stahl (1660-1734), who as- ments. The atomic weight of an element 
aerted that all inflammable bodies con- is derived from two previously determined 
tained a principle which he called phlo- chemical constants; the amount of the 
giston. Stahl and his adherents regarded element which combines with a known 
phlogiston as a hypothetical element, a weight of oxygen or its equivalent and 
pure fire. The doctrine of phlogiston was the molecular weights of the compounds 
tenaciously supported by most of the great which the element forms (see Molecular 
chemists of tne second half of the 18th Weight). Because hydrogen was the 
century until I^viosier, in 1783, declared lightest element known, to it was arbi- 
that a body in burning merely combined trarily assigned the atomic weight one. 
with oxygen. Oxygen had been discovered The Elements. — ^At the present time 
by Joseph Priestly in 1774. During the eighty-three elements have been definitely 
phlogiston controversy, and prior to that isolated and their atomic weights deter- 
time, investigations had been made upon mined. This number is exclusive of those 
the proportions by weight in which vari- elements which are the degeneration prod- 
ous elementary substances combined, nets of the radio active elements (see 
Much of this work was prompted by the Rtidioactivity), In the following list an- 
disputes centering about phlogiston. In tlmony, arsenic, boron, copper, gold, lead, 
18(13 the results of these investigations manganese, mercury, silver, sulphur, tin, 
were collected and published in tabular and zinc were known to the alchemists 
form by John Dalton. TMs list Dalton and most of them to the ancients. Several 
called a table of atomic weights of the of the elements, such as oxygen, hydro- 
dements. Undoubtedly Dalton had in gen, nitrogen, magnesium, and chromium, 
mind the same idea concerning the term were discovered orior to the year 18O0. 
atomic weight as it implies at the present The following table contains the names of 
time: that is, the relative weight com- the elements, the symbols for each ele- 
pared with the weight of hydrogen or of ment, and the atomic weight for each ele- 
oxygen, in which the smallest possible di- ment revised to 1921 : 
vision of a substance can enter into chem- ^. . .. *- . 

ical combination. Berzelius (1779-1849), ^JJSiiSS? hk iS i 

the founder of our present chemical sys- ^^^''^ ^ *^ 9 

tem and at that time recognized as the jSitnic. '.''.'.'.'.'.'.'.'... ............. Ab 74! 96 

greatest authority on chemical subjects, Barium Ba 137.37 

accepted Dalton's views, but at the same Biamuth Bi 208.O 

time realised the inaccurades in the lat- §<>«"» g JOJ_ 

ter's tables. Because he appreciated the SXSSn Cd 112 Jo 

necessity for accurate atomic weights if cakdum !**' Ca 40 07 

chemistry were to advance, Berzilius sub- Carbon .*.*.' !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! c i2!oo5 

sequently determined the weights of bun- Cerium Ce 140.25 

dreds of compounds as well as the atomic Cerium ^ *2??i 

wdghts of many of the elements by excel- ^lonne Cl 36.46 

lent analytical methods. SbX"*" Co 58 97 

Aiomio and Molecular WefgW«.— For Columbium.'.;!:.*:,!:!::::::::::: Cb 93:1 

many years following the publication of Copper Cu 63.57 

Daltons tables there was much confusion Dysproeium Dy 162.5 

and controversy regarding the number of Erbium Er 167.7 

atoms of a substance which would com- ^^,g^ f" ''{5 }{ 

bine with an atom of another substance. Qadoliniimi Gd 157 3 

Gannizsaro, in 1858, removed this diffi- Gallium....'*.'!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Ga 7o!l 

eulty by nointing out that chemists had Germaaium Ge 72.5 



Chemistry 



Chemistry 



OfaidBimi GI 0.1 

Gold Au 107.2 

Hflttum He 4.00 

Holmtttm Ho 163.5 

HjrdiocBa H 1.008 

Indium In 114.8 

Iodine I 128.92 

Iiidhim Ir 193.1 

Iitm Fe 56.84 

Krypton Kr 82.92 

TiMithMunn La 139.0 

Le«I Pb 207.20 

Uthhim U 6.94 

Lttteeiitm Lu 175.0 

Mesnenum Mg 24.32 

Mengueie Mn 54.93 

Mereonr He 200.6 

Molybdenum Mo 96.0 

Neodymium Nd 144.3 

Neon Ne 20.2 

Niekel Ni 58.68 

NiUm Nt 222.4 

Nitrogen N 14.008 

Onaium Os 190.9 

Ozysen O 16.00 

Plifiedium Pd 106.7 

Fhosphoroos P 31.04 

Platinum Pt 195.2 

PMaaiium K 39.10 

Pneeodsrmium Pr 140.9 

Radium Ra 226.0 

Rhodium Rh 102.9 

Rubidium Rb 86.45 

Ruthenium Ru 101.7 

Samarium 8a 160.4 

Scandium Be 45.1 

Helimfam 8e 79.2 

SilieoQ Si 28.3 

SilTer Ag 107.88 

Sodium Na 23.00 

Strontium 8r 87.63 

Sulphur S 32.06 

Tantalum Ta 181 .5 

Tellurium Te 127.5 

Terbium Tb 159.2 

ThaUiun Tl 204.0 

Thorium Th 232. 15 

Thulium Tm 168.5 

Tin 8n 118.7 

Titanium Ti 48.1 

Tungiten W 184.0 

Uranium U 238.2 

Vanadium V 51.0 

Xenon Xe 130 .2 

Ytterbium Yb 173.5 

Yttrium Yt 89.33 

Zino Zn 65.37 

Zirconium Zr 90.6 

Symbols and Occurrence of the Ele- 
ments. — ^The gjrmbols for the elements 
known to the ancients and to the alche- 
mists, were derived from the Latin word 
for the element by combining the first 
letter of the Latin word with another let- 
ter of the same word. Thus the symbol 
for iron, Fe, came from the Latin word 
fermm; Pb, the symbol for lead, simi- 
larly was derived from plumbum. The 
symbols of the elements discovered in more 
recent times almost invariably owe their 
origin to the first letter and sometimes one 
other letter of the English word for the 
element. Hie names of the elements them- 
selves come from many different sources. 



The names of the elements known to the 
ancients are veiled in the obscurity of cen- 
turies; the more recently discovered ele- 
ments frequently take their names from 
some striking property of Uie element. 
Oxygen, for example, means acid-forming, 
while chromium is an adaptation of the 
Greek word colored. Other dements are 
named after the locality in which they 
were first found, such as yttria. A few 
elements are named after mytholo^cal 
characters, as vanadium and thorium. 
Of the eighty-three elements known onlv 
eight are found in the earth's crust in rel- 
atively large amounts. Oxygen is bv far 
the most common; it constitutes almost 
one-half of the earth's crust. Bv weight 
one-fifth of the air is oxygen, ana oxygen 
constitutes about 89 per cent by weight 
of water. Next to oxygen in the order of 
their relative amounts found in the earth's 
crust are silicon, aluminum, iron^ calcium, 
potassium, sodium, and magnesium. All 
the other elements are found in amounts 
which are expressed in fractions of a per 
cent of the total material present. 

Valency and Latos of Combination, — 
The elements are divided into two classes, 
the metals and the non-metals. Metals 
form what chemists call bases, while non- 
metals are acid-forming. Both groups of 
elements enter into salts. Dalton early 
formulated the laws according to which 
these two classes of the elements entered 
into chemical combination ; the proportion 
by weight of the combining elements is al- 
ways unvarying in the same compound, 
and if two elements formed a series of 
compounds the combining proportions are 
simple multiples of the lowest ratio. To 
illustrate the last law we have S2 parts 
by weight of sulphur combining with 32 
parts by weight of oxygen to form sulphur 
dioxide; but in another compound of sul- 
phur and oxygen, 32 parts of the former 
unite with 48 parts of the latter. Thus 
the ratio of the oxygen in its two sulphur 
compounds is as 32 to 48 or 2 as to 3. 
The sum of the dements forming a chem- 
ical compound always equals the weight 
of the compound itself. Chemistry as an 
exact science is based upon these laws of 
combination. The joining of atoms to 
form molecules is attributed to what is 
caUed chemical afiinity. The degree of 
chemical afSnitf varies widely with the 
atoms of the different elements: oxygen 
combines with all of the elements except 
fiuorine and the inert gases of the atmos- 
phere, while the latter combine with no 
elements whatsoever. A list of the inert 
gases is in group ' O ' of Mendeleeff*s table 
below. Furthermore, the number of atoms 
with which a given atom may combine 
sometimes varies. The combining power 



Chemistry Chemistry 

of the atom is called its valency. Hydro- hydro and to the end of the word arc 
gen is one of the elements which has the added the letters * ic' The compound rep- 
least chemical combining power, and to it resented by the formula HCl is called hy- 
therefore is assigned the valency one. The drochloric acid. The salts derived from 
combining value for hydrogen or its equiv- this acid have the termination * ide.' Thus 
alent is the standard unit of valency. NaCl is sodium chloride. In general all 
Oxygen always has a valency of two and salts containing a metal and a non-metal 
aluminum of three, but nitrogen may have only have the same termination ; NavO is 
a valency of one, two, three, four, or five, sodium oxide, Na^S is sodium sulpnide. 

FormulcLs. — ^To represent molecules of Most acids contain oxygen ; they are 
various materials the symbols of the ele- known as oxy acids. In many of them 
ments forming the molecules arc written the valency of the non-metal varies. The 
in juxtaposition. Symbols written in this first discovered acid of such a group, and 
way constitute a formula. Thus to repre- ordinarily the most common, is designated 
sent water we have H^O. This formula by adding * ic ' to the end of the word of 
indicates that two atoms of hydrogen the non-metal in the acid. Accordingly, 
unite with one atom of oxygen to form one HClOi is given the name chloric acid, 
molecule of water. The formula for sul- But for an acid containing one less atom 
phuric acid is H^SOf, from which, by ref- of oxygen, such as HCIO^ there would be 
erence to the taole of atomic weights its added the letters * ous ; it would be called 
actual molecular weight may be calcu- chlorous acid. In the same manner HCIO 
lated ; for not only do the atoms in the is called hypochlorous acid. To the acid 
formula indicate tne composition of the containing four atoms of oxygen is given 
molecule but the weight of the molecule as the name perchloric, and its formula is 
well, which latter is found by taking the HCIO4. This system of prefixes and suf- 
sum of the atomic weights. In the case of fixes applies to all the elements which 
sulphuric acid the molecular weight is form oxy acids, such as sulphur, phos- 
equal to 2 for hydrogen plus 32 for the phorous, and nitrogen. By treating each 
sulphur, plus 4 X 16, or o4, for the oxy- of the above chlorine acids with a base, 
gen, the sum of which is 98. For water such as NaOH, sodium hydroxide, salts 
the molecular weight is 2 -4- 16, or 18. are formed. From HCIO4, perchloric 
Certain groups of atoms are frequently as- acid, there is obtained sodium perchlorate ; 
sociated; they are not easily decomposed, from HClOi, chloric acid, sodium chlor- 
and they act together in chemical changes ate ; from the hypothetical acid HC10a» 
in the same manner as an atom. Such a chlorous acid, there is derived the salt, 
^roup is called a radical. The SO4 group sodium chlorite, which is known in a free 
in sulphuric acid is an example of a rad- state; and from HCIO, hypochlorous 
icaL These radicals can exist only in acid, there is formed sodium hypochlorite, 
chemical combination ; they cannot be iso- This system of designating salts applies to 
lated. all similar groups of compounds such as 

Clasaea of Chemical Compounds, — Four the salts of nitrogen and sulphur, 
classes of chemical compounds take part Types of Chemical Reactions and Chem- 
in chemical changes : acids, bases, and ical Equations. — Chemical changes are or- 
salts, all of which will conduct an electric dinarily called chemical reactions. Of 
current when dissolved in water. A these there are five chief types : double 
fourth group is made up largely of or- decomposition, direct union or synthesis, 
ganic or carbon compounos, and tnese will substitution, decomposition, and molecular 
not conduct electricity. Acids invariably or internal rearrangement of the atoms 
contain hydrogen and a non-metal. In within the molecule itself. The latter 
water, acids turn a plant product called type of reaction only occurs frequently in 
litmus red. The hydrogen of the acid pro- organic reactions. In order to represent 
duces this color change. A base is a com- reactions concisely chemical eouations are 

S)und made up of a metal and the radical employed. The formulas of the elements 
H. The latter will impart a blue color or compounds acting upon each other are 
to litmus when the base is dissolved in placed upon the left side of an eouality 
water. A salt is the result of the action mark or an arrow, and upon the right side 
of an acid upon a base and contains both of the equality mark are written the for- 
a metal and a non-metal. mulas of the substances produced. Thus 

'Nomenclature, — In naming bases the the action of hydrochloric acid upon 
metal is first mentioned and then the OH sodium hydroxide is represented in the 
radical, which latter is called the hydrox- following manner : HCl -f- NaOH = 
ide group. Thus the compound NaOH is NaCl -f- H,0. This indicates^ that one 
callS sodium hydroxide. To those acids molecular weight of hydrochloric acid in 
containing only one non-metal combined contact with one molecular weight of 
with hydrogen there is prefixed to the root sodium hydroxide will form one molecular 
of th? wp^ for the nou-metal the term weight of the salt sodium chloride and pne 



Chemistry 



Chemistry 



molecular weight of water. This is an 
example of the type of reaction known as 
double decomposition because both of the 
compounds used are broken up and con- 
verted into entirely different substances. 
The action of phosphorous upon chlorine, 
P -f 3G1 = PCI,, illustrate a synthetic 
reacftion. Zinc dissolved in hydrochloric 
acid is shown by the equation Zn -f- 2HC1 
=: ZnCli 4~ ^1 ^^^ i^ <ui example of sub- 
stitution. The heating of rea oxide of 
mercury, HgO = Hg + O, typifies a 
decomposition reaction. 

CUuHficaiion of the Elements, — ^Prob- 
ably the greatest single contribution for 
the systematizing of chemistry was made 
by Mendeleeff in 1869. In that year Men- 
deleeff published the following table: 



therefore called this the law of octaves. 
As shown in the table each main group is 
subdivided into two parts, A and B. 
Li, Na, K, Rb, and Gs are somewhat more 
closely associated in chemical characteris- 
tics than Gu, Ag, and Au, Adjoining 
groups as I and II more nearly resemble 
each other than those widely separated. 
Group I is made up entirely or metak 
while group II is composed of strong 
non-metals. The blanks in the table in- 
dicate the places of elements which will 
probably be discovered eventually. The 
table possesses shortcomings such as the 
irregular groupings of the elements of the 
eighth column, the reversed positions of 
nickel and cobalt and of tellurium and 
iodine ; the lack of a place for hydrogen. 



lypeofChlondeB 


Ra 


RCk 


RCb 


RCU 


RCb-RGb 


RCk 


Ra 




TVpeorOddei 


B«0 


RO 


RtOi 


RiOi 


R<(V-R«a 


RO>-RiOk 


RtOr 


RA 


teiei 


QroopO 


Group I 
A B 


Group II 
A B 


Group III 
A B 


Group IV 
A B 


Group V 
A B 


Group VI 
A B 


Group Vn 
A B 






Be-4 


U«7 


01-9 


B-11 


C-12 


N-U 


0-l« 


F-19 
1 






Nr-ao 


Nft-23 


Mg-34 


AI-27 


8i-28 


P-31 


8-32 


a-36.6 






A-40 


K-39 


G»-40 


So-44 


Ti-48 


V-51 


Cr-52 


Mn-65 


Fe-66J 
Co-68.97 
Ni-68.68 






Ca«63.5 


Zn-66 


G»-70 


Ge-73 


Ab-75 


8e-79 


Br-80 






Kr-83 


Rb-85^ 


*-87.« 


Yt-W 


Zr-90.6 


Cb-93 


Mo-98 




Ru- 101.7 

Rh-103 

Pd-IOA.7 






As- 107.0 


Cd-n2 


In- 115 


Sn-119 


Sb-iao 


Te- 127.6 


1-126.9 






X-190 


Gb- 132.8 


Ba-137 


UioU 
139 to 174 


Ge-140 


T»-181 


W-184 




03-191 
Ir-193 
Pt-196 






Ao-107 


Hg-200 


TI-204 


Pb-207 


Bi-a06 










Nt-222 




Ra-22d 




Th-232 


U-238.5 









Mendeleeff observed that when the ele- 
ments were arranged in the order of the 
magnitude of their atomic weights, groups 
of them were formed by taking all which 
were separated by six elements. The ele- 
ments In these groups possessed very 
similar chemical and phvsical properties. 
Thus beginning with lithium, Li, in the 
above table, there follow six other elements, 
glucinum, boron, carbon, nitrogen^ oxygen, 
and fluorine. We then have sodium, Na, 
which has almost identical properties with 
lithium. Similarly in the same group, 
group I, each member in the order of atomic 
weignts is separated bv six other elements. 
Gounting as one the element chosen. Men- 
ddeeff stated that the eighth element 
repeated the properties of the first; he 



All these defects of Mendeleeff's table are 
eliminated in a table published by Moseley 
in 1914, which he called a table of atomic 
numbers. The weights for the various 
elements in this table were obtained by 
measuring the wave lengths of the rays 
which each element emitted when used as 
the anode of an X-ray bulb. 

Branches of Chemistry, — The study and 
application of chemistry may be divided 
roughly into four fields: inorganic, in- 
cluding the analysis of inorganic com- 
pounds; organic, physical and industriaL 
Inorganic chemistry embraces the reac- 
tions of all the elements except carbon. 
The essential principles of inorganic chem- 
istry have been mentioned in the foregoing 
sketch. The study of the compounds of 



Chemistry Chemulpo 

carbon, of which there are many thou- OiemTlitz (^m'nits), the principal 

sands, constitutes organic chemistry. In ^***'****"«'*« manufacturing town in 

1828 WoeUer synthesized urea from an Saxon ▼, Germany, on the Chemnits, 

inorganic compound. Prior to that time 39 miles southwest of Dresden. It is 

it was believed that organic substances well built, and has a castle, a lyceum, 

could be formed only in an animal or plant town-hall, school of design, etc. Tho 

organism. In 1856 Sir William Perkin principal manufactures are white aivl 

prepared mauve, the first artificial dye. printed calicoes, ginghams, handkerchiefs, 

A few years later Pasteur proved that woolen and half-woolen goods, etc. 

oxygen was essential in fermentation and There are also extensive cotton-spinning 

decomposition of organic substances. Or- mills, and mills for the spinning of 

ganic compounds are divided mto two combed wool and floss-silk; dye-works, 

groups, aliphatic, or fatty, and aromatic, print-works, bleach-works, chemical 

The former IS represented by such sub- works; large manufactures of cotton 

stances as alcohol, ether, and chloroform, ^ose, etc. The manufacture of machin- 

the latter by benzene and coal tar dyes. ^^y ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ become important. The 

A very important development of or- cotton hose and woolen goods are ex* 

game chemistry,, now, in fact, a distinct p^jted to Japan, China, Africa, and 

branch of chemistry, is physiological or, America, while the machinery is chiefly 

as sometimes called, biological chemistry, destined for Russia, Silesia, and Bo- 

Physiological chemistry is m general con- j^^^j^ ^ ^as had a rapid recent prog- 

cerned with what w called metaboliOTa. jj^^i^g now three times the popu- 

Jn^ t1f«*^ffL^^n^f fi^i'i^^ItHl^'flnHl ^^ lation it hSd in 1870. Pop. 286.454. 

?h°e' Silef "?^h1 ^Sfen^^KrlicWol^T. Chemilit2^ K^ Vwst^^^^^^^^ 

temal medicine is fundamentally aprob- , . . ,. ^aT^^r.,L^ ^^i^ Z. 

lem of physiological chemistry. Closely l^gian of the 16th <^°t"7i ^om in the 

associate with physiological chemistry. °*,^'"^ ,0^ ^'*°4-°?''''l '"^ ^^^f'u°® ^*! 

but also involved in the manufacture of educated at \} ittemberg and became a 

such inorganic materials as rubber, glass, ;^^o^olmaster in Wriezen on thn Oder, 

and clay products, is colloidal chemwtry. ^°»,1^^^*^S became librarian of Duke 

A colloid is a suUtance which will not Albert of Prussia, and about this time 

pass through a membranous tissue. Prac- wrote his Loci 7 neologtct, 1591, a learn- 

tically all animal and vegetable fluids are ea commentary on Melanchthon s sys- 

coUoidal or colloids. Physical chemistry tem of dogmatics. He subsequently went 

is a study of the fundamental causes un- as a minister to Brunswick, where he 

derlying chemical activity. It is con- died in 1586. Of his other works the 

cemed with the rate of chemical reactions, most valuable is the Ewamen CoMtlii 

the electrical conductivity of chemical so- Tridentini. 

lutions and the amount of heat absorbed Chemosh (l^^'mosh). the national god 

or emitted in the course of a chemical re- ^**^"*^ ** of the Moabites, who were 

action. By means of the chemical laws on that account called *the people of 

developed through physical chemistry it Chemosh' (Num., xxi, 29; Jer., xlviii, 

became possible to obtain nitric add and 46). At an early period this deity ap- 

ammonia from the free nitrogen of tne air. pears also as the national god of the Am. 

Both of these substances are essential in monites (Judg., xi. 24), though his wor- 

the manufacture of smokeless powder and ship seems afterwards to have given place 

of fertilizers. Chemical principles under- to that of Moloch (I Ki., xi, 5, 7), if 

lie the steel and iron industry, the manu- Moloch be not merely another name for 

facture of dyes, the preparation of medi- the same deity. The worship of Chemosh 

cines, and the refining of gold and silver ^as even introduced among the Hebrews 

from their ores. y^y Solomon, who " built an high place 

ChetMoal Warfare. — ^The first use of for Chemosh, the abomination of Moab. 

toxic gases in the World war was on Jq the hill that is before Jerusalem*' 

April 22, 1915, when the Germans em- q j^i^ xi, 7) 

ploved it in an attack against the French pi.-, '-.„•-. (kS-mO'sis), an affection of 

and British linea on the Ypres sahent. l^ncmOSlS \^^ .^» ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^, 

^^'^^I'cS^icTwMlfe Sem"e.''¥h; J^tlnea ''''"'"' "'''" '"' ''""'''" 

poison gases used in the war were of ^v xi. / 

various kinds. That first used was l/HemOtiier apy* See Serum Therapy, 

chlorine; afterward came the mustard -«, , /«iia.mni'nft\ nna nf th» 

SS^oT'el'J'"iiTX.SJlf«"fSk 22S?S Chemulpo ht'eTiSlaS-^lortSof <L.Su' 

common gases were phosgene and white p-.,.rt»t:„« hp«n«i einsene hides wheat. 

maaks offered a reasonable protection. can manufartures. Pop. 80.000. 



Chenab Cheque 

Clieil&b (^^®Q~^^)* & Tiver of Hinda- apetaloiu exogens, oongisting of more or 
Btan, one of the five rivers less succulent herbs or shrubs, belonging 
of the Punjab. It rises in the Himalay- to about eighty genera and 600 speaeti 
D* ??**" ^^ Kashmir, and entering the They are mostly innocent weeds, but 
Punjab near Sialkot, flows in a south- several are employed as pot-herbs, such 
westerly direction till it unites with the as spinach and beet, and others for the 
Jehlam ; length about 800 miles. At manufacture of soda. The genus Ckena- 
Wasirabad^ it is crossed by a great iron pod'ium consists of weedy plants, corn- 
railway bridge more than a mile long. mon in waste places, and known in 
ChenfiT '^ Chinese musical instrument, Britain by the names of goosefoot, fat- 
. ^' consisting of a series of tubes hen, good King Henry, etc. C. anffc«I- 
having free reeds. Its introduction into tninticum is a species well known in the 
Europe led to the invention of the accor- United States, where it is in repute as 
dion, harmonium, and other free-reed a vermifuge, under the name of worm- 
instruments, seed, the seeds or the oil obtained from 
Chfalftr (shft-nyft), ANDsfi-MABiB me, them being given as a remedy for worms, 
a French poet, bom at Con- C, Quinoa is an important S. American 
stantinople in 17tf2, went to France species, having edible seeds, on account 
when very young, and entered the of which it is largely cultivated in Peru 
army, but left shortly after his twenti- and Chile as a food-plant, 
eth year to devote himself to literary CTiAATia (kS'ops), the name riven by 
pursuits. In 1790 he joined the moder- ^**^^P" tierodotus to the Egyptian 
ate section of the Republicans, and made monarch whom the Egvptians them- 
himself offensive alike to the Royalists selves called Khufu. He belonged to 
and Jacobinical party. B^ing brought the rulers who had for their capital 
before the revolutionary tribunal he waa Memphis; lived about 2800-2700 B.C., 
condemned and guillotined July 25, and built the largest of the pyramids. 
1794. The poems of Ch^nier are incon- According to Herodotus, he employed 
aiderable in number, but give the author 100.000 men on this work constanuy for 
a high place among the poets of BYance. 20 years. 

His chief works are Hermes; The Elc Chenhren (ke^'ren), or CbpHa^k, 
gies; La Liberty , etc.; and some beauti- ^"^P******* was the successor of Ohe- 
rul odes, of which La Jeune Captive, ops as king of Eg[ypt, and the builder k 
written in prison, is perhaps the best the second pyramid. His name is prop* 
known. erly Khafra. See OheopB. 

fHi^Tiii^r Marie Joseph Blaise de, niiATisfnw (chep'std), a town and 
Vruemer, brother of the foregoing, ^^^psiOW ^^^ ^ fcngland. County 

bom Aug. 28, 1764, at Constantinople. Monmouth, on the Wye, 14 miles n. 
went when very young to Paris, served by w. of Bristol. The nigh tides of the 
as an officer of dragoons, left the service. Wye allow large ships to reach the town, 
and devoted himself to literary pursuits, which is very ancient, and has a castle, 
His dramas Charles IX, Henry VIII, portions of which date back to the 
and La Morte de Calas, full of wild Conquest In the vicinity are the beau- 
democratic declamation, were received tiful ruins of Tintern Abbey. Pop. 
with great applause. He was chosen a 2953. 

member of the Convention, where, for a Cliefllie ^^ Cheoe (chek), a draft 
considerable time, he belonged to the ^"^M.'*^* or bill on a bank, payable 
party of the most violent Democrats, on presentation. A cheque may be drawn 
His works comprise discourses on the payable to the bearer, or to the order or 
history of French literature, as well as some one named; the first form is trans- 
odes, songs, hymns, etc. He died in ferable without endorsation, and payable 
January, 1811. to any one who presents it; the second 

Crhenille (she-nir). a sort of oma- must be endorsed, that is, the person in 
\/ij.vu.ux«7 mental fabric of cord-like whose favor it is drawn must write his 
form, made by weaving or twisting to- name on the back of it. Cheques are a 
ffether warp-threads, with a transverse very important species of mercantile cur- 
nlUng or weft, the loose ends of which rency wherever there is a well-organized 
project all round in the form of a pile, system of banking. The regular use of 
Chenille carpets have a weft of chenille, them for all payments, except of small 
the loose tnreads of which produce a amount, makes the transfer of funds a 
fine, velvety pile. mere matter of cross-entries and tran»> 

IThihTiATinAaTiY (Rb&-noQ-s6). See ferring of balances among bankers, 
i/neiLQaueiiU& U,^^^ ^^^ ^^^^a greatly to economiae ths 

CI1lfillOtM)diA.f!effi (ke-n&-pod-i-ft'se-«). use of the precious metals as a car* 
vuvuvjfvuACi>v^n# 1^ jjjj^ order or rency. 



Cheqny Cheri1)0tt 

dhun-mr °f Chequbbed. See MeraU- works, and in ihort everything necessary 

wuc4Ujr, ^^ jgr ([jg buiiding snii fitting out of ships 

nkar (sh&r), a river of Oentral France, of war. Tliere is a great diqiie or break- 

^* a tributary of the Loire, wbicb water, stretching across the roadstead. 

It enters near Toars; length, 200 which, though protected on three sides 

mUei. by the land, was formerly open to the 

Cll^r (•*''''')■ 1 department of Central heavy seas from the north. The diquo 

vuv* fiance, named from the river was commenced under Louis XVI, 1* 

Cher, sod formed from part of the old 4120 yards long, and is 21^ miles from 

provinces of Berry and Bourbonnais ; the harbor, In water varying from 42 

ares, 2819 square miles ; capital, Bonrges. to 62 feet deep. A fort and lighthonse 

The surf«£e is in general flat, but is occupy the center of the digue, and there 

diversified in ihe ■(. ^y chains of incon- are circular fortd at the extreoilties. 

siderahle hills. Soil various, bat fertile The principal industry of tbe town Is 

in the neighborhood of tbe Loire and centered In the works of the dockyard. 

AlUec The forests and pastures are the commercial trade and manufactores 



: from shipbuilding heine compara- 

. „ J insiBnificant. It occupies the site 

tante require. The preparation and man- of a Romnn station. William the Con- 
nfactnre of iron, called Berry iron, is the queror foim^fed a hospital here, and built 
principal branch of iodastry. Tbe de- the cssile rhurcb. The castle was one of 
partment is divided into three arrondisse- the strongliiitdH of Normandy. A few 
mentn. Pop. 337,810. miles from the harbor the Federal warship 

nTiprhnnrtr (sbar-bSr), a fortified Kenmiric sank the Confederate ship 
l/ucruuiirg seaport and naval ar- Alabama (q. v.} June 10. 1864. Pop. 
senal of France. In the department of 43,731. 

Ia Hancfae. 196 miles w. n. w. Paris, fiiiirh'n'rv Lord. See Herbert, Ed- 
The fortifications are very extensive, and ^"'^^""^J'l ^ard. 

have been greatly strengthened in recent PTipriKnTi (sher'i-bon^, a seaport on 
years, so that Cherbourg, if not impreg- ^"«*i""" the island of Java, capi- 
nabte from tbe sea. is at least very diffi- tal of tbe province of the same name, 
cnlt of attack. The port is divided into Tbe province lies on the coast towards 
" ) commercial and naval ports, which the n. w., produces coffee, timber, i 
. — 1... j:_^^.> n.!.- I. — > mri,i.._i_^ n^tg indigo and sugar, and has 

 1,!STT.521 inhabitants. The town 1., 

,.i a deep bay on tbe north coast, and it. 

.__ _.__ J. dry residence of a Dutcb governor. Poi» 

dwb, bnUding-ebeds, mast-bouses, boilei^ 18,495. 



Gkerimoyer Cherubini 

CShfiriinover (^ ^ ® ^^'™ o i'e r) , the naturalised in the United States and 
\fMM^AMiMMvj%0M, fj^^ ^f ^jg A fi ^ 11 <» oommon in shmbberies. It is commonly 

Ckeriw^>liat a native of S. and Central called lanrel, bat must not be confounded 

America, idlied to the castard-apple. It with the sweet-bay or other true species 

is a hesTt-shaped fruit with a scaly ez- of laureL The leaves yield an oil nearly 

terior, and numerous seeds buried in a identical with that got from bitter al- 

delidoos nnlp. monds. The distilled water (odled 

ChemigOY. see Tchemigav. >^ J*!*'^ '^ tl^'tJt^ ^TJfu ^ii2^ 

o in meoicine in toe same way as diluted 

Cherolrefi (cher'o-ke), a dty, county hydrocyanic or prussic acid. It is poi- 

vuvAva.!^ seat of Cherokee Co., Iowa, sonous in large doses. The Portugal 

50 miles if. s. of Sioux City. It has laurel is another species. 




_ North American Indians during the Revolutionary war. when a 
in the United States, occupying an band of Indians, led by Joseph Brant 
allotted region in Oklahoma. Their old (q. v.) and Tories, under Walter Butler, 
seats were in Georgia. Alabama, Missis- son of Colonel John Butler (q. v.). fdl 




and newspapers in their own language, ciently a name applied to several penin- 
live in well-built villages, and have an sulas, as the Cimbrian Chersonesus 
excellent school system. Their numbers (Chersonesua Cimhrioa), now Jutland, 
are about 30,000. etc., the Tauric Chersonesus (Oh. Tau^ 

Cheroot (d.eK>t'). See Cigar. S^^iA^t^fiSSS-t^ Sto^ 

Cherrv (^^^)f » fruit-tree of the rjliAT-t (ch*rt), a variety of quarts^ 
^ prune or plum tribe, very ^•»*^*«» called also Hornstone or Rock- 
ornamental and therefore much culti- flint. It is less hard than common 
vated in shrubberies. It is a native of quartz, and is usually amorphous, some- 
most temperate countries of the northern times [globular or in nodules. Siliceous 
hemisphere. The cultivated varieties concretions occurring as nodules and 
probably belong to two species, Cerdsus layers in limestone rocks are also called 
avium and Cerdsus imlffdrU, the genus chert. 

CerQ9U9 being considered a subgenuii niiArfaAir ( chart's!), a town of Eng- 
of PnffiM. TThey are numerous, as ^"^*«'»cj land, in Surrey, 20 miles 
the red or garden cherry, the red s. w. of London, on the Thames, giving 
heart, the white heart, the black heart, name to a pari. div. of the county. The 
etc The fruit of the wild cherry, or Saxon kings had a palace here. Bricks 
gean. Is often as well flavored, if not and tiles are made, and vegetables largely 
^uite so large, as that of the cultivated cultivated. Pop. 13,819. 
varieties. It is said that the cherry was Chemb (ch^i'^ub ; in the plural CAei^ 
originally brought from Cerasus, in Pon- ^*^^*'^*^ ^^^ and Cherubim) ^ one ol 
tns, to Italy, by Lucullus, about b.c. 7C, an order of angels variously represented 
and introduced into England by the at different times, but generally as 
Romans about A.D. 4^ The cherry is winged spirits with a human counte- 
used in making the liqueurs Kirschwas- nance, and distinguished by their knowl- 
ser and Maraschino (which see). The edge from the seraphs, whose distinc- 
wood of the cherry-tree is hard and tive quality is love. The first mention 
tough, and is very serviceable to turners of cherubs is in Gen. iii, 24. The cher- 
snd cabinet-makers. An ornamental but ubs in E^ekiers vision had each four 
not edible species is the bird-cherry heads or faces, the hands of a man, 
(whidi see). The American wild cherry and wings. The four faces were the 
(CsrdtfiM VirginiAna) , is a fine large tree, face of a bull, that of a man, that of s 
the timber of which is much used by lion, and that of an eagle. (Ezek., iv 
cabinet-makers and others, though the and x.) In the celestial hierarchy cher- 
frait, growing in dusters, is bitter and ubs are represented as spirits next in 
rather astringent. It is famous for its order to seraphs. 

medicinal bark. Clienillini (k^-rO-be'ne), Mabia 

Chl!rrv*lfl.1irel *^® common name of v**^* •*"*-»** Luioi Cablo Zxnobio 
\/uvxxj Mftu^«^Ay Cerd^iis La»rocerd«iM, Salvatobe. an eminent Italian composer 
nat. Older Rosaces, an evergreen shrub, bom at Florence in 1700. His first 
a native of Asia Minor, but now opera, Quinio Fabio, was produced la 



Chemsci CheuS" 

 n 

Alessandria in 1780, and in Rome (in navigation. It receives the Susquehanna, 
an altered form) in 1783, with such Potomac, York and James Rivers and 
success as to spread liis fame over Italy, supplies a route to the sea for the com* 
After visiting London he finally settled merce of Baltimore, Washington. Nor- 
in Paris, where he became director of folk and Richmond. Off Norfolk lies the 
the tcoie Royale in 1822, and died in fine harbor of Hampton Roads, the 
1842. Among his compositions are scene of the famous battle between the 
Iphigenia in Aulide, Lodotdka, Faniska, Monitor and Merrimac, llie oyster 
Let Deuw Joum4es, etc. In his later fisheries of Chesapeake Bay are the fin- 
years he confined himself almost ex- est in the country, and its large num- 
clusively to the composition of sacred bers of wild fowl, especially the famous 
music, and gained a lasting fame by his canvas-back duck, make it a favorite 
Coronation Mass, and more especially resort for sportsmen, 
his gorgeous fi60tt«em. Glieseldeil (ch es' el-den), WUXJAM, 

Clienisci (ke-rus'sl), an ancient v**^"^*^*^-**' an English surgeon and 
German tribe, whose terri- anatomist, born in Leicestershire in 
tory probably was situated in that part 1688, went to l^ndon to prosecute his 
of Germany lying between the Weser studies, and at the age of twenty-twc 
and the Elbe, and having the Harz began to give lectures on anatomy. In 
Mountains on the n. and the Sudetic 1713 he published a treatise on the 
range on the a. This tribe was known Anatomy of the Human Body, long es- 
to the Romans before 50 B.c», and occa- teemed as a manual of the science. In 
sionally served in the Roman armies. 1723 he published a Treatise on the 
But when Varus attempted to subject High Operation for the Stone, and after- 
them to the Roman laws they formed a wards added to his reputation by oner- 
confederation with many smaller tribes, ating for stone. In 1733 was publisned 
and having decoyed him into the forests, his Osteography, or Anatomy of the 
destroyed his whole army in a battle Bones, folio, consisting of plates and 
which lasted three days, and in which short explanations, a splendid and accu- 
he himself was slain (a.d. 9). Upon rate work. He died at Bath in 1752. 
this the Cherusci became the chief ob- Cheshire (c^^^h'ir), or Chbsteb, a 
ject of the attacks of the Romans. Ger- ^**-^^^^^*-^ maritime county and county 
manicus marched against them, but palatine of England, bounded by tiie 
though successful in several campaigns counties of Lancaster, York, L>erby, 
did not obtain any permanent advan- Stafford, Salop, Denbigh, Flint, the es- 
tages. Subsequently tne Cherusci were tuaries of the Dee and Mersey, and the 
overcome by the Ghatti, and latterly Irish Sea. The area is 1027.8 sq. miles, 
they were incorporated among the of which only a sixteenth is uncultivated. 
Franks. The surface is generally level, the soil 

Chervil (<^bei^^l)« the popular name mostly a rich reddish loam variously 
**^ ■" of umbelliferous plants of clayey or sandy. There is some of 
the genus Chterophyllum, but especially the finest pasture land in England; and 
of C. temOlum, the only British species, cheese, the main produce of the Cheshire 
a hairy weed with longlsh, grooved fruits, farmer, is made in great quantities. 
Garden chervil is Anthriso^its cerefolium. Extensive tracts of land are cultivated 
an umbelliferous plant much used in as market-gardens, the produce being 
soups and salads in some European sent to Liverpool. Manchester, and other 
countries. The parsnip chervil (A. but- towns. Minerals abound, especially 
hdsus) has a root like a small carrot, rock-salt and coal, which are extensively 
with a flavor between that of a chestnut worked. Cotton manufacture is carried 
and a potato. Sweet chervil, sweet on at Stockport, Stalybridge, and the 
cicely, or myrrh is Myrrhis odordta, an northeastern district; shipbuilding at 
aromatic and stimulant umbellifer for- Birkenhead and other places. Trade is 
merly used as a pot-herb, growing in a facilitated by numerous railway lines 
semi wild state in Britain. and a splendid system of canals. The 

nnaaQTiAoVA Hair (ches'a-pSk), a chief rivers are the Mersey, and Dee 
\/iiC»a.jiciiiLC JJttjr spacious bay of and the Weaver. Small sheets of water 
the United States, in the states of Vir- called meres are numerous. Cheshire 
ginia and Maryland. Its entrance is has eight parliamentary divisions, each 
between Cape Charles and Cape Henry, returning one member. Principal towns, 
16 miles wide, and it extends 180 miles Chester, the county town, Macclesfield, 
to the northward. It is from 10 to 30 Stockport, Birkenhead and Stalybridge. 
miles broad, and at most places as much Pop. (1911) 676,356. 
as 9 fathoms deep, affording many com- r|]|Aafl a well-known game of great 
modloua harbors and a safe and easy ^-"^^^9 antiquity and of eastern orl- 



Chess Chat 

(in, havlDf probably arisen In India, and Q.R. The pawns are contracted : E.P_ 
thence spread throngb Persia and Arabia QP-. K.B.P., Q.ElP., etc The board 
to Earope. The game is played by two is divided into eight files runnins longi- 
persons, on a board consisting of sixty- tudinally from one player to the other, 
four •quorea arranged iu eight rows of and laterally into eight raidis or rows. 
Each file is named from tbe piece which 
occupies its first square, and countinK 
inversely from the position of each 
player to that of tbe other, the rows 
are numbered from 1 to 8. At White's 
rigbt-bood corner we bave thus K.R. 
square; immediately aboTe this K.IL2; 
and so on to K.R. 8, which com- 
pletes the file : tbe second file beglni 
with E.Kt square on the first row, 
and ends with K.KL 8 oa the eiKbth. 
White's K.It. 8 and K.KL 8 are thus 
Black's E.R. square, and K. Kt square, 
and the moves of each player are de 
scribed tbrougbout from his own posi- 
tion, in inverse order to the movea of 
bis oppoueot. 

Id cfiess aS tbe mea capture by oceo- 

pyins tbe poaition of tbe captoied mas, 

wblcb is removed fr«a tbe board; tbe 

only exception to this rale is the «n 

ChenHboKd, pMiatit capture by the pawn, which 

elgbt squares each, alternately black and will be explained later. "Tbe ordinary 

wnlte. Each player has sixteen men, move of tbe Paten is atroight forward 

eight of which, known as pauntM, are in the same file; a pawn never movea 

of the lowest grade ; the other eigbt, backward. The first time a P. Is moved 

called piecet, are of various grades, it may be played forward oue square 

They are, on each side, king and queen; or two; afterwards only one square at 

two buhopi, two kniohu, and two raoki a time. But in capturinc an adverse 

or cattlet. The board must be placed piece tbe P. moves diagonally one square 



that each player shall have a white to occupy tbe position of the captured 
square to bis rlgtit band. The men are man. 'TbuB if White open a game by 
then set upon the two rows of squares playing P. to K. 4 and Black answers P. 
next the players ; the pieces on tbe first, to K. 4, the pawns are immovable ; but 
tbe pawns on tbe second row, leaving if White now plays P. to K.B. 4 or P. 
four unoccupied rows io the center, to Q. 4, Black may capture the P. last 
The king and queen occupy the central advanced. Pawns have another mode 
squares facing the corresponding pieces of capture peculiar to themselves, known 
on tbe opposite side. The queen always as the en pa»»ant capture, which is 
occupies her own color, white queen on only available against pawns. If Black's 
white square, black on black. The two P., instead of occunying K. 4, stood on 
blsbops occupy the squares next the K. 6. and White played P. to Q. 4. 
king and queen ; tbe two knights tbe BIsck could not capture it by placing 
squares next tbe bishops : the rooks the his P. on the square it occnpies, whIcE 
last or corner squares. The pawns fill would be a false mr-ve ; but he is at 
indiscriminately the squares of the sec- liberty to make tbe capture by placing 
ond or front row. 'The men standing his own P. on tbe square passed over by 
on tbe king's or queen's side of tbe White's (Q. 6). The privilege of cap- 
board are named respectively king's and turing «n patiant has two important 
queen's men. Thus king's blsbop of limitations: (1) the P. to be captured 
knight is tbe bisbop or knight on tbe side must have moved two squares on Its 
o( the king. The pawns sre named from initial move, and (2) the capture must 
the pieces in front of which they stand ; be made immediatelt/ after it has moved ; 
king's pawn, king's knight's pawn, if other moves intervene tbe privilege 
queen's rook's pawn. etc. Tbe names in lost. When a P., by moving or cap- 
of the men are contracted an follows : — turing. reaches the eighth square of anv 
King, K; Ring's Bishop, K.B.; King's file It can no longer remain a P., but 
Knight. K.Kt.; King's Rook, K.R.; must at once be exchanged for a piece 
Queen. Q. ; Qneen's Bishop, Q-B.; of the same color. The player may 
Qneen's Knight, Q.KL; Queen's Book, choose any piece exeent tbe uni; bnt 



Chess Chester 

the queen, the most valuable piece, is ture the assailant It is also a funda- 
generally the piece chosen. This is called mental rule of the game that the K. can- 
queening a pawn, and a player may not be moved into check. When the K. 
thus have several queens on the board, can no longer be defended on being 
The Rook. — ^The moves of the pieces checked by the adversary, either by mov- 
are not, like those of the pawns, limited ing him out of danger, or by interposing 
to a single direction. The R. moves in another man, or by capture of the attack- 
any direction and for any distance that ing man the game is lost, and the. adver- 
ts open along either the particular row sary announces this by saying checkmate. 
or the file on which it happens to stand. When, by inadvertence or lack of skill. 
It can, of course, capture any obstruct- a player blocks up his opponent's EL so 
ing opposing piece or pawn and occupy that it cannot move without going into 
its place. The Bishop. — ^The B.'s move check, and no other man can be moved 
diagonally, either backward or forward, without exposing him, the player reduced 
and can never change the color of their to this extremity cannot, without yiolat- 
square. Like the R.'s, their range is only ing the fundamental rule referred to, play 
limited by the extent to which their at all. In such a case, the one player 
path is open or unobstructed ; a B. may being unable to plav and the other out 
also capture an obstructing opponent, of turn, the game is considered drawn^ 
The Queen. — ^The Q. combines the moves that is, concluded without advantage to 
of the R. and B. She is the most power- either player. 

ful piece on the board, and can move to, (JliAat ^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^® higher verte- 
or capttire at, any distance or direction ^*^^'*^f brates. the cavity formed by the 
in a straight line. The King. — ^The K. breast-bone in front and the ribs and 
is at once the weakest and the most backbone at the sides and behind, shut 
valuable piece on the board. In point off from the abdomen below by the dia- 
of direction he is as free as the queen, phragm or midriff. It contains the 
but for distance he is limited to the heart, lungs, etc., and the gullet passes 
adjacent squares. Standing on any through it. See Thorax. 
central square he commands the eight fJliAflter (ches'ter), an English par- 
aqnares around him and no more. Be- ^•■*''»«"'* liamentary and municipal 
sides his ordinary move the K. has an- borough, county town of Cheshire, situ- 
other by special privilege, in which the ated on the Dee about 16 miles from 
R. participates. Once in the game, if Liverpool. It is a bishop's see, and oon- 
the squares between K. and R. are dear, tains an old and interesting cathedral re- 
if neither K. nor R. has moved, if K. cently restored. The four principal 
is not attacked by any hostile man, and streets have the roadways sunk connd- 
if no hostile man commands the square erably below the level of the footways, 
over which K. has to pass^ K. may which run within piazzas covered by 
move two squares towards either K.R. the upper portion of the houses, and in 
or Q.R., and R. in the same move must front of the ranges of shops. Flights 
occupv the square over which K. has of steps at convenient distances connect 

Sassed. This is called casiUng. The the carriageways with the footways or 
inight. — ^The Kt., unlike the other ' rows.' Tnere are also shops and ware- 
pieces, never moves in a straight line, houses below the rows. These features. 
His move is limited to two squares at a together with the ancient walls (now 
time, one forwards, backwards or side- a public promenade) and the quaintly- 
ways, and one diagonally, and he can carved wooden gables of many of the 
leap over any man occupying a square houses, give an antique and picturesque 
intermediate to that to which he in- appearance to Chester. Chester has 
tends to go. All captures in chess are manufactories of lead pipes, boots and 
optional. shoes, iron-foundries, chemical works. 

The definite aim in chess is the reduc- etc. The port has been improved of 
tion to surrender of the opposing king, late years, and there is a considerable 
The K. in chess is supposed to be in- amount of shipping on the Dee. Po^. 
Tiolable, that is, he cannot be taken, he (1911) 39,038. 

can only be in such a position that if Chester ^ ^^ ^^ Pennsylvania, on 
ft were any other piece it would be ' the Delaware, 16 miles be- 

taken. Notice of every direct attack low Philadelphia, with which it is con- 
npon him must be given by the adver- nected by steam and electric railway*, 
sary saying check, and when the K. is It was settled by the Swedes in 1653 
attacked all other plans must be aban- and is the oldest town in the State, its 
doned. and all other men sacrificed, if Swedish name being Upland. Within re- 
necessary, either to remove him from cent years it has grown rapidly and be- 
danger, interpose another man. or cap- come the p^^t of large manufacturing 



Chesterfield Chettik 

LUtereata, InctndiDK great shin jaida, steel mtad, dufc-gncn lekve*. The fniit eon- 
works, textile milia, and other induBtriea. aUta of two of more aeedi enveloped In 
Fop. (1910) 38,537: (1920) 6a030. a prlckb' hoik. Frobabl? a natlTe of 

Cliester " '^^J.' ■^""t; aeat of Chester Aila Minor, It baa lone been natnral- 
> Co., South Carolina, 65 miles lied la Europe, and waa perbapa Intro- 
H. by w. of Columbia. The principal in- duc«d Into Britain br the B«innna. 
doatry la cotton milla. It ia served bf Cheatnnta form a ataple article of food 
aeveral railroads and has hrdro^ectric 
power. Pop. BM7. 

Chesterfield, t",™j'5-^:^''**"'^ 

„ , ' England, 24 miles n. of 

Utrbj. It baa manufactures of machin- 
ery, allk, cotton, etc. Pop, 40,917. 

Chesterfield, Sf eS™™!""." 

Bnfllah atateaman and author, was born 
In London In 16M, and died in 1773. On 
the ncoewlon of Oeorce I (1714) he b»- 
came Oentleman of the Bedchamber to 
the Prince of Watea, and waa returned b; 
the boroiKh of SL Germalns, In Corn- 
wall, to psrliament He sacceeded bla 
father In the title In 1728, aat in tiie 
Hodse of Lords, and acquired aoma tUa- 
tincdon aa a apeaker. In IT28 he waa 

ambaaaador to Holland, In 1744 lord-Ueo- CbeMout (CuUiwa wm). 

tenant of Ireland, a position which ha 

occulted with rreat cndit, and in 1740 amonf the peasants of Spain and Italy, 
secretary of state; btit in 1748 rttlrrf The Umber of the tree la Inferior to that 
from pnbUc affairs. He obtained aoma of the oak, thonsh simUer in appearance, 
reputation as an author by essays and a Two American apedes of chestnnta, C. 
aertes of letters to his son. llieae SmerioOna and O. Pumlta or cMfiiopfn 



writiun combine wit and food sense with (the latter a shrub), have edible fmlta 

«reat knowledfe of aodety. smaller than the fruit of the European 

PltABf^r.lp.flfTWAf »■ town of Dae- tree. — He Dame of Cape Cheatnot I* 

LitteSier-ie-Bireei, j^^j ^^ ^^ J^^ to « beantital tree of the me tam- 

connty of and 6 miles If. of Durham, Ily, a native of Cape Colony. — l^e More- 

(trtna name to a parlinaeotary division ton Bay Chestnut is a legumluona tree of 

of the conn^. It haa coal-mines and Australia. Cattanotpermum Awafrats, 

Iron-worka. Pop. (1911) 14.713. with fmita rewmbllng those of the cbeat- 

nr. L L flmtwvr tTunr an Vhtm. nut — The water-chestnut is the water- 

Chesterton, ^^,S^- i", =^ caltrop Trapa na^«. Be. C.ltr^-^. 

tbor, bora at Campden Hill, Kenslnfton. hor»e-che»tnnt (which see) ia quite a dlf- 

In 1874; wai educated at St PinS ^JT"! 'I** ?^S.^® *=??""'*S.i'"**?''i;*. 

School; attended cUases at the Slada Chctah (cheta). ^^e Febt fMtt 

School, and began his career by review- . „ , "_,'^>'?","'S?* '""*2l- •; 

iiW^ booka? He haa contributed to W"f J*"5'K?.."' Tt'"'l'; \,^*^Z*^ 

many different neriodlcala and has writ- *^, V^^j^^^lt fi p m»?-,i^1^ 

ten a number orbooka, including Broum- ^A *'"'^i,.£""'!l °' '^Ji*^J.,P°3 

A u.-u-ir.i_~ Z,t ■/«. /iQio^ head in the proper alrectlon aud removes 

AMwxOaim of Men (1912). ^^^ ^^^^ It is about the else of a large 

CheBt-fonnderUUS. ? dla«aa« in greyhound, has a catlike head, but a body 

« . ^ r^ °"*^ *J*^ 'oo« lllfe a doB'B. A slightl'- different 

matic affection of Uie musclea of the form inhabita Africa, diatinguUhed as a 

cheat and forelegi, impeding boUi nt- different species, though with only trivial 

plratlon and the motion of the limba, vsriations. ~' ' -~' 

CllMtnnt (ches'nnt), a genua of rhrtfilr (chefdk). a tree of Java. 

l/Uenaoi ^j^^,,^ ^^^^ Cupullfer«, ^*lei"« the Btryihna, TieuU, yleU- 

allied to the beech. The common or tng a very vlralent poison caLed by tta 

Spaidah dieatunt (OatUMa ve*ea) la same name, owing Ita virulenca to tkt 

a itatalf traa, wlOi large, baodiome, aet^ atrychnlna It coutaliii. 



Chetvert Chevy Chase 

fTliAfir^'H: (cbet'vert), a Russian grain- them the most valoahle race of mountain 
vucifVCAb measure, equal to 0.7218 of sheep in Britain. The fleece weighs 
an imperial quarter, or 5.77 bushels. from 3 to 4 lbs., and the carcass of 
Oievfll ^ ^^ sh^v&l; French), on ewes varies from 12 to 16 lbs. per quar- 
vucvcuy horeeback, astride any object, ter, that of wethers from 16 to 20 
The troops are said to be arranged d lbs. 

oheval when they are placed so as to CliAvreill (>h^yreul), Michel Eu- 
command two roads, two banks of a ^^^ vacua qj^h^^ ^ French chemist, 
river» etc bom in 1786. In 1813 he became pro- 

G1ieVfl.l»9lASS <8h6-Tal'), a swing fessor of physical science in the Charle- 
wAAvvoA 5ACI100 looking-glass mounted magne Lyceum, in 1824 director of dye- 
on a frame^ and large enough to reflect ing in the Gobelins manufactory, in 1830 
the whole ngure. professor of chemistry in the College de 

CfheVAlier (8h^^A*l7&)t Miohil, a France. In 1870 he retired. He wrote 
\/iAvvau«A celebrated economist, bom various works on chemistry and dyeing, 
at Limoges in France, in 1806. He was and an important work on the Frinot- 
edncated as an engineer in the School pies of Harmony and Ooniratt of ColorB, 
of Mines, Joined the St. Simonians, and translated into English. He died in 
suffered sue months' imprisonment for 1889. 

promulgating the free doctrines of Pfere OliAirpnTi (shev'ron), a heraldic and 
Knfantin's party. On his liberation M. vitcviwii ornamental form, variously 
Chevalier renounced his extreme doc- used. In heraldry, the chevron is an 

trines, and was sent to the United States ordinary supposed to rep- 

and to England on special missions. He ^ 7 resent two rafters meeting 

became a councilor of state (1838), I at top. It is one of charges 

professor of political economy in the ^^^ I called honorable ordinaries. 
Collie de France (1840), member of ^^B^^J and is usually placed as 




the chamber of deputies (1846), and ^^^Vj shown in the accompanying 
member of the Institute (1851). By ^ ^ cut. Chevrons of vanous 
this time he had written a number of \^>my^m^ forms are used in several 
works: Leiirea $ur VAmerique du Nord; chJLa, armies as the distinguish- 
De9 InUr4U MatirieU en France; Easaia '^«wvn». ^^^^ badge worn oU the 
de Politique Jnduairielle; Coura d^Eoon- sleeve of a non-commissioned ofiicer. In 
omie Pohtique, etc He was known as architecture, the chevron mouldinp con- 
a strong advocate of free trade and as sists of a variety of fret ornament of a zig- 
a specialist on questions of currency, zag form, common in Norman architecture. 
Along with Cobden and Bright he had 
a great part in the commercial treaty of 
1860 between France and Britain. He 
died in 1870. 

wMvvOTMA u,^ MA0W 'friesland 

horses,' so called because first used at 

the siege of Groningen, in that province. Chevron Molding. 

in 1^), contrivances used in warfare, . / v » *« m ii 

consUting of long pieces of timber or Chevrotain (B^ievru-tftn; Trag^lua 

iron fonSing a center, with long, sharp- " „ ^^ ,l>y^7«^«*i';* t^?^*®5 

pointed spikes projecting all round, of raaall musk-deer found in India and 

placed on the ground and serving to de- Southeastern AsU and the islands. 

fend a passage, stop a breach, etc Glie'VY Ghase, Kf*^* PM«fi, ^h^jSTr 

riiAinnf TTilU (ch6'vi-ot, or cbev'i- /^ „ /^_/,T^ 1 *^"^l*li®'1r^"**^5?"^®'^ 
trAeVlOI niUS \^^y ^ ^ ^,^ ^^ ballad, which is probably founded on 

borders of England and Scotland, some actual encounter which took place 

stretching 8. w. to N. B. for above 35 between its heroes, Percy snd Douglas, 

miles ; culminating point, the Cheviot, although the inadente mentioned in it 

2688 ft. They are clothed for the most are not historical. On amount of the 

part with a close green sward, and are simflarity of the incidents in ttiis ballad 

pastured by a celebrated breed of sheep, to those of The Battle of Otterhoume. 

iTU^'^^4' C1«AA-*% a variety of sheep* the two ballads have often been con- 

CneVlOt Sneep, taking their niSe founded ; but the probability is that if 

from the well-known Cheviot mountain any historical event is celebrated at all 

range, noted for their large carcass and in the ballad of Ohevy Chaae, it Is dlf- 

valuable wool, which qualities, com- ferent from Hiat celebrated in The BaitU 

bined with a hardiness second only to of OUerbowme, and that the similarity 

that of the black-faced breed, constitute between the two ballads is to be ex- 



Cheyenne ChiavaR 

plained bj ■apptMing Uiat manr of the produced. Ghiuitl wine is full flavored 
wenU of tbe former were borrowed from and Bstrinseiit, with tn slcabolic atrenilb 
the Utter, There ve two veruona of of about 20 per cent, 
the ballad beatins tbe name of Ch^t Chiall Turpentine ^^^Tt\\\^T 
Chate, an older one, originally called "***»» *i*»|.»,*.»*— pentine or 
Tk« Buntinf of tkt CAeriol, and a more regin obtained from the laland of Chios 
modem one. From the fact that the (Sdo), yielded by PUtachia Tartbtn- 
older veraion U mentioned in the Com- thu*, a native of the Mediterranean 
playol of Scotland, written in 154S, it is ialanda and ghoree, nsed in mediciDe. 
clear that ft waa known in Scotland Called also Cyprus turpentine, 
before that time. The age of the more PTiianaft (cbfr-B'pia), a state of the 
modem venioD i« believed to be no later "*"<*i"-» Mexican Confederatioti, area 
tban the reitn of Charlea II. This ia the 27,222 square miles. It is in many 
version which forma the subject of the parts mountainons, is intersected by sev- 
crltique by Addison in Koa. 70 and 74 of eral considerable streams, and covered 
the fipecfator. with immense forests. They are rich m 

nisveniKi (shl-Bn"), capital of the minerals, including gold. Tbe vaUeys 
i^UCjrcuuc gtite of Wyoming and are fertile, and produce much maiie, 
county seat of Laramie Co., 105 milee It. sugar, cacao and cotton, etc Bui trade 
of Denver, on the main lines of tbe Union is quite undeveloped on account of the 
Pacific and Colorado & Southern rail- lack of roads, Tbe capital is Tuitla 
roads, and the Lincoln and Yellowstone Gutierrra. In this state are tbe famoui 
highways. It is the center of an immense mines of Palinque. Pop. (1910| 436.817, 
agricultural and stock-raising area. Tbe rhinrftTHnTltp (ke-*-r ft-mon't 11 ), a 
Cheyenne Frontier Days CelebratiOD, held ^"^"™"*""'^ town of Sicily, prov- 
annually, attracts great crowds. Fort D. Ince Syracuse, on a hill in a highly fertile 
A. Russell is a few miles from the city, neighborhood. Pop. 10,480. 
It is the main airport of the Rocky Moun- Phiori (k6-B're), a tovm of N. Italy, 
tain rt«ion (elevation. 6088 feet above *'"^'*^* province of and 14 miles w. 
sea level). Pop. (1910) ll..'!20; (1920) Brescia, with manufactures of silk. Pop. 
13329.— The nver Chetenne is a tribu- U,000. ,^, . ^.,_. 

tary of the Missouri, formed by two flniamRflnm tkl-a*roB*Mrft; an 
branches, riaiug in Wyoming : length. 100 *'"'""'**""" Itahan term. meanlDg 
miles. ' clear^obscure ' ; in Erencb, elair-ob- 

Cheyenne Indiana. " ■",?'"l''l* ;e'"'?-'u'.° '•"i"'!.''^' **< ^"t".'*?'*'™ <•' 

vu&jt,uuB Auuxaus, branch of the the lights and shadows in a picture. A 
Algonquin stock of American Indians, composition, however perfect in other 



ote 



_._„ ly on the Red River of the respects, becomes a picture only by 

North, later on the Cheyenne River in means of tbe chiaroscuro which gives 

Wyoming and as far south as tbe faithfulness to tbe representation, and 

Arkansas. During the Civil war and therefore is of tbe highest importance 

until 1867 the government bad frequent for the painter. Tbe drawing of a piece 

wars and other troubles with them. Tbey may be perfectly correct, tue coloring 

now form part of tbe Indian population may be brilliant and true, and yet the 

of Oklahoma, whole picture remain cold and hard. By 

Chifthrera (kl-t-bra'ri), Gabkhllo, the chiaroscuro objects are made to ad- 

*"** an Italian poet, born In vance or recede from the eye, produce 

1S52; died in 1637: wrote various kinds a mutual effect, and (orm a united and 

of poems, and imitated Pindar and Anac- beautiful whole. 

rcon in odes and cautooets, not nn- niiilUltnTite (kl-as'to-llt), a mineral, 
Buccessfully. wiiiiKiiPWiii,^ ^ silicate of alumini- 
fThiano. (kS-B'n&; andeutly Clanti), um, having crystals arranged in  pecn- 
LiIUlUUL , river and valley of Italy, liar manner. The form of the crystals 
in Tuscany and Umbrla. The river la is ft fourslded prism, whose bases are 
artificially divided into two branches, rhombs differing little from squares, but 
the one flowing into the Amo. tbe other each crystal, when viewed at ita extremi- 
tnto the Paglia. By works begun in ties or on a transverse section, is obvi- 
liSSl and completed only in 1823 the onsly composed of two very dillerent sub- 
valley of tbe Cbisna has been drained stances, and its general aspect is that of 
•nd bronght under cultivation, being a black prism passing longitudtnallT 
M>w one of the most productive portions through the axis of another prism whicn 
of Italy. is wMtiah, 
CTiiRilti (ke-An'M). • district In Italy. CliiaTnri (U-B'Tt-re). a aeaport town, 

amr the bwtinown i«d irina of Italy la Genoa, 23 miles E. by B. of Oenoa, b 






15 

Is 



CShiavenna CIiioa«;o 

a district productive of wines, oliyes and the United States, situated on the a. w. 
eilk. Pop. 10,397. shore of Lake Michigan, and on ths 




Bergamo. It lies in a valley in the and its two branches separate the city 
midst of magnificent scenery on the road into three unequal divisions, known as 
to the Splttgen Pass, and has an impor- the North, the South and the West, con- 
tant transit trade. Fop. 8211. nected by numerous bridges and three 

ChibcliaS (chib'chaus), a nation of tunnels under the river. The streets 

semidvilized Indians, who are wide and are laid out at right angles, 
formerly occupied the region about the many of them being adorned by rows of 
headwaters of the Magdalena River, 8. fine forest trees. The city measures 
America, while branches extended widely 26^ miles in extreme length along the 
through the area of the present state lake and from 6 to 14 in breadth. Of 
of Colombia. ^ey are of interest this the business center occupies less 
for their abundant and striking archieo- than a mile square. It contains most of 
logical relics. These include neatly built the railroad stations, the post-office* 
small stone temples, lar^ carved images, court-house, art-institute, theaters, banks* 
rock paintings and carvings with figures principal hotels and stores, etc. The 
of men and animals and various others, site of the city ^as originally unhealthy 
Their burial places contain gold and sil- from its lowness, but a large portion of 
ver ornaments in considerable quantity, it has been artificially heightened (even 
^50,000 worth of gold being found in a while occupied by buildings) by 8 or 
sinue mound. Their gold vases surpass 10 feet. Among the chief buildings are 
in beauty of form any found elsewhere the new city-hall and court-house, the 
in America. custom-house and post-office and the 

ClliboilflTie (shin[)6k), a Turkish pipe chamber of commerce. There is a uni- 
^ " with a long stem. versity, which of recent years has had 



np- higli-dass colleges and seminariea To 
it parts of the Orinoco and the Rio supply the town with water tunnela 



ClliGa (chS'k&), a red coloring matter a great growth, and a large number _of 
viuucft ^mch the Indians on the np- 
per parts of the Orinoco and llie Rio 

Negro prepare from the leaves of a have l)een constructed which extend from 
plant native to that region called Big^ two to four miles under Lake Michigan, 
nonia Chioa, and with which they paint and convey the pure water of the lake 
their skin, in order to be better able into the town, where it is pumped up to 
to resist the rays of the son. See a height of 160 feet and distributed. 
Biffnonia. There are also a number of artesian 

Chica. (chiltft), a kind of beer made wells. From its position at the head of 
vuAVA from maize, in general use in the great chain of the American lakes 
Chile, Peru, and elsewhere in the moun- and at the center of a network of rail^ 
tainous regions of South America. The roads communicating with all parts of 
nsual method of preparing it is to steep the Union, Chicago has always been more 
the maize till it begins to grow, when a commercial than a manufacturing city, 
it is exposed to dry in tiie sun. The There are extensive docks, basins, and 
malt thus prepared is then ground, other accommedation for shipping. The 
mixed with warm water, and left to industries embrace iron-founding, brew- 
ferment The beer, when ready, has a ing, distilling, leather, hats, sugar, to- 
dark-yellow color, and a pleasant and bacco, agricultural implements, steam- 
somewhat bitter and sour taste, and is engines, boots- and shoes. In commerce 
very intoxicating. Sometimes the In- Chicago is second only to New York, 
dians, instead of grinding the malt, chew It has an enormous trade in pork-pack^ 
it. and this variety of the liquor is con- ing, and is the greatest market for grain 
sldered the best. It is the national and timber in America. Other articles 
drink of the Indians, and consumed by for which it is a center of trade are 
them in great quantines. Pito and poso flour, provisions, wool, hides and cloth- 
are other names for it ing. it is practically the transportation 
f!liino/»AlA or Chikakol (chlk'a- center of the continent, over 100,000 
UlUUUl/Uii;, ^QY^^ ^ ^^^^ ^f j^jj^ ^ mjlgg ^f railroad centering here, while 

the Oanjam district, Madras Presidency, the great lakes afford a splendid channel 

667 miles N. s. of Madras, notable for for inland navigation. The great feature 

its fine muslin manufactures. Pop. of the business of Chicago is its enor- 

18,196b mous dealings in foodstuffs. The Union 

ChirAfTO (Bhi-kgVO), a city of Illi- Stock .Yards, in the s. w. section of the 

viuui^v j^^ ^^ second largeot in oity, are the largest in the world, cov- 



Chici^ CMcKadee 

eting over 400 acres of area and having 1871, a great fire occurred which bomed 
accommodationfl for 75,000 cattle, 300,- down a vast number of houses and ren- 
000 hogs, 80,000 sheep and 6000 horses, dered about 160,000 persons homeless and 
Immense Quantitiefl of meat are shipped destitute, the total money loss being est!- 
from this point to every quarter of the mated at $190,000,000. But the energy of 
globe, those of dressed beef alone its inhabitants and its favorable situation 
amounting annually to more than 1,000,- enabled it to recover in a surprisin|ly 
000,000 pounds. Here is also the great- short time. The World's Columbian Ex- 
eat grain market in the world, approzi- position, held in Ghicafo in 1892-1888, 
mately half the total supply of grain re- celebrating Columbus' discovery of Amer- 
ceived at the eight leading grain markets ica, occupied a site of 633 acres on Lake 
of the country being handled here. Chi- Michigan, part of which is now Jackson 
cago was the pioneer in the construe- Park. In 1880 the population was 503,- 
tion of the lofty steel-frame business 185; (1890)1,099,850; (1900)1,6982575; 
buildings now so common and known (1910) 2,185,283; (1020) 2,701,705. 
as * sky-scrapera' The Masonic Tern- riiiAocyn TTAicylifa a city of Cook 

gle. one of the early examples of these, vrlUCagO nei^ni^Sy q^^ fuinois. 27 
I 22 stories high and can accommodate miles s. of Chicago. It is an important 
5000 occupants. There is a magnificent manufacturing city, among its producte 
park system, embracing a considerable being locomotives, steel rails and castings, 
number of parks circling round the city glass bottles, chemicals, pianos, etc Pop. 
from the lake and connected by parked (1910) 14,525; (1920) 19,653. 
boulevards 26 mUes long. It is in con- fJliiAftcyo TTtiivATftifv of "* insti- 
templation to add to these by a number ^mcagO, umvcrsixy OI, tudonfor 
of diagonal boulevards traversing the higher learning, in Chicago, occupying 
city outward from its business center, nearly 100 acres of land between the two 
To prevent the contamination of the prindpal parks of the South Park sjrstem. 
water supply by the sewage of a dty Several of its notable buildings — amouK 
of so great extent If poured into the them the double-towered Harper Memorial 
lake, a great drainage canal has been library, housing more than 500,000 books, 
coDstnjcted from the Chicasro River to and Ida Noyes Hall for women students — 
Joliet on the Desplaines River, a dis- front upon the Midway Plalsance. It was 
tance of 30 miles. This has a minimum foundea in 1890 and opened its doors to 
depth of 22 feet and for 10 miles is 200 men and women students Oct. 1, 1892. 
feet wide and 35 feet deep. By its aid In the academic year 1892-93 there were 
the sewage, diluted with lake water, is but 742 students. To-day there are over 
conveyed to the Mississippi, and the 10,0()0 students. The teaching staff has 
canal may ultimately be used as a ship- increased from a small group of men and 
ping route from Lake Michigan to New women to about 400 of all ranks. Endow- 
Orleans. ment has increased to $30,000,000, while 
Chicago has many public buildings the total assets in land, buildings and se- 
noteworthy for architectural beauty, curities exceed |50,(X)0,000. John D. 
among them the Art Institute, the Pub- Rockefeller, who aided in the first sub- 
lie Library and the Newberry Library, scription, afterwards added largely to his 
while the Auditorium is one of the larg- gifts, contributing in all some $35,000,000. 
est and best appointed public halls m One of its important adjuncts is the 
the country. The 0>liseum on South Yeikes Observatory (q. v.]. 
Wabash Street, the scene of national con* 

ventions and other gatherings, and the fThinliVaf Ar u^ episcopal and mnnlc- 

Intemational Amphitheater at the Stock ^^^** enter, ,p^j ^.^y ^^ ^^^j jggg 

Yards, are the largest public halls in the & parliamentary borough of England, 
dty. The Field Museum of Natural His- i^^ar the southwest comer of the country 
tory has a large and admirable collection, of Sussex, well built, with wide streets. 
The Universi^ of Chicago has erected a Its old wall, still in good preserva- 
handsome group of Engluh Gothic build- tion and lined with lofty elms, gives 
ings on the South Side, near Jackson It a very picturesque appearance. Its 
Park. The finest residence streets are the principal edifice is the cathedral, an 
Lake Shore Drive of the North Side and ancient Gothic structure with a most 
the boulevards. graceful spire. Chichester takes its 

Before 1831 Chicago was a mere ham- name (CHssaceaster) from the South 
let surrounding Fort Dearborn (built in Ssxon king Oigsa, who rebuilt it. Pop. 
1803). Its charter is dated March 4. 12.594. 

1837, its population being then 4170, but CUckftdeA (chik'a-dC), the popuUr 
since then it has advanced at a& alto- ^****"******'^ name In America or the 
gether extraordinary rate. On October 9, black-cap titmouse (Parut aixicapiUui) 



Chickahominy ChickasaT^ Indians 

and other allied species, being derived nooga in wild disorder. The Union army 
from their note. was defeated and only the splendid leader* 
niiinlraVinTniTiTr a river in Virginia, ship of General Thomas prevented a com- 
i/iiiu&iuiumiiiy, rising about 20 miles plete rout His troops fought with a grim 
N. w. of Richmond, flowing s. E. till it steadfastness and were handled in a mas- 
joins the James River. Near this river tcrly manner. Dodge, in Ms * Bird's Eye 
important battles took place during the View of the Civil War,* says : * No more 
Civil war, notably that of May 31-June 1, splendid spectacle appears in the annals 
1862. called the Battle of Fair Oaks, in of war than this heroic stand of Thomas 
which the Union advance, which had been in the midst of a routed army.' He re- 
thrown across the river, was attacked by tired to an eminence commanding the 
the Confederates with great impetuosity principal gap in Missionary Ridge, and 
and but for the arrival of reinforcements there sustained attack after attack for six 
would have been totally destroyed. hours, remaining at nightfall master of 
dliclcamail^a ^ chick-a-m^^'ga ) , a the position, with one-tnird of his force 
\/Ai.j.\/A.auxau5ci. gmaH tributary of dead or wounded. For his heroic stand 

the Tennessee River, joining the latter Thomas earned the title of ' The Rock of 
about 8 miles above Cnattanooga. Near Chickamauga.' But for him the battle 
it was fought a great battle in the Civil would have been a Waterloo for Rose- 
war, on September 19-20, 1863, between crans. When the right moment came 
the Federal forces under Rosecrans and Thomas withdrew in good order, joining 
the Confederates under Bragg. Early in the defeated right and center. Chatta- 
September Rosecrans had taken the initia- nooga remained in Union hands, though 
tive and by a series of skilful maneuvers the Confederates continued their efforts to 
had compelled Bragg to fall back from regain it. Soon afterward General Grant 
Tullahoma into Chattanooga. Below here was appointed to command all the forces 
he crossed the Tennessee River and ad- west or the Alleghenies, and Rosecrans 
vanced through the passes of the long was removed from the command of the 
mountain ridges that stretch in nearly Army of the Cumberland, being succeeded 
parallel lines to the south. This move- by General Thomas, 
ment threatened Bragg's base of supplies This important victory for the Confed- 
at Dalton, Georgia, and compelled him to erates was gained at the loss of about 
evacuate Chattanooga, which was there- 17,800 men. The Federal losses, in killed, 
upon occupied oy the Union forces. The wounded and missing, were estimated at 
maneuver, owing to the difficult mountain slightly over 16,000. 
country, necessitated the undue extension Cllifikanian^a Rock of. See 
of Rosecrans' lines, and he made the sud- ^*"'^^"'"*«*"'6**> Thomas, General 
den discovery that Bragg had 50,000 men George Henry. 

^^^ SVoS'.a?'"wiSJh*'cSmffl Chickamauga National MiU- 

not more than 20,000 and was separated f o^y Pa.rk ^ United States govern- 
b^ mountainous country from its two *'"'*J ^^*''^f ment reservation in Geor- 
wings. Bragg had an excellent opportu- gia near the Tennessee boundary, on the 
nity to crush his antagonist but he hesi- site of the battle of Chickamauga (1863). 
tated and while he hesitated Rosecrans, It was dedicated in September, 1805, and 
soon perceiving that the Confederate re- is maintained by Congress with the co- 
treat was onl^ apparent, succeeded in con- operation of Georgia and Tennessee. 

centrating his forces in the valley of CMckaSaW BluffS. **? Bayou, a 

Chickamau{?a. Bragg, who had been ^****'*»«**'«* » -^* •***», place near 

heavily reinforced by Longstreet from Vicksburg, Mississippi, the scene of a bat- 
Virginia, hastened to force a battle on tie between the Federal forces under Gen- 
Rosecrans in the hope of cutting? off his eral Sherman and the Confederates under 
retreat through the gaps in Missionary General Pemberton. It resulted in a vic- 
Ridge. The first daj of the battle, Sep- tory for the Confederates, who repulsed 
tember 19, was indecisive, Thomas holding Sherman's attempt to gain the rear of 
his ground on the Federal left against a Vicksburg and join Grant. The Confe<l- 
spirited attack by General Polk. About erate losses were about 200, while the 
noon of the next day, through a misunder- Federals lost some 2000 men. 
standing of orders, a gap was left in the nTiinlraoATxr TTii^iATia (chic'a-sa), a 
Union line near the junction of the center ^mUKftSaw xnoiaus tribe of Amer- 
with the right wing. Longstreet, in com- ican Indians of the Appalachian nation, 
mand of the Confederate left, poured his In 1833 they gave up to the United States 
troops into the gap, routing both the the last of their lands east of the Missis- 
Union center and the Union nght wing in sippi River, receiving as compensation a 
flank, driving them back toward Chatta- money indemnity and new lands on the 



Cliiokasha ' Chicory 

left bank of the Red River, in the Indian miles 8. E. (if Cadiz, built of snow-white 

Territory (now in Oklahoma). The stone, contains a magnificent hospital, and 

Chickasaws number about 5000. They has manufactures of linen, earthenware, 

made considerable advances towards civili- etc. The sulphur baths, temperature (JO*, 

sation, and had a senate and house of are efficacious in cutaneous affections, and 

representatives. are much freq^uented. Pop. 11.500. 

Chickasha (chUt'a-sha), a city, county ChiclC i^^^'^i j? ^® P?S"^ ^^^ *.?* 

wMAVA«Miu<» seat of Grady CJo., Okla- ^****'*^ fruit of the SapodiUa or Bully 

homa, 38 miles s. w. of Oklahoma, on the tree, grown in Brazil and the West Indies. 

Rock Island, Frisco and Santa Fe rail- The fruit resembles a bergamot pear in 

roads. It is the seat of the Oklahoma shape and size and is called naseberry. 

State College for Women. The fertile An elastic giim is obtained from it, and 

Washita Valley, in which the city is situ- this is extensively employed in the manu- 

ated, produces cotton, com and wheat in facture of chewing gum. The imports of 

abundance. It has cottonseed-oil mills, chicle to the united States in 1917 

cotton gins and compress, large broom com amounted to $3,108,153. 

warehouse, great cattle-feeding pens, for- Plnno (chS'ko), a city of Butte Co., 

tilizer ^lant, flour mill, etc. Much of its ^^^^^ Calif omia, 98 miles N. of Sac- 

prospenty is due to the discovery of the ramento, in a fruit-growing, dairying. 

Cement oil pool, 16 miles s. w. of the city, lumber and mining district. It has vari- 

WeUs arc also drilling in the district, ous manufactures including matches, elec- 

Pop. (1900) 3209 ; (1920) 10,179. trie cars, flour, etc. rfeat of Stete Normal 

Chicken-breasted, ^?V^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^*^^'*''^- ^^ ^75^ * ^1^^^^. ^1''^ ?f ^ 

wMAWA^u vj.^ar0irvMi ^£ breast, result- acres, presented to the city by General 
ing from malformation or from carious and Mrs. John Bidwell; extending into 
disease or spinal weakness, in which the the Sierra Nevadas, containing many 
vertebrate column is curved forwards, srenic wonders. Pop. (1920) 9339. 
giving rise to projection of the sternum ChlCODee (chik'6-p6), a city of Hamp- 
er breast-bone. %/a*a\/v^w ^^^ q^^ Massachusetts, on 

niiinlrATl.TiA'v (vabicella), an infec- the Connecticut River, at the mouth of 

uiiiu&Cii yuA. ^^^^^ disease mainlv the Chicopee, 4 miles N. of Springfield, 

confined to children. It commences with with manufactures of cotton cloth, ma- 

feverishness, and an eruption of pimples, chinery, automobiles and tires and rubber 

which speedily become blebs filled with goods, sporting goods, firearms, farm im- 

dear fluid and as large as split peas, piemen ts and many other articles. Pop. 

Within a week these dry up into dark- (1010) 25,461 ; (lfe20) 36^14. 

colored scabs, which within another week niiiRnTiPP "River * river of Massa- 

havcfaUenoff. The disease is never fatal, ^^^pcc «.ivci, chusetts. flowing 

and has no evil results. A little opening into the Connecticut River. It is about 

medicine and a mild diet is all the treat- 50 miles long and has an abundance of 

ment required. water power, which is utilised by Chico- 

nii'inlmAO the popular name of Cicer pec, Chicopee Falls (where Edward Bel- 

viuu&pcay arieiinum, which grows lamy was bom), Ludlow, Three Rivers 

wild alon^ the shores of the Mediterra- and other towns on its banks, 

nean and m many parts of the East, pro- CllicorV (cWk'o-ri; Chichorium), a 

ducing a short, puny pod with one or gen- ^*"*'*'*J genus of composite plants, 

erally two small, wrinkled seeds. It is an including the two important species of 

important article in French and Spanish C. Endivia (endive) and C. Intifhu* 

cookery, and the plant is cultivated in (chicory or succory). The former, a 

Europe, Egypt, Syria. India, Mexico, etc. native of the East Indies, is known under 

When roasted it is the common parched two sorts — the curled and the Baiavian 

wtlse of the East. The herbage serves as — both forming well-known salads by 

fodder for cattle. the blanching of their leaves. The C. 

niiinlrTirAAii the popular name of Intyhm or chicory is a common percn- 

viuuiLWCCU, stellaria media, order nial plant, from 2 to 3 feet high, from 

CaryophyllacejB, one of the most common the lower part of which milky leaves 

weeds in cultivated and waste ground in rise. The leaves are sometimes blanched, 

Europe, flowering throughout the year, to be used as salad, in the same way 

It has a procumbent more or less hairy as 0. Endivia. But the most important 

stem, with ovate, pointed leaves, and many part of the plant is its long, fleshy and 

small white flowers. It is much used for milky root, which when roasted and 

feeding cage-birds, which are very fond ground is extensively used in Britain 

both of its leaves and seeds. for mixing with coffee. Itij presence in 

ritiolQiio (ohP-kla'na), a town of coffee may easily be detected by putting 

VlUUiaiitt Spain, in Andalusa, 12 a spoonful of the mixture into a glass 



Chicoutimi CMld Labor 



of dear cold water, when the coifee will insuppNortable itching attends it. In 

float on the surface, and the chicory some instances the skin remains entire, 

separate and discolor the water as it but in others it breaks and discharges a 

subsides. thin fluid. The general treatment should 

Cllicoiltillli (she-ko-tSme'), a town be one prescribed, and extremes of heat 

"^^ of Quebec province. Can- and cold avoided. 

^on" ^^nYowr&OO. ^"^ ^ ""■ Childbirth. See BWtK. 

CWeri <K^'rt»;f!>kiy?-8 .^L ^ri. Si Child labor, g^! f^ iT Z 

Turin, with a very large Gothic church, necessity for strict regulation under State 
and manufactures of cotton, silk, etc. and Federal laws been recognized in the 
Pop. 15,454. matter of children's labor. It was as late 
Chietl (hS-fi'tS) , a town of Southern as 1^4 before the State of Massachusetts 
Italy, capital of province of crystallized into law the demands of the 
same name, on a hill near the right bank social workers for an adequate measure of 
of the Pescara. It is well built, is the see protection for the children employed in 
of an archbishop, and has manufactures industries. This pioneer law limited the 
of woolens, etc. Pop. 26,368. employment of children under thirteen in 
rjl|{fP.rjl|A^ one of the smallest of textile mills. Soon after. Connecticut and 
\jusM, \/iMu.f ^g European warblers, then Pennsylvania and New York followed 
whose name has been derived from its suit, until to-day twenty-six States have 
twittering note of *chiff-cha£E; chery- passed highly protective laws. With 
churry.' Its entire length is about five the question of Child Labor is involved 
inches. that of illiteracy, which is largely 
GIli?06 i^^^^)f o' JiGOEB, a very governed by the character of the 
o^^ curious insect (Ptftev or £far- legislation in the various States. In 1900 
copjyUa penetratM), closely resembling the there were 510,678 illiterate children in 
common flea, but of more minute sise, thirteen States, in which relatively back- 
found in the West Indies and South ward legislation existed, as compared with 
America and the Southern States of the 19,269 such children in the remaining 39 
United States. It burrows beneath the States. The advocates of strict legislation 
skin of the foot, and soon acquires the size urge the evil physical effects upon young 
of a pea, its abdomen becoming distended children engaged in work for several hours 
with eggs. If these eggs remain to be daily and ttiose which develop as a result 
hatched beneath the skin great irritation in later years. The first broad consider- 
and even troublesome sores are sure to ation of Federal legislation was due to the 
result. The insect must be extracted en- Beveridge Child Labor Bill. This blU was 
tire, and with great care, as soon as its substantially the same in principle as that 
presence is indicated by a slight itching. passed by Congress in 1916, but it failed 
niiiTiTiaTiTici (che-wa'wa), a city of of passage. It was only in 1912 that a 
uiuuuiuiua iiexico, capital of the Children's Bureau was established in the 
state of the same name, generally well- Department of Commerce and Labor. The 
built, and supplied with water by a no- laws of the different States vary in detail, 
table aqueduct. It is surrounded by generally in the South they are less fa- 
silver mines, and is an important entre- vorable, though in Tennessee and Louisi- 
g&t of trade. Pop. about 40,000. — ^The ana, the restrictions on the employment 
TATE is bounded on the n. by the of children are stricter than in some other 
United States and on the N. e. by the Southern States. The general tendency of 
Rio Grande del Norte; has a healthy legislation has been to lessen the employ- 
climate, and is rich in silver mines. Pop. ment of children under fourteen. The 
405,265. chief objections raised to the Federal law 
GhilaW (chi-lft'), a seaport town on of 1916 are based on the economic condi- 
the west coast of Ceylon, 45 tion of the cotton mill industry, which 
miles N. by w. of Colombo, formerly a has been so largely developed in that sec- 
place of greater importance than it is tion in recent years, and which it is 
now. Pop. about 3000. claimed must have access to ample cheap 
fhi11ll0.lTlR (chil'bljlnz) are painful labor to maintain itself in the face of 
vriixxuxaxus inflammatory swellings, advantages possessed by the mills of New 
of a deep purple or leaden color, to which England. The constitutionality of the 
the fingers, toes, heels, and other extreme Federal bill was questioned, and after a 
parts of the body are subject on being long legal fight it was declared unconsti- 
exposed to a severe degree of cold. The tutional by the U. S. Supreme Court, on 
pain is not constant, but rather pungent the ground that it invaded State's rights 
and shooting at particular times, and an in seekins to prohibit the transportation 



OhUdebert dim 

in interstate commerce of articles manu- tile Bioblts t!ie Valdivla. Lontae, Manle, 
factured by children. A new child-labor Itata and Cfanapa or lOapel. The sur- 
bill, setting the same standards as the first face is greatly diTersified, but rises in ele- 
bill, but invoking the taxing instead of vation as it recedes from the coast and 
the interstate power, was passed by Ck)n- approaches the Andes, along the water- 
gress in 1918 and became effective in shed of which a great part of the boun- 
April, 1910. dary runs. Some of the summits here 

niiililpliArf (chil-de-b«rt), the name rise to 20,000 feet or more, but the ele- 
viuiucucA b ^^ ^Ijj^ kings of the Tation decreases towards the south. 
Merovineian dynasty^ France. The first, Ghilod and numerous other islands fringe 
a son of Clovis, 49&-558; the second, a the coast in the south. Earthquakes are 
■on of Siegbert and Brunehaut, 570-596 ; common, those of 1822, 1835 and 1868 
the third, sumamed the Just, a son of being particularly violent. In the Chilean 
Thierry 1, 683-711. Andes there are twenty volcanoes at 

Children's Bureau a United states least, some of which are still in a state of 
i^41mu\ax«^uo Miuvoruy govcm m c u t intermittent activity. The climate is re- 
bureau in the Department of Labor. It markably salubrious. In the northern 
was established in 1912 and placed in the provinces it rarely rains — ^in some parts 
Department of Commerce and Liabor perhaps never ; in the central parts rain 
under the management of Miss Julia C. is sumciently abundant, while m the ez- 
Lathrop. treme south there is even an excess of 

CllildTeflS '^ ^^y* ^^^^^y ^^^^ ^^ Chil- moisture. Among the minerals of Chile 
■^^ ' dress Co., Texas, 220 miles are gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, sine, 

ir.W. of Fort Worth, on the Fort Worth antimony, manganese, arsenic, tin. snl- 
ft Denver Bailway, in a district producing phur, alum, salt and cubic niter. Silver 
cotton, com. wheat, etc. The county leads and copper are the two most important 
the State in pure-bred registered hogs, metals. The copper mines are most nu- 
The Fort Worth & Denver railroad shops merous in the northern districts. Nitrate 
are here: and there are cotton gins, gram of soda or Chile saltpeter, is a great 
milk and elevators. Pop. (1920) 5003. source of wealth. Coal is mined at sev- 
Cllildfl Geobge WnxiAM (1829-94). eral places. Though possessing many fer- 
\/uAAuo| ^^ American publisher and tile tracts, a great portion of Chile is in- 
philanthropist, bom in Baltimore. In capable of cultivation, being naked and 
1864 he bought the Philadelphia Public mountainous. The province of Atacama 
Ledger, then a small paper, and made it i« especially destitute of vegetation. From 
one of the most influential of newspapers, the 29th degree of latitude southwards 
He was widely known for his public spirit green valleys and fertile tracts appear, 
uid philanthropy. the character of the vegetation getting al- 

See PechUL ways richer, till in the southern provinces 

•f ^TL-i /^h&'ia ^kfi'in . '^^ fi°<i the sides of the Andes clothed 
ill, or Cnile i5„liS; ^^f UA^^Jli ^<^ ^<>^^^ and with herbaceous plants 
A^^riL -,f.«Hin» ^hsl^^fhJ iS^^S ^^ fi^owen of the richest and most beau- 
^!r*%>«^i?^ i«^ « «L.i5 f« n«S« ^^1 h"«8- I» some of the northern die- 
w^ ^ wi„H?„ir PWW^nH ^u^ ^^^ ^^^izc is Cultivated; in the southern 
5w' A^nili in^ finS ^f rrfir- JL^ districts wheat and barley are the chief 
v^tL n ff hS,mHi>S^ fhp ? h^^pfiS agricultural products. Fruits are abun- 

Tt"hTrive'r' ^la^^tWe^ ^uL^^?, gj^'lS^' o?aTei '^aTrS^eloSI'^e??' 

rated by the chief range of the Cordilleras. ^^3^^^ *°. ®^™® P^*^ ^J^ S«>^d .^V^ 
Its length from N. to s. is about 2800 '»»^^? "PfJ*.*%*^2 ^^^^\? ".P^^l^ 
miles ; its breadth, on an average, 120 carrying this farther. The wild animals 
miles ; area 307,620 sq. miles, divided into include the guanaco, puma, or American 
twenty-three provinces and one territory ; Hon, the chinchilla, coypu, deer, etc. 
population, about 5.000,000. By the war Cattle are raised in great numbers, from 
with Peru and Bolivia, which terminated 4000 to 20.000 being sometimes reared 
in 1882, Chile gained aU the seaboard of on one ranch. The manufactures are of 
Bolivia, and annexed also the Peruvian little importance, but include cordage, 
provinces of TarapacA, Tacna and Arica soap, copper wares, leather, brandy, etc 
(the latter two for ten years, after which The commerce is increasing rapidly. By 
a plebiscite was to decide whether they far the greater part of the foreign trade 
should CO to ChUe or Peru. Chile still re- is with Great Britain. Mineral products 
tains them). The chief towns are San- form five-sixths of the total exports, Uie 
tiago (the capital) and Valparaiso. The principal article being the native nitrate 
rivers are numerous ; the principal ones are of soda, the value of whidi alone 



Chili Chillon 

122.500,000 in 1884 and $75,000,000 in resulted in his overthrow. Jorge Montt 

1910. The value of exports in 1912 succeeded him. In 1896 Federioo Erra- 

was S139,878,201, and of imports $122.- suriz became president. During the presi- 

075,994, a total of $261,954,195. Ac- dency of German Riesco (1901-06) the 

counts are in pesos, the gold peso being boundary dispute with Argentina was set- 

the monetary unit, having a value of tied. Ramon Barros Luco became presi- 

abont 36 cents. In 1912 Chile's railwav dent in 1911, in which year the Alsop 

system had a total length in miles of 6738. Claim, a dispute of 25 vears' standing 

Chile is a republic, and is considered between Chile and the United States, was 

the best regulated in SouUi America. It settled, and was succeeded by Juan Luis 

ifl under a president elected for five years Sanfuentes in 1916. Chile remained neu- 

and a council of state. The legislature is tral during the European war. 

composed of a senate elected for six years, rii,:iT.nnf Poaa a Paw over the coast 

and a house of deputies elected for three vUliikUUi. xUbs, range of the Rocky 

^**"ii*.oo2i^™^t®^ revenue for 1912 Mountains in Alaska. It begins at the 

was |Jg3,261,000, the estimated expendi- town of Dyea and attains a height of 3502 

ture $375,147,000,^th an esUmated war f^ j^ ^as once a principal route from 

h^^^A fL^^'^i 1 J^,%f^?««oo1Sft' ^^« ^"^^"^ «^^^ *o ^« ^"^^^ «^^^ ^^^^' 
Home and foreign, IV^ll. was $bdD,ozAUOO. --- .„ /«un «a,.»\ « 4.^«*» ^# nvn^ 

The war strength of tie army is 85.000. Chilian [l^J^il^^? ly^t J^r.^ S^»* 

There Is an efficient navy of 6 battleships ^, , «^?^tal £ tiie Province of Nu- 

and cruisers, and a fleet of torpedo boats ^\i^ »° angle between the ChiUim and 

and submarines. The Chileans are mostly ^uble, connected by rail with Talca- 

of Spanish or Indian descent. They are ^"«°« »?<! Santiago. It is a ^n^g 

generally fond of agricultural pursuits, P'«?«' ^^^ ^lofll? S^ftlift^'^ ^ 

and possess a considerable amount of en- K^'^i^** *<>P' viyiw) ^D,\jiAf, 

ergy and enterprise. Schools and colleges Chilled Iron ^^° ^^^ ^ metal 

have been established, and the extension ^*"**^^ ^xv**, m^i^g called chilU, 

of the benefits of education has been of where, on account of the rapid conducting 

late one of the constant aims of the gov- of the heat, the iron cools more quickly 

emment, elementary education being now on the surface than it would do if cast in 

gratuitous. The Roman Catholic is the sand. Chilled iron is whiter and has a 

established religion of Chile, but the mem- harder surface than iron cast in any other 

bers of other denominations are allowed way. 

, a city, 
iivingston 

by Indians. TheAriucanians inhabit the cTt y , "oi"t h ree railroadT "it"*is"an educa^ 

nS^v il— * ^^^^ ^^ ."J«." ?19}^\^ tional and industrial center, with about 
and Valdma, and long maintained their lOO industrial, jobbing and manufacturing 
independence, till m 1882 they became plants. Pop. (1920) 6525; with student 

■^r^Mi** *^1— ® ?i^^K*? *^II''?™®JSi*- T enrolment, and suburbs, 10.230. 

ChUe originally belonged to the Incas /ii,;nj-»!!4."u-. a citv countv seat of 

«f^^2?\^Q2 "S?^' ^i^^^^^^A^r^^y Scioto River. 43 miles s. of Columbus. It 

SSS^,,^ V^i Fr°^P ^fl^ «P®1^ ioVf? ^as manufactures of book and magazine 

2£S°-^ *i«^J?''^ °' ®P^ ^l\ }^}^' paper, shoes, pottery, etc. It is centraUy 

«?«?^^'^^^^^iQ?T?"°?r"'^'^^^^^l^*^^' located and fias exceUent transportation 

2?i?5^it^? ■^^l^ *° *? i°<ifpendence. facilities. From 1800 to 1810 it was the 

£!S^fI2:^ K ^^l ^^™™?!l^°if ^r® %°^® capital of Ohio. Pop. (1910) 14,508; 
occurred; but the country has been free /1920) 15 831 

from these compared with other South ni*;n;*««U«^**.*l. William f 1602-44) 

Anierican states A war begun with ChlUingWOrth, ^"^g^g^iire^^^^ 

Spain in 1865, led to the blockade of the ^jan. bom at Oxford. He wal made chan- 

coast by the Spanish fleet, and the bom- cellor of the bishopric of Salisbury, and in 

bardment of Valparaiso m 1866. In the civil war supported the king^s cause. 

1879 a war broke out with Bolivia and He published many sermons : and his 

Peru, in reference to the rights of Chile Religion of Proiesiania formei an epoch 

in the mineral district of Atacama. This i^ jinglish theology and gave him lasting 

war was virtually finished m 1881, and fame 
the victorious Chileans gained a lar^e 

accession of territory from both Bolivia (lliilloil (sh^-yOv), a castle of Swit- 

and Peru. In 1891 an insurrection, ^*****v4a zerland. on the Lake of Ge- 

headed by influential members of Con- neva, 6^ miles s. e. of Vevay, once an 

gresa. caused by dissatisfaction with important stronghold of the (jounts of 

President Balmaceda's adminiatration. Savoy, and the prison-house of Francis 




ChOo Chimpanzee 

Bonniyard, prior of St Victor, Geneva, petaal snow 2600 feet from the Bammit 
from 1530 to 1536. It has acquired ln< and upwards. In 1880 it was ascended 
terest from Byron's poem, The Prisoner to the top for the first time by Mr. B. 
of ChiUon. Whymper. 

Chilo (mc). See ckoon. Chimere (f;?^^>ihe*'iSwS^^i^.erS? 

Olilo^ (ch6l-w&'), a province and a bishop are attached. 
VUXJ.W igimid Qf Chile. The province Cllillies (chlms)^ a species of music, 
comprehends the island of Chuo^, to- ^*^^^^^^ mechanically produced by the 
gether with a number of other ii^ands, strokes of hammers against a series of 
and a portion of the mainland. The bells, tuned agreeably to a given musi> 
island of GhUo6 is for the most part cal scale. The hammers are lifted by 
covered with dense forests, but large levers acted upon by metallic pins, or 
tracts of it are still unexplored. The wooden pegs, stuck into a large barrel, 
chief town is San Carlos, or Ancud. The which is made to revolve by aodswork, 
exports consist chiefly of timber from and is so connected with the striking 
tile forests of the island and the main- part of the clock mechanism that it is 
land. The climate is healthy but very set in motion by it at certain intervals 
wet Area of the province, 8593 sq. of time, usually every hour, or every 
miles ; pop. 91,022. quarter of an hour. The chime mech- 

niiilnfmoflio Chilopoda. See anism is sometimes so constructed that 
UiLUU^iiltbiitt, Cheiloffnatha. it may be played Uke a piano, but with 

Chilon (^'loi^)' or Ohilo, one of the the fist instead of the fingers. 
vf^uxAvu. g^j^niigjj seven wise men of GMmiieV (chim'ni), an erection 
Greece. He flourished about the begin- '^ generally of stone or brick 

nin|r of the sixth century B.C., and was a containing a passage by which the smoke 
native of Sparta, and one of the Ephori, of a fire or furnace escapes to the open 
or chief magistrates. A collection of his air. In this sense the first chimneys we 
sayings is extant hear of are no earlier than the middle 

ChimffiTA Chimera (ki-m6'ra), in ages. The longer a chimney is the more 
\jxLMMktKii.nf classical myth, a fire- perfect is its draught, provided the fire 
breathing monster, the foreparts of la great enough to heat the column of 
whose body were those of a lion, the air in it, because the tendency of the 
middle of a goat, and the hinder of smoke to draw upwards is in proportion 
a dragon. Thus the name came to be to the difference of weight between the 
used for an unnatural production of the heated air in a chimney and an equal 
fancy. column of external air. Smoky chim- 

nii-mokra (ki-mS'ra), a genus of car- neys may be caused either by the pres> 
xjiLLumiu, tiia^nous fishes. Almost ence of other buildings obstructing the 
the only known species is the Ohimiara wind and giving rise to irregular cur- 
moMtrdsa, which inhabits the northern rents of air, or by improper construction 
seas, and is sometimes called king of the of the fireplace and adjacent parts of 
herrings, and, from its two pairs of large the chimney. The first may generally 
teeth, rahbit-fish. There is but one gill- be cured by fixing a chimney-pot of a 
opcnmg. and the tail terminates in a particular construction, or a revolving 
point, the fish having, on the whole a sin- cowl, on the chimney top, in order to 
gular appearance. It seldom exceeds 3 feet prevent the wind blowing down ; in the 
in lengtL The name Oold and BUver second case the narrowing of the chim- 
Fish is sometimes applied to the northern ney throat will generally create a better 
chimnra because of its gorgeous coloring, draught 

In the southern hemisphere there is an- Glliiniiev-Diece ^^^ assemblage of 
other species of chimaera (CaUorhynchua ^ ^ * architectural dress- 

antarctic), called also eHephani-fish, so ings around the open recess constituting 
named from its prolonged snout, which is the fireplace in a room. 

bent backward into a hook-Uke form. The ChimneV-SWalloW. See Swallow, 
color IS satiny-white mottled with brown, ^ om/»*»«k/. 

and in size it resembles the northern GhiULDAIlZee (chim-pan'sS), the na- 
chinuenu ^ tive Guinea name of a 

GMmboraZO (<^h5m-W5-r^'«^).amoun- large West and Central African ape 
w«u.u«vvA«Miv ^.jj ^£ Ecuador, in the (Troglodgtea niger) belonging to the an- 
province of Quito, about 90 miles s. by thropoid or manlike monkeys, and to 
w. of Quito ; fat about 2** 8. Though not the same genus as the gorilla. When 
the loftiest summit of the Andes* it rises full grown it is sometimes about 5 feet 
to the height of 20.703 feet above the high, with black hair, and is not so 
level of the sea, and is covered with per- large and powerful as the goriUa. Uke 



China 



tbe orang, it has the hair on its foi«- AREA AND POPULATION OF CHINA, 

arm turned backwards, but differs from Province Area, sq jn. PopuUtioo 

It in bjving an additional dorsal verte- chddang 36.680 i7.ooo.ooo 

bra and a thirteenth pair of ribs. It cSSTv!? lisisao aisTiiooo 

walks erect better than most of the apes. Fokien (Fokien) 46,332 13.100.000 

It feeds on fruits, often robs the gardens Honan.... 67.954 25.600.000 

of the natives, and constructs a sort of S^S nJH iSlSoo'ooo 

nest among the branches. It is common gaSa '.*.'.'.*.*'.'.'.*.'. 7. 125'483 slboo.'ooo 

in menageries, where it shows much in- Kiangai..! !!!.!. !!!.".!.!.' 69,498 14.500,000 

telligence and docility. It has a great Kian^iu 38,610 17,300,000 

many human characteristics and becomes Kwanssi 77,220 6,500.000 

readily domesticated. The keeper of one Kwanctung ^?9'?gS ?!'ISR'?SR 

of the great zoological gardens tells of one S;SJS,r 54 826 17 loo'Soo 

chimpanzee who had been trained to some siSmi /.!.'.*.*.'.*.'.*.'." 811853 lo!00O,*00O 

extent, conducting himself very creditably 8han-tun« 55,984 29,600.000 

at the dinner table and at receptions held Shen-ei 75.290 8.800,000 

in his honor. He was very fond of the &e-chueii ?i2'S?? ^'SSS'SS 

costumes made for him, and had many of i"°:5*?.-- wTm i5*ai7'nnS 

the characteristics of a fop. When a suit Manchuna , ^^'^^^ ^^'^^^-"^ 

began to be faded or torn, he would ex- Total for China and Man- «-, io««/w. 

press his disgust by sulking; and on the ^^,,j^^^aa;hUB^T^ '^' 331.188.000 

appearance of the new clothes he would ^iStan. TTT!!.*... 981,800 2.491,000 

cease the plaintive sounds that had ex- Manchurian Militaiy 6r^ 

pressed his grief and after being re- ganixation ., 1,700.000 

arrayed would beg for the discarded rai- JUf' Dependcndee 'i^i'HJx A^nAnnn 

ment and tear it to shreds to prevent the "bet 463.200 fl,500.ooo 

possibility of his being compelled to wear ^^^ ^otol 3.341.516 842,639.000 

it again. The head of the chimpanzee is . , «« 

remarkable for the large development of Peking is the capitaL There are many 
tbe ears, which stand prominently from laree and populous cities, 
the sides of the head. Physical Features. — Great part of the 

r.liiTia Republic of, a political division country is not well known. The coast 
Ijnui^f of Asia, extending from latitude l"ie forms an irregular curve of about 
18* to 50* N., and from longitude 74'' to 2500 miles. It is not deeply penetrated 
134*' E., area 3,341,515 square miles, Jy. ««l/8, the only one of great extent 
which is greater than that of the conti- Jeing that of Pe-chi-le in the jiortheast; 
nent of Europe. It consists of China l>ut numerous indentations of sufficient 
Proper (which now includes Manchuria), dimensions to form safe and capacious 
and the outiying dependencies of Sinki- roadsteads are found in every aparter. 
ang, Chinese Turkestan and Tibet It is It is characterized by a f n^e of islMids 
bounded N. w., n. and n. e. by Asiatic and islet^ t^ largest of which are For- 
Russia, along a frontier extending some m^sa and Hainan. The Cyulf of Fe- 
6000 miles, e. by Korea and those parts ^i-le. the YeUow Sea and the China 
of the Pacific known as the Yellow Sea Sea wash the eastern and southeastern 
and China Sea ; B. and s. w. by the CSiina shores, and are subject to tiie destructive 
Sea, French Indo-China, Upper Burma storms called typhoons, . The inland 
and the Himalayan states. It is narrow- boundaries are formed mainly by Ton- 
est in the extreme west. Chinese Turke- ^^5* Burmah, Tibet, and^ on the north, 
Stan, along tiie meridian of Kashgar (76" Bj}rtly by the Great Wall separating 
E.), has a breadth of but 250 miles. It China from Mongoha, one of the most 
rapidly broadens and for the greater part remarkable of human structures, being 
of its area is over 1800 miles across m a an artificial barrier 1500 miles long, 
direct N. and s. Une. Its greater length Two-thirds of the interior are estimated 
is from the N. e. corner of Manchuria to to be mountainous. The general slope 
the B. w. confines of TTibet, a distance of w ^rom west to east, and the mountams 
3100 miles in a direct line. Its seaboard, are a continuation of those of Tibet and 
about 5000 miles following tiie indenta- Central Asia. The great Kuen-lun range 
tions of the coast, is wholly in China throws off branches,, the Tsmg-Lmg. Fu- 
Proper. China Proper occupies the east- niu-shan and Mu-hng, which, runnmg 
em and southeastern part of the repubUc, eastward between t^ great valleys of 
and including the three Manchurian prov- the Hoang-ho and Yang-tse-kiang. tra- 
inees of Feng-tien, Kirin. and Hei-lung- verse ahnost tiie whole breadth of Chma. 
Chiang, is divided into twenty-one prov- Further north the Nan-shan branch of 
lnceiL the Kuen-lun range rons under various 



CMna China 

names (Koliang. Alaiihan, Inshan, etc) never fail to commit great deva8tatioii« 
along the nortneaat of China till it though bai^pily they always give such 
reaches the frontier of Manchuria, north timely notice of their approach that 
of Peking. The third great mountain preparations can be made. The Hoang- 
system of China is in the southeast, no and Yang-tse-kiang basins have a 
where extensive chains such as the Nan- pretty equable temperature, due to the 
shan, the Ta-yu-ling, and Pn-ling stretch soft moist winds of the Pacific 
on the south side of the Yang-tse-kiang Productiont, — China is well supplied 
all the way from the highlands of Yun- with minerals, including gold, silver, cop- 
nan to the eastern seaboard. Between per, iron and other metals, and there 
these mountain systems, and following are very extensive coal-fields, thoui^ the 
courses which mav be roughly described quantity raised from them is compar- 
as parallel, run the two great rivers of atively small. Salt is abundant, and 
China, the Hoang-ho and the Yang-tse- there are inexhaustible beds of kaolin, 
kiana. Here lie the central and richest or porcelain earth. Among animals it is 
provinces of China, On both sides of difficult to mention any that are charac- 
the lower Hoang-ho is an immense delta terlstic of the country; many of them 
plain, consisting generally of a deep allu- are identical with or differ but little from 
vial soil of unparalleled fertility. As those of Europe. In the south and 
they approach the seacoast the two southwest the tiger, the rhinoceros and 
rivers are connected by the Grand Canal, elephant are found ; bears are common 
700 miles in length, thus completing a in many parts; other carnivora are the 
magnificent system of inland navigation, wild cat, badger, lynx, marten, etc 
The Hoang-ho has changed its lower Camels and elephants are used in a do- 
course several times, and is subject to mestic state, but the chief domesticated 
tremendous and disastrous floods. Be- animal is the buffalo. The horses are 
sides these rivers and their numerous of a poor breed. Among birds the most 
tributaries, the most deserving of notice beautiful are the gold and silver pheas- 
are the Se-kiang in the south, of con- ants. Fish swarm in all inland waters 
siderable sisc but still more commercial as well as on the coast, the natural supply 
importance, having at or near its em- being immensely increased by artindal 
bouchure Canton, Hong-Kong and Ma- means. As regards the flora of China, 
cao; and the Pie-ho, which, though much it is tropical in the south (cocoa and 
smaller, forms a waterwav between sago palms, banana, pandanus, etc), 
Peking and the Gulf of Pe-chi-le. There subtropical farther north, and still far- 
are a number of lakes, mostly of no great ther north a number of plants and trees 
sise; the largest is Tung-ting, near the prevail identical with or closely akin 
center of China, with a circumference of to those of middle Europe. Flowering 
about 270 miles. A remarkable feature plants, shrubs and trees are so ex- 
of the surface of Northern China is the ceedlngly abundant as to form a feature, 
deposit of loesB, a brownish-ye^ow earth The bamboo, from the immense number 
of great fertility, which covers an im- of uses to which it is put, is one of the 
mense area both of mountain and valley, most valuable trees. Oaks, the chestnut, 
and enables agriculture to be success- hazel, pines, yew, walnut, etc, are 
f^ly carried to the height of 7000 or among forest trees. Wax and camphor 
8000 feet. trees abound. Azaleas are exceedingly 

CUmaie. — ^The greater part of China numerous; other flowerinff plants are 
belongs to the temperate zone, but it the camellia, rose, passion-flower, cactus, 
has what is called an excessive climate, lagerstroemia, etc Fruits are abundant 
At Peking in summer the heat ranges and varied. The soil, especially of the 
from 90^ to 100° in the shade, while the country comprising the two great river 
winter is so cold that the rivers are usu- basins, is extremely fertile, and agrlcnl- 
ally frozen from December to March, ture has always been held in high ven- 
At Shanghai, lat. 31° 20^ the maximum eration in China. Rice, as the principal 
temperature reaches 100°, and the mini- food of the people, is the staple crop, 
mum falls at least to 20° below freezing The rich alluvial plains which cover a 
point (12° Fahr.). In the south the great part of the surface are admirably 
climate is of a tropical character, the adapted for its culture, and by careful 
summer heat rising to 120°. Here the management yield amazing cropa In 
southwest and northeast monsoons blow the north there is a variety called dry- 
with great regularity, and divide the soil rice, which is cultivated like any 
year between them. Among the peatest other cereal. Wheat barley, and millet 
scourges of the country are the dreadful are the other chief grain crops. Other 
gales known as typhoons, from the Chi- crops are maise, bucswheat, a great va- 
aese Ta-fung, or 'great wind.* Hiey riety of beans, peas and pulse gener> 



; 



Cliina CHina 

ally, sagar-cane, tobacco and vegetables swarming with junka, barges, and boats 
in endless variety, Inclading potatoes, ©f all sues. Roads, however, are few 
turnips, etc, and at the ports the best and bad, though railways recently have 
European and American vegetables. Va- received an impetus. Telegraphs are be- 
rieties of the cabbage tribe are ezten- ing rapidly constructed by Uie government 
aively cultivated for the oil extracted and the telephone has "been introduced, 
from the seeds. Three plants of the Under a new postal system letters can be 
greatest economical importance to China sent all over the provinces at a uniform 
are the mulberry, cultivated to provide rate. Prior to 1842 China rigorously op- 
food for silkworms, cotton and tea, the posed foreign trade; but the number of 
last formerly regarded as exclusively a treaty ports has been gradually increased, 
Chinese prodnct. The opium poppy was and commerce has shown a steady growth, 
extensively grown until recent years, when The chief ports are Shanghai, Canton, 
awakened public sentiment enforced legis- Hankow, Swatow, Tientsin, Ningpo and 
lation to prohibit ita cultivation. Foochow. The main artides of export 

Manufaoiuret. — ^In arts and indoft* are raw and manufactured silk and the 
try the Chinese have made considerable soya bean ; the main imports, clothing, 
progress. One peculiar feature in their tobacco, metals and metal goods. Tea, 
processes is the general absence of ma- formerly the staple of China's export 
chinery, and the preponderance of man- trade, nas suffered a decline through 
nal labor. Among the chief industries Indian competition and is now only third 
is the silk manufacture, which produces on the list of exports. The total ex- 
some varieties of stuffs unsurpassed ports and imports usually amount to more 
anywhere. Everybody wears silks ; it is than $400,0()0,000. In the year 1911 the 
the prescribed attire of high officers, exports amounted to $377,000,000; the 
The finer kinds of it form the ordinary imports, $471,000,000. The usual unit 
dresses of the opulent, wbile the poorest of money is the tael, the value of which 
manage to deck themselves in coarser, if varies from year to year: in 1912 the 
not on common, at least on gala davs. Canton tael was worth $0,738. According 
The embroidery of silk is carried on to to the new currency system (February 10, 
an amazing extent. Cotton goods are 1914) only the central government has the 
also largely made, though great quan- power of minting money. The system in- 
titles of European and American manu- dudes the silver yuan or dollar, half yuan, 
factures are also imported. Flax is not 2Q-cent piece, 10-cent piece (chio) ; the 
grown, but a good substitute for it is nickel 5-cent piece ; and the copper 2- 
found in the fibers of two or three plants, cent, 1-cent J/en) , 5-{«, 2-li and l-It pieces, 
from which the beautiful grass-cloth, Feople. — ^Tne Chinese belong to Cbe 
similar in appearance to linen, is exten- Mongolian race, but in them its harsher 
sivdy woven. Woolens are made only features, as represented in the genuine 
to a limited extent The porcelain of Tartars, are conmderably softened. They 
China has been famous from the earliest are generally of low stature, have small 
periods, and the manufacture of the hands and feet (the last artificially made 
nnest forms of it was long known to the tM> small in the women as to become a 
Chinese alone, though their productions deformity), a dark complexion, a wide 
are now surpassed by those of Europe, fbrehead, black hair, eyes and eyebrows 
In lacquered ware the Chinese continue obliquely turned upwards at the outer 
unsurpassed. In working in metals they extremities. In bodily strength they are 
have only attained to mediocrity. The Inferior to Europeans, but superior to 
metallic products most deserving of no- most Asiatics, and their great assiduity 
tice are gongs, mirrors, statuettes in and patient endurance of fatigue make 
copper and bronze, and various kinds of them valuable as laborers. In their 
carved, chased and filigree work, both in moral qualities there is mudi that is 
gold and silver. In a great number of admirable. They are strongly attached 
minor articles the workmanship is ex- to their homes, hold age in respect, toil 
quisite — ^fans, card-cases, seals, combs, hard for the support of their families, 
ch<>ssmen of wood, ivory, mother-of- and in the interior, where the worst kind 
pearl, tortoise-shell, etc. Faper is made of foreign intercourse has not debased 
of a great variety of substances, and the them, euibit an unsophisticated slmplic- 
art of making it — ^like various others — ity of manners which recalls the age of 
was practised in dHiina long before Eu- the patriarchs. The Chinese use great 
rope acquired it. politeness in their intercourse witii each 

Commerce. — ^The inland trade of other; but there is perhaps a want of 
China, aided by its vast system of water frankness and sincerity. They scrupu- 
commonication. Is of incalculable mag- lously avoid all contndiction and offen* 
Bitade, the rivers and canals literally «tve ezpresiiont ia ecmYenatloii. Qam- 



China Chinft 



hna hitherto been rare among them, arrangedln vertical columnB, to be r««d 
tboagh the habit of opium -smoking baa from top tn bottom. A new alphabet for 
become much extended. But, with man; China is significant of the present spirit 
Tic^oas characteristicB, the Chinese are of progresa. The old ayatem of writing 
preserved from degeneration hy their nni- required the student to memoriae no 
versa] frugality and thrift Hard work, fewer than 8000 ideograms. Stpps were 
done la the most nncomplaining way, baa taken some time a^o to conatract a 
become second nature with tbem. Filial phonetie alphabet, tbe task being en- 
piety is also a striking feature of their tniated to a learned committee composf^ 
character, and is. In fact, the priociple of Chow-Hi-Cbn, tbe Secretary ol the 



upon which Chinese society is conatiluted. Cbineae LeKStion at Rome, the adjunct 
Tney have chambers set apnrt for tbe secretaries Wan and Cbou, and Solo — 
worship of their ancestors, where religions hello, professor of Chinese and .Tapin 



ceremoniea are regularly performed. In at the School of Oriental Languat 
the traditional Cbfnese social system four Naples and one of tbe greatest pol2fl< 

world. Thi 



gentlemen have studied 
sll known alphabets and 
combined them to form 
one which shall repre- 
sent every sound in the 
Chinese tongue. Hie 
alphabet adopted bj 
them consiats of forty- 
two characters, of which 
twenty- three are vowela 



Bonanls. With tbeK 
characlera it Is possible 
to write all the worda 
naed In tbe vulgar 
tongue in any part of 
China. Tbe art of 
making paper la aaid to 
bave been Known in the 
first century after 
Christ: printing from 
wooden blocks in the 
seventh or eighth cen- 
tury, hundreds of years 
Bird'c-aen Sella-. before these TalnaUe 

arts were re-invented in 
classes are dlatlnguished : the literary, Europe. 

tbe agricultural, tbe artisan and the trad- Tbe Chinese literature is now taj 
ing class. Hereditary nobility in tbe extensive. It is remarkable for its an- 
Ehiropean sense scarcely exists, and tiquit;, for (he variety of aubjecta pr^ 
official position baa always been more sented, for tbe accuracy of its histoneal 
Ughiy esteemed than birth. statements and for its ennobling idesJa. 

Language and Literature. The Chinese For convenience tbe literature is divided 
Is the most imiwrtant and most widely into four classes — first, the Chlnesa claa- 
■pread of the so-called monosyllsbic laa- sica, together with lexicographical and 
VUgea of Eastern Asia, in which each philological work ; second, histories of 
>ord is uttered by a single movement at various hinds; third, philosophy, religion, 
lie organ of speech. There ia no alpha- the arts and sciences : fourth, poetry and 
fcet, each word being repreaented by a worka dealing with poetry. As literary 
tingle aymbol or character. These writ- eminence baa been for agea the sure avc- 
ten characters appears to have been orfg- nae to tbe highest honors and offices of 
lually hieroglyphics or rude copies of the state, the literati have been the 
the object designed to be expressed by gentry, the magiatrates, the govemora. 
them ; but the bleroglyphlc features have the negotiators and the ministers of 
almoat entirely disappeared, and many of Cbina. 

the symbols are formed of what seems The Chinese classics are the Coofadan 
to be an arbltarr combination of lines, or books and a few others, on whicb an 
u* built tip "t Ather lyoibolg combinad. tmonat ol pfttnataUng cgmmuitarj bw 



China China 

been expended; the histories are those of olics in China is estimated at 1,000.000; 

China herself and of the few foreign peo- the number of Protestants at 250,000. 

pies wiUi whom she has had any inter- In 1914 a bill prescribing the worship of 

course; the works of the third class are Heaven and of Confucius was passed by 

those of the literati of many ages and in- the Administration Council, thus estab- 

dude the works of Taoism and Budd- lishing a state religion, though not pre- 

hism; the poetry is rich in ballads, eluding freedom of worship, 
lyrical and descriptive pieces, eulogies Oovemmeni, The Chinese government, 

and elegies, but contains no great epic, based upon that of the family, was for 

Some of the historical romances and many centuries an absolute monarchy, 

novels are of very high order, although The emperor united in his person the 

fiction haa never been regarded by the attribute of supreme magistrate and sov- 

Chinese as an integral part of literature ereign pontiflf, and as the * Son of 

proper. Heaven '^ was in theory accountable only 

iPA^/^^*:^^ T»»^;.4>A*,«- T^\^«i^r^^^^ m^ni to heaveu. For more than 2000 years he 
Eduoaiton. Persistent missionary zeal ^ supreme head of the state, legis- 
and the necessity of mihtery reorgiu^^^ lltinibyXt in matters great and smill. 
uon must be jiven the credit ^orrecent j^ ^^' seventeenth century the Ming 
progress in education. Until 1905 the Dynasty was overcome by the Manchus of 
time-honored study of the Chinese dassics t^e north. The traditions of the old au- 
formed the only passport to State em- tocracy were preserved by the Manchus, 
ployment, and these were therefore «ie ^^t for many years previous to the revolu- 
textbooks in general use. GraduaUy. tj^n ^f 1911, the Civil Service had become 
however, European methods supplanted ^he real power in the empire, while the 
Chinese. One of the first problems of the central authority was but little exercised 
new republic was to adopt a sound educa- over the provincial and district adminis- 
tional system, and in 1912 the Ministry tration. Many reforms were initiated or 
of Education summoned a conference of promised in the last few years of the em- 
teachers and educators, upon the recom- plre; an executive bodv was created and 
mendations of which the present system is a legislative body promised. By the revo- 
based. Every city, town and village is lution of 1911-12 the autocracy of the 
required to establish primary schools, emperor and the power of the bureaucracy 
which, with the 'middle' schools, are to were merged into a republican form of 
be controlled by the provinces in which government The executive power is 
they are located. Technical and normal vested in a president and vice-president, a 
Khools are also provided, these to be con- premier and ten secretaries of state : the 
trolled by the Ministry of Education. The legislative in an Advisory Council of 126 
plan indudes four government universi- members (five from each of the twenty- 
ties — at Peking, Canton, Nanking and ^ve territorial divisions and one from the 
Wu-changf with courses in literature, district of Koko-Nor). 
sdence, medidne, law, commerce, agri- RaUtoaya, Doctor Sun Yat Sen, for- 
culture. Education is made compulsory merly provisional President of the Chi- 
and emphasis is laid on the education of nese Republic, has been authorized by the 
girls, on manual training and hygiene, and new Government to organize a corpora- 
on ue observance of Sunday as a school tion for the construction of 70,000 miles 
holiday. ot railways in China. In 1875 there was 
Religion. The chief religions in China ?,«* ^.^^^.^l^l^^}^^^^ 1?H 

are Colbfudanism, Taoism and Buddhism, S^°^*,L™'!!?f,^ ^?ra^o2^ ^m iTS 

fhp 1a Rt of lfttP«t nriirin Amonff the rr^at ^*^^ miles were operated and 2000 miles 

prevaU-. or a c^o«« mixture of religiou. ^^% ^^^^^^ u'^^si^^d'j^^ln. 

ideas and forms. Attempts to introduce another third divided ftmonir Franoe Gerl 

Christianity were made by the Nestorians SfanTEn^^Tud^ 

as early as the 6th century, but it was gf^ites Of lines built chie&r with C^^^ 

not until the arrival of the Jesuits with „pg^ canital bv Chinese f^nnnpprfi th#» 

Father Ricd in 1582 that the faith gained ^^^ Smificant is the PeliSg-Kklgan 

any foothoW. The first Protestant min- Frontier Railway, built under the direc- 

{■*^'«/S^" ^^^K"^ Morrison, who arrived tion of a Chinese graduate of Yale. The 

in 1807. Christian missions, both Roman valuation of all lines not owned by China, 

Catholic and Protestant, are established the sum which China would be obliged 

in every province of China, and freedom to pay were the Government to secure 

to embrace the Christian faith has been control, is estimated at $280,000,000, or 

gnaranteed by the Chinese government about one-third of the outstanding debt of 

■Ibc* 1860. The number of Roman Cath- the republic. 



China China 

Army and Navy, In the matter of In his reign the great wall (whidh see), 
armed strength China is far behind En- designed as a protection against ma- 
ropean nations. The Chinese military rauding Tartars, was begun in 214 B.G. 
force consists of a peace strength or Buddhism was introduce" in 66 AJk 
180,000; reserve of 100,000, making a Subsequently the empire broke up into 
total of 280,000 war strength. Under three or more states, and a long period 
English officers their training and dis- of confusion and weak government en- 
cipline have much improved of late, and sued. In 860 a strong riuer managed to 
the newest kinds of rifles and cannons consolidate the empire, but the attacks 
have been imported from Europe. Within of the Tartars were now causing much 
a few years China will have a standing trouble. In the thirteenth century the 
army of well-drilled and well-armed sol- Mongols under Jenshis Khan and his son 
diers 350,000 strong, and this army will Ogdiu conquered China, and in 1259 the 
probably be rapidly increased ; so that in celebrated Kublai Khan, a nephew of the 
any future war this country will be able latter, ascended the throne and founded 
to take care of its interests in the most the Mongol dynasty. His ninth desoend- 
approved modern style. The soldiers arc ant was driven from the throne, and a 
being taught to read and write, another native dynasty called Ming again sue- 
innovation, and military and naval ceeded in 1368 in the person of Hungwu. 
schools have been established, where offi- A long period of peace ensued, but was 
cers may be instructed in the principles broken about 1618, when the Manchua 
of their profession. The navy consists gained the ascendency, and after a war 
of two fleets — one for rivers and another of twenty-seven years founded tb.e re- 
for sea; but though it numbers many cent Tartar dynasty in the person of 
vessels, it is not very efficient, and is Tuncchi, establishing their capital in the 
scarcely able to dear the Chinese coast northern city of Peking, which was 
from the pirates who infest the numerous nearer their native country and re- 
creeks and isUts. It has lately, how- sources than the old capital Nanking, 
ever, been much strengthened by a num- The earliest authentic accounts of China 
her of steel corvettes built in England published in Europe are those of Marco 
and Germany. The full complement of I*olo, who visited the country in the thir- 
the navy is about 2500. A scheme for teenth century. The first British in- 
the reorganization of the Chinese navy tercourse was attempted nnder Queen 
provides for the overhauling of tLe dock- Elizabeth in 1596. and a trade was sub- 
yards, colleges, schools, and the personnel sequently established by the East India 
generally, and later for the building of Company, but no direct intercourse be- 
new battleshira, cruisers, etc. tween the governments took place till 

BtMiory. — The early bistory of the the embassy of Lord Macartney in 
Chinese is shrouded in fable, but it in 1792. A source of trouble arose when 
certain that civilization had advanced British merchants began to send opium 
mnch among them when it was only be- from India to China and established a 
^nning to dawn on the nations of large trade in this deleterious drug In 
Europe. The Chow dynasty, which was defiance of the protests of the Chinese 
founded by Woo-wang, and lasted from authorities. The trouble reached a 
about 1100 B.O. to 258 B.G., is perhaps climax in 1839, when $20,000,000 worth 
the earliest that can be regarded as his- of opium was seized and destroyed, 
toric, and even of it not much more is This led in 1840 to the 'Opium war,* 
historic than the name. Under Ling- in which the Chinese were everywhere 
wang, one of the sovereigns of this dy- defeated. In the treaty of 1842 the de- 
nasty, Confucius is said to have been feated nation consented to the opening 
bom, some time in the sixth century B.c. of the five ports of Canton, Amoy, Foo- 
During the latter half of the period chow, Ningpo and Shanghai to Britirii 
during which this line of sovereigns held merchants, the cession of the island of 
sway there appear to have been a num- Hong-Kong to the British in perpetuity, 
ber of rival kings in China, who lived in and the payment of $21,000,000 indem- 
strife with one another. Chow-siang, nity by the Chinese. In 1850 an insnr- 
who was the founder of the Tsin dynas- rectioo, headed by Hung-sen-tseuan or 
ty, from whicn China takes its name, Tien-te. broke out In the provinees 

g Lined the superiority over his rivals, adjoining Canton, with the object of ex- 

e died in 251 B.c. His great-grandson, pelling the Manchn dynasty from the 

a national hero of the Chinese, was the throne, as well as of restoring the an- 

first to assume the title of 'Hoane* (em- cient national religion of Shan-ti, and of 

peror), and called himself Che-Hoang-ti. making Tien-te the founder of a new 

tie ruled over an empire nearly co- dynasty, which he called that of Tiii- 

terminous with modem China proper, ping, or Universal Peace. After a kw 



China 



period of dvil war the Tai-ping rebellion emperor Kwang-Seu, who had succeeded 
was at length suppressed in 1865, chiefly as a child in 1875, died, and with him the 
by the exertions of General Gordon and dowager empress Tsze Hsi Axl who for 
other British and American officers at many years had been the actual ruler 
the head of the Chinese army. In Octo- in China. A new emperor Pu Yi, a 
ber, 1856, the crew of a vessel belong- young child^ succeeded, under the re- 
ing to Hong-Kong were seized by the gency of Pnnce Chun, his father. 
Chinese. The men were afterwards Under the heading Oavemment the im- 
brought back, but all reparation or apol- portant legislative events of 1910 have 
ogy was refused by the British. The been given. In 1911 a series of histori- 
day of arbitration between strong and cal events took place of so momentous 
weak nations had not yet come. A war a character as to call for more extended 
with China commenced, in which the description. The discontent with Man' 
French took part with the British. The chu domination, which had given rise to 
war ended in 1858 with the concession the Tai-ping rebellion, now made itself 
of new advantages by China, but it manifest in an insurrection that prom- 
broke out again a year later and in ised to effect a radical change in the 
1860 the British and French forces oc- governmental conditions of the Chinese 
cupied Peking, this being followed by £mpire. An important stej^ was taken 
the ruthless destruction of the summer in this direction in the spring of 1911, 
palace of the emperor. There was a when the newly-constituted legislative 
second revolt that began in 1864, con- body, called as a 'consultative council' 
tinuing untU 1868. War was declared in 1910, but which assumed the posi^ 
between China and Japan on July 31, tion of a parliament from the start, 
1894. Japan, by a series of brilliant forced the Grand Council of the empire 
victories, both on land and sea, brought to acknowledge itself a ministry respon- 
the war to an end in April, 18u5. sible to the National Assembly. The 
Corea was declared independent. For- government had agreed to change the 
mosa ceded to Japan, and China was date of the promised parliament from 
forced to pay a very large war indem- 1916 to 1913, and the assemblv onder- 
nity. Trouble of a different kind came took to work out a national budget, em- 
in 1900, when an organization of Chin- bracing a regulation for popular parlia- 
ese called the Boxers, infected by the mentair elections. Those steps towards 
general hatred of foreigners by the peo- the inauguration of a constitulonal mon- 

Ele, and apparently secretly instigated archy doubtless aided to develop the in- 
y the government, attacked the embas- surrectionary sentiment latent in the pop- 
sies in Peking. The unwarranted occu- ulace, and in August, 1911, an outbreak 
pation of Chinese territory by Germany, of a threatening character took place In 
Great Britain, France and Russia, may the southern province of Szechuen, its 
have been an inspiring cause of this ostensible cause being a popular pro- 
antiforeign sentiment. As the Chinese test against the government programme 
authorities took no steps to suppress the of nationalizing the railways and build- 
outbreak, an army of rescue, composed of ing them with the aid of foreign loans, 
troops of the various powers, marched The insurrection soon gained head and 
upon and took Peking, rescuing the min- spread with remarkable rapidity through 
isters and holding that citjir until China Southern China, quickly becoming a de- 
bad agreed to pay a large indemnity and clared purpose of overthrowing the Man- 
to punish the principal offenders. The chu dynasty and restoring the old Chin- 
indemnity amounted to the enormous ese ascendency. The leaders were very 
sum of $337,000,000, an exaggerated radical in their views and almost from 
amount of which the United States re- the start the project of replacing the 
mitted its share some years later, much monarchy by a republic was openly 
to the gratitude of China. Russia had broached. City after city was taken by 
occupied the Chinese province of Man- the rebels, until nearly the whole of 
churia during the outbreak, and her dis- China south of the Yang-tse-Kiang was 
inclination to restore it led to the great in theftr hands. The government, dis- 
war of 1904-05 with Japan, ending in mayed by the growing revolt, hastily 
Russian defeat. Daring this recent offered concessions of amazing character, 
period the spirit of reform and progress but the rebellion went on, new cities 
above spoken of was active in China, were occupied, many of the imperial 
the telegraph became a common need, troops joined its ranks, and the fleet 
many railroads were built or projected, was surrendered. Severe fighting took 
and the ancient emnire showed a pro- place at Hankow, which was retaken 
nonnced purpose to adopt the institu- from the rebels by the imperialists, many 
tions of the western world. In 1908 the of its inhsibitants massacred and great 



China Grass Chinandega 



^^ 



-.. of the city burnt. At tbe end ol trlala hare be«n made with it u a rab- 
. November the contest centered around jecl of manufacture. B«cently conud- 
the city of Nanking, in which a similar erable quantitiea hare been lued in 
massacre and conflagrBtion by the im- France, and woven both pure and mixed 

ErialiatB had taken place. Yuan Shi- into various beautiful fabrics. In Eng- 
i, a man of striking ability and the land such articles as ladies' acarfe, 
creator of the modem Chinese army, ae- handkerchiefs, umbrella-wvera, etc, are 
cepted the post of prime minister, and made of it. Hitherto, however, its hicb 
vigorous steps were taken to recover the price, owing to the difficulty of prepar- 
lo«t ground. The insurrection also was log it in a suitable form tot manufac- 
engineered by men of great ability, among ture, has been againat its use, but a 
them Wu Ting Fang, former Chinese sufliclently cheap process of prepanitioa 
minister t« the United States. Nanking, w Mid to have been recently invented. 
the last fltronghoid held by the imperial- CaUed also iI*ea,Rft««i, ifttmte, or itawee, 
ists in Southern China, was taken by the Cluna. Great Wall Of, '^f ^' 
revolutionists after a severe struggle. The ' "*^'**' " •*" "*» est arti- 

province of Sban-tung. of which Canton is fifial structure on the face of tbe earth, 
the capital, declared itself an independent " barrier eitending for about IDOO miles 
republic, electing as president its former in the north of China proper, of which 
viceroy, and Yuan Shi-Kai, apparently it partly forms the northern boundary. 
hopeless of saving the Manchu dynasty, It" western end is in the deserts of 
agreed to an armistice and the holding Central Asia, its eastern reaches the sea 
of  convention at Nanking for the pur- to the northeastward of Peking. It was 
pose of seeking a satisfactory solution of erected as a barrier against the inroads 
the governmental problem. On February of the barbarous tribes, and dates from 
12. 11)12. tho Manchu dynasty abdit-ated. about 214 B.C. It is carried over height 
The revolutionary delegates st Nanking and hollow, and avoids no Inequality of 
elected as provincial president of China, the ground, reaching in one place the 
Dr. Sun Tat Sen, a reformer who had height of over 5000 feet above the sea. 
been active in organizing the revolt. Yuan Earth, gravel, brick and stone were used 
Shi-Kai. premier of the eninire, was sub- in its construction, and in some place* it 
sequentlv made president of the republic is much more substantial than In others. 
In April, 1913, Chins definitely assumed Its greatest heighL including a parapet 
her place among the notions. The repre- on top. is about 50 leet, and it la strengtb- 
seotatives met at Peking and consiituti^ ened by towers at regular distances, 
the House of Parliament — the House of nhinfl. Ink ' blacR substance, wUcb. 
Repreoentatives with 596 members and *'■»"""■ ■»-"^» when rubbed down with 
the Senate with 274 members. In Do- water, forms a very pure black indelible 
eerabe^ 191S, the President aunounceii ink. It baa been used in China from 
Umsell as emperor. This led to a rebel- time immemorial. There are different 
UoQ and a speedy restoration of the accounts of the process, bnt It appeara 
republic. He died in June, 1916, anil wiih to be made by boiling tbe juices of ccr- 
sueceeded by Li Yuan Hung. A second tsin plants with water to a syrup, add- 
attempt to restore the empire was made lus to this a quantity of gelatine, and 

rin ambitious general in 1917, hut this then thoroughly iDCofporatlng the ear- 
auickly failed. Later In 1917 China bonaceous matter. There is generally 
{' lined the nations in war with Germany, added some perfume — a little mask or 
ut took no active part. The Chinese inmphor. The msss is then made Into 
representatives refused to sign tbe pence snuare columns of different sises, which 
treaty with Germany, in J918, becaiiKp it are often decorated with flgurea and 
inelitded clauses assigning German rights Chinese characters. ^any attempt* 
in Shantung to Jbmu. have been msde to imitate Chtneae Ink. 

CIllTlfL AtfUU SoeAmeria nivia, a some of which have been tolerably suc- 
wiuuauiiuw, ,^^ ^j ^^^ ^^^^^ cessful. Good Chinese ink should have 
family, a nstive of Southern and Eastern a velvety-black appearance, with a ^oia 
Asia and the Asiatic ialands, and now which becomes very conspicuous on rub- 
more or less cultivated in many other bing. The color It gives on paper should 
countries. It ylelda a fiber which be pure black and homogeneous, and if 
posseBSGB most valuable properties, and water be passed over it It should not 
has long been msde In China into a run or become streaky. It la IndeHble 
beautiful cloth. It Is very strong, pro- by ordinary solvents, but may be re- 
sents unusual resistance to the effects of moved sometimeB mechanically, 
moisture, and is fine and silky in appear- nliiiiftTiilMra (eh e-ni n-dl'gA>, a 
ance. As to Its full capabilities these I'iUHanaega town of Central Anwr- 
ara hardly as yet known, though many tea, Nicancna, 20 mDes nortliwest nt 



China Boot Chinese Exclusion. 

Leon, connected by railway with the Also applied to the common bedbug, 
port of Corinto, and carrying on a con- {Citnew lectularitu) . 
aiderable trade. Pop. about 12 000. , CMncha Islands (chin'chi), a 
nil in a l^nnf the root or rhizome of ^******'**"' *"*"•****" group of small 
uiiiimAUUbi s^^lf^g, China, a climb- islands off the coast of Peru, laL 13** 
ing ahmbby plant closely allied to sar- 38' 8. ; Ion. 76° 28' w. They are granit- 
saparilla, for whicJi it is sometimes^ used, ic, arid, and destitute of vegetation ; and 
Ghinfl. S.08A the name given to a the coasts bold and difficult of access. 
xjiAxiia iMfUoc^ number of varieties of Immense deposits of guano used to exist 
^rden rose chiefly derived from Rosa here, but are now exhausted. Guano 
tndioa and R. semperfhrens, both natives from these islands began to be imported 
of China. Also a name sometimes given into Europe on an experimental scale 
to Hibi9CU9 rosa ainensia, one of the about 1832, and the trade rapidly grew 
mallow tribe, common in China and the into importance. The Peruvian govem- 
Bast Indies, and an ornament in hot- ment retained the monopoly of the ex- 
houses, port, and made it one of the chief sources 
nTiiiici flAfl that part of the North of its revenues. 

uiuim facit, Pacific Ocean bounded n. CMnchllla (chin-chil'a), a genus of 
by Formosa, N. w. by China, w. by Anam ^*"***'*""«* g, American herbivor- 
and the Malay Peninsula, 8. E. by Bor- ous rodents very closely allied to the 
neo, and B. by the Philippines. It con- rabbit, which they resemble in the gen- 
tains numerous islands, receives several eral shape of the body, in the limbs be- 
considerable rivers, and forms the im- ing longer behind than before, in the 
portant Gulfs of Siam and Tonquin. conformation of the rootless molars, and 
niii^Tia.T[7QrA porcelain, the finest by the nature of the fur, which is more 
uiuiitt waxc, ^jj^ ^^^ beautiful of woolly than silky; but differing from 
all the kinds of earthemware, so called the rabbit in the number of their incisors 
from China being the country which first and molars, in a greater length of tail, 
supplied it to Europeans. When broken and also in having broader and more 
it presents a granular surface, with a rounded ears. O, lanig^a, a species 
texture compact, dense, firm, hard, vitre- about 15 inches long, is covered with a 
ous and durable. It is semi transparent, beautiful pearly-gray fur, which is highly 
with a covering of white glass, clear, esteemed as stuff for muffs, pelisses, lin- 
smooth, unaffected bv all acids excepting ings, etc. The chinchilla lives gregari- 
the hydrofiuoric, and resisting uninjured ously in the mountains of most parts of 
sudden changes of temperature. For the South America, and makes numerous and 
process of manufacture see Pottery. very deep burrows. It is of a gentle 
nil 1 Tin VJuT & Bort of wax depos- nature and very sportive. The short- 
UXLUia Wtti, ^^^ ^jy insects on a tailed chinchiUa. ChmchiUa Irevicaudata, 
deciduous tree with light-^reen, ovate, of Peru, is decidedly larger than the corn- 
serrated leaves, cultivated m the prov- mon chinchilla, vnth relativelv shorter 
ince of Si-chuen (Ssu-chuan) in South- ears and tail. The general color of the 
western China. The insects, a species fur of the upper pnrts is a bluish gray, 
of coccus, are bred in galls which are mottled with slaty black; the under sur- 
formed on a different tree, an evergreen face of the bodv, as well as the feet, being 
(a species of Ligustrum or privet), and white. The tail gradually becomes bushy 
these galls are transported in great towards the tip: its fur is a mixture of 
Cuantities to the districts where the wax grayish black, becoming darker towards 
trees are grown, to the branches of the tip on the upper surface. Cuvier's 
which they are suspended. Having chinchilla, Lagidtum cuvieri, is larger 
emerged from the galls the insects than either of the preceding. The length 
spread themselves over the branches, of the head and body Is from sixteen to 
which gradually become coated with a twenty inches; and the tail, exclusive of 
white, waxy substance, reaching in 90 the hair at the tip, is eleven to twelve 
or lOO days the thickness of a quarter inches. The ancient Peruvians made fine 
of an inch. The branches are then lopped fabrics of chinchilla wool for coverlets and 
off and the wax removed. It is white articles of clothing. 

in color and is chiefly made into candles; Chinese Exclusion. '^® '^P^^ ^^2 

it melts at 160®, whereas tallow melts ^******'»^ *'^^*"'"*V4*. cpgase of 

at about 95®. Chinese immigration into the United 

rj1|{]i njl the popular name of certain States and the bitter opposition aroused 

vrijjai.vuy fetid Ajnerican insects, genus by it among the laboring classes in Cali- 

Rhyparoohrdmus, resembling the bed- fomia, led to a treaty with China in 

bug, very destructive to wheat, maize, 1880. partly restricting this immigration. 

«tc., in the Southern and Western States. As the number of Chinese in this conn- 



Chingleput ChiquimTila 

try rapidly increased in the following RuhiaoeaB, consiating of small, often 
years, a law absolutely prohibiting immi- climbing shrubs, with funnel-shaped, 
gration was passed by Congress in 1888. yellowish flowers; fruit a white berry 
A similar policy of exclusion exists in with two seeds. The bark of the root <k 
some other countries, such as Australia C. angnifUga is a violent emetic and pur- 
and South Africa. This policy of exdu- gative. 

sion has recently been applied by treaty Cllioffffia (ke-od'j&), a seaport town 
to Japanese laborers. \/axj.v55xc* in Italy, on one of the la- 

dlinrienilt (ching'gl-put),orGHSNCh goon islands of the Adriatic, 15 miles from 
■^^o "**" ALPAT, a coast district, Venice. It is built partly on piles, and 
and its capitiU. Hindustan, presidency has some handsome edifices, its harbor 
of Madras. The district, which lies is fortified, and it has ship yards, fisher- 
8. of Arcot and Madras — area, about ies and a coastingtrade. Pop. 26,250. 
2842 square miles— has generally a bad GhiTiTn|iT|V Chip'muck, the popn- 
soil, broken up fpeouently by granite ^•*"F'****""^i lar name in America of 
rocks. Pop. 1,312,122. This tract of the ground squirrel, genus Tamias, 
country was in 1750 and 1763 obtained ChlDlieildAle (chip'en-dai), a style 
by the East India Company from the ^■'"•I'Jb'^**'*"***' of furniture made by 
Nabob of Arcot. The town is 15 miles Thomas Chippendale and his son in the 
w. from the Bay of Bengal, and has a pop. eighteenth century, and since frequently 
of 10,551. copied. It is distinguished by elaboration 

C}lini<)t (cl^'i-ot), a town of Hindu- of ornament and harmony of proportion. 
viixuxub gtmj^ Jq ^^^ Punjab, near the and though solidly built gives a general 
Chenab. Pop. about 15,000. effect of lightness. The chairs are of 

PTiiTtVo-niTi (chlnk'a-pin), the Ameri- great variety and many of them are very 
l^nilLKapiII ^^^ dwarf chestnut See beautiful. Chippendale introduced the 
Chetinui cabriole leg from Holland, the claw and 

Chin-kianC' Lc^i '»-''*- ^^«')» o>^ ^*" foot of the Orient the straight, 
unia JUan^ Tchanq-Kiano, a city, ^^^ Georgian leg, the lattice-work 
China, province of Kiangsu, right bank ^nese leg. the fret-work Gothic leg, etc 
of the Yang-tse-kiang, near the junction ^e. chair-backs are ec^ually varied, 
of the Imperial Canal; one of the British ChiPPeiUiain. \^'^\^ nam), a munlc- 
treaty ports, advantageously situated for ^ " , . ^^P?^ ?°?.r.R*J!. *™?« 
trade, ^n 1842 it was taken by the tary borough of England, Wiltshire. 12 

British, after a determined resistance on 2; ?' "^ **' ^^^* 2? i liw"' ?x^' ^Sf' 
the part of the Manchu garrison. It suf- CIllDDeWa FaUs (chip e-wft), /city, 
fered severely in the Tai-ping rebellion. *"^i;^ " *•* . county seat of Chip- 
Pop, est about 168,000. pewa Co., Wisconsin. 135 miles 8. E. of 
/^iT- !• /iri'n'n^iin* H-TT-V^ an niiv Duluth, Minncsota. on the Chippewa 

Chinohne \f,^Sir^"bta^^''^^^ ^is?iii^ S^?^ '%^^ '^Ji^'"^''' 1?^"^^^?: 

ing quinine with potash and a Httle Jj^tones flour md^^^ Seat of State 

witer. or by the dr^ distillation of coal. 5?^« ^o** ^^^^ ^ ""^/^ii^w^- F??\ « 
It is used in medicine as an antiseptic GnippewaVailS ^^^^ ^t iIaHVj J 
and as a remedy in intermittent fevers. ^^^L. st^k, in N^W. clnad^"" "' 

Chinon ^dt^'^^i^Vj^^^^^ Chippeways ^^^^T'tnt ^^f ^ 

Vipnnp 9« ™?U « "^JT n"/Tn^~ R«w American Indians, United States and 

1-5! W-- iS™ ^^ T;- JS^»^' p5^ Canada. They are distributed in band« 

1 lft0fiT%7l^ vicinity. Pop. r^^^j ^^^ g5^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^, j^,^^ 

iiwo; wii. ^ Superior, where they once owned va»t 

Chinook Winds 1^5,$,V' J;V^™ *™c^- They are of the Algonquin stock. 

I -^ « westerly w i n d s tall, and active, subsist chiefly by hunting 

experienced in some parte of the west- o„d fighi^g, and number about 18.000. 

Chi^S^a (^^-'ra). a fonner town Chipping SpanOW (/^-^'^ -^ 
or Bengal, on the Hugh, mon N. American bird, some five or six 
now part of the dty of Hugh. It was inches long. 

the chief Dutch settlement in Bengal ri'u;.^-^;—-- ttt-,-,-^«»,i.^ Spa Wm. 
and was ceded to the British in 1^. Chipping- WyCOmbe. %^^j^^ ^^ 

Chintz, cotton cloth or calico printed Chianimnla (chi-ki-mO'lA), a de- 

* with flowers or other devices vrmquimuia \,artment of the Ccn- 

tn various colors and generally glazed. tral American State of Guatemala ; area 

ChiOCOCCa (^^^kok'ka), a genus of 4000 sq. mUes. Pop. 65,000. Its capiUl, 

tropical plan to, nat. order of the same name, has about 4000. 



/ 



Chiquitos Cliittagong 

rriii/v'ni'fna (chi-WWs) , an Indian peo- the chanoela. ^ There are a immber of 
l/JIiqullOS ^j^ ^£ Bolivia, about the chiropractic schools in the United States, 
headwaters of the Madeim and Para- including the Palmer School at Daven- 
may. They number about 22,000, dis- port, Iowa. 

tributed among ten missions established Chim (che'rO). AntOdpe Hodg$ont, 
by the Jesuits. v**** ** ^ fine large species of ante- 

riiirfK^a (M-rag'ra), that species of lope found in Tibet, somewhat larger 
lyrnim^ra ^^^ which attacks and than the chamois. 

stiffens the joints of the hand. Chiaholm tP^^'«m)» a village in S^ 

nlirpffa (W-ret'ta), or Chir^'ta. an ^f^^^^^"^ Ws do., Mmnesote. 75 
IrllireXXa ^i^^jan bitter derived from miles N. w. of Duluth. In a lumber and 
the stems of Agaihotea Cfctrfit* (or mining region. Pop. (1920) 9030. 
Opfcelta OM'rdto), a gentlanaceoua plant ChislcllUrst V^S** ®^"^S"*^ ^n *. ^"5 
from the north of India, It is similar in I^ ^'^^^^^ **•. wh and .^^^ ot 
its medicinal properties to gentian. England, in Kent, where (at .punden 

/n.T^««; (ch^re-kS'), a district in Place) Napoleon III Uved after the 
Uninqul J>anamft, Central America. Franco-German war. Pop. 8668. 
It is naturally very fertile, end has good ChislcU (^^^^)* 5^ Kislew, the nintL 
harbors both on the Caribbean and Pa- ^^"^^^ month of tte Jewish year, 
cific coasts. The name is also given to a corresponding to December. On tte2pth 
lacoon and an archipelago on the coast of Chialeu commences the Hanukkah fes- 
©f this state. Pop. about 40,000. ^ tival, which lasts eight days. 

ril.{T./^mo-nnT7 (kl' TO-man-si). See nTiioTxrifik (chis'ik), a town iand par- 
Cmromancy ""cheiromancv. l^niSWlCK .^^^ England, county of 

/ru^.^^ (kl'ron). the most famous of Middlesex, 6 miles w. of Hyde Park Cor- 

CllirOII \|e Centaurs, a race fabled ner, London. Pop. (1911) S8»705. 

as half-men, half-horses. He lived at CMtaldlTIff (cMt-al-drOg'), a. district 

the foot of Mt. Pelion in Thessaly, and V'***"^*"^***^ and town of India, My- 

was celebrated through all Greece for gore, native state. The district, which 

his wisdom and acquirements; particu- is arid and stony, has an area of 4022 

larly for his skill in medicine end music, sq. miles ; pop. 408,795. — ^The town has 

and the greatest men of the time — fortifications constructed by Haider AIL 

iEsculapius, Jason, Hercules, Adiilles, Pop. 6792. 

eta — ^were represented as his pupils. Chitill (^'*^^)'» *^® <^«' tissue-form- 

ChirOIiecteS. See Cheironectes. ^^^ ^f in^ects^Sd^tile sheUs^of ctS£ 

OUir'f\r\e\Arr (kl-rop'5-di), the art of and other crustaceans. From these 

^mropoay treating diseases, callosl- sources it can be obtained by successive 

ties or excrescences of the hands and feet treatment with different solvents to re- 

PliiT«rkT%T*Qn'i-in (ki'r5-prak-tik).ameth- move inorganic matter, fat, etc. It is 

l/iurupriti/tii/ od of adjusting the cause «olid, transparent and homy, 

of disease, defined by its practitioners as rjTiifATift (kl'tonz) , ChitonidjB, a 

the study and application of a univeraal viixuviw family of gasteropods, afford- 

ghilosophy of biology, theology, theosophy, ^g ^he only instance known of a mollu»- 

ealth, disease and death. Mechanically ^^ ^^-j^ formed of many successive por^ 

it consiste in adiustmg hy hand (h^ce ^ ^ . contact and overUpping 

^^lle^^^^frimTm^^^^^^^^ ^^f"^': ^^* ?^?' ^^'^ ^^^ft^f 

of tS^ spS3%olumn, for the purpose The shell in ttie typical genus OMoi* is 

of permitting the ^e^reation of aU composed of eight pieces, the animal ad- 
normal cyclic currents through nerves hering to rocks or atones after the fash- 
that have been impisncd. The first chiro- ion of the limpet 

nractic adjustment of vertebraa was f!"h;ff||»A-niy (chitfa-gong)', a district 

made in September, 1895, by Dr. D. D. ^^IXXagOIlg ^ Hindusten, in the 

Palmer but the method was not developed s. E, of Bengal, having the Bay of Ben- 

until 1903, when his son, B. J. Palmer, gal on the W. ; area, 2567 sq. miles ; pop. 

D. C, worked out a well defined system i,35a,250. The level lands, chiefly on 

of philosophy and practice. Chiropractic ^^ coast and the valleys, are very fer- 

Is based upon the hypothesis that man is ^j ^ considerable majority of the 

Sn«te iStdlictuality reriding within the gong is also tte_ name of a coamtadon- 
Sdyof the patient that do«8 the heaUng: ership or diTimon of Bennd. Aiea, 
^mechanical adJustmenU simpl/ open 12,118 saoare miles; Bopi. 478T.78L— 



Ghittagong Wood Chlamys 

The city of Chittagong, chief town of the prepared himself by confessing, fasting, 
district and second port in Bengal, is etc. ; religious rites were performed ; and 
situated on the Kamaphnli about 12 then, after promising to be faithful, to 
miles from its mouth. Though very nn- protect ladies and orphans, never to lie 
healthy, its trade has of late been stead- nor utter slander, etc, he received the 
iW increasing. Pop. 24,100. accolade, a slight blow on the neck with 

niiiffQcroTicr TJUnnii the wood of the flat of the sword from the person who 
ViUiUi^Ull^ W UUU, several Indian dubbed him a knight This was oftca 
trees, espedallv of Chickraeaia iahutA- done on the eve of battle, to stimulate the 
m, order Cedrelaceae, a light-colored, new knight to deeds of valor ; or after the 
beautifully-grained wood used by cabinet- combat, to reward signal bravery. Though 
makers. Also Cedr^la Toona. See Toon, chivalry had its defects, chief among 

ChitteldrOOg. See CkUaU^. Z^'^rt^^'^^^L^ottn^t^t'^i 

Gllittoor (<^^^tftOr), or Chittoke, a profession, yet it is to be regarded as 

town or India, capital of tempering in a very beneficial manner the 

the North Arcot District, Madras Presi- natural rudeness of feudal society. As a 

dency. Pop. 11,500. — Also a town of In- system of education for the nobles it 

dia, in the state of CJochin. Pop. about filled a place in civilization which as yet 

10,000. the arts and letters could hardly occupy. 

Chinsa '^'t^^ -^^^^S^i Cl^vasso '^r^^^^^ Tlf'.^ 

Cuneo, pop. 5728; the other in Sicily, Pop. 4209. 

province Palermo, pop. 6605. flliivp or CiVB (chiv, effv), a small 

GhiUSi <kS-«'8e), the Clusium of the ^^^^^9 perennial garden plant (AlUr 
Romans; a town of Italy, um SchoBnoprdsum) of the same genus 
province Sienna, and 43 miles 8. from as the leek and onion, and used for fla- 
Arezzo. It was the capital of Lars Por- vorin^ soups, etc. It is a rare native of 
sena, and has collections of Etruscan and Britain, where it is often cultivated as 
Roman antiquities. Pop. 0011. an edging for garden plots. 

CMvalrV (chiv'al-ri; French chevaU CMadni (*lAd'n6), Ernest Flobent 
•^ erie, from cheval, a horse), ^*"«***^* FkiedbioHj a German physi- 
a term which indicates strictly the or- cist, bom in 1756; died in 1827. He 
ganization of knighthood as it existed in investigated the laws of sound and made 
the middle ages, and in a general sense important experiments on the vibration 
the spirit and aims which distinguished of metallic and glass plates of various 
the knights of those times. The chief forma His works include DiscoverieM 
characteristics of the chivalric ages were Concerning the Theory of Sound, 17S7; 
a warlike spirit, a lofty devotion to the Acoustics, 1802; Contrihuiions to Prae- 
female sex (the latter somewhat ques- tical Acoustics, with Remarks on the 
tionable), a love of adventure, and an Making of Instruments, 1822; etc. 
undefinable thirst for glory. The Cru- ChladnrS FiffUreS, S*^® figures 
sades gave for a time a religious turn &»***'«j formed by 

to the spirit of chivalry, and various sand strewn on a horizontal glass or 
religious orders of knishthood arose, such metal plate, or a slip of wood, when it is 
as Uie Knights of St John, the Templars, clamped firmly at one point, and set in 
the Teutonic Knights, etc. Hie educa- vibration by means of a violin-bow. 

S2 « ?oiW^ t%'^:i^ fJlr^Z Chlamydosanrus ^i^f^^^i:^ 

was sent to the court of some baron or ChlftTOVTlTinrTlR (kla-mif'o-rus) , a ge- 
noble knight, where he spent his time ^•^ nus of quadrup^ 

chiefly in attending on the ladies, and of the order Edentilta. The only species, 
acquiring skill in the use of arms, in C truno&tus, or pichiciago, resembles tiie 
riding, etc. When advancing age and mole in its habits; it is about 5 inches 
experience in the use of arms had quali- long, and its back is covered over with 
fied the page for war, he became an a coat of mail, consisting of twenty-four 
esquire, or squire. This word is from rows of tough, leathery plates. Its in- 
L. scutum, a shield, it being among other temal skeleton in several respects re- 
offices the squire's business to carry the sembles that of birds. It is a native of 
shield of the knight whom he served. South America, allied to the armadillo. 
The third and hignest rank of chivalry ChlaiUVS (l^l&in'is)* & Hg^t and free- 
was that of knighthood, which was not ^ ly-flowing scarf or plaid 

conferred before the twenty-first year, worn by the ancient Greeks as an outer 
except in the case of distinguished birth garment. It was oblong in shape, gea- 
or great achievements. The individual erally twice as long as its width. 



Chloral ' CMorodyne 

dllori).! (kl^'ral; CXHaCHO), a liquid chlorine^ but especially of the conuner- 

vruAvxax ^^^ prepared by Liebit? by cial articles the chlorides of lime, potash 

passinff dry chlorine gas through abso- and soda. 

lute alcohol to saturation, afterwards by CMorine l^l^'i^n; sym. CI; atom. 
Stftdeler by the action of hydrochloric ^^^^v**-**^ weight 35.5), an element- 
add and manganese on starch. The ary greenish-yellow, irrespirable ^as, with 
hydrate of chloral, as now prepared a peculiar, penetrating, suffocating odor 
(CCbCHO.HaO), is a white, crystalline and add. astringent taste, discovered by 
substance which, in contact with alka- Scheele in 1774, who named it dephlo- 
lies, separates into chloroform and for- gisticated marine acid. It was after- 
mic acid. Chloral kills by paralyzing the wards proved by Davy to be a simple 
action of the heart. It is a hypnotic as body, and from its peculiar yellowish- 
well as an ansesthetic, and is frequently green color the appellation of chlorine 
substituted for morphia. It has been (from Greek chUiroSf yellowish green) 
successfully used in delirium tremens, was given to it. It is always found in 
St Vitus* dance, poisoning by strychnia, nature in a state of combination. United 
in tetanus, and in some cases of asthma with sodium it occurs very largely as 
and whooping-cough. It should be taken the chloride of sodium or common salt, 
with great caution and under medical from which it is liberated by the action 
advice, as an extra dose may produce of sulphuric acid and manganese dioxide, 
serious symptoms and even death. The Chlorine is a very heavy gas, being about 
treatment of poisoning by chloral is to two and a half times as heavy as ordi- 
keep the person warm by means of blank- nary air ; it has a peculiar smell, and ir- 
ets, warm bottles, etc. Warm stimulat- ritates the nostrils most violently when 
ing dKnks should also be administered, inhaled, as also the windpipe and lungs, 
such as hot coffee, hot tea, negus, etc. It exercises a corrosive action upon or- 
It has been shown that an animal kept ganic tissues. It is not combustible, 
warm by wrapping in cotton wool re- though it supports the combustion of 
covered from a dose of chloral that many bodies, and, indeed, spontaneously 
otherwise would have killed it. bums several. In combination with other 
Clllora.ILtllfl.Ce&B (l^l^'i^^i^'thft'se-^), a elements it forms chlorides, which act 
vxAxvxc»ubua.w^cK^ ^^^^ order of apet- most important parts in many manufac- 
alous exogens, allied to the peppers, and, turing processes. This gas may be lique- 
like them, having an aromatic, fragrant fied by cold and pressure, and it solidifies 
odor; natives of the warm regions of and crystallizes at — 102* C. into a yellow 
India and America. Chloranthus ajBUcin- mass. Chlorine is one of the most power- 
itlis is reckoned a stimulant and tonic of ful bleaching agents, this property belong- 
the highest order. ing to it through its strong afiinity for 
Ghlorfl.te (klO'rftt)r^a salt of chloric hydro|[en. Hence in the manufacture of 
acid. The chlorates are bleaching powder (chloride of lime) it is 
very analogous to the nitrates. They used in immense quantities. When ap- 
are decomposed by a red heat, nearly all plied to moistened colored fabrics it acts 
of them being converted into metallic by decomposing the moisture present, the 
chlorides, with evolution of pure oxygen, oxygen of which then destroys the color- 
They deflanate with inflammable sub- ing matter of the cloth, etc. It is a 
stances with such facility that an explo- valuable disinfectant where it can be 
sion is produced by slight causes. The conveniently applied, as in the form of 
chlorates of sodium and potassium are chloride of lime. 

used in medidne. The latter, in doses HliloritG (klo'rit), a mineral of a 
of from one to twenty grains, is largely ^*"*'* "^ grass-green color, opaque, 
used in scarlet fever, inflamed throat, usually friable or easily pulverized, com- 
etc. It is also used in the manufacture posed of little spangles, scales, prisms, 
of lucifer-matches, fireworks and per- or shining small grains, and consisting of 
cussion-caps. silica, alumina, magnesia and protoxide 
flliloriP TCfliPT (l5l5-rik 6'ther). a vol- of iron. It is closely allied in character 
liUiuno xitucr ^^j^ ^ .^ (C.H.a) to mica and talc *here are four sub- 
obtained by passing hydrochloric add ^as spedes — chlorite earth, common chlorite, 
into alcohol to saturation and distilling chlorite slate and foliated chlorite, 
the products. Called also Hydrochloric rfTilArnilimA (kl0'r0-dln>. a popular 
Ether, , \>iuuruuyiic p^^^^^ medidne used in 

Cllloride of Iiime ® ® ® Bleachinff allaying pain and inducing sleep, and 
VM.AVAXMW VA .uxAAx^^. Pq^^^^ containing morphia, chloroform, prussic 

CMoriinetrV (kl^-rlm'i-tri), the add, extract of Indian hemp, etc. There 
^ "^ process of testing the are several makes of it, but all have to 

bleaching power of any combination of be used with caution. 



Chloroform Choiseifl 

Chloroform (^l^* i^^orm; GHCla), term is also applied to a disease of plants 

^ www ^^ perchloride of for- in which a deficiency of chlorophyll 

myle, a volatile colorless liquid of an causes a blanched and yellow appearance 

agreeable, fragrant, sweetish apple taste instead of a healthy green in the plant 

and smell, of the specific gravity of 1.48, Ghoate (c^^t), Joseph Uooqes, law- 

and discovered by Soubeiran and Idebig ^*^^^^^ yer, born at Salem, Massa- 

in 1832. It is prepared by cauuousiy chusetts, in 1832. Was graduated at Har- 

distilling together a mixture of alcohol, vard in 1852, and at harvard Law School 

water and chloride of lime or bleaching in 1854. A member of the bar in Massa- 

powder. Its use as an anesthetic was chusetts, he removed to New York City 

introduced in 1847 by Professor (after- in 1856 and was admitted to the bar of 

wards Sir) James Y. Simpson of Edin- that dty. A gifted orator and noted 

burgh. For this purpose its vapor is in- Jurist, he was appointed . ambassador to 

haled. The inhalation of chloroform first Great Britain bv President McKinley, 

produces slight intoxication ; then, f re- 1899-1905. He died May 14, 1917. 

quentiy, slight muscular contractions, (thofl.te RuFUS, lawyer, bom in Ips- 

unruliness and dreaming; then loss of ^^^"'^^f wlch, Biamachusetts, in 1799 ; 

voluntary motion and consciousness, the died in 1859. In 1830 he was elected to 

patient appearing as if sound asleep; Congress; also in 1832. In 1841 he suc- 

and at last, if too much be given, death ceeded Daniel Webster in the U. S. 

by coma and syncope. When skilfully Senate, serving until 1845. In many re> 

administered in proper cases it is con- spects he was the most scholarly of 

sidered one of the safest of anesthetics; American public men, and among the 

but it requires to be used under certain greatest forensic advocates America has 

precautions, as its application has fre- produced. « 

quentiy proved fatal. Chloroform is a r!lincolfl.te (chok'5-lAt; from Mexican 

powerful solvent, dissolving resins, wax, '^'"•^^'vxawc chocolatl). a paste com- 

lodine, etc., as well as strychnine and posed of the kernels oi the Theobrdma 

other alkaloids. CaoAo or cacao-tree, ground and com- 

ChlorODh&ne (lKl^'i^^~f^°)« & mineral, bined with sugar and vanilla, cinnamon, 

^ a variety of fluorspar or other flavoring substance; also a bev- 

which exhibits a bright-green, phosphor- erase made by dissolving chocolate in 

escent light when heated. boiling water or milk. It was used in 

ChlorODhvll (^l^'>'^fiO> the green Mexico long before the arrival of the 

'^ ^ coloring matter of Spaniards, and is now extensively used 

plants. It plays an important part in in Europe and America as a beverage 

the life of the plant, as it breaks up the and confection. 

carbonic acid gas taken ChoctaWS (chok'tfts), a North Amer- 
in by the stomata erf the ^^"^^^^^ ^ ican Indian trioe now set- 
leaves into its two ele- tied on a portion of Oklahoma, about 
ments, carbon and oxy- 16,000 in all. They formerly inhab- 
gen, returning the oxy- ited what is now the w. part of Alabama 
gen to the air, and con- and s. part of Mississippi. The^r culti- 
verting the carbon with vate the soil, are partially civilized, 
nkin^ lwii r i^. ' i^ the water obtained from having a regular constitution prefaced 
iSTSceSli dTl the rooU into starch, with a biU of rights, courts of justice, 
Leaf. Light is indispensable to books and newspapers. 

X?'tt%**"?al±T''biaS?hinrof ChOCZim {*o'tsim). See KMin. 
plants by privation of light, either by Ghoir (^l^^r), that part of a cruci- 
the art of the gardener or from accidental ^***'** form church extending east- 
causes, ward from the nave to the altar, fre- 
nilnrnsia (kl5-r6'sis; Greek chl6ros, quentiy inclosed by a screen, and set 
vriuuAUBxo yellowish green), or Gbeen apart for the performance of the ordi- 
SlCKinDBB, a disease specially affecting nary service. The name is also given to 
young girls, is characterized by a green- the organized body of singers in church 
ish or yellowish hue of the skin, languor, 8<»rvices. 

indigestion and general debility, and de- Ghoisenl (shwa-*eul>, an ancient 

rangement of the system. The patho- ^ *** French familv which haf 

logical condition of chlorosis is a diminn- furnished many distinguished individuala 

tion in quantity of the red globules of One of the best known is £tienne BYan- 

the blood, an important constituent of cois. Buke of Choiseul-Amboise, bom in 

which is iron, and accordingly the ad- 1719 ; died in 1785. He entered the army 

ministration of iron forms a leading part in early life, and after distinguishing 

^ th^ treatment Qf this disease, — ^The himself on various occasions in the Aor 




Choisy-le-roi -^ Choloft 

— — — ^ — - — — — , 

trian War of Saccession, returned to This disease is endemic in certain parts 
Paris, where his intimacy with Madame of Asia, and is liable to spread to other 
de Pompadour furnished the means of parts of the world, usually by the ordi- 
gratifying his ambition. After having nary channels of commercial intercourse, 
been ambassador at Rome, and at Vien- It nrst appeared in Europe in 1829. and 
na, where he concluded with Maria reached Britain in 1831, spreading tnence 
Theresa the treaty of alliance against to America. 

Prussia, he became in reality prime-min- The primary and essential element in 
ister of France, and was very popular the production of cholera has been as- 
through a series of able diplomatic certained to be a constituent of the ex- 
measures. He negotiated the famous oreta of cholera patients. Dr. Koch 
Family Compact which reunited the vari- asserts that the essential cause is a 
ous members of the Bourbon family, and bacillus, having the form of a curved rod, 
restored Corsica to France. His fall hence called the comma haciUuSf discov- 
was brought about in 1770 by a court ered by himself, and that the disease is 
intrigue, supported by Madame du Barry, caused by the multiplication of this or- 
the new favorite of the king. He was ganism in the small intestines, it being 
banished to his estates, but his advice in due usually to drinking impure water, 
political matters was frequently taken A cholera antitoxin was discovered by 
by Louis XVI. Professor Vincent, head of the Val de 

Clioisv-le-roi (shw&-s6-l-rw&), a Grace Military Hospital, Paris, who also 
J *** handsome town, discovered a typhoid antitoxin, and details 

France, 7 miles B. of Paris on the Seine, were presented before the Academy of 
In its cemetery is the tomb of Rouget de Medicine in March, 1015. 
risle. author of the MargeiUaise. Pop. What is called cholera mordfi^ is a 
(190(3) 12,0(X). bilious disease, long known in most 

Clioke-clierrv ^ popular name for countrieiy and is characterized by oopi* 
vuvA«/ vu«^AAj| ^jjg ^j. jjjj,j.Q species ous vomiting and purging, with violent 

of cherry (such as Prunus or Cerdaus griping, cramps oi the muscles of the 
haredlU, Prunus Virginiana), distin- abdomen and lower extremities, and 
guished by their astringency. great depression of strength. It is most 
C!lloke-d8.IIID ^' Aftkb-damp, the prevalent at the end of summer or the 
vruvxk^ ua.Au.^1 name given to the irre- beginning of autumn. Cholera infantum 
spirable gas (carbonic acid) found in (infants'^ cholera) is the name some- 
coal-mines after an explosion of fire- times given to a severe and dangerous 
damp or light carburetted hydrogen. diarrhoea to which infants are liable in 
C}lola?0?1ie (ko'la-gog), a medi- hot climates or in the hot season, and 
\/ixvAa«5vgu.«/ ^jjjg which has the usually due to improper methods of 
property of stimulating the liver and feeding and caring for the food, 
producing a secretion of bile thereby. Gholesterin (kd-les'ter-in; CmHuO). 
Cholera (kor*-ra), Asiatic, a deadly "va^oi/^^xxi* ^ monatomic alcohol 
parasitic endemic and epi- found in bile, blood, etc., which may be 
demic disease, characterized by acute obtained in the form of beautiful, pearly 
diarrhoea, vomiting, feeble circulation, crystalline scales, without taste and odor, 
coldness, cramps and collapse. The vie- It is widely distributed in the animal 
tims of cholera are those whose intestines economy, being essential to the brain 
are weakened by previous illness, bad and nerve substance, and having been 
feeding, exhaustion, or excess in eating found in milk, and many portions of the 
or drinking. In an epidemic, cases vary body, both as a normal and a pathologi- 
from those rapidly fatal to those of hardly cal constituent. 

recognizable diarrhoea; but with the typ- Gholet (sho-la), a town of N. W. 
ical pronounced case, in the course of a ^'"^***"' France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, 
few hours after diarrhoea begins the stools 32 miles s. w. of Angers, with manufac- 
have the typical ' rice-water ' appearance, tures of cotton goods and woolen stuflFs, 
caused by quantities of floating white par- and a brisk trade. Pop. (1906) 16,554. 
tides like rice, which are shreds of intes- CTlolnpTirnrnp (kOHo-krOm), Cholo- 
tinal mucous membrane. Vomiting begins, ^H^^OCnrome pjj^^ (k 6 - lo-f6'in) , 
at first of the stomach contents, and later the brown coloring matter contained in 
of * rice-water' material. The patient bile and in the intesHnes, and the sub- 
suffers severely from intense cramps of stance coloring the faeces and the skin in 
the limbs and unquenchable thirst; and janndice. 

unless reaction soon takes place, he falls Cholos ^chonos), in Peru, the name 

into a coUapsed condition, unable to ho p ^^^^^^ f^^ ^^^^^ ^b^, ^^ p^^l of 

himself in any way, although generally white, partly of Indian parentage, the 

quite clear-headed. most numerous class of the community. 



Chfliila Chord 

fflialwU (ehMaH}. * town of Hoi- Chon'sticks. (^ CTiinff HilKtitnte 

VDVUUa, ^ ^ _y^ s. I. by E. ol ^IM»F«"!*"» to our knift. fork and 

l l«j i « >, tomtflj k latKe dtj, tbe wat apotM at nwala, eaoudv of two amootli 

«4 iW rdifitfa ti the ancieDt Uexicaiu, Muks of buoboo, wood, or ivory, wbidi 

witk More than 4U0 Umplc*. One of are aanl for conierinc mat to tbe BKHith 

tboK IcBpha ttm remaina, bnilt ia tkc witb wooderfol dexteritj. 

Uirm of a pjramid, each nd« of ita baae nhnnttric Wnnnm^fit ik o- ra'iik). 

aU 1S4 fnt. On tli« top i* a chapd of «». 

SpaoUi ori^iii. Pop. about 9000. Chora^M (k*-rt'«~). • nwne fi»en 

(<lU,IlJrite (k'-XWt). a foa^ aea- *'norapU ^^ the Greeka to the iSadtr 
weed. or duvctor of the chomaea famished for 

dumdTDDterVeii (kon-drop-te-Hj'. tile pablic feBtii-ala, and who also de- 
i^ '» ill. one of the frayed the c«)en«M of the chonu. (See 
two sreat aedioiia Into which Cnrier di- Ckormt). "ae cborastia who waa ad- 
*lde« the claaa nacea or fiahea, diatin- Judged to have performed hia duty be«I 
sniahcd from the fiabea with true bone received a tripod of bran, for wbicb he 
by the cartiiaciiioiia or griatly aobataDce had to build a monoaient, on which it 
of which the bone* are compoaed, and waa placed. A atreet In Athena which 
bj the cartilaguHXia apinea of the Gna. contained a great number of tbeae cho- 
Tbe Umillea include the ■targeon, ahark, rasic moDumenta waa called the Street 
ray aod bmprey. of the Tripods. 

ChOndnU *"»'J""). the renna of ChoTal» (ko-rine). or Cno'til, the 
vuvmuu* i^weeds to which carra- *'"M'»*c p^^j^, ^^ j^yj^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^ 
green or Irish mosa belong*. German Protestant charchea, a simple 

ChOnOS ArchiDClaeO <chO'na«), a melody to be suns in hanaony or in nni- 
11 J ,_. - I ^'■•".P^ ™ son by a number of Toicea to aacred 

islanda lying off the w. coaat of Pats- words. 

gonia, mostly between lata. 44" and 4fl* Choral Mnaip (Wral), tooU music 
ft. and Ion 74- and 75" W. Two are "^HOrai JIUSIC \^ ^^, ^^^"^^ 
Urge bat tbey are all barren and scan- ten or arranged for a choir or chonu. 
tily inhabited. and includiuK oratorios, cantatas, ma nan. 

CllffDill '<^''OP'll)i 'D old liqnid meas- anthems, etc 

p T J are containing half a pint in Choral Scrvice '" *^' Chnrcli of 
England, a quart in Scotland. wuuiax crcivil^c, England, service 

ChODin **'">-P«(i). F»6d6bic Fban- with intoned responses, and 'the use of 
. .S"^^' P"""*"' ""^ musical com- music throughout wherever it la autfao^ 
poaer, of French extraction, waa bom at i»ed. The aervice ia said to be partlt 
Warsaw in 1810, went to Paris in 1831 choral when only canticleg, hymna etc, 
on account of the political tronbles of are sung; vthoUv choral, when in ad- 
Poland, and died tliere in 1849. He dition to these the versieles, responses, 
wrote numerous pieces for the pianoforte, etc., are sung. 

chiefly In the form of nocturaea. polo- Chord (kOrd; Greek cliorde, a string 
nalses, waltzea and maiurkas, all of *'""*" ^f gut), in music, the simolts- 
which display much musical iDveotion, neoua combination of different soundi. 
aboauding In subtle ideas with graceful consonant or dissonant. The common 
barmonli- effecta. cAord consists of a fundamenUl or bass 

ChODine ichop^n >, a very high shoe note with its third and fifth. When the 
1 . It. 1 ?'.Ple^>t«J clog, Introduced interval between the bass note and ila 
Into Koglaod from Venice, In the reinn third is two full tones the combination is 
-— - - of Queen Ehiabeth a major chord; when the interval is a 
and which became the tone and a half the combination is termed 
— enable wear of a minor cAord; when the Intervals be- 
L ladies d u r i n g tween the bass note and its third and tlif 
. t reign. They third and the fifth are each a tone tnd 

I ^^.J^'^uk"', ^w"' Sn.''""' ""^ '^'""■^ 's called di,nirUM- 
\ covered with leather The tonU, chord ia made tip of the kw 
- . colors, note and Kb third and fifth ; the *•-  




' white, red. yellow and .ant cftor^'-'consiab. of the dUln.^"o'r 
sometimes gill. Some fifth of the s^ale a«y™n.„?S kS th 

— h iiSrarruc?,' i:% ^"n -/ a^^" the's^S-*' *^ 

inches, the height of ?h-e'hoplne "in! or fo^J^^*' /?.' "' V'^ '*>« subdominMt 
straight line drawn, or nippowd to n- 



Chorda Dorsalis '^ Ghouans 

tend, from one end of an arc of a circle the names of the portions of verse which 
to the other. they recited, strophe, antistrophe and 

Chorda Dorsa^lis ^^^ notochord or epode, are derived. — In music, the chorus 
\/uvx\M» ^vxQo. xxoy dorsal chord, is that part of a composite vocal per- 
See Notochord. formance which is executed by the whole 

GhOTdffi- Vocables ^^ cords. See body of the singers in contradistinction 
\/uvxu«# Tv\/a.x^o^ jjjg Yocal chords to the solo airs, and concerted pieces for 
Larpnw. selected voices. The singers who join 

Chorea (^o-i^^'ft)* See Vitus* Dance, in the chorus are also called the chorus. 
vrixvxca g^^ rjjjg ^gjm ^ ^i^^ applied to the verses of 

Choriamhns (ko'ri-am-bus), in pros, a song in which the company join the 
vi&vAxcuuuuo ^ £^j^j consisting of four singer, or the union of a company with a 
syllables, of which the first and last are singer in repeating certain couplets or 
long, and the others short ; that is. a verses at certain periods in a song, 
choreus, or trochee, and an iambus PlioaA (shdz; French, a thing), in 
united. wam/o%* j^^^ property; a right to pos- 
Chorion (1^^'ri-on), in anatomv the session; or that which may be demanded 
V11VXJ.VU external vascular membrane, and recovered by suit or action at law. 
covered with numerous villi or shaggy Thus money due on a bond or recom- 
tuf ts, which invests the fetus in utero. pense for damage done is a chose in ao- 
Chorlev (<^h^i^'^)f ^ municipal bor- tion; the former proceeding from an em- 
" ough and market town. Eng- press, the latter from an implied con- 
land, Lancashire, on the Yarrow, 20 miles tract. A chose local is annexed to a 
N. w. of Manchester, with manufactures place, as a mill or tLe like ; a chose 
of cotton goods, calico-printing and dye- transitory is a thing which is movable, 
wood works, floor-cloth works, iron- PliAaATi (chO'sen), the ancient name 
foundries, etc. In the vicinity are coal, ^'***'»**" of Corea, now restored by 
lead and iron mines. Chorley gives Japan as the legal name, 
name to a parliamentary division of the niinarAAS T (kos'ro-es), sumamed the 
county. Pop. (1911) 30,317. v>iiu»ruc» X >ji,gt' the greatest of the 
Choroid (kdi*'oid). Cho'rioid, a term Sassanid kings of JPersia, reigned A.D. 
applied in anatomy to va- 531-579. At his accession Persia was 
riouB textures ; as the choroid membrane, involved in a war with the Emperor 
one of the membranes of the eye, of a Justinian, which Ghosroes terminated 
very dark color, situated between the successfully, obliging Justinian to pur- 
sclerotic and the retina, and terminating chase peace by the payment of a large 
anteriorly at the great circumference of sum of money. In 540, however, jeal- 
the iris. ous of the renown of Belisarius, ^e 
Chorus (^^'>^oci)» originally an ancient great general of the empire, Gonstantine 
Greek term for a troop of violated the peace, invaded Syria, laid 
singers and dancers, intended to heighten Antioch in ashes, and returned home 
the pomp and solemnity of festivals, laden with spoils. The war continued 
During the most flourishing period of till 562, when the emperor was again 
ancient tragedy (b.c. 500-400) the Greek obliged to purchase peace by an annual 
chorus was a troop of males and females, tribute of gold. The peace continued 
who, during the whole representation, for ten years, when the war ¥^s renewed 
were spectators of the action, never quit- with Justin, the successor of Justinian, 
ting the stage. In the intervals of the ac- Ghosroes being once more successful, 
tion the chorus chanted songs, which re- The following emperor, Tiberius, at 
lated to the subject of the performance, length completely defeated the Persians 
Sometimes it even took part in the per- in 578. 

formance, by observations on the conduct nji nfa lTa67)Ore (chu'ta n ft g-pur) , 

of the personages, by advice, consolation, ^"v*" *'«*5F*'*v qhtttia Naopub, a 

exhortation, or dissuasion. In the begin- division of British India, presidency 

ning it consisted of a great number of of Bengal, divided into the districts of 

persons, sometimes as many as fifty ; but Ranchi, Palamau, Hazaribagh, Singbhum 

the number was afterwards limited to and Manbhum; and two feudatory states, 

fifteen. The exhibition of a chorus was Total area, 43,020 sq. miles. Pop. 4,903,- 

in Athens an honorable civil charge, and 991. 

was called ofcoraf^y. {^^ Choragus,) Chotin (fcd'tin). See Z^o^m. 
Sometimes the chorus was divided into ^ 

two parts, who sung alternately. The Chonans (s^^'&n)* & name given 
divisions of the chorus were not station- '*'**^ •*«***•» to the royalist peasantry of 
ary, but moved from one side of the stage Brittany and Lower Maine, who carried 
to the other ; from which circumstance on a petty warfare against the republican 



Chouglf Gfirlstian Era 

{oyenuDent from an early period of the mother; and that there is no personal 
'rench revolution. The name was finally devlL 

extended to all the Vendeans. The name niiriafp'hiirp'h (k r I s t' church), a 
was derived from the first chief of the vrariStLaurcil p a r 1 i a m e n Ury 
Chouans, Jean Cottereau, who with his borough, England, county of Hampshire, 
three brothers organized these bands in 21 miles southwest of Southampton, 
17^. Cottereau had joined a band of pleasantly situated at the confluence of 
dealers in contraband salt, and acquired the Avon and Stour, about 1 mile from 
the surname Chouan from the cry of the the sea. There is a fin% old priory 
screech-owl (Fr. ohat-huant) which he church, dating from the time of William 
used aa a signal with his companions. Rufus, with a magnificent stone altar- 
He was killed in an engagement with the screen. Pop. 5104. 
republican troops in 1794. The Chouans miriafnTinrpli & town of New Zea- 
were not suppressed till 1799. and even vrJiri»i,Uiiuii/ii, j^^^^^ ^p^^j ^^ ^j^^ 

after that occasional spurts of insurrec- province of Canterbury, and the see of 

tion occurred down till 1830, when they the primate of New Zealand, is situated 

were fully put down. on the Avon River, 7 miles from Port 

Chon^h. (<^^u^)* GoBNiflH Chough, Lyttelton, with which it has railway com* 

\/iAvu5u ^j. i^KDLBGGED Cbow, a bird munication. It contains a number of 

belonging to the genus Freoilus, of the handsome buildings, among which are the 

crow fomily, but nearly allied to the provincial sovernment offices, the Cathe- 

starlings. F. graoulus is the only dral, St. Michael's Church, the supreme 

European species, and frequents, in Eng- court, hospital, museum, town library, etc 

land, chiefly the coasts of CornwalL Its There are a fine park, a botanic garden, 

general color is black, contrasting well and high-class educational and other 

the vermilion-red of the beak, \eK9 and institutions. Pop. 49,928, or including 

toes. There are other species, natives of extensive suburbs, 67.878. 

Australia, Java, etc. niiriafmTi (krisfyan), the name of 

Chretien A^ Trovea (krfi-ti-ev), a ^^""tiau ^^^ Danish kings, Chbir- 

Uareueu ae xroyes French trou- tian II, King of Denmark, Norway, and 

vdre, born at Troyes about 1150; died Sweden, was born 1480; died 1559. He 

about the end of the twelfth or beginning attained the throne in 1513. and in 1518 

of the thirteenth century. His fame rests usurped the throne of Sweden, from 

upon six romances still extant, viz., Iric which he was expelled by Gustavus Vasa 

et Ouide, Perceval le OalloiBf Le Chevalier in 1522. He was deposed by his Danish 

au lAonf Cligei, Chevalier de la Table subjects in 1523, and retired to the 

ronde, Lancelot du lac, and Guillaume Netherlands, whence he returned in 1531 

d*Angleierre. Other two of his works, with an army, but ws j defeated, and 

Trieian^ ou le Roi Marc et la Reine kept in confinement till his death. — 

Yeeult, and Le Chevalier d VEp4e, have Chbistian IV, King of Denmark, son of 

been apparently lost. Frederick II, born in 1577, succeedet! 

PVirism (krlsm: Greek c^mma, salve), to the throne as a minor in 1588; died 

vrUiTism ^jj^ jj^jy qJi prepared by the 1648.-~Chmstian IX. See Denmark,— 

£L Catholic bishops, and used in baptism, Chbistian X, born in 1870, succeeded 

confirmation, ordination of priests, and his father, Frederick VIII, in 1912. 

the extreme uncHon. The name is derived Christian EndeaVOr, TJnited 
from the Greek word * to anoint' v**a*ow*»4» .k^^^^wwAy w^^v 

niiriAATn (kris'om), a white garment Snpl l^tv nf ^^^ *^« promotion of 
UnnSOm formerly laid upon a cMM at OOCICXy 01, christion union among 
baptism in token of innocence. Protestant denominations, originating in 
riiriaf (krXst; from Greek Christoe, 1881, has now about 75,000 societfes and 
vi&Aiob ^jjg anointed; Meeaiah, from 4,000,000 members, represented in all 
the Hebrew, has the same signification), parts of the world. Its purpose is to 
a title of our Saviour, now used almost make the young people loyal and efilcient 
as a name or part of his name. See members of the church. 
Chrietianity and Jeeus Chriet, Christian Erft % *"** ^F* ^?,^ 
niriftfAilplT^liiftTis (k r i 8 t-a-del'fi- ^urisuan x-ra, almost universally 
f^nnsiaaeipiuans ^^^^^ ^ religious employed in Christian countries for the 
body of recent origin, who believe that computation of time. It is generally sup- 
God will raise all who love him to an posed to begin with the year of the birth 
endless life in this worid. but that those of Christ ; but that event seems to have 
who do not shall absolutely perish in taken place four years before the prewnt 
death ; that Christ is the Son of God. established beainning of the era. Time 
inheriting moral perfection from the before Christ is marked B.C.. after Christ 
Deitv, our human nature from his a.d. The era la computed from Januarj 



duistianla Christian Science 

1st, In the fourth ;ear of the 104th olym- The first conuannlty of the followen of 

fiiad, and 753d year from the building of Jeaua was formed at Jerusalem Boon af- 
tiimp. It was first used by DioojaiuB, a ler the death of their Master. Another 
Syrian monk, in the sixth century, but did at Antioch ia Syria first assumed (about 
not become general until about the middle US) the name of ChrUtianij and the 
of the fifteenth century. travels of tie apoatlea spread Chriatianity 

OiristiBTlin (kria-ti-A'ni-a). a city through the provinces of the Bomnn Bm- 
uiiiiBLiauitt ^^jj p^j.(^ jjjg capital of pire. Palestine, Syria, Asia Minor, 
Norway, province Aggershuus or Chris- Greece, the islands of the Mediterranean, 
tiitnia, at the bead of the long narrow in- Italy, and the northern coaat of Africa, 
let called ChriatiaDia Fjord, abont 60 as early as (be first century, contained so- 
miles from the open sea or Skagerrack, cietiea of Christiana. At the end of the 
The houses are mostly of brick and stone, third century almost half of the inhabi- 
generally plain buildings, devoid of arcbl- tants of the Roman Empire, and of sev- 
tecturat pretension. Important public era! neighboring countries, professed this 
buildings are the royal palace, the nouse belief. While Christianity as a system 
of representativee or Storthing, the gov- was thus spreading, many heretical 
ernor a palace and the cathedraL An branches had sprung from the main trunk. 
From the Gnostics, who date from tbe 
days of the apostles, to the Nestoriani of 
the fifth century tbe number of sects was 
large ; some of them exist to the present 
day. The most important events in the 
subsequent history of Christianity are the 
aeparation of the Eastern and Weatern 
churches early in the eifihth century ; and 
the Western reformation, which may be 
said to have commeni'ed with the sectariea 
of the thirteenth century and ended with 
tbe estabUshmenC of Protestantism in the 
sixteenth. The number of Chriatlans 
DOW in the world is computed at 570.- 
000,000. Of these about 27S.O00.00O are 
Ilomaa Catholics, 120,000.000 belong to 
the Greek Church, and 175,000,000 are 
Protestants. 
Cnriafiaiin (knst'yans), or Cbrib- 

i/nnsiians Via.v coniKCTioN, the 

name of a denomination in the United 

States aud Canada, adopted to express 

their renunciation of nil sectarianism. 

They are to be met with in all parts of 

the country, the number of their churches 

, .,„ . . „ ,, ^, being eatiinnteil at about 1200. Bach 

interesting building is the fine old eaatia church is an independent body ; the Scrip- 

of Aggersbuus, with its church and cita- turcs are their only rule of faith, and 

del crowning a point Jutting out into the admission to the church is obtained by a 

fjord. Attached to the university— the iimple profession of belief in Christianity. 

only one in Norway, opened m ISlii — is The sect is also known as the Oirlstlail 

- - - , containing a fine collection of nhurnh 

. The manufactures of the city fllhriHtifliiBflTiil (It rls'te-an-sand),  

 woolen cloth, ironware, to- i>nnsiiansana gg^i^^ i„ j^g ^Ijj^ 

pacco, paper, leather, soap, spirits, glass, of Norway, the see of a bishop, with 

etc., and there are extensive breweries, fishing iateresta. sawmills, wood-pulp 

The exports are principally timber and factories, shipbuilding yards, mechanical 

iron. The environs are exceedingly beau- workshops, etc. Pop. 14,701. 

Christiam^'°?i ' • .*■•■■•"■ »» '"'™''"'' ^'"""- £■ m"™ & 

\jliritH,lB.iu.j.y „!i_|oa instituted by Eddy to her interpretation of the Chris- 
Jeans Christ. ITioagh the great moral tian religion. Christian Science datet 
principles which it reveals and teaches, from 1S66. but Mrs. Eddy relates In her 
and the main doctrines of the gospel, have memoirs that she had been, for twenty 
been preserved without Interruption, the years before 1866, ' trying to tram 

GDins of the different nations and ages all physical effects to a mental cause. * 
.T« materially colored Its character. The written statement of ChristlBii 



Christians of St. John Christina 



i«i- 



Scienw dates from 1875, when Mn. Bddy riiriftfifiTiftf aH (k r 1 b' te-&n-flt&d), a 
published the Christian Science textbook, vnnsuanstaa \^^^ ^^ Sweden, 
Science and Health With Key to the capital of the l&n or government of same 
Scripturee. This is in the nature of a name, on a peninsula in the Helge Lake, 
commentary on the Bible, and purports about 10 miles from the Baltic, with 
to contain a complete statement of ' di- manufactures of gloves, linen and woolen 
vine metaphysics,* including directions fabrics, and some trade through the port 
for practice. We read on page 136 : of Ahus, at the mouth of the Helge. Pop. 
'The same power which heals sin heals 10,318. 

also sickness'; also on page 146, with HliriafiATiflf^rl (-sted), a fortified 
reference to * scientific healing': 'Its ^^^a»*'^»^bW5»* town, capital of the 
ethical and physical effects are indis- island of St Croix. Danish West Indies, 
Bolubly connected.' As a religious teach- ^ith a good harbor and some trade, 
ing. Christian Science is presented as the ^op. about 6000. 

restoration of original Christianity, with r!hriftflfl.nRllTli1 (-stmd), a seaport 
its absolutely spiritual understanding of ^^"^»''A»*"*^** town on the N. W. 
all true being, and its consequent power coast of Norway, 82 miles B. w. of 
over all unspiritual conditions, including Trondhjem, on three islands which inclose 
disease. As a religious movement, Chris- its beautiful landlocked harbor, with a 
tian Science is notable for the rapidity trade in dried and salted fish. Pop. 
of its growth. The First Church of 11,982. 

Christ, Scientist, was organized in 1879 Christina (kris-t6'na). Queen of Swe- 
at Boston. In 1914 there were over 1400 ^*** *•'•'***■• den, daughter of Gustavus 
Christian Science churches or societies. Adolphus, bom in 1026; died in 1689. 
A majority of these are located in the After the death of Gustavus, at Ltttzen, in 
United States, but they are numerous 1032, the states-general appointed guar- 
wherever the English language is spoken, dians to the Queen Christina, then but 
and a considerable number are to be "^^ years old. Her education was oon- 
fonnd in foreign countries. The Christian tinned according to the plan of Gustavus 
Science Church is distinctive because it Adolphus. She learned the ancient Ian- 
does not employ rites or ceremonies, and i^Affes, history, geography, politics, and 
does not rely on the personality of renounced the pleasures of her age in 

{)reachers. Each church of this denom- order to devote nerself entirely to study, 
nation elects two readers from its mem- ^^ 10^ she took upon herself the govern- 
hers for stated terms, who conduct its vienL A great talent for business, and 
services. On Sundays they read a 'les- p^&t firmness of purpose, distinguished 
son-sermon' composed of selections from ^^^ ^^^t steps. She terminated the war 
the Bible and from Science and Health ^^ Denmark begun in 1644, and ob- 
With Key to the Scriptures, by Mrs. tained several provinces by the treaty 
Eddy. These lesson-sermons are uniform concluded at Bromsebro in 1645. Her 
throughout the world. The remainder of >ubJects wished that she should choose a 
a Sunday service consists of hymns, a husband, but she manifested a constant 
solo, silent prayer, and a responsive read- aversion to marriage. During this time 
ing from the Bible. Wednesday evening ^^^ patronage of learned men, artists, 
meetings include testimonies of Christian ^^^ ^^^ l^ke was lavish. In 1650 she 
Science healing from voluntary speakers, caused herself to be crowned with great 
CTlriafmns of Sf TaTih a sect of Pomp, and with the titie of king. Prom 
l^nnsiians OI »X. JOnn, religion- *^** ^™« » striking change in her con- 
ists found in Asiatic Turkey, chiefly in ^"ct was perceptible. She neglected her 
the neighborhood of Bassora. They pro- ancient ministers, and listened to the 
fess to follow the teaching of John the advice of ambitious favorites. Intrigues 
Baptist and are wrongly called Chris- and base passions succeeded to her 
tians since they reject Christ, and are former noble and useful vi^ws. The 
practically heathen, whose deities are Public treasuri was squande:^ with ev 
darkness and light. Also called Zabians. travagant profusion. In 1^4 she abdl- 

Christia.nfl of Sf T li n m o s S.**®^ *^ ^*^^^ of her cousin Charles 
unrisuaus OI ox. A n O m a S, Gustavus. reserving to herself a certain 

or Stbian Chxtbch of India, the name of income, entire independence, and full 
a sect of Christians on the coast of Mala- Power over her suite and household. A 
bar, in India, numbering some 500.000. ^^^ days after she left Sweden and went 
The church is doubtiess an offshoot of the to Brussels, where she made a public 
Nestorian Church of Persia, transplanted entry nnd remained for some time. There 
to India about the beginning of the sixth "^^ made a secret profession of the 
century. The yoke of Rome was thrown Catholic religion, which she afterwards 
off in 16S8. pablidy connrmed in Innsbruck. From 



Ghiistison ChriBtophe 

Innabruck she nent to Rome, which she out ChriBtendom it is kept as a holiday 
entered un horseback in the coatume uf and occasioa of social enjoyment. 



1 Amazon, with great pomp. When the modern timea it ia the most widely 

I'ope Alexander Vll confirmed her she obaerved of all feetivala, extending 

adapted the surname of Aiessandra. for throaKhout Christendom and being a 

some time sbe resided at Paris, and in- eeason of good fare, present giving and 

curred great odium by the execution of family reunion. 

aer Italian equerry Monaldeschi (or be- ClUTStmaS BoxeS, ^°'^ > ^^^^ 
trayal of eonhdence. Subsequently at- "■'"■"•'■'"*•" ■"''j^»'"i presents were de- 
tempts which sbe made to resume tbe posited at ChrigtmaH ; hence a Christmas 
crown of Sweden failed, and she spent gift. The custom of bestowing Cbrist- 
the rest of her life in artistic and other mas boxes arose in the early days of the 
studies at Rome. She left an immense church, when boxes were placed in the 
set collection and a large number of churches for tbe reception of ofleiings ; 
valuable MSS. Her writings were col- these boxes were opened on Christmas 
lected and published in 1T52. Dsy, and their conlents distributed by 
r>)ri«itiaAn (kris'ti-sun), SiB Bobebt, the priests on the morrow (boiiiis day). 
UnnSXlSOn an eminent physician, bom ClnHlltmaa fiftHa ornamental cards 
at Edinburgh 1797; died 1882. A special- ^*tJ-^of,uia.a oaius, containing word* 
ist Id toxicology, be was appointed to the of Christmas greeting to friaods to whom 
chair of medicsl jurisprudence in Edin- they are sent. The first of them ap- 
burgh, in 1822, aod in 1832 be was peared about 1802, and consisted of 
promoted to that of materia medica. Me pictures of robins, holly, etc. ; since then 
was twice president of the Boyal College highly artistic designs bave been liitro- 
of Physicians, president of the Royal duced, and their manufacture is con- 
Society of Scotland, and ordinary phy- aiderable in the United States, Qermany, 
sician to the Queen in Scotland. He was France and England. Immense quan- 
D.C.L. of Oxford and LL.D. of Edin- titieB of them pass through the poatoffice 
burgh, and was elected rector of the lat- every Christmas, 

ter university in 1S80. P,hri«.tmn» C.arrH ■> carol or song 

ChriatmaS Cfrrn'mas). the festival of t'iinSXmaS l^arOl, fl^a<.riptive of thS 

vnriatman ^^^ Christian Church ob- birth of Christ, of incidents connected 

served annually on December 25th in with it, sung specially at Christmas, 

memory of the birth of Christ, and cele- Christmas RoSC. **i^ ^A}''J^ 

brated by a particular church service, v"*-^"*"**" .w«ov, ^^^^ (black hel- 

The time when the festival was first lebore), so called 

observed is not known with certainty; from its flower, 

but it Is spoken of in the beginning of tbe which resembles a 

third century by Clement of Alexandria; Isrge white single 

in the Istter part of tbe fourth ceotory rose ; its foliage is i 

Cbrysostom speaks of it as of great dark and evergre . ., 

antiquity. As to tbe day on which it and the plant bloa- 

was celebrated, there was long consider- soms during the 

able diversity, but by the time of Cbrysos- ter moutbs. 



blos-^ 



I the Western Church had fixed i 



' ler moutDS. ^ 

A^Kth of De'cemhef,"thongh"no~certain CllristmaS TtCC, i 

'   T Christ's birth a small fir-tree I 

 ' ■[ lighted up by means r 



knowledge of the day of Christ's birth i 

existed. The Eastern Church, which 1 „, _, 

previously had generally favored the 6tb of tiny candles 

of January, gradually adopted the same colored wax or small ChriMmu Bom (Hii- 
date. Many believe that the existence of Chinese lanterns, IMnutn^B-). 
heathen festivals celebrsted on or about ornamented with 
this day had great inSnence on its being flags, tinsel, ornaments, etc., and hnng 
selected ; snd the Brumalia. a Roman all over with gifts for children. 
festival held at the winter solstice, when niitnnf nlnenr (kris-tol'o-ji) , that brancli 
the sun Is as it were bom anew, has "-"^^B'-wiUej' of the study of divinity 
often been Instanced as having a strong which deals directly with the doctrine of 
hearing on tbe question. In tbe Roman the person of Christ. 
Csthohc, Greek. Anglicsn and Lutheran f<Ti ri ntnnli f> (kr?B-tof), HBSn, King 
churches there Is a special religions serv- ^"^iSt'OP"" of Hayti, was bom in the 
ice for Christmas Day ; and, contrary West Indies in 1767, and was employed 
to the general rule, a Roman Catholic as a slave in St. Domingo on the out- 
priest can celebrate three masses on this break of the blacks against the French 
day. Most other churches hold special in 1793. From the commencement of ths 
service, hut almost everywhere throngb- troahles he signalized Umietf if Urn 



Christoplier dirominm 

enersy, boldness and activity in many includes girls, is upwards of 1000. The 

bloody engagements. Toussaint-L'Ouver- London School occupied the site of the 

ture gave him the commission of briga- old Greyfriars monastery. Here Camden, 

dier-general, and he was largely instru- Richardson, the novelist, Coleridge, 

mental in driving the French from the Charles Lamb and Leigh Uunt received 

island. After the death of Dessalines their education. 

Christophe became master of the northern niiriflf' a Tlinm the Paliwrug acule- 
part of the island. In 1811 he had him- ^^*"«' » ±iivi:iij a t u 8, a small 
self proclaimed King of Hayti by the thorny shrub, order Rhamnacee, with 
name of Henri I. He also sought to small, shining, ovate leaves and yellow- 
perpetuate his name by the compilation ish-green, clustered flowers. It is com- 
of the Code Henri — a digest founded mon in the southeast of Europe and Asia 
upon the Code Napoleon. His cruelty Minor, and some suppose it to have 
provoked a revolt, which being unable to been the plant from which the Jews 
quell he shot himself, 1820. platted the crown of thorns for oar 
PTiriafnTiliAr (kris' to-fer), St., a Saviour. See also Jujube, 
Xjni^W^OKi: martyr of the early Chromate (krO'mat). See Chrtme 
church, beheaded in Asia Minor, accord- ^"*v*"**»'*' /i-qu Of^ Chrome Tellaw. 
ing to tradition in the year 250. The CliromatlC (kro-matik). in music, a 
Eastern Church celebrates his festival on ^'"* *'■"*«* *»■'•*' term applied to notes and 
the 9th of May, the Western on the peculiarities not belonging to the diatonic 
25th of July. scale. Thus a chromatio chord is a 
PliniafnTiViAT* ST. (commonly called chord which contains a note or notes for- 
VrnnSLUpucry iSt. KUis) a British eign to diatonic progression; chromatio 
island in the West Indies, one of the harmony, harmony consisting of chro- 
Leeward Islands, 23 miles in length, matic chords. The chromatio tcale is a 
and in general about 5 in breadth ; area scale made up of thirteen successive semi- 
68 sq. miles, devoted to sugar and pastur- tones, that is, the eight diatonic tones 
age. The interior consists of many rug- and the five intermediate tones, 
ged precipices and barren mountains. PlirnTnafin PrivifiTKy See Color 
The chief town, a seaport with open road- ^^rOHiaUO rnilUU^. p^^^i^g^ 

stead, is Basse-Terre. The island has a r!lironifl.t'ica ^® science of colon; 

legislature of its own, with an executive ^^^-^^^^^ ^^^^j that part of optics 

subordinate to the governor of the I^e- which treats of the properties of the 

ward Islands, resident in Antigua. It colors of light and of natural bodies, 

was discovered by Columbus in 1493 P'hrn'mA ArpPTi (krOm), the green 

and colonized by the English in 1628. ^-^^""^c \Jlt;cu ^^j^^ ^^ sesquioxide 

Pop. 29,127. of chromium, forming a green pigment 

niiriafn'nTilnft (kres-to-pOlos), Atha- used by enamelers. 

\/Aixxsuu^uxuD N^aiog^ the best of PlirnTni^ Trnn Or#* an ore of chro- 

modem Greek lyric poets, bom in 1772 ^^^""^c J.run vrc, ^^^^^ ^ ^ ^^^^ 

at Kastoria, in Macedonia; died 1847. eral of very considerable importance as 

His reputation as a poet rests on his affording chromate of potash, whence are 

Erotika and Bacchika, or Love and obtained various other preparations of 

Drinking Songs, which have been sev- this metal used in the arts, 

eral times collected and printed under r!liroTnA.«f aaI a steel in which the 

the title of Lyrika, He is also the au- ^^™™^C SlCCl, carbon is partly or 

thor of an ^olian-Dorio Grammar, and wholly replaced by chromium. It is 

translated into modem Greek parts of the asserted tnat this will bear a higher 

IHad and of Herodotus. degree of heat than ordinary steel, and 

Uliriaf 'a TTn«nifii.1 (generally known is less likely to become oxidized, or 

vnns^ S AOSpil^iU ^y ^^ ^^^^ ^j , ^^^^^, ^ working, and also rolls mnch 

Blue-Coat School, the title having refer- more smoothly than ordinary steel, 
ence to the costume of the children PTirnmA "Vpllnixr a chromate of lead, 
educated there), a school in London, ^^™"^C iciiuw, ^ beautiful pig- 
founded by Edward VI for supporting ment, varying in shade from deep orange 
poor orphans. Its present income is to very pale canary yellow, much used 
about $350,000 annually; the education in the arts. 

is essentially classical, but modern Gliroinilim (kr5'mi-um; chemical 

languages, literature, etc., are also taught. ^"-^ v-**" »*•»" symbol. Cr; atomic 

There is a mathematical school attached, weight, 52.4), a metal which forms very 

and scholarships are given either to Ox- hard, steel-gray masses : it never occurs 

ford or Cambridge. The average num- native, but may be obtained by reducinf 

her of pupils in London and at the the oxide. In its highest degree of oxi- 

preparatory school at Hertford, which dation it forms a compound of a mby* 



ChronioIitliograplLy Glironograpli 

red color. By itself it has received no niiroilic (kronlk; from Greek ckro* 
practical applications. It takes its name ^*** *'*"*' ^q^^ time), a term applied U 
from the various and beautiful colors diseases which are inveterate or of long 
which its oxide and acid communicate to continuance, in distinction to acute dis* 
minerals into whose composition they en- eases, which speedily terminate, 
ter. It is the coloring matter of the em- ChTOnicle (l^Po^'^~l^)t A history di- 
erald and beryl. Chromium is employed ^*"v"*^*^ gested according to the 
to give a fine deep green to the enamel order of time. In this sense it differs 
of porcelain, to glass, etc. The oxide of but little from annala. The term is 
chromium is of a bright grass-green or - mostly used in reference to the old his- 
pale-yellow color. This element was orig- tories of nations written when they were 
inallT discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin, comparatively rude. The histories writ- 
in tne native chromate of lead of Si- ten in the middle ages, some in verse, 
beria. some in prope, are known as chronicles. 

Pli'PA'mAliflincrra'n'hir (kr5'm&-lith- Well-known examples are the works of 
l^iironi011ino^a.pajr og' ra- fi). a Froissart, Monstrelet, Fabian, Hardy ng, 
method of producing a colored or tinted Hall, Hollinshed, Stowe and Baker, 
lithographic picture by using various Chron'iclea ^ooKB OF, two books of 
stones having different portions of the ^"^^"' *^a*5o> ^jjg qj^ Testament which 
picture drawn upon them with inks of formed only one book in the Hebrew 
various colors and so arranged as to canon, in which it is placed last Its 
blend into a complete picture. Some- division into two parts is the work of 
times as many as twenty different colors the Seventy, (See Septuagint.) The 
are employed. In printing, the lighter Hebrew name means 'acts of the days,' 
shades are printed off first and the dark- and is thus much the same as our 
est last. In the three-color process the 'journals.' The title ^ven to it by the 
use of the three primary colors suffices Seventy was Paraleipomena, meaning 
for all shades, and it is done on a print- ' things omitted.' The name Chronicles 
ing press with photo-electrotypes instead was given to it by Jerome. The book 
of stones. is one of the latest compositions of the 

ChromOSTlliere (kr0'm5-sfer), the Old Testament, and is supposed to have 
\/uj.vAuv0j/u^Aw name given to the been written by the same hand as Ezra 
gaseous envelope which exists round the and Nehemiah. According to its contents 
body of the sun, through which the light the book forms three great parts: — 1, 
of the photosphere, an inner envelope of genealogical tables; 2, the history uf the 
incandescent matter, passes. During total reigns of David and Solomon; 3, the 
eclipses it had been observed that a red- history of the kingdom of Judah from the 
colored envelope surrounded the sun, separation under Kehoboam to the Baby- 
shooting up to great distances from the Ionian captivity, with a notice in the last 
surface, it seems to have been first rec- two verses of the permission granted by 
ognized by Secchi ; and the projecting por- Cyrus to the exiles to return home and 
tions of it are commonly described as rebuild their temple. The Chronicles 
' red-colored protuberances ' and ' red present many points of contact with the 
flames.' To this red envelope the name earlier Scriptures, historical and pro- 
ehromoaphere was given by Mr. Lockyer. phetical, more especially, however, with 
The light from it is mucn fainter than the books of Samuel and of Kings, 
that from the photosphere; and till 1868, ClirOIIOPraill (l^rou'd-gram), a device 
when M. Janssei and Mr. Lockyer al- ^•****'**V6 *•""*** by which a date is 
most simultaneously pointed out a given in numeral letters by selecting cer- 
method of viewing it, it was never seen tain letters of an inscription and printing 
except during eclipses. The chromo- them larger than the others, as in the 
sphere and its prominences, when exam- motto of a medal struck by Gustavus 
ined with the telespectroscope, exhibit a Adolphus in 1632 :— Christ Vs DVX ; 
spectrum of bright lines, due to incan- ergo trlVMph Vs; where the values of 
descent gases. The most elevated por- C and the other capitals regarded as Ro- 
tions consist entirely or almost entirely man numerals gives the required figure 
of hydrogen, the lightest of the gases, when added together. 
Lower down are found the gases or va- GhTOnO&TaDll (l^^on'O-graf), the namt 
pors of the heavier metals — of sodium, o * given to various de^ 

magnesium, barium, iron and others, vices for measuring and registering very 
The lower the layer of the chromosphere minute portions of time with extreme 
examined the more densely is the spec- precision. Benson's chronograph is, in 
tram filled with lines of metals, and in principle, a lever watch with a double 
the prominences the red hydrogen flames sectmd hand, the one superimposed on 
tower high above alL the other. The outer end of the lower^ 



Chronology Chrysanthemnm 

most hand has a small cup filled with differs from the ordinary watch in the 

a black viscid fluid, with a minute hole principle of its escapement, which is so 

at the bottom, while the correspond- constructed that the oalance is free from 

ing end of the appermost is bent down the wheels during the greater part of its 

so as just to reach the hole. At the vibration, and also in being fitted with a 

starting (say) of a horse race, the ob- 'compensation adjustment,*^ calculated to 

server pulls a string, whereupon the bent prevent the expansion and contraction of 

end of the upper hand passes through the metal b^ the action of heat and cold 

the hole and makes a black mark on the from affecting its movements. Marine 

dial, instantly rebounding. Again, as -chronometers ||enerally beat half-seconds, 

each horse passes the winning-post the and are hung m gimbals in boxes 6 to 8 

string is redrawn and a dot made, and inches square. The pocket chronometer 

thus the time occupied by each horse is does not differ in appearance from a 

noted. This chronograph registers to one- watch except that it is somewhat larger, 

tenth of a second. Strange's chrono- GIlTOIIOSCOTie (kron'O-skOp), an in- 

graph is connected with the pendulum ^'*" v***'®*'^!'** strument for measur- 

of an astronomical clock, which makes a ing the duration of extremely short-lived 

mark on a sheet of paper at the begin- phenomena, such as the electric spark: 

ning and end of each swing. By touch- more especially the name given instrn- 

ing a spring on the appearance (say) of meats of various forms for measuring the 

a particular star in the field of a tele- velocity of projectiles, 

scope, an additional dot is made inter- Chmdiin i^^*^^^)f ^ town of Bohe- 

mediate between the two extreme ones, ^'*** *****<"* mia, 62 miles s. B. of 

and by measuring the distance of this Prague, with some manufactures and 

from either of these extremes the exact large horse-markets. Pop. 13,017. 

time can be ascertained to one-hundredth ClirvS&lis (l^ris'a'li8)t & form which 

of a second. Schnitzels chronograph, in ^*** J »«***• butterflies, moths, flies, and 

which electricity is applied, is yet far other insects assume when they change 

more precise, registering time to the five- from the state of larva or caterpillar and 

hundred-thousandth part of a second. before they arrive at their winged or 

Cliroiiolofirv C^^on-ord-jl; Gr. ohro' perfect state. In the chrysalis form the 

oJ^ no9f time, and logoa. animal isin a state of rest or insensi- 
discourse), the science which treats of 
time, ana has for its object the arrange- 
ment and exhibition of historical events 
in order of time and the ascertaining of 
the intervals between them. Its basis is 
necessarily the method of measuring or 
computing time by regular divisions or 
periods, according to the revolutions of 
the earth or moon. The motions of these 
bodies produce the natural division of 
time into years, months and days. As 

there can be no exact computation of i, 2,Chrywai» of the White Butterflyniioth ; «. 

time or placing of events without a Palpi or feelen; b 6, winc-caees; sucker; « c, eyes: 

fixed point from which to start, dates » «t antemue. 3, Chryaalis of the Oak Eaer> 

are fixed from an arbitrary point or »oth. 

epoch, which forms the beginning of an bility, and exists without nutriment, the 
era. The more important of these are lenath of time varying with the species 
the creation of the world among the anof season. During this period an 
Jews ; the birth of Christ among Chris- elaboration is going on in the interior of 
tians ; the Olympiads among the Greeks ; the chrysalis, giving to the organs of the 
the building of Rome among the Ho- future animal their proper development, 
mans; the Hejira, or flight of Moham- ChrvSRlltlieTniini ^kris-an'the-mumK 
med, among the Mohammedans, etc. See ^"■*Jo«*"*'"^'***«*^** a large genus of 
Epoch, Calendar. composite plants, consisting of herbs or 
Chronometer (kron-om'e-t*r), any shrubs with single, large-stalked, yellow 
wMAWMv.tM^vw« instrument that meas- flowers or with many small flowers; the 
nres time, as a clock, watch, or dial ; but, rays are sometimes white. The chrysan- 
speciflcally, this term is applied to those themum of gardens is a Chinese half- 
timekeepers which are used for determin- shrubby plant (C. Binenge), whose nn- 
ing the longitude at sea. or for any other merous varieties constitute one of the 
purpos* where an accurate measure of chief ornaments of our American gar- 
time is required, with great portability dens in October, November and Decem- 
in tfaa instrument. The chronometer ber. The ox-eyed daisy 0, Loucantheinim 






Chryselephantine ' Chrysostom 

and the com-marigold, (7. BegHum, are father, who had the command of the 

common weeds in Europe. imperial troops in Syria, died soon after 

Chryselephantine (tris-el-e-fan'tm ; the birth of his son, whose early educa- 

w«Mj»v«^^MHia«.vAMv Qj.^ ^ ]iji.ygog^ tion devolved upon Anthasa, his mother. 

^old; elephaSf ivory), made of gold and Chrysostom studied eloquence with 

iTory combined, a term applied to statues Libanius, the most famous orator of his 

executed in these two substances by the time, and soon excelled his master. After 

ancient Greeks, as Pheidias' great statue having studied philosophy with Andra- 

of Athena. gathius he devoted himself to the Holy 

Chrvsinnns (^^-slp'us), an ancient Scriptures, and determined upon quitting 

J^ x'l'**^ Greek philosopher belong- the world and consecrating his life to 

ing to Cilicia, lived about B.c. 282-209. God in the deserts of Syria. He spent 

He was the principal opponent of the several years in solitary retirement. 

Epicureans, and is said to have written studying and meditating with a view to 

700 different works, mostly of a dialecti- the church. Having completed bis vol- 

cal character; but only a variety of untary probation he returned to Antioch 

fragments are extant. in 381, when he was appointed deacon by 

Chrvsohervl (kris'O-ber-il; some- the Bishop of Antioch, and in 386 con- 

\/uAjrovucxjrx ^imeg called nymo- seciated priest. He was chosen vicar by 

phane, and, by the jewelers, oriental the same dignitary, and commissioned to 

chryaoUie), a gem, of a pale yellowish- preach the Word of God to the people, 

green color, usually found in round pieces lie became so celebrated for the elo- 

about the size of a pea, but also crystal- quence of his preaching that the Emperor 

lized in eight-sided prisms. It is an Arcadius determined, in 397, to place him 

aluminate of beryllium, is next to the in the archiepiscopal see of Constan- 

sapphire in hardness, and is employed in tinople. He now exerted himself so 

jewelry, the specimens which present an zealously in repressing heresy, paganism 

opalescent play of light being especially and immorality, and in enforcing the obli- 

admired. gations of monachism, thnt he raised up 

Chrvsolite (kris'O-Ut), a mineral many enemies, and Theophilus, patriarch 

viujTDvxxifC composed of silica, mag- of Alexandria, aided and encouraged by 

nesium and iron. Its prevailing color the Empress Eudoxia, caused him to be 

is some shade of green. It is harder than deposed at a synod held at Ghalcedon* 

glass, but less hard than quartz ; often The emperor banished him from Gonstan- 

transparent, sometimes only translucent, tinople, and Ghrysostom purposed retlr- 

Very fine specimens are found in Egypt ing to Bithynia; but the people tfareat- 

and Brazil, but it is not of high repute ened a revolt. In the following night 

as a* jeweler's stone. an earthquake gave general alarm. In 

PTi-rvsnlnroQ (kris-o-lo'ras), MANUEL, this dilemma Arcadius recalled his orders, 

\/arysuiuxu.» ^ distinguished Greek of and Eudoxia herself invited Chrysostom 

Constantinople, born the middle of the to return. The people accompanied him 

fourteenth century ; died in 1415. He triumphantly to the citr. his enemies fled, 

settled as a teacher of Greek literature and peace was restored, but only for a 

at Florence, about 1395. He also tauf^ht short time. A feast given by the empress 

at Milan, Pavia and Rome, thus becoming on the consecration of a statue, and 

a chief promoter of the great revival of attended with many heathen ceremonies, 

learning. roused the zeal of the archbishop, who 

nTirvso-nTioTi^iP A mil the yellow publicly exclaimed against it; and 

Vrnrysopnan IC ilClU, coloring mat- Eudoxia, violently incensed, recalled the 

ter of rhubarb. With potash it gives prelates devoted to her will, and Chrysos- 

a fine purple solution, and thus affords a torn was condemned and exiled to 

delicate test for the presence of alkalies. Armenia. Here he continued to exert his 

C!1irVB^OTirS.se (-pras), a kind of pious zeal until the emperor ordered him 

viujfp vj^iaac quartz, being merely a to be conveyed to a town on the most 

variety of chalcedony. Its color is com- distant shore of the Black Sea. Tl^ 

monly apple-green, and often extremely officers who had him in charge obliged 

beautiful, so that it is much esteemed in the old man to perform his journey on 

jewelry. It is translucent, or sometimes foot, and he died at Comana, by the wav. 

semitransparent, and of a hardness little Here he was buried ; but in 438 his body 

inferior to that of flint. was conveyed solemnly to Constantinople. 

rTi'rrrana'fATn (kris'os-tom), John, St. and there interred in the Church of the 

\;iir jr BUB tuiu (•golden -mouthed'), a Apostles, in the sepulcher of the emperor, 

celebrated Greek rather of the church. At a later period his remains were 

bom in Antioch about a.d. 344; died at placed in the Vatican at Rome. The 

Comana in Pontus in 407. Secundus, his Greek Church celebrates his feast on the 



Chub ChnrcH 

13th of November, tie Romui on the coleined Bhells or from very pure iime- 
27th of January. His worka, which stoue, and used tor chewing with beteL 
coneiit of aermot*, commentaries aud nhiinnr (chun'Ar), a town and fort- 
treatUes, abound «ith information sa to """"•** reus, of Hindustan, 26 mile« 
the manners a^d characteriatica of hia aouthweat of Benares, on the Qaugea. 
age. The fortreaa standa on a lofty rock Ha- 



Chub " European river fiah, of the ing abruptly from the river. Pop. 992tt 

» genua Cuprlaua or carpa ; or, PhTITIC-lTiflTKr ■" importsnt «om- 

aa Bome regard it, of the subgenus '^"'^"6 ■»».i<»'"e) merdal city of China. 

J.tucitcui (i. cephaiut). Tbe body ia on the Yang-tae-Kiang, at its couSuence 

oblong, rearly round ; the bead and back vrith the Kia-ling. Pop. 800,000. 

green, f.be sides silvery, and the belly riiiinrnli n-r CihanTa (cbup'rA), a 

white. It freqnenta deep holeaJn riTeri ^^Iprail Or l/Iiapra \^^^ „,'in„. 

dustau on an affluent of the Ganxes. Htn 

an active commerce. Pop. 4S,QW. 

^ " a city of South America. 

the capital of Bolivia; well situated on 

a plateau between the Amaion and 14 

Plata rivers. dSi'd feet above aea-leveL 

It has a cathedral and a university. It 

Onib (CnKinu UMciKw opUlw). Was founded by one of Pizarro'a officers 

in 1S39. Pop. formerly 27,000, now 

■haded by trees, but in warm weather estimated 12,000. — The province of 

floats near tbe surface, and furnishes Cbuquiaaca bas an area of 26,410 square 

sport for anglers. It is indifferent food, miles; a pup. of 300,000. 

and rarely attains the weight of S Iba. Gblir '^^'^- ^^^ *^s^ita] of the Swiss 

Allied AmericaiL species receive the — "" .■nninn nf ni-ionno a^^ i^~'» 



though eniBged as a glover and diandler, community of Christiana, and was thus 
be gave hia chief attention to philosopb- Qsed by the New Testament vrriters. In 
ical and theological study, and waa ™0'% restricted eiguiflcations It denotes  
celebrated In the Arlan controversy for par Ocnlar section of tile ChristlBa com 
bis argumentative keenness. In this con- 
nection be published in 1T15 The 8u- 
premacy of the Father Aiterted, besides 
various other moral and theological tracts. 

Chubb Lock, Jh''**^Mme "of'^ft8''^i" 

TenloF, a London locksmith. It bas more 
tumblers than usual, witb the addition 
of a lever called the detector, which is so 
filed that while It does not act under tbe 
ordinary application of the key. it cannot 
fall lo move if any one of the tumblers 
be lifted a little too bich. hh must be the 
case In an/ attempt at pickinc. Tbis 
movement nies the bolt immovHblv, and 
renders all further attempts at picking 

Chuck Will's Widow, SamTu 

the United Sfat»H for a bird of tbe jtoat- 
Bucker family. Anlroitdmu* caroUnenaia, 
BO called from its crv. 

w. IlindUKtan. which rises 
Id the Yladbva Mountains, and falls into 
tbe Jomua about 80 mil"s southeast of . „ 

Asra. after a course of BSO milea. rt, ' ^  . ^ - ^ ^ , 

Chtmam i^X^a^r'^name ^VVn £%' P^t^ " "d""^-SSw.'- T §^"".1 jV* * ^ 
mj fine ktod'of" q" ic"l^me S S?om t^Z^""- '■ """"■ '*■ "^ -"*-* 



Clmroli Chnrcliing of Women 

munity differing in doctrinal matters Alexandria, Origen, Easebius, Athanasias 

from the remainder, as the Roman Oath- and Chrysostom. The most distinguished 

olic Church, the Protestant Church, among the Latin fathers are Tertnllian, 

etc. ; or to designate the recognized leading Augustine, Ambrose and Jerome. 

^ j,«l A ^ Churchill (church'Ul), Charles, an 

|F   .■ If uauri/iuu English poet and satir- 

■^_JL 4 ^ ^ JUhKJti# ^^^ ^^^ hoTR in 1731, and died in 1764. 

Tl^jr n^Ai^^ ^ early and imprudent marriage was 

%*!! • y II followed by his admission to holy orders. 

(■■■Ip *  * jE».«|kBi|^ In 1761 he published anonymously a 

^^^ ° Bl poem called The Rosciad, a clever satire 

^■^f-^^^P"^ on the chief actors of the day, and The 

I' 3 Apology, a reply to his critics. A course 

mM^M «, m -m of dissipation and intemperance followed, 

*^*' ^ * . .. «v ^ '**" which excited much animadversion, and 

Plan of Wip Church. elicited from him his satire. Night. 

A A. ChMoel. B, Nave. c. North aule. d. Churchill now threw asidp all rPffard for 

South aisle. ■, North door, r. South porch, o, J;^aurcmu now lorew asiae au regara ror 

Tower, b. West door. 1»« profession, and became a complete 

church of a nation, as the EngUsh, Scotch, "S^^^^^^^^U^T^ S\t ^ntSIr^^^]SI'£fil^Ta 

or French Church. In yet another sense ^^^L^^'^^^ah^l^ 'rl-, P?J«k2n.V^«5 

it signifies the edifice appropriated to "^^k^de ^^ .,^*,2%£^?. ^^f ^^^^ «/ 

Christian worship. After the conversion n^^'^'A^V^^^Jfy,^^ «,^ 

of Constantine the basilicie or public halls Churchlll, ^^);™ Hnnn J .o^J 

and courts of judicature and some of the ^, .., t^A^^^J^??* s^cojid son p£ 

heathen temples were consecrated as i^q'."i^H^n 1 fiq%^ W^4'V*^hIH'5JS 

Christian churches. When churches 1849 . died in 1895. By 1884 he had risen 

^me to be specially built for Christian I?,I^?,P21'*^^^/,^^%^|lX^^« Conseira- 

worship their lorms were various-round, ^^/^Xv^n InS ^t^i-hi^JS*" }j^^^ 

octagonal, etc. Later on the form with ««cretary m Lord Salisbury s govern- 

^ecT^ aisle or transept {cruciform gf,f ; 95o?V^h.^r!lhn/ w«™iT?Jf ^?f 

churches) became common. Early ferit- f^l^ Hn,?«^ ^f ^nJJ^^m£-^^-^? n^^^^ 

ish churches were built of wood ; the first S« *S^"^1«?! ^™T^^ *°^ S^°J®^i2' 

stone churches erected being that of ^i^^^f f ?f 32" f ' ^"^ resigned at the 

^af 0^^^?;.?^%^^^^^^^^ chircm^^^^ ir^^ 

cZrl^^eSl^rrh^^rSor^^^^^^ Missouri, No^eXri^^fsn? ^^d^a^tS 

tion is common in Enriand and will ** "*® Naval Academy, Annapolis, but 

»nnMp thp r^nilpr tn iindpr<«tnnrl fh«» tprma devoted himself to literature. His novels 
Innlild tS the varioSs D^^^^^^ /2tc/wrrf Carvel (1899), The 

C^tAldral^/ Ge"erallv^^s^^^^^ an? 9r^^ (^^D* ^*^ OrosHng (1904), 

is called a church, though when of a 1, •'•- .„ xxr^^„^^„ t «««*«« G.«.«r 

minor kind it is usually designated a ChurchlU, ]^P®Til J^^J^f ^fJS 
chapel The term church, however, is of- "^ , , ' "^^^i/^^^!^ ^.^«^w^^ 

ten restricted to the buildings for worship J^^^^<^^?J ^'^^^^'S^Ik' ^^ ?T*^t^?2f 

connected with a natioual establishment, l^^^- ^e joined the army and took part 

They are classed as cathedral, when con- i^"."™**^^ ^^ important operations. In 

tainlng a bishop's throne; collegiate, )^.^^^ ^^"^^l^.^^'^^i^^ ^S ^^l^^ 

when served by a dean and chapter; ^^^^^ *? Asquith s cabinet. In 1910 he 

conventual or tnineter, when connected was made Home Secretary ; m 1912 First 

with a convent or monastery : abbey or ^^^^ ^^ the Admiralty, sorving through a 

priory, when under an abbot or prior; part of the Great War. Ho was appointed 

and parochial, when the charge of a secu- niinister of munitions in 191b. 

lar priest See Christianity, Greek PliTirnliill Pwpr a river of the 

Church, etc. UnurCillll XWVer, Northwest Ter- 

Church Fathers of the {patres ritories of Canada, which rises in La 
' eccleHfs), teachers and Crosse Lake, forms or passes through 
writers of the ancient church who flour- various lakes or lake-like expansions, 
ished after the time of the apostles and and enters Hudson Bay after a north- 
apostolic fathers (the immediate disciples easterly course of about 8(X) miles. It is 
of the apostles), from the second to the called also Missinnipoi or English river, 
sixth century. The most celebrated ,rT«Ti rnlii Tier nf WoTTl en a form of 
»mong the Grs^k fathers are Clement of 'i^nlircnillg: 01 WOmen, thanksgiv- 



Chnrcli-rate Gibber 



ing after childbirth, adopted from the sidered as the key of China, and was 
Jewish ceremony of purification, and prac- temporarily taken possession of by the 
tised still in the Koman Catholic and British in 1840, 1841 and 1860. The 
Anglican churches, the latter having a sacred island of Pu-tu to the east of the 
special service in the Prayer Book. above is covered with Buddhist templeq, 

r.liiirnli.raf«k in England a rate monasteries, etc., and is entirely in- 
Vraurcu rate, ^^j^^ j^y ^solution of habited by priests. 

a majority of the parishioners in vestry Chii tift UTa^Dlir ®^ Chota Naff 
assembled^ from the occupiers of land and ^'** **"*«* *^**81r»*** pore, 
houses within a parish, for the purpose ClllltlLV ^^ Chutneb (chut'ne), in 
of maintaining the church and its services. ^•** •*•'**•/> the East Indies a condiment 
In 1868 an act was passed abolishing compounded of sweets and acids. Ripe 
compulsory church-rates, except such as, fruit (mangoes, raisins^ etc.), spices, soup 
under the name of church-rates, were herbs, cayenne, lemon-juice, are the ordi- 
applicable to secular purposes. nary ingredients* They are pounded and 

P.'liiiTAli-«i7a'rilATia (church-war'dens), boiled together, and then bottliMl for use. 
UnUTCILWaraeiLS officers, generally Chvle (J^^)* i^ physiology, a white or 
two for each parish in England, who ^J^^ milky fluid separated from ali- 
superintend the church, its property and ments by means of digestion. Chyle is 
concerns. They are annually chosen by found in the intestines after the food has 
the minister and parishioners, according been mixed with the bile and pancreatic 
to the custom of each parish. juice. It is absorbed by the lacteal ves- 

ChllTebva.rd (church'v&rd). ground sels, terminating in the inner surface of 
\/uuxuiijraixu ^ which dead are bur- the small intestines, chiefly the jejunum, 
iedy adjoining a church. and thence passes by numerous converg- 

ITkTi'rnli^va'rii Haa^Ia the Blapg ing streams into the main trunk of the 
V^auruu yaru J^CCUC, ^ortisdga, a absorbent system, called the thoracic duct, 
very common insect found in dark, damp through which it is gradually poured into 
and dirty places ; it is black, but little the blood of the left subclavian vein at a 
shining, and the tip of the elytra forms a short distance before it enters the right 
short, obtuse point. side of the heart. The chemical con- 

Chnm ^ vessel in which milk or stituents of chyle are nearly the same as 

' cream is agitated, to separate those of the blood itself, 
the oily globules from other parts and Cbvilie ^^^°^)* ^^^^ after it has been 
gather them as butter. In the older forms ^ digested in the stomach. In 

a plunger worked vertically in a tub ; in the stomach It forms a pulpy mass which 
some of the modem forms dashers are passes on into the small intestine, and be- 
tumed by a crank, while in others the lUfiT acted on by the bile, pancreatic fluid 
tub itself is swung to and fro, causing and intestinal juice, is separated into 
the milk to dash against the ends and chyle and non-nutritious matters, which 
sides. In the combined chum and butter- latter are carried off by the evacuations, 
worker the butter can be partly or wholly Clbber (s^h'ber). Collet, a dramatic 
worked after the buttermilk is drawn off; ^* *'"*'•*■ writer and actor, bom at Lon- 
it is operated by power and used to con- don in 1671 ; died in 1757. Ue took to 
siderable extent in creameries. the stage in 1689. His first dramatic 

ChlirTTia Spp Charraa effort, Love's Last Shift, appeared in 

l/UUrras. see {yuarras. ^g^g. ^^^ j^ ^^^ followed by Voman't 

nTinmTiilftAn (chu-rn-bus'ko), a vil- Wit, the Careless Husband and the Von- 
vuuiTUUUSi/U ^ Q „jiigg g ^^ y^^^^^ ^j ^jjj^.jj ^g HypocHie of the mod- 

Mexico, the scene of a battle between the em stage is a new version. A court pen- 
Mexicans under Santa Anna and the sion and the appointment of poot-laureate 
Americans under Scott, Aug. 20, 1847, drew upon him the rancor of the wits 
in which the former were defeated. and poets of the day, including Pope. He 

Chugan Islands, ^.niSSdVcn^S? "Sr^S^rllu^y t"''^%VTS'o^ 

east coast of China, the largest in the Cither, etc. — His son Theophilijs, bom 
archipelago having the name Cbusan, and in 1703 ; drowned in his passage to Ire- 
being about 21 miles long, and from 6 to land 1757, was an actor and dramatic 
11 broad. Pop. about 200,000. Chief writer. He was much inferior to his 
town Ting-hae, pop. 40.000. Rice and father in capacity. — Susanna Mabia, 
tea are the principal products. Prom its wife of Theophilus Cibber (bora 1716; 
situation near the mouths of the Yang- died 1766), was one of the best actresses 
tse-kiang, which river forms the great on the English stage. She was sister of 
channel of communication with the Dr. Arae (composer of Rule, Britannia), 
capital of the empire, Chnsan is con- who taught her mudc, and introduced her 



(Sbol Cioen 

In one of his opema at the BaymAtket serrins a cami>aigii in tbe Manic war. 

Theater. Handel composed piecea ex- At the age of twenty-five be came for- 

. preMl; adapted to ber voice, and lued to ward as a pleader, and having nndertaken 

Uutmct her in HingicE them. Sbe buI>- tbe defense of Sextus Rosclus. wbo waa 

■egnentlr made ber appearance in trag- accQsed of parricide, procured his acqnit- 

edy, and gained universal admiration. taL He Tlsited 

Garrick is said to have exclaimed, when Greece B.a 76, 

Informed that sbe was dead, ' Then, conversed with the 

tragedy has expired with her,* philosophers of ail 

Cibol (a!'''"' ; Allium fiitulSium), a the acbools, and 

*"'"'* perennial plant of tbe onion profited by the In- 

geuuB, a native of Siberia, with bollow strnction of the 

■tema larger than those of tbe cbive ; masters of orator;. 

used for colinar^ purposes. Here be formed 

CilinTilini (si-bC'ri-nm), In the Bo- that close frlend- 

«/iUUiiuui ^^^ Catholic Church, a ibip with AtUcua 

Und of cnp or cbalice mode of gold or of which hislettera / 

■Uver and containing the bread naed in fnmlah such Inter- ( 

the aacramenb Also a sort of canopy e s 1 1 n f evidence. \ 

orer an altar. He also made - 



He males have o 

a kind of drum, with which they can On bis retom to R< 

make a considerable noise. Tbla, regard- eloquence proved the 

ad as tbe insects' song, was much ad- Instruction, and he 

mired by the ancients, and is freauently most diBtinrutahed or 

referred to by thei> poets. The larzest In B.C. 76 tie was appointed qunator of 

Eoropean speciea are abont an iucb Sidly, and behaved with such justice that 

long, but BOtoe American species are the SiciliaDa gratefully rememberd bim 

mncQ larger, and their note much loader, and requested that he would conduct 

Hhtj are nearly all natives of tiopieal or their salt against their governor Verres. 

warm temperate regions. The female He appeared against this powerful robber, 

has the posterior extremity of tbe abdo- and the crimes of Verres were painted 

men furnisbed with two serrated horny in the liveliest colors in his Immortal 

Elatea, by means of which it pierces tbe speeches. Seven of the Verriue orations 

ranches of trees to deposit its eggs. An are preserved, but only two of them were 

Engliih species (C anglica) is found in delivered, and Verres went into voluntary 

the New Forest. The seventeen years' exile. After this salt Cicero waa elected 

locost (Cicada aeptemieoim) occurs in to the office of eedile, B.O. 70, became 

many parts of the United States. pnetor in 67, and consol in 63. It was 

Cinaln rcbl-knlA^ The ricndn. """^ "'^t ^E succeeded In defeating tbe 

UCaiU ichiMJaj. i-M cicaaa- conspiracy of Catiline (see Catiline). 

Cicelv (^s'e-li), a popular name ap- after whose fall he received greater 

J plied to several umbelliferous honors than had ever before been 

B'tnts. Sweet cicely, or sweet chervil, is bestowed upon a Roman citizen. He 

yrrMi odordfo, a plant common In was hailed as tbe saviour of the state 

Britain and in other parts of Europe, and the father of his country (poreM 

It was formerly used in medicine, and patria), and thanksgivings in his name 

In tome parts of Europe is used as an were voted to tbe gods. But Cicero's 

ingredient In soups. Sweet cicely Is fortune had now reached tbe culmluatiug 

fbnnd in onr woods from Canada to point, and soon waa to decline. The 

Virginia. CatHlDsrian conspirators wbo bad been 

CifierO ("Is'e-rOI, Mabcub Tullids, executed had not been serteuced accord- 

vtvMM.v jijg greateBt of tbe Roman ing to law, and Cicero, as chief magis- 

orators, was bom 106 B.O. at Arpinum. trate, was reeponsible for the irregu- 

Bis family was of equestrian rank, and laritr. Publiua Clodius, tbe tribune of the 

his father, though living In retirement, was people, raised such a storm against him 

a friend of some of the chief public men. that be was obliged to go into exile (B.C. 

He recdved the best education available, 68). On tbe fall of tbe Clodian faction 

■tndled philosophy and law, became he was recalled to Rome, but he never 

(amtliar with Greek literature, and succeeded in regaining the inSuence he 

Mqnired Bome military knowledge from had once possessed. In B.G. S2 he be- 



Cicero Cigar 

came proconsul ot Cilicia, a province (licero ^ residential town in Oook Co.. 
which he administered with eminent sue- ^*-^^^^f Illinois, in the vicinity of Chi- 
cess. As soon as his term of office had cago. Pop. (1920) 44,995. 
expired he returned to Rome (b.c. 49), Cicindela (ai-sin-ddia), a genus of 
which was threatened with serious dis- ^**''«""'***'*«* insects to which C cam- 
turbances owing to the rupture between pestris, the tiger-beetle, one of the most 
Ctesar and Pompey. He espoused the common of American species, belongs, 
cause of Pompey. but after the battle of Giconia. (8i'lc^'i^i~&)f the genus of 
Pharsalia he made his peace with Gssar, ^'-^^"^^ birds to which the stork 
with whom he continued to all appearance belongs. 

friendly, and by whom he was kindly Cicutft (si-kti'ta), a genus of umbel- 
treated, until the assassination of the ^uua liferous plants, including C. 
latter (44 B.C.). He now hoped to regain virCaa, water-hemlock or cowbane. See 
his political influence. The conspirators Hemlock. 
shared with him the honor of an enter^ Cid ^^^^)* ^^ epithet (from the Ar. 

Erise in which no part had been assigned ^^^ aeid, a lord, a chief, a commander) 
im ; and the less he had contributed to applied to Ruy or Roderigo Diaz, 0)unt 
it himself the more anxious was he to of Bivar (bom in 1026; died in 1099), 
justify the deed and pursue the ad van- the national hero of Spain. He signalized 
tages which it offered. Antony having himself bv his exploits in the reigns of 
taken C^sar*8 place, Cicero composed Ferdinand, Sancho and Alphonso VI of 
those admirable orations against him, de- Leon and Castile; but the facts of his 
livered in b.g. 43. which are known to us career have been so mixed with glorifying 
by the name of Philippics (after the myths that it is scarcely possible to 
speeches of Demosthenes against Philip of separate them. His life, however, ap- 
Macedon). His implacable enmity to- ^ears to have been entirely spent in 
wards Antony inducea him to favor young tierce warfare with the Moors, then 
Octavianus, who professed to entertain masters of a great part of Spain. His 
the most friendly feelings towards him. exploits are set forth in a special chron- 
Octavianus, however, havini? possessed icie, and in a (^astillian poem, probably 
himself of the consulate, and formed an composed about the end of the twelfth 
alliance with Antony and Lepidus, Cicero century. The story of his love for 
was proscribed. In endeavoring to escape Ximena is the subject of Le Cid of 
from Tusculum, where he was living Corneille. Whatever chronicles and 
when the news of the proscription ar- songs have conveyed to us of the history 
rived, he was overtaken and murdered by of the Cid is collected in Southe/s 
a party of soldiers; and his head and Chronicle of the Cid. 
hands were publicly exhibited in the for- rj-jJAT (si'dir), a liquor made from the 
um at Rome. He died in his sixty- ^***^* expressed juice of apples. The 
fourth year, B.c. 43. Cicero*s eloquence apples are ground and crushea until they 
has always remained a model. After the re- are reduced to a pulp, the juice is allowed 
vival of learning he was the most admired to run into casks, where it is freely ex* 
of the ancient writers; and the purity posed to the air until fermentation takes 
and elegance of his style will always place, when a clear liquor of a pale-brown 
place him in the first rank of Roman or amber color is the result. It contains 
classics. His works, which are very nu- from 4 to 8 per cent of alcohol. Winter 
merous, consist of orations; pbilosoph- varieties of apples make the most desir- 
ical, rhetorical and moral treatises; and able cider. 

letters to Atticus and other friends. r!ipTifTiA<rna (the-en-f5-&'g08), a sea- 
The Hfe of Cicero was written by Plu- ^A^^^i^CBva ^ ^^ q^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ 

tarch. and there are modem lives by south coast of the island, with a safe 
Middleton, Forsyth and others. Cicero and capacious harbor on the Bay of 
left a son of the same name by his wife Jagua, 130 miles B. s. of Havana, with 
Terentia. Young Marcus was born in which (and other towns) it is con- 
B.C. 66, was carefully educated, and dis- nee ted by railway. It is among the 
tinguished himself in military service. In finest towns of the island, and exports 
B.C. 30. Octavianus (Augustus) assumed sugar, wax, timber, cocoa, molasses and 
him as his colleague in the consulship, and tobacco. Pop. 82.092. 
he was afterwards governor of Asia or CieZft (the-a'thi), a town of Spein, in 
Syria. — Cicero's younger brother, Qutn- the province and 24 miles n.w. 

TUB, was a man of some note both as a of Murcia, on an eminence near the right 
public character and as a writer. He bank of the Segura. Pop, 13,026. 
was married to a sister of Atticus. and Qr^ST (si-gar')* a small roll of mano- 
was put to death at the same time as ^^B**"^ factured tobacco leaves care- 
tke orator. fully made up, and intended to be 



Cig^arette Cimmerianfl 

•moked by ligbtiiig at one end and draw- Italy, whioh at that time had degenerated 

log the amoke through it. Tbe cboiceat into mechanical coaventionaliam. Hia 

ci(ar8 are those made in and imported beat paintings are in tbe Church of Santa 

from Havana, Cigara ace consumed in Maria Novello at Florence, and in the 
enormouB quantities in America and 
Europe. Medicated cigars, or cigars 
made of aome aubstance having remedial 
pruperties, are often used for certain 
complaiQtB, as ■tramoniam cigars (or 
aalhma. Cheroott are peeuliarly-abaped 
I'iKars mucb thicker at one end than tbe 
otner. and are largely imported from 

Cigarel 

cut tobacco in'tbin paper "apeciully pre- 

Kred for tbe purpose. It is now a. 
rorite form with amofcera and immense 
numbers are used. 

Ciemani tche-nytt'ne), Oablo, on 
wagua.UA Italian pamter. born at 
Bologna in ltl28 ; died 1T19; the last 

great painter of the Bolognese school. Hia CiiMbu*. 

finest paiatings are frescoes in tbe saloon Sacro Convento at Assisi. Among bia 

of the Farnese Palace, Bologna, and in pupils was Oiotto, whom be discovered 

the cupola of the Church of tbe Ma- in a boy shepherd drawing figures on 

donna del Fuoco at Forli. His paintings the smooth surface of a rock while teiid- 

have been engraved by various artists. ing his sheep. 

ritrnli <chrgo-le), LuDOVlCO Gakdi pi'mornaa <chE-maTO'B&), DouENlCO, 
Kil^OU ^^ ggg ^„^j(^ Ijimarosa, ^ eomposer, born at Na- 
Cilia. ("''''-a; L. 'eyelashes'), small pies in 1748, -54, or -65 ; died at Venice 
^^^ generally microscopic, hairlike 1801. He composed about 120 operas, 
organs or appendages, averaging '/i™ most of which are comic. His best- 
Inch in length, found on the surface of known work is II ilatrimonio Segreto 
the tissues of most animals, and in some ('The Secret Marriage'), 
vegetable organisms (as Volvox), chieBy PJTn'bri (sim'brl), a tribe of ancient 
on tissues which are in contact with '-"■■'""■i* Europe, tbe oriein of which is 
water, or which produce fluid secretions, involved in obscurity. 'They were re- 
They are constantly in a state of active garded as Germans by the Romans, who 
moTement, and communicate to the fluid gave the name Chersonesus CImbrtca 
with which Ihey are in contact a corre- to what is now Jutland. Greek writers 
sponding motion. This is called vibratile connected tbem with the Scythian Cim- 
or ciliary motion, Jn most of the lower merii of tbe Crimea ; while modem writ' 
aqaatic animals the respiratory function era suppose that they were Celtic, and 
is aided by means of the vibratile cilia ; that Cimbri is the same as the Cymri of 
many animalcules move by a similar Britain. In the second century B.o. they 
mechanism ; and in the highest classes made formidable incursions into Gaul and 
of animals cilia have a share in the per- Spain, but were finally routed by the 
formance of some important functions. Consul Marius at VercelH B.O. 101. 

cuioi' SS'^J; '•J,T°b.«'„ c™« '■■■-'")• s.. «... 

Pamphylia and Syria, lying 8. of Mount ri-mTriP'TnaTta (si-mS'ri-anz), an aa- 
TanruB. Alexander made Clllcia a "J^^i^ci-ia^a cjem nomadic tribe that 
Macedonian province; it then passed to occupied the Taurlc Chersonese (Crimea) 
tbe Syrians. Under Angastus it became and Asiatic Sarmatia (the country of 
an imperial province. It now forms the the lower Volga). They are said, in pre- 
Turklsh vilayet of Adana, Homeric times, to have ravaged Asia 
niTnaliTi* (cb e-m&-bfl'a), GiovANm, Minor, and in a second Invasion to have 
Vimauut: Italian painter, born at penetrated to ^oUs and Ionia, and to 
Florence in 1240 : died probably In 1302. have held possession of Sardis. A myth- 
Two Greek artists, who were invited to ical people mentioned in the Odvitev na 
Florence to paint a chapel in the Cburcb dwelling beyond the acean-stream in the 
of Santa Maria Novella, were his first thickest gloom were also teemed Clm- 
maaters. He Is considered one of the merii, a fable which cave rise to thr 
chief restorer! of the art of pqintlng in phrase ' Cimmerian darkness.' 




Cimolian Earth Cincinnati 

r!iinn1iA.ii TSiirtli or Cimolitb in panicles or corymbs ; calyx adherent, 
i/UUOUan Xiann, ^^ . ^, ^.^ i t), a ent&e or toothed; corolla regular; sta- 

8i>ecie8 of clay or hydrous silicate of alu- mens attached to corolla ; ovary twt^ 
mina, named in ancient times from Gim- celled ; fruit infe- 
Olos or Argentiera, one of the Cydades, rior, dry or succu- 
where it is still to be found. It is of lent. They are 
whitish and soft texture, molders into a found almost ex- 
fine powder, and effervesces with acids, clusively in the 
In classical times it was used as a deter- tropics, and many. 

J;enty as a soap for cleaning delicate of the species are' 

abncs, and by the bath-keepera. of great medicinal 

CimoloS (ri-mOloe). See Arg<»Hiera. \^^S^" %l^f^g^ 

Cimon (^l'°^oi^> kTmon). an ancient emetics and purg^ 

\/xiuvu Athenian general and states- atives. Among 

man, was a son of the great Miltiades. their chief products 

He fousht against the Persians in the are Peruvian bark, 

battle of Salaxnis (480 B.G.), and shared quinine, ipecacu- 

with Aristides the chief command of the anha, coee, chay- dnohooa idntkona 

fleet sent to Asia to deliver the Greek root, etc. The mtednAra). 

colonies from the Persian yoke. The re- genus Uinchona consists of trees seldom 

turn of Aristides to Athens soon after exceeding 40 or 50 ft. in h^ht, with 

left Cimon at the head of the whole simple, opposite, entire leaves and small 

naval force of Greece. He distinguished flowers, inhabiting chiefly the east side 

himself bv his achievements in Thrace, of the Andes of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador 

having defeated the Persians by the Stry- and Colombia. The valuable Peruvian 

mon, and made himself master of the bark is yielded by various species: 

country. He conquered the pirate-island crown or loxa bark by (7. condaminea, 

of Scyros, subdued all the cities on the gray or huanuco bark by C micrantha, 

coast of Asia Minor, pursued the Persian and O. nitidaf red-bark by O. tuooirubra, 

fleet up the Eurymedon, destroyed more yellow or calisava bark by O. oalwa^a. 

than 200 of their ships, and then, having From the wasteful method of cutting 

landed, on the same day entirely defeated down the trees to get their bark it was 

their army (b.o. 469). He employed the believed that there would soon be a dearth 

spoil which he had taken in the embellish- of the valuable medicine, and hence dn- 

ment of Athens, and in 463 reduced the chona plants were taken from their na- 

revolted Thasians: but the popular lead- tive regions and plantations formed in 

ers, beginning to fear his power, charged various tropical countries, so that Ceylon, 

him on his return with having been cor- India, Java, etc., are now important 

rupted by the King of Macedon. The sources of Peruvian bark. The bark is 

charge was dropped, but when Cimon*s taken ott in strips longitudinally, and is 

policy of friendship to the Lacedaemo- in time renewed by natural growth. See 

nians ended in the latter insulting the Bark (Peruvian), Quinine. 

troops sent by Athens to their aid, his Ginchonine (sin'kd-nin), a vegetable 

opponents secured his banishment He ^****'***'"****' alkaloid contained in all 

retired into B<£otia, and his request to be the varietes of Peruvian bark, but prin- 

allowed to fight with the Athenians cipally in C. lancifoUa, or pale batk. 

against the Ilacedemonians in 457 at Though less bitter than quinine, it may 

Tanagra was refused by the suspicious be substituted for it in larger quantities, 

generals. Eventually Cimon was re- Cincinnati (wn-sin-i'tO. a dty of 

called at the instance of Pericles to con- ^****'***"«'«'* Ohio, ranking sixteenth 

dude a peace with Lacedsmon. He died in population in the United States, on the 

shortly after, in 449, while besieging Ci- north bank of the Ohio River, opposite the 

tium in Cyprus. mouth of the Licking and 47d miles by 

CincllOna (sin-kO'na or sin-ch5'na ; the water s. of Pittsburgh. It was founded in 

name is from the Countess 1788; incorporated as a village in 1802 

of Chinchon, wife of a viceroy of Peru, by the Northwest Territory; and became 




which consists of gamopetalous, calyci- stately buildings. St. Peter's Roman 
floral dicotyledons, sometimes regarded as Catholic Cathedral has one of the finest 
a suborder of Rubiacee. They are domes in the Western States. Other 
trees, shrubs, or herbaceous plants, with buildings of note are the New Court 
simple opposite leaves, flowers arranged House, St. Brands De Sales, Rockdale 



Cincinnati Ciiinamon 

Temple, tlin Union Centra] Building <34 film b^lnR hptnre the oMecdve for an in- 
Btories high), the huildingB of the Uni- "tnnt, when a nowprfiil light passes 
versitj of Cincinnati, the Art Museum and through it. Seo Movtna 1 lature ilaclttnf.. 
Art icademj, The Obio Mechanics iBHti- «_.„_■- (ein-e-ra'ri-a), a Kenua of 
tute, the great Music; Hall, where the vuiciaiia pi^nta, nat. order Compoi- 
famous Cincinnati May festivals ara f/a, chiefi; found in South Africa. 

grea; the Government Building and re__o (ain'na), Luciua CoBNELina. 
ustom House, Lane Theological Semt- viJiUM ^^ eminent Roman, an adherettt 
nary, Cincinnati University of Music, tbe of Marios, who, obtaining the consulship 
CitT Hall (constructed of granite and b.c, 87, along with Gneus Octavius, im- 
Amherst stone, costing $2,000,000), and peached Sulla and endeavored tfl secure 
many other important buildings. The {be recall of Marina. Being driven from 
Lincoln Statue, by George Grey Barnard, the city of Octavius, he found aid in the 
in Lytic Park, wbich was unveiled in other Italian ciUes, and invested Home 
1917, has attracted world-wide attention, while Marin b blockaded It from the sea. 
Of spedal interest are the homes of On its capture the friends of Sulla were 
Lyman Beecher, Harriet Beecber Stuwe, masBBCred, and Cinna and Marius made 
and Alice and Phwbe Cary. themaclves consols (b.c. 86) ; but after 

Cincinnati ranks high as a manufactur- the death of Marius the anny refused to 
inf dty, the annual output of its Indus- follow Cinna against Sulla, and put him 
tries ranging from S200,000,000 to $2.'>0,- to death in B.C. 84. 

000,000. The products include railway fjinnahftr (sin'a-b4r), red sulphide 
roaterials and aupplies, carrlBges, fuml- »''''""«*"™i ^f mercury, tha principal 
ture, leather, boots and shoes, clothing, ore from wbich that metal is obtained, 
candles, soap and oils, and many other occurring abundantly in Spain, Call- 
articles. Next to Chicago it is the great- fomia. China, etc. It is of a cochineal- 
est pork market in the Union. It is also a red color, and is used as a pigment under 
very important horse market and a lead- the name of Termilion. See Meroury 
Ing exchange for grain and pig iron. There and Vermilion. 

are abundant supplies of lumber, hard jnd ninnomnTnTi'm (sin-a-mO'm u m), a 
■aft wood, iron and scrap iron, clay, sand, ^innamomum ^ ^ „, plants, nat 
lime, stone, copper, and certain mineral order Lauracta, natives of tropical Asia 
depoolta. Fop. (1900) 325,002; (1010) and tbe Polrnesian Islands. AU the 
363,591; (1920) 401,247. spedeg possess an aromatic volatile oil, 

GinoJlinati Soatm of the, an or- and one of them yields true cinnamon. 
vuivuuwui, ganiiation originating while others yield cassia. 
among the cfficers of the American revolu- fliTiTiamnTi (sin'a-mon), the bark of 
aonarj army in 1783, the right of mem- ^i""**""" the nnder branches of a 
benbip being restricted to officers of the specieE of laurel (Cinnamdmun xevlani- 
Cootlnental army and their eldest male oitnt — see CinnamomHm) which is chiefly 

descendants or eldest male of next cullat- found in Ceylon, 

eral brancb. The name ia after Lucius but grows also in 
Quinctius Cincinoatua. Malabar and other ^ 

Krta of the East 
dies. The tree at- 
""""—""""l wealthy Roman patri- tains the height of 
ciao, bom aboat 519 b.0. He succeeded 20 or 30 feet, baa 
in 400 to the consulship, and then retired oval leaves, pale- ' 
to cnltiTate hia amall estate beyond the yellow flowers, and 
Tiber. In 4S8 B-C. the messengers of the acorn-sbaped fruit, 
acnate foond him at work when they came The Ceylonese bark 
to auaimoii Um to the dictatorship. He their trees in April 
leacned tlw army, defeated tbe ^^al, and and November, 
returned onietly to bie farm. At the age the bark curling 
of dgbty ne «M again appointed dictator np into rolls or 
to oppoH tba unbltiauB aeslgna oC Spu- fluitls In tbe process CiDnuaoD (Cinitame- 

-,_-■«_,._ ^ „^''y'°?,=, "■  ' ' 

[ of a lantern with mechanism I 



. r it; indeed, the 

B often substituted for cinaa- 

whlcb it baa some resemblance. 



Cinnamon-stone Cipriani 

although in its qualities it is much Norman kings, on condition of providing 

weaker. The leaves, the fruit, and the a certain number of ships during war, 

root of the cinnamon plant all yield there being no permanent English navy 

oil of considerable value; that from the previous to the reign of Henry VII. 

fruit, being highly fragrant and of thick £^ach port returned two members to 

consistence, was formerly made into parliament, but after the Reform Act of 

candles for the sole use of the King 1832, Hastings, Dover, and Sandwich 

of Ceylon. alone retained this privilege. Rye and 

Cinnamon-stone. * jarfety of. gar- Hythe returning one each, and the re- 
vAMUAUAvu 0vvMvy jj^^^ ^£ ^ cinna- mainmg towns none. Sandwich was 

mon, hyacinth-red, yellowish-brown, or afterward j disfranchised for corruption, 
honey-yellow color, found in Scotland, and by the act of 1885, Hastings and 
Ireland, Ceylon, etc. The finer kinds Dover were each deprived of a member, 
•are used as gems. and Rye ceased to be a borough. They 

ffiTin Ha PiflfoiQ (ch6'n6 d& pes-to'- are, collectively, in the jurisdiction of a 
viJiU uii xiBtuxa y4)^ an Italian ju- lord warden, who receives $15,000 a year 
risconsult and poet, bom in 1270 at Pis- for his sinecure. 

tola. He was the friend of Petrarch and Cintra (^Q'^^&)f & town of Portugal, 
of Dante, and ranks amon^: the best of , 15 miles w. N. w. Lisbon, finely 

the early Italian poets. His poems were situated on the slope of the Sierra de 
first published at Rome in 1558. Cintra, And much resorted to by the 

f!iTia-Mfl.rfi (sapk-mars), Henri Coif- wealthier inhabitants of Lisbon. The 
xjLMLii juAAo pjjgj^ jjjj Ruz6, MABQUia kings of Portugal had a palace with 
DE, favorite of Louis XIII, born in 1620, fine garr.ens at Cintra. The town is 
and introduced at court by Cardinal celebrated for the convention entered 
Richelieu. The king made him master into there in 1808, by which the French, 
of the robes and grand equerry of France after their defeat at Vimeira, were con- 
when only in his nineteenth year, and he veyed to France, Pop. 5014. 
soon aspired, not onl^ to a share in the CiORO (c^^~^'^&)t Anobea di. See 
management of public affairs, but even Orcagna. 

to the hand of the beautiful Maria di Ciotat (l^~^'^^)* ^f ^ seaport of 
Oonxaga, Princess of Mantua. Thwarted, France, on the Mediterranean, 

however, by the cardinal, Cinq-Mars con- 15 miles 8. e. of Marseilles, surrounded 
cocted a plot for the overthrow of by an old rampart, and having well- 
Richelieu, and entered into treaty with built houses and spacious streets. Ship- 
Spain. To propitiate Richelieu the king building is carried on and an extensive 
was com'>elied to sacrifice his favorite, coasting trade. Pop. 10,034. 
who was arrested at Narbonne and be- ClDherS (s^'^^i^)* signs used to rep- 
headed with his friend, the young coun- y^^^-o rgg^jj^ numbers, whether bor- 
dlor De Thou, at Lyons in 1642. rowed signs, as letters, with which the 

r!iTin-nA.nPTifA (chdn'kwa-chen-tO ; It., Greeks designated their numbers, or 
vxiiq^uc uciitv ^.^ 5QQ ^^^ ^g^ ^g ^ peculiar characters, as the modern or 

contraction for 1500, the century in which Arabic ones. Tlie ciphers, such as they 

the revival took place), a term employed are at present, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 0, 0, 

in reference to the decorative art and did not come into common European use 

architecture belonging to that attempt at until the eleventh century. For cipher 

purification of style and reversion to as applied to methods of secret writing 

classical forms introduced after the begin- see Cryptography. 

ning of the sixteenth century in Italy. ffiTiTi'ns (^^P'^^K i° Roman antiquities. 
The term is often applied to ornament of I'l'**" ,| 1q^ column generally rec- 

the sixteenth century in general, prop- tangular and sculptured, and often bear- 

erly included in the term Renaissance. ing an inscription. They served as 

Cinnne-foil (slnsrk'foil>. in archi- sepulchral monuments, as milestones and 

vrxjA.«|^uv iuxx lecture, an ornament in boundaries, and in some cases to receive 

the Gothic style, consisting of five foliated the inscribed decrees of the senate, 

divisions, often seen in circular windows. Ginriaili ^^^ ^'P^^'^^)* Giambattib- 
fKumipPftrfft (singk). originally the ^ ta, an Italian* painter and 

l/XliliU«; xurts g^^ English Channel engraver, bom at Pistoia in 1732; went 

ports of Hastings. Romney, Hythe, to England in 1754; died at London in 
Dover and Sandwich, on the s. E. coast 1785. He was one of the first fellows 
of England, to which were added sub- of the Royal Academy, the diploma of 
sequently the towns of Winchelsea, Rye, which he designed. He furnished 
and Seaford. They were granted special Bartolozzi with the subjects of some of 
privileges by the later Saxon and earlier his finest engravings. 



Circassia Circuit Courts 

Circassia (sir-kashl-a), or TcHXB- to partake of an enchanted beverage. 
KEBSiA^ a mountainoua Ulysses under tbe guidance of Hermes 
region in the southeast of European compelled her to restore his companions* 
Russia, lying chiefly on the north slope and afterwards had two sons by her. 
of the Caucasus, partly also on the south, nir/tATieiaTi Aqtvipo (sir -sen'si-an). 
and bounded on the west by the Black ^irccnsiail uames g^^ Circus. 
Sea, and now forming part of the lieu- CircillRte (sir'si-nftt) in botany, said 
tenancy of the Caucasus. The moun- ^*'"'^*"«*''*' qI leaves or fronds, as those 
tains, of which the culminating heights of ferns, that are rolled up like a watch- 
are those of Mount Elbruz, are inter- spring before expanding, 
sected everywhere with steep ravines and Circle (sir'kl), a plane figure con- 
clothed with thick forests, and the ter- ^***'**' tained by one line^ which is 
ritory is principally drained by the Knban called the circumference, and is such that 
and its tributaries. Its climate is tern- all straight lines drawn from a certain 

Kerate, its inhabitants health v and long- point (the center) within the figure to 
ved. The people call themselves Adigh6. the circumference are equal to one an- 
the name Tcherkesa (robbers) being of other. The properties of the circle are 
Tatar origin. They are divided into investigated in books on geometry and 
several tnbes speaking widely-different trigonometry. Properly the curve be- 
dialects. While they retained their inde- longs to the class of conic aections, and 
pendence their government was of a is a curve of the second order. A great 
patriarchal character, but every free Cir- circle of a sphere is one that has its 
cassian had the right of expressing his center coinciding with that of the sphere, 
opinion in the assemblies. They pos- The celebrated problem of 'squaring the 
sessed none but traditional annals and circle' is to find a square whose area 
laws. Polygamy was permissible in shall be equal to the area of any given 
theory, but not common. The duties of circle. It is not i>os8ible to do so. All 
hospitality and vengeance were alike that can be done is to express appromi- 
binding, and a Spartan morality existed mately the ratio of the length of the 
in the matter of theft. Their religion, circumference of the circle to the 
which is nominally Moslem, is In many diameter, and to deduce the area of the 
cases a jumble of Christian, Jewish, and figure from this approximation. If the 
heathen traditions and ceremonies. As a diameter be called unity, the length of 
race the Circassians are comely, the men the circumference of the circle is 
being prized by the Russians as warriors, 3.141592G535. . . ; and the area of the 
and the women by the Turks as inmates circle is found by multiplying this num- 
of the harem, a position generally desired ber by the square of the radius. Thus 
by the women themselves. The early the area of a circle of 2 feet radius is 
history of Circassia is obscure. Between 3.14159 X 4. or 12.56636 square feet 
the 10th and 13th centuries it formed approximately. For trigonometrical cal- 
a portion of the empire of Georgia, but culations the circumference of the circle 
in 1424 the Circassians were an inde- is divided into 360 equal parts called de- 
pendent people, and at war with the grees, each degree is divided into ^ 
Tatars of the Crimea, etc., to whose minutes, and each minute into 60 seconds. 

khans, however, some were occasionally r!iT<>1p Mm* at Roa xr^n^ni r'««v*?« 
tributkry. In 1705 the Tatars were de- ^l^Cie, Mural. Bee Mural Circle. 

feated in a decisive battle, but shortly Circleville 9L. '"^y* county seat of 
after the territorial encroachments of the '^***'**" ^> Pickaway Co., Ohio, on 
Russians on the Caucasian regions be- Scioto River, 30 miles s. of Columbus. It 
gan, and in 1829 the country was formally has large strawboard plant, canneries, 
annexed by them. A long and heroic re- flour mills, grain elevators, carriage and 
sistance was made by the Circassians un- broom factories. On Pennsylvania and 
der their leader Schamyl, and on being re- Norfolk & Western railroads. Pop. 7049. 
duced to submission numbers of the in- Circuit (s^^'l^iO* a division of a 
habitants emigrated to the Turkish prov- country for judicial purposes, 

inces. In the north and east, however, to some town or towns in which judges 
tribes of the Circassiap stock remain, come at regular periods to administer jus' 
The Circassians, properly so called, have tice. 

been estimated to number from 500,000 dip cxiit CoUrtS ^> ^^^^^ applied dis* 
to 6(X),000. ' tinctively to a class 

Circe (s^r-sd), a fabled sorceress of of the Federal courts of the United 
\^xiuv Greek mythology, who lived in States, of which terms are held in two or 
tne island of ^sea, represented by Homer more places successively, in the various 
as having converted the companions of circuits into which the country is divided 
Ulysses into swine after cauauig them for the purpose. 



Circulax Notes Gircumcisioxi 

nirnnlpr TTntAQ (sir'kQ-lAr), notes or animalcules the movement of the fluids of 
viir«/iuiurxiutC9 letters of credit fur- the bod^ is maintained by that of the 
nished by bankers to persons about to animal itself and by the disturbing in- 
travel abroad. Along with the notes the fluence of nutritive absorption. In the 
traveler receives a 'letter of indication ' Oelenterata (zoophytes, etc.) the move- 
bearing the names of certain foreign ment receives aid besides from the action 
bankers who will cash such notes on of cilia on the inner walls of the body, 
presentation, in which letter the traveler The Annelids, as the earthworm, possess 
must write his name. On presentation contractile vessels traversing the length 
the foreign banker can demand to see the of the body. The Insects, Crustaceans, 
letter of indication, and by causing the Mvriapods, and Spiders have a dorsal 
presenter to write his name can compare tube, a portion of which may be specially 
the signature thus made with that in the developed as a heart. The blood is 
letter, and so far satisfy himself as to driven to the tissues, in some cases along 
the identity of the person presenting the arterial trunks, being distributed not In 
note. special vessels, but simoly through the 

Circnlatin&r Hedinin. ®«® OHrren- interstices of the tissues. From the 
wAAvtucftWAMg .H^v^MUAu* ^^ tissues It is conveyed, it may be, by 

CiTfinlAtion (s^i'-hH-lA'shun), in an special venous trunks to a venous sinus 
vxxvuM»Mvii, organism, the flowing oi which surrounds the heart and opens into 
sap or blood through the veins or cban- it by valvular apertures. The mollusca 
nels, by means of which the unceasing have the heart provided with an auricle 
and simultaneous movements of composl- and a ventricle, as in the snail and 
tion and decomposition manifested in or- whelk ; two auricles, one on either side of 
ganic life are carried on. Although Galen, the ventricle, as in the fresh-water 
who had observed the opposite directions mussel; or two auricles and two ventrl- 
of the blood in the arteries and veins, cles, as in the ark-shells. Among the as- 
may be said to have been upon the very cidians, which stand low in that division 
point of discovering its circulation, the of animals to which the molluscs belong, 
discovery was reserved for William the remarkable phenomenon is enoonn- 
Harvey, who in 1628 pointed out the con- tered of an alternating current, which is 
tinuity of the connections between the rhythmicaUy propelled for equal periods 
heart, arteries, and veins, tiie reverse in opposite directions. All vertebrated 
directions taken by the blood in the animals (except Amphio9U9) have a 
different vessels, the arrangements of heart, which in most fishes consists of an 
valves in the heart and veins so that the auricle and ventricle, but in the mud- 
blood could flow only in one direction, fishes (Lepidotiren) there are two anri- 
and the necessity of the return of a large cles and one ventricle ; and this trilocular 
proportion of blood to the heart to main- heart is found in the amphibians, and 
tain the supply. In 1661 Malpighi ex- in most reptiles except the crocodiles, 
hibited microscopically the circulation in which, like birds and mammals, have a 
the web of a frog's foot, and showed that four-chambered organ consisting of two 
the blood passed from arteries to veins by auricles and two ventricles. In these two 
capillaries or intermediate vessels. This last-named classes the venous and arterial 
finally established the theory with regard blood are kept apart; in the trilocular 
to animals, but the movements of sap in hearts the two currents are mixed in the 
vegetables were only traced with difficulty ventricle. For circulation in man and 
and after numerous experiments. Many the higher animals see Heart, 
physiologists indeed are still disposed to CirGlllllGisioiI (sirncum-sixh-un), the 
refuse the term 'circulation' to this por- ^***'»****^*»**'** removal of the foreskin 
tion of the economy of plants ; but though from the male generative organ, a snr- 
sap, unlike the blood, does not exhibit gical operation sometimes required by 
movements in determining vessels to and anatomical conditions. Also a rite com- 
from a common center, a definite course mon among the Semites, though by 
is observable. In the stem of a dicot- no means peculiar to them, and possibly 
yledonous tree, for example, the sap de- derived by them from the Egyptians or 
scribes a sort of circle, passing upwards from some non-Semitic source. At any 
from the roots through the newer woody rate, the antiquity of its institution in 
tissue to the leaves, where it is elaborated Egypt is fully established bv the monu- 
under the action of air and light; and ments, which make it evident that It 
thence descending through the bark to- was practised at a period very much 
wards the root, where what remains of it earlier than the Exodus. It was, how- 
fs either excreted or mixed with the new ever, a primitive Arab custom, and its 
fluid, entering from the soil for a new practise among the Jews may with 
period of circulation. In infusorial equal probability be assigned to an Arab 



CiremnnavigatioA Cirotui 

SSw r*nrriLVSSS.%t''*l« Circtmuitaiitial Evidence. |« ? 

practised by the Aztecs and other peoples denoe* 

of Central America, and is still to be PirniiTnvii.llii.f-in'n (y a-l&'shnn), or 

found among tribes on the Amazon, VflTCUmvaiiaiiOtt ^j,j. ^y Cibcum- 

among the Australian tribes, the vallation, in military affairs, a line of 
Papuans, the inhabitants of New Cale- field-works consisting of a rampart or 
donia, and those of the New Hebrides, parapet, with a trench surrounding a 
In Africa it is common among the besieged place, or the camp of a besieging 
Kaffirs and other tribes widely removed army. 

from Semitic influence. It is practised rjirc-na (s^r'kus), among the Romans, 
also by the Abyssinian Christians, and ^*^^**^ a nearljr oblong building with- 
although not enjoined in the Koran has out a roof, in which public chariot-races 
been adopted by the Mohammedans on the and exhibitions of pugilism and wrestling, 
example of Mohammed himself. It was etc., took place. It was rectangular, ex- 
possibly in its origin a sacrifice to the cept that one short side formed a half- 
deity presiding over generation, though circle; and on both sides, and on the 
in certain nanons the rite has acquired semicircular end, were the seats of the 
a new symbolic significance according to spectators, rising gradually one above an- 
the stage of their spiritual development, other, like steps. On the outside the 
Circumciaion is also the name of a circus was surrounded with colonnades, 
feast, celebrated on the 1st of January, galleries, shops, and public places. The 
in commemoration of the circumcision of largest of these buildings in Rome was 
our Saviour. It was anciently kept as a the Circus MtMrimua, capable, according 
fast, in opposition to the pagan feast on to Pliny, of containing 260,000, and ac- 
that day in honor of Janus. cording to Aurelius Victor, 385,000 

rK'TATiTviTiQincyiifinTi (sir>kum-nav-i- spectators. At present, however, but few 
VirCUmnavlgauon ga'shnn), a vestiges of it remain, and the circus of 
term signifying a sailing round the earth. Caracalla is in the best preservation. 
Earliest tc succeed in this was Magellan, The games celebrated in these structures 
a Portuguese in the service of Spain, who were known collectively by the name of 
headed the first expedition which sue- ludi circenses, circensian games, or games 
ceeded in circumnavigating the globe, of the circus, which under the emperors 
though he did not live to complete the attained the greatest magnificence. The 
voyage. He sailed with five ships from principal games of the circus were the 
San Lucar September 20, 1519, passed ludi Komani or magni (Roman or Great 
the straits named after him in November, Games), which were celebrated from the 
1520, and was killed in the Philippine Is- 4th to the 14th of September, in honor of 
lands in April, 1521, Juan Sebastian del the great gods, so called. The passion of 
Cano continuing the voyage and reaching the common or poorer class of people for 
San Lucar with the only remaining ship these shows appears from the cry with 
in September. 1522. The principal early which they addressed their rulers — 
navigators, after Magellan, who succeeded Panem et circensesi (bread and the 
in making the voyage round the globe games!). The festival was opened by a 
were Grijalva and Alvaradi (Spaniards), splendid procession, or pompa, in which 
1537; Mendana (Spanish), 1567; Drake the magistrates, senate, priests, augurs, 
'(English), 1577-8(); Cavendish, 1586- vestal virgins, and athletes took part, 
'88 ; Le Maire (Dutch) , 1615-17 ; Quires carrying with them the images of the 
(Spanish), 1625; Tasman (Dutch), great gods, the Sibylline books, and some- 
1642 ; Cowley, 1683 ; Dampier, 1689 ; ttmes the spoils of war. On reaching the 
Cooke, 1708 ; CJlipperton, 1719 ; Rog- circus the procession went round once in 

fewein (Dutch), 1721-23; Anson, 1740- a circle, the sacrifices were performed, 
4; Byron, 1764-66; Wallis, 1766-68; the spectators took their places, and the 
Carteret, 1766-69 ; Bougainville, 1766-69 ; games commenced. These were : 1. Races 
Cooke, 1768-71 ; and Portlocke, 1788. with horses and chariots, in which men 

nirnTiniTiTifafinn (-nu-tfi'shun ; lit. of the highest rank engaged. 2. The 
VrircumnuiailOU \^ nodding round gymnastic contests. 3. The Trojan 
about'), a name given by Darwin to the games, prize contests on horseback, re- 
continuous motion of every growing part vived bv Julius Ciesar. 4. The combats 
of every plant, in which it describes with wild beasts, in which beasts fought 
irregular elliptical or oval figures. The with beasts or with men (criminals or 
apex of the stem, for instance, after volunteers). 5. Representations of naval 
pointing in one direction, moves round engagements {naumachim) , for which 
till it points in the opposite direction, purpose the circus could be laid under 
and so on continnoady* water. The expense of these games was 



Cirencester Gisteroians 

often immense. Pompey, in his second Hantaan and the Venetian proyincesv 

consulship, brought forward GOO lions at Bergamo, Bresdat Crema, Verona, and 

one combat of wild beasts, which, with Bovigo, the duchy of Modena, the prind- 

eighteen elephants, were slain in five pality of Massa and Carrara, Bologna, 

days. The modern ciroue is a place Ferrara, and Romagna, and eventually 

where horses are trained to perform, and its area was 16,337 square miles ; its pop. 

where exhibitions of acrobats and yarious 8,500,000. The legislative body held its 

pageantries, and the tricks of downs or sessions in Milan. On January 25, 1802, 

buffoons, are presented. Menageries of it received the name of the Italian Re- 

wild beasts usually accompany the trav- public; from 1805 to 1814 it formed part 

eling drcus. of the kingdom of Italy. 

Cirenepater ^' Cicebtbb (pron. col- fHunn Olia'ko), a dty of Eastland Co., 

LPireuCfssier, i o q u i a 1 1 y sis'e-t6r or vl»CO >rexas, 90 mUes 8. W. of Port 

flls^es-t^r), a town of England, county Worth, in the heart of an oil territory. It 

and 18 miles 8. ■. of Gloucester ; founded has refineries, oil wdl supplies, planing 

by the ancient Britons, and subsequently, mills, lumber yards, and manufactures of 

under the name of Corinium, a Koman tools, gas and oil engines, nitroglycerine. 

sUtion. It has a well-known Royal ttc. It has an abundant supply of natural 

Agricultural College. The trade is chiefly gas. Pop. 7422. 

agricultural It was a parliamentary n{g«|Q^n«. a ^Aniihlio (sis 'pa-dAn), 

borou£h till 1886, and now gives name to ^"Pattane ACpUDUC ^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^ 

a pari div. of the county. Pop. 7632. south of the Po set up by Napoleon I, 
nirrTinaiA (si-rO'sis), a disease charac- but speedily united with the Transpadane 
viiiiAuaui ^griae^ by growth of fibrous Republic to form the CUalpine RepubUc. 
tissue which gradually encroaches on and (ligf (sist), a place of interment of an 
by compression destroys the true struct- early or prehistoric period, consist* 
nre of the organ attacked. It is very ing of a rectangular stone chest or en- 
frequent in the liver as a consequence closure formed of rows of stones set np- 
of spirit-drinking; and hence the term 
'drunkard's liver.' 

GirrinedfiB ( " ^ ' 'i-p^dz ) , Cibbzpe'dia, 
\/xxAX|F«?u«B or CiBBBOp'ODA, a dass 

of marine invertebrate animals, having a ^ 

y'S^^^^'J^J?!"*!?? ^^K 7'^ •?^''i.fK Cist, found ie« Driffield.' Y^Mhiw. 

ticulated, tendril-like limbs (oim). which ^ ^^ *^™iiwu, xwuuuv. 

are protruded and rapidly withdrawn right, and covered by similar flat stooes. 

within the multivalve shell. They are Such cists are found in barrows or 

crustaceans which have undergone retro- mounds, enclosing bones. In rock^ dU- 

gradc metamorphosis, being free-swim- tricts cists were sometimes hewn in the 

ming in the larva form, but becoming rock itself. 

after a time attached by the head. When Gistaceffi (sis-til-se-^), a natural order 
adult they are affixed to some substance, ^**»«'«*^*^«*' of polypetalous ezogens, con- 
either set directly upon it, as in the genus sisting of low, shrubby plants or herbs 
Balanus; or placed on a foot-stalK, as with entire leaves and crumpled, gener- 
the bamade ; or sunk into the supporting ally ephemeral, showy flowers. Some ex- 
substance, as the whale-bamade. Sec ude a balsamic resin, such as ladanum. 
Balanu9t Barnacle, from a Levant species of Cistus. See 
Cirma (^ir^rus; in plural Cnua), the C%atu9. 

\/xAi.uo tendril of a plant bv means of GiaterGlflJia (sis-t^r'shans), a rellg- 

which it climbs, usually a modified leaf or ^*" "****'*"•**" ious order named from 

the prolongation of a midrib. its original convent, Clteaux iCiiier' 

Pii*inia Q^u% ffi^»tA ct«m), not far from Dijon, in Kastem 

l/irrUS. See Ctotfd. TtBiiQe, where the society was formed 

Cirtfl. (>l^ta). the capital of the ancient in 1098 by Robert, Abbot of Molesme, 

VAXM» Massyiii in Numidia. After the under the strictest observance of the rule 

defeat of Jugurtha it passed into the of St Benedict. The Cistercians led a se- 

hands of the Romans, and was restored verely ascetic and contemplative life, and 

by Constantine, who gave it his own having freed themselves from episcopal 

name. See Connianiine. supervision, formed a kind of spiritual 

r*iaolTiinA (siz*al'pin) Republic, a republic under a high council of twenty- 

vistupiuc g^^^^ gg^ ^jp j^ 2Y97 by five members, with the Abbot of Clteaux 

Napoleon I in North Italy, recognized by as president Next to Ctteaux the four 

Germany as an independent power at the chief monasteries were La Fert6, Pon- 

Peace of Campo Formio. It comprised tigny, Clairvaux (founded by the cele- 

Aostrian Lombardy, together with the bra ted St Bernard in 1115^ and Mori- 




Cistns Citroa 

Bond. In France they called tbemidTea loftiest aummit la 4620 feet In height 

AernarrftDM in honor of 8b Bernard. On its northern alope stood the dt; of 

Among the fraternities emanatlns from Flataaa. 

them the moat remarkable were the Bare- Cithpm "^ Cit'Tebh 

(ooted monks, or Peoillanta, and the nuns ^^"*<=*"* (a 1 1 h' e r n. 

Bit ern, Latin oithara, 

Greek kithara), an old 

inatmment of the Kiiitar 

kind, atrong with wire 

instead of gut Its eight 

atrlnga were tuned to 4 

notea, G, B, D, and E. 

It was frequently to be 

found in barbers' shopi 

(or the amusement of the 

WBltiDK customers. 

Cities of £efa^, 

rfx ont of the forty- "KTuiiicMn Mu^ 
eight cities given to the ■sum. 

tribe of Levi In the division of Canaan, 
Bet apart by the law of Mosea ae places 
of refuse for the manslayer or accidental 
homicide. Their names were Kedesh, 
Hhecbem, and Hebron on the west dde of 
Jordan; and Bezer, Ramoth-Giiead, and 
Golan on the <—' 



s 



aolntion of monastenea. IJe general dtrons fruits. It is generairj prepared 

fate of relirions orders during the from lemon-Juice, and when pure Is white, 

French revolution reduced the Cistercians inodorous, and eitrnmely sharp in lis 

to a , few conventB in Spain, PiJand, taste. In combination with metals it 

Anatna, etc. There are still two or three forms crystalline saita known as rltrntni. 
honsea \n the British Iri^ The Cister- The acld'is us^ « ? dSrge 4"^^ 

cians wear whiU robea with black printing and as a mhstitute for lemon 

•capulanea. , ,. . '» making beverages. 

ClStnS («»^t"*). the rock-roae, a genua Citron (^if ron), Citrui mSdica. a 

_. T. ."' P'^"*;, "' ,"S°y species, '^ll'^oa ,n,aU evergreen shrub yleHing 

order Clataceie, natives of Europe, or of a fmit which la candied with sugar The 

the countnes bonJering the Mediter- rind is considered superior to the palp ; 

ranean. Bome of them are beanbful it is imported in a preierved state, and 

evergreen flowering shrubs, ornamental la la need in confectiouery. The juice is 

gardens or shrubberies. Gam ladanum less acid than that of the lemon. Se* 

is obtained from 0. erettcut and 0. Citnu. 

SSddri-f-".'). . >-»« ■«""■ Citronella aa".3"-&°?'iS,°d •',' 

1. *v 1 1°.?^ near a citv intended to grass UnirofSgon nardiu), cultivated 

Jeep the inhabitants in subjection, or to at Singapore and in Ceylon. It ia osed 

form a Una] point of defense in case of for scenting soap and driving awai 

an attack ot enemies, mosquitoes. 

Citation J.ffi^-'ace* '^^'>Z "l CitnOIiu [^'■,5.'"''»>- see ooio- 

per»nto appear in a conrt as a party Citrng (sifms), an Important genaa 

or witness in a ranae. vilius^, ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ Anran- 

France, dep. COte-d'Or. See terlied by simple ovate acuminate leaves 

Cut«rouiai. pr Uafleta united by a distinct joint to the 

Clthseron iS".^?°': ' a! modern leaf-like stalk ; by having the stamena 

« ... V ""??A ' "*«>t«ln o' "Kited by their filaments into several ir- 

Qreeoe, which, stretching W. W., separates regular bundles, and by yielding a pulny 

B<Mtla from Megaris ud Attica. It* fruit with a spongy ii£i.—OUnit mMitn 



Cittadella 



is the citron. Other species are the on the west side of the island of Minorca, 

lemon (Citrus UmCnum), the sweet Chief industries: weaving woolen fabrics, 

orange (Citrus aurantium), the bitter ezpressins oil and wine, and husbandry* 

orange {Citrus vulgaris), the shaddock Pop. 864o. 

{Citrus decum&na). and the forbidden Cillda.d-!R6al ( thi-tf-d&<i-r&-&l', 'royal 

fruit {Citrus paradisi), sometimes used ^* ******** *"^«** town'), a town of 

as an ornamental addition to dessert. Spain, capital of the province of same 

The genus Citrus furnishes the essential name, on a low plain near the Guadiana, 

oils of orange and lemon peels, of orange 100 iniles south of Madrid. The prindpai 

flowers, of citron peel, of bergamot, and edifice is the Church of Santa Maria, 

oil of orange leaves — all much esteemed a magnificent structure, though consisting 

in perfumery. See Lemon, Orange, etc only of a single nave. Pop. 15,327. — 

fKffoiiplla (ch§t-ta-dft'la), an old The province occupies the south ex- 

\/Xl.ba.uciia ^^^jj^ ^f j^Qpjjj i^iy^ pp^j^. tremity of New CastUe, between the 

ince of Padua, surrounded by walls, parallel ranges of the Sierra Toledo and 
Pop. 8627. Sierra Morena; area, 7840 square 

Citt&-di-Cfl.stello <-^® kAs'tel-«), a miles. Pop. 321,580. 

wxxa-oi uasxeuo ^^^^ ^^ Italy, Ciudad-EodriM (thi-tt-cttd-rodrt'gft, 

province of Perugia^ <m the Tiber, the ^* **«»** -"^uii^u « Roderick town'), a 
seat of a bishop, witii a cathedral cox»- fortress in Spain, in Leon, on the river 




City 



Malta, near the center and almost on the was of some importance in the Peninsular 

highest point of the island, 7 miles w. s. war, being taken by storm by the Brit- 

w. Valetta. The rise of the latter town ish under Wellington, after a siege of 

has almost ruined it, and its magnificent eleven days. The Cortes gave Welling- 

houses and palaces are almost deserted, ton the title of Duke of Ciudad-Rodrigo. 

It has a large cathedral and interesting Pop. 8930. 

catacombs. The ancient palace of the n-iirA (^v\ SUa rkin» 

Grand Masters of the Order of Malta ^^^® ^^^^' ^^ ^'***^*- 

also remains. Pop. (1901) 7515. fKirfit (^^'^^S Viverra), a genus of 

Cit'tern. See CUHem. TSriZ^r^ASTS^ lA S 

(sifi; Latin, civitas) in a gen- Malabar and Java, and distinguished by 
eral sense^ a town holding, from having a secretorv apparatus in whi<^ 
extent of population, favorable situation, oollects the odoriferous fatty substance 
or other causes, a leading place in the known as civet. The animal, which in 
community in which it is situated, form is intermediate between the weasel 
Popularly, also, it is used to desisnate and the fox, and from 2 to 3 feet long 
the old and central nucleus as distia- by 10 inches high, is of a cinereous 

i^uished from the suburban growths of color, tinged with yellow and marked by 
arge towns. The ecclesiastical sense of dusky spots disposed in rows. They are 
the term city is a town which is, or has nocturnal, and prey upon birds and small 
been, the see of a bishop. This seems to animals, and may be considered as form- 
be the historical use of the term in Eng- ing tiie transition from the musteline or 
land, and still possesses some authority marten kind to the feline race. The 
there, but to a considerable extent it has genus has been divided into two sub- 
been superseded by the wider one. In aenera — the true civets, having the pouch 
America the application of the term is large and well marked; and the genets, 
dependent upon the nature and extent of in which there is a simple depression in- 
the municipal privileges possessed by stead of a pouch. Two spe^es of the 
corporations, and a town is raised to the nrst and eight of the second are at 
dignity of a city by special charter, present known, the chief scent-yielding 
Generally the term implies the existence species beinr the common civet (viverra 
of a mayor at the head of the munici- civetta) of N. Africa and the sibeth (F. 
pality. zibetha) of Asia. The pouch is situated 

Gindad (thi-^<f&<l'). the Spanish word between the anus and the genitals, and 
TOT city, appearing in many the odorous matter obtained from it is, 
names of Spanish places. when good, of a dear yellowish or brown 

fli lift fill 'Rnliirflr ithi-^-dkd' bo-ie'- color. The smell is powerful and very 
wuuttu J^uuvar ^j^^.^ g^ Angos- offensive, but when diluted with oil or 

tura, other materials is an agreeable perfume. 

Cindadela (thi-^dk-dSilk), a walled The American variety of the civet (civet 
^ *^ *^ city and seaport, Spain, cat) is easily tamed. 



Civic Crown Civil Law 

Civic Crown (Biv'ik), among the Ro- drawings of animals scratched upon bone 
\/ATAv wxvwu mans, the highest mili- or slate. The discovery of metals con- 
tary reward, assigned to him who had stituted a great step in advance. Gold 
preserved the life of a citizen. It bore and copper came early into use, and 
the inscription * Oh oivem servatutn,* that bronze was soon discovered, though a 
is, * for saving a citizen,* and was made of long time passed before iron was smelted 
oak leaves. The person who received the and substituted for bronze where hardness 
crown wore it in the theater, and sat was required. Gradually the roving sav- 
next the senators, and when he came in age became a nomadic shepherd and 
all the assembly rose up as a mark of herdsman, or a tiller of the soil, accord- 
respect, ing to his environment. The practice of 
Civics (^^^^^^)f ^^® science that treats barter was in part superseded by the be- 
vf TxuB ^£ citizenship and the relations ginnings of some sort of currency. Ges- 
between citizens and the government It ture language gave place in part to an 
embraces ethics, or social duties; civil enlarged vocabulary, and picture-writing 
law, or governmental methods ; econom- to the use of phonetic signs. In the 
ics, or the principles of finance and ex- meantime man had begun to question him- 
change ; and the history of municipal de- self and the world on profounder issues, 
velopment. entering upon the myth-making age, in 
Gividale (<^b^^^*^&'l&)»&'^&Ued town, which was projected outwards on the 
Italv, Venetia, 8 miles s. N. chief phenomena of nature some shadow 
c. of Udine. It has a large cathedral dat- of his own personality. The worship of 
ing from the eighth century. Pop. 4174. the sun^ moon, and stars, a faith in a 

Civil Death. See DeatH. OivU. a^i^^ii^mlCe^t'thl ttt^^^o 

C!iviIi7AtioTl (siv-il-iz-a'shun), the and witchcraft, all sprang into being. 

wxvxAAACftiixvu. g^m j^j j^^y g^^gjj ^img Prayer came spontaneously to him; the 

of the attainments and tendencies by idea of propitiation by sacrifice would 

which the human race or any section of arise from his dealings with his fellows 

it is removed from the savage state. The and his foes ; the sacred books began to 

history of progress in civilization is shape themselves. Tribal and national 

usually presented from one of two points relations, arising from ties of family and 

of view — the first conceiving the race as exigencies of defense, were cemented by 

starting from a high civilization, to which unity of faith, and the higher social unit 

in point of intellectual and moral power began to perfect itself under the rule of 

it has ^et to return; the second viewing the patriarch, the bravest warrior, etc. 

the civilization of any period as the re- With varying needs, arising from diversity 

suit of a constant and increasingly-suc- of environment, distinctions of nationality 

cessful stream of effort upwards from an became more and more emphatic, and the 

origin comparable with the condition of history of civilization becomes the history 

the lower animals. The latter is the of the nation viewed from the standpoint 

prevailing scientific theory, which finds of moral, political, scientific, mechanical, 

the secret of progress in the interaction and general intellectual progress, 

of function and environment. According fji f v PlonniTl? '^ system now being 

to it, primitive man, at first feeding on ^*-^J j.«*iiijj.ix5, widely adopted in 

wild fruits and berries, and sheltering the United States for the betterment and 

himself under overhanging rocks or caves, adornment of cities, definite plans being 

entered upon the stone age, in which, as adopted in advance, to be worked up to, 

the contemporary of the mammoth and so that the development of the cities may 

cave-bear, he made himself sharp-edged be in definite lines. Comprehensive 

tools by chipping the flakes of flint found plans of this kind have been made in 

in the drift under gravel and day. In many cities and in some instances much 

the newer stone age he learned the art has been done in carrying them out. 

of polishing these rough implements, with An exhibition of such plans was made 

which he cut down trees to make canoes, in the City Hall, Philadelphia in the 

kiUed wild animals for food, and broke spring of 1911, and showed that highly 

their bones for marrow, or shaped them encouraging progress was being made, 

into weapons. Fire he turned to account not only in that city, but in many other 

to hollow out trees, to cook his food, to communities. 

fashion clay ware. Artificial means of f|i\ril LaW U}^ civfle) , among the 

shelter were constructed by piling rude ^*** **•* Romans the term nearly 

huts of stones, by digging holes in the corresponding to what in modem times is 

ground, or by driving piles into the beds implied by tne phrase positive law, that 

of lakes and raising dwellings on them, is, the rules of right established by any 

The artistic instincts found expression in government. They contradistinguished it 



Civil List Civil Service 

from natural law (;'«• naturdle), by peiiBea proper to the maintenance of the 
which they meant a certain natural order houBehold of the sovereign. It waa once 
followed by all living beings; also from a principle in England, as in other 
. the general laws of mankind established Teutonic nations, that the monarch was 
by the agreement of all nations and to pay all the expenses of government, 
governments Uu9 gentium). With the even including those of the army, from 
arowth and multiplication of the edicts the possessions of the crown, and until 
inued by the prcetors (in whose hands the Restoration the whole expense of 
was the supreme administration of the government continued to be defrayed 
justice) for the modification and exten- out of the royal revenue. In the reign 
sion of the positive enactments, a further of William, the Commons adopted the 
distinction became necessary, the whole principle of separating the regular and 
body of this praetorian law being known domestic expenses of the king from the 
by tiie name of ju9 hcnararium as opposed public expenditure, and establishing a sys- 
to the strict formal law (ju$ civile). The tematic and periodical control over the 
latter, however, included both the private latter. The amount voted to the king for 
law iiu9 privatum), which relates to the life in 1697 was $3,500,000 annually 
various legal relations of the different and the same vote was made at the com- 
members of the state — the citizens — and mencement of the reign of Queen Anno 
the public law {jut publicum), that is, and George I. By the beginning of the reign 
the rules respecting the limits, rights of George II the revenue appropriated 
obligations, etc., of the public authorities, to the civil list was found to have pro- 
The final digest of Roman law was made duced |150,000, and this sum was voted 
in the sixth century a.d. under the Em- on the accession of George II. Besides 
peror Justinian, but at first was only ad- the regular vote, grants had been fre- 
mitted as formally binding in a small part quently made to defray debts incurred in 
of Italy. After the eleventh century, the expenditure of the sovereign. On the 
in Upper Italy, particularly in the school accession of George III the civil list was 
of Bologna, the oody of the Roman law, fixed at $4,000,000, but instead of being 
put together by Justinian, was formed paid out of appropriated revenues in 
by degrees into a system applicable to which the crown lands were included, 
the wants of all nations; and on this these were surrendered, and it was 
model the ecclesiastical and papal de- charged on the ordinary taxation. Large 
crees were arranged, and to a considerable extra grants had to be made during this 
degree the native laws of the new reign. In the reign of William IV the 
Teutonic states. From all these the Ro- list was cleared of all salaries, etc., upon 
man law was distinguished under the it, and placed at $2,550,000, including a 
name of civU law. In this sense, there- pension list of $375,000. Other varia- 
fore, civil law means ancient Roman law; tions in the amount were made on the 
and it is contradistinguished from canon accessions of Victoria, Edward VII and 
law and feudal law. though the feudal George V. Many continental states have 
codes of the Lombards have been received a fixed civil list ; that of Russia is 
into the carpus juris civiUs, or bodv of $7,050,000: of Turkev, $4,600,000: of 
civil law. As the Roman code exerted the Austria, $3,650,000 ; of Prussia, $3,876,- 
greatest influence on the private law of 000. to which an additional grant of 
modem Europe, the expression civU law $1,125,000 has recently been added, 
is used also to embrace all the rules re- making a total of $4,500,000. 
lating to the private rights of citizens. (Jivil Service collectively, all offices 
Under the term civil law, therefore, in ^* »***'*'*'' **'^> under government ex- 
America and Europe, is to be understood cept those directly connected with the 
not only the Roman law, but also the army and navy. Formerly appointments 
modem private law of the various coun- to the civil service in Great Britain were 
tries; for example, in Germany, Das entirely in the gift of the executive gov- 
gemeine Deutsche Privatrecht: in France emment, and were obtained by influence, 
the Coda civil des Francats or Code while the bestowal of them was used as 
VapoUon. In this sense it is chiefly op- a means of gaining parliamentary sup- 
posed to criminal law, particularly in port on behalf of the government, but in 
reference to the administration of justice, 1855 a system of examinations was In- 
which is to be divided into civil justice stituted to test the efficiency of candidates, 
and criminal justice, and in 1870, it was directed that appoint- 

Givil List ^^ Britain, formerly the ments in the civil service should (witii 
^ whole expenses of the gov- certain exceptions) be filled bv open com- 
emment, with the exception of those of petition. — In the United States dvH 
the army, navy, and other military de- service a system was inaugurated by 
partmeats. It is now limited to the ex- President Jackson by which the party ia 



Civil War Clamecy 

power conferred the varioas appoint- oomposed a treatise on the fonr cnryea of 
ments on such of its members as had the third order, which, with his sub- 
most influence, or had done it most sery- sequent Reoheroheg sur leB Courbea d 
ice, there being thus usually a great double Courbwre, 1731, procured him a 
change of oflicials with each change of seat in the academy at the age of eight- 
president, on the understood principle een. He accompanied Maupertuis to 
that 'to the victors belong the spoils.' Lapland, to assist in measuring an arc 
After 1870 attempts at estabUshing a bet- of the meridian, and obtained the 
ter state of affairs were made, and in materials for his work 8ur la Figure de 
1883 a bill introducing a system of civil la Terre. In 1752 he published his 
service reform was passed by congress. TMorie de la Lune, and in 1759 calcu- 
The act creates a commission, composed lated the perihelion of Halley*s pomet 
of three members appointed by the presi- He died in 1765. 

dent and senate, known as the Civil Serv- r!l|iii.p (klar), St., or Santa Clara, 

ice Commission. They were to provide ^*«***^ Ordeb of, founded in 1212 by 

rules for open competitive examinations a lady of this name, of noble birth, bom 

for testing the fitness of applicants for at Spoleto, Italy, in 1103; died in 1253, 

the public service. Under the administra- and canonized in 1255. It has numerous 

tion of Cleveland and those of the sue- convents in Europe and America, 

ceeding presidents the competitive sys- fJloii^ton (klflr'tun), a city, county 

tern was greatly extended and it now '-'*«*** ^^^ seat of Clearfield Co., Penn- 

embraces most of the departments of the sylvania. on Susquehanna River, 35 miles 

government. N. of Altoona, in a rich farming district. 

Civil War. See united Statee. . Thwe are various manufactures. Pop. 

Clackmannaii ^^iL^afie^r^;^^^^^^^^ ''ol Clairvanx <^^^^)^ ^-^^^^^^ of 

Scotland,' containing little more than 47 Aube, celebrated for its magnificent abbey, 
Bouare miles, situate on the north side founded in 1114 or 1115, by St Bernard, 
of the Forth, by which it is bounded B. w., ^u^ suppressed at the revolution. The ex- 
while on nearly all the other sides it is igting buildings have been converted into 
hiclosed by the countries of Perth and an immense house of correction. See 
Stirling. The north part of the county is Oiaierciana, 

occupied by the Ochil HUls, which are dftirvovftTlce (klar-voi'ans; that is 
largely given up to sheep-farming, but Viairvuyanuc « clear-seeing'), an 
the other portions are comparatively level alleged faculty by which certain persons 
and exceedingly fertile, yielding large in certain states, or under certain con- 
crops of wheat and beans. The minerals ditions, are said to be able to see things 
are valuable, especially coal, which by some sort of mental or spiritual vision 
abounds. There are also some extensive apart altogether from the sense of sight 
ironworks, and some large breweries and nioTn the common name for the bi- 
distilleries ; woolens are also manufac- ^*^**^9 valves of the genus Ohama, and 
tured, and tanning, glass-blowing, etc., some other allied genera. In the eastern 
carried on. The principal towns are Al- United States the dams of market are of 
loa, Tillicoultry, Dollar, and Clack- two kinds; the hard or round clam 
mannan, the county town. Pop. 32,029. (Venus mercenaria) and the soft clam 
f!1fi.i1iTiTn (kl&'di-um), a genus of (Mya arenaria). The former are known 
x/AOiUAuaAA plants, consisting of twenty- in New England by the Indian name 
one species of wide distribution, nat ' quohog ' ; they live on sandy bottoms, and 
order Cyperacese (or sedges). The C. are obtained by raking or dredging. The 
MariecuSf or twig-rush, is a British * little necks ' are young clams of this sort 
perennial with keUed leaves, having a The soft clam is the Mya — ^the species 
sharp point and prickly serratures. It is used on the American Atlantic coast 
very common in certain fenny districts being M, arenarta, while that of Europe 
in Cambridgeshire, etc., and is used for is M . irunoaia. It has thin, elongated, 
thatching. white shells, is found deeply buried in 
f!1n.irfi.A (klft-r&k), a town of Prance, mud or sand near shore, and obtained by 
vFxaxxAv department Lot -et- Garonne, digging. The largest bivalve mollusc known 
on the Lot. ft was the first town in the is the giant clam (Tridacna) of the South 
south of France to declare in favor of Pacific region, whose valves may measure 
the Reformation. Pop. about 3000. two feet across and weigh 500 pounds. 
ClsLirtLnt (Uft-r6), Alexis Claude, GlameCV (>l*m-86)» a town of France, 
^**"***'' mathematician, bom at ^, V .^®P*^™^*,^ N*?^' ^9.^® 
PUris in 1713. In his eleventh year he ^onne. It has a fine church, founded in 



Clan Clap-net 

I49T. Wood-rafta tor the sapplr of Pari> waa frequentl]; formed of that of the 
witli firewood are made up here, and origliial progenitor with altii mac t*OD) ; 
floated down tba Tonne and Seine. Pop. tlius the Macltonalds were the ions of 
SS18> Itonald, and ever; individual of this name 

was cuniideted a descendant of the 
clan, and a brother of ever; one of iti 
inemberB. The chief exercised his antbor- 
it; b; right of primogeniture, aa the 
father of nia clan ; the clansmen revered 
and BCTved the chief with the blind devo- 
tion of children. The clang each occupied 
a certain portion of the country, and 
hostilities with neighboring clans were ei- 
tremely common. Next in rank to tbe 
chief were a certain number of persons, 
commonly near relations of tbe chief, to 
whom portions of land were aasij|ned 
during pleasure or on short leases, fiiach 
of tbese usuall; hsd a Bubdivimon of th« 
clan under him, of which be was chief- 
tain, subject, however, to tbe general 
bead of the sept. The jurisdiction of the 
chiefs was not very accurately defined, 
and It waa necessary to consult, in some 
— ftsure, the opinions of the most in- 
>ntisl clansmen and the general wishes 
of tbe whole body. It was latterly the 
policy of tbe government in Scotland to 
oblige the clans to find a representative 
of rank to become security at court for 
their good behavior : the dans wbo conld 
not procure a suitable representative, or 
wbo were unwilling to do so, were called 
broken clans, and existed in a sort of out- 
lawry. Tbe most notable instance of  
proscribed and persecuted clan waa that 
of the ancient clan MacGregor. who laat 
continued to hold their lands by tbe cotr 
a glaive, or right of tbe sword. Tbe re- 
bellions of 1715 and 1745 Induced the 
Brilish government to break op the con- 
neetioo which Bubsiati<d between the chiefi 
and the clansmen. The hereditary Juris- 
diction of the chiefs was therefore abol- 
ished, the people disarmed, and even com- 
Klled to relinquish their national dress. 
■w traeea of this institution now remain. 
except such as have a mers'>3 sentimental 
character: thus sll those who possess the 
«■ same clan name msy still talk of their 

Q^j^ ' chief.' thouKh the latter have now neither 

MtsT Woodw.rd), The W( v^v« lod muit].- ClaDhaHl 'dap ami. a BOOtheni solj- 

fob.. MRl h^l the wphon, «B tBiBovH!. , ,. R«- *"^" . urban district and pari 

pinlory nphona. the amttt indicatini the dj- borough of Tiondon. Clapham Common 

rretiOD at the cniTrenie; a o', Adductor muselea; is a fine open space of over 200 acres. 

»■ ?i"^ *■ """t "■ "r"""' '"'"'■ndrd by Pop. 58.5W. 

^^■i.^^^ '■ ^'■^■' '■ *""^ *■ '^"•'"^ "' Clap-net, " f^-n-^-p'-t "-"J by bird- 

„ ,. "i- " •, catchers, consisting of two 

Clan 'V^P,'|<^' n fibe or familyl, among ennal parts about 12 yards lone by 2\4 

the Ilighlauders of Scotland, con- wide, snd each having a slight frame, 

sisted of the common descendants of the They are placed about four yards anart 

aame pnigcnitur, under the patriarchal and arc pulled over by a string so as to 

control of a chief, wbo represented the inclose any birda on the InterveiiillK 

common ancestor. Tbe pame of ^he c\^^ epsce. 



Clappertbn Clarendon 

ClATmerton (clap'er-tun), Hugh, an Life and Scenery met with a favorable 

Kfuh^jfMMM. uvu ^f rnjan traveler, bom in reception, and the iaaue of his ViUape 

Annan, Dumfriesshire, in 1788. He Minetrel in 1821 won him many friends, 

entered the merchant service, but was A subscription furnishing him with |225 

impressed into the navy, in which he be- annually was, however, dissipated by 

came a lieutenant in 1816. He then ac- 1823. Andlda Shepherd's Calendar (1827), 

companied Dr. Oudney and Lieutenant which he hawked himself, was not a suc- 

Denham to Africa, where he remained till cess. He brought out a new work, the 

1825, returning with valuable informa- Rural Muse, in 1885, but became insane 

tion, although the disputed question of shortly afterwards, the remainder of his 

the course of the Niger was left undecided, life, from 1837 to 1864, being passed in 

On his return to Eneland Clapperton re- the Northampton Lunatic Asylum. Clare 

ceived the rank of captain, and im- was a genuine poet, and his pictures of 

mediately engaged in a second expedition, rural life are eminently truthful and 

to start from the Bight of Benin. Leav- pleasing. 

ing Badagry, Dec, 1825, he penetrated rHorp Talaviil ^^ island of Ireland, 

to Katnnga. within thirty miles of the ^'"*^^ ASiauu, Q^^j^^y ^ayo. It has 

Quorra or Niger, but was not permitted a lofty lighthouse. 

to visit it. At Soccatoo the Sultan Bello Claremont (klar'e-mont) , a town of 

refused to allow him to proceed to Bomu, ^*«** *'***"**•> New Hampshire, 50 

and detained him a long time in his cap- miles w. N. w. of Concord, on the Sugar 

ItaL The disappointment preyed upon River, the falls of which supply large 

him, and he died, April, 1827, at Chun- water-power, and feed to extensive manu- 

gary, a village near Soccatoo. He was factures of cotton, woolen, paper, machin- 

the first European who traversed the ery, etc. Pop. (1020) 0524. 

whole of Central Africa from the Bight rn&.reTlCfi (klar'ens), Geobqe, DUKB 
of Benin to the Mediterranean. vrx€»x^iiv«? ^P^ ^^^ ^^ Richard, Duke of 
Clfljanenra (I^l&'keiirz), the name Tork, and brother of Eklward Iv, King of 
"*H**^**** given in Paris to a com- England. On his brother's accession, in 
pany of persons paid for applauding 1461, he was created Duke of Clarence, 
theatrical performances, more especially and in 1462 lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 
on the production of any new piece. They but afterwards joined the disaffected War- 
were aomet\meB called chevaliers^U'lustre, wick, and marned his daughter. On the 
from mustering in great force near the eve of battle he rejoined his brother, and 
center of the pit, below the chandelier. was afterwards involve 1 in a quarrel with 
rjlora. Santa. See Claire. his brother Richard, who had married 
vriaxay Warwick's younger daughter, about the 
Clare 0^^^^' ^ maritime county of inheritance of their father-in-law. On 
vAcuv ir^idQj^ province Munster, be- the death of his wife Clarence sought the 
tween Galway Bay and the Shannon hand of Mary of Burgundy, but Edward 
estuary; area, 827,994 acres, of which interposed and a serious breach ensued. 
140,000 are under tillage. The surface A gentleman of the household of Clarence 
is irregular, rising in many places into having at this time been condemned for 
mountains of considerable elevation, using necromancy against the king, Clar- 
particularly in the E., w., and N. w. dis- ence interfered with the execution of the 
trict. Oats, potatoes, wheat, and barley sentence. He was impeached by the king 
are the prinapal cro;p8. The chief min- in person, condemned in 1478, and se- 
erals are limestone, lead, and slate, but cretly made away with in the Tower, 
the produce of the county is almost wholly The tradition that he was drowned in a 
agricultural. Lakes are numerous, but butt of malmsey wine is unsupported by 

Senerally of small size, and the county is evidence. 

efident in wood. The salmon-fisheries GlArendon (l^ax^^n-dun), CoifSTiru- 

are valuable, and there are immense ^*«** *''"***''** tions of, a code of laws 

oyster-beds in some places. Capital, adopted in the tenth year of Henrv II 

Knnis. It has lost largely in population (January, 1164), at a council of prelates 

through the miserable condition of the and barons held at the village of Claren- 

peasantry. Pop. in 1841, 286,394; in don, Wiltshire. These laws, which were 

1901, 112J.69. finally digested into sixteen articles, were 

Clarfi •TOHN, 'the Northamptonshire brought forward by the king as 'the 

^' peasant poet,* bom in 1793 at ancient customs of the realm,' and were 

Helpstone, near Peterborough, where his enacted as such by the council, but they 

father was a farm-laborer. He led a really involved a great scheme of adminis- 

rambling, unsteady life until 1818, when trative reform in the assertion of the 

he was obliged to accept parish relief, supremacy of the state over clergy and 

J^ 1S20 his Poems Descriptive of Rural laity alike. The power of the eccle9t« 



Clarendon Clarendon Press 

astical ooorts was restricted, the crown an unsuccessful attempt to impeach him, 
secured the right of interference in his influence with the king declined, and 
elections to ecclesiastical offices, appeals his station as prime-minister made the 
to Rome were made dependent on the nation regard him as answerable for the 
king's leave, ecclesiastical dignitaries ill success of the war against Holland, 
were deprived of their freedom to leave the sale of Dunkirk, etc The king's dis- 
the country without the royal permission, pleasure deepened when his plan of repu- 
etc. Becket signed them, but retracted diating his wife and marrying the beauti- 
his signature on the refusal of the Pope ful Lady Stuart was defeated by Claren- 
Alexander III to countenance them, don, who effected a marriage between 
Becket's murder followed, and to effect this lady and the Duke of Richmond, 
a reconciliation with the pope Henry The king deprived him of his offices, an 
promised the amendment of the Con- impeachment for high treason was com- 
stitutions of Clarendon. They were ac- menced against him, and he was com- 
cordinglv modified in 1176 at Northamp- pelled to seek refuge in Calais. He lived 
ton in favor of the church, but they are six years at Montpellier, Moulins, and 
not less to be regarded as containing the Rouen, where he died in 1674. His re* 

ferm of the ecclesiastical policy of Henry mains were afterwards removed to West- 
I. minster Abbey. During his second exile 

rjlar^Ajt^Qvi Edwabd Htde, Eabl of, he completed his History of the RebeUion 
\/Mu vuuvAty Lord High-chancellor of in autobiographical form, wrote a Wo- 
Englandyson of a private centleman of graphical Continuation in defense of his 
Dinton, Wilts, where he was bom in 1608. administration, and sought to vindicate 
After studying at Oxford and at the Mid- Lord Ormonde by a History of iKe Re- 
die Temple ne married, in 1629, the hellion in Ireland. 

daughter of Sir George Avliffe, and, in Clarendon George William Fbed. 
1632, Frances, daughter of Sir Thomas ^*«'*^"**v"j ebick Vhxiebs, Eabl of, 
Aylesbury. He commenced his political eldest son of the Hon. George Villiers. 
career in 1640 as member for Wootton- He was educated at Cambridie, entered 
Basset, and was again returned to the the civil service at an early age, and in 
Long Parliament (riovember, 1640) by 1820 was attached to the embassy at St 
the borough of Saltash, at first acting Petersburg. In 1834, as minister to 
with the more moderate of the popular Madrid, he aided in negotiating the 
party, but gradually separating himself Quadruple Alliance. He succeeded to Us 
from the democratic movement until, by uncle's title in 1838 and in 1840, was 
the autumn of 1641, he was recognized appointed lord privy-seal, and In October 
as the real leader of the king's party in chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, 
the house. Upon the breaking out of the He supported the repeal of the corn-laws 
dvil war he joined the king at York, and the reduction of duties, and in 1846 
was knighted, made privy-councilor, and was appointed president of the board of 
appointed chancellor of the exchequer, trade in Lord J. RusselFs ministry, and 
After vainly attempting to bring about a in the following year lord-lieutenant of 
reconciliation between the contending Ireland. He resigned with his party in 
parties he accompanied Prince Charles to 1852, when the Earl of Derby took office, 
Jersey, where he began his History of the but soon after the formation of Uie 
Rebellion, and wrote answers in the Idn^'s Aberdeen ministry he was appointed to 
name to the manifestoes of the parlia- the foreign secretaryship, which he held 
ment In September, 1649, he rejoined until Jan., 1855. After a few weeks' 
Charles at The Hague, and was sent by interval he returned to the post under 
him on an embassy to Madrid. Soon Lord Palmerston, and retained it until 
after his return he resumed the business 1858, being one of the signatories of the 
of the exiled court, first at Paris, and Treaty of Paris. In 1861 Clarendon was 
afterwards at The Ha^ue, where. In 1657, sent as ambassador-extraordinary to the 
Charles II appointed him lord-chancellor, coronation of the King of Prussia, and in 
After Cromwell's death he contributed 1864 was again appointed chancellor of 
more than any other man to promote the duchy of Lancaster. In the follow- 
tbe Restoration, when he was placed at ing administration, under Russell, he re- 
the head of the Enirlish administration, snmed the direction of the foreign office. 
In 1660 he was elected chancellor of the He was sent in 1868 on a special mission 
University of Oxford, and In 1661 was to the pope and the King of Italy, and 
created Baron Hyde, Viscount Combury, again occupied the post of foreign secre- 
and Earl of Clarendon. The marriage tary in the Gladstone ministry till his 
of the Duke of York with his daughter, death, in June. 1870. 
Anne Hyde, confirmed for a time his rnA.r^Tiilon Prf^fls ^^® press of the 
power, but in 1663 Lord Bristol made ^*"'«"«»*1 x«l», xjniversity of Ox- 



Claret Clarke 

ford, established in 1586. Here aU the CIayV Chablbs HebEB, an American 
printing for that university is done. vAwx^m, humorist, bom at Berlm, Md., 

rioY*Ai- (klar'et), the name given in July 11, 1841. Under the pen-name of 
Uliurct Britain, America, etc., to the Mux Adeler he was the author of several 
red wines of Bordeaux. A large quantity amusing books. His works include Out 
of wine produced in California is also of the Hurly Burly, Captain Bluiti, In 
called by this name, and is of a very ex- Hap^y Hollow, The Quakeress, etc. He 
ceUent quality. Tne name has become died in August, 1915. 
generic. See Bordelais Wines. Clark, G»9»ob Rogers, born in Vi^ 

fn • T. J rviar'i kord) or Clav'i- ^*«**'*'> ginia in 1752, settled in 1776 
Clancnord ^^l^^ an ©id keyed in- ^ Kentucky, where he soon became a 
strument, somewhat in the form of a ieade>' among the settlers. In December, 
spinS- Sometimes called the dumb spinet. 1777, he securwJ approval .of a plan to 
*^ VT. . - • -» ^ r conquer the British posts in the North- 

Clarification (War-i-fi-kftshun), or ^egt. In 1778 he invaded the Illinois 
^ , ;, ^ : , the separation of the country, and completed the conquest in 
insoluble particles that prevent a uquor ^779 ^ ^ resuH England gave up the . 
from being transparent, may be performed Northwest Territory by the treaty of 
by depuration, in which the hquor is al- yj^ pj^ j^ ^g^g 
lowed . to stand tmtil the Particles are ni i^ William. See Lewis and 
precipitated, and then decanted ; by filtra- V^iarik, ciark 

iwn, or straining through wood, sand, rn ^ TTniirArflifv an educational 
charcoal, etc. ; or by ooci/i«Za<»on. in which triarK university, institution at 
the labumen wntained in or added to the Worcester, Massachusetts, chartered in 
Uquid is sohdified and precipitated, tlie ^gg^ ^^^ devoted exclusively to post- 
extraneous substances bemg precipitated graduate work in the sciences. It was 
with it. Now commonly effwted by cen- founded by Jonas G. Clark. There is an 
tnfugal machines. See also Jftmng. institution of the same name at Atlanta, 

ClRrinet (Uar'i-net) or Clarionet, a Georgia, founded in 1870, and confined to 
\j».tM,M.ik%n/ wind-instrument of the reed colored students. 

kind, played by holes and kevs. Its low- OlorV a Charles Cowden. an English 
est note is E below the F clef, from which ^*"'* '»'*'> writer, bom at Enfield, Mid- 
it is capable, in the hands of good per- dlesex. in 1787. He was one of the minor 
formers, of ascending more than three oc- members of the Shelley, Keats, and Leigh 
taves. The keys of C and F, however, are Hunt group. His publications include 
those in which it is heard to most advan- his Hundred Wonders (1814), Adam the 
tage, though there are B flat. A, D, B, Gardener (1834), Shakespere Characters 
and G clarinets. (1863), and Motive Characters (1865). 

Clarion (klar'i-un), a musical instru- He is best known, however, by the edition 
• " ment of the trumpet kind, of Shakespeare, which he annotated In 
with a narrower tube and a higher and conjunction with his wife, and by the 
shriller tone than the common trumpet. Hhakespere Key (1879). He died in 
Clsirk Alvan. bom in Ashfield, Mas- 1877. 

\/M»Aik, sachusetts, in 1808 ; died 1887. Clarke Edward Daniel, an English 
He gained distinction as a skilful maker ^*"'*'^^> traveler and mineralogist, born 
of telescopes and achromatic object-glasses, in Sussex in 1768, entered Jesus College, 
— His son, Alvan Graham Clark (1832- Cambridge, in 1786; and was made a 
1897), succeeded him in business and fellow in 1798. In 1799 he set out on 
completed the Lick 36-inch refracting tele- an extensive tour through Europe, Asia 
scope in 1886 and the Terkes 40-inch in Minor, Syria, Egypt, etc., securing for 
1897. He made many discoveries in English institutions many valuable ob- 
double stars. jects, such as the celebrated manuscript 

Clark. (^HAKP (1850-1921), an Amer- of Plato's works, with nearly 100 others, 
'^ lean ClJongressman, bom in An- a colossal statue of the Greek goddess 
derson Co.. Kentucky. He was president Demeter (Ceres), and the famous sar- 
of Marshall College, West Virginia, 1873- cophagus of Alexander the Great. In 
74^ and later engaged in law practice in 1807 he commenced a course of lectures 
Missouri. He was elected to Congress on mineralogy at Cambridge, and in 18()6 
from Missouri in 1893, 1897, and from a professorship of mineralogy was insti- 
1897 served continuously. He led in the tuted there in nis favor. He died in 18^. 
Baltimore Democratic national convention A complete edition of his works appeared 
of 1912 for the presidential nomination on in 1819-24, under the title of Travels in 
29 ballots. He was chosen Speaker of the Various Countries of Europe, Asia, and 
House in 1911. Africa. 



Clarke ClassifiodtioiL 

Clarke Samuc, an English theo- throughout England, eren crossinf to 
^ logical and philosophical France to obtain the cooperation of the 
writer, bom in 1675 at Norwich, where National Convention. His labors went 
his father was an alderman; educated far to secure the prohibition of the slave 
at Caius Ck>llege, Cambridge. He became trade in 1807 and the emancipation act 
chaphiin to Dr. More, bishop of Norwich, of 1833. His death took place in 18M. 
and between 1699 and 1701 published His literary works comprise: A Par- 
E$9ayi an BaptUm, Confirmation, and traiture of Quakerism (1806) ; Hitiary 
Repentance^ replied to Toland's Amyntor, of the Abolition of the Slave Trade 
and issued a paraphrase of the Gospels. (1808). 

He was then presented with two livings, rnorlrffirillA (klarks'vil), a city of 
and in 1704 and 1705 twice delivered the ^"iriwviiic Tennessee, county seat 
Boyle lectures at Oxford on The Being of Montgomery C)o., on the Cumberiand 
and Attributee of Ood, and on The Ev^ River, 65 miles below Nashville. Here is 
dencea of Hatural and Revealed Religion, the Southwestern (Presbyterian) Univer- 
In 1706 he published a letter to Mr. Dod- sity. The dty is largely engaged in the 
well on the Immortality of the Soul, and tobacco trade and has manufactures of 
a i^tin version of Newton's Optica. He farm implements, flour, lumber, iron prod- 
was then appointed rector of St Bennet's, ucts, etc. Pop. (1920) 8110. 
London, and shortly afterwards rector fll a rlr TT-nivprfli fir ^^ institution 
of St James' and chaphiin to Queen ^^*^^ "*"^''""y> for higher leam- 
Anne. In 1712 he edited OcBaar'a Com- ing at Worcester, Massachusetts, founded 
mentariea, and published his Scripture in 1887 by Jonas Oilman Clark. Affiliated 
Doctrine of the Trinity, which became a with it, but under a separate endowment, 
subject of much controversy and of com- i<i Clark Collpge. 

plaint in the Lower House of Clonvoca- fllassic (klas'ik), a term derived from 
tion. His chief subsequent productions ^*«*""**' l. claasici, the name given to 
were his discussions with Leibnitz and the citizens belonging to the first or 
Collins on the Freedom of the Will, his highest of the six classes into which the 
Latin version of part of the Iliad, and a Romans were divided. Hence the Greek 
considerable number of sermons. He died and Roman authors have been in modem 
in 1729. His Eappoaition of the Catechism times called claaaica, that is, the excellent, 
appeared after his death. the models. The Germans, however, soon 

Clarksblir? ^ ^^^^* county seat of gave the word klaaaiach (classical) a 
wjAAADuuxgi Harrison Co., WestVir- wider sense, making it embrace: 1, the 
ginia, on the Monongahela River. It is standard works of any nation; and 2, 
the center of one of the greatest gas fields ancient literature and art, in con- 
east of the Mississippi, and there is coal tradistinction to the modem; and their 
and glass sand in abundance. It has glass example was followed b:|r other nations, 
factories (3000 operatives), spelter and A third use of the term, in contradistinc- 
carbon plants, machine shops, foundries, tion to romantic, is scarcely comprised 
tool works, casket factory, etc. Here under those cited, implying adherence to 
* Stonewall ' Jackson was bom. Pop. the established literary or artistic con- 
(1910) 9201; (1920) 27369. vention of some previous period, as op- 

Cilfl.r1cfidfl.le ^ ^^^* county seat of posed to the insurgence of new elements 
vfxax ikouax«;y Coahoma CJo., Mississippi, shaping a new convention. In this sense 
76 miles s. of Memphis, on Yazoo & Mis- classic usually implies the predominance 
sisNippi Valley R. K. Has cottonseed-oil of form over emotion and thought, while 
mills, etc. Pop. (1920) 7552. its antonym romantic implies the pre- 

ClflrkflOn (Klark'son), Thomab, an dominance of emotion and the departure 
vAcujkovu E n g lish emancipationist, from the old formal standards. From its 
bom in 1760 at Wisbeach, Cambridge- vagueness in this regard many writers, 
shire. He was originally intended for tiie such as G. H. Lewes, have vainly pro- 
church, and studied at St. John's Ck>llege, posed to dispense with the term. 
Cambridge, where be gain^ the vice- ClaSSiflcation (Was'i-fi-kft'shun), Is 
chancellor's prize for a Latin essay on ^*«'""***^"' •**'** commonly defined as 
the theme, *Anne liceat invitoa in servitU' the arrangement of things, or of our 
tern daref* (Is it lawful to make slaves notions of them, according to their re- 
ot men against their will?) His re- semblances or identities; and its general 
searches for this dissertation roused In object is to provide that things shall be 
him a passionate antagonism to the slave thought of in such groups, and the groups 
trade, and he allied himself with the in such an order, as will best promote 
(fakers and with Wilberforce. While the remembrance and ascertainment of 
the latter advocated the cause in parlia- their laws. As any collection of objects 
ni«nt, (Harkson conducted the adtation may be dauified in a variety of ways, 



Claude Ciandius 

no fixed method can be laid down ; but it of great value (usually called the Liher 

will be obvious that in correct dassifica- VeritatU), and much esteemed by 

tion the definition of any group must students. 

hold exactly true of all the members of rUoiidiAIIIlS (Uft-di-an'us) , Claudius 

that group and not of the members of ^*"' ***"«•**"'*» (commonly called Glau- 

any other group. The best classification dian), a Latin poet, native of Alexan- 

again will be that which shall enable the dria, lived the end oi the fourth and be- 

greatest possible number of general asser- ginning of the fifth century after Christ. 

, tions to be made; a criterion which dis- under the Emperor Theodosius and his 

tin^uishes between a natural and an sons. He did much to recall to dying 

artificial system of classification. Classi- Rome the splendors of the Augustan 

tication is perhaps of most importance in literature, ranking considerably above any 

natural history — ^for example, botany and other of the Iv.ter poets. Besides several 

zoology. In the former the artificial or panegyrical poems on Honorius. Stilicho, 

Linniean system long prevailed, in oppo- and others, we possess two of his epic 

sition to the modem or natural. poems, the Rape of Proserpine, and an 

Clande (1^^)> Jkan, a French prot- unfinished War of the CHanie, eclogues, 

**^ estant preacher and profes- epigrams, and occasional poems, 

sor of t|ie college at Nlmes, born in PlfiTiiliiifl (klft'di-us), often also called 

1619. He entered into controversy with vrinuuiUB ciodius. the name of a dis- 

Amauld and Bossuet, and on the revoca- tinguished Roman family of antiquity, 

tion of the Edict of Nantes took refuge gee AppiuM Claudius. 

m The Hague, where he died in 1687. niQ«/|l,'«- or. in full, TiBBBlUS 

His chief work was the DSfenae de la vittu uius^ Claudius Dbusus Nkbo 

Reformation (IplS). Gebmanicus, a Roman emperor, son of 

Clande 01^)» St., a town of France, Claudius Drusus Nero, stepson of 

vM»M«*w department of the Jura, at Augustus and An- 

the confluence of the Bienne and Tacon. tonuu the daughter 

It is the see of a bishop, and has a hand- ^f Augustus* s i s- 

■ome cathedral and communal college, and ^er ; bom at Lyons 

a fine promenade along the Bienne. It is (10b.c.). He lived 

celebrated for tumery, hardware, musical j^ privacy, occupy- 

boxes, etc Pop. 9024. ,_, • in« himself with 

Claude Lorraine iSS^a^Jid! ^iJSro^aX 

scape painter whose real name was Claude man history, and 
OeUe, but who was called Lorraine from other works, until 
the province where he was bom in 1600. the murder of Ca- 
When twelve years old he went to live Ugula, when he was 
with his brother, an engraver in wood at dragged from his 
Friburg, went from him to study under hiding-place and 
Godfrey Waats at Naples, and was after- proclaimed emperor 
wards employed at Rome b^ the painter (41a.d.). Theear- 
Agostino Tassi, to grind his colors and ly years of his 
do the household dradgery. On leaving reign were marked Tiberiitf CUudius. 
Tassi he traveled in Italv^rance and by the restoration of the exiles, the em- 
Germany, but settled in 1€C27 in Rome, bellishment of Rome, the addition of 
where his works were greatly sought for Mauritania to the Roman provinces, and 
and where he lived much at his ease until successes in Germany and Britain. But 
1682, when he died of the gout The later he became debauched, left the gov- 
principal galleries of Italy, France, Bng- ernment to his wives, and in particular to 
land. Spam and Germany are adorned Messalina, who with his freedmen com- 
with his paintings, that on which he Mm- mitted the greatest enormities. He was 
self set the greatest value being the pamt- poisoned by his fourth wife, Agrippina 
ing of a smaU wood belonging to tiie Villa (mother of Nero), A.D. 54. 
Madama (Rome). He excelled in lurai- frij,«J|,*„Q Matthias, a German poet, 
nous atmospheric effects, of which he viauuxu», ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ Lflbeck. 
made loving and elaborate studies. His His works, which are on a great variety 
figure work, however, was inferior, and of subjects, are all of a popular character, 
the figures in many of his paintings were any many of his songs have become a 
supplied by Lauri and Francesco AIlegrinL part of the national melodies. In later 
He made small copies of all his pictures life he became a convert to relifdous 
in six books known as lAhri di Veritd mysticism, and died at Hamburg in 1815, 
(Books of Truth), which form a work after having filled several public offices. 




dauenbug Claymore 

dansenbnrg. see jru.««.6.r,. ^^^''J^'^r^^ ISS; 

Clauathal. s^ Kiau^tkai ^SfVZ^^t^'^^^^^Z 

PlA«a4"ftf%<Mlitf%1>4a (klawB-tr5-f 61)14), crocibles, etc Loam is the same snb- 
UiauBXropilODia the fear of being stance mixed with sand^ oxide of iron* 
shut in. Like agoraphobia it is a symp- and yarious other foreign ingredients: 

torn of some cases of neurasthenia. The boles, which are of a red or yellow 

ClAVft^riA ^ genus of fungi« some color from the presence of oxide ox iron. 

vM»va xxthf gp^cigg qi which are edible, are distinguished by their conchoidaf 

ClaVerhoUSe. See Graham, John. S?*^*'*'®- ??^ ^^^^ *" ■j?""#***i ^"^ 

%#<M»v«#AuviM»w. wc^ uriMvwFfv, v 1/ ««• bolcs, contsiuing more oxide of iron. 

ClAvifihord. See Clariohord, ^^^^ varieties are fuUer't earth, TripoU, 

^/layicnuro. eee i/Mncaora. ^^^ houlder-olay, the last a hard clay of a 

HIavipIa (hlavl-kl), the collar-bone dark-brown color, with rounded masses of 
vAavxvAo ^ ^Q^ forming one of the rock of all sizes embedded in it, the re- 
elements of the shoulder girdle in verte- suit of glacial action. The distinctiye 
brate animals. In man and eundry quad- property of days as ingredients of tiie 
mpeds there are two clavicles each joined soil is their power of absorMng ammonia 
at one end to the scapula or shoulder- and other gases and vapors generated on 
bone, and at the other end of the sternum fertile and manured lands ; indeed, no soil 
or breast-bone. In many quadrupeds the will long remain fertile unless it has a 
clavicles are absent or rudimentary, while fair proportion of clay in its composi- 
in birds they are united in one piece, tion. ^e best wheats are grown on 
QaviCOm Beetles (Clavicomes), a calcareous clays, as also the finest fr^ts 
vAMVAvvAAA. M««^Mi^o i^Tge fsmlly of and flowers of the rosaceous kind. See 
coleopterous insects, distinguished by the the separate articles on the chief varie- 
club-shaped character of the antennae, ties. 

Burying-beetles and bacon-beetles are Clov Hbi^by, statesman, bom in 

typical examples, and there are aquatic ^**^* Hanover Co.. Virginia, in 1777. 

as well as terrestrial species. After acting as derk in two or three 

Cflftvis^ro (kl&-vi-A&'r5), Feanoesoo state ofllces he commenced business in 

vM»wA5«Av jg^vEMO, a Spanish his- 1797 as a lawyer at Lexington, Kentucky, 

torian, bom at Vera Cruz, Mexico, about He soon became famous as a public 

1720. He was educated as an ecclesiastic, speaker, and at the age of twenty-rix 

and resided thirty-six years in the prov- was a member of the Kentucky legis- 

inces of New Spain, where he acquired lature. In 1806 be was elected to the 

the languages of the Mexicans and other tlnited States Senate; and in 1811 to 

indigenous nations, collected many of the House of Representatives, where he 

their traditions, and studied their his- was at once made speaker, in 1814 he 

torical paintings and other monuments of proceeded to Europe and acted as one of 

antiquity. On the suppression of the the commissioners for adjusting the treaty 

Jesuits by the Spanish government in of peace at Ghent between America and 

1767 he went to Italy, where he wrote Great Britain. In 1826 he was appointed 

his Memioan HUtory, and died in 1793. by President Adams, Secretary of State. 

rriov (klA), the name of varioas earths. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the 

^^J which consist of hydrated silicate presidency in 1824, 1832 and 1844. He 

of aluminium, with small proportions of is best known for his endeavors to shut 

the silicates of iron, caldum, magnesium, out European influences from America, 

potassium and sodium. All the varieties and in connection with the 'Bfissouri 

sre characterized by being firmly coher- rompromise of 1820,' restricting slavery 

ent, weighty, compact, and hard when dry, to the states south of lat. 86* SO' ir.; the 

but plastic when moist, smooth to touch. Compromise Tariff of 1832, and a com- 

not readily diffusible in water, but when PPffwe in 1860 regarding the admission 

mixed not readily subdding in it Their of California, and establishment of lerti- 

tenadty and ductiUty when moist and torial government in New Mexico, Utah, 

their hardness when dry has made them £i^J?^M^!!2S°^ the slavery c^tert 

from the earliest times the materials of fc*^!!; *^® ^^aPJi ^Jl *Wo2?{l!i^ ^ 

bricks, tiles, pottery, etc Of the chief iS2^*'Sky ^M^anL^^Mv^^ S 

ymrieties p^UUfH^Jay kaoUn or china- ?he peSe^'t "SJaViS' AS?ert« ^^^^^^ 

™J' » ^Wte clay with occasional gray ^uced and a splendid party chief, idolized 

and yellow tones, is the purest. Poiier*$ bv his followers. 

olgy and jtip&^ilay, which are similar but (TliiiTTnAni (Uft'mOr), formeriv die 

IsM pore, are generally of a yeOowiah or ^^/^vio j^^^ two-handed, donfiii 



Clay-slate Gleavagre 

edged sword of the Scotch Highlanders. of England notes. Now, however, the va^ 
Cla.V«8lfl.te ^^ geology, a rock consist- rious banking companies and the clearing 
\jMy DAaifVy ^^ ^£ ^y which has been house itself have accounts at the Bank of 
hardened and otherwise changed, for the England, and the balances are settled by 
most part extremely fissile and often transfers from one account to another, 
affordins good roofing-slate. In color it The clearing-house system was introduced 
varies from greenish or bluish gray to by the London city private banking firms 
lead color. in 1775, but the foint-stock companies 

ClAVton Jo^i^ MiDDLETON, jurist, were in 1854 permitted to share its ad- 
vfiay iiuu^ hoTJx in Sussex Co., Dela^ vantages, and ft has been extended to the 
ware, in 1796. He was educated at Yale, provincial banks through their London 
studied law, represented Delaware in the agents. The system has also been adopted 
United States Senate 1845-49. and in in the larger provincial towns, and in 
1849 was appointed Secretary of State by New York and other large American cities 
President Taylor. He negotiated an im- it is in full operation. — ^The Railway 
portant treaty with England (see next Clearing House is an association insti- 
artide). He died in 1856. tuted to allow the various companies to 

PloTTf Ati-'RTi1'fi7AT TrAaf IT & treaty carry on their traffic over different lines. 
t^iayiun X>uxwcr xircatjry between Thus a passenger can purchase one single ' 

Britain and the United States concluded ticket which will carry him over lines 
in 1850, and having reference to the belonging to several companies, and 
construction of a ship canal across Nica- parcels are conveyed through without 
ragua. Both parties agreed not to erect additional booking, fresh entries, and con- 
fortifications here, nor to acquire any sequent delay, the claims of the different 
part of the Central American territory, companies being adjusted in the clearing 
This treaty was amended in 1901 by the house, which Is maintained at the com- 
Hay-Paunceforte treaty. mon expense. 
r.1 Aci Ti f li Aft ( kle-an'thes, a Greek Stoic ni aq ri ti ^.ti nf ( Siryohnoa potatih 

weanxnes 'phuosopherl bom at Assos ^leanng-nui; ^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^ 

about 300 B.C. He was a disciple of the same genus as the nux vomica, com- 

Zeno for nineteen years, and succeeded mon in Indian forests. Its seeds being 

him in his school. He died of voluntary rubbed on the inside of a vessel contain- 

starvation at the age of eighty. Only ing turbid water speedily precipitate the 

some fragments of his works are extant, impurities, this result being due, it is 

(Ttf^Ar Oape, a promontory 400 feet said, to the clarifying effect of the albu- 

VACiUy hish at the southern extremity men and casein they contain. 

^ift '" I'a lb^n?T% mur««£^ Clear'story. See Clerutorv. 

Uiearance OI V essexs ^ jj ^ exami- Cumberland. 4 mUes B. E. of Whitehaven, 
nation of vessels by the proper custom- with coal-mines and iron furnaces. Pop. 
house officers, and the giving of a certifi- 8302. 

cate that the regulations have been duly Oleava^e (kl^vij), the manner or 
complied with. Vessels are said to clear ^***"'*«*6** direction in which sub- 
inwards or outwards according as they stances regularly cleave or split * The 
arrive or set sail. regular structure of most crystallized 

PlAor-fiAliI (klSr'fSld), a borough, coun- bodies becomes manifest as soon as they 
victuiiCAU. ^y gp^^. Qf Clearfield Co., are broken. Each fragment presents the 
Pennsylvania, on the w. branch of the form of a small polyhedron, and the very 
Susquehanna, 40 miles N. of AltDona. It dust appears under the microscope an 
has products of brick, sewer-pipe, day, assemblage of minute solids, regularly 
coal, machinery, etc. P'^n. (1920) 8529. terminated. The directions in which such 
nAAriTl^ IToTlse (kier'ing), an in- bodies thus break up are called their 
vxciuxug jivuov; gtitution connected planes of cleavage; and the cleaving is 
with banks and railways. In the former called hatal, cubic, diagonal, or lateral 
case it is an establishment In large cities (or peritomoue) , according as it is 
where there are many banks, to which parallel to the base of a crystal, to the 
each bank connected with it sends every faces of a cube, to a diagonal plane, or to 
day in order to have its business with the the lateral planes. In certain rocks 
other banks adjusted. The sums due by again there Is a tendency to split along 
and to the banks amons themselves are planes which may coincide with the 
here set off against each otiier and the original plane of stratification, but which 
balance paid or received. In London the more frequently cross It at an angle, 
balance used to be settled In cash or Bank This tendency is the fonsequence of the 



Clebume Clement 

-- - r Ti I - — — ~ - — — -^>— -^-^— - - — •■' 

readjustment by pressare and heat of the Returning to France he was elected to the 
components of rocks, which la one of the National Assembly ; member of the Cham- 
phases of metamorphisnu her of Deputies 18t6-93 and 1902-20. In 
niphnmf^ (kle'bum), a city, county his daily, UAurore, he defended Dreyfus 
vfxcuuxuv; seat of Johnson Co., Texas, (q.v.), and it was in this paper that 
53 miles s. w. of Dallas. It has cotton Zola's famous J* Accuse was nublished. 
sins and compress, oil mill, peanut plant. He was a Radical, but offended the So- 
broom factory, car shops, etc. Pop. (1910) cialists by refusing to side with the strike 
10,364 ; (1920) 12,820. of the miners. From 1906 to 1900 he was 
niAnlrTiAofAii (klek'e-ton), a town of premier and minister of the interior, and 
VrieCKneawn Yorkshire, Enriand, 10 Suring the Great war (1914-18) he was 
miles w. of Leeds, with woolen and again called upon to take the reins of 
worsted industries, engineering works, etc. ^ce. becomine premier and minister of 
Pop. 12,867. war in 1917. Recognized as* the stroncot 
niAf (kief; French for 2;ey)» in music, man in France, popularly called 'The 
^^^"^ a sign placed on a line of a stafE, Tiger,' his inspiration was of incalculable 
and which determines the pitch of the benefit in winning the war, and he was 
staff and the name of the note on its lines, one of the towering influences at the peace 
There are three clefs now in use: the conference of 1919 when the Treaty of 

^ Versailles was being prepared. He re- 

tMhU or a det X written oa the «fned in 1920. «,„,„ t awa. 

fr AM niATviATia (klem'ens), Samuel liAHO- 

^ « B ^*'^"^'^^"» HOBNE, humorist, more «en- 

•eeond line ; the mean or O dei; n erally known by his pseudonym ' Mark 

n Twam/ bom in Missouri in 1836. He 

which may be placed on the first, second, S^F|^^/«^ some time «J » «>°ffrtl2r IS 

Sird, or fourth^ lines; and the 5ast or rf l^^ii^^P^J^ ^«}fe ^Sn^'^f^Sod,? ^ 

9 the Mississippi. He afterwards went to 

seated on the fourth Una. The Nevada and California, working in the 
""** mines and editing a newspaper in Vir- 

mean def is sddom used in vooal music ginia City. He subsequently engaged in 
Bxeept in part songs. lecturing, edited for a time a paper In 

C\att ^ name applied to varioua in- Buffalo, and finally married and settled 
^^^•' sects which are troublesome to in Hartford, Connecticut, making this his 
horses, cattle, and even to man from home for the remainder of his life. Los- 
their blood-suddng propensities. Such ing his fortune by the failure of a pub- 
are the great horse-fly, gadfly, or breeze Ushing firm into which he had entered, he 
{Tabdntu boi^iniM, the Chryiopa^ ccfour made a tour of the world in 1896^, 
i%ens,Bnd^eHitmatop6tapfu9iaUs), giving lectures and readings, and paying 
niATnafia (klem'a-tis). a genus of the debts of the firm with the proceeds. 
vticiuabiD ^oody climbing plants of He early made his mark as a humorist, 
the order Banunculacett. The most com- and is undoubtedly regarded as the great- 
mon spedes, O. Vitalba, virgin's bower or est humorist of the period. He died in 
travder's joy, is conspicuous In Bridsn 1910. His best known works of humor 
hedges, first by its copious dusters of are The Jumping Frog, etc. (1867) ; 
white blossoms, and afterwards by its Roughing It (1873) ; The InnooenU 
feather-tailed silky tufts attached to the Abroad (1869) ; Tom Sawyer (1876) ; 
fruitk Among the exotic spedes in ^ rramo Abroad (1880) ; The Prwee 
greatest favor with horticulturists are 0. and the Pauper (1882) iLtfe on the Ifu- 
flammiila, which produces abundant ^nippi (1883) ; and Huckleberry ^mn 
panides of small, wmte flowers, and has (1885). 

a fine perfume; C. ctrrfc^to, remarkable ni^Y^^iif (kle'ment), properly Titus 
for its large, greenish-white flowers; and vicjucut j'tAvnjs Cuocens, com- 
0. viiicellaj with its festooning branches monly known as Clement of Alexandria, 
adorned with pink or purple bdls. C one of the most famous teachers of the 
VirgUiidna is an American si>edes known Christian Church in the second and the 
by the same name as the English: €7. beginning of the third centurv. He was 
JaehmannL is a well-known garden converted from paganism to Christianity: 
hybrid. The fruit and leaves of the com- and after traveling in Greece. Italy, and 
mon dematis are acrid and vesicant. the East, became presbyter of the church 

Gllkni#klieefi.11 (de-min-sp')t Qeobgis ©f Alexandria, and teacher of the cde- 
Ui6iaciiui;ai& ^ jj ^ French stato- brated school in that dty. in which place 
Mum* bom In La YeDdee la lMi» ne be succeeded Pantsnus, his teacher, and 
was educated as a physician and resided was succeeded by Origen, his pupiL His 
in the United States from 1866 to 1869. chief remaining works are the Frotrep- 



power coDlerrM) the varioas appoint- oompoaed a treatiM on tbe foni 
m«Dts oQ Bucb of ita memben aa had the third order, which, with 
moat Influence, or had done it most aerr- aeiioent Recherohei <ur let ( 
ice, there beins tbua nsoally a great doMbl« Courbure, 1T31, procui 
chanie of officiala with each cbante ol aeat in the academy at the ast 
preaident, on the underatood principle eeu. He accompanied Mauj 
that ' to tbe victors beloni the apoila.' I^plaiid, to aauat in meaaurii 
Aiter 1870 attempU at eitabliahing a bet- of the meridian, and obtt 
ter state of affairs were made, and in materlala for hla work Sar la 
1883 a bill IntrodudEg a syitem of civil (^ Terre. In 1762 he pub 
aervice reform waa paaaed by conETeaa. fTMorie de la Lane, and in 1' 
The act creates a commission, composed lated tbe perihelion o£ Balle; 
of three members appointed by tbe presl- He died in 1765. 
dent and senate, known aa the Civil Serv- pi-i-* (klarl, Sr., or SAHi 
ice Commission. They were to provide «^«*»c Ohoeb of, founded ii 
rules for open competitive examinations a lady of this name, of noble t 
[or teatinK the fitness of applicants for at Spoleto, Italy, in 1193 ; die 
the public aervice. Under the administra- and canonized in 1265. It has 
tlon of Cleveland and those of the auc- convents io Europe and Amerlc: 
ceeding presidents tbe compedtiTe ays- Olair+nrt (klAr'tun). a dt 
tern waa greatly extended and it now "*<*** """■ ggat of Clearfleld  
embraces most of the departmenta of tbe sylvania, on Susquehanna Rivei 
govern men L N. of Altoona, in a rich farmic 

CiTil War. see united Bt»tM. . ^^ ""^ varions msnufactui 

Clackmannan 'r.!?;,— iV, "I Clairvanx K;.!'' dir! 

Scotland,' cootaintag little more than 4T Aube, celebrated for its magniflc 

auare miles, situate on the north side founded in 1114 or lUS, by 8t 

the Forth, by which it is bounded 8. w but suppressed at the revolution 

while on nearly all the other sides it is jg,ing buildings have been conv 

inclosed by the countries of Perth and an immeate bouse of correct 

Stirling. The north part of tbe county is cUttrciant 

occupied by the Ocbil Hllta, which are nioinrnTftnnp (klsr-vorana 

largely given up to sheep-farming, but vloxtvuyaiiuc 'dear-seeln 

the other portions are comparatively level alleged faculty by which certai 

and exceedingly fertile, yielding large in certain statea. or under ce 

cropa of wheat and beans. The minerala didons, are said to be able to 

are valuable, especially coal, which by some sort of mental or spiril 

abounds. There are also some extensive apart altogether from the aens> 

ironworks, and some large breweries and riam ^be common name fc 

distilleries : woolens are also manufec- *'"*"*) valves of the genus O'l 

tured, and tanning, glass-blowing, etc., some other allied genera. In t 

carried on. The principal towns are Al- United States the clams of mar 

loa, TilUcoultry, Dollar, and Clack- two kinds; the hard or ro 

mannan, the county town. Fop. 82,029. (Venut meroenoria) and the 

Cladinm (kla'di-um). a genua of (Mwo arenoHa). The former i 

uittUluiu plants, cousistlnR of twenty- in New England by the Ind 

one species of wide diatribuUon, nat. ' quohog ' ; they live on sandy bo 

order Cyperacen (or sedges). 'Tbe C. are obtained by raking or dredi 

MarUctm, or twig-rush, Is a British ' little necks ' are young clams o 

perennial with kelled leaves, having a The soft dam Is tbe Mya- " 



■harp point and prickly serraturea. ft is used on the American Atlai 

very common in certain fenny districts being M. arenaria, while that < 

in Cambridgeshire, etc, and Is used for is ll. truncata. It has thin, 

thatching. white shells, is found deeply 

Cluirflii (kl*-r4k>, a town of France, mud or sand near shore, and ol 

wiAuiM. department lot- et-Oaronne, digging. The largest bivalve moll 

on the Lot. It was the first town In the is the giant dam (Tridacna) of 

south of France to declare In favor of Pacific region, whose valves ma: 

tbe Reformation. Pop. abont 3000. two feet across and weigh 600 j 

viouauv niathematidan, bom at ' department Niftvre 

Paria In 1713. In his eleventh year h* Xoone. It has a fine diurdi, t 






 * . k 






Clement Cleopatra 



^^^^i^^ba^MliAaWHaiMA^M^MaMMMh 



tik09, Paidag6go», and Sirdmateis or SirO- of high educative value. He represented 

mata (Patch- work) ; the first an ezhorta- perhaps the highest point of technique 

tion to the Greeks to turn to the one of his day, and his influence upon modem 

true God, the second a work on Christ, execution has led to his being char- 

the last a collection of brief discussions in acterized as ' the father of pianoforte 

chronology, philosophy, poetry, etc. Few playing/ 

of the early Christians had so wide a CleobnlllS (kle-o-bdlus), one of the 

knowledge of Greek philosophy and liter- v**'Vuiaxiao seven icise men of ancient 

atnre and it is as a higher philosophic Greece, a native of Lindus, who traveled 

scheme tibat he mainly discusses Chris- to Egypt to learn wisdom, and became 

tianity. He was regarded as a saint until King of Rhodes. He flourished B.O. 

Benedict XIV struck him off the calendar. 560. 

Clement, Cmimns Romanus, or Ole- Clg^jj^^j^^g (kle-omVn^^ the name 

^*^'***^**"'» ment of^ Rome, one of the '*'**' v4aava*.v» ^^ ^j^^,^ kings of Sparta, 

'Apostolic Fathers,' is said to have been the most distinguished of whom is 

the second or the third successor of Peter Cleomenes III, the last of the Heraclidie, 

as bishop of Rome, and the first of the king from 236 to 220 b.c. He intended 

numerous popes named Clement He is to reform Sparta and to restore the 

perhaps identical with Consul Flavins institutions of Lycurgus, and therefore 

Clemens, put to death under Domitian put to death the ephori, made a new 

A.D. 95. various writings are attributed division of lands, introduced again the old 

to him, but the onl^ one that can be re- Spartan system of education, made his 

carded as genuine is an Epistle to the brother his colleague, and extended the 

Vorinthians, first obtained in a complete franchise. He was defeated by the allied 

form in 1875. It is of importance as ex- Macedonians and Achsans at the battle 

hibiting the first attempt of the Church of of Sellasia (b.c. 222), and fled to Enrpt, 

Rome to exercise ecclesiastical authority where he was supported by Ptolemy 

over other churches. Euergetes, but was kept in confinement 

dement (kl&-m&Q), Jacques, the by the succeeding Ptolemy. He escaped 

vxuiuciAif assassin of Henry III of and attempted to raise a revolt, but 

France, bom in 1567, became a Domin- failing, committed suicide. 

lean, and the fanatical tool of the Dukes niAon (kld'on), an Athenian dema- 

of Mayenne and Aumale, and the Duchess ^^^^^ ^ogue, originally a tanner by 

Montpensier. Having fatally stabbed the trade. He was well known in public be- 

king, he was at once killed by the fore the death of Pericles, and in 427 

courtiers; but the populace, instigated by b.c. distinguished himself by the proposal 

the priests, regarded him as a martyr ; to put to death the adult males of ^e 

and Pope Sixtus V even pronounced his revolted Mytileneans and sell the women 

panegyric ,^,v «, . • *. and children as slaves. In 425 he took 

dementi (WJ-nient6),Muzio,piamst Sphacteria from the Spartans; but in 

vxciii^iiw ^ ' ^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^ violently attacked 

Rome in 1752. As early as his twelfth . _ A^of^«v.oT»«« in ♦»»« ir^^^h^. ^^a i«. 

year he wrote a successful mass for ^L^^^^^^'S^t.^^,^^^^ }S 

four voices and had made such progress ^"® Wasps. He was sent, however, in 

In the pianoforte that an Englishman, 422 against Brasidas, but allowed him- 

Mr. Beckford, took him to England to self to be taken unawares, and was slam 

complete his studies. He was then en- while attempting to flee. 

gaged as director of the orchestra of the CleODatra ("^l^-o-pft tra), a Greek 

o^ra in London, and his fame having ^ f^ 7, Q«e«5 ""KF^^H ^?,"-^- 

rapidly increased he went in 1780 to ^\Jt^ ^^^^ daughter of Ptolemy 

SiJii- .^S J« 17Q1 f.^ vTaTino uriioi^ ha Aulfitfis. Whcu shc wss sevcuteeu her 

S-^5i *Sui. iiA«lf L^ra^^^^^ father died, leaving her joint-heir to the 

played with Mozart before the emperor. ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^j^^^^ son Ptolemy, whom 

In 1784 he repeated his visit to Pans, ^^ ^^s to marry— such marriages being 

but after that remained in England till common among the Ptolemies. Being 

1802, when he went back to the con- deprived of her part in the government 

tinent He returned in 1810 to Eng- (b.o. 49), she won Cssar to her cause, 

land, where he settled down as superin- and was reinstated by his influence. In 

tendent of one of the principal musical a second disturbance Ptolemy lost his life 

establishments in London. He died in and Cesar proclaimed Cleopatra Queen of 

1832, and was interred in Westminster Egypt ; though she was compelled to take 

Abbey. His most important composidons her brother, the younger Ptolemv, then 

were his sixty sonatas for the pianoforte eleven years old, as husband and colleague. 

and the great collection of studies known Csesar continued some time at Cleopatra's 

as the wraduM ad Pamassum, a work court, had a son by her named Cc^rion 



Cleopatra*! NeedlM Clerestory 

(afterwards put to death by Aufiutiu), meat for tbe meaaarement of tiin« by the 

and gaTe her a mnpiflcent receptioii escape of water (rom a reMel throagh an 

when (he lubaequently Tlaited him at orifice. In the older 

Borne. B; pouoniiig her brother the re- ones tbe honrs were 

malned aole poMCMor of tbe regal power, eitimated rimply by 

took tbe rart of the trinniTitB in the dvil the elnkiiig of the snr- 

war at Borne, and after the battle of face of tbe water, 

Philippi sailed to Join Antony at Taiana. In others the water 

Their meeting was celebrated b; splendid anrf ace is connected 

festivals; she accompanied him to Tyre, with a dial-plare and 

and WIS fallowed by him on her return hand by a system of 

to Bgypc. After bis congaeet of Armenia weights and floats. In 

be again returned to ber and made bis the accompanying figure 

three aons by her, and bLio CnMirion, the float a is attached 

kings. On the commencement of tbe war to tbe end of a iJiain 

between Augostas and Antony tbe latter which is wonnd round 

lo«t a whole year in feetirals and amnie- the spindle B, and baa 

ments with Cleopatra at Epbeans, Samoa, at Its other extremity 

and Athens, and when at last tbe fleets tbe counterweight c. 

met at Acttom, Cleopatra suddenly took On water being ad- 

to flight, with all ber ships, and Antony, mitted from the ds- Qeponln. 

■a if wider tbe inflnence of frenzy, im- tern d the float rises, the conn ter- weight 

mediately followed her. They fled to descends and turns the spindle, wmch 

Egypt, and declared lo Augastus that if again turns the hand that marks the 

Egypt were left to Cleopatra's children hours. 

they wonld thenceforth live in retirement. ClCrestorV (Uer'sl&-ri), or Clxu- 

Angnstns, however, demanded Antony's stawtj btobi, tbe upper part of 

death and advanced on Alexandria. Be- the nave In Gothic cburcbes, above the 

Ueving Cleopatra who had taken refuge in triforlum where a trlforinm is present, 

her maiuoleum, to be treacherous and 

dead, Antony threw bimself on hla aword, 

and shortly afterwards Cleopatra killed 

herself bv a^plyinf an asp to her arm to 

.t. , p( Deing led In r 

""" Withh. • 

awpatra^s Needles, tj^^ ^^^l 

Egyptian obelleke, formerly at Alexandria, 
bnt one of which is now In London, the 
other in New York. They are made of 
tbe rose-red granite of Syene, and were 
originally erected by the Egyptian king 
^othmes III iu trout of tbe great temple 
of HeUopoll*, the On of the Scrlptares. 
where Moses was bom and brought up, 
l^ey were taken to Alexandria shortly 
before the commencement of the Christian 
era, and after the death ot Cleopatra, bnt 
poMibly in porsuance of a dedgn origi- 
nated by her. TAe Loudon obelisk, which 
stands on tbe Thames embankment was 

{resented to the Britleb government in 
820, bnt was long left uncared (or. In 
1877-78. however, it wsb bronxbt to 
, - .- j^ gi, 

„ _ J >50|66a ~Tbe New Pan ot Mklmcabiuy Abbey. 

York obelisk was presented to the United a. ChnMocy. s, Triforium, o, AnibM ct tla 

States by the Khedive of Egypt, and was «"vs. 

set up In Central Park in 1881, Each and formed by wells supported on tbe 

Is about 70 feet liigh and inscribed with arches of the nave, and lialng above the 

numerous hleroglniMcs. root of tbe side alslee. In these walb 

CleTWVdra. (Uep'Hi-dr&), or Watwr- windows are inserted for the purpose of 

'^ CLOCK, an andent inatm- increaiing the light in the nave. 



Clergy Cleveland 

Cler^V (Ue^'iU &om Greek kUros, en. It is his duty to lead the responses 

vTAi/Agjr 3^ xo^ through the Latin, and assist in public worship, at funerals, 

Clerioua and Low Latin olerioia), the etc. 

body of ecclesiastical persons, in contra- r!lArTnATit«flA.T^i1^VA (klftr-md^-d- 

distinction to the la»*y. The Greek word ^^®"*^""*^^ -*^^^^® lo^av), or 

came into use to indicate that this class Clermont do VH4rault (-d-lft-rO), a town 

was to be considered as the oarticular of France, dep. of Hdrault. 23 miles west 

inheritance and property of Goa, or else, by north of Montpellier. Fop. 5187. 

which is more Probable, because it was (JlermOllt - en - BcaUVaisiS <S?f " 

customary to select by lot those set apart ^a^^-^^^vaaw v«. .a#wwm.w<«mwp m5^. 

for special religious functions. At first t&;^-b6-T&-8S), or Clermont de VOue (d- 

there was no strongly-marked distinction Iwfts), a town of France, dep. Oisi^l7 

between clergy and lait^r, but the former miles east by south of Beauvais. Pop. 

soon drew apart, consisting, after the (1906) 4014. 

apoBtoUc age, of bishops, priests, and dea- fnprmnTif.'PArTsiTiii ( k 1 ft r-mO^-fft- 

cons. and in the fourth century of many Viennonx-X eiTana ^^^^ ^ ^^^^^ 

additional inferior orders, sudi as sub- of France, capital of department Puy- 

deacons, acolytes, etc. With the in- de*DOme, on a hill at the foot of the 

creased complexity of the hierarchy there volcanic range in which the summit of 

was a steady accretion of privileges until the Puy is conspicuous. It possessed con- 

the burden of these became intolerable to siderable importance under the Romans, 

the laity. In England few of these now and became a bishop's see at a very early 

remain, the clergy being generally re- period. It is an antique and gloomy 

garded as invested with no inherent claim town built of dark, volcanic stone. The 

to regard. A clergyman cannot, how- most remarkable edifices are the cathedral, 

ever, oe compelled to serve as juryman* a huge, irregular, gloomy pile, and the 

he is exempted from arrest while cele- Church of Notre Dame, founded in 580. 

brating divine worship, from acting as It is visited for its mineral waters and 

bailiff, constable, or like office, from at- has various manufactures, including 

tendance at a court leet; but on the chemicals, ropes, hats, etc Pop. 44,113. 

other hand he cannot accept a seat In the rnermOTlt-ToTlIieTTII (kl&r^m69-ton- 

House of Commons, engage in trade or vr*«*xAij.vA*i# avau&^aav nftr), the 

farm lands of more than eighty acres name of a noble EVench family of whom 

without his bishop's consent. The one of the most celebrated was Count 

Episcopalians recognise three classes of Stanislas, bom in 1747. At the breaking 

clergy — ^bishops, priests and deacons ; and out of the revolution of 1780 he endeav- 

generally hold the doctrine of the apostolic ored to promote the establishment of a 

succession. Large numbers of Trotes- constitutional monarchy, founding with 

tants, however, reject this dogma, and be- Malouet the Monarchical Club, and with 

lieve in the ministry of only one order. Fontanes the Journal dee JmparHauo. In 

The Catholic clergyman, accordingto the 1701 he was charged with assisting the 

doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church, king in his attempt to escape, but was 

is endowed in his spiritual character with set free on swearing fidelity to the as- 

a supernatural power, which distinguishes sembly. In 1702, however, he was mur- 

him essentially from the layman. Reau- dered by the mob at the house of the 

lar clergy are those who live according Countess de Brissac 

to monastic rule, eeoular clergy those who Cleveland (klSv^and). a city, the larg- 

do not. \/A«¥^A€*Ai.u. est of Ohio in population, on 

Glero^ Benefit of. See Benefit of the south shore of Lake ISrie, at mouth of 

^*^*5/> Clermf" , , Cuyahoga River. It is the county seat of 




States. The plans for establishing funds plain above the lake, and for the most part 
vary, but in general they depend on con- handsomely laid out with streets crossing 
tributions from the clergy, supplemented each other at right angles. The abundance 
by endowments and gifts from local of trees gives it the name of ' The Forest 
diurch organizations. City.' The Cuyahosra la spanned by sev- 

ffiArlr JOHN, of Eldin, near Edin- era! bridges, notably the double-decked 
vici:&, i^urgh^ bom 1728; died 1812, a High Level bridge, 06 feet above the water, 
naval tactidan. for whom is claimed the connecting Superior Avenue and the Pub- 
invention of tne maneuver of hreah^ng lie Square with Detroit Avenue, built at a 
ihe enemy'e line. ^ ^ _ cost of |5,407,000. Qeveland has 14 

rifkrlr Pabish. a lay officer of tne miles of lake frontage, protected by break- 
VACX&, Church of England, appointed waters. The harbor has a spacious en- 



Clevelanfl Cliff-dwellen 

trance ; on the east side are the clocks for tion ; and in 1884 he was nominated for 
passenger service from other lake ports ; the presidency by the Democratic national 
westward are the great ore docks, with convention at Chicago, and was elected 
unexcelled facilities for handling ore. on November 4. Civu service reform and 
The Cayahoga River is also lined with tariff reform were advocated by him dor- 
docks. The Public Square contains a sol- ing his tenure of office, which came to an 
diers' monument, a statue of Moses Cleave- end in 1888. In lo82 he was again 
land, after whom the city is named ; and placed in nomination for the presidency 
a monument to the late Mayor Tom L. by the Democratic party and was a sec- 
Johnson. Under the ' Group Plan ' the ond time elected, his beinff the first in- 
public buildings are being arranged in a stance of a return to the presidency 
quadrangle enclosing the Mall. These after an interval of private life. Presi- 
buildings will include the City Hall, Fed- dent Cleveland's unflinching honesty and 
era! Building, Auditorium, Public Library, his diligent effort to promote the best 
etc. The plan of the Group Plan advisors interests of the countrv gave him a high 
included the i>lacing of a Union Station place in public estimation. 
on the north side of the Mall between the GleveS (^^^v'« ^ German JTIeve), 
city and county buildings, but it was later ^ ^ * " formerly the capital of the 
dedded to erect the Union terminal on the dukedom of Cleves, a town in Rhenish 
Public Square. From the square extends Prussia, 70 miles N. w. of Cologne, about 
Euclid Avenue, once regardea as the most a league from the Rhine, with which 
beautiful street in the country. There are it is connected by a cainaL It has 
2179 acres of public parks. The interest- manufactures of tobacco, leather and 
ing edifices of the city include the Western cottons, and a mineral spring with baths. 
Reserve Universitv, the Case School of etc. Pop. 14,684. 

Applied Science, the Art School, Museum Clew Bfl.V ^^ Ireland, County Bfayo, 
of Art, Music Hall, etc. ^^^^ ^^J9 a bay on the west coast 

The city is noted for its great diversity containing a vast number of islets, many 
of industnes, among which are its various of them fertile and cultivated, 
manufactures of iron, the refining of pe- Clioll£ (l^l^'s^^)* an electrotype or a 
troleum, wood-working factories, the man- stereotype cast from an en- 

ufacture of automobiles and parts, paints graving, especially from a woodcut 
and varnishes, and machinery of all kinds. Glichv (<^l^Bh^)» a town about 4 

It is an important railroad center, all . ^ miles n. w. of Paris, of which 

the trunk lines between New York and it now forms a suburb. Pop. 41,516. 

^^nr"tl'Sri»|Ve'"re'?'"l4'' S^ CUck-bcttle. ^ Water. 
commerce Ib very large, consisting chiefly Clients (l^i'^ntz). in ancient Rome, 
of iron ore, coal and lumber, amounting to ^'-^'^ were citixens of the lower 
nearlv $1,000,000,000 yearly. It is one of ranks who chose a patron from the 
the chief shipbuilding centers of the coun- higher classes, whose duty it was to ad- 
try. Settled in 1706 it became a citv in vise and assist them, particularly in 
1836. Pop. (1900) 381,768; (1010) legal cases, and in general to protect 
560,663; (1020) 706,836, being now the them. The clients, on the other hand, 
fifth city in population in the U. S. were obliged to portion the dauchters of 

Clf^VplfLTliI TTei<ylitfl a village of the patron if he had not sufficient for- 
l/Xeveiana XLeigniB, Cuyahoga Ca, tune ; to foUow him to the wars ; to vote 
Ohio, 9 miles E. of Cleveland. Pop. for him if he was candidate for an 
(1910) 2955; (1020) 15,236. ofiice, etc. This relation continued till 

f!1^irp1aTii1 a «ty, county seat of the time of the emperors. The term is 
\^AcvcuftiiU9 Bradley CJo., Tennessee, 29 now appHed to one who engages the 
miles E. N. E. of Chattanooga. It has iron services of a lawyer, 
foundries, woolen, hosiery, casket, fumi- Cllff-dwcllf^rs ^ ^^^^ or family of 
ture and flour mills. Pop. (1920) 6522. . ^wcxxcid, i^^^^^ ^^^ ^j. 
^, , , „ ^ ^, tmct or varied in habit, who formerly 

Cleveland. ^'^ST? Grover, 22d dwelt in recesses of cliffs in the vaUeys 
^ , ^ « ' *°^ 24th president of the of the Rio Grande and Rio Colorado 
United States, born at Caldwell, New and its tributaries. Their dweUing* 
Jersey, in 1837 : died in 1908. He settled places were so far up the sides of steep 
in Buffalo, and having acquired an excel- cliffs as to be almost inaccessible, many 
lent position as a lawyer was elected of them being skilfully built of stones 
"•7®^«*S ^^^- '^^ record for honesty in the rock openings. The stones are 
?22L®?*^?5^y •* mayor brought him in rudely dressed and laid in day mortar. 
1882 the Democratic nominatipn for gov- A coat of cUiy being spread on the walls 
•mor of New York, followed by his dee- outside and often one of pliuter on the 



is 
li 

& o 

i H 

is 



li 



davsen'bnrg Claymore 

ClaHSenburg. see Klau.^1>ur,. ESat,«»l2\nS7*'?egffi? ?Lfe 

OaiurtliaL b^ Kiau.tH<^ ^Ti^^*^^^^^ 

PlA«ia4>v#^««ltAVa (klawB-trO-fO'bi&)» cmciblefl, etc Loam is the same mb- 

l/iauSiropilODia the fear of being stance mixed with sand, oxide of iron, 

shut in. Like agoraphobia it is a symp- and Tarious other foreign ingredients^ 

torn of some cases of neurasthenia. The boles, which are of a red or jdlow 

Clfl.Vfl.^rifl. ^ genus of fungi, some color from the presence of oxide of iroii| 

\jiawat AXAi gpecies of wliich are edible, are distinguished by their oonchoidai 

ClayerhOTLSe. See Graham, John. ^?^*""- ??«. ^^*^* *" ■i?"*^^* ^^^ 
wMftYi9j.uvM»w« wcc vir»f»»pr*, w»» «. boles, containiug more oxide of iron. 

ClAVlAllord See Clarichord Other varieties are fuller's earth, Tripoli, 

Lriayicnura. »ee i^iancnora. ^^^ boulder^lay, the last a hard clay of a 

PIslvipIa (hlay'i-kl), the collar-bone dark-brown color, with rounded masses of 
vwvx^Ao a bone forming one of the rock of all sizes embedded in It, the re- 
elements of the shoulder girdle in verte- suit of glacial action. The distinctive 
brate animals. In man and eundry quad- property of days as ingredients of the 
mpeds there are two clavicles each joined soil is their power of absorbing ammonia 
at one end to the scapula or shoulder- and other gases and vapors generated on 
bone, and at the other end of the sternum fertile and manured lands ; indeed, no soil 
or breast-bone. In many quadrupeds the will long remain fertile unless it has a 
clavicles are absent or rudimentary, while fair proportion of clay In its composi- 
in birds they are united in one piece, tlon. The best wheats are grown on 
ClAVieom. Beetleft ( Glavlcomes) , a calcareous days, as also the finest fruits 
WAAYJ.VVAA1. M«^«^Mc»o j^jg^ family of and flowers of the rosaceous kind. See 

coleopterous insects, distinguished by the the separate articles on the chief varie> 

dub-shaped character of the antennae, ties. 

Burying-beetles and bacon-beetles are ClftV HbitbiT, statesman, bom in 

typical examples, and there are aquatic ^***J» Hanover Co., Virginia, in 1777. 

as well as terrestrial spedes. After acting as clerk in two or three 

ClAvil^ero (kl&-vi-^&rO), Fbancbsoo state offices he commenced business in 

vM»vAg^Av g^yjauo, a Spanish his- 1797 as a lawyer at Lexington, Kentucky, 

torian, bom at Vera Cruz, Mexico, about He soon became famous as a public 

1720. He was educated as an ecdesiastic, speaker, and at the age of twenty-six 

and resided thirty-six years in the prov- was a member of the Kentucky legls- 

inces of New Spain, where he acquired lature. In 1806 he was elected to the 

the languages of the Mexicans and other United States Senate; and in 1811 to 

indigenous nations, collected many of the House of Representatives, where be 

their traditions, and studied their his- was at once made speaker. In 1814 he 

torical paintings and other monuments of proceeded to Europe and acted as one of 

antiquity. On the suppression of the the commissioners for adjusting the treaty 

Jesuits by the Spanish government in of peace at Ghent between ijnerica and 

1707 he went to Italy, where he wrote Great Britain. In 1825 he was appointed 

his Mesfioan History, and died in 1703. by President Adams, Secretary of State. 

fHov (klA), the name of various earths. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the 

^"*J^ which consist of hydrated siUcate presidency in 1824, 1832 and 1844. He 

of aluminium, with small proportions of is best known for his endeavors to shut 

the silicates of iron, caldum, magnesium, out European influences from America, 

potassium and sodium. All the varieties and in connection with the 'Missouri 

are characterized by being firmly coher- Compromise of 1820.' restricting slavery 

ent, weighty, compact, and hard when dry, Jo the states south of lat. 38* W v.; the 

but plastic when moist, smooth to touch. Compromise Tariff of 1832. and a com* 

not readily diffusible in water, but when Pjona^fe ^n 1850 regarding the admission 

mixed not readily subsiding in it Their of California, and establishment of terri^ 

tenacity and ductOity when moist and torial government in New Mexico. Utah, 

their hardness when dry has made them fl^ J?*?!, P^!!BS°^^ the slavery contest 

from the eariiest times the materials of S!J^!S« ^auSi ^of *w.2wJl2l '«! 

wietles poroelatn^elay, kaolin, or china- the rreatest orators America has nro- 
day, a. white clay with occaidonal gray ^uced and a splendid party chief. Idolized 
and yellow tones, is the purest Potter's bv his followers. 

elay and pipe-eiaif, which are similar but fnovniore (Uft'mOr), formeriv (lie 
lev paTt» are gsnimU^ of a jrellowlah or ^"^J^^*'^ i^jge two-handedt doablt* 



Clay-slate Cleavage 

edged sword of the Scotch Highlanders. of Encland notes. Now, however, the ya- 
Clkv-slate ^^ geology, a roc& consist- rioos banking companies and the clearing 
\jAa,j oMa%t%ff jjjg q£ ^^y which has been house itself have accounts at the Bank or 
hardened and otherwise changed, for the England, and the balances are settled by 
most part extremely fissile and often transfers from one account to another, 
affording good roofing-slate. In color it The clearing-house system was introduced 
varies &om greenish or bluish gray to by the London city private banking firms 
lead color. in 1775, but the ^oint-stock companies 

ClAVtOTl John Middleton, jurist, were in 1854 permitted to share its ad- 
viajr kuiij j^jp^ jjj Sussex Co., Delsr vantages, and it has been extended to the 
ware, in 1796. He was educated at Yale, provincial banks through their London 
studied law, represented Delaware in the agents. The system has also been adopted 
United States Senate 1845-49. and in in the larger provincial towns, and in 
1849 was appointed Secretary of State by New York and other large American cities 
President Taylor. He negotiated an im- it is in full operation. — ^The RaUway 
portant treaty with England (see next Clearing House is an association insti- 
article). He died in 1856. tuted to allow the various companies to 

r!1flfrfATi.'RTilT[7Ar Trpnfv a treaty carry on their traffic over different lines. 
liiayxon-JJUlwcr xreuby, between Thus a passenger can purchase one single ' 

Britain and the United States concluded ticket which will carry him over lines 
in 1850, and having reference to the belonsing to several companies, and 
construction of a ship canal across Nica- parcels are conveyed through without 
ragua. Both parties agreed not to erect additional booking, fresh entries, and con- 
fortifications here, nor to acquire any sequent delay, the claims of the different 
part of the Central American territory, companies being adjusted in the clearing 
This treaty was amended in 1901 by the house, which is maintained at the oom- 
Hay-Paunceforte treaty. mon expense. 

Cleanthes <^^t*^'*?®^ JL^""^®? P*^i2 Clearing-nut (^''^^'^^o* ?,V**^ 

^A%0nAM,vAM.y,a philosopher, born at Assos ^*^w****& **«.w |.||,„)^ ^ small tree of 

about 300 B.C. He was a disciple of the same genus as the nux vomica, com- 

Zeno for nineteen years, and succeeded mon in Indian forests. Its seeds being 

him in his school. He died of voluntary rubbed on the inside of a vessel contain- 

starvation at the a^e of eighty. Only ing turbid water speedilv precipitate the 

some fragments of his works are extant, impurities, this result being due, it is 

CIaat Oape, a promontory 400 feet said, to the clarifying effect of the albu- 

vxcoAy high at the southern extremity men and casein they contain. 

S^inW iS fb2u^'lrter.?u'£^ Clear'story. See Cleruiary. 

east of Baltimore, County Cork. niAufnr IVTnnr (kl6-ft't6r mOr), a 

niMTATifie of Vessels (kl^r'ans). ^leawr muur ^^^^^ ^^ Enriand in 

triearance m V essei» ^ j^ ^ examl- Cumberland. 4 mUes s. K. of Whitehaven, 
nation of vessels by the proper custom- with coal-mines and iron furnaces. Pop. 
house officers, and the giving of a certifi- 8302. 

cate that the regulations have been duly Cleavafi'e (I^^^U)* the manner or 
complied with. Vessels are said to clear ^^^^^'o^^ direction in which sub- 
inwards or outwards according as they stances regularly cleave or split * The 
arrive or set sail. regular structure of most crystallised 

PlAorfi^lii (kler'feld), a borough, coun- bodies becomes manifest as soon as they 
\/icitiiicAu. ^y ggj^^ ^f Clearfield Co., are broken. Bach fragment presents the 
Pennsylvania, on the w. branch of the form of a small polyh^ron, and the very 
Susquehanna, 40 miles N. of AltDona. It dust appears under the microscope an 
has products of brick, sewer-pipe, day, assemblage of minute solids, regularly 
coal, machinery, etc. P^t). (1920) 8529. terminated. The directions in which such 
CHf^slTITl^ TToTlse (klSr'lng), an in- bodies thus break up are called tileir 
vrxcaxxug jjMiLinf gtitution connected planes of cleavage; and the cleaving Is 
with hanks and railways. In the former called hasal, cubic, diagonal, or lateral 
case it is an establishment in large cities (or peritomous) , according as it is 
where there are many banks, to which parallel to the base of a crystal, to the 
each bank connected with it sends every faces of a cube, to a diagonal plane, or to 
day in order to have its business with the the lateral planes. In certain rocks 
other banks adjusted. The sums due by again there is a tendency to split along 
and to the banks among themselves are planes which may coincide with the 
here set off against eadi other and the original plane of stratification, but which 
balance paid or received. In London the more frequently cross it at an angle, 
balance nsed to be settled in cash or Bank This tendency is the sonsequence of the 



Climax' Clinton 

posemes in proportion to its area baa a of cells and doplicationa so that they can 
decided influence on the climate. The retain sufficient water to keep the ^Xk 
almost unvarying temperature of the moist and enable the fish to five out of 
ocean equalises in some degree the peri- water six days. The climbing perch of 
odic distribution of heat among the India proceeds long distances overland in 
different seasons of the year, and the search of water when the pools in which 
proximity of a great mass of water it has been living have dried up. It is 
moderates, by its action on the atmos- also credited with a power of climbing the 
phere, the heat of summer and the cold rough stems of palm-trees, but as to this 
of winter. Hence the more equable latter point authorities disagree. It is 
temperature of islands and coasts as known of the climbing perch that the fish- 
compared with that of places far inland, ennen of the Ganges, who subsist largely 
and hence the terms intular oUmate and on these fishes, are accustomed to put 
continental climate. The British Isles, them into an earthen pan when caught; 
Tasmania, and New Zealand enjoy a the fishes live for days widioat water, 
mild or insular climate as compared PliTviKincy Plo-n^a &i^« plants of 
with, say. Central Russia or Central vumuin^ JTlUJU^f ^^.^k stems which 
Asia. Thus it happens that London naturally seek support from their sur- 
has a milder winter and a cooler sum- roundin^^s to rise from the ground. Some 
mer than Paris, though the latter is are twining plants, rising by winding 
nearly 3"* farther south. Similarly, themselves or their tendrils {cirri) 
though Warsaw and Amsterdam are round the trunks of trees, etc. Such are 
almost in the same latitude, the mean the honeysuckle and scarlet runner, 
annual temperature of the former is Others, like the ivv, attach themselves 
46.48''9 while it reaches at the latter by small roots developed from the stem 
54.4"* Fahr. The proximity of large as they ascend. Some in climbing 
masses of water involves also the pres- always twine spirally from right to left, 
ence of much aqueous vapor in the at- others again always take the opposite 
mosphere, which may be condensed In direction. 

abundant rains so as to greatly influence CliTieTii»r«1iiii1f C l i n k b b-built 
the plant-life of a country. Direction ^^^^'^^^ uiui&, (^in'sher, klln'ker). 
of mountain chains, set of ocean cur- a term in shipbuilding applied to that 
rents, and nature of soil are other mod- method whereby the planks are so ar- 
ifying elements. In exhibiting graphi- ranged that the lower edge of the plank 
callv the chief climate facts of a region above overlies the upper edge of that 
various methods may be adopted, but in below it. 

all the use of iaothermal linee is one of Glillicfll (^^l^'^-hal) Medicine (from 
the most instructive features. These are the Oreek klin9, a bed), that 

lines drawn on a map or chart connect- department of medicine which teaches 
ing those places which have the same how to investigate, at the bedside of the 
mean annual temperature or same mean sick, the nature of diseases, to note theii 
summer and mean winter temperature, course and termination, and to study the 
In this way we may divide the earth into effects of the various modes of treatment 
Bones of temperature which by no means to which they are subjected. A oUnie is a 
coincide with the limits of the lones into medical lecture given in the presence of 
which the earth is astronomically di- patients and students, 
vided, and when compared with these on Clinton (hlin'tun), a city, county seat 
a map show interesting and instructive ^******''* of Dewitt Co., Illinois, 22 
divergences. Geology teaches that vast miles a. of Bloomington. It has railroad 
changes have taken place In the climate shops and farm interests. Pop. 6808. 
of most if not of all countries, the Clinton '^ ^^^ ^^ Vermilion Co„ In- 
causes of which are not fully under- ^*****»v*a, diana, 16 miles N. of Terre 
stood. Haute. There are 27 coal mines within 

Climax (kirmaks; Greek, kUma», a a radius of 7 miles, employing 6000 men: 
**^ ladder or stairs), a rhetorical also stove and overall factories, brick and 
figure in which a series of propositions tile plants, etc Pop. 10,962. 




to the most impressive or final. roads. The Chicago & Northwestern car 

Climbing Percll (hllm'ing; Anabne shops are here. It has manufactures of 
vruAUMXMg AVAvu §canden$)t a sin- wood products, glucose, starch, bridges, 
gular ilsh, type of the family Anabasidn, engines, tractors, trucks, boilers, shoes, 
nstei^rkable for having the pharyngeal wire doth, wagons, locks, harness, candy, 
bones enlaswed and modified into a series paper, flour, etc. Two steel bridges cross 



Clinton Clive 

^M - T ^M - -  — ~ 

tiie river here, each a mile long. It has part of the food of the whale, and hence 

many educational institutions. Pop. often called whales food. 

(1920) 24,151. CllTlTier (Uip'er), a modem huUd of 

fJllTlton * ^^^'^ ^^ Worcester C3o., ^"I'lf^* saikng ship, having a long, 

vruuiivu) Massachusetts, beautifully sharp bow, the greatest beam abaft the 

situated on the Nashua River, 40 miles center, and a great rate of speed. It was 

N. w. of Boston, with manufactures of introduced in 1843. 

ginghams, carpets, wire doth, woolens, niifliprftP (klith'e-rO), a municipal 

etc. Pop. (mO) 12,979. trllineroe i^^ugh, England. CJounty 

rriiTif ATI * ci^» county seat of Henry Lancaster. 28 miles w. N. w. of Man- 

UAiuwUi ^^^ MiBsoun, 85 mUes 8. e. Chester. Pop. 11,414. 

of Kansas City. It has flour and corn- nKf^iq (kll'tus), the foster-brother of 

meal mills, iron works, etc. Pop. 5098. vxxvud Alexander the Great. He 

Clinton ^" Witt, lawyer and states- gaved Alexander's life at the Granlcus, 

_ ". "' man, born in Orange Co., but was afterwards slain by him in a 

New York, m 1< 69; died m 1828. Wm- fit of intoxication, an act for which 

ning eminence in Democratic politics, he Alexander always showed the bitterest 

was elected United States Senator in remorse. 

1801. Mayor of New York in 1803, Ueu- ni:«.p (Uiv), Robert, Lord Clive and 

tenant-governor of that state in 1811 and vrxivc Baron of Plassey, English gcn- 

Sovemor in 1817. It was due to his in- eral and statesman, was born in 1725 
nence that the Erie canal was begun j^ Shropshire. In bis nineteenth year he 
and he lived to see it completed and the entered the East India Company's serv- 

prosperity which itj?roduced. ice at Madras as a writer, but in 1747 

Clinton Gbobgb (1739-1812), an quitted the civil for the military service. 
> American statesman, first It was a perilous time for British in- 
govemor of New York and vice-president terests in India. The French under Du- 
of the United States. He was born at pleix had gained important privileges 
Little Britain, N. Y., the son of Charles and large grants of territory, and in 
Clinton, an American colonist, who came alliance wiui Chunda Sahib, Nabob of 
from Ireland in 1729. George Clinton Arcot were threatening the very ex- 
served with his father and brother, James istence of the British establishments. In 
(q. v.), in the expedition asrainst Fronte- 1751 Clive, who had already a reputa- 
nac, and afterward studied law. In 1777 tion for skill and courage, marched on 
he was chosen governor of New York, and the large city of Arcot with 200 British 
held office for 21 years in all. In 1804 troops and 300 Sepoys, and took it, 
he was elected vice-president of the U. S. although strongly garrisoned, without a 
in Madison's administration. blow, withstood a siege by Chunda Sa- 

Glinton ^^ Henbt ( 1738-05), an bib for nearly two months, and at last 
' English general in America, routed the enemy, took possession of im- 
He took part in the battles of Bunker portant posts, and returned to Madras 
Hill, Long Island, Forts Clinton and completely victorious. In 1753 he sailed 
Montgomery, and in 1778 succeeded Howe to England to recover his health, and 
in command of the British army in Amor- was received with much honor. Two 
ica. In 1780 he blockaded and captured years later he was back in India, in his 
Charleston. Sir Guy Carleton succeeded governorship of St David's, from which 
him as commander-in-chief in 1781. he was soon summoned to command the 

Clinton James ( 1736-1812 ) , an expedition sent to Bengal, where the 
' American soldier, brother of Nsbob Suraj-ud-Dowlah had attacked the 
George Clinton (q. v.), bom at Little British, destroyed their factories, taken 
Britain. N. Y. He served at Frontenac Calcutta, and suffocated over 120 of his 
in 1758, commanded the forces raised to prisoners in the Black Hole. Clive soon 
protect Ulster and Orange counties took possession of Calcutta and brought 
against the Indians in 1763. and accom- Suraj-ud-Dowlah to terms, but having 
panied Montgomery to Quebec in 1775. no trust in the loval intentions of the 
At Fort Clinton he was defeated by a su- nabob he resolved to dethrone him. 
perior force under Sir Henry Clinton and With the help of Meer Jaffier, one of the 
severely wounded. He was one of the nabob's officers, he effected his purpose, 
generals with the Sullivan expedition and in the battle of Plassey completely 
against the Indians in 1779 and was pres- overthrew Suraj-ud-Dowlah*8 forces, 
ent at the surrender of Comwallis. Meer Jaffier now became the new nabob, 

Clio (hll'o), a genus of pteropodous and Clive was made Governor of Cal- 
molluscs of which one species, C. cutta. Here he was equally successful 
boredlU, is extremely abumlant in the against the encroachments of the Dutch, 
northern seas, constituting the principal defeating their forces both by sea and 



Clivers Clodk 

land. Clive now yisited England again, also have a spring setting their works 
where his success was highly applauded in motion. The use of a horoloffiumt 
without much inquiry as to the means; or hour-teller, was common even among 
and in 1701 he was raised to the Irish the ancients, but their timepieces were 
peerage with the title of Lord Clive, nothing else than sun-dials, hoar-glasses. 
Baron of Plassey. In 1704 fresh and clepsydrae. In the earlier half of 
troubles in India brought him back, but our era we have accounts of several at- 
now as President of Bengal, with com- tempts at dock construction: that of 
mand of the troops there. Before his Boethius in the 6th century, the dock 
arrival, however. Major Adams had sent by Uarun al Rashid to Charle- 
already defeated the Nabob of Oude, and magne in 809^ that made by Pacificus, 
Lord Clive had only the arranging of Archdeacon or Verona, in the 9th cen- 
the treaty by which the company oh- tury, and that of Pope Sylvester II in 
tained the disposal of all the revenues the 10th century. It is doubtful, how- 
of Bengal, Bahar, and Orissa. In 1767 ever, if any of these was a wheel-and- 
he finally returned to England. In 1773 weight clock, and it is probably to the 
a motion supported by the minister was monks that we owe the invention of 
made in the House of Commons that clocks set in motion by wheels and 
* Lord Clive had abused the powers vidth weights. In the 12th century clocks 
which he was entrusted,' but it was were made use of in the monasteries, 
rejected for a resolution that ' Lord which announced the end of every hour 
Clive had rendered great and meritori- by the sound of a bell put in motion by 
ous services to his country.' His health means of wheels. From this time for- 
was by this time broken, and in one of ward the expression, ' the dock has 
his habitual fits of melancholy he put an struck,' is often met with. The hand 
end to his life, November 22, 1774. for marking the time is also made men- 
Clive was of a reserved temper, although tion of. In the 14th century there are 
among his intimate friends he could be stronger traces of the present system of 
lively and pleasant He was always clockwork. Dante particularly men- 
self-directed and secret in his decisions, tions clocks. Richard, Abbot of St 
but inspired those under his command Albans in England, made a dock in 
with the utmost confidence, owing to his 1326 such as had never been heard of 
bravery and presence of mind. In pri- till then. It not only indicated the 
vate life he was kind and exceedingly course of the sun and moon, bat also 
liberaL He married the sister of the the ebb and flood tide. Large docks on 
astronomer-royal Dr. Maskelyne, by steeples likewise were first made use of 
whom he had two sons and three dangh- in the 14th century. Watches are a 
tcrs. much later invention, although they have 

filiirAra fi^A ruu^m^^m likewise been said to have been invented 

i/UVers. see LUfaven. ^ ^^^,y ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ century. A cele- 

ClntLnJL (kl5-a'ka), an anderground brated clock, the construction of which 

vxutti^a conduit for drainage, of which is well known, was set up in Paris for 

the oldest known example is the Clottca Charles V in 1379, the maker being 

MawimOj or great sewer at Rome, built Henry de Vick, a German. It probably 

■ome 2500 years ago. A portion of it formed a model on which docks were 

is still standing. It is about 13 feet constructed for nearly 300 years, and 

high and as many wide. — ^The term is until Huyghens applied the j^ndulum to 

also applied to the excrementory cavity clockwork as the regulating power, 

in birds, reptiles, many fishes and lower about 1657. The great advantage of 

mammalia (Monotremata), formed by the pendulum is that the beats or osdlla- 

the extremity of the intestinal canal, and tions of a pendulum all occupy substan- 

conveying outwards the fieces, urine, etc tially the same time (the time depend- 

riApIr ^^ instrument for measuring lug on its length), hence its utility in 

vxvuik| ^jjjg j^jj^ indicating hour*, imparting re^larity to a time-measurer, 

minutes, and usually seconds, by mear i^he mechanism by which comparative 

of hands moving on a dial-plate, pjid regularity was previously attained, 

differing from a watch mainlv in having though ingenious and simple, was far 

the movement of its machinery rega- less perfect; and the first pendulum ef- 

lated by a pendulum, and in not bemg capement, that is, the contrivance by 

portable. T%e largest and most typical which the pendnlum was connected with 

clocks also differ in having their ma- the dock-work, was also less perfect 

chinery set in motion by means of a than others subsequently introduced, 

falling weight or weights, the watch especially Graham's dead-heat escape- 

wheelwork being moved by the force of ment, invented in 1700. (See Escape- 

HH oncoilinir spring; but many clocks ment,) In a watch the balance-wheel 



Clock 



Clonmel 



aad sprinc serve the same purpose as 
the pendultim, and the honor of being 
^ the InTentor of the balance-spring waa 
contested between Huyghens and the 
English philosopher Dr. Hooke. Vari- 
oas improvements followed, such as the 
chronometer escapement, and the addi- 
tion of a compensation adjustment, by 
which two metals having unequal rates 
of expansion and contraction under vari- 
ations of temperature are combined in 
the pendulum or the balance-wheel, so 
that, each metal counteracting the other, 
the vibrations are isochronous under 
any change of temperature. This ar- 
rangement was perfected by Harrison in 
1728, and is especially useful in navi- 
gation. The accompanying cut shows 
the going^part of a dock in its simplest 

form. ▲ is a drum 
on which is wound 
the cord p, to which 
the weight is at- 
tached, the drum hav- 
ing a projecting axis 
with a square end to 
receive the key in 
winding up the dock. 
The drum is con- 
nected with B. the 
first wheel of the 
train, by means of 
the ratchet-wheel F, 
and catch B, which 
allow the clock to be 
wound up without 
turning B. The 
wheel B drives the 
pinion and the 
wheel D, the latter 
called the minute 
wheel; and there is 
a similar connection 
between D, E, F, o, 
and H. The last is 
named the escape- 
Clookwork. ment wheel, and into 

its teeth work the pallets of the anchor 
K, which swings backward and forward 
with the pendulum. The wheel D turns 
once in an hour, the wheel H, 60 times 
(the pendulum marking seconds), and 
by means of other wheels, and one aziB 
working inside another, the clock hands 
and dial show hours, minutes, and sec- 
onds. The striking machinery of a clock, 
or that by which hours, quarters, etc., 
are sounded, is no necessary part of a 
clock, and forms indeed a separate por- 
tion of the works, usually driven bv a 
separate falling weight, and coming into 
play at certain times, when there is a 
temporary connection between the two 
pornons of the clock machinery. See 
also Waieh, 




Clodins (Ud'di-us), Publius, a no- 
torious public character of 
andent Borne, son of Appius Claudius 
Pulcher, who was consul about 70 B.C. 
He served in the third Mithridatic war 
under Sucullus, and filled different high 
posts in the provinces of the East, 
where his turbulence was the cause of 
serious disturbances. Returning to 
Rome, he became a popular demagogue, 
was elected tribune m 59 B.O., was the 
means of procuring Cicero*s banishment, 
and continued to be a ringleader in all 
the seditions of the time till killed in an 
encounter between his followers and 
those of Titus Annius Milo. One of 
Cicero's orations was written in defense 
of MUo. 
Cloe-almanaO. V^ almanac or calen- 

ting notches or characters on a clog or 
block, generally of wood. The block had 
generally four sides, three months for 
each edge. The number of days is 
marked by notches, while various sym- 
bols are used to denote saints' days, the 
golden number, etc 

Closrlier (kl^'s^>')> & village and oM 
o episcopal see of Ireland in 

County Tyrone, with cathedral and 
bishop s palace. The see, of which St. 
Patrick is said to have been the first 
bishop, is united with tiiat of Armagh. 
Pop. about 280. 

Cloisonne (klw&-son-a). see Enamel, 

Cloister (Wds't«r), an arched way or 
^* gallery, often forming part 
of certain portions of monastic and col- 
legiate buildings, usually having a wall 
of the building on one side, and an open 
colonnade, or a series of windows with 
piers and columns adjoining an interior 
yard or court on the other side. Such 
galleries were originally intended as 
places of exercise and recreation, the 
persons using them being under cover. 
The term is also used as equivalent to 
convent or monastery. 

cionairiity (;?ro'^»iad.v«*nf; 

Cork, with a considerable trade in grain. 
Pop. 367a 

fSlAiiTnAl (klon>mer), a munidpal 
UAUumci j^j,^ ^jj^j jggg parliamen- 

tary borough of Ireland, partly in County 
Waterford and partly in County Tip- 
erary. It lies in a beautiful valley on 
both sides of, and on two islands in, the 
river Suir, and has a jail, barracks, 
courthouse, etc. ; carries on tanning, 
brewing, and flour-milling, and has a 
trade in agricultural produce. It was 
the birthplace of Sterne. Pop. about 
10,200. 



Clontarf Clotbing 

Clontarf (Uon'turf), a town of Ire- supported by more than 100 memben and 
vAvuncMA 1^^^^^ County Dabiin, on the opposed by less than 40, or have the eup- 
northem shore of Dabiin Bay. It is a port of 200 members. The introdaction 
much-frequented watering-place and is of the closure was intended to prevent 
historically interesting as the scene of debates from being too long continued. 
Brian Boroimhe*s victory over the Danes Plnfli ^ fabric formed by interweav- 
in 1014. Pop. 5106. ^/lUUl^ ^^ threads or fibers of animal 
Clootft (U^^)> Jk^iv BApnsm Babon or vecetable origin, as wool, haiir. cotton, 
\^Awvo ^ Binguiar character weU known flax, nemp, etc Cloth may also be made 
during the revolutionary scenes in by felting tM well as by weaving. See 
France under the appellation of Atuh Coiionf woolen. Bilk, etc. 
chanie ClooU. He was bom at Cleves Glothfifl-moth ^® n^me common to 
in 1766, and was brought up at Paris. ^*vi»A*i*a-AiAvw4A| several moths of the 
He became possessed of a considerable genus Tinia, whose larvae are destruc- 
fortune. which he partly disripated in tlve to woolen fabrics, feathers, furs, 
fantastic schemes for the union of all etc, u]pon which they feed, using at the 
peoples and races in one democratic same tune the material for the construc- 
brotherhood. The outbreak of the French tion of the cases in which they assume 
revolution afforded him the kind of the chrysalis state, 
career he sought. In 1790, Cloots pre- Clothincr (hl^'^^ing)* the clothes or 
sented himself at the bar of the national ^^^^ «*****& dress, that is. the artificial 
assembly, accompanied by a considerable coverings, collectively, which people wear, 
number of enthusiastic followers of van- Nothing is more necessary to comfort 
ous nationalities, English, German, than that the body should be kept in 
Italian. Spanish, Arabians— or Pari- nearly a uniform temperature, thus pre- 
slans dressed up as such. He described venting the disturoance of the important 
himself as the orator of the human race, excretory functions of the skin by the 
and demanded the right of confederation, influence of heat or cold. A considerable 
which was aranted him. His enthusi- degree of cold often lays the foundation 
asm for radical reforms, his hate of of the whole host of chronic diseases, 
Christianity and of royalty, and a gift foremost among which are found scrofula 
of 12,000 livres on behalf of the national and consumption. The only kind of 
defense, gained him in Sept, 1792, elec- dress that can afford the protection rv- 
tion to the national convention, in which quired by the changes of temperature to 
he voted for the death of Louis XVI in which the cooler or temperate cUmatett 
the name of the human race. But be- are liable is tooolen. Those who would 
coming an object of suspicion to Robes- receive the advantage which the wearing 
pierre, he was arrested and guillotined of wool is capable of affording must wesr 
March 24, 1794. He met his fate with it next to the skin ; for it is in this situs- 
great indifference. tion only that its health-preserving power 



Cloanet (klo'kwetV a village of Carl- can be felt. The great advantagies of 
^ W^, J^on Co., Minnesota. 30 miles woolen doth are briefly these: — ^the readi- 
w. of Duluth. It ban lumber and paper ness with which it allows the escape of 



ton Co., Minnesota. 30 miles woolen doth are briefly these : — ^the readi- 
h. It ban lumber and paper ness with which it allows the escape of 
mills, etc. Pop. (1920) 5127. sweat through its texture; its power of 

Close CorDOration. ^u/^? rporatlon preserving the sensation of warmth to the 
'^ , , ' which fills up Bkin under all drcumstances ; the slowness 
Its own vacancies, the election of mem- with which it conducts heat ; the softness, 
bers not being open to the public lightness, and pliancy of its texture. 

Close-hauled. ^^ navigation, said of Cotton cloth, though it differs but Uttle 

' a ship when the ^ gen- from linen, approaches nearer to the 
eral arrangement or trim of the sails is nature of woolen, and on that account 
such as to enable her to sail as nearly must be esteemed as the next best sub* 
against the wind as possible. stance of which dothing may be made. 

Closure (kl<>8'flr), a mle in British Bilk is the next in point of excellence, 
r ^T Pfrliamentary procedure, but it is very inferior to cotton in every 
adopted in 1887 by which, at any time respect. Linen possesses the contrary of 
after a question has been proposed, a mo- most of the properties enumerated ss 
tion may be made with the speaker's or excdlendes in woolen. It retains thh 
chairman's consent * That the question matter of perspiration in its texture, and 
be now put,' when the motion is Imme- it conducts heat too rapidly, 
diately put and decided without debate ninflio (klO'thO), in Greek mythology 
or amendment So also if a clause of a ^^vnuv ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^ three Fates of 
bin is under debate a motion that it Parcn whose duty It was to spin the 
stand or be added may be put and carried thread of life, while Lachesls assigned the 
in the same way. The motion must be lot, and Atropos, the Inflexible^ cut the 



J 



dotnre Goud 

thread. The three appear In Hcalod aa thick, heaTy douda often touch low moun- 
the dauKhtera of Zeiu and Tbemla. Id art talna, atceplea and eren tree«. Cloods 
dotho was repnaeDted by the iplndle, differ much In form and character, but are 
liAcheala bj ths gbba, and Atropca bj a nueraUr daned (foUowlnK Luke Howard, 
■nndlaL In his EMiav on Clowib) , Into three rimple 

Clotniv ^B clodng of debate In a le«- or primary forma, via. : — 1. The oimtt, ao 
v«wvius, m,(jyg body. The U<^ of called from its raemhiance to a lock of 
any provtaion for thia in the Senate of the hair, and conaiating of fibers which diverge 
United Statea haa often led to Intermin- In all directions. Clouds of this descrip- 
able debates, and in certain caaea to the tlon float at a great height, usuatly from 
defeat of Important biUa with majoridea 3 to 6 mUea above the earth'a aurface. 
In their favor, through being tallied to Long, atreafcy forms are called more'* 
death by a minority. On March 8, 1817, toil*. 2. The cumulut or heap, a cloud 
• nil waa pasaod eatkbliahlng the right to which aasnmea the form of dense convex ot 



OaiHKSrnia. Claod-Cumutua. 



Ooud-Stntua. Ck«d-NIiiibua. 

doM debate nnder certain condltiona. It eonleal beapa, resting on a fUtttsb base; 

provided that In two days after notice In called also aummer-cloud. Under ordi- 

writing has bepn given by 16 Senators the nury clrcumatuncee these clouds accom- 

clodng of debate on a parUcular bill shall P*"! ^n" weather, especially In the beat 

be called for, and, if settled in the affirma- 2i J"^^^',: ^'^° , aocp^Ban? ^" ""J"* 

dve by a two-thlrde vote, that bUl shall ^^- ^^ cnmulua cloud ia at the top 

b. heU before the Senates until its final ?i 'r"^°y'"a?Sto'Slir""«'StT^ 

dlap«dtion.en|A Senator being Umitrf to ^J^T'ln rte 'af^e'^nTld Sl^y d^ 

one hour^debato in all on the bill, with creaae towards aunaet. 3. The *lroliM, 

its amendments and motions arising from gg named from its spreading out nnl- 

IL Also after ths two-thirds vote no formly in a horiiontaf layer, which re- 

amendment shall be offered without onanl- ceivee all Itx augmentationa of volume 

mona canaent. from below. It belongs essentially to 

Cloud ' collection of visible vapor or the night, and is frequently seen on calm 

> watery partldea suspended In summer evenings after sunset ascend- 

the atmosphere at some altitude. They Ing from the lower to the higher grounds, 

differ from fogs only by their height and and dispersing In the form of a cumulus 

less degree of transparency. The average at sunnae. These three primary forma 

height of donda Is calculated to he 2\h of clouds are subdivided as foll<^ : — 1. 

mlus, thin and light douda being mucu The enro-cumwIiM, composed of a coUec- 

Ugku than the huhest monntalna, while tlos ot drri, and spreading Itsdf tre- 



Cloud Clover 

qaently oyer the sky in the form of beds highly distingoiBhed himself. On Ms 
of deUcate snowflakes. 2. The cirro- return from a tour in America (1852) 
stratus or wane-^loud, so called from its he was appointed an examiner attached 
being generally seen slowly sinking, and to the educational branch of the privy- 
in a state of transformation; when seen council office. He died in 1861, at 
In the distance, a collection of these Florence, while returning from a jour- 
clouds suggests the resemblance of a ney to Greece. His poems, of which 
shoal of fish, and the sky. when thickly the best known are Bothie of Toher-na- 
mottled with them, is called in popular VuoUcht Amours de Voyages, and the 
language a mackerel sky. 3. The c«- Tragedy of Dipsychus. were published* 
muTo-stratus or twain-cloud, one of the along with a memoir, in 1802. 
grandest and most beautiful of clouds, and (Jlnve Bark ^^ Gulil'awan Babx, 
consisting of a collection of large, fleecy ^*v» a»c»xxk, ^ furnished by a tree 
clouds oyerhanging a flat stratum or of the Molucca Islands (CtfinafndsisM 
base. 4. The nimbus, cumuUhoirrO' Culitawan), It is in pieces more or len 
stratus^ or ratfi-cloifd, recognizable, ac- lone, almost flat, thick, fibrous, covered 
cording to Mr. Howard, by its fibrous with a white epidermis of a reddish-yel- 
border and uniformly gray aspect. It is low inside, of a nutmeg and clove odor, 
a dense cloud spreading out into a crown and of an aromatic and shari> taste. In 
of cirrus and passing beneath into a commerce the name is also given to the 
shower. It presents one of the least bark of the Myrtus oaryopnyUdta, It 
attractive appearances among clouds, but is of a deep-brown color, very thin and 
it is only when the dark surface of this hard, and has similar properties to dn- 
cloud forms its background that the namon. 

splendid phenomenon of the rainbow is r!1nirp.cn11irfl oixfAr (kldv-jll'flower), 
exhibited in perfection. VlUVC-JflliyjlUWtsr ^^ carnation, or 
mnnii (l^lo), St., a town, France, de- a dove-scented variety of it 
vAuuu. partment Seine-et-Oiae, 6 miles Clover ®' Tbkfoil (klOVer, trC'- 
8. w. from Paris, charmingly situated ^*v*^^9 foil), a name of different spe- 
on the slope of a hill overlooking the cies of plants of the genus TrifoUum, 
ri?er Seine. It is celebrated for its nat. order Leguminose. There are 
ch&teau and its magnificent park, a about 150 species. Some are weeds, but 
favorite holiday resort of the Parisians, many species are valued as food for 
As the residence of the monarchs of cattle. T. pratense, or common red do- 
France, St. Cloud is historically inter- ver, is a biennial, and sometimes, es- 
esting. Louis XIV bought the old diA- pecially on chalky soils, a triennial 
teau and presented it to his brother, the plant. This is the kind most commonly 
Duke of Orleans, who enlarged and cultivated, as it yields a larger product 
transformed it into a splendid palace, than any of the other sorts. Trifolium 
which became the residence of Henrietta, repent, or white clover, is a most valu- 
queen of Charles I of England, during able plant for pasturage over the whole 
her exile. It was sold by Louis Phi- of Europe, Central Asia, and North 
lippe of Orleans to Marie Antoinette, and America, and has also been introduced 
after the revolution chosen by Napoleon Into South America. The bee gathers 
for his residence. It was the summer much of its honey from the flowers of 
residence of Napoleon III, and was this spedes. T. hybridum, alsike, hy- 
greatly damaged in the Franco-German brld. or Swedish clover, has been long 
War. Pop. 7106. cultivated in the south of Sweden, and 
ClondberrV (t^loudlier-i), or MouN- for some time also in other countries; it 
vrAvu.uv«^xxj y^jj Bramble {Rubus is strongly recommended for cold, mdst 
chamttmOrus) , a fruit found plentifully stiff soils. It resembles the common red 
in the north of Europe, Asia, and Amer- clover in duration, stature and mode of 
ica, of the samegenus with the bramble growth. T. medium, perennial red or 
or blackberry. The plant is from 4 to 8 meadow clover, much resembles the com- 
or 10 inches high, with a rather large mon red, but differs somewhat in habit 
handsome leaf, indented and serrated and the bright-red flowers are larger and 
at the edges. The flowers are large and form a less compact head. Its produce 
white, and the berries, which have a is less in quantity, and not so nntoritive, 
very fine flavor, are orange yellow in as that of the common red. T. Incams- 
color, and about the sise of a bramble- tvm. crimson or Italian clover, is mndi 
berry. ^^ cultivated in France and Italy and is 
Clonfirh tlfl«ff>' Abthtjb Huoh, an spreading to other countries. It bears 
o English poet, bom at Liver- oblong or cylindrical spikes of rich crlm- 
pooL 1819. He studied under Dr. Arnold son flowers, and is sometimes pUuited 
at Rugby, and then at Oxford, where he for decorative purposes in flower gar> 



i 



Clover-weevil Clnb 

dens. The name clover in often applied dox, wblle moat of the western princea 
t(i plants like medick and meliloC, cul- were Aria no. It now became nia ol>- 
tivated for the same purpoae and be- ject to rid himaelf by any means of all 
longioB to the same natural order, the other Frankiah rulers, in order that 
although not of the aome genua. he might leave the whole territory of 

Clover-weevil ' ^"^^ "' weevil, the Franks to his children ; and in this 
vivvvi. wcc»ji, genus Apion, differ- purpoae he succeeded by treachery and 
ent species of which, or their larvs, feed cruelty. He died at Paris, which he had 
on the leaves and seeda of the clover, aa made hia capital, on Nov. 2T, 511, in the 
also on tares and other leguminoua thirtieth vear of hia reign. In the last 
plants. A. apricant, of a bluish-black year of his reign Ctovia bad called a 
color, and little more than a line in council at Orleans, from which are 
length, is especially destructive. dated the peculiar privileges claimed by 

Cloves (^'^^')i B. very pungent aro- the kings of France in opposition tu the 

matlc spice, the dried flower- pope. 

buds of Caryophj/Uua aromaticiu. a na- CIoWH *'*'^ buffoon or practical jester 

tive of the Molucca Islands, belonging ' in pantomime and circua per- 

to the myrtle tribe, now cultivated in formances. On the uld Englisb stage 

Sumatra, Manritiua, Malacca, Jamaica, the clown was the privileged laughter- 

etc. Tbe tree U a handsome evergreen provoker, who, without Caking any part 

from 16 to 30 feet high, with large, ellip- in tbe dramatic development of tbe piece 

tical, smooth leavea and numerous pur- represented, carried on his improvised 

plisb flowers on Jointed stalks. Every jokes and tricks with the actors, often 

indeed addresaing himself directly to the 

audience instead of conSning himself to 

the scheduled play upon tbe stage. In. 

Shakespere'a dramas a distinct part is 

aaaigned to the clown, who no longer 

appeara aa an Mtempore jester, although 

the part he plays is to a certain extent 

in keeping with his traditional functions. 

He is now confined to tbe pantomime 

k and the circus. Id the former of which 

r he playa a part allied to that of the 

I French pierrot. 

Clovnp (kloiii), a town in Ireland, 16 

_ seat of a Roman Catholic bishop. From 

rt™. /r»™n»,j(„. «™««™.i 1^38 to 1833 it was the see of a biahop 

OovB «7an«pHta« ™no<™.). ^j ^^^ EaUWished Church, but in thS 
latter year it was united with Cork and 

part of the plant abounds in tbe volatile Ross. Pop. about 1400. 

oil for wbicb tbe Sower-buds are prixed. fJlTih a select number of persons In 

The spice yields a very fragrant odor, viu-u, ^^^ habit of meeting for the 

and has a bitterish, pungent, and warm promotion of aome common object, as 

taste. It is sometimes employed as a social intercourse, literature, politics, etc. 

hot and stimulating medicine, hot is It is a peculiarly English institution, 

more frequently used in culinary prep- which can scarcely be said to have taken 

arations. root in any other country except Amer- 

Clovis (tlO'T's; from old Ger. Chlod- ien. Tbe coffee-houses of the 17tb and 

*^ icig, mod. Ger. LudKig. Fr. I8th centuries are the best represeota- 

Loiii»), King of tbe Franks, born 465, tivea of what is meant by a modem clnb, 

succeeded his father Childeric in the while the clubs of that time were com- 

Spar 481, as chief of the warlike tribe of monly nothing but a kind of restaurants 

alian Franka. who inhabited Northern or taverna where people reaortpd to take 

Gaul. In 486 he overthrew the Roman their meals. But while anybody was 

governor at Sotaaons and occupied the free to enter a cciffee-houae. it was neees- 

conntry between tbe Somme and tbe sary that a person should have been 

Loire. The influence of hia wife Clo- formerly received as a member of a clnb, 

tllda, a Burgundian princesa, at length according to ita regulations, before he 

converted him to Christianity, and on was at liberty to enter it. Among the 

Dec. 25, 496, he was baptised with aev- earliest of tbe I-ondon clubs was the Klt- 

eral thousands of his Franks at Rheims. cat Club, formed in the reign of Queen 

and was sainted by Pope Anastasius as Anne, among whose forty members were 

'moat Christian king,' he bdng ortho- dukes, earls, and the leading authors 



Coadjutor Coal 

to ride on horseback, the use of carriages CoR^nlation (kO-ag-a-la'shnn), the 

being considered effeminate. They do ^^«*6«**"'»'*vaj. changing of a fluid into 

not appear to have become common till a more or less solid substance, or the 

the fifteenth century, and even then were separation of a substance from a solution, 

regarded exclusively as vehicles for wo- through the substance becoming more or 

men and invalids. Later on they be- less solid. Thus, albumin of egg can be 

came, especially in Germany, part of dissolved In cold water, but if the solution 

the appendaaes of royalty. They seem to be warmed, the albumin undergoes a 

have been introduced into England the change, separates out in white, flocky 

middle of the sixteenth century, but were masses, and cannot again be redissolvcu 

long confined to the aristocracy and the in the water. Coagulation is well exem- 

wealthy classes. Hackney-coaches were plified by the 'curding' of milk and 

first used in London in 1625. They were 'dotting^ of blood, 

tiien only twenty in number, and were (jQahnilo (kO-A-wBlA), a state of 

kept at the hotels, where they had to be voanuua Mexico, on the frontier of 

applied for when wanted. In 1634 the United States, rich in woods and 

coaches waiting to be hired at a particular pastures, and having several sflver-mines; 

;i*^^Ti^'^*'if^*'5« ^T^n^o'iTt^ *"**' ^'^^ «1'*^'"« °^^J ^^' 3«7.652. 
to JUU in looJ, to oUU in 171U, and to -- •- /!,*»„ *i\ j«xi^. ^^^s^^^m ^«^ 

1000 in 1771. Stage^aches were intro- Coaita ^f^SlT .V.^f'?; fi,J^fl^:«S 
duced into England about the same time , ^^ C i ^J?^i otthe 8. Ameli- 

as hackney-coaches. The first guge- ^^?, ™°°*®^«'' '^^^^^S*^,*** *^^« "^ 
coach in London appears to have run 5Pife%?'^^?a "*** *^ ^^^'' "*** ""^^ 
in the seventeenth century, and before the ^^^^ ^^ captivity. 

end of the century they were started on Coftl ** formed from vast deposits of 
three of the principal roads in England. ^^"^ vegetable matter of the carbonifer- 
Their speed was at first very moderate, ous age, during which the growth of 
about 3 or 4 miles an hour. They could plants was luxuriant In course of time 
onlv run in the summer, and even then decay took place in the fallen plants and 
their progress was often greatly hindered succeeding centuries covered them with a 
by floods and by the wretched state of sediment of mud and sand that arrested 
the roads generally. In 1700 it took their destruction and exerted a pressure 
a week to travel from York to London ; that combined with heat, and chemical ac- 
in 1754 a body of Manchester merchants tion slowly drove off most of the hydrogen 
started a conveyance, the Flying Coach, and oxygen contained in the vegetation, 
of an improved kind, which did the leaving the carbon behind. Hence there 
journey to London in the unusually short are few traces of its vegetable origin 
period of four days and a half. The found in coal. Nevertheless the outlines 
system of mail-coaches was established of leaves and stems that have entered into 
in London in 1784 and these continued its formation are sometimes seen, and in 
to be the means of traveling in Ehigland sandstones, clays and shales with which 
until their place was taken by the rail- coal is found the plants from which it 
ways. In the United States the unsettled originated are found distributed freely in 
state of the roads in the colonial period the fossil state, and, more rarely, the 
delayed the introduction of coaches and trunks of trees with roots extending down 
it was late in the eighteenth century into the subjacent clay formatioa. 
before a stage-coach line was started be- These, though replaced by mineral sub- 
tween Philadelphia and New York, the stances, have preserved their structural 
two largest cities, a wagon twice a features so perfectly that botanists have 
week, and making three miles an hour, been able to establish their affinity with 
sufficing for all travel at first. In 1766 existing species. Tree fossils of large siie 
a coach was put on that made the journey go recognized have been found to oe re- 
in two days, and ^js advertised as a lated closely to the arancavia as found in 
flying naachine. In li 89 it took a week gouth America and Australia. The corn- 
to travel by stage from New York to moner forms of vegetable life found in the 
Boston, the coaches often sticking fast in ^cks of the coal formation include the 
the mud. Within recent years the coach gigiUaria and stigmaria, the lepidoden- 
has largely been replaced by the automo- ^^q^ the calamite and tree ferns. Prom 
^"<^« the animal fossils in coal it is to be as- 

Cofl-dintor ^^^-<^'J<>'^or)» A Latin term, sumed that some deposits occurred in 
vrvaujuvvA nearly synonymous in its fresh water, probably lakes, while others 
original meaning with asnsiant. The appear to have occurred at the moutlis of 
term is especially applied to an assistant rivers reaching salt water. The period 
nishop appointed to act for and succeed during which the transformation of the 
on« who i^ :oo ^ or infirm for duty. jregetable into the mineral substanoe wu 



Clyde 



Coaoh 



Clyde 



(kUd), a ri^er of Scotlandt rank of Ueutenant-coloneL In 1842 he 

which hat ite sources amid the was in China in command of the 08th 

hniT that separate Lanarkshire from Regiment, and on the termination of the 

the countries of Peebles and Dumfries Chinese war took active service in India, 

and forms an extensive estuary or firth where he acquired such reputotipn fai the 

before it enters the Irish Sea, at the second Sikh war as to receive the thanbi 

southern extremity of the island of Bute, of Parliament and the title of K.C.B. 

Prom ito source to Glasgow, where In 1854 he^became maior-general, with 

navigation begins, its length is 70 or 80 the command of the Highland Brigade in 

miles. Near Lanark it has three cele- the Crimean war. Uis services at the 

brated falls — ^the uppermost, Bonnington battles of Alma and Balaklava, and dur- 

Linn, about 30 feet high ; the next, Cora ing the war generally, were conspicuous, 

Linn, where the water takes three dis- so that on the outbreak of the Indian 

tinct leaps, each about as high; and the mutiny he was appointed to the chief 

lowest, Stonebyres, also three distinct command there. Landing at Calcutta on 

falls, altogether about 80 feet The August 29, 1857, he relieved Havelock 

Clyde, by artificial deepening, has been and Outram at Lucknow, and crushed 

made navigable for large vessels up to the rebellion entirely before the end of 

Glasgow, and is the most valuable river the ^ear. For his services here Sir Colin 

in Scotland for commerce. See OloMgoio. received the thanks of both houses of 

1/iyae, 1915), an American clergyman ^^^2.91'nS?''''" ^^^^^\ ^?^ k*^ "^r^^i^cSS 

and author, bori at White Deer Valley, gf ^0.000 a year allotted him. In 18^ 

Lycoming Co., Pa.; served in the Ciioi ^« ^" made field-marshal. He died 

war; graduated at Lafayette CoUege, i^^^. ^^^ 1^' *"^ '^'^ ^^^^ ^ 

ISee, and studied for the ministry at S®**°?*°®'?Lif^Ii®^C i * ^vi « ^^ 

Princeton Theological Seminary, gradu- Clvster (^^^^ **"•)• »» V\^®^^*V^ ?f 

ating in 1866. He was successivefy pastor ^ ^ , enema, a medicated sub- 

ofthe Presbyterian churches of Centre- ^^f introduced into the lower boweJU 

vine, Iowa 11869-70), Shenandoah, Pa. ««ually ^of }^^ purpose of expelUng its 

(1W0.72), F»ser,Pk. (1872-79)7 and contents, but sometimes also for the pur- 

koomsbuiT, New' Jersey (1879.19(tt). P^f ^'^i^^^^^^ 

He was^^dent of the Northampton thus administered in cases of diarrhoea. 

County mstorical and Genealogical So- ClvtenmeStra ^J^^^^C^^j!Sh\^J? 

dety and chaplain of Lafayette Poet 217. .,,:..,, - «-.„, nSj/jJf,. ^i^'rlSS' 

G. A. R. Among his many publications ?*2»^i«J f{ ^^fJlI^^^»^tl\ufiil 

are: History of the Irish SSiilemeni of "^^ half-rister of Helen. Dunng the ab^ 

Pennsylvania I Roshrugh, a Tale of the KJfe of Agamemnon in the war apOnst 

Revolution; tife of James CoMn; ChUde ^i^..u,??® „„^®*^?;^!!„„1L^^^ 

to Von-Liturgioal Prayer: Mohammedanr ^^^* A*^ioi?«^?^« w2 «.SfiS £lS: 

ism a Pseudo-Cl^tianUy. ?^^ot'a1df ^o?e'th^^^^^^^ 

Clyde, t^^^^* ?*' 59™ ^^"^^'^"iJS? governed Mycenae for seven years. Her 

u J. K? *; ^^^S??^' ^ ^T?^' «« Orestes killed them both. See 

where his father, John McLiver, a naUve Agamemnon and Orestes. 

of MuU, worked as a cabinetmaker. His n«,-^--. (ni'dus), or G nidus, an 

njother's maiden name was Campbell, and l^aittUB indent Greek town in Carta, 

■he was the daughter of a wnall pro- ^ province of Asia Minor, a great seat 

prietor in Islay. By the assistance of of the worship of Aphrodite (Venus). 

bis mother's relations he was educated ^ho had three temples here, in one of 

at the High School of Glasgow, and ^^ich was a famous statue of the goddess 

afterwards at the Military Academy, ^y Praxiteles. 

Gosport. In 1808 he received an ensign^s (I||q«i, (kOch), a general name for all 
commission in the 9th Regiment of Foot, ^vauu covered carriages drawn by 
having previously changed his name to horses and intended for the rapid con- 
CampbeU, at the suggestion of his veyance of passengers. The earliest car- 
maternal ande, an officer in the army, riages appear to have been all open, if 
He served in Spain under Sir John Moore we may judge from the figures of As- 
and Wellington, being engaged in the Syrian and Babylonian chariots found 
battles of Barossa and Vittoria, and hav- on the monuments discovered amid the 
ing displayed distinguished gallantry at ruins of Nineveh and Babylon. At Rome 
the siege of San Sebastian, where, as both covered and uncovered carriages 
well as at the Bidassoa, he was severely were in use. After the fall of the Roman 
wounded. In 1819-25 he was in the Bmnire they went out of use afl^, and 
West Indies. In 18S6 he attained tiie during the feudal ages the custom was 



Coal ^ Coal 

Effected was of long duration, so long as As ita name indicates, it contains bitumen, 
lo be qaite undeterminable. a soft, mineral substance, a native mix- 

dnttmcite, or bard coal, has nndergone ture of bjdrocHrboDs. oiygenated, that 
a greater degree of decomposition tban oozes out when it is subjetted to beat. It 
bituminous or soft coal. It is tbe oldest contains from TB% to 85% of carbon, 
of the coal formations and contains most with trace* of suliihur, and a greater per- 
uncombined carbon, tbe percentage being centage of bjdrogen and oxygen than an- 
from 90 to 94?c, the remaindpr conRistiug thracite. It ia black snd on its smootii 
of hydrogen, oi.vgen and asb. It is pure surfaces la glossy, but laclts the bluish 
black, or with n bhiiah metatlic lustre and lustre that somptimeH appears in hard 
bas a Hperitic grnvity of 1 4li or about tbe roal. It in also Kofter than anthracite, 
same as tbot ot tbe hard wooda. It burns Its specific gravity is 1.27. In burning 
it emits a yellowish flame, much greater 
tban that giveo out by hard coal, and 
gives lesa heat, while its imperfect com- 
bustion pt'oduces heavy, black smoke and 
dilluKfg -Jisagreeable gsBes, Tbe bydro- 
carbuns can be driven off as gases by 
beating the coal without access of air. In 
this way one kind of lllumiDating gas is 
made and tbe carbonaceous resiUiie is coke. 
CanneX, or gas coal, is ot the bitumin- 
ons variety, but coutaina less uorombined 
cartHin than tbe coking or fumsre hinds ; 
it burns freely and is used largely in mak- 
ing illuminating gas. 

Ligniie la of comparatively very recent 
formation, intermediate between bitumin- 
ous and peat ; indeed, a period of less than 
five hundred years is known to have con- 
verted timber into a sort of ligniie. The 
percentage ot carbon in lignite, which ia 
brownish in color, never eiceeda 70%. and 
the ash shows that a considerable quan- 
tity ot earthy matter enters into its com- 
position. It exhibits much of the struc- 
ture of tbe wood from which ft is formed. 
Its heat-giving property is low, hence it 
can be used only where a hot Ere is not 
needed, but it is very volatile. 

Ptat is the latest of the coal formations. 
It has undergone but a partial change 
from Its original state and the slight pres- 
sure to which it baa been subjected by the 
small covering of sediment has given it 
but little density ; it contains over 90% 
□f volatile matter. It forma in boggy 
ground from plants undergoing decay and 
covered by water. The roots and stems 
Bectioo of put ot K«»]-fi.^ld. ■]»>«{>« a <>' P'""*^ become matted and, mixed with 
Buoosasion of burled tr««a and land niHaoe; earthy matter, form peat. It Contains 
a. HndaloDea; b, ahslea: c, coal-o-ami much water, especially near tbe top of the 
J, undei-Elnya or aoil*. layer when removed from the bo^. but 

Wltb little flame, Is practically smokeless the bottom greatly resembles lignite in ap- 
aod deposits no soot in the chimneys, nor pearance. As a fuel it is chieSy used 
does It give off gss to any extent. Ilence where coal and wood are scarce and high 
it is the idesl fuel for domestic use and in price. Mnny experiments have been 
for furnaces and malt kilns. It is less made to treat this substance for more 
abundant than other varieties and greater general use as a fuel, and considerabk 
111 price. It WB8 first discovered in Peon- success has followed the method of satu 
■ylvanla in 1791. rating it with petroleam, which ia adopted 

Situ oiinout, or soft coal, is of later tn Southern Itiissla. where there is an 
formaUon then antbradte ; it has under- abuDdance ot peat and a cheap supply of 
gone leH pressure and 1* leu decomposed, petroletun. See Ooal if<ni*v. 



Coal Brass Coal Kiniiig. 

CoaI Bnuui ^^® ^^^ pyrites found in directly into them, and in hilly eectiona 
vrucu APxooDy ^^^ measures, so named tunnels are opened to them through the 
on account of its brassy appearance, intervening rock. It is, however, far more 
Coal containing much pyrites is bad for general to have recourse to the sinking of 
iron smelting, and it is unpleasant for shafts, by which entrance the transmis- 
domestic use on account of the sulphurous sion of power to the workings, their venti- 
add which it gives off on burning. Coal lation and the pumpinc of water is 
brass is useful in the manufacture of effected. The shafts are driven with par* 
copperas, and in alkali works. ticular regard to the depth and the dip 

nnolYirnnlrilalA (korbnjk-dal), an of the seam. Where the depth is only 
UOaiDrOOKaaie gjgugj^ eoal and moderate and the dip is gentte, it is eco- 
iron producing district in Salop, along nomical to locate the shafts at the lower 
the bank of the Severn. level of the seam, whereas where the seam 

Pi^al J||1a a borough in Schuylkill is deep and without inclination it is found 
vuaxuiucy county, Pennsylvania, near advantageous to locate the shafts as near 
Tamaqua. It has ooal-mining interests, to the centre of the mine as may be, so as 
Pop. (1020) 6338. to facilitate operations to the greatest 

Cofll-fiflli ^ spedes of the ood genus possible extent Shafts vary in sise and 
\/vcu ALOMLf (^Qo^^g oarhonariut), named shape, the determination of which depends 
from the color of its back. It grows to particularly on the extent and depth of 
a length of 2V^ feet, and is found in great the workings and somewhat upon the 
numbers about the Orkneys and the locality. 'Riey are either rectanralar. 
northern parts of Britain. In Scotland which is more common in the Unitra 
it is generally known as the aethe or aeaih. States, owing to the readier supply of 
Coal Oas ^® variety of carburetted timber for ifiiing, elliptical, or drcnlar, 
* hydrogen, produced from the latter shape being now more generally 
coal, which is used for common gaslight, favored because of their greater inherent 

riAQlincv fifofinna stations estab- strength. An important advantage of the 
uuaiin^ OUlJ0lUUSf jj^j^^^ ^^ various circular shaft is that it offers the least 

important points over the ocean, where resistance to the passage of ventilating 
ships, both of the navy and the mercantile air currents. The sise of the shafts de- 
marine, may obtain supplies of coaL The pends on the depth and output of the 
utility of such stations, when properly mine and the number of cages to be 
fortined, as points of refuge, defense, and hoisted. A shaft of suffident dse for an 
repair in the event of war can hardly be output of 1200 to 1500 tons a day should 
over-estimated. Britain has very many have a diameter of about 20 feet Two 
of them in accordance with the width of shafts are necessary for each mine, and 
its interests, the United States, as yet, these must be furnished with a winding 
comparatively few. gear at the surface. The bottom of the 
Coalition (k6-a-li'shnn) , a term used shafts are arched over, forming what is 
wcMAMvu ^ diplomacy and politics termed the ' porch,' in order to strengthen 
to denote a union between different par- it, the thickness being proportionate to 
ties not of the same opinions, but who the weight and pressure that it may be 
agree to act together for a particular ob- expected to bear, and wooden blocks are 
ject Among states it is understood to sometimes also built into it to give das- 
mean theorencally something less general ticity under sudden pressure and in addi- 
in its ends and less deeply founded than tion an inverted arch is in some cases 
an aUianoe. built into the floor. Still further protec- 
Coal Measures. ^«^«PP«' division tlon of the shafts and strengthening 
 77 ^ of the carboniferous against surface weight is afforded by 
svstem, consisting or beds of sandstone, leaving a pillar of solid coal surrounding 
shale, etc., between which are coal-seams, the shaft The depth at which coal may 
Coal IffiniTig ^« depth, thickness be profitably mined is about 3000 feet 

»• and direction of the although in some cases, as In Belgium, 

coal seams having been determined by mines are worked at a depth of 4000 feet 

prospecting, the next step is the provision The regulations governing the mining of 

of shafts. Several considerations govern coal varv considerably in different coon* 

their location, such as the contour of the tries and in the United States there is 

surface, the adjacency and availability of likewise a lack of uniformity and changes 

transportation, the facility of generating are frequently made, so that only general 

power, the inclination of the strata, the statements are useful here. 

Sresence of faults and the method of work- Working is carried on by practically 

ig the coal. In cases where the seams two methods, known as pillar work and 

cmterop at the surface, drifts are driven long-wall work. The first conpiisst 



Coal Ifining Coal Minii^: 

' piUar-and-Btall/ ' bord-and-pillar ' and or by blasting. All coal seams, except 
' ro(»n-and-piUar ' and is done by driying antJiracite, have planes of cleavage which 
roads or stalls through the coal and con- admit of ready splitting. Roads driven 
necting them by cross-passages, leaving in the direction of snch planes are known 
pillars of coal between them to support as *ends/ and those driven across them 
the roof as the workings advance. When are styled ' bords,' or ' boards,' the latter 
sufficient work has been effected in this enabling easier working than from the 
manner the pillars are cut away and the 'ends.' Cutting by mechanical means is 
roof is supported by heavy timbers. In used chiefly in thin seams because of the 
the second, or long-wall work, all the coal increased output they allow, the greater 
is removed as the work proceeds from the speed of the operation, that they produce 
pillar at the shaft, the face gradually less small coal, and that there is the 
extending. The waste or 'goaf' is minimum risk of the falling of the roof, 
stacked oehind, and through this com- The principles of operation in the two 
municating roads are left open. This is types of cutters used in the United States 
what is known as long-wall working for- are those of a pick or drill and a chain- 
ward. The opposite plan, or long-wall cutter. The former gives a rapid succes- 
working back, is effected by driving the sion of sharp blows with a long, chisel- 
roads to the outside or boundary of the like pick ; the latter operates with a series 
mine and then taking the coal backward of cutting wheels rotating on an endless 
towards the shaft This plan avoids the chain driven by a motor, either compres- 
necessity of keeping roads open through the sed air or electricity. Gunpowder is used 
waste coal and is so far more desirable^ in making the blast in wet mines where 
but, of course, it involves greater capital there is no gas present, but in dry and 
outlay. Where spontaneous combustion dusty ones, or where gas is present, it is 
is probable this plan is chiefly used. Long- necessary to use some flameless high ex- 
wall working is best adapted to thin plosive, which in exploding discharges an 
seams ; where the seams are thick, or near aqueous vapor that destroys any tendency 
the surface, or beneath towns, iiideed in to ignite coal dust or gas, if present, 
all cases where there is danger of subsi- Mauling. Coal is hauled from the work- 
dence the pillar-and-stall method is ings to the shaft by hand labor, horses, 
practised. In the United States it is the or mechanical power ; hand labor, obvi- 
one largely used. In getting the coal it is ouslv, is used only in small mines, 
indispensable that the workings be prop- Mechanical power nrstems are: (1) the 
eriy supported. This is carried out by jig or self-acting incline, feasible only 
timbering the roofs and sides of roadways where the shaft's bottom is at the lowest 
and the coal faces, and for this purpose point of the coal seam, in which case the 
the best materials are piue, fir, and oak, cars loaded with coal running down the 
which are creosoted. In the pillar incline pull up the empty ones, the wire 
method there is, of course, less need for rope attached to the descending load being 
timber support, the pillars themselves fastened over a pulley or drum at the 
affording the chief protection, but timber upper end of the incline and Its other end 
roof props are also used to prevent the attached to the returning empty cars, 
fall of loose portions, and at the road- Friction rollers set at intervals between 
ways adjacent to the faces cross-pieces are the rails on the incline carry the rope. 
used, supported by props or hitches in the Where a double line of rails cannot be 
side wall. Still other strengthening is used, the single track is provided with a 
effected in the haulage ways with steel pass half-way where the descending and 
and iron supports, brick arch work or ascending cars meet and pass. Sometimes 
brick walls and girders. a single line is employed throughout, 

Oetiing the Coal. The first stage is when a balance weight runs between the 
bringing down the coal, which is done rails altematdy, being drawn up by a 
either by blasting without preliminary loaded cars and drawing up an empty one. 
work, and is called 'shooting off the (2) Single rope haulage is employed 
solid ' ; or by blasting preceded bj under- where the shaft^ bottom is at the top of 
cutting or ' shearing,' so as to give more an incline ; in this case the full cars are 
than one face to the action of the ex- hauled up by a winding engine and the 
plosive : this requires that grooves be cut empty set run back by gravi^. The most 
vertically parallel to the walls. In the generally used system is the endless rope 
former, called ' holing,' a notch or groove which is adapted not only to level seami 
is cut in the floor of the seam, extending but may be advantageously used on steep 
about tiliree feet back from the face, leav- roads. Usually, a double line of road ie 
ing the overhanging rock supported bv better. The cars nm in .<«ets of ten or 
timbeza c&iled ' sprags/ to fall of itself twelve, and a stretching pulley is used to 



Coal Hilling Coal Mining 

keep the rope tant when the pall of the or frame Is from 80 to 100 feet above the 
load leesens. The endless chain system surface level to give head room to the 
requires a doable roadway, one of which cage, the landing platform beinr generally 
accommodates the full cars and the other placed at some height above the ground, 
the empty. The chain passes over a pulley The head gear is provided with automatic 
driven by an enaine so placed that the devices to avoid disaster, such as detach- 
chain rests on the top of the car and ing hooks that operate in case of over- 
passes round a second similar pulley at winding ; safety catches are also furnished 
the far end of the plane. The endless rope to hold the cage should it get out of ccm- 
system overhead is substantially similar trol or become detached from the rope, 
to the endless chain plan. Main and tail On reaching the platform at the top of the 
rope haulage is employed where the incline shaft the cars move by gravity to a 
is insufficient or not uniform, and a sec- weighing machine and then to the 'tip- 
ond rope is needed to haul bade the empty pie, a cage turning upon a horizontal 
cars. One road only is required, as in the axis that is devised to discharge the load 
case of single rope haulage. A second in the first half of the rotation and re- 
rope, the tail rope, supplements the main stores the car to its normal position in the 
rope that runs direct from the engine second, after which it is drawn by an end- 
drum to the head of the loaded cars ; the less chain, or creeper, fitted with grips or 
tail rope runs from a drum on the same hooks, to the cage, to resume its trip to 
shaft as the main rope drum, along the the workings. 

side of the roof or roadway, and passes Ventilation is one of the most import- 
around a return pulley at the end of the ant of the problems with which coal mine 
road to the end of the set of loaded cars, operators have to grapple. Not merely 
This rope draws back the empty cars as has the impure air to be drawn from the 
the main rope hauls In the loaded ones, the workings, but the possible presence of 
Besides these methods underground haul- gases must be considered. Ventilation is 

S\e is done in the United States and in obtained by keeping in movement in the 
urope in mines where mine roadways are same direction a large volume of air which 
flat or have only slight inclines by loco- is brought from the surface by the 
motives operated by compressed air, elec- * downcast ' and is carried out of the 
tridly and internal combustion. In the workings by the ' upcast ' shaft To effect 
case of seams too shallow to admit of this, powerful mechanical means are 
using cars for hauling, conveyors are used, needed. The method prindpally used is 
operated by compressed air or electricity ; exhaustion by machinery. It is sometimes 
these conveyors are low wagons jointed in done by the rarefaction of the air in the 
sections, from which the cofu is discharged ' upcast ' shaft by means of a furnace at 
into cars at the bottom of the shaft. the bottom of the shaft The furnace may 
RaUing the Coal to ike Surface from be worked by the return air where there 
the bottom of the shaft on the arrival of is no gas, but it is far better to take fresh 
the cars from the workings is effected by air directly from the ' downcast' uid 
running them into the cage over rails to never must the return air from a fiery 
which they are locked, ^e cage is con- mine be allowed to reach the furnace, 
structed of a framework of vertical iron Ventilation by exhaustion is conducted 
or steel bars and has a top bar to which by two methods, direct exhaustion and 
the hoisting rope is attached. The cage is centrifugal displacement of the air to be 
provided with a deck or decks, in some removed. The latter is more generally 
cases as many as five, and each deck wUl adopted, as the weight of the machines 
hold two cars. The cage runs within required by the former results In too slow 
guides of wood or other material affixed to a rotation. This method drives the heated 
the walls of the shaft; sometimes four air at the bottom of the shaft forward 
guides are used, but more frequently three, and upward through it, through the prea* 
two on one side of the shaft and one on sure of the colder air behind it In cen- 
the opposite side, placed intermediate as trifugal displacement, fans are placed at 
related to the guides on the wall facing, the top of the 'downcast' shaft in some 
By some managers only two guides are cases. There are several kinds of centrifti- 
provided, which they consider safest The gal fans, but the main essential is to 
hoisting is effected by means of wire rope secure great speed with a minimnm of 
of steel, with a diameter of about two weight and size. In furnishing an indis- 
inches ; this rope is attached by tackling pensable volume of fresh air to the work- 
chains to the cage. The hauling or draw- ings at all times, calculations must indade 
ing rope is carried over a head gear or the presence or absence of gases. In order 
pulley frame at the top of the shaft and that all the workings may be supplied 
then around a dram of like diameter with fresh air, it becomes necessary to 
driven by the winding engine. This gear split or divide the current at different 



Coal Mining Coal Uining 

points in its path and convey it directly workings use is made of steam or corn- 
to the places where it is needed. It is pressed air, or water under pressure in 
further necessary to prevent the mixing pipes, electricity, or wooden or iron rods, 
of an intake current with a return cur- Steam power is generally used, however, 
rent; this is done by passing one current to operate the winding and hauling ma- 
over the other by means of an air-crossing, chinery, but it is less advantageously 
and providing temporary partitions, used in transmitting underground power. 
* brattices,' constructed with wood or with Compressed air is a desirable agent for 
wood and cloth, in cases where the intake cutting, drilling, hauling and pumping 
and return airways pass along the same machines, but it offers the dinad vantages 
passage, thus separating the currents, of greater cost and low efficiency. Hv- 
Where the workings reach great distances draulic pressure is made use of also m 
from the shaft, very powe^ul ventilating underground pumping as a means of 
fans must be used to overcome air resist- transmitting power. A system of endless 
ance and from 250 to 500 H. P. engines wire ropes or chains operated from the 
are employed. surface has likewise been used for under- 

lAghting fills an important part in the ground hauling, as well as to operate 

operation of collieries. In mines that are dynamos and drive ventilating fans. But 

free from gas naked lights may be used; electricity is displacing other powers for 

oil lamps are commonly used in some underground work, as well as for ventilat- 

parts of Europe, but electricity is fast dis- ing, lighting and hauling. It has its 

placing it. drawbacks in the liability of sparking at 

Gas constitutes a great hazard to work- the motor and of short circuiting, but ex- 

ers in coal mines. Explosions due to a perience and care minimize these and its 

sudden release of stored-up gas in coal employment is rapidly extending in col* 

masses, ' blowers ' as they are called, are liery working. 

often given off at high tension and are too Grading. As the coal leaves the tipple 

great for dilution by the ventilating cur- it falls on screens which sort it into va- 

rent. Methane, marsh gas, or fire-damp, rious sizes, after which it is carried on a 

is the chief gas to be provided against, long travelling belt, three to five feet wide, 

When diluted in from four to twelve times and is then sorted by hand and the waste 

its volume of atmospheric air, it is ex- removed. The grades usual in the Amerii 

)losive, but it burns quietly when the air can market are : rice, pea, chestnut, stove, 

dilution is greater or less than the pro- egg, broken and steam sizes. There are 

port* 9ns mentioned. Coal dust also con- also buckwheat, which is smaller than 

stitf ies a serious danger in dry mines, pea, and cherry, which is larger. Coal is 

Although it is not likely to be ignited by sometimes put through a washing process, 

a naked light or flame, it may explode, which is effected by conveying it by 

even, though not usually, in the absence bucket-elevator to a stream of water, or 

of gas. Against such dangers constant by passing a stream of water through and 

precaution is exercised, and protective over the coal which has been placed in a 

measures are always under consideration, trough or tank. By this means the dirt. 

Pumping. In different mines the pump- being heavier, sinks to the bottom, while 

ing of the water is of greater or less con- the coal passes away with the water, 

cem, depending on the depth of the work- The most extensive coal fields in the 

ings. To keep the workings free of water world are located in the United States, 

it is drawn off into the shafts and from Its distribution in quantities of commer- 

there pumped to the surface. Where, cial value extends to twenty-eight States 

however, there is but a small quantity it and the Territory of Alaska. Anthracite 

is raised in tanks operated with the cage is produced only in Pennsylvania, New 

or independently of it. Sometimes the Mexico and Arizona, the last two fumish- 

water is removed by syphoning, but this ing only about 100,000 tons per year. The 

method, as well as that by tank removal. States in which bituminous coal is worked 

is quite unimportant in comparison with are: Alabama, Arkansas, California, 

the method of continuous pumping. For Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indi- 

this purpose an engine at the surface ana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, 

operates rods that pass down the shaft to Michigan, Missouri, Montana, New Mex- 

the pumps, or the water may be forced ico. North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, 

to the surface by means of steam, com- Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, 

pressed air, hydraulic pressure, or electric Utah, yirginia, Washington, West Vir- 

pumps set at the bottom of the shaft. To ginia and Wyoming. The chief producing 

bring the water from the workings to the of these are Pennsylvania, yielding over 

shaft's bottom pumps are also employed, one-third of the total production, • West 

of which there are several designs. Virginia, over one-seventh, Illinois, nearly 

For the traosmission of power to the one-ninth, and Ohio, nearly onetwelfth, 



Goal Milling Coast Def eiue 



the last three together yielding a little years a great number of valuable producti 

over nine-tenths of the product of Penn- have be^ derived from it by distillatiou, 

sylvania. The total, in long tons, of such as ammonia, naphtha, creosote, car> 

anthracite yielded by Pennsylvania in bolic acid and benzene, while it is also the 

1015 was 79,459,836, and in value, $184,- source of the whole series of aniline oobn, 

663,498. The aggregate output in the and other dyes, of alizarine, salicylic add, 

United States of bituminous in the same etc. 

year included brown cosl and Ugnite, and (Joonzo (kO-an'za), a large river of 

the small output of anthracite outside of ^viui«* ^^^ Africa, entering the 

Pennsylvania was 442,626,426 short tons, Atlantic near 9" 10* s. 

of the value of $602,037,688. It may be n-.^-i. a-^*ii tha ^ii»n n^^ii^ 

noted that of the coal-bearing formations Coast ArtlUety, g«^™j ^^^^ 

in the four great producing States men- ooiihAr uspH fnr i-hA flmAmon^ r^f ^ml 

^?v«niJ^ 1KS^^^)^J*nh^n^^9ft^ carriages do not subserve the purposes of 
sylvania, 15,800, and Ohio, 12,000, to- transportation. Four systems of mount- 
getiier about 87,000 out of a totid coal- ing aw used with such artillery, i. e., the 

260,000 square miles, and that their and the mortar^arriage. 

annual output is over two-tiUrds of i^e in the United Statn tiiese guns consti- 

Si«nR X^ ifi fSSfoS?'tn^^ liT-i«' ^ati^*^- ^<"^ purposes of administration 
14^(W0 kentSSf^SOoS'^^ "^^ instruction the coast artillery of tin 

radolO^WW lo!^^^^ 7cWo ViSJ^ continental United States is ol^anised 
ing, '6,760.060, tenneiee, 6,k)0,600, and }^^ ^^^ ,ft5"?^^® ^^ Atiantic, 
Virgima, b,80b,000. including all the forts from Maine to New 

Comparing the yield of the United ^^^^ harbor, inclusive ; the South Atlan- 
States with that of Europe, it will be seen tic, including those from Delaware Bay 
that Great Britain only approaches with to Texas, inclusive ; and the South Pacific, 
a total of 300,000,000 tons m 1914, while including those from California to Wash- 
Germany furnished in the same year 176,- ington, inclusive. These districts are com- 
000,000 tons. France, Russia and Bel- manded by colonels of the Coast Artillery 
gium each have large coal-bearing areas. Corps or bv brigadier-generals appointed 
the product of which has been of great ^^om that branch of the U. S. A. The 
importance in contributing to their manu- forts of each harbor arc grouped into 
facturing and industrial progress. China, coznmands called Co&st Defenses, each 
Japan and India also contain large coal designated by the name of the harbor on 
fields, in all almost equal to the coal- which located. In the outiying posses- 
bearing area of the United States. Dis* sions of the United States the seacoast 
cussions are frequently recurring as to the forts are organized into separate coast 
period of exhaustion of the coal supply, defenses. The Coast ArtUlery Corps is 
In the United States, broadly speakmg, t^^^ P^.^ ^ ^® U- S* ^' which is engaged 
the resources are so great that such a ^ serving the seacoast guns, 
crisis need not be very seriously consid- (Iao af Def enfill ^® systematic pro- 
ered. But in Europe, where the reserves ^v****" *^«*^*ao^j tection of a country 
are so much less, the subject has created against hostile attack along its coast- 
serious discussion and official investiga- lines. In providing such defense a nation 
tion. will consider not only the safety of its 

Coal-nlants "^^ plants as have by territory, but also the security of its com- 
P *' their remains formed merdal interests. In any system of coast 

coal, chiefly allied to the ferns, lycopods, defense a good navy is the most important 
and horse-tails. See Coal, feature ; and so essential is it considered. 

Goal Trt ^' Gas-tab. a substance ob- that all other means are regarded as ad- 
' tained in the distillation of juncts or auxiliaries of the navv. Along 
coal for the manufacture of illuminating a well-defended coast, in suitable places, 
gas, a dark-colored m'vte or less visda are stations or jpoints of sunport wnere Si 
mass, consisting principally of oily hydro- stored the requisite material for buildin& 
carbons. It passes over with the gas into equipping, repairing, and supplying naval 
the condensers along with ammonia liquor, vessels, and where provision Is made for 
but bdng heavier than the latter, it is furnishing men when additional force li 
easily separated from it when the whole needed. Forts are built in places where 
is allowed to stand. It was formerly of the coast artillery may co-operate with 
comparatively llttie use; but in recent the navy in obstructing the advance of 



•«, 



Coast Guard Service ^ CoatI 

im enemy intending to capture a city or ment of laws relating to anchorage of 

to inyade the country ; where their gunB yesBela, neutrality, quarantine, and immi- 

may command the entrance to a harbor pation laws; suppression of mutinies on 

or other approach by water; wherever board merchant TeBsels; protection of 

they may cnpple the enemy*s attack on game, cmd the seal and other fisheries in 

the defensiye fleet, leaving it free to at- Alaska; suppression of illegal traffic in 

tack the enemy in turn ; where forts may firearms, ammunition, and spirits in 

assist each other and co-operate in re- Alaska; medical aid to seamen of the 

pelling an invasion or preventing a block- deep-sea-fishing fleets. 

^"5.%f'2S?p';SS'°«Jiy"b^"Jo.^"Coa8t and Geodetic Survey, 

guarded, thus enabling the navy to give a scientific department of the government 
entire attention to the main channel, etc. of the United States, for the purpose of 
Torpedo-boats^ harbor-mines and tte making geodetic and hydrographic sur- 
searchlijtht are all valuable aids for the yeys to determine the coast-line ; of mak- 
forts. The tinforttfied coast, as well as jng charts of harbors and tide waters, 
the land approaches to cities, must be and of the bottom of the ocean along the 
defended in time of war by whatever coast ; of indicating positions for the erec- 
means are at command. National policy tion of lighthouses ; and the making of 
determines the character and extent of various meteorological and other observa- 
coast defense, and long-continued friendly tions. It extends its observations to all 
relations with other countries may make parts of the globe, as serviceable to navi- 
extensive protection unnecessary. gation. 

The history of modem coast defense fi-^oaf HfrnnTifoiTitt CJoAST Raitgil a 
In the United States begins witii the crea- UOaSt JHOlintailLS, ^»/ or series 
tion of the Gun Foundry Board in 1884. of ranges extending along the west of 
which was succeeded by the so-called California, Ongon, Washington and Brit- 
Bndicott Board in 1886. In its final re- igjj CJolumbia, at no great distance from 
port the Endicott Board fullv and clearly the Pacific coast, and rising to the height 
set forth the general principles governing of 11,000 feet 

coast defense, and elaborated a suitable fiftnaf-an'aA TthiIp or Coasting 
system. The changed conditicms since vui«itw«c xrUrUC^ Tbade, the mari- 
1886, due to the development of guns, time commerce between ports of the same 
smokeless powder, and all kinds of mum- country, usually limited by law to ships 
tions of war. made it advisable to revise of domestic ownership. The coastwise 
the system of the Endicott Board, and the trade of Great Britain is not so limited, 
National Coast Defense Board, coxnposed ^^t that of Canada is limited to British- 
of distinguished army and navy omcers, ]y^i vessels, and tii&t of the United 
under the presidency of W. H. Taft, then states to American vessels (vessels built 
Secretary of War, was convened. This within the United States, forfeited for 
board, known as the TaftBoard, sub- breach of laws, or captured in war). The 
mitted its report early in 1906. The Taft coastwise trade of the United States, al- 
Board recommended the fortification of ways of great importance because of the 
29 ports in the United States (7 more enormous coast-line, was stimulated by 
than under the plans of the Endicott the opening of the Panama Canal in 1915. 
Board), 6 in the insular possessions, and ^ j.i. -j^ rirAflirin « town in 
2 in t^e Canal Zone. . ^ Coatbndge g^^J^.^'^/Lan*^^ 

Coast Guard Service, ^' .f •• 2? 9% mUes east of Glasgow. The district 



feSSS SS^tes^^TnTn-^er^l "Srdutie. ol ^-^v e^c in tiie neighborhood. Pop. 

the Revenue Cutter Service, which de- ^^^]' **:f°^- ,_^ , ... . ^ , . 

5>lved upon tiie Coast Guard, were: As. CoateSVllle ^^Zr^hJ ^lAvl^ 
sigtance of vessels in distress ; co-opera- ^^ „ ^^^^r'nu^'^j * «JP»y*vf: 

tion with the navy when directed by the nia, 38 miles w. of Pluladelphia. It 

President; destruction of derelicts and has rollinfj mills, steel 0ggj?» -«;^. and 

other menaces to navigation ; protection woolen mills, etc. Pop. (1920) 14,015. 

of the customs revenue; enforcement of Coati, 5' Coati-mondi (k6a-ti mun- 

the navigation and other laws governing ^^^^ 9 di), a name of South American 

merchant vessels and motor boats ; inter- plantigrade carnivorous mammas, of the 

national patrol of the ice fields in the genus Nasua, belonging to the Ursidie or 

North Atiantic ; regulation and policing bears, but recalling rather the racco9n or 

of regattas and manne parades; enforce- civets, and having a long probosas or 



doat of Arntr^ Cobbold 



■noat They feed on worms, insects, and but after nine months he enlisted in 
the smaller qaadrapeds. the 54th Foot, and shortly after went 

Coftt of Arrna ^^ Arms and J?er- with the regiment to Nova Scotia. His 
vrvav vx aa^auo* ^^^^^ regular habits and attention to Ms 

Coat of MqiI ^ piece of armor in duties soon brought him promotion, and 
\/vab vx ^ > the form of a shirt, he was sergeant-major when the regiment 
consisting of a network of iron or steel four years after returned to England 
rings, or of small laminse or plates, (1791). During his service in the armyj 
usually of tempered iron, laid over each Cobbett had employed all his spare time 
other like the scales of a fish, and fas- in improving his education. He now 
tened to a strong linen or leather jacket, obtained his discharge, married, and pro- 
Cobfllt (1^^'bftlt; G. kohalt, kobolt, the ceeded to America to commence as a 
same word as kobold, a goblin, political writer. Under the signature of 
the demon of the mines, so called by Peter Porcupine' he wrote papers and 
miners because cobalt was troublesome pamphlets of a strongly anti-republican 
to miners, and at first its value was not tendency. In June, 1800, he sailed for 
known), a metal with the symbol Co, England, and on his arrival started first 
specific gravity 8.5, of a grayish-white the Porcupine, a daily paper, which had 
color, very brittle, of a fine close grain, small success, then the Weekly Political 
compact, but easily reducible to powder. Reffister, which soon acquired a great 
It crystallizes in parallel bundles of circulation. The Register had started 
needles. It is never found in a pure state, as a Tory paper in support of Pitt but 
but usually as an oxide, or combined with gradually changed its politics till it be* 
arsenic or its acid, with sulphur, iron, came known as the most daring and 
etc Its ores are arranged under the fol- uncompromising of the government's op- 
lowing species, viz., arsenical cobalt, of a ponents. Three times heavily fined for 
white color, passing to steel gray; its libel, Cobbett continued his attacks on 
texture is granular, and when heated it the government, in consequence of which 
exhales the odor of garlic ; gray cobalt, a he deemed it prudent to retreat to the 
compound of cobalt, arsenic, iron and United States (1817), transmitting his 
sulphur, of a white color, with a tinge articles regularly, however, for the Reg- 
of red; its structure is foliated, and its ister. In 1819 he returned to England, 
crystals have a cube for their primitive and made an unsuccessful attempt to get 
form; sulphide of cobalt, compact and into Parliament for Coventry. About 
massive in its structure ; owide of cobalt, the same period he commenced a series of 
brown or brownish black, generally fri- papers entitled Rural Rides, afterwards 
able and earthy; sulphate and arsenate reprinted, which contain charming pic- 
of cobalt, both of a red color, the former tures of English country scenery, and 
soluble in water. The great use of cobalt are among the best of his productions, 
is to give a permanent blue color to In 1824-27 appeared his History of the 
glass and enamels upon metals, porcelain, Reformation, in which he vilifies Queen 
and earthenware. Alloyed with molybde- Elizabeth and the leading reformers. On 
num, chromium and tungsten it is used the passing of the Reform Bill in 1832 he 
for cutting tools. See Stellite. was returned as member for Oldham, but 

f!nl>fl.1t ^ ^^"^ ^^ Cobalt Lake, On- was indifferently successful in the house. 
\/uucMb, tario, 75 miles N. of North He died June 18, 1835. Cobbett is also 
Bay. It is the richest silver district in the author of a Parliamentary History of 
the world. The mines are the chief source Englandjrom the Conquest to 180S : Ad- 
of the world's supply of cobalt, which vice to Young Men and Women; Village 
occurs abundantly in the silver ores. Sermons, etc. He wrote in a pure and 
There are saw and nlaning mills, concen- vigorous English style, and his writings 
trators, etc. Pop. 5630. contain much useful information, and 

Cobftn (k^vSn'), or Vera PaSL a show a sound judgment wherever the 
cathedral city, state of and 90 matter did not go beyond his strong 
miles northeast of Guatemala. It is the practical sense. 

center of a rich coffee and cane producing nnhliniri Thomas Spenceb (1828- 
region, and a trade in hides, skins, rub- ^vmmwx\x, gg^^ ^^ English botanist 
ber and sarsaparilla. Pop. about 31.000. and anatomist, bom at Ipswich, Suffolk 
Cobbett (J^o^'bet), WnxiAM, an Eng- county. After a preliminary study of 
^ ^ • lish writer and politician, anatomy, he took the regular medical 
was the son of a farmer and publican course at the Edinburgh University, grad- 
at Famham in Surrey, and bom there uating in 1851. He was appointed 2ec- 
pn March 9, 1762. In 1783 he sought turer on botany at St. Mary's Hospital in 
his way to London and obtained a sit- London in 1857, and later lectured on 
nation as copying-clerk to an attorney, zoology and comparative anatomy at the 



Cobden * Cobra di Capello 



__. ,„ «. .^ 1 «> 1 _4. « for the second time, a place in the 

Middlesex gosmtaJL He was l«5turer on government, but again preferred to keep 
f^JfJS'o** V*® British Museum from 1868 gj^ independent position. He refused 
to 1873. A chair of hdminthology, was ^^^ ^ baronetcy and several other digni- 
created for him at the Royal Veterinary ^^^^ ^^^ i„j ^^^ ^^,rk was the com- 
College, where he had been professor of mercial treaty which he was the means 
botony. He is best remembered for lus ^^ bringing about between Britain and 
researches in hehmnthology— that is, the France in 1860. During his later years 
study of parasitic worms m man and nni- ^^ ^^^ ^ gyg^t deal in retirement 
mala. His pubhcations include ; Entozoth Hf^UA^j. ni^l. an association formed 
Tapeworms, Human Parasites, etc. VUUUCli UIUU, about a year after the 




at London in 1865. After receiving a growth and diffusion of those economical 
very meager education he was taken as an and political principles with which Mr. 
apprentice into a warehouse in London cJobden's name is associated. The Cob- 
beloneing to his uncle, and in this situa- den Club has distributed a vast number 
tion he rapidly made up for the defects of books and pamphlets. 
?^ ?j?«^^i?^*^^? J*^ ^^l °??i <^i^i«?»ice. ri^Vi^o (k6-b€'W), or Puerto La Mar. 
In 1830, being left by the failure of his vuuij» ^ geaport formerly of Bolivia, 
uncle to his own resources, along with now in the territory of Antofagasta, 
some relatives he started a cotton manu- chile. Its population has fallen off from 
factory in Manchester, which in a few about 4000 to less than 500. 
years was very successfuL His first n-.vi-» or Cobble (kob'l), a low, flat- 
political writing was a pamphlet on Eng- vwmx^, floored boat with a square stem, 
land, Ireland and America, which was used in salmon-fishery. 
foUowed by another on Russia. In both CohlPTl7 (kO'blents; anciently Conflu- 
of these he gave dear utterance to the wux^ux* ^^g,^ from its situation at 
I>olitical views to which he continued the confluence of the Rhine and Moselle), 
through his life ri^dly to adhere, advocat- or Koblenz, a city of Germany, capital 
ing non-intervention in the disputes of of Rhenish Prussia, finely situated on the 
other nations, and maintaining it to be left bank of the Rhine, in the angle be- 
the only proper object of the foreign tween it and the Moselle, opposite the 
r»olicy of England to increase and fortress of Ehrenbreitstein, which, prior 
strengthen her connections with foreign to the European war, 1914-18, was one of 
countries in the way of trade and peace- the strongest places in Germanv and ca- 
ful intercourse. Having joined the Anti- pable of accommodating 100,000 men. 
Corn-Law League, formed in 1838, it was American troops began the occupation of 
chiefly the extraordinary activity of Cob- Coblenz and Enrenbreitstein December 10. 
den, together with Brii^ht and other 1918, in accordance with the terms of 
zealous fellow-workers, which won victory armistice. The new part of the town is 
for the movement. In 1841 Cobden well built with broad streets and fine 
entered Parliament as member for Stock- squares. The palace of the Elector of 
port, and after several years of unwearied Treves was later used as a Prussian royal 
efforts at last induced Sir Robert Peel, residence. The industries of Coblenz are 
then prime minister, to bring in a bill for wines, ships, hats, pianos. Pop. 56,487. 
the repeal of the com laws, a measure Cobnnt ^ large variety of the hazel- 
which became law in 1846. Next year he ^^»'**»*«'> nut. 

was chosen member for the W. Riding of Cobonr? (kO'burg), a port of Canada, 
York, a constituency which he repre- ^v*'^"'*© province of Ontario, on Lake 
sen ted for ten years. His business, once Ontario, 69 miles e. by n. of Toronto. It 
highly prosperous, had suffered while he is well built, has sundry manufactures, 
devoted himself to the agitation, and as a good harbor, and an increasing trade, 
a compensation for the loss he had thus Pop. (1911) 5073. 

sustained a national subscription was rJAlirfl. dl GaTlfillo (k5'bra di kap'eU 
made, and a sum of about $350,000 pre- ^"""* *" \/ttpciiu \^, that is, * snake 
sented to him. Cobden continued his of the hood'), the Portuguese name of 
labors as an advocate of parliamentary the hooded or spectacled snake Naja 
reform, economy, and retrenchment, and trioudians, which is found in Southern 
a policy of non-intervention, in all of Ama, a closely allied species (Naja 
which he found a firm and ready ally in haje), also called cobra, or asp, being 
Bright both being strong opponents of found in Egypt It is called spectacled 
the Cnmean war. In 1859 he was chosen snake from a singular marking on the 
member for Rochdale, and was offered, back of the neck, while its other name 



Cobnrg Coboiu 

is fiven from the remarkable manner in influence on a crjBtallizable alkaloid 
which it spreads out its skin on the sides called cocaine (CiaHuNOa), which, besides 
of the neck and head when disturbed or having effects similar to the leaf, jkm- 
irritated, raising the anterior part of its sesses valuable anesthetic properties, 
body so as to appear to stand erect, and Applied to the skin cocaine has littla ef- 
expanding its hood. So exceedingly poi- feet, but applied to mucous membranes 
sonouB is its bite that in numerous in- in the form of a solution of the hydro- 
stances death has followed within a few chloride, it produces complete local anfe- 
minutes, and under ordinary circum- thesia, lasting for about ten minutes. It 
stances a few hours is the longest term is much used in operations on the eyes, 
where promi>t measures have not been nose, tonsils and throat, etc. It is also 
taken. But indeed recovery rarely takes administered hypodermloally for such mi- 
place, though injection of potash into nor operations as the amputation of a 
the veins is said to be a remedy. In finger, etc. The stimulating effect which 
India thousands of natives lose their lives the drug produces on the brain tends to 
yearly through cobra bites. Its food con- the formation of the cocaine habit, which 
sists of small reptiles, birds, frogs, fishes completeljr undermines the nervous sys- 
( being an excellent swimmer), etc Its tem. Stringent laws governing the sale 
great enemy is the ichneumon. It is one of cocaine have been enacted. 

^rfOTm'frkS ^t*h ^* "nake^ihanners Cocaine (k^J-kftn', k6'ka-in). See Oooa. 

Cobnre ^^^^^>* * *o^ S?^^?!?*^? Coccinella (kok-si-nera), the^ udy- 

WWUA5 ^^ Germany, now united with ^^*'^****'**«' bird genus of insects. 
Bavaria, formerly capital of the duchy of See Ladybird, 

fSst^i^^-gri^-of Fr^Wort-«n-Bii[£ CoCCOlite (kok'O-Ut). See Au^ 
and contains the palace of the dukes of CofiGO (^o'kO) Root, the name for the 
Saze-Coburg-Gotha and an ancient castle "^^^^^ conns of several plante of the 
where Luther found concealment. It has genus Colocaaia (order Aracen), used as 
various manufactures and extensive brew- food in tropical America, 
eries. In the reconstruction of Germany, CofiGAfitens (kok-os'te-us), a genus of 
in 1W8, the inhabitants of CJobur? voted ^^CUOBICUS ^^^^ q^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ 
in favor of union with the repuolic of Bed Sandstone, having small berry-like 
Bavaria; consummated Mareh, 1920. It tubercles studding the plates of their 
sends 3 members to the Bavarian National cranial buckler anl body. It differs from 
Assembly. Pop. 76,000. Gephalaspis in having its back and belly 

Cn'hnnr & ^^^ fabric of worsted and both covered with a cuirass. 
vu UIU59 cotton, or worsted and silk, CoCCIlllIS (kok'fi-lus), a genus of East 
twilled on one side, for ladies* dresses, ^'vvviaaimj Indian menispermaceous 
intended as a substitute for merino. plants, consisting of climbers with heart- 

PaIitit^ pATilTiflTllfl. ^ peninsula on shaped leaves and small flowers. The 
vuuu.1^ x^ciixuDUMy ^jjg north coast species are generally powerful bitter 

of Australia in the Northern Territory febrifuges. The fruit of the OoooiUui 
of Southern Australia. Indicua forms a considerable article of 

Pohixri^h (kob'web), the web or net- commerce, and is sometimes added to malt 
vruuwcu ^^jj.j^ gp^m j^y spiders to liquors to give bitterness. 

catch their prey. C0GGII8 (Kok'us), a genus of insects 

CoGfl. ((W»*)» Eryihrowylon Coca, a ^*'*'*'**" of the order Hemiptera, fam- 
vuvck g^Q^ American plant, nat. ily GoccidsB, or scale insects. The males 
order Erythroxyle®. The leaf contains are elongated in their form, have large 
a stimulating anaosthetic, and is chewed wings, and are destitute of any obvious 
by the inhabitants of countries on the means of suction; the females, on the 
Pacific side of South America, mixed contrary, are of a rounded or oval form, 
with finely-powdered chalk. It has effects about an eighth of an inch in diameter, 
somewhat similar to those of opium. A have no wings, but possess a beak or 
small quantity of it enables a person to sucker, by which they suck up the Juices 
bear up against fatigue even when re- of the plants on which they live. At 
ceiving less food than usual ; and it pre- a certain period of their life the females 
vents the difllculty of respiration ex- attach themselves to the plant or tree 
perienced in climbing high mountains, which they inhabit, and remain thereon 
Used in excess it brings on various dis- immovable during the rest of their exist- 
orders, and the desire for it increases so ence. In this situation they are impreg- 
much with indulgence that a confirmed nated by the male; after which their 
ooca-chewer is said never to have been body increases considerably, in many 
recUUmed. Coca-leaves depend for their species losing its original form and ■•- 



» 



Cooeyz Cooliiii- 




young. -- . - 

iniecta are troublesome in gardens, plan- Christians, partly belonging to fbe 
tations, and hot-houses, while others are Jacobite and Nestorian churches estab- 
of great value. For example, kermes, lished here In early times. The capital 
cochineal, lac-lake, lac-dve, and gum-lac is Emakolam. Formerly Cochin was the 
are either the perfect insects dried or capital, a town on the Travancore 
the secretions which they form. Kermes estuary, within half a mile of the British 
consist of the dried femaJes of Ooocu$ town of Cochin (which see). 
iUcia, found in great abundance upon a tiAAliiTi-Cliinfl. (kd'chin-chfna)» a 
species of oak (buercus ooccif^a), a ^wiiiJi vrjiiiia country forming part 
native of the Mediterranean basin, and of the peninsula of Southeaitem Asia, 
gathered before the eggs are hatched. It and formerly regarded as comprising 
was known as a dyestuff in the earliest the whole of Anam (which see) and 
times, but has partly fallen into disuse Lower or French Cochin-China. The 
since the introduction of cochineal, latter belonged to Anam till, in 1863, a 
Cochineal con^sts of the bodies of the portion of' it was finally ceded to France 
females of the Cooou» caoU, a native of after a war occasioned by the persecution 
Mexico, which feeds on various species of of French missionaries ; other portions 
cactus, particularly on one called nopal were gradually acquired, the territory 

iOpuntia cochinilUfira) . See Cochineal^ obtained covering 23,082 sq. miles, with 
ac, and China Waw. Spherical bac- a population of 2,968,529. It is now 
teria are also called coed. organized in departments, prefectures, 

Cofifimr (kok'siks), in anatomy, an subprefectures and cantons. The north- 
\jv\/%*jA, luaemblage of small bones em and eastern parts are hilly, but 
constituting the lower extremity of the the rest of the territory consists al* 
backbone, consisting of the last four most entirely of well-watered, low, allu- 
vertebm, in a rudimentary form, co- vial land. In the low and wet grounds 
ossified. It is triangular in shape, and much rice is grown. In the more elevated 
convexo-concave. It is the homologue in districts are grown tobacco, sugar-cane, 
man of the tail in animals. maize, indigo and betel. Among the 

CodlAbftmba (koch-a-bam'ba)* a other products are tea. gums, cocoanut 
vfuvuauaiuua town in the interior of oil, silk, spices. The climate is hot and 
Bolivia, capital of the province of Coch- unsuited for Europeans. Industrial arts 
abamba, situated in a fertile valley 8435 are as yet limited among the natives, 
feet above the level of the sea, with a But they excel in the use of wood, of 
good trade and considerable manu- which their temples, pagodas, and tombs 
tactures. Pop. 31,014. — The province are built, beinglomamented with elabo- 
bas an area of 25,288 sq. miles; pop. rate carving. They live in villages ad- 
540,000. jacent to the rivers, which form almost 

PaaViiti (k6'chin), a port of British the only means of communication. The 
wuiiiu xndia, Malabar district, Mad- only roads at present existing are those 
ras Presidency, on a small island ; a pic- connecting Saigon, the capital, with the 
turesque place with many quaint old principal towns; a railway of 42 milea 
Dutch buildings. Its hnrbor, although connects Saigon and Mytho. The prin- 
sometimes inaccessible daring the 8. w. cipal export is rice, mainly to China: 
monsoon, is the best on this coast. Its cotton and silk are also exported. The 
trade, however, has for some years been export and import trade is mostly carried 
declining. CochiL was one ox the first on by Britisn vessels, while the local 
places in India visited by Europeans. In trade is chiefly in the hands of the 
1502 Yasco da Gama established a fac- Chinese. The French number only 
tory, and soon after Albuquerque built a several hundreds. The majority of the 
fort; he also died here in 1524. In 1663 inhabitants are Anamese. In their 
the Dutch took the place, in 1795 the monosyllabic language, their religious 
British. Pop. (1901) 19,274. See also tendencies towards Buddhism or the 
next article. system of Confucius and in their social 

flnnlilTl ^ email native state of India, customs they much resemble the Chinese. 
\A/vuj.ii| ^^ ^jjg g^ ^^ ^jj. Malabar coast, — ^Uppeb CJcchin-China is the name 

connected with the Presidency of Madras, sometimes given to the narrow strip of 

intersected by numerous rapid streams land on the east coast of Anam between 

descending from the Western Ghauts, and the mountains and the sea extending from 

having several shallow lakes or back- Tonquin on the north to Champa on the 

waters along the 'oast. Chief products: south, or from about 18® to 11^ IV. Sea 

timber and rice. The rajah has to pay Anofik 



Cochineal Cockchafer 

GorllinAA.1 (kocfa'in-^l), a dyestaif birds are oaslly tamed, and when domestf- 
w«/iuiicax consisting of the dried cated become very familiar. The sulphur- 
bodies of the females of a species of inr crested cockatoo {Pliciolophus gaienia) 
sect, the Coccus cacti (see Coccus^, a na- of Australia and Tasmania is a favorite 
tiye of the warmer parts of America, par- cage-bird. So are the white-crested cocka- 
ticularly Mexico, and found living on a too (P. alhus) and Leadbeater's cockatoo 
species of cactus called the cochineal- (P. Leadheaieri) , the pink cockatoo, 
fig. The insects are softly brushed off, whose crest is barred with crimson, yellow 
and killed by being placed in ovens or and white. The Kaka of New Zealand 
dried in the sun. naving then the ap- (Nestor meridiandlia) belongs to this 
pearance of small berries or seeds. A family. 

pound of cochineal contains about 70,000 flnnlrcifTnnA (kok'a-tris), a fabulous 
of them. The finest cochineal is pre- vruvikttnii.c monster andenUy be- 
pared in Mexico, where it was first dis- lieved to be hatched from a cock's egg. 
covered, and Guatemala; but Peru, Bra- It is often simply another name for the 
all, Algiers, the East and West Indies basilisk. See BasUish. 
and the Canary Islands have also entered nonVhrim (ko'bum), SiB Gbobgb 
into this industry with more or less sue- ^OCXDUTU (1772-1853), a British 
cess. Godiineal produces crimson and naval officer, bom in London. He entered 
scarlet colors, and is used in making the navy while still a boy, serving on the 
carmine and lake. East India, home, and Mediterranean sta- 

Cofihlfifl. (hokie-a), an important part tions. He became a rear-admiral in 1S12 
vrvvuAv^ of the internal ear. so called and took a prominent part in the war 
from its shape, which resembles that of with the United States, assisting in the 
a snailHBhelL marauding expeditions that laid waste 

Cochlearia o.^-^;^^^- Jf^^^^^V^Jr^p^^ 

Jadumng tte ho«enidl.h and c^'non ^^J^^f^^j-^ ^^^J^-^^ 




isit *IJni^ 'states ChaMeujr8V"^in'*18SI *^®™P* ^ take Baltimore. Ross was killed, 
he was nominated vice-oresident. and in ^^^ Cockbum escaped injury. In 1815 he 
1865 became attorney-general of New ^<^ Napoleon to St. Helena, remaining 
for^ '^ ' B ^ governor of the island till 1816, later 

n^^i...^*.^ - ^ -. becoming one of the Lords of the Ad- 

OOCnrane, lord. See Dundonald. miralty^ 

Cock. 8e*Fo«t Cockbnra ^ko-bu™). h™« D^j^ 

CnolraAt^ (ko-k&d'), a plume of cock's Scottish judge, was the son of Archibald 
uuuiu&uu leathers, with which the Cockbum, one of the barons of the Court 
Croats in the service of the French in the of Exchequer, and bom in 1779. He 
seventeenth century adorned their caps, studied for the Scottish bar, and was 
A bow of colored ribbons was adopted for admitted a member of the Faculty of 
the cockade in France, and during the Advocates in 1800. He attached himself 
French revolution the tricolored cockade to the Liberal party, rose to eminence in 
— red, white and blue — ^became the na- his profession, and became, under Bait 
tional distinction. National cockades are Grey, solicitor-general, for Scotland. He 
now to be found over all Europe. was a good example of the blending of 

pAAlrofAn (kok-a-tfS'), the name of a wit, law and learning common enough 
ijQC&^WU number of climbing birds at the old Scots bar. He died in 1«Sl 
belonging to the family of the parrots, or His Afemorials of His Time (published 
Psittacids. or regarded as forming a dis- in 1856) is an invaluable record of the 
tinct family Plictolophidaa or CacatuidiB. social history of Scotland. Not leas in- 
They have a large, hard bill; a crest, teresting is his life of his friend Lord 
capable of being raised and lowered at Jeffrey, published in 1854. 
the will of the bird, commonly white, CockcllRfer (kok'cha-fer), a spedes 
but sometimes yellow, red, or blue ; a tall '*'*'^***'**"*^* of lamellicom beetle, 
somewhat longer than that of the parrot, eenus Melolontha, remarkable for the 
and SQuare or rounded ; long wings ; and, length of its life in the worm or larva 
for tne most part, a white plumage, state, as well as for the injury it doet 



Cooker Cockroach 

to TeteUtioii after it baa Bttained it« n&tUMl chancier ol the manifeutBtioDs ; 

perfect condition. Tbe common cock- but it was found out that the linoclilDga 

obafer {itelotontha vutgArit) ia batched were produced by a. prl employed by 

from an egg which the parent depoaita in Parsons. 

a hole about U inches deep, nbich she fJnnVlp (kok'l), a name for the 

digs for the purpose. At the end of ^'"'•■■"s bivalve moltusca of the genus 

about three munths the insect emerges as 6'ardiutn, especially Vardium edoie, cum- 

B small grub ur maggot, and feeds on the mou on tbs sandy shores of the ocean, 

rootH of vegetables in the Ticioity with much used aa food. The general char, 

great voracity. When full grown it is acteristics are: shplls nearly enuilatpral 

over an incb in length ; it makes its way and equivalvular ; hinge with two amall 

underground with ease, and commits teeth, one on each side near the beak, and 

Sreat devastation on ^rass and corn, two larger remote lateral teeth, one on 

n the fourth year the insect appears as each side; prominent ribs nioning from 

a perfect coleopterous insect^a beetle the hinge to the edge of the valve, 

over an inch long, of a black color, with CocklC. See Corn-cockle. 
a whitish down. It usually emerges . . , . 

from the ground about the beginning of Cofiklfi StOVe " Btuve in which the 

May, from which circumstance the Bug- *""'"^'' ui-uvc, j, re-chamber is sur- 

lish name Man *"# or beetle bas been rounded by air-currenta, whi.'h. after be- 

given it. In its perfect state it is very ing heated sufficiently, are admitted into 

destructive to the ieavee of various trees. Ibe apartments to be warmed. 

Cocker (kofe'er), a dog of the spaniel CocklieT <''"'"»|,)' a nickname for 

UOCKer ^j^^ ^(ijp^ (jj jfip Blenheim *'"*''»'"'=J a Ix.ndon citisen. as lo the 

dog, used for raising woodcocks and origin of which there has been much dis- 

BDipes from Ibeir haunts in woods and pute. The word ia often, but not always. 

marHheB. employed slifhtly as implying a pptiiliar 

nnr1rf>r Edwaed, an English en- limitation at taste or judgment, the 

vu(.KCif graver and teacher of writing epithet is as old at least as the time of 

and arithmetic in the aeveoteenth cen- Henry II. 

tury, bom about 1631. His work, (JQck Of thC PlalUB 'f'«"''"?"« 

Cotter'* Arithmetic, upon which many "'^'^ "* ""•* ^'■'***^ urophaiiSnt . 

succeeding treatises were framed, waa a large North American species of grouse, 

imblished in 1677. Inhabiting desolate plains in the western 

Cockennonth [Uy^t'h^^^^in^ 1%^ ^f the Eock f^"""?'". ""• 

England, at the mouth of the Cocker, 2^ „ f . "^^ ■", ^* .''""Jl" *■ * 

miles B. w. of Csrlisle, now giving name South American bird of a rich orange 

to a pari, div, of the county. It has color with a beautiful crest, belonging to 

an old ruined castle, supposed to have the manakin family, 

been built soon after the conquest. Cock Of the Woods. "V- ^"""^ 
Thread and tweeds are manufactured ; ,,,,.,, cailtte, 

and there are coal-mines In the neighbor- CookDlt <J''''P'"- '? " raan^)f-wBr 

hood. Cockermonth was the birthplace of "'""*!' " the place where thn wounded 

the poet Wordsworth. Pop. 1011. 5203. WO" dreased in battle or at other time* 

------ . . ^ and where medicines were kept. 

. .-. - r ' " 

couD tries, first perhaps among the Greeks 
and Romans. At Athens there were an- 
nual cockfights, and among the Romans 
qoails and partridges were also used for 
this purpose. It was long a favorite 
sport with the British, and the training, 
dieting, and breeding of cocks for figbting 
waa tne subject of many treatises. It Is 
a favorite sport in the island of Cuba, 
in tfae Philippine Islands, and some other 
localities. 

Cook-Lane Ohost, i'^Jl^'AlS 

many Londoners were deceived in 17S2, 

conristing In certain knockings heard In 

the bouse of a Mr. Parsons, in Cock 

Lane, Smithfield. Dr. Johnson waa the Ortbopterons or stratgbt-winged of- 

omonc those who believed in tbe super- der, ebaracteriied by an oval, elongated. 




Cocksoomi) Coooannt Oil 

depressed body, which is smooth on its shape, from 3 or 4 to 6 or 8 inches is 
superior surface. They have parchment- length, covered with a fibrous husk, and 
like elytra, and in the female the wings lined internally with a white, firm, and 
are imperfectly developed. They are noc- fleshy kernel. The tree (Cocoa nuoifira) 
tumal in their habit^ exceedingly agile, which produces the cocoanut is a palm, 
and devour provisions of all kinds. Cock- from 00 to 100 feet high. The trunk ii 
roaches, like other orthopterons insects, straight and naked, and surmounted by 
do not undergo a complete metamorpho- a crown of feather^like leases. CRie nuts 
sis; the larve and nymphs resemble the hang from the summit of the tree in 
perfect insects, except that they have clusters of a dozen or more together. The 
merely rudiments of wings. The eggs are external rind of the nuts has a smooth 
carried below the abdomen of the female surface. This encloses an extremely 
for seven or eight days till she finally fibrous substance, of considerable thick- 
attaches them to some solid body by ncss, which immediately surrounds the 
means of a gummy fiuid. The species nut The latter has a thick and hard 
are numerous. The Blaiia orientAUs, shell, with three black scars at one eod, 
or common kitchen cockroach (in Eng- through one of which the embryo of the 
land commonly called black beetle), was future tree pushes its way. This scar 
oriainally brought from Asia to Europe, may be pierced with a pin; the others 
and thence to America, where it is now are as hard as the rest of the shelL The 
common. The Blatta Americdna, or kernel incloses a considerable quantity of 
American cockroach, throws to be 2 or sweet and watery liquid, of a whitish 
3 inches long, including the antennie. color, which has the name of milk^ mils 
Throughout the southern portion of North palm is a native of Africa, the East and 
America and in the West India Islands West Indies, and South America, and is 
this species invades houses and is very now grown almost everywhere in tropical 
troublesome. countries. Food, clothing, and the means 
CoclcflOOlllh (koks'kOm), a name of shelter and protection are all afforded 
wvvxkovvAuw given to fiowering plants by the cocoanut tree. The kernels are 
of various genera. By gardeners it is used as food in various modes of dresring, 
properly confined to Celosia crUidta; and yield on pressure an oil which is 
but it is popularly applied to Pedioularie largely imported into various countries, 
or lousewort, Rhinanthua criata-gdlli or (See Cocoanut Oil,) When dried br 
yellow rattle, as also to Erythrlna oriata- fore the oil is expressed they are known 
gaUi, as copra. The fibrous coat of the nut ii 
Goclc's*foot CooK's-rooT Gbabb, a made into the well-known cocoanut 

' perennial pasture-grass matting; the coarse yam obtained from 

(Dactglia fflomerAia) of a coarse, harsh, it is called coir, which is also used for 

wiry texture, but capable of growing on cordage. The hard shell of the nut is 

barren, sandy places, and yielding a polished and made into a cup or oUier 

valuable food for sheep very early in domestic utensil. The fronds are wrought 

the spring. It is a native of Europe into baskets, brooms, mats, sacks, and 

fenerally, also of Asia and America, many other useful articles; the trunks 

!'he name has been jriven to it because are made into boats or furnish timber 

of the resemblance of its three-branched for the construction of houses. By bor^ 

panicle to the foot of a fowl. ing the tree a white, sweetish liquid 

ffAAlrflTiiii* Til Am the CraiwguJ called toddy exudes from the wound, and 

\;OCKSpur AUOrn, crus-galll a yields by distillation one of the varieties 

North American shrub which has long of the spirit called arack. A kind of 

been cultivated in Britain as a shrubbery sugar called jaggery is also obtained 

ornament. There are several varieties, from the Juice by inspissation. 

which are admired for their snowy bios- GofiOfl.111lt Beetle (^otoc^ra r«5if«>« 

floms in May. wvv«.A»t*w a#«^vvav ^ i^^^^ beetle of 

i\iuAt9xntk\r% (kok'swftn; colloquially the family Longicomes, the larv» of 

vuu&swaiu cok'sn), the officer who which inhabit cocoanut trees and eat 

manages and steers a boat and has the into the stems. 

command of the boat's crew. GoOOannt Oil ^ ^^^ vegetable &t, 

Gnrleil Spp WM-ailuM ' largely used in can- 

UOCies. See Horatxua, die-making and in the manufacture of 

Coeoa (kSlcO), a name given to the soaps and pomatum. This fat is got 

\/vvvcft ground kernels of the cacao or by pressure from the albumen of w 

chocolate tree prepared to be made into cocoanut kernel, and is as white as 

a beverage. See Caoaa, lard, and somewhat firmer. Manila and 

CocoaniLt ^^ (properly) Ck>coNUT. Ceylon export large quantities of ttir 

* « woody fruit of an oval useful oiL 



Coooa-plnm Code 

»)iu animala ibim- 

k and thus attract 

Roaacen, which la eaten in tlie Weat Seeta o( fiahermeii. Few members of the 
Indiea. It ia about the aiie of a plum, animal creation are more universally 
with a aweet and pleaaaot thougf. aome- aerTlceable to man than the codfiih.' Both 
what austere pulp. in ka rresh ataCe and when aalted and 

Cocoon (k"-l'Dii')i 'b^ name given to dried It la a aubatantla! and wholeaome 
the web or ball spun bv cater- article of diet ; the tongue la conildered a 
pillara l>eCore paaalng into the chryuli* dellcac;, and the swimming-hladdera or 
atate. The valuable product thus ob- *oundt, besides tieins highly nutritious. 
toined from the silkworm Is well known, auppi;, If rlghtl; prepared, an iainflaaa 
COCOS (I'ok'oB' Islands. See Keel- equal to the beat Hussion. The oil ex- 
icp Iilanit. tracted b; beat and presaare from the 



CodBah (GoAh nwiThiia). 

fVwmn) (kO'knm) BuriEK, Coomi-oii., liver li of great medldnal value, and con- 

*'*™'*^ a pale, grecDlsb-fellow aolid tributes considerably to the high economic 

oil obtained from tbe seeds of Qaroinia value of the cod. The cod ia enormously 

purpurea, a tree of the same genus with prolific, the ovaries of eacb female con- 

mangosteen, oaed in India to adulterate tatning more than S.000.000 of eigs ; 

ghee or fluid batter. It is sometimes but the numbers are kept down by a Lost 

mixed with bear'a-greaae In pomatums. of enemies. The spawning season, on the 

Coovtnil 4k<V-kI'taa ; from Greek kC- banks of Newfoundland begins about 

J^ Kuein, to lament), a river the month of March and terminates in 

of ancient Epims. Also, among tbe June ; but the regular period of fishing 

ancient Oreeka, one of the rtvera of tbe does not commence before April on ac- 

lower world. count of tbe storms, tee and fogs. Tbe 

(inA (Oodot), a genus of well-known season Issta till the end of June, when 

"^^ soft-finned fishes, of the same the cod commence their migrations. Tbe 

family as the baddock. wbiting, ling, average length of tbe common cod Is 

etc, distinguished by the following char- about 2U or S fe^t. and tbe weight be- 

acters: — A smooth, oblong, or fusiform tween 30 and SO lbs., though sometimes 

body, covered with small, soft scales ; cod are caught weighing three times this, 

ventrals attached beneath the throat ; The color la a yellowish gray on the back, 

glls large, seven-rayed, and opening spotted with yellow and brown ; tbe 

terally : a amall beard at tbe tip of tbe belly white or red. with golden apots 

lower jaw; generally two or three dorsal In young iudivldnalt. It Is caaght by 

fins, one or two anal, and one distinct llcea and books. 

l?°the' ^mm^' o'?'*6ai"* '^V'7o"1?" C<*^' '^"^ «« ^""^ ^"^ 



rh«a). Thouih foood plentifully on the fJo^ (kO'dal, in . , .._ _ 

coasts of other northern regions, aa ^'vua ^^ ^j^^ close of a compontloD, 

Britain, Scandinavia and Iceland, a for the purpose of enforcing tue final 

stretch of sea near the coast of New- character of tbe movement. 

foundland Is the favorite annual resort of Caja (kOd), In jurisprudence. Is a 
eoimtlesa multitudes of cod. which visit name given to a systematic col- 

tt« Chetmd Bankt to feed apon the lection or dlgett of lawa. The following 



leine Codlin 

the chief codes which hate affected the whole of the Nev Teatament, the 

laws of Europe : The Theodoiian EplatJe of Baraabas, and a part of the 

e {Codex Tlieodotianut), a compila- Shepherd of Hermaa, discovered in the 

executed in 42U bf a commisilou on monaster; of St. Catherine, on Moant 

m ot TheodoBluB the Zounser, and Sinai, b; Tischeadorf, in 1859, and now 

Dulgated as law throughout the east- at St. Petersburg. It is written on 

and western empires. The JuHtiniau iiarcbment in four columnB, in early 

e (Codea JuatiiUamu), a code com- uncial characters, and bears every mark 

1 in D^ in the reign of the Em- of bei ' • —•—-'— — ■•- 

>r Justinian, incorporating all the older __ 

s, rescripts, edicts previously in use signed by Tii .. .. 

 Civil Lav!i). The Code SapoUon, tury. The Old Testament is defsctive, 
Code Ciril, undertaken under the but the New Testament is complete, not 
lulshlp of Napoleon by the most a word being wanting, which is the more 
lent jurists of France, and published remarkable inasmuch as it is the only 
1SU4. The Code Napoleon (under manuscript of the New Testament whicb 
;h name other four codes of com- is complete, being from this and its early 
;ial law, criminal law, penal law, and life of the highest value. It has been 
of procedure, drawn up at the same publlsbed in facaimlle. — Codea Taticaniu, 
>, are often included) was a code in an ancient Greek MS. of the Old and 
strictest sense, that is, not merely a New Testaments, so called from beinf 
«tiou of laws, but a complete and contained in the Vatican Library at 
naive statement o( the law, virtually Borne. It Is written on thin vellum, in 
unting to a recasting of the laws of smalt uncial characters. The msnascript 
country. In this country one of the is assigned to the fourth century, end ou- 
t complete codes which has been til the discovery of the Siuaitic was re- 
led is that of Louisians. made after garded as the best manuacript of the Old 
session to the United States and sn- and New Testaments. The greater part 
eded by a new one in 1824. In the of Genesis in the Old Testsment, and the 

of revision of eiiating law an ad- whole of the pastoral epistles and the 

ible example is that of the Revised Revelation in the New Testament an 

ntes of the State of New York, which wanting. A facsimile of it was pnb- 

ted the inauguration of a widespread Ushed m 1808. 

rm in jurisprudence, "tending to Coflgx JJg^p^g a pubKcadon. of a 

land, India, Australia, and most of ''""*•■* jav***v«o, periodical charac- 

Amerlcan States. The principal re- ter, containing a llat of tberapentie 

la were the abolition of the distinc- aeents, methods of manufacture, etc 

between legal and equitable practice. There are several now published, some 

the simpllScstion of proc^ure in relating to a specialty In medical science 

tbI. Gongreaa has a committee en- and art The name of the French phar 

4 in a codification of United States macop<Bla. 

'• flndipil (kod'i-sil). In law, a snpple- 

Imti* (k«-de'in; Gr. kddeia. a pop- ^w*"^" m-nt t„ . win t„ t- ™. 

leme p,.bead), a crystalUzable sidered 
lold 0-- '  • -' ''^ 

rists tL . . . _ . „ ._ __ _., __. .. 

lbs. It is used to produce aleep and ator's former disposition. A codicil may 

ootbe Irritable coughs ; and la some- not only be written on the same paper 

a the chief remedy in diabetes; doae, or affixed to or folded up with the will. 

nin and upwards to 1 grain. It is but may be written on a different paper 

lison in excessive doses. and deposited in a different place. In 

leffa (ko-det'a). In music, a short general the law relating to codlcila is Hie 

ICIfMk nBHMVR which (Vinnecta one Ulnn  that ralsHnv tn uHlla %7iA Ihf 



r—sage which connects one same sa that relating to wills, and the 

ion with another. same proofs of genuinenesa must be for- 

[ex (k^'deks), an ancient written nlahed by algnature, and attestation by 

^^^ book : an important ancient witnesses. A man may make as tasny 

, as one of the Scriptures or of codicils as he pleases, and. If not cob- 

e classical writer. A coUection of tradlctory, all are equally Talid. 

I was slso called codex, as Codex Godllla (ko-dU'B). the coarsest psrt 

Ddoalanus, Codex Juatinlanus (set; "»"*^*«* ^f hemp, which ia sorted ont 

e). — Codex Alexandnntii. See AUm- by itself; also, the coarwst part of 

-ion VtrtioH. — Codea Sinaiticitt, a flax. 

andent aod valuable manuscript of Trulliii (kodlln), CooLiifo. a nsmefoT 

Greek Septuagint version of the Old ^"^^"'^ several varieties of Utcbea 

tameot (tnclndliig the Apocrypha), apple with large of tnedioni-alMd fralL 



Codling-motli Coffee 

PAfHiTKy-Tnnfli a small moth the gineer, born 1641 ; died 1704. Having 

uuaiin^ muvii, j^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ f^^^ entered the Dutch military service he 

on the codling apple. distinguished himself by his invention of 

Coil Iiiver Oil ^^ ^^ extracted from small mortars, called after him coehoms, 

vuu XII vex vxx, ^jjg livers of different but more by his eminence as a master of 

kinds of cod — the Gadus morrhua (com- the art of fortification, whence he baa 

mon cod) being specified in the phar- been called the Dutch Vauban. He forti- 

macopoeia — and allied species. The fin- fied almost all the strong places in 

est and palest oil is got from fresh and Holland, 

carefully-cleaned liver, the oil being ex- fjoel ^^ Aligarh, 
tracted either in the cold or by a gentle 

heat The darker kinds are got at a Cffilenterata (se-len-ter-&'ta; Gr. 

higher temperature, and often from the koilo8, hollow, enteran^ 

livers in a putrefying state. Only the an intestine), a subkingdom of animals, 

pale oils are used in medicine; the dark including those whose alimentary canal 

oils are too rank and acrid, and they communicates freely with the general 

are onl^ used in dressing leather. God- cavity of the body (* the somatic cavity '). 

liver oil is a somewhat complex sub- The body is essentially composed of two 

stance, but the main ingredients appear layers or membranes, an outer layer o^ 

to be olein and margarin. Acetic, butyric * ectoderm ' and an inner layer or ' endo- 

and phosphoric adds, iodine, bromine and derm.' No circulatory organs exist, and 

phosphorus are also present, and to these in most there are no traces of a nervous 

the oil may owe some of its odor. This system. Peculiar stinging organs or 

oil is now a recognized agent in the treat- * thread-cells ' are usually, if not always, 

ment of rheumatism, gout, scrofula and present, and in most cases there is a 

especially of consumption, being taken radiate or starlike arrangement of the 

internally and containing easily-asami- organs, which is especially perceptible 

lated nutritive matter. in the tentacles, which are in most in- 

Codo^no (ko-dd'ny5), a town in stances placed round the mouth. Dis- 

o North Ital^, province of tinct reproductive organs exist in all, but 

Milan, in a fertile district between the multiplication also takes place by fission 

Po and Adda, with a large trade in Par- and budding. The Gcelenterata are 

mesan cheese. Pop. 10,033. divided into two great sections, the 

CodmS (l^^'<li*us), according to Greek Actinozoa and the Hydrozoa, and include 

legend the last king of Athens, the medusas, corals, sea-anemones, etc. 

Having learned that the enemies of his They are nearly all marine animals. 

country would be victorious, according to Crplpstin /oa_i«.'*^'«\ a«^ n^j *' ^ 

the declaration of an oracli, if therdid ^^^CSUIl (se-lestin). See CelesUne. 

not kill the Athenian king, he voluntarily G(Sle-Svria. (^'^^ sir'i-a; that is, 

entered their camp, provoked a quarrel ^ * Hollow Syria * ) , the 

and was slain. The grateful Athenians large valley lying between the Lebanon 

abolished the royal dignity, substituting and Anti-Lebanon mountain ranges in 

that of archon, esteeming no one worthy Syria. Near its center are the ruins of 

to be the successor of Codrus. Baalbek. 

f!ftdv William Fbederick, scout and Coethen ^^ Kothen (keu'ten), a 

^^**J' showman, known as 'Buffalo ^^*' "***'**> town of Anhalt, Germany, 

Bill,' bom in Scott county, Iowa, in 1845 ; 80 miles s. w. of Berlin. Beet sugar is 

became a pony express rider and a gov- the main industry. Pop. 22,083. 

emment scout and guide (1861-65). Cmnr d'Alene (k^r da-lfln'), a dty, 

During the construction of the Kansas . •* county seat of Koote- 

Pacific Railroad he contracted to furnish nai Co., Idaho, 33 miles E. of Spokane, 

the laborers with meat and killed in eight- Washington, on Lake Coeur d'Alene. It is 

een months (1867-68) over 4000 buffaloes, the seat of Cceur d'Alene College and has 

Subsequently he engaged in a great num- large lumber and farm interests, also 

ber of Indian fiehts. and in 1883 produced brick yards. Pop. 6473. 

and toured with his 'Wild West Show.* Coffee (^ofg), is the seed of an ever- 

Author of several books. He died Janu- green shrub which is culti- 

ary 10, 1917. vated in hot climates, and is a native 

riAA-ffimPTif (k^-e-fi'shent), in algebra, of Abyssinia and of Arabia. This shrub 

UOemcienii ^ multiplier of a quan- {Coffea AraUca) is from 15 to 20 feet 

tity. Thus in the expression 3aa^ we in height, and belongs to the Rubiaceie. 

should understand as the coeflScienf of jp, The leaves are green, glossy on the upper 

9a, and as the coefficient of (ur, 3. surface, and the flowers are white and 

CMhom (kO'hom), Menno, Babon sweet-scented. The fruit is of an oval 

wv^»AVAu y^jj^ ^ Dutch military en- shape, about the size of a cherry, and of 

10-3 



Coffee Coffee 



these oonUina two cdla, and each cell a caitomed to the Xemcnite variety aie 

■insle aeect, vUcb ia the coffee u we aee uU to coiulder hardl; drinkable. Amer- 

it Mfore It undertoea the procea* of it^aii coffee holds In the Judgment oi all 

' ~ toaattng. Q r e a t Oriental* the very last rank. The Dutch 

attentiati ii paid were the firat to extend the coltiTBtion of 

to the culture of coffee beyond the countries to which it ia 

coffee in Arabia, native. About llfSO some coffee aeedi 

~ ' ' 9 were brought to Java, wbere the; were 



e d out In and ten jears after it was introduce 
and shady from thi " ' 

ni, on slop- maica, a 

ing arouuds or at It was i 

the loot of monn- Braail, uuw uie greaLefli 41'^^ u*^^ OL 

tains. Care la coffee in the world, commenced its euIUva- 
taken to conduct tion. Coffee as an article of diet is of 
little rills of water but oomparativel;/ recent introdnctioiL 
to their root% la the Greeks and Romana tt was wholly 
which at certain unknown. Wioa Arabia it passed to 
seasons require to Xgypt and Turkey, whence It was intro- 
be kept constantly duced Into England by a Turkey mer- 
moist When the fruit has attained Its chant named Edwards In 1662, whoae 
maturity cloths are placed under the Greek servant, named Pasqna, first 
trees, aud upon these the laborers ahake opened a coffee-house In London. In 
it down. They afterwards spread the 1871 an Armenian named Pascal aet up 
berries on maU, and expose them to the a coffee-house in Paria. In Great Britain 
son to dry. The husk Is then broken much leaa Is drunk than on the coutineut 
off by lane and heavy rollers of wood of Europe or in the United States and 
or iron. When the coffee has been thus Canada, tea being the British national 
cleared of its husk It is again dried in beverage, while coffee ia the favorite 
the sun, and, finally winnowed with a American beverage. The excellence of 
large fan, for the purpose of clearing coffee duiends in a great measure on the 
It from the pieces of hnsks with which skill and attention exercised In roaatluf 
It Is intermingled. A pound of coffee Is it If It be too Uttle roasted It 1* devi^ 
generally more than the produce of one of Savor, and If too much it becomea 
tree ; but a tree in_great rigor will pro- acrid, and has a disagreeable, bnmed 
dace 8 or 4 lbs. The best coffee ia Im- taste. Coffee is need in the form either 
ported from Mocha, on the Bed Sea. It of an Infusion or decoction, of which the 
IS packed in large bales, each containing former is decidedly preferable, both as 
a number of smaller bales, and wben regards flavor and strength. The fine 
good appears fresh and of a greenish- aromatic oil whlcb produces tbe flavor 
olive color. Next In quality to tbe and atrength of coffee is lost by boiling. 
Mocha coffee ma; perhaps be racked that Tbe best mode is to ponr boiling wattt 
of Sontbeni India and that of Ceylon, through tbe coffee In a btggin or strainer, 
which is strong and well flavored. Java which is found to extract nearly all the 
and Central America also produce large strength; or to pour boiling water npon 
quantities of excellent coffee, and Mexico. It and set It appn the fire, not to exceed 
in one district a croo which ranks with ten minutes. Prepared In either way it 
Mocba. Brailllan coffee, though produced is line and strong. In the Ariatic mode 
much more abundantly than any other, of preparing coffee the beans are pounded, 
varies very greatly In qnattty, though Its not ground ; and though the Turks and 
best does not take rank with some of Arabs boil the coffee, they boil each cup 
those mentioned. Liberian coffee la es- by Itself and only for a moment, ao thst 
teemed by many. Of the best Mocha cof- tbe effect Is much the same as that of 
fee grown In tbe province of Temen little InfudDn. In Arabia some additional 
or none ia said to reach tbe Western apiclng, general!; of saffron of some 
markets. Arabia itself. Syria and Egypt aromatic seeds, is considered Indlsnen- 
cocsume fully two-thtrds. and tbe re- aabls; but neither Turks nor Arabians 
malDder Is eielusively absorbed by Turk- use snrar or cream with coffee. Since 
ish or Armenian buypra. The ontv other tbe middle of the eighteenth century both 
coffee which holds a first rank In Eastern tbe culture and consumption of coffea 
opinloB la that of AbyMlnla. Thai comes hart continually Increued. Tlie |«f» 



Coffee-bug Cohesion 

diml supply of the United States is de- pleaaa&tly aitnated on a hill, crowned by 
rived from BraBil, which famiehefl 75 the remains of an old castle. It is 
per cent of the whole iinport It is famous for the brandy which bears its 
known in commerce as ' fiio.' Coffee name, and which is exported to all parts 
acts as a nervous stimulant, a property of the world. Pop. 18,889. 
which it owes mainly to the alkaloid hnfrnttt^A (koff'n&to), relations by the 
caffeine (which see). It thus promotes vrv5uc»»v« mother's side. See Ag- 
cheerfulness and removes languor, and naiet, 

also aids digestion; but in some consti- f!|)imizfl.lifie (kog'ni-ians. konl- 
tntions it induces sleeplessness head- ^v5«aa»j*w« sans), in heraldry, a 
ache, and nervous tremblings, particu- crest, coat of armiu or similar badge of 
larly after over-indulgence. distinction appertaining to a person or 

CoflPee-llll? Lecanfiim ooffew, an in- family ; in law, judicial or formal notice 
wuTO MU59 g^^ ^£ jjjg Coccus family» or acknowledgment of a fact, 
very destructive in coffee plantations- dttmtvmt^'n (kog-nO'men), the hered- 
CofFer (kof'fir), in architecture, a ^u&aoiaca \^^ f^^^^^j ^^^ ^,,^ 
\jviL%,x g^Qi^ panel or compartment in as Cicero, Cato, etc) among the ancient 
a ceUing of an ornamental character, and Romans. The other two names gener- 
usually enriched with moldings, and ally borne by every wdl-bom Roman, 
having a rose, pomegranate, etc, in the vis. the promomeii and nomen (as in 
center. Marcus Tullius CHcero), served to denote 

f\nff^TmAtkm ft temporary wooden en* the individual (Biarcus), and the ^ens 
Lroner aaiU| closure formed in water (Tullius) or clan to which his family 
in order to obtain a firm and dry fonn- belonged. 

dation for bridges, piers, etc. Co^nOVlt (l^og-nOMt), in law, is a 

nn-flpA^innllA a city in Montgomery ^vg****^*" written confession given 
xjQUKyYiUKy^^ Kansas, on the Ver- by the defendant that the action of the 
degris River, 19 miles B. of Independence, plaintiff is just, or that he has no avail- 
It has oil refineries, brick and tile plants, able defense. 

zinc oxide plant, paper and flour mills, Gofi>w]ieeL * wheel with cogs or 
sash and door factories, etc. Both ele<^ » **»»*j teets. 
trie light and water plants are owned and Pi^liAir Cohbxbbss (kO-ar*, kO-ftr^es), 
operated by the city. Pop. 18,452. vrvu«^j.A| ^ j^j^^ ^^^ ^^ heiress, one 

Coffin (^<>^^)y the chest or box in who succeeds to an inheritance that is 
\j%MuiML ^]||ch a dead body is enclosed to be divided among two or more. 

JiU'S^o.tg^'Srr^!^', ^b^J^t Coheleth. See EccU,U^. 

persons of distinction. Among the Collision (k^liS'>l>an)f the force by 

Romans it was Is erly the almost uni- ^*'**^»**'** which the various particles 

versal custom to consume the bodies of the same material are kept in con- 

with fire, and deposit the ashes In nms. tact^ forming one continuous mass. Its 

In Egypt coflins seem to have been used action is seen in a solid mass of matter. 

in anaent times universally. They were the parts of which cohere with a cer- 

of stone, earthenware, glass, wood, etc tain force which resists any mechanical 

A sort of ancient coffin is known as a action that would tend to separate them, 

saroop^o^iis. Coffins among Christians In different bodies it is exerted with 

were introduced with the custom of different degrees of strength, and it is 

burying. (See Burial,) Modem coffins measured by the force necessary to pull 

are usually made of wood. them asunder. Cohesion acts at insen- 

Coffill ^™ Isaac, admiral, bom in sible distances, or between particles in 

WVIAU&5 Boston, Massachusetts, in contact, and is thus distinguished from 

1769; died in 1839; entered the British the attraction of gravitation. It unites 

navy when 14 years old under Sir John particles into a nngle mass, and that 

Montague, becoming commander in 1782. without producing any change of prop- 

During the Revolution he remained loyal erties, and is thus distingmshed from 

to the mother country. He founded the od/keMdn, which takes place between 

famous Coffin School, Nantucket, Mass., different masses or substances; and 

* to be a perpetual tree of knowledge In from chemical attraction or affinity, 

this sterile spot.' In January. 1899, the which unites particles of a different kind 

foundation was valued at $60,000, and it together and nroduces a new substance. 

was decided to allow an emergency fund Hardness, softness, tenacity, elasticity. 

to accumulate. malleability and dnctiUty are to be con- 

fJuMfioA (kon-y&k), a town In France, sidered as modifications of oohesloD. 

\/v5uaiv j^p Qii^rente, and near the The great antagonist of cohesion If 

riTer Charente, 22 miles w. Angoultee, heat 



Cohesion Figures Coinii^ 

Cohesion Figures ^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^® five-cent piece weighs 77.16 era., 75 

^ o"" ** ' urea produced per cent copper, 25 nor cent nickel. The 

by the attraction of liquids for other cent weighs 48 grs.. u5 per cent copper, 

liquids or solids with which they are GoinllLlP (koin'ing), the art of con- 

ill contact, and divided into surface, sub- ^*'**"**8 verting pieces of metal into 

mersion, hreath, and electric cohesion current coins for the purposes of oom- 

figures. Thus a drop of an independent merce, usually performed in a govern- 

liquid, as oil or alcohol, will spread ment estabishment caUed a mint. It 

itself out on the surface of water always is one of the prerogatives of the supreme 

in a definite figure, but difitering with power in all states, and counterfeiting 

each fluid dropped on the water. Breath or otherwise tampering with the coin 

figures are produced by putting a drop is severely punished. In the United 

of the liquid to be examined on a slip States the Bureau of the Mint was es- 

of mica, and breathing on it, when each tablished as a division of the Treasury 

fluid takes a distinct characteristic Department in 1873. It has charge of 

shape. Electric cohesion figures are the coinage for the government and 

produced by electrifying drops of va- makes assays of precious metals for pri- 

rious liquids placed on a plate of vate owners. The process of converting 

glass. the precious metals into coins is an in- 

Cohohfttion (l^^hd-bft'shun), the re- teresting one. The rolling machines 

\/vuvuaifXvu pea ted distillation of the through which the ingots are passed arc 

same liquid from the same materials. adjustable, the space hetween the rollers 

Cohoes (ito-hdz'), a city of Albany being governed by the operator. About 

County, New York, on the two hundred ingots are run through per 

west bank of the Hudson River, ^t the hour on each pair of rollers. When the 

mouth of the Mohawk, with great JIvaiter- rolling is completed the strip of metal 

power derived from the Mohawk* falls, is about six feet long. As it is im- 

There are large cotton and other mills, possible to roll perfectly true it is neces- 

Pop. (1920) 2&,987. sary to ' draw ^ these strips, after bs- 

Cohort (kC'hort). See Legion. jjf softened by annealing. The draw- 

, ing bencnes resemble long tables, wita 
nnimliafArA (ko-im-ba-tOr'), a city a bench on either side, at one end of 
uuiiauairorc ^^ Madras, British In- which is an iron box secured to the 
dia, capital of district to which it gives table. In this are fastened two perpen- 
name, situated on the river Noyil, with dicular steel cylinders. These are at the 
wide streets, abundant water, and a same distance apart that the thickness 
health/ climate. Pop. 47,007. — ^The dis- of the strip is required to be. It is 
trict IS fertile, producing sugar, cottcm, drawn between the cylinders, which re- 
rice, and tobacco ; and is well watered by duces the whole to an equal thickness, 
several rivers. These strips are now taken to the cut- 
nmmlirfi. (kS-^m^bra), a city of Por- ting machines, each of which wiU cat 
\j^Mxukuii^ tugal, capital of Coimbra 226 planchets per minute. The press 
district (1508 sq. miles; pop. .360,056), used consists of a vertical steel punch, 
in Beira province, on the Mondego River. From a strip worth $1100 about $800 
Seat of the University of Ckiimbra ( found- of planchets will be cut. These are then 
ed 1290). It has manufactures of linens, removed to the adjusting room, where 
woolens, etc Pop. 20,581. they are adjusted. After inspection they 
Coinafire (kpin-aj), the system of are weighed on very accurate scales. 
••o** coins used in a country. The If a planchet is too heavy, but near the 
metallic coinage of the United States con- weight, it is filed oflf at the edges : If 
sists at present of gold double-eagles, Uny heavy for filing, it is thrown aside 
eagles, half-eagles, and quarter-eagles ; with the light ones to be remelted. The 
silver dollars, half dollars, quarter dollars planchets, after being adjusted, are taken 
and dimes ; the nickel five-cent piece and to the coining and milling rooms, and 
the bronze cent. Under the first coinage are passed through the milling machine. 
■*^ ^^^}J^riH KoW^eagle weighed 270 They are fed to this machine through 

^•'u?^.® ^Cl ^°®", ^}u.7^^ *?^"<^<^^ 1^ an upright tube, and as they descend 

weight to Zoa grs. in 18t$4, and the fine- are caught upon the edge of a revolving 

ness was changed to 900. The early half- wheel and carried about a quarter of a 

eagle weighed 135 grs., but now weighs revoluHon, during which tte edge is 

129 grs^ 900 fine ; the quarter-eagle. 64.5 compressed and forced up. By this ap- 

grs. The silver <iollar of 1792 weighe<l paratus 56U nickels can be milled in 

fu 5"lv J*"ii " ^^ft ^ ^^u' "^ ?P^' a ?"l"^«^,^or larffe pieces the average 

the hal^dollar. 192.9 grs. ; the quartor- g 120. The masiSve but delicate coin- 

floUar, 96.45 grs.; the dime, 38.58 grs. ing presses '\)in fiwm 80 tt 100 pieces 



KLECTRIC COiniHO PRESS, U. S. MINT, PBIUDSLPHIA 

Woman fecdina pluicheta. or cxria blanla, to brtM tuba from the bactom of shich they tn earned tc 

iteel dm which form tho coini. 



Coir Coke 

a miniite. These presses do their work wanted without smoke and flame as in 
Ia a perfect manner. After being smelting. The retort or by-product oven 
stamped the coins are taken to the coin- has been recently greatly developed so as 
er*s room. The light and heavy coins to eliminate waste, the yield of coke aver- 
are kept separate in coining, and when anng 75 per cent, the weight of coal used, 
delivered to the treasurer they are mixed while in the * beehive * oven the average is 
in such proportions as to give him full only 65 per cent. Sometimes two kinds of 
weight in every delivery. By law, the coal are mixed to get a coking combination, 
deviation from the standard weight, in Pennsylvania exceeds all other states in 
deUvering to him, must not exceed three the production of coke. The outr)ut in 
pennyweighU in one thousand double IwO was 13.357,205 short tons : this had 
eagles. The coinage of the United risen in 1JK)5 to 20,573,736 short tuna, 
States mints since the organization of and in 1916 there was recorded the enor- 
the government has amounted to nearly mous output of 31,270,695 short tons. 
6,000,000,000 pieces, valued at over Kl® total output of thetJnjted Statas for 
$4,000,000,000. 1®!^ was about 45,000,000 short tons. 

finir (koir), cocoanut fiber, fiber from The coke produced in British Columbia, 
^"** the husk of the nut, from which m 1916, amounted to 267,725 tons. Nova 
are manufactured matting, bagging, Scotia's output was 669,478 tons. In 
ropes and cables. Coir cordage, from Alberta there was a large output from 
lasting well in salt-water, as also from 367 ovens. 

its lightness, strength, and elasticity, is Goke I>esmond (1879- ), an English 
preferable in many respects to ropes of ^^"^^ noveust, educated at University 
hemp. Mats and matting are now College, Oxford. He served in 1915-16 in 
largely made of coir, which is also used the European war and was invalided home 
in coarse brushes, for stuffing purposes, with the rank of captain. His novels in- 
etc. elude: The Pedestal The Golden Key, 

PmrA (kwar), or Chub (fcUr), the Helen Bretfs Career, The Worst Howe 
vruixc capital of the Swiss canton of at Sherhorough, 

the Grisons, on the rivers Plessur and Goke ^^^ Edward, an eminent Eng- 
Rhine. It is irregularly built, and ' lish lawyer, was the son of a 

possesses many houses in the ancient Norfolkshire gentleman and was born in 
style of architecture. Not far from 1551. After finish'ng his education at 
Coire the Rhine begins to be navigable Cambridge he went to London, and en- 
for small vessels. Pop. 11,718. tered the Inner Temple. His reputation 

Coix *^ genus of grasses. See Job*8 and practice rapidly increased. He was 
vuxAl j^^QY8. chosen recorder of the cities of Nom'ich 

Coke (^^^)f ^^ carbonaceous residue and of Coventry, knight of the shire of 
wikc of coal which has been heated his county, and, in spite of the rivalship 
in an oven or retort, or in any way of Bacon, attorney-general. As such he 
by which little air is admitted, until conducted the prosecutions for the crown 
all volatile matter has been expelled, in all great state cases, notably those 
The simplest method of producing coke of Essex and Sir Walter Raleigh, which 
is based on the preparation of wood Coke conducted with great rancour and 
charcoal, the coal being arranged in asperity. In 1613 he became Chief-jus- 
heaps which are smothered with clay tiee of the Court of King's Bnnch ; but 
or coal-dust, and then set on fire, suffi- his rough temper and staunch support of 
cient air being admitted to keep the constitutional liberties brought him into 
mass at the proper temperature for de- disfavor with King James and his cour- 
composition without wasting the coke, tiers. In 1621 he was committed to the 
After the volatile portions are got rid Tower, and soon after expelled from the 
of, the heap is allowed to cool, or is ex- privy-council. In 1628 he was chosen 
tinguished with water, and the coke is member for Buckinghamshire, and greatly 
then ready. Methods of heating the coal distinguished himself by his vindication 
in close or open ovens until the gase- of the rights of the Commons, and by 
(itis and fluid products are driven off the proposing and framing the famous 
are also commonly used. Gas-coke is Petition of Rights. This was the last 
that which remains in the retorts after of his public acts. On the dissolution of 
the gas has been given off. Good oven- the Parliament he retired to his seat in 
coke has an iron-gray color, submetallic Buckinghamshire, where he died. Sep- 
luster, is hard, and somewhat vesicular; tember, 1634. His principal works are 
but gas-coke has rather a slagged and Reports, from iSOO to 1616; Institutes 
cindery look, and is more porous. Coke of the Laws of England^ in four parts: 
contains about 90 per cent, of carbon, the first of which contains the celeorated 
and is used where a strong heat is commentary on lAitleian^B Tenure 



Col ColoMonm 

i'Coke opon litUeton') : A TreatUe of Garden of Plants and bnilt an obaerra- 

'Otl and Moinpriae^ Complete Copy- tory in which he employed Hnyghena and 

holder. CaaainL He besan the meaaurement of 

Col (F>^c>^<^^ neok), an elevated moon- the meridian in France, and sent men of 

tain paaa between two higher gum- science to Cayenne. After having con- 

mits. The name is used prindpaliy in ferred the greatest benefits on his coun- 

those parts of the Alps where French try he died in 1683, out of favor with 

is commonly spoken. the king and the people. 

Cola. See Kola. Colbnm ^^?^'S"'^\! ^f^' *?*»«^- 

WM»« w^ «^v«». WAV MAM. cuiating boy/ bom in Ver- 
Colflnder (luiran-der), a vessel with mont, in 1804; died in 1840. Before hia 
wvMMAu^A ^ bottom perforated with sixth year he began to manifest wonder- 
little holes for straining liquors. ful powers of arithmetical computation. 
Colbenr (korberg), or KoLBEBO, a and in public exhibitions astounded 
WAMVA5 Prussian fortified seaport in learned mathematicians by the rapidity 
Pomerania, on the river Persante, 1 mile and accuracy of his processes, but the 
from the sea, with a good shipping trade faculty left him when ne grew up. After 
and well-frequented baths. Formerlv a actinc as a teacher and itinerant 
regular fortress, it has often been held preacher, he was latterlv professor of 
against strong armies. Pop. 20,200. languages at Norwich university, Ver- 
Colbfirt (kol-bar), Jkan Baptisik, a mont. Others besides him have possessed 
vrvAuvAv celebrated French minister this remarkable faculty, which indi- 
of finances, born at Rheims in 1610. cates powers in the brain little under- 
After serving in various subordinate de- stood. 

partments Colbert was made intendant, Colfilieflter (kol'ches-ter), a borough 
and at lenath comptroller-general of the ^vavh^dv^a ^^^ river-port of Eng- 
finances. His task was a difficult one. land. County Essex, 51 mUes ir. K. by i: 
He found disorder and corruption every- Iionaon, mostly situate on the summit 
where. The state was the prey of the and sides of an eminence rising from 
farmers-generalt and at the same time the river Colne; well built and amply 
maintained only by their aid. The peo- supplied with water. It has a good 
pie were obliged to pay 90,000,000 livrea coasting trade and employs a great num- 
of taxes, of which the king received ber of small craft in the oyster-fishery, 
scarcely 35,000,000, the revenues were It is a place of high antiquity, there 
anticipated for two years, and the treas- being no place in the kingdom where so 
ury empty. Colbert at once commanded great a quantity and variety of Roman 
a system of stringent reforms, abolish- remains have been found as here. It is 
ing useless offices, retracting burden- supposed to be the Oamalodunum of the 
some privileges, diminishing salaries, Romans, and was called Oolne Otaeter, 
and distributing and collecting the taxes from its situation on the Colne, by the 
by improved methods till he had reduced Anglo-Saxons. Pop. (1011) 43,468. 
them almost to one-half. To his talents, PnlnliAftf Ar ^ town (township) of 
activity, and enlarged views the develop- ^"^d^n^CM Chittenden -Co.. Ver- 
ment and rapid progress of industry and mont The town includes Colchester 
commerce in France were largely due. and Wlnooski villaaes. Pop. 6460. 
He constructed the Canal of Languedoc; ClnlnliiAiTiA (korchi-sin), an alkalcdd 
declared MarseiUes and Dunkirk free voiumomc obtained from colchlcum, 
ports; granted premiums on goods ex- used for the alleviation or cure of gout 
ported and imported ; regulated the tolls ; and rheumatism. It acts as an emetic, 
establi^ed insurance offices ; made uni- diuretic, and cholagogue cathartic, and in 
form laws for the regulation of com- large doses as a narcotico-acrid poison, 
merce, labored to render the pursuit of f!AlATiiAiiTn (korchi-kum), a genus of 
it well esteemed, and invited the nobiUty ^uiuuiuuiu plants, order l^Ulantha- 
to engage in it. The French colonies in ce«, allied to the lilies. The Oolckioum 
Canada, Martinique, etc., showed new auiumndle, or meadow saffron, is a bulb- 
signs of life; new colonies were estab- ous-rooted, stemless, perennial plant, 
lisned in Cavenne and Madagascar, and which grows In various parts of Europe, 
to support these Colbert created a con* From a small corm or bulb buried about 
siderable naval force. Under the pro- 6 inches deep, and covered with a brittle 
tection and In the house of the minister brown sUn, there rises in the early 
(1663) the Academy of Inscriptions was autumn a tuft of flowers having mudi 
founded. Three years afterwards he the appearance of crocuses, flesh-colored, 
founded the Academy of Sciences, and white, or even variegated. • They soon 
in 1671 the Academy of Architecture, wither, and the plant disappears till the 
Ha enlarged the Royal Library and the succeeding spring, when some broad 



Cololiis ColenM 

leaTes are thrown op by each conn along market cb^ can be kept unspofled f6r 
with a triangular oblong Beed-TesseL another. In transporting perishable ma- 
The plant is acrid and ^oisonoas, and terial by ship or car the same precess 
cattle are injured by eating it, bat it is used. Meats thus kept need to be 
yields a medicine valuable in gout and used quickly after being thawed, since 
rheumatism. See Colchicine. they spoil more rapidly than in their orig- 
GolcMft (horkis), the ancient name of inal state, and in some cases prove injun- 
vrvAv^uAo ^ region at the eastern ex- ous from putrefactive changes, 
tremity of the Black Sea, resting on flnlilofrAOTn a village of Scotland 
the Caucasus, famous in Greek mythol- vuiustrcam, .^^ Berwickshire, on the 
ogy as the destination of the Argonauts, Tweed. When General Monk quartered 
and the native country of Medea. here in 1669-60 he raised an infantry 
Colcotliar (horkO-thar), an impure regiment called the Coldstream Ouarda. 
. "7* V brownish-red oxide of Coldwater « ci^7» county seat of 
iron, which forms a durable color, bat ^*'***wai,ci, Branch Co., Michigan, 
ia most used in polishing glass and HO miles w. a. w. of Detroit. It has man- 
metals. * ., , .^ nfactures of iron, furniture, cement, 
flAlrl the absence of sensible heat, es- leather, brass, and a mUk condensory. 
^"***> pedally such a want of heat as Pop. (1920) 6114. 

causes some discomfort or uneasiness. dAA Wft.v^ the name given in the 

The temperature in which man and ^^*** wave, United States to spells 

other animals live is generally below the of severe depression of temperature, as 

natural heat of the body, but this is that of hot wave is given to the oppo- 

easily kept up in ordinary cases by cite condition. Cold waves are due to 

means of the food taken in and digested, persistent winds from the northwest 

A high degree of cold, however, pro- which spread over the country tiie ddll 

duces bodily depression, and is a fre- conditions of the great plains and moun- 

quent source of disease, or even of death, tain ranges of Weetem Canada. 

For the ailment called a cold, see Ca* QqIa Thomab, a landscape painter. 

iarrh. wa^?, jj^ ^^^ 1^^^^^ ^ England in 

Cold-blooded Animals, * ,*.®/™ ^^•. ^"^ i7"v*^?S x^^^ao^^^I^^ ^ 

wvAu. MAvv«A««& "™— , n^ppjjg^ ^Q America, where he died in 1848. Among 




in accordance with that of the surround- (Jnle Timothy, an American wood-en- 
ing medium. ' graver, bom in London, England, 

Cold C!rea.m. ^ ^ white, semisolid, in 1852; came to America with his 
wvAu. \jM.%iOMM^ unctuous ointment for parents in 1867. He entered the employ- 
dermal application to soothe irritated, ment of the Century Magazine (then 
excoriated, roughened, or abraded skin 8crihner*$) in 1875. and in 1883 went 
and softening hard, harsh, or dry skin, .to Europe, beslnning his remarkable 
It ia composed of spermaceti, expressed series of Old Masters. These represent 
oU of olives, white wax, oil of rose, so- .the work of many years and indude 
dium borate and water. The first three Italian, Dutch, Flemish, English, Spanish, 
ingredients are melted together carefully French and American masters. 
by the aid of gentle heat, the oil of rose Colebrooke (J^l'hrak), H e n a T 
and water are made into rosewater, and vm*vv«.w fj^^^^^^ ^j^ Oriental 

with the aid of the sodium borate the scholar, bom at London in 1765; died 
two liquids are mixed together and there in 1837. He became professor of 
stirred until cold. With it may be incor- Sanskrit at Calcutta and director of the 
porated medidnal and coloring substances. Bengal Asiatic Society. His translations 
i\t%lA fifArocMk a method of preserv- from the Sanskrit and his essays on 
\jQlQ, DWragCy jjj^ perishable food Hindu subjects are valuable, 
materials by keeping them in a low GolenSO UF^-1«o'b5). John William, 
temperature until needed for consump- Bishop of Natal, bom in 

tion. This is done by the aid of freez- 1814; educated at Cambridge; assistant- 
ing machines similar in principle to master at Harrow, till 1842; appointed 
those used in making artificial ice and ia 1853 first Bishop of Natal, South 
by which the temperature can be re- Africa. His works on the Pentateuch and 
duced to and kept at the requisite de* Book of Joshua, which called in ques- 
gree. Cold storage warehouses are In tion the historical accuracy of these 
use in all our principal cities, in which books, involved the author in a con- 
fhiits and meats are kept for long peri- flict with hia ecclesiastical superiotiL 
pds, while the unsold material of 009 9^ ^^ waa deposed by the Bishop g| 



Coleoptera 




Cape Town. But the decisions of the young Coleridge took little interest in 

privy-council and Court of Chancery the ordinary sports of childhood, and 

were in his favor, and he continued to was noted for a dreamy, abstracted 

officiate as bishop. He died in 1883. manner, though he made considerable 

PnlpATiteni. (ko-le-op'te-ra; Greek progress in classical studies, and was 

wicupbcia ]^0icos^ a sheath, and known even at that early age as a de- 

pteron, a wing), an order of insects, vourer of metaphj[8ical and theological 

commonly known as beetles. They have works. From Christ's Church he went 

four wings, of with a scholarship to Jesus College, 
which the two su- Cambridge, where ne remained for two 
perior (elytra) years, but without achieving much dis- 
are not suited to tinction. At this time, too, his ultra- 
flight, but form a radical and rationalistic opinions made 
covering and pro* the idea of academic preferment hope- 
tection to the two less, and perhaps it was partly to es- 
inferior, and are cape the difficulties and perplexities gath- 
of a hard and ering about his future that Coleridge 
One of the Coleopiem homy or parch- suddenly quitted Cambridge and enlisted 
(CiniuMa compeafTM) ment-like nature, in the 15th Dragoons. Rescued by his 
a. Head, fe, Thorax, c, Thg inferior friends from this position, he took up 
fTvn^ ?f aJS^' wings, when not his residence at Bristol with two con- 
e «. wingv. //. Antenns. . ^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ .^j gpirits, Robert Southej, who had 

transversely under the superior. The lust been obliged to quit Oxford for his 
coleoptera undergo a perfect metamor- Unitarian opinions, and Lovell, a young 
phosis. The larva generally resembles a Quaker. The three conceived a project 
short, thick worm with six legs and a of emigrating to America, and estabtish- 
scaly head and mouth. ing a pantisocracy, as they termed it, or 

Coleraine (kOl-rfin'), a town of Ire- community in which all should be ^QQaI* 

land, county of London- on the banks of the Susquehanna. This 
derry, on both sides of the river Bann, scheme, however, never became anything 
47 miles ir. w. of Belfast. Its trade, more than a theory, and was finally dis- 
chiefly in linen, agricultural produce posed of when, in 1785. the three friends 
and provisions, is considerable. There married three sisters, the Misses Fricket 
are extensive salmon fisheries. Pop. of Bristol. Coleridge about this time 
about 7000. started a periodical, the Watchman, 

flnlATiilcFA (ksrrij), Habtlet, eldest which did not live beyond the ninth 
vuACiiugc g^^ ^^ Samuel Coleridge, number. In 1796 he took a cottage at 
was born at Clevedon, near Bristol, on Nether Stowey, in Somersetshire, where 
September 19, 1796. In 1815 he went soothed and supported by the companion- 
to Oxford, where, three years after, he ship of Wordsworth, who came to re* 
took his degree with high honors. T7n- side at Allfoxden, he wrote much of )^ 
fortunately he had contracted a propen- best poetry, in particular the Ancient 
sity for drinking, and was deprived, on Mariner, and the first part of ChrittaheL 
account of his intemperate ha nits, of a WhUe residing at Nether Stowey he 
fellowship he had obtained from Oriel used to officiate in a Unitarian chapel 
College. He then left Oxford and took at Taunton, and in 1798 received an in- 
up his residence at London, but later he vitation to take the charge of a congre- 
resided in the lake country, where he gation of this denomination at Shrews- 
occupied himself with literary composi- bury, where, however, he did nothing 
tion. In verse, his sonnets, and in prose further than preach the probation ser^ 
his biographies (Worthies of Yorkshire mon. An annuity bestowed on him by 
and Lancashire and Life of Massinger) some friends (the Wedgewoods) fur- 
are the most important of his works, nished him with the means of making 
He died January 6, 1849. His life a tour to Germany, where he studied at 
was written by his brother, Derwknt, the University of Gftttingen. In 1800 
bom 1800; died 1883. In 1841-64 he he returned to England and took up his 
was the principal of St. Mark's College, residence beside Southey at Keswick. 
Chelsea, in 1864-80 rector of Hanwell. while Wordsworth lived at Grasmere in 
Pn1»rifl(rA Samttel Tatlob, a cele- the same neighborhood. From this fact. 
vuicriu^9 brated English poet and and a certain common vein In their 
philosopher, was bom October 21, 1772, poetry, arose the epithet of 'I^ake 
at Otterv St. Mary. Devonshire, of which School ' applied to their works. About 
place his father was vicar. Sent to 1804 Colendge went to Malta to rees- 
school at Christ's Church Hospital, to tablish his health, seriously impaired by 
which he had obtained a representation, opium-eating. In 1806 he returned te 



Coleridge-Tftylor Collation 

Englaad, and after ten years of desultory organ of the Whigparty, which he edited 

literary work, took refuge from the world for many years. He was elected to Con- 

in the house of his friend Mr. Gillman at gress in 1854 and was at three different 

Highgate, London. Here he passed the times chosen Speaker of the House. In 

rest of his days, holding weekly conver- 1868 he received the Republican nomi- 

saaiones in which he poured himself nation for the yice-presidency and was 

forth in eloquent monologues. His views elected with President Grant. He served 

on religious and political subjects had one term. 

become mainly orthodox and conserva- Cnlift (hol'lk; from colon, a portion 
tive, and a great work on the Logos, ^""^ of the large intestine), a pain- 
which should reconcile reason and faith, ful disorder of the bowels, usually of a 
was one of the dreams of his later years, spasmodic charficter, unaccompanied by 
But Coleridge had long been incapable of diarrhoea, and presenting itself in vari- 
concentrating his energies on auy thing, ous forms. When the pain is accom- 
and of the many years he spent in the panied with a vomiting of bile or with 
leisure and quietness of Highgate nothing obstinate costiveness it is called a bit- 
remains but the Tahle Talk and the frag- **><*« coMc; if with windy distension, it 
mentary notes and criticism gathered takes the name of flatulent or windy 
together, and edited by his nephew. He colic; if with heat and inflammation, it 
died July 25, 1834. The dreamy and **^®8 ***« °*™® ®^ inflammatory colic, or 
transcendental character of Coleridge's enteritis. There are many other van- 
poetry eminently exhibits the man. In ^ties of this complaint, some of which 
his best moments he has a fine sublimity ^F^ peculiar to certain occupations or 
of thought and expression not surpassed districts, as the patnters; coltc (see Lead 
by Milton ; but he is often turgid and ver- Pptsomng), the Devonshire coltc. 
bose. As a critic, especially of Shake- CollCmV (koi-i>i-y6)._GASPABD de. a 
spere, Coleridge's work is of the highest J^^J" k 'T'^ir ^iS^J^^L^'J^Hi^^ 
rank, combining a comprehensive grasp *^?P^®\ °^^ *^ .^^V » distinguished him- 
of large critical principles and a singu- self binder Francw I and.Henry H, who 
larly subtle insiglit into details. Cole- ™£?® ^1°* ? i^^ Admiral of France, 
ridge's poetical works include The An- ^*if ^.u *** o ^®**^* *? 5®".^^*?^ Cohgny 
dent MaHnef, Christabel (incomplete), *22:H t^e Protestant side in the jelirious 
Remorse, a tragedy, Kuila KHanT i «?^!f* ^ ^^ *^®' ^^ ^*^™® theliead 
translation of Schiller^s Wattenstein, etc.; ^l ^^^ P^I!^^^^\^^J^K i?,^ T*®#^®°Sr 
his prose works, Biographia Litiraria, ?"? unfortunate In tiie battles he fought, 
The Friend, The Statesman's Manual S'*^ speedily repaired his defeats by pru- 
Aids to Reflection, On the Constitution ^®°^® *"^ «°5^ management. When 
of Church and State, etc. Pe^f® ^^ "^^^ Cohgny was received 
H^Ia'w^A^^ rr<«— i» nAXTTTVT o «nn«t "^^th spparcut favor at court. But this 
COlendge-Taylor, 5^^^ * ™™; was only a wind ; and on the night of 

Anglo-African descent, bom i^L^Sfon in %Si Bartholomew's (Aug 24, 1672) 
^; died in 1912. He studied at the Coligny was basely slaughtered, and his 
Royal College of Music, and soon began S?T^ ^^''^ViPil'^^A ^''"^^*.^^^^^ 
his brief but brilliant cireer. His works Gohma i^^^t^Jh VX L^^f 

nl^'^Tl^'T^^ same name?%i^a"ti*lSn^^ ^tiWaSj 

Khan, He also composed incidental mu- /?^*.v^^^^^ ^k ^^'n « 'o w^J 

fkm^l ^^rij'Zft!^ n^e^fi ^^e ^^fy^Ts^lhl'^Sk''^^^^^^^^^ deUm^a 

aSi"?e"fam^eVa''cr4'Sve^Su^^^^^^ *" S lirTSl^ no?^el\Vl '"' *" *^"* 

Coleseed [^^^^..^-^ l^iraSt CoU^Um ^^^^ Bee Colo. 

STtS Me t^ i^edfnf crt'tlr '^ °^^'^ COU, ^^^^^S ^V^^* r^Vr' 
Colet i^i'«*L»sT ¥^^'^^ gyle, on^ennhe^^Heas,''St^^^^ 

founder "St'bt^Tauvl ic\oSriSnd*S^ ?"^«^ ^T '^"^^ ^"'S ^ V u^^ "^^^' 
born in 1466; died in 1519. ^"^^^^ P^^^^Vi^ great portion of it is moor, 

ri^l^^Av rkoVfiikR^ arTTTTvnrii of.f<.». incapable of cultivation; but there are 
Colfax i^^i^Xj' It^e^^nrk In «««« ^^^^s of light and sandy soil 
1823 ; died in 1885. About 1845 he estaS T^^^^H ^''^ tolerably prodncttve Gaelic 
lished at South Bend, Indiana, a weekS^ 15 S?*Tr^^y/lP?Sl?V ^?P- ^^' ^ 

paper, the St. Joseph' Valley RegisZ-,^ ColktiOll l^f l^^^Jl" ^ * * ^TS!^^ 

, ^mmm g^jj Q^ Qug copy or tning 



Colleor 



CoUSmation 



«f a like kind with another, eepedally 
mannaczipti and editions of boou. — ^In 
canon law, the pteientation of a clergy- 
nun to a benefice by a bishop who has 
the zifht of patronage. In such a case 
tlie combination of the act of presenta- 
tion and institation constitute coUation, 
(JoUMt (kol'tect), a term appUed to 
^'''***^* certain short prayers in the 
litnzsies of Tarioos chorches. Some of 
the collects of the Hnglish Charch are 
taken from the old Boman Missal, and 
are supposed to hare been written by St. 
Jerome. Others are still more andent; 
whUe a few hare been added after the 
Beformation. There is a collect for 
every Sunday in the year, and a corre- 
sponding e^tle and gospeL 
Collefire (hol'ej; Latin, coUe^«m), in 
^^^^^^ a general sense, a body or 
society of persons inrested with certain 

Sowers and rights, performing certain 
uties, or engaged in some common em- 
ployment or pursuit In Great Britain 
and America some societies of physicians 
are called coUegea So, also, there are 
colleges of surgeons, a college of heralds. 
etc. The most famtHsr application of 
^e term college, howerer, is to a society 
of persons engaged in the pursuits of 
Uterature, including the professors, lec- 
turers, or other officers, and the studenta 
Am applied to an educational institution 
the name is somewhat loosely used. The 
higher class of colleges are those in 
wmch the students engage in study for 
the purpose of taking a degree in arts, 
medicine, or other subjects, and are 
connected with, or have more or less the 
character of uniyersitlea The early 
Ustory of these institudons is some- 
what obscure: the probability is that 
they were originally founded in the vari- 
oQs uniTendnes of the middle ages, 
with similar objects and from the same 
charitable motives. Hotels or board- 
ing-houses were provided (principally by 
the religious orders, for toe benefit of 
those of their own fraternity), in which 
the scholars lived unde** a certein super- 
intendence, and the endowment of these 
liostels by charitable persons for the sup- 
port of poor scholars completed the 
foundation of a college. Out of this has 
developed the modem Bnglish college as 
seen at Oxford and Cambridge, where 
each college, though a member or compo- 
nent part of the university, is a sepa- 
rate establishment whose fdlows, tutors, 
and students live together under a par- 
ticnlar head, called iiMwter, pHnoipol, 
«Mn<eii, etc., of the college. In the 
United States and Qermany the college 
Is practically one with the university, 
the latter body performing all the func- 



tions alike, of teaching, examining, de- 
gree-conferring, etc. 

wMAv cjgjiy common in Scotland, 
thouah now popular among Amerieui 
dog-fanciers, and from its intelligence of 
much use to shepherds. It is of medi- 
um sise and varies much in coloring, 
black and white being common, and 
black with tan-colored legs^munle, etc, 
being highly esteemed. The head is 
somewhat fox-shaped, the ears erect, but 
with drooping points, the tail rather 
long, bushy and with a pronounced curt. 
Collier (hol'yer), Jxbeht, an Bn|^ 
l/OiUer ^^^^ ^^ politieal winter, 

bom in 1660. He was educated at 
Oambridse, and having entered into 
orders obtained the rectory of Ampton 
in Suffolk in 1669. He was a xealoai 
opponent of the Bevolutlon of 1688, and 
was repeatedly imprisoned for his pottti- 
ical writinga He is chiefly remembered 
now for his Short View of ike Immo- 
rality and Profaneneu of the BngUih 
Stage — a ii'ork of considerable merit 
which is said to have effected a decided 
reform in the sentiments and language 
of the theater. He died in 172a 
riAlli^r John Patzie, an English 
VrOUier, Shakesperian critic, bora in 
London in 1789; died in 188a. He be- 
came known as a critical essayist on old 
English dramatic literature, and was 
editor of the new edition of Dodtley** 
Old Playe in 1826. In 1831 his best 
work, the Hietory of Ent/Mh Dramm^ 
Poetry, was published. In 1842-44 he 
published an annotated edition of Shake- 
spere in 8 vola ; in 1844 ShakeepereTg lAr 
hrary. SubsequentW he published sev- 
eral editions of Shakespere, and an ex- 
cellent edition of Spenser (5 vols., 1862 K 
He made himself notorious by duming 
that he possessed a copy of the 2d IV>1io 
Shakespere, 1632, witii many marginal 
emendations and annotations written in 
the mid^e of the seventeenth century, 
though, as was discovered, these notes 
were labricatioas, probably by himseit. 

Collimatioii <]^»t[-j;*SJiJ£;ia 

instrument, such 
as a telescope 
or transit in- 
strument, the 
straight line 
which p a B s e R 
through the 
center of the 
object-glass and 
intersects at 
right angles a 
svstem of spider- 
threads placed at 




CoOhaatton. 



Collimators CollisioiL 

the focus of the eyepiece. The proper from which he never quite recovered. He 
adjustment of the fine of eoflimadon of died in 1759. 

the instrument is necessary to accurate fJollilLfl Wuxiak, an English painter, 
observation of the time at which move- ^^*^^^*^f noted for his landscapes and 
ments of the heavenly bodies take place, domestic scenes, bom in London m 1787, 
Collimfl.torfl (kol-i-mft'tors), two and elected Ii<^al Academician in 1820l 
^vAAAAuawxp gmall, subsidiary tele- He died in 1847. 

■copes used for collimatinff astronomi- CoIllllB WoxiAic WiLKn, son of the 
cal instruments; that is, for adjusting ^^**^**^9 pxeoeding, bom in London in 
the line of coUimation, and for deter- 1824. Ha was educated for the bar. but 
mining the collimation error. turned aside to literature, in which he 

nnllin^ Qaa KfJUm. espccialiy distinguished himself as a nov- 

l^Oiiiu. see -fl-O"***- „. elist of great dramatic and constmcttve 

CoUineSWOOd i*®L"l^I?°'' u"5i Pc^wer. Among his best known works 
wxxuigBwuvu dential borough of ^^ Antanina (I860), BomI (1862), 

Camden (^., adjoining CModen^^wlth j'fce Woman <» TfWte (1860), TJktf 31 ooih 
some manufactures. Pop. (IWO) 8 714. ,tone (1868), The New MagMen (1878). 
CoUinffWOOd (kol'ing-wwd), ClJTH- The SMI OenUu (1886), etc. Died 1889. 
\^uiimswuuu mTTL^, an B^ Collingville « ^^ ^^ Madison CJo., 
naval commander (1760-1810), bom at vOlunsviue, mjn^Jijj; 12 mUes E. N. 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne. He entered the ^ ^f g^ Louis. It has coal mines, brick 
navy in 170., and took part as flag-captafai yards, hosiery mills, lead and sine smel- 
on board the Barfeur in Lord Howe's ters, ete. Pop. (1920) 0763. 
victory off Brest, 1794; commanded the PAiHaiATi (kol-iih'un). In maritime 
BwoeOeni during the battle of Cape St. vomsioa affairs, the shock of two 
Vincent, 1797 ; and was made rear ad- ships coming into violent contact, where- 
ndral in 1799. His most distinguished by one or both may suffer more or less 
service was at Trafalgar, where his skill injury. Collision may happen without 
and resolution drew warm praise from blame being imputable to either party. 
Nelson. On the latter^s death he took as where the loss is occasioned by a 
supreme command. He died on board the storm, in which case the misfortune must 
VtUe de Paris while cruising in the Med- be borne by the party on whom it hap- 
iterranean, and was buried in St. Paul's, pens to lisht Or a collision may arise 
nnlliTiirarAArl a town and jport in where both parties are to blame — ^where 
vuAiiu^wuuu, gimcoe Co., (Ontario, there has been a want of due diligence 
on Georgian Bay. It has great steel ship- or skill on both sides ; in which case 
building yards and dry docks. Manufac- neither party has an action against the 
tores include foundry products, wire nails, other, l^irdly, it may happen by the 
brooms, printing, etc. The town owns misconduct of the suffering party only 
waterworks, electric light, sewerage and and then the rule is that the sufferer 
hydro-electnc power. Pop. 7700. must bear his own burden. Finally it 

CfAllina (kol'ins), Anthont, an Bug- may have been the fault of the ship 
\A^uxuB Ush deistical writer, bora in which ran the other down, and in that 
1076 ; died in 1729. He was a friend of case the injured party would be entitled 
Locke, who described him as a man who to an entire compensation from the 
had 'an estate in the country, a library other. Strict laws and regulations to 
in town, and friends everywhere.' His prevent collisions have been laid down, 
chief works are Disooune of Free Thinh- which contain rules concerning lights, 
ing; PhUosophieal Inquiry Ooneeminff and sailing and steering rales. By the 
Human Liberty; Di$oour$e on the rule of the road at sea, if two sailing 
Grounds and Reasons of the Christian ships are approaching each other end 
JteUgUm; Literal Scheme ef Prophecy on, or nearly so, the helms of both 
Considered, must be put to port, so that each may 

GoUinfl WnxiAM, an English poet, pass on the port side of the other; In 
\jvxxxjkay ^j^g jjQj^ ijj 2J21 at CMches- crossing so as to involve risk of colli- 
ter. While studying at Oxford he wrote don the sailins ship with the wind on 
his Oriental BcloffueSt the moderate sue- the port side snail keep out of the way 
cess of which encouraged him to try a of the ship with the wind on the star- 
literary career in London. In 1746 he board, but if they have both the wind on 
published his Odes, containing pieces the same side the ship which is to wlnd- 
which now rank among the finest lyrics ward shall keep out of the way of the 
in the language. Disappointed with the one that has it to leeward. If a steam- 
reception nil poems met with, and un- ship and a sailing ship are approaching; 
strung by irregular habits and excite- so as to involve collision thf^ former 
meat, he feU into a nervous melancholy, must keep out of the way of the lattsr. 



CoUodion Cologne 

If one YMsel is ovtrtaking another she junction with Garrick). From 1777 till 
mast keep out of the way of the last- 17U1 he conducted the little theater in 
named vesseL the Uaymarket, London. 

Collodion (ko-lCdi^n). a substance Colman. ^^^f ('the Younger'), 
wMv^Mvu prepared by dissolving vrvxiXM»ii, ^^ ^^ ^^ preceding, was 

pyroziline (guncotton) in ether, or in born in London in 1762; died there in 
a mixture of ether and alcohol, which 1836. He assisted his father as director 
forms a useful substitute for adhesive of the Haymarket Theater, and succeeded 
plaster in the case of slight wounds, him as patentee. His dramas include 
When the fluid solution is applied to the John BuU, The Hetr^t-Law, Poor Oentle- 
cut or wound it immediately dries into man and Love Laughs at LocksmithM. 
a semitransparent, tenacious film, which ^ , irArwAn /vnrmav) m. 

adheres firmly to the part, and under Colmar, dtv of^rmkLv S OToi 

i^flSSmrtSSf V'r'SSehtlv' moffi ^^^ forSVin^uTe^^F/endf dSSS?. 
inflammation. In a sligntiy modinea _.-_|. '« Honf Rhin aft milM a nlv 

form collodion is also employed as the g£i^,b2rg % h^' manufaSu^^Tf 
basis of a photographic process called n^SrSd tood« nftl^o. .ilkiT^ hL 

the collodion process. See Photography. S^^^tS^ill^fa^eri^ Si* mi 

-«« .tn aS^iS^lL gelatine, ^ Qennany by the Treaty of VersaiUea, 

l/OUOt tt HerOOlS ^^^^ ^^j^e, i Coin. See Cologne. 

leader in the French revolution, bom in fi^i^^ (kOln), a town of Bngland, Id 

1760; died in 1796. He became promi- i/OinC Lancashire, 34% miles nT^ m, I 

nent as a leader of the Mountain or ex- ^f ^he city of Manchester. The dlief i 

treme party. He was sent by Robes- manufactures are cotton and woolen 

pierre along with Foucn4 to Lyons in goods. Pop. 25,603. 

17d3, with almost unlimited powers, and PnlAnaaio (kol-6-kft'Bi-a)t a genns of 

was guilty of the most flagrant enorml- vuiuuiuiill j^iants, nat. order Arooso; 

ties. Returning to Paris ne became a the leaves and tubers of which are acrid. 

determined opponent of Robespierre, and Xhe latter contain much starchy matter. 



being chosenj)resident of the Ck>nvention and they are used as food in the south 
(July 19. 1794), contributed to his falL of Europe after the acrid matter is sep- 
He was later banished to Cayenne. arated by washing or boilina. C. escw 

Collusion (ko-ltl'shun), in law, n se- lenta, C. macrorhtzat and others furnish 

cret agreement between op- the taro of the Pacific islands. ^^* 
posing litigants to obtain a particular Cocco Root, 

Judicial decision on a preconcerted state- p^]rt^_.i.i. (kol'ft-slnth), the froit of 
ment of facts, whether true or false,^ to l/OlOCynxn Xj^cumia (or Citrullus 
the injury of a third party. Collusion, Colocynthua) , a species of cucumber, the 
when proved to exist, nuUifies the judg- ^^ ''^nd powdered pulp of which U the 
ment obtained through it colocynth of the shops. It is used in 

CoUver. ?o?™^» »^ American Uni- medicine as an aperient 

rJ^. / tr J*r\*^ ™^^®T«^y?^^» ^^oJ*^ *i PnlncniP (ko-16n'>, (changed oflBdany 
Keighly, York^ire, England, in 1823. and l/OlOgnC \^ ^^^N In 1901), German, 

died in New York in 1912. He learned jj^g/,! (ke«ln), a city of Rhenish Prussia, 
the blacksmith trade, which he practised on the left bank of the Rhine, a fortress 
for some time after coming to America of the first rank and important commer- 
in 1850. He was at first a Methodist cial city, is 358 miles by rail 8. w. of 
local preacher, but became a Unitarian in Berlin and 24 miles 8. E. of Dflaseldorf. 
1859. He founded Unity Church, Chi- The old fortifications, dating from the 
cago, and was for many years pastor of middle ages, are being, or have been re- 
the Church of the Messiah, New York, cently, swept away, new works being con- 
His books include Nature and JAie structed in accordance with the principles 
(1864), The Simple Truth (1878), Talkn of modem fortification. The town itself 
to Young Men (1888), Things New nnd has been improved and extended, and 
Old (1893). streets once dark and filthy have been 

ColmAn (h6l-man), Gejobgb, an Eiig- opened up or otherwise improved, but 
wMAMftM jigjj dramatic writer and Cologne is still irregularly built and 
theatrical manager, born at Florence in largely in the antique style. There are 
1733; died in 1794. He is author of many fine old buildings as well as excel- 
Polly Honeycomhet The Jealous Wife, lent modern ones ; the churches in parties 
and The Clandestine Marriage ^in ^nti. ular are interesting* 



Cologne Colombia ' 

Tbt most import&nt edifice of all Is th« imporUoce was greatly diminished wben 

cathedral, befun in 1248, one of the it was taken bj the French in 1794. ceded 

fiueat and Inrgeat Oothic structures in to them by the Treaty of Luniville in 

Europe. It was completed only in the igOl, and restored to Prussia in 1S14. 

1!%.^^^*^^ %':&ofiSo:'% ?. "^^'^ "' ^"'-- ^«^«-. ^-^-j^^om. 

In the form of a cross ; its entire lensth ColOfne Earth. *, "" , ocher, 
ia about 480 feet: breadth. 282 feet; ^ ' of a deep-brown 

height to ridge of roof, 202 feet : height color, transparent, and durable id water- 

of the two western towers, between color painting. It is an earthy varielT 

which U a grand portal, G20 feet, being of lignite or partially fossUiied wood. 



Colosni, showing CsUiedrsi snd Cbiueh of St. Msrlio 

thus among: the btshmt edifices in cBe Cntntrnp VJttiPT Aqua Cot.oost 

world. The council -house. mu«eum, and ^**t"Sne W aicr, enmib. EAU UE Co- 

fine St. Martin Church with its im- loone, spibitus ouubatus, is a yellow 

posing tower should also be mentioned, iah liquid perfume composed ot spints 

The manufactures embrace sugar, to- "'^"i"*^ -j^a • ew droiw of ™^^^ 

bacco. glue, carpels, leather, ma-hinery. S™« U was fi?^t nJ^uced iS 

Chemic-ls. pianos and the celebrated J^CTby Jean Farina?in S^Sd ta 

ew ie Cologne. The trade by river and .hu manufactured there by persons beap- 

railway is very great. — Cologne Is of in( or assuming the aame oame. Its 

pre-Christian origin, and was originally foi nnla is a secret. 

called Oppidum Ubiomm, being the chief fi, lncmi> Vpllniir *■ pigment coa- 

town of the Ubii. a German nation. ^ lOgne leUOW, ^,^(5^^ ^j y^^ 

Th^ Romans made It a colony a-D. 51, diromate of lead, sulphate of leao, and 

and called it Colonia Aarippi«a (whence aulphate of lime. 

tbe name Cologne). LAter it was at- nnlnrnTiia (hMom'b^&), Kepdblic OF, 

tached to the Frankish empire, and ^OiOniDia formerly aOled New Ora- 

became one of the most powerful and nada. a republic, fourth in aise among 

wealthy cities of tbe Hanseatic Ijcague. the countries of South America, conalst- 

bot latterly it declined, and its commercial iug of 15 departments, four tetritorlw 



ColomUa Ctilomb$ 

P^^JUJl*^*"^ ^^^^ ^* PojwlAtlon Cartagena, and Buenaventura. In 1908 
!" J?^-]?%v.^'*^&?®^V,"r? approx- Panama, once a department of CSolombla, 
koatdy 641,000. The chief town; are aaserted its independence and waa formed 
J^o^^ J^V^^^lf^^^^f ^^^ Carta- into a separate repubUc. On April «. 
ma. The territory of the repubUc 1014, Colombia signed a treaty with the 
formerly induded the Isthmus of Pan- United States agreeing to recognise the 
amA, but PanamA declared ite indepen- independence of Panama, and receiving in 
dence m November, 1903 and there is return $25,000,000 and certain rights in 
much disputed boundary territory in the the Canal Zone. This treaty was ratified 
uUnd ^regions towards the south and by the U. 8. Senate on April 20, 1921. 
east According to surftu» conformation, The foreign trade is mostly with Britain 
the coun^ may be divided mto the de- and the United Stotes. The exports are 
vated rqrion of the Cordilleras in the mainly coffee, hides, bananas, goM, silver 
west, aiid t^t of the low-lying lands in and platinum ; the imports conrist of food- 
theeast The former occupies the greater gtufls, metals, cotton goods and drugs. In 
!???^«iljffiL «>^J?y. and presents a igao the exports amounted to $80,000,000 ; 
ridihr-diverrffied surface, bdng formed the imports to $48,000,000. There are about 
^efiv of ttree mountain chafiis which 900 nfies of railroad. The money stand- 
stretch north and south m a nearly par- ard is the pew or dollar, nominal valua 
allel direction, indosing between them the $1. — Colombia is divided into 15 depart- 
valleys of the rivers Cauca and Magda- ments, 4 territories and a federal district 
lena. These, the two great navigable ^e government is carried on by a presi- 
riyers of the country, flow noithw^s, dent, a supreme court, and a legismtuM 
joining their waters about 120 mUes from consisting of an upper and lower house; 
Uieir embou^ure in tiie Caribbewa Sea. the former chosen V electoral coUeges. 
I» l**«,?5'*P*l,'^^E? ^ ,^« ^^rte?!^' the latter by direct votes. The depart 
?2*?oo**'*^^^?^i!** Sf ▼?!<»"<> o| T61ima, mente have appointed governors andbi- 
IM^ feet high. The low lands of the ennial assemblies. The constitution dates 

ro£S Wo^iSf^B^Sl'^^^^^^ ^ 4!^bT'?fce""^:e^3^ei".SSfeS 

fi.*r.J?iJ"S^*Kr'T?«'.J?® fi5^5t^ ^«» enlarged. The finances of the »- 
ing carnea to tne Amazon and Urinoco. ««nh1i<« hsvn iihown mmridM^MA imnmv*- 

hot The rainfall is very heavy on the «"««>"• New Granada declared ito inde- 
coast At some places on the Caribbean Pendence of Spain in ISll^d alter eleven 
Sea, and on the I^cific coast, yellow fever J^^ o^ warfare succeeded ^with the help 
is endemic ; but for the most part in the of Venesuela in effecting its liberation, 
elevated country, as the Plain of BogotA, Both states then united with Ecuador, 
8000 feet above the sea, the climate is ^^ fr««5 from the Spanish domination, 
perfecUy salubrious, and the tempera- to form the first republic of Colombia : but 
ture seems that of eternal spring. The internal dissensions arising, the three 
flora is rich and luxuriant A great part ftates again separated in 1831, forming 
of the country is stiU covered with vir- three independent republics, which have 
gin forests, which yield excellent build- ^ * TJ^^ troubled existent. In 18«1 
ing-wood, Peruvian bark, caoutehouc, the states forming New Granada by 
vanilla, etc The fauna include the agreement adopted a new consdtutioiL 
jaguar, puma, tapir, armadillo, sloth, the republic to be «lled the United 
various species of deer, and the gigantic States of Colombia. This title was re- 
condor. The mineral wealth is various tained till, by the new constitution of 
and abundant though still imperfectly 1886. the state ceased to be a federal 
explored. It comprises coal, gold, silver E5PS4*,? *"^ became a unitery republic 
(both now largely worked by foreign 35«» the name of RepubUc of Colombia 
companies) , emeralds and salt Industry ™w 1" » president, supreme court and 
is at a very low stege. Maiz^ bananas, legislature of two houses, 
and plaintains are the chief articles of Colombo (aMom'bO) , a seaport town, 
food. Tobacco and coffee are cultivated '^^*^***"^ the capital of Ceylon, on 
and exported. Sugar-cane is also grown, the southwest coast and about 70 miles 
Manufactures can scarcely be said to west by south of Kandy, with whidi it 
exist Panaml hats, mats, and coarse is connected by railway. It is a pleas- 
cotton cloths being almost the only ant town with an extensive fort within 
articles that can be mentioned in this which are some of tiie beat houses, and 
dass. Chief porta are ^,«i'ranQuiUa« which occupies a pioieeting point of 



Colombo Colony 

land. On the north aide of the fort, on ment of troops, ranking below a brlga- 
the manrin of the sea, ia the Pettah or dier-general, and above a lieutenant- 
Black Town, inhabited chiefly by Sin- ooloneL 

ghaleee, while in the environs are most CoIohha (ho-lon'a), an Italiaa family 
of the houses occupied by the English, ^vavau&a ^^^ |^^ become important as 
The public buildings comprise the gov- early as the 8th centurv. its fame 
emment offices, government house, su- during the middle ages edipaed that of 
preme court, museum, etc. Through the every other Boman family except the 
construction of a breakwater and other neat rival house of the Ondni The 
works there is now excellent harbor ac- CSolonna family is at present represented 
eummodation, and numerous vessels call by several branches, the Ck>Ionna-Sciarra, 
here. Pop. (1911), 213,896L Golonna-Stigliano, etc It played an im- 

Colombo. See C<ri.«*.. ^ST ^ ^ te jS^Sit*' hoSS*% 

TnlnTi (hOlnn; Gr. kdlon), the mid- Italy, Spidn and Germany, and has 
\j\tMMiL ^Ye portion of the large intes- furnished manv celebrated warriors, 
tine, or that which lies hetween the popes, and cardinals, 
cecum and the rectum or terminal por- CAlnnnfl. Gape (ancient 8unium)m 
tion. In man it is about 4% feet long, ^v*^**"**** the southern extremity of 
and forms a series of pouches in which Attica, Greece. Its summit is crowned 
the digested food is for a time detained, by the ruins of a temple of Poseidon 269 
It is itself believed to have some diges- feet above the sea, of which thirteen 
tive power. columns of white marble are still stand- 

Colon, fn^Tf^'^^^i^^do^'L"^^^^^^ V ITT OBI A, the most re- 

the other, thu^s f uJS to mSk a%\'"l2 ^T^lni^JS'lt ^gfflo V^ 
the sense that sometimes might also be JH **^® *^u?**'*S' iS' 7"'""5 Colonna, 
Ldicated by a full stop. It also indl- ^-^^^iV^^^, *U^n?^«?US« Sb^wiS 
cates a connection between a preceding l^^-, A^ JS?® **® of nineteen. she was 
ShSse and a f ollowSg one, and is useS Ji*"*^!**i?*„"!Si:J ^/ w'ionth' whn 
preceding a quotation. SSiie'^Sn??/*?^ disttsf An"" of 

Colon, formerly Aspnnvjix, a seaport his age. They lived in the happiest 
' of Panama, on Mansanillo Ii- union, and when her husband died of 
land, on the north side of the Isthmus wounds received at the battie of Pavia 
of Panamfl, at the Atlantic extremity of (1525), Vittoria sought consolation in 
the interoceanic railway, and near that solitude and in poetry. She became the 
of the PanamA Canal. Established in object of the deep affection of Michael 
connection with the railway, it had an im- Angelo» then in his sixty-fourth year, who 

gortant transit trade before the canal was addressed some of his finest sonnets to 
egun. and since then the place has been her. She died at Rome in 1547. Her 
entirely transformed. Since 1903 the most celebrated work is the Rime Spirit 
United States has had jurisdiction over tuali, 1538. 

sanitation and quarantine, and by a treaty fJnlnTiTinilA (kol-o-nftd'), in architee- 
in 1914 was given control of the harbor, vuiuiiiittuc ^ ^^^ series or range 
There is extenrive harbor accommodation, of columns placed at certain intervals 
Pop. (1912) 17,748. ^ , ^ . ^ from each other. When surrounding the 

Colon ?, ^"^ ^' .9^^A Province of building on the exterior the colonnade is 
^ , > Matansas, 40 miles B.K. from called a perutyle: when projecting be- 
Cardenas. It is in a sugar-growing r»- yond the Une of the building it is called 
gion. Pop. 7124. a poriioo. 

Colonel (h^r'nel), the commander of noloTiv (koro-ni), a settiement formed 
wuiuiici ^ regiment, whether of horse, vUluny ^ ^^^^ country by the inhabit- 
foot, or artillery. Any rank above a ants of another. Ck)lonies may either be 
colonel constitutes the bearer of it a formed in dependence on the mother 
general officer. In the British service country or in independence. In the latter 
the rank of colonel is honorary, except case the name of colony is retained only 
in the artillery and engineers, and is in a historical sense. Properly, perhaps, 
usually bestowed upon officers of supe- the term should be limited to a settiement 
rior rank and princes of the blood. In which carries on a direct cultivation of 
the (sferman, Austrian and Russian the soil, as in the Dominion of Ganada 
armies, when the regiments are very or Australia; such settiements as those 
large, the colonelcies are mostly honor- of the British in Hindustan or Malta be^ 
ary posts, held by roval or distinguished ing the mere superposition on the natives 
persona. In the United States army a of a ruling race which takes littie or no 
OOloBal is the chief commander of a regi« iiart in the geaeiml industry of tha 



Colony Colony 

country. The motives which lead to the on the Malabar coast of India. The 
formation of colonies, and the manner first Portuguese colonies were gariisoas 
of their formation, are various. Some- along the coasts where they traded: Mo- 
times the ambition of extending territory sambique and Sofala on the east coast of 
and the desire of increasing wealth have Africa, Ormus and Muscat in the Persian 
been the chief impulses in colonisation; Gulf, 6oa and Damao on the west coast 
but colonies may now be said to have be- of India. Colonies were established in 
come a necessity for the redundant pop- Ceylon in 1505, in the Moluccas in 151U. 
ulation of European states. Among Brazil was discovered in 1499, and this 
ancient nations the principal promoters of macnificent possession fell to Portugal, 
colonization were the Phoenicians, the ana was colonized about 1630. Bad 
Greeks, and the Romans ; the greatest government at home and the subjection of 
colonizers in modem times have been the the country to Spain caused the loss of 
English and the Spaniards, next to most of the Portuguese colonies. Hie 
whom may be reckoned the Portuguese, Portuguese now possess several tenitoriet 
the Dutch, and the French. The Ger- in Asia, at Goa, Damao and Diu, Indis: 
mans have latterly contributed largely to Macao, Chipa ; and some islands in the 
the tide of emigration, particularly in the Indian Archipelago. In Africa thex 
direction of America ; but they have done possess the Cape Verd and other islands ; 
little directly as colonizers. settlements in Senegambia, Guinea, 

The Phoenician colonies were partly Mozambique, Sofala, Angola, Benguelt. 

caused by political dissensions and re- Mossamedes, its colonies in Airica cover- 

dundant population, but were chiefly com- ing an area of nearly 800,000 sq. miles, 
mercial, serving as entrepots and ports Soon after the Portuguese the Spaa* 

of repair for Phoenician commerce along iards commenced the work of coioniss- 

the coasts of Africa and Spain, in the tion. In 1492 Christopher Columbus dis- 

latter of which they numbered, accord- covered for Spain the principal islands of 

ing to Strabo, more than two hundred, the West Indies and Haiti, or Stn 

But it was in Africa that the most Domingo, Porto Rico, Jamaica and Cabs 

famous arose, Carthage, the greatest were soon colonized. Before the middle 

colonizing state of the ancient world, of the sixteenth century Mexico, EiCnador. 

The Greek colonies, which were widely Venezuela, New Granada, Peru and Chile 

spread in Asia Minor and the islands of were subdued, and Spain took the first 

the Mediterranean, the coasts of Mace- rank among the colonizing powers of 

donia and Thrace, in South Italy and Europe. But the Spaniards never really 

Sicily, were commonly independent, and attempted to develop the industrial re- 

frequently soon surpassed the mother sources of the subject countries. Tbt* 

states in power and importance. The pursuit of minin^r for gold or silver 

colonies of Rome were chiefly military, occupied the colonists almost ezdusivdy. 

and while the empire lasted were all in and the enslaved natives were driven to 

strict subordination to the central govern- work themselves to death in the mines, 

ment As the Roman power declined the Cities were founded, at first along the 

remains of its colonies amalgamated with cossts, for the sake of commerce and as 

the peoples among whom they were military posts; afterwards also in the 

placed, thus forming in countries where interior, in particular in the vicinity of 

they were sufllciently strong what are the mines, as Vera Cruz, Cumana, Porto 

known as the Latin races, with languages Bello, Cartagena, Valencia, Caracas; 

( Spanish, Portuguese. French andf Ital- Acapulco and PanamA on the coast of th^ 

ian) which are merely modifications of Pacific; Lima, Concepcion and Bueno« 

the old Roman tongue. Before America Ayres. The colonial Intercourse with 

and the way by sea to the East Indies Spain was confined to the single port of 

were discovered, the only colonies belong- Seville, afterwards to that of Cadiz, from 

ing to European states were those of the which two squadrons started annually — 

Genoese, Pfsans, and Venetians in the the galleons, about twelve in number, for 

levant and the Black Sea, flourishing Porto Bello ; and the fleet, of fifteen large 

estsblishments on which the mercantile vessels, for Vera Crnz. When the power 

greatness of Italy In those days was of Spain declined, the colonies soon took 

lareely built. the opportunity to declare their independ- 

The Portuguese were the first great ence, and thus were formed the republics 

colonizers among modem states. In of Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia. Ecus- 

1419 they discovered Madeira, the dor, Peru. Bolivia. Argentina, Chile, etc. 

Azores, and the Cape Verd Islands ; the Its remaining colonies. Cuba, Porto Rico. 

Congo and the Cape of Good Hope fol- and the Philippine Islands, were taken 

lowra ; and before the century was out by the United States as a result of the 

Vasco de Gama had landed at Calicut war of 1896, Cuba becoming an lode- 



Colony "^ Colony 

pendent republic The Ladrone group ly the whole of India, this vast territory 
pras transferred to Qermany with the being still under the government of thi 
exception of Guam, held by the United East India Company — a mercantile com- 
States. The colonies of Spain are now pany, controlled by Parliament, but ex- 
confined to about 250,000 sq. miles in erdsing many important functions of 
Airica and some small islands. sovereignty. 

The hate of Philip II, who prohibited The discoveries of the Gabots, follow- 
Dutch vessels from the port of Lisbon, ing soon after the voyages of Columbus, 
forced the people of Holland to import gave the English crown a claim to North 
directly from India or lose the large America, which, though allowed to lie 




Dutch East India Company, with a tion on a large scale. Raleigh's settle- 
monopoly of the East India trade and ment on Roanoke Island (North Caro- 
sovereign powers over all conquests and Una) in 1585 proved a failure, but in 
colonies in India. The Dutch now 1607 the colonists sent out by the London 
rapidly deprived the Portuguese of nearly Company to Chesapeake Bay founded 
all their East Indian territories, settled Jamestown, on the James River, in Vir- 
a colony at the Cape of Good Hope ginia. The next great settlement was 
(1650), established a West India Com- that of the Pilgrim Fathers, who landed 
pany, made extensive conquests in Brazil December 21, 1620, in Massachusetts 
(1623-60), which were soon lost, and Bay. The colonization of New Hamp- 
more permanent ones on some of the shire. Maine, New Jersey, (Connecticut, 
smaller West India Islands, as San Rhode Island, soon followed. In the 
Eustatia, Curacoa, Saba, etc The grow- * State of New York and the Hudson River 
ing power of the British and the loss of territory the British found the Dutch al- 
Holland's independence during the Napo- ready in possession; but in 1664 they 
Iconic wars were heavy blows to the seized the colony of New Amsterdam by 
colonial power of the nation. But the force, changing its name to New York in 
Dutch still possess numerous colonies in honor of James, Duke of York. Pennsyl- 
the East Indies, among which the more vania was founded by William Penn, and 
important are Java, Sumatra, Dutch colonized with Quakers in 1682: Mary- 
Bomeg. the Molucca Islands, and part of land in 1631 by a party from Virginia ; 
New Guinea, also several small islands Carolina in 1670 and Georgia in 1732 by 
in the West Indies and Surinam. colonies from England. Colonies were 
No colonizing power of Europe has had early established in the West India 
a career of such uniform prosperity as Islands, including Barbadoes, half of St. 
Great Britain. The Enslish attempts at Christopher's (1625), and soon after 
colonization began nearlv at the same many smaller islands. Newfoundland was 
time with the Dutch. After many fruit- taken possession of in 1583, colonized in 
less attempts to find a northeast or north- 1621 and 1633. Canada was surrendered 
west passage to the East Indies, English to Britain at the Peace of Paris in 1763. 
vessels found their way round the Cape In 1764 began the disputes between 
of Good Hope to the East Indies in 1591. Britain and its North American colonies. 
The East India Company was established which terminated with the acknowledg- 
in 1600. English commerce with India, ment of the independence of the Unit^ 
however, was not at first important, and States, Canada still remaining a British 
they possessed only single factories on dependency. 

the continent up till toe beginning of Australia was discovered in the begin- 
the 18th century. The ruin of the Mogul ning of the seventeenth century. The 
Empire in India after the death of first Australasian settlements of Britain 
Anrengzebe (1707) afforded the oppor- were penal colonies. New South Wales, 
tunity for the growth of British power, discovered in 1770, was established as a 
as the British and French were compelled penal colony in 1y78. Tasmania (Van 
to interfere in the contentions of the Dieman's Land), discovered by Tasman 
native princes and governors. The in 1642, followed in 1803. West Aus- 
French appeared at first to maintain the tralia became a free colony in 1829. Vic- 
superiori17 ; but the British in turn crot toria was colonized in 1835 and made an 
the upper hand, and the victory of Cliye independent colony in 1851. South Aus- 
at Plassey in 1756 laid the foundation tralia was settled in 1836. All these 
of an exclusive British sovereignty in states are now included in the Common- 
India. By the middle of the next century wealth of Australia. New Zealand was 
the British territory embraced, with the discovered by Tasman in 1642 and made 
reception of a few dependent states. near> a colony in 1840. The Fiji Uanda were 

11— a 



Colony Colony 

 

annexed in 1874 and New Guinea in 1884. the territory during the European war. 
In South Africa, Cape Colony, first let- By the treaty of VersaiUeB, 1919, Ger- 
tied hy the Dutch in 1652, became an many lost all her colonial possessions. 
English colony in 1814. Great Britain Great Britain and dominions gained much 
holds possession of the Boer republics and the larger portion of Germany's posses- 
other vast stretches in Africa. Kgypt sions in Africa, also the Pacific islands 
was formally declared a protectorate in south of the equator. France gained some 
1914 during the European war; Cyprus of Germany's African possessions, 
was annexed at the same time. Japan is the most recent of the empire- 
France was somewhat late in establish- building nations, her policy of expansion 
hag colonies. Between 1627 and 1636 the dating from 1854, the year in which Corn- 
West Indian Islands of St. Christopher's, modore Perry succeeded in establishing 
Goadeloupet. and Martinioue were colo- treaty relations between Japan and the 
nixed by pnvate persons. Champlain was United States. French omcers remod- 
the pioneer of the French in the explora- elled her army ; British sailors her navy, 
tion of the North American continent, and following her easily successful war 
and fonnded Quebec in 1608. Colbert with China she was ceded Formosa in 

Snrchased several West Indian Islands, as 1894. As a result of the Russo-J^apanese 

Cartinique, Guadeloupe, St. Lucia, etc., war the paramount interests of Japan in 

and sent out colonists In 1664 to Cayenne. Korea were recognized, and in 1910 Korea 

In 1670 the East India Company formed was formally annexed by Japan, and 

by Colbert founded Pondicherry, which given the name of Cho-sen. Japan also 

became the capital of extensive posses- acquired the Liao-Tung peninsula with 

sions in the East Indies. At the begin- Port Arthur, China's strongest fortress, 
ning of the eighteenth century France had« which Russia had seized. The port of 

extensive settlements in Canada, Nova Tsing-tao (Kiao-chow), which Germany 

Scotia and Newfoundland, the most flour- had leased from China, was talcen hi 

ishing of the West Indian Islands, and Japan during the European war in 1914. 

she seemed to have a prosperous career Her ' special interests^ in China were 

before her in India, in time, however, recognized by the United States, and an 

the rival interests of British and French extension of her colonial power in that 

colonists brought about a conflict which country is expected, 

terminated in the loss of Canada and Bel^um became a colonial power by the 

other North American possessions, as well annexation in 1908 of the Congo Free 

as many of the West Indian Islands, while State, which had been under the personal 

the dominion of India passed into the overlordship of Leopold II. King of the 

hands of the British. Belgians, who had governed the territory 

The chief colonial possessions of France with extreme cruelty. 

are : Algeria, Tunis, part of Morocco, Italy attempted to take part in the par- 

iS^ch West Africa, Equatorial Africa, tition of Africa among the European 

Somaliland, Madagascar, Mavotta, Island powers, but had an unfortunate experi- 

of Reunion, French India, Cochin-China, ence. In 1882 it erected into a colony a 

Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, coaling station held by it on the Red sea, 

and some islands in tne Pacific. in 1885 occupied Massowah, and in 1889 

Of recent years Germany has made an combined its colonial territory under the 

effort to take rank as a colonial power, name of Eritrea. This lay along the Red 

and at the b^inning of the European war Sea coast of Abyssinia and the whole of 

(1914) had an African empire of over that ancient kingdom came to be looked 

1,000,000 sq. miles. Togo, Southwest upon as tmder an Italian protectorate. 

Africa, and the Cameroons were acquired But there was a rude awakening in 1895 

in 1884, East Africa in the following vear. when an Italian force, which had pene- 

German New Guinea, which induoea the trated Abyssinia, was attacked at Adowa 

Bismai^ Archipelago, Kalserwilhelms- and completely defeated. As a result, the 

land, and some of the Solomon islands, independence of Abyssinia was acknowl- 

came under the German colonial govern- edged, but Italy still held Eritria. and 

ment in 1884. The Carolines and other adaed to it a larger district in Somaliland, 

islands in the Pacific were acquired in in the extreme eastern section of Africa. 

1899. The long arm of the German em- It seized on Tripoli, a Turkish possession, 

pire stretched out to China, where Great in 1911, a war ensuing between the Ital- 

Britain had established herself at Hong- lans and the Turks ana Arabs. Denmark, 

kong, Weihaiwei, and elsewhere, and in the remaining colonizing countrv of Eu- 

1898 the bay and surrounding coast of rope, possesses Iceland, Greenland and 

Kiao-chan (193 square miles), were the Faroe Islands, ancient acquisitions, 

leased by China to Germany for a period though of little value. She owned Santa 

of 99 years, but Japan took possession of Cms, Saint Thomas and Saint John* three 



Colony Colony 

islands in the Virgin Island group of the campaign to selae the isUnds that it waa 
West Indies, but the United States par- several weeks before the army coold be 
ehased the Danish West Indies from Den- sent. Bven after the American forces had 
mark in 1917. taken Manila, there seems to have been 

At the end of the Spanish-American little intention on the part of tiie admin- 
war (1898) the United States foond itself istration at Washington to hdd the 
with four new oveiHseas possessions : Ha- islands permanently. Agoinaldo^ the 
waii« Porto Rico. Guam, and the Philip- leader of the last Philippine rebellion, had 
pines. Prior to the war the native queen been brought back from exile in an Amer- 
of Hawaii had been deposed and the new ican war ship, and had been encouraged 
government had attempted to negotiate and assisted hy Dewey in starting a new 
a treaty providing for annexation to the uprising. Thero was no agreement to 
United States. President Cleveland made assist him in securing the independence 
an effort to restoro the deposed queen to of the Islands, but thero was a sort of alli- 
power, but failing in this, another treaty ance between him and the American 
of annexation waspresented to the Senate forces against the common enemv* Amii- 
in President Mcmnley's administration, naldo had occupied nearly all of the rest 
This was still pending when the war of the Island of Luzon when the United 
broke out. The events In the Philippines States forces took Manila, 
forcibly called the attention of the coun- The preliminary peace protocol had 
try to the necessity for controlling Ha- provided that 'the United States shall 
waii^ which was invaluable as a coaling bold and occupy the city, bay, and harbor 
station for the trans-Padfie voyage^ and of Manila, pending the conclusion of a 
action upon the treaty was consequentbr treaty of peace, which shall determine the 
hastened. The annexation was finally ef- control, msposition. and government of 
fected by a jdnt resolution passed July 7» the Philippines.' This had been rogarded 
1898. by Spain as providing for the ultimate re- 

The other new possessions were taken turn of the islands to her. President 
from Spain as the result of military vie- McESnlev apparentiy had no desiro to re- 
tories. Porto Bico had been invaded and tain the islands for the United States, and 
in large part conquered by American public opinion in this country was en- 
troops near the end of the war, and its tirelv undecided as to the course which 
transfer to American sovereignty was should be pursued. In the interval be- 
thereforo looked upon in the United tween the signaturo of the protocol on 
States as the natural consequence of the August 12, 1899, and the condusion of 
conflict. The people of the island appar- the Treaty of Peace on December 10 of 
entiy desired annexation to the Union, the same year, however, thero was a com- 
since they had littie ambition, as had the plete change in the attitude of the Ameri- 
Gubans, for national independence. The can people, which was roflected in the ac- 
provision was thereforo induded without tion of the government. When the peace 
question in the treatv of peace. The same commissioners left the United States in 
was true of the little island of Guam in September, they wero instructed to de- 
the Pacific, which was taken simply for mand the cession of tiie Island of Lucon 
use as a coaline station. and the grant of reciprocal commerdal 

With the Phmppines, however, the case privileges in the other islands of the 
was different The original occupation of arohipdaeo. On October 2CL they wero 
these islands by the United States might instructed by cable to demand the cession 
almost be described as an acddent. At of the entiro group. The Spanish com- 
the outbreak of hostilities, Admiral missioners objected strongly, but wero 
Dewey, with the United States Pacific finally foroed to accept the compensation 
squadron, had received orders to attack offered — ^tiiepayment by the United States 
the Spanish naval foroes at Manila. This to Spain of |20,000,000. The Philippines 
was an obvious move from a military thus became the property of the United 
point of view, because the destruction of States. 

the enemy's naval foroes in the Far East The sudden diange In the attitude of 
was necessary both for the security of the the United States was due to the so- 
West Coast of the United States and for catted ' imperialistic ' movement which 
the security of American commerce. The swept the country in the autumn of 1898. 
administranon had at the time no idea of Thero wero several factors which contrib- 
acquiring the Philippines. After Dewey's uted to arouse a strong popular opposition 
brilliant victory at Manila Bay, when the to the abandonment of what was regarded 
Admiral asked that troops be sent to oc- as a legitimate conquest. The cemnon of 
cupy the dty, and to destroy the Spanish the islands by Spain had been demanded 
army there, the offidahi at Washington by the peace commissioners on politiod, 
wu« 80 little prepared for an aggressive commetcial and humanitarian grooad. 



Colony ^ Colony 

Their retentioik seemed, indeed, to be the 1896. Sl,050,093,666 in 1807, and 1,231,* 
only coune consonant with the national 482,380 in 1^8. (1) The percentage of 
honor and dignity. It was impoeaible to manafactured goods to the total exports 
return them to Spain, after the revela- had increased from 14.78 per cent in 1890 
tions which had been made regarding the to 21.18 per cent in 1800 and to 30.15 per 
inefficiency and barbaronsness of her rale cent in 1897. (2) This chance in the 
there, and after the alliance which had character of our trade, the imperialists be- 
ezisted between the American forces and lieved, would force the United States to 
the Philippine insurgents under Agui- embark on a policy of territorial enian- 
naldo. It was equally impossible to make sion. The raw materials which had mth- 
them independent, bcKuiuse of their mani- erto predominated in the country's foreign 
fest unfitness for self-government. There commerce had found a ready market ui 
was a strong belief that Germany, which the great manufacturing countries of Bo- 
had become an object of grave suspicion rope, but the increase in the volume of 
since the unpleasant episode between the manufactured ffoods made it vital to se^ 
commander of her far eastern fleet and new commercial outlets in countries which 
Admiral Dewe^ after the battle of Manila were industrially less devdoped. These 
Bay. would seise the archipelago as soon outlets could only be obtaineoin colonies, 
as the United States withdrew. The vie- for the great powers of the world, which 
tories of the war, moreover, had aroused had already divided between them the 
a consciousness of national strength and greater part of the earth's surface, wers 
national greatness which lifted the people applying or threatening to apnly to their 
of the United States out of their absorp- possessions a closed door policy, which 
tion in their own internal affairs, and would exclude the trade of other nations, 
filled them with an ambition to play a The Philippines would not only furnish 
larger part in the world than ever before, for American goods a maricet of great ul- 
Newspapers and orators began to speak timate potentialities, but would also pro- 
of the United States as a world power, vide a center of distribution for Ameri- 
and to point to the acquisition of the can trade in all parts of the Far East. 
Philippines as the first step in the ful- The arguments of the imperialists were 
filment of our destiny to dominate the violently combated in the united States. 
Pacific. There was a strong feeling that by persons who believed that the new 
the United States ought to obtain a terri- movement involved an abandonment of 
torial foothold in the Far East, in view the nation's traditional policies and ideals, 
of the apparentlsr approaching partition The opponents of expansion dedared that 
of China. The seizure of several ports in neither our form of government nor our 
that empire by European powers In 1898 national experience fitted us for the con- 
had aroused grave doubts as to whether it trol of subject races, and that the ac- 
was destined to remain independent many quisition of colonies could not but alfeet 
years longer, and the interests of the injuriously our own internal political and 
United States in the future of the empire economic life. Many regarded the exer- 
were felt to be so great that it could cise of power over another people as a 
hardly afford to neglect an opportunity to violation of the principles laid down in 
obtain a naval and commercial base from the Declaration of Independence and the 
which it might exerdse an infiuence upon Oonstitution, and branded the whole 
the course of events. movement as un-American and pernidous. 
The expansionist movement was, per- Others said that the new possessions 
haps, not so much optical and senti- would force the United States to become 
mental as economic The business inter- a military power, with danger to tiie lib- 
ests of the country were convinced that it erty and security of its people. The op- 
was time for the United States to adopt position to the administration's policy 
the imperidist ideal which had guided the was so strong in the Senate that the 
foreign policy of England, France, and treaty of peace might not have been ae- 
Germany during the three decades Just cepted if it had not been for the rebellion 
past. Their arguments were the same as in the Philippines, which made many of 
those of the conmiercial leaders who fa- its opponents feel that it would be cow- 
vored expansion in the European coun- ardice to withdraw from the Islands until 
tries, nrhey believed that the United order had been restored. Immediately 
States had reached a point where it was after its vote of ratification, however, the 
impossible for it longer to subsist on its Senate passed a resolution stating that 
internal trade. The country was at the its action did not constitute a final deter* 
time passing through an era of immense mination of its attitude towards the 
expansion in commerce and manufactures. Islands. 

The total exports, wUch had been $857,- The Samoan islands were parceled oot 

828,684 in 1890, were $882,000,938 in among the nations ?n the result of th# 



Colophon ' Color 

intervention of the powers foUowine a Light,) The colors thus shown are 
series of internal disturbances, fostered, it usually said to be seven — ^red, orange, yd- 
must be admitted, by the three foreign low, green, blue, indigo, violet; although 
|x>wers possessing considerable interests in resdity there U an enormous, if not an 
in Samoa : Germany, Great Britain, and infinite number of perfectly distinct colors 
the united States. Great Britain re- in light. The seven colors are frequently 
ceived the Solomon and Tonga Islands, called the primary colors, and other tints 
Germany got Samoa, and the United and shades are producible by mixing 
States took possession of Tutuila and a them ; but in a stricter sense the primary 
few other small islands. colors are three in number, namely, red. 

The Canal Zone, a strip of land extend- green and violet (or blue) . These three 
ing 5 miles on either side of the Panama colors or kinds of light cannot be re- 
Canal, was acquired by agreement with solved into any others. In the scientific 
the newly created republic of Panama, in sense of the word white and black are not 
1903. the United States paying $10,000,- considered colors, a white body reflecting 
000 in gold and $250,000 annually for the and a black body absorbing all the rays of 
perpetual right of occupation of the terri- light without separating them, whereas 
tory. the colors proper are due to s%»aration of 

The Virgin Islands, formerly the Dan- the ravs of light by partial absorption and 
ish West Indies, were acquired by tiie reflection or by refraction. If a body 
United States in 1917, the compensation absorbs every other kind of light and re- 
being $25,000,000. The islands composing fleets or transmits red light only, it will 
the group are Santa Cms, Saint Thomas, appear of a red color; if It absoros every 
and Saint John. kind except blue rays, it will appear blue ; 

ColonliOTi (^ <> ^'^^ on), an ancient and so on. If more than one kind of light 
wAvyuvu Qpeek city of Asia Biinor, be transmitted or reflected the object wiU 
about 15 mfles n. of Ephesus, one of the appear of a color compounded of these 
places claimed as tne birthplace of different rays of light. 
Bomer. Here dwelt Mimnermus. the In art the term color is applied to that 
degiac poet, and some other men of emi- combination or modification of tints which 
nence. produces a particular and desired effect 

ColonllOIL ^^ device or imprint at m painting. The colors of the spectrum 
^ * the end of a published have to be distiD^uished from color used 
work, which in old books frequently stated in reference to pigments. The pigments 
the name of the author as well as the red, blue and yellow, regarded in the arts 
printer's name, along with the date and as the primary colors, produce effects, 
place of publicationi most of which infor- when mixed, very different from those 
mation is now put in the title-page. produced by admixture of the correspond- 

ColODhonV (hol-ofo-ni), the dark ing spectrum colors. These three pigment 
-r***'**/ resin obtained by distil- colors form other colors thus: red and 
ling turpentine. yellow make orange, vellow and blue make 

Color (I^^'^P)* the name given to dis- green, and red and olue moke purple: but 
tinguish the various sensations red, blue and yellow cannot be produced 
that lights of various rates of vibration by any combination of the other colors. — 
give to the eye. As in the case with Loeol oolora are those which are natural 
many of the words that denote oar sensa- to a particular object in a picture, and by 
tions, the word ooZor is also applied to the which it is distinguished from other OO" 
properties of bodies that cause them to jects. — Neutral coJotb, those in which the 
emit the light that thus affects our senses, hue is broken by partaking of the reflected 
The molecular constitution of a body de- colors of the objects which surround them, 
termines the character and number of the — Positive colors, those which are un- 
light vibrations it returns to the eye, and broken by such accidents as affect neutral 
so gives to each body its own character- objects.— -Oomplementory colors, colors 
istic color ; hence the term color is used to which together make white ; thus any of 
denote that in respect of which bodies the primary colors is complementary to 
have a different appearance to the eye the other two. — Subjective or accidental 
independently of their form. colors, the imaginary complementary 

Ordinary white light (the light which colors seen after fixing the eve for a short 
comes from an incandescent solid or time on a brieht-colored object, and then 
Uqnid) when transmitted through tri- turning it suddenly to a white or light- 
angular prisms of glass or other media colored surf ace. 

diirering in dispersive power from the Colors in heraldry are azure, Uue; 
atmosphere is shown to consist of a gules, red; sable, black; vert, green; 
number of colored lights, which, meeting purpure, purple; tcnnd or tawny, orange; 
the eye, together pioduce the sensation and murrey or sanguine, dark crimson. 
a white light. (See Spectrum and (See Heraldry,) Ifilitary colors are the 



Colorado Colorado 

flaga or ensigns of a regiment. See perfection. In general, cattle and sheep 
Colorit Military. grazing are the leading pursuits of the 
Colorado jkol-o-ril'dO), one of the rural population, though cattle raising on 
***** United States of America, a large scale is decreasing. Sheep raising, 
situated in the central belt of states in which is confined largely to the southern 
the Rocky Mountains, between lat. 37** cotuities. has likewise decreased, 
and 41* N., and Ion. 102" and 109** w., The oimate is dry and healthful, con- 
and containing an area of 103,948 sq. sidered especially beneficial to asthmatic 
miles. The western and central portions and pulmonary sufferers, and the charm- 
of its area are occupied by an intricate ing parks are becoming great natural 
plexus of wild and irregular ranges in- sanitariums. The chief wealth of Colo- 
dosing valleys known as 'parks, most rado consists of its minerals, principally 
of wmch are fertile, well wooded, and gold and silver. These were developed 
of a mild climate. These ' parks,' are until Colorado led the states in their pro* 
apparently the basins of former lakes duction, the yield of these two metabt in 
upheaved and deprived of their waters 1897 being valued at $47,078,535, more 
above the level of the sea. These parks than one-third the total yield of the 
are generalbr small, but a few of them country. For many years after 1873 the 
are larger than some entire states of the output of silver was greater than that of 
Union, as North Park, Middle Park, and gold; in 1892 it was six times as much; 
South Park. A large number of the but in 1898 the gold was estimated at 
mountains are over 14,000 feet high, in- $24,000,000. the sihrer at $14:250,000. In 
eluding Pike's Peak, Long's Peak, and 1910 the gold yield was stated at $20,408,- 
others. Of the mountain parks, the one 641; that of silver (commercial value), 
best known and most frequented is Estes about $5,000,000. Coal was the mineral 
Park, northwest of Denver, a favorite product of second importance and silver 
summer resort. The eastern section of ranked fourth. The coal fields of the 
the state is a great plain well adapted for state are divided by the major ranges of 
pasture. the Rocky Mountains into three groups. 

The rivers include the Arkansas, South the Eastern, the Park, and the Western, 
Platte, Grand River, etc. ; some of them the Eastern being the most highly devel- 
remarkable for the grandeur of their oped. ^ The coal ranges from sub-bitumi- 
cafions. (See ArizonaT^ Amone wild an- nous in the Denver regions, through van- 
imals are found the grizzly, the olack and ous grades of bituminous, including the 
the brown bear, prairie-wolf, several kinds high grade cooking coal of the Trinidad 
of deer, big-horn sheep, etc. There are and Glenwood Springs fields, to true an- 
cxtensive forests. In the mountain re- thradte, in the Crested Butte and Yampa 
gions the rainfall is small and of the fields. Iron, copper and lead are mined, 
arable lands in the state a great portion iron being widely diffused. Other min- 
require irrigation. As a result the agri- erals are manganese, petroleum, zinc, 
cultural development has had a compara- cement and fire-clay, 
tively recent beginning. Although a large Though pre-eminently a mining state 
part of its area is of a character which Colorado is active in manufacturing, part 
makes the growing of crops impossible, of which owes its existence to the needs 
large portions are admirably adapted for of the mining industry. Irrigation of the 
cultivation. The eastern two-fifths, which fertile valleys of the Platte and Arkansas 
lies within the Great Plains section of the rivers and other streams has made the 
United States, is largely utilized for graz- beet-sugar production of Colorado greater 
ing purposes, but dry farming has oeen than that of any other state. The can- 
successful and irrigated portions yield ning industry is also the outgrowth of the 
large crops. development of irrigation. The fact that 

To the west of the divide in the San Colorado is a natural grazing country is 
Luis valley, in the south-central part of responsible for the development of such 
the state, tne rainfall is at times consid- industries as slaughtering and meat pack- 
erable. To the east of the divide, on the ing. the manufacture of butter, cheese, 
plains, the rainfall is heavier, and here and condensed milk, the rendering of 
some crops are grown without irrigation, grease and tallow, and wool scouring. 
The growth of agriculture ia indicated bv The public school system isj^ood, and 
the following figures : The number of all there is a state university. The trans- 
farms in 1910 was 46,170, compared with portation facilities are excellent, and (jol- 
24,700 in 1900. The value of farm prop- orado claims a greater railway mileage 
erty from lOCiO to 1910 shows a remark- than any other of the Rocky Mountain 
able increase. In the latter year it was states. In view of the fact that there ate 
$491,471,806 as compared with $161,045,- no navigable rivers in the state the legis- 
141 in 1900. Orchard fruits are in some lature of 1909 created a State Railroad 
parts brought to an unusual degree of Commission to take general charge of the 



Colorado Colors 

regmlation of railway rates. Colorado was Ck>lor-blindne68 occurs in eyes whose 
omnized as a territonr in ISei, and ad- power of vision, as to form and distance, 
mitted as a State in 1876._ The State cap- is quite perfect, and may exist unknown 

/^Jfe 2S?Z25- S^Euv^^i^LJ^*'^^' to the person affected by it This defect 
(IWO) 799,024 ; (192 0) 939,376. is common, espedaUy among men. The 

ColorftdO. UN1VKH8ITT OP. a State co- cause of it in almost every case which has 
T» ij r% I educational institution at been carefully investigatea has been found 
Boulder, Colorado, opened in 1877. Num- to be seated in the sensorium, not in the 
ber of teachers, 200; students, 1500. visual apparatus. It will be easily under- 

riolArfi.l1 A A name of two rivers of stood that those whose eyesight is thus 
\/uiuiTftuu, ^jj^ United States.— (1) defective are disqualified for holding vari- 
the Western Colorado^ or Rio Colo- ous positions. 

RADO, formed by the junction of the Colorimeter (hol-o-rimVtdr), an in- 
Green and Grand rivers, at about lat. ^*'*^* ****«•'*'* strument for measuring 
38** N. ; Ion. 110^ w., in Utah. It flows the depth of color in a liquid by compari- 
southwest and south through Arizona, son with a standard liquid of the same 
and between Arizona and Nevada and tint. 

California, and after a total course, in- Pnlnr PriTifiTicr the art of produc- 
cluding Green River, of about 2000 miles, ^"*"^ XTlUWn^, j^^ pictures, de- 
falls into the Gulf of California. Among signs, cards, etc., in various colors by 
the most wonderful natural objects in means of lithography, printing from 
North America is the Grand Cafion of the metal blocks, etc. The ordinary methods 
Colorado, between Ion. 112** and 115 ** w. are: (1) the chromo-lithographic, in 
Here the river flows between walls of which a tracing of the original picture, or 
rock which are nearly vertical, and are in the like, is first made, and a copy trans- 
some places 6000 feet high. This cafion is ferred to as many stones as there are 
more than 300 miles long. (2) A river in colors in the original, every color requir- 
Texas which after a course of about 900 ing a separate stone. The drawing of 
miles falls into the Gulf of Mexico at the each stone is made to fit in, or register, 
town of Matagordo. (3) A river in Ar- with the preceding one, and as the paper 
gen tin a. about 620 miles long, which passes through the machine an additional 
empties into the Atlantic Ocean. color is added every time, and thus the 

Colorado Beetle ^^ American spe- picture is built up color upon color (each 
vfvxvAauu s^sisihx^f ^^ ^^ beetle being allowed to dry before the next is 

{Chrysomila or Polygramma, or Doryph- put on) until It is completed. Some 

6ra deoemlineAta) , nearly half an inch in chromos or oleographs may have as many 

length, almost oval, of a yellowish color as 25 or 30 printings or colors. (2) Block 

marked with black spots and blotches, or surface color printing is specially 

and on the elytra with ten black longitu- adapted for book illustrations or similar 

dinal stripes. The wings are of a blood- work where nicety of detail or rapidity of 

red color. It works great havoc among production is required. As in chromo- 

the potato crops, and is popularly known lithography various printings are neces- 

as the Potato Bug. sary; but these, while producing similar 

PnlArofln Q^nrincra county seat of effects, are reduced in number by a method 

Ijoioraau opiin^S, ^j p^^ q^^ ^^ printing several tints of the same color 

Colorado, 70 miles s. of Denver, at the foot at one operation. Each block, which is 

of Pike's Peak : elevation. 6038 feet. It is usuall:^ of zinc and prepared in the usual 

the seat of Colorado College and has ore way, is capable of producing three or 

refineries, etc. Summer and winter resort, more gradations of the same color; the 

Pop. (1910) 29.078; (1920) 30.105. darkest shade from the normal surface, 

P.nlo-r.'hli'nilTiAaa total or partial lighter shades being got from parts 

UOlor-DUUauesSy incapabiUty of dis- which have been bitten or corroded m an 

tinguishing colors. Color-blindness has almost imperceptible degree— the deepest 

been divided into three grades: (a) In- corrosions giving, of course, the lightest 

ability to discern any color, so that light shade. When all the tints of one color 

and shade, or black and white, are the are thus printed from one block and at 

only variations perceived, (h) Inability one oi>eranon, a second block with grada- 

to distinguish the nicer shades of the more tions, in the same way. is used, registering; 

composite colors, as browns, grays, and as in chijomo-lithography, and so on until 

neutral tints, (c) Inability to distinguish the picture is finished, 

between the primary colors, red, blue and Colors Militabt, the nationu flag 

yellow, or between them and their second- "^v*v*»> and the flag of the reriment 

aries, green, purple, orange and brown, which contains the device and number of 

Bed is the color which the color-blind are the regiment in gold. The colors, when 

most commonly unable to distinguish, uncased, are entitled to a salute when 

while yellow is the most easily recognized, borne past a guard and by the command- 



Color-Sergeant Colosfnim 



Sng officer and staff when carried past in Demas, another fellow laborer who later 

review and in general by all officers and deserted Paul (2 Tim. iv. 10), lacking the 

enlisted men under regulations prescribed heroic mettle of the great apostle, 

by the Army Regulations. Similar cus- Colossilfl (ho-los'us), in sculpture, a 

toms prevail in the navy. The national ^*'**'""**» statue of enormous magni- 

flag is raised at sunrise with a gun salute tude. The Asiatics, the Egyptians, and 

and lowered at sunset with a gun salute — in particular the Greeks have excelled 

the playing of the "Star Spangled Ban- in these woriks. The most celebrated 

ner" by the band. Egyptian colossus was the vocal statue of 

HaI nr.a^r CTAonf a non-commissioned Memnon on the plain of Thebes, supposed 

vruiur Msr^eaui., ^^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^^ ^^ identical witii the most northerty 

who is a member of the regimental staff, of two existing colossi (60 feet high) on 
There are two color-sergeants to each reg- the west bank of the rfile. Among the 
iment, who carry and have charge of the colossi of Greece the most celebratedf was 
national and regimental colors and are the Colossus of Rhodes, a brass statue of 
escorted by the color^guard. Golor-ser- Apollo 70 cubits high, esteemed one of 
geants rank line-sergeants and receive the wonders of the world, erected at the 
better pay. port of Rhodes by Chares, 290 or 288 B. c 
ColosSffi (kU-os'sS), an ancient dty of It was thrown down by an earthquake 
^/vavdock; ^^^ Minor, in Phrygia, on about 224 B.a The statue was in ruins 
the Ltcus, a branch of the Meander. It for nearly nine centuries, when the Sara- 
was the seat of one of the early churches cens, taking Rhodes, sold the metal, 
of Asia to whom the apostie Paul wrote weighing 720,000 Ibs^ to a Jew, about 663 
about 62 or 63 A. D. A. D. There is no authority for the 
ColflSflenm (kol-o-s6'um). a name popularly-received statement that it be- 
vrvAvoDviuu. giygQ to the Flavian strode the harbor mouth and that the 
Amphitheater in Rome, a large edifice for Rhodian vessels could pass under its legs, 
glaaiatorial combats, fights of wild beasts. Among the colossi of Phidias were the 
and similar sports. It was begun by Olympian Zeus and the Athena of the 
Vespasian, and finished by Titus, 80 a. d. Parthenon ; the former 60 ft. high and 
The outline of the Colosseum is elliptical, the latter 40. The most famous of the 
the exterior length of the building being Roman colossi were the Jupiter of the 
620 and its breadth 513 feet ; it is pierced Capitol, the Apollo of the Palatinelibrary, 
with eighty openings or vomitaria in the and the statue of Nero, 110 or 120 rt 
ground story, over which are superhn- high, and from which the contiguous 
posed three other stories, the whole rising amphitheater derived its name of Colos- 
perpendicularly to the height of 160 feet. seum. Recentiy rock-cut sUtues have 
Although two-thirds of the original build- been measured at Bamian on the road 
ing have disappeared, it is still a wondei^ between Cabul and Balkh, the largest 
f uT structure. being 173 ft. high and the second 120 ft 
PnlnaaiaTia Epistle to the. An Among the modem works of this nature 
vruiUBBMiiSy epistie written by the is the colossus of San Carlo Borromeo, at 
apostie Paul, when he was a prisoner in Arona, in the Milanese territory, 60 ft. in 
Rome. It falls naturally into four parts : height ; the ' Bavaria ' at Munich, 65 ft 
(1) introduction and thanksgiving; (2) high; the statue of Hermann or Arminins 
nature and work of Christ; (3) doctrine; near Detmold, erected in 1875, 90 ft in 
(4) personal matters and salutations, height to the point of the upraised sword. 
The tidrd chapter is a picture of the which itself is 24 ft in lengtii ; the height 
Christian life as seen by PauL It is a of the fijinire to the point of the hehnet 
plea that, having put off * the old man,' being 55 ft; the statue of Germania, 
the Colossians shim live like new men, erected in 1883 near Riidesheim, a figure 
putting aside all uncharitableness, bear- 84 ft high, placed on an elaborately sculp- 
ing themselves with meekness and kind- tured pedestal over 81 ft. high ; and Bar- 
ness. The probabilities are that Epaphras, tholdi's statue of Liberty presented to the 
of whom the writer speaks, preached first United States by the French nation, and 
to the Colossians and was the means of which measures 104 ft, or to the extremity 
their conversion. Among other early of the torch in the hand of the figure 




loved physician'; Aristarchus. a 'feUow ^OlOStTUm milk of mammalia se- 

prisoner ^; John Mark, called here Mar- creted after gi^g birth to young. It 

<ni8 ; BamabuR, a landowner of Cyprus, differs in composition from ordinary muk ; 

who sold his land and laid the price at has a purgative action, and serves to dear 

the feet of the aposties in Jerusalem, be- the bowels of infants of the meconium or 

coming a co-preacher with Paul ; and faecal matter which they contain at mrth. 



Colporteur Columbia 

Colnortenr (kol-por-tetfr'), a French preaching the Christian faith and found- 
"^* ^*^ term now naturalized in ins monasteriea, all of which he made 
the United States, and appropriated to a suoject to that which he had set up on 
class of men alwa3m, or most commonly, the island of Hy. The Oolumban church 
subsidized by societies or associations was in some points of doctrine and cere* 
with the view of disseminating rdigious monial opposed to that of Rome, to which 
literature by carrying about publications it owed no allefpiance. Shortly before his 
for sale, generally at reduced rates. death he revisited Ireland. There is a 

Colt (Kdlt), Samuix. (1814<^), an well-known life of St Columba, Vita 
American manufacturerMnventor Sancti Colpmhw written by St Adam- 
of the revolver, was born in Hartford, nan, Abbot of lona. 
Conn., and in 18«S5 secured a patent for nAliiTnllfl.niia (kol-um-b&'nus). Saint, 
his revolving pistoL See Revolver, wxujii.m»a£i*o ^j. qj^j^^ Columban. a 

Colton (kdl'ton), Chables Caleb, an missionary and reformer of monastic life. 
vuAifUu Engiigh writer, bom 1780;. died born in Ireland apparently about 540, be- 
by his own hand at Fontainebleau, 1832. came a monk in the Irish monaster^ of 
He held the united living of Kew and Pe- Benchor (Bangor), went through BSng- 
tersham, but was eccentric in his manners, land to France with twelve other monks 
extravagant in his habits, and irremedi- to preach Christianity, and founded the 
ably addicted to gambling and its at* monasteries of Annegray, Luzeuil (590), 
tendant vices. Bewildered by his pecn- and Fontaine in Burgundy. His rule, 
niary obligations, he fled to the United which was adopted in latter times by 
States, and after a sojourn there of some manv monasteries in France, commands 
years took up his abode in Paris, where blind obedience, silence, fasting, prayers 
he acquired a fortune of $125,000 by and labor, much more severe than the 
gambling, which was soon dissipated. Benedictine rule, and punishes the small- 
Through apprehension of a surgical opera* est offenses of the monks with stripes, 
tion he committed suicide. He wrote He retained also the old ecclesiastical cus- 
several satirical poems, jETypoomy, toms of the Irish, among which is the 
Napoleon, etc. ; but his most remarkable celebration of Easter at a different time 
work is Lacon, or Many Thinga in Few from the Roman Church. He appears to 
Word$, have remained at Luzeuil for nearly 

Colt's-foot T^**^ffo Farfdra, a weed twenty years. He then went among the 
\/vAb D Avvv) ^i ^Yxe order Composite, heathen Alemanni, and preached Chris- 
the leaves of which were once much em- tianitv in Switzerland. About 612 he 
ployed as a remedy for asthma and passed into Lombardy, and founded the 
coughs. The name is given from the leaf monastery of Bobbio, in which he died in 
somewhat resembling the foot of a colt, 61S. His writings comprise his monastic 
being broad and heart-shaped; -the flowers rule, sermons, some poems and ecclesias- 
are yellow. tical treatises. His life was written by 

Colt's EcVOlVCr. See Revolver. ttB^hhi^^ * auccessor In the abbacy 

Colnber (kol'tl-b^r), a genua of non- fJAliiTnllArilim (JFol-um-ba'ri-um>, in 
UQlUOer venomous serpents, which in- V»011UIlDaniua ^^nian antiquities, a 

eludes, besides several N. American place of sepulture for the ashes of the 

snakes the Coluber ^soulapU, common dead after the custom of burning the dead 

in the neighborhood of Rome, and re- had been introduced. Columbaria con- 

garded as the serpent which was sacred sisted of arched and square-headed re* 

to iGscnlapius, the god of medicine. To cesses formed in walls in which the ciner- 

the same family belongs the common ary urns were deposited, and were so 

ringed snake of Britain (Tropidon6tu9 named from the resemblance between 

natriw)^ which attains a length of 3 or 4 these recesses and those formed for the 

f^t doves to build their nests in a dove-cot. 

Colnmba (ko-lum-ba). See OaU^ml^ Columbia yS;re;Sl\La%?SSiS' o"n 

ColnTn^llft ^''** ^ native of Ireland an elevated plain on the left bank of the 

vrvAuw. ftM»9 (Gartan in Donegal), bom Congaree, 129 miles N. w. of Charleston, 

in 521 ; died in 597. In 545 he founded It contains some fine public buildings, 

the monastery of Derry, and subsequently Among the educational institutions are 

established many churches in Ireland, the South Carolina Universitv. founded 

About 563 he landed in the island of Hv, in 1804, and the Presbyterian Theological 

now called lona, and founded a church. Seminary. The principal manufactures 

About 665 he went on a mission of con- are cotton and fertilizers; in addition to 

version among the northern Picts, and which there are sash and door factory, 

traversed the whme of Northern Scotland iron works« foundries and machine shops. 



Columbia Colnmbu 

The dtr waa set on fire while occupied by turns abruptly to the west and forma the 

General Shenaan's army in 1865. It was boundary between the States qf Waahinf- 

made the State canitfd in 1790. Pop. ton and Oregon. It drains an area of 

(1910) 26,319; (1920) 37,524. 260,000 sq. oules ; length, 1,400 miles. 

Columbia, |oo^i^\C"i^orri? i&' Columbia University, SSuSlSSJ' 

miles w. by N. of St. Louis. It is pri- tution in New York City, established in 

marily a school town, although coal min- 1754, and ^ving courses m literature, ad- 

ing and shoe nuinuf acturine are carried ence. medicine, law, etc In 1920 the total 

on. It is the seat of the University of number of students was 16,000 ; teachera, 

Missouri ((^. v.). Christian 0)Uege (a 950. Affiliated with it are Barnard Od- 

school for girls under the control of the l^e. Teachers' College, and the College of 

Christian Church), Stephens (College (a Pharmacy. 

school for girls under tbe control of the nnlnin'hioTi "RYnoaifiAii An inte^ 

Baptist Church). Missouri Bible CoUege ^OiUittOiaa Xiiposilion, national 

(the State divinity school of the Christian exposition of arts, industries, manufac- 
Church), a coaching school for Annapolis, tures, etc^. held in Chicago from May 1 to 
a school of commerce, and an excellent October 30, 1893, in celebration of the 
system of city schools. Pop. (1910) 400th anniversary of the discovery of 
9662; (1920) 10,379. America by (Columbus. The buildings 
Columbia ^ borough of Lancaster were covered with a white coating which 
*^> Co., Pennsvlvania. on the gave the appearance of marble and led to 
Susquehanna River, 81 miles w. of Phila- the exposinon being given the name of the 
delpnia. It is the trading center of a wide * White C!ity.' The amusements were 
area and has manufactures of iron, silk, grouped in the Midway Plalsance. Total 
boilers, stoves, brushes, umbrellas, cut attendance, 27^539,041; total receipts, 
glass, wagons, automobile bodies, castings, |33429O,065 ; disbursements, $31,117,363. 
etc. Pop. 10,836. Colninbllfl ^ ^^» county seat of 
Columbia * ^^^y» county seat of ^v*i***j.Mu.», jfoacogee CJo., Oeoigia,on 
*^ ' Maury Co., Tennessee, 47 the Alabama border, at the head of navi* 
miles s. of Nashville. It has flour mills, gation on the Chattahoochee River. Seven 
extensive phosphate, live-stock, cotton and lines of railroad radiate in all directions, 
grain interests, and manufactures of fur- and the river furnishes ample hydro-elec- 
niture, etc. It has a military academy, trie power. It is the second cotton mill 
arsenaL and the CJolumbia Institute for center in the South. Among the other 
young ladies. Pop. 5526. leading articles of manufacture are iron 
Columbia I^istbict of, a small tract and steel products, fertilizer, brick, tile, 
^/vAuauuAo*, ^£ country on the east sewer pipe, show cases and fixtures, lum- 
bank of the Potomac River, about 120 her and Duilding products, bottled eoods, 
miles from its mouth, surrounded on three etc. Camp Benning, the newly established 
sides by Marvland, and forming a neutral Infantry School of Arms, is 8 miles dii- 
district for the seat of the United States tant. The city is renowned for its school 
government. It has a land area of 60 system. Including kindergartens, and in- 
square miles ; was formed into a territory dustrial, literary and finishing schools, 
in 1871 ; and contains the city of Wash- Pop. (1910) 20,554 ; (1920) 31,126. 
ington, which has been the national capi- nnln'm'hTifl ^^^ capital of Ohio, lo 
tal since 1800. Georgetown, a former ^vauiuuub, Frankbn Co., on the Scioto 
city, is now part of Washington. As River, near the center of the State. It is 
origin^y laid out, the district was 10 the seat of the Ohio State University (in 
miles square, induding a small area in which, with its various coUegw. more than 
Virginia; but this section was retroceded 6000 students are enrolled), Cfapital Uni- 
in 1846 and only the Maryland section re- versity (Lutheran), and the Columbus 
tained. The affairs of the district and of Bosrs' Academy. The Capitol budding. 
Washington are administered by three Catholic Cathedral, Memorial HalL and 
commissioners directly under Congress. State institutions for the feeble-muided, 
Pop. (1910) 831.069; (1920) 437,571. the blind and deaf, and the insane, are 
nnlTiTn'hifl PiwAr or Obegon, a river among the buildings of the dty. It is an 
UOiumom Aiver, ^^ ^j^^ United important center of distribution and in- 
states, flowing into the Pacific Ocean, and dustries. The principal manufactures art 
rising at the base of the Rocky Mountains machinery of sU kinds, shoes, automobQe 
in British Columbia. It has a very wind- accessories, steel and iron products, and 
ing course, partly in British Columbia, printing. Although Ck>lumbus suffered 
but mainly in the United States, where it heavily from the 1913 flood, practically all 
receives two large tributaries, CHark's of the damage has been repaired. Pop. 
Fork and Snake River. Farther down it (1910) 181,511 ; (1920) 237,031. 



Colbniliiu Columbus 

ColnmllllS ^ c^^y* county seat of Bar- Indies applied to the r^>up of islands 
^#vAtuuuuoy tbolomew Co., Indiana, on of which Guanahani forms one. On 
the White River, east branch, 41 miles landing Columbus threw liimself upon 
B. by s. of Indianapolis. Its manufac- his knees and kissed the earth, returning 
tnres include wood pulleys, leather, thanks to God« The natives collected 
threshing and sawmill machinery, tools, round him in silent astonishment, and 
ete. Pop. (1920) 8800. his men, ashamed of their disobedience 
nnlnTnlins & city, county seat of and distrust,- threw themselves at his 
vuAUifiUiuiy Lowndes Co., Mississippi, feet, begging his forgiveness. Columbus, 
on Tombigbee River, in a cotton and hard- drawing his sword planted the royal 
wood luinoer region. It has cotton and standard, and in the name of hia 
oil mills, etc. The State Industrial Insti- sovereigns took possession of the coun- 
tute is here. Pop. (1920) 10,501. try, which, in memory of his preservation, 
GAlnm'hiifi ^ ci^7> county seat of he called San Salvador, He then sailed 
WAIUUUU0) Platte CJo., Nebraska, 92 in search of other lands, and discovered 
mUee w. by N. of Omaha. It has flour Cuba, St. Domingo, and several other of 
miUs, etc. Pop. (1^0) 5410. the West India Islands. Being so far 
pAlnTviliTio Chbistopheb (in Span- successful, he built a fort at Hispaniola, 
VrUilUUDUBi jgij^ CrUtoval Colon; in Hayti, left some of his men there, and 
Italian, Cr%%ioforo Colombo, which is set out on his return to Europe, where 
his real name), was bom in Genoese he was received with almost royal honors, 
territory about 1446; died at Valladolid, In 1493 he set out on his second great 
Spain, in ISCJd. His father, Domenico voyage from Cadiz, with three large ships 
Colombo, a poor wool-comber, gave him of heavy burden and fourteen caravels, 
a careful education. He appears to carrying 1500 men. He discovered the 
have gone to sea at an early age and to island of Dominica, and afterwards Ma- 
have navigated all parts of the Medi- riegalante, Guadaloupe • and Porto Rico, 
terranean, and some of the coasts beyond and at length arrived at Hispaniola. 
the Straits of Gibraltar. In 1470 we Finding the colony destroyed, he built a 
find him at Lisbon, where he married the fortified town, which he called, in honor 
dau^ter of Bartolommeo de Perestrello. of the queen, Isabella. He then left the 
a distinguished navigator. He had island in order to make new discoveries, 

SadnaUy come to the conclusion that visited Jamaica, and returning after a 
ere were unknown lands belonging to voyage of five months, worn down with 
Bastern Asia separated from Europe by fatisue, found to his great joy that his 
the Atlantic While the Portuguese were brother Bartolommeo had arrived at 
seeking to reach India by a southeast Isabella with provisions and other sup- 
coarse around Africa he was convinced plies for the colony. Meanwhile a gen- 
that there must be a shorter way by the eral dissatisfaction had broken out among 
west. He applied in vain to Genoa for his companions, who, instead of the ex- 
assistance, and equally fruitless were his pected treasures, had found hardships and 
endeavors to interest John II of Portugal labor. This and news of calumnies being 
in the enterprise. He then determined to set on foot against him at home induced 
apply to the Spanish court; and after him to return to Spain, where his 
many disappointments he induced Fer- presence and probably also the treasure 
dinand ana Isabella to equip and man he brought silenced his enemies. In May, 
three vessels for a voyage of discovery. 1498, he sailed with six vessels on his 
It was early in the morning of Friday, third voyage. Three of his vessels he 
on August 8, 1492, that Columbus sent direct to Hispaniola ; with the three 
set sail from the port of Palos, and after others he took a more southerly direc- 
sailing for two months the expedition tion, and having discovered Trinidad and 
narrowly escaped failure, llie variation the continent of America, returned to 
of the needle so alarmed the crews that Hispaniola. His colony had now been 
they were on the point of breaking out removed from Isabella, according to his 
into open mutiny, and be was obliged orders, to the other side of the island, 
to promise that he would turn back if and a new fortress erected called St. 
three more days brought no discovery. Domingo. Columbus found the colony ia 
On the third day (Oct 12. 1492) the a state of confusion, but soon restored 
island of Guanahani or San Salvador was tranquillity. His enemies, in the mean- 
sighted, which Columbus believed to be- time, endeavored to convince his sove- 
long to Eastern Asia and to be connec- reicns that his plan was to make him- 
ted with India — a belief which he carried self independent, and Columbus was not 
with him to his ffrave. Hence the mis- only displaced, but Francisco de Boba- 
taken name of Indians applied to the dilla, a new governor who had come from 
natives of America, and that of West Spain, even sent him to that country in 



Columella 



Colunm 



chains. On his arrival (in 1500) orders 
were sent directing him to be set at lib- 
erty and inviting him to court, but for his 
injurious treatment he never got redress, 
though great promises were made. After 
some time hf was able to set out on his 
fourth and last voyage (1502) in four 
slender vessels supplied by the court. In 
this expedition he was accompanied by 
his brother Bartolommeo and his son 
Fernando. He encountered every im- 
aginable disaster from storms and ship- 
wreck, and returned to Spain, sick and 
exhausted, in 1504. The death of the 
queen soon followed, and he urged in 
vain on Ferdinand the fulfillment of his 

Eromises; but after two years of illness, 
umiliations and despondency, C!olumbus 
died at Valladolid. His remains were 
transported, according to his will, to the 
city of St. Domingo, but on the cession 
of Hispaniola to the French they were 
removed in January. 1796, to the ca- 
thedral of Havana in Cuba. In 1899 
they were removed, with much ceremony 
to Granada, Spain, though there is some 
quebtion as to these being the correct 
remains. 

ColninellA (kol-u-mel'a), Luciub Jir- 
LfOlXUneua j^^^ Modebatus, a Ro- 
man writer on agriculture ; bom at Cadis 
in Spain; lived about the middle of the 
first century after CThrist and wrote 
twelve books, which are still extant, one 
of which, on gardening (De Re Rusiusa), 
is in verse 

Hnl n Til n ( kol' urn ; Latin, oolumna ) • 
UOlUUm \^ architecture, a round 
pillar, a cylindrical solid body set up- 
right and nrimarily intended to support 
some supenncumbent weight A column 
has as its most essential portion a long 



classical architecture columns have com- 
monly to support an entablature conoist- 
inc of three divisions, the architrave^ 
irxeze and iximioe, adorned with mold- 
ings, etc The accompanying cut will 
illustrate these and other terms. Col- 
umns are distinguished by the names 
of the styles of architecture to which 
they belong; thus there are Hindu. 
Egyptian, Grecian, Boman and Gothic 










^•™ -^F 




of Gothio Columiu. 1^, South 
Gothic. 6-12. North Oothio. 

solid body, called a Bhait, set vertically 
on a Btylohate or on a congeries of 
moldings which forms its 5a«e, the shaft 
being surmounted by a more or less 
bulky mass which forms its capital. In 




Column (TuMui order), illustrating th« tomi 
AppU«d to the leveral parte. 

columns. In classic architecture they are 
further distinguished by the name of the 
order to which thev oelong, as Doric. 
Ionic, Corinthian, (Jomposite or Tuscan 
columns. They may also be characterised 
by some peculiarity of position, of con- 
struction, of form, or of ornament, s« 
attached, twisted, cabled, etc., columns. 
Columns are chiefly used in the construc- 
tion or adornment of buildinga ney 



Ooliunn Com1)e 

have also been used, however, aingly for of Mexico. They were excellent horse- 
various purposes, especially for monu- men, and extremely warlike, but their 
ments. See Corinihlant Doric, Ionic, numbers are now insignificant. Some of 
Qothic, etc. them have been collected on a reserva- 

Colnmn ^^ military tactics, a forma- tion in the western part of the former 
vrvxiuuuy ^j^^ ^£ troops drawn up in Indian Territory, now Oklahoma, 
deep files, showing a small front; as GoiliaVfl.eilfl. (kO-m&-y9.'gw&), a town 
distinguished from line, which is ex- ^v"*** j »8 »*«• ^f Central America, in 
tended in front and thin in depth. They Honduras, the capital of a department of 
are said to be close or open, according the same name, situated on the southern 
to the intervals between the battalions, border of the plateau of Comayagua. 
regiments, etc., of which they are corn- about midway between the two oceans, 
posed. Sometimes the name column is It is a bishop's see and has a cathedral, 
given to the small army, especially when Pop. about 8000. 

actively engaged. Comb ^^ instrument with teeth, made 

Colnre (l£o-lGr'), in astronomy, one of ^v-*"*'* of tortoise-shell, ivory, horn, 
^vxuxc two great circles which divide wood, bone, metal, or other material, 
the ecliptic into four equal parts. One used for dressing the hair, and by women 
passes through the solstitial and the other for keeping the hair ija its place when 
through the equinoctial points of the dressed. Combs have been usod from the 
ecliptic earliest times by rude as well as by 

nnlvmhnfl (ko-lim'bus), the diver ge- civilized races. 

vrvxjiuMun j^^g ^f p^^^^^ giving name CoTllliaPOTniTil (kom-ba-kd'num), u 
to the family Colymbidee, which includes ^omDaconum ^^^^ ^^ Hindustaa. 
also the Grebes. presidency of Madras, district of Taii- 

Cnlza Oil (J^ol'*a)» ^^ o^l ^vich em- jore. It was the ancient capital of the 
xjvM^ta WAX ployed for burning in Chola dynasty, and is one of the most an- 
lamps, and for many other purposes. It dent and sacred towns in the presidency, 
is expressed from the seeds of Brastica It has a great many well-endowed Hindu 
campestris oldfSra, and from allied plants temples, a government college, courts, 
of the cabbage family. It is yellowish etc. A brisk trade is carried on with 
brown, and has little or no smelL It visitors and pilgrims. Pop. 59,623. 
becomes thick and solid only at very low r|nyn'l|o t Tbial bt. See Battle, Wager 
temperatures. vrwuiMaw, ^^ 

CnmtL (kd'ma), in medicine, a state of PnTnliA (k(5m), Andsew, a noted phy- 
VrOHm complete insensibility, resulting ^OHIDe gician and medical author, 
from various diseases, as apoplexy ; from bom at Edinburgh in 1797 ; died in 1847. 
narcotics, as opium; from accident or He was educated at the Edinburgh High 
injury to the brain; or from excessive School and afterwards for the medical 
cold. When accompanied with delirium profesnon at the university there. In 
and the person's eves are wide open, it 1822 he commenced practice at Edin- 
is called coma vigU, burgh, and had considerable success. In 

Coma ^^^ luminous, nebulous^ haip- 1838 ne was appointed one of the physi- 
^ like substance surrounding the cians extraordinary to the queen in Scot- 
nucleus of a comet. land. His chief works are: Observations 
C^mtL 'Rf^rpniVpfl Bebenice'b Haib, on Mental Derangement (1831), Princi- 
LrOma J>erem CCS, ^ ^^^^^ constella- pies of Physiology (1834), Physiology of 
tion of the northern hemisphere contain- Digestion (1836), and A Treatise on the 
ing about forty stars visible to the naked Physiological and Moral Management of 
eye, situated between BoiStes and the tail Infancy (1840). Like his brother George, 
of JLeo. he was a zealous phrenologist. 
GomaOClliO (ko-mak'ki-d), a fortified CoHlbe, Gbobgb, brother of the fore- 
vrv.uxc»wwAuv to^n^ Italy, province of ^^**^*^9 going, was bom in 1788. at 
Ferrara, amid unhealthy marshes, about Edinburgh ; died at Moore Park, Surrey, 
2 miles from the Adriatic, with pro- in 1858. He was bred to the law, and in 
ductive fisheries. It is the seat of a 1812 was admitted a member of the 
bishopric. Pop. 7944. Society of Writers to the Signet. He 
ComATlfl. (lKom&'x>&)f cui ancient city was the first to introduce the doctrines of 
vrviiiaiii.a ^f Cappadocia, celebrated in phrenology into Great Britain; and 
antiquity as the seat of the solemn wor* visited Germany and America lecturing 
ship of Ma (the moon goddess). Its on his favorite science. He was also a 
site has not been identified. sealons promoter of the cause of popular 
ComanGlies (l^^inAn'c^^)* &n Amer- education and social progress; and was 
wuxauvix^o j^g^jj Indian tribe for- among the first to advocate compulsory 
merly roaming through Texas and part education and the establishment of a 



Combe Comett 

board of health. Beaides the OatutiiuHon pounda which they form with each other 

of Man, publiahed in 1828, and which haa and with nitrogen, have received the 

had an enormous circulation, he ia name of supporters of combustion, while 

the author of A Syatem of Phrenology to the latter the term combustibles has 

(1825) ; Lectures on Popular Education been assigned. 

(1833) ; Moral Philoeophy (1840) ; The Spontaneoue Oomhustian is the iani* 

Life and Correepondenee of his brother, tion of a body by the internal devebp- 

Dr. Andrew Combe (1850) ; Prinoiplee of ment of heat without the application of 

OrinUnal Leifialation and Prison Disci- fire. It not infrequently takes place 

£ If fie Investigated (1854) ; and the Re- among heaps of rags, wool and cotton 

ition between Science and Religion when sodden with oil; hay and atraw 

(1857). when damp or moistened with water; and 

flnmYiA WnxiAM. See Coombe, WH^ coal in the bunkers of vessels. In the 

UOmoe, Kaim first case the oU rapidly combines with 

nATnTiATTnATA (kom'b«r-mer). Si a the oxygen of the air, this being aooom- 

uuumermere Staplbton Staple- panied with great heat; in the second 

Ton-GorroN, Viscount, an English gen- case the heat is produced by a kind of 

eral, born in 1773 ; died in 1865. He en- fermentation ; in the third by the pyrites 

tered the army in 1790, and took oart in of the coal rapidly absorbing ana oom- 

the Mysore war against Tippoo Saib in binina with the oxygen of the air. The 

1708 and 1790. He served with distinc- term is also appHed to the extraordinary 

tion through the Peninsular war, and alleged phenomenon of the human body 

was commander of the allied cavalry af- being reduced to ashes without the direct 

ter 1810. In 1814 he was created Baron application of fire. It is said to have 

Cbmbermere. In 1825 he was appointed occurred in the aged and persona that 

conmiander^in-chief In India. He was were fat and hard drinkers; but most 

latterly Constable of the Tower, and a chemists reject the theory and altogether 

field-marshaL discredit it 

Combination. gS^a^i!'*'"' "^ Comedietta ^^t^V^^L^^'^ 

Otim'hr^iQOf^a^ (kom-bre-t&'se-6), an comedy cUss. bat not so much elaborated. 
\/Omorexacew ^^^^ ^f shrubby or Comedy («om«-<M). a dramatic com- 
arborescent polypetalous exogens, tropical ^ position of a light and amus- 

shrubs or trees, with leaves destitute of ing class, its characteiv being repre- 
stipules, and long, slender stamens. Some sented^ as in the circumstances or meet- 
of them are astringent and used for tan- ing with the incidents of ordinary life; 
ning (myrobolans), and the kernels of distinguished from tragedy by its spright- 
others are eatable. They are chiefly liness, and the termination of its plot or 
valued for their brightly-colored, showy intrigue being happy ; and from faroe by 
flowers, especially in the genus Com- its greater refinement and moderation* 
br€tum. an<l oy more of probability and less of 

rinniliYiatiAii (kom-busfyun), the op- burlesque. See Drama, 
trOmDUBUOIl eration of fire on in- GomeilinB (k^-mr nl-as). Johaxh 
flammable substances; or the union of «'«mm.b Amos, a Moravian edoca- 

an inflammable substance with oxvgen or tional reformer, bom in 1502: died in 
some other supporter of combusaon, at- 1671. He was chosen bishop of the Ho- 
tended with heat and in most instances ravian Brethem, and suffered much in the 
with light. In consequence of the com- persecutions of that bodv. He was the 
bination of the carbon in fuel with the author of upwards of ninety works, the 
oxygen of the air being the universal most important of which are Janum Lm- 
method of getting heat and light, and as guarum Rescrata (1631) and Orbit Sen- 
when the action takes place the tuei is sualium Rictus (1668). His hl|^ repo- 
said to bum or undergo combustion, the tation brought him invitations from Eng- 
latter term has been extended to those land, Sweden and Hungary to aid m 
cases in which other bodies than carbon organizing public instruction; and the 
— for example, phosphorus, sulphur, above works have been frequently trans- 
metals, etc — ^bum m the air or in other lated and imitated, 
substances than air — for example ConietS (iKom'ets), certain celestial 
chlorine. Though the action between ^ bodies which appear at occa- 

the gas and the more solid material, as sional intervals, moving through the 
coal, wood, charcoal, of whose combina- heavens in paths which seem to cor- 
tion combustion is the result, is mutual, respond with parabolic curves, or In a 
the one having as much to do with the few instancea in elliptical orbits of great 
process as the other, yet the former, aa eccentricity. The rormer, after being 
oxygen* chlorine, iodine, and the com- visible from tiie earth for a shorter or 



Comets Comets 

longer time, disappear into space ap- between seventy-five and seyenty-si) 
parently never to return; the latter re- years. Their distances from the sun, 
turn to UB periodically. Some comets when in perihelion, or when nearest to 
are only visible by the aid of the tele»- that luminary, had been nearly the same, 
cope, while others can be seen by the beins nearly six-tenths of that of the 
naiced eye. In the latter case they earth, and not varying more than one- 
usually appear like stars accompanied sixtieth from each other. The inclination 
with a train of light, sometimes short of their orbits to that of the earth had 
and sometimes extending over half the also been nearlv the same, between 17® 
sky, mostly single and more or less and 18° ; and their motions had all been 
curved, but sometimes forked. In a retrograde. Putting these facts together, 
comet which appeared in 1744 the train Halley concluded that the comets of 
was divided into several branches, spread* 1466, 1531, 1607 and 1682 were reap- 
ing out from the head like a fan. The pearances of one and the same comet, 
train is not stationary relatively to the which revolved in an elliptic orbit round 
bead, but is subject to remarkable move- the sun, performing its circuit in a period 
ments. The direction in which it points varying from a little more than seventy- 
is always opposite to the sun, and as the six years to a little less than seventy-five ; 
comet passes its periheUon the train or having, as far as the observations had 
changes its apparent position with ex- been earned, a variation of about fifteen 
traordinary velocity. The head of the months in the absolute duration of its 
comet is itself of different degrees of year measured according to that of the 
luminosity, there being usuidly a central earth. For this variation in the time of 
core, called the nuoUiu$, of greater bril- its revolution Halley accounted upon the 
liancy than the surrounding envelope, supposition that the form of its orbit had 
called the coma, been altered by the attraction of the 
Comets were lone regarded as super- remote planets Jupiter and Saturn as it 
natural objects, anof usually as portents passed near to them ; and thence he con- 
of impenoing calamity. iVcho Brahe eluded that the period of its next appear- 
was the first who expressed a rational ance would be lengthened, but that it 
opinion on the subject, coming to the would certainly reappear in 1758 or early 
conclusion that the comet of 1577 was a in 1759. As the nme of its expected 
heavenly body at a greater distance from reappearance approached, Glairaut calcu- 
the earth than that of the moon. The lated that it would be retarded 100 days 
general law of the motion of bodies, as by the attraction of Saturn, and 518 by 
well as his own observation on the comet that of Jupiter, so that it would not come 
of 1680, led Newton to conclude that the to the perihelion, or point of its orbit 
orbits of the comets must, like those of nearest the sun, till April 13, 1759. 
tbe planets, be ellipses, having the sun It actually reached its perihelion on 
in one focus, but far more eccentric ; and March 13, 1759, being thirty days 
having their aphelUmi, or greater dis- earlier than he had calculated. Along 
tances from the sun, far remote in the with the period of this comet and 
regions of space. This idea was taken its perihelion distance, the magnitude 
up by Halley, who collated the observa- and form of its path were also calculated, 
tions which had been made of all the Estimating the mean distance of the earth 
twenty-four comets of which notice had from the sun at 96,000,000 miles (the 
been taken previous to 1680. The results number which was at that time con- 
were very interesting. With but few sidered as the true one), the mean dis- 
exceptions the comets had passed within tance of the comet was calculated to be 
less than the earth's shortest distance 1,705,250,000 miles; its greatest distance 
from the sun, some of them within less from the sun, 3.356,400,000 ; its least dis- 
than one-third of It, and the average tance, 55.100,000; and the transverse or 
about one-half. Out of the number, too, largest diameter of its orbit, 3,410,600,- 
nearly two-thirds had had their motions 000. This comet, therefore, is a body 
retrograde, or moved in the opposite belonging to the solar system, and quite 
direction to the planets. While Halley beyond the attraction of any todj wtiich 
was engaged on these comparisons and does not belong to that system ; and as 
d^uctions the comet of 1682 made its this is determined of one comet, analogy 
Appearance, and he found that there was points it out as being the case with them 
M wonderful resemblance between it and all. In 1835 it again returned, being 
tiiree other comets that he found re- first seen at Home, August 5, and from 
corded — ^tbe comets of 1466, of 1631 and that time continued to be observed till the 
of 1607. Tlie times of the appearance end of the year in Europe, and through 
of these comets had been at very nearly a great part of spring In 1836 in the 
■sgolar intervals, the average period being southern hemisphere. It returned agaim 



Comets Comets 

in 1910. but on this occasion had lost 50'' to 80*>, 39 ; and SO"" to 90*. 8. The 
most of its brUliancy and was barely comets that have been observed have made 
observable with the naked eye, mach to their passages through very different 
the disappointment of those who had been parts of the solar system ; 24 have passed 
awaiting its return with expectations of within the orbit of Mercury, 47 within 
a striking spectacle. that of Venus, 68 within that of the 

Tlie comet denominated Enck€*§ cometf Barth, 73 within that of Mars, and the 
which has made repeated appearances, whole within that of Jupiter. Of a 
was first observed in 1818, and was hundred or thereabouts, mentioned by 
identified with a comet observed in 1786, Lalande, about one-half have moved from 
also with a comet discovered in 1795 west to east, in the same direction as the 
by Miss Herschel in the constellation planets, and the other half in tne op- 
Cygnus, and with another seen in 1806. posite direction. The direct and ret- 
Its orbit is an ellipse of comparatively rograde ones do not appear to follow 
small dimensions, wholly within the orbit each other according to any law that has 
of Jupiter ; its period is 1260 days, or been discovered. fYom 1299 to 1582 all 
about three years and three-tenths. It that are mentioned were retrograde; and 
has been frequently observed since. An- five that were observed from 1771 to 
other comet, the history of which is of 1780 were all direct, 
the utmost importance in the latest That the comets are formed of matter 
theories regarding the connection of these of some sort or other we know from the 
bodies and the periodic showers of shoot- dense and opaque appearance of their 
ing-stars, is one known as Biela's comet, nucleus, as well as from the action of the 
discovered In 1826. It revolved about planets upon them; but as their action 
the sun in about 6% years, and was upon the planets has not been great, or 
identified as the same comet which was even perceptible, we are led to the oon* 
observed in 1772 and in 1806. Its re- elusion that they are not bodies of the 
turns were noted in 1832, 1839 and 1845. same density or maniitude as even the 
In 1846 it divided into two, returned smallest and rarest of the planets. They 
double in 1862, but has not since been a«*« probably groups of meteoric masses, 
aeen, the supposition being that it has tarying in fdxe. One theory of the nature 
been dissipated, and that it was repre- of comets is that these bodies were 
sented by a great shower of meteors that ejected millions of years ago from the in- 
were seen in Nov. 1872. One of the most terior of suns, or planets in a sanlike 
remarkable comets of recent times was state. When a comet is viewed through a 
that known as Donati*& discovered by telescope of considerable power there a|h 
Dr. Donati, of Florence, in 1858. It was pears a dense nucleus in tne center of the 
yerv brilliant in the autumn of that year, luminous and apparently vaporous matter 
and on October 18th was near coming of which the external parts are composed ; 
into collision with Venus. The year and the opacity of this nucleus varies in 
1881 was remarkable for the number of different comets. On its first appearance, 
comets recorded. During that year no and again when it recedes, the Inminons 
fewer than seven comets, including the part of the comet Is faint and does not ex- 
well-known short-period comet Encke'h tend far from the nucleus ; but as it moves 
were observed. on towards the perihelion the brightness 

The paths in which comets move are increases, and the luminous matter length- 
not, like those of the planets, all nearly in ens into a train, which, in some cases, 
the same plane as the orbit of the earth, has extended across a fourth of the 
but are inclined to that orbit at all an- entire circumference of the heaven. The 
gles. Leaving out the small planets that most remarkable discovery of recent times 
have recently been discovered, all the oth- regarding comets Is the identity of the 
ers are contained within a zone extending course of some of them with the orbit of 
onlv 7^ on each side of the earth's orbit ; certain showers of shooting stars. This 
and, with the exception of Mercury (by was first demonstrated bv the Italian 
far the smallest of the old planets) , thev astronomer Schiaparelli, who proved the 
are within half that space. But the orbits agreement between the orbit of the great 
of the comets are at all possible angles; comet of 1862 and that of the star-shower 
and the number increases with the an^e^ seen annuallv about August 9th and 
so that they approximate to an equal dia- 10th. It has since been demoTistrated 
tribution in all directions round the sun that every meteoric stream follows in 
as a center. Taking all the orbits of the train of some comet large or small 
which the inchnations have been asccr- which either pxists now or has been dia- 




Comfrey 



Commendam 



foUuwed or preceded by a train of mete- 
ors, extending over a greater or less por- 
tion of the comet's orbit. 

Besides the very interesting Halley 
comet, which, true to the period assigned 
to it, re-appeared in 1910, the most im- 
portant recent comet appearances have 
been that known as Pons-Brooks, which 
made its re-appearance in 1884 and has a 

geriodicity of about seventy-one and one- 
alf years, or about five years less than 
Halley's; the Westphal, which last ap- 
peared in 1913, with a period of slightlv 
over sixty-one years ; the Olbers, in 1887. 
its period being about seventy-two and 
one-half years. Those four are of what is 
called the Neptune 'family,' and describe 
elliptic orbits. Besides the Biela comet, 
whose re-appearance occurred last in 1852, 
but which has failed to aopear according 
to the periodicity established, another 
comet, known as the Brorson, seems to 
have Wn lost. It last appeared in 1879 
and has been looked for in vain since that 
year. It is suggested that in 1880 its or- 
bit intersected that of Denning II near 
the orbit of Juj^iter and that it underwent 
such perturbation as materially to alter 
its orbit and period. Almost every year 
a number of short period comets are dis- 
covered. In April, 1916, Wolf discovered 
at Heidelberg a new comet with a periodi- 
city of nearly eight years; it reached its 
perihelion in June, 1917. Schaumasse's 
comet is another short-period comet, ap- 
pearing every six years. It was observed 
in 1913, within 90,000,000 miles of Jupi- 
ter; again at the end of 1919 it ap- 
proached within 120,000,000 miles of the 
earth. See DonaiVa and Bailey's Comets, 

Comf rev (com'frS), a name given to 
wv.uu.A«#j several European and Asi- 
atic plants of the genus Symphytum, nat. 
order Boraginacese. The common com- 
frey, S. officinale, is found on the banks 
of rivers and ditches. Its root abounds 
in mucilage, which is useful in irritations 
of the throat, intestines and bladder. 
Comiso (k6-m6's0), a town of Sicily, 
vrviAixov proyinee^ Syracuse, 13 miles 

w. of Ragusa. Pop. 21,873. 
Comitifl. (h^-misVi-a), with the Bo- 
vrvuuMot nians, the. assemblies of the 
people in which such public business was 
transacted as the election of magistrates, 
the passing of laws, etc. These were of 
three kinds: (1) The oomitia ouriata, or 
assemblies of the patrician nouses or 
populus in wards or curi<B, (2) The 
comitia centuriata, or assemblies of the 
whole Roman people, in divisions called 
eeniuries. (3) Tne oomitia trihuta, or 
assemblies of the plebeian tribes only. 



Comity of Nations (-Ht^'" ,g^- 

adopted in international law to denote 
that kind of courtesy by which the laws 
and institutions of one state or country 
are recognised and given effect to by the 
government of another. 
GominA (kom'a), in punctuation, the 
vrvxiuun point [ , ] denoting the short- 
est pause in reading, and separating a 
sentence into divisions or members ac- 
cording to the construction. — In music, 
a comma is the smallest enharmonic inter- 
val, being the difference between a major 
and a minor tone, and expressed by the 
ratio 80 : 81. 

Commander 1S**°*S*'^*'^; * ^®'' 

w«uAua.«AM.vj. ^g officer of an army 
or any division of it. The office of com- 
mander-in-ohief is the highest staff ap- 
pointment in tne army. In foreign armies 
title is sometimes not commander-in-chief, 
but field-marshal commander-in-chief, the 
difference being that the former is ap- 
pointed by patent for life, while the latter 
IS appointed by a letter of service, and 
holds office only during the pleasure of the 
sovereign. In the United States the Pres- 
ident is declared by the Constitution to be 
commander-in-chief of the army and navy. 
In the navy, a commander ranlu a lieu- 
tenant. In matters of etiquette he ranks 
with a lieutenant-colond in the army. 

Commandeering <a^Tm-fJed^; 

the Boers in the Bridsh-Boer war to des- 
ignate the seizing of supplies, cattle, etc. 

Commandery (kom-an'de-ri), a term 
w vMA««.w««.wA J ^g^ jj^ several senses 

in connection with some of the military 
and religious orders, as the Templars, 
Hospitalers, etc. In certain religious or- 
ders, as those of St. Bernard and St. 
Anthony, it was the district under the 
authority of a dignitary called a com- 
mander. 

Commandments, see Deealogue, 

Commencement Snnh;^Si5^'«S 

collies of the United States, also in that 
of Cambridge, England, the day when 
bachelors and masters of arts and doctors 
receive their degrees. 

Commendam teS:S;^>i,%'^: 

sional management of a benefice during 
a vacancy. The person entrusted with 
the management was called eommendator. 
The grant of ecclesiastical livings in this 
way gave rise to great abuses. In Eng- 
land the term was applied to a living re- 
tained by a bishop after he had ceased 
to be an encumb^t. By 6 and 7 WIS- 



Commensal Commeroy 

lUm ly the holdinc of livings in cam- aModationt originated in France eariy in 
mendam waa, for the future, abolished, the eighteenth century. Nearly all large 
CommfinaAl (kom-en'sal; L. con, and cities in the United States hare cham- 
vvuuu«;uocM ff^^f^^Q^ ^ table), a mess- bers of commerce. 

mate ; ^pUed in soology to animals Commercial LaW (5®»;*«^«*>«1 • ^ 
who live on or in other animals for ^v******^****** — ^^ ^^ i^^ mer- 

IMtrt or the whole of their life, simply chant), the law which regulates commer- 
sharing the food of their host without dal affairs among the merchants of dif- 
being parasitic on him: thus the oea- ferent countries, or among merchants 
crabs uve within the cavity of shellnsh, generally. It is derived from the dif- 
and find their food in the water Intro- ferent maritime codes of medieval En- 
duced for the benefit of their host rope, the imperial code of Borne, inter- 

finTnTviAiiaiirQ'klA (kom-en'sur-a-bl), national law, and the custom of mer- 
trOmmenSUraDie ^ appellation chants. Lord Mansfield (1704-83) was 
given to such quantities or masnitudes the first great exponent of oommerdal 
as can be measured by one and the same law in Britain. In this country the term 
common measure. Commen$urjble num- is applied to that system of laws which 
hen are such as can be measured or refers to mercantile contracts, and is 
divided by some other number without based upon the custom of merchanta. 
any remainder; such are 12 and 18, as The principal subjects embraced within 
being measured by 6 or 3. it are the laws of shipping, indudinc 

nATnmPviforv (kom'en-t&r-i) , a term that of marine insurance; the law of 
\/Omilieil1.ajy ^^^ ^^^ ^ ^^ ^^^^ negotiable bills of ezchance and piomia- 

sense as memoira, for a narrative of par- sory notes ; and the law of sales. 



ticular transaotions or events, as the nAmmf^n^iQl Travel Ara salesmea 
CommentoHeg of Cesar. (2) A series ^viuiuciruiai xravcicni ^hotravd 

or collection of comments or annotations, in the interest of trading houses or 

These may be in the form of detached manufactories. Formerly merchants from 

notes or in a series of remarks written in smajler towns sought ue large cities te 

connected form. make purchases; and do so yet to 



nAmmPTifrv (kom-m&v-tre), a town extent, but competition in business has 

UQmmemry ^^ France, dep. of Al- led to the custom of sending travdlBg 

lier, 8 miles b. e. of Montlucon. in the agents to the smaller dealers to soUdt 

midst of a vast coal-field, to which the their trade. 'Drummer' is tiie famlUar 

town owes its prosperity. Pop. 7581. name for these agents in the Unitid 

nATnm Ar#»A (k o m ' 6 r s) , the inter- Rtates ; ' bagman ' or ' rider * In EnglaAd. 

commerce ^y^ , ^^ Commercial Treaties. 52?*? T 

chandise, or property of any kind be- ^*'*********va«a aa«^c»m«^| ^^^ into 

tween countries or communities ; trade ; between two countries for the purpose of 

traffic. The commerce of the United imoroving and extending their commer- 

States has grown greatly within recent cial relations; each country encaging to 

years, reaching a total in the fiscal year .abolish, to reduce to an agreed rats or 

1910-11 of $3,590,000,000. The expoHs otherwise modify the duties on articles of 

exceeded the imports by $530,000,000. production and manufacture imported 

The manufactured goods exported reached from the one country into the otiwr. 

the high total of $910,000,000. They are usually for a limited period, but 

f!nTnTnArAA Depabtment of, an ex- may be renewed and modified aeoordiag to 

vuiiuucruci ecutive department of altering conditions. In these treaties the 

the United States government, created in phrase , ' most favored nation,' implies 

Feb., 1903, as the Department of Com- concessions equal to the most favorsble 

merce and I^bor. It has charge of the pranted under any similar treaty. The 

commercial interests of the country, and firet treaty of commerce made by tSngland 

until the creation of the Department of with any foreign nation was entered into 

Labor in 1913 had charge of the labor with the Flemings in 1272; the second 
interests. Its head official is a member was with Portucu and Spain in 1308. A 

of the President's Cabinet measure to establish reciprocity of trade 

CommerGfi Chahbkb or, a board between the United States and Canada 

wu&Au.i^Av«») chosen from among the was passed by the Congress of the United 

merchants and traders of a city to protect States In 1911, but was rejected by Oan- 

the interests of commerce; to lay before ada. Treaties of like nature have be^ 

the legislature the views of their mem- negotiated with most of tiie American 

hers on matters affecting commerce ; to and a number of the Bnropean nations. 

furnish statistics as to the staple trade dAvtiTViArinr (kom-^r-sS). a town ef 

of the locality: and to atUin by com- vonuuBruy jva^ee, dep. MenasL oa 

bination advantages which could not be the Mense, 21 miles & of Bar-le^l>iis; 
reached by private enterprise, etc. llieM Pop. (1906) 0822. 



Commination 



CommiBuoners of Highways 



Commination iSST'l^'^f ^lito^ 

of the Church of Bngland, appointed to 
be read on Ash Wednesday or on the first 
day cf Lent, containing a recital of God's 
anger .:ad tbreatenings towards sinners. 

CAmmiTiM o^ CoiciinES (k5-m«n), 
LrOHUnineSy ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^ France, 

the other in Belgium, on opposite sides 
of the Lys, 8 miles N. of Lille. Anciently 
they formed a single town, which was 
fortified and had a castle, in which 
Philip de Commines was bom. Pop. of 
French Ck>mmine8, 8U00; of Belgian 

Commines, 6000. 

flAmmiTiAa (kO-mdn), Philipfi dk, 
UOmmineS ftench writer and states- 
man, bom in 1446 at Commines; died in 
1509. He became confidential adyiser of 
Charles the Bold, Dnke of Burgundy, 
but in 1472 he passed into the service of 
Louis XI, who loaded him with marks of 
favor. After the death of Charles the 
Bold Louis took possession of the duchy 
of Burgundy, sent Commines there, and 
soon uter appointed him ambassador 
to Florence. He was afterwards sent by 
Ix>uis to BaToy, for the purpose of seiz- 
ing the young Duke Philibert, and of 
placing him entirely under the guardian- 
ship of the king, his uncle. In 1483 
Louis XI died, and next year Commines 
attended Charles VIII in his inyasion of 
Italy, and served him in a diplomatic 
capacity. Soon after that date he began 
to write his Memoirs, valuable as con- 
tributions to the history of his times. 
The first edition was published at Paris 
between 1523 and 15&. He relates in 
them the events which occurred during 
his life, and In most of which he had an 
active share, in lively, natural language, 
and displays everywhere a correct judg- 
ment, acute observation, and a profound 
knowledge of men and thinss. 

Commissariat (kom-i-s^ri-at), the 

^ rrw«^*«*w department of an 

army whose duties consist in supplsdng 
transport, provisions, forage, camp equi- 
page, etc., to the troops; also, the body 
of officers in that department In the 
British army the commissariat and trans- 
port are under the Ordnance Store De- 
partment, with two commissaries-general 
and a number of deputv-commissaries- 
general, assistant commissaries-general, 
etc In the United States army the Sub- 
sistence Department has one brigadier- 
general (commissary-general of subsist- 
ence), two colonels, three lieutenant- 
colonels, eight majors and twelve cap- 
tains. 

Commissary <i«"j2c1Siifi^' te^.! 

an officer of a bishop who ezercises 
spiritual Jurisdiction in remote parts of 



a diocese, or one entrusted with the per- 
formance of the duties in the bishop's 
absence. 2. In the army a term applied 
to officers charged with furnishing pro- 
visions, etc., for its use. 

Com'missary-court, i^rt^eriS"^ 

county court which decrees and confirms 
executors to deceased jpersons leaving per- 
sonal property in Scotland, and dis- 
charges relative incidental functions. 

Commission (ko-mish'un), a formal 
V^umuUBSlUll ^^^ ^^ ^^g^ . ^ warrant 

by which any trust is held or authority 
exercised. — ^A written document, invest- 
ing a person with an office or certain 
authority. — ^A certificate issued by author- 
ity by which a military officer is con- 
stituted; as, a captain's commUsion, — ^A 
body of persons joined in an office of 
trust, or their appointment; as, a build- 
ing commUsion. — ^Brokerage, allowance, 
or compensation made to a factor, agent, 
etc., for transacting the business of an- 
other; as one per cent comtnistion on 
sales. — OommUtton of hanhruptoy, a com- 
mission appointed to investigate the facts 
relative to an alleged bankruptcy, and to 
secure all available assets and effects for 
the creditors concerned. 

A commiaeion merchant is one who sells 
goods on behalf of another, being paid by 
a certain percentage which is called his 
oommiseion, — Putting a ship in comnUa- 
eion is fitting her out for service after 
she has been laid up. 

Commission, City Qovemment 

Vkyr a method of municipal government 
vft adopted originally in Galveston, 
and since applied successfully hi New 
Orleans and many other Amencan cities. 
Its purpose is to conduct the business 
affairs of cities on business principles 
and to do away with the system of 

Solitical control and patronage. Usually 
ve prominent business men of the city 
are elected as heads of the several 
municipal departments, and the manage- 
ment of affairs put under their care. Uie 
dticens retaining the right of recall of 
these officials from office if they prove 
incompetent or dishonest The system* 
when fully tried, has proved desirable 
financially and otherwise. In 1912, 207 
cities in 34 states had commissions. 

Commissioners of Highways^ 

officers having certain powers and duties 
concerning the highways wiljiin the lim- 
its of their jurisdiction. In some of the 
states they are county officers and their 
Jurisdiction is co-extensive with the coun- 
ty. In others they are town or township 
officers. They have power to establish* 



Commisrare Common 

repair or vacate highwayp, and it is their flATnTn Aflnm (kom'O-dOr), In the 

duty to canae them to be kept in good vuuuuuuurc feritiah navy, an officer, 

order. generally a captain, holding a tern- 

ClAinTiiinmr* (kom'i-friir), in anat* porary commisaion with a rank between 

vuioJaiBBurc ^^^y^ ^ joining or union that of captain and admiral, who oom- 

of two parts, as the sutures of the mands a ship or detachment of ships in 

oorpiM cwoMum or great commiature of the absence of an admiraL They are 

the brain. of two kinds — one having a captain nn- 

CoTnTnitt^i^ (kom-ifS), one or more der him in the same ship, and the other 

\A;iUiiubtvu persons elected or ap- without a captain. The former has the 

pointed to attend to any matter or busl- rank, pay, and allowance of & rear- 

ness referred to them either by a legis- admiral, the latter the pay and allow- 

lative body, or by a court, or by any cor- ance of a captain, with a special allow- 

poration, or by any society or collective ance as the admiialty may direct. They 

body of men acting together. In Parlia- both carry distinguishing pennants. In 

ment or Ck>ngress, when a committee con- the United States the title of oommo- 

sists of the whole members of the body dore was occasionally given by oonrtes7 

acting in a different capacity from that to captains in the navy in former wars, 

which usually belongs to them it is called as in the case of Commodore Perry, but 

a eammitiee of the whole houae, the busi- it was not made an official title until the 

ness of which is conducted under some- time of the Civil war, and it was abd- 

what different regulations from those ished again in 1900, all the commodores 

under which the business of the house now recognised being those on the retired 

when not in committee is carried on. list The title is also given by courtesy 

Familiar examples are comtniiiees of to the senior captain of a line of mer* 

tupply and eommiiteee of y>ay$ and chant vessels, and also to the president 

meane. — Standing oommitteeM are such as of a yachting dub. 

continue during the existence of the dATninodlia (kom'&-dus), L. Mujj% 

legislative body, and to these are com- '*'va4M*Av**M.» AuiacLroB, a Roman em- 

mltted aU matters that fall within the peror, son of Marcus Aurelius, was bom 

purposes of their appointment, as the in a.d. 161 ; killed in 1^. He succeed'Hl 

committee of elections or of privileges, etc. his father in 180, and gave early proofs 

— Select comnUtteeM are appointed to con- of his cruel and voluptuous character, 

aider and report on particular subjects. — He gave himself up to the lowest sodetf 

Whea the House of Representatives re- and the most shameless habits. He used 

solves itself into the committee of the to fight in the circus like a gladiator, and 

whole house the speaker leaves the chair, caused himself to be worshiped as Her- 

which is occupied by one of the mem- cules. One of his concubines, whom be 

hers, denominated the Chsirman of Com- intended to put to death, administered 

mittee. poison to him ; but it operated too slowly. 

Committee of PubliO Safety *3f,^^^f ^" singled by a favorite 

(ConUtS du Salut Public), b. body elected (lATnTnAYi (kom'un), in law, *a profit 
by the French Convention (April 6, ^*'mmOH );^y^^^^ ti'mtm hath in tbr 
1703) from among its own members, land of another.' There are certain 
at first having very limited powers con- rights of common which are recogiused 
ferred upon it — that of supervising the bv the common law, namely, of pMiar«, 
executive and of accelerating its actions, or piacarv or fishing, of eetovert or cut- 
Subsequently, however, its powers be- ting wood, and of turbary or of digging 
came extended ; all the executive author- tunL But the phrase usually means thf 
ity passed into its hands, and the mln- right of pasturing cattle, horses, etc., in 
isters became merely its scribes. It a certain field, or within a certain terri- 
was at first composed of nine, but tory. These rights have been mostly de- 
waa increased to twelve members, viz.: termined by prescription or immemorlnl 
Robespierre, Danton. Couthon, Saint- usage. In Scotland a common is a piece 
Just, Prieur. Robert-Lindet, H^rault de of ground of which there is no superior. 
S^helles, Jean-Bon Saint-Andr^, Bar- but the land is the land of the commu- 
rftre, Camot, Collot d'Herbola and Bil- nity generally. 

laud Varennes. The severe government CATnniATI (IfLrri^rc o^ n^^^^ 
of this body is known, as the Reign of ^OHUHOH uaiTierB. Bee Carreer. 

'^^\ ^^^^ *"^^ ^i*^ *^® execuHon Common Council. *^A «^^^ «^ * 

of Robesnierre and his associates in ^v**"***** ^vu.i*vxx, ^i^j ^^ corpo- 
Jub*. 1T94. During the commune rate town, empowered to make by-laws 
(March to May. 1871), a similar com- for the government of the citiaens. The 
mitlea waa catabliahed in Paris. common conncila sometimea consist of two 



Commoner 

hoaoeB, cbambera, or courts, and some- ward VI ; was 
times form only one. Id tbe American aKain with aomt 
cities tile cit; council is generally com- sligbt alteratloi 
posed of two branches, called, respec- wben it was I 
tivel;, select and common. Tbe; are BliEabeth. In t 
elected by tbe p ' 

Com'moner, _ 

cept the hereditary nobility. copal Church I 

flnmrnnn Imvj f'e unwritten law, after several r 

ceives its binding force from immemorial until tbe adopti 

usage and universal reception, in dlstini:- the General Coo 

tion from tbe written or statute Uw i land, in 1892, 

sometimes from tbe civil or canon law ; ter, 1S93, and ii 

and occasionally from the I« mercatoria. CommonS, ' 

or commercial and maritime junspru- —-"""•— j | 

deoce. It consiatB of that bod; of rules, Cnmmnn Snl 

principles, and customa which have been '^onunon OCJ 

received from former times, and b; wbich as eauivaleDt b 

courts have been guided in their judicial schools. The; i 

decisions. The evidence of tbis law is to and tbe rent or 

be found in the reports of those decisions Pn-mm/iii Tii 

and the records of tbe courts. Some of ^0"l"«'ll ±11 

these rules may have originated in edicts contains an eve 

or statutes which are now lost, or in the such as two l 

terms and conditions of particular grants their equivaleni 

or charters ; but it is quite certain that simple and cod 

many of them originated in judicial decl- time is that wb 

slons founded on natural justice and a bar, or an; d: 



equity, or on local customs. It is con- square (_ . 

trasted with (1) the statute law con- Compound comi 

tained in legislative acts; (2) equity, four beats of th 

vhich is also an accretion of judicinl each beat 

decisions, but formed by a new tribunal. CommOnWeS 

which first appeared when the common wviiiiiiumiwo 

law had reached its fnll growth; and (3) pie in a state; 

the civU law Inherited by modern Europe lish histor; tbe 

from the Roman Emptr* . Wherev<;r government est 

•tatute law, however, rani' coonter to of Charles I, a 

common law, th« latter is entirely ovei^ restoration of ( 

ruled ; but common law, on the other ConimnTlBlif 

hand, asserts its preeminence where ^vnxu^v-LLmu-c 

equity is opposed to it. ment by comin 

nnrnTtinn P1»fUl *•» law, pleas towns and dist 

WJmmon rieas, brought by private vanced r^ubUc 

persons against private persons, or by the where. Tbe do 

government when the cause of action ifl aune, or at le 

* a civil nature. In many States of the r -- ' 



United States a court having jurisdiction etc., should be 

generally in civil actions. In England state in itself, 

the Court of Common Pleas is now federation of si 

merged in tbe High Court of Justice. must not be cc 

Pnmmnn Prav^r Book of, tbe lit- i»m, with wblcti 

i^ommon rrayer, „ ^^ public and historically 

form of prayer prescribed b; the Church are perfectly dii 

uf England to be used In all cfanrches (lAm-mTinp (' 

and chapels, and which the clew are to vommunc j, 

use under a certain penalty. The Book being one of I 

of Common Prayer is used also by tbe into which that 

Ehiglish -speaking Episcopal churches in tbe name la also 

Scotland. Ireland. America, and the in some other o 

colonies, as well as by some non-episcopal tbe country a 

bodies, with or without certain altera- braces a numbe 

ttons. It dates from tbe reign of Bd- large cities are 



Commiine of Paris Company 

commanes. In either case each commane A remarkable member of the family wai 
ia governed by an officer called a mayor, the Princeaa Anna Comnena. See Amm 

Gommime of Paris, 7l i 1 1 o n w ComcT^'^^'™* ; andenUy Oomum), capl. 
committee which took the place of the ^^*^^ tal of the province of Gomo, in 
municipality of Paris in the French rev- the north of Italy (Lombardy). 24 milet 
olution of 1789, and soon usarped the M. n. w. of Milan, in a delightfiil valley at 
supreme aothority in the state. Among the B. w. extreoaity of lAke Como. It 
its chiefs were some of the most violent has a splendid marble cathedral dating 
of the demagogues, such as Hubert, from the fourteenth century, the ola 
Danton and KoBespierre, 2. The name church of S. Fedele of the tenUi century, 
adopted by the ultraradical party in the town-hall finished in 1215, the fine 
Pans brought once more into prominence theater built in 1813. Here were bora 
by the events of the Franco-German war, Pliny the elder and youncer* and Volts 
more immediately by the siege of Paris the natural philosopher. Pop. 34,272.— 

(Oct, 1870, to Jan., 1871). They ruled The province of Como has an area of 
over Paris for a brief period after the 1049 square miles. Pop. 676^5. 
evacuation of the German troops, and (Joino ^^^^^ ^^ (Logo di Cosio, 
had to be suppressed by troops collected ^ andentlv Lacui lAiHus), a lake 

by the Natural Assembly of France, in the north of Italy, at the foot of the 
Muoh bloodshed and wanton destruction Alps, fed and drained by the river Adda, 
of property took place before the rising which carries its surplus waters to the 
was put down by M. Thiers' govern- Po. It extends from southwest to north- 
ment. east 80 miles, giving off towards tlie 

fiATnTtiTiTiiATi ( ko-muu^yuu ) . the act middle, at the promontory where stands 
LrommimiOII \^f partaking with Bellacgio, a branch running for about 
others of the sacramental symbols in the 13 miles southeast to Lecco. called the 
Lord's Supper. See Lord*$ Supper, Lake of Lecco ; greatest widtn 2% miles. 

CommnilifiTil (kom'tl-nizm), the eco- greatest depth 1929 feet It is celebrated 
^v"--""""r"i nomic system or theory for the beautiful scenerv of its shores, 
which upholds the absorption of all pro- which are covered with handsome villas, 
prietary rights in a common interest, an gardens, and vineyards, mountains rising 
equitable division of labor, and the for- behind to the height of 7000 feet Trout 
mation of a fund for the supply of all and other fish abound in tiie lake. 
the wants of the community; uie doctrine Gnninrin (kom'5-rin), a cape forming 
of a community of property, or the nesa- v**** ^j^^ southern extremity « 

tion of individual rights in property. No Hindustan (lat 8*' 4' v., Ion. 77* SS' I.) 
communistic society has as yet been sue- and consisting of a low. sandy point 
cessfuL Robert Owen made several ex- ComorO TnlftTiiiii (kom'd-rO), a vol- 
periments in modified communism, but ^^•*"*'*v *»*cma\a» canic group in the 
they failed. St Simon, Fourier and Indian Ocean, between the northern ex- 
Proudhon have been the chief exponeiits tremity of Madagascar and the continent 
of the system in France. Socialism of Africa. They are four in number: 
(g. V.) is succeeding communism as an Great Comoro, Mohilla, Johanna and 
economic system. Mayotta ; total area, about 700 sq. miles : 

Commutator (hom-n-tll'tor) , a piece pop. 82,000. The people are nom- 
vrvAAuu uifovvA ^£ apparatus used in inally Mohammedans, and are akin to 
connection with many electrical instru- the mixed races of Zansibar. They have 
ments for reversing the current from the large fiocks and herds; and the coast 
battery without the necessity of changing lands are very fertile, abounding in trop- 
the arrangement of the conducton from ical grains and fruits. Mayotta has be- 
the poles. longed to France dnce 1843, and in 1886 

Comne^ni ^^ extinct family of sov- the othera became a French possessloo. 

, J i «^*R"j »tatesmen, genei^ GomoailieS (k « m ' P J -n8s} , JoniT- 
als and authors, said to be of Italian ^*'*— jf«~***« stock. See Joini-Mtoek 
oririn, to which belonged, from 1067 to Companies and Parinerthip, 
1185. six emperors of the Bast—Isaac I. ComOailiolL <kam-pan'yun). a raised 
Alexis I, John II, Manuel I, Alexis 11 ^^*"jf»****'** hatch or cover to the 
and Andronicns I. When the Crusadera cabin stair of a merchant vessel. — Cosi- 
had overturned the throne of the Comneni panion Ladder, the steps or ladder by 
in Constantinople a prince of that House which persons ascend to and descend 
founded an independent state at Trebi- from the quarter-deck. 
Eond in Asia Minor, where he was gov- ComnanV (kum'pa-ni), in military 
emor (1204). The last sovereign of ^v***P«***j language, a subdivision of 
this house was David Gomnenus (1481). an infantry regiment or battalion, eor- 



CompaiatiTe Anatomy 



Compus 



to 109 men and commanded b; a captain. 

Comparative Anatomy, ^^f ""*■ 

inflccUoDS of adjecdves or adverbs 



. rings called Klmbalsi bo 

filed by the crOM centers to the box that 
the Inner one, or compass-box, shall re- 
tain a horiiontal position in all motioiiB 



SB decrees of tbe original quaUty, dbu- 
aUy dlrided i:  ' " 

and Buperlatii 



Tided into positive, compsmtii 
iiperlative ; as ttrong, §ironger, 
*tn)ttge»l, gloriout, mora glorioiu, moft 

CamnRM (kara'P"). ^ instmment 
i^uuipuBB yg^ ^^ Indicate the mag- 
netic meridian or the position ot objects 
with respect to that meridian, and em- 
ployed especially on ships, and as sur- 
veyors and travelers. Ita origin is nn- 
kwiwii, but it Is sopposed to uave been 
broDgbt from China to Europe about the 
middle of the tbirteentb century. As now 
generally used it conrists of tbree parts: 
namely, the box, tbe card or fly, and tb« 
needle — the latter being tbe really 




BUp's CompkB. 

ab, Neadlx. ee. Box. d <l, Inngr limbiil. //, 

Ootar ^Bb^. i. Pivot upon which tha ckrdu 

(iHad. M, Bnflwtor. r r. Cud. ((,««, Sup- 

Vonlng plvota. 

essential part, and consisting of a small 
magnet so suspended that it may be able 
to move freely In a horizontal direction, 
^le bos, which contains tbe card and 
needle. Is, in the ease of the common 
■MrtHar't oomp^ti, k drcnlar brass ra- 



Compua Cud. 

of the ship. Tbe circular card la divided 
into thirty-two equal parts by lines 
drawn from the center to the circum- 
ference, called points or rhumbs ; the in- 
tervals between the points are also divided 
into halves and quarters, and the whole 
circumference into equal parts or de- 
greee, 360 of which complete the drde. 
The four principal are called cardinal 
points : vli. North, South, E^t and West. 
The needle, ot magnetieed steel, turns 
freely round its center, and one of tbe 



There is, however, liable to be a certain 
deviation owing to tbe maipetism of the 
■hip itself, and this Is especially strong in 
Iron ships. (See Deviation.) Am mounted 
on board ship, magnetic compEiBBes are of 
two kinds, dry and liquid. The Dm Com- 
pa»» consists of a very light aluminum 
Iroine carry ing several light needles 
(magnets) and supported on a pivot. On 
top ot the frame is tbe compass card, n* 
most common form of the dry compass ia 
that devised by Lord Kelvin (see lllus- 
tration). In tbe Liquid Compos* tbt 
needles are carried by a buoyant frame in 
a nen-freeiing liquid (alcohol and water). 
The liquid is contained in a bronie howl 
with a flat glass cover. — He increased 
use of steel for shipbuilding, which causes 
difficulty in the use of magnetic instfu- 
ments led to the invention of the Oynt 
Compass. The principle is that of a 
floating gyroscope whose fly-wheel is spun 
around rapidly by tbe help of an electric 
motion. When free to move in only two 
planes tbe gyroscope Invariably seta pap 



Compasses Composite 

GomnftBflefl (knm'pa-BeB), or Paib of period over 15 days a sum ia paid equal 
wMAynoovv C50MPASBE8, a mathemat- to the wages for the period, this not to 
leal inatminent need for the describing of exceed one year. Since 1910 laws of this 
cirdes, measuring lines, etc. They con- character have been passed in 82 States, 
aist simply of two pointed legs, movaUe These vary so much in their provisions 
on a joint or pivot, and are used for that we can only speak of them gener- 
measuring and transferring distances, ally. The injury must not be due to 
For describing cirdes the lower end of one carelessness or drunkenness on the part 
of the legs is removed and its place of the workman, and the payments shall 
supplied by a holder for a pencil or pen. bear a certainproportion to the rates of 
— Hair Compaaaes are compasses having wages paid. H^e effect of sudi lavrs has 
a sprimr tending to keep the legs apart, been very useful. Devices to prevent 
and a nnely threaded screw by which the injury by unprotected machinery liave 

Sring can be compressed or relaxed with been introduced -by employers, costly liti- 
e utmost nice^, and the distance of gation ha» been avoided, and drunkenness 
the legs regulated to a hair's breadth. — on the part of employees has mudi de- 
Baw vompa9Be9 are compasses having the creased, many employers refusing to 
two legs united by a bow passing through employ drinking men. Espedally in the 
one of them, the distance between the legs case of railroad employment, where much 
being adjusted by means of a screw and depends on the carefulness of train 
nut — Proportional Compa$9e$ are com- movers, intoxication has become pro- 
paasea usied for reducing or enlarging hibited. 

drawings, having the legs crossing so as ComDlifflie (kd9'Pe-&i>^)» & Frendi 
to present a pair on each side of a com- ^*'***i'**'o**'' town, dep. Oise, on the 
mon pivot By means of a slit in the left bank of the Oise, 46 miles n. n. e. 
legs, and the movable pivot, the relative of Paris. It has a splendid chAteau, 
matances between the points at the re- built by St Liouis, rebuilt b^ Louis XIV, 
spective ends may be adjusted at pleasure and improved by Louis X v, Louis XVI, 
in the required proportion. and Napoleon I. It was the autumn re- 

GomVaSS Plant {^ • { ^ *••*"* todna. sort of the court of Napoleon III. In 
ww«u|raM»w *M»Mw ^^^^^ n composite 1430 Joan of Arc was taken prisoner 

Dlant growing in the prairies of the here by the English. Pop. 14.062. 
Missismppi Valley, and remarkable from GomDleXlOIL (kom-plekshun), the 
the fact that its erect radical leaves stand ^^"^r**'^^^** color or hue of the skin, 
so that their edges point almost exactly particularly of the face. The color de- 
north and south, especially in midsummer, pends partly on pigment in the deep ceUi 
This is said to be due to the action of of the epidermis and partly on the blood 
light, and to depend on the leaves having supply. The nature and color of the 
an equal number of atomata on either hair seem closely connected with the corn- 
face, plexion, and these combined are impor 

ComnenSAtion (^^^^'P®^'*^'^^^)* ^'^^ distinguishing marks of different 
\/vjuj#«?uac»Mvu B^u^jfCE, FiNDULUM, rscea Bee^lihnotogy, 

a balance-wheel or a pendulum so con- ComDline (kom'pun), the last of the 
structed as to counteract the tendency ^^*"r****^ daily canonical hours in 
of variations of temperature to produce the Ronuin Catholic breviary; the com- 
variations in tiie rate of vibration or plement of the Vespers or evening office. 
[ oscillation. This mav be accomplished ComnositfiB (kom-poe'i-t6), the largest 

I in various ways, as by bars formed of ^*'"*|fv"*''«*' known nat order of 

two or more metals of different expansi* plants, containing over 12,000 described 
bilities, so that the expansion of one species of herbs or shrubs distributed all 
counteracts the expansion of another, over the world. The flowers (generally 
They are used to produce perfect equality called fioreU) are numerous (with few 
of motion in the balances of watches exceptions) and sessile, forming a dose 
and chronometers and the pendulums of head on the dilated top of the receptacle; 
docks. And surrounded by an involucre of 

nATntiPnoofinii Tjiura ^e first law whorled bracts. The flowers are mono- 
, \MlilipeilBauua .Ijaws. ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ petalous, and the order is divided into 

pensation of workmen injured while in three natural groups from tiie form of the 
service was passed by (jonness in 1906. corolla; (1) TuhuUflOriBy in which it is 
This related to employees injured or killed tubular, with five, rarely four, teeth ; (2) 
while in government service, if not due Lahiatifi(frw, in which it is divided into 
to negligence or misconduct on the part two lips; and (3) LioulifUirw, in which it 
of the workmen. In case of deaUi, those is slit or ligulate. The stamens are in* 
dependent on the victim are to receive a serted on the corolla, and their anthen 
sum equal to one year's waaes of the are united into a tube (syngenesions). 
j deceased. In that of disability for a The style is two-deft at the apex. The 



Composite 



failt is diT and seed-like. The bead of 
muneroaa florets was called b; tbe older 
botanists a compound flower, hence the 
name. Many are common weeds, like the 
daisy, dandelion, 
thistle, etc. ; many 
STB cultivated in 
sardens. such as 
the asters, mari- 
gold, etc. : others 

nomic or medicinsl 
Tsloe, as chlcor7, 
artklioke, cbamo- 
mlle. lettuce, 
wormwood, arnica, 
etc 

C o m p 8 ite 

(kom'pos-it) Oi- 
DXB, in architecture 
the last of the fire 
orders : so called 
because the capital 
belonginK to ft is 
composed out ot 
those of the other 
orders, borrowing a 

Suarter-roQod from 
le Tuscan and Doric, i 



Comporit* Onkr, 

„_ »„„ „ .c, a row of leayes 

from the Corinthian, and volutes from 
the Ionic. Its cornice has simple mo* 
dilllona or dentils. It is called also the 
Roman or the liaUo order. 

Oompoation SS&'.f^Sli I 

bankrupt or person in pecuniary difficul- 
ties makes with hlft creditors, and by 
which he arranges to pay them a certain 

Sroportion only of the debts due. See 
oiMrvpl. 

Composition of Forces and 

Wntinna 1° mechanics, the union or 
nuuuiui, aggeniblare of several forces 
or molJone that are oblique to one another 
Into BD equivalent force or motion in 
another direction. Thus two forces act- 
ing in the directions of the adjacent sides 
of a parallelogram compose one force 
Bctlnc in the direction of the diagonal, 
and If the lengths of the adjacent sides 
represent also the maicnitudeB of tbe 
forces, the diagonal will represent the 
magnitude of the compoond force or 
retnltant. 

«ompo.tella aX.T^'5'::U.=£ 



lib knijrtits formed in the twelfth century 
to protect the pilgrims who flocked in vast 
nninbers to Santiago - de - Compostella, 
where the relics of St James were kept 



Compurgation 

Composts (kom'posta), in agricuUura 
*™ '" • are mliturea of variona 
fertilizing substances. See Jfanurs. 

Compound Animals, « " i m a i ^ 

which by no means belong to the loweit 
types, in which individuals, distinct as re- 
gards many of tbe functions of life, are 
yet connected by some part of their frame 
BO es to form a united whole. Such are 
the polyzoa and some of the ascidia. 

Compounding '^ST'S,"!^ 

log of a consideration tor forbearing to 
prosecute ; or the agreeing to receive one's 
foods again from a thief on condition ot 
not prosecuting. This is an offense pun- 
ishable by fine and imprisonment 

Compressed Air <X"i;",;r2; .»": 

K eased by means of pumps, etc., and used 
driving stationary and locomotive en- 
ries. and excavating machines ; ss also 
working pneumatic despatch tubes, rail- 
way brakes, etc. Large railroad tunnels 
have been excavated by the use of com- 
pressed air motors, such as Uoosac tun- 
nel and the MouDt Cenis and others. 

CompreMibiUty li£»-»„"„-™ w, 

bodies in virtue of which they may be 
pressed into smaller bulk. Alt bodies are 
probably compressible, though the liquid* 
are bat slightly so. The gases are ex- 
ceedingly compressible, and may be lique- 
fied by pressure and cold combined. Tbow 
bodies which occupy their former space 
when the pressure is removed are called 

Compulsory Insurance, Jp ^"^ 

to any system of Insurance enforci^ by a 
government for the benefit of its working 
classes. Compulsory insurance against 
accident has been in force tor some time 
in Great Britain. Germany, Aaatria, 
France, Norway, Italy, and Holland. In 
the United States custom difFers in the 
various states. In Germany there Is a 
national and compulsory system ot In- 
surance against sickuesiy accident and old 
age. for all those earning less than $500 
a year. In France there is a compulsory 
insurance against old age and invalidity. 
The year 1912 saw the establishment of 
a revolutionary system of insurance 
against sickness and unemployment in 
Great Britain. 

Compurgation 'S.'M'ta.i:'-.!': 

lowed by the Anglo-Saxon law in Eng- 
land, and common to most of the Teutonic 
tribes. The accused was permitted to 
call a certain number (usually twelve! of 
men, celled compurgators, who joined 



Comstock ' GonoepeUm 

thdr otLtbB to his in testimonj to 'Hk Brace in the Convent of the Minoritef 
innocence. At Damfriee in 1306. 

CJAnifitonlr Awthont, secretary of the Con. an Jtalian prepoaitlon dgnifyinf 
vumsMlUiLy New York Society for the ^^**> unth, and of frequent occurrence 
Supprenion of Vice, bom in 1844; died ^ muaical phrafleology ; con amore, with 
September 21, 1015. feeling; con hno, brilliantly; oon gutto, 

Conwtook lode i^^^STSS Co^re (fej' V'^-'SS'tL* SS 

«eumc W« bi the w«iten. p«t of th« „„„ j^ iJSSd^ot'^ni.rl^^^'^ 
State of Nevada, on the eastern slope of tion of a farm for i KinffiA Tron thl £mf 
the Virginia Monntains. To it belonsed be£g naidto the fSSfe? S^^mSS^v^ 
the Biff Bonanza and other mines, wldch fn iSkS 

or^^^^linftnffi*^ ■"''"' *^ ^ ''*^'''' Concan (komam), a maritime sab. 
of over 1300,000,000. vruucan division of Hindustan, in the 

Gomte (f^V^)* IBZDOBB Augustv Mabix presidency of Bombay. It consLsts of a 
wvAuyv FEAiigois Xavieb, founder of long belt of sea-coast, stretching from 
the ' positive ' system of philosophy, was north to south for about 220 miles, with 
born at Montrollier in 1798; died at an average breadth of 85 miles, and 
Paris 1857. His family were sealous bounded on the east by the Western 
Catholics and royalists. He was edu- Ghauts. It includes the town and isl- 
cated at the icole Polytechnique, and and of Bombay. Area about 12,500 sq. 
embraced enthusiastically the socialist miles; pop. 8,035.654. 
tenents of St Simon. As one of his most GA]infl.nieaii (k6Q'k&r-n5), a seaport, 
distinguished pupils he was employed, ^v**v»***vi»i* France, dep. Finistftre, 
in 1B20, to draw up a formula of the on an island in the bay of La Foret 
doctrines professed by the St. Simo- Has sardine and pilchard fisheries; a 
nian schooL whidi he accordingly accom- Eo51ogical laboratory, connected with the 
plished in his ByaUme de PoUtique Po- college of France: is much visited by 
«i<f90L This work did not, however, meet artists. Fop. 7887. 
with the approbation of St Simon, who CoiLOftVA (l^on'kAv), hollow and curved 
asserted that Comte had made a very im- ^ ^'^^^ or rounded, as the inner sur- 
portant omission by overlooking the re- face of a spherical body. A surface is 
Ugious or sentimental part of human €oneave when straight lines drawn from 
nature. In 1826 Oomte commenced a point to point in it fall between the 
course of lectures on positive philosophy surface and the spectator ; and conve» 
but only four lectures were given wnen when the surface comes between him and 
he became deranged in mind, and did not SQch lines. .... 

recover till the end of 1827. In 1830 he ConOentratlOIL (kon-j«nrtrt'8hun),in 
commenced the publication of his Ooun ^*'***'^**«'*"»*v** chemistry, the act of 
de Fh4lo$<n>hie Potitive. which was com- increasing tiie strength of solutions. This 
pleted in six volumes in 1842, and was *« effected in different ways ; by evapo- 
freely translated into BngUsh and con- rating off the solvent as U done in tte 

densed by Harriet Martineau (two Tols. ■fPJJS^®'^ 5' ^^ ^™ "^"IJ^^^f.' J? 
1858). (See Potiiwe Phao9opk^.) distilling off the more volatile Uc^nid, 

£% — /irA'f«in.\ <n fi«* laf** HiwaV m Ih tho rectificatiou of spirit of wine; 

CornUS ^^^S^^yX.'^SJ^SrJ^, M'ca^ti'oV'o^Te^T'^b?^^^ 
feasting, a/d noSumal Sitertainmen£ ISriffi as in pJ?tiLsSj's^^^^ 

Milton 8 C<^us is a creaticm of Ws own. /j^-^g 'j-.^ (kon-sep-se^in'), a sea- 
Comvn ^^""f^^k i?™^!.^^'? ♦!?* VOnoepOlOn ^ ^ of Chile, capital of 
• JT S'^^'^^^^r ^"* ^^^tJ?K ft* » province of the same naie, on the 
commissioners s^t to confer about tiie rig£t bank of tiie Biobio. 7% mUes from 
marnage of the MaM ofNorway to Pr^ moutii, a well-built town, with a 

Edward of England. On ttie competition cathedraL Its port at Talcahuano, a 
for the Scotch throne in 1291 Ck>myn put small town on the Bay of Concepdon, 
in a claim as a descendant of Donald about 8 miles distant, is one of the best 
Bane. The date of his death is uncertain. In Chile. Ooncepcion was founded in 
but he was alive in 1209. — ^His son. 1550, and has suffered mnci from earth- 
John GoiCTir, called the 'Red Comyn,* quakes and attacks by the Araucaniana 
was chosen one of the three guardians Pop. 55,458. There are towns of the 
of Scotiand. and defeated the English same name in Paraguay and Uruguay, 
^t Roslin in 1802. He submitted to of 10.000 to 12,000 each, and others of 
Edward I in 1304, and was killed by gmaUer sise in iLathi America. 



Conception 



Concord 



Conception ^^j^^'^'^K'^^y^ 

in the mind; in phuoBophy, that mental 
act or combination of acts by which an 
absent object of perception is brought be- 
fore the mind by the imagination. 

Conception, SlT^^c*" ^tS.^ 

the doctrine that the Yirdn Mary was 
born without the stain oz original sin. 
This doctrine came Into favor in the 
twelfth century, when, however, it was 
opposed by St. Bernard, and It afterwards 
became a subject of vehement controversy 
between the Scotists, who supported, and 
the Thomists, who opposed it. In 1708 
Clement XI appointed a festival to be 
celebrated throughout the church in honor 
of the immaculate conception. Since 
that time it was received in the Roman 
Church as an opinion, but not as an 
article of faith until the year 1854, when 
the pope issued a bull which makes the 
immaculate conception a point of faith. 

Conceptualism iS ** ^-^^Srd^'a 

doctrine in some sense intermediate be- 
tween realism and nominalism. Con- 
ceptualism assigns to universals an ex- 
istence which may be called locical or 
psychological, that is, independent of 
single objects, but dependent upon the 
mind of the thinking subject, in which 
they are as notions or conceptions. 
Concert (^on'serU a PJlblic or private 
\/vu\/«Av niusical entertainment, at 
which a number of vocalists or instru* 
mentalists, or both, perform singly or 
combined. 

Concertina ^'m';?;-,) v?nSf ?; 

Professor Wheatstone, the principle of 
which is similar to that of the accordion. 
It is composed of a bellows, with two 
faces or ends, generally polygonal in 
shape, on which are placed the various 
stops or studs, by the action of which 
air is admitted to the free metallic reeds 
which produce the sounds. In the Eng- 
lish concertina the compass is three oc- 
taves and three notes. The German con- 
certina 1b an inferior instrument. 

flnTiAArfA (l^oi^-<2b®^^)* ^^ music, a 
^/OnceiXO ^^ ^^ composition, usually 

in a symphonic form, written for one 
principal instrument, with accompani- 
ments for a full orchestra. 

Concert Fitcli. see phok. 



Concession ^i-^-^^^ ^, ^^. 

emment to a person or company to 
do certain things; specially applied to 
grants of land, of privileges or immuni- 
ties in connection with certain enter- 



prises, such as mining, the construction 
of railways, canals, or the like, usually 
subject ts fixed conditions and limitations. 

Conch '^i' i^^^-^A ^n 

trumpet shape, and which may be blown 
as a trumpet, as in the practice in 
Hindustan and some of tiie Pacific 
islands. 

Conchif era ^^tfot^i fefSli 

of acephalous molluscs which have sheUs 
consisting of two pieces, commonly known 
as Hvalvea (oyster, mussel, etc). 

Conchology iSS^^'tk^k Zt t" 

IMirtment of ao^ogy which treats of the 
naturev formation and classiflcation of 
the shells with which the bodies of many 
moUusca are protected ; or the word may 
be used also to include a knowledge of 
the animals themselves, in which case it 
is equivalent to malacology. In systems 
of conchology shells are usually divided 
into three orders, univalves, bivalves 
and multivalves, according to the num- 
ber of pieces of which they are composed. 
See Molluwa, 

Conclave <tSf :SSik.2'* JlSSaf lo^r 

the election of the pope ; also the electoral 
assembly of the cardinals themselves. 
Pope Gresory X, whose election had been 
delayed for three years, established in 
the council at Lyons (1274) the regula- 
tions of the conclave. The cardinals are 
shut up together in a particular suite of 
apartments in the palace where the 

Eontiff dies, and tiiey are supposed to 
ave no communication with the outside 
world during the period of the election. 
The companion, either lay or clerical, 
whom the cardinid is allowed to take 
with him into the condave during the 
election of a pope is called a conoiavkt. 
The office is one of great delicacy and 
trust. 

Concord <iS?H«i«L 5 1^^' mSl 

comDixiEtion or two or more 
sounds pleasing to tiie ear. Concords are 
the octave, the fifth, third and sixth. 
The two first are called perfect, becAUse 
as concords they are not liable to any 
alteration bv sharps or flats. The two 
lait are called imperfect, as being alter- 
able. 

Concord ^^^H^ S„'S?»'coS^ 

cord River, 20 miles w. n. w. of Boston. 
It has a state reformatory and manu- 
factures of harness, rubber, etc., and is 
a large railroad center. It was the 
home of Bmerson, Hawthorne, Thoreau, 
Louisa Aloott, and other eminent 
writers, and is historically famous as 



Concord Concurrent Jurisdiction 



the scene of the first fight between tte provisions remain in Fnmce »t^e prej- 
British and Americans in the Revolution, ent day. Since the middle of the eiiht- 

ing pubUc edifices, and large manufac- of »ach an <>'^^^^ jSi^J^J® .*« .^ 

tures, having water-power in abundance, *<* **»^«H, ^^^ ?*?,5i^™|J!S^ 
Itepr^ucts include cotton and woolen concrete; those of clasww, absteicL A 
t^o^^ir^iia mflAhinprv flnd various concrete name is -a name which stands 
JSSfi ^fiS?«r?S^rri^ of ftae CT^iS ^oT a thing ; an abstract name is a name 
whSh • ^^XSvdv workSl W ^Wch stands for the attribute of a thing. 
7iQ^^ ^1«7 ^ worked. rop. pon/crftte » composition used in 

(lw20) 2Z,lw. 4ri«v«^ VrOn Crete, building, consisting of 

Concord, 2^'&~&°orthTa^uSS^ ^ydrauUc or StSeV monitor ^eTwlth 

miles N.E.\f^hMe?''V'm-^^^^^ If'lV^ Tu ^""^rl^^' ^l^ 

2r J^f'^^.^'^inZ'^iJ^^ LV5?d*;r wiLrfor"^^^^^^ to torn 
fc?^ ^-^®M^^ ^^ (colored) IS ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^ sluice, or the 
here. Pop. <l*^^}."J^-_^,^„gx -. v^ok foundation of any structures ndsed^ in 
Concordance \n wWeh Se oiSiSSS «»« ««» ; and it is also frequentiy used to 
^ « .^ i« .nl Jnrk o?nu^er 5 make a bed for asphalt pavements, or to 
words «8ed in My work or number or ^ foundations for bufldings of any 

works^ as the S^^P'"'/"' »*^«J«f >^!!;ij^ kind. It has aUw come extensively into 
ton. Tennyson, Homer g^c.. are arranged ^ ^ material with which the walls 
alphabetically, and the book chanter a^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^ ^^^ concrete beln^ 

verse, or act, scene, Un^ or o^' »"^ fimly rammed into molds of tiie nq^- 
division in which each word .occurs are ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^ allowed to set 
noted ; designed to assist an inQOiJ er in j^ j^ buUdings a material known as 
findmg any pMMge by mewttsof any 1^^^^ reinfoMd oanoreie has come into use. 
ing word which he can recollect, or to the reinforcement consisting of strong 
show the character of Jhe language and ^^^i ^^^ around which the concrete is 

very gi 
7 large 1 
:his^ man] 

.".yt/^N *'*'-^"- ^—^ idV ^9~ XM^^ ^^^ '**"* "' cuncrvits lui «. building uiAi^i^i' 

biblical concordances, that of Mary jg rapidly growing. 
Cowden aarke to Shakespere deserves n^JLj^Jlzg.^^ fkon-krC'shuns), Mo- 
especially to be mentioned. V»onurci»loa» ^^^ j^ animal economy, 

ClnnnfirdAt (kon-kor'dat); a conven- hard substances that occasionally make 
Vronouroiib ^ion between „the Pope, ^^\^ appearance in different parts of the 
as head of the Boman GathoUc Church, i,ody, as well in the solids as in those 
and any secular government, for the set- cavities destined to contain fluids. They 
tling of ecclesiastical relations. One of are usually named according to the parts 
the most important of the^earlier con- ^f th^ ^^y in which they occur, as 




Henry V, has been regarded as the most common constituents are phos- 
fundamental law of the church in Ger- phates, urates, or other salts, in combi- 
many. Another celebrated concordat was nation with mucus, albumen, fibrin, and 
that agreed upon between Cardinal other organic matter. See 0alcuW9, 
Gonsalvi, in the name of Pius YII, and fiAnAY,i|{«.oiyA (kon-ktl'bi-nftj), sexual 
Napoleoi in July. 1801. Bv it the head WnCnDinage 'cohabitation of a man 
of the state had the nomination of bishops without legal marriage. It was per- 
to the vacant sees ; the clergy became sub- mitted among the ancient Hebrews and 
ject in temporal matters to the civil the Oreeks without limitation ; but among 
power ; all immunities, ecdefloaeticu the Romans in the case of unmarried men 
courts, and Jurisdictions were abolished concubinage was limited by the Lex Julia 
in France, and even the regulations of and Lex Papia Popp»a to a single con- 
the public worship and religious cere- cuMne of mean descent 
monies and the pastoral addresses of the n ah nnrr Aiif TnriftiliAtion 
clergy were placed under the control of UOnonrreni • ^Fir**^?**^ 
the secular authorities. Most of these (kon-kur^-ent), the Jurisdiction of diff<»r- 



I 

if 

II 



m 

m 
m 

It 

ii 
IP 
P 
If 

Pi 



Concussion of the Srain 



Condillao 



ent courts anthorized to take cognisance 
of the same kind of case. In criminal 
cases the court which first takes up a 
case has the right of prevention, that is. 
of deciding upon that case exclusive of 
the other courts which but for that right 
would have been equally entitled to take 
cognizance of it in civil cases it lies 
with the suitor to bring his cause before 
any court he pleases which is competent 
to take it up. 

Concussion of the Brain ^^§: 

un), a term applied to certain injuries of 
the brain resulting from blows and falls, 
though unattended with fracture of the 
skull. Stupor or insensibility, sickness, 
impeded respiration, and irregular pulse 
are the first symptoms, and though these 
may subside there is always for a time 
more or less risk of serious inflammation 
of the brain setting in. 

Condamine, g^^F^ ^/^ ^ ^ 

**j See La Oondamine. 
Conde (kOn-dft), town and fortress of 
wuuv France, dep. Nord, at the con- 
fluence of the Hayne and Scheldt. It 
fave their title to the Oond6 family. 
*op. (1906) 2701,— For another Oondd 
see Oond^'$ur-'2foireau, 
PatiiIa Louis he Bottbbon, founder 
\^OUae, of the house of, bom in 1530 ; 
killed after battle of Jamac, 1569. See 
Bourhoiu 

CMnAH Louis dk Boubbon, Pkince of 
\/QUaey (the Great Condi), a famous 
general, bom in 1621. In 1641 he mar- 
ried a niece of Cardinal Richelieu. His 
defeat of the Spanish at Rocroi, in 1643. 
was followed, in 1645, by his defeat of 
Mercy at Nordlingen, and by his capture 
of Dunkirk in 1646, the year in which he 
inherited his father's title. During the 
troubles of the Fronde he at first took 
the side of the court; but believing him- 
self to be ill requited by Mazarin He put 
himself at the head of the faction of the 
PetiU Matires, and was imprisoned for 
a year by Mazarin (1650). On his re- 
lease he at once put himself at the head 
of a new Fronde, entered upon negotia- 
tions with Spain, and, his attack on 
Paris being indecisive, retired to the 
Netherlands, where he was ai>pointed 
generalissimo of the Spanish armies. In 
this capacity he unsuccessfully besieged 
Arras m 1654; but he was more fortu- 
nate at Valenciennes in 1656, and at 
Cambrai in 1657. In 1658 he was de- 
feated before Dunkirk by Turenne, but 
was restored to his rank in France after 
the peace of 1659. In 1668 he accom- 
plished the reduction of Franche Comt6 in 
three weeks : and in 1674 he defeated the 
Prince of Orange at SenefL Qis snocessea 



over Montecnculi in Alsace in 1675 closed 
his military career. Four years later he 
retired to Ghantilly, near Paris, and died 
at Fontainebleau in 1687. 
flnnil^ Louis Joseph db Boubbon, 
vuiiuc, pkinck of, bom at ChantiUy 
in 1736 ; only son of the Duke of Bourbon 
and the Princess of Hesse-Rheinfels. 
He distinguished himself in the Seven 
Years' war, and in .1762 defeated the 
Prince of Brunswick at Johannisberg. 
On the outbreak of the revolution in 1780 
he emigrated, and in 1792 formed, at 
Worms, a corps of emigrant nobllitv. 
which firstjoined the Austrian, and, m 
1785, the Efnglish service. In 1797 he 
entered the Russian service, but in 1800, 
after the separation of Russia from the 
coalition, reentered for a time the Eng- 
lish army. He Uved in England tiU 1813, 
retumed to Paris in 1814, received 
various honora, and attended me king in 
his flight to (ihent On his return he 
was appointed president of a bureau of 
the chamber of peers, but soon after re- 
tired to Ghantilly. He died at Paris in 
1818. 

Condensation ^e^b^mtt^f Sf Wb"? 

ics, the act of reducing a gas or vapor 
to a liquid or solid form. Bwrface con- 
dentation, a mode of condensing ste&m 
by bringing it in contact with cold metal- 
lic surfaces in place of by injecting cold 
water 

Condensed Milk fc-J?S% ^IJf 

orating part of its moisture, mizinir with 
refined powdered sugar, and packing in 
air-tight cans hermetically sealed; the 
sugar may also be omitted. 

Condenser t\Tcf ".^'li *,5!SiS^ 

into a receiver. Also a vessel in which 
aqueous or other vapors are condensed 
by cooling into the liquid form. 

Condensing Steam-Engine. 

See Steam^ngine, 

Cond6-snr-Noireau (Jl? ? '$Jk^^ 

n w a-ro), a 
town of France, dep. Calvados, at the 
(confluence of the Noireau and Drouance. 
Chief manufacture, cotton. Pop. 5709. 

Condillao tJ^^-^J^-yAk)' ^tiewnb 

WUM.UMAV BoiJiq^oT VE, a French 
philosopher bom in 1715. His Estai tur 
POrigine des Oonnaissanoet Humaineg 
(174B), in large part a polemic against 
abstract methods of philosophizing, struck 
the keynote of his system, and his TraitS 
de9 8y8i^me9 (1749) continued the con- , 
demnation of all systems not evolved from 
experience, from sensation. In VTHi 
appeared his TraltS des BmtaihnBt and 



xitidm on Bnffon. The ufuitr uid notmd of tdnltery It U & leial pic* 
led to bu ap- detuucb 



Conditional Inunonlity Condoroof 

ITSB tii* TraM 4m Animaum, a jnir> In «t seticn'for diTorc« rai the 

-iddm on Bnffon. Th« ttf-" "" — — ' ' -'-' " '" " ' — ' -'— '" 

JMiVMB of bia wtiUup l«d I 

gntnicnt m tn' " ' """ - 
Dla XV, the 1 „ . _...._. 

lor whom he wrote In ITW Us Ooutm American bird, the BaroorhaKtphut gm- 
TBtuiM, Indodiiuc a rnuni°>', an irt phot, one of the largeet of the VultnridM 
raorire, an Jrtie BaUonner, an Art or Tolturine Urdfc In Ita ea^ntial fea- 
U i*MHer. and a general hiatary. Hla tares. It reeembles the common yalbiTea. 

I et I« ffouoemwe -■- • - - 

^ii Tear aa the IfwJ 

(1776), I 



HmiMJMcnD to it. in 1768 be waa elMtcd and, loncltadinal 

to 4eAci - - — "" -' ■"- 

to pnblica 

jMsO-imonali- in 17B8. 



St^ea^j. *He''(Sed"'BhoS|yifter a 
_B pnbliMtiMi of bis LogU) in 178(^ Ua i 
Lmi«m in OahaU btlng patdlAed 
rasO-imonaii- in 1798. 

[tenditional Immortality^ 

UMl), a doctrine held b7 certain relic- 
Ions sects, which hold that Immwtalltr u 
Sependcnt noon certain conditionB ol be- 
llel and conduct, and replace the tenet of 
Fatore PDulaliment by tliat of annlhila- 
tion. llils doctrine baa been advancad at 
laterrels from ancimt times, and In our 
day it baa many advocates. 

Conditioned and Uncondi- 
tioned, ?„^?"*'/ViKH^- 

ton. Tlie UncoDdltloned is retarded by Hunboldt met with no spedmena whose 

Blr William Hamilton as a gcnns IndtHl- wincs exceeded 9 feet In ezponae, tlioart 

bf two apedes; the Inflnite, or the ao- it haa occaaionallT been known to attda 

condltioDaIl7 nnllmited, and the AbscdDte an expanae of M feet It la fonnd in 

or the nnconditiouailr limited ; and the freatcat UDmbere In the Andea diain be- 

thMla which be malntaina and esponnda, onentlnK regions from 10,000 to 16.000 

and whicft forma one of the leadiog doc- fnt abore the lerel of the aea, whete 

triiMS of hia philosophical syatem, la that the; breed, depositing thdr two white 

the UnconditlODed, aa tbae ezolalned, la egn on the bare rock. Ther are lenerallr 

nitirelT nntbinkable. The mind la con- to be seen in groups of three or fonr, and 

Bned. ut point of knowledge thooib not only descend to tbe plains under atrev 

sf Uth '- "- •■-'•-' —■* — Ji*i— » * •■ -»• - - - — - "- 



» Juth, to the limited and conditioned — of hnnger, when they wUI mcceMfaUT 
the Condltloaed being the mean between attack sheep, goats, deer and boUocka. 
two nnconditiooatee. mntoaOr szdnslTa Tbey prefer cwion, howerer, snd, when 
and eqnallT Inconcdrable, bnt of which, ther hBTs opportonitr, sprge tbemeeWea 
m tbe prlndplea of contradletlos and sz- until ther become incapable of riaing from 
eluded middle, one mutt be tdmttttd «> the ground, and so baeome a prer to the 
•aeattsrv. Tbas Infinite space is Inoon- Indiana. The Uncroltnre (S. Papa) ia 
eetvable D7 na, whHe at the aame time It anoUier bird of Qie same genas. 
ie equally Impoarible to ob to conedre of ConilATAet (koa-dor«IK MABn Jcul 
■pace as flnlte ; yet one of these must be vvuuwaw* ^jpjf,i^jt ViooLAa n Gas- 
admitted neeetaary, and onr oonceptioa itat, HiMtns ot, ax enlnent French 
Is in some sense a mean between the In- writer, bom (if 1743. At the aae of 
ao n o d taMefc Tlte doctrine waa applied twantrooe he presented (o the Aead w ta 
ir Uansel to determine tbe limits ol re- of Sdenoea an Bnat «w te Colosl ImU- 



(1906) 404R. publication of blimooeirfe* AoaMmlelmt 

RrniAAnfttfrni ncoB-dft-nl'Aimy, Ifl »orU avMt 1609 (1778). be was w- 
UOnaonanOB ^^^ forglTeness U in- pdnted perpetoal secretary (1777). ^ 



1777 bit n«om of ComeU gained tbe 
raise offered bj the Academr of Berlin; 
be enricbed tne TramacUon* alt muir 
leaned McletieB ; and took an actiTe part 



of tbe people. By the dtr of Pari* he 
was elected depatr to the legiilatlTe aa- 
aembly, of which be was (K>oD_a{>polnted 



Cone 



callr connected with thick atrlpa of cop- 
per which are carried Into the ironnd to 
a cotulderable depth and termuiBted, if 
potalble. In water or In wet earth. Vari- 
oua other forma of eondnetois bav« been 
intiadaced, aach aa are ahown Is tbe ac- 
companjinf cat, where a la a condoetor 



favor of the Bevereet eentei 
■t tbe Bame time be prop 
CBpttal puntshmentai txei 
i^mea asainst tbe state. 
Oiroudist party. May 81, : 
tbe coDttitutioD which 
drawn op from being acee 
freely crttlcUed the com 
took Iff place he wai den< 
an accomplice of Bri^eot. 
ney, a voman of noble f« 
blm for elrbt mouthy di 
wrote Ua B»qui»*« d'ltn 
riTM fc« Progri* ds Fi 
Ijeit he iboald endanger Ii 
ever, be left tbe bonie aec 

tlon to her wlehee. fled f. 

wandered aboat tin arrested and thrown 
Into prison, where, Marrh 28. i'^M, ha 
was fonnd dead on the floor, faaTing ap- 
parently awallowed poison. 



Boldlers who, in tbe fourteenth and 
teenth [Centuries, hired tbemselyea ont to 
carry on the petty wars of tiiB Italian 
states. Montreal d'Albamo, R gentleman 
of Provence, was tbe first to give definite 
oi^aniiatlon to a lawless band of this 
kind, and many of them attained a con- 
siderable sise and power. One of tbe 
most noted was the company of Sforaa 
Attendolo, whose son made himself Dnke 
of Milan. For the mont part, these mei- 
cenaties were good soldiers and splend- 
idly equipped, but rapaclona and cruel to 
all bat their own class. 
Conduction, See Beat. 
Conductor Oon-^nk'tur), or Libht- 
uuiiuu\.M/i NINO-COB nncTOB, an In- 
strument by means of which either ^e 
electricity of tbe clondi. tbe cause of 
lightning, la conducted without explodon 
Into tbe earth, or the lightning Itaeif Ii 
recelred and conducted qntetly Into the 
earth or watpr without Injuring buiidinn, 
ships, etc. It WBB iuTented by Benjamin 
BVanklin abont 1TS2. and met with speedy 
general adoption. It usually consists of 
• atont Iron rod with one or more points 
at tha topt tbe lower end balng metalli- 



t * i, Vuloas (ami sf AtMob- 

coosistiiuc of metallic stripe Joined to- 
gethfiTt ft M. conductor of copper wires In- 
tertwined with Iron rodu, e a conductor 
condadng of a metallic itrip forming a 
tube wiu spiral flangea. Tarloaa kinds 
of Up* are also in use, as will be seen in 
the cat, d being formed of several metala 
endoaed tbe one within the other, the 
moot fndble being out^e: g, K t show 
bow In some cases sncceaslTe sections of 
rods are connected. 

Conduit (kon'd't). a line o' plpef «' 
an underground channel of 
some kind for the conveyance of water, 
electric wires, etft 

Condyle ('■":''*": °'- 'sl"")- •» 

•^ ^ anatomy, a protnberance cm 



Condv's nuid, » P«l«»tlon of per- 
uuuuj •> .k^iuu, manganate of potash 
which is largely used as a deodoriser and 
disinfectant In fevers, etc It la also em- 
ployed as a gargle In diphtheria and other 
throat affectlona, and Is especially val- 
uable for cleansing ulcers and Bores. 

Cone t""*?,'' •" ""^ '" ff^S**^' 'F°" 
*""*" erally means a right drcular 
cone, which may be defined as the solid 
figure traced ont when a right-angled tri- 
angle la tnade to revolve round one of the 
ddes that contain the risht angle. A 
more comprehensive definition may he 

{Iven as follows: — Let a straight line be 
eld fixed at one point, and let any otber 
point of the line he made to deacrlb* any 
doaed cnrve which does not cat Itself: 
the solid figure traced out is a oone. 
When the curve which tbt second point 
describes la a drdet tbe cone is a right 



Cone ConfesnoDal 

circular cone. The cubical content of k cnu the provirioDa of a bill with ttfui 

riibt circular cone ia one-third of that to which the; are dlsaKraed, with tiie 

of a c;liiid«r on the aame baae and of object of elFectinB ■» aKnemeat between 

the same attitude, and ia therefore found them. (3) The annual meetioK of the 

by multiplying the area of the base by Methodist Episcopal Church for deUb- 

the altitude, and taking one-third of the eration on Its affairs, 

product See also Oonio Section*. ConferVACes (kon- 1 er^vt'se-C), a 

Cone *" botanj, a dry compound *'"»"»'* »»*"i"* family of marine or 

> frnit, consisting oi man; open freah-water algn having green frondi 

Hcalea, each with two seeds at the baae, which are composed of articiilated fiU- 

as In the conifers ; a strobilas. ments simple or branched. 

Hnniko-liflnA ( lco-nel-v&'n&) , a town The cella are sbortiflh 

vuuegiiiiuu ^, jj^( pKjTlneo of and cyUndrlcal, and they 

Treriso, 28 miles «. of Venice. It has a are reprodaced not by 

caatle and cathedral with pointings by conjugation, but by boS- 

Cima da Qmegliano. Manu&cturea : silk spores formed from the 

and woolen cloths, Pop. 10,000. cell- contmts and fur- 




wwuv BU.VU. uCT v—1. cilia. The tvpical genus 

flnnaaa-i.TiaTt (kon-es'si), the bsrk of Conferra is found, either 

^OneSSI-DaTK "^^-hH^ mtidyienter- attached to various bod- 

ica, an apocynaceous plant of India, used ies or Boating iwoUen 

as a tonic, a febrifnge, and on astringent up with babbles of gas, .—r—;- .-^r r 1 

in diarrbtea. , In dense masses on ponda. STTSSlJi """" 

CMYitttr TalanH « amall island ft miles Tbe well-known marine "'•■"'™" 

VOUey XBIILUU, ^utbeast of New deUcacy, layer (Porphtn ladniatm and 

York, at tbe west end of Long Is)an4, a P. vulffirit), with tbe green laver (ffh* 

popular eeaside resort, abont one hoar by latitsima), belongs to thia tribe of 

trolley from Manhattan City Hall. Here plants. 

New Xorli City has undertaken the crea- rintifssBinTi (kon-fesh' 



many as SOO.OOO people often visit Coney profession of faith ; for instance, the Con- 
Island in a single day during the sum- fission of An^burx. It tometlmea also 
mer. signifies a reUgious sect ; as the three 
Hn-nfMlamt* StntMi tbe name Christian confessions— tbe Roman Gatbn- 
U)nieaerai;e awa, ^j^^^ (^ ,1,^ ^^^ ^^^^ Lutheran end the CalTlnirtc 
eleren Sonthern States of the American Confiteor (I acknowledge) is tbe eonfn- 
Union which attempted to secede on tbe sion which the Calholic prieata make br- 
election of Abraham Lincoln, the Repub- fore fie altar when beginning n>a« or 
lican candidate, to the presidency in No- pablic worship. 

vember. ISflO. thuB leading to the great C.nTtf»amn-n AiiBicni.AB (sw-rlk'O- 

(Jivil War which lasted till 1860. Bee V^oniCMign, j^^j^ ^^ y^^ strictest 

United State*. sense, tbe disclosoce of sins to the priest 

— • " -• - .. _. . _. .L_ — *___- —  _,.t B yie^ to obtain 

lie person con- 

, . .. - Dceaf no rin of 

Napoleon Ronaparle in 1806. and Indud- conaeqnence which he remembers to luTe 

ing Bavaria, Wurtemberg. Baden, Hesse- committed, and the father confesaor i* 

Darmstadt, tbe Kinndom of Westphalia, bound to perpetual secrecy. The practice 

eta It eitended over 125,160 aq. miles, of a public acknowledgment of grtnt sinii 

and comprised 14.608.877 inhabitants, was altered by Pope Leo the Great la 

Tbe princes undertook to raise collectively 460, into a secret one before the priest 

a large body of troops In event of war. and the fourth general Ijileran conndl 

and estnblltihpd n diet at Frankfort; but 11215) ordained that every one of th* 

the failure of Napoleon's Russian cam- faithful, of both seies, come to yean of 

paign of 1812 shook the structure, and discretion, should privately confeaa all 

the league soon after broke up. It was tbelr sins at least once a year to their 

succeeded by a new league, the Germanic own pastor, an ordination still bindini; 

Cnn federation. on members of tbe Roman Calboltc 

TnTifpTPiifi* fkon'f er-ensl, (1) a Chnrch. Confession is a part of tbe 

\4UUiercat,C n,p^ting ^f ,1,^ „j,rt- sacrament of penance, 

nentatlves of different foreign countries PnilfptUlinTlftl 'kon-f eaVun-al), te 

for the discussion of some question. (2> '^omeBBloaai Ro„g„ Catholli- 

K meeting between delegates of the two churchea end chapels, a kind of endoaed 

home* nf a 'eglalatlTe body called to dia- seat In which the priest rita to hear 



Gonf esBion of AugBlitu^ 



GonfuoinS 



pcnou confeM tbdr alna. The ooafea- 
titokai is often not unlike a lentrr-bos, 
the prieat rittini within and the penitent 



ConfcirioDil. Oxhsdnd et St. Guduk, BtumU. 
kneeling vitbont uid apeaklns throash an 
aperture. Man; coufesaloDala are In 
tbfM divlaionB or compartmeata, the cen- 
ter, which la for the reception of the 
Srlea^ beiuK closed half-way op by a 
warf door, and havlnr a aeat wtthiu It 
The aide compartmenta, which communi- 
cate with the center by grated apertarea, 
are for the penitents. 

Conf esflion of Augsburg. |j^; 
ConfemioB of Faith, Si'^SSS; 

beliefs, a kind of elaborate creed. (See 
Creed. | What Is moat distinctively 
known by this name is Ihe document pre- 
pared by the Assembly of Divines which 
■net at Westminster in obedience to sn 
ordinance of Psrllsment issued June 12, 
1643. The whole nomber of the assemble 
amounted to 174 members, noBtly Puri- 
, tblr^two being members of Par- 

ent; There were also six Scottish 

commiMtonera appointed to consnlt and 
deliberate, but not to vote. One of the 
chief results of the delib^rBtions was the 
framing of the Confession of Faith, which. 
on Ihe retnm of the Scottish commls- 
donera, was adopted by the Assembly of 
the Chnicb of Scotland, AoKust 27. 1647. 

Confldential Communication, 

In law, a commnnicatton made by one 

Crson to another which the latter cannot 
compelled to give in eridence as a 
witness. Oeneraflr all comma ni cations 
made between a clfent and bis agent, be- 
tween the agent and the coanael in a suit, 
or between the sereral partlea to a aoit, 
are treated as confidential. The piiTUege 
of confidentiality does not extend to dio- 
dorarea made to t medical advlaer, and 
18—8 



in England It has been decided also that 
confeasiona made to a priest are not to 
be treated as confidential. 

Oonflmation SS^i-Mi^ 

of hands by a bishop in the adroisston of 
baptixed persons to the enjoyment of 
Christian privileges, the person confirmed 
then taking apon himself the baptlamal 
TOWS made In bia name. It la pmcttaed 
in the Greek, Roman Catholic, Lotheran 
and English churches. In other Protes- 
tant churches a public confession of faith 
before the first communion takes the place 
of the rite. Confirmation is one of the 
MTen sacraments of the Roman Catholic 
Church. 

coiflsoatioii <.'s-J,-'j;S;;!i.,"u 

forfeited, and adjudeing to the poUIa 
treasury, the roods of a criminal ia part 
pnnlsbment of a crime. 

Conformable il5i;«l5°-K'-»,t 



having the same dip and cbangea of dip : 




said of strata, the oppoaite term from 
II nconformablo. 

Cn-nfnninu (fcm-fHsh'yua) , or KoNO- 
l/OniUOlUB ^a^gg. (igiiyiag. 'the 
teacher, Kong'), the famoua Chinese sage, 
bom about S50 B.O. In tbe province ot 



SbnhliaDg-beih, who was of royal descent. 
died three yeara later, and the boy was 
reared in comparative poverty by bin 
mother, Chtngtsal. At the age of seven- 
teen he was made inspector of corn- 
markets, at nineteen he married, and after 
about tour years of domesticity, in which 
a son and two daughters were bom him, 
he commenced his career as a teacher. 
In 517 B.O. he was Induced by two mem- 
bers of one of the principal houses in Lu, 
who had joined hie band of diadples, to 
Tisit the capital with them, where he had 
Interviews with Lao-tie, the founder of 
Taonism. ^ongh temporarily driven 
from Ln to Tri by a revolntion, be soon 
retumed thither with an Increasing fol- 
lowing, and at the are of fifty-two was 
made chief magistrate of tbe dty of 
Chung-tooL Bo atrlUug a reformation 
was effected by him that he was chosen 



Congi d'Elire 



Congo 



for higher poiU, became minister of crime, 
and with the aid of two powe»hil diaciplea 
elevated the itate of Lu to & leading poid- 
Hon in the kingdom. Its marquia, how- 
ever, loon ifter jniTe himaelf up to 
debauchery, and Oonfuciua became a 
wanderer in many atatea for thirteen 
yearib In 488 he returned to Lu, but 
would not take office. The deaths of his 
favorite disdples Yen Hwin and Tse-lu 
in 481 and 478 did much to bring about 
his own, which took place in the latter 
year. Confucius left no work detailing 
his moral and social system, but the five 
canonical books of Confucianism are the 
Yih'hing, the Bhu-hing, the Shi-kinff, the 
Leaking and the OAvit-Msfi, with which 
are grouped the ' Four Books/ by disciples 
of Confucius, the Ta^hio or * Qreat Study,* 
the Ohung-Yufho or 'Invariable Mean,' 
the Tun-yu or '^Philosophical Dialogues,* 
and the Hi-Ue, written by Meng-tse or 
Mendus. The teaching of Confucius has 
had, and still has, an immense influence 
in China, though he can hardly be said 
to have founded either a reli^on or a 
philosophy. All his teachings was devoted 
to practiad morality and to the duties of 
man in this world in relation to his 
fellowmen; in it was summed up the 
wisdom acquired by his own insight and 
experience, and diat derived from the 
teaching of the sages of antiquity. It is 
doubtful if he had any real belief in & 
personal god. 

Cong* d'Elire ^»jg*J ^^^ «J 

' leave to elect,' designates the sovereign's 
license authoniing tiie dean and chapter 
of a vacant see In Bngland to proceed 
with a new election. Though nominally 
choosing their bishop, yet the dean and 
chapter are bound to elect, within a 
certain time, such person as the crown 
shall recommend, otherwise they incur 
the penalties of a prtnniffMre. 

Conger^ ^^^ttk,^J^^^ 

by a long dorsal fin beginning near the 
nape of the neck, immediately above the 
origin of the pectoral fins, and by having 
the upper jaw longer than the lower. 
The best-known member of this genus is 
the Conger vulgM», sometimes as thick 
as a man's thigh, frequently attaining a 
length of 10 feet and more than 100 lbs. 
in weight. It is pale brown above, gray- 
ish white below, with whitish dorsal and 
anal fins fringed with black. Its flesh 
is eaten, but is somewhat coarse. 
RAHfr^ftHnii (kon-jesfyun), in medi- 
LrOngesnon cine simifies an excessive 

accumulation of blood in an onran, which 
thereby becomes disordered. Among the 
causes oi congestion are the different 



periods of development of the human 
body, each of which refiders some 
partkular organ unusually active; dis- 
eased conditions ; and the accidental exer- 
tions of certain organs. Again, if the 
current of blood to one organ is checked 
the blood tends to accumulate in another ; 
and the vessels which bring back the 
blood to the heart — that is, the veins- 
are sometimes obstructed, as by external 
pressure, by tumors, etc Congestioa 
sometimes lasts a short time only ; but if 
not early cured, and its return, which 
would otherwise be frequent^ prevented, 
it is only the beginning of other diseases. 
Sometimes it terminates in bleeding, 
which is a remedy for it; sometimes It 
increases into inflammation ; sometimes it 
becomes a chronic disease, that is, the 
blood accumulates for a long time and 
expands the vein^ the expansion becomes 
permanent, and dropsy may result. 

Congleton ^^^'^^^'k^^c^ 

shire, in a deep valley on the Dane, 22 
miles B. of Manchester. It has cotton and 
silk manufactures, the latter forming the 
principal industry. Pop. (1011) 11.810. 

Conglomerate <^^-;$X««^;>-^ 

ologists to rocks consisting mostly of 
water^worn pebbles connected together by 
a matrix of siliceous, calcareous, or other 
cement, often called also plum^fiuddtng 
$Ume, 

Coniro (l^oi^'sO) » formerly Zaibe, one of 
WU5V ^g rreat rivers of the world, in 
Southern Afnca, having its embouchure 
in the South Atlantic. The mouth of the 
river was known to the Portuguese in 
1485, but the lower part of its course was 
first explored by an English expedition 
under Captain Tuckey, which, in 1816. 
ascended it for about 172 miles. In 1887, 
however, Livingstone discovered a con- 
siderable river called the Chambni, rising 
in the Chibaltf Hills, and having followed 
it to Lake Bangweolo traced it thence as 
the Luapula to Lake Moero, and tiience 
again as the Lualaba to Nyangwe. From 
this point its exploration was taken up in 
1878-77 by Stanley, who proved its 
identity with the Congo. It carries more 
water to the ocean than the Mississipoi. 
its volume being next to that of the 
Amason. Its total length is perhaps 
8000 miles. Its chief tributaries are the 
Aruwimi and the Mobangi from the risht, 
and the Ikelemba and Kwa from the left, 
which latter represents the collected wa- 
ters of immense rivers from the south 
such as the Kassai, the Kwango, etc It 
is navigable for about 110 miles from its 
mouth, after which the navigation is in- 
terrupted by cataracts. See next article. 



Congo Cox^nreii 

Conn), Beltrian fomicrlr C o n o o ot the natlTCa in ttia coUccdon of mbber 

.. _r ' ^ ' F*n State, on led in Ihs eftrlj twwiti«th centnrr to In- 

the Tint Oonjo, Id South Central Afrlcfc difDMit prot««t« from treTelers and oth- 
■tretchlDc b; & kind of narrow neck of ers, and in 1908 Kins Leopold txanaferred 
teiTitorr to the riTer*! mouth, bat ex- the cootrol of the state to the Beliian 

pandlng inland eo aa to cover an immense KOTeminent. Tariona reforms have since 

area, mainly Iring aoath of the rirer. been authorised. Area estimated at 930,- 

The obvious adnntagea of the Conao aa 000 aq. miles; pop. 8,000,000 to 1R,000,- 

a waterwar In openins op the conuoent 000. 

led to the lormadon at Braseels in 1S78 nATurrwontinnnliafji (kon-are-ta'- 

o£ a Comil* d'£tudes da Haut Conio, WIlB«S»"OnaiUM \hnni-leta>. 

under the patronage of Leopold II, ba7- or IXDEPEinnNTfl. The diatlnctlTe prin- 

ing as Its aim the intematlonallxation ciple of GosffregatlonaJ polity ia tlukt 

and derelopment of the Congo area, erery congrefatiou la entitlM ' to elect ita 

Under its auspices Stanley returned in own officers, to manage all ita om affaire, 

1879 (see preceding article) to open up and to stand independent of, and irre- 

the river and form a free itate under Bn- eponaible bx all andiorln, aavlnx tliat 

ropean auHpices. He established a firat only of the Supreme and DlTine Head of 

station at VM, the limit of maritime the Chnrdi, the Lord Jemu Christ' Con. 

navigation, 110 miles above the mouUi of gregadonallam denies that there is any 

the river, coDstmcted roads past the Yel- auuority in Scripture for uniting tm 

lala and Livingstone cataracto, and hauled cbnrcbes of a nation or province into one 

ateamera up to the higher reaches of the corporation to be ruled by biehopa, aupe- 

Cong<H where In 1882 the station of Leo- rior to the pastors of partlciilar congre- 

poldviile waa formed on Stanley Pool. Of la'''"'*' "^ °7 *' presbytery or synod, 

the 223 mllea between Vivl and Leopold* ^is Is It which dUtlngaishei Congrega- 

vUla only 88 are navigable water; but tioDaUsm from Episcopacy and from 

' " ' " itadon to Stanley Falls Preahytetr. As early as the daya of 



from the latter station to Stanley Falls Preahytetr. As early as tha daya l. 
the Gouo Itadf la oonUnnonsly navigable Queen Elbabeth Indepeodenta, t« Brown- 
for 1000 miles, to which its great affluenta i>ts, as they were also named after Robert 
already exploKd add no fewer tiian 0000 Browne, were jnunerona, and pnnlahmenta 
miles of aerviceable waterway. Above of banlidiment and even death were in- 
Ibe Stanley Falls station (destroyed by dieted opon some. Finally, larse numbera 
Arab slave-dealers in November 1866) the <>' them retired to Holland ana to Amer- 
river is again navigable for a distance of !<■- By the Act of Uniformity in 1662 
8SS mile* to Nyangwe, which ia about Ux Independents were subjected to much 
1300 miles from the Chamhed sourcea. auffering. l%e Bevolntlon of 1686, and 
The work having been thus initiated by ^^ paadng of the Tderatlon Act in 1688. 
Stanley, and the feaalbllity of the project brought than relief. Efforts were made 
made manifest, the anodatlon in 18S4.8& ■■^'Ot thb time to bring about an accom- 
entered into treaties with all the Ea< raodation between them and the English 
ropean powers and the United States for Pwsbyterians, but with little remit In 
the recognition of Ita sovereign power ''^^ certain PresbyterlaDS, Baptists, and 
The boundaries of the new Coituo Fbxb Independents formed themselvea into a 
Stats were eettled at the same time It o^itod body, under the name of the Three 
being agreed that the basin of the ConBo DenominafloM. The Indepuidents are 
and its tributaries should be free to all ™^ largest dlsMnting body In Englsnd 
nations, that no duties ahould be levied *""?* J?* W esleyan Methodists, 
on imports, and that the alave trade The history ^ AmericM Congregadon- 
ahonld be soppreased. The central gov- *^'S '"^i^ early years Is practlMlLr Ihat 
ernmnit was at Brussels, consisting of ^,tf'!v'"^«!5 "f , *,'L5H^?^^i'>T''»*"« 
the King of Belgium as sovereign, and ''ritt the arrival in l^o7 the first group 
three departmental chiefa. I&llways «' Puritans. In 1643 the four congrega- 
have been constructed around the lower tlonal eolonini of Plymontb. Ma^cEu- 
raplda and elsewhere along the stream, Comiectlcut and New Haven 

m that there is now contliiuoue^^: '^^%"i'F- .^^ ^5* Jj?" 

mnnlcation by rafl and water from the ^^^, College to provide traln- 

rfTer-s mouth to Kalengwe Falls, a dis- '' mlll»'ers. «id ten years later 

tance of 2800^mtte.. Rubber 'u the irioiJ''th™'°t-!!fT5 If 

leading commercial product of the state. f" }^^^^"^J^t, ISrSS 

coffee and cacao are successfully grown ^-^„^„-,^^ S!:S2i^^^ ^*^ 748,000 
and ivory, ctnwl and palm oil and ker^ «'"™'«"<«": memhera. 
SSiVJ^mS' ^E?*^-* "^^ minerals nnnamtt *>>« n"™" liTen to the 
- i"lln*'£* P>W^latinum, iron, coal l/OnyrCBB, wi^atlve asaembly of the 
Wd palUdfnau^nie end axplottatlcit United Statw rfAiericarSu3stSi™ 



Congressional Apportionment 



ConiA 



two hoiiBe»-^a Senate and a House of 
Representatives. The Senate consists of 
two members elected by the legislature of 
eadi state for a period of six years, one- 
third of whom are elected every two 
years. The Representatives in the lower 
house are elected by the people of the 
several states every two years, and their 
number varies in each state in proportion 
to the population as determined by the 
decennial census. The united body of 
senators and representatives for the two 
years during which the representatives 
hold their seats is called one Congress. 
See United States. 

Congressional Apportionment, 

the number of people appointed by act of 
Congress to be represented bv one Rep- 
resentative in Congress. The number 
fixed in the Constitution was 30,000 with 
the provision that each State should have 
at least one Representative. This num- 
ber was increased at each successive 
census, in order that the membership of 
the House should not become unwieldily 
large. The successive ratios since the 
formation of the government have been 
as follows : 

1780-1792 bMed on the Conatitatdn 80.000 

17M-I803 based on Cenmis of 1700. 33.000 

1803-1813 " 1800. 33.000 

1813-1823 " " 1810, 36.000 

1833-1833 " 1820. 40.000 

1833-1843 " " 1830. 47.700 

1843-1863 ** *' 1840. 70.680 

1863-1863 " " 1860. 03.420 

1863-1873 " " 1860. 127.381 

1873-1883 " " 1870. 131.626 

1883-1803 *' " 1880. 161.912 

1803-1003 " " 1800. 173.001 

1003-1013 " 1000. 104.182 

1013-1023 " " lOia 211377 

The change under the 1010 census in- 
creases the membership of the House from 
386 to 435, Arizona and New Mexico, 
which were admitted in 1012, each being 
given one Representative. 

Congressional Library <^^f: 

un-al), the library of the United States 
Congress, established in 1800. It now 
numbers nearly two million books and 
pamphlets, exclusive of maps, charts, pho- 
tographs, etc. Copies of every work pub- 
lished and copyrighted in the United 
States must be sent to it. and it contains 
large numbers of duplicates. In 1897 it 
was removed from the Capitol to a mag- 
nificent building erected for it in the 
vicinity. 

Congressman-at-large, JefofSe 

United States House of Representatives 
who is elected by the voters of a whole 
gtate instead of by districts. 



Congreve 



(kon'^gr^), WzLUAic, an 
English dramatist, born 
1670, educated at Kilkenny, and at 
Trinity College, Dublin, from which he 
entered the Middle Temple, London. A 
novel entitled the InoogniUt, under the 
pseudonym of Cleophil, was followed, at 
the age of twenty-one, by his oomedr of 
the Old BaoheloTf the success of which 
procured for him the patronage of Lord 
Halifax, who made him a commissioner 
for licensing hackney-coaches ; soon after 
gave him a place in the pipe office ; and 
finally conferred on him a very lucrative 
place in the customs. He afterwards re- 
ceived an additional sinecure in the ap- 
5 ointment of secretary to the island of 
amaica. His next play, the DouUe 
Dealer, was less successful; his third 
comedy. Love for Love, and his trasedy 
The Mourning Bride (1679), were both 
popular; but after the cold reception of 
his Way of the World in 1700, he ceased 
altogether to write for the stage. He. 
however, continued to write occasional 
verses on public subjects; and in 1710 
published a collection of his plays and 
poems, which he dedicated to his early 
patron. Lord Halifax, to whose person 
and party he remained attached in all 
fortunes. He died in 1729. His plars 
belong to the artificial school of comedy, 
which aimed rather at the production of 
a sustained flow of wit than at the pre- 
cise delineation of character. 
riATKrrA'irii Sib Williaic, inventor of 
Vrungreye, ^^^ Conweve rocket was 

bom in England in 1772, and entered the 
army, from -which he retired in 1816 widi 
the rank of lieutenant-colonel of artillery 
and entered the House of Commons. He 
invented the rocket about 1804. It was 
first used in active liervice in the attack 
on Boulogne, 1806, and on Copenhagen, 
1807. He tock out patents also for the 
manufacture of gunpowder and of bank« 
note paper, and wrote treatises on the 
mounting of naval ordnance and on the 
hydro-pneumatic lock. He died at Tou- 
louse in 182S. 

Congreve Socket. See Rochet. 

Coni ^^ Cu'nbo (kO'na-«), a town of 
wuA, North Italy, capital of the prov- 
ince of Coni, charmingly situated on 
a hill, at the confluence of the Stura and 
the Gesso, 47 miles 8. Torin. Formerly 
all merchandise passing from the seaport 
of Nice to Lombardy, Switzerland and 
Germany went by this route, but the rail- 
way has confined its trade to Turin and 
neighboring towns. It has manufactures 
of silks and woolens. Pop. 27.065. 

*^*' Folatila alkaloid, the active 



Conic Seofions 



Conjeveram 



poisonous principle of Conium maculaium 
(spotted hemlock), nat order Umbelli- 
fersa. It exists in all parts of the plant, 
but especially in the not quite ripe seed. 
When pure it is a colorless, oily liquid, 
specific gravity 0.878, changing by ex- 
posure to air to a brown fluid, and ulti- 
mately to a resinous, bitter mass, insolu- 
ble in water but soluble in alcohol, and 
when purified yielding a jelly with a 
butyric odor. It has a nauseous taste 
and very disagreeable odor, sharp and 
choking when strong, but in small quan- 
tity like the odor of mice. It is exceed- 
ingly poisonous, appearing to cause death 
by inducing paralysis of the musdes used 
in respiration. It is antispasmodic and 
relaxant. 

Conic Sections %?y-^'^^i,'i^^ 

bola, the parabola, and the ellipse, so 
called because they are formed by the 
intersection of tiie surface of a cone with 
planes that cut the cone in various di- 
rections. If the cutting-plane be parallel 
to the axis the curve formed is the 
hyperbola (1) ; if parallel to the slope 
of the cone the curve is a parabola (2) ; 








Conio Seotioiis. 
if passing through both sides of the cone 
obliquely the section is an ellipse (3). 
A section perpendicular to the axis of 
the cone forms a circle (4), which may 
also be considered one of the conic sec* 
tions. A perpendicular plane through the 
apex gives a triangle (5). 

Conidia ^l^®°?<^'^-f)'„i? botany, the 
***^**"* simple, dustlike, asexual re- 
productive cells produced on some lichens 
and fungi, as in the potato-blight. 

Conifer® i^„^;'^f^'^>'iv*^^ p'°^' fi"; 

and their alhes, a natural 
order of gymnospermous exogens, the 
essential character of which consists in 
the manner in which the ovules, not en- 
closed in an ovarv, receive directly the 
action of the pollen without the inter- 
vention of a stigma. The ovules in these 
plants are borne on scales or modified 



leaves, which are spread out, not folded, 
and generally grouped in such a manner 
as to form a cone composed of s. greater 
or smaller number of these leaves, of 
which only a portion may be fertile and 
bear ovules. The disposition of the ovules 
in relation to these scales permits of 
a division of the CnniferiB into three dis- 
tinct families or tribes. In the Cupren- 
»%ne<B, which include the juniper, cypress, 
etc.. the cones are formed of simple scales, 
each of which bears towards the base of 
its superior surface the ovules erect and 
sessile. The second famUy, Abietinew, 
has, in place of simple scales, scsles 
actually double or formed of two parts; 
the lower on^ usually designated the 
bract: the other bearing at its base the 
ovules^ reversed. This family includes 
the pines, firs and larches, the arau- 
carias, welllngtonias, dammaras, etc In 
these two families the ovules are com- 
pletely covered by the scales which con- 
stitute the cones, which unite after fecun- 
dation and enclose the seed till tiielr 
maturity. In the Tawinew, which con- 

u*i*®**^® 9**''^ familv. the scales are 
short, imperfect, and partly stenle, and 
neither cover the ovules at the period of 
fecundaHon nor at that of maturation. 
The ovules are usuallv set in the same 
manner as in the Oupressinew. The 

famHy. The Conifene are found in large 

Ami!!?^"^ 1^^ "^r^^ of Europe and 
America, and are of great importance as 

SS«t« *^^- ^^7 abound also In 
resfaouB juices and yield turpentine, 

Sll n.n«n J*" i?"^*" i^^' ?*<=• The leavei 
SSnSS ^fl'^ *^*,f'?*> *»^ »^1 or needle 
fiP 5liMi'«-°*u^ ^^^^^ ^^ moncedous 
aLia^^^^^J}^^ ™*^« flowers being in 
deddnous catkins, the female in cones. 

Conune (kO'nI-in). See Oonia. 

Conirostres ^^^'12^^^^' ^hLJ"^ 

, ^. ^ ^ mthology, a subdivision 
of the order Insessores or Passeres, con- 
psnpK of genera having a »tout, conical 
peak. The best-known genera are the 
larks, tits, finches, sparrows, gold-finches, 
linnets, bullfinches, crossbills, sterlings, 
crows and birds of paradise. 
Coninm (S^nl'um), a genus of umbel- 
^ llferous plants. Bee Hemlock, 

Conjeveram (kon-1e-ver-um') , a town 
* „ , of Hindustan, presiden- 

cy of Madras, district of Chingleput 
It stands in a valley, is irregulariy built, 
Md from 5 to 6 miles long. It possesses 
two famous parodas dedicated to Vishnu 
SiwI*' *°^**® inhabitants are mostly 
S^?!?^!:. ^^ narae^* Benares of the 
Nouth has been somertmes given to it 
Cottons are manufactured In the tow^ 



)nji^ral B^hti Conneotiont 



aUMiM iiUMion KbooL Fop. 46a«- Uaeen VlctorU, bom io 18D0. He «u 
minipal Birhti (kon'jS-sBl), in trained in tbe Bojal MiUUrr Acadnu, 

ilcb hoaband and wife have to each 188S. Ula pramotion w«« rapid. In ISTB 
ler'a Kxdet;, comfort and affacUoD. be mairUd Princeaa Iioolse Margant of 
ininilfltion ( '' ° n'Jook'iliiui ), la Pnuaia. In 190S be waa made peraomd 
H1J1U.WUVU p^mniar ^ connective «d«J»^«n»p to Edward VII, and In 1910 
Icdlnnble particle aerrlny to nnita opened tbe firat parliament of the Unlra 
rda, eentencefl, or claiUM of* aentence, of Sooth Africa. In 1911 he aaccceded 
I Indicatlnc their relation to one an* Earl Qrer aa QoTemor^enernl of eas- 
ier. He7 are cUal&able toto two ada. He democracy of hla rtidme laTe 
in croDpa: (1> CoOrdinatinf conjnnc- him wide popnlarity. 
na, it^inx independent propoaiaona, nnnnaant (kon-e-af), a townof AA- 
I aubdlvtnble into Cw^llaaTe,^3ii5wl? *^*"ie»nt tabula Co., Ohio, on Lake 
a, adTeraatire and iilatlre conjnnc- Erie. 68 milea n, e. of Clereland. It haa 
na. (2) Snbordlnatlnc conJoncdona,  food harbor and la a big ore port, lliere 
klni a. dependent or modifjins clauaa are manufacturea of Iran, uuber, tin- 
the principal aentence. pl^ etc. Pop. <1920) D848. 

mjunotion, %^^'^-, *;? g: Connectioiit 'crif^;''"^iiJ:,,''S: 

iT«nl7 bodies, aadi aa two planeta, or weat branch of which formi bj treaty the 
< nn and a planet, when they baTe the boundary between tbe United Statea and 
ne lonfitnde (are in tbe aame direction Canad* to lat. 4B* N. It riaea on tbe 
m the earth). When it la atrnply aaid north border of New Haupahirei farms 
", a planet la in eonjuneUon, con- the bonudary between Vermont and New 

"■ ■- — •■ Ure, pnases thtoagh tbe west part 

■achnaetta and the central part of 
ticut, and falla into Lone Island 
— -.„.„ ... __.>. „ „c .„. ^.,_ .„__ It la naTifable for Teasels draw- 
it of the earth accordiuf as tbe son Inc from 8 to 10 feat for abont 300 milts 
between na and them or they betweea from its month, Babddiarr canals, how- 
and the son. ever, being rebnired abore Bnrtford ; 

m JTinntiwfl. (kon-Jank-tl'*a), the total lenftn, 4S0 miles. 
mjUnOUVa l„ocons membrane Connentiflnt o"' o' f** tWrtaen 
icb lines the inner surface of Oie eje- ^'OnaeoiHJUl,, ^^^,1 gtates of lbs 
I and is contlnned over tbe forepart of American Union ; bounded bj New York. 
I globe of the eye. Maaaachusetts, Rhode liland and Long 

mklillff (konkling), ROSOOE, law- Island Sound; lenath, east to west, abont 
B year, orator and political 96 miles; grefttest oreadth, nortb tosootht 
der, bom at Albany, New York. 1S29 ; about 72 mUet ; area, 49W sq. mUes. It 
d in Utica in 18SS. He was In Con- conlalna seTeral dladnct ranges of hilb, 
m 1860-eS and 1865-67, and United bat none of them have any great eleii- 
itea Senator 1897-81, when be angrily tlon. Ita principal river la the ConnfCti- 
Igned on account of dlaagrecment witn cot, which divides tt into two nearlv 
Mdent Oarfield on tbe qnestion of egual parts. Tbe coeat ia indented wltli 
Ideal appointments to oflice. Dumfruoa bays and creeke, which fnralah 



i flTlft TnyTlt <kon'u||t), Oie smallest many barbors. Its mineral 

S"" of tbe four provinces of not exteneive, but include iron. tnngslCD 

land, altnated between IJetnater and and porcelain-clay. Lime la produced in 

r Atlantic: area, 6862 saaan miles: Ita large quantitieB, aud there la abnudanc 

it aoaat la much broken up br na- of buildlns-stoue. Tbe soil la in general 

rons baya and Inletai, nnd u thickly better enlted for graaing than tillagp. 

dded widi lalanda. ^le (central parta abounding In fine meadowa. But where 

I conparatlvel; level and of llmettone agriculture is practised there are amplr 

matkm, while tbe aurroonding nnd crops of hay, tobacco, com. rye, wheat 

tnreaqne mountains are formed of oata. barley, potatoes, etc. ; and frnltn. 

ndatope, clay-date, granite and anarts. particularly apples, flouri^. The masD- 

large proportion of tbe province Is bog, factures cooaiat cblefly of woolen, cot- 

1, generally. It Is the least fertile o( ton end silk goods, metal goods, paper, 

tbe provtnces. It la divided Into five clocks, hats and caps, lesther goods. 

Wtles — Oalway, Uayo. Boaoommon, pottery-ware, glass and machinery, 

itrlm and BUgo. Pop, 846,932. firearms, sewing machines, soap, ean- 

innancrtit A«IKUn WniUK Fat- dies, bricks, antomobllea, etc. The prin- 

PUUKUIfUI., „Q^ AWBT, DOKE «r. cipal exports consist of agricultnnl 



'ConnellsYille Consani^iiinity 

prodnce and manofactures; The foreign escaped to Cypms, and afterwards Joined 
commerce is nearly ali carried on through the Fersians agaiiiBt the Spartans, being 
New York and Boston, but there is a appointed to the command of a Persian 
considerable coasting trade, and a large fleet in 307. In 394, with Phamabazus 
amount of tonnage engaged in the cod- he defeated the Spartan admiral, Pisander 
fisheries. Fish-culture has received spe- of Onidns, and in 893 returned to Athena 
cial attention, many millions of shad to restore the walls and fortifications, 
ova and young salmon having been intro- CrOIIflliest (konglsweat) , the act ofi 
duced into the rivers. The number of ^''**l •**"•" subduing. In International 
miles of railway in operation is over law it la defined as the forcible aoquisitioa 
1000. The chief educational institution of enemy territoi^ or the territory so ae- 
is Yale College, one of the most cele> omred. Immovable property taken from 
brated in the States. Connecticut is the enemy la called oonqnesi; movable 
divided into eight counties ; the seat of property on land is called hootp; and cap- 

Sovemment is Hartford. The State at tare on the high seas la called pHge. Ptlr 
rst consisted of two colonies— Connect!- wg9 is onanthoriaed plundering, 
cut, with its seat of government at Hart- nnTini.i1 T (kon'rad). King of Geiw 
ford; and New Haven, with capital of ^vniaux j^^^^^y (911-918); died De- 
same name. Connecticut was settled in cember 23, 918. During his reign the 
1633 by emigrants from Massachusetts, oountrv was invaded by the Danes, Slavfc 
Hartford was settled by English in 1635, and Magyars, and he was constantly at 
the Dutch having previously built a fort war with his own subjects, 
there. The colony of New Haven was CanrtLii TT * ^le Salian,' King of Ger- 
settled by English in 1638, and the two ^*'"*»** ""-Jmany and Emperor of 
colonies were united under the name of the Romans, reigned from 1024 to 1039, 
Connecticut, in 1662. Pop. (1900) 908,- and is regarded as the true founder of 
420; (1910) 1,114,756; (1920) 1,380,6^ the Franconian or SaUc line. On his 
Connfillsvilll^ (kon'els-vil), a dty of election he proclaimed a Ood*% Truce in 
vrvuu«;uovxuc Payette Co., Pennsyl- order to attempt certain reforms in the 
▼ania, 37 miles s. E. of Pittsburgh. Its kingdom ; but his attention was too dis- 
production of coke is the largest in the tracted between Italy and (Germany for 
United States; also has manidactures of 1^™ to do more than repress some of the 
iite. steeL alass and other products. Pop. niore marked evils of the feudal system. 
(1920) 13304. Conrad m ^"V <>' Germany and 

ConnemAra. (hon-n«-ma'ra), a di»- ^^^^ -^*--., emperor from 1138 to 
vuiUiCiuara ^^ ^^ Galway, Ireland, 1152, waa^ the founder of the Suabian 
about 30 miles long, 15 to 20 broad. It ia dynasty of Hohenstaufen. During the 
mountainous and boggy. struggle with his rival Henry the Proud, 

ConnenvillA (kon'ers-vil), a dty, *ne factionB of Guelf and Ghibeline, 
^/vuuvadvjkuv county seat of Payette named from the war-cries of the resoec- 
Co., Indiana, on White Water River. It tive partieiL came into existence. (?on- 
haa manufactures of automobilea, blowen nid, persuaded by St Bernard, took part 
and gas exhausters, etc. Pop. 9901. ^- ® second crusade, from 1147 to 1149. 

Conning Tow^r the low, shot-pmt His marriage with a Greek princess led 
UUUJUIIK AOWer, ^^^ ^^^^ ^f^ ^ his adoption of the double-headed eagle. 

armored vesseL In submarines the con- % J^S* succeeded by his nephew Fred- 
ning tower is a low tower on the deck *"^ Barbarossa. 

which serves as a post of observation: it fi«%«i«Mi;i Joseph ah EnfflUli nnvAi{«f 
has a hinged top which may be lifted to COIUPatt, SSm^* Sland S 1857 kS 
permit men to enter or leave the boat. naturalized iS^iSain. His paS wew 
Conoid V^ °4^I' ^p. «eometry^ a soUd impUcated in tiie Polish uprising of 1862. 
formed by the revolution of a Conrad took to the sea and sailS all over 
conic section about its axis. Thus the the world, embodying his experience in his 
solid resulting from a parabola is a par- story, Youth (19(»). His otiier works 
abolic conoid or paraboloid; if a hyper- include Almayer't FoUy (1895). Tale9 of 
bola, a hyperbolic conoid or hyperboloid« Unrest (1898), ^Twimt Land and 8ea 
«I<^- /w*. X ..V . .^ (1912) and 4 PertonalBecorrf (1913). 

Conon i«*>^n<>p)» an Athenian who Consftlvi (kon-sAl'v8), Ebcolb, car- 
wuiiuu j,^^ ^^ command of a fleet in ^^aivl ^^j^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ miniiter of 

413 RC. to prevent the (Corinthians from Pope Plus VII, bom in 1757 ; died in 
relieving Syracuse then at war with 1824. He concluded the famous concor- 
Athens, and who, after various services, dat with Napoleon in 1801. 
micce^ed Alcibiades in 406. When the ConManflninitv (kon-sang-kwin'i-tf), 
Ath#niaii fleet was surprised and Athena ^""aJWUMUiy the relation of per! 
oaptOMd by I^sander in 405, Conon Mna deicended from the same anceator. 



Conscience 



It is either lineal or collateral — lineal 
between father and son, grandfather and 
crandaon, and all persons in the direct 
Une of ancestry and descent, from one 
another; collateral between brothers, 
cousins, and other kinsmen descended 
from a common ancestor, but not from 
one another. 

Conscience (kon'shens), that power 
wvuovA«^Mv«» Qp facnlty, or combina- 
tion of faculties, which decides on the 
riffhtness and wrongness of actions; 
otherwise called the Moral Sense. Whe* 
well defines it as 'the reason, employed 
about questions of right and wrong, and 
accompanied with the sentiments of ap- 
probation and condemnation, which, by 
the nature of man. cling inextricably to 
his apprehension or right or wrong.' See 
Ethics. 

Conscience yMh^^oVeK^a'J 

Antwerp in 1812 ; died in 1883. Having 
educated himself, he taught for a short 
time in a school, and then served in the 
army for six years. He was for a time 
tutor in Flemish to the ro/al princes, 
and from 1868 conservator of the Wierts 
Museum at Brussels. His novels, some 
of which have been translated into Eng- 
lish, are partly based on the history of his 
ooantry» partly pictures of everyday 
Flemish life. They include The Lion of 
Flanders; Jakob van Arievelde; Batavia; 
Wooden Clara; Blind Rosa; The Poor 
Tfohleman; The Young Doctor; Maternal 
Love, etc. He also wrote a History of 
Belgium. 

ConsdonsneSS (kon'shu».nes),aterm 
wAvvAVM0M^iM9 yg^ jj^ various 

senses, most commonly perhaps to denote 
the mind's knowledge or cognizance of its 
own action. 

Conwription ^^^^^Kf&^^i^^ 

tants of a country capable of bearing 
arms, by a compulsory levy, at the 
pleasure of the government, being thus 
distinguished from recruiting, or volun- 
tary enlistment The word and the 
system were both introduced into France 
in 1798 by a law which declared that 
every Frenchman was a soldier, and 
bound to defend the country when In 
danger. Excepting in times of danger it 

Crovidod that the army should be formed 
y voluntary enrolment or by conscrip' 
iion. The conscription included all 
Frenchmen from twenty years of age 
complete to twenty-five years complete. 
On the restoration of the Bourbons con* 
scription was abolished. It was. how- 
ever, reSnacted. and continued through 
the Second Empire to form the mode of 
recruitment in France. An army bill. 



Consequential Damages 

passed by the National Assembly in 1872, 
affirmed the universal liability to con- 
scripdon* with certain exemptions. The 
Prussian conscription law of 1806 per- 
mitted no exemptions ; it was extended to 
all Germany and became a potent factor 
in the Franco-Prussian war, 1870. The 
system was abolished in Germany by the 
peace treaty of 1919. Similarly Austria, 
which had enforced conscription, was 
compelled by the treaty of 1919 to abolish 
universal compulsory service. Under the 
Russian law of 1872 all men of twenty- 
one years were compelled to serve in the 
army six years. Italy and Switaeiiand 
and most of the other countries of Europe 
have adopted conscription. The outstand- 
ing exception was Great Britain, which, 
prior to the war of 1914-18, had fought all 
her battles with volunteer troops. In the 
stress of the Great War she was compelled 
to forego her volunteer policy^ and on May 
24, 1016, enacted a conscription law call- 
ing all men between the ages of 18 and 41 
to the colors. This law was not applied 
to Ireland. Canada adopted conscnption 
August 29, 1917, callinff to the colors all 
men betwen the ages of 20 and 45. The 
age limit was lowered to 19 in May, 1918. 
Canada raised a volunteer army of 405,- 
984, adding onlv 83,355 by the draft. 
Australia refused to adopt conscription. 

In the United States conscription was 
resorted to on several occasions nuring the 
Civil war. Again in 1017, following the 
declaration of war with Germany, the 
United States passed the Selective Senrice 
Law on May 19, calling for the registra- 
tion of all males in the United States be- 
tween the ages of 21 and 30 years. Neariy 
10,000,000 Americans registered on Jime 
5. A second registration, one year later 
(June 5, 1918, and August 24. 1918). in- 
cluded those who had become 21 ^eara old 
since the first registrntion. A third regis- 
tration (Sept. 12, 1918) extended the age 
limits downward to 18 and upward to 45. 
The total number registered was 24,234,- 
021 ; number inducted to Nov. 11. 1918. 
2,810,296. In round numbers 4,000.000 
men served in the Army of the United 
States during the European war (q. v.). 
HnTiaAnrofinTi (kon-se-krft'shun), the 
l/OnsecraUOn dedication with cer- 
tain rites or ceremonies of a person or 
thing to the service of God; especially 
(1) the ordination of a bishop or arch- 
bishop ; (2) the dedication of a church to 
God*s service, performed by a bishop ; (3) 
the act of the priest in celebrating the 
eiicharist. 

Conseqnential Damages J*^^ 

shal), in law, are such losses or damages 
as arise out of a man's act, for which. 



Conservatioii of Energy CbttBexratory 

according to a fandamental principle In the western fovemment domain, indud- 
law, be is answerable it be could bave ing the extensiye coal beds duiooyered 
avoided tbem. The same law applies to In Alaska. These have been withdrawn 
railways and corporations generally, as from private use, with the expectation 
determined in numerous cases. that ttev can be handled in a way to 

ConserVEtion of XSnCrcrT* S®*-"** yield a large income to the government 

Ov ergy. and thus be made a source of national 

Conservation of Natural Be- SR?^^™«°^_ ^ J^^^^ ^ Prwddent 

__ , , „ Tart withdrew from settlement, under an 

SOnrceS. ^® ^f^* ^^^ heedless waste act of CJongress of that year, 43.668,805 

of the extensive natural acres of public lands, of which 35,073,- 
treasnres of the United States, especially 164 were coal sites (not including the 
the forests, has led within recent years to coal lands withdrawn In Alaska) , the 
a concerted action for their conservation others petroleum, phosphate and water- 
for the benefit of future generations, power sites. Whfle tnese may be re- 
The first national movement in this direc- opened to settlement it will be with the 
tion was made by President Roosevelt in provision that the ownership of settlers 
1908, when he called a convention of will be confined to the surface, the min* 
State governors to consider what could eral deposits underground being reserved 
be done for the preservation of our great for national use. 

natural wealth. The result of this move- nnTiOAnrafiTrAa (k o nns^r'va-tivz) , in 
ment was the formation of a National ^UUttcrvnUYCB ferftjah poUtics the 
Conservation Commission, under the party that substantially corresponds to 
chairmanship of Gifford Pinchot, chief- what used to be the Tory party; taking 
forester, to take measures for this pur- the opposite side to the Ltheralm The 

Sise. in December, 1908. Canada and name came into use about the time of the 
exico were invited to take part in the passing of the Reform Act of 1832 and 
movement, and in February. 1009, letters is often used as implying greater enUght- 
were sent to 45 nations, invitine their enment or liberality than Tory, 
concurrence with the idea of calling a Conservatorv ^^ ^ n-s6r'va-to-ri), a 
World Conservation Conference to con- W4«w**¥c»uvxjr name given on the 
aider in what way the vast natural re- European continent to a systematic 
sources of the world could best be con- school of musical instruction. Conserva- 
served for man's benefit. Steps for the torles were originally benevolent establish- 
preservation and Judicious handling of the ments attachea to hospitals, or other char- 
American forests had previously been itable or religious institutions. In Naples 
taken, by the withdrawal of public forest there were formerly three conservatories 
areas from exploitation and their con- for boys; in Venice four for girls; 
irerrion into national forests, the total the Neapolitan sroup being reduced in 
area thus withdrawn to July^ 1, 1914. 1818 to a single establishment under 
being 185,321,202 acres. ABureau of the name Royal College of Music. In 
Forestry was created in 1905, having Milan a conservatory was established in 
control of these areat wooded reserves. 1808. In France the musical school 
At present these forests yield an annual established in connection with the Op4ra 
timber crop worth on the ground about received its final oiganization in 1795 
910,000,000, and furnish forage for cat- under the name oi Conservatoire de 
tie, horses, sheep and goats worth as musique. Among its teachers have been 
much more to Western stockmen, while M^hiu, CherubinI, Gr^try, Boieldiou, etc. 
their yielding value is increasing instead The Conservatorium, founded at Leipzig 
of diminishing. In addition are State in 1842 under the auspices of Menaela- 
forests aggregating several millions of sohn, is perhaps the most influential in 
acres, yielding a profitable lumber supply Germany, though of late years other 
and conserving the headwaters of many schools have pressed closely upon IL 
streams. These waters are being largely Institutions of the same description exist 
utilized in the West, by the building of in Warsaw, Prague, Munich, Berlin and 
irrigation dams, for the development into Vienna, and the term has been adopted in 
fertile farming lands of vast tracts of the United Ctates and the British do- 
formerlv arid and barren soils. Conser- minions. 

vation has also been extended to streams GonservatorV ^ gardening, a term 
yielding water-power, which have been ^^**"*'* »■••'*'* J f generallv applied by 
widely withdrawn from private exploita- gardeners to plant-houses, in which the 
tion and retained as government proper- plants are raised in a bed or bordef 
^ for the future benefit of the people at without the use of potsL the building be- 
large. Similar steps have been taken in ing frequently attached to a mansion, 
xv^atd to the great are« of coal 1ad4s ^ The prindplefi of their construction ars 



)iuerT«' 'tkaoj^iBej 

Me, with the dnsle diCereoce that the marl&me Uwb. ^ f"»"«" « 

"*'n.*"fl '" ^''. '7* .**i'', "^ «""' CnnnnlA (kon'»M). in »rchit8chirt, t 
^h™ l^''?" "J/"?^ Thui dUtuK- et hBTlns for its contoor Rcnenllr > 
jkt^r^^^'ilSc^'rte^priSS"^ '™"* "' ««"'"' fl«— "^«- 

™««T^e *^5i'S",>i,t.'"^75„^' 

m ia pmariTM. 8e« Pruervaifon of ' 

Go., PeniurlTuilB, od Schnylkill 
ror. 13 milM n. w. ot Philadelphia. It 
I iteel milla, rubber works, woolen and 
tot) mills, foandriea, stone qnarriea, 
m works, etc Pop. (1920) 8481. 

nnderation iaw''"*'uit'"M''iSi*'M 

•taatfal ground which induccB a party Cerake luppoitaii by rmrnnkt. ^ a. 

enter into a contract ; the egoivalent , 

aomething civen, done, or soffered. It P'ofed to support a cornice, ba«t, rsae, 

r be either ezpreaoed or Implied, that '^■' the likp. but la frequently nMd merelj 

where Justice reqnires it and the law  "«> ornament, 

iliea IL Consols (Konsolz), or CORaoUDATXD 

nai<mnii>Tif (kon-iln'ment), a mei^ , . Anzitjitibb, a public itock 

nBlgnmeiH candle term which forming the greater portion of the na- 

ina either the sending of goods to a tional debt of Great Britain. It was 

tor or agent for sale, or the goods «o 'oraied in 1T51 b; an act consolidating 

t The term is chiefl? used in relation several separate stocks bearing intereat 

foreign trade. The receivers of con- «t 6 per cent into one general stock. At 

iraenta have ucuallr to keep magazineB <he period when the consolidation took 

I stores, for the use of which their Place the principal of the fnnds nnited 

signers are charged. The profits of amonnted to £9,137,821; but through the 

xmsigniDg agency often compare fa- addition of other loana It has increased 

aU]' with the occasionally larger but *o much that now, after conridermble 

cb l««a Bste profits of original ven- reductions, it still amonnts to more than 

ea. The conalgidng trade Is protected half of the national debt. The Interest 

special laws. In most coantries a of about £5,000,000 is payable in Dublin, 

■igner can elalni hla goods and collect that of the remainder in London. 

OQtataudiug debts for goods sold on CoiLSOn&IlCB ( ^°d'*'^°k>ib) , in innslc, 

account by a consignee who has aaa- w*»»i*i*» ^^ ameable accord ol 

ded payment ■onnds, such as the tbird, fifth, and oc- 

ndatnTv (kon'sls-tor-i). tiie hlgb- lav& See Concord. 

'"""''"'? est ooondl of state In Gonsonailt (kon'aft-naat ; I* com 

papal govemmenL The name is also w"™"«"" ^ith, sonore, to sonnd), 

illed to the conrt of every diocesan a letter so named aa being sounded only 

lop, held in their cathedral churches in connection frith a vowel, though some 

the trial of ecclesiastical causes aris- consonants have hardly any sound even 

within the diocese. In the English when united with a vowel, serving merely 

irch the consistory is held by the to determine the manner of beginning or 

top's chancellor or commissary and by ending the vowel sounds ; as in op. pa. •■ 

Meacons and their offlciala either in ia. In uttering a consonant Uier« la 

cathedral church or other convenient neater or less contact of some parts ol 

» In tba diocese. the organs of speech ; In tttlering a vowel 

nuilain flpl lyTarn f^*- '"■ '•*'* ^^"^ " = '"''* "f such contact, the vocal 

[IBOiaXO Qei JOare („„„^„tg^„, P?™^*, ^iS? °P^°' .though varlouslj 



:lan dtles, as Venice. Genoa, Pisa and nnnanimriv (kon-spir'a-sil . In law. an 

alfi. together with those of the cities '^"■pirat-y ofT^nse ranked as a mla- 

h wfalui tfaey traded, aa Barcelona, demeanor, and punishable by tmprUoB- 

raellka, etc It baa formed the basis ment and hard labor. It In constltnteJ 



(Nonstable 



Constanoe 



by a combiiiation between sereral peraonB 
to carry into effect any pur^se injnriouB 
either to indiyidaala, particular claaBe8» 
or the community at large. When the 
conapiracy leads to any overt act of an 
unlawful kind, the offense becomes felony. 
finTiafnlilA (kun'sta-bl; Fr. contUtahlej 
\jQJlSl3,Die Old Fr. ooneatahU; Lat 

comeM MtaJmli, 'count of the stable'), an 
officer of high rank in several of the me* 
dieval monarchies. Among the Franks, 
after the major domut, or mayor of the 
palace, had become king, the comet stalh 
uU became the first dignitary of the 
crown, commander-in-chief of the armies, 
and highest judge in military affairs 
The conn^tahle, however, acquired so 
much power that Louis XIIl in 1627 
abolished the office entirely. Napoleon 
reestablished it, but it vanished with his 
downfall. In England the office of lord 
high constable was created by William 
the Conqueror, and became hereditary 
in two different families, as annexed to 
the earldom of Hereford. After the at- 
tainder of Stafford, however, lord high 
constables were appointed only to offici- 
ate on special occasions. The office of 
lord high constable of Scotland, expressly 
reserved in the treaty of union, is hered- 
itary in the noble family of Errol. 

In the common modem acceptation of 
the term constables are police officers in 
towns, counties, etc, having as their 
duties the repression of fdonies, the 
keeping of the peace, the execution of 
legal warrants, etc. In case of special 
disturbance a certain number of private 
citizens may be sworn in as gpeoial con* 
9iahl€$. In the United States a consta- 
ble is usually the acting bailiff of a jus- 
tice of the peace, serving writs, execut- 
ing judgments, making distraints, etc. 
Constable* Archibald, a Scptdsh pu^^ 
wvu.0vc»wAV) lisher, born m 1774; died 

in 1827. He was the original publisher 
of the Edinhurph Review and of Scott's 
novels, and his failure in 1826 Involved 
Scott neavily, the life of tiie famous nov- 
elist being given through a strev.uous ef- 
fort to meet the claims of creditors. 

flnnafciTtlA Henbt, a poet of the Eliz- 
l/OnsxaDie, abethan era, born in 1556, 

educated at Cambridge. His chief work 
was his book of sonnets, Diana, published 
in 1582, when few sonnets in the Italian 
form had been written. He was probably 
the author also of the Forest of Fancy 
(1579), attributed to Chettle. Suspected 
of treason against Elizabeth, he was com- 
pelled to leave the country in 1595, and 
on his return in 1601 was confined in the 
Tower for three years. Date of his death 
la unknown. 



PnTiflfalilA John, an English land- 
trunsraoie, scape painter, born in 177t; 

He was employed in the business oC 
his father, a wealthy miller, for some 

J ears, but entered as a student of the 
Loyal Academy in 1799. It was not till 
1814, twelve years after he had begun to 
exhibit pictures, that he succeeded in 
getting any of them sold. In 1819 his 
Vieto on the River Stour procured him 
admission as an associate of the Acad- 
emy. From this period his reputation 
widely extended itself, both over Britain 
and the continent, and for some of his 
works exhibited at the Louvre he re- 
ceived a gold medal from the King of 
France. Be died in 1837. His careful 
studies of landscape in respect of tone 
were of great influence in art, especially 
in Tvsnce* which derived its best land- 
scape work from bim. 

f!oTlfitsi.T)AP (kon'stans), a town of 
UOnsiance ^jermany, in Baden, on 
the south bank of the Lake of Constance, 
at the outflow of the Rhine into the 
Lower Lake or Untersee, its chief edi- 
fices being a magnificent cathedral, sev- 
eral churches, the Kaufhaus (merchant- 
house), an ancient palace, a arand-ducal 
residence, several convents, a theater, etc. 
The town has various branches of in- 
dustry and a considerable trade. It was 
once a fiourishing imperial city much 
larger than at present Pop. 24,818. 
nnnafnTirfk ConifCiL of, a special 
l/OnSXance, council of the Church of 
Rome, held between 1414 and 1418. The 
German emperor, the pope, 26 princes, 
140 counts, more than 20 cardinals, 7 
patriarchs, 20 archbishops, 91 bishops, 
600 other clerical dignitaries and doctors, 
and about 4000 priests, were present at 
this assembly, which condemned to death 
Huss and Jerome of Prague, deposed the 
rival popes John XXIII, Gregory XII. 
and Benedict XIII, and elected Martin 
V to the papal chair. 
flniisfQ-nnA Lake of (anc. Locus Bri- 
XjQUSl^UWf gantinus; Ger. Bodensee), 
a lake of Central Europe in which Switz- 
erland, Baden, Wflrtemberg, Bavaria, and 
Austria meet: forming a reservoir in the 
course of the Rhine ; length N. w. to s. ■. 
42 miles, greatest breadtn about 8 miles; 
area 207 sq. miles; greatest depth (be- 
tween Friedrichshafen and Uttwil) 838 
ft. ; 1283 ft. above sea-level. At its n. w. 
extremity the lake divides into two branch- 
es or arms, each about 14 miles in length; 
the north, called the Uberlingersee. after 
the town of Uberlingen, on its north bank ; 
the south the Zellersee or Untersee, in 
which Is the fertile island of Reichenau, 
belonging to Baden, about 3 miles long 
and IH broad. The lake, which is of s 



Constant 



Gonstantine 



dBrk-sreen hue. U lubject to sudden ria- 
Inga, the cauaei of wEiich aie unknown. 
It Ireeses ia severe winters ool;. TLe 
trafflc on it is considerable, there beinf 
numerous slesmers. The shores are fer- 
tile, but not remarkably picturesiiue. 
Constant (itfio-stai}), Bknjamih, por- 
1..0Il»taJlt ,^git ^nter, was born at 
Paris in 1845. He studied in the ftcole 
des Besui Arts and under CabaneL He 
eitiibited with srowing diatinctioa, at 
•nccessive salons, from that of 1800 with 
his Samlet. bU Saniton in IS72. his 
Scenti jrom AlBttn In 1873-74. his great 
historical paintinf of Uohammed II in 
liSS in the exposition of 1878, and la 
1886 a large OrieDtal subject, as melo- 
dramatic as possible, with splendid r«n- 
derinc of the human figure and strotiK 
effects of color. His noble picture of Jt*- 
tinian la In tbe Metropolitan Art Mo- 
seum. New York. He was decorated with 
the cross of the Legion of Honor in ISTZ, 
aud was a member of the French Acad- 
emy of Fine Arts. He died in 1902. 

Constant de Eebecqne ^^^^\ 

HxNBi BiNjAiuN, bom at lAusanne m 
176T ; a prominent French liberal poli- 
tician. During the revolution be distin- 
gui^ed himself by his works upon poU- 
Uca and on revolutionary subjects, and 
was elected to the office of tribune; but 
his speecbes and writings rendered bin) 
odious to the First Consul, and he was 
dismieacd in 1802. He died in 1830. 
nnnntiantifl. (kon-stan'tl-o), a small 

uonsianiia ^j^^^j ^ (i^^ c„^^ 

a few miles from Cape Town, celebrated 
for its wine, made from vines bronght 
originally from IVrsia and the Rhitie, 
esteemed the best liqnenr wine after To- 
kay, and owing its special properties 
largely to the soil. 
rnntttiLTifiTia (kon-etin-te'n*), a town 

K. of Seville. Argentiferous lead mines 
are in the vicinity. Pop. 9687. 
flnntitftntiiip (kon-stiu-tSn't, a town 
l.oaswnime |^ Algeria, capital of a 

(irovinoe of name name, on a rocky pen- 
nsnla, lINiS ft. sbiive the see, and acces- 
sible only on one side. It is surrounded 
by walls, and the only edifice deserving 
notice is the palace of the bey. now the 
restdpnoe of the French governor. Both 
within the town and in the vicinity Bo- 
man remains abound, the town having 
tteen built by the emperor whose name It 
bears, on the site of Cirta. the capital of 
the NumldiRn kings- Tlie maDufacturea 
consist chiefly of woolen snd linen goods ; 
the trade Is in com. linen, and was. Pop. 
af town (1006) 48306. 



nnnatantinp (kon'stan-ten), Caiitb 

i<onBianiine \,.ui„nB valbuob ah- 

BXL1U8 Clacdicb, Uoman emperor, sar- 
named the Great, sou of tbe Emperor 
ConstantioB C'hiorus, was born A.D. 274, 
When Constantine's father was associated 
In tbe government by Diocletian, the son 
was retained at court as a hostage, bttt 
after Diocletian and &laiimian had laid 
down the reins of government, Gonstan- 
tine fled to Britain, to bis father, to es- 
cape from GaleriuB. After the death of 
hia father he was chosen emperor by the 
soldiery, in the year 30G, and took poa- 
session of the countries which bad been 
aubje.  -  -.-.-. 

feated the Franka who had obtaiiied  



fooling in Oaul and drove them acroas the 
Rhine; and then directed his arms 
against Maxentius, who bad Joined Hai- 
Imian against blm. In the campaign la 
Italy he aaw. It is said, the vision of a 
flaming cross in the heavens, beneath the 
sun, hearing the inscription, ' /■ koe tigno 
vincet.' Under the standard of the crom. 
therefore, he van qui shed tbe army of 
Mazenttua under the walls of Rome, and 
entered the city In triumph. In 313. to- 
gether with his son-in-law. the esstem 
emperor, Lidnius, be published tbe mem- 
orable edict of toleration In favor of 
the Christians, and subsequently declared 
Christianity the relirion of the sUle. 
I'Icinlus, becoming jealous of his fame, 
twice took up arms against him. but was 
on each occasion defeated, and finally 
put to death. Thus in 323 Constantine 
became the sole bead of the Roman Bm- 
pire. His intemsl admlnlstratioii waa 
marked by a wise spirit of reform, and by 
many humane concesalous with regard to 



Constantiiie 



ConstantittopU 



■laves, accQBrf persona, widows, etc. In 
329 be laid the foundation of a new capi- 
tal of the empire, at Byzantium, cal^ 
after him Constant inople. In 332 h* 
fought againHt the Goths, relieved the em- 

K' e of a disgraceful tribute, and secured 
frontier upon tbe Danube. In 337 he 
was taken ill. was baptited. and died, leav- 
ing bis empire tietween his three sous, Con- 
stantine, Conatactlus and Gonstana. He 
ia sometimes numbered among the saints, 
and his festival observed May 20 or 21. 

Constantine, ^f;^!:?"'V'^„**/"i± 

> prince ot Kassla, sec- 
ond son of Paul I, born in 1779. He dis- 
tincnisbed bimself iu 1799 under Suwar- 
rolf. and at Austerlitz in 1805; and in 
1812, 1S13 and 1814 attended his brother, 
the Emperor Alexander, in alt his cam- 



Constantinople (Vo"?°o™£.-. 

tine,' called by the Tnrbs Stamboul, from 
the Greek eit tin poltn, into tbe city), 
a celebrated city of Turkey in Europe, 
capital of tbe Turkish Empire, situated 
on a promontory jutting into tbe Sea 
of Marmora, having the Golden Horn, 
an inlet of the latter, on tbe north and 
tbe BoBpborus on the east The city prop- 
er is thus surrounded by water on all 
oides excepting the west, where ia an an- 
cient and lofty double wall of 4 miles in 
length, stretching across the promontory. 
On the opposite side of the Golden Horn 
are Galata, Pera, and other suburbs, 
white on the Asiatic side of the Bospborus 
entrance Is Skotari. Occupyiug the ex- 
treme point of the promontory on which 



SwtioD ol Santa Sophia, ConsUatliiDpU. 

paigns. Idter be superintended aSalra the city stands Is the Seraglio or palace 

in loland. On the decease of his brother of the saltan, which, with its buildings, 

in 18-!5 he was proclaimed emperor, but pavilions, gardens, and groves, includes 

renounced his claim. He died in 1831, a Urge apace. At the principal entrance 

execrated by the I oies as one of their is a large and lofty gate, called Bab 

most barbarous oppressors. Humayum, ' tbe bigh door * or ' sub- 

Gonstantine I. iy,"f "' "JSSS,* '""" l™* porte.' from wbich has been derived 

K„ » ..I. . ... t,'*oJ^"i *?' tlie well-known diplomatic phrase. Of 

«>™ "' ■*'^^'i'' August 2. 1868. At the tbe 300 mosques, tbe most remarkable are 

ontbreak of the European war his sym- the royal mosqoes, of which there are 

E?™m J .f V J ^^^iu°'i*"'?1"" "■«"■' S""""- esteemed the finest in tbe 

combination, the Kaiser Wilhelm being „orld. First among these ts the mosoue 

his broth er-in-law. He professed neutral- nf St Honhln the %..,.( .„.?(„» =,1 .' „ 

fty. but Great Britain and her AJIies Christian^ rt!n;^h^^™»t3tiA^'!'°.* 

(oried his abdication and placed his ae<v a mogoa^ fJ^thJ ™nt,™ nf fi, ^J°i " 

ond son. Alexander, on the throne of the the T??k, Anoth^r'^mStn^L f ^ *" 

HeUene. on June. 13.. 1917. Constantine ^ tbi^'Jf'goltman ; sf?er^S ," °5^-" 



was chained with 'having violated the of the SuTtBtm VbIWo K,.iiti.'J';i,""^"'Jil'" 

Omttltufon of_which^F,5i.«., England Sf Moharam" T™d of SnYtan Achm^^^^^ 

the most conspicuous object is the dty 



and Bnaaia tin the trustees.' 



Constantiiu^ 



lAen Tl«wed from tlw Bm of Uumorm. 
n* rtreeta ut' moatl; extramdr narrow, 
duk, jlrty, u>d in paved, and excMdlnfly 
«ioo«d aud tortnon*, bat there has been 
a certain opening ap and ImproTemcDt 
■rlthlo recent yean owlnf to the oonjtrac- 
tion of traiDwayi and the railway to 
A^rUnople, which rani alooBthe ahore 
ot the Sea of Harmora and past the Sera- 
jrilo to the entrance of .the (Solden Horn, 
^w nnmerona covered and nocoTered ba- 
nara are aeverally allotted to [ttrtlciilar 
tradee and raerchandtee. Conetantlnople 
'ua bnt one remarkable aqnare, called the 



dent Hippodrome. Hiere are about 130 
pnbUc '.2tba In Oie cttr, moatly of marble, 
of (daiB exterior, bnt oandBone and com- 
modioaa within. The namerone cemeter* 
lei^ noatlj' ontdde the weatem wall, bare 



bacoo-Mpfli 
and limr 



ara Chiefly confined to artl- 

morocco leaOier, laddlerT. to- 
Ipei, fes «ap«, anna, petfomea, (old 

•^- Ideriea, etc Kie foreicn 

_.„ HSder^e. n» batt>or, 

Ae Odiea Horn, which moie leaemblea a 
*^ - ^^ acta a harbor. It deep, well 
.— and capable of contalnlDg 120O 
Ate wUd mar load and nnload 
ride ttw qnaTi. It ia aboot 6 mOM 



Coiutanfiiioplft 

lonf^ and a tittle more than half a mil* 
braid at the wldeet pert, Amoni O* 
Importa are grain, timber, cotton atnb. 
and other mann factored gooda. The ex- 
ports cooaiat of ellk, carpet*, hldat, wmI, 
goata' hair, ralonia, etc. — The aobarb Oi- 
LATA ia the principal eeat of foreign con- 
nerce. Here are dtuated the areenaU. 
the dock-yard, the BrtUlerr barracka, ttc 
extending j- -  — 
1^ mllei. __ 

occupiea the n , 

promontory of which Galata forma at 
maritime parL Both It aod Galata haw 
now moeh of the appearance of 
modem Enropean 'towna. — Top- 
Hakcb la altnate a little fvrtber 
Dp the Boaporua tlian Galata, of 
which it forms a contlnnation. It 
baa a goTemment foandrr and 
arsenal for cannon .^^^metanti- 
nople occnpies the site of the an- 
cient Bysontlnm, and waa namrd 
after Conatantlne the Great wbo 
teballt it about A.n. 330. It was 
taken in 1204 b; the Cmeadrra. 
who retained It tin 1281 ; and Iv 
the Turka onder Uobammed II. 
Hay 20, 1463— an event which 
completed the estinctlou of the 
Bysantine Empire. See Byraalisc 
Smpire end Bi/ainlium, Pob 
{lft54), 1,300,000. 

CoMtantinople, gouKciti 

or. ^ese inclode the second, 
fifth, aiitb, the Trallan, and the 
^hth. The lecood waa convoked 
by Tfaeodoalaa the Great, in 381. 
to put down the cnemiea of the 
Nicene Creed, who had already 
been restrained by hia decreea. 
Hie fifth general coundl waa held 



who were soipected of NeatorlaoiaiD, a 

declared heretica by the conndL ^le 
eiith conndl, held 680481, condemned 
the doctrines of the Monothelites, and de- 
clared their leaders heretica. As these 
two conndlt made no new «cdeeIaslSeal 
U*a, the Emperor Jnstlnian II, in flOZ, 
again anmmoned a general eonncil, which, 
becanae it wai heldln the Trnllan Puace, 
waa called the Trullan Oouneit. It in- 
•Utated rigid laws for the derry, aaeoc 
tiiea thoae fixing tha rank or tibc pt* 
tnartfta and the permlaalon oT manlaga 
to prieata, which were ao olfenaiva to 
the I^tln Chnrch that aba rejected all 
tfaa demaa of thia eonaen: bnt bi tka 
Ontk Oburcb they ara «tJDl TtUd. Vha 



Constellations 



Constitutioii 



eighth general council (869-870) declared 
against the Iconodaata* deposed PhotiusL 
and confirmed St. Ignatius In the see of 
Constantinople. This council is not rec- 
ognised by the Greek Church. 

Constellations <^ "" 2:* tei-ia'shmis) 

wu0vvM.niiAVAA.o ^j.g ^g groups into 

which astronomers have divided the fixed 
stars, and which have received names for 
convenience of description and reference. 
It is plain that the union of several stars 
into a constellation, to which the name 
of some animal, person, or inanimate 
object is given, must be entirely arbi- 
trary, since the several points (the stars) 
may be united in a hundred different 
ways, just as imagination directs. The 
grouping adopted by the Egyptians was 
accordingly modified by the Greeks, 
though they retained the Ram, the Bull, 
the Dog, etc.; and the Greek constella- 
tions were again modified by the Romans 
and again by the Arabians. At various 
times, also, Christianity has endeavored 
to supplant the pagan system, the Vener- 
able &ede having given the names of the 
twelve apostles to the signs of the sodiac, 
and Judas Schillerius having, in 1627, ap- 

{>lied Scripture names to aU the constel- 
ations. Weigelius, a professor of Jena, 
even grouped the stars upon a heraldic 
basis, introducing the arms of all the 
princes of Europe among the constella- 
tions. The old constellanons have, how- 
ever, been for the most part retained. 
Ptolemy enumerated forty-eight constella- 
tions, which are still called the Piole- 
mwan. They are the following: — ^1. The 
twelve signs of the zodiac (see Zodiac). 
2. Twenty-one constellations found in the 
northern hemisphere — the Great Bear 
(Urta Major), the Little Bear (Ur»a 
Minor), Perseus, the Dragon, Cepheus, 
Cassiopeia, Andromeda, Pegasus, Equulua 
(Horse's Head), the Triangle, the Wag- 
oner (Auriga), Bo5tes, the Northern 
Crown (Corona Borealis), Ophiuchus, 
the Serpent (Serpeniariua) , Hercules, 
the Arrow (Baaitia), the Lyre, the Swan 
(Oygnut), the Dolphin, the Eagle (AquU 
7a). 3. IHfteen constellations in the 
southern hemisphere — Orion, the Whale 
(Cetui), Erldanus, the Hare (Lepw), 
the Great Dog (Oanit Major), the Little 
Dog (Canit Minor), Hydra, the Cup 
(Crater), the Crow (Corvat), the Cen- 
taur, the Wolf (Lupua), the Altar 
(Ara), the Southern Pish (PiMoiB Atw- 
trAlia), the Argo, the Southern Crown 
iCorHna Auairdlia). Others were sub- 
sequently added, this being especially ren- 
dered necessary by the increased naviga- 
tion of the southern hemisphere, and now 
the different groups of stars have come to 
bt ftH(K**^te« wit^ all sorts of animals 



and objects, including the Camelopard, the 
Fly, the Air-pump, the Compasses, etc. 
The different stars of a constellation are 
marked by Greek letters, a denoting 
those of the first magnitude, P those of 
the second, and so on. Stars of the sixth 
magnitude are the smallest visible to the 
naked eye. Several stars have also par- 
ticular names. 

CoMtipation <S3'^«;fflSi>-o,*|k: 

fiBceflL Its immediate effects are disor- 
dered appetite, a dry, coated or clammy 
tongue, thirst, or a disa^eeable taste in 
the mouth, dullness, giddiness, or pain in 
the head, torpor, irritability and despond- 
ency. Its less immediate effects are cu- 
taneous affections, dyspepsia, colic, hys- 
teria, hemorrhoids, etc. In most cases 
it is produced by indigestible food, as- 
tringent and stimulating drinks, seden- 
tary habits, excessive indulgence in sleep, 
etc. The immediate use of purgatives, 
followed by strict attention to regimen, 
is in many cases all that is necessary. 

Constitncnt Assembly yiJSo?*'* 

name given to the first convention of the 
delegates of the French nation (1789-91) 
to distinguish it from the legislative as- 
sembly or 1791. It drew up and obtained 
the acceptance of the first of the famous 
revolutionary constitutions. The Constit- 
uent Assembly of 1848 had a similar 
aim* 

Constitation ^t^^^^^^l^r^l 

State, whether it be a written instrument 
of a certain date, as that of the United 
States of America, or an aggregate of 
laws and usuages which have been formed 
in the course of ages, like the English 
constitution. The Ideal constitution is 
that established by a free sovereign people 
for their own regulation, though the ex- 
pediency of other forms at various stages 
of national development cannot but be 
recognised. The cnief of these are: — ^1. 
Constitutions granted by the plenary 
power of absolute monarcms, or conaHiu- 
tion9 ooiroyiea, such as Louis ^.. /Ill's 
Charte. 2. Those formed by contract be- 
tween a ruler and his people, the con- 
tract being mutually binding — a class un- 
der which, in a great degree, the British 
constitution must be placed. 3. Those 
formed by a compact between different 
sovereign powers, such as the constitu- 
tions of the German Empire, of the 
United Provinces of Holland, and of the 
Swiss O>nfederation. 4. Those made bv 
the people of a country or state for their 
own government, as in the United Staten. 
In regard to political principles, consti- 
tutions are: — 1. Democratic, when the 



Constitntioii Coanl 

luudamental law suaranteei to every cit- pelled by tbe ioint eSorU of the pttri- 
■en equal rigbu, protection, and partici- dans and plebeiatia (EtOB B.O.), two con- 
WtloD, direct or indirect, in tii« BOTcm- aula (oondilec) were placed at the head 
ncut, aach as the coDstitQtioiia of the of the aenate, the body in whose handa 
United StAte* and of aome cantoni of was the adnuniatration of the republic 
iwitserland- 2. Aristocratic, when the TheM oStcera were snnnally elected, at 
:onatitution lecoKiiiceB privileged claaaea first only from the patridani ; at a later 
\M the nobility and clergy, and entruata period <36tJ B.O.) also from the plebeians. 
Jie goTemment entirely to tbem, or al- In order to be eligible to the conaulahip, 
owB them a very disproportionate sbare tbe candidate was to be forty-fire year* of 
a it. Ouch a constitution was that of age, and mnst have passed through the 
Venice, sod such at one time those of inferior offices of qiuestor, sdUe, and 
lome Swiss cantona, for Instsnce, Bern, pmtor, and he was required bj taw to b« 
I. Of a mixed character. To tbia latter in Rome at the time of the election. All 
Uviaion belong some monarchical consti- tbese lawa. however, were disregarded at 
iutiona, which recognize tbe existence of various Junctures in Boman history. Tbe 
1 king wboae power ia modified by otber Inalgnia of the conanla were a staff of 
>r«ncnea of government of a more or lesa ivoir with an eagle at Ita head, a toga 
jKipuUr cast. Tbe British coiutttatioa bordered with purple Itoga prattmtt), 
»elon«s to this division. Tor the text of whicb nnder llie emperor* was embrold- 
the Couatitution of tbe United States, see ered; an ornamental chair (lella oarflli*), 
Unittd Stale). and twelve lieton, who, with /mom and 

HnnfltitTltion Thk- s" American frig- sies. preceded tbem. In the beginning 
UUll»UlUWUU,^(g of 44 guQs. launched of tbe repubUc the anthorlty of the con- 
Sept 20, 1797, whicb became renowned «u1b waa almost aa great aa that of the 
in the luppresaion of Barbary pirates aud preceding kings. They could declare war. 
For her many victories in the war of 1S12. conclude peace, make alliances, and even 
She was the anbject of O. W. Holmes's order k (dtisen to be pat to death ; bnt 
poem Old IronMdet, by the Infiuence of tbeir powera were gradually cnrtallec, ea- 
which aha baa been retained in tbe navy pecially by tbe establishment of the trib- 
and la now at the Boeton Navy Yard, unea of tbe people, early in the fifth ccn- 
9he captnred th« Britiih frigate Querriere tnry. But they atiU stood at tbe head of 
an Cape Rac«, August IS, 1812, in an the whole republic; all officers were nn- 
action which lasted 80 minutes. der them, the tribunes of tbe people only 

CAIIKTlhAtftlltial (hon-Bub-stan'shsl), excepted: they convoked tbe aenate, pr*- 
LfOaBUDSlimuai ^j, eqaiTalent for posed what they thought fit, and «e- 
the Greek term AomooN*io«, the true sig- cuted the lawa. In time* of emergacy 
aificatlon of whi(4i disturbed the religioua they received nullmlted power, and eoold 
world early In tbe fourth century. The even sentence to death without trial, Uvy 
AthanaaianB, or Trinitarians at the Coun- troops, and make war without the r«- 
eSl of Nice in 32S, gave it tbe meaning solve of tbe people flrat obtained. Onder 
Indicated in tbe Nicene Creed, ' Of one tbe emperara the consular dignity sank 
■ubitsHce with tbe Father* (applied to to a shadow, and became merely hoiKii> 
Christ). ary. The last consul at Rome was Hieo- 

 h e-a shun; In France the name of eoniul was tem- 
tbe doctrine that the body and blood of porarily adopted for tbe cbic^ magiatratM 



tain their nature as bread and wine ; op- atK>iigbed by the revolution of the 18th 
90Bt6 to the Roman Catholic doctrine of Brumaire, of the year VIII (Nov. 9. 
[ransulMtantlatlon. The term consubetan- 1799), a provisional consular Rovemment, 
liation was employed in tbe doctrinal con- consisting of Bonaparte, SiSyta, snd 
troversies of the Retonuatlou by nou- Roger Docos, establiahed tbe fourth con- 
Lutberan writers to designate the Luther- alitution, proclaimed Dec. IK. by whicb 
tn view of the Saviour's presence iu the France was declared m republic nnder a 
Holy Supper. Tbe Lutheran Church, government of oonnli. lliree elective 
Iwwever, naa never used or accepted this consuls <Bonaparte, Cambac«ria, Lebnm) 
term to eipreaa her view, but has always had almost uncontrolled execntlve autbor- 
ind repeatedly rejected It and tbe meaning Ity, while the letrislative power was In the 
It conveys in her official declaratlona. bauds of the tribonate and the l«rlslatlve 

Consul (1;<"»™),^* name originally assembly- a conservative senate was sho 
givM to the two highest mag- elected. But as early as Aug 2 1902. 
latratea In the lepnbUc of Rome. After Bonaparte was proclaimed Flrat Oonnl 
King ^rqainlns Bnperboa bad beoi ex* for llfa and tnoB the conatlttitloB rf 



Consul 



FruiM became aeuii practical]]' monar- ure of epeda 

dlicaL On April 10, 1804, he w&a pro- effideat cooat 

elaimMl emperor, and erea the doiuIqbJ edge can be 

eonaulate ended. service. Ano 

At present ootuuU are offidals ap- American cod 

pointed In' the goremment of one country equacy of aal 

to attend to its commerdal IntereBta in posts carryini 

seaports or other towns of another coun- Bome cases fei 

trj. The duties of a codbuI, generally add very mat 

■peaking, are to promote the trade of the consul ; bnt 

coontr; lie represents; to give advice and anregate inc 

aaiiatance when called upon to his fellow- with that of 

aubjecta ; to uphold their lawfnl interests elgn natiotia. 

and prlvilesea if any attempt be made to Conaular t 



ininre them ; to transmit reports of trade ters are nub 

to his own fovernment, to authenticate tistica. l^est 

certain documents, etc. They are gen- collected in i 

erally of three ranks : contuU-aenerat, times Inqulr 

eoHiuU, and vice-con»ul». trade and iod 

The poeidon of the United Btatea con- conanta, and 

■nl> ia minutel; described in the Kegula- by the same 

tions, Wasbiniton, 18fl6. Under Tarious _ 

treaUes and conventions they enjoy large l/OnSUIIlGr 

privUeses and jurisdiction. By the treaty „.„_ _- »^«. 

of 1818 with Sweden the United States *™" "J ff™ 

BOTerament agreed that the consuU of the rS_^ii ,kS. 

two itatea respectively should be sole ^t " "¥; 

Jndfes in diapntea between captains and lai? ^ \ 

crews of veaMU. (Up to 1906 there were J?^=/ o, l^ 

eighteen treaties containing this clause.) Sr "^ ,^"** 

Bt convention with France in 1853, they Womeng Soj 

likewise agreed that the consuls of both »ng an invest 

conntrie* should be permitted to hold real '"* employm 

estate, and to have the "police interne dea stores ana c 

narirea & commerce." In Borneo, China, ^"^ consumei 

Korea. Uorocco. Persia, Siam, Tripoli ment. The : 

and Turkey an extensive jurisdiction, the Consnmi 

dvil and criminal, is exercised by treaty {January, 16 



stipulation in cases where United States lea. The leai 
aubjecta are interested. Exemption from conditions of 
liability to appear as a witoess is often the retail el 



aubjecta are interested. Exemption from conditions c 
liability to appear as a witoess is often the retail l 
stipulated. To the consuls of other wages, hours 
nations the United States 
has always accorded the privi 



a which 

-- . — --• through whic 

u» sLoi^ courts. They also recognize for- to purchase { 
eign conenls as representative suitora for dertook to all 
absent foreigners. The United States tions and laii 
commerdal agents are appointed by the be satisfled 
president, and are distinct from the con- chKee goods c 
aular agents, who are simply deputy con- „hich mieht 
BUla In districts where there Is no prind- Zhn mm? n 
pal consul By a law of April, 1906. the "i„" „!;?„" 
U. S. consular service was reorganized J;,.' !,. _|„. 
and graded, the office of consul-general '^^^' '" '"" 
being divided into seven dasses, and that GoilSllIll'pt 
of consul into nine dasses. . i- 

Conauls are appointei' - - . 

with the concurrence o 



with changes of the administration. The of the produ 
mnlt of tnla system has long been recog- having an i 
■" *■ ■' • meaa- uaoalv chat 



Contact Action 



Contarini 



unprodnctiye, according as it does or does 
not conduce to the etficiency of a pro- 
ducer and to further production. Thus 
wealth in the form of machinery is con- 
sumed productively by wear and tear 
in the processes of production; and, 
similarly, wealth expended in improving 
land is productively consumed; but the 
wealth expended in the maintenance of 
an operatic artiste is, from the ordinary 
point of view, unproductively consumed. 
The classification, however, is not of a 
very definite kind, the distinction lying, 
for the most part, in the degree of direct- 
ness and obviousness with which the act 
of consumption is related to production. 
Hence in the case of the operatic artiste 
it is sometimes urged that the recreative 
benefit conferred upon the community 
tends indirectly to increase efficiency in 
production, and that from this point of 
view the artiste consumes productively. 
Bo the expenditure of wealth in war, or 
in preparations for war, usually classed 
as unproductive, may be really productive 
consumption, as tending to the assurance 
of the producer in the stabilitv of the 
commerdal conditions. The perfect char- 
acterisation of an act of consumption as 
productive or unproductive involves the 
consideration of elements of a frequently 
incommensurable kind, and the rough 
practical economic test has to be employed 
with some amount of reservation. Con- 
sumption is the end of all production; 
and as the demand of the consumer de- 
termines the employment of the various 
coefficients of production, land, labor and 
capital, it is urged by many later 
economists that the scientific treatment of 
economics should proceed from consump- 
tion to production, instead of from pro- 
duction to consumption in accordance 
with the method of the older economists. 
Too much stress may be laid upon this 
method, but the consideration of economic 
problems from the standpoint of the con- 
sumer is of advantage, as giving the 
social need, rather than the producer's 
profit, the prior claim upon the attention. 

Contact Action. See CatalytU. 

CoTltll.^on (kon-ta'Jun), the com- 
l/0ni»^OIl munication of disease by 

contact direct or indirect. A distinction 
has sometimes been made between oot^ 
iaqion, as the communication of disease 
strictly by contact, and infection, as com- 
munication of disease by the miasmata, 
exhidations or germs which one body 
rives out and the other receives. Then 
is little doubt that excessively minute 
disease germs proceed from the breath, 
th« perspiration or other excretions of a 



disiased person, and are capable of prop- 
agating the disease in another person; 
but much remains to be learned con- 
cerning the action of these. Antiseptiet^ 
or dittnfeotantif are used to destroy the 

Eoisonous particles, such as fonnalde^ 
yde, carbolic acid, sulphur, permangan- 
ate of potash, chlorine gas, etc 

Contagions Diseases (Animals) 

AM- an act of the British Partis- 
^ ment passed in consequence of 
the ravages of the disease known at 
Rinderpe$t or cattle-plague, which broke 
out in 1866. Commissioners were ap- 

Sointed to investisate the subject, and in 
869 an act (subsequently amended by 
acts in 1878, 1884 and 1886) was passed 
enforcing regulations for preventing the 
introduction and spread of contagious 
diseases. 

In the United States similar acts were 
made to stamp out pleuro-pneumoaia, 
or lung plague, which caused much loss 
amonc neat-cattle. Kentucky, Indiana, 
Illinois and Missouri suffered largely from 
this disease, but it has been completely 
stamped out by the Bureau of Animal In- 
dustry. The symptoms of lung plague 
are fever, dry mtmle, accelerated pulse 
and respiration, dei^ression. cough and 
indications of pleurisy and pneumonia. 
In about 50 per cent, of the cases death 
occurs in from one to two weeks from Its 
attack; of the remainder about one-half 
become chronic and recover. No thera- 
peusis that has been tried has been found 
of any value, so governments have made 
regulations to quarantine infected and 
suspected animals, and for the slaughter 
of those regarded as dangerous to healtiiy 
animals. The United States freed itself 
from pleuro-pneumonia by enforcing these 
measures. It is estimated that the loss 
caused by this disease reached several 
million dollars in this country, while in 
Britain the annual loss for some years 
amounted to over S10,000,000. It does 
not affect human beings. See Rindet' 
pe$t, 

ContaneO (kon-tang'gO), in stock- 
^ "* o^ Jobbing, a sum of money 
paid to a seller for accommodating a 
buyer, by carrying the engagement to pay 
the price of shares bought over to the 
next account day. In reality, contango 
is interest paid for the loan of money 
for the interval between account days. 
The price at which the bargain is entered 
is called the making-up price. 

Contarini tov**;r'^fi{ce* w"^' 

furnished seven doges to the State, b» 
sides several men of note. 



' Contempt 



Contraot 



fioTit^TnTit (kon-temf), an ofCeiue 
trOUXempi against the dignity, order, 
or authority of a court or legislative 
assembly. Contempts committed out of 
court may be punished by fine or im- 
prisonment, contempts done before court 
are usually punished in a summary way 
by commitment or fine. The power of 
▼indicating their authority against 
contempt is incident to all superior 
courts. 

riATi^-i-nATi^ (kon'ti-nent), a connected 
trOnXineni jj^ct of land of Kreat ex- 
tent, forming a sort of whole by itself, 
as Europe, Asia, Africa, North anq 
South America; or we may speak of the 
Eastern and Western continents, Europe, 
Asia and Africa being regarded as one, 
and North and South America another. 
Australia, from its size, is often regarded 
as a continent, while Europe and Asia, 
regarded as a single body of land, are 
frequently spoken of as a continent un- 
der the name of Eurasia. 

Continental System ^^J't^^ 

devised by Napoleon to exclude Britain 
from intercourse with the continent ot 
Europe. It began with the decree of Ber- 
lin of November 21, 1806, by which the 
British Islands were declared to be In a 
state of blockade; all conmierce. inter- 
course and correspondence were prohibi- 
ted; every Briton found in France, or a 
country occupied by French troops, was 
declared a pnsoner of war; all property 
belonging to Britons, fair prize, and all 
trade in goods from Britain or British 
colonies entirely prohibited. Britain re- 
plied by orders in council prohibiting 
trade with French ports, and declaring 
all harbors of France and her allies sub- 
jected to the same restrictions as if they 
were closely blockaded. Further decrees 
on the part of France, of a still more 
stringent kind, declared all vessels of 
whatever flag, which had been searched 
bv a British vessel or paid duty to Brit- 
ain, denationidized, and directing the 
burning of all British goods, etc. These 
decrees caused great annoyance, and gave 
rise to much smuggling, till annulled at 
the fall of Napoleon, 1814. 
rnnfificrpiif (kon-tin'jent), the name 

of troops which Is to be furnished by 
each member of a number of states com- 
posing a confederation. 
PnTifiTiiiifir (kon-ti-nfif-ti), Law of, 
continuity \^ important principle 

in the investigation of the laws of motion 
and change in general. It may be enun- 
ciated thus: nothing passes from one 
gtate to another vrithout passing thrtugii 
jA the intermediate states. 



Contorniati 'l^^-^^X^lr^^ 

dallions in bronze, having a curved fur- 
row ioontomo) on each 3ide, supposed 
to have been struck in the days ot Ck)n- 
stantine the Great and his successors} and 
to have formed tickets of admission to 
the public games of the circus of Bome 
and of Constantinople. 
Contonr (kon'tOr), an outline. In 
wuifviu. geodesy contours, or contour 
lineSf are lines or levels carried along the 
surface of a country or district at a 
uniform height above the sea-level, and 
then laid down on a map or plan« so that 
an approximately true outline of its con- 
tour is presented, the degree of accuracy 
depending on the number of lines or 
levels taken between the sea-level and the 
highest point in the region. 

Contraband <ie°S;ir*-Si'"*>i^, ""^i 

wares exported from or imported into 
any coun^, against the laws of said 
country. There are, also, a number of 
articles termed contraband of war which 
neutrals may be prevented, by one 
belligerent m>m carrying to another, 
^ese formerly were confined to arms aiu 
munitions, but the contraband list has 
been so lengthened during recent wars an 
to include practically everything that 
might be of benefit to a belligerent. 

ContrabaSSO Ujon-tra-bas'so), the 
wvMv««*vw«»v itaijan name, now usu- 
ally employed by musicians of all na- 
tionalities to designate the largest instru- 
ment of the violin kind (called some- 
times the double bast), with three strings 
usually tuned in fourths. Its compass 
is from the lower A of the bass del to 
tenor F. In Germany a fourth string is 
used, which gives it a range of three 
notes lower. 

Contract (ko^'trakt), in law, an 
agreement or covenant be- 
tween two or more persons, in which 
each party binds himself to do or forbear 
some act, and each acquires a right to 
what the other promises. Contracts may 
be in express terms or implied from the 
acts of the parties; they may be verbal 
or written, and at common law both 
forms are binding; but by statute law a 
promise must be in writing. To be valid. 
a contract must be entered into by parties 
legally competent ; that is, of sound mind 
and of fun age. The act contracted for 
must not be contrary to law or public 
policy. Thus, an agreement to do injury 
to anouier or a contract not to marrv 
at an (except in the case of a widow) 
is void. l%e contract must be founded 
on a consideration either of money or 
■ome act whertby an ondoubted Mowmm' 



ontraot Conversazione 

ge accmca to the part; aaed. Lutl;, ders of a court ; the offenM of noii-i^ 

a contract ia voidable if obtained b; pearance when snmmoned Jadltdallj. 

and, miatake, or compDlsioa. Conns (''^'''Ib), a genua of ga«t«r- 

nntronf OaioiSAi, or Social, in »"'""^ opodoua moUuaca, the type of 

DUirttCb, poiiticB, that which is aup- the family Conidn or cone-ahdlB. ao 

«ed to exist irom Ibe beginniDg between named from the conical form of the 

e ■orereigD power and the aubJecL ahelL Tber are found la the aoutheni 

ich a contract ia evidently a mere aup- and tropical aeaa. 

C°i^S;°JM"hi!;rS.'i;S^'r?S: Convales'cent Hoqiital^ fjf; 

mifi^/>H1itir (kon-trek-til i-ti), the intermediate between ordinary boapiCala 

Viil.i:tH,buii,jr powpr which certain and the homes of the patieota, eitah- 

laaea in animala and plants have dur- lislied in order that tboae who liive 

g life, of shorten log them selves. It been succeufuUr treated may b« fully 

17 be either voluntary or involuntary, restored to health and atrengtb before 

rmtrantin-na (k n-trab'ahuns), ab- going back to their former unaanltary iDt- 

BntlBCUOns breviationa emplojed roundinga. 

Itb the view of aaving labor in writing. f'nnTallarifl (kon-va-U'ri-a), a genua 

id alao in former dmea with the view of vuuvauanit ^^ plants, naL order LU- 

vine parchment In extending MS- iaces, the only apeciea being the lUy-of- 

{iea of worka. deeds, etc Contraction tbe-valley. Convallamarin and oonvalla- 

ea place io several modes, as by rin are two glucosides obtained from the 

[don ; writing a smaller letter above plsnt and are u«ed in functional alec- 

e word contracted ; running two or tiona of the heart and in cardiac dropsy 

ore letters into one character ; by for their stimulating effect on the heart, 

mbola representing syllables or words; Conv»r>tinTi nf TTf>itt ^iie transfer- 

' initial letters ; thus : reed, for re- ^'OnVCCnon 01 Heal;, ,„„ ^ ^^^ 

ived; qam for guam; Mr. for Ifoiler,* by means of the upward motions of the 

e S^ 

lis . 

I, for sllimo, it is more correctly monks or nuna. See Afonottery. 

rmed an abbreviation. See Abbrevia- nnnvpTtHpIp (kon-ven'ti-kl), a private 

tnt. UOnvenUCie ^^^^0^117 or meetTng for 

nntv^ltrt (kon-tral'tS) , In music, the the exercise of religion. Historically, the 

ViiLiiuw highest voice of a male term was specially applied to meettnga 

[olt, or the lowest of a woman or a of petty sects and dissenters in the 

•7, called alao the Jllo, or when pos- statutas of the time of Charles IL 

_...__ r, — .__. .. .^ _ .. ,L n'abon; Latin. 



'ejecting perjiendicalarly to the plane Parliament is given to the assembling of 

the wheel. Parliament without the king's writ; aa 

nnfpavallafinTI f^ <■ »"* rs-val-lft'- in 16flO. when Charles II waa restored, 

DairavaiiatlUU ghun). in fortifica- and in 1688. when the throne waa left 

in, a line formed in the same manner vacant by tbe flight of James II. — So- 

I the line of circum valla tloo. to defend tionol Convention, in French history, the 

t besiegers against the enterprises of name given to that body which met after 

• garrison. the legiBlative assembly had pronounced 

nnfravprvo. (kon-tra-yer'va) , the the suspension of the royal functions 

oncrayerva aromatic, bitterish (September, 17B2), and proclaimed the 

at of Dor$tenia Contrajerva. a plant of republic at ita first sitting. 

« nettle family, imported from tropical Pnnvpraa-nn (kon-ver-a&'nOK a town 

merica, and used aa a stimulant and ^""vcrsano ^^ g^^^^j, j^^^ province 

nic of Bari. 18 miles b. k. of Bari. with a 

nnfmll*!* (kon-trAler) , a public of- fine cathedral, and a trade in wine. oD, 

OUifUUCr li^^p appointed to con- almonds. Sax and cotton. Pop. 13,fl8B. 

ol, overaee, or verify the accounto of ConVersazione (-"t-rf-O ne>. a re- 

her ofBcen. ««iin,* «»««»*» ceptlon, usually on 

imlnmailT (kon't(l>nia-Bi) , In law, a large scale and in tbe evening, at which 

vukiuu»vj dtsobedienM of Uie or- tbe company move abon^ canv«TM with 



ConversioiL 



Gonvnlsionists 



their acquaintances, partake of tea, cof- 
fee, or other refreshments, and often 
have objects of art, science, or general 
interest set oat for their inspection. 

Conversion tkon-v6r'shun), a term 
wM.«««AiMVM. jjj logic. A proposition 

is converted when the predicate is pat in 
the place of the subject, and the subject 
In place of the predic«ke ; as, ' no A is 
B' (*no virtuous man is a rebel*), the 
converse of which is * no B is A' ('no 
rebel is a virtuous man*). Simple con- 
version, however, in this manner is not 
always logical. In the case of universal 
affirmatives, for example, * all A are B ' 
(say, *all men are animals'), the simple 
converse ' all B are A ' (* all animals are 
men*) would not be true. 

Hn-niTA'H-A-p (kon-v^r't^r), the vessel 
l;ilILyen.er ^^^ j^ ^^^ Bessemer 

steel-making process which holds the 
molten iron or carbide of iron which is 
to be converted into steel. 
nATHTAV (kon'veks; Latin convewue, 
UUUYCJL vaulted, arched), rising in a 
circular or rounded form ; the contrary to 
concave (which see). Thus the inside of 
a watch-glass is concave, the outer sur- 
face convex. 

Convex Lens. See Lena. 

Conveyancing te^-r/rlwSl 

deeds, leases, or other writings {convey-' 
ancea) for transferring the title to prop- 
erty from one person to another, of 
investigating the title of the vendors and 
purchasers of property, and of framing 
those multifarious deeds and contracts 
which govern and define the rights and 
liabilities of families and individuals. 
The business of conveyancing is carried 
on by barristers, solicitors, and members 
of the legal profession generally. 
Convict (kon'vict), the general term 
'^ *"* for a person who has been 
found guilty of a serious offense and sen- 
tenced to penal servitude, such servitude 
consisting at times of forced labor on 
some public work. In England transpor- 
tation was formerly the equivalent pun- 
ishment. 

Convocation C^ o n-vO-ka'shun), an 
wvuTvvnvxvu assembly of the clergy 

of England, belonging either to the prov- 
ince of Canterbury or to that of York, 
to consult on ecclesiastical matters. From 
the fact that the province of Canterbury 
is by much the more influential of the 
two provinces into which England is 
ecclesiastically divided, the convocation of 
tbo province of Canterbury is often 
spoken of as the convocation, as if 
there were only one. In former times 
convocations had the power of enacting 



canons; but this power was virtually 
abolished by the statutes of Henry VIII 
and Elizabeth. 

Convolvulacea i''^--J?i3^-iJ^t?:*)f 

Slants comprising about 700 species 
irgely consisting of climbers. Some of 
them have valuahle properties. Jalap is 
derived from the Exoffonium or Ipomaa 
purga, an inhabitant of Mexico. 

Convolvnlns ^^'''''T?^Y"^?*)iJL'^^ 

WUVVJ.VMAM9 jj^g ^f plants, type of 
the nat order ConvolvulacesB, consist- 
ing of slender twining herbs with milky 
juice, bell-shaped flowers, and five free 
stamens. Some species are commonly 
known as hind-weeds (0. arvenaie) ; 
others are cultivated in gardens. 0. tri^ 
color, or minor convolvulus, with its large 
flowers of violet blue, with white and 
yellow center, is a familiar species. 
Scammony is obtained from the root of 
the Convolvulus Scammonia, a native of 
Syria; the liqueur noyau from O. dU- 
sectus. Some species, like the C. BatH- 
tae, or sweet-potato, have tuberous and 
fleshy roots capable of being used as 
food. Convolvillua Jalapa was lone con- 
sidered as ^Fielding the true jalap of com- 
merce. This is now known to be pro- 
cured from Eaogonium or Ipomesa purga^ 
an allied plant, found in the monntidnous 
regions of Mexico. 

ConVOV (^<>^'^oiK a fleet of merchant- 
J^ men under the protection of a 
ship or ships of war, or the ship or ships 
appointed to conduct and derend them 
from attack and capture by an enemy. 
In military language it is used for escort. 

Convulsion i'LT5?^^??>'.''pa»i^ 

muscular contraction or series of con- 
tractions, with alternate relaxations. 
Convulsions are universal or partiid, and 
have obtained different names according 
to the parts affected, or the symptoms. 
The^ muscles principally affected in all 
species of convulsions are those imme- 
diately under the direction of the wUl, as 
those of the eyelidsj eye, face, jaws, neck, 
superior and inferior extremities. Con- 
vulsions are produced commonly by irri- 
tation of some part of the brain or spinal 
cord, such as the general convulsions in 
inflammation of the brain membranes or 
of the nerves themselves. Children of a 
nervous temperament are often the sub- 
jects of convulsions during dentition, 
particularly when accompanied bv a dis- 
ordered state of the bowels or the pres- 
ence of worms. 

Convnlsionists ^ri;?S'^«J?2:*f*'l- 

, O O N VUL8I0NARIB8, 

those fanatics of the eighteenth century 
in France who had or affected to havs 
convulsions, produced by religious im- 



n 



I 



I 






i 



Conway u»k 

m.wiiiuf,;e.t _. Coooh-Behar, yj^gS.?;?', 



<kOch-be-hilr'), a i 



..iCh ot North WUw Id OinmrrOLillIre, r'£,S''„f;,"'!?Si'.!'JS"'i '' S?" 
...tt ot ■)., Co,,,,. It .. ooUbl. tor "™1 .'/ °"-SS'"b%''BSS.I,"?.4S, 



casus Duiii ny cawira i, a ■□■- ti,--—-,*-. „„— ), 
peiuioii bridle built by Telford, and a tu- ^yf ^i JKH.^"' "i«T"' li 

Pop. B242.-tlie rifer Conway ha« a R^^ iS^lJ^^lZ^^^^ a 
pour^ of about 30 mile* through mucb SSS^'S^^?"" '^"V'^ f"""* »«°«'««n; 

/tT^™^ HM.T SiTMOtm. au Bue- "* <*' ">= ^««Ja«>. Pop. 12,000. 

Conway, ST'^IS^^^, 1Sm*="fu Cook, i^r£,/riT^„S^"V« 

rf*J;unS:ri-S3at''cS5X''lfl746.^"^- gT^,^: «" *■',■' TJ 'PPr"?^ 

Id 1761, wa> Secretary of State in the ^^S' th. '^?^'' '. '^'" ,i / ^™* *" 
WbiB cabinet 1761-6& was made oom- ffi.'?5^,,*i!,,r?J"L?SS* JJ'^h.'"*? J^ 
manaei-in-phief of thHrmy in 1782. and ISSnSli «lf,5l,U^%l~ ?« ^,^1^; 
moTed in Parliament to f4aBe boaUlitiea Rfr?f?'^.I^'i''„rfII*!?,, 'S. "tT^T^ 
■lalnrt the United State*. In allualon to Sl,?L "^^T^?™ «W™Sf„„^^ °^ 
thii Burke i*id.  AU Bnfland, aU Amer- Ne-foundUnd. Soma obMrradona on . 

lea. Joined in his applause.' He died in 

1785. 

flnnvraT Moncvwc Dakiel, author 
\jVUWHy, ^j preacher, bora in 8U(- 
ford Co., VlTfluia, in 1832 ; died in 1907. 
He entered the Methodist ministrr in 
1840, but afterwards became a diatin- 
tuiHhed Unitarian pastor and an earaest 
antiolavery advocate. He i>ecame pantor 

of a conareiation in London in ISSt. Ele ' 

wrote The Uolden Hour, Demonology and 
ItevU Lor«, Tke Wandering ./eir, Pine 
and Palm, Life of Thomai Paine, etc 
f!nTi1xr(>t1 It u B a E L L II., American 
l/OnweU, c,p an. born at Worth- 

tnrton. Haas., Febnian' 15, 1843. Aftn 
■PTvinK in the Civil War and as newapf 
per correspondent, he wae ordained to the 
mtniatry and became pastor of Grace 
Baptist Church, Philadelphia. Thti 
church, now known as the Baptist Tem- 
ple, has prospered greatly under his ad- 
Dilnistration. He ban rIho founded the 
Temple College (now Temple University, 
which see) and the Samaritao Hospital. 

English version of the Bible as a trausla- solar eclipse, communicated to the Royal 

tlon of a Hebrew word probably meaning Society, brought him into notice, and 

the Uyram Syriieut, a rabbit-liae animal he was appointed commander of a sdeu- 

common in Syria and Faleatine, inlubit- dflc expedition to the Pacific; Durhig 

ing defta of rocks. See Bjinui. this expedition he successively visited 

ConVZa (k'^i>t'")t > genus of plants, Tahiti, New Zealand, discovered New 

^ nat order Composite, annual SoDth Wale*, and returned by the Cape 

or perennial herb«. scattered over the of Good B<4»e to Britain in 1771. In 

warmer regions of the earth, a few being 1772 Captain Cook, now raised to th* 

tooad Is temperate couutrle*. None po»- null of « oommuider in the navr, cmit 



Ck>oke 



^oolcy 



manded a second expedition to the Pacific 
and Southern Oceans^ which resulted, like 
the former, in many interesting observa- 
tions and discoveries. He returned to 
Britain in 1774. Two years later he 
again set out on an expedition to ascer- 
tain the possibility of a northwest pas- 
sage. On this voyase he explored the 
western coast of North America, and dis- 
covered the Sandwich Islands, on one of 
which, Hawaii, he was killed by the 
natives, February 14, 1779. Captain 
Cook wrote and published a complete ac- 
count of his second voyage of discovery, 
and an unfinished one of the third voy- 
age, afterwards completed and published 
by Captain James King. 
HaaIta J'^'ff banker, horn at Sandusky, 

He engaged in the banking business at 
Philadelphia in 1842 and established a 
new firm in 1861, which did a large and 
useful business as a government agent 
in placing war-loans. It subsequently 
financed the Northern Pacific Railroad, 
this leading to the failure of the firm in 
1873, the nrst event in the great financial 
panic of that year. The later success of 
the Northern Pacific Railroad restored 
Mr. Cooke's wealth. 

nnnlrA John Esten, author, born at 
\yUQJL6, Winchester, Virginia, in 1830; 
died in 1886. His works include The 
Virginia Comediantf Lurry of Eaglets 
Nett, The Last of the Forests, Hammer 
and Rapier, also History of Virginia, 
Life of Robert B, Lee, etc 
HoaV A Rose Tkbbt, authoress, bom at 
VUO&eji Yf^^ Hartford. Connecticut, in 
1827; died in 1892. She wrote Borne- 
hodf^e Neighhor», Huckleberries, Poems 
by Rose Terry, etc., most of her writings 
being short tales of much power and 
literary merit. 

flnnVpTir (kuk'e-ri), the preparation 
uoui^cry of food so as to render it 
more palatable and more digestible. The 
art is of great importance, not only for 
comfort, but also for health. Food is 
mainly prepared by submitting it to the 
action of fire as by roasting, boiling, 
stewing, etc Bach of these processes 
develops a different flavor in food, but 
they result alike In rendering the tissues, 
both of animal and vegetable food, softer 
and much more easily dealt with by the 
digestive organs. The art of cookery was 
carried to considerable perfection among 
some of the ancient natioos, as for 
kstance the Egyptians. Persians, and 
Athenians. Extravagance and luxury at 
table were notable features of Roman life 
under the empire. Among moderns the 
Italians were the first to reach a hirh 
degree of art in this department. Their 



cooking^ like that of the ancient Romans, 
is distuguished by a free use of oil. 
Italian cookery seems to have been trana- 

Slanted by the princesses of the House of 
ledici to l^'rance, and was carried there 
to perhaps the highest degree of perfec- 
tion; even yet the skill and resource 
whidi the French cook shows in dealing 
often with very slight materials is a 
highly creditable feature in the domestic 
economy of the nation. No other people 
seems to have equaled the French in this 
art. 

Cook's Inlet, S* S^®*^?' ^^ ^""^^^ 

wwA. AAiAvvy Pacific Ocean, run- 
ning into the territory of Alaska for 
about 150 miles; explored by Captain 
Cook in 1778. 

Cook's Islands, JerfdiS^'i^vS 

to them because discovered by Captain 
Cook. See Hervey Islands, 

Cook's Strait. ^^^ channel ^, which 
wvA B k^ VACM.WI g e p a r a tes the two 

principal islands of New Zealand, dis- 
covered by Captain Cook in 1770. 

Cookstown i^^'S^'^i,?,^,?: 

10 miles north of Dungannon ; has manu- 
factures of linen and large trade in flax. 
Pop. 3531. 

Coolers (l^^'^rs), Watkb, vessels of 
wAv^A0 porous, unglazed earthenware 
in which a liquid can be kept cool by 
constantly exuding through the substance 
of the ware and evaporating from the 
outer surface of the vessel. 
Coolie Of?Tf;Tamil, *iiK) anamein 
Hindustan for a day laborer, 
also extended to those of some other 
eastern countries. Many of these have 
been introduced into the West Indies, 
Mauritius, and other places, their passage 
being paid for them on their agreeing to 
serve for a term of years. The first 
coolie emigrants appear to have been 
those sent to British Guiana from Cal- 
cutta in 1880 to supply the want of labor 
felt after the aboliaon of slavery. The 
coolies employed in Guiana are chiefly 
from India. 

Coolikv ^k5^6), Thomas M., Jui4st, 
vuuiey bom at Attica, New Vork. in 
1824. He removed to Michigan in 1843, 
studied law, and in 1859 became pro- 
fessor of law in Michigan University. 
He was a justice of the Supreme Court 
of Michigan in 1864: chief justice in 
1867; retired from the bench in 1885, 
and was appointed by President Cleve- 
land on the Interstate Commerce Com- 
mission, of whi'*h he was chairman. 
He resigned In 1801 and died in 1896. 
He ranked among the highest of consti- 
tutional jurists and was the aathor of 



Goolidge CoQperatlTe Societies 

muwraiu IcB&l works, ehieflj bawd ob Uokieant, are funiliar namea to tlie 

the Conadtutioii of the Dnlted States. novel-reading pubUc. After riritinc 

flfwiliilvA (kdtlj), GALniT (1ST2- ), Europe and serving as coniut for the 

VUUUiHSC ^ American public official, United Slates at Lyons for three jmn, 

horn on a farm in Vermont, Mlucated at Cooper returned to America, where be 

BUeh Biver Aeadeny and Amherst Col- died at Cooperstown, New YorlL ia 18611 

lefe (BTadnated 1800). He practised law Besides bis novels he wrote a hiatory of 

In Northampton, Uast., and was succes- the United States Navy and aonie Tol- 

■iTelr major, aaMmhljmau, State senator, umes descriptive of bis travels. 

Uvatenant-Boremor and Eovemor. His fJooner "i^ an American inreatar. 

Arm itand for law and onler during the ""^^iti, mftnufaeturer, and nhilAii- 

polle« strike in Boston, In September, thropkt, born in 1T91 ; died in 1883. He 

1B19, hronght him Into natioDal promt' started life with few advantages, ImIus 

nenee, and in 1920 he was elected Tiee- almost self-educated ; hut by dint ol 

presldrat of the United States, hdng the energy, perseverance, sagscit; and lnt»- 

nominee of the Republican part;, with rity, accumulated a large fortune. He 

Warren G. Harding as president. carried on the manufactare of glne and 

GoOmaSSie. See Suma,^. isinglass for over fifty years, and was 
also conneeled with the iron manatac- 

r!oninhi>(^'>>)i^l^'A>' fl'^^l-l^'- ("'«• ^^ railways (he designed and 

vvuuiuc J British author, horn at Bria- built the first Auiericao locomotlT«), 

toL He wrote the Diobotiod; the Devil and the telegraphs of the United State*. 

I7|MH» Two Slicks in England, a continun The ' Cooper Union ' in New Zork was 

tion and Imitation of Le Sage's novel ; established by him to fornlah a fr«* 

tha Ttmr of Dr. Synln* In Searnh of the education la art and practical adence. 

PtotoresmM; Bnglith Danoe of Dealk, It comprises day classea, in which 

etc an iHDatrated bv Rowlsndson. women are Instructed in drawing, palnt- 

Coomn^Jl (kflm'ta), a town of In- ing and other branches of art; erening 

vuviu^Mus ^jij pj, (jig sea-coast, In classes. In which young men and womeq 

tha presidency of Bombay, about 330 are taught art, engineering, chemistry, 

milea a. a. E. of Bombay. It has an mathematics, etc. ; free reading-room and 

open roadstead and a large cotton trade. library, etc. 

&f^»„',r,, s,. A.T,^ p„- Co6p,iatiTeSocietiM <y,j;''^ 

^^^f^t^^ Ton, an English aurgeon, waa associstioDs of individuals for mntnal aa- 
bom in Norfolkshire In 1768 : died in sistance in industrial or commercial ob- 
1841. He studied medicine in London, jects. One form of coSperative sodeties 
and attended the lectures of John Hun- Is that of an association of men helongina 
tar. After vlsitluK Paris in 17M he was to some trade or industry for the pnrpoae 
appt^ted professor of anatomy at Sur- of carrying it on entirely by their own 
geon'a HaA, end in 1600 head surgeon efforts, and thus securing all tiie profits 
of Guy's Hospital He became a Tery of their labors to themsdvea; bat mach 
eminent aurgeon. In 1S22 app<>ared his more common aseodations are those the 
treat work on Dwlooation* and Fractiirei. object of which la to provide the memben^ 
Shortly afterwards he became president and sometimee also fbe general public 
of the Boyal OoDem of Surgeons, and with the ordinary household neceadtiea. 
boDors and tldea W every kind poured at as near as possible the prime coat 
In on him. Associations of the former kind are thus 

Coinwr J^MOa PEvnfOBE, an Ameri- associations for production, those of tb^ 
*^ * can norellat, born at Burling- latter for distribution, by means of what 
^/ S*? Jeraeft in 178!t. studied at are commonly known as OoSpentiM 
Tale College, and entered the American Btoret. Cooperative sodeties of tha lat- 
MTy aa « mldi^pmsn at the age of ter kind have been established very widely 
dzteen. In 18M appeared the norel in Great Britain, one of the firat and 
of Pneamh^n, the first production of most succesHfnl of them being the Roch- 
Us POL Though aoccessful, it gave m dale Equitable Honeers' Society. This. 
•*"P* for hU peculiar poweij, and it like others, is conducted on die prbtdple 
was not Hll the production of the 8p» of dividing the surplus profits amoug the 
and the Ptoneer$ thst he began to take members alone In proportion to their 
 w't "'/^ ^?f ' contemporary par<*«ies, after a certain fixed percent- 
noveUst*. After diat wme a steady age has been deducted for Interest on 

^ "a .'"^^'v*'*"JiHl,"*"'Ji'%"A.*v* ""^ <*P'*«' subscribed. Thia ^^ 
aaa end In the backwoods, moat of which, commenced In TfU4 with nniv ■>«»«>«. 
like Ih- Pilot. Rf4 RoPfr. Wotcrtritcd. memteri- It hasliWeW)0 o? TwSP^ 



Cooper's CreeK 



Copaiba 



aion than j|1300,00a A striUiif feature 
in con&ectioii with the societies in the 
North of EnsUnd, where thej are very 
nameroas and flourishing, is the forma- 
tion of an association of cooperative 
societies. The North of England Co- 
operative Wholesale Society, for the pur- 
nose of making their purchases on as 
laiv* & scale as possible, so as to increase 
the profits. There are now in Great 
Britain about 13U0 societies, with sales 
amounting to |15O,00U,0UO a year. Simi- 
lar associations have been formed for the 
benefit of other than the working cisssesb 
such as clergymen, lawyers, medical 
practitioners, officers in the army and 
navy, members of the civil service, etc 
The Civil Service Supply AesooiaUin^ of 
Jjomdan is the most extensive of these, 
and has been rery successful, the an- 
anai sales amounting to about $8,- 
&UU,O0O. Manufacturing associations of 
all kinds have been tried on the Euro- 
pean continent, but neither there nor 
in Britain have they, on the whole, been 
very successfuL In these societies, gen* 
erally called Working Men*s Asso- 
ciations, the shareholoers are usually 
also the workmen, and the surplus profits 
are divided among them as workmen 
after they have received the fixed per- 
centage as shareholders, and In some 
cases also among the workmen who are 
not shareholders, if there are any such. 
In German V there are societies for the 
purchase of raw materials, manufactur- 
ukg associations, societies of united shops. 
and cooperative stores. In the United 
States cooperation has ss yet chiefly 
taken the form of building-loan associa- 
tions for providing the members with 
bouses of toeir own, productive and dis- 
tributive societies having made slow 
progress. See slso Building SocieUee 
and Friendly 8ocietie9. 
f*AATftAv*'a r!r»Alr o^ the Babcoo, 

irooper 8 i/reeK, ^^„^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^ 

name chiefly in its upper course, the 
largest inland river of Australia, which 
rises in Qoeenslsnd by two branches, 
the Thomson and Victoria (or Barcoo), 
and flows southwest to Lake Eyre. 
RoArdinatM (kO-or'di-nftts). in jre- 
^HIOraiuaireB <,nietry, a term applied 

to lines, to which points under consid- 
eration are referred, and by means of 
which their position is determined. Co- 
ordinates either determine the position 
of a point in space or in a plane which 
Is understood to contain all the figure 
under considers tion. They determine 
position by straight lines only, or by a 
straight Une and angles: in the latter 
ease they are called polar coordinates. 
Wb«n ooOrdlnates are at right angles 




Cotedinstsb 



to each other they are cslled reetangu- 
lar coordinates, and m*ben they make 
any other angle 
with each other 
they are rallprf j ^ 

obltque coordi- 
nates. In the fig. 
ox or are two 
fixed lines at 
right angles to 
each other, and 
P is a point* 
whose position is 
to be determined. 
If we know on and on we can easily find 
the position of P, of which on ob are 
called the coordinates. 

Coonr ^^^^t)* ^^ KuBO, an ancient 
o principality now a province in 
Southern Hindustan, lying between My- 
sore on the east and northeast and the 
districts of Sooth Cansra and Malabar 
on the west; srea, 1583 sq. miles. The 
country has a healthy climate and yields 
coffee, spices, timber, etc. The capital 
is Merkara. Pop. 180,607. 

Coos (kO-os). See Cot. 

Ciuwv (kO'si), a river of Northern 
vrutnijr Bengal, which rises among the 
Nepaul Himalayas, flows in a southerly 
direction, and falls into the Ganges after 
a course of 325 miles. 
Hnot l^^^y* ^ graliatorial bird of the 
^*'"* rail family (Rallids). frequent- 
ing lakes and ponds. The common coot 
{Fullca atra) has a bald forehead, a 
black body, and lobated toM, and ia 
about 15 inches in length. The nests, 
which are very large, strong, and com* 
pact, are composed of reeds and rank 
water-herbage, built sometimes near the 
water's edge, and sometimes on small 
islets at some distance from the abore. 
Should the nest be set adrift by a rise 
of water, the female coot seems in no- 
wise disturbed, but sits composedly oa 
her em until it is stranded. The eoot 
of India, China and Japan is said to 
be identical with that of Kiirope, but tha 
North American coot is now recognlacd 
as a distinct species, and has received 
the name of F. WiUoni, 
Copaiba. Co^^aiva Cko-pa'ba, ko-pt*- 

and an oIL The balsam is a liquid 
resinous Juice flowing from incisions 
msde in the stem of a plant. Copmifim 
officinAli9 (nst order Leguminosv), and 
several other species of tiie genus, grow- 
ing In Brasil, Peru, etc. It consists of 
several resins dissolved in a volatile oil 
The resins sre iwrtlv scid and nartlv 
neutral: the oil is clear, oolorissa and 
has an aromatic odor. It Is used io 



Copais Cope 

:^ifo-*'B'SSJ:IlL'"<.;'S'ol' S: copartnership. s«i*«r,-^.wp. 

Iirin»-feiiital orfuu). Cope *'"'P2l.. *_ **i=*'^,*'^I , 2.^^,"**^ 



Cofniba Flul <C«pa«>ra a/UmMt). 

1/OpaU \ae or iMTdi of Ofeece in 
BoMtla, eudoMd by mountaliiB oo erery 
aide, and (ormiiic a ahaUow expMulon 
of the river Uepbiuoa Kme twenty 
milea broad, the water having numerona 
aubterranean outlets to the sea. In 1881 
A b'rench company waa (ormed (or draln- 
iDir ibe lake or marsh, and tbns re- 
deemlni some 62,000 acres ot land. 
UperatToDS were commenced in 1881, 
and tbe drainafe nu completed before 
the end of tlie century. 

rArrnl (Wp^lJ *■ » inm-r««in yielded _, , , 

^^1"^ by different trees in Africa, Oaio. I, Cive. a. flcnn fraa Pncin'* riii—n 
South America, India and Australia, 333. Cops, 
and differiuc considerably in qnality in and partici 

ita several varieties; but In (eueral It pope and i , -. — — _, 

is hard, Bhinlng, tranipnreat, and citron- priests. It was one at tbe vestmeota 
colored. When dissolved lu alcohol or retained at the Reformation in the Angli- 
Inrpentine it makes a tteantifDl and very can Church, 
durable varnish. Indian copal, known Can» Cbamlms West. 



Ian copal, known Cooe Cbamlms West, an Knilish 
ihhU, Is produced *'^ir^t painter, bora in 1811, studied at 



Palerw iiwcay Madafaacar copal the Boyal Academy and in Italy, and 

" "--■ ^raxUiaii first_ ubiMted at the r~' '- 

__ .. /<i«#3 ] . . __ _. _ 

copal or copoli* is fonnd in some place*. Jacob and BaehaeL he secured the com- 



from tfymentra csfrwodio,- BraxUiaii first ezbibited at the academy 

copal from several species of HysMMVa In X8tt hejtalned a prise of 

and loiea, and from TraekuUtbimm lUs picture The Fir$t Triat by 

marliaiism. A substance called fottil 1844, by bis fresco the Mi 



it reaembiea copal resin In odor and miMlon for one of six frMcoea for the 
«doT. House of Lords, producing sccordlnflr 

CopalcheBark(iS';,''f.'.'Jinr* "' "' ' " ' 

•lot piewfogiuiM (order EuphorUacea) , 
• natii ' " -1 — 

rhina (order L^anlaces) of fdexico. the subjects being historical, romantir. 

It resembles cascarilla bark In its prop- or domestic. He also produced Lait 

ertlee. DayM of Cardinal WoUrf. DtpariMr« of 

finnan (kO-pao'). an ancient ruined the Pitgrim Fathtrn. LAUagra and It 

viufiou ^tynf Honduras. Central Amer- Pmueroto, MtlloH'i Drram. flkvtoefc tnd 

icB. on the Copan Blver. with some Jettica, Anyt PBae and Bhitder. Ltmr 

remarkable remains of Indtaa origin. and Cordelia. Hr hpcame A.R.A. In 

flnTtATCPnArv 'ki>-P"r'se-na-riK In 1844 and H.A. In 1848, but retired in 

W)parcenBry ,g^ partnership in 1883, and died in 18B0. 

inheritance: Joint heirship In irtilch each finna Edward Dbirkei, an «m]nnt 

la entitled to a diatlnet share of the ben- ^^i^f naturalist, bom at Philadelphia 

efits. while the property lemalns nn- Pennsylvania, In 1840 : died In 18B7. H* 

AvMed. waa profcuor of B&tnral Uatory at 



Copeck 



Cropemioua 



Haverford College 1804-87. and for 
miinjr years {MUieontologiBt to the United 
States Territorial Surreys. In 1884 he 
was appointed corator of the National 
Mnseam in Washington, in 1891 became 
professor of geology in the University 
of Pennsylvania, and in 1896 was presi^ 
dent of the American Association for 
the Advancement of Science. He gave 
special attention to comparative anatomy 
and did excellent work in the systematic 
arrangement of the fishes and hatra- 
chians and some groups of reptiles and 
mammals. He discovered and described 
over lOUU species of- fossil vertebrata and 
made extensive explorations in the fossil- 
bearing strata of the western United 
States and elsewhere. He made im- 
portant contributions to the theory of 
evolution, writing Origin of the Fittest 
and Primary Factors of Organic UvolU' 
tion, also many works and papers on 
systematic anatomy and descriptions of 
the Cretaceous and Tertiary Vertebrates. 
His Emtinct Vertebrata of the Eooene 
Formations of Wyoming describes some 
of the most remarxable types of mamma* 
lia ever discovered. He purchased the 
American NaturaUst in IS^l and edited 
it till his death. 

CODeck Uf^'Pf ^ J kopeika, a lance), a 
wj#%«wA Russian copper coin, so called 
from the impression of St George bear- 
ing a lance, the hundredth part of a 
silver rouble, or about the eightieth part 
of a paper rouble. It Is equal in value 
to about three-fourths of a cent. 

Copenhagen ^^^^ij^l^^,'>^^;. 

chants' haven), the capitaJ of Denmark, 
on the Sound, the larger and older por- 
tion of it on the east side of the Island 
of Zealand, a smaller portion on the 
north point of the island of Amager, with 
a branch of the sea forming the har- 
bor between them. The old fortifications, 
which formerly separated the city from 
its extensive suburbs, have been leveled 
and converted into promenades, and a 
modem system of fortifications con- 
structed on a grand scale, far beyond the 
site of the old town and embracing 
canals to flood the approaches to the 
dty. These convert it into a great 
stronghold. The city is mostly well 
bulit, principally of brick. The chief 
buildings are the roysl palace of Rosen- 
borg with many antiques and precious 
articles; the Amalienborg, consisting, 
properly speaking, of four palaces, one 
of them the usual residence of the sov- 
ereign: the pslace of Charlottenborg, 
now the repository of the Academy of 
Arts; the Royal Library, oontaming 
660,000 Toltimes and 26,000 manuscripts; 



Thorwaldsen's Museum, containing a. 
great many of the sculptor's works: the 
university buildings, the Tor Fruf 
Kirke. the arsenal, etc The univer 
sity, founded by Christian I in 1478, has 
over 2000 students, and a library ot 
800,000 volumes. The museum of North- 
em antiquities and the ethnographic 
museum, founded in 1892, are unrivaled 
of their kind. The harbor is safe and 
commodious. Copenhagen is the princi- 
pal station of the Danish fleet and the 
center of the commerce of Denmark. It 
carries on an active trade with Norway, 
Sweden, Russia and Germany, and in 
particular with Britain, the principal 
exports being grain, butter, d&eese, beef, 
pork, cattle, horseiL hides, etc It has 
foundries and machine-works, extensive 
shipyards, woolen and cotton mills, por- 
celam works, breweries, distilleries, etc, 
and produces also watdaes, docks, piano- 
fortes, etc. Sugar-refining and tanning 
are carried on. Copenhasen is first men- 
tioned as a fishing hamlet in 1048. In 
1443 it was made the capital of Den- 
mark. It has occasionally suffered much 
from fires and from hostile attacks, the 
most disastrous being the bombardment 
by the British from the 2d to the 6th 
of September, 1807. In 1801 the Danish 
fleet was here defeated by Sir Hyde 
Parker and Nelson. The environs in 
iKftme parts are verv fine. Pop. with sub- 
urbs, in 1911, 669,898. 

CoPeDOda (kp-PJP'o-^), an order of 
Jr 1^ minute entom ostracoua 

fresh-water and marine Crustacea, so 
named because their five pairs of foot 
are mostly used for swimming (Gr. 
kopif an oar). 

Copernicus <pte^X^Ho2Iaf ^J^ 

tronomer, bom at Thorn, then in Poland, 
in 1473, his family being supposed to 
have come originally from Westphalia. 
He first studied medicine at Cracow, and 
afterwards devoted himself to mathe- 
matics and astronomy, and in 1600 
taught mathematics at Itome with great 
success. Returning to his own country, 
he was made canon in the cathedral of 
Frauenburg, and began to work out his 
new system of astronomy. Doubting 
that the motions of the heavenly bodies 
could be confused and so complicated 
as the Ptolemaic system (which see) 
made them, he was induced to consider 
the simpler hypothesis that the sun was 
the center round which the earth and 
the other planets revolve. Besides this 
fundamental truth Copernicus antid- 

Eated, for he can scarcely be said to 
ave proved, many other of the prind- 
pal facts of astronomical sdence, rach 



Copiapd Copper 

u the motioa of the e&rth ronnd its the mo*t ductile end malleable of mettlai 
axis, the inunense distance of the start It is more elastic than any m«t>l ^uept 
which made their apparent podtioii the steel, and the most sonoroos erf all ex- 
same from an; part of the earth's orbit, cept aluminium. Its conductiiiK power 
etc His general theorjr alao enabled for heat and electricitf is inferior 4ni1; 
bim to eiplsin lor the first time man; of to that of Bilver. It has a distinct odor 
the important phenomena of nature, and an unpleasant, metallic taste. It is 
such as the vsristions of the seasons and cot altered by water, but tarnishes by 
the preceHsion of the equinoies. The exposure to tbe air, and becomes co?- 
great work in which Copernicus ex- ered with a green carbonate. It occon 

Slained his theory, De Orbivm CfElettium native in branched pieces, dendritic. In 
'evolulionibui ('On tbe Revolutions of tbin plates, and rarely in regular oyt- 
tbe Celestial Orbs'), was completed in tals, in the primitive and older second- 
1530, and published at Nuremberg in sry rocks. Blocks of native copper have 
1&4S. He was not ex communicated on sometimes been obtained welshing many 
account of it. He died at Frauenburg tons. Its ores are numerous and abun- 
in 1543. danL Of these, several contain sulphur 

G0DiaT)6 (k&-pe-a-pO'), the name of a nnd iron or other metal, such as copper 
r^ r^ river and a tuwn in Ata- glance or vitreous copper (CdiS) ; gray 
cams, Chile. The river flows west from copper or Fablers, one of tbe most aMO- 
the Andes to tbe Pacific, and has a. course dant and Important ores; and copper 
of 1S5 miles. About 30 miles from the pyrites or yellow copper ore (CnFeSi), 
sea is the town of CopiBp6, or Ssn Frsn- another abundant ore. The red oxide 
dsco de la Selva, the center of an impor- of copper (Cu^) forms crystals of a 
tant mining district. I*op, 10,287. The ""« red color, and is used for coloring 
seaport, Calders, stands at the moutb of glsss. There are two native carbonates, 
the river and has about 2800 inbabl- the blue and the ^reen, the latter bein; 
tnntn. the beautiful mineral malachite, tbe 

,. „.' npper former also known ss blue malachite. 

__ „ ., ^ wall made to Blue vitriol is a snlpbate, and is used for 

project and slope so as to carry the rain- dyeing and preparing pigmenta, as ore 
water clear of the walL various other copper compounds. Ver- 

CotiIpv (hople), John SnfOLrrOR, a diffrit is an acetate. Tbe arsenite of 
vvyis,j Belf'tsugbt snd distiDruisbed copper is the pigment SoA«ele'i green. 
painter, born in 1737 at Boston, Massa- BchtoeinfuriK green is another copper 
cbusetts; died in London In 1815. where pigment. All the compounda of copper 
he bad settled in 1TT& acquiring a are poisonous. It is found tn most 
reputation as a historical painter. Be European countries, in Australia and 
was elected a member of the Royal Jspsn. in Africa and in America, tbe 
Academy in 1779. His most celebrated United States being much the grestest 
picture is the Death of Lord Chatham, producer. The world's total annual yield 
now in tbe National Gsllery. His son of copper is about 1,250,000 metric tons, 
becsme Lord Lyndburst. of which the United Stnles produces from 

,. .„ ., flOO,000 to 800,000 metric tons, the great 

Idelds being in Arizons, Montana, Hicbi- 
ian, Utah and Nevada, 

^- „, ,.^ _.. ,v„ .„ ,„,. _..^j iu,„„B„ Copper is extracted from Its ores eiUier 

the Mexican war, resigning in 1856 snd by the dry or tbe wet process. For the 
becoming professor of Engliab litera- former, what is known as the Welsh 
tnre In the University of Pennsylvania. Process Is most common in the Cornwall 
He was president of Lehigh University mines of Great Britain, snd may be de- 
1866-75. afterwards profeasor of history scribed. It consists In alternately roast- 
there, and in 1874 waa made a regent of Ing tbe ore, and then smelting It In a 
the Smithfwnian Tnifitutlon. He wrote fnmace with a suitable slag, until Im- 
BlemenU of Logic. Elements of Rhetoric. Pure or bUtler oopp<^ Is obtslned. &- 
Congueit of Spain bv the Arai-Maort. fore this stage is resched a metallic 
etc. Died in 1895. compound of copper, sulphur and iron 

PnTtTiBT fliop'erl. one of the most has t>een produced, technicsllv known as 
uuppcr anciently known metals, de- moll, regului. or coane metal, snd sub- 
riving Its nsme from Cvprvi. large sop- sequently a tolerably pore sulphide of 
plies baring in Greek and Roman times copper called fine metal. The blister 
eome from fhnt Island. It In a metal copper is refined bv burning off the enl- 
•f a pale-red color tlnared with vellow : pbur. arsenle, and other volatile Im- 
cbemlcal symbol Co. atomic weight «3.2. purities, and by melting it along wldi 
Next to gold, riWer and platinum it Is wood charcoal and stirring it witb a 



Copperas 



wooden pole. The quality is then tested, 
and, if found satisfactory, the copper 
is cast into ingots. In extracting the 
metal from pyrites by the wet process, 
the ore is first roasted to get rid of the 
larger proportion of sulphur, then the 
calcined residue, still containing sulphur, 
is mixed with common salt, ground and 
heated in ovens. The copper is thus 
converted into chloride, part of which 
voiatilises, but is condensed along with 
arsenic and other substances, by pas- 
sage through flues and water-condensers. 
After some hours the calcined mixture 
is raked out of the ovens, cooled, and 
transferred to tanks, where it is ex- 
hausted by successive treatment with 
water. The solution, containing chloride 
of copper, sulphate and chloride of so- 
dium, and iron salts, is next heated along 
with scrap-iron. Copper precipitates in 
the form of a ruddy, lustrous, tolerably 
compact mass, with a crystalline appear- 
ance, and mixed with metallic iron and 
oxide. The larger pieces of iron are 
picked out, the precipitate washed and 
drained, and then rendered compact by 
heating in a furnace. A slag containing 
the oxide of iron formsj and the cop- 
per, when judged eufiiciently pure, is 
run into molds. Afterwards this crude 
metal is refined and toughened in the 
usual way, and the slags are employed 
as in the Welsh process. Some of the 
alloys of copper, especially those con- 
taining tin and sine, are of considerable 
importance, e. g., bronze, an alloy com- 
posed of varying parts of copper, and tin ; 
heUrtnetal also produced from an alloy of 
copper and tin; British bronze coin- 
age, copper 05, tin 4, zinc 1. Copper 
is applied to a great many useful pur- 
poses. In sheets it is used for shentning 
the bottoms of ships, covering roofs and 
domes, the constructing of boilers and 
stills of a large size, etc. It is also used 
in electrotyping and engraving, for vari- 
ous household utensils and fittings; but 
its use for household utensils is by no 
means free from danger on account of the 
action of acids on it, which produces ver- 
digris. As it is one of the best cond\ictors 
of electricity, it is now largely employed 
for this purpose, especially in conducting 
the powerful currents used in power 
transmission. 

Copperas i^ ^ p'®-^ » «> • f^^P\^}% 2^ 

ww^^wAMM jfQji^ or green vitnol (FeS- 
0«.7HaO), a salt of a peculiar astringent 
taste and of a fine green color. When 
exposed to the air it assumes a brown- 
ish hue. It is much used in dyeing black 
and in making ink, and in medicine as a 
tonic. The copperas of commerce is 



Copra 

usually made by the decomposition of iron 
pyrites. 

Copper Glance <„^),^nrw 

gray color. It contains a high percentage 
of copper, and abounds in Cornwall, Eng- 
land, and in many European countries. 

Copperhead. .* venomous North Amer- 
wv^^^AMvw^a.^ j^j^j snake, the Ancia- 

irodon contortriw of the rattlesnake fam- 
ily, of the same genus as the water- 
moccasin, but it is not aquatic. While it 
has no rattle, its bite is as deadly as that 
of any snake of its size. 

Copperheads, ^n epithet applied to 

^"^ ' pacifists and disloyal 

Northerners during the Civil War. The 
Ohioans are given credit for the first use 
of the term, probably having in mind the 
characteristics of the snake of that name. 
The copperhead snake hides in tall grass 
or lurks in crannies of rocks and strikes 
without a previous hint of his animosity. 
He never comes out into the open. Sim- 
ilar traitorous characteristics were sus- 
pected in the pacifist, hence the transfer 
of the title. During the European war 
the epithet was revived and applied to 
those who did not believe in carrying the 
war to a military conclusion. 

Coppermine Kiver, ^^^^^y'^^^li 

British North America, which falls, after 
a course of about 250 miles, into the Arc- 
tic Ocean, in lat. 68* N. ; long. 116° w. 

Copper-nickeL **"• kuppebnickel, 

'^'^ ' an ore of nickel, an 

alloy of nickel and arsenic, containing 
about 60 of the former and 40 of the 
latter, of copper color, found in the mines 
of Westphalia and dsewhere. It often 
accompanies cobalt and silver ores. Called 
also ntccolite. 

Copper-plate, 1^2?^^^ ^^\^ .S^ 

^ ^'r r y copper on which the 

lines of some drawing or design are en- 
graved or etched to be printed from ; also 
a print or impression from such a plate. 

Copper Pjrrites (pi-rf-tcz). or yei- 

'^^ •' low copper ore. a 

double sulphide of copper and iron, com- 
posed in equal parts of copper, sulphur 
and iron. It occurs in metalliferous veins 
and is the commonest of the ores of 
copper. 

Coppice ^^^op'is)* or Copse Wood, a 
^'^^ wood in which the trees are 
cut periodically as they attain a certain 
size. The term is also used in a general 
sense for a wood of small growth, or con- 
sisting of underwood and brushwood. 
Copra (^op'ra)f the dried kernel of 
^ the cocoanut, from which the 

oil has not been expressed, a consid- 



""P""*"" C^yrigW 

Si^-K^f'f "I wmmerce in miv of What It oUed the Cop«o Jaiv>Me u 

CoprolltM ''"*"•'• ;,'" ."" '" "".Pl"™- 11 I" MIU uud, toniir, i. 

5, oriBiiuU; applied to tlie ft fonnal wer In their relijtioiu aeniceB. 

JhSS. If":?'"" °' S";'? uiim^ It 1. tenrded ae the dTSET da^^d^ 

chieflj llMid. or eanrold lUhes. They ol the ancient wcred huixuwoTthe 

j»embl, oblcn, pebhlej u,d ere I.ond Eifpthme. There iT .TOT," hS,' 

iMetly In the LUe and Coal Meaanrea. dant tiiptic Chtiatian literatur^ chiedi 

njeT conaiet chiefly of pboephetea of lives of ealnta, homilies, etc It la 

ealdoni and magneslom. and the carbon- written in what hi iubstantlally the 

atea of the Bame metals, and orgsnlc Oreelt alphabet, with some addltionaJ 

nutter, and aa the fertilizing propertiea letters. "i™« 

of these are well known, eoprolitea have Cony (hop'l), a writing, picture, etc 

been Urgely used as a manure. For this *^W ma3e in direct imitation of ai^ 

pnraoae the, are rednc«l to powder and other. Of lata yeaS pKmpby £ 

!SS.w ?ii " " lo form super, engrartnga, maps, etc tiiloilpbjT! 
photpbata of lime, frejuentij used In ninitiplyln« copS o" 

tOpn* See Coppice, *"S?*^ ■'"^'' *■ circulara, ami such 

„ "^ ,. ... , , , , contrirancea aa the gelatine pad and th? 

Coptil ''oplla), a small genus of papyogiapb an alsoln ramiSon Si A 
. P'"??* H*- I"?*!' llanunculn. copy of a work of art made by the artiai 

rfeSTairs-s,". 'SnSri-ut's.^'ij Si !n"per?^?- "- ^'^ 

tsei-mVinjT- "'" ' "'"' ^ Copyhold ^rSre'-o? lii"bj 
Copt" felLd.SSa.ttfei'n' 'Sj^^S^" ,'SiJi'"£iJ'i 
cient Egyptian race, belonging mostly now created, for the fmrndlM™ ^f 
fc.,*!. i"""!' ■"■ MonopWte seS which iTSi 1. that the SSSS 1^ 
Heduc«l by a long course of oppression been poasassed Oie out 5f Sd h! 
and mlatule to a tUte of degradation, copy of court roll, and that S? ten/ 
the number and mitional character of menta are within the maS," iJ ]S« 
the Coiits have greatly declined. At Parliament passed a Uw which eni^ 
present they do not amount to more than cither the lonlTr tenant of -nv ™, 
perhaps 3S0,000, Their costume Pe- hold lands K coSpel SlninchSm.^"; 
•embles tbst of the Moslems, but they the land and Mn"rt it LS. f~b»M 
are verv gen.nOly in the habit of weai either in SSsldeSoVn of . «ijf ,^'1 
ing a black tnrban for dUtinction-s sake, or of an annual rent 

JbVaTeV'SSd 'Sr^ra&'SS Copyright <p'SK;") ,fh-i;v,b'" 

cislon and abhor the /.sb of swine. The has In bl. lil,S?rSJrka S ihlch I,^ 

women go out with veiled faces like the other person hMaJSS ^v mSiri' 

Moslem wornsn. mere are schools for and ihich cinsisa of thJ SSSE 

the msle children, but very few of the right of publlStlon  o? thr5iabn3SS 

females are taught to read. Confeaaion a designer, eniSver I^taL^^ 

la required of all. rasUng holds a man, ShatigSKr or mlnior h2 S 

prominent play In the life of the Copt, 'li deigns enmvlSgs „rnUn.;.iJ 

who la, indeed, required to fast (that In the case of encydoo^ ?. Erf™ 

Upt'-.iS^-'d-uM^rtb-;' ss 'jsi'^i ^-^^.n. ;£^^Si 

&'!:%he'?a'«VSj ;i Sla£« Su!L,,'^E,:T.m'Js«b." S 

that Christianity wm lnt«)dti<*d nmoDi subject to the Mm" cod^«S^« >L^ 
th«D. They are verv .trict >nd ex- The eidn.lve rirbt Sf MftonS..^ 
doilTe in their reliffon. but  freat fflatlc and mndcal comoJ^™! ^, 

faith. The Copta are quiet and Indn^ fornied belong, to ftf ■nttSrnrW.'^ 
K^^jJ^L'tJ r"1j=""f^7 for bDriae«. ritfee. «ndi7ttr.aS.e "l« ^f^^.^JjA": 
The Coptic acribea form . dow pdld. public ipeecheTaS SrSr-^J^f ^ 



Copyright Co 

(kok-lav), B£iioiT ( 



mar b« extended for another twentr- profession, excellinf in light corned; 

eifot rears for the benefit of the author melodrama, 

himaeJf, hla widow, children, aaaisneea. or Pnnn^ftfl HiitIf (ko-kefa>, a a 

oth*r repreaentatlvea. A work must be ^'O^neiW uaTK j,^^^ j„ (j,^ ,^^ 

pnbliahed with a copyricht notice, which CincAono lanoi/oUa, which contains 

mar be In the form ' Copfrlgbt nine. 

(jear, date of publication) (name nonnilldTlTit (ko-kwilTa), the aee 

of copyillht proprietor.)' Two copies of ^oqmuanui ^j^^ piaasavi or piw 

the beat edition of the work muit tben be palm (Attalia funifira), one of 

forwarded to the Coprrifht Office, LI- cocoanut group, a native of Braiil. 

brary of CoQfresa, Washington, with an nuts are 3 or 4 incbei long, oval. < 

application for regiatration and a money rich brown color and very hard, and 

order for the statutory registration fee of naed In turnery for making nmbr 

$1. Aa regards books or periodicals in handlea, etc. 

the Engliah language, it ia necessary that nft-T,:—!,-, (ko-kimTiO). or La 

the type aball be aet, the electrotypes l-OqTUmOO \^^ ^ (^„^ ^, f, 

m^e, and the printing and binding wholly capital of the province of Coqnli 

performed within the United States in stands near the aea, on a river of 

order that advautue may be taken of her same name. It la the see of a bis 

copyrlabt law. The requirements also ex- Pop. 16,181.— PoBTO COQCiifBO, the 

tend, in general, to the iUnstratlons of a of the above, from which it is dUtai 

book, and to separate litbographa or miles to the b. w., has smelting w< 

phot^engrarings. He work, however, and a large export trade, chiefly 

may be first publlahed in another CDunti7 copper and the predons metals. 1 

provided it b entered In tertna of the 62^6.— The province Is rich in cop 

United States law within a period vary- giiver, gold, and other metals, auc 

Ing from thirb to sixty days. Works not mountahioTis. Pop 166 000 

and tannd abroad, anf yet be eligible for VOqiUH) taUli*. a very beautiful t 

eoB'rifbth^ u 1^ » "' Chile, allied to the cocoanut pi 

t.t^ ^EX™.* «"'"^«?P w" lie'^ et growing to the height of 40 to 60 I 

Berne between reprewntativeB of a Urge and yielding a ricTi. sweet aap wl 

nwober of nationa for the purpose of con- when boiled Is called palm-honey. 

Bderinc the question of international /!___•__ „ „ ,, 

copyright. Aa a result of their deUbera- LOraOlEB. See fioHws. 

tion an agreement was reached whereby p-_--i,i (kor'a-kl), a amall boat 

a work copyrighted in one country should 'jOraCie ).^aoK of oval form and a 

recdve the same Drlvlleps in all. In of wfckerwork covered with sklna. 

i?°? .w «"^^ •'el'l "* BerUn proposed ^as used by the ancient Britons, 

that the unUorm term of the life of the ^imething similar Is still in uae an 

anthor and fifty years ^onld be adopted ^x^\a^ fi,hermen and on the Irish la 

by all the parties to the Berne convention. /i_„__jj -d™- I kor'a-koli) 1 s 1 

iiother pVovlBlon prevented the United CoraOOld Bone !„ birds JoiiSg 

om acceding, aa at that, time aU gtemum and shoulder-bone, and ■!■ 



State* from acceding, aa at that Ome aU gtemum and shoulder-bone, and tl^ 

worka (now works in the English lao- support to the wing. In mammals i 

rge only) had to he manufactured here, represented by the coroooid prooei. 

order to obtain the privilege of copy- thf^ nrnnnl* >■ <~ 



right. The act of 19W, however, enables fi___i iknr'iill the nnmB  nnits. 
copvright agnements t^ be entered into Coral \he caica r?^ s. at^nv .t 

^^&^^'L'?:^''':S't^^ f^ t\>"""viSoSr'oV%*he''''JSlenter«t"" 
S th^ ISS: &nt'n"i"o.."" ^*e "^n ti^ tl^X,'^^^ ^" ffn'd-'^of '^iV "'" 

am uunnger. ^ corals, and Aoae 1b which (as 



Coral Fishes 



the red coral ot commerce) the Bkeleton 
la external or culicular. Keprodactloa 
takes place by ova, but chieHf bf bud- 
'^iDg, the Dew individual remainiDg in 
organic uniun witb ^le old. The coral 
masses grow not merely by the multipli- 
cation oC individuals, but by the in- 




crease in height of each of ttke latter, 
which, as they grow, become divided 
tranHverael; by partitions. The animal, 
distended with ova, collapses on their 
discbarge, and thus becomes too small 
for the cup which it formerly occupied : 
it cuts off Ihe waste space by a hori- 
Kontal layer ol coral, and the repetition 
of this process gradually adds to the 
heiicbt of the mass. It is in this wsy 
that the coral reefs and islands, occur- 
ring in socb abundance in tbe Pacific, 
Ihe Indian Ocean, and the Rpd Sea, are 
built up — works of snch stupendons and 
astonishing hulk when compared with 
the tiny creatures that produce them. 



reef the harrier reef, nnd aioU or lo^ooit 
reef. According to Darwin's theory, tbe 

latter twu are merely developments of 
the Srat Tbe fringing reel on the mar- 
gin, say, of a South Sea island (see a in 
the figure) is tbe work of corals living 
tbe shore. This island is supposed 

fradually to aubside into the ses, 
ut BO slowly as to allow the coral 
polyps, which cannot exist at a 
grester depth than between 20 and 
30 fathoms from the surface, to 
add to tbe height of tbe reef aad 
keep themselves always at the 
same level. Thus, in the course of 
time, as the island sinks In the 
constantly recedinc margin, the 
coral formation will no longer be 
ft fringing reef, but will stand out 
at sea, with water on all side* be- 
twixt it and tbe island. In this 
way the barrier reef is formed (as 
In b). But should the island coo- 
tlnue to sink till it disappear altogether, 
tbe reef la then left as a huge circle en- 
closing a lagooD and constituting the 
atoll (c). By accretions of various kinds 
this finally rises above the surface of 
the sea, is taken possession of by a 
tropical vegetation, and at length be- 
comes the habitation of man. Darwin'i 
theory is h; many not considered satis- 
factory, however, and these offer an ex- 
planation of the formation of tbe coral 
reefs without the process ot anbald- 

Tbe c 



tion of 1 



polyps, a 




I. FriEipDs-reci: ^. £»IT 

tevcl: fr.CDnl-recIaic.Prinutive JiDd; d.Ponii 

These coral reefs appear under tbi 
principal type*. 



s appear um 
tamely the 



polSr-., — 

Internal structure. 

red, pink, and black sorts are the most 
highly prised. The red coral has s 
branching, shrub-like form, and, witii 
other kinds, is found abnodantly in the 
Mediterranean. The coral fishery, as It is 
called, is carried on in various parts ot 
the Mediterranean, the principal locali- 
ties being the southwest coast of Corsica, 
where the finest qualitv Is found, the 
coast of South Italy, and the north coast 
of Africa (Algeria and Tunls>. Tbe 
raw coral ia wrought chiefly in Leghorn, 
Genoa and Naples. The coral is brought 
up from the bottom by means of net- 
work bags with wide meshes, attscbed 
to crossbeams of wood that are let down 
from a vessel by a line. Italy takes the 
leading part both in fishing for coral and 
in its preparatinn fnr the market. Coral 
is capable of taking a good pol'sh, but 
is not susceptible of recpiving the finer 

it consists chleSy of carbonate of 
lime. 

Coral Fishes, J 



Coralline 



Corday S' Annans 



(CDera, beloncine to the Ohatodontidte. PnTlutl (korlwl), in architecture. 

They are found in aU tropics! oeaa, «■- ""**'«* piece of Btone, wood, or ir. 

peoally about coral reefa, and are all projecting from the " '- ' 

brilliantly colored. The most important vertical lace of a J 

is the Holocantkut imperaior, the * em- vail, to support M 

peror (rf Japan,' which measures about some superincum- M 

IB inches in length, and is the most ea- bent mass, Uop- 

te«med of all the Indo-Pacific fishea. bela are of a great 

nnrftlliTii* (kor'al-In,. a term popu- Mnety of forma 

i^oramne \„, jj^ both t ""* •" "-"°- 



UOralline, ^ b/the action of am- J^"? '^ ""- 
monia at about 300° Fshr. upon rosoUc Projecting e 
acid, or upon the washed residue of the 
action of a mixture of snlphnric, ox- 
alic, and carbolic acids. It is osed for 
dyeing ailk, and is alao printed upon 

oolitic ieries— a variety of limestone 
containing an abundance of petrified 
corals, occurring in some parts of £3ng- 
laud. 

Coral Boot. See Dentarw. 
nnwnl Sao pal"* ot the Pacific on the 
U)raX Oea, Sottbeast ot Australia, be- 
tween it and the Solomon Islands and 
the New Hebrides. 

Coral Snake, ir.";.klTu;.= 

family aa the cobra. The typical spe- 
cies is found in woods and thickets in 
South America. 

Paw>1 fi-»B treea and shrubs of the 
Coral-tree, t^e name of leguminous 
genus Ervthrtna. natives of Africa and 
America, with tri folios te leaves and 
beautiful scarlet spikea of papUionaceoua 

CoranaCh. See Coronaeh. 

OorAnglai. (KilUi f.™''."'; 

wind inatrument of the reed kind, simi- 
lar to the oboe, and pasaessing a com- 
pass of like extent, but of lower pilcn. 
Its compHSa is from W fourth line 
in the baaa to B flat above the treble 

nnriinnnlift (kor-a-op'o-lia),a borough 
I^OraopuUB ^^ Allegheny Co., Penn- 



d in many 
They are 



e called a eorbel-tabl«. 



vw>»vi~>» „( Allegheny Co., Pec 
sylrania, 10 milea n. w. of Pittsburgh, n. 
a gaa and oil field. It has ateel and glaaa 
plants. Pop. (1020) 6162. 

(TiO-ri'tO). a town of S. Italy; 

province Bari. Pop. 4I.S73. 



Uorato 



dep. Seine-et-blse. where the 
Bwonne enters the Seine ; various manu- 
factures. Pop. 9re6. 



ture, steps Into wbicli 
the aides of gables from the eaves to 
the apex are broken. They are common 
in old Scotch architecture, into which 
they were probably introduced from 

CorchOnig <kof't">-ru8). the «enua of 
uviwuvius pLantB to which Jute be- 
longs, order Tiliacen (the lime-tree). 
They are herbs or amall shrubs with 
serrated lea 'ea and small, yellow Qowera. 
See Jute. 

Corcoran Upr-kC-ran), Willi am 
WILSON, banker, born m 
Georgetown, .'Hatrict of Columbia^ in 
1798. He engkged in the banking fausi- 
neaa, accumulated a large fortune. Re- 
tiring from buainesB in 1854, plans of 
benevolence engaged him till hie death in 
1889. Hia charities are estimated to ex- 
ceed $5,000,000. He founded the Cor- 
coran Art Gallery at Washington, a 
beautiful white marble temple containing 
splendid oil pointlnga. 
r.nrdiurp (kor'dsj), this word aigni- 

rope in its comprehensive senae, though 
in stricter usage it is confined to ropea 
and cablea from half an incii diameter 
upwarda. Tbe materials used in making 
cordage are hemp, flax, manila, Jute, and 
other plant Gbers. 

Corday D'Armam Z^^jSHi". 

Anne CHAnLorre, commonly called 
Charlotte Corday, was bom in Norman- 
dy in 1768, of a family which counted 
the poet Comeille among its ancestors. 
Her lover, an officer In the garriaon of 
Caen, waa accused by Marat aa a cob- 



Cordele Cona 

■Dirator agoinat the republic, and mm*> town ia of Bomaii, a part of Uoodah 
wiated b; villainB hired for tbat pur- origin ; tbe street are narrow, crooked 
puae. Tbii), as well as a deep-rooted and dirt; ; tbe principal square, bow- 
EiaCred agoinat all oppreaaora. determined ever, U (ustinguiaEed lur iis size and tbe 
Ubartolte Uorday to free her countrr beaut; of its coloDDaae. Tbe (cathedral 
from llaraL Having obtained an in- in & splendid building, orlginajij a moaque, 
lerview with &larat at bis own house, erected in tbe eigbib century by King 
•he plunged ber dagger into his bonom, Abderabman. The town ia well supplied 
and gave herself up to the attendants, with scbools, hospitals, and other lusti- 
who Tusbed in at hfs cries. Wben tried tutions. It has always carried on con- 
tor mnrder before the revolutionary tri- aiderable trade; and under tbe Moon 
bunaU, her air was dignified and ber re- the leather exclusively manufactured 
plies firm. In spite of tbe fervid elu- there (cordovan) was exported in ail 
quence of her advocate's defense, she directions. Cordova, which was founded 
was condemned to the guillotine, and was by the Uomana, became the capital ut 
executed on Jul; IT, 1793. Arabian Hpain and the center of Ara- 

PAn1«1« (kor-del'), a dtr. countyseat bian splendor and science under tbe VtX- 
\iOtaviO ^f Q^p c,,_ Georgia, 66 ipha of the West. At that Ume it U 
mlln fl. of Macon, in a timber and farm- said to have had a population of 1,000,000. 
ing district. It has manutaeturea of cot- With the decay of the Moorish empire it 
touseed oil, fertiliser, lumber, etc Pop. fell into the hands of Ferdinand III of 
(1920) 663a Castile. Pop. 72,870. 

fiftrd^lipWI (kor'de-lBrB), originaUy Cotdova •"■ COWW". ""e capital of 
UOraeuera \j^ ^^^^ ^p jvanciscsn '^"»""'''*» the province of Cordova, 
monks who wore as part of th^ dress Argentine Republic, on a tributary of the 
a girdle of knotted cords ; aftemnrds Parana, about 400 miles n. w. of Buenos 
the name given to a society of Jacobins, Ayrea. It occupies a beautiful site in the 
to wbich tbe names of Marat, Dantou valley of the Primero, ia well built and has 
and CainlUe Desmonlina rave some repu' many intereating bnildings. Including a 
tation. Hie club lasted from 1792 to univenity founded by Jesuits In 1613; 
1794, and took Its name from their place olwervatory, library, etc. Pop. 156,000.— 
of meeting. ^be province, which has copper, lead and 

C.nrA.<rrauu Kparflnd iMcta, a Brit- sold deposits, has an area of 66.912 square 
Vioru ^rv,W, j^J, ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^„^^,^ ^^^^ ^nd a population of 765,00a 
and usd for mailing ropes. CnWrlnvflll " ^"^ leather which took 

fift1-flir«»TW (kor-di-aeps), a genus of ^"* "wviiu, j^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^. 
l/uriutepa ^^^ , ^^^^ ^, ^j^i, ^^ „( tlordova, where it was manufactured 
found on dead leaves and branches, in large quantities. Much is now nude 
while others are remarkable for growing in Nortberu Africa and the Levant. 
oD tbe larvK of insects, wbich they lat- TnTiliirnv t kur'd&-roi ) , a thick cot- 

Pj^rdiTI^Toa ( kor-dil-yB'rti) , a Span- on tbe surface. — Corduroy road, in the 
VOruiueruB Ish name given to the United Slates, a road constructed with 
great chains of the Andes and of Mexico, logs laid together over swamps or 
Cordite tkor'dlt], an eiploaive com- marshy places for carriages to pasa over, 
vuiuibc po,ed of guncotton, nltro- Pnrd-nrnnd ^°^ "^"t ""d piled for 
glycerin and mineral jelly. While In a ^"^'^ wuoil, ^^^ j,y ^^ ^^^ j^ ^^ 
' Stic slate it is pressed through a die tinctiou from long wood : properly, wood 
the form of a cord and wound upon cut to the length of 4 feet ; bnt in this 
reels to dry. Various thicknesses are respect the practice is not uniform, 
made to suit dliferent sixed guns. Its (Joiea '"' ^'^i'^* (ko-re'a), a former 
two eiplonivp ingredients, which sepa- ' kingdom of Asia, consisting 

rately are dangerous to handle, are al- chiefly nf a peninsula tying northeaat ot 
most barmtesH when combined. China, bounded it. by Mancburta. E. by 

ffnrdnn (kor'don), in a military sense, the Sea of Japan, 8. by a narrow sea 
wi-yMwii. tr,„pg g„ dlsoosed ss to pre- which parts it from the Japanese Isl- 
sent an nninterrupted line of coramnnl- ends, and w. by the Yellow Sea. It l» 
cation, so as to preserve an area either catled by the nativps Tslotsi-n (Cho-aen) 
from hostile invasion or from contagious and by the .Tapanese Korai, whence Its 
diseases. In the latter sense it Is called Ruro[>ean name. Pop. vaguely estimated 
a Mniforv cordon. at ROOO.OOO to 15,()00000: area about 

rnrHnva 'hor-da-val. an a n e I e n t RO.OOO square miles. SOiiI. or Seoul is 
t^iOTQOTa Snanlsh citv <m the Ouadal- the capital. Tho peninsuls fs traversed 
qolTtr. in Andslnsla. capital of a prov- through its lentth by a monntaln range, 
tnce of the asme name. A part of the abrupt and preclpitoas on tbe eut, bat 



t 



Corea 



(onuuig a gentle slope on the west aide, 
whicb. being watered b; the priDcipal 
rivers ot the country, is eiceediiif;ly fer- 
tile. In the north the only gram that 
can be growD ia barley ; but in the Booth, 
wheat, cotton, rice, millet and hemp 
are frown eitenaively. The glnaeog 
mot IS a production Kreall.v valiipd in 
China and Japan. The domestic ani- 
maU ore oxen, pigs, goat a, doga and 



Russia. Japan made this country a b 
of operationB, established a protectoi 
over it, and soon after the cloae of hos- 
tilities practically annexed it in NoTem- 
ber, 19(J5, by making the Corean govern- 
~ iccedp to the protocol ot a treaty 



cats, and a aiuall race of horaea. Oxen 
only are nsed for sgricultural labors, 
the horse being reserved expressly for 
the saddle. Tigers, panthers, foiea, 
wnlvfs and aables are abiindaiit. The 
mannfactures are, generally speahtng, 
rode, and mostly confined to tissues of 
bemp and cotton, silk, paper and pot- 
tery. The peninsula abounda In min- 
erals, gold, silver, iron, copper, lead and 
coal, and the natives show much artistic 
skill in the art of wnrkins metals. 

The esriv records of Corea carry us 
back to 1122 B.C. Within recent years, 
while practically Independent, it has been 
tributary to China, while Japan claimed 
rifchta there arlslni from ancient coa- 
quetta. These conflicting claims led to 
war between Japan and China in 1894, 
.the reaalt being that Corea was released 
from CUneae suzerainty. In bf KUw with 



in August, 1910, the Corean king being 
dethroned and the country reduced to 
the status of a province of Japan. Aa 
such it was given its ancient name of 
Cho-nen (' I..and of Morning Calm '). 
fiorplli <ko-rel-6), Mabie, novelist, of 
\juiKiix jtalian and Scotch (High- 
land) parentage, born 1864; adopted 
in infancy by Cbarlea Mackay, the Eng- 
lish song- writer. Was educated in a 
convent in France. With excellent maal- 
cal abilily, she composed an opera when 
only Itl, and later produced several nota- 
ble melodies. Turning to noveliatic 
composition, a curious psychological ei- 
perieoee of her own caused her to write 
A Romance of Tibo Woridt, In 1886. It 
attained instant success, and henceforth 
ahe devoted herself to literature. Veil' 
delta, Thtlma, Ardath, Bout of Lilith, 
SarrOKi of Satan, Jane, and many otbM 



Corfn Corinth 



works of neat popnlnrin were produced. flmHario. <kor-i-&'H-a), a Keon* ot 
Ber worlM >re deepl; tinged with "uxmiia n\t,aU, type of  small nat- 
mratieal and psychical views. ural order oi )>olypeta]oua ezogeiu. " 



tinged with ""**»*■•" blaota, type o 

_, . , . vB, ural order or uoljpetaloua 

P/i-rtn (kor'fO; ancienUy Corcy'ra), a riorio myrtifoita is a shrub inhabiting the 

UU1J,U nriuilr iRlnnri in ths MariitorFi. nniilh nf F^iimrv Hnd pmolnvni hv Hthh 



Greek islead in the Uediterra- Boutb of Europe and employed by djers 



miles, 272. The surface rises at one CoBenza. on a hill above tbe rinht bank 
point to the height of 3000 feet, tbe of tbe Corigliano, near the lite of the 
■ceoery is beantiful. the climate pleasant ancient Sybaris. ot which no veaUges 
end healthy, the soil fertile. Orangea, remain. Fop. 13,272. 



settled in the ialaod in the eighth century District, presidency of Madras. 
B.O. ^e VenetlaDS_posBessed Corfa front once a great trade. Pop. 4307. 
1386 to 1797, the BritlRb from 1815 to TnTinno (kO-riD'a), an ancient Greek 
1864. Pop. 140.757.— CoBFu. the CBpital, ^0"«na poetess of Tanagra. in Bao- 
Is finely ntnated on a promontory, which tia, contemporary with Pindar (about 
terminates in a huge insulated rock fiOO B.C.), whom she is said to have con- 
crowned by the citadel : the atreets are quered five times at masical conteats. 
Italian in style ; chief edifices, the cathf- Only a tew fragments of her songs have 
dral, government palace, aod Ionian Acad- come down to ns. 

emy. There is a good hartior and con- rnrfntTi (kor'iath) a once celebrated 
siderable trade. Pop. 18,581. wviiiii.« ^.j^^ ^^^^ ^^^ isthmus of the 

Pn-rianA^T <kor-i-an'd«r : Coriandram same name w&tch unites Pe]oponn««DS 
l/Onanaer „,[p„„>_ ^n umbellifer- with Northern Greece. It was renowned 
DOS plant, native of Italy, and cultivated among the dties of Greece, commanded 
In other parts of Europe. Thi; whole by its advantageous position a most Im- 
plant has an Dupleaiiant smell, but the portant transit trade, and possessed all 
fmlt. Improperly called seed, is very the splendor which wealth and luxury 
agreeable and aromatic when dry. It could create, while It^ dtadel, the Aero- 
ia used as a carminative and aromatic corlnthas, nearly 2000 feet high, ren- 
in medicine, and as an Ingredient in dered It a strong fortress. Only a few 
flOOker? ud ^nf^onerr, mlns remain to attest Its ancient mac 



! 



Gorinth 



Cork 



nificence. It had two harbors, Lecbfleum 
on the west aide of the isthmus, on 
what ia now the Qulfof Corinth or 
Lepanto, and Cenchrese, on the Golf of 
Athens or .^ina (anc. Saronic Qulf)^ 
Near Corinth were held the Isthmian 
games. Besides being one of the most 
magnificent, it was also one of the most 
Tolaptnous cities of Greece. After many 
political vicissitudes Corinth became the 
head of the Achsan League, and was 
conquered and destroyed by the Roman 
consul Mummius, 146 B.C. Julius Cesar, 
about a hundred years later, rebuilt it; 
but its commerce could not be restored, 
though it became a place of note and 
importance. St. Paul lived here a year 
and a hal^ and two of bis epistles are 
addressed to the Corinthians (see be- 
low). — Jiew Corinth is a Tillage on tne 
shore of the gulf, several miles N. w. 
from the site of ancient Corinth; it ia 
the seat of an archbishop. Pop. 4300. 

nATITlfh GXTLF OF, or GULF OF LB- 

\/Urui1.a, pj^To, a beautiful inlet of 
the Mediterranean, about 80 miles long, 
between the Peloponnesus and Northern 
Greece. 

Corintll Isthmus of, the isthmua 
' which connects the Morea 
(Peloponnesus) with Northern Greece, 
varying in width from 4 to 8 miles. A 
canal, begun in 1882 and about 4 miles 
long, was opened on August 6, 1893, 
across the isthmus, and now enables ves- 
sels to sail from the Archipelago to the 
Adriatic without rounding Cape Matapan. 

Cormthian Order ^^^'."ftr li 

Grecian architecture 
of which the most 
characteristic f e a- 
ture is the capital of 
the column, which 
is adorned with 
beautifully carved 
acanthus leaves, but 
varies considerably 
in minor details. 
The column is gen- 
erally fluted, with a 
fillet between the 
flutings, and stands 
upon a base. The 
entablature is vari- 
ously decorated, es- 
pecially the cornice ; 
the frieze may be 
quite plain, or 
sculptured with fol- 
iage and animals. 
The (Corinthian or- 

CorintUsa Older. common in Greece 
before the time of Alexander the Great; 




II II 




among the Romans it was much em* 
ployed. 

Corinthians, ^ST .^drS^ ***? 

the church at Connth about a.i>. 57 or 
58, which have been admitted as genu- 
ine writings of St Paul by even the 
most critical assailants of the New Tes- 
tament canon. They are most instruo 
tive from the insight which they fur- 
nish into the character of &t Paiu him- 
self, and the constitution, parties, and 
heresies of the apostolic church. 

CoriolanUS (kO-rl-o-U'nus), the 
wAAWAMuiM* name given to an an- 
cient Roman, Caius, or more properly 
Cneius, Marcius, because the city of 
Cori61i, the capital of the kingdom of 
the Volsci, was taken almost solely by 
his exertions. He was subsequently 
banished for seeking to deprive the ple- 
beians of their hard-earned privileges, 
and in particular of the tribuneship ; and 
seeking revengo he took refuge among 
the Volsci, the bitterest enemies of Rome, 
and prcfvailed upon them to go to war 
with her. The Yolscian army, after 
making itself master of the cities of 
Latium, was pitched in sight of Rome 
before troops could be raised for the 
defense. The Roman senate made un- 
availing overtures for peace, till at 
length the tears of Veturia his mother, 
and Yolumnia his wife, when they ap- 
peared at the head of the Roman ma- 
trons, induced Coriolanus to withdraw 
his army from before Rome. He was 
afterwai^s assassinated in a tumult 
while attempting to justify his conduct. 
The story of Coriolanus, which is now 
regarded as legendary, forms the subject 
of one of Shakespere s plays. 

Cork C^oi^^)i ^ ^^^y i° ^^^ south of 

Irelano, capitid of the county of 
Cork, situated on the river Lee. It is 
15 miles from the sea, and besides an 
upper harbor at the city itself, and 
quays extending over four miles in 
length, there is a lower harbor at 
Queenstown, 11 miles below the town. 
The entrance, deep and narrow, is 
strongly fortified on each side. Cork is 
the third city in Ireland, and exports 
great quantities of grain, butter, bacon, 
hams, eggs and live stock. The prin- 
cipal industries are tanning, distilling, 
brewing, and the making of tweeds and 
frie£es. There are also iron foundries 
and yards for the building of iron ships. 
The principal buildings are the Protes- 
tant and Roman Catholic cathedrals, ex- 
change, custom-house, chamber of com- 
merce, courthouse, Queen's (JoUege, etc. 
There is a naval dockyard at Haulbow- 
line, an island within Cork harbor. Fop. 



Cork ' Connorant' 

76,122.— The CounTT is tbe moat south- rnrlAnnA ( kor-lA-d'oft ), a town of 

erly and the Urgest in Ireland, having ^"rieouc sidu, .aj miles soutb of 

■u area of 28U0 square miles, of which Palermo. Pop. 14,803. 

le«a than a fonrth is ander crops. The Pnrlina (lior'lis), Ubobok Urnbe, id- 

west part is mountaioous. tbe north and ^"^^b" ventur. waa horn in likaton, 

east very fertile. Tbe coast is indented New York, iu ISIT. Tbe construcdon 

with numerous Ijays aod inlets, of wbii^b ot stationary steam engines has been 

the more important are Bantry Bay, reyolut ionized by his iji prove men ti, hi- 

Kinaale and Cork harbors. The climate having invented many Ingt^nluus devices, 

la remarkably mild, though moist. Tbe A single engine made by him moved ail 

rouDty is watered by the Bandon, Lee the machinery in the Centennial Kilii- 

and Btackwater. Cattle, sbeep, pigs and bition of 187B. He died in 1888. 

uuaDtitles of butter are eiported. The C.nrm (korm), the dilated basis ol the 

fahenea are important. The county baa vu»JU. ^^^^ ^^ monocoty led o nous plaots, 

politiial^diyisions, eadi Bending which intervenea between the routs and 

f^'Taey, Youghal. BandonT Ms"l- d iff ere" from'" I "bulb Vn bl'ing''ind and 

low and l^VniaJe. Pop. 404 Si 1, ^ ^ ^ j ( , g Examples 

co'"^ of 'oVi&riii'; 'sss «","■; r-i,' ™'  <■• "• ""- ■■■' 

grows iu Spain, Portugal and other *''*'"'"* <^™^"-. , ... 

■outbern parU of Europe and In the CormOrailt t»f r lao-r a n t ) irom 
north of Africai and is distinguished by , French, eormoran, I* 

the great Ihicknesa and sponginesa of its eorvu* tnariniu, R wa^crow), the name of 
bark, and by the leaves being evergreen, aeveral large web-footed blrda of the 
oblong, somewhat oval, downy under- pelican family, or forming a family by 
neath, and waved. Tbe outer bark falla tbemselTPs. They have a longlsh and 
■iff of itself if let alone, but tor com- atrongly-hooked bill, long neck, abort 
tnercial purposeH it is stripped off when wings, and rather long, rounded tail; sll 
judged sufficiently matured, this being 
when the tree has reai^hed tbe age of 
from fifteen to thirty years. In the course 
of eight or nine ifears. or even Ipbb, the 
same tree wilt yield another supply uf 
cork of better onalily. and tbe removal of 
this outer bark is said to In' beneficial, 
the trees thus stripped reaHiing the age of 
150 years or more. The bnrk Is remiiveil 
by a kind of ax, parallel cuts lieing car- 
ried round the tree transversely and 
united by others In a timgltudinal dirw- 
tion, BO as to produce oblong sheets nt 
bark. Care must be taken not to cut 
Into the inner bark, or the tree would bo 
killed. Tbe pieces of cork are flattened out 
by heat or by weights, and are slightly 
charred on the surface to close the pores. 
Cork Is light, impervious to water, and 
by pressure can be greatly reduced in 
bulk, returning again to its original size. 
These qualities render it peculiarly serv- 
iceable for tbe stopping of vessels of dif- 
ferent kinds, for floats, buoys, awimming- 
bells or jackets, artiliHal limbs, etc. 
('urks fgr botlles are cut either by hand 
or by mesns of a machine. The best 
corks are cut a cross the grain. 
Cork, Easl or. See Boyle. 
Cork FOSHIL, a kind of mineral, a ^"^' Cd™"™' lMauopi,r,.m Svri^ 

• species of aabestos. 
Hnrlrintr.niTi a pin of a large size, the toes are united by a web, and, though 
l/Oriang pin, f,„^„ty u^j f„r fi,. excellent swimmers, they are able lo 
\ng a lady's bead-dreaa, perch on trees ; color generally black or 



Ck)miii8 



Com 



dark. The common cormorant of Europe 
{Phalacroc^ax oarho) is larger than a 
goose, but with smaller wines. It occupies 
cliffs by the sea, feeds on nsh, and is ex- 
tremely Toracious. It dives and swims 
with great power, and pursues its prey 
beneath the surface of the water, often to 
a great depth. Among the Chinese cormo- 
rants have long been trained to fiNh for 
man. At first a ring is placed on the 
lower part of the bird*8 nook to prevent it 
swallowing the prey, and in time it learns 
to deliver the fish to its master without 
such a precaution being necessary. An- 
other European cormorant is the green 
cormorant or shag {P. gracUlua). It la 
smaller than the common cormorant. 
Both these species are found on the east- 
em coasts of America. Great numbers of 
common cormorants breed on the Labrador 
coast. In winter it occasionally comes to 
New Jersey. The double-crested cormo- 
rant commonly called shag, inhabits the 
whole of North America, both interior and 
on the seacoast, in this differing from all 
other species. Its length is thirty-three 
inches. The Mexican cormorant inhabits 
the Southern States and southward. 
Palla's cormorant is found In Alaska, and 
is one of the largest of the species.' 
Brandt's cormorant is common to the 
Pacific coast. The violet-jrreen cormorant' 
is also a Pacific coast bird, reaching to 
Califomia. Its length is twenty-eight 
inches. A variety called Florida cormo- 
rant, as well as the white-crested, Baird's 
and red-faced, are enumerated as North 
American birds. They are surprisingly 
active under water and have a proverbial 
reputation for voracity. 
CormUS (kor'mus). See Bulb. 

PAim (Fr. come, L. cpmu.a. horn), 
ijQTU ^ hardened portion of the cu- 
ticle of the foot, appearing as a sort of 
distinct growth, resulting from pressure 
or rubbing. Corns are generally found 
on the outside of the toes, but sometimes 
between them, on the sides of the foot, 
or even on the ball. They appear at 
first as small, dark points in the hard- 
ened skin, and in this state stimulants or 
escharotics, as nitrate of silver (lunar 
caustic), are recommended, but must be 
used with great care. Perhaps the most 
efllcacious remedy for corns is the appli- 
cation of glacial acetic acid night and 
morning, or relieving the pressure by 
means of a small tuft of cotton placed 
around the corn. ,i • , j 

f<Aii% 1b the generic term for all kinds 
vuru, ^f grain used for making bread, 
and is appfied specifically to the princi- 
ptd breadstuff; in England to wheat, in 



the United States generally to malse, and 
frequentlir in Scotland to oats. 
Com (^^ Maize) , is the most valuable 
of our agricultural products. 
Nearly five-sixths of the world's supply is 
raised in the United States in some years. 
In the year 1017, the total recorded was 
nearly three and one-quarter million 
bushels. It is also cultivated in Europe, 
South America and Australia. It needs 
a richer, heavier soil than wheat and a 
warmer climate, with long summers and 
warm nights, and requires from four to 
five months in which to mature, hence its 
range in latitude is lower than that of 
wheat It is adapted to a wide range of 
soil conditions. Its longer season of 
growth than most other stable crops en- 
ables it more fully to utilize the plant 
food rendered available by the processes 
operating in the soil under favorable con- 
ditions of warmth and moisture. As a 
food crop it is littie used in the United 
States in comparison with wheat, but in 
countries of Spanish America it is the 
chief cereal used. The plant is indigenous 
to America and the knowledge of its 
cultivation and value is one of the gifts 
of the Indians to the white man. From 
this country its cultivation has extended 
to the southern countries of Europe, and 
it is largely used for food in Italy and 
Roumania, as well as in Egypt and India. 
Its principal consumption in the United 
States is as feed for hogs and cattie, for 
which purpose three-fourths of the crop 
is used. It is used also in industrial pro- 
ducts, as whiskey, starch and glucose, 
which consume about one-fifth of the crop. 

The types of com are 'dent, flint, sweet, 

?iop, soft and pod, of which only the first 
our are of noteworthy importance in 
America, and of these the dent type is the 
chief, representing nine- tenths of the corn 
crop in North America in its several hun- 
dred varieties. Flint is the second in im- 
portance and has a score or more vari- 
eties ; it is the type most common in Can- 
ada, chiefly in Ontario; it is cultivated 
in the New England States, New York, 
Pennsylvania and New Jersey; certain 
varieties of flint com are grown on the 
higher elevations. Dent com is classified 
according to size and maturity, into early, 
medium and late maturing varieties, and 
is further distinguished for color, as yel- 
low, white, white cap yellow and mixed 
dent varieties. In the eastern section the 

Srevailing varieties are Pride of the 
forth. Early Huron Dent, Funk's Go- 
Day, Leaming and many strains of white 
cap dent. l%e varieties most raised in 
the corn belt of Ohio. Indiana, niinois, 



Com \ion 

loWK, MiaMuri and E^utcn Kuuu and Axrieultare In RotDe, Italj, Uw world enn 

Nebraska are Keed'i TeUow, Funk's Yel- of production o( corn for 1616 wa«: 

low, Leamiog, ReiUeT's Favorite, Clarage, United States, 2^,900,000 boaliela; 

Hognes' Yellow, Hifdreth'a YeUow, Hla- Japan, 4,102,000 basheli; Switierlaiid, 

watha Yellow, Boone Count? White, 167,000. Total for three couutrits. 

Johnson County White, Silver Mine, St. 2,870.159,000 bushels. 
Charles White and Kansas SunQower. In Corn requires for Its highest produetino 

the northern portion of the corn belt, warm, deep and loamj soils with pimtj 

Uicbigen, Wisconsin, Minnesota, the of moisture. The critical period f ' 



Dakotaa and the northern sections of lUi- great corn l>e1t is during July and August, 
noia and Iowa, the commonest varieties during which the rainfall determinra 
are Silver Pride, Pride of the North, Wis- largely the seaaon's yield ; it is found thst 
conaln No. 7, Murdock, Wimple's Yellow, between the average yield of com and the 
Pickett's Yellow and Golden Eagle. In July rains there is a close correlatina. 
the southern States are the large-eared Poor land is not suitable for com, the 
Tarieties, Huffman. Excelsior, Chlsbolm, growth of stalk reaulring abundant plant 
McManin's Oourdseed. St. Charles' White, food. Nor can It be grown continuously 
Boone County White, Rockdale, Single- without diminiRbing yields on the same 
ton, and Ferguson's Yellow, and the two- soil, no matter what manure or fertilizer 
eared Tariedea. I^wia' Prolific. Hickory la apolied. A rotation of crops is es- 
King and Neal's Paymaster, and unong sential to the malntpnance of good yield, 
the prolific varieties bearing two or more From four to seven years are the periods 
eara on a stalk are Cocke\ Albemarle, of rotation usual, but in the rotadon at 
Whatlej's, Mosby's, Haatings, Marlbor- least one leguminous crop should be 
ouj^ and Batts'. planted, but the crops for rotation vary ac- 

The best-known flint varieties Include cording to their value in different sections, 
t^ngfeltow. King Philip. Hickoey's Yet- Corn succeeds best on sod land. Plowing 
low, Taylor's Improved and Davis' Bigbt- for com is done eithpr in fall, winter or 
Rowed. It is to be noted that the va- spring, in many oections preferably In the 
riety beat adapted to any locality can be fall. Deep plowing has great advantagrs 
determined only by local tests, the results and disking and harrowing arc of the 
of which by local farmers' organizations highest importance to secure a loose and 
co-operating with State experiment Kta- friable soil. The character and quantity 
tions baa tended greatly to improve, both of fertilizer tiest adapted depend on the 
the selection of varieties and the yield per nature and condition of the soil and 
acre and to emphasize the importance of other considerations, but stable manure 
the selectloD of the variety that will give i» particularly valuable, second to which 
the best results in the locality. Is a complete fertilizer having phosphoric 

More than 70 per cenL of the com add aa its chief Ingredient Phoapboms 
raised in the United States is produced to added to the stable manure also promotes 
ten States : Illinois, Iowa, Missonri, Ne- an increaited yield. Planting ehonid not 
braaka, Indiana, Kansas, Ohio, Texas, be done till the soil is warm enough to 
Oklahoma and Kentucky. The greater Kerminate the seed quickly, the time vary- 
part of the yield of the United States, mg in different localiHes. A wet cold soil 
over four-fifths, is consumed within the will rot the seed. It may in general be 
counties in which it is grown, being fed "aid that when the leaves of the oak are 
to bogs and cattle, by which use. in the the size of a squirrel's ear in any locality, 
resultant pork and beef, it is worth six that is the best time to plant com, but it 
times as much as when used for human is better to plant too early than too late. 
food. One great drawback to the eiporta- When later planting is necessary early 
tion ot com aa human food, at present, is maturing com is frequently planted. For 
the general ignorance in Europe of its grain raising 10,000 to 12,000 planbi per 
value in this respect, and of how to handle acre produce the best stand In the great 
It, nor are there suitable mills for grinding com belt The better the soil the greater 
it, and tbe meal cannot itself be exported the number of plants that can be sup- 
In large quantities becanne it will 'heat' ported. Small varieties may be more 
qntckly and thos be unfit for food. It U thickly planted, eo may corn grown for 
not improbable tbat under the stress of fodder or ensilage, when the nnmber of 
war tbe ignorance of its value and tbe plants ma; be increased twenty-five per 
lack of grinding facilities wilt disappear, cent Whether hill or drill pfantltig is 
and that the day Is not far distant when done, the rows are nsually 40 Incbei 
vast quantities of oar com wilt be shipped apart except in poorer soil, when 44 in- 
to foreirn markets to add to the food cfaes Is better. Drilling is easier and la 
■npplr M the people. Accordlnc to eati- preferable unlesa there are many weeds, 
mate* of tli« Intsruational Inttltate of where weeds are very numerous, bettei 



Com 



Comeilla 



results follow check-rowing, which admits 
of more thorough cultivation. In grow- 
ing for grain three kemela to the hill 
yield, perhaps, the best results, generally. 
Where the rainfall is abundant corn is 
frequently planted in furrows, with a 
lister, a double mold-board plow that 
simultaneously cuts a deep furrow, plants 
the kernel, and covers it with earth. In 
loose soils the grain is planted from 3 to 
4 inches deep, according to surface mois- 
ture, and on wet, heavy soils, l^/j to 2 
inchps. The kernels should be regular in 
shape and if necessary, should be assorted 
in sizes so that the planter plates may 
be adjusted to pass the different sizes. 
This result may be obtained by using a 
seed-corn grader. 

Com requires careful cultivation to 
destroy weeds, to conserve and to facili- 
tate the absorption of moisture and to 
aerate the soil. Deeper rooting of the 
plant is induced by deep cultivating which 
should not be repeated after the first cul- 
tivation, as injury to the plant roots is 
unavoidable. For the first or deep cultiva- 
tion, from four to five inches is general; 
the later shallow cultivation is generally 
one to two inches deep. Cultivating is 
governed by the weed growth and the 
state of the soil surface. 

In the great corn bolt the com is in 
large part harvested direct fror: the stand- 
ing stalks, leaving the latter to waste, 
except it is pastured. In other sections 
the whole plant is harvested, three to 
four hundred are cut and put in shocks 
to cure properly, after which it is husked, 
in from three to six weeks after cutting, 
and the stacks reshocked to be removed to 
the bams, or stacked in rows as early as 
convenient, when sufficiently dry, for feed- 
ing during the winter. Shredding or 
chopping the stalks is economical, as the 
greater portion of the feeding value is 
thus utilized. 

In storing corn it is desirable, after 
curing, to leave it in the ear for a time 
in a well-ventilated crib, protected from 
rats and mice. Com shrinks considerably 
after storing in the crib, especially during 
the first month, a fact that bears im- 
portantly on the question of holding for 
market rises. Under an Act of Congress 
com is classified into six grades, Nos. 1-6, 
according to the percentage of moisture, 
damaged kernels, foreign material, broken 
and cracked com. Corn is the most valu- 
able of the great feeding crops. Its se- 
lection and breeding is of great impor- 
tance, and careful labor in this way has 
secured largely increased yields of grain 
and varieties. The farm value of the com 
erop of the United States for 1017 was 



over four billion dollars, out of a gross 
farm output of twenty-one billions. See 

Comacese (iwr-na'se-e), a natural 

order of polypetalous exD- 
gens, consisting of about 100 species, one 
of them being the common European dog- 
wood. Several plants of this oraer are of 
service as tonics and for the cure of ague, 
and in America the bark of the Comus 
florida, is sometimes used as a substitute 
for Peruvian bark. See also Cornel, 

Corn Aphides, S:S'o7 S^tfn?; 

oats and other grain, and sucking their 
juices, as the Apki$ granaria, or wheat 
aphis. See AphU. 
f!nm.1iPpflA ^ minute beetle, the 

larva of which is often very destructive 
to stores of grain, particularly of wheat, 
in granaries. 

nnm-nAoW ^ well-known weed 
V/OmCOC&ie^ ^Agrostemma OithOgo) , 
nat. order CanrophyUacese, with large en- 
tire purple flowers, very troublesome 
among crops of grain. Its seeds are said 
to be poisonous to poultry, swine, etc. 

Corncrake, -„,i;5£rA ^^ 

of bird of the oraer Gralle or Waders 
and of the family Rallidie or rails. Ths 
crakes differ from the rails proper 
{RaUu9) in having the bill shorter. The 
common crake of Britain is of a reddish- 
brown color. It lives in fields and mead- 
ows, and nestles and runs among the 
long grass. The name Is expressive of 
its cry. It feeds on worms and insects. 
Cornea (kor'nS-a). the transparent 
portion of the anterior coat 
of the eye. This is destitute of blood- 
vessels, its nutriment being obtained from 
a system of lymph chambers. It is subject 
to certain diseased conditions, the most 
common being inflammation known as 
keratitis. Also ulcer of the cornea is of 
common occurrence. This results most 
often from injury, inflammation of the 
conjunctiva, disturbances in nutrition, etc. 
Inflammation of other portions of the eye 
may accompany ulceration and result in 
adhesion, closure of the pupil and partial 
or full opacity of the cornea. A protru- 
sion of the cornea, known as stapKyloma, 
may follow. 

CorneiUe te«>frr^rSwS? 

and classical comedy, was bom at Rouen 
in 1606, at which place his father was 
advocate-general. He began his dra- 
matic career with comedy, and a series 
of vigorous dramas, M4Uie (1^29), 
CUtandre, La Veuve, La Buivante, etc.. 
announced the advent of a dramatist of 



CorneiUe Cornell 

K Ufh order. Id 1635 he eotered the with miDUte qiuutitiea of tbe oxid«i of 
field of tragedj with Medea; but it was iron, aluminium, and lometimei of other 
not till the appearBQce of bis next work, metaU, and is used tor seals, bracelets, 
tbe famous Cid, tbat Coroeille's claim necklaces and other articles. 
to a place amoni the great tragic poets Pn-rtiplinn ( kor-oe'li-us) , Prkk VON, 

^ ^ He 

„._rpl7 defective <□ the improbsbilities earl; exhibited a taste for art, and 
of tbe plot and other reapectn, achieved studied the great luaHtera, csptviaUr 
as immenae HUcreiia by a certain sub- Raphael. In 1611 he went to Romp, 
limit; of Bcutimeut and luftinesa of where. In cnnjunction with Overbeck, 
ideal, wbich are the native characterls- Veit and other saauciates, he may br. 
tics of Corneille's poetr;. After tbe Cid said to have founded a new school of 
there appeared in rapid BDccession Horace German art, and revived fresco paint- 
(1639) ; Cinna (liHO). bis msBterpiece, ing in imitation of Michael Anjcelo and 
according to Voltaire; and Polveuote Raphael. He left Rome In 181B for 
(1640), works which show Corneille's DUsseldorf, where he had been appointed 
genins at its beat. Many of bis later director of the academy, but be soun 
pieces exhibit a marked decline. Be- settled In Munch to give his whole al- 
sides his dramas he wrote some elegies, tentiou to tbe painting of the Glvptotbck 
sonnets, epistles, etc., as well as three and the Ludwlgakircbe tbere. In these 
prose essays on dramatic poetry. As two great wnriu he was assbited by bla 
ft dramatist his merits are loftineBa of Munich pupils. In 1S33 he made bd* 
sentiment and conception, admirably ex- other visit to Rome, and In 183B he 
pressed in a bold and heroic style of visited Paris. In 1841 he was invited 
veralGcation and language. Bat in this to Berlin by Frederick William IV, who 
constant straining after a heroic ideal entrusted him with the painting of the 
he was apt to fall into a declamatory royal mausoleum or Campo Ranto. The 
and inflated styte. He died in 1684. most celebrated cartoon in this series 's 
Comeillfl ^ohah, brother of the the Four Ridert of the Apoealtpie. 
vu»iiciiiC|_j^PPj][pg_ ^jlg Ij^j,^ gj ipjjg gjries consists of twelve paintingx. 
Rouen In 1626. They had married two which have been engraved. (Virnplluit. 
sisters, sod lived in the same house in a true representative of mo4!^rn Uerman 
the utmost harmony. Thomas begati thought introduced Into nrt a metn- 
with comedies, which were imitations of physical and subjective element which 
the Spanish school, and were received is easily liable to be sbuaed ; and In bis 
with even greater applause than those work grandeur of ccmreptinn and eleva- 
of his brother. Tbe first was Let Bn- tion of tone have lo make up for the 
gagementt da Haeant (1647). His best want of tbe finest natural effects. 
tragedy Is Ariane (1672). He Is a dra- f!/trn»1iT1(l Vftnnfl ■- Boman author 
mitist of very secondary rank, labori- ^OrneUuS nCpOS, ^j u^^ g„, „^. 
ons and cultivated, but wanting in orig- tury B.C., the contemporary of Cicero 
ioal power. Be died in 1709, and Catullus. The only extant work at- 

Cornel (I'or'nel), or Correliah Tbxe triboted to bim is a collection of short 
uviucA (Comwt miMclI(a) a species biographies, probably an abridgment of 
of dogwood, a tree or shrub of tbe order s work written by Nepns. These biogra. 
Cornacea, distinguished by the bardness pbies have long been a favorite adiool- 
of Its wood, a native of Asia and the booic, and popular editions of them are 
south of Europe, and cultivated as an very numprnua. 

ornameotal plant and for its fruit in the r*nm<>11 (kor'ceU, Bzra, an Inveolnr. 
north. One of tbe finest specips. the""*"**" born at Westchester T^DdiDK. 
ronDd-leaved Cornel, C. circinala. Is an New York, in 1807. He aided Morse in 
American ahmb, 5 to 10 feet blch. com- laying the first telegraph line and sub- 
moD from Virginia to Canada. O. florida. seqnently acquired great wealth, largely 
tbe American dogwood, la a handsome through his connection with the tele- 
tree 20 to 30 feet high. graph business. He founded at Ithaca. 
f1n'm«1ia (yor-ue'll-al. tbe daughter of New Tork, the aniversity known by bis 
VUIlieim >irfpio AfrieanuB the elder, name. Died in 1874.— His son Aiamo 
married l^berius Semnronlns Gracchus, B. Coritbu., bora at Ithaca, New York, 
censor B.C. lOt. by whom she was the In 1832. engaged In tbe telegrapfa busl- 
mother of tbe two famous tribuDea Tiber- ness, became a prominent member of tbe 
Ins and Cains nracchas. Republican partv, was surveyor of the 
Pvimvlfail fkor-nSHi-anl, or Cabnx- port of New Tork. lSBfl-72, was r^ 
vuiiicimu jj^^_ a rem of a light-red neatedly chosen Speaker of the New 
or flesh color. It consUts of silica along Tork Assembly, and in 1879 was elected 





Cornell TTnlversity Com Laws 

Goyernor of the State of New York. Chemung River, 12 miles N. w. of Elmira, 
Died in 1904. on the Erie, the Lackawanna and the 

Cornell TTniversitv ^^ educational New York Central railroads. It has the 
wwxMWM. vPAu.T«^j.Mvj9 institution at world's largest glass-manufacturing plant, 
Ithaca, New York, was established in large cut-glass concerns, foundries, rail- 
1867 with funds furnished from the in- road car shops, and manufactures of iron 
come of 090,000 acres of public land and clay products, candy, gloves, etc. 
allotted by congress to the State for this Coal mines are in the vicinity, and there 
purpose, and with a foundation of $500,- is a large trade in lumber, daily products, 
000 presented by Ezra Cornell. This etc. Pop. (1910) 13.730: (1920) 15,820. 
has been much augmented by subse- Cornisli (kor'nish) Engine, a single- 
qnent donations. There are five general ^V4ii*aii. acting steam engine of the 
courses, including classics, literature and 'beam' tjrpe (see Steam Engine), used 
philosophy, science, engineering, archi- commonly for pumping, 
tectnre, agriculture, etc. The medical ilnm-ish T.aiicrncicrA & Celtic dialect 
■chool IS in New York City. Women are ^ormsa Xilill^Ull^C, spoken in Corn- 
admitted on the same terms as men. wall, which died out in the eighteenth cen- 
Comet (kor'net), a wind-instrument turv, though isolated words or terms are 
* of former times, originally still in use, and some fragments of liters- 

curvilinear or ser- ture are still extant. It is allied to the 
pentine in form Welsh and Breton. See Celts, 
and increasing in rjoTTI XiAWS ^ name commonly given 
diameter from the ^^*"' ■*^«*wd, ^^ certain statutes passed 
mouthpiece to the to protect the agricultural interests in 
lower end. The Britain. The first form of interference 
modem come^-d- by legislative enactment with the com 
pistone, or como- trade m England, beginning soon after the 
pean, is a kind of conquest, was the prohibition of ex- 
keyed bugle which portation, an expedient in those times to 
has a very agree- prevent scarcity in a sudden emergency, 
able tone, and is The exportation of grain was prohibited 
much used in or- in the reign of Edward III in 1360-61. 
chestras and mill- Calais and other appointed ports being 
CoMnR^A-PmoNB. tary bands. Sev- excepted. This provision was relaxed by 
1, Ordinary-flhape. 2. dr- era! forms of it are a statute of Richard II in 1394, by which 

culartbApe. in use. exportation was permitted from all ports , 

n «rMA4- formerly the lowest rank of not excepted by royal proclamation. In i 

XjOTatlf commissioned officer in a regi- 1436, under Henry VI, the exportation \ 

ment of cavalry in the British army, of grain was permitted without license j 

ji.^ <«r;4-Yi fItA rnnk nt enalffn vrhpnovpr th^ nrip«» nf whpAt did not ex- I 




t 



its olace * prohibited importation until the price 
r«A«MA4-V> (kor-na't6), a cathedral town exceeded the limit at which exportation 
1/OmevO jjf Italy, province Rome, on a -was permitted. This was the beginning 
lofty and precipitous volcanic ridge, 10 of protection, properly so called. At the 
miles north of Civita Vecchia. Its old restoration of Charles II duties were jj 
walls and its palaces and other edifices imposed both on exportation and impor- 
present a picturesque appearance. The tanon, while the old principle of a stand- 
ancient Tarquinii stood about a mile from ard price, beyond which exportation was 
Coraeto; from the tombs in its necropo- prohibited, was retained. At the Revo- 
lts a vast variety of Etruscan relics have lution a new policy still more favorable 
been obtained. Pop. 5440. to the agricultural interest was adopted. 
/^Ai«vi fltr A name common to several By a statute of William and Mary, a 
v^Om-ny, inaects of the family Mus- bounty was granted on the exportation 
cid». from the injury their larvae inflict of corn, and the duties on exportation 
on growing crops. were abolished. Hie amount of the 
i^txym iiTialriTicr Cobn-shttckino, an bounty was 6t. for every quarter of 
l/Om'iiUo&iiigi assemblage, in for- wheat exported while the price was at 
mer times, of friends and neighbors at or under 48«., with corresponding prices 
the house of an American farmer to for other grains. The exportation of 
assist him in stripping the husks or grain reached its highest point about 
shucks from his Indian com. 1760. From this period the country, 
^ .^--.-y (kom'ing), a city of Steu- which had always been normally a grain- 
v0nuu5 1,^21 Co.. New York, on the exporting country, began, •n account of 



f 



!l 



Corn Uarigold 



uil oR in tbis reapect, and Id 1?T8 t;'), a wreathed bora filled to orertlow' 

became permanently a grain-importiDg ing wltb fruit tlowen and grain ; used *i 

ctJimtry. From this time the main tbe symbol of plenty, 

efforts ot the agricnltural Interest, rjornilS tko'tiu*)i ^ geniu of plaati, 

largely represented in the L'arliament and *""""" of tbe n«L order Cornac^» 

the ruling clasMa of the kingdom, were (which Bee). 

concentrated on obtaining the impoaitloti Gomwall (^'*"''^Bl)i a maritime 
of prohibitory duties on foreign grain. ""*■""<•■** county of England, form- 
In 1904, for inatance, in case tbe price Ing tbe southwestern eztremit; of the 
of corn was below 63*. a prohibitory IsuiDd, bouuded E. by Devonahire. and 
duty of 24». 3d. was to be laid on what surrounded on all other sides by tbe ae*: 
waa imported ; if between 63*. and 66«., area, 1350 sq. miles or 8U8,167 acrea. 
a duly of 2i. Gd. : and only when tbe The coastline la much broken. Between 
price had risen as high bb 66*. per qnar- tbe north and suutb coasts is Ibe promon- 
ter waa tbe foreign grain allowed to tory of Land's End. terminatitig In gran- 
pasa at a nominal duty of Gd. With ite dilTs ahout 00 fe<-t high, il^me of thp 
variations of more or leas Importance other cliffs exceed 400 fL in belgbL At 
this sliding scale of prohibitory duHes Land'a End terminate the hills of the 
contlnaed In force till 1846, when Sir Devonian Range, their highest aommlt in 
Robert Peel. inQuenced by the com law Cornwall being Brown Willj, 1368 feeL 
repeal aeitatlon, and more especially by (>ranite and old red aandstone are the 
the Anti-Corn T-aw league, beaded by chief rocks. The rivers are unmerous, 
Cobden and Bright, carried a meaaure but short. Much of the area. es[>ecialt<r 
repealing tbe duty on imported corn, ei- in tbe elevated districts, ia barren moo> 
cept a nominal sum of li. per quarter, land. About a fifth is nnder the plow, 
which also In 1869 was done away with, Tbe chief wealth of the county la in il> 
tbns leaving tbe importation of com en- minerals, especially its minea of copper 
tirely free. and tin. Ibough the valne of both bat 
ComKarieOld f£Sn'»o»rt*«"M •»■ diminished,. Several mines exceed a-i-i 
wwku .ui.(u*gwi.u ^f„„^^ ^ common fatbome in depth. In the Botallark 
weed In British cornfields, of a rich copper mine, a few miles north of 
orange color. I^and's End. tbe workings are carried 
Coni'inotll ° small moth, the Tin^a below the sea. In addition to tin and 
' granella, the larva of copper there are, in comparatively smill 
which is eTceedinily destructive lo com (luantities, silver, lead, sine, iron, mao- 
■beaves in tbe field, and to stored grain, ganese, antimony, cobalt and bismoth 
from eating Into the rrains. Bait, fre- There are also valuable deposits of kao- 
qnent turning, and many expedients are lin or china-clay. There are no mann- 
employed to destroy tbe egga. factures. but tbe fisheries, particularly 

CornO, MOSTE. See Oran Btuto. ?L^'}^!!S^Jt^^.^"o^f'n^K 'J^ valuable. 

vv.ov, Cornwall, with the Scllly Islea. i •- 



, ,-----, — --- antiquity. The natives long maia- 

genus, order Valeria oacete, is extremely talued their independence against tbe 

easy of cultivation, and can be obtained Saxona, and tbeir country waa spoken 

In the very first days of aprlng. V. oli- of as West Wales. Their langnage also 

toria, called also lamb's lettuce, is a long continued to be Celtic. (See Com- 

weak, succulent berb S to 12 Inches high, t*h Languoge.) The chief towns are 

tised aa a salad in early spring. Bodmia (county town), Penunce, Tmro 

Com Sawfly "^eP*"» PV?*!™.), ana Falmouth (with Penryn). The 

r, .. an insect the larvaj of county gives the title Duke of Comwsll 

which prey upon wheat and other eer- to the eldest son of the soveMgn of 

eala. The female deposits her eggs in Great Britain, and forma a royal docby 

the stalk, where the larva? live upon tbe revennes of wbich belong to the 

tbe Interior of the straw and the nulri- Prince of Wales for the time being 

five Juices of the plant. The dnkedom waa created for th>' 

Cflm-thripB, ?HH?'s"'?;: T'^-Tcer^eJ K/""" '" *""■ ^""^ '""' 

2!i*i"' rZ^^^t ^ H'°"''^, '^rSh' '" Cornwall, » P^'t "»;? manofactarln' 

grain crops, Jnsinoattog itrelf between ""*""<n*i town of Canada, prorln--. 

the chaff and the nnripe seed, and cans- Ontario, on tbe north side of tbe Si 

Ing the latter to shrivel by sucking tbe l^wrence, 67 mile* above Montreal Poo 

Jidce. It la barely a line long. tiS98. 



Coromandel Coast 



wiuuncuuB MABoniB or, BOH of the 
first Earl CornwalUs, born in 173S. 
Edauted at FAoa aod Cambridge, be 
Beired in 1761 as an aid^-de-camp in 
the Seven Years' wsr ; was made col- 
onel of foot in 1T66. and finally general. 
On the outbreak of the American war 
be sailed with his regiment, served witb 
dutJnetioD under Howe and Gllntoti, and 
in 1780 was left in independent com- 



Laid Comwallii. 
mand in South Carolina with 1000 men. 
He defeated Gen. Gates at Camden, 1780, 
and fonght Gen. Greene at Guilford in 
1T81, bnt six months afterwards was be- 
eieged in York town and compelled to 
surrender, October 17. 1781. This dis- 
aster broufbt an end to the war. In 
1786 Lord Cornwallis went to India 
with the double appointment of com- 
mander-in-chief and governor-general, in- 
vaded Mysore In 1791, and obliged Tip- 
Bio Saib to surrender much territory, 
aving returned to Britain, he was cre- 
ated a marquis (1764), sppointed lord- 
lieotenant of Ireland, and again in 1805 
govemor-geaeral of India, He died the 
following year. 

nnm-Wf>»v{1 (-we'vl), a destructive 
W)rn-weevu \^g^t ^Fhieh preys upon 
stored corn. There are various species: 
order Coleoptera, family Curcollonldie, 
geons Calandra. The CaUtndra aranaria 
IS a slender beetle of a dark-chestnut 
color sbout one-eighth of an inch long- 
It bores a hole snd deposits its egg In- 
side of the grain, which is afterwards 
eaten to the busk by the grub. 
Qqjq (kO|ro), a seaport town o' ,Y^ene- 



GorOOOre ikor-a-tSr), a boat of the 
"^ Indian Archipelago of vari- 

ous forms. That used in Celebes is pro- 
pelted by oars, and is often manued with 
sixty men. Others, aa those used in the 
Moluccas, are masted vessels. 
r.ftwn1vr f^RBODT <kor'o-di). an allow- 

ing, anciently due to the king from an 
abbey or olber religious house, for the 
sustenance of such of bis servants as he 
thought good to place there for mainte- 
nance. Corodles were also retained by the 
private fonndera of religious bouses and 
even granted to benefactors, and consisted 
in the right of Bending a certain number 
of persons to be boarded at an abbey. 
Corolla (k^rora), inbotan^, the por- 

calyi : the i 
corolla sur- 
rounds the parts 
of fructification 
and is composed 
of leaves called 
petals. When 
there are sev- 
eral tree leaves 
it is called a 
polvpelaloai co- 
rolla, as in the 
rose; but when 
the petals arc 
united bf the 

c o Q t t nuoas 

called ntonopet- 



tion of the flower inside die 
floral envelope. Tb« 




&^ 



aa. Mui]> paUjDd or 
„-_ iHved CoioUh. b ti.aiD^s 
"~™ peUled or Igavad CorolUs. 
petaloui. It may generally be distin- 
guished from the calyi by the Enenesa of 
Its texture aud the gayness of its colors; 
but there are manv exceptions. 
rornllftrv (hor'o-la-ri; in r^tio corol- 
KjOTOUOIJ jariura), in mathematics. 
a collateral conclusion, following from a 
proposition demonstrated. 

of exogenous plants, distinguished by 
tbe corolla being gamopetalous, inserted 
below the ovary, and by the stamens be- 
ing inserted on the corolla. The prim- 
rose, health, gentian, verbena, etc.. are 
included In this division. 



the east coast of the Indian Peninsula, 
Madras Presidency, or that portion of it 
between Palk Strait and the river Pen- 
nar. It is open, sandy, and has no secure 
harbors, and the Burf renders landing 
difficult and often impossible except to 
tbe native catamantn. 



CoTomandel Wood 



Coiot 



CoromanddWood, '^Jg^,^. 

tita, m tree fontid in Cejlon. Its groond 
color ia cbocolat« brown, witb black 
atripea and Diarka ; it ia Iiard, tarna 
welF, and makea very bandsome furni- 

CnmnsL (kft-rt'na; L. 'a crown') — 
\^orona ,i, ,„ ajtronomy, a halo or 
lumiDous circle round one of the beaveal; 
bodiei ; epedScallj tbe portion at tbe 
anreoia observed dariog total eclipses 
of tbe Bon, wbicb iie« outside the chro- 
moaphere or refion of colored promi- 
nences. It la supposed to be aa outer 
portion of tbe solar atmospbere of ex- 
CecdiiiK rarity. (2) la botany, an ap- 
pendage of the corolla In some flowers, 
coming, as it were, between the corolla 
and tbe stamens, well aeen in tbe cap of 



lower member of tbe projecting part of a 

Coro'na Australia <,*^'^^"^V')i 

oDe of Ptolemy'a southern constellations, 
containing twelve stars. 

Coro'iia Borealu S,'™^.',;"!,'"" 

Ptolemy's uortbem constellations, con- 
taining twenty-one stars. 
CorOTIAA'h (kor-O-nah), or CoKA- 
UOronaoa ^^^H, a dirge or lamenU- 
tion for tbe dead formerly cnstomary 
among the Celts of Scotland and Ire- 
land. 

Coronado '^tX^^^hZt^^^^^ 

at Balamanca, about 1610. Ha went to 
Mexico and in 1&40 was pot in com- 
mand of an expedition to the nortb. 
witb tbe hope of discovering and con- 
quering a rich kingdom in that direction. 
Coronado went as far nortb as Kansas, 
but failed in all bis bopea and became 
insane from dtsappointmeDt, dying about 
1642. 

rntvinntinn fkor-6-na'sbnn), the 
COTOnaUOU placing of the crown on 
a monarch's head with solemn rites and 
ceremonies. Part of tbe ceremony usa- 
ally coDslata In the oatb whlcb the mon- 
arch takes, that be will govern Justly, 
will always consult tbe tmI welfare of 
his people, and will consdentlonsly ob- 
aerre the ftindamental laws of tbe state. 
In England kings have been anointed 
and crownrd In Westminster Abbey, even 
to tbe latest times, with great eplcador. 
'Ihe form of the coronotion oatA settled 
after tbe revolntlon of 1688 remained 
unchanged udHI 1910. when it was de- 
cided in Parliament to resdnd, in tbe 
rnmlng coronation of Gkorge V, the por- 
tion reflectla* on the Roman CathoUo 



faith. Tbe Archbishop of Canterbury 
PDia tbe oatb to the soTcreign, who 
swears to govern according to tbe stat- 
utes of Parliament, to cause law and 
Justice in mercy to be executed, and to 
maintain the Protestant religion. 

Goronellidse (koi-o-neri-det » wide- 

"**""* ly-spresd famUy of non- 
venofflous serpents. It Includes sereral 
genera, aa P»ammophyla» and CoroMeUs. 
f7oroneIIa lavit. the smooth snake, ia a 
native of Britain. 

flnmnpr (kor'<>-n6r), an official whose 
V>UrUU6r p^igf jmy jg ^^ inquire into 
of the death of persons klUed 
uddenly. The coroner'a exami- 

made in all cases with the aid 

of a inry. In sight of tbe body, and at 
the place where the death happened. If 
tbe body is not found he cannot ait. In 
the United States coroners are elected 
or appointed. They have no defined re- 
sponsibility, except in cases of crime, 
where they can cause arrests. 
Coronet (fc'"''*-''*!). such a variety of 
vw±vu&u crown as is worn by princes 
and noblemen. 'Hie coronet of a Brit- 
ish duke Is adorned with strawtterrv 
leaves ; that of a marquis has leaves with 




1, OfsDuka. 3. OfaMuiluu. S. Of an ^kI, 
4. Ot  ViMxHiDt. A.OtBB*n)B. 
pearls Interposed ; that ol an earl raises 
the pearls above tbe leaves ; that of a 
viscount is surrounded with pearls only ; 
that of a bsron has only six pearls. 
f!nmt (ka-ro), J b a n - B ai>tibtb<I&. 
uviwir iiiLLit, a Frenoh artist, bom at 
Paris in 1700 ; died in 18T5 : studied un- 
der Micballon and Vii-tor Bertin and af- 
terwards in Italy. He exhibited for Mie 
Grst time In the salon in 1S27, hut some 
Tears elapsed before the high qualities of 
Dls work were recognized. The fortune 
wbldi he inherited from his father enabled 
him, however, to follow ont the bent of hla 



Corozonnts 



Corpus Ckristi 



senias, and the last twenty-five years of 
his life were a continuous triumph. He 
frequently painted figure subjects, includ- 
ing the large sacred pictures, the Flipht 
into Egypt and the naptism of (Jhrxat; 
but his most characteristic and successful 
work was in landscape. His woodland 
scenes, painted for the most part at 
dawn or twilight in a scheme of pale 
greens and silvery grays, show a singu- 
larly subtle feeling tor tnis phase of na- 
ture, and are undoubtedly among the 
most important contributions of the last 
century to landscape art. 

CorOZOnutS ^^^^'^)* the seeds of 
WA VAV4J.U.V9 ^ tropical American 

galm, the PhyteUphoB macrocarpa, whose 
ardened albumen, under the name of 
vegetable ivory, is used for small arti- 
cles of turnery-ware'. 

Corporal ^^"^'t^oLU^A^rt 

corporal being formerly a superior ofR- 
cer). a petty officer in the American and 
British armies ranking just above the 
ordinary private and below the sergeant 
He has charge of one of the squads of the 
company, places and relieves sentinels, 
etc^ 

Corporation L'"cI;?l'of Smc^i"^"' 

in which are vested certain rights or priv- 
ileges with a view to their preservation in 
perpetual succession. A corporation may 
consist of one person only and his suc- 
cessors, when it is called sole (the sover^ 
elgn of Britain for example) ; or of a 
namber of persons, when ft is called ap' 
grepate. when a corporation is vested in 
a single person,, that person is looked upon 
in regard to the rights of the corporation 
as holding a representative or official posi- 
tion, and these rights belong to and are 
transmitted by him in virtue of this posi- 
tion, and not as natural rights. In like 
manner the rights and powers of an ag- 
gregate corporation do not consist of the 
natural rights of the members, but of the 
rights held and duly exercised by the 
terms of the corporation. Corporations 
may be either public or private. An in- 
stance of the former is a municipal cor- 
e oration under the management of the 
tate or the United States government. 
Private corporations do not fulfill any 
function of public government. They 
may be either ecclesiastical or lay. Ec- 
clesiastical corporations are created to 
enable religions societies to manage with 
greater facility their temporal concerns. 
Lay corporations are private corporations 
not under immediate control of some re- 
ligious body. 

Corporation Tax, fj„^°»g « ^, 



tariff law of 1909 providing for the tax- 
ation of every corporation, joint-stock 
company and assurance company orii[an- 
ized and doing business in the United 
States, the tax being one per cent, upon 
all the net income over $5000. This is a 
national tax, its proceeds forming a part 
of the national revenue. In 1910 these 
were over $26,000,000. The law, as sus- 
tained by the Supreme Ck>urt, gives the 
government the itght to investigate the 
books of corporations. 

Coma (k5r; French for body), a word 
\j\Mxy9 ^^^^^ ^jg^ j^g ^ military and 

a political term. — A corp$ d*arm4e^ or 
army corps, one of the largest divisions 
of an arm^. — Corps dii^lomatique, ths 
body of ministers or diplomatic char- 
acters. — Corps ISffislatif (kOr la-zhis-Uo 
tdf), the lower house of the French leg^ 
islature in 1857-70. Its members were 
elected for six years in the proportion of 
1 to 35,000 electors. 

Corptaence <^°,S;'^S,^•^tS? SS'- 

man body due to the excessive deposition 
of fat. It is promoted by a diet too rich 
in fat-forming materials, fats, starch and 
suj^ars, bodUv inactivity, tranquillity of 
mind, etc. There is, however, a diseased 
state of the system which, independently 
of all these influences, will increase the 
production and deposition of fat> If 
corpulence is excessive it becomes trou- 
blesome and at length dangerous. In 
curing corpulency due attention mast be 
paid to the regulating of the diet, exer- 
cise and sleep of the individual. Es- 
pecial attention must be given to the 
kind of diet Avoid all kinds of fat- 
forming food, such as fat, cream, buttexv 
sugar, potatoes, farinaceous food and 
mfdt liquors, and indeed alcoholic liq- 
uors of all kinds. Little bread should 
be eaten; a moderate increase in animal 
foods, lean beef, fish, fowl, eggs, is al- 
lowed; green vegetables and fresh fruit 
may be eaten. Kegular exercise to suit 
the person's powers should be engaged 
in* A noted instance of corpulency is 
Daniel Lambert, who weighed over 50 
stone, or more than 700 lbs. Moderate 
corpulence may be quite consistent with 
health. 

Corpus Christi {^^^ot "bUjif'M 

the consecrated host at the Lord's Sup- 
per, which, according to the doctrines of 
the Roman Catholic Church, is changed 
by the act of consecration Into the real 
body of Christ. This doctrine caused the 
adoration of the consecrated host, and 
hence the Roman Catholic Church has 
ordained for the host a particular festival, 
called the Corpwi Christi feast Olilf 




Corpiu Cluisti Correction of the Presi 

Wfti iDBtitnted in 1201 b; Po[ie Urban (delete, or take out), written t^ «be 
IV b; a bull, !□ wbich he appointed the margin. Where words are ImpropearU 
ThuntdHj of tbe week after Trinitr Sua- Joined, a caret is written at tbe K>l«t,ce 
day for the celebration of the Corpua where the separation should be mad^. ' 

Christi festival throughout Christendom, the msrk M written in tlie margin. 

Corpus ChriBti, S^^'^i.^Srl "If ?'3 syllables Sr words are improperly 

Nae^ Co., Texai. on' SS '^'ris^t? '-'^' ">«? a«>ii.ed b, "hcf " 

Bar. 125 mile* b. e. of San Antonio. It is pareutbeieB, as du ty. These puei_ _ _ 

 popular health rraort and has laree cot- are to be made in^the margin as -«w^«Xl. U 

ai22 , <1920) 10,522. , . _, . , ^ where there is too mnch space in <:>x&e ot 
Comnnrlpft '*" rpuB-ls, kor'pug-kls), i. 

VUrjpuULiCK ,1,^ loinutest particles of more parta of a line. A tick-mar^ < ■^> 

substance, such as the electrons supposed also means to lessen space. Wbei> siu Jii 

to constitute the atom, and the flying are transposed, they are to be coKK:Ka.^^«:=«ed 

particles in the Lesage bypotbesis of hi,, r-nrviui lins b<, /'~>. i. i >icr»i 

gravitation. (See next artide.) A name by aeurved line,as^notXi5^ W^*^ 

also applied to two kinds of mioute "P '"^ '" »■>'. and tbe mark tr, <^ 

acAld bodies constituting an integral part Po»e) is to be written in the p---» 

of blood. AVhen a letter is torned, a line ia 

CorpUSCnlar Theory of Light under it, and the mark Qmade 

(kor-pns'kll-Iar), tbe theory which ex- margin. When punctuation ia a 

plained tbe phenomena of light b; sup- of requires to be altered, a caret 

podng tbat a laminous body emits excea- at ttie place, and the comma or 

fllvely minute particles of matter, cor- ^t*^-- i^ placed in the margin 

puMules as they were called, which strik- atroke behind it, as / , If a 

Ing the eye produce the sensation of light, quotation or superior letter 

Newton held tbe corpuscular theory, and amitted, tbe caret ia made i._ ^,— .^ 

supported It with great ingenuity. This , ,. . ., .11 '^SC*ti 

theory has long been displaced by the "nd a mark of thia sort ,^ol or -**'^fc' 

uniMiatory theory (which seel, placed in the manln. WonJa ^^^Jt/^fW 

Comns Jniis (^oi^PDS JO-rls ; 'body are to be printed in italics are 0^^^*^,,^:^ 
i- •»»» ^, jg^.j ,g ^ ^^^ beneath with a single line; av rfSSgW?' 
g.ven to certain collections of laws The (o^ce). if in small capitaU, Wi« -7"-* 
name of Corpus J^ Civills ('body of j^nes, as Greece (U«e^)7 if ff /^ 
civil law") in particular waa bestowed . . - -  , - . ,, ^ ^ii 

in the twelfth century upon the general capitals, with three, as James (JAifgg"* 

body of legal works drawn an at the or- ,1-, ., . i , '■ 

ders of Justinian, vis. the Institutes, Where these marks are used in„con*<s 
Pandects, Code and NoveU ; together with H.™' i?%5'^flV''''"°", *"'^- *^ '^ 
tbe coUectiota bearing on the feudal law S^'"''**' *'""'!?  "i"",^" .V,,""* ■"'"'lift. 

Ing has been adopted, and tbe Corpus 0'*'^° ""der it, and the word rom. writ- 
Juna Canonic! compUeid. '*? '"i."'*- "■^'K"'- Where a corrector. 

Corral I^omiI'); • y'>^ ■"■ ■tockade """ altering a word changes his mmd. 
Vitfrnu (jjp cattle •""* prefers to let it stand, doti ate 

Cnnvfttinn of fhfi Prcwi the cor- placed under the word in the proof, and 
VjOrreouoa 01 me xress, rection ^' "ot^ «"' "et it stand) written in 
of printed matter before publication, tj^^. margin. When two paragraphs an 
T.Ti« first Impression taken from the types desired to be Joined, the end of the on» 
Is called a proof, and almost always con- *°d "1* beginning of tbe other paragraph 

Uius some errors. In correcting proofs a« connected by a curved line C -O t 

for theprinter the following signa are "."o the words run in written tn the mar- 
oaed:— When a wrong word or letter B'°- Where a new paragraph In desired 
oreurs. a line is drawn through It, and to be made, the mark H ia inserted at the 
the proper word or letter written on tbe P'a™: """^ '*>* *"'■'' P"""- written In tbe 
margin opposite. If a clause, word, or margin. The corrections should always 
letter is omitted, a caret ( A 1 I" marked he written on the msrjrin of the proof s-i 
at the place, and the omission is written a* t" ensure notice by tbe printer: and 
on tbe margin. It a superflnons letter when thrae are numerous or Intrictte, 
or word occurs, the pen is drawn throurh connect them by a line drawn from tbp 
It and tbe character ^, rignlfylng ieUi P'*<^ ^bere they are to be made. 



Corr^^o 



Corrugated Iron 



finrr^t^oiti (kor-r^'5), Antonio Al- 
vrvxjTP^^iU jjjg^ ^ Italian painter, 

bom at Correggio, near Modena, in 1494. 
Little is known of his life, which was 
Yery retired. Almost the only anecdote 
told of him is that on seing the St. 
Cecilia of Raphael he exclaimed ' Anch 
*io son pittore' (I also am a painter), 
bat this is doobtfuL €k>rreggio is un- 
riyaled in chiaroscuro and in the grace 
and rounding of his figures. Among 
hia beat pictures are Night, in which 
the chief light is the glory beaming 
from the infant Saviour ; the 8i. Jerome ; 
the Marriage of 8t, Catherine; several 
Madonnaa, one of them (called La 
Zingarella. or the Oipsy Oirl) said to 
represent nis wife; the i^erUteni Magda- 
lene^ the altas-pieces of St Francis, St. 
George and St. Sebastian; Christ in the 
Garden of Olives; the fresco of the 
Ascension in the Church of St John, 
Parma ; the AsBamption of the Virgin in 
the cathedral of the same dty; the Ecoe 
Homo and Cupid, Mercury and Venus, 
both in the National Gallery, London. 
He died in 15S4. 

Correlation of Physical Forces, 

a term introduced by Mr. Grove to denote 
what may more properly^ be called the 
convertibility of the various forms of 
energy. The energy, for instance, which 
a bullet in rapid motion possesses, is con- 
verted into heat when it strikes tae 
target, the bullet being then warm to the 
toacb. So heat may again be converted 
into hinetio energy, that is, the form of 
energy possessed by a moving body; for 
instance, through the intermediation of a 
steam ens^e. Heat is also directly con- 
verted into electricity, and electricity 
into heat In connection with this 
doctrine that of the conservation of en- 
ergy ought also to be studied. 
Corr&ze (kor-rfts), an inland depart- 
vrvxA^A^ ment of France, formed from 
part of the former province of Limousin, 
and deriving its name from the river 
Corrtee, by which it is traversed ; area, 
2273 square miles; capital. Tulle. It be- 
longs almost entirely to the basin of the 
Garonne. Except m a few valleys the 
soil is far from fertile, heaths occupying a 
great extent of surface, and agriculture 
being in a very backward state. Pop. 

HnTTilt LonoH {\oh kor'ib), a large 
VfUZXlU, lake in Ireland, mostiy in 
County Galway, partly also in County 
Mayo, about 23 miles in length, and 
Tarying from 2 to 6 miles in breadth. 
It receives the drainage of Lough Mask 
through a subterranean channel, its own 
waters being carried by Galway River to 



Galway Bay. It has some fine scenery 
on its northern and western shores, con- 
tains numerous islands, and, next to 
Lough Neagh, is the largest lake in Ire- 
land. 

dnrrirlAr (kor'i-dor; Italian and Span- 
VUinuur .gj,^^ i^ architecture, a gal- 
lery or lonir sisle leading to several cham- 
bers at a distance from each other, some- 
times wholly enclosed, sometimes open 
on one side. In fortification, corridor 
signifies the same as covert-way, 
CorrieTitpR (kor-re-ftn'tfts), a town of 
LrOmeUieB ^j^^ Argentine Republic. 

capital of the province of same name, on 
the Paranft, near its confluence with the 
Paraguay, 832 miles N. of Buenos Ayres. 
It is well placed to serve as an entrepdt 
of goods between the upper parts of the 
Paraguay and the ParanA and the sea- 
ports on the I^ Plata. Pop. 30,172. 
Pop. of province, 299,479. 

Gorrievrckin. See Corryvreckan. 

Corrio^Ti (kor'i-gan), Michael Au- 
^vAXAgwA* QU8TINE, archbishop, bom 
at Newark, New Jersey, in 1839 ; died in 
1902. He was graduated at the American 
College at Rome in 18G3, became Roman 
Catholic bishop of Newark in 1873, was 
made an archbishop in 1880, and suc- 
ceeded Cardinal McCloskey as Archbishop 
of New York in 1885. 
flArrnTinrTT (kor'o-bo-ri), a dance en- 
\^orruuury ^^ged in by Australian 
natives in which the performers, with 
shields in their hands, circle round a fire. 

Corrody. See Corody. 

nnTrAaivAa (ko-ro'sivs ; Lat. corrodere, 
vruriruBivctt ^ ^^^ away), in surgery, 

substances which eat away whatever part 
of the body they are applied to; such 
are glacial acetic acid, burned alum, white 
predpitate of mercury, red precipitate of 
mercury, butter of antimony, hydrochloric 
add, sulphuric acid, corrosive sublimate, 
etc. 

Corrosive Sublimate, ^^f^^i^^'y 

(HgCls), a white, crystalline solid, an 
acrid poison of great virulence. The 
stomacn-pump and emetics are the surest 
preventives of its deleterious effects 
when accidentally swallowed, if used im- 
mediately; after a time tne corrodve 
action of the chemical on the stomach 
may result in rupture thereof if an in- 
strument be inserted or emetic attempted. 
White of egg is very serviceable in coun- 
teracting corrosive action on the stomach. 
It is a powerful antiseptic. 

Corrugated Iron 'g^h^V t-*i"r*^n 

strengthened by being bent into parallel 



Corrnption of Blood Gort 

fuiTowt. It 1b larself used for roofinct is Monte CInto, 8891 fe«t bigli, Monte 
■Dd when dipped in melted tiai^, to (ive it Hotondo comlUB aeit, tJT76 feet hljrh. 
a tbiu coatlDg _ tbermf, is commonlr From the eut and wnt aide ol the i:h«ia 
knoWD an caftanised iron. numerous ■trsams flow to opposite aiden 

f!rtrmntin»i of ItlnnH See At- nt the coast, senerally mere turrects. 
l^OrmpilOn OI JliOOa. t<tinJ„_ with the ei^eption .,t some marshj di.- 
COITT (■O''!)' > dtrof Brie Co., tricta on the east coast, the climate is 
-_. ^PennijlranlB, 87 miles b. e. of excellent There are Sne [oresla coo- 

Erie, OD 3 tnink linea of railroad. It baa taiaiDi ptnea, oaks, beechea, cbeatntita 
SO manoMcturing planti; the producta and cork-trees, and the mountain Bceik-' 
inelnde ensinee, radiators, toja, leather ery la aplendid. In the plaina and nu- 
ud sted cooda. flour, brick, etc. There is merous valleys the soil ia aeneraUv fer- 
bero a State Flab Hatcberr; alm> a new tile; but agriculture la in a backward 
State Armorr. Coal and Iron fields are state. Mules, goata, horaea. cattle and 
In the Tidnitr. Pop. (1920) 7228. afaeep, and among wild anlmab the boar. 

CnrwUl (kor'aak) or CobSAK (FiilpM the fox and the deer are common. There 
*^^^^ aorioc), a species o( yellowish are good fisheries. In minerals Coraica is 
fox or dof found in Central Asia, Siberia not rich. The chief exports ar« wine, 
and ladia. It la gregarious, prowls by brandy, olive^ll, chestnuts, fruit and fish, 
day, burrows, and lives on birds and The chief towns, Ajaccio and Bastia. 
egga. are connected by railwar. The Island 

O.ni'aai'pa (kor'iArs), the Angliciaed waa first colonized by tne Phcenlcians, 
V/umura f^^^ ^f (^e term used in the from whom it got the name of Cymoa. 
•outb of Europe to denote tboae pirates The Romaos sHerwarda gave it that of 
who sailed from Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, Corsica. From the Romana it passed to 
and the ports of Morocco. the Gotha, and from them to the Bara- 

Cnra#1et (I<0"le0. (1) a cuirass or ecus, and in the fifteenth century to the 
vw&v&iv* armor to protect the body Genoese. France had the rights of the 
from injury, worn formerly by pikemen. Genoese ceded to her. after PaoH had 
generally of leather, and plstolproot. (2) virtually made Corsica independent, and 
The part ot a winged insect which an- entered on forcible poesesalon of it in 
nwers to the breaat of other animals. 1788. An inaurrectlon in 1794. beaded by 

Cnm^i. i^'*^"^)'  l>'^^ °' nnder- General Paoli and assisted by the British. 
^"*"**' clothing worn, usually by for a time apstored the island to io- 
women, to give ahape to the body, con- dependence ; Tut in 1796 it again felt 
aisting of a sort of closely-fittina Jacket, under the dominion of France. It ta 
usually stiffened by strips of steel, wbale- notable as tbe birthplace of Napoleon, 
bone or otber meana, and tightened by a Fop. ^I8,S20. 

lace. The materiala of wbicb it ia made nnrsicanB ( kor-sl-kan'a ), a dty, 
shonid be smootb and elaatic. and it '* '" county seat of Navarro 

should be especially fitted for tbe Co., Texas in central Tezaa, in the heart 
individual wearer, as no two human of the black-land belt of the eotton-pradae- 
fignres are precisely alike. It should be lug section. It is a cotton-mlll cotter, 
remembered, also, that corsets are meont with three cotton milla. Its oil indottry 
to preserve a good figure, not to make has rapidly Increased and there an now 
one, and any forcible compression of tbe 1500 ahallow oil wells. There are tefin- 
ahape, especially on young peraons. will erica, oil-wellBupply factories, brickworks, 
only end in destroying natural grace of cotton oil mills, etc Pop, (1910) 0749; 
movement and in aerions Injury to the (1920) 11,356. 

health. flnranprl (kora'ned) In andent tlmca 

flnnrinfl. (kor-si-ka: French. Cwte), ^"^"""U ^ ^j^ of bread, consecrated, 
\jumuiL ^jj jjjg^j j„ (jjg Meditet- to be eaten by a suspected criminal. If it 
ranean, forming the French department was safely swallowed the person waa tnno- 
of same name. It la separated from cent : if it stuck he was guilty, 
the ialand of Sardinia, on the south, by nnrsn (kor'sfi). sn Italian term given 
(he Strait of Bonifacio, about 10 miles w*«v to a leading street or faablon- 
wide; length, it. to b., 110 miles; breadth, nble carriage-drive. 

near Ita center. G3 miles ; area, 3377 Cnrt HsnBr, the Inventor of the proc- 
•quare milea. The east coast ia almoat '-'"*■') eases of pnddllng and rolling iron, 
unbroken, but on the west coast a num- born at Lancaster, England. In 1740. He 
her of deep bays follow in rapid sacces- commenced business at Gnaport Hamp- 
ilon, lie Interior is traversed by a shire ; erected ironworks, and studied with 
■onntain chain, tbe culminating point great success methods of impt«vlug tte 
tf which, accormoc t» th« lateat anrveys, procesa of mannfactorlnf Iron. Hi the 



Cortelyou Cortona 

nil fortunate selection of a partner he was Mexico, where he caueed his vessels to be 
iiiTolved in a compHuatiun of lawsuits, burned, in order that his soldiera mixht 
and finally ruined. In 1T94, however, be have no other resoDrce than their own 
received a iwnsion of £200 a fear from valor. HHTing Induced the TotonacB and 
the British governmenL Ue died in 1800. Tlaicalane to become hia alllea, be 
Rnrtplvnn (hor'tel-7a), U e B E msrcbed towards Mexico, where he was 
WMifccijuu ^KUCK, cabinet official, amicably received; but, havinn seized 
was bom at New Xork in 1862 ; was grad- Montemma, the Altec monarcb, and 
Dated at the State Normal School, became treated the people vltb treat cruelty, 
a law reporter in 1883 end a school prin- 
cipal In 1886. He entered public service 
in 18S&, became successively private 
•ecretary to varions officials, end was 
made stenographer to President Cleveland 
In 1896, ass lata Dt secretary to Preaident 
HcKinley in 1898, and secretary In IWO. 
He waa continued in this position by 
Freaident Roosevelt, and waa chosen by 
him in 1903 as the first secretary of the 
new derartment ol Commerce and Labor. 
In 1906 he was appointed Postmaster- 
Oeoeral and in 1907 Secretary of tbe 
Treaanry, thna holding three secretary- 
■hipa In the Roosevelt cabinets. In 19U9 
he became president of tuo Consolidated 

Gas Company, of New YorV, ir.™.„j„ n-,,*— 

n-H-JUi (kor'tea). tbe old assembly of rwnando Cortes. 

vuii.es j,,g egtatea In Spain and For- they finally became hostile and attacked 
tDgal. In early times tbe xing was very the invaders. After a desperate struggle, 
dependent upon them, especially In the In which 100,000 Mexicans are said to 
kingdom ot Aragon. When the king- have perlahed, tbe city was taken, and 
doms ot Aragon and Castile were nnlted soon after tbe whole country was sub- 
nnder Ferdinand and Isabella the crown jpgated. In 1528 Cortex returned to 
succeeded In rendering itself more Inde- Spain; but two years after be was again 
pendent of the estates, aud In 1638 sent out to Mexico, where he remained for 
Charles abolished the assembly of the ten years, discovering meanwhile tbe 
estates in Castile altogether. Uraduslty peninsula of California. He returned 
the popular liberties were encroached once more to Spain, wbere. notwitbstand- 
npon, and the cortes at length were con- ing his great services, he was coldly 
renei only for the purpose of homage or received and neglected. After taking part 
eeremony, or when a 4>^estioa regarding in an expedition to Algiers in 1G41 be 
the succession arose. In 1808 Napoleon pRBSed the remainder of bis dayit in 
revived tbe cortea for bis own ends. KJltade. 

The present cortes of Spain are composed nni^ltttiil (korfland), a dty, conuty 
of a senate and congress equal in vwiwauu ^^^j „( Cortland Co., New 
antfaority, and having the power along lork, 30 miles b. of Syracuse, on Tlougb- 
witb the. king to make laws. (See nioga River. Seat of State normsl school. 
Spain.) Tbe Portuguese cortes Is coeval It haa manufaetarea of wire doth, auto- 
wlth the monarchy, and has had n history mobilea, motor trucks, ailk, wall paper, 
very similar to that of the Spanish. corundum wheels, carriage hardware and 

t\nTt»9 or COBTM (kor'tfis, hor'tei) other products. Pop. (IfllO) 11,604; 
^^^^^ FBBPiAsDO, or Hebnah. the (1920) 13,294. 

conqueror ot Mexico, was born In 1485 nnrfaina (kor-t6'na), a dty ot Italy, 
It Medellln. In Estremadura: died near ^"*Wim Jjq ^j^^ g^ ^f Florence. 
Serine in 15i7. He went to the West It is a place of groat antiquity, is partly 
Indies in 1504, where Velasgnei, Gov- surrounded by cyclopean walls, and has 
emor of Cubs, under whom he had greatly in Its museum a great variety of Btniscan 
diatingnlshed himself, gave bim the com- and Roman relics. Its cathedral contains 
mand at a fleet which was sent on a fine works of art. Pop. of commune, 
Toyage of discovery. Corte* quitted 29,659. 

Santiago de Cuba in 1518. with eleven CortOIia f''!>'^»;''.a). PlirraODi prop- 
•ssels" about 700 Spaniards, elght^n ™'^"'* erly P.e tro BerrghnL i 
horM« and ten small Beld-pieces. He painter andarchltect, was born at Cor- 
knded on the shore ot the GdU of ton* In 1596; died in 1660. Pope Ui^ 



Comna Corybantet 



also to Mfculejhe 

churches of RoTje were decorated by him ; - ^^ ko^vk (kortl). t for- 

CBticnation. Ab an architect he m '"]y J^enWrolGtTmiLaanlMiaoa. Wit- 
■ome Important work in church rettora- tekind, the bistorlograpber of the conrmt: 
tjOQ, BruDo, koowQ afterwards aa Pnne Gnf- 

Pn-mTia fw >k' ai a„ f^..^^„ "ry IV, and many Other learned mm 
LOrOna Cko-renyft). See Cw-naa. „^^ educated here. To ito library be- 

.,, --„-J the only MS. of the first sii booki 

_j fouod native ot the AnnaU of Tacitus, discovert hffe 

in a crystalline state. In bardneag it is in 1514. The abbey, or castle of Cor<«f> 
next to the diamoad. The amethyst, ai it Is now called, has a rich and eittn- 
ruby, aappbire and topaz are considered sire library : but the ancient oollectJan o( 
ss varieties of thia mineral, which is the BenedictiaeB is no longer in eittt- 
found in India and China, aod is most ence. 

usually in the form of a six-sided prism CorVldffi <kor'vi-de), the crows, * 
or sli-sided pyramid. It is nearly pure ""*""«* family of eonirostral bitdfc 
aahydrous alumioa (AliOi), and its spe- in which the bill is strong, of cooini 
cific gravity is nearly four times that shape, more or less compressed. sB" 
nf water. Its color is tbtious — green, the gnpe Btrsight. The nostrils tre 
blue or red. inclining to gray, due to rovcred with stiff, bristle-like fetthpn 
traces of iron, copper, etc. Emery is a directed forwards. The family IncliidM 
variety ot corundum. the ooinmon crow, rook, raven, magpie 

IVranno (kO-run'na; Spanish, Co- jay, jackdaw, nutcracker, CornUb ctaooilw 
t/Onmna ^„^v a aeaport of Spain, etc. 

in the province of tfae same name in Ga~ (Inrui'TiTiB Matthias. Se« Ualtlii— 
licia, on the northwest coast, on a penio- ^"^*^ "l^»J Comnw. 
Bula at the entrance of the Bay of Be- fjorvo (I'or'vfi), the tmaneat and mMt 
tanzns. It consists of an upper and a ^ northerly of the Aiore Jslandi- 

lower town, the former built on the e. Pop. aboot 1000. 

side of a small pcninsuls, and the latter Pni«nnn (lior'win). Thomas, stttM- 
on the isthmus c.mnecting the peninsula *^"* «"» man and orator; bom i" 
with the mainland. The harbor, which is Bourbon Co., Kentucky, in ITM; died is 
well protected, is deep, spacious and 1865. He won celebrity as l***}^ 
safe. Cattle, wine, farm products and and orator; was elected to Congress Ip 
Gsh are exported. Coninna was the port 1S30; supported Harrison for the V^""' 
of departure of the Spanish Annade dency in 1840 ; and was elected covenw'' 
(L'iSS), and the scene of the repulse of of Ohio. He represented Ohio U ">* 
the French and the death of Sir John United States Senate, 1845-50. and In t» 
Moore (1809). Pop. 60,178, See map at latter year, was appointed Secret^n^ 
FerroL the Treasury by President Fillmore. "' 

CorValliB (kor-vslls). » city, county „b» Minister to Merieo 1861-64. 

\/vi.itUJ.ta Heat of Benton Co.. Oregon, - , , TnoMAn an HwnH-ic EW 

06 mileH B. by w. of Portland, on the Coryat, h^'**'."' |!? w^" ii" ISTf ^ 
Willamette River. Seat of the State Ag- ^.^ ,. Surlt Indilin 1617^ Hl« "•■ 
ricultural College. It has saw mills, sash ^'™„!' ^""™??'^''', ^"^- , J\* ^ 
and door factoSes, flour mills, canneries, ^«"'«?; » «««' F" «< S^^tJw 

brick and tile works, and extensive farm through Europe, Asia Minor, Pe»»«r '"^ 
Interests. Pop. (1820) 5752. aia. etc. His travels were publiw" 

hnr^Aa 'kor'vfl). in feudal law. an under such curious titles as Co^'' 
uuivcc obligaHon on the inhabitantB Cruditiei, Corval't Cramte or ColW^ 
of a dUtrict to perform certain services. Ticice Sodden, etc. He acted as  »ort« 
as the repair of roads, etc., for the butt or foil to the wits with who"" " 
sovereign or the feudal lord. In France associated in London. ^ 

this svstem was not finally abolished nnTirTMTif^ti <koT-l-baD'tei>. ft^By^ 
until 1792. w)ryDanwB ^^^^ „, (,,^,^ ^b 

CoTVPttr (kor-vef>, a veawl of war, celebrated the mysteries with ot*iw^ 
wiwivo bsrqae or ship-rigged, baviuf dances to the soand of dram and cyi"'"' 



Corymb 



Cosmogony 




Corymb. 



Gorvmb (kor'imb), in botany, that 
«^ ■* form of inflorescence in 
which the flowers, each on 
its own pedicel of different 
lengths, are so arranged 
along a common axis as to 
form a flat broad mass of 
flowers with a convex or 
level top, as in the haw- 
thorn and candytuft 

Corrpha <kor'i-fa), a 
wwa.^^u<« genus of 

palms, including the fan- 
palm, gebang palm and taliput 

wwAjyuM^ucft TPHBNE, a genus of 
fishes of the mackerel family (Scom- 
beridsB). The body is elongated, com- 
pressed, covered with small scales, and 
the dorsal fin extends the whole length 
of the back, or nearly so. The dolphin 
of the ancients is the C, hippUris, All 
the species, natives of the sea of warm 
climates, are very rapid in thei motions, 
and very voracious. They are of brilliant 
colors, and are objects of admiration to 
every voyager. 
nnrtrnTif^nfl (kor-i-fe'us), the leader 

Greek drama. His functions were often 
as wide as those of our stage-manager, 
conductor and ballet-master. The name 
coTffphie is now applied to a ballet- 
dancer. 

Corvnliodon (kor-i-f6-don), a genus 
^Tirypuuauu ^^ extinct Ungulata, 

forming a link between the elephants and 
tapirs, having the ridges of its molar 
teeth developed into points; found in 
the Eocene formations of England and 
Prance. 

Cos. °^^ called Staivchio or Stanko, 
^ an island in the JEga>an Sea, on 
the coast of Asia Minor ; area, 95 square 
miles: pop. 10.000. It was the birth- 
place of Hippocrates, and had anciently 
a celebrated temple of ^sculapius. In 
Cos was manufactured a fine, semi trans- 
parent kind of silk, much valued by the 
ancients. Cos is also the name of the 
principal town, a decayed seaport. The 
island yields grain, wine, silk, etc. 
Pnftl^iy (kos'bi), William, an early 
VU9UJ English Colonial governor in 
America. See Zenger. 
PaoaIav (k^HsHi), an urban sanitary 
UOSeiey district of West Stafford- 
shire, 11 miles N. of Birmingham. It has 
extensive iron and other manufactures. 
Pop. (1911) 22,841. 

PAOAtivo (ko-8en'ts&). an episcopal city 
UOSeUZa ^^ southern Italy, capital of 
province of Cosenea or Calabria Citeriore, 
150 miles 8. E. of Naples ; pop. 27.048. It 
has manufactures of silk, pottery and 



cutlery ; the environs are beautiful, and 
produce abundance of grain, fruit, oil, 
iHrine and silk 

f!nftTipriTl^ (kosh'er-ing), an ancient 
trOBHenu^ right of lodgment in ten- 
ants' homes, possessed by Irish landlords. 

(Infill ontnn ( ko-shok'ton ) , a city, 
V^OSnOCXOn ^^^„^y ^^^^ ^f Coshocton 

Co., Ohio, on Muskingum River and Ohio 
Canal, 69 miles e. i?. E. of Columbus. It 
has manufactures of iron pipe, paper, 
glass, pottery, furniture, advertising nov- 
elties, etc., and is a shipping point for 
coal, flour, etc. Pop. (1920) 10,847. 
Pnamcia (k o s' m a s), surnamed 
vuBuias Indicopleustes (*the Indian 
navigator'), an Alexandrian merchant 
and traveler of the sixth century ; after- 
wards a monk. He wrote several 
geographical and theological works, the 
most important of which extant is the 
Ctiristian Topography. The author tries 
to prove that the earth is a parallelogram 
bounded by walls, which meet and form 
the vaulted roof which we call the sky. 
PA&TTiAfiAa (kos-met'iks; from Gr. ko8' 
l/USmctibS ^^^ J ornament or beauti- 
fy), external preparations for rendering 
the skin soft, pure and white, or for 
beautifying and improving the complex- 
ion. To these may be added preparations 
for preserving or beautifying the teeth, 
and those which are applied to the hair. 
fntt-miaTn (kos'miKm), that system of 
VrOSHUSIU phHosophy, based on the 
doctrine of evolution, enunciated by Mr. 
Herbert Spencer and his school; a phase 
of positivism. 

nnftmnf^nTlv (koz-mog'6-m; Greek, 
trOSmOgOny j^^^g^Qg^ worid, and gonS, 

generation), a theory of the origin or 
formation of the universe. Such theories 
may be comprehended under three classes : 
— 1. The first represents the world as 
eternal, in form as well as substance. 
2. The matter of the world is eternal, 
but not its form. 3. The matter and 
form of the universe are ascribed to the 
direct agency of a spiritual cause; the 
world had a beginning, and shall have an 
end. Aristotle appears to have embraced 
the first theory; but the theory which 
considers the matter of the universe 
eternal, but not its form, was the prevail- 
ing one among the ancients, who, start- 
ing from the principle that nothing 
could be made out of nothing, could not 
admit the creation of matter, yet did not 
believe that the world had been always in 
its present state. The prior state of the 
world, subject to a constant succession 
of uncertain movements which chance 
afterwards made regular, they called 
chaos. The Phoenicians. Babylonians, and 
also Egyptians seem to have adhered to 



C»™<>' Costa Eioa 

tbb IbMir. Out form of tbfa ttwrj !■ to farnish the largest militarir am; on 
">• Upmic theory u Uucht by Lencip- the shorteat notice. The democratical 
pua, Epicuma and Lucretlai. Accordinc part ol the constitution KraUuBlIy divap- 
toit, atonuorlndirlsibls nartfcleaexiated peered under RuBsian domiuHtiou. and 
rrom elernitT. moving at Euard, and pro- when, in 1917, Buseia capitulated to Gef 
Ondac, b7 their coDitont meeting, a »a- many and agreed to the rw^Kuitiun of the 
riety of Bobatancea. After having given separate republic of the Ukraine, there 
riae to an lmmens« variety of comblna- was a vigorovw movement tor the re-eatab- 
Uimi they prodnced the preaeat organl- liahing of the Don Coaaack republic The 
Mtlon of bodie^ ITie third theory of Coaaacka were a very important element 
coamofony mv. be aaid to ba thfit genei^ In the national army of Caariat Russia, 
■Ily stated la the first chapter of Genesis, forming a fitst-rate irregular cavalry and 
wnere tf« act o( creation la unequivocally rendering excellent service* aa Koute and 
ramdated. Thia narrahva has points in akirraishera. The European war, however, 
«mmon with aeveral ancient comnogonies. was fought more with shells than with 
notably tbose of tbe Aaayriana and Bsby- borses, and the fact that great Runia 
tonlana. In modeni cosmological spec- laid down her arms before the victoriou. 
S™^ *„ J[i^"'»'?'"?u ^l" *^'' *^ Teutons is no reflection on the courage 
rtged to account for the phenomena of and skill o( the Cossacks. Every Cossack 
Si^ (i,n.,',«„.i -J - I. _ waa liable to military service from 18 to 

Cosmos '■o^?"'*). oMiw pp harmony;'5o. TheCoKsacksnumber about 3^159,000. 
nr,i-i» »n5 K. ?-7i ""'"^rae aa «tt The capital of the Don Cossack territory 
t^^ » >... ^r i^ flf't,""' H^'',*?^* *» Novo Tcherkaak. which was founded in 
sense It baa been adopted by Humboldt laos R.iHtov is the mmmerrial center 
3L.^^fhii Jh « h'*'**';"'.^ T"''- ^^'^^ Agriculture, live stock, herring-fi.hing and 
2Sn « th-%^S2^i "l*""" "^""V.S" <»■' '"'"'"« "^ the principal induStriai 
rlt, I«i Jaieai phenomena of the n( the CosbacIu. 

Cosne W?J:'' Ki"^,'** ^ranc d*P- *'"'»'** consul at Rome 428 B.C. when 

Ni»vre. 81 mllea h. M. W. of in single eombat he aiew the \'ei«n King 

Nevera, on the I»lre. Pop. 8437. Lar Toiumnius. and won the tpotia opimZ 

Cossacks '''0"'«''»; t'o«octi), tribes which could be gained by a Kooian gen- 

who inhabit the aontbem eral only from a leader of the enemy, 
and eastern parts of Ruaaia. paring no Costa <l">«'ta). I-^MNZO, bom InlMOj 
laiea, but performing Inatead the duty of *'""* died 1535 ; aa Italian painter of 
soldiers. Nenrly all of them belong to the the Bobgneae school. 

Grmo-RuHsinn Church, to which they CoHtn. Sir Mickarl. musical compoaer 
are strongly attached, and to the observ- *'*"''*«'i anU conductor, born at Naples 
ancea of which they are particularly of an old Spouish family In 1810 ; died In 
atlentlve. They must be ^vided into 1884. In 1828 be went to England, and 
two principal classes, both on accoaut of In 1839 became a naturalized Britisb aub- 
thelr descent and their present condition jectL He waa conductor of the Philbai^ 
—tbe CoHsacka of Little Russia and those monic Society, the Sacred Harmonic So- 
Df the Don. Both classes, and especially dety. Her Majesty's Opera, tbe lUndel 
those of the Don. have collateral branchea. Festivals, etc. His chief works are the 
rtlBtrtbuted aa Cossacks of the AiolT. of opera Don Carloi and tbe oratorios Eli 
Ibe Danube, of the Black Sea. of the and Naaman, He was knighted in 1839. 
I'fncasua. of the Oral, of Orenbcrg. of RnHtfLnnRTi (kas-tfl'nS-Bn), a Unguia- 
Siberia. of the Chinese frontiers and of ^OS'^nOan y^ ^^^^^ ^f jj^^ ^ "^^^ 
Astrakhan. Writer* are not agreed as can Indiana, whose territory extended 
to the origin of thta people and of their from the Oolden Gate, California, to « 
lame. but they are believed to be a point below Monterey Bay, It once con- 
niied Caucasian and Tartar race. In sisted of numerous tribes, but now is al- 
lersonal appearance the Cossacks bear  moat extinct, 30 survivors eiiating in 188S. 
-lose resemblance to the Rusaiatis, but Coatll Aim (koa'ta ri'ka), a republi- 
jre of a more slender make, and have *"""""■ -""*"' can gtate in the southern 
festnres which are decldediv more hntid- P*"^ of Central America; bounded n. by 
mme and expressive. Originall.v their Nicaragua, e. and n. by the Caribbean 
lovemment formed a kind of democrncv, S*"l ■• ^7 Panama ; and 8. and w. by 
It the head of which was a chief or >1»' Pacific. The area Is 23,000 aq. miies, 
letman of their own choice ; while nnder divided into five provinces and two co- 
ilm was a long aeries of ofBcers. with marcag. The country Is intersected diag- 
inrisdtcttont of greater or leas eitfnt, opa'lf by tbe primary range or cordillem 
Mrtly dvll and partly military, all m> **' ''■^ Isthmus, which throws off nnmeroua 
UTuigtd ■• to be able on any emerfency ^lura on either aide. Tbe chief range ca»- 



Costello 



G6te8-du-Nord 



tains several lottj eminences (the highest 
11,740 feet) and volcanoes, both active 
and extinct or dormant. Costa Rica is 
said to contain some rich gold-mines; at 
present, however, they are not worked to 
any great extent. SUver and copper are 
also found. The country is extremely 
fertile. Coffee, rice, maize, etc., are 
raised on the tableland in the interior; 
and cacao, vanilla, sugar, tobacco, ba- 
nanas, etc., are cultivated in the low 
coast-regions. Coffee forms the most im- 
portant product. The forests are val- 
uable, and remarkable for their hard- 
wood timber. The capital is San Jos6, 
and the two established ports are Punta 
Arenas, on the Pacific side and Porto 
Limon, on the Caribbean Sea. It has 
been an independent state since 1821, 
from 1824 to 1839 forming a part of 
the Central American Confederation, bnt 
subsequently became separate. Another 
Confederation was formed in 1872, but 
did not lone continue. In 1912 there 
were over 400 miles of railway and 1200 
miles of telegraph lines. The finances 
are in some disorder, and education is at 
a low ebb. The sum of exports and im- 
ports amounts to about $15,000,000. Pop. 
331,340, mosUy of Spanish descent 

Costello (^»-^.el'«)» P^JKY. novelist 
and journalist, bom in Ire- 
land in 1803; died at London in 1865. 
A constant contributor to many journals 
and magazines, and author of several 
popular works of fiction, etc. — His sister, 
LoTTiSA Stuabt Costexlo, bom in 1815 : 
died in 1870; published two romances, 
entitled The Queen Mother (1841) and 
Clara Fane (1848), a poem called The 
Lay of the Stork (1856), and various 
historical and descriptive works. 

Costfir (l^os'ter), Laxtbenb (called 
*^ Janseoon, that is, aon of John), 
whose name is oonnected with the orisin 
of printing, was bom in Haarlem in 1370 
or 1371; died about 1440. He was 
sacristan (K osier) of the parochial 
church at Haarlem, and from this office 
he derived his surname. According to a 
statement first found in Junius' Batavia 
(1588), he was the original inventor of 
movable types, and on this ground the 
Dutch have erected statues in his honor. 
But in 18/0 a Dutchman, Dr. Van der 
Linde, professed to have demolished the 
claims of Haarlem to the invention of 
printing, and to have established that 
Holland, like other countries, was in- 
debted for it to the Mayence school. This 
ronclusion has been rejpctpd by Mr. J. H. 
Hessels, who, on carefully investigating 
the matter, thinks it highly probable that 
Coster was the Inventor. Among Amer- 



ican printers Gutenberg is credited with 
the invention. See Funt, Qutenherg and 
Sch^ffer. 

CostmarV ^ ''os^'^a-ri ; from L. ooetoe, 
wvvvMAMA^ an aromatic plant, and 
Mary, the Virgin), or Alecost (Bal' 
eamlta vulg&rie), a composite herbaceous 
plant, a hardy perennial, a native of Italy, 
introduced into Britain in 1568, and com- 
mon in almost every rural garden. It was 
formerly put into ale to give it an aro- 
matic flavor, hence the name Alecost, 
Cnofa in laWy are the expenses incurred 
vrUStB, ^y ^jjg plaintiff and defendant 

As a rule, these are paid by the loser in 
a suit, but there are always eatrajudioial 
expenses incurred by both parties, which 
each has to pay whatever be the issue of 
the suit. In criminal cases the party 
accused may have his expenses it the 
court thinks the accusation unreasonable. 
In matrimonial suits, the wife, whether 
petitioner or respondent, is generally 
entitled to her costs from the husband^ 
CoBtnniik (kos'tflm), the style of attire 
\^UBi.ume characteristic of an individ- 
ual, community, dass, or people; the 
modes of clothing and personal adornment 
which prevail in any period or country.— 
Coetume halle, also called fancy dreae 
halle, are entertainments at which the 

?;uests adopt a style of dress different 
rom the one usually worn. It may be 
one which was worn at another period, 
or one worn in another country, or a 
modem dress worn by some particular 
class of society. A favorite plan is to 
make up as some well-known character 
in history or literature. 
Gdte-d'Or (k^t-dOr), that is. hlll or 

excellence of its vintages, a chain of hills 
in the east of France, height from 1400 
to 1800 feet 

CSte-d'Or ^° inland and eastern de- 
1* wx, partment of France, part 
of the old province of Burgundy, having 
Dijon as its capital. It is watered 
by the Seine, the SaOne, and their 
affluents, and derives its name from the 
C:»te-d*Or hills (see above), which 
traverse It from N. E. to 8. w. Area, 
8382 sq. miles. The vineyards of the 
eastem slopes of the COte-d'Or produce 
the celebrated wines of Upper Burgundy. 
Iron, coaL marble, etc., are found. Pop. 
(1906) 35r,959. 

Cdtcs-du-Nord ^tiSl"^a^^^^^ 

the north of France, forming part of 
ancient Brittany; capital Brieuc. Area. 
2659 SCI. miles. Hie coast extends about 
160 miles, and the herring, pilchard and 
mackerel fishing is actively pursued. One 
of the main branches of indastry Is the 



Goteswold Cotton 

rparing at cattle aod borsM. In maDii- HnfKWnlH TTilln <kota'w01d), a rann 
racturiDf iDduatriea the principal branch ^0»W"i*l aiua ^j t,iu, ^^ Kngl^. 
LB the apinniiis of Bai and hemp and the County Gloncester, which the; trarene 
n-eaving of linen and (oilcloth. Among If. to H. for upwards of 60 milea; «s- 
Ihe raineralB are imn, lead and granite, treme elevation near Cheltenlutm. IIIM 
Top. till.DOd. feet. The CoUtcoUt theep are a breed of 

rtnfsaiirAl/l i"r ('ottbswoldI Hilla. Bhe*p remarkable for the length of thrir 
uubtjswuiu gpj cotncold HiU>. woof, formerly pecnliar to the coontiea of 

Hntlian B«~ ('~^ii_ Gloucester, Hereford, aifd Worceater. 

LiOmen. see toethen. Gotta (^ot't«>, Johahh FaamiCB. 

nnHini^Tiiia !«<.« it^.ti« Barob von, an eminent book- 

bOtUnrniU. bee Buikm. g^,[^^ „, Germany, born in ITM; died ill 

nntidol Tinoa (kfi-tl'dalK a syitem 1832. He began butinesa at TSMnKOi. 
LiOtlttal liinea l^ un^g „„ ^ g,ot>e or bnt in 1811 removed to Stuttgart He 
cbart marking the placea where liigh waa the publisher for many great wrltaa 
water occurs at the aame instant in Germany, Including Uoetbe, Schiller, 

Pntillinn (ko-til'yun), a brisk dance Wieland. Eicbter, Ubland. Ficfate, Hwd. 
UOWllloa p, French origin performed the Humboldt^ and others, 
by eight persoDB together, resembling the f<nttjihna (kofa-bns), an ancient 
quadrille, which superseded it. The name *'""«"»» ij^ek game, which con- 
is now given to a dance which often aisted in throwing wine from capa with- 
winds up a ball, and which is danced out spilUngi into little basins of metal, 
with any number of dancers and with a suspended in a particular manner or 

Jreat variety of figures, the paini of floating in water. 
ancers following in this the leading pair, Cottage (kot'aj), a. small coontry tea- 
and partnera being auccessivelr changed. «'"'«'6>* Idence or detached suburban 
rntiniraa (k o- 1 i n' g a s), a family house, adapted to a moderate acale of 
\/ui,iugtw ^f tropical American birdfc living, yet with all due atteotioa of neat- 
Bome of which have splendid plumage, nes«, comfort and refinement 

Sw"r7*"i'">riSJ*"""- ^ ^''^ CottbM. See Kottbmi. 
bird. Umbrella-bird. 

Pfttft (kS'tO), the reddish-brown, aro- CnttiPT TpllTlre *"oO-er tenQr), a 

^*'T'° maUc and slightly bitter bark of ^O™" Xenure g^^tem of tenuro 

Falicourta dennflira. order Rubiaceie, according to which laborera rent small 

a tree of South America imported into portions of land directly from the owner, 

Europe and used as a remedy in diarrhea or from a farmer, often giving pemoal 

and profuse sweating. ^ '"- "- ' "' **- — * --■ •■-'•"— 

CotOneaater of''smalT"tr4B 'o'^bFi- C^0ttin'(^°'-»*j' Sophm KranAtni 

Ing shrubs, nat order Koaaee*. 0. ^^'•'•^^ better known by the name o( 

vulgBrU is a British species, having rose- Modamt Cottin, a French noveliat, bom 

colored petals and the margins of th« in 1773 ; died in 1807. In 1790 sfae mar- 

calyi downy. The other species are na- ried M. Cottin, a banker of Bordeauz, 

tivFB nf the south of Europe and the who died in 17B3, and thenceforth she fol- 

moiintains of India. Tley are all adapt- lowed literature. Her best-known work 

ed for nhrubberifs. is ENxabttk, or the Emilet of Siberia; 

rnfnno-ri (k6-(ft-paks'il , the most re- other novels are Claim d'Albe. l/sfaTta*, 

l/OXOpaXi markable volcanic mountain Amilie and Mathilde. 

«[ the Andes, in Ecuador, about 60 miles Pnttlf' (kot^), Joseph, a bookseller 

n. E. of Obimboraao; lat. 0' 43' 8.; Ion. ^*"'"** and publisher of Bristot, Eng- 

78° 40* w. : altitude 19.ri(X> feet. It is land, and the author of some now almost 

the most beautiful of the colossal summits completely forgotten poems, was bom in 

of the Andes, being a perfectly symmetri- 1774 : died In 1853. He was a generous 

nl truncated cnne, presenting a uniform friend to Coleridge and Southey In tbeir 

unfurrowed field of snow of resplendent early days, and wrote an intereatlng toI- 

brightness. Several terrific eruptions of ume of recollecttons of those authors. 

it occurred In the course of the eighteenth CottOTl <kofn), the name given to tb« 

and the beginning of the nineteenth cen- w"*'"" ^ft cellular hairs which eo- 

lury. circle the seeds of plants of the genna 

nnfntnp (ko-trS'naK n seaport of Oo»ivpi*ot, nat. order Malvacec nie 

\^ui,iuuc Southern Italy, province of (renns is Indigenous to both the Old and 

Calaniam. on the site of the ancient the New World, and the planta ar« now 

Croton. It has a cathedral. Is defended cultivated all over the world within the 

b a dtadel and otherwise fortified. Pop. limits of 30* north and aonth of tb» 

1917 equator. All the ipecles an j ' " 



lUpradHctd by fo-mijiidn 0/ Tki Phaaddphia ilmcumi. 

COTTOn PLATFORM AUD COMPRSSSOR 
BipBTti hiT* tor muir y«Ti b«n setkiiK ft machine for nickine collon. Tbt ons iUuitrated ab 
Bi«Bioai drrica which nopcU iuelf. picia the cotton, and itoiait in ths bum at the ttat. In I 
tew tlw inachuia Hen in tha backcnMind oriwei tha csttoa ioto bitM. which tn boond with M 



Cotton Cotton 

ahrabs, though in ciillivntinn thej aro est luxury. The introduction of tbe cot- 

Hometimes IreattMl bb if they were aDDuala. ton-slinih into Europe datPE from tbe 

The; bave alCi^rnate alalked and lobtnl nioth rpntury, and was first effertpd by 

leaves, large ;elIow Sowers, and a three the Spanish Moors, who plantnl it in the 

or five celled capsule, which, when ripe, pJains of Valencia. Cotton manufactor- 

bursts open through the middle of me les were Bhortly nfterwarda eatablished 

celt, liberating the numerous black aeeda at Cordova. Granada and Seville ; and by 

covered with the beautiful filamentous the tourlpenfh century the cotton stuffs 

roltOD. The North American cotton is manufactured in the kingdom of flranada 

produced by Ootai/pium barbadense, and had come to he regarded as superior In 

two well-marked varieties are cultivated, nuiilily to tlioie of Syria. About the 

the long-sta[jle oottoo, which has a fine, fourteenth century cnttnn thread began 

soft, silky fiber nearly 2 inches long, and to be imported into England by the Ve- 

the short-staijled cotton, which tas a fiber neuans and IJenoese. In China tbe cot- 
little over 1 inch long adhering closely to 
the seed. The long-ataple variety, known 
as Sea Island cotton, holds the hrst place 
in the market It is grown in some of 
the Bouthem United Stales, especially on 
islands bordering the coast. The cotton 

frown ia South America is obtained 
rom O. Perui-iUnum, called also kidney 
cotton. The indiicenous Indian species is 
O. kerbaeium, which yields a Bhort-sta- 

6 led cotton. It is grown throughout the 
lediterranesQ re^nn as well aa in Asia. 
The mode of caltivatinc cotton is usually 
as follows : — The seeds are sown in the 
spring in drills of about a yard in width, 
the plant appearing above ground in 
about eight days afterwards. The rows 
of young plants are then carefully weeded 
and hoed, a process which requires to be 
repeated at two or three subsequent 

Seriods. No boeing takes place after the Berb*c«oui Cotton Plaat (Omiuphiih 

owering has commenced, from which a W*ac*nm). 

period of seventy days generally elapses ton-shrub was known at a very early 

till the ripening of the seed. To prevent period, but it doea not appear to have 

the Inster of the cotten wool from being been turned to any account as an article 

tsmbbed. the pods must not remain of manufacture till tbe siilh century of 

nngathered longer than eight days after the Christian era, nor was it extensively 

coming to maturity. The cotton-wool is used for that purpose till nearly the mid- 

TOllected by picking with the lingers the die of the fourteenth century. In tbe New 

flakes from the pods, and then spreadine World the manufacture of cotton cloth 

out to dry. an operation which reiinires appears to have been well understood by 

to be thornngblv performed. A machine the Meiicans and Peruvians long before 

has recently been invented which ia tbe advent of Enropeana. It was planted 

anerted to pick cotton satisfactorily, bv the English colonists of Virginia Id 

The cotton then comes to be separated l(i21, but only as an experiment, and the 

from the seeds, a process formerly ef- amount produced was long very small, 

fected by manual labor, but which has the crop amounting only to ahoul 2,000.- 

long been done by the cotton-gin. After 000 lbs. in 1791. In tlie following year 

wing cleansed from the seeds, the cotton- the cotton-gin was invented, and the 

wool la formed into bales, and is ready rapidity with which the liber could he 

for delivery to the manufacturer. removed from the seed led to a rapid and 

Cotton haa been cultivated in India great increase, the United States becom- 

and the adjacent Inlands from time imme- ing in the following century the great 

morlaL It was known in Egypt in the producer of cotton. The cotton-plant Is 

iiith century before the Christian era, chiefly cultivated for the fiber growing 

but was then probably imported from In- upon the seed, but the seed itself has 

dia. It was not till a compamtlveVy late proved commercially valuable, i ormerly 

period that the nations of the West be- a waste product, it now forms an eaaen- 

came acquainted with this useful com- tlal part of the crops value yielding 

modity. and even then it appears only to large quantities of cottonseed-oil and oil- 

bave been used as an article of the great- cake. The fiber from the inner bark also 



Cotton Cotton-glii 

■low and difflcalt proceai, it belnf 

^»».^..i.. ~,_», _~» . Jjy hand.  (ood day's work for a 

Althourh coltoii is a tropical plant, maa being a few pound* of lint The 

Ata caltivBtum is conduoted moot succesa- result was that American cotton could 

fully In the temperate tone. The coodi- not compete with that of India and the 

tlona most favorable to Its growth and West Indies, and very little waa raised 

development are ail months eiemptioa until after the invention of the cutton- 

from front, tnnderate rainfall during (In. In India and GUna a cmda and 
growth, and while matiiriag abnndatiC simple machine has lone been used as a 

Runshine with little moislurD, The subRtftiitp for hand labor. It is railed 

Kontbem States of this country supply the 'ehurka' and Ik known in Italy an 

these conditions better than elsewhere, the 'manfianello', and consists of two 

If in the quan- wooden rollers Hxed in a frame and n-- 

..., ,jality of the fiber volving in contact with ea.h other, the 

produced. The emount grown enor- cotton being drawn between Ifaem and the 
motlBly exceeds that of any other part of aeed excluded. Various elTorts have been 
the world. The yield ranges from one- made to improve this machine, which Is 
fonrth of a bale of fiOO lbs. to two bales still largely nsed in India, bnt tt I* im- 
per acre. If the lint alone la retaoved possible to clean cotton npldlr by thla 
from the land, cotton is the least ex- means, and gins have been tntrodarrd 
bausting of the various crops of the into tte prindpal cotton districta to re- 
united States. The quantity of cotton place it. The cotton-gin (the word 'gio* 
grown in the l.'nlted Btatea for the being a contraction for ' engine ') was in- 
year preceding the census of 1900, as vented in 1TB2, br Bli Whitney, a native 
given therein, was 9^5,391 bales of a of Connecticut, then living in Savannah, 
total gross weight of 4,672.605.500 lbs. Georgia, as a tutor In the honse of Hm. 
In 1911 the crop reached the great total of Greene, the widow of General Greene 
1433Z.TB6 bales, the largest ever grown, of Revolationary fame. Hla mechanical 
ilnftnn Cbaxles, an English wrlt'^r. Ingenuity was so evident that Mrs. 
VOtlOil, ^^ [n 183Q. jjij i„ i8g7_ Greene suggested to him the de«lniblHty 
He lived the life of a country gentleman, of attemntiiig to produce a cottnn-clean- 
being a great angler and skilled in ing machine for the benefit of the planten 
horticulture. His works are numerous, of the Slste. Whitney soon devised a 
Including Scorrontdfi, or Virgil Travettie, machine, simple in principle, but effective 
/iMtTHCfton* hoiD to Angle for a Trout In action. It Is still In nse throughout 
and Qrayling in a Clear Stream, a supple- the South, improved bat It* principle on- 
ment to his friend Izaak Walton's Von^ changed. It consiata of a grid or grat- 
pteat Angler; PoemM on Tarioai Occa- ing of parallel wires, set ao close to- 
auHi*,- translBtlons of Montaigne s Ei- vetber tnat the cotton can easily pass 
sof*, Cornellle's Horace, etc. He wrote between tiiem but the seeds cannot. A set 
well both in poetry and prose. of circular saws, with sharp teeth, are ao 
Catta-n S" BoBtsx Brttct, an Eng- arranged that the teeth pasa between the 
*'"*""**' Hah antiquary and collector of wires snd when in revolution catch the 
literary relics ; bom in 1570; died in fiber, tearing It loose from the aeed* 
1631. He assisted Camden in his labors and pulling It between the wires, while 
on the Britannia; and was made a bar- the seeds slide down Into a tweptacle be- 
t in 1611. He wrote numerous antl- low. An additional neressarv feature ia 



quarisn pamphlets, but he Is ciilefly re- » revolving hniah which nweeos the cot- 
membered for the maguiecent library o( ton from the saw teeth and keeps them 
andent charters, records and other RIS8. ^ipgn. Snrh Is. in brief, t>ie principle of 
which be collected, and which PJ™"! to the famous cotton-gin. which has been 
his heir Intact and was acjiiired hy the ^o^h hundreds of millions of dollars to 
nation In 1700. Aft" being Partially tbeplantera of the South, 
destroyed by fire In 1731, it was placed fbe effect of this machine on the rot- 
in the British Mnsenm in 1757. ton Induslrv of the South was remark- 
Cotton-erin " machine employed In able. In ITW. when WhItneV* machiD* 
ZJ . ,. , ^}' production of eoiion- was produced, the United SUte* pro- 
flber. It being adapted to remove the lint dnred only 500,000 pounds of cotton and 
from the seed to which it clings. When all the cotton raised conld have been 
this has been done there remains of the (rrown on a field of a few hundred mcpea. 
product as gathered about one-third In In 1800 the cron was IR.OOO.OOO pounda: 
weight of clean cotton, fitted for mauu- ten Tears later It was 80,000.000 pounds ; 
facture, and two-thirda of aeed, of value In 1830 a million hale*. It ha* veHed In 
for the oil It contains. Originally the late years from 10.000,000 to IftOOO.OOO 
work of aeparatlng the lint from the seed bates, llil* great developmeDt would bare 



Cotton-gin Cotton-spinning 

been impoesible without Whitney's inven- picked by hand, the negroes of the South 

tion^ which, however, was pirated, he re- being employed. This method has long 

ceiving little benefit from it. The action been unsatisfactory, for various reasons, 

of the machine, it must be said, is very and various efforts to produce a mechani* 

hurtful to the fiber, it being 'in this way cal cotton-picker have been made. One 

a wasteful and costly apparatus. This tested in 1910 proved very satisfactory. 

injury was especially great with the long- It was operated by a gasoline motor, and 

stapled cotton, the fibers of which were -picked the cotton by mechanical fingers, 

found to be more or less cut, or ' nepped \ performing its work thoroughly and with- 

by the tearing action of the saws. T6 out injury to the plant or the unopened 

prevent this another American invention, 4)olla, and at a cost much below that of 

the Macarthy gin, has come into use for hand-picking. It is the invention of 

cleaning the long-stapled Sea Island, Angus Campbell, a Scotchman. 

Egyptian and Brazilian cotton. In this nnffA-nsAAi^ Oil & valuable oil ex^ 

the fiber is drawn by a leather roller be- vUliWUSCCU wii, pressed from the 

tween a metal plate called tiie 'doctor*, seeds of the cotton-plant, used as an 

fixed tangentially to the roller, and a adulterant or as a substitute for various 

blade called the ' beater ', which moves up other oils. The oil-cake of cottonseed 

and down in a plane immediately behind is a valuable cattle-feeding substance. 

and parallel to the fixed plate. As the PA^-fn-n -a-niTiTi-iTio> a term employed 

cotton is drawn through by the roller, V^Ollun-BpiIllUli^, ^^ describe in the 

the seeds are forced out by the action of aggregate all the operations involved in 

the movable plate, which acts vertically transforming raw cotton into yarn. The 

in some machines and horizontally in word ' spinning ' has also a more limited 

others. Attempts have been made to im- signification, beinr used to denote the oon- 

prove both the saw and the roller ma- eluding process of the series. The follow* 

chines, in the one case to prevent injury ing anords a general notion of the nature 

to the staple, in the other to add to the and order of the successive operations 

rapidity of the cleaning process. One of carried on in the manufacture of cotton 

these is the 'needle' saw-ffin, an inven- yarn. — (1) Mi^in^, the blending of differ- 

tion intended to prevent the fiber from ent varieties of raw cotton, in order to 

being cut. It consists of steel wire set secure economical production, uniform 

in block tin, with the bottom of the quality and color, and an even thread in 

teeth rounded or made smooth. On the any desired degree. (2) The willowing, 

other hand the Macarthy gin has been soratohingf or hlowinfff an operation 

developed into a double action machine, which cleans the cotton and prepares it 

with two movable blades or beaters. Also in the form of a continuous lap or rolled 

the 'knife roller' gin, the 'lockjaw' gin, sheet for the next m-ocess. (3) Carding, 

and others have appeared as rivals to the an operation in which the material la 

saw-gin. The machine which will clean treated in its individual fibers, which are 

the largest quantity in the shortest space taken from the lap, further cleansed, and 

of time is naturally preferred, unless the laid in a position approximately parallel 

injury to the staple is such as to reduce to each other, forming a thin film, which 

its market value. The production of the is afterwards condensed into a sliver — a 

most efficient cotton-cleaning machinery round, untwisted strand of cotton. (4) 

is, therefore, of importance alike to the Dratanff, the drawing out of several 

planter and the manufacturer. Until re- slivers to the dimensions of one, so as to 

cent years the ginning was done on the render the new sliver more uniform in 

plantations. Nearly the whole of it is now thickness, and to place the fibers more 

done in public ginneries with steam perfectly in parallel order. (5) Sluhhing, 

power and much more rapid production, the further drawing or attenuation of the |!i 

The saw-gin is five times as fast as the sliver, and slightly twisting it in order  

roller-gin in its operation and is used to preserve its cohesion and rounded 

throughout the Southern States except in form. (6) Intermediate or Becond sWh- 

the region of Sea Island cotton. hina, a repetition of the former operation 

PAffnvi.crraafl the popular name of end further attenuation, not necessary In 

vubbUJi ^ia»»9p|^Q^g of the genus the - production of ^ coarse yams. (7) 

Eriophdrum, order Oyperaecae or sedges. RovinOt a continuation of the preceding. 

Several species occur in the United States its principal object being still further to 

and in Great Britain, in moory or boggy attenuate the sliver, and give it a slight 

places, and the white, cottony substance additional twist. (8) Spinning, which 

they produce is used for stu^ng pillows, completes the extension and twisting of 

etc. the yarn. This is accompUsht^d either 

flnff ATi-TiiAlrAi* Mechanical. Cotton with the throstle or the mule. By means 

vutvun iiiuikcry Yj^^ hitherto been of the former machine the yam receive* 



r« 




Cotton-worm Cones 

« hard twiat, wbicb renders it tough and ion, and are accordingly termed hmho- 
ktroug. Uy means of the latter yarnii ot coti/ledonout; othera bave two, and are 
len itrength are produced, sucb as warpH di:-otiiledonoui. These differences are ac- 
o( light fabrics and wefts of all kinds, mmpanied by remarkable differences in 
(dee Thread end Weaving.) Up to the ilie structure of (he stems, leaves and 
middle of the laut century the only method blosHnms, which form the basis for tbe 
of spinning known was that by tbe band- 
wbeel. or tbe stiU more primitive diiitaff 
and spindle. In 1TU7 a poor wearer of 
tbe name of Uargreaves, residing at 
ijlanhill, in Lancashire, England, in- 
vented a machine for spinning cotton, 
which be named a tpinninB-ienny, It 

conaUted at first ot eight spindlef * ' 

wheel, but was atl ,, ^^^y,^u («. « ,-<,pa^ «« 

, J and improved so as to ,otyledoii twd o( PwimwiMK™). 

bave the vertical substituted for tbe ^ 

boriiontal wheel, and give motioa to division of flowering plants Into two 
from fifty to eighty spindles. In 176S great classes. Tbe embryo plant of tbe 
Arkwrigbt, originally a barber's ap- Coniferie has many (three to twelve) 
prentioe, took out a patent for spinning cotyledons, and la called polyootvMoMOM. 
by rollers. From tbe circnmstances ol Tbe cotyledons coniain a supply of food 
the mUl erected by Arkwrigbt at Crom- for tbe use of tbe germinating planL In 
(ord, in Derbyshire, being driven by some plants the store is very targe, ami 
water-power, bis machine received tbe in germination tbe seed-lesves remain 
name of the waters/rain e, and tbe thread under the ground, as in the pea and oak ; 
•pan on it that of water-lirut. The in others the store Is nut so large, and tbe 
next important invention in cotton-spin- seed-iesves appear above ground and per- 
ing was that of tbe mule, introduced by form the fnnctions of true leaves; while 
Ur. Hamnel Crompton, of Bol'oD. in there is a large class of seeds where tbe 
1775, snd so called from its combining embryo is very small, and the food i^ 
tbe principle of tbe spinning-Jenny of stored up around it, as in wheat and ibr 
Haigreaves with the roller^pinning of buttercup. 

Arkwrigbt. Numerous improvements in ConchRIlt < konch'ant ) , in heraldry, 
cotton-spinning have been Introduced up """''■'^"■"v ^^jj ^j ^ i,eaat lying down 
to the present day, but the^ are all nilh the head raised, 
modifications of tbe original inventions. PnTin)! nrajis (ytTlTcn, or QlTlCX) 
Among tbew is the throttle, an extension *'v*'" «*•«» (Triticum mptna), a 
and simplification of tbe original spin- perennial grass, wbicb is propagated both 
Ding-frame, introduced abi.ut the year by seed and by its creeping root-stock. 
IHlu. Tbe flrst machines set up in the and is one of the most common and 
United States were at East Bridgewster, troublesome weeds of agriculture. When 
Alass., in 1786. hy two Scotchmen. In it first sppears above ground its blade is 
1812 Francis C. Ixiwell introduced the readily ealeo by sheep. The roots are 
Cartwright power-loom at Lowell, Mass., readily eaten b; pigs, and when cleaned 
which is now the largest colton-manu- and boiled or steamed become a farlnace- 
bctnring center in America. Tbere are ous and nutritious food fur cows and 
alao eilensive mills in active operation horses. It is the grass eaten by dogs a< 
in Alabama, Georgia and other Sontbem an emetic. 



States. nnnfiTlintr (kouch'Ing), an old opera' 

nAttnn.wnrm  caterpillar which Wiucmi^ ,5^^ ,^j. ^taract, wbicb 

vmwa worm, f^^, ^^ d,^ \eaMe* consisted In passing a needle into th* 

of the cotton-plants, in such multitudes eye, and with it pushing tbe lena ont of 

as to cause serious mischief. It changes its place to leave the pnpil of the eye 

Into a pale, reddisb-green moth. clear. 

fintfita  genus of fishes. See P«H- rnnAv (kO-sSl, Rkrattd, (Thatklaia 

CotUrnil. See Qu^O. f °"t "•«>-■. M""!."* Ac" in im. Hi. 



...„ distinenlsbed by great v. 

the seed- of passion. He is the hero of a celebrated 

if the thirteenth century. 



embryo plant forming, together with tbe fjnnaa IkowsK Eu.tott. nsturalist. was 

radicle and plumule, tbe embryo, which ^'vi*^^ \^r„ at Portsmouth. New Hamp- 

eiists Id every seed capable of germina- shire. In 1S42: died in 18W*. He bpcamf 

tion. Some plants have only one cotyle- a dwlor and served as siicb In the army 



Cougar 



Council 



from 1862 to 1881, also holding official 
positions in the northern boundary sur- 
vey and the geological survey of the 
territories. Ue was professor of anatomy 
in the National Medical College at Wash- 
ington 1817-87, and in 1883 of biology 
in Virginia Agricultural College. Uis 
works include Key to North American 
Birds and various other works on birds, 
Fur-Bearing Animale, Biogcn, Expedition 
of Leicia and Clark, etc. 
Con^ar (J^«'K^r). a voracious quad- 
^'vu.gc** jupgji of the cat kind, inhabit- 
ing most parts of America — Felis con- 
color. Its color is a uniform fawn or 
reddish brown, without spots or mark- 
ings of any kind. It may attain a lenj^th 
of 9 feet, inclusive of the tail. In habits 
it is stealthy and cowardly, and seldom 
or never attacks man. It is by some 
called the puma or red tiger, and is one 
of the most destructive of all the animals 
of America, particularly in the warmer 
climates, where it carries off fowls, dogs, 
cats and other domestic animals. 
Toil^li (^^^)» ^ sudden and forcible 
wugu expiration immediately pre- 
ceded by closure of the fflottis or narrowed 
portion of the box of the windpipe. The 
force for the action is obtained by a deep 
breath, then follows the closure of the 
glottis, succeeded by the expiratory effort 
forcing open the glottis. The action is 
performed by the expiratory muscles, that 
IS, the abdominal muscles, by whose con- 
traction the diaphragm is forced up, and 
the muscles of the chest, by which the 
ribs are pulled dovtm. The cavity of 
the chest being thus diminished, air is 
driven out of the lungs. The object of 
the couffh is usually to expel any foreign 
material in the lungs or air tubes. The 
offending material may be there present 
as the result of inflammation, catarrh, etc 
It may also have gained entrance by in- 
spiration. Thus, the irritating material 
may be merely some food or drink which 
has slipped into the larynx, or it may be 
dust, etc., in the air inhaled, and the 
cough is the means of expelling the 
intruder. But cough may also be pro- 
duced when there is no irritating material 
present. The larynx or windpipe may be 
in an inflamed and irritable condition, in 
which state even the entrance of cold air 
will excite coughing. Moreover, cough 
may be produced by irritation of nerves, 
distant from the lungs and air passages, 
by what is called reflex action. Thus, 
irritation of the stomach, irritation con- 
nected with the ear, irritation of certain 
nerves by pressure of growths, etc., m&r 
produce coujph. when the respiratory 
organs are not directly affected at all. 
Irritation at the beck of the throat, as of 



the tickling by a long uvula, and so on, 
also produces it A catarrhal cough s 
generally considered unimportant, partic- 
ularly if there be no fever connected 
with it But every cou^h lastin|( longer 
than two or three days is suspiaous and 
ought to be medically treated. 
Coulisse (J^^li«')» o^e of the. side 
wii.u.0»w scenes of the stage in a 
theater, or the space included between the 
side scenes; properly one of the grooved 
pieces of wood, etc., in which a flat scene 
moves. 

nnnlnTnli (k5-15n), Chables Augus- 
UUIUUIUU jj^ ^j^ French physicist, 

born in 1736 at Angoulfime ; died in 180(i. 
Uis fame rests chiefly on his discoveries 
in electricity and magnetism, and on his 
invention of the torsion balance. 
Coulomb ^^ Ampere-second, is the 
* working unit of electrical 
energy. When a current having the 
strength of 1 ampere passes through a 
1-ohm-resistance conductor in 1 second 
of time it constitutes a coulomb. Named 
after C. A. Coulomb (see preceding ar- 
ticle). 

CoUmariu (kS'ma-rin). a vegetable 
"• " proximate principle, ob- 
tained from the Diptcriw odordta, or 
Tonka bean, sweet woodruff, sweet- 
scented vernal grass, melilot, etc. It has 
a pleasant, aromatic odor, and a burning 
taste; and is used in perfumery, in 
medicine, and to give flavor to certain 
varieties of Swiss cheese. 

Council (J^ouii'sil; Lat concilium), 
*" an assembly met for de- 
liberation, or to give advice. The term 
specially applies to an assembly of the 
representatives of independent churches, 
convened for deliberation and the enact- 
ment of canons or ecclesiastical laws. 
The four general or ecumenicaJ councils 
recognized by all churches are: (1) the 
Council of Nice, in 325, by which the 
dogma respecting the Son of God was 
settled; (2) that of Constantinoi)le, 381. 
by which the doctrine concerning the 
Holy Ghost was decided ; (3) that of 
Ephesus, 431 : and (4) that of Chalcedon. 
451, in which last two the doctrine of 
the union of the divine and human na- 
ture in Christ was more precisely de- 
termined. Among the principal Latin 
councils are that of Clermont (1096), In 
the reign of Urban II, in which the first 
crusade was resolved upon ; the Council 
of Constance, the most numerous of all 
the councils, held in 1414, which pro- 
nounced the condemnation of John Huss 
(1415), and Jerome of Prague fl416) ; 
the Council of Basel, in 1431. which in- 
tended a reformation, if not in the doc- 
trines, yet in the constitution and dis- 



Cks] 




H ^C •'■•^- ss-vSiI-iKHi^S^-s g^ 

-'^"••i-. ..< b,„ ''"w iicn !;■*■- rii.,rr „B;b£ 






Jonrbevoie Courtesy Title 

lent Is made. Also oDe of a seriei of Pniirt <k5rt). (1) All th« SDrroaad- 
ickets which binds the issuer to make "v*"* mgg of a sovereign in bii )e|*l 
ertain payments, perform some service, state ; the bodf of peraon* wbo comiMM 
r give value for certain amounts at the housebold of, or attend on, a sover- 
ifferent iwriods, la consideration uf cign. Preaenlalion at Court is a formiE 
loney reeeived. introduction of peraons of some eminence 

lonrbCTOie (Wlrb-vwa), a town of or suciai standing to the British aov- 
"" V'fani's department ereign on certain state occasions appoint- 
'■■' "-=-- "; ed for the purpose. They have to appeal 
L in the regulation 'court dress.' (2) A 
tribunal of justice ; the hall, chamber, 

•viuici •. . .--,- ,-ir^ <"■ P'"* where justice is administered. 

despatcbefi, whether public or the persona (ludges) assembled fur 
r private ; also uo attendant on u party hearing and deciding causes, civil, critn- 
'nveling abroad, whose eHpeciol duty is inal. military, naval, or ecclesiasticaL 
1 make all arrangementa nt hotels and Courts may be classiBed in various wafn. 
a tbe journey. .K common distinction is iuto courlt o/ 

!01irla.lld ('"■r'lanil; German, Kur- record and not of record; the first beiag 
land), a government in those the judicial proceedings of which 
:usala, bounded y. by Livonia and the are enrolled in records. They may sIhi 
lulf of Riga, w. tbe Baltic, s. Kovno, and be divided into courts of orifinal juritdic- 
. by Vitebsk ; area 10,535 square miles ; lion and courts at appeal, or of appellate 
Dp. 714|200. In the nelghborbood of juritdiction, inferior and tuperior conru. 
[ittau, the capital, the surface is illversi- etc. Articles on the different courts will 
ed by hills of very moderate height : but be found under such separate hendiags 
aewbere, and particularly towards the as CAoncerv, Common Pltat, Bmclteqaer, 
«st, it is flat and contains extensive /Supreme Covrl, etc. 

indy tracts, often covered with heaths flnTirt-litirnn '° England, a court 
nd morasses. About two-fifths of the ^^^'■^ uaruu, ^^.p^.^^ „, t,,p j,^ 
hole government is occupied by wood- holders of a manor, presided over by the 
ind. The poasnutry are for the most lord of the manor or his steward. These 
»rt Letts; the more wealthy and iutelli- courts have long fallen Into disuse, 
•nt classes Teutons, the prevniliug re- CoUrt dC Q^bellll ( Wr^l-ahtt-btaot  
pon being Lutheran. The territory was "*"***■ "»* «cutuu. iRToiNC a 
ibjecteU to Toland in 15<tl. conqufrcd by French writer, bom In 1725; died in 
harles XII of Sweden in 1701. and war< 1TS4. He published, in 1773 and 1774. 
lerged in Russia in Vliffi. It was one of J^e Monde Primiiif Ar\ttlv»i et Compart 
le new states formed by the (lermnns arro le Monde Hoderne. which, after nine 
Fter the capitulation of Russia in 1917. volumes had appeared, remained (in- 
state council was created by the Cer- finished. Its vast plan embraces dlsaerta- 
an imperial government to direi-t the in- tions on mythology, grammar, origin of 
'mat affairs of Courland. This poo- language, history, etc. He also pablished 
sted of barons, large land owners, and Ltttrtt Hiiloriguei et Apolot4liqii«M tn 
:hcr members, all of the Germanic race. Faveur de la Retipian Rffarmie. 
Innrsf^r (kOr'ser), or Coltbieb (Cur- Pnnrtpav (ktirtt-si). TENtTBt bt, in 
OUTSer ,on,H), a genus of grnlla'o- *^*''"^"y English law, is where a 
al birds belonging to the plover tribe, man marries a woman seised of an 
hey are found chiefly in Africa, but one estate of inheritani^e. and has by be ' tssne 
leciea, the cream-colored courser, baa capable of inheriting her estate. In this 
■en met with in Rritain. rase, on tbe death of bis wife he bolds 

onrsiniP lli<tr-sing), a kind of aport the lands for his life, as tenant by 
6 in which hares are bunted courtesy. 



-e held In various localities, at which given to him by popular consent, to which 
iga are entered for a variety of stakes, he has no valid claim. When a British 
I horsea are at a race meetiog. When a nobleman has several titles it is usnal t 



.... „ „ ., .„ J. certain give one of bis inferior titles to his eldest 

Ivance on the dots, which are then let son. Tiius. tbe eldest snn of the Duke 

ose from tbe ' slips * or cords held by of Bedford is MarqiHt of Tavistock, and 

le 'slipper' and fastened to the dogs' the Duke of Bnccleiicb'a eldest son is 

illars. A Judge keeps his eye on the Earl of Dalkeith. The younger sons of 



. ^\ 



Court Hand 



Cousin 



Vtooonnt or l>aron has the courtesy titl« 
of Mazier, as the Master of Ix>vat, eldest 
Bon of Lord I^>vat. 

Court Hand« ?* ?^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ®"®? 

*«•***», hand or manner of 
writing used in records and judicial pro- 
ceedings, and distinguished from the mod- 
em or Italian style. 

Court Leet, ^. ?°k1^^ ^is^ry the 

•^^ criminal court, as the 
court baron was the civil court, of a 
manor. The right to hold it was granted 
by royal franchise to the lord of the 
joanor. In some parts of England courti 
l^t are still maintained in form, though 
they have ceased to have jurisdiction. 

Court-martial, \ ^?Hr* consisting 

•** • .UAMA MnA, ^£ military or naval 
Officers, for the trial of military or naval 
Jiaenses. 

Court of Arbitration, J^bTuhldS 

A«« Hague, Netherlandn, by the Peace 
iT^y^jntiou of 1899. Its meml)ership now 
all *u^ distinguished legal authorities of 
^inr?^ civilized nations of the world* 
qii«S^ Us establishment several important 
^^?v^ have been submitted to and de- 
4^^^y it, possible hostilities being that 
yT^ ^^«^. See Arbitration. 

^a^t of Claims, ii.^e JD^nHe^ 

^ ^:p^ Conpess in 1855. has jurisdiction 
^^K^^'* And determine all claims founded 
ly act of Ck>ngress, or on any regu- 
of any executive department or 
ny contract, express, or implied, 
«« grovemment of the United States ; 
hou—^aT^ ** claims referred to It by either 
r^Z^ ^^ Congress. 
^OIXX^ of Love in the chivalric 
ages « ^wvc, ^^^ ^f ^^^ nji^^i, 

and *Z^^-^^°'* composed of knights, poets 

B10Q9 ^^*^s, who discussed and gave deci- 

iaiit:»--yr*^ subtle questions of love and gal- 

pn)t>^^^^ The first of these courts was 

Joe ^^^^ i^L established in Provence about 

Jj!f^^^^**th century. They reached their 

/If ^1^^ splendor in France, under Charles 

i8al>^>jj^^>\igh the influence of his consort 

e«tat>4«^\^ of Bavaria, whose court was 

vival ^^«d in 1380. An attempted re- 

tarcii»^^C^UB made under Louis XIV. by 

Richelieu. 

Presentation at, ^^^^^. 



upon 

witla 

and 



Coti 

tioa _ 

P^r^Cfc^^^ "^Tie sovereign of Great firitain of 
tioa^ ^ socially entitled to that distinc- 
l>al^.o^'*-^ takes place either at St. James' 
of .t>»-«*^ '^^r Buckingham Palace. The days 



hetck-^^^g^ Citation are announced some timeji 
^^^X*-t:»n»i (Js^r-tra; Flemish. Kartrpk)! 



Here, in 1302, the * battle of spurs * be- 
tween the French and Flemings, took 
place. It is well built, and contains many 
handsome streets. Pop. 34,564. 
Consin (J'^-^a^), Victob, a French 
philosopher and writer, found- 
er of the so-called Eclectic school of 
philosophy, was bom at Paris in 1792; 
died at Cannes in 1807. He was educated 
at the Lyc^ Charlemagne, and entered 
the ^.cole Normale, then newly instituted, 
in 1811. His mind was directed to- 
wards philosophy under I^romiguidre, 
Royer-CoUard, and Maine de Biran. In 
1815 Royer-Collard, returning to political 
life, recommended Victor Cousin as his 
successor, and he became deputy-professor 
of philosophy at the Sorbonne. He had 
also an appointment at the Lyc^e 
Napolton, or College Henri IV, and at 
the £cole Normale. In the free discus- 
sions {conferences) which followed his 
prelections he became, by the influence his 
ehx]uence exercised over his pupils, the 
founder of a school which, while assum- 
ing an eclectical development, was 
originally based on the dogmatic teaching 
of the Scottish school In 1817 he visited 
Germany, and became acquainted with 
the writings of Kant, fichte, Jacobi 
and SchelUng, by ^hose opinions his own 
were thencefortn modified. He lost his 
position as public teacher on political 
grounds in 1822. and did not resume 
teaching till 1828, when he shared with 
Guizot and Villemain an unexampled 
popularity, due partly to political feeling. 
After the July revolution (1830) he 
entered the Council of Public Instruction, 
to which he presented valuable reports 
on the state of public education in Ger- 
many and Holland. In the cabinet of 
Thiers in 1840 he accepted the office of 
minister of public instruction, and was 
created a peer of France. The revolu- 
tion of 1848 brought his public career to 
a close. The head and founder of the 
modern school of eclecticism in France, 
he borrowed from many sources. His 
eclecticism was based on the principle 
that every system, however erroneous, 
which has anywhere commended assent, 
contains some elements of truth, by which 
its acceptance may be explained, and that 
it is the business of philosophical criti- 
cism to discover and combine these scat- 
tered elements of truth, fnie follow- 
ing are among his works: — Fragments 
PhilosophfQues (1826) ; Nouveaum Frag- 
ments Philosophiques (1828) ; Oours de 
Philosophie Morale (184(M1) ; Cours 
de VHtstoire de la Philosophie (1828) ; 
Histoire de la Philosophte an dix' 



oft laii.^ A fortified town, Belgiunit huitiime Bi^cle (1829) ; De la Miiaphih 

^ ^TZ^^ "outh of Bruges, on the I^a. ttoiw d*Ar%stot9 (1838) ; PhUosophU 



i 



Consiiu Corenanten 

Bckolottiqiie (1S40) ; Dit Trai, d« Bean et TOqnired to attach their anbacrtptioiL to it 
4» Bim (ISM), etc. It wu again BobMribed in lEiMuid 1696. 

Cousins (ki>">*)i Samuel^ an EDgliah The salncriptloQ wai renewed io 1638, 
engraver, bom in 1801; died and the anbiCribeM engaged by oalh to 
in 1887. He engraved platei after Law- malDtaiu rellgloa in the same atate aa it 
rence. Landaeer. Beynolai, MllUlB, Letlte, waa In 1580, and to reject all innoTa- 
Eaitlake, Ward, etc. He waa elected a tiona introduced aince tSat time. The 
Royal Academician Engraver In ItlSS, Solemn League and Covenant waa a 
and wlien thia clasa waa abolished be be- aolemn contract entered Inio between the 
came an Academician proper. General ABaembly of the Chnrcb of Sa>t- 

rinnfaTiPPA (kfi-tK^iV  town of land and commlBaioneri from the Engllah 
VUUUtU(,en i^orthem France, dep. ParUament in 1643. having for iti object 
Hancbe. on a hill about 4 milea from the a uniformity ot doctrine, worship and 
sea, with which it communicatea by a discipline throughout Scotland. England 
canal. It has a Gne old cathedral crown- and Ireland, according to the word of 
Ing the bill on which the town atonds. God and the example of the best reformed 
Pop. 6590. churches. In 1662 It was abjured by set 

flntltlinn (kti-tflp), Geobgis, a noted of ParUament, both in England and Scot- 
l^OUinoa ^^j,pg revolntionist, waa land. 

Iwm In 1756. and was bred to the protes- nnnAnantAT* (^ " '*« n-an-tera), in 
alon of a lawyer. Some time after the ^"VCIiauiCira Scottish hislory, the 
revolution he was chosen a member of name given to the party whicb struggled 
the ualional assembly, and allying him- for religious liberty from 1037 on to the 
self with Robespierre aided and abetted revolution ; but more especially applied to 
the latter in all his atrocities. On the the insurgents, who, after the paaring of 
downfall of Robespierre's party Couthon the art of 1662 denouncing the Solemn 
shared, along with him and St. Just, in I>eague and Covenant as a seditions oath 
tbe de<^ree of arreat, and waa gnlllotlned, (see above article), took up anna in de- 
July 28, ITM. fense of tbe Presbyterian form ot church 
CoUTade (hO-vBd'), a singular cnston government The Presbyterian ministers 
prevalent In andent as well who refused to acknowledge the blabops 
as modem times among some of the were ejected from their parishes and 
primitive races tn all parts of the world, gathered round them pra'mAm nf their 
After tbe birth of a child tbe father takes people on tbe hillsides. ( 

to bed, and receives the food and com- to attend their min 

pliments usually given elsewhere to tbe meetings, calied ' conventicles,' were de- 
mother. Tbe custom was observed, ao- nounced as seditions, snd to frequent 
cording to Diodorus. among the Cor- them or to bold communication with thoae 
alcans : and Strabo notices It among the frequenting them was forbidden on pain 
Spanish Basques, by whom, as well as by of death. Tbe unwarrantable severity 
tbe Gascons, it la still to some extent ^th which the recusants were treated 
practised. Travelers from Marco Polo provoked them to take up arms in de- 
downwards have met with a somewhat "nse of their opinions. Ihe firat out- 
similar custom among tbe Chinese, the breaks took place in the bit! country on 
Dyaka of Borneo, the negroes, the ">b borders of Ayr and Lanark ahlrea. 
abori^nal tribes of North and South Here at DrumcloK, a farm near London 
America, etc. HDl. a conventicle was attacked by a 
Covenant (^o^'cn-ant), in law, an hody of dragoons under Graham of 
^* " agreement between two or Claverbouse, but were succesaful in de- 
nore parties In writing, signed, sealed 'mating their assailants (1679). lie 
and delivered, whereby tneT agree to do, murder of Archbishop Sharp on Magna 
or not to do, some specified act. In Moor, and tbia defeat, alarmed tbe 
theology, tne promises of Ood aa revealed government, which sent a large body of 
In the Scriptures, conditional on certain troopa under tbe command of the Dnke of 
terms on the part of man, aa obedience. Monmouth to pat down tbe Inaurgenta, 
repentance, faith, etc. who had Increased In number rapidly. 
Hnv^TiBTif IQ Scotch history, the The two armies met at Botbwell Bridge, 
»A*»cu»in., ^g^,^ ^^jjj j^ ^ j^^j ^p ^^gj^ (jjj, Convenanters were totally de- 
oath drawn np by the Scottish reformers, feated (June 22, 1679). In consequence 
and signed in 1557. and to tbe similar of the rebellions protest called the 
document or Confession of Faith drawn Banaultar Declaralion. put forth In 1680 
up in 1681. in wMcb all the errors of by (Vneron, Cargill and others, as repre- 
- . — ----- .. . ^j^gjg . -^ 



Kpery were einllcttly abjured. 'Hie senting the more Irreconcilable of die 
ter waa aubscmed bv James VI and Covenanters (known as Cameponlana>, 
Ua C0VW41, and all his aabjMta were and a aubaeqnent proclamation In UMX 



GoTent G^den 



Cowbane 



the government proceeded to more severe afterwards to embrace the reformed 
measures. An oath was now required of doctrines, and, having gone abroad, as- 
all who would free themselves of suspicion sisted Tindall in his translation oi the 
of complicity with the Covenanters; and Bible. In 1535 his own translation of 
the dragoons who were sent out to hunt the Scriptures appeared, with a dedica- 
down the rebels were empowered to kill tion to Henry YIII. Coverdale was 
anyone who refused to take the oath, almoner to Queen Catharine Parr, and 
During thia ' killing time/ as it was officiated at her funeral. In 1551, during 
called, the sufferings of the Covenanters the reign of Edward VI, he was appointed 
were extreme ; but notwithstanding the Bishop of Exeter, but was ejected on the 
great numbers who were put to death, accession of Mary, and thrown into 
tiieir fanatic spirit seemed only to grow prison. After two years' confinement he 
stronger. Even after the accession of was liberated, and proceeded first to Den- 
William some of the extreme Covenanters mark, and subsequently to Geneva, where 
refused to acknowledge him, owing to his he was employed in preparing the Geneva 
acceptance of episcopacy in England, and translation of the Scriptures. On the 
formed the earliest dissenting sect in accession of Elizabeth he returned to 
Scotland. See Cameron {Ridhard), and England, and held for a short time the 
Reformed Preshyteriant, rectory of St Magnus, London Bridge. 

Covent Garden t!L?^!lf *Lr]£S\ ^ Coverture (kov;6r.tiir), a legai term 

u * 1 IT S^^^l, qarden), a v^wvcxpuac ^ppUed to the position of 
marketplace to London, which formerly a woman during marriage, because she is 
coB^sted of the garden belong to the under the cover or protection of her hus- 
abbot and monks of Westminster. In band. 




^r^V'^^^lin rS^?' ftTs^ assS: Covington M^^-!?Sit> TI^ ^S? 

difiir'MTc^ad'/ete"'" "' ^''"'''' ^'^" Kenton Co, KentUy,%n''0h?Rfve?^ 
dons, Macready, «*«. posite Cincinnati, to which it is conn^tSi 

Coventry tf "ilnd connt^ of Wa?- ty bridges. It has a verv large general 

wick. 85 mnetl^^esTTLnL^^'lt ft ATuXI'^^^^^^^ 
was formerly surrounded with lofty walls facton^ st^^^ 

and had tw/lve gates, and was the see of it'^J?" oted foJ ite bZitiSnh„nSfn^ ^^• 
a bishop eariy conjoined with Lichfield. duSneSe Roman plihn^^ 
Parliaments were convened here by the |!^f, Buildinf^to Po^^^^ 
carUer monarchs of England, several of 270? HmS^ 57^1 21 ^' ^ ^ ^'' 

whom occasionally resided in the place. r^lzlZtiL « Town «.nnfv «o«i. ^f 
Pageants and processions were celebrated CoVington, AulXiv Po^vlSfnia 
in old times wfth great magnificena^^ jackson mverU^'^mn^' ^^"^ol 

a remnant of these, still exists in the Lynchburg. It has large paper and iulp 
processional show m honor of Lady miiig fonndrv tannprv Ptn PniT i&otf 
Godiva. (See Qodiva.) There are still ^' ," 7' ^^ "^^ ®^^- ^^^- ^: 
a few narrow and irregular streets, lined CoW \r^^? » P® general term applied 
with houses in the style of the fifteenth *<> ^'^^ females of the genus Boa 

and sixteenth centuries. There are sev- ^^ ox, the most valuable to man of all the 
eral fine churches. Coventry is the center ruminating animals. Among the best 
of the ribbon trade, and silk-dyeing, breeds of dairv cows in the United States 
watchmaking, and art metal work are are the Dutch Belted, Holstein, Jersey, 
staple lines of business. Pop. 106,377. Guernsey, Shorthorn, Ayrshire, Devon 
Coventrv * *own of Kent Co., Rhode ??d some breeds of Durham. The Jersey, 
vrvvc;ixbxjr^ Island 18 miles s w of Guernsey, and Shorthorn are valued as 
Providence. It has'muuuiuccures oi'cut- ^^^^ ^"^^ while the Holstein« though an 
ton and woolen goods, etc. Pop. 5670. enormous milk producer, from its large 
n^«*A ^^ n^-mlw ^ ^ . M*« ^ classed among the beef-producing 

trOVe 01 trOTK. See QuetiMtoum. breeds as the Durham. See 0«. 

PAiTAVilolA (kov'er-dftl). Miles, the Cowbane (kou-bftn), or water-hem- 
tOVeraale ^earliest translator of the ^OWOanc ^^^j^^ ^^^ ^^^,^^ ^ ^^ 

Bible into English, was bom in York- ennial, umbelliferous, aquatic plant, pro- 

riiire in 1487; died in 1568. He was dudng an erect, hollow, much-branched, 

educated at Cambridge and was ordained striated stem, 3 or 4 feet high, with dls- 

priest in 1514. He was led some years lected leaves. It is highly poisonous. 



Cow-pamiip 



liiim TitU idaa, Pnwes 'k"">>' * aMport town aod 
iThortleb^rnr. ft """•»» wateiiDK place in Bampabirv, 
h moorland* in England, on the north co»t of the Isle 
I America. It of Wight, at the moQth of the rirrr 
eaves, and pro- Madina. It 1b well known aa a jachtinic 
■d for jellies and port Pop. 9635.— East Cowm, on the 
>n7 because In opposite aide of the river, is connerted 
ricB Br<! used to with it by a steam ferry and SoatiDg 
rubbed on the hnuge. Top. 4660. 

attr), a com- CowgraSS. See Cowpca. 

North Ameriea, rniintfili or Cowhade (kna'ich. koa'- 
^rrow and be- ^OWlU.a, ^j . Hind, i iica «c*|, the 
rida, the Ameri- hairs of the pods of leguminous plants, 
can starlings lenus MucSna, natives of Ibe East and 
and blaekbirds. West Indies. The pod is covered with 
Like the Euro- a thick coAting of short, stiff, brittle, 
pean euckoo the brown hairs, the points of which are finely 
rowbird builds serraled. The; easily penetrate the akin, 
no next, but and produce an intolerable itchins. Tbey 
places itx pres are employed medicinally (being taken Id 
in the nests of honey or lyrup) as a mechanical rermi- 
smaller birda, fuge. 
one egg in each Cow] 

nest BO used, to ^"'"' __ _ 

bebatchedbythe hU day, was bom at I^odon in 161S; died 
riehtful owner in IftKI. He puUlsbed bis first volnme, 
of the nest and Poetic liloitomi. at the age of fifteen, 
fed as itB own He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 
offspring, t h e 1*I3?. but was ejected as a royalist in 
young parasite 1643. and removed to St John's College, 
crowding the Oxford. He engaged actively in the royal 
others outofthe cause, and wben the queen waa obliged 
nest, or reach- to quit England, Cowley accompanied ber. 
ing alt the food. He was absent from hts native country 
Oregarious and nearly ten years, and It was principally 
migratory it through blm that tbe correspondence was 
in the regions maintained between tbe king and qneen. 
winters in the On the restoration he returned with the 
far s o u t h e rn oth*r royalists, and obtained the leaae of 
Blates and nests ' farm at Chertsey, held under tbeqneen, 
ia and in moun- ''7 which his Income was about £300 per 
uth. The name annum- Cowley's poems have failed to 
its habit of fre- iiialntaln their ancient popularity, but he 
lerching on and '"" holds a blgh podtion as a prose 
writer and as an essayist. He took a 
■M used during considerable Interest in science, and was 
can Revolution, "n* of the founders of the Royal Society, 
ies who infested '"■ ^^'"^ works are: Loei^t Riddlr. m 
estchester Coun- pastoral comedy ; DavidHi, a acriptural 
little from both cpic; Saufraffium Joculare; Tie M'a- 
miachief. It has fresi, a collection of love veraes: 
irs to desisoate Pindariqvm 04m. lAher PUtnturum, etc 
I have charge of Cowloan (kouTOn), Kowloott, or 
; ranges of the ^""'*"""- Kaclou, a peninanla at 

enlided in the the mouth of the Canton River directly 

of the Spanish opposite to the !d1and of Hong-Kong, t* . 
oldiera. which crown colony it belongs. 

DEBiOK Ht»«h, PnTir.narflnin "» nmbelliferons plant, 
rnser. bom at ^°* parsmp, ^^^ Eeracteum. one 
iG2. Among his spedes of which, B. BpXond^linm. fonnd 

8t, Unula and In moist woods and meadows In England, 

la; Pauline, op- grows to the height of 4 or 5 feet, and 

irio; and manr u nsed to feed to pigs. Siberian cow- 

paranip (ff. ffiganttnwi) ia grown In sa^ 



Cowpea Cow-trees 

dens and Bhrnbberies, reaching the height due to the BUggestion of Lady Aasten. 
of 10 or 12 feet H. landtum is a common The translation of Homer, begun in 17b4, 
United States species. occupied liim for the next six years, and 
Co'Wnea. Oowobass. TrifoKum me- was published in 1791. He removed dur- 
^ "^ 5 (ft urn, a variety of clover ing its progress, in 1786, from Olney to 
cultivated in England and some parts of Weston. In the beginning of 1794 he was 
the United States for the same purpose again attacked with madness, which was 
as the common red clover (T. prateMc). aggravated by the death of Mrs. Unwin 
Pnwnpr (k5'p*r or kou'p*r), William, in 1796. The revisal of hie Homer, and 
\;uw|fCJ. ^yj English poet, born at the composition af some short pieces, 
Berkhampstead in 1731 ; died at East occupied the latter years of his life. He 
Dereham, in Norfolk, in 1800. He was is considered among the best of English 
the son of a clergyman ; lost his mother at descriptive poets, and is one of the most 
the age of six, and was, when ten years easy and elegant of letter-writers, 
of age, removed from a country school to GqWDOX ^^® vaccine disease which 
that of Westminster, which he left at f ^ > appears on the teats of the 
eighteen with a fair reputation for class!- cow, in the form of vesicles of a blue 
cal learning, and a horror of the school color, approaching to livid. These vesicles 
discipline, which he afterwards expressed are elevated at the margin and depressed 
in his Tirocinium, He was then appren- at the center ; they are surrounded with 
ticed for three years to a solicitor, where inflammation and contain a limpid fluid, 
he had for a fellow clerk Mr., afterwards This fluid or virus is capable of com- 
Lord Thurlow. At the expiration of his municating genuine cowpox to the human 
apprenticeship he took chambers in the subject, and of protecting against small- 
Middle Temple, and in 1754 was called to pox either completely or, at least, against 
the bar. The interest of his family pro- the virulent form of the disease. See 
cured for him the post of clerk to the Vaccination, 

S?"Sa±Jfioi"iXtV'3 tSe'hri! Cowrie-pine (Wri). S<h, KauH. 

his nervousness was such thai on the GoWTie-shell ^ small gasteropodoua 
very day appointed for the examination ^ *** w**w**, j^j^^jj^ ^^ Cypraa 
hs resigned the office, and soon after be- monita, used for coin in some parts of 
came insane. From December, 1763, to Africa and in many parts of Southern 
June, 1765, he remained under the care Asia. The beauty of the cowrie-shells 
of Dr. Cotton at St. Albans. The skill has procured them a place among oma- 
and humanity of that gentleman restored ments, and they have been in demand 
him to health, and he retired to Hunting- among civilized and uncivilized nations 
don. Here he made the acquaintance of since prehistoric times. The shells used as 
the Rev. Mr. and Mrs. Unwin, whose currency occur principally in the Philip- 
kindness, particularly that of the latter, pine Islands. They vary in value in 
seemed to have the most soothing and different localities. In India 6000 to 
beneficial influence on him. On the death <000 are equal to a rupee, while in the 
of Mr. Unwin, in 1767, he removed with interior of Africa 200 are worth 16c. 
Mrs. Unwin to Olney, the residence of The name is also given to other shells 
the Rev. John Newton, who also became of the genus Cypraa, 
an intimate friend and exercised a power- CoWsUd ^^^^ slip), the popular name 
ful influence over his mind and conduct. "* ** of several varieties of Prim- 

Newton had resolved on publishing a Ula verts, order Primulaceie, a fragrant 
volume of hymns, and secured the co- and pretty wild flower found in pastures 
eperation of Cowper in composing them, and meadows. It has umbels of small, 
but before their publication in 1776 he buff-yellow, scented flowers on short ped- 
had been again attacked by his constitu- icels. Its flowers possess sedative prop- 
tional malady, by which, for ten years erties, and have been used as an anodyne, i. 

from 1773, his mind, with occasional in- a sort of wine being prepared from them. ^ 

tervals of recovery, was continually CoW-treeS * name of various trees •* 

clouded. In 1776, by Mrs. Unwin's ad- ^*^^»} having an abundance of 

vice he commenced a poem on the Prog- milky juice, especially Brosimum Oalao- 
re$9 of Error, which he followed by iodendron, a South American tree, order || 

three other poems, Truth, Table Talk Artocarpace® (breadfruit), which, when ,; 

and Expostufaiion; these with several wounded, yields a rich, milky, nutritious ■' 

others were published in a volume in 1782. juice in such abundance as to render it f\ 

Another female friend. Lady Austen, sue- an important article of food. This fluid : 

gested the Task, which, together with resembles in appearance and quality the ( ^ 

Tirocinium, formed a second volume in milk of the cow. The tree is common j. 

1785. The History of John Cfilpin is also in Venezuela, growing to the height of 



1 1 

I- 



Cca Oral) 

100 feet, with leathery leaTe^ It yteUa « small Bpede^ though condder^hly tart- 

a form of milk. ^^ than the fox. It Is found as far Bouth 

Cox D*'™ (1783-1859), an EngUah as Costa Hica. ,^ ^, r^ c 

^"^ landscape painter, bom inffir- CoVDel <'"'*-P*l). Non,^ ^^^^ 

minghnm. Hia worka are chiefly of Bng- *'*'/i"** Minter, bom io 1628 or 1629; 

Ush landscape, and in water cobra. In died in 1T07, at Paris. He adorned the 

later life he painted a great deal in oil. "'d Louvre and the Tuilerles, and painted 

nnr S™ Qeoboe WDXIAM (1827- ■o™^ fi°« piclurea for the council ball 

*"'*♦ 1902), an English writer; author ot Veraaillee.— Hi» son Antoine (1601- 

of Mttholon of th« Artiaa SatUmi, etc I'^l ) was highly diaUnguiahed both aa a 

Cnr Jacob Dolboh (1828-1900), an PS'Mer and an engraver. 

*'"*» American soldier and statesman, CoVDOU Co"^ (koipO). the native 
bom in Montreal, Canada. He was grad- -"^ ' name of a South Americaa 

uated from Oberlln CoUege in 1851. Dur- rodent mammal, the SIuopotiMui coypiu, 

iug the Civil war he attained the rank of ahout the sue of and considerably p«- 

major-general. He was governor of Ohio sembling a beaver. Jta limbs ate short, 

1866-97, and secretary of the interior in "" 'ail tn part bare and scaly, and it 

Granfa cabinet, 1869-70. He wrote The "Wima with great ease, its hind feet 

Uareh to the Bea, etc. being webbed. It inbsbita burrows by 

Pat Jakes Hiddletoit (1870- ). an tbe banks of streams. It is vslned for 

^"■•^ American newspaper proprietor its fur (called nutrio fur). Length when 

and politidan, bom at Jacksonburg, Ohio. lull grown, about 2 feel 6 inches. 

He entered newspaper work aa a reporter, CoTSCVOZ Uf ** ■''''**■ Amtoibe, a 

and later became secretary to Congress- ,„' ,, *^'*'"^5„ sculptor, bom in 

man Paul Sorg. Rettiming to newspaper 1640 ; died in 1720. Among bis best 

work he bon^t the Dayton rime*, re- works are an equestrian statue of Louis 

naming It the Neun, and 5 yean later ^1* • a statue of Cardinal Maxarin ; the 

boo^t the SprinsiBeld Prett-RejnMie, re- tomo it Colbert ; the group of Cattor »ni 

nanung it also the }iev>». He succeeded PoUvx; the Bitting Venvi; fiympk of 

Sorg aa Bepresentative, serving in the 6lBt tXe Shell; Hamadryad; Faun tHIk the 

and 62d Congreases. In 1912 he was Flute; and Pegaiut and Mercury. 



elected governor of Ohio, and again in Coznmel (t^su-mel'). an Island in the 
1916 and 1918. WhUe governor he ob- *'™"^^* Caribbean Sea. off the coast 
lained the adoption of the budget system, "' lucatan. 

a revised school code, and other progressive GoZZenS (^">: ei">< Fbxdbuck SwabT- 
measures. In 1920 be was the Democratic „ , . wotrr. author, bom in New 

nominee for President, but was defeated ^ork, in 1778 : died In 1809. He ia t*- 
by Warren O. Hardlne. Mcially known lor bis SparroK>rra<i 

Cox. Kehyon (1856-1919), an Ameri- i'aper*, and wrote other worka in prose 

•^ can painter, bora at Warren, "'"' verse. 
Ohio. He be«ame noted as an illustrator, Crab, S PoP^lar name for aU th* *-e- 
but gradually devoted himself to mnral footed, short-tailed crui 

paindng. Examples of his work are in constituting the snborder Brachyi . _. 

the Library of Congress, Iowa SUte der Decapoda, comprising many genera. 
House, and elsewhere. He waa dected a distinguished from the lobster and other 
member of the National Academy of Da- macmrous or long-tailed decapoda by the 
Hign in 1903. shortneas of tbeir taU. which is folded 

PnT Palhcb (1840- ), artist and an- coder the body. The head and breast are 
*"**» thor, bora at Oranby, Quebec. He united, forming the cephalothorax. and 
removed to California and later to New the whole is covered with a strong cara- 
lork. He is best known for his Brownie P"<^e. The mouth has several pairs of 
Book*, with their numerous iUustrations. strong Jaws, in addition to which thr 
n-— Samitel Sullivan (1824-89), "tomscb has its internal surtace studded 
*'"■*» (known familiarly aa 'Sunset* with hard projections for the pnrpoae of 
Cox, a nickname derived from a descrip- grinding the food. The stomach is popu- 
dve article he wrote), an American poU- Isrl; called the 'sand-bag'; a little be- 
tldan, bora in Zanesville, Ohio. He repre- hind it is the heart, which propels a color- 
sented Ohio in Congress 1866-65, and was less lymph (the blood) to the gills (' dead 
c^^^an from New York for 20 jeara, nan's fingers'). The liver b the soft, 

5?^^' fi.. >!'... .. Li'..^ *i. 1-1. ''=''' yellow substance usually called the 

Coyote *Vfi.*L^»^«VN *S.?ri™ '<" *>' ""^ ""f*- Crabs 'molV or throw 
trLt, 7«*,Z^ T?^2 nfn«^ rt. off their calcareous covering, periodically 
\Vanit latrofu). It Is native to the The fimt nnir of llmlH U n^ nuii ftU 
plain .„. ol tb. Ml-I«lppl, nd U toS.oSk b.t to tSSiil'rttt^trS 



Crab Craoklin 

clsws or pinchers. The «yei are com- folk. In 1764 ; died at Trowbridge, Wilts, 

pound, wich bexagoual facets, and ere in 1832. Uanng been educated far tbe 

pedancalated, elongated and movable, medical profession, be settled aa a surgeoe 

like most IndivldnBls of the claas, tbey and apothecary in bis native village, but 

easily lose tbeir claws, which are as soon nnding bis practice Insufficient to 

readily renewed. They generally live on afford him a livelihood, he resolvfd to try 

decaying animal matter, though others his fortune as littSreteur In London. He 

live on vegetable substanceB. as the racer- obtained the friendsbip and aasistance of 

crabs of the West Indies, which suck the Burke, pabllahed bia poem tbe lAbrvry, 



Cnmmou Edlbla et Blot Cnb iCaitar pagtma), 

jnice of tbe lagBr-cane. Most inhabit the and soon after entered the charch. He 
sea, others fresh water, and some tbe was appointed domestic chaplain to tbe 
land, only going to the sea to spawn. Of Duke of Butland, and afterwards obtained 
the crabs, several species are highly es- ample preferment. In 1783 appeared tbe 
teemed as an article of food, and the fisb- Village, which was followed two years 
ery constitutes an important trade on afterwards by the NeKipaper. The Par- 
many coasta. The common large edible i»h Regitter appeared in 1807. The Bor- 
crab (Cancer pagurui) is common on ough appeared in 1810, and was followed. 
oar shores, and is much sought after, in 1812, by Talei in Verse, and in 1S19 
See also Hermit'crab, Land-crab, Pea- by Tale* of the Hail. The later years of 
crab. Cfrabbe's life were spent in the peaceful 
Gts,!) ' name given to varlons discharge of his professional duties at 
^*""» machines, especially to a kind of Trowbridge in Wiltshire, a living which 
portable windlass or machine for raising he httd received in 1814. Hie poems are 
weisbta, etc. Crabs are much used in ail characterised by homely truthfulness, 
buUdlng operations for raising stones or simplicity and pathos. 
other weights, and In loading and dis- PrfloVliTl fkrak'IIn), a siiecies of 
charging vessels. chinaware which '= "'""- 

~ " - ." . - .._...-. _ — lated by a network of small c 

— I direcHons. The ware receives tbe 

„. „.' uncul- smaU cracks in the kHn. with tbe effect 

tlvated species or variety. See Apple. that the glaie or enamel which is after- 

fVotiliA (krab>. Gvoitar.. an English warda applied appears to be cracked all 

VIHDDe p^^t_ bonj gt Aldbocongh, Suf- over. 



Cranach 

TJ U 

■tills, lao "mfleB" sT'w! of" WaraawT ^t by'hiB Treatite on FeudarLaw. 

18 the ftncient capital of Poland and Craik ^'"'^'')' l^ii^^u Mabia, an Eds- 
lidence of the Polish kings, and was for lish novelist, bom at Stoke- 

time a republic, 1815-46. It was in- upon-Trent in 182fl, her falher'a name 

ided in the Austrian erown land of being Mnlock. 8be became the wife uf 

dicia until the end of tlie World war Ueorge Lillie Craiit (a nephew of the 

918) which resulted in the disruption subject of next article) in 1S6S. She 

AuHtrie-Hungarj' and the re-etCabllBh- published a volume of poema imder the 

mt of Poland! (See European War.) title of Thirty Yean; man; etuyi and 

I fine old Gothic cathedrsl has monu- papers on ethical and domestic sabjects ; 

uta of Kosciusko and the Polish kings, bixiks for young people, and about 

le suiversity was founded in 1364; it t#enty-four novels, the best of which are: 

* a library of 300,000 volumes. It haa John Halifiur. Oentleman; A tAfe Jor 

nufacCures of macbincr^, textiles, etc., o lA}e, Aj;atha'a Huiband end The 

<i a )aRHi .pii,4i. in .ri-iiiT.. timber, etc H'oFnan'j kingdom. She died in 18ST. 

" Craik ^Jbobok Ijuje, a taiscellane- 

 *'"**"> ous writer, who 



His first independent work of 
importance was bis /'ursxil 
'Udge under Difficultiei (183031 
J „u .^.>,u,.- ^^,..= .■,,,,.^.^, , i„.,. works were : Bomonce o/ J*« J»BeF^ 

•flftnn (krifton), a borough of Alle- oc.e; Spenser anii Ai* Poetry: Hittory of 
■***"" gheny Co., Pennsylvania, ad- i^tirature and Learning in England, 
ning Pittsburgh, in a coal and oil re- afterwards recast Into Hittorg of Eng- 
It baa some manufactures. Pop. 'XA L\teraiure and the Englith Lan- 

Uiflory of Englith Commerce ; 

,, , ^ of 8hak«*per»; Bacon, hit Writ- 

nprican clergvrnan and au- "O* "nd Philotopha ; etc. In 1848 be 



■nfta WiLBTJE Fi8K (ISSO- ), an Engliih of 8kak«tper»; Bacon, hit Writ- 
*"■*"> Amprican clergyman and au- '"O* and Pkilotophv; etc. In 1848 be 
►r, bom at Fryeburg, Maine, educated *"« appointed professor of English Ilt- 



Wesleyan University and Boston Uni- eralure m Queen s College, Belfart, t- 

raity TTieoloBical School. He was pas- appointment which he held tUl bis death. 

 of Methodist Episcopal and Presbyte- Crftil ''"^"' " r°y"l «nd parliament- 

 churches. Author of TAe /deal Sitndav , , . "^y burgh and seaport of Scol- 
kool, TaOu to Boyt and Girls About land, in Fifeshire. It is a very andeot 
nu, Practical CAr»»tian Sooioloffv, etc. bTBo, and has remains of a priory col- 

J m_.-l OsAln Ann Tao I'^Ke.and ruins of an old caatle once k 

rag and Tail, ia^Xotsn name ^°^'^^ residence. Pop. 1146. 

I a hilt formation common In Crake. See Corncrake. 



plie.. .. ._ 

«i'U'e^f'^"to'^l'e';?4t^^trh" Ciambe, ^tT " SaVl orfSJSS: 

SScSided^X"^"'"'"""™"'"' --^ ^«- 'Th'e^'s«''^'?enSLl\"e7£! 

doping declivity. ^.^^^^^ ^tout. branched stems and bro^ 

Scottish re- leaver "" " - -' " 

— .U....W, .~.,. .L. ^.M2t Hi«l In o„ o», 
M>. He became Knox's 

linbnrgh. refused to PubUsn me oanns r™™„ (kramp). a variety of apasm. 

rween Mary and Bothwell. assisted in ^'ini^p or sudden, involuntary and 

iwing up the Second Book of Diiei- painful contraction of a muscle or mus- 

ne, and compiled the National Cove- deg. It Is usuaUy caused by sudden 

rtt, signed by the king In 1580. change of temperatnre, as in bathing, 

^~ Sib Thohab, a Scottish writer exposure to cold, over-exertion of the 

of on jurisprudence, was probably muscles, rheumatism or the briaging into 

tn in the year 1538; died in 1608. He action of muscles unaccustomed to eier- 

a educated at the University of St. cise. See also Wriler't Cramp. 

idrews, and afterwards repaired to Crftliaoll Kranach (krt'niA), Ltr- 
ance, where he studied civil and canon ' CAS, a (lermsn painter 

r. He returned about the year 1561, bom In 14T2; died in 1553. He waa pal- 

d was placed at the head of the criml- ronued h; Frederick of Bazony, and 



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M 


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« 



Cranberry 



Crane-fly 



tccompanied bim tn his pllErunBge to 
Jeraaalem. On tbe commencempot of 
the BeformatioD movemeDt he became 
the intiniate Iriead of Lutber and Ale- 
lanchthon, wboae portraits. b» taken bj 
bim, are among the most intereatiaK 
memorials of the age. HIb works, chieQy 
portraits and historical subjects, ara 
numerous and much prized. — His soa 
Lucas (died 15S6) also gained great dis- 
tinotion ag a painter. 
Cranberrv <l'ran'b«r-I), the fruit 

nat. order VacriniaceR (whortleberriea), 
a native of Europe, Nortb Asia end 
North America. It is also called Moit' 
b^rru or Moorberrs. as It grows only on 
peatbogs or swamp; land, uiuall; among 
masses of sphagnum. The berry, when 
ripe, is glooose and dark red, and B 
little more than >4 iDch in diameter. 
These berries form a sauce of exquisite 
Bavor^ and are used for tarts. Tbe 
American cranberry, a native of Canada 
and the United States is the O. mooro- 
carput. It has larger berries than the 
European species, and is extensively cul- 
tivated in some localities. Vaeotniitm 
Vitii tdtro, the cowberry, is often called 
the cranberry in Scotland. 
Tra-nlimnir (kran'bruk), a small 
l^ranoroOK town of England, County 



feathers, which can be spread out at 
pleasure. It Inhabits North and West 
Africa. The demoiselle crsne {Anthro- 
poide$ rtrpo*) is so called from the ele- 
gance of its form. It is ash-gray, and 



Cnmad Cnuw (BnJiunea pusRbw). 
the head is adorned with two tufts of 
featbeta formed by a prolongatton of thu 
ear-coverts. Its habitat is Africa and 
tbe south of Europe. Among North 
American species are the whooping c"" 



reign of Edward III. Pop. 13,689. 

Crane fe*"'-, 'i^ 

*'*'*"'' hlrdii nf the 



ally of considerable size, and rema^sble 
for their long necks and stilt-like legs, 
which eminently Gt tbem tor living in 
marshes and situations subject to inun- 
dationsj^wbere they usually seek their 
food. This is partly of vegetable mat- 
ter, but they also devour Insects, wormb 
frogs, I beards, reptiles, small fish and 
the spawn of various aquatic animals. 
Tbey build tbelr nests among bashes or 
upon tussocks in marshes, and lay but 
two eggs. Cranes annually migrate to 
distant regions, and perform voyages as- 
tonishing for their great length. Tbe 
common crane {Oru» cincrda) has the 
general plumage ash-gray, the throat 
black, the rump ornamented with long, 
stiff and curled feathers, tbe bead with 



(ti, mvonfna, or BaJearica pavonfaa) 
has tbe general plumage bluish nsh-grav, 
Ibe tall and primary qutllx black, the 



.__ . _ ._ the brown l. 

sand-bill crane (G. Canadenni). 
CraitP '■ hoisting appliance which in 
uinui;, j(g various forms Is capable of 
both lifting a load and transporting it lat- 
erally. The moat widely applied type of 
crane is the overhead traveling crane, 
known also as bridge crane. In larg« 
shops, where heavy loads are frequent, a 
lifting capacity of over 100 tons is com- 
mon. — Jib cranei are of cantilever con- 
struction, and are used for hoisting pur- 
poses in yards. 

RTfLTip Stephen, author, bom at New- 
uiuiic, ^^^^ jjp^ Jersey, in 18T0 ; died 
in 1900. His Red Badge of Courage, a 
of the Civil war, attracted wide 
in Great Britain and America. 
He was a correspondent in the Grwco- 
Turkish and Spanish- American wars. 
TraTiP Wai-tks, English artist, was 
viaiic, j^^jj j^ Liverpool, 1845; died 
March 15, 1915. He was associated with 
William Morris in tbe movement to bring 
about a revival of the decorative arts and 
crafts In England. Among his works sre 
Tht Bndge of Life, The Chariati of the 
Hourt, Later Bummer, tie illustrated 
Spenser's Faerie Queene and ShepKerd'a 
Calen4ar and several of Sbakespeare's 
plays. Some of bis designs for tapestry 
are notable, among them The Oooie Oiri. 
Tbe Albert gold medal of the Society of 
Arts was awarded to him In 1004. 
" ftntllA-flT ' genus of two-winged 



!tTaiieVbin Cranmer 

Eta), remarkable for die length of their Henrr Till; bora at Aalocktoii, Notts, 
es«. Tipnla oUracia is the well-koowo in 1489: executed by burning at Oi- 
^addy-lotiK-leBB, whose larva Is ver; ford In 15SS. He entered aa a student o( 
leatrnctive to the roots of grain crops, Jesus College, Cambridge, in lfW3. took 
itc. the degree of M.A., obtained s feliow- 

Irnnii'e liill the typical renns of ship, and in 1523 was chosen reader of 
/mue 8 Ulll, (i,g ^^^j. GeraniaceK. theological lectures in his college, and 
iIaD7 species are American plants ; exammer of candidates tor degree* In 
one are mere weeds, others extremely divinity. An opinion which he (ave on 
bow;. See Oeraniimi. the question of Henry VIII's proposed 

^roncvannT* (kran'gB-ndr), a town divorce from Cathsrine brought him 
.iraagauore )„ mndustan, presi- under the favorable notice of the kin*. 
lency of Madras, state of Cochin, on the Cranmer was called to court, made a 
dalahar coast. Pop. 94TS. It Is the king's chaplain, and commanded to write 
radltional Geld of SL Homas' labors a treatise on Ihe subject of the divorce. 
D India. Jews have been settled here In 1630 he was sent abroad with others 
ince the fourth century ; and it is cer- to collect the opinions of the divlnea and 
ain the Syrian church waa established canonists of France. Italy and Oer- 
■efore the nlntb. many, on the validity of the king's mar- 

ImnioloffV (hra-n<-oriV-^), the set- riage. At Rome he presented his treat- 
/laiuuiugjr g^pg which iDvestigates Ise to the pope, but W« mission was 
h« atrncture and capedtj of the skull fruitless. In January. 1533, he wa* ap- 
n various animals, ft is sometimes also pointed Archbishop of Canterbury. Soon 
wed as synonymous with phrenologv- after be set the papal authority at de 
lee Phrtnologii. fiance by pronouucing sentences of dlvorct 

Jraniimi (crA'ni-um). Bee StuII. between Hepry and Catharine, and «OB- 
»»Muuu4 1.V111 u. uiu/. wic u»».h finning the kings marriage with AnDi 
!>ra.nk. *" ^^^ "'" ^*^ *^^ ''"^ Boleyn. The pope threatened excommn- 
^luiAj jijpj mg g„ elbow, serving nication, and an act of Parliament wat 
iB a handle for communicating circular immediately passed for abolishing tlH 
notion : as, the eranlk of a grindstone ; pope's supremacy, and declaring the king 
ir for changing drcular into longitudi- chief head of the Church of EnglaiML 
lal motion, as in some sawmills, or The archbinbop sealously promoted the 
ODgltudinal into circular motion, as in cause of the Beformatlon ; and tbnitiKh 
. steam engine. The single crank (1) his means Ihe Bible was translated and 
read in churches, and monastic Instita- 
tions were vigorously sappressed. In 
1536 be pandered to Henry s passions bj 
promoting the divorce of Anne Bolejn. 
This and other services secured him In 
the king's tavor, who appointed liim by 
will one of the council of regency to 
Edward VI. By his instrumentality the 
liturgy was drawn up and eslahlii^ed bj 
act of Parliament, and articles of rells- 
ion were compiled, the validity of 
Ciaok. 2. Doubla Conk. S, BWl which was enforced by royal autborl^, 
Cnak. and for which infallibility was claimed, 

an only be used on the end of an biib. The exclusion of the Princess Mary from 
rhe double crank (2) IS employed when the crown, by the will of her brother, 
t is necessa^ that the axis shonld be ^as a measure in which Cranmer ioiued 
»tended on both aides of the point at the partisans of Udy Jane Grey, ap- 
rhich the reciprorating motion « ap- parenUy in opposition to his own Jodf- 
■lled. An exempUficatlon of this ar- □,(,„(, ^1,^ others who had been mort 
angement Is afforded by the machinery active in t jdy Jane's favor he was sent 
■r atCMiboats. -Tbe bellcrsnk (3). ■<> to the Tower on the accession of Mary. 
ailed from Its being raiicb used In bell- .,„ „,, ,_, , „„ „i,.„„ „f ui..„t.™t 




ailed from Its being rai.cb used In bell- „^ ^^^ j^^ ^ , blasphemy, 

r'?h7'i",b™''tt'ufrme?e^ro ""l"''- incontinence and heresy, and 
han,^ the dl^^n of m^Son as'Um wss sentenced to be degraded and de- 
1 hoSontal to a vertical Una. P'''^ »' "^-^ After tteseaatteriuB 

*paiiTW*r (kran'm*rK Thomab, Arch- promises were made, which Induced him 
jrannier j,ig],on ^j Canterbury, and tn sign a recantation of his alleged 
kmoD« for the part be plaved In the errors, and become. In fact, « OathoUc 
Siifliifc Mormatton dailns the reign of convert Bat when be was brongbt Into 



Crannog^s Crawfish 

St. Marj*8 Church, Oxford, to read his perennial roots, growing in hot, dry, ex- 
recantation in public, instead of confess- posed places in the more temperate parts 
ing the justness of his sentence, and sub- of the world, but chiefly South Africa, 
mitting to it in silence or imploring Many species of OrMaula, Sempervivutnt 
mercy, he calmly acknowledp;ed that the Sedutn, etc, are cultivated m green- 
fear of death had made him belie his houses for the beauty of their flowers, 
conscience ; and declared that nothing The genus 8edum is the most largely rep- 
could afford him consolation but the resented in the United States, 
prospect of extenuating his guilt by en- GrasSUS (c^as'us), Mabcub Lioin- 
countering, as a Protestant penitent, ^* **»»**» lus, the Roman triumvir, 
with firmness and resignation, the fiery sumamed Dhea (the rich), on account 
torments which awaited him. He was of his vast riches^ was bom about b.c. 
immediately hurried to the stake, where 115; died in b.0. 53. He took part with 
he behaved with the resolution of a Sulla in the Civil war; and as prietor, 
martyr. in B.C. 71, he defeated Spartacus and 

Ctahho^S (^i^fti^'ogs), the name given the revolted slaves at Khegium. In 
vfxaiuivgQ jjj Ireland and Scotland to B.c. 70 he was elected consul, having 
the platforms supported bv piles in lakes, Pompey as his colleague ; and in B.a 
which were in use as dwelling-places and 60 Ciesar, Pompey and Crassus formed 
places of refuge among the old Celts, the first triumvirate. Five years later he 
See Lake DtoeUinffB. again became consul, and obtaining 

f!rti.Titll.ril. (kran'ta-ra; Gael, orean- Syria for his province he made war on 
\/xcui.if<ua> tartofc), the fiery cross, an the Parthians, but was defeated and 
ancient Gaelic raflying symbol, the neg- slain. It is said that when his head 
lect of which implied infamy. was sent to Orodes, the Parthian king. 

Dmnfifnii (krai^B'ton), a town (town- he caused melted gold to be poured into 
vriauBbuii. ghip) of Providence Co., the mouth, in scorn of his notorious love 
Rhode Island, w. of Narragansett Bay. of wealth. 

Contains several manufacturing villages, Cratffi?11& (kra-t6'gos), the haw- 
reform schools. State prison, etc. Pop- ^*«*''«*^5»** thorn genus of plants. 
(1010) 21,107; (1920) 29,407. Crater i^r&'t^r), the orifice or mouth 

CrADf^ (krftp). a light, transparent ^***''^* of a volcano. Craters may be 
\jLo,yns g^Qff^ ]^'^Q gauze, made of raw central or lateral, and there may be 
silk, gummed and twisted on the mill, several subsidiary ones, which may shift 
woven without crossing, and much used their places, or become merged by sub- 
in mourning and dressmaking. sidence into others. 

nmaliaw (kra'shft), Rich abd, an f!|.«timia (kra-tl'nus), an Athenian 
UrasnaW ^ngiigf poet, bom in ton- ^raimUB ^jjjj^ p^^. ^ ^jj^^nj ^^^ ^, 

don in 1613 ; died in 1649 ; educated at vention of satirical comedy is attributed ; 

the Charterhouse and at Cambridge. In died in B. O. 422 at the age of 97. 

1637 he became a fellow of Peterhouse, r|]*ovfl.t (l^ra-vaf ), a necktie or neck- 

and having been admitted to orders was v* «*''«*'» cloth usually worn by men; 

noted as an eloquent and powerful so called from Fr. Oravaie, a Croat, be- 

greacher. In 1644 he was ejected from cause this piece of dress was adopted in 

is fellowship by the Parliamentarians, the eleventh century from the Croats who 

and proceeded to Paris, where he be- entered the French service. 

came a convert to the Roman Catholic (Jj-atcr Lake National Park. 
faith, and was appointed to a canonry ^*<*''^* AK»xkw a^camvamm. acaaa^ 

at tioretto. Epigrammaia Sacra ap- a United States government reservation 
peared in 1634; Steps to the Temple, of 159,360 acres m the Cascade Moun- 
Sacred Poems, with other Delights of tains. Oregon. Crater Lake (20^ so. 
the Muses, was published in London in m.) lies in the crater of an extinct vol- 
1646 ; and a posthumous volume appeared cano. Wizard Island, in the lake, is an 
at Paris in 1652, under the title Car- extinct volcanic cone. ^^ .^ ^ 

men Deo Nostro. Crashaw displays con- Crawfisll. 9^ ,5*^"^^^ (kra fish, 
siderable poetic genius in the treatment ^*«'^""**> krft'fish), a name of vari- 
of religious subjects, and though his ous crustaceous animals, the common 
works are now almost forgotten, they crawfish being Astdcus fluviatUis, the 
are said to have furnished hints to both river lobster, a macrurous (long-tailed), 
Milton and Pope. ten-footed crustacean, resembling the 

PTKiaoTilooAcn (k r a s-u-l&'s e-«), the lobster in appearance and habits. It 
uraSBUiaciSlC ^ouseleek family, a inhabits the fresh waters of Europe and 
nat. order of polypetalous exogens. It the north of Asia, and is common in 
consists of succulent plants, with herba- some of the streams of England. It 
oeous or shrubby stemR, and annual or lurks under stones or in holes in the 



Crawford Cream of Tartar 

iuAm. It« food eoDrista ot Bmall mo\- Adam and Eve, new, ana 

iiie» or bBbet. the Urrn of iDcects, and Mereurjf and Piycke and Danctna jt 

lliiio»t My tutl at BDUDal matter. In He performad important works for 

' National government and the 8t«te ot 

Virginia. 

Crawford, X^^"" ^1"" ^"^^ 

' Io34 ), an American 
atateiman, bom in Amherst Co., VlrBioia. 
He was admitted to the Georgia bar In 
1708, and ttecame U. S. Senator in 1807. 
He waa minister to France in 1813, 
Secretary of War in 181S, and Secretary 
of the Treasury 1816-25. In 1824 he waa 
nominated for the presidency by a con- 
emwiona] caucim, but was defpatni. 

Crawford.viUe, :,aS°.'?,S,' 

Indiana. 43 miles if. w. of Indfanapolia. 
It is the aeat of Wabash College and waa 
the home of many famoua authors, notably 
General Xew Wallace, Meredith Nichol- 
son, Uaurice Thompson, etc. It baa 
manufactures of ahsle brick, wire, nails, 
fences, boxea, caskets, famitnre, galvan- 
it«d Iron tank and stock fountaina, acety- 
lene gas machines, etc. ; also baa aaw and 
planing milla, canneries and a paHUoo for 
the aafe of live stock. Pop. (1810) 9371 ; 
(1020) 10.139. 

l^m.'U'nTI (fcrl'nn), a colored pencil 
l^rayon ibtalnei from certain min- 
eral subetanoes in their natural atate, 
but more commonly maonfactured from 
a. fine paste of chalk or pipe-clay col- 
ored with various pigments, and conaoli- 
dsted by means of gum, wax, etc. A 
kind of orayoH pointing (or patM palnt- 
ioi) is practised to some extent, the 

_. „ ,,. . -^-,1 coloring matter In a soft state being 

na CdOUMB CrmwUi (.4itaeiu jtmiafc l w). nibhni nn with Ihp finvpr 

iit«iu»: e. Eye*: rf. Othuuiv ot kuditoy w: Cream <«,'*'°>' the yellowish, thirk 
Lutpuroffntit-lan: /OixoftlwfnatcihelB; oiiy layer which forms at the 

. Pilih thonda Limb: K^'wimmena; i, Thi lut surface when new milk is allowed to re- 

■ir of awinuHreU: J, The opnUnc ot th( sdui main at rest. When it ta agitated or 

■low (ha l*l«in. churned butler Is formed, 

be Tnlled States crawfish of the genus C.T^a-m^rv * factory for the pro- 

l.lacu. and ComMrai occur. Some of Vireitmcry, juptlon of butter. ^ch 

Item by their burrowing habits injure factories, often rim on the cooperative 

lilMama and the levees of the Missis- principle, are widely dUtribated in the 

ippi. United Slates. Here (he cream from 

!ravr/nn1 <lirn'turd), Fbancis Mab- many farms is received and worked into 

/iMwiviu ION. son of the following, butler by the aid of improved machln- 

'as born In Italy in 18&1. and studied ery, managed by skilled operators. In 

tiilosnpby and languages at Cambridge, some cases the milk Is received and the 

leidtJberg, (Karlsruhe and Rome before cream separated by centrifugal machinea. 

mbarklng In fiction, in which be was In others the milk is skimmed at home 

oth prolTfle and highly sncceasful. His and only the cream sent. The cream- 

rst novel, Ur. Itaac$, attracted much ery product is belter and more uniform 

ttention and waa followed by nameroaa than that usually made on farms and Is 

thers. Htf also did some good historical produced with greater economy. 

fork. He died in 1909. ProilTn nf Tnrtftr <"■ POTABBItrK 

■miirfnri] Thomas, sculplor, was ^"*™ " ■^*^""» BrrAK»AT»(KH- 

flBWIora, ^^ (^ jj^„ -York city, C.H.O.K exists In grapes. Umarinds, 

1 1814: died in 18S7. His most famoua and other foods. It ia prepared from 

rorka comprise Orpkeaa and Otrtenu, the CTjatalUne crust (crude tartar or 



Creasote Credit 

ar^ol) deposited on the ressela in which RhadamUte (1711). Xerxes (1714), 
grape juice has been fermented. The and Semiramis (1717). At the age of 
argol ia dissolved by boiling with water, seven ty-siz he wrote tne Triumvirate, or 
the mixture filtered, and the cream of the Death of Cicero^ which was brought 
tartar allowed to crystallize out. The upon the stage in his eighty-first year. — 
commercial product usually contains a His son CTlattde Pbospeb, born in 1707; 
small percentage of calcium tartrate. died in 1797 ; was in high repute for his 
Crfiasotfi (ki*^' A'SO t), a substance wit and his writings. His chief works 
vicasvbv discovered by Relchenbach are: Le 8opha, La Hazard du Coin du 
about 1831 in wood-tar, from which it Feu, and Lea Egarcments du CcBur et do 
is separated by a tedious process. It is V Esprit, all of a licentious cast, 
generally obtained, however, from the Cr^nTiA (krasb), a public nursery f(ir 
products of the destructive distillation of v*^*'"'* the children of poor women 
wood. In a pure state it is oily, heavy, who have to work out during the day, 
colorless, has a sweetish, burning taste where for a small payment they are 
and a strong smell of peat smoke or nursed and fed during the day, remain- 
smoked meat. It is a powerful antisep- ing with their parents at night. These 
tic. Wood treated with it is not sub- institutions were first started in Paris 
ject to dry-rot or other disease. It has in 1844; they were soon afterwards in- 
been used in surtrery and medicine with troduced into Great Britain, and are 
great success. Also spelled creosote. now common in large towns. Similar in- 
CrfiASV (Ici^'sUf Sib Edward Shep- stitutions are called day nurseries in the 
\jx%i€»^j HERD, English historian, was United States. 

bom at Bezley, Kent, in 1812; died in Cy&CY ^^ Cresst (kra-se, kres'si), 

1878. He was educated at Eton, and at ^*^^J> a small town of France, in 

King's College, Cambridge, of which he the department of Somme, 9 miles north 

was elected a fellow in 1834. He was of Abbeville and 1(X) north of Paris; 

called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1837, pop. 1748. It is celebrated on account 

and was for about twenty years a member of a battle fought here, August 26, 1346, 

of the home circuit. In 1840 he was ap- between the English and French. Ed- . : 

pointed professor of history at the Lon- ward III and his son, the Black Prince, ^ 

don University, and in 1860 was made were both engaged, and the French were 

chief- justice of Ceylon, receiving at the defeated with great slaughter, 30,000 

same time the honor of knighthood. His foot and 1200 horse being left dead on 

principal works are : The Rise and Prog- the field, among whom were the King of 

ress of the British Constitution and The Bohemiau the Count of Alencon, Ix)uis, 

Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World. Count of Flanders, with many others of 

P.rAQfinTiiflTn (kre-ft'shun-i z m), the the French nobility. 

\/reill.iUlU9iu doctrine that a soul ia Credenfifi (crfi'dens), a small table by 

specially created for each human foetus ^•■■^^a^ii.wc ^j^^ ^^^ ^^ ^j^^ altar or 

as soon as it is formed in the womb ; communion-table on which the bread and 

opposed to Traducianism, which teaches wine are placed before they are conse- 

that the souls of children as well aa crated. 

their bodies are begotten by reproduc- ({rA^t (^^^<l'i^)' ^ economics, is the 

tion from the substance of the parents; v*^***** postponement agreed on by 

and to Infusionism, which holds that the parties of the payment of a debt to 

souls are preSxistent, and that a soul a future da^. It implies confidence of 

Is divinely infused into each human the creditor in the debtor ; and a ' credit 

foetus as soon as it is formed by genera- system * is one of general confidence of 

tion. Many theologians, however, re- people in each other's honesty, solvency, J 

gard the mode of the soul's coming into and resources. By means of a credit ^ 

being as a part of the mystery which system a comparatively small stock of  

envelops the whole subject of the exist- money can be made to do duty for carry- ',: 

ence and transmission of Hfe. The term ing on a number of different transac- 

CreatUmism has also recently been ap- tions; but it is indispensable for every i 

plied to that theory of the origin of man good system of credit that money must ': 

which is opposed to Evolution. be instantly available when required, and 

Gr^billoiL (Itrft-be-yOv), Pbosfeb Jol- this principle applies to every species of ii 

^ YOT DE, a French writer transaction where postponed payment is 

of tragedy, was born at Dijon in 1674; concerned. Public credit is the confi- •: 

died in 1762. His first play, La Mort des dence which men entertain in the ability i, 

Enfants de Brutus, was rejected by the and disposition of a nation to make good 

actors; but his next productions, Ido- its engagements with its creditors; or  

m^4e (1706) and Atr^e (1707), were the estimation in which individuals hold 

taccemiuL These were followed hy tk$ public promises of payment, whether [1 



Credit ' Creepen 



credit of individnala in a natioD ; when of the cbureh at the Council of Nicsa 

mercliaiita and others are wealtbr and or Nice, 325 A.D., thoagh its terms were 

pDoctnal In (nlfilliu encasemeiitB ; or subeequeDtlj somewhat altered. Tb* 

whea the; transact DiuineM with honor Apottiefl' Creed probably dates from the 

and fldelit; ; or when transfers of proi^ end of the fourth centnrr ; but there is no 

erty are made with ease. Bo we speak evidence of its being accepted in its pr«*- 

of the credit of a bank when general con- ent form till the middle of the eighth, 

fidence is placed in its ability to redeem Th« Athanasian Creed was certainly not 

ita notes, and the credit of a mercantile drawn up b; St. AlbanaBius. as there is 

houi« rests on its supposed ability and no saffideDt evidence for its existence be- 

Rroblty, which induce men to trust to fore the end of tbe eighth or beginning of 

s engagementa. When the public credit tbe ninth century. In addition to these 

ia qDestlanable It raises tha premium on three creeds, the Roman Catholic Cburcb 

' has the creed of Pius IV, put forth in 

■"' -■ ' ■'-- ''" *'Qe Creed 

,.>J by the 

to enable a person to receive money from Council of Trent, to which is now added 

their agents at another place. a profession of belief in tbe de&nitioas 



loans. has the creed of Pius IV, put fort 

/t—gjjf IjnTKB or, an oider given by 1564, and consisting of the Nicene C 
vii«i«uiij tinkers or others at one place with additioual articles adopted by 



1 adopts as ' thoroughly to be 

-_ and believed' the tl " 

pecnllarlty of which is that the advance creeds, which as part of her 



ey on land In France, tlie ceived and believed ' the three ancient 
.if which is that the advance creeds, which as part of her liturgy may 
.ceed_ one-half of the value of be read in the Book of Common nsyer. 



tbe property pledged or hypothecated, but does not consider any of them t_ 

and that the repayment of the loan is by Inspired. Besides these creeds, there are 
an annuity terminable at a certain date, numerous Confessions of Faith, wbicb 



Several companies have t)een established have been adopted by different chnrcbeSi 

by the French government with the privi- and sects. The Thirty-nine Articlea (^ 

lege of making such loans. tbe Book of Common Prayer form ■. 

th^Aif IKnhiMnT (kr&-de mfibel-yft), confession of faith for the Anglican 

UreOlC JlODlUer ^ ^^^^^ which church. The creed of the Churih of 

originated in France in 18C2, its ol>- Scotland and other Presbyterian churches 

Jects being to undertake trading entei^ Is contained in the Confession of Failb, 

S rises of all liinds on tbe principle of drawn up by the Westminster Assembly 

mited liability, to buy up existing trad- of Divines, and completed in 1046. 

ing companies, and to carry on the busi- Cr^pAmnnr (krfd'mOr), a station on 

uess of bankers and stock-jobbers.— ^^ccuiuuui: y^^ ^0,^^ Island railway, 

Cbedit M<»iliib or Aiobica was cbar- 11 miles east of the city of New Xork. 

tered in Pennsrlvanis, in 1859, for a It Is much frequented by riflemen for 

general loan and contract bnilsess. Tbe target practice. 

charter waa purchased In I86T by a fjreelr (krCk), a small inlet, bay, or 

company formed for the construction of *'-"^*»' cove; a recess in the shore of 

the Union PadBc R. R., and a congres- the sea or of a river. In America ati4 

sional investigation showed that a num- Anatralia the term la often applied to n 

ber of congressmen were private owners small river, an affluent of a larger one. 

of the stock. As the railroad had been fireelrg. American Indians formerly in 

assisted by grants of land by Congress ^*^^^^ Georgia and Alabama, but 

tt was considered highlj; improper for now residing in Eastern Oklahoma. The 

members to beve a pecuniary interest in numt»er of warriors used to amount to 

■nch a concern. The eipnlsion of one about 16,000, but altogether the tribe doea 

senator wss recommended, and two rep- not now exceed 9300. They have made 

resentalives were censured. considerable progress in agriculture, and 

(\roaA (krM), a summary of belipf, raise bones, cattle, fowls, and hogs, and 

uiccu ^p„, j^p L^tjn jj,.pjjj (J 1^ cultivate tobacco, rice, and com. 

lieve), with which the Apostles and Prnonpn (cre'pers), a family (Cer- 

Nicene Creeds begin. These two creeds, ^tBBpcra jy^J^j ^f ^irds which 

together with tlje Attanaslan Creed, are strongly resemble the woodpeckers in 

tbe most ancient authoritative Christian their habit of creeping on the atems of 

«reeda, though onmerons oncient formu- trees with the aid of tbe strong quills 

larles of faiui are preserved in the writ- which project from the tall feathers, and 

ings of the early father*. Irennos, Ori' of securing their Insect food by an ez- 

gen, l^rtnllian, etc, which agree In sub- aertUe tongne. Tbe common creeper 

Btancoi thongb with nme divendtj of ex- ((7erlMa /amiWAris) ia EDropean. but ir 




Crefdd Creti 

represented by American spedet. It U breastwork. The adJectiTe creneUmit4 in 

A pretty and interettinf little bird, which applied in architecture to a kind of 

bauds its nest UBoally in holes or crev- embattled or indented moldinc of fre- 

ices of trees. The wall-creeper {Tichod' qnent occurrence in boildings of the Nor> 

rdsia msroria) of Son them Bnrope man style. 

•earches for iu insect food on rocks. Creole i^^'^^ : Spanish, erjolto) is the 

The family is found in all parU of the ^^^^^^ name which was orisinalJy given 

world. to all the descendants of Spaniards bom 

i^rmfalA Om^ r^^miA ^ America and the West Indies. It is 

^/TCieia. Bee Are/ew. ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ signify the 

fhwTVia (krft'ma), a fortified dty of descendants of Europeans of any nation 

vi^iuA Northern Italy, province Cre- bom in South America and the West In- 

mona, on the Serio, 25 miles K. s. & of dies, as well as in some other localities. 

Milan; pop. 8027. It contains a cathe- Creole diQlecie are those Jargons which 

dral* picture gallery, etc. originated from the mixture of different 

CreniAtioil (kr^ma'shun), the de- languages in the West Indies, Southern 

vAv«M»MVtt Btryction of the bodies Uoited States, etc., and are spoken by the 

of the dead by fire or extreme heat descendanU of the slaves. According to 

Cremation was generally practiced in the European language which prevails in 

udent times instead of burial, and has a Creole dialect it is called French crtoU^ % 

recently been advocated on hygienic 8pan%9h creoie^ etc 

^unds. But the modern method is alto- CrCOMtC See Crea*o««. < 

fether different from the ancient, the v*«w"vw?# o^ ^^rxlmmv•^ ^^ 

■iow-bnrning pile of wood being replaced nrAOAAiiilA (kre-shen'dt^), or CiBiL . 

by the closed furnace of high tempera- vrcBCCUUU Italian), a musical term \ 

tore. Various methods of cremation nave signifying that the notes of the passaae 

been proposed, the great difficulty being over which it is placed are to be gradually 

to consume the body without permitting swelled. Crescendo passages are marked 

the escape of noxious exhalations, and -==- signfying piano to forte ; the cor- 

without mingling the ashes with foreign respondinc mark ::^^ diminuendo, or 

■ubstsnces. In Siemens' process, a moal* decrescendo, marking the transition from 

fication of a plan of Sir Uenry Thomp- forte to piano. 

son, this is successfully accomplished. Cregfient (kres'ent; Lat ere«oefi«. 

Cremation societies have been instituted ^*^"y^"'' growing), an emblem rep. 

in many of the American States. resenting the nioon in her horned state. 

Cnkfnfttnnr (krft'ma-to-ri), a building This emblem is of very high antiquity, 

vcviUttMir/ ^ ^i^i^i^ cremation U being that of the Greek goddess Artemis 

practised. It contains a furnace heated or Diana. It is found on medals of many 

to a very high temperature, into which ancient cities, particularly of Byaantittm, 

the body is introduced and converted to from whence It is supposed to nave been 

suhes. borrowed by the Ottomans. Since their 

CrAHiviif^ SoA Kr^mtnits establishment in Europe it has been the 

\/T€IIUUIZ. See Krtmnitz. universal emblem of their empire. The 

Cremonii. (kr^mO'na), a city of Italy, crescent has given name to a Turkish 

wAviuvua capital of province of nmo order of knighthood from the form of the 

name, on the left bank of the Po^ 47 badce, instituted by Selim, Sultan of 

fflUes g. B. by K. of Milan. It is sui^ Turkey, in 1801* 

rounded by walls and wet ditches, its dr- f!T«aAAvifiQA*0k (kre-sen-tl-A'seNi), m 

cumference being nearly five miles. The vlXSCCnwaucw ,„j^u ^^^^ ^ ^^|. 

most remarkable edifice is the cathedral, llfloral dicotvledoos. of which the genus 

begun in 1107 and completed about 1491. CrtBcenii^, the calabash-tree, is the type, 

riose by, and connected with the cathe- ffrikani (kres'pi), QiuscppeMabia, an 

<lnl, is the Torasso, one of the loftiest ^'^^^Vh Italian painter of the Bolog- 

sttd most beautiful towers in Italy. Cre* nese school, bom at Bologna in 1085 : died 

Bona is the seat of a bLshopric. and has in 1747. He had many scholsrs, among 

considerable manufactures of mlk, wool, whom were his two sons Antonio and 

cotton, etc It was at one time cel^ Luigi CrespL The latter distinguished 

brated for its violins, especially those himself by his writings on painting. Cres- 

laade by Antonio Stradivari, Joseph Guar- pi is also known as an engraver. 

Sffi^Vand members of the Amati family. Cr^oa the name of several species of 

#t« *^^ *^* province has an area ^*^"^ plants, most of them of the nat 

M»*^l^*l^^^ miles and a population of order Crucifer». Water-cress, or 3r««- 

^^Ol. turiium oMeimAU, is used as a salad, and 

vTCndlft (krft-nel), an embrasure in is valued in medicine for its antiscorbutic 

an embattled parapet or qualities. Tlia IsaTss have a moderately 



Creuelle Cretinism 

>un»Dt btflte. It frowB od the brinks of lubdlvlded Into the uppfr or to/t cholt. 

ivulvts and in muist grounds. Common cuntaiaing many flint and ebert nodulea: 

[■rdea cresa ia the Leindium latltum; the lo*D«r or harder chalk, wltb f«wpr 

4uruiandy creia Barbarea praeox; flinta ; and the okalfc nurl ; and the 

rioter creaa, B. vulgdrU; Indian creas. LotBtr. conalBting of unda and day, and 

f'ropailum majut: bitter creaa, Cor- subdivided Into the tipper , 

lamlne pralenttt ( cuckoo-flower ) . 

JIVWCIK wooden rattle uaed in aom^^^S 
toman Catholic countries during t'asHion 
iVeek Instead of bells to give notiec of 
liTine worHbip. 
^r»aaet (krPH'el). a name which Bp- 

^rcssei p^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ,^^ ^^^^ j^ ^^^ 

niddle agpfl and latiT inditfi'mntlv to the 
lied caudleslickB in great halls and 
hurrbcB, to tbe great lights Qard «a 
leacons and otherwiae, and to lamps or 
ircpans snspended ou pivots and carried 
in puleH in processions, moniclpal and 
uilitary watchei, etc. 
jTCiSy. See Cricy. 
"•rAat Ikrest; I^tln. er*«(a). In nndent 
/rcat armor, the plume or tuft of 
eatbTH, or the like, atbied to the top 
if the helmet. In heraldry the crest is 
 a figure originally Intended 
^^B to represent the or 

^H the helmet, but is „ 

^^m erally placed upon a wreath. 



cap of mainten- 
__^_^^ __.;. above both helmet and 
Crot oD a shield. The crest is con- 
sidered a greater criterion of 



ioh'ilTt'y"than°'the'™ at *o'f™ ms'^ltliew" and * Cmaewx* Binl t^Hmpmut^ r«iU). 

t ia DOW commonly a piece of the arum. aa»U, a bluish, tenacious do;: and the 

jreston («reBton),a dty.countyseat Ju^e^ preen.and. riibeontologists have 

of Uninu Co.. Iowa. 100 suggested another dirialon founded on the 

aUea K. of Omaha 75 miles 8. w. of Dea fos5l remains found in the system, in 

Joinea, on the Chicago, Burlington ft accordance with which the upper green- 

iuincy R. R., which has here citenslve sand and gault are transferred to the 

pund bouses, etc. The city has machine upper series, and the lower greensand and 

hops, planing mills and cold storage \\ ealden beds and Hastings sands i-oo- 

ilant, and has a very targe trade in butter, stitute the lower. 

ggs and poultry. It U the center of p-Afa i\m\ «■- r^„j:« 

Greater (Community' movements, com- ^"te (kret). See Condi o. 

irixing l.t munties. Pop. (1920) Satt. ri-sf*niam (kr^t'ln-iim), a form of 

Jreawick (krea'ikl.THOMAS.an Eng- ^rCLIlUWU jjj^y associated with a 

.<*e»wn,ji, „^jj painter ( 1811-88 ). peculiar condition of the body, occurring 

lember of the Royal Academy. His beat In Switzerland and other mountainous 

rorka are England, London Road and countries. Cretins are usually affected 

Vtald of Kent. with goiter, and are usually the offspring 

IvptnrpriTiK (Kr^-ta'sbus; or Chalk), of goiterous parents. They are ill grown 

jreiaceOUB \^ ^^^i^^j j^^ „ ^^^ stunted, with swollen belliea. The 

itrata of the Secondary series, im- akin is coarse bead large, the nose annken 

nedialplj- below the Tertiaij series, and and flattened at the bridgp. the Iip« 

inpprin.umbent on the OOHie system, thick, chin protruding, mouth wide and 

rhis group is common to Europe, and gaping, the tongue large. The counte- 

ilao to a part of Asia. It consists of nance is dull and heavv : there is general 

■halk resting upon arenaceous and muscular weakness and slowness of 

irgillaceoua deposits, which are also re- sensibilltj. Associated with these are 

[arded as part of the ayatem. It has been feebleness or want of intellect, varying 

livided into two parts — the Upper, con- In degree from absolute vacuitv to  

ilating entirely of cbalk or marl, and certain power of acquiring a ilttlc knowk 



Cretonne Cricliton 

edge; sometimes deafness and dumbness, Cribbflfe (krib'fij), a favorite English 
perhaps squinting and blindness. Care- ^•^-^wogv game at cards played with 
ful treatment under a physician by means the whole pack. It may be played by 
of thyroid extract usually restores the two, three, or four persons ; and when by 
victim almost to normal. The treatment two, five or six cards may be dealt to 
must be almost continuous throughout each. Five-card cribbage played by two 
life, associated with good food, cleanli- persons is the most scientific game, 
ness, exercise, etc. Sixty-one points make the game ; there 

Cretonne (kre-ton'), a cotton cloth are no tricks and no trumps, the object 

■^^ with vaiious textures of being to make pairs, fifteens, sequenoeSf 
surface; printed on one side with pictorial or the go, or prevent the adversary from 
and other patterns, and used for curtains, doing the same. Court cards and tens 
covering furniture, etc. count ten each, and all the rest count 

Crense i^^^^^)f ^^ inland department for the number of 'pips' upon them. 
\^M.%iiu9%0 ^£ France comprising the great- Every pair, that is, every couple of cards 
er part of the old province of Marche; of the same value belonging to different 
area, 2150 square miles. It derives its suits (two aces, two fours, two UngH, 
name from the river Creuse, which rises etc), counts two; and when there are 
in it, and traverses it diagonally in a three or four similar cards, as many pairs 
northwest Erection, afterwards flowing are counted as there are different com- 
on to join the Vienne. The surface binations of the cards taken two at a 
is cenerally rugged, and the soil, time. Every combination of cards, the 
which is thin and rests upon granitic united pips of which make up fifteen, 
rocks, is by no means fertile. Pop. counts two. A sequence consists of three 
(1006) 274,004. or more cards of any suit following one 

Crenzer (kroi'ts^r), Gkobo Fbiedbigh another in rank, and counts one for each 
^**'"**^* a German philologist and card. When the player whose turn it is 
archaeologist, born in 1771 ; died in 1858. to play cannot play a card without going 
For nearly forty-five years he filled the beyond thirty-one, the other player scores 
chair of philolonr and ancient history one for having been the nearest to thirty- 
at Heidelberg. He wrote on the mythol- one. This is called scoring one for ' the 
ogy of Greece and other nations, on go.' The remainin|f cards after thirty- 
week history and literature, Roman an- one, or the next point to it, is made are 
tiquities, etc. thrown upj, and each player's cards are 

Crenzot (kreii-zo), Le, a town of East- counted. When all the cards in a hand, 
vx«;uAVb gj.jj France, dep. SaOne-et- either with or without the turn-up card, 
Loire, 14 miles from Autun, with ex- are of one suit, or when all the cards in 
tensive ironworks, the most complete in the crib, with the turn-up card, are of 
France. The mining of coals, the smelt- one suit, it is called a/I««A, ana counts 
ing of iron, and the manufacture of one for each card. When the turn-up 
machinery give employment to about card is a knave the dealer scores two 
15,(X)0 workmen in the town and vicinity, ('two for his heels'). When a knave 
the greater number being employed at of the same suit with the tiim-up card is 
the works of Schneider & Co. Pop. 33,- found in the hand of either player, the 
500. player in whose hand it is scores one 

Crewe C^^^^* ^ municipal town of (*one for his nob '). 

^ England, in Cheshire, 21 miles Criellton (l^i^'ton), James, sumamed 
8. B. Chester, an important railway center ^* **'"""** the Admirable, a Scottish 
and the seat of enormous manufactories celebrity, son of Robert Crlchton, lord- 
of railway material. It is a modern advocate, was bom in 1500; died about 
town, well laid out, and chiefly inhabited 1585. He was educated at the University 
by people connected with the railways, of St. Andrews, and, according to the 
It has a commodious market hall, a com current accounts of him, before his 
exchange, mechanics' institution, town* twentieth year had run through the whole 
hall, etc. Pop. 44,070. circle of the sciences, could speak and 

r!rAXi7Al.ix7Ar1r (krO'el), work executed write to perfection ten different languages, 
vricwci wuiik ^^jj ^^^ needle, and and was equally distinguished for his 
consisting of designs sewed in colored skill in riding, fencing, singing and play- 
silk or woolen threads on a basis of un- ing upon all sorts of instruments. He 
bleadied cotton or linen, toweling, or the visitea Paris, Cenoa, Venice, Padua, etc., 
like. challenging all scholars to learned dis- 

Crewlceme (l^r^'k^rn), a town of putations, vanquishing doctors of the 

England, in Somerset- universities, and disarming the most 
shire, 16 miles 8. E. of Taunton ; manu- famous swordsmen of the time in fencing, 
factures sailcloth. Pop. 3030. He was latterly tutor to a son of the 




Cricket Crime 

Duke of Muitns, Aud is uld to hsTe be«n field. ShonLI the ball be driven anj dl*- 

Htabbed ta tbe heart in & dastardly tance the two bataniMi mn acroaa and ex- 

maimer by hli pupil. Tlie ator; of hia cbange wicketa, and cootinne to do ao aa 

ui'hieTementB aeems to be rather biiblr Innc aa there la no rlak in being * mn oat,* 

I'ulored ; but be was eitraTagantl; pralwd that ii. of bavinf the atumpa itruck bit 

liy AldUB Manutiua, tbe printer of Venice, the ball while they are out of their poat- 

by whom be was well known. He left tlon near the wickets. Each time the bau- 

sume Latin poema, wbicb are said to be men run between the wickets is counted 

poaaeaaed of no remarkable quality. aa a ' ran,' and la marked to the credit of 

Pinnlral- (krik'et), an insect of the the striker of tbe ball. If the bataman 

Vliu&cii ^^^ Orv«ui, or AcMta of aUows the ball to carry away r baQ or 

BOBte naturalists, order Ortboptera. There a stump, if be knoeka down any part of 



1 wickeL If any part of bit person 



tbe iohita (Qryllvi) domettica; the atop* a ball that would bavt other 
fielit-crlcket la tbe Achita (OryttiM) cum- reached hia wicket, or if he atrikea a ._ _ 
: the mole^ricket la tbe Orylto- ao that it ia caught by one of the op- 



pMtri*; the nia]e-«ncket ia tbe Qryllo- ao that it ia caught by one of the op- 

inlpa vntaSrit. The houae-crlcket of poaite party before it reaches the Bronnd, 

Europe la about an Inch long, wltb he is out* that i*. be gives np tiia bat 

anteniue of about an inch and a naif, of to one of hia own aide; and ao the game 

• pale yellowish color mixed with brown, goea on outil all the men on one aide 

Br tbe friction of the peculiarly formed have played and been pnt oal: Tbia con- 

wlug^overa the males produce that slilates what la called an ' Innlnga.' Tbe 

•trtdulouB aouud of which these Insects other players now take the t>at and try 

are so well known, and wbicb baa become to defend their wicketa and make mna 

asaodated with ideas of cheerful domestic aa tbelr rivala did. Generally after two 

comfort. They live in holea aud crevicea Inninga each have been played by tbe 

near fireplaces or In other nnrm situa- contestants the game comea to an end, 

tlona, whence tbey come out at night that aide being the victors who can acore 

to fe«d on crumbs and other fragments the greatest number of runs. It la the 

of food. The field-cricket makes a simitar national game of England, aa baaeball Is 

noiae. The bonse-cricket bas been intro- of the United Statea. 

duced Into tbe United Statea, and there rrir>1cliu1(t (kriklEd), n town d Bng- 
are several species of field-cricket there «i-ii"k««*c \^j,^ County Willa. on tbe 
alao. See alao ifole-crtcJteC. Thames and tbe Severn Canal, 42 miles 
Hriftlc^t " favorite open-air game n. of Salisbury; pop. 6830. Crlcklade 
\/j,iv&cii, played with bats, balls, and now gives name to the northern pttilia- 
wlckets on a piece of smooth green- mentary divialon of Wiltshire. 
sward. It ii played by two opposite seta fjrieff (kr^f), a town of Scotland, 
or sides of players, p!iierBlly numbering ^*****' County Perth, beautifully altn- 
eleven each. Two wicketi at three ttumpi ated on ft slope above tbe Earn, badked 
each are pitched fronling each other at by lofty blUa and crags. The principal 
a distance of about 22 yards apart, tbe mannfacture is woolens (sbirtingB, 
stumps being upright rods stuck in tbe blankets, tweeds, etc.). Pop. ^OS. 
ground. Bad projecting 27 Inches. On the Crilloil <l"*-yOn), Loma ms Balbu 
top of each set of Btumps are placed two *'-^***"-» p^ Bebton db, a great French 
small pieces of wood called baiti. After warrior of the sixteenth century, bon la 
the rival sides have tossed for the choice 1&41 ; died in 1Q1&. He won distinction 
of eiUier taking the bat or fielding, two in five soccessive reigns — those of Henry 
men are aent to tbe wickets bat in band. II. Francis II, Cbarles IX, Henrv III, 
The opposite or fielding side are all and, above all, in that of Henry IV. He 
simultaneouBly engaged ; one (the bowler) distinguished himself at the capture of 
being stationed behind one wicket for the Calala, and In tbt battles of Oreni. 
purpose of bowling bis ball against the Jamac, and Moncontour (1ES69), against 
opposite wicket, where bis coadjutor (tbe the Huguenots, and tn the naval battle of 
wicket-keeper) stands ready to catch the Lepanto against tbe Turks. The mas- 
ball thould it pass near Mm ; tbe other sacre of St Bartholomew was reprobated 
fielders are placed in such parts of tbe by blm. He foneht for Henry at Ivrj 
field aa is Judged most favorable for against tbe Catholic League, 
stoppiog the tnll after It baa been strock CrimA (ki^m), a term naed to indicate 
by fte batsman or missed by the wicket- v»i*iiv someHmea a violation of the 
keeper. It la tbe object of tbe bataman hl^er moral law, sometimes more 
to prevent the ball delivered by the apedflcaHy the violation of a certain 
bowler reaching his wicket either by ppap at the lawa formulated by a nation, 
merely atopplng It with Ua bat or by Thla groap properly comprises in Its 
drlTlng It away to a distant part of the acfaeme all ofTeaaes endasfcrlnf the wd- 



i 
I 

r 
1 

s. 



•I 

il 



Crimea 



Crimean War 



fare of the oommunity, tts distinct from 
civil or private injuries, which are as be- 
tween person and person, and terminate 
with the compensation of the injured. 
Hence from the legal point of view crime 
is sometimes defined as an offense 
punishable by law directly, as opposed to 
an offense which the law pumshes in* 
directly by granting damages to the 
person wronged. (See Criminal X/au?.) 
\Vliether used in the legal or the moral 
sense crime implies freedom of will, the 
power of distinffuisbing between right and 
wrong, and a fulfilled intention. Hence, 
though the theoretic rule of common law 
is that all infraction of law is criminal 
and penal, it is held that young children, 
madmen, and idiots cannot commit crimes. 
Cnmea (krl-me'a), Thk (Russ, Krim, 
^**^^''** anc Cher9one9U9 Taurioa)^ a 
peninsula of Southern Russia, govern- 
ment of Taurida, to the mainland of which 
it is attached by the Isthmus of Perekop ; 
area. 10,000 sq. miles. On the west and 
soutn it is washed by the Black Sea, 
and on the east by the Sea of Azof, a 
portion of which, shut off from the rest 
by a long and narrow strip of land, forms 
the Sivash or Putrid Sea. Three-fourths 
of the Crimea belongs to the region of 
ateppes, but the other part, confined 
entirely to the south, and stretching along 
the coast from west to east, abounds in 
beautiful mountain scenery. Here the 
valleys looking southward are luxuriant 
with vines and olive and mulberry planta- 
tions, while the northern slope c^ves a 
large yield in cereals and fruits. The 
climate, however, is unequal, and in 
winter is severe. The chief stream is fhe 
Salghir. Others of some importance are 
the Tchemaya and the Alma. The most 
important of the productions, besides 
those already mentioned, are tobacco, of 
which a large quantity of excellent quaLlity 
is produced, flax and hemp. The forests 
are of limited extent. There are large 
numbers of fine-wooled sheep, and homed 
cattle and horses are reared in large num- 
bers. Pop. est. at 450,000. The chief 
town and port is Sebastopol. The country 
was anciently associated with the Cim- 
merians, and in later times with various 
Greek settlements and minor kingdoms. 
After being for some time a dependency 
on Rome, it was overrun by successive 
bodies of barbarians, and in 1237 fell into 
the hands of the Mongols under Genghis 
Khan. About 1261 the Genoese were per- 
mitted to occupy and fortifv Kaffa, and 
they rapidly extended their power in 
the formation of other settlements. They 
were expelled, however, in 1475 by 
Mahomet II, who made it a dependent 
■haiiate. In 1783 the Russians took pos- 



session of the country ; and with the VieW 
of overawing the Turks the great naval 
arsenal of Sebastopol, occupying the most 
commanding position in the Slack Sea, 
was begun by Catharine II in 1786. Its 
military resources were steadily developed 
up to the time of the Anglo-French cam- 
paign (see Crimean war) of 1854, when 
it was occupied by the allies. 

Crimean War X^^'Ji Elffl 

France and Turkey on the one hand, and 
Russia on the other, to prevent the un- 
due preponderance of Russia in the east 
of Europe ; 1854 to 1856. The old plans 
for the extension of Russian power con- 
ceived by Catharine II and Potemkin 
were resuscitated by Nicholas I, who. be- 
lieving that he had secured himself from 
interference on the part of Austria and 
Prussia, and that an Anglo-French alli- 
ance was impossible, prepared to carry 
them into action. Servia, Bosnia, Bul- 
garia, and the principalities of the Dan- 
ube were to become Russian protectorates, 
and Constantinople was to oe provision- 
ally occupied by Russian troops. The 
first markedly aggressive step — the de- 
mand by Russia for a protectorate over 
the Greek Church througnont the Turkish 
empire — ^brought matters to a crisis. An 
ultuiatum presented by Menschlkoff in 
May, 1853, was rejected by the Porte ; 
the Russians occupied the Danubian prin- 
cipalities; and war was declared by the 
Porte in Octobel^ 1863, by France and 
En^and in 1854, and by Sardinia in 
1855. A French and English fleet entered 
the Baltic and captured Bomarsund and 
one of the Aland Islands, and in the south 
the allies landed at Varna, under Lord 
Raglan and Marshal St Arnaud as com- 
manders-in-chief. While the allies were 
making preparations Prussia and Austria 
demanded the evacuation of the Danubian 

grindpalities, and on this evacuation be- 
ig ordered bjr Nicholas, 'for strategic 
reasons,' the principalities were provision- 
ally occupied by the Austrians. It soon 
became obvious that the Crimea must be 
the seat of the war, and 50,000 French 
and English troops with 6000 Turks were 
landed at Eupatorla (September, 1854). 
Five days later the battle of Alma was 
won by the allies (September 20th), and 
the march continued towards the south 
side of SebastopoL Soon after St. Ar- 
naud died and was succeeded by Canro- 
bert. The siege of Sebastopol was com- 
menced by a grand attack which proved 
a failure, and the Russians under Li- 
prandi retaliated by attacking the English 
at Balaklava (October 25), out were de- 
feated wit& heavy loss. It was at this 
battle that the famons, but useless* diarge 



Criminal Law Criminal Xdiv 

was made by tfae IJEbt Brigade. A aec- not necMurllr mattully ezclnaiTe, cam 

ond attack at Inkerman was BBain re- aometiiiieB occurring la whicb the xvei-wii 

palsed b; the allies, but the siege works Injured obtaina damages, whUe m.'t Ihi 

made slow procreas during the winter, In aame time tbs criminal is subJecCed in 

which tbe ill-supplied troops suKered puDisbmeut, not as against iha indi- 

great privatloua. The death of Nicholas vidual, but aa against the State. X£ i\ 

and BDcceuian of Alexander II. in March, moreover, obvious that legal criinlxa^lltf 

1855, broQght no change ot policy. Can- is not in anr strict sense the mwurt 

robert resigned in faror of Pftlissier ; and of the morality of actions. thouKb <!■' 

ahortly after an nnaaccessfnl attack on legsl enactment tends to enforce Itself u 

thoae parts of tlie fortification known aa a morsl law. In lar^e part it la oaa ly tn 

the Ualakhoff and Redan Lord Raglan approximate expression of tbe cnK-niit 

died, and was sncceeded by Simpson. The sense of Justice, this expression b«iiii 

bomhardmeat was continued, and In Sep- both aided and hindered by tbe hiBCornrij 

tember the French snccessInUy stormed and constantly reflexive character at X«pl 

tbe Ualalfholf, tbe aim nl tan eons attack method. Tbe basis of tbe criminal 1m.'^,o( 

on the Redan by the Britiih proving a Great Britain is to be found In a iv^riN 

failure. The Russians, however, then of loose definitions and drnrr1ptiral i~« el 

withdrew from the city to tbe north forta which many, and those among Uie ^mre 

and the alllea took poasesslon. The chief Importaut, i&te from tbe tblrteentb <mi- 

subsequent event was tbe capture of tnry. The trregalar anperatroctnre r^rvrpd 

Kara, in Aaia, by the RosslanB, after a upon these consists mainly of parlS^'U'e- 

aplendid defense by the Turks nnder Gen- tair enactments which originated i"» "" 

eral Williams. By this time, however, eigbleenth cencary. The laws as romm- 

tbe allies bad practical possession of tbe lated, however, m any country, K>y »> 

Crimea, and overtures of peace were means always represent the law as S-KiUt' 

tladly accepted. A treaty was accord- preted, the whole system being fKX^i^r 
igly concluded at Paris on April 27, complicated by a mass of Jadidal _ _^^ ' 
18M, by which the independence of the ments and particular constructiona. '-M-DUi, 
Ottoman Empire was guaranteed. See while there Is a statutory diviaf-OV nf 
Parit, Trtaty of. Crimea into treasona, feloniea, and aasudF- 
flriminal Tjtnr (krim'i-nal) , tbe law meanora, the distinctions between. «li»ia 
IjrUOUl&l liftW relating to crimes, are so uncertain that it la possible «:« re- 
"Hie general theory of the comnton law Is gard tbe first bead as merely the isoX^tiou 
that all wronga are divisible into two of a subcase of felony ; while in r-^Bpwl 
species: first, civil or private wrongs or of the second and third classes, tkx^ di*- 
torli; secondly, criminal or public wrongs, tiuction can only be clearly marked tvy an 
Tbe former are to be redressed by private enumeration of the crimes arbitrarily «■- 
suits or remedies instituted by the parties signed to each In tbe common la'wv and 
Injnred. Tbe latter are redreaaed by tbe Judges' decisions. Even In severity vf fan- 
State acting in its aorerelgn capacity. Uhment a misdemeanor may rank m.^ nigli 
The geueru deacription of tbe private as a felony. Tbe aim of criminal l^tt a* 
wrongs is that they comprehend those at present constituted is both retrSbutive 
injuries whicb affect tbe rights and prop- and preventive — In its former aspect being 
rrty of tbe Individual, and termloate based upon tbe primitive passion of re- 
there ; that of public wrongs or offenses talistinn. in the latter primarily upon the 
being that tbey comprehend such acts fundsmentsl instinct of self-preterv*tinD. 
aa injufp, not merely Individuala, but the The prevention of crime may, however, 
community at large, by endangering the be effected In a threefold mano^*"- °J 
peace, the comfort, the good order, the imposing a penalty which sball oi^i?'< 



policy, and even the exfitence of society, by fear to deter men from ooR>i*''^,°' 
In tbe first, therefore, so far as the law is crimes, or by renderiiw It pbyf '^''J; 
concerned, the compensation of tbe Indi- Impossible for a man of known '^''J'™ ,?' 
vidual whose rights have been infringed tendency to repeat an offense, or "7 the 
Is held to be a sufficient atonement ; but reformation of the criminaL Wy ."' 
in the second claw of offenses it Is de- higher evolution of societv the p'^''^^ i 
manded tbat tbe offender make satisfac- of retaliation has fallen taito the^'^"'^} 
tlon to tbe community as acting prejudl- disrepute, though still a practlc*' '•*■' 
daily to Its welfare. Tbe exact bounda- factor ; and tbe problems of penoI<'B7 are 
ries between these classes are not, how- made to turn almost eiclnslvelr upon the 
ever, slways, easy to be discerned, even in prindple of prevention in the*** ,1^ 
theory ; for there are few private wrongs aspects, and especially In the !••' "^ 
which do not exert an influence beyond Ii^ the several Slates of the Unl?" "i^ 
the Indlridnsl whom they directly injure, doctrine of the English common ■**' " 
Tbs divialous, torts aiR crimes, are thw incorporated in a« atetnta Uw«p ** "> 




CncedOe (CiweaUiU NttaUau or taltarii). 



Croooisite Croker 

order CrocodUia an aa foQowB : — Thesklii CrOCIlS ('"^'^"b), a, geouB of pUnta 
i« covered with sgnare bony plates ; the mw**" „[ (he or^der Iridacen or Iris, 
tail la long and compreiwen laterally, forming one of the moat common orna- 
Tbe fonr feet are short, and there are menta of our gardens, Most of the ape- 
five toes on each of the two forefeet, cles are Datives of the south of Europe 
and four on each of the hind feet ; the and the l-evant ; and three grow wild 
limbs are feeble. The jaws are long and la Britain. The; may be divided, ao 
— ai__ .J their period of flowering, into 
id autvmnai. Among the ver- 
. ma; be mentioned the white 
and pnrple O. vernut; C, vertie^lor, dis- 
tinguished by the yellow tube uf its 
Sower bearded with Dair«, and its sweet 
scent : C. bi(l6rua, the Scotch crocQS, 
with beautiful penciled sepals, and clear 
or bluish -white petaU. Among the 
autumnal speciea are 0, nudiflSrai and 
" «a(Ii-ii«, whose long, reddlsh-oraoge, 
u^ni... .»(.._.. —I.... ^fi^ form w' 

LiiiBHUH V. " ''B' king of 

their gape of enormous width. The noB- "*"""" Lydia. son of Alyattes, whom 

trila are at the extremity of the snout, he sncceeded in &B0 B.C., and extended the 

and capable of being closed to prevent empire from the northern and western 

Ingres* of water. The heart is fonr- coasts of Asia Minor to the Halys on 

chambered. The moat ancient forms of the east and Mount Taurus on the sooth, 

the group were the Teleotaurtit, from Including the Greek colonies of the main- 

the Lias and 091ite, and the Btrepto- land. His riches, obtained chieQy from 

iponduliM, from the lias, OOliCic and mines and the gold-dust of the river Pac- 

Wealden strata. The families now exist- tolns, were greater than those of any 

ing are the AUigatoridte, Crocoditida and king before him, so that his wealth be- 

Oavialidie. The alligators are all New came proverbial. Having entered npon 

World forms. (See Alligator.) The war with Cyrns, he was taken prisaner 

gavial proper (Gavialu Qangetioiu) is in his capital, Sardis (B.C. 540). The 

confined to the East Indies. (See date of his death is unknown, hut he 

"  '  "■ " wklch survived hlr " 

.,._ „."„""«S .-- _ 

and the cervical and dorsal plates are * composer, born in IffTT. He 

distinct for the most part. The croco- was organist in the chapel royal, and 
dile of the Nile (Crocodtliu vulgllrit) is published Muiica Sacra, or iSeteot Jw- 
the best known member of the order ; an- them», etc. Died in 1727. 
other species (C paluitrit) Is met with Prnft^r (kroft^r), a petty farmer 
in South Asia, Sunda and the Moluccas. '-'*"»'''=* renting a few acres of land. 
There is also a species in tropical Amer- with sometimes the right of grating his 
ica. The crocodile is formidable from its cattle in common on a piece of rough 
great size and strength, but on shore Its pastore. Crofters are numerous In the 
imortness of limb, great length of body. Highlands and in the Western Islands of 
and difficnlty of torning enable men and Scotland, as well as in some other 1o- 
aolmals readily to escape pursuit. la calitles. From man; districts they have 
the water It is active and formidable, been removed owing to their holdings 
It is excloslvely carnivorous, and always being absorbed in sheep farms or deer 
prefera its food in a state of putrefac- forests, and they are now mainly con- 
tion. In Egypt It Is no longer found gregated on the seashore, where the; 
except in the upper or more southern partly maintain themselves by fishing. 
parts, where the beat Is greatest and flrnWr (krC'ker), John WiLaoit. an 
the population least nnmerous. Croco- ^'"^"^ English writer and politiclaD, 
dUes are still common enough In the born at Qalway, in 17S0. Re was edn- 
river Senegal, the Congo, Niger, etc. cated in Cork, and at Trinity College, 
Hie; grow sometimes to a length of 30 Dublin, and raited to the Irish bar in 
fret, and apparently live to a vast age. 1802. In 1803 he pnblisbed anooy- 
fSvwwtisitp (hro'koi-9dt), a mineral, a mously; Familiar Epistie» on the Irish 
MIWHIUUM ^^ji^g ,^^ ^f jg^ p,,^ f^f^^ ^^3 j„ jgQg jjQ Intercepted Letter 
mate, or red-lead ore. In it chromium from Chtna, both clever satires. In 
was first discovered- 1808 be entered Parliament u member 



i 



Ooinol.) The CrocodiUda, to wklch survived his captor, and ia referred to 
family the crocodile belongs, have on- fn the reign of Cambyaes. 



rokei Croiii.p-fcon 



, which lie retained till the rein i 

-'•T "-.^k^ ^^'°™' ?'" T^ ' -^ -"■ •" - — "'- =-"" . 

;ennonaly oppoMd by him aad on tte torn in 1788. During the grwK-K- i.«rl 
■dns of that mesBure in 1832 he with- „, y^ yf^ j,e was a teacher of di-«.-*>-i-m«- 
ew from public life. He was one of in igoe be founded the Norwich SH«:>c=iaC7 
t founders of the Quarterlv Revtete, „( Artists, of which he became prcMsident 
d one of Its ablest contributors, thongh ^ „p„ ^ ^^j contributor to ttt n^nntSBl 
I articles display frequent malevolence, exhibitions. He excelled In depictlKmK tl« 

 °*iir writings include an edition of scenery of hia native county, and ^^Pf 
•weU's Ufe of Joh«,on; Ulm and cially in hia handling of tr^; aKK-d t*» 
«/«Iff«r and taia^era. two ,,POf m« : high place among Brirish landscape :«;»««*£?' 

'^h^'si,. w.^^r^ .."'h S"£^"II^' e" " ""o" unlvew"lly acknowledgeci _ :0" 

ita which oir Waiter tscott derived bis jj-j ;„ i(»i 

., o( l-jle, of . Or,.it.il.„: .Bd rfl- S" "„ Evil™ Bimo, £nt :B-S 

d Wolpofe'. ie(t«r.^^He died in 1857. Cromer Hall, Norfolk, ^d odiie*«r-*»<i .I?! 

raker, Tnoni; ,£•>""». • ,"ii"«- wooiwioh Ae.do>ij. hi ioiii..a _e5; 

,^ wi'i°'i ■°"li>"',>'°™ »' '^r' Hor.1 Artmorj to 1858, md In 1872 "SS 
Tk be opmmenced the coUecdon o( the viceroy of India. He becune m»J 
Bin and legends cnrrent nmong the jg^fl j appointed Britiah «» 

{ fj.ilf'fr^,'". S-£';S f&T tiS-whirS'e'iSaSe'^^^e 

^li( 1 iftSl ' '"*•"* (IKffi). ,ig<„unt in 1807, and earl in 190L 

 luea in JOM. «__ii-k ..h^.i^.f roorganixed every department of the 
roll, i*?™J '.Vi^^l^ K,^iS« aan^adminirtratlon and was knoi 
If-trlin'^d^in «i'efcV hf'ta.^^onTe * «>« l"^" «" "«^«" =«"»•' 
otch geological survey 1867-81. He Cromer (^^''°b')< '■ "mall a. 
■ote Climate and Time. BUUar Evolu- "*"*"*'* and bathing place of 
in, TK« PXitoMopkieal Ba*ei of Evolu- land, County Norfolk, 21 milea 
m. etc. Norwich. The old town la now 
pn]^ (krSli), Obobse, author and merged, tbe sea constantly ifkinr ' 
'*'*J' preacher, bom at Dublin in encroach men ta. Pop. (parish) 407-^^— 
80; studied at Trinity College, Dub- Cromlcch (kromlek). an ancien^^* 
i; waa appointed to a ameU curacy in «*"""'•''" ument consisting of t""^^v! 
eland, bnt resigDed it and became a more columns of unhewn atone anK's 
eminent figure in Loudon joarnalism ing a large tabular block so aa t» ^ 
d letters. His separate literary worka a rectangular chamber, beneath tb< 
rnprbe; Parii in ISIS, a poem; tbe of which is sometimes fonnd ~ ~' 
iir0l of the World, a tale ; Catiline, a 
igedy : Pnd« thall hav« a Fall, a com- 
y. 1824; Balathiel, a romance; etc. 
t la also tbe author of several biograpb- 

il and other works ; and numr 

rmona. In 1835 he waa made r 

St Stephen's, Wallbrook, A 

^fn"^"" ^*"'"""' '"'"''"■ "' Crc«tod..tI-n,«JCc««n. ,„,^s-a 

AAmaffv (krom'ap-ti), a seaport clodng a skeleton and relics. Somff**f"^^? 

rvjuarbj ^f g^otland, at the ex- the cromlech waa enorcled by Tl0»^|a^ 

■mlty of the peninsula which separates standing-atonea, as In the '^'^of^ ; 

I Moray from the Cromarty Firth, Standing-atone* of Stennla, in Orl^^J^— 

milea n k. of Inverness. It was the and somettmea It waa ItseU boriea , f»iV" 

rthpUce of Hugh MiUer. Pop. 1242. neath a largo mound of earth. ^^'^ 

The county of Cromarty consists of a DoJmem. *.-— . 

:ge number of detached portions scat- GrOIU'DtOll (kwnpt™^). SamuD, ** 

«d orer tbe county of Ross with which ^'^ wiiii»iuii mentor of the mulo-jena/^ 

Ij ue practically merged. The total bom near Bolton, England, -- '""* =■- 





Cromwell Cromwell 

early displayed a turn for mechanics, and April 23, 1616. On the death of his 
when only twenty-one years of age in- father in 1617 he returned home, and in 
vented his machine for spinning cotton, 1620 married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir 
which was called a mule, from its com- James Bourchier. In 1628 he was mem- 
bininc the principles of Hargreave's spin- her of parliament for the borough of 
ning-jenny and Arkwright's roller-frame, Huntingdon^ to which he returned on 
both invented a few years previous^, the dissolution in 1629. In 1681 he went 
The mule shared in the odium excit- with his family to a farm which he had 
ed amone the Lancashire hand-weavers taken at St Ives; and in 1636 to Ely, 
against these machines, and for a time where he had inherited a property worth 
Grompton was obliged to conceal his nearly £500 a year. During the Short 
invenaon. He afterwards brought it and Long Parliaments he represented 
again into work; but was unable to pre- Cambridge, his influence gradually in- 
vent others from profiting by it at his creasing. In the summer of 16£2 he 
expense. Various improvements were was actively engaged in raisine and 
introduced from time to time on the drilling volunteers for the parliamen- 
mnle, but the original principle, as de- tary oarty^ in view of the impending 
vised by Grompton, remained the same, struggle with the king. He served as 
The sum of £5000, voted to him by Par- captain and colonel in the earlier part 
liament in 1812, was almost all the re- of the war, doing good service with his 
muneration which he received for an in- troop of horse at Edgehill; and it wac 
vention which contributed so essentially his energy and ability which made the 
to the development of British manufac- Eastern Association the most efficient of 
tures. He died in 1827. those formed for mutual defense. At 
Cromwell (krom'wel), Bartlett the battle of Winceby (1643) he led the 
" Jefferson (1840-1917), van, narrowly escaping death, and in the 
an American rear-admiral, bom at Spring- following year he led the victorious left 
place, Georgia. He was appointed to the at Marston Moor, deciding the result 
United States Naval Academy from Ne- of the battle. A few months later he 
braska; said to be the first naval cadet was present at the second battle of New- 
appointed from that state. He graduated bury, and his action being fettered by 
in 1861 and served in the South Atlantic the timidity of Manchester, he impeached 
blockading m^uadron and the East Gulf the conduct of the earl. As the result 
squadron during the Civil war. He be- of this disagreement Sir Thomas Fair- 
came commander in 1874, captain in fax was made lord-general, while Grom- 
1889. and commodore in 1898. At the well, notwithstanding the Self-denying 
condnsion of the Spanish-American war Ordinance, was placed under him, with 
he was ordered to Havana to take charge the command of the cavalry and the 
of the naval station. He was promoted to rank of lieutenant-general. As the re- 
rear-admiral in 1899. He was captain of suit of the discipline introduced by Crom- 
the Navv Yard at Norfolk 1891-94, and well, the decisive victory of Naseby was 
commandant of the Portsmouth Navy gained in 1645, and Leicester, Taunton, 
Yard 1900-01. He was conmiander-in- Bridge water, Bristol, Devizes, Winches- 
chief of the South Atlantic Station in ter and Dartmouth fell into the hands 
1901 and later of the European Station. of the Parliament On the occasion of 
Cromwell (krom'wel),OLPnER, Lord- the surrender of Charles by the Scottish 

protector of the Common- army in 1646 Cromwell was one of the 
wealth of England, Scotland and Ire- commissioners, and in the distribution of 
land, was bom at Huntingdon April 25, rewards for services received £2500 a 
1599. His father, Robert Cromwell, year from the estates of the Marquis of 
who represented the borough of Hunt- Worcester. Though at first supporting 
ingdon in the Parliament of 1593, was Parliament in its wish to disband the 
a younger son of Sir Henry Cromwell, army, which refused to lay down its 
who was knighted by Queen Elizabeth; arms till the freedom of the nation was 
and Sir Henry again was a son of Sir established, he afterwards saw reason to 
Richard Williams, a nephew of Thomas decide in favor of the latter course. 
Cromwell, Earl of Essex, whose name he Hastily suppressing the Welsh risine, 
took. Oliver's mother was a daughter he marched against the Scottish royal- 
of William Steward, of Ely, and could ists, whom he defeated with a much 
trace her descent back to Alexander, inferior force at Preston (August 17, 
lord-steward of Scotland^the founder of 1648). Then followed the tragedy of 
the house of Stuart The first really the king's execution, CromwelFs name 
authentic fact in his biography is his standing third in order in the death- 
leaving school at Huntingaon and enters warrant Affairs in Ireland demanding 
ing Sidney-Sussex College, Cambridge, his presence, he was appointed lord- 



Iromwell Cromwell 

eDtsDuit ADd commaudei^iD-cliief; and had r«J«cted tbe ■uthontr of tb« Mcood 
; making a terrible example of Dro(- chamber. Abroad hi* Inflaence atiU in* 
eda (September. IMS), cnuhed tbe creaied, reacblng Its full heifht after Uie 
Djallit party In that conntrr within alx victory of Doakirk in June, 1668. But 
iontli& Bealgnlng the command to Ir«- Ua maaterlr adminiitratlDn was not ef- 
in, he nndertook, at the reqaeat of the fected without aeTere itraln, and npon 
'arllainent, a similar expedition afainat the death of hla faTorita dao^ter, Ellsa- 
cotland, where Charle* II bad been beth Glarpole, in the beginnlnK of Any- 
rodalmed kinR. With an army rrcHtl; uat, 1058, hia health be^n to UU bin. 
educed by alckneoa he laved hlmieU Towarda the end of the month he waa 
ram almoit inevitable dieaater br the confined to hia room from a tertian 
plendld victory at Dunbar (September 8, fever, and on September 3, 1006, died at 
SCO), and a year later put an end to Whitehall, In the sixtieth Tear of hla 
le itragKle by hie total defeat of tbe are. He was buried In Klna Henry 
^tats at Worcester (September 8, Virs Chapel, In Weatmlnater Abbey, but 
nU). For thesa services he was re- after the Restoration bis body was taken 
'arded with an estate of £4000 a year, up and handed at Tyburn, the bMd b»- 
esldea other honors. ing fixed on a pole at Westminster Ab- 
He already exerted a welfhty Influ- bey, and the rest of the remains bnried 
Bce in the supreme directian of aSalra, under the ^lows. — Great aa a general, 
einf Inatrumeutal In restorlnf the con- Cromwell was still greater as a civil 
nental relationa of England, which had rnler. He lived in a aimple and retired 
een almost entirely dissolved, and reg- way, like a private man, and was abst^ 
ladng them so as to promote the In- mlous, temperate, indefatinbly industri- 
trests of eommerca The Navigation oua, and exact in hla official dntlea. Ha 
,et, from which may be dated the rise possessed extraordinary penetration and 
I the naval power of England, was knowledre of human nature ; and devised 
'amed upon bis suggestion, and passed the boldest plans with a qaickness 
1 16A1. The Bump Farliameut, aa the equaled only by the decision with which 
■mnant of tbe Long Parliament was he executed them. No obstacle deterred 
died, bad become worse than useless, him ; and he was never at a loss for cl- 
od OS April 20, 16B3, Cromwell, with pedlents. Cool and reserved, he patiently 
M Boldlera, dispersed that body. He waited for the favorable momcut, and 

^ - " -' — '- coo- never failed to make use of it In hla 

icera, rellglona views he was a tolerant Cal 

^ .. per^ 1st He was abont 5 ft 10 in. in hel,__ 

ins selected from the three kingdoms, hia body 'well compact and stroof.' and 
Icknamed Barebon^t Partiament. or the his head and face, though wanting in 
ittte Partiammit. Fifteen montna after refinement; were impressive In their on- 
new annual ^rllament waa cboaen; mlatakable atreugth. 
' Cromwell soon prevailed on this He bad appointed hia eldest son, 
~, who were totally Incapable of gov- BicaASO, hla ancceasor ; but the repnbUc- 

. _._._ .i_ _i .. .t. — ,^ ^jj religions fanaticlBm of tbe army 

, «ud officers, with Fleetwood at tbeir 

DW devolving again upon the council head, compelled Richard to dissolve Psr- 
t officers (December 12, 1653), they llament: and a few days after be volun- 
eclared Oliver Cromwell sole governor tarily abdicated the protectorship. April 
r the commonwealth, under the name 22, 1650. His brother Hutbt, who from 
t Lor4-prot«etor. with an assistant conn- 1654 hsd governed Irelsnd In tranquil- 
1 of twenty-one men. The new pro- lit^ followed the example of Richard, 
■ctor behaved with dignltv and firmness, and died in privacy In EDgland. At the 
«8plte the Innumerable difficulties which Restoration Richard went to the coo- 
Met bim from adverse Parliaments, in- tinent nntll 1680, when he assumed tbe 
irgent myallsta, and mutinous repub- name of Clark, and passed the remain- 
cans, the early months of his rule ea- der of his days in tranquil seclusion at 
Lblished favorable treaties with Hoi- Cheshnnt Hertfordshire. He died in 
ind, Sweden, Portugal, Denmark and 1712, at the age of elgbty-dz.— The last 
rancf. In September, 1666, be called a of Qie family waa Ouvn CaOMWEU, 
Fw Parliament, which undertook tbe re- great-grandson of Henry Cromwell, son 
isal of the constitution and offered Crom- of the protector. He wss a Ijondon enlic- 
ell the title of Ung. On his refusal he Itor, and clerk to St Thomas' HoapitsL 
as again Inatallea aa Lord-protector, He succeeded to the estate of l^eobalds, 
ut wltbhis powers now legally defined, whldi deaeended to him through the chll- 
larly In the following year, however, be dren of fflcbsrd Cromwell, and died at 
eremptorlly dissolved the liouae, which Cheshunt Park In 1821, aged seveoty- 






Cromwell Croquet 

nine. He wrote the MrnnMrt of the CrnnilS (ki^'nix>)» ^ ancient Greek 
Protector and Mf Sons, illustrated by ^^v^«» mythology, a son of Uranoa 
Family Papers^ 1820. and €re (Heaven and Earth), and young- 

Cromwell ^K^omab, Earl of Essex, est of the Titans. He received the gov- 
\/xviuwvxAy ^j^ ^^ ^ blacksmith at ernment of the world after Uranus was 
Putney, in Surrey; born about the year deprived of it, and was in turn deposed 
1490. In his youth he was employed as by Zeus. Cronus was considered by the 
clerk to the English factory at Antwerp ; Romans as identical with their Satumus. 
in 1510 went to Rome; and on his re- Crook (^ni^)x Oeobqe, soldier, bom 
turn to England became confidential serv- ^'-^^^ near Dayton, Ohio, in 1828; 
ant of Cardinal Wolsey. about 1525. died in 1890. He was graduated at West 
On hip master's disgrace in 1529 Crom- Point in 1852, was promoted captain in 
well defended him with neat spirit in 1861, and became a brigadier-general of 
the House of Commons, of which he was volunteers about September, 1862. He 
Chen a member; and effectually opposed commanded an army corps under Sheri- 
the articles of treason brought against dan in the Shenandoah campaign of 
Wolsey. After the cardinars death he 1864 and was breveted brigadier-general 
was taken into the king's service, in the regular army. After the Civil war 
was knighted and made privy-councilor, he served with great distinction in the 
and in 1534 became principal secretary Indian wars, ana was one of tiie cUef 
of state and master of the rolls. In agents in subduing the bloodthirsty 
1536 he was appointed visitor-general of Apaches. He was Dreveted major-gen- 
all the monasteries in England in order eral in 1865 and made chief cavalry 
to suppress them, his services being re- commander in the army, and was raised 
warded by the post of lord-keeper of the to the full rank of major-general in 1888. 
privy seal, and the title of Baron Crom- rirnnlrpti (krooks), Sib Whxiaic, an 
well of Okeham. On the abolition of ^**^^^» eminent English physicist, 
the pope's supremacy he was created bom at London in 1832. He was edu- 
king's vicar^general, and used all his cated at the Royal College of Chemistry, 
influence to promote the Reformation. He discovered the metal thallium, in- 
He was made chief-justice itinerant of vented the radiometer, and by his re- 
the forests bevond Trent, Knight of the searches with the Crookes vacuum tube 
Garter, and finally, in 15^, lord high opened the way to neat advances in 
chamberlain, and the following year Earl science. He published works on chem- 
of Essex. He at length fell into dis- i«try, d/wng. and metallurgy, and, was 
grace with the king for the part he took ^^or of the Quarterly J<^mal of Smmoe. 
in nromotinr hia marriage with Anne of ^® became a leading advocate of Spir- 
te?aSdWe«"ofh^^ itualism Died f^^^^^^^.. ^. 

failing, he was arreted on a charge of CrOOkston <Kf'pilk"^'!'Ke^ 
treason, and beheaded on Tower Hill, goto, 230 mUes N. w. of St. Paul, on Red 

July <J», J.D4U. River Lake, in a very fertile agricultural 

Cronatadt (kronstat), a town of region. It is the home of the famous 
" Roumania, in Transylva- winter Live Stock Shows, and has ma- 
nia, at the base of the Transylvanian chine shops, flour mills, etc. Pop. 6825. 
Alps, 60 miles s.E. of Hermannstadt. It ri«-vi„p4. (krO-ka')> an open-air game 
18 a place of commercial and industnai vruquct pi^-g^ ^^h balls, mallets, 
imnortance, ranldng first m Transylvania ; i^^^pg „jd pegs on a level area, which 

MQiQ*Lf ^°i??Ki''' ™»°"^»c^^^««- Pop- should be at least 80 yards long by 20 
U»119 est.) 4i,uov. wide. The iron hoops (shaped Uke the in- 

CrOnStadtt i„™-. ??®* ^^^ ^^ verted letter U) and fixed with their two 

of Petrograd, ?n°"Se ^ t^^o^eS^a^ itV^.i^L'^i^r'Tveflh!? ^^t 
of the Gulf of Finland, opposite to the ^^** «^*« n^er over the PX)^d; 
mouth of the Neva, on a long, narrow, t^^ey are usually ten in number. The 
rocky island, forming both by its posi- posts or pegs (two in number) are placed 
tion and the strength of its fortuica- at the near and far end of the field, re- 
tions, the bulwark of the capital, and spectively, marking the starting and 
being also the most important naval sta- turning points. The game may be played 
tion of the empire. Cronstadt used to by any number of persons up to eight, 
be the commercial port of Petrograd, either individually or arranged in couples 
but since the construction of a canal giv- or in sides. The object of the players Is 
ing large vessels direct access to the to drive with the mallets the balls belong- 
capital it haa lost this position. P<9. ing to their own side through the hoops 
59,538. and against the posts in a certain ordfr. 




(losby 



nd to prevent tbe bslla of their oppo- be beld to coonect Itielf with the (act 
enta from completing the journey before that it was used emblematically loaf be- 
keir own by playing them agalDBt thorn fore the ChriBtian era, in tbe same way 
( the enemy, and driving tbem aa far aa that tracea of belief in a trinity, in a 
oaidble from the hoop or post to be war in heaven, in a paradise, a flood, a 
layed for, the player or playera whose Babel, an immaculate eoncepUoo, and 
alia firat complete the course claiming remiaaion by the ahedding of blood are 
lie victory. to be found diffused amone widely ann- 

1_.-t,_ (kroa'be), FKUuna Jai«k, an dered peoplea. The Keneral meaning at- 
/rusUj' American hymn-writer, bom in tacbed to tbe sign appears to have t>eea 
' ' I County, New York, March '24, that of life and regeneration. Since ita 
died February 12, 1915. She adoption by Christianity it baa under- 



Mcived InatructioD at tbe New York In- 
titntion for tbe Blind and was an ii 
trnctor there from 1847 until faer ma 
iace with Alexander Van Alstyoe i 
She pnblished a number of popule 
1 and hymnr 



oem% aonn and hymns. 

ifuvMA— (krO'iher), the staff borne by 

fiWtlVF g^, ^f ([.g ygher dignitariea ^\ y> fl n JT, W 

lithe Roman Catholic and other church- Nv^C i=l5P.i: pVat 

a and probably the oldest of the in- /yvs^T'nP TT ^^ 

itnia of the episcopal dignity. The ^eV y ^l-, u ^ 






 oa whiab S 



-- „inal form of the staff resembled _ 
hepberd'a crook, but from tbe middle of 
he fourteenth century the archbialiops be- 
an to carry, sometimes in addition to the 
laatoral crook, sometimes instead of it, 
crosier terminating in a cross or 

onble cross. Tbe crosier la carried by ^ , 

ishops and arcbbisbops themselyea only 'i t™* v Cabaret* 
a procession and when pronoundnR ir^^"i'aSMhirf o 
enediction ; on all other occasions it ia SJ^lhT pSw^" 

arried before them by a priest At £■ the lorm^ «< «. 

tome the right of bearing the crosier ia 3, Toa Om* (so called Itoib b , . 

lecnliar to Uie pope himself, his croder tha Qnak letter t, tau), or enm d St. Astbaoj, 
lelng in the form of a triple croia o« ol ibj mow «"?«' torn. gl <^»am- " 

JroM 'V^'. -^,/i^'|S\n^h''er''lf S^S"™^. ^^"0- '/o.^T'^^ 'SrW 

at any angle across another, or Andnw, ilu utioul BiDt of B«U«>d. i. »» » 

, symbol of aimilar sbspe. Among the i^va ■ufisnd. T, Owl Cmt.ot ckh id St. 

ncients a piece of wood fastened across Qeorfs. the utional wint of fe"f'-~t, the nd 

. tree or opright post formed a cross, on enm *hloh appaus on Briilih Ba^. 8, PtM< 

rbich were executed crimiuala of the Crau. B, (Vou noirtr nudrot, thu b, banaa  

rorst class. It had, therefore, a place "n»" .^ETJf'S ^ "* "•^■j. 'SlJ'''^ 

nalogons to that of the modem gafiows lir%,£S^,tJS c^K^J'SiLSt 

s an instrument of infamous punish- u. ^^fo^£^fiX!^ IX^Z/lJSi!^ 

sent until It acquired honor from tbe /sn>«i. 13. 0<>« potoiK or itnualtm Cnm. 

rudfiilOD of Christ. The custom of 14. Cnu ;((»«, Irom tha Anin da !■ at its «nda. 
laktnE the aign of the cross in memory 

f Christ may be traced to the third ceu- gone many modifications of shape, and 

ury. Constantine bad crosses erected Has been employed in a variety of waya 

D public places, palaces, and churches, for ornaments, badgea, heraldic bearings, 

nd adopted it, according to a legend, et& After the introduction of tbe cross 

a the device for a banner (lubarum) in Into the military ensigns of the Cruaad- 

onsequence of a dream representing It era ita use in heraldry became frequent, 

a the symbol of victory. In bis time and its form waa varied more than that 

Iso Christians painted it at the en- of any otber heraldic ordinary, some of 

ranee of their houses as a sign of their the varieties tteing of great twauty. Hie 

aith, and aubsequently the ahurches nsme cress Is also given to various archi- 

rere for tbe moet part built in the form tecturai stractures. of which a cross in 

if a cross. It did not, however, become stone was a prominent feature ; thus we 



illeged discovery 1 

" " Helena (A._. _._ ._ _, _ _,_ 

' Christian aymbnl may are shown in tbe accompanybig cat. 



be Empresa Helena (A.D. 826). Ita forma of lbs crosa as a device or a 



Cross Crosstrees 

nvAfts Exaltation of thb, a Catho- rirnAft.'hr^^fli-nir the breeding to- 

l/TOSS, li^j festival celebrated on the ^™SS-urecaiIlg, ^^^^^ ^^ animals 

14th of September in honor of the re- of different races or stocks. See Breed- 

coTery of a portion of the true cross ing. 

from the Persians by Heraclius (628 CvnaOmiltLTra, the three days preced- 

A.D) and its erection on Mount Cal- ^™»»"^»J»» ing the feast of the As- 

vary. cension. 

fl-rnfta Intention of the (the finding PrnsaA Anobew, an English physician 

vruBS| ^f ^g cross), a phrase chiefly ^^"tt»c, ^^ scientist, bom m 1784; 

used in connection with the Catholic died in 1855. He passed the greater 

festiyal in honor of the finding of the part of his life experimenting in elec- 

cross by the Empress Helena (S^6 A.D.), tridty. In 1816 he asserted that by 

celebrated on the 3d of May. electricity it was possible to communi- 

CrOSS, Victoria. See Viciaria Cross. ^**« ®°l'* thoughte instantaneously to 

w«.v»»9 v»*^ wv« r*v»vFn» i/»v«o. p^rgons in the most distant parts of the 

Crossbar SllOt ^^^^ ^^^ i*^^ ^^^ earth, but he never appears to have at- 

\/AvooMcu. KfAxvuf crossing through tempted to demonstrate the fact by ac- 

them, sometimes standing out 6 or 8 tuai experiment. Among other things 

inches at both sides, formerly used for he applied electricity in the production 

destroying rigging^ palisading, etc. of crystals, discovered a process of puri- 

Crossbearer \Porte-^>roi0, oruoiger), fying salt water by electricity, and also 

^/xvooOTax«/A jjj ^jj^ Roman Catho- made some curious discoveries relative 

lie Church, the chaplain of an archbishop to the effects of positive and negative 

or a primate, who bears a cross before electricity on vegetation. 

him on solemn occasions. CrOSS-examination, ?® examina- 

CrOSS^ill i^owta), a genus of birds ^*^*»" ^^wAAXi-AwwAVA*, ^^^^ ^^ ^ ^.^ 

vxvoo MAA* ^£ ^g finch family, de- ness called by one party by the opposite 

riving their name from a peculiarity of party or his counsel. 

their bill, the mandibles of which are CrOSS-f ertilizatioil, V'JS^^^^' *^2 

carved at the tips, so as to cross each ^*^*»" *\/xi#xa**k*wj.va«., fertilisation of 

other, sometimes on the one side and the ovule of one flower by the pollen of 

sometimes on the other. The form of another, usually effected by the agency 

the bill enables them to extract with ease of insects, the action of the wind, water, 

the seeds of the pine, their usual food, etc. See Botany, 

from underneath tne scales of the cones. r!rn«snTif Arrrcri/lcn (-rijl-d€), a sub- 

They build and also breed at all seasons ^™»SOpierygiaw ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^.^^ 

of the year, in December, as in March, fossil and recent fishes, so called from 

April, or May. The common crrossbill the fin-rays of the paired fins being ar- 

{Lomia cunfirosira) is found in the ranged so as to form a fringe (Gr.X;ro«- 

northern countries of Europe. It is soi) round a central lobe. The living 

from 6 to 6^ inches in length. The PolypUrus and Ceraiddus belong to this 

male has a rea plumage, the female is of group. 

a yellowish-green color. The Lowia pity^ CroSS-staff ^° instrument used by 

opMidcuSt or parrot crossbill, is an- ^**'»'» ovaM,^ gurveyors consisting of a 

other European species. Two species of staff carrying a brass circle divided into 

orossbill inhabit Canada and the north- four equal parts by two lines inter- 

ern States, Loaia Americana, and Cur- secting each other at right angles. At 

virosira teucoptera, or white-winged the extremity of each line perpendicular 

crossbilL sights are fixed, the instrument being used 

Crossbow ^^ Abbalibt, formerly a in taking offsets. 

> very common weapon for ClrOSS-stoiie * name given to th« 
shooting, consisting of a bow fastened ^^^vpo-ohviaoj minerals harmotome, a 
athwart a stock. The bow, which was hydrated silicate of barium and alumin- 
often of steel, was usually bent by a ium, and staurolite, a silicate of iron 
lever windlass, or other mechanical con- and aluminium, in both of which the 
trivance, the missile usually consisting crystals cross each other. Harmotome, 
of a square-headed bolt or quarrel, but however, has by some mineralogists 
oceasionallv of short arrows, stones, and been called stauroUte. The name cross- 
leaden bullets. Though largely used on stone is sometimes also given to chias- 
the European continent, the crossbow tolite, because of the occasional dark 
was superseded at an early period in markings on the summits of the crys- 
England by the more efficient longbow, tals. 

from whicn twelve arrows could be de- (JrOSStTeeS ^ ships, certain pieces 

•patched pep minute to three bolts of the ^**'""''*^*'"i of timber at the upper 

crossbow. ends of the lower and top masts, athwart 



mo- iftdre 
. at hail I 



Croup 

(nune tndlM, from tba wcdi of wbich crotna 

Dd tb« cdl la •xtncted (mc Orolo* oil) ; and C. 

on tlie Draco, % Mexican plant, wbieli yleldf ^ 

red, reiliioDa mbitance Daed In "■■^'t 

U-lir'- nrnUb. C. Pieudo-ckinm, tlw oopaldie 

a f«- plant, yields the bark of that name, bnt 

ptanti, C. iaUamiJimm, 0. aromatieuat, and C. 

■ta eli- thunfirmm are merely aromatic. 

r tbera Rmtnn Cboto'ra (the modem Co- 

1 hot- ^'IWW^ TBONK). in ancdent fcovn- 

ia tba phy, a Greek republic In Masna Omda 

of South Italy, famooa for Ita atUet», 

6-tari- among whom the chief waa Uilo. It ia 

a fam- atill more celebrated as the dty where 

Jadlns PfthaBoraa taaght between MO and S3t) 

»'««- Crotott OiL ? «««*''>'« ^""7^ 

VIVKWU Wii, f^^ jijg g,^g of ,1,, 

W 1 1^ Croton Tieliam, It ia ao itrongly por- 

Kdre that one drop la a full doae, and 
If a drop will aometimea produce a 
t child powerful effect, and it gbould nerer be 
mA at uied except by the direction of an expe- 
nd pro- rrenced phyifdau. When applied ei- 
J, with temally ft caueee irritationa and aappan- 
D 1822 tton, and thos It la used aa a connter- 
Acad- irritant In uenralcla, etc. 
Se left CrnfnTi Piv^r *> amall ttream which 
ore e«- ^rOWn JUTCr, g 1^ ^^ j,^ 
TMca, Bon, 80 milei above New York. For a 
long time it waa the chief water aopply of 
New York, now aapeneded by the great 
Aahokan Beaen'olr <a. v.). The fim 
bcrha- Croton Aqpedact, 38 milea long, waa coo- 
I treea, atructed 1837-42 ; larger d 



7. Cm- and atone masonn, with a aupply 
ea and padtr of 400,000,000 gaUona dafly. 

PmttlMi (krofela), a popular nama 
LrOtTieS \f „rioa« apeSea of lichen, 
collected for dyeing porpoaes, and dia- 
tiugulabcd ai black, brown, white, etc., 
crottlea. Under it are Inclnded Parmt- 
Im phytOtt, P. oaperals, P. (Oaalilu, 
Stiota pHlMoaario, and Z«f>aa«rtt paOe*- 

Two diaeaaea are com- 
mded under tl 
_ aimple and, _ 

v.™,,^ - -eadUy aubdued dl»- 

eaae, the other moat fataL The former 
la mm pie Inflammation of the Inner lin- 
ing membrane of the larynx — (b* box of 
the windpipe — or of the windpipe itaelt, 
or of both. It la common in children, 
■ud aa the air-paeaage of children ia 
OBrrow. the awelling produced by the In- 
Rammation Bo dimlnfabes the apace that 
1 bark, difficult breathing, faoaracneaa of voice. 
iJtTuin, and a cough like  moffled bark are 
to for- quickly produced, wblle Qie breathing 
)f lac; aounda load and barth. ne other dla- 
 Eaat eaae la diphtheria of the larriix or wind- 



Croiuaz Crown 

pipe, or both, in which a false membrane than in the rook ; the rest of the body is 
is formed which lines the air-passages, a dull smoke-grey. Its food is similar to 
and so narrows them. Group frequently that of the carrion-crow, and it builds a 
proves fatal by suffocation, induced similar nest 

either by spasm affecting the glottis or d-Atirlierrv <>' Ckakebkbbt {Em- 
by a quantity of matter blocking up the ^*v^ ****** jj peirum nigrum), a plant 
air-passages. The earliest symptoms resembling the heaths, and bearing a jet- 
should be noted, and the treatment in black berry, common in all the northern 
the absence of immediate medical advice parts of Europe, Asia, and North Amer- 
should consist in the application of hot ica. The berries, which have a slight 
poultices to the upper part of the chest, add taste and are sometimes eaten, afford 
while at the same time the child is made a purple dye. The red crowberry {E. 
to inhale the steam from hot water. ruSrum), which has a red fruit, grows 
Hot drinks are beneficial, and the bowels in the neighborhood of the Straits of Ma- 
should be freely opened. gellan. 

Crousaz (^^^)* J"^ vmsE ». Crow-blackbird, I^f °i^® ^f ^^ 

VAVU.0CMI ^ Swiss mathematician and ^*'^^ mawivx^m**^, ^^^ American 
philosopher, bom in 1663 ; died in 1748 birds of the genus QuUcAlus, family 
or 1750. His chief works are: SysUme Sturnidie or starling. The great crow- 
dea R4fle^on9t ou nouvel Eaaai de blackbird {Q, maior), found in the 
Logique; TraiiS du Beau; De VEduoa- Southern States. Mexico, and the West 
tion dea Enfana; TraiU de VEaprit Hu- Indies, is 16 inches long, and of a glossy 
main, etc.; also an examination of black plumage. The female is of a 
Pope s Eaaay on Man, Hght-brown above and whitish beneath. 

froUT (^f^! Corvua)f a genus of birds, 1%e purple grackle, lesser or common 
vxuw jypg ^j ^g family Gorvidse. It crow-blackbird (Q. veraicdlor), is simi- 
includes, in Europe, the carrion-crow, the lar in color to the preceding, but smaller, 
hooded or Royston crow, the raven, the They reach the middle states of America 
rook, and the jackdaw, the last three of from the south in flocks in the latter 
which are described under their respec- part of March, and build in April in the 
tive heads. The carrion-crow, or simply tall pines or cedars. On their ffrst arrival 
the crow {0, corone). is 18 or 19 inches they feed upon insects, but afterwards 
in length, and about 06 between the tips commit great ravages upon the vounc 
of the wings. Its plumage is compact com. In November they fly soutnwara 
and glossy blue-black with some green- a rain. 
ish reflections. Its favorite food is car- #Vw*wrP/*/*4' ^ ^ 
rion of all kinds; but it also preys upon vrowiOOli. See Ranunoulua. 
small quadrupeds, young birds, frogs, n^^^ TurliflTift a tribe of North 
lizards, etc., and is a confirmed robber viuw xuiuausy American Indians, 
of the nests of game birds and poultry. They belong to the linguistic stock in- 
It ia not gregarious, being generally eluded under the name of Siouan Indians 
met with either solitary or in pairs. It g^nd are of the same family as the Dako- 
builds a large, isolated nest, with from tas. Their present number is about 2000, 
four to six eggs, generally of a bluish- confined to reservations in Montana, 
green with blotches of brown. The car- CrOwIftTld (krOland), or Gbotland, 
rion-crow is easily tamed, and may be vxwwxa,Ai.u. ^ umu of Lincolnshire, 
taught to articulate words. The Ameri- England, notable for its ancient triangular 
can crow iC, Ameriodnua) is similar to bridge and ruined abbey, 
the foregoing, but is smaller and less Hroivl^v (l^i^ll)* & city, county seat 
robust, and is somewhat gregarious. ^*vwAcjr ^f Acadia Parish, La., 70 
This crow is common in all parts of the miles w. of Baton Rouge, in a rich agri- 
United States, and is deemed a great cultural district. Bice is extensively cul- 
nuisance by farmers from preying on tivated and there are a number or rice 
their com. The fish-crow (C. oaaifrd- mills in the city. Pop. (1920) 6108. 

S««), another American crow, resem- ProxxTrt (kroun), a drcular ornament 
ling the preceding but smaller, is abun« v*"wu. ^^^ ^^^ head. As now used 
dant in the coast districts of the South- the name is limited to the headdress 
ern States. Its favorite food Is fish, worn by royal personages as a badge 
but it also eats all kinds of garbage, mol- of sovereignty, but it was formerly used 
lusca, etc. In winter its food is chiefly to include the wreaths or garlands worn 
fruit, and it is then fat and considered by the ancients upon special occasions, 
good eating. The hooded, Boyston, or Thu.s, among the Greeks and Romans, 
gray-backed crow (C comiw) Is some- crowns made of grass, flowers, twigs of 
what larger than the rook. Its head, laurel, oak, olive, parsley, etc., and later 
wings, and tail are black, but less bright of gold, were made use of as honors in 




Croydon 

illtarr B moimd and troam ; the tUn ie«t> OH • 
It is, dide wltl) pentUnta lik« tfaow of m mittr. 
rather The triple crown of tlw popea b mote 
tt tbe comcwMilj called the tiai*. 
1 con- tirMvm Oalil > dotroctlTe dUeu* 
^^ ^ UrOWn UaU, ^^^ attack, mort frdt 
Great, treca as well as red rsqiberriin. mvai. 
An- roMfl and manj other planta. ^e crown 
id the laBs oc«ar at the crown or on the rooH 
nu of and sometimea on the atema. They sra 
n fiUet more or 1«^ spherical, with IrrcffnUr, 
1 mod- ronflMned surface, the organism wbkfa 
foms esDMS the disease lives In the soil for Re*- 
ries to Tsl Tears and !■ Tery difficult to eradi- 
; a long lotatian of ck^ Is often 



f colorless kind of i 
dow-glass, made almost entirely of Mod 
and alkali and a little lime, and osed in 
conoectiou with flint-glsas tor optical in- 
■t rumen ts In Miier to destroy the dis- 
agreeable effect of the abertatloa of 

Crown ImperiaL See Frumarr. 
Crown land^ S'^^l'Sa^'SSS 

These are now surrendered to the cood- 
try at the beginning of every sovereica'i 
rugn in retnm for an allowance Ubt 
CItU List) fixed at a certain amount for 
the reign by Parliament, ^icy are placed 
under commisBioners. and tbe rerennf 
derived from them becomes part of the 
tie Im. conaolidat^ fund. See CivQ LUt. 

L Tlie Crown Point  p"*" ^ "T^* ^ 

I built *'*""'" xwJi.*., portance in tbe early 
at tre- hlstoryof America, at the aoolbem cod of 
 Con- Lake Chamidsin, New ToA. The Fiendi 
d and took possesrion of it in 1731 and built 
with Fort St. Frederic. In Jan& 17BS, Sir 
"-"1 Wmiam Johnson (q. t.) endeavored to 
' ~ ~ ' It. but was held op by 



circle. Dieokau (q.T.I at Lake George, when 
Johnson bdlt Fort WilliunHcnn (q. v.). 
while the French built a fort at "ncondst- 



itones, Johnson 

crosaes while thi. 

top of oga called Carillon. General Lord Loo- 

lUoinng don, in 1760* concentrated his tforti 

whole against Ttconderogn and Crown Point, 

an er- bat aceompHsbed nothing. It waa finsUr 

magne, abandoned by the Frendi In Jnly. 1T9B. 

treat- after Gmeral Jeffery Amherst (q. v.) had 

eight captured Tleonderc^a. Amhent then 

small, built a fort of solid masonry, twenty-flvt 

plates feet thick, at Crown Point, at a cost ct 

a, the flO.000,000. it U aaid. 

c^o^: nrAvm Wh*»1 * wheel with teetk 

1 with ^Town wueei, ^ ^^ ^j,, ^^^ „ 

la rep- Its plane. It is used in cer^n cases la- 

h and stead of bevel wheels for conneeting two 

D two shafts at right anicles. 

crown riTftirilnfi ( knd'dnn ), a residential 

In the "jrOyttOn 'j„^ ^ Surrey, Emdand, 

■ortliig 10 mllfla from London. Pop. 160,5(0. 



Orozier Ctoikshank 

Crozier. s«e Cr<mer. Cruciflxiott <o£tmfttog°<StUi pS*d! 

Cnicifl.Il Cam (^^^sh'yan karp), a ishment, by affixins criminals to a 

vx uvxau vfMxy thick, broad fish, of a wooden cross, formerly widely practised, 

deep-yellow color, the Cyprinus caraasiua, but now chiefly confined to the Moham- 

differine from the common carp in having medans. Different kinds of crosses were 

no barDules at its mouth, inhabiting employed, especially that consisting of 

lakes, ponds and sluggish rivers in the two beams at right angles and the St. 

north of Europe and Asia. Andrew's cross. 

Pi*nn'i'klA (krO'si-bl>. a vessel employed flrriflpTi (krd'den), Alexandeb, com- 

l/ruciuie ^^ jjold substances which are v^^UUCU pjj^j. ^^ ^j^^ Concordance to 

to be submitted to a high temperature the Scripturea, was bom at Aberdeen in 
wltkoat collecting the volatile products of 1701. He took the degree of M.A. at 
the action. It is usually of a conical, eir- Marischal College, and in 1722 pro- 
cular, or triangular shape, closed at the ceeded to London, where he was em- 
bottom and open to the top, and is made ployed as tutor. He afterwards opened 
of various materials, sucn as fire-clay, a bookseller's shop under the Royal Ex- 
platinum, a mixture of fire-clay and change, and in 1735 was appointed book- 
plumbago, porcelain, etc. seller to Queen Caroline. His great work 
Cmrifenfi (kr5-sire-r6), a very ex- appeared in 1737, under the title of A 
xjM. uuxx«;x«; tensive nat. order of dicot- Complete Concordance of the Holy Scrip- 
yledoBous plants, consisting of herbs tures of the Old and New Teaiament$. 
which all have flowers with six sta- In a pecuniary point of view it was not 
mens, two of which are short, and feur at first successful, and the embarrass- 
sepals and petals, the spreading limbs of ments to which it reduced him unsettled 
which forms a Maltese cross, whence their his reason and led to his confinement at 
name. The fruit is a pod with a mem- Bethnal Green. He was again tempora- 
branous placenta dividing it into two rily confined in 1753. He died in Isling- 
cells. The mustard, watercress, turnip, ton in 1770. Three editions of the Con- 
cabbage, scurvy-grass, radish, horse-rad- cordance appeared in his lifetime, and 
iab, etc., belong to this family. They he was also the author of A Scripture 
have nearly all a volatile acridity dis- Dictionary, or Ouide to the Holy Scrip- 
persed through every part, from which tures and The History and Excellency 
they have their peculiar odor and sharp of the Scriptures, 

taste and their stimulant and antiscor- flmplfir fn AtiittiqIq See Ani- 

butic Qualities. None are really poison- ^^ueity W /lUimaiS. ^^j^ ^^^^ 

ous. some are found in our gardens be- ty to, 

rifflSU'r^JtSa'^tfTtr' "" *' Cnielty to CMldren, Preven- 

PinmifiY (krO'si-fiks), a cross bearing fi^it ^f The fact that defenseless chil- 
^ruciIU. ^ijg fig^^^. ^f Christ. As a ''^"^ "^* dren are often grossly mal- 

rule, the figures on the most ancient cru- treated by inhuman parents and others 
cifixea were not carved, but were en- under whose care they fall has led to the 
graved on g«ld, silver, or Iron crosses, formation of societies and to legislation 
At a later period they were painted on for their protection. The first of these 
wood, and it is only in the ninth century, societies was formed in New York and 
In the pontificate of Leo III, that the i« still the largest and most influential, 
figure of Christ appears carved upon the T^^^L ^^^^ , spread to the other large 
cross in bas-relief. OriginaUy the body American cities. Liverpool in 1883 and 
was represented clothed in a tunic reach- ^^JL^^^^^l^J^l^^^^^ l^} ^J?^]^J5 
tog to the feet; afterwards the clothing ,^°ff ;,ou„trief to^'^^f tts^^^ 
was removed with the exception of a this iJ^ieJolon? work engaged m 

cloth round the loins. Until the eleventh PY^^t-aiioTit (k r*u k'shank) Georob, 
century Christ is represented alive; since vruiAoiiaiLK ^^^ greatest of English 
that period he has been represented as pictorial satirists after Hogarth, born at 
dead. In the earlier crucifixes, also, the London in 1792, of Scottish extraction, 
number of nails by which Christ Is fixed He began early as a political satirist. In 
to the cross is four, one through each 1837 he 0( mmenced m Bentley^s MisceU 
hand and each foot, while in the more lony his famous series of etchings on 
modem ones one foot is laid above the steel illustrntive of Dickens* Oliver Ttoist, 
other and a sinsrle nail driven through Having connected himself with the tern- 
bodi. Many crucifixes bear also the perance movement he produced the Bottle, 
«uperscription in an abbreviated form, a powerful and popular series of designs. 
Mid accessory symbols and figures. He latterly turned his attention to ell 

lD-5 




nuBeT Cnuadeft 

RintiDf , his most DOtewortbr plcturM tli« fleh ewim over the wattles, but >r« 
■1d| Tarn o'Bhanter Ditturbing a Con- left by the ebb. 

'cgation, and The Worahtp of Bacohu*. fimtuiilpH (krO-iAds'), the wan carried 
[e aied in 1878. */riU«U«!B ^^ ^^ ^^^^ Cbri«U«D natioiu 

!rtli«*r (krO'HSr), In present-daj na- of the West, from the end of the eleveotb 
1 uiBci ^g[ phraaeolofy, ft veswl built till the latter half of the thirteeath «■«■ 
I secure ipeed and fuel capacit; at the tury, tor the conquest of Paieatine. They 
[pense of armor and battery alrength. were called Crutadei because the warrion 
he modern cruUer may be regarded as wore the sign of the ituw. The antafon- 
le offaprinf of the frigate of the eight- iam between the Christian and Moum- 
mth and nineteenth centuries. Of this medan nations had tieen inieoBiGed by the 
odem type In the United States navy, poBBesaion of the Holy Land by the Turks 
le first was the Atlanta (1884) of the and by their trestment of pilgrims t>i 
)eed of 16 knots, followed by tbe Nexark Jeruaalem ; and tfae first strenuona ap- 
as*, 19 knota, tne Olvmpia <1S1)2), 21JS peal was assured of response alike frum 
lots, the Colombia (18Eu) and tbe Min- the pious, the adventurous, and tbe 
eopolU (1893). 23 knots. Tbe later greedy. The immediate cause of the ;fr«l 
instructloii has been designed for a mini- Cruimfe was the preaching of Peter of 
~ apeed of 25 knots, with a possible Amiens, or Peter tbe Hermit, who in 



ttalooMnt of 30 kaots or over under fa- I0U3 had Joined other pilgrims oa 
Tbs battleship and journey to Jerusalem. On bis return 

I cruisers ... .•- - rf 

tine opioiont. — ~rr «•" "- — 

Aools ofdesigii. The battleship is the ex- East, and presented a petition for asiUst- 



}rabls conditions. The battleship and journey t 

le form of cruiser were erolred from the gave Pope I'rban II a descripdc 

mBictinf opioiona of two opposite unhappy situation of Christians in the 



isslon of the thonxbts o( those who stood ance from the Patriarch of Jerusalem. 
ir extremely dereloped battery power, The statements of the pope at the Cnnn- 
reat thicknesaof armor plate, and moder> oils of Placenta and Clermont in 1096 
W speed, lie cruiser Is the result of the produced a profound sensation through- 
'iumph of those who contended for high ont Europe, and in 1096 several armies 
leed at the sacrifice of heavy armor pro- set out Id different divisions, moat of 
«tion and excessive battery strength, which, being ignorant of military din-i- 
he armored cruiser was the particular pline and unprovided with neceBsaries, 
evelopment of the antagonistic vii'ws were deHtroyed before reaching Constao- 
revailing among naval architects. The tinople, which had been chosen fur their 
rpe of this class in the United States place of meeting. A well-couducted ref- 
avj was the Brooklg*, which fibred nlar army, estimated at 150.000 men, was 
eminently in tne war with Spain in headed by Godfrey of Bouillon: Hugh of 
jaS. Recently rue armored cruiser has Verraandols. brother to Philip, King of 
!«n superseded by the bailie cruiser. France ; Baldwin, brother of Oodlrey ; 
he armor protection in this type of ship Robert II of Flanders ; Robert II of Nor- 

much lower than that of the battleship, mandy, brother of Willism II, King of 
hile the ordnance, on the other band, is England : Raymond of Toulouse ; and 
ractically the aame. High speed, wide other warrlora. They traversed QemaDy. 
idius of action and great battery Hungary, and the Byzantine Empire, 
rength are the characteristics of this passed over into Asia Minor, conquervd 
'pe; and to meet these requirements the Nica-a in June, 1007, and shortly after, 
ittie cruiser is planned of a siie conaid- on July 4th. fought the first pitched 
■ably larger than the battle shin. The battle at norvls^um. being completely vlc- 
yttclti cruiser is a later development torious after a severe contest. They 
: naval construction. Its distinguishing then marched through Asia Minor npoo 
■aturea are certain modifications in the Antioch, wbich. with the exception of the 
Btribution of the mass of protective ar- citadel, fell int., their hands by trearh- 
or of the ship /..ffftt cruisera are v(»- pry fa June. 1098. Surrounded In turn 
'la of from 1500 to i»IO ions, used in hv a Turkish armv. they were soon r»- 
jouting. as commerce destruvers, etc. duced to nitlahle straits, but succeeded in 
hey are outside the armored claaa. routing their iHHtipiers on June 28. Af- 

Imiapr '" lorexlry. the terra applied *""■ remaining nearly a year In the nel^- 
TUlser, ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ,Tiii«i.H io tbe for- hnrhood of Antl.>ch they began, in May. 
-. lOm. their march against Jerusalem, the 
. sieee it which they commenced in Jnne. 
t origin. Their nnmbers were now reduced to littlr 

,,„,„_ ,„ r — -Jh. eape- more than 20.000 men; but after a fierce 

ciailj salmon, consisting oi  Mniggle the town was taken by storm on 
irt of hedge of stakes on a tidal river Jnly IRth. and Ondfrev of RonlUon was 
-■-- -^-beach. When the tide flawi cbmira King of Jeruaalein, or, aa be pi*- 



Crusades Crusades 

ferred to term himself. Protector of the Among its chief promoters was Godfrey 

Uoly Sepulcher. At his death ia 1100 of VUlehardouin ; Seneschal of Oham- 

fae was succeeded by his brother Baldwin, Dagne ; Baldwin, Count of Flanders and 

who had in the earlier part of the Gru- Hainaut ; Dandolo, the aged Doge of Yen- 

sade established himself In Edessa, and ice; and the Marquis of Montferrat, who 

made himself ruler of an extensive ter- was chosen leader. The Grusaders as- 

ritory stretching over the Armenian sembled at Venice in the spring of 1202. 

mountains and the plain of Mesopotamia, but were diverted from their original 

The second great and regularly con- purpose first by the capture of the Dalma- 
ducted Grusade was occasioned by the tian town of Zara, and then by the ex- 
loss of Edessa, which the Saracens con- pedition which ended in the sack of Gon- 
quered in December, 1144. Fearing still stantinople and the establishment of a 
graver losses, Pope Eugenlus III, sec- Latin empire there (1204). 
onded by Bernard of Glairvaux, exhorted The fifth Grusade, undertaken by An- 
the German emperor, Gonrad III, and dreas of Hungary in 1217, and shared in 
the King of France, Louis VII, to de- by John of Brienne, to whom the title 
fend the cross. Both these monarchs of King of Jerusalem was given, had 
obeyed, and in 1147 led large forces to little otner result than the temporary oc- 
the East, but returned in 1149 without cupation of the Nile delta, 
having accoxnplished anything. The siwth Grusade, that of Frederick 

The third Grusade was undertaken af- II, Emperor of Germany, was undertaken 
ter the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin at the instance of Popes Honorius III 
in 1187. the monarchs Frederick I (Bar- and Gregory IX. On arriving he en- 
barossa) of Germany, Philip Augustus tered into negotiations with the Sultan 
of France, and Richard I (Goeur de of Egypt, and without anv fish ting re- 
Lion) of £]ngland, leading their armies covered for himself, as heir of John of 
in person. Frederick, marching by way Brienne, the Kingdom of Judea, on the 
of the Danube and crossing from Gal- condition of tolerating in his kingdom the 
•ipoli, defeated the Turks at JPhilomelium Mohammedan worship. He then con- 
(now Finiminum), and penetrated to eluded a useless truce of ten years, got 
Seleucia, but was drowned in the Selef. himself crowned at Jerusalem, and re- 
His son Frederick led the small remains turned in 1229. 

to Acre and took part in the siege, but The seventh and eighth Grusades were 
after his death in 1191 the German army led by St. Louis of France (Louis IX) 
dwindled away. The other monarchs — in person. This prince was resolved to 
Richard and Philip Augustus — had in strike a blow at Mohammedanism in 
the meantime met at Vezelai in June, Egypt. He took Damietta in June, 1249, 
1190, and agreed to unite their forces at and marched up the Nile, but was com- 
Messina in Sicily, where they spent six pelled to retreat, and finally to surren- 
months at the end of 1190 and beginning der with his whole army. He recovered 
of 1191. Philip joined the other Gru- his liberty by the surrender of Damietta, 
laders before Acre on April 13, 1191 ; but returned to Palestine, and in 1254, on 
Richard, whose fleet was separated by a the death of his mother, to France. The 
storm, went to Gyprus, and, dispossess- second expedition of Louis was still 
ing Isaac Gomnenus, made himself king, more disastrous in its results than the 
It was not till the 8th of June that he first. He landed his army in 1270 on 
reached Acre, which surrendered a month the northern coast of Africa ; but he him- 
later. Jealousies, however, arose be- self and a large number of his knights 
tween the monarchs, and within a few died before Tunis, and the majority of 
weeks after the fall of Acre the French the French Grusaders returned home, 
king returned to Europe. Richard, now A crusading army under Prince Edward 
sole leader of the expedition, defeated of England (afterwards Edward I), orig- 
Saladin and occupied Jaffa or Joppa ; but inally intended to cooperate with that 
having twice vainly set out with the de- of Louis, landed at Acre in 1271, but 
sien of besieging Jerusalem, he concluded little was effected beyond a new truce 
(September 2, 1192) a truce of three for ten years (1272). For nineteen 
years and three months with Saladin, who vears longer the Ghristians in Palestine 
nirreed that pilgrims should be free to held with great difliculty the remnants 
visit the Holy Sepulcher, and that the of the Latin kingdom there. But Tyre 
whole sea-coast from Tyre to Jaffa (in- and Berytus (Beyrout) were success- 
eluding the important fortress of Acre) ively snatched from them, and finally 
should belong to the Grusaders. the cai)ture of Acre by the Sultan of 

The fourth Grusade was set on foot by Egypt in 1291 put an end to the king- 
Pone Innocent III, who commissioned dom founded by the Grusaders. 
Fulk of Neuilly to preach it in 1198. Despite their want of success, bowevert 




Gnuado 



Ihe Crnsades were of conslderHble Indi- 
rect value in that by these juint enter- 
prises tbe European natiuDB became mure 
connected with eacb otber, the claaa of 
dtiiens increased in influence, partly be- 
cause tbe nobility suffered by eitraT- 
•gant contributions to Ihe Crusades, and 
partly because a more intimate commer- 
cial intercourse greatly augmented the 
wealth ol the citlei, and a number of arts 
and Kiences, till then unknown la Eu- 
rope, were introduced. 
Cnuado. See Cna^do. 



CrnKtAPH^tL (krn»-ta'she-a), one of 
l^ruaiacca a,e primary branches into 



bod; la divided Into head, thorax and 
abdomen, of which the two former are 
united into a single mass, cepbalotborai, 
covered with a sbield or carapace, and 
the abdomen naoaUy presents tbe ap- 
pearance of a, tail. la some — the sand- 
bopper, wood-louse, etc. — the head is 
psrtially distinct from tbe thorax. Tbe 
Crustacea breathe by brancbiK or gills, 
or by membranous vesicles, or by tbe 
general surface ; and tbe body is com- 
posed of a series of rings more or less 
distinct. Tbey possess tbe faculty of re- 
produdng lost parts in an eminent de- 
gree. "I^e integument is cbltinous (si>e 
Ckitin) and remains elaslic in some, 
as the Isopodti, tbroughimt life. But in 
the majority it Is calcified or trans- 
formed into a bard sbi?11, prisms of csr- 
booate of lime being deposited in the 
outer layer. It conaists of a great num- 
ber of distinct pieces connected together 
by portions of the epidermic envelope, 
just as among tbe higher animals cer- 
tain bones are connected ttwether by 
cartilages. Several species, if not all, 
molt or cast these outer skeletons or 

{bells in tbe progress of growth ; this 
I the case with crab«. crayfish, etc. The 
geueral grouping of tbe Crustacea is 
someiimes based upon the successive met- 
amorphoses which the higher Crustaceans 
undergo before rescbing tbe adult form. 
Thus, tbe first stage of tbe lobster em- 
bryo is that of a minute object with 
three pairs of Umbs, known as tbe 
NaupUus form ; in tbe second, or Zo*a 
stage, the cephslotborai Is provided with 
anterior, posterior, and lateral spines ; 
the final ^rm being reached by a series 
of mol tings. But for practical pnr- 
poMs the Crustacea may be considered 
aa ranging themselves under four sub- 
claMei: tiie Cirripedla, th« Entomos- 
tnca, tbf FodophthBlmlft, utd tbt Gdri- 



Cryophonu 



ophthalmia. Of these the Cirripedla 
are represented by tbe barnacles ; tbe Eo- 
tomostraca by the cyclaps, daphnia, etc. ; 
the Podophthalnla by the shrimps, 
prawns, loMters, etc. ; tbe Edriophtlial- 
mia by tbe fisb-lice, wbod-llce, beacb- 
fleas, etc. Betides the order* compriaed 
under these classes there are. however, 
several groups, such as the fieroatomata 
and the Trilobiles. which lie between tbe 
Crustaceans and tbe Insects, and are aa 
yet naattached to cither. 

Crutched Friani,;'s5fi.„-„»j^*' 

at Bologna in 1168, and so named troa 
their adopting the cross as tbelr special 
symbol It originally formed tbe head 
of their distinctive staff : afterwards the; 
wore it in red clotb on tbe back and 
breast of their blue habit. 
CmZ, Santa. See Santa Cruz. 

Crnzado <^.f''-"n:.^'**'.f P"tuga«« 



The old 1 






cruiado-velho, is worth 400 reis. or about 
43 cents; tbe new crussdo, rmsado-noTO 
or pinto, dating from 1T22, is worth 480 
reis, or about 50 cents. 

Orwtli a'a-Xu^i'Si.".- 

formerly much nsed 
Wales. Four of tl 
strings were played on 1 
a bow. and twa w e i . 
struck or twitched by tbe 




. "o-litT." 
mineral, a native fluoridt 
of vluminium and sodium, 
found at Evigtok, in 
Greenland, whence it is 
exported. It is of a pale 
grayish white or yellowish 

of a foliated strocture, and has a vitnona 
luster. It has been employed aa a source 
of aluminium, and in tbe manufacture of 
a hard jKircelainous glass of great beauty. 
In addition to the Evigtok deposit cryo- 
lite has been diseovered in the Ural Monn- 

C^ophoms i'Vra)™^ iSirSS 

for showing the diminution of tempera- 
ture in water by its own evaporation. 
WoUaston's cryophorus aonsiats of two 
glass globes united by a moderately wide 
glass tube. Water is poured in and 
boiled to expel Ihe air, and while boiling 
the apparatus is hermetically aealed. 
Wben it is to be used tbe water » nude to 



Crypt 



Crystal 



run into one of the glo'oes, and the other 
is buried in a freezing mixture. The 
aqueous vapor in the globe being thus 
condensed, a vacuum is produced, fresh 
vapor rises from the water in the other 
globe, which is again condensed, and 
this proceeds conti^uou8l7 till the water 
remaining in the globe has been, by the 
evaporation, cooled to the freezing point. 
C rVO t (^^^P^)* originally a subterra- 
xjxj^u nean cell or cave, especially one 
constructed for sepulture. From the 
usage of these by the early Christians 
crypt came to signify a church under- 
ground or the lower story of a cathedral 
or church. It is usually set apart f«r 
monumental purposes, but is sometimes 
used as a chapel. The crypt is a common 
feature of cathedrals, being always at the 
east end, under the chancel or apse. The 
largest in England is that of Canterbury 
Cathedral; that of Glasgow Cathedral, 
formerly used as a separate church, is 
one of the most perfect pieces of archi- 
tecture in Britain. 

Cryptogamons Plants ^^^^X'Sf. 

TOGAMiA, the botanical division embrac- 
ing the lower classes of plants having no 
evident flowers or in which the reproduc- 
tive organs are obscure. They propagate 
by spores. They are divided into cellu- 
lar and vascular cryptogams, the former 
comprising the algse, fungi, lichens, 
charas, liverworts and mosses; the lat- 
ter the ferns, horsetails, moon worts, rhiz- 
ocarps and lycepods. 

Cryptograpky ^^^^^^'^^^n, t 

secret characters or cipher, or witli 
sympathetic ink. The simplest method 
euusists in choosing for every letter of the 
alphabet some sign, or another letter or 
group of letters. Thus the letter of 
Charles I to the Earl of Glamorgan with 
respect to the Catholics of Ireland was 
composed in an alphabet of 24 strokes 
variously placed about a line. The names 
in the records of the Claa-na-Gael Society 
were, according to the Times newspaper, 
written in a cipher formed by taking in 
each case the letter previous to that in- 
tended ; and the cipher devised by Ix>rd 
Bacon consisted in an alphabet formed by 
different arrangements of the letters a 
and h in groups of five. All these 
methods, however, are easily deciphered 
by experts, as also is that employed by 
the EJarl of Argyle in his plot against 
James II. in which the words of the 
letter were set down at concerted dis- 
tances, the intervals b«»ing filled up with 
misleading words. The art of cryptog- 
raphy has much developed in more recent 
times, and ciphers of great intricacy 



are frequently used. Even the more com- 
plex, however, present, as a rule, but little 



difficulty t* an expert. 

Crypt'*'" <^"pV°>» 



IIYl \ &rijti Luu ; , or Kbtpton, a 
new element discovered in 
June, 1898. by Prof. Ramsay, with Lord 
Rayleigh, joint discoverer of argon. It 
was obtained from the atmosphere, in 
which it exists in the proportion of 1 to 
20,000,000. Spectrum: chief lines, green | 
and yellow, the latter being nearly coinci- 
dent with the helium yellow line, D 8. 
Crystal (Krls'tal), in chemistry and 
•^ mineralogy', any body which, 

by the mutual attraction of its particles, 
has assumed the form of some one of the 
regular geometric solids, being bounded 
bv a certain number of plane surfaces. 
The chemist procures crystals either by 
fusing the bodies by heat and then 
allo^ng them gradually to cool, or by 
dissolving them in a fluid and then 





Forms of CzyBtalB. 

abstracting the fluid by slow evaporation. 
The method of describing and classifying 
crystals now universally adopted is based 
upon certain imaginary lines drawn 
through the crystal, and called its axes. 
The classes are as follows: 1st, The 
monometric, regular, or cubic S3'stem (a), 
in which the axes are equal and at right 
angles to one another. 2d, The square 
prtsmatic or dimetric system (6), in 
which the axes are at right angles to 
each other, and while two are equal, the 
third is longer or shorter. 3d, The right 
prismatic, rhemhic, or trimetric system 
id), in which the axes are at right angles 
to each other, but all are of different 
lengths. 4th, The hexagonal or rhom- 
hohedral system (c), which has four axes, 
three in one plane inclined to each other 
at 60**, the fourth perpendicular to this 
plane. 5th, The monocHnic or oblique 
system (e), in which two axes are at 
right angles and the third is inclined to 
their plane. 6th, The dicUnic or doubly 
oblique system (/), in which two axes 
are at right angles, the third oblique to 
both. 7tn, The tricUnic system (flr). in 
which the three axes are inclined to each 
other at any angle other than a ri^ht 
angle. A crystal consists of three pnrt«*. 
1st, Plane surfaces, called faces, wliic^^ 
are said to be similar when they are etjual 



[hTstalline Socks Cuba 

one KDotber and Bimilarly aituated; cer«»lB, wines, «tc. Pop. 22,tilV. 
linimilar, wbeQ they are uneguol or baTs IHaiiaiH (ten'oid), applied to the 

1 different poeiUoD. l!d. Edgee, formed ^•'''»"'*** solea or fiihea when Janed 
If the meeting of two faces. Tbej are or pectinated on the edge like the teeth ot 
aid to be similar when formed by Bimilar a comb, am in the perch, flounder and 
acei: dissimilar, by diAsimilar lacea. tnrbot. 

:^ub1 edges are formed when tbe faces AtAnnnlinrfl. (ten-oro-ra), an order 
7t incUned at the same angle to one VienOpnOia '^, marine a nlmaU be- 
inother ; anequal when the; are inclined longing to tbe Bubkingdom C<£lenterata, 
it different angles. 3d. Solid angles, definable as transparent oceanic^ gelat- 
urmed bf the meeting of three or mora Inous Actinosoa, swimming by means of 
aces ; and in this case also tbere are clenophore*, or parallel rows of cilia di»- 
imllar and dissimilar, equal and unequal poaed in comb-like plates. Tbe; derelup 
olid angles according as tbe; are no coral. PleurobraohUt (or Cifdipp«) 
ormed b; similar or dissimilar faces, and mar be taken as tbe type of the order, 
quel or unequal angled edges. Tbe wbich Includes tbe Beroldc^ the Cesium 
.ugles of crystals are measured by an or Venus' girdle, etc 
Dstrument called tbe goniometer. CtcUBS (te'sbe-as), a Greek bistoriau 
VirBtallin^ Unnlra (kris'ta - lln), *"""•"" o( about 400 B.C., contempo- 
;ry8tamne JfcOC&S \^^^ ^^ , ^^^'^ ^^rj with Xenophon and parUy with 
alline texture, sucb as grauite, believed UerodottiB. He was a pbyiician, and 
o bave acquired this character by tbe lived foe seventeen years at the court of 
I'tiun of beat and pressure. Persia. He wrote a UUlary of Ftnia, 
''rrra+allniH ( kns'ta-loid ) . See Dial- of which little remaini. 
^rySiaUOia ^^ nnha (kQ'ba). the Urgest and mort 
■'rwBtnllnmiiTir'V (kriB-tario-man-ri>, ^""^ western of tbe West India Isi- 
jiyiii.nixvuut.u.v.y ^ ^^^ ^j divining ands, lying at the enlraoce to tbe Gulf of 
ly means of a trsnspareiit budy, as a ileiico ; about 13U miles from Florida 
•recious stone, crystal globe, etc. Tbe and Yucatan. Its length is 750 miles, 
iprrator first muttered over it certain the breadth varying from 20 to over I'M 
urmulas of prayer, and then gave tbs miles ; area 45,881 miles. It formed the 
rystal (a beryl was preferred) into tbs richest and most important colony be- 
lauds ol a young man or virgin, who longing to Spain, but was wrested from 
eeeived an answer from tbe spirits that country by the United States In tbe 
vilhin the crystal. war of 1898. The island probably bad 
''i-vatol Palaf>A « notable building its origin in volcanic action, the Copper 
jI^Blttl f luui^c, prppted in 1852-54 MounUins, which run ita entire length, 
it Svdenham, near London, from the ma- clearly demonstrating this. Pico Tni^ 
frialB ot the Great Rihibition o( 1851, qninos Is the hiebest summit, being 7750 
ind originally designed as a great educa- feet. Prom the base of this chain of blgta- 
ional mtiseum of art. natural historv, land the land expands into meadows with 
thnology, etc. It is composed entirely utimeroua Isgoona and swamps. Tbe 
if glass and iron, and coosiHts of a long Hvers are smalt and unnavigable. Good 
md lofty nave intersected at regular dis- barbors abound with deep water at 
ances by three tranaepts, of which the Havana, Matanus, Puerto Principe, 
entral is 384 feet lont, 120 feel wide, Santiago etc 
'P-J !*'§„(•*' interior height. It Ilea in ^^ ^ii^^^^ j^ (he hiUy dbitrieta !• 



BiQ out lor recreauoo, ano uoBsesse* r _, . , i.i_ j _,i.. i ■. 

aany permaneot attractiona apl^ from ^"'"nds are sickly and generally hot 
he annual round ot coocerts, flower- The maiimnm temperature seldom «a- 
howB, pyrotechnicHi displays, etc. Chief ceeds 88° F., but the heat is constant, tbe 
,mong Its attractions is the collection of mean temperature In the lowlands belnj 
asta of architectural ornaments and 78°. The climate is moist, the rainfall 
culpture. arranged tn tbe Egyptian, being about 90 iDCbes : jet some portions 
 reek, Roman, Albambra, Byzantine, of the interior require irrigation. There 
lieditval. Renaissance and Italian are occasional hurricanes and earth- 
'iiurts. quakes. Hain often descends in torrents 

''aalia (ch»*b*). a town of Hungary, from July to September, but no snow Is 
'■*"•* about 110 miles a. K. of Buda- known to fall on the highest monnUins, 
*Bt, near the White Kflrlis. Pop. 37.547. though frost occur* occasionally. The 
Itinnprftj (i-hon'grid). sn active mar- most valuable domestic animala are the 
jsuugiau jpj ,g^jj p( Hungsry. at ox, borst and pig, which form a large 
he Junction of the KflrAs with the Tbelss, nroportion of the wealth ot the inland: 
'2 miles s. n. of Budapest Trade, cattle, the sheep, goat ftnd mule are inferior la 



Cuba Cuckoo 

quality and number. The sylvan birds broke out In April, 1898, war was de- 
are numerous and in great variety, birds clared by the united States against 
of prey are but few, and snakes and rep- Spain, and in the struggle that ensued 
tiles are not very plentiful. The shores Cuba was freed from the dominion of 
abound in turtle, and alligators are found Spain, the United States holding it until 
in the deep gults and bays. it would establish a satisfactory govern- 

Cuba is rich in mineralis ; those worked ment of its own. This was accomplished 
are mostly iron and copper. Of the in May, 1002, and the United States 
former a large quantity is exported to the troops and officials were withdrawn. In 
United States for admixture with the 1906 a rebellious disturbance caused the 
native ores. Bitumen is plentiful as a United States to resume a temporary con- 
liquid and also in a plastic, resinous state, trol of the island, but in 1900, a stable 
Gold, silver, coal and marble are found republican government being formed, the 
in the hilly country. Forests of mahog- American troops were withdrawn. Pop. 
any, rosewood, cedar, ebony, fustic, palms, (1915) 2,511,(]^8 : capital, Havana, 659,- 
etc, abound on the mountains. Large 818. in 1917 Cuba declared war against 
crops of tobacco, sugar, rice, maize. Germany, but took no active part, 
bananas, cotton, coffee, yams and all Cnbeb (^^'^^)* the dried unripe fruit 
tropical fruits, together with immense of CuhSba officinAlUt or Piper 

herds of cattle, are raised. Tobacco Cuhiba, a native of Java and other East 
forma the leading export, su^ar having India isles, order Piperacee. 
much fallen o£E by the competition of the nii'hA TLoot ^^^^ I'^t), the number or 
beet-sugars of continental Europe and ^•**'^ **wu quantity which, multi- 
the unsettled state of the island. The plied into itself and then into the prod- 
sum of exports and imports amounts to net produces the cube; or which, twice 
about $250,000,000, the exports being multiplied into itself, produces tiie num- 
very largely to the United States. The her of which it is the root: as 2 is the 
manufacture of sugar, molasses, rum and cube root of 8, because twice 2 are 4, and 
cigars forms the principal industries, twice 4 are 8. 

Over 2500 miles of railway are in opera- PnliASTiflr ftn anhydrous sulphate of 
tion, and 5000 miles of telegraph. The ^**"C»piir, j.^^^^ 

Roman Catholic religion was established CnblC Foot ^^ ^°^ substance, so 
by the Spanish law; education was made **"*vawvvj mu^jj ^f jj ^^ jg j.^^. 

compulsory in 1880, but was not Im- tained in a cube whose side is 1 foot 
partially carried out. There are 860 fl-nbic Niter ^^ Chile Saltpeter, 
public schools, beside a few schools In the > the nitrate of sodium 

towns and a university at Havana, found chiefly in the rainless district of 
None of the aboriginal race remain, and TarapacA in Chile, where it occurs for 
but few of the indigenous mammals; of the most part mixed with other salts, 
the latter are two species of aguti and an sand and clay. It crystallizes in obtuse- 
opossum, angled rhombohedra, not in cubes, and is 

Cuba was discovered in October, 1492, used in considerable ouantities both as a 
by Columbus, and colonized in 1511 by dressing for grass ana mixed in artificial 
the Spaniards. Hernando, the governor, manures. It has also been used as a 
cruelly treated the natives, an inoffensive source of nitric acid, and after double de- 
race who bad received their oppressors composition with chloride of potassium 
with great hospitality, and by 1553 the has been employed in the manufacture of 
entire race became extincL In 1553 the gunpowder. 

French destroyed Havana; it was rebuilt PnViiaf (kO'bist), a 20th century 
and strongly fortified in 1554. In 1624 ^^"^o'' school of art, whose disciples 
Cuba was taken bv the Dutch, but was endeavor to portray what they feel rather 
soon restored to Spain. From 1650 to than what they see. The cubist avoids 
1700 ravaged by filibusters, who in 1688 thi definite forms to which the eye is ac- 
plundered and destroyed Puerto Principe, customed in other styles of delineation, 
After 1700 Cuba prospered greatly. The and works for the most part in combina- 
EngUsh, with American colonists, cap- tions of angles, straight lines and geomet- 
tured Havana in 1762, but in 1763 ex- rical figures. Hence the name, 
changed it for other possessions. It then Guckill^-stool (l^u^^'uig stOl), a kind 
became a center of the slave trade. ^**»''>***5 owwx ^^ chair formerly 
Negro insurrections occurred in 1844-48, used as an instrument of punishment, fre- 
and over 10,000 negroes were slain In the ouently confounded with ducking atool. 
latter year. CnckoO (^^u'ktt; genus CucUlna). a 

In 1868 commenced an insurrectionary vriAvx».vw gcansorial or climbing bird, 
attempt at independence which continued the type of the family Cuculidfe. The 
until 1878, and in 1895 another rebellion note from which it derives its name ;b a 




hickoo>floweT Cnddalore 

>Te-caII nsed only in the matinr seaton. tbe Levant Tbough grown in England 



} the genuB are confined to hot countriea, come generally uaed until after the 

lore especially India and Africa, though of Henry VIII. It is now a ~" 

ame are summer tleUbqIh oi colder table vegetable in the United States, ii 

lilnatcs. In America no true cuckoos is an annual with ruugb, trailing stems. 

re found, the genua C'occv;ii«, to which large, angular leaves, and yellow male and 

^e so-called American cuckoo belongs, female Sowers set in the aiils of the 

iffering very eBsentiallf from them in its leafstalks. Other epecie* of the cucam- 

abita. The species best known in ber genua are Cucilmii Ifclo, the commoa 

!urope, the Cucilus canSrui. is a bird melon, and tlie watermelon. C. CitmtliM. 

bout the sizs of a small pigeon, though nTiniinihpr-frf>f> (-IfajtoKa a<i»mi- 

le length o( the tail gives ft at a little ^TKnU^Oer irCC „„,„",_ ^ fi^, j^^^. 

istance a strong resemblance to a hawk, can forest tree, so named from the ap- 

'be adult bird is ashy gray, with a white pearance of its fruit. 

t barred across with narrow lines of nnnnrhit: fitft.liur'hit^ Ru Aie^hir 

■h hlHffcr tail ■l.nltwl Hiirl hnrrerf ^^t^t-lUTU^t (KUKUrOlIJ. OMAKMIMC. 



ith" 



eyes and feet yellow, 
jglan'  ' -' 



ears In England about the middle of bitaoeK. The pompion or pumpkin gourd 

.pril, and in May begins to depoBlt its is C. Pepo. 

IS» b the nests of other species, giving r.nriTirhitiirpJP (kQ-kur-bi-tu'se-*), tbe 

hB nrpfprenre to thine nf thp h«tffe-«niir. VUUUI UltlM-CW ,n„rrf nrilpr. mniii*t- 



edk^psr: ^UUUIU11Im;i:w g^,„,d ^^der, consiit- 
. , , _r pied wagtail. The ing nf large herbaceous plants, annual ut 
oung cuckoo ejects from the nest its pprennial, with alternate leaves palm' 



ODng companions, and monopoUzeB the ately veined and scabrous, and aniBexnal 
ttentions of its foster-parents, which feed fiowcrs. The corolla is monopetalous, 
: for about five weeks after it is Sedged. regular, and with five lobes; the petals 
"he young birds do net leave the country are usually either yellow, white, or green. 
ntil the end of August or even Septem- and deeply veined ; the fruit fleshy and 
er ; but the adult birds commence their eiicculent. The stems are scabrsuB. and 
ight southward in July or latest early the genera! habit is climbing or Irailinz. 
1 AngtiBt. Their fo'>d consists chiefly of by iiu'uun of tendrils. Tu Ibis fiimily be- 
sckchafera, moths, dragon-fiieB aod cat- lung the melon, gourd, cucumber, c>lo- 
rpillars, though young cuck»os will some- cynth, bryony, ptc. 

imes eat berries. There appears to be PiiHaTiT (kud'a-bi), o city of Milwan- 
cnnous preponderance of male bb com- ^""""J tee Co., Wi8con«in, on I*he 
ared with female birds, a low estimate Micbigou, 6 miloi B. of Milwaukee. Il 
utting tbe ratio at about five to one. has numemus miinufactures, including 
hip1cnn>flnxvpr *"" Ij-^oY'b-bkock machinery, vinegar, rubber eouds, etc. 
mCKOO-nOWer, (Cardamlne praten- Pop. (IBiiO) 672S. 

i»), a common and pretty meadow plant, Pn jfaear (i"id-bDrK a purple or violet 
rder Crucifere, witn pale lilac or white 'J'^'^ucai colored powder used in dye- 
owers. C. pralenais ia abundant in ing violet-purple "' 
Iritain, and is found in swamps N. of crimson, prepared lium 
lew York ; blossoms in April er May, the Lecondra tartaria 
resenting a very pleasing appearance, and other lichens grow- 
t possesses antiBcorbutic properties. ing on rocks in Sweden, 

'nr'lrftn.'nint ^*^^ Arum maeulitiim, Scotland, etc. The 
-Ul-JHWpmi,, popniariy known also color, however, la some- wwo™ ruuw. 
y the names of ' lordB-and-ladies' er what fugitive, and In ff*?-*™ '^ 
common wake-robin.' See Arum. Britain It is used '"™''- 

Itiritnn-vnit  froth or spume found chiefly to give strength and brilliancy 
.Ul.i««) a^ll, ^Q plants, being a secre- to the indigo blues. There is little t»- 
ion formed by the larvs of • small sential difference between cudbear and 
omopterou* insect (Aphpophoro apumo- archil. It Is also used to give a crimsoa 
la). color to pharmaceutical preparations. 

•tirnlillie (ku-koni-dS), theaystematlc CnfldflloTP (kud-da-IOr"), or Ktn)*i.ti». 
(aCUUOK ^,„e of ,i,g cuckoo family. ^HtmaiOre ^ mgriHine town in Hin- 
" ' dustan, presidency of Madras and dis- 

.- -- — -- — _ place of 

lant Itself, belonging to the Cucarblta- great streDgth and importance, and still 

em or gourd order, and anppoBed to have carries on a large land trade with 

~i ur^nally ItDported Into Europe from **'1ru In Indigo, oils and aogar. It 



Cuddapali Cnldeea 

also exports grain and rice. Pop. 52,- the pashalic of Bagdad, and applied to a 

216L certain class of Arabic written cliaracters. 

PnflflATia'h (kud'da-p&), or Kaoapa, The Cuiic characters were the written 

vruuuapiui ^ district and town or characters of Arabian alphabet in use 

Hindustan, presidency of Madras. The from about the sixth century of the 

district, of which the area is 8r45 sq. Christian era until about the eleventh, 

miles, is traversed N. to B. by the Eastern They are said to have been invented at 

Ghauts, and watered by the Pennar and Cufa, and were in use^ at the time of the 

its affluents. The forests contain much composition of the Koran. They were 

valuable timber, and the minerals include succeeded by the Neskhi characters, which 

iron ore, lead^ copper, diamonds, etc. are still in use. Under the name of Cufic 

Agriculture is in a flourishing condition, coins are comprehended the ancient coins 

grain, cotton and indigo being largely of the Mohammedan princes, which have 

grown. Pop. 1,291,267. — ^The town lies been found in modern times to be impor- 

on a small river of same name, an tant for illustrating the history of the 

afiBuent of the Pennar, 140 miles N. w. East They are oi gold (dinar), silver 

of Madras. It exports indigo and cotton, idirhem), and brass (/a2«), but the sil- 

Pop. (1001) 16,432. ver coins arc most frequent, and nun4)ers 

Cudweed (kud'wed), the popular of them have been discovered on the 

^^ name in Britain for certain shores of the Baltic, and in the central 

plants covered with a cottony pubescence, provinces of European Russia, 

and belonging to the genera Cfnapkalium, Gllira.SS (kwi-ras'), an article of de- 

O. polycephalumf the cottonweed, is com- fensive armor, protecting the 

mon in fields in the United States. body both before and behind, and com- 

Cndwortll (kud'wurth), Ralph, an posed of leather, metal, or other mate- 

'^** English divine and philos- rials variously worked. It was in com- 

opher, bom in lbi7. He took his de- mon use throughout Europe in the four- 

free and fellowship at Cambridge in teenth century. In England it fell into 
6^; in 1644 was chosen master of disuse in the time of Charles II, and in 
Clare Hall ; in the following year regius France a little later. It was rein trod ucpd 
professor of Hebrew ; and in 1654 master by Napoleon I, and the achievements of 
of Christ's College, Cambridge, where he his cuirassiers led to its adoption for 
spent the rest of his life. In 1678 he regiments of heavy cavalry in most Euro- 
published his True Intellectual System pean armies. See Arms and Armor, 
of the Universe, wherein all the Reason Cuir-bOTlillv C*' w^r-bd-i-li), leather 
and Philosophy of Atheism is Confuted, ^ softened by boiling, 
and its ImpossihtUty Demonstrated (fo- then impressed with ornaments, used for 
lio) — a work of an exceedingly erudite shields, girdles, sword-sheaths, coffers, 
kind, though tediously discursive in argu- purses, shoes, and many other articles; 
ment He died in 1688. . « • ^^o, in the sixteenth century, for hang- 
Cntnca l^'^Mpw^'Pn^fni^ n«n?fff"^^ ^«« ^""^ «>«™« «^^^^^ *°<* painted, and, 

Cuenca pro^^nce,'^ m^iri^^s.^E^.TaW T,^? ^l^^^t^^.^^ ^^'^ ^^f^^'^ ^^^ 

Pop. 10,756. It was built by the Moors, ^ "^^^ ^""^ «'^^«»'' argent4. 

stands on a craggy hill, and has a re- CuiSheS, or Cutsses (kwish es, kwis'- 

markable cathedral. It was formerly ^, . , J .«^)» defensive armor for the 

celebrated for its art manufactures, tbigns, originally of buff leather, which 

Pop. of the province, 249,696 ; area, 6636 ^as gradually superseded by plate iron 

square miles. or steeL Cuishes were introduced into 

Cuenca ^ ^^^° ^^ Ecuador, the third England about the middle of the four- 

' in point of importance in teenth century, 

the country, with a cathedral and Gniaa (kU-zhas), Jacqxtes, or Cu- 

nniversity. It has extensive sugar re- •*J«« jacius, a distinguished French 

fineries, potteries and woolen factories, jurist, bom about 1520; long professor 

Pop. (1908 estimate) 30,000. of law at Bourses; died in 1^. He 

CneVA (kwft'vA), Juan db la, a owed his reputation to the light shed by 

Spanish poet, bom about the him on Roman law. He was the founder 

middle of the sixteenth century. His of the historical legal school, if not of 

works comprise several tragedies, a heroic scientific jurisprudence, 

poem, a large number of lyrics and bal- GnldeeS (^"I'dftB), a religious order 

lads, and the first Spanish didactic poem *^ ^*' which at an early period had 

— on the Art of Poetry, No details are establishments in many parts of Great 

known of his life. Britain and Ireland, but are especiallv 

Cnfic (k^'fik), a term derived from spoken of in Scotland. The name is of 

the town of Cufa or Kufa in uncertain etymology; but is probably 




lulicidse^ Ciim1)eTland 

wo Celtic vordi meanlns 'Kttenduit •! In the conrae of the day, one Bban ud 

«d.' It first appe,"™ In the eighth cen- the other beiow the Dole. 

died Mem to have been mchonteB IItiii* ^JTUUVawr ^n^^al Implement with 

nder ttieir own &bbota and for long re- long, Htrong. broad-pointed iron teeth or 

alninr independent of Home. Other- tlnei, for tearing up or looscoini Ibc 

iae arciMeolorsta bave discovered do ,oii ; ^igo called a bora^boe. 

Hentlal point either of faith, ritual or n— 1_._;_ ( kul'v6r-in 1 a lorn and 

ynatitutlon in which they di*ered from ClllVenil ^gUndeV ^i^^on u^in X 

le other dergj of the western churcb. Biteenth century. It generally carried a 

iulioidie (^"-I'-^'-de), a aubtam y taU of about 18 Ibi. ; the demienlrerin 

 ..^ m."' dipterous insects, family carried one of about half that weight. 

ipuUde. The genus Culei eomprehenda /i„_,_ {ka'm6), a very ancient city of 

le common gnat and the mosquito. vuiiue Italy, in Campania, the oldest 

'nlilanran TlflrW (kfl-Ura-wan), s colony of the Greeks in Italy, founded 

UlUKWHU auiK. valuable aromatic, about 1030 B.O. by colonists from CbakU, 

iingent bark, derived frtKn CinnanUSminn in Eub^ca, and from Cyme (Greek, 

ulSlatean, a tree of the MolDCcae, use- Kumf) in Asia Minor. It founded 

il in indigestion, diarrhea, etc. CaUed Naples (NeapolU), and in Sicily Zancia 

ao dove-bark. or Messina. In 420 B.C. Cumn ws* 

i nllwTl Wn.i.iAM, phyaidan and med- taken by the Campaniaus, aud with them 

'"^^"t ical writer, born at Hamilton, came under the power of Rome (31D 

■narkshlre. in 1710. In 1740 he took the b.(.) It was destroyed A.D. 1207, and a 

« of M.D., was appointed In JTSI re fpw ruins only now exist. 

protesmtr of medldne i- "■- "-■ - * •'■" "' - 

. .7 Glasgow. He died in 1 

ia1 works are : Lecturet o 

.edicOy iSynopHi Notoloiii(^ uetnoaica, Deen touuaed in 1Ci;ki. It iles near tbf 

id FirH lAne» oj the Fraetioe of Phsaio. mouth of the Gulf of Carisco. and has a 

InlUm (kM-yfl'ri), a town of Spain, food roadiitead in Cumsna Bay, with a 

""*^'* province and 26 miles 8. by trade m cacao, sugar, tobacca, etc Pop. 

of Valencia. Pop. 11,647. 12,051. 

lullinan Diamond, s,.„j3.-- Clmberland <i;-«'-'SJ:,ii„' 



I're- county oi tijugisno. Area, laat aa. miiea 
e it Thprp JH mreat variety at surface in dl(- 

red in lUUQ. Uetore cutt' - . - ~. 

B length ' __ _., 

icbea; breadth, 2ft „ 

eight 32S3K caraU, or over a pound and fpll (28S2 ft.): and the other to tb 
half. It was bought by the South Afrl- southwest, of wfaidi the highest peak i_ 
m government for H.OOO.CNXI and pr«- Skiddsw <3058 ft). The two largest 
^nted to King Edward VII. Subse- rivers are the Eden and the Derwent. 
leotly it was cat into a number of ftems, Tbe county embraces part of the ' I^e 
le Isrgest of which weighed 616V4 carata. Country ' of England. Cumberland is 
id another 309 3/16 carats. rich in minerals, iucludlug lead, ftypaum, 

nllodpn Moor (kul-lod'en) , a heath jinc and especially coal and rich 
UUUaen JUUOr \^ Scotland. 4 milea hematite iron-ore. In the western division 
of Inverness, celebrated for the victory of the county there are a gi«at many 
>tained April 16, 1746, by the Duke of blaat- furnaces, and works for the maou- 
umberland over Prince Charles Edward facture of steel and finished Iron. The 
tuart (the Pretender) and his adherents, principal crop* raised are oats, barley. 
he battle was the termination of the at- wheat and turnips, but the bulk of the 
impts of the Stuart family to recover enclosed lands is sown in clover and 
e throne of England. grass. The rearing of cattle and abeep 



nlni in botany, the jointed and usu- and datrv farming are engaged Id t 
^^' ally hollow stem of grasses, gen- considerable extent Carliale is 
aJly herbaceous, but woody and treelike count* town; tbe other principal to' — 
. the bamboo. are the seaports Whitehaven, Working- 



aJly herbaceous, but woody and 

. the bamboo, , . .- 

nlminafinn (kul-mi-nfl'sbun). la ton and tlaryport; and the Inland towtw 
UUOlUailOU astronomy, the passing Penrith. Coclermouth and Kewrtdu 
! a star through the meridian, because P"p. (1»11) 266,780. 
baa at that moment reached the high- fhiniTl^rlfl.'nH  town of Providenca 
t point (ottlstsn) of its apparent path ^""tU"""*""* Co., Rhode IsUnd, in 
I toe aky. Two culminations take place the northeast of tbe State. It maniK 




Cumberland Cumming 

factures, cotton, horseshoes, etc., and is in' It was the scene of important military 
a mineral-bearing region. Pop. 10,077. inddenta during the Civil War. 

Cumberland, lig^fcnTcS:. 'm^ Cumberland Monntains, J,-',, Ten 

land, on the Potomac, 178 miles 'w. N. w. part of a range of the Appalachian sys- 
of Baltimore. It is ^ the edge of the tern, rarely exceeding 2000 feet in height 

great Cumberland co^basin, and iron is nnmhprlfl.'nil PreallvteriaiL 
Uirgely worked in the vidnitv. There are ^umoeriana xrcsuyi^crmu 

iron, steel, glass, cement and other manu- Plmrpyi ^ religious denomination 

factures. Pop. (1910) 21338; (1920) ^"***^**> founded in 1810 during a 

29,837. revival in Tennessee. They accepted the 

niiTnhl^r1fl.Tirl * river of the United Presbyterian creed with the exception of 

vuiuucrxaiiUy States which runs predestination. In 1906, when they united 

through Kentucky and Tennessee into the with the Northern church, they had 2922 

Ohio, having a course of about 000 miles, churches, with 227,0(X) members, including 

navigable for steamboats, 200 miles. 42,000 colored mei^bership. 

Cnmberland, ?ich^'>» a notable Cximbrae. ?l ^umbbat (kum-brt'), 

%/iuuvvAA«»Ai.u.y dramatic writer, born ^ •****»'* »^> the Gbeateb and Lesbbb, 
at Cambridge, England, in 1732. After two Scottish islands in the Firth of 
studying at Westminster and Cambridge Clyde, belonging to the county of Bute, 
he became private secretarv to Lord They are both small, the only town be- 
Halifax, who bestowed on him a few ing Millport, a seaside resort, 
years later a clerkship of reports in fjninbria (^u°i'l^]^l*ft)» an ancient 
the office of trade and plantations. After vuiiimxx» Britigh principality, corn- 
one or two failures in writing for the prising, besides part of Cumberland, the 
stage, his We^t Indian, brought out by Scotch districts Galloway, Kyle, Car^ 
Garrick in 1771, proved eminently sue- rick, Cunningham and Strathclyde, its 
cessful, and it was followed by the less capital being Alcluyd or Dumbarton, 
popular Fashionable Lover, The Choleric It was possibly at one time the chief 
if an. The Note of Hand and The Battle seat of the (legendary) kingdom of 
of Hastings. In 1775 be became secre- Arthur, and in the sixth century was an 
tary to the board of trade, and in 1780 important and powerful kingdom. It 
was employed on a mission to Lisbon speedily, however, fell under Saxon dom- 
and Madrid, but failing to satisfy the ination^ and early in the eleventh century 
ministry was compelled to retire. In ad- was given by Edmund of Wessex to 
dition he wrote several novels, poems, etc. Malcolm of Scotland to be held as a 
He also edited the London Keview, He fief of the crown of England. The name 
died in 1811. still survives in Cumberland. 

Cumberland, ^^^^^ i^^r^A Cumbrian MonntaiM ^^ «•.»;,; 

of George II of England, bom in 1721. a range of hiUs in England^ occupying : 

At the battle of Dettingen he was narts of the counties of Cumberland, I 

wounded when fighting at the side of Westmoreland, and North Lancashire 
his father, and though unsuccessful at The mountains rise with steep acclivities, 
Fontenoy, where he had the command enclosing in some parts narrow but well- 
of the allied army, he rose in reputation cultivated valleys, with numerous pic- 
by somewhat brutually subduing the in- turesque lakes, tnis being the Enelish 
' surrection in Scotland caused by the ' Lake Country * so much frequented by 
landing of Charles Edward Stuart in tourists. 

1745. In 1747 Cumberland was defeated Cumill °' Cum'min (kum'in), an um- 
by Marshal Saxe at Lafeld, and in 1757 ^**^*"**> belliferous plant {Cumlnum 
he lost the battle of Hastenbeck, against Cyminum) which grows wild in Egypt 
D'Estr^s, and concluded the convention and Syria, and is largely cultivated in 
at CHosterseven, by which 40,000 Eng- Sicily and Malta, whence it is exported, 
lish soldiers were disarmed and dis- The fruit, called cumin seeds, is of a 
banded, and Hanover placed at the light-brown color, with an aromatic smell 
merc^ of the French. He then retired and caraway-like taste, and possesses 
in disgrace from his public offices, and stimulating and carminative properties, 
took no active part in affairs. He died riTrniTniTiCP (kumlng), John, bom in 
in 1765. i^umming jgj(^ ^^ Aberdeen, where 

ChiTviliArlaTi/l iltkr% a narrow pass- he graduated. At the age of twenty- 
vumuenaua wap, ^^^ ^^^^ ^qq ^^^ ^e became minister of the Scotch 

feet wide through the Cumberland Moun- Church, Crown Court, Covent Garden, 
tains between Kentucky and Tennessee Ix)ndon, where he labored for half a 
and at the western extremity of Virginia, century, publishing during that period 



I 



hunming Cnneif orm Writiiif 

vtr two buDdred works, lie had a tbe Rngliah court, and eitabllBhed im- 

igh reputation as an orator, but he pottaitt coDnection*. See Conyn. 

BH moat widely known latterly in con- P'n'niliTia.Tnarpa. (kOD-di-na-mBrlw), 

ectiOQ with \ie prophi^ieB of the ^'nuomamarca jj^g ^, y,g depart- 

r>eedy coming of tbe end of all Ihinn. meuts of the J|^ablic of Golomblm. 

lis most popular worlia were: The Area, eBtimated TWLO Bquare miles; pop. 

Veal Tribulation Tlie Redemption 637,(158. 

^raweth Xigh, Apocalyptio Sketohet nTini1iirBTi(rn (kuD-dQ-raa'go), tbe 
Dd Voice) of the Mght. Died in 1881. ^'UnauiangO ^^^^ ^j^^ j„ J;^^. 
inminin? Houaletn Geoboe Gob- dor to a plant tonnd in Loya province, 
uutuuug, j^,^^ iii^ , Lion-hunter,' It is also fuunJ iu Colombia and ia 
Scottish sportHman and writer, born claimed to be aseful in tbe cure ot can- 
1 1820; died at Fort Augustus, in Scot- cer, scrcifula and other blood diseases, 
ind. in ]8(MI. He entered the army, Itfl virtues are said lo have been diH- 
'tved some yearn 'n India, joined the covered by accident, an Indian woman 
ape KiSes, and from 1843 till 1849 administering it to her husband, wbo 
Lad« five hunting expeditions into vari- waa suffering from internal cancer. Her 
IB parts of A/rlca. Records of his purpose was to poison bim and put him 
are to be found jn his Five nut of bis misery, but instead of dying 
Ivtiter'* Lift (1850), and the he became quite cured. Ueepite this 
r of South Africa (1856). atory, however, tbe actual value of the 
■-___:__ (itum'lna), Ai.bebt Baird, plant is in Question. 
.nmminS, American lejrialator. born rSineiform Writing (Wie'lf"™ 1 
I Cannichaels, Pa., in 1850. He waa ^'UUeuwrm wnimgj^j^ cuneu; 
Livernor of Iowa. 1002-08; elected U. S, a wedge, and forma, a shape), the name 
(Kepublican) in 1908 to sue- applied to the wedge-sbaped characters 

tt Utia^r. an^ *i.al<..^lafl In ItUMb r.f tlin In r.,-! it tl .-.ha AQ ^id Bsbylonlan 

...,, W: Bometimea also 

... by dfncribed as arroui-headed or Hail-headed 
hich every voter ia entitled to as many characters. Tbey appear to have been 
jtes aa there are persons to be elected, originally of the nature ot hieroglyphs, 
ad may give tbem all to one • 
indidate, or may dixtribute them 
rnong tbe candidates, as be 
links St. Tbe principle was flmt  
itroduced into Britain by the I 
:lementary Education .Act of 
S70, and has been api)lied on  
.'bool board, and later in parlia- 
lentary eleitions. It has l>een 
Jvocated for many years in the ^ 

nited Stales and has been em- Pait'of > Babyfooian Bnok Beoilng Canellarm WiUot. 
toyed to a minor extent in Illinois and and to bave been invented by Ibe prioii- 
lichigan. The supreme court ot Michi- tive Accadion inhabitants of Babylonia 
in pronounced it constitutional in ISUl. (a probable Turanian ra<'e|, fruui whom 
Imnvn ' kumln I . COHVR, or CiTic- they were burrowed with considerable 
'""J"- uiNO, a family whose name modification by the subsequent Babylo- 
ppears fTpquently in the early history niana and Assyrians, who were Semites 
[ England and Scotland. It had its by race and apoke an entirely differe'' 



rigipal posaesaiona near tbe town of language. The use of tbe character, 
._- !- I. p^ ^jjj from one of however, ceased shortly after the ' ' 

[ the hiBtorian Philip of Alexander tbe Great; and sftt 



and from one of however, ceased shortly after the ret go 

^ches sprang the hiBtorian Philip of Alexander tbe Great; and after the 

Comines. The English Comyna came lapse of nearly two tbouaand yei 



. . . rith William the Conqueror, and was doubted by many if the aigns had 
obert Comyn was sent by William to ever had an intelligible meaning. They 
■duce the norlliern provinces. Hia were even repirded by some as the 
ppbew became chancellor of Scotland work of a species of worm, by others as 
bout ll.S.% and In tbe middle of the thir- mere taJiamanic signs, astrological sym- 
'entb century Ibe family counted among bols and tbe like. The first hints to- 
s members four f^coltiBh earls. In the wards decipherment were given by K«r 
^ginning of tbe fourteenth century it slena Niebuhr late in tbe eighteenth cen- 
as almost annibilated by Robert Rruce, tury ; and tbe labors of Grotefend, Roak. 
ho slew the son of its bead (the tturnouf. lessen, Rawlinson and other 
ord of Bade^och) Id Dumfries. Tbe investigators slowly perfected the mcaa* 
omyna who escaped settled down Id of tr«nslBtioD. Uost of the iD»criptioni> 



Cimene Cut 

first discovered were in three different Story of I^ell Owynne, Life of Drum- 
languages and as many varieties of tnond of Uawthornden, Modern London, 
cuneiform writing, the most prominent, JAfe of Inigo Jonea, etc. He aluo edited 
and at the same time the simplest and Walpolc'a Lettera, Ooldamith'a Worka, 
latest, being the Persian cuneiform writ- etc., and contributed to many ]>eriodicais 
ing with about sixty letters. Next older and magazines. 

in time and much more complex is PTi*|*ii*|*yUQYYi William, Scottish 

what is designated the Assyrian or Bab- vUIiIllIlgliaillj divine, famous for 

ylonian system of writing, consisting rousing speeches and pamphlets : bora in 

of from 600 to 700 characters, partly 1805; died in 1801. He visited the 

alphabetic, partly syllabic, or represent- United States in 1843 to collect informa* 

ing sound groups. Finally comes the tion with regard to theological institn* 

Accadian inscriptions, the oldest of all, tlon& 

originally proceeding from a people who fJn'nAl (ku'pel), a small, shallow, por- 

had reached a considerable degree of ^"-F^* ous, cup-like vessel, used in 

civilization more than four thousand assays, to separate the precious metals 

years before Christ, and whose language from their alloys. See Aaaaying. 

(allied to Turkish) ceased to be a liv- rifXTii^ (ku'pid ; Lat. Cupido), the god 

ing tongue about 1700 b.c. The most ^"•F"''**' of love; corresponding with the 

celebrated trilingual inscription is that Greek Eros. He is represented as a 

at Behistun, in Persia, cut upon the winged infant, naked, armed with a bow 

face of a rock 1700 feet high, and record- and a quiver full of arrows, 

ing a portion of the history of Darius. riri'Dola. (ku'pO-la), in architecture, a 

The British Museum contains many ^•*F"*** spherical vault on the top of 

thousands of inscribed clay tablets, cyl- an edifice ; a dome or the round top of 

inders, prisms, etc., the decipherment a dome. The Italian word cupoln signi- 

of which is in progress. Many have also fies a hemispherical roof which covers 

been collected by American investii^ators, a circular building, like the Pantheon at 

and the University of Pennsylvama has Rome and the Round Temple of Vesta 

a rich collection of inscriptions. See at Tivoli. The term is also applied dis- 

also Aaayria, tinctively to the concave interior as op- 

Chmeiie (ku-n@'ne), a river of South posed to the dome forming its exterior. 

^""^ Africa, which enters the At- See Dome. 

lantic after forming the boundary be- rjiiDDiTl? (kup'ing), a surgical op- 

tween the Portuguese and German ter- ^"-Fr*""-© eration consisting in the 

ritories there. application of the cupping-glass in cases 

Ptitiaa q^<» r*/»«.* where it is desirable to abstract blood 

V/UliCU. feee Loni. ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ .j. ^^^ ^ particular part. 

CnnilillPllRIIl (kun'ing-h a m), the When blood is removed the operation is 
\/u.iiKUJ.ii.gAxauL northern and most termed cupping or icet-cupping ; when no 
fertile district of Ayrshire, Scotland. blood is drawn, it is dry-cupping. The 
PnTiTiiTicrliaTvi Allan, poet, bom in cupping-glass, a cup-shaped glass vessel, 
V^UlLlUU^lium, jyg5^ ^^ Blackwood is first held over the flame of a spirit- 
in Dumfriesshire, Scotland ; appren- lamp, b^ which means the included air 
ticed in his eleventh year to a stone- is rarefied. In this state it is applied 
maison. Having been employed by to the skin, and as the heated air cools 
Cromck to collect materials for his Re- it contracts and produces a partial vac- 
maina of Nithadale and OaUoway Song, uum, so that the skin and integuments 
he sent instead his own productions, are drawn up slightly into the glass and 
which were printed, but quickly recog- become swollen. If blood is to be drawn, 
nized as being forgeries. He then pro- a scarificator or spring-lancet is gener- 
ceeded to London, where he at first sup- ally used. 

ported himself by journalism, but after- CupieSSUS. See Cypreaa. 

wards obtamea a situation m the stu- '^•*r*'*"~— -• ^**' 

dio of Chantrey, with whom he remained fjiimiliferffi (ktl-pfl-life-re), a botan- 

till his death. His later works com- ^"'F**"*^***^ ical order, so named from 

prise the drama of Sir Marmaduke Maw- the peculiar husk or cup {cupule) in 

Moellj the novels of Paul Jonea and Sir which the fruit is enclosed. They are 

Michael Scott; the Songa of Scotland; trees or shrubs, inhabiting chiefly the 

his Britiah Paintera, Sculptora, and temperate parts of the northern hemi- 

Archiiecta (1829) ; and lives of Bums sphere, and common in Europe, Asia 

and Mary, Queen of Scots. He died and North America. The chief genera 

at London in 1842. — His son Peteb are the oak, chestnut, beech and hazel. 




(1816-60) is also known as the author (]!||f the name loosely given to any 
ut a series of works, Including Th9 ^***> worthless dog 



of mongrel breeds 



Cnra^ao Curb-roof 

but applied mure Htric-tly to a urwi* be- lil, in a hHodsoaie bird, nearly ai larn 
tween the sbecp-dox aod terrier. as the turkey and more impoaiog iq 

Cnr&C&O (f"'r*-»*9 '(.."' '"land ol appearnace, being o( a dark-violet color, 
u rvTT t""* "^"'^ ^.^^ Indies, m witli a purpliah-freen jIobs aboTe and 
the Caribbean Sea, W miles N. of the 
coaat of Venetuela ; 30 miles long and 8 
miles broad ; capital \/illeJOstad, princi- 
pal tiarbor Santa Anna. It ia hilly, wild 
and barren, with a hot, dry climate. 
Yellow fever has visited it everf sixth or 
■erenth year. Fresh water is scarce, 
and serious droughts occur. The tama- 
rind, cocoa-palm, banana and other use- 
ful trees are reared — among them three 
varieties of orange, from oi-e of which 
the Curaco liqueur is made. Sugar, 
tobacco, cochineal and maize are also 
prod need, but tbe staple exports are salt 
and a valuable phosphate of lime used 
BB a manure in lis natural state, or 

made to yield valuable superpliosphatea. *", .»•«--— i-*" ^.. 

ITie islands of Curacao. Bonaire, Oniba CnsUd Cuismow (Cros olirtw), 

(or Aruba), tbe Little Curacao form on tbe breast; the abdomen is snow 
a Dutch government, tbe residence of while, and tbe crest golden. Another 
Ihe governor being at Willemstad. I'roni species Is the red curaasow (Cram rs- 
the sixteenth century Curacao WB8 held in bra), also a native of South America. 
Buu-ession by tbe Spaniards, Dutch and and about the size of a tnrltey. Tbe 
British, and finally ceded to Holland at cushew-bird {Urax fiiKWi) is called the 
the general peace In 1814. Pop. 29,718 ; gnleated curaSBow. 

locludiog the dependencies, about CO,0(K). Pnra.te (kQ'rat), properly an Incnm- 
Cnraoaa '"' Cobacoa, a liqueur or ""^"^"^ bent who has tbe care of 
"^ • cordial prepared from a souls; now generally restricted to signify 
pecnllar hind of bitter orange growing the substitute or assistant of the actual 
In Curacao, which has a persistent aru- incumbenL In the Church of England 
matic odor and taste. It is prepared curacies are either itipendary or per- 
from the yellow part of tbe rind, which pefuol. A stipendiary curate is one 
ia steeped in strong alcohol, tbe infu- who is hired by the rector or vicar to 
sion lielDg afterwards distilled and recti- serve for bim and may be removed st 
Sed and mixed with syrup. For the true pleasure; a perpetual curmle Is one who 
orange, the common bitter orange of is nut dependent on the rector, but il 



Europe is often substituted, and the niijiported by a part of the_ptbes ( 

, ^ _ vicarao— — — 

ITnt^n' (Wr4-rl), Cu'rara. Ukaba, Episcopal Church in America the oKee of 
uiunxi XvooBALi, the well-known curate correspond* in the main to that of 
arrow-poison used by the Indians of the English curate. 

Spaniah UuUna and of Northern BraiiL rrtTtiinr (kfl-rft'tur), In dvll law, the 
It is the aqueous extract of a tree, tbe vumvux guardian of a minor who 
ftriichnoa loxifira, thickened with mu- has attained tbe age of fourteen, of per- 
I'itaginous matter ; and its properties are sons under various disabilities, or of the 
such that if Introdui-ed into a scratch eiute of deceased or absent persona an"! 
or puncture of the skin, so as to mix Insolvents. — In learned institutirms the 
with the blood, it causes death by pa- person who has charee of the library or 
ralysla of the nerves of the respiratory collections of natural history, etc 
orrioa. It may, however, be introduced _ 

in moderate doses into the atimentsry Rnrit) the general term for a hard nrell- 
csnsl without injury, and animals killed *"»*"» tug oa a horse's lef. It consists 
by it are wholesome as food. The active of a strain of the straight ligament wbieb 
principle is called cvrartn. runs down the back of the hock. 

CnTaUOW dO-raa'sCl, or Hocco. the fS,r>».TOof i" architecture, a roof 
\^unuHHIw ^^^^ gj^^^ j^ gaHinaceouB UTlTD-rOOI, ,^ ^^^^^ o,^ rafter* in- 
birds of the genus Cram, family Craci- gtead of continuing straight down from 
da>; natives of tbe warm parts of Amer- the ridge to the walls, are at a fiveo 
li-a. The crested cnrasanw (Oram aleo- height received on plates, which In their 
tort, found in OuUna. Mexico and Bra- turn are supported by rafters Itm to- 



(icnnine deep-yellow - color imitated by odierwise. The peri>etual cnracy is pric- 
aramel. etc. ticallj a vicarage. In the Prot ' 



Curb-sender Curlew 



dined to the horizon, so that this kind mon wider use all the authorities and 
of roof presents a bent appearance, functionaries forming the papal court, 
whence its name. Called also a Man- The dififerent branches of the curia hav- 
Mard roof, from the name of its inven- ing respect to church government are 
tor. the sacred congregation of cardinals, the 
Curb-sender ^'^ automatic signaling secretariat of state, and the vicariate of 
vruAM a%iiL\M.%ixj apparatus invented by Rome, the machinery employed being 
Sir W. Thomson of Glasgow and Prof, supplied by the chancery, the dataria, 
Fleeming Jenkin of Edinburgh, and used and the camera apostolica. As 'supreme 
in submarine telegraphy. The message judge ' in Christendom the iK>pe acts 
IS punched on a paper ribbon, which Is through special congregations and dele- 
then passed through the transmitting ap- gated judges, or through the regular tri- 
paratus by clockwork. The name is due bunals of the rota and segnatura, and the 
to the fact that when a current of one penitentiaria. The institution of the 
kind of electricity is sent by the instru- papal chai>el and the household of the 
ment another of the opposite kind is pope {familia poniifica) are also classed 
sent immediately after to curb the first, as departments of the curia ; and finally 
the effect of the second transmission the functionaries maintaining the external 
being to make the indication produced relation of the pope — ^legates, nuncios, 
by the first sharp and distinct, instead apostolic delegates, etc. Formerly the 
of slow and uncertain. curia included also the mechanism and 
CurCaS. See Phyaicnut functions of secular administration. 

CuTGUlioTlidffi (koi>ktl-li-on'i-dfi), the CUTiatii. See noratii. 

\/uxviuxuxu,uK weevils or snout- ri^w;^^ (ktl-ri-kO), a town of Chile, 

beetles, one of the most extensive fami- vuxn/u capital of province of same 

lies of coleopterous insects. See Weevil, name. Pop. 14,577. Area of province, 




Curd. See Cheese and MUk. aided his wife, Marie (born in Poland in 

18C7), in the analytical study of pitch- 
CnrfeW (kn^'^I ^^' couvr»-feu, cover blende, through which, in 1898. the re- 
vruAx^w fire), a practice originated markable element radium was discovered, 
in England by William the Conqueror, Qniy the bromide of this was known until 
who directed that at the ringing of the 1910, when Madame Curie succeeded in 

bell at eight isolating the metal. He was killed acci- 
o'clock all fires dentally in Paris, April 19, 1906, and 
and lights should Madame Curie was elected to succeed him 
be extinguished, as professor. 

The law was re- PnriA Mabie. See Radium and pre- 
pealed by Henry vuiic, ^.^^^ article. 
I in 1100, but Pninfiha (kO-ri-t«'ba), a town of S. 
the bell contin- vUTiLiua feraiil, capital of the orov- 
ued to be rung ince of ParanA, connected by railway 
in many districts with the port of Paranagua. Pop. 24,553. 
to modern timet> Prirlaiir (kur'lH; JViimeiiftf«), a genus 
and probably ^»"acw ^^ y^^^^ belonging to the 
Cmfeir for Fire.— Dem- may still be order Grallatores, or Waders, and of the 
min'a Encyc. des Beaux heard. The name same family (Scolopacida) as the snipe 
^*^ waa also given and woodcock. The genus is charac- 

formerly to a domestic utensil for covering terized by a very long, slender and a ro- 
up a fire. In the United States an ordi- uated bill, tall and partly naked legs, and 
nance establishing a curfew, with the pur- a short, somewhat rounded tail. The 
pose of keeping young people off tne bill is more or less covered with a soft, 
streets, has existed in Salem, Massarhu- sensitive skin by which the bird is en- 
setts, since Puritan days. Similar ordi- abled to detect its food in the mud. Two 
nances have of late been adopted in other species of curlew inhabit the British 
cities, in general providing that children Isles, the curlew proper, called in Scot- 
under 15 shall not frequent the streets af- land the * whaup' {Numeniu$ arqu^), 
ter 9 o'clock in summer and 8 in winter, and the whimbrel (N, phtpdoua). They 
Plirifl. (k<l'ri-a), Papai^ in its stricter feed on various worms, small fishes, in- 
vpiuia f^f,J^f^^ f^^ authorities which ad- aects and molluscous animals, and are 
minister the papal primacy ; in its com- very shy, wary birds. Three speciea of 





Currency Currency 

»  »  - 

it is set aside to ferment. Fermentation as we know them. The chief desiderata 
re<)uires several weeks, and the wine is influencing the subsequent development 
not fit for use for some months. For of coinage were the prevention of coun- 
black-cnrrant wine the berries are first terfeiting, the prevention of any fraudu- 
put over the fire and heated to the boil- lent subtraction of metal from the coin, 
mg point in as small a quantity of water the removal as far as possible of any- 
as possible. thing likely to occasion loss of metal 
CnrrenGV (kur'en-si), any medium of in the wear and tear of usage, and the 
viux^uujr exchange by which the production of an artistic and historical 
processes of trade are facilitated. Origin- monument of the state issuing the coin, 
ally all exchanges mav be supposed to Hence the elaboration of designs to 
have been made directly by barter, one cover the whole of a given portion of 
commodity being exchanged for an- metal, and the nicer determination of 
other according to the convenience of the quality, size, degree of relief, inscription, 
particular holders. In barter, however, it etc. While, however, metallic money of 
would obviously often be difficult to find a guaranteed standard vaiue was at an 
two persons whose disposable goods suited ^^^^y period found to facilitate in a tilgh 
each other's needs, and there would also degree the mechanisni of exchange, it 
arise difficulties in the way of estimat- ^f f speedily discovered that it was pos- 
ing the terms of exchange between un- «Vh Jni^ ^^f .nt^o. /^** ^""^ the stand- 
lik'e things, and of sub^dividing many V.LA^L^t'llrr'In.r^^^^ 
kinds of goods in the barter of objects ative character. The standard money 
of different value. To obviate these some depended solely for its value in exchange 
special commodities in general esteem upon the value of the material of which 
and demand would be chosen as a me- it was composed; its metallic value and 
dinm of exchange and common measure its nominal value were coincident; the 
of value, the selection varying with the representative money derived its value 
conditions of social life. In the hunting from a theoretical convertibility at will 
state furs and skins have been employed into the standard coin. Thus in token 
bv many nations ; in the pastoral state coins the metallic value may be much 
sheep and cattle are the chief negotiable less than the nominal value, which is 
property. Articles of ornament, corn, defined by the fact that they can either 
nuts, olive oil, and other vegetable prod- by force or law or custom be exchanged 
ucts, cotton cloth, straw mats, salt, in a certain fixed ratio for standard 
cubes of gum, bees'- wax, etc., have all coins. Graduallv a series of devices 
been at various times employed to fa- came to be employed to further the in- 
cilitate exchange. These, however, while terchange of commodities with the least 
removing some of the difficulties attend- friction, and the least possible actual 
ant upon barter, would onlv partially use of the coinage except as a standard 
solve others. It would be felt by de- and common denominator of value in 
grees that any satisfactory medium must terms of which exchanges were made, 
not only possess utility and value, but Even in home transactions, but espe- 
it must be portable, not easily destruc- cially in international tiansactions, the 
tible, homogeneous, readily divisible, use of actual specie was found to in- 
stable in value, and cognizable without volve a loss of interest and a risk of 
great difficulty. The metals would nat- still more serious loss, and a paper cur- 
urally commend themselves as best sat- rency based upon credit offered the readi- 
isfying these requirements, and accord- est solution of the difficulty. In this 
ingly in all historical a^^es gold, silver, way bank-notes, bills of exchange, and 
copper, tin, lead and iron have been checks — warrants or representative doc- 
tbe most frequent materials of currency, uments convertible, if desired, into stand- 
The primitive method of circulating ard coin — took their place alongside the 
them appears to have consisted simply metallic currency, partly displacing it, 
in buying and selling them against other partly extending and supplementing it. 
commodities by a rough estimation of The requisites of circulation are thttt 
the weight or size of the portions of the monetary issues, whether of coin or 
metal. Sometimes the metal was in its paper, shall be from a recognized or 
native state (e. ^., rough copper or allu- official source, and that they admit of 
vial gold dust), at others in the form being freely returncJ when necessary to 
of bars or spikes, the first npproxima- the source from which they are issued, 
tion to a coinage being probably rudely The certification of the fineness of the 
shaped riiigs. The earliest money was masses of metal circulating in a com- 
stamped on one side only, and rather of munity, and the protection from adul- 
the nature of stamped ingots than coins teration and fraua, clearly fall among 

»-3 




Currency Cnrrentometer 

tbe t..__ 

argued, i„ ,, _, — — ._ --- — _ 

Social Static*, tbat tbe coinage should adoptiou. It was abandoned ._ 

be left to tbe ordinary competition of United States in 1900 in favor of gold 
matiufftcturers and traders ; but wbea as tbe aingle standard of value. See 
tbia has occurred the cucrencj; bai uni- BimeloUitm. 

formly betxime debased, and it is gen- Tbe circulation of representative 
erally held, in accordance with the max- money diSera from tbat of standard 
[ma of civil and constitutional law, tbat metallic money in tbat it circulate* only 
the right of coiuing is a prerogative of within tbe diatrict or country where 
tbe state. Kven in tbe case of atate it is legally or habitually current. la 
i^ues base money has been circulated, the payment of debti to foreign mer- 
as in Knglatid in the reigns of Henry chants tbe only money which can be 
VIII and Edward V'l, but tbe attempt exported is standard metallic mooey. 
Is little likely to be repeated, the last Hence Oresbam's law bolda with regard 
of such debased issues, with tbe reluaal to paper money, which is, tike Ught and 
to redeem it at its nominal value, hav- debased coins, capable of driving out 
ing been made by a petty Uerman prince standard money. Kiamples o( tbla are 
early in the last century. In tbe matter to be found in the suspension of ipecie 
of state sDpervislun two precautions are payments by tbe Bank of England be- 
particularly necessary : 'bat tbe stand- tween 1797 and I81Q, in the history of 
■rd coins shall be issued as nearly as tbe French assignats at the time of tbe 
possible of tbe standard weight, and revolution, and in the financial biatory 
thai all coin worn below tbe least legal of the American Civil war. The variooa 
weight shall be withdrawn from circula- methods on which tbe issue of paper 
' ~ Tbe ground for these precautions money may be conducted are exceedingly 



» .„ ^ found in tbe broad general prin- numerous and a matt<'r of inlerminal.. 
dple relating to tbe circulation of debate. The state may either constitute 
money, and known as Gresham's Law, itself tbe sole issuer of representative 
tbat bad money invariably drives good money on the same lines aa tt con- 
money out of circulation, tbe heaviest stitutes itself sole issuer of metallic 
rolnM being selected for exporting, board- money, or it may allow corporations, com- 
ing, melting, conversion into jewelry, panles, or private indlvldaala to issue 
gold-Ieat, etc. The law holds good not representative money under legialatlve 
only with regard to coins in one kind of controL 

metal, bat to all kinds of money in tho The question as to the duty of a gov- 
Mme circulation, the relatively cheapen emment in this respect haa been moch 
medinm of exchange being retained in obscured by tbe want of a clear apprr- 
circnlatlon while tlie other disappears, hension of the distinction between a real 
(H the various systems of metallic cur- and a nominal currency. The doctrine 
rrncy tbe first adopted was tbat known of orthodox English writers on tbe cor- 
as nie single-legal-tender system, in rency of tbe absolute convertibility of 
wblch tbe state issued certified coins in tbe bank-note, by which is intended a 
»■« metal only. It waa fouod. however, convertibility provided for by tbe action 
iWt >a sncb cases tbe people invariably of government, is held by some writers 
i4mitated for convenience coins of other to proceed on an altogether exaggerated 
■totals, and there naturally arose out of and inaccurate noUon of the tonctloDS 
mill tbe adoption of a double or multiple of a government. Another idea, that 
IU«») Iroder system, in which coins were the issue of paper money ought to be 
iMtrj In different meiale at a fixed rate wholly controlled by government or 
^ >«HMftge. To obviate difficulties aris- ought to rest entirely upon goremiMUt 
M« tfy» th' poMesslon of two or more credit, places a high degree of faith in 
tvtr*^ «■ ntmrrent standards of value, the trastwortbiness of governments, and 
frtii I'm mnatant tendency of one or is held by many to misconceive the na- 
utluiT *v fcM-nme more valuable as metal ture and objects of a paper correwy. 
tluiu w -vrritrr, a third system, tbe com- See also Bank and Ifon^. 
buijiu-i>«*;'>ii<(>r. came Into existence, GllITent-meter (k " re n t-m § t* rl, 
uTiiil.i.L-. Or.. -rf one metal were adopted *'"*i<:"«' •"^'■" Cubeknt QAnat 
^ the nuu.<L*M nf ralne, and token coins an instrument for measuring Um vf- 
onl; iHUHl i* lb* other metals for the lodty of currenta. It may be con- 
lumiwut iif Mull amounts. The last structed In various ways, e.g., a ctDpi* 
OMliriii Ir dill* Bf/w prerslent in Grest tube which Is bent and has its lower end 
BriuLu: luM n- 4'tihlH'gal -tender sys- open to the current, tbe awenaiaa of 
l-ui ii, wliiWi lU Vrrnrh have long ad- water in the vertical part indicadtt* the 
l»-fHd. *ud wLi.i lung Misted In the Telocity of tbe current 



Currents Currents 

Currents (^ur'ents), Masine, masses fleeted in southwesterly and norlb- 
of sea- water flowing or westerly directions, respectively. It ia 
moving forward in the manner of a great to such Influences that we may, in the 
stream. They are phenomena oi the main, attribute the well-known differ- 
highest importance, both on account of ences between the climates of North 
their influence upon the climate of many America and Europe within correspond- 
maritime regions — an influence often ent parallels. Other causes, more local 
reaching far Inland — and their practical in their nature, must be looked for to 
relation to the art of navigation. These explain the origin and direction of cur- 
currents are numerous, and taken to- rents in particular cases. In the case 
gether constitute an oceanic circulation of surface or drift currents, for instance, 
the intricacy and irregularity of whose it is probable that these are largely 
form is due to the number and vari- caused by the action of winds. 1%U8 
ety of the agencies at work. Among it is to the constant drift of surface 
the theories which have been put forward water to the westward under the influ- 
to account for the existence of currents ence of the trade-wind that the equa- 
the chief place belongs to the theory of torial currents of the Atlantic and Fa- 
a circuit maintained between equatorial cific are due. In the case of the Atlan- 
and polar waters. According to this tic Ocean the westward-moving waters, 
theory there is in either hemisphere an encountering the eastward extension of 
area within which the waters of the the South American mainland, become 
ocean are colder, and hence by many de- of necessity divided into two streams, 
grees denser, than within the belt of the one of which sets to the southward 
the tropics. The natural result is a along the eastern coast of Brazil, while 
tendency of the colder and heavier water the other advances along the more north- 
to sink and to diffuse itself over the wardly portions of the South American 
lower portion of the ocean-bed, and a continent, past the outlets of the Ama- 
movement of the warmer and lighter zon and the Orinoco, and thence into 
water in the direction of the surface, the Caribbean Sea. From the latter 
over which it tends to become diffused, land-enclosed basin its course is necos- 
In other words, the colder waters will sarily into the similarly shut-in basin 
move beneath the surface in the direc- of the Mexican Gulf, whence it finally 
tion of the equator, and the warmer emerges through the narrow channel of 
waters will flow along the surface in Florida as the well-known gulf stream 
the direction of either pole. Hence, in (which see). In the case of the Pa- 
either half of the globe there are two cific Ocean there exists no such unbroken 
great and opposite currents — ^a cold cur- land barrier to the westwardly progress 
rent flowing from the pole towards the of the equatorial waters. A portion of 
equator, ana a toartn current flowing from its equatorial stream, however, is de- 
the equator in the direction of the pole, fleeted to the northward towards the 
This theory has been excellently illus- coasts of Japan (where it forms the 
t rated by Dr. Carpenter's experiment, well-known Japan stream, setting to the 
in which a trough of glass filled with northeastward, past the Kuriles^ in thu 
water and having a lump of ice at one direction of the Aleutian Islands), 
end and a heated bar of iron at the while another portion turns southwardly 
'tther exhibits a similar circulation of in the direction of Australia and New 
hot and cold currents. To this theory Zealand. To the same action of thL> 
Sir 0. Wyville Thompson opposed a winds, operating in connection with the 
theory of evaporation as the general obstacles presented by the land, diverg- 
cause of the movement, holding that in ent and counter-currents are due. Thus 
the Antarctic Ocean at least the return in the Atlantic and the Pacific there 
of moisture to the south to balance the flows between the two equatorial trade- 
cold indraught of water that comes wind currents a counter-current in ex- 
from thence takes place in a large meas- actly the opposite direction, and there is 
ure through the atmosphere. Another a similar counter-current in the Indian 

?reat general cause of currents is to be Ocean north of its sole trade- wind cur- 
ound in the axial rotation of the earth rent. Currents called indraught cur- 
eastward, by which the movement of rents are also caused by the flow of 
tropical water towards the pole is water to replace that taken away bv 
deflected eastward, and becomes in the currents due to causes already mentioned, 
northern hemisphere a northeastwardly An example of this is found on the west 
current and in the southern a southeast- coast of Africa, where an indraught cur- 
wardly one. Under the operation of the rent replaces the water blown towards 
same laws the opposite currents from the coast of South America. In tli<? 
polar latitudes to the equator are de« ca.se of inland seas evaporation deter 




tuiDi-H Ihc ilirpilion .if the surface cur- 
fn'.ii, lliv dir^itjou btiog lawanls 
*ii^rf. an in tbe JJeditrrranesa, tbe 
•-1 ■pun till a Kit.*««da tbe inllow uf fresh 
vater: aod ifutwards, as la the Bailie 
■ad ibe Black Sva. wh^^re tliere is an 
iijiiHiirite ttate of malleni. 

CorricTdnm * J;"-^'i':"'r-'.'.-°'^°: 



Cnrtiu 



CuTSOreS (knr-K>'rra) or Rdhhh*. 
inchidea the oatriph, rbea, em«ii, cum- 
warr aod apteryx. Tbe birds of tbis 
iircj^r artf distinsaUhfd bj tbeir remiirk- 
able velodtT ia mimins, the rudimuil- 



' ally. 



tiD. 






■■■vnt ovff wbich the 

iifsce the whule course of study i 

UDiTereitj neccsaarj to qualify fi 
[■articular deicree. 

Cnnie 



Euru|ieaa war he cummiinded the 1st 
Canadian Division from 1014 to 1017. In 
ike latter year he bccumc cuairaaDclcr-in- 
efJef of tbe CBDndiun Corps in Franco. 
He was made a Knight Grand Cruss of 
Kt. Michael and St. Oonr^e : olhcr honors 



.'(j-mce M"lal. Jii- wns appointed prin- ' 
rJMl of MfOill University in 1020. ; 

0njYJg James (1756-1805). a Scot- ] 
' tish physician and the earliest \ 
eHitor of B'lrtiB. Itnni In Dumfriesshire, 
ne Tisir-xl Amerios in 1771, Vi'^ In Vir- 
)rtni.i for five years snd nt thf oiithrenk 
of the wnr rctnrneil hnme. He stiirlied 
fnwlieine and won reriiwn as a doctor. 
Edite.) (irr-t Hlifion of Tlnrna in 1800. 
CtiTrv <l<ur'n, an Enslnm condiment, 
liUny „ p^„,|,,r ..-.miMod of cayenne 
inder, i^iibui'. turmeric, and 




■f/ww, t, ,_viai;viu. ■, DKK Vie* CS W 

ol the Osiricb: •". Ilmm; p. Pulu»: i^ 
\in\f. Femur, c , Foot of AiUrvx .furfroHl. 
rvn-metstsnus of tin A^Uryx. ■howici tfal 



l>r the length and strength of their ti 
The breast- bone is destitute of tbe ' 
nr keel which it 



 the 1 



Rat 



(L 



; spices. 

. (kur'i-incl 



Cnrrying ^^,,,i„^ 

skins, senlskins, etc.. principiilly for 
sb<ies, saddlery, or harness, after they 
hare rnme from the tanner. !u dress- 
inc leather for. sbi-es the lealher is 
first soaked in water tintll it is thor- 
'•iighlr wet ; then the flesh aide is shaved 
to a proper surface with a knife of pe- 
• oliar conilructinn. rectangular in form 
■'•lb two handles and a double edge. 
P-i* leather is then thrown Into tne 
■»3ii^ srain. scoured upon a stone till 
li.' white snbstance called htoom is 
'■■"ml r.nt then rubbed with a greasy 
f»'H»»iv^» and bung up to dry. When 
fl-'f-rtlr dry It is sraintd with a 
luirtl^ Inatmrnent on the flesb side and 
i-rtiif*4 'm the grain or hair side for the 
i.iirpww 'A cfteniDg tbe leather. A fnr- 
tiiw vr-jitmn of paWnj and graining 
iiirtki* it r^dy for v.axintt or coIoKnp, 
iti wliii't. i/-' md lampblack are nsed on 
Th<- fl>-Kli tri4<-- It Is then sized, dried 
nnd ixllowt^. In the process the leather 
is made sDiuotk. losmia*, mpple and 
WB t«r proof. 



rnft). 

Cnrtifl (l""r'iis), Oeoboe Wiixiak. 
V.Urua author, horn at Proridpnc. 
Rhode Island, in lS-->4: died in 1R92. In 
1S51 he published a popular work. f!'h 
.Vote, of a Hoitadii, and In 1852 Tf-f 
Howadft in Syria. Later works were 
I.otut Eatinff, The foUpKar Faprr: 
Prue and I and Tmmp*. He became 
popular as an orator. In 1850 be coo- 
npcted himself with tbe New York Tri- 
Aune; In 1853 with Harvrr'i UontUf. 
In 1^7 he became tbe editor of ffor- 
pi-r"! Wfeklg. and of Harper't Bear in 
18<n'. He was an earnest adyocale of 
civil service reform. 
PiiTH-nB (knrt'se-ug1, Eunbt. a Oer- 
liHrailB ^»^ Hellenist, bom in 1814: 
risitcd Athens and the PeloponnMus tn 
1837 to make antirguarian researches: 
returned to his native country In 1840; 
snnointed tutor to Princt Frederick 
William ; sncceeded Hermann as profei' 
BOr at OOttineen In 18W. Of bli works. 
wbich all relate to Greek antiontties. flie 
best known is the Fitteirn of Grrrrr, 
which has hern pnblisbed in English. 
Died in 180R. 

rni+f-nn RmM. brother nf tt>" nre- 
UmnilS, jp^j^j ^ distingnlahed phll- 



i 



SIR ARTHUR VILLUU CmtSIB 

n forca on the WHtern Fiont in th* Great Wu, 
Piindpdof McGillUnlveiiityia 1910. 



Curtius CusMng 

ologist, notable for his application of ter that he devoted much of his time to 
the comparatiye method to the study bringing the new method before the pub« 
of the Greek and Latin languages. He lie by lectures, publications, and the es- 
was born at Labeck in 1820, and in tablishment of a tonic sol-fa association 
1862 became professor of classical phil- and college. He died May 26, 1880. 
plogy at Leipzig. He died in 1885. Of fliirTAlfl. (kur'dzo-la), the most beautl- 
his works, a Oreek Chrammar^Prinoiplea ^***«*v"* ful of the Dalmatian Islands, 




^ Marcus^ a noble Roman ered in many places with magnificent 
youth, who, according to the legend, timber. The fisheries are very produc- 
piunged with horse and armor into a tive. Pop. 20,000. 

chasm which had opened in the forum fiii rvn-n (kur'zon), op Keoleston, 
(b.c. 362), thus devoting himself to ^•**^""' George Nathaniel, Earl 
death for the good of his country, a (1859- ), a British statesman, bom at 
soothsayer having declared that the dan- Kedleston. Derbyshire. He was viceroy 
gerous chasm would only close if what of India 1889-1905; member of imperial 
was most precious to Rome were thrown war cabinet 1910. He wrote Problems of 
into it. the Far Easty University Reform, War 

Curtius KnfuS Q^^^tus, a Roman Poems and Other Translatiotis, Subjects 
wt^w M.oM»t^u.oy writer, author of a of the Day ^ etc. 

History of Alexander the Qreat, in ten HnQhlTicr (kush'ing), a city of Payne 
books, the first two of which are lost. ^**»*""5 Co.. Oklahoma, 53 miles n. 
Hia style is florid, and his narratives E. of Oklahoma, in an oil, cotton and gas 
have more of romance than of historical district, with refineries, gins, compress, 
certainty. Nothing certain is known of etc. Pop. (1920) 6326. 
his life. Cusllill? (kUsh'ing), Caleb, states- 

Curnle Magistrates ^^'^Z ^5 U» *^ »_ . o i^'k'' and^^ipiomaust. wa« 

wMAtMw .«*.«»^A»«A«»vw» ^j^^j^j^^ Rome, born at Salisbury, Massachusetts, in 
the highest dignitaries of the state, dis- 1800; died in 1879. He studied law and 
tinguished from all others by enjoying the was admitted to the bar in 1823, visiting 
P'-ivilege of sitting on ivory chairs {sella Europe soon after and publishing Rem- 
curules) when engaged in their public iniscences of Spain, and Historical and 
functions. The curule magistrates were Political Review of the Revolution in 
the consuls, prietors, censors and chief France, He served in Ck>ngress 1835-43; 
»dlles, who, to distinguish them from the was appointed secretary of the treasury 
plebeian lediles, were called curule. in 1843, but not confirmed by the Senate ; 

Cnrve (^urv; Latin, curvus, crooked), in 1844 negotiated the first treaty of the 
a line which may be cut by United States with China, and in 1847 
a straight line in more points than one; took part in the Mexican war, rising in 
a line in which no three consecutive rank to bri^adiei^generaL In 1852 be 
points lie in the same direction. The was made a justice of the Supreme Ck)urt 
doctrine of curves and of the figures and of Massachusetts; was Attorney-General 
solids generated from them constitutes of the United States 1853-57; in 1872 
what is called the higher geometry, and was United States counsel at Geneva in 
forms one of the most interesting and the Alabama Claims arbitration ; in 1873 
important branches of mathematical was minister to Spain, and in 1874 was 
science. Curve lines are distinguished nominated by President Grant Chief 
into algebraical or geometrical and Justice of the United States Supreme 
transcendental or mechanical. The va- Court, but was not confirmed, 
rieties of curves are innumerable ; that Cusllill? Frank Hamilton, etiinolo- 
is, tney have different degrees of bending ^ •*"•*""&> gigt, was born at Northeast, 
or curvature. The curves most generally Pennsylvania, in 1857. In 1875 he was 
referred to, besides the circle, are the engaged by Professor Baird to make col- 
eUipse, the parabola and the nyperbola, lections of Indian relics for the Na- 
to which may be added the cycloid. tional Museum, and in 1879 accompanied 

Cnrwen (^ur'wen), John, an English Major Powell's expedition to New Mex- 
musician, the chief promoter ico, and here for six years dwelt in a 
of the tonic sol-fa method of teaching to village of the Zufii Indians, learning 
sing, was bom November 14, 1816. He their language and traditions and ;?ain- 
became a minister of tiie Independent ing initiation into their secret religious 
Church, and became acquainted with ceremonief^ His researches among the 
Miss Glover's sol-fa system while visit- ancient ruins in this region were of great 
in^ that lady's school at Norwich. Af- importance. In 1895 he discovered re- 




Gyanotype Process 



eir style tbaa for prafound knowledge rvnmV SpriAS (Kl-un'ik), in botanr. 

Id elevated Bpeculalion, w*rc attended *'?»""' 061168 \ ^^ri^,''^[ ,^]o„ f^ 

' all the accomplished society of Paris, flowprs of which blue ia tlie tjpc, passine 

I JaDDary, 1800, be was apDoiDted to Iho iuto rod or white, but never into yellow. 

Dllfege de FraDce. Under Nauoleoo, wh» It is distinguished from the zonlAtt scr- 

lly recognized liis merits, Cuvier held ics, of wliii'h the type is ypllow, passing 

iportaDt offices in the departmi'ut of into ri'd and white, but never into blu«. 



la 1819 he was re- nvfl.TliHp (sl'a-nid), a romblniition 
ived among the forty membe™ of tlie ^y»»iae ^, p, 
rench Academy, lie died at Taris in lie base 



t of the *;'J»"*"^ of cyanogen wilh a metal- 



Among the i ._ 

bich he fjreatly eitended the study c- -- , 

itural history we may mention Re- of the violet, cornaower, etc. It is Ci- 
erchei sur lei OetemenM FoiiUes; Dii- tracted from tbe petals by alcohol. 
«r (Br let BSvoliiUon$ de la Buriaco CvfLiiii^ "' Ktamitb (sra-nlt, ki'a- 
la Olobe; Lccom d'Anatomie Com- ^J*'-^*'^! ntt), a mineral of the garnet 
rie: Huloire Nalurelle dei Poimani; family fonnd boto massive and in rsgular 

I Rigne Animal, the last a general view crystals. Its prevailing color is blue, bat 
tbe aniinal kingdom, in which all ani- of varying shades. It is found only In 

lis were divided into the four great primitive rocks. 

isaes; Vertebrata, Mollusca, Articulate rvanncrpn (sl-an'o-jen], a compoand 
d RBdiata.~Ilis brother FRfiotBia »JJ'"'""6'=" radical composed ot one 
573-1838) was also a naturalist of no atom of carbon and one of nitrogen; 
»n order. symbol, CN (or Gy). It is a gaa of a 

axh&VeiL (knkaliH'fen), a (icmiaii strong and peculiar odor, resembling that 
Renpnrt. bathing place of crushed peacb leaves, and burning with 
A pilot station in Ilnmburg territory on a rich, purple flame. Il is irrcspirable 
e North Sea at the mouth of the BIbr. and highly poisooous. It unites ¥rith 
lere in a gonl barhor. Pop. 14.888. oxygen, hydrogen, and most non-metallic 

1T&1)& (ko-yA-bS'l, a city of Miittn elements, and also with the metals, form- 
■' (JroKso, Brazil, on Cuynbft ing cyanides. Combined with h.vdrogen 

ver. Pop. 17.815. it forms prussic (hydrocyanic) acid. 

ivnhnt^a. Fflllx (kl'a-hfl'ga). n vil- See I'ruino Acid. 

lyanoga rails ] „j summit Cvanometer f^*-""""'^"^: '■"«* 

... Ohio. 5 miles n. e. of Akmn. on thf vjanomeier ^^^j. ^f |,[yp.j ^^ ^^ 
lyahogn River. It has msniifactures ot name of an instrument invented by 
in ami rubber gooilK. paper bags, flonr. Sausaure for ascertaining the intensity of 
p. (iniO) 4020; (1920)10.200. color in the sky. It consists of a circular 

ITD (^"'PK Albebt. See Kutp. piece of metal or pastelwiard, with a band 

' •^ divided by radii into fifty -one portions, 

• sAQ (kiiz'k5), an ancient city in each of which is painted with a shade of 
""'" Peru, capital of a department blue, beginning with the deepest, 
the same name, is situated in a wide distinguishable from black, and derr... 
ley about 11.300 feet above sea-level, in^ gradually to the lightest, not diatin- 
weeu the Apurimac and Urubamba. guishable from white. The observer holds 
e bouses are built of slooe, covered tbls np between himself and tbe sky, turn- 
th red tiles, and are many of them of ing it gradually round till he nnd the 
. era of tbe Incas. The ruins of tbe tint of tbe instrument eiactly corre- 
tress built by the Incas, a stupendous spending to tb« tint of the sky. 
^cimen of cyclopean architecture, are CvanOBis (^''B'nO'sis), a condition in 

II to l>e seen, as well as other massive ^'J""""" which, from lack of proper 
cimens of ancient Peruvian architec- aeration, the blood is blue instead of red; 
e. The inhabitants manufacture sugar, hence called tbe blue disease ; the bine 
p, cotton and woolen goods, etc. jaondiee of the andents. It is sometimes 
ere is a universitv. a cathedral, etc. dne to malformation of the heart, wherrtiy 
SCO is the most ancient of the Peruvian the venous snd arterial currents mingle. 
ea, and was at one time the capital of (IvflTintvTlP ProfiPSS (sl-an'6-tlp).a 

empire ot the Incas. In 1534 it was ^yanotype .rroCCSS ^ ^ otogranhic 



miles: pop. ^.OflO. architects and enginpers for copying 

'ATniiti (sl'a-mnoj, a genns of plans, produdng an Image with white 

nuiUB Crustacea, tbe species of lines upon a blue ground. Sensitive 
ich are parasites on the whale. They paper U made by bmsblog it over with a 

called Wkal^liee. soiatlon of ferric oxalate (10 jr. to the 



Cutclierry Guvier 



for being 



Gntclierrv (l^uchVri), in the East qupnched, and is then ready 

J' Indies, a coirrt of justice ground and polished, 
or public office. Cnttack (I'ut'tak), a town of Hindu- 

fin fnli n>iiTiHavsi ( gun-da' va), a di- ^"••'<^*'*^ gtan, in Orissa, on the right 
\^Uli011 UUUaavii ^•J^.^j^ ^^ Belucbis- bank of the Mahanuddy, 60 miles from 
tan, in the northeast ; area, 10,000 sq. its embouchure and 230 b. s. w. Calcutta 
miles; pop. 100,000. It has little trade, and is known mainly 

Hn^liViArf (kuth'bert), St., a celo- for its beautiful filigree work in gold 
UUbUUCiTb trated leader in the early and silver. Pop. 51,3tH. The district of 
English Church, was born, according to Cuttack has an area of 3t)54 sq. miles, 
the tradition, near Melrose about 635. It is well watered, and rice, pulse, sugar. 
He bedune a monk, and in 604 was ap- spices, dyestuffs, etc., are grown along 
pointed prior of Melrose, which after the coast, which is low and marshy, and 
some years he quitted to take a similar wheat and maize in the hill regions, 
charge in the monastery of Ldndisfarne. On the coast salt is extensively manu- 
Still seeking a more ascetic life, Cuth- factured. Pop. 2,062,758. 
bert then retired to the desolate isle of Gixtter (^ut'^r), a small vessel, fur- 
Fame. Here the fame of his holiness ^***'«'^^ nished with one mast, and a 
attracted many great visitors, and he was straight running bowsprit which may be 
at last persuaded to accept the bishopric run In upon deck. It differs from th% 
of Hexham, which he, however, resigned sloop in having no stav to support its jib. 
two years after, again retiring to his nnfflA-hniiP (kut'l), the dorsal plate 
hermitage in the island of Fame, where ^»*>'«'*'5 ounc ^^ g^^^ oifioinaiit, 
he died in 687. The anniversary of his formerly much used in medicine as an 
death was a great festival in the English absorbent, but now used for polishing 
Chnrch. wood, painting, varnishing, etc., as also 

Cuticle (k&'tl-kl), the epidermis or for pounce and tooth-powder, and for 
vuiauj.c outermost layer of the skin, canary-birds on which to sharpen their 
a thin, pellucid, insensible membrane that beaks. 

covers and defends the true skin. flnfflA-finli ^^ OephalopoAa, Bquid 

CntlR (kil'tis), in anatomy, a dense re- ^ **•'"«? "»"• and Sepia. 
VUU.D gigting membrane of a flexible fJllttv-stool (^^"^0. a low stool, the 
and extensible nature, which forms the ^ »*''*' J oww* ^^qqI of repentance, a 
general envelope of the body; it is next seat formerly set apart in Presbyterian 
below the cuticle, and is often called the churches in Scotland, on which offenders 
tme skin. against chastity were exhibited before the 

fntlfUia (kutlas), a short sword used congregation and submitted to the minis- 
vutxaos jjy geamen. A guard over ter's rebukes before they were readmitted 
the hand is an advantage. It is, if well to church privileges, 
understood, a very effectual weapon in Cutwater ^^^ sharp part of the bow 
close contact; on account of its short- ^»*««'«''»^*> of a ship, so called because 
ness it can be handled easily, and yet is it cuts or divides the water, 
long enough to protect a skilfiU swords- PnfixTAmi s^ny worm or grub which 
man. i/UtWOnu, .^ destructive to cultivated 

PnflArv (kutler-i), is a term applied plants, as cabbage, corn, beans, etc. 
vubxcxjr ^o all cutting instruments fj^vier (kUv-yft), Geoboes LfiopoLP 
made of steel. The finer articles, such as ^"^^-^^^ Chretien Fr£d£ric DAGa 
the best scissors, penknives, razors and bebt, Baron, a distinguished modern 
lancets are made of cast-steel. Table- naturalist, was born in August, 1769, at 
knives, plane-irons, and chisels of a very Montb41iard, then belonging to the duchy 
superior kind are made of shear-steel, of Wttrtemberg. After stuoying at Stutt- 
while common steel is wrought up into eart he became a private tutor in the 
ordinary cutlery. One of the commonest family of Count d*H6ricy, in Normandy, 
articles of cutlery, a razor, is made as where he was at liberty to devote his 
follows: — ^The workman, being furnished leisure to natural science, and in partic- 
with a bar of cast-steel, forges his ular to zoology. A natural classification 
blade from it. After being brought into of the vermes or worms was his first 
true shape by filing, the blade is exposed labor. The ability and knowledge shown 
to a cherry-red heat and instantly in this work procured him the friendship 
quenched in cold water. The blade is of the greatest naturalists of France, 
tnen tempered by first brightening one lie was invited to Paris, established at 
side and then heating it over a fire free a central school there, and was received 
from fiame and smoke, until the bright by the Institute as a member of the first 
surface acquires a straw color (or it class. His lectures on natural history, 
may be tempered differently). It is again distinguished not less for the elegance of 




'olobranchiata Cyclopt 

lone b; a skills c^J'cliBl ia the journey can lie maile to returd and locate «vrrj 
L2,D00 mil^H performed by Mr. ThomaH iapquality in the ruadbed of a railroad. 
vena acroaa tbe coDtlnenta oF Amer- PTrnlnt^ PibVi^b an order ol fiabM 
Europe and Aaia on a bicycle, ^y""^*^ ' ""''''' according to th« a r- 
nmencing in April, 18S4, be crossi^ rungpinent of AgsHsiz, baring amoolb, 
t America, then Europe. tbfQ Aaia, round, or oval ai-ales, &■ tbe aalmon and 
ahlng at Yokobama in Japan in Oe- herring. Tbe acales are formed of con- 
iber of tbe name year. Motor cycles, tpntric layers, not covered wilb enamrl 
red by gasoline en|;iDPH. have come into and not Htiinoua on tbe margini ; tbey 
imon use. The bicycle and tbe motor- are generally Imbricated, but are Bome- 
le are employed In military and police times placed side by side without over- 
rice. See Biey<:le and Tricycle. lapping. 

olobranohiata (rtitio-brang-ki-a'- Cyclone (»''ki»»>. » circular or rou- 

vHTumuvAuuim tal.an order of "/"■'""s* tory atorm or system of winds, 

-^ "" "e« in dUm- 

 wbicb ad- 
nces at a rate that may be aa high aa 
.... ' miles an bour, and towards wbich 

■lata principally of the limpets. the winds tend. Cyclone* of greatest 

flloitl ("Ikloid: Gr. cvolos, drcle), violence occor witbia the tropics, and 
vxviXM. ^ curve generated by a point tbey revolve in oppodte directions in tbe 
:he plane of a circle when tbe circle Is two hemispheres — in tbe aouthern with, 
ed along a straight line and kept al- and in the northern against, the hands 
rs in the same plane. Tbe genesis of a watch — in conseouence of which, 
the cominoii cycloid may be conceived and the progresdon of the center, the 
imagining a nail in the circumference atrength of the storm in the northern 
1 carriage-wheel : tbe corves which tbe hemisphere is greater on the snutb of 
1 descrihes while the wheel rani for- the line oi progression and smaller nn 
■d are ejcloids. Tbe cycloid is the tbe north than It would if tbe center 
ve of swiftest descent ; that Is, a heavy were stationary, the case being reversvl 
y descending by the force of Its own in the southern hemisphere. An onli- 
vlty will move from one point of this cyclone is a storm of opposite cliaracttr, 
ve to any other point ui less time the general tendency of the winds In it 
a it will take to move in any other being awny from the center, while it also 
ve which can he drawn between these shifts within comparatively small limits 
ats. Also, a body falls through any Cyclones are preceded by a singnlar calm 
of an inverted cycloid in the same and a great fall of the barometer, 
e whether the arc be great or amsll. Cvcloilffidia (*>-klS-I*'<H-«). See Bn- 
tbe figure let the drcle of which tbe ' "^^ ^^ cyclopedia. 

Cyclopean Work. ;S,t^l;,S 

tare, masonry constructed with huge 
blocks of stone unhewn and nn cemented, 
found in Greece, Sicily, Asia Minor, Peru, 
etc, A similar style of work is to Iw 
found in tbe British Isles, as the Rock of 
t.'ashel in Ireland or tbe I-aws near 
meter is AB make one revolution upon Brougbty-Ferry in Scotland, 
slraigbt line aba. equal in length to p-irfiinTifl (siklops: Gr. KfUipi. Itler- 
i-ircumferenoe, then the curved line ^3^^"}>a ally round-eyed. pi. KvIMpm; 
I. traced out by that point of the in English the word is used as a singular 
■le which was in contact with the or a plural). In Greek myths, a fabled 
it A in tbe straight line when the race of one-eyed jtianta. tbe sons of 
le began to revolve is called a cycloid. Urfinus and Q6 (Heaven and Earth), 
> length of the cycloid is four times slain by Apollo. They were often repre' 
diameter of the generating circle, and seoted aa a numerous race living in 
area three times the area of this Sicily and rearing cattle and sheep. Of 
le. This line is very important In the nuch Is the Cyclops of Ibe Odyuep. 
tier branches of mecbantcs. I.ater traditions describe them as the aerv- 

cldmeter ("'-k'o'n'p-t*''), an appa- nnta of Vulcan working under Xtna. 
ratuB for raeaBurlng and and engaged in forging armor and thnn- 
nrdlng tbe distances traversed by derbolts. — Cyctojtt ia likewise the generic 
^led vehicles and bicycles. It is also name of a certain minute Crustacean. 
1 in railroading. It ia purely auto- order Branchlopoda. having but one eye. 
tic, and by an Ingenloua attachment situated in tbe middle of its forehead. 



(Ml\ 



Cyclostomi 



Cynewulf 



Gvclostomi (sS-klos'tO-mi), Ctolos- 

ta), an order of cartilaginous fishes hav- 
ing cii*cular mouths, as the lamprey. 
Called also Marsipohranchia. 

Cyder, See Oder. 

GydnilS (sld'nus), a river in Gilicia, 
•^ rising in the Taurus Moun- 

tains, anciently celebrated for the clear- 
ness and coolness of its waters. 

Gydonia (si-dO'ni-a). See Quince. 

Gv^nua l^^^'^^us; *the Swan'), one 
JB*^^" of Ptolemy's northern con- 
stellations. Within this constellation is 
one of the richest portions of the Milky 
Way. 

Gvlinder (sU'ln-d^r), a geometrical 
•^ solid which, in popular lan- 

guages, may be described as a long, round, 
solid body, terminating in two llat, cir- 
cular surfaces which are equal and par- 
allel. There is a distinction between 
right cylinders and ohUque cylinders. In 
the first case, the axis — that is, the 
straight line joining the center of the two 
opposite bases — must be perpendicular, 
and it may be regarded as described bv 
the revolution of a rectangular parallel- 
ogram round one of its longer sides (the 
axis) ; in the second, the axis must form 
an angle with the inferior base. — In 
steam engines, the cylinder is the cham- 
ber in wnich the force of the steam is 
exerted on the piston. 

Cylindrical Lens i,»U;"''4j?^«'>-„* 

faces are cylindrical, instead of spherical, 
which is usually the case. A convex cyl- 
indrical lens brings the image of a source 
of light to a focus in a line instead of in 
a point. They are usually plano-^ylin- 
dricQl; that is, cylindrical on one side and 
flat on the other. 

Cylindrical Vaulting, [^4f ^*; 

most ancient mode of vanlting, called also 
a wagon, barrel or tunnel roof. It is a 
plain half-cylinder without either groins 
or ribs. 

rhrllpTiA (sil-lf'n^) a mountain of 
VrjriiCliC g^nthern Greece, 7789 feet 
high. 

/Jyivio (sT'ma), in 
\/juxA architpcture.a 
wavy molding the prr>- 
file of which is made 
op of a curve of con- 
trary fl«»xnre, either 
concave at top and 
convex at bottom or 
the rev#*nie. In the 
first caste it in calM a 
cymm reeim; in the sacond a rymm re- 





versa. It is a member of the cornice, 
standing below the abacus or corona. 

Cvmbals (s^Q^'baiB)* musical instru- 
^ ments consisting of two 

basins of brass with a plane periphery, 
which emit a ringing sound when struck 
together. They are military instruments, 
but are now frequently used in orches- 
tras. 

Gvnie (,^'°^)* ^^ botany, a mode of in- 
^ florescence in which the princi- 

pal axis terminates in a flower, and n 
number of secondary 

axes rise from thei 
primary, each of these 
terminating in a 
flower, while from 
these secondary axes 
others mav arise ter- 
minating in the same 
way, and so on, giving Cyme, 

a flat-topped or rounded mass. Examples 
may be found in the common elder and 
the Caryophyllacee. 

Cvmri C*'*™'")* a branch of the Celtic 
"^ family of nations which ap- 

pears to have succeeded the Gaels in the 
great migration of the Celts westwards, 
and to have driven the Gaelic branch to 
the west (into Ireland and the Isle of 
Man) and to the north (into the High- 
lands of Scotland), while they themselves 
occupied the southern parts of Britain. 
At a later period thev were themselves 
driven out of the Ix>wlands of Britain by 
the invasions of the Angles, Saxons and 
Jutes, and compelled to take refuge in 
the mountainous regions of Walcfi, Corn- 
wall and the northwest of Kngiand. 
Wales may now be regarded as the chief 
seat of the Cymri. 

Cynanche ^«n-an«^f )..a name given 
•^ "'^ to several diseases of the 

throat or windpipe, such as quinsy, crorip, 

etc 

rjyilAwo ^kin'a-ra), a genus of Com- 
jucua p^,j,it^^ in many respects like 

the thistle. The two best-known sperHes 
are the artichoke and the cardoon. 

v/ucwuix g^^jj ^^ ^j.,y English 

poet, whose name we only know from its 
being given in rones in the poems at- 
tributed to him. viz. Elene { * Helena ' > . 
the legend of the discovery of the true 
cross ; Jmliama, the story of the martyr of 
that name: and CrUt ('Cnirist'), a Ion? 
poem incomplete at the beginning. Th«> 
name Cynewulf also occurs as the solution 
of one of the metrical riddles in the Anglo- 
Saxon collection. Other poems, the Art- 
drea9, the Wmnderer, the ffeirfarer, etc.. 
have he^n a^icnh^ to him witbotit snffJ^ 
cient gronnds. fyn^wnlf prohahly live<! 
in the first half of the eightb century. 



io8 Cypress 

I bia poems we outy (Btber that be range of hilli la TbesMl;, memorable for 
: the earlier part of bis life bb a two battles fougbt thera in ancient tlmeB. 
lering minstrel, devoting tbe later to Tbe lirBt was in B.C. 3U4, between tbe 
rotnpositiun ot the rerigious poema Tbabans and Alexander uf FberK, In 
H!tcd witb his name. whicb I'etoiiidss was slain ; and the sec- 

jns |sia'ilis)i a sect of philuso' ond in B.C. 1ST, in wbich the last Philip 
pliers among the ancient of Slacedon was defeated by the Roman 
ia, founded b; Antisthenes. a scholar consul Flamininus. 

ucrates. at Athens, about 380 B.C. flTrnnsnm I s In 0-s Q'r a ) , CTNOSU«a 
a one-sided develo[>- "^y^UBlira ^^^^_ , ^^^.^ i^u'), an old 



mpt iif arts, sciences. 

lie social civilization of mi:. mi;; l*mith1T1B isiu lui-uhi, b surusue tn 

Vir.ue to consiBt in entire sell- ^yHt^lUS Apollo, from Mount Cyn- 

I and independence of external cir- thus, island of Delos, on whicb be wai 

tances. In time this attitude de- born. For the same reason Diana, hit 

ated into a kind of pbilusupbic aav- sister, is called Cynthia. 

r and neglect ot decency, and tbe PtmB-raita^ (sl-p^r-u'se-^). the sedges, 

M fell into contpmpt. L-yperaCBK ^ natural order o( mono- 

lin (si'nip). the gallBy, a genua of colyledonous planta including fully aOOO 

^Jr hymenopteroUH insects remark- known species. The members of this or- 

fur their extremely minute bead and der are grassy or rush-like plants, gener- 

. elevated thorax. The females are ally growing in muist places on the mar- 

ded with an ovipositor by wbich gins of lakes and streams. Their stem is 

make holes where ibey deposit their a cylindrical or triangular culm with or 

in different jiarts of plants, thus without knots: the leaves are sheathing. 

icing those eicrescenees which are They are of little or no economical nse, 

n as galls. The gall of commerce with the exception of VypiTu* papDrtu. 

ia manufDcluring ink ia caused by whicb furnished tbe papyrus of Egypt. 



„ „. „ , -a the .-. 

The Cpnipi ruga, or bedeguar gall- They are herbs with compresai-d sijikeleti 

>roduces tbe hairy exeri'scences seen of many flowers, found in cold climates 

ibe rosebush and the sweet-brier, and cbaracterixtMl by the possessii 

ilrdrguar. bisexual flowers, Several kinds ari 



lOCephalUS <;;„", 7" ''^;-Vab^;,„s'! w^'s'f hut'1tS»°eten[w''t'L"t' watef be 

rtoboon. freely supplied as tbe species are mootly 

,<.»lA<iBiim (si - nO - glos'um), nativea of swampy districts. C, atlrr- 

LOglOSSUm Vound-s-tongue, a m/oHu«, the umbrelU palm, ia useful In 

» of plants, nat order Boraginacea-, aquaria. , , , . .. 

Hting of herbs from the temperate PTmrPRR (si pres), a genus of conifer- 

I C offleiuale and V. moatanum ^Jif'^^'" oua trees. The Vuprrt,mi 

British plants. Tbe former has a Krmperilreiu, or common European c.v- 

■reettble smell like that from mice, press, is a dark-colored evergreen with 

was at one lime usi-d as a remedy extremely small leaves, entirely covering 

rofula. There ore about fifty other the branches. It has a guadranguUr or. 

^. all i.niir<ie plants. where I he top branches diminish in length. 

j_ r _.-._.,-.•_ 1 ., _v . ij_i g[.a]ip. (Cypress- trees, though 

„ „. r - - -'What somber and gliwmy ap- 

 Cynomoriaceff. C. cocctneum. tbe parance. may he used with great effect 

lit meliteniU ot the old herbalists. Is in sbrubberiea and gardens. They are 

nail plant wbich grows in Sicily, mueb valued also on account of their 

a and Uozo. and was valued as an wood, which is bard, compact, and very 

ngent and styptic in dysentery and durable, of a reddish color and a pleasant 

irrbage. smell. It was used at funerals and as 

inMlVPa (Bl-nu-sar'jfi:>. in ancient en emblem of mourning by the anc'ienta. 

LOSargeS Athens, a gymnasium in Among other members of tbe renus atv 

b Antisthenes, the founder of the the Indian cyijress iC. a)aura'i : the C. 

tuughL prndiln, a native of T'hina and .lapao : 

. . , «.._.*. — 1. -_j .1.. « ihvriffra. or iocen-- ' '-- 

. native of Mexico ; 



Cyprian 



,. -J cyprpsa or Wbite Cedar 

(0, tht/oidea). eto. The Tiuodium- dii- 
tichum, or dpciduous cypress of the 
United States and Mexico, is frequently 



Cnmm (Cup 



called the Virginiao cyprets. Ita timber 
i* valuable, and under water is alntoat 
imperishable. la parts of the United 
States this cypress coDStituteB forests 
hundreds of miles in extent. 
Cvnrilln (sip'ri-an), St., a father of 
v/yimil ,^g African Church, born at 



About 24fi he wna converted tt 

(ianity, when he diRtriblited his property 
among the ponr, and bezan to live in 
the grpsCeal abstinence. The church in 
Carthage soon chose him preBbyter, and 
in 248 tie was made bishop. During the 

Krseoutions under Deoius and Valerian 
had twice to leave Carthaice. but con- 
tinued by hia extensive correspondence to 
EDvern the African Church, tie was be- 
eaded in 258, for having preached the 
gospel in his gardens at Carthage. 
Among his wntinga are eighty-one 
EpUloUs or official letters, besideB several 
-Torlts 0- -■-—"-- 



abdominal fishes, characterized by a small 
mouth, feeble jawa, gill-rays tew in num- 
ber; body covered with scales; and no 
dorsal adipose fin. such as is poaBessed by 
the sllares and the salmon. The members 
are the lesst carnivorous of fishes. They 
Suclude the carps, harels, tenches, 
breams, loaches, etc. The type genus is 
Cifprinua. 

Cyprinodontida %:^^\'^r^'% 



Gypms 

malacuplerygiouB fishes, allied to tho 

Cyprinidffi, or carps. 

Cvnrinns (si-pri'nus), the carp genus 

Cyprinids (which see(. 

Cypripendinm fcl'LiipS'."",!: 

nuB of plants of the nat. order Orcbidacea?. 
Three species are natives of the United 
States. C. arieiinum, the ram's-head, 
is found from Canada to Vermont. One 
species (C. calceoiui) is a native of 
Britain. 

Cvnris (sip'ria), a genus of minute 
vj jiA.Aa fresh- water crustaceans popu- 
larly known as waterQeas. They have 
the body enclosed in a delicate shell and 
swim by means of cilia. The Cypris is 
t-ommun in stagnant pools, and is very 
often found in a fossil state. 
Cvnms isl'prus), an island lying to 
ijjprua ji,^ ^m^ ^f ^gj^ Minor, and 
the moat easterly in the Med i terra neau. 
Its greatest length is 145 miles, maximum 
breadth about 60 miles; area. 35S4 sq. 
miles. The chief features of its surface 
ranges, both stretchiDg 



the long northeastern horn or prolonga- 
tion of the island, the other and more 
massive (Mount Olympus) occupying a 
great part of the south of the island, and 
rising in Tro5dos to 6090 feet Between 
them is the bare and mostly uncultivated 
plain called Messaria. There ia a defi- 
ciency of water. The climate is in general 
healthy. The forests are now under 
([overument supervision, and the island 
IS esteemed one of the richest and most 
fertile in the I^evanL Agriculture is 
the principal industry. Locusts formerly 
caused considerable damage to crops, 
but are now nearly extinct. Wheat, 
barley, cotton, tobacco, olives, raisins and 
carobs are the most important vegetable 
products. Tbe wine is famous. Silk- 
worms are reared, and a coarse kind of 
Bilk is woven. Salt in large quantities is 
produced. The minerals are valuable ; 
the copper mines (the name copper is de- 
rived from that of this island) , were 
andently a source of great wealth. A 
recent attempt to work them has met 
with failure. Large numbers of sheep and 

SiatB are reared on the extensive pasture 
nds of the island. The principal towns 
are Lefkosia or Nicosia, tbe capital, the 
only considerable inland town, and the 
seaports Lamaca and Limassol. The 
chief exports are carobs, wine and cotton, 
with cheese, raisins, cocoons, wool, etc. 

After belonging successively to tha 
Phsniclans, Greets, Egypt, Persia and 



!^; 



)selna Cynllian Letters 

Q Eiypt, Cypms In B? b-c. became CvrRTiP (ii-rft'ne), In ancient time* 

oniao province, and passed as BUfh "J*""-** a celebrated dty in Afnn, 

he eastern division ttl the empire, about ti> miles from the north coast, 

l&l It was bestowed by Bicbard of founded by Battus aad a body of Dorian 

land <wbo bad conqnered It when colonists, B.C 631. Numerous Intereatloc 

ged Id tbe third crusade) on Gny remains have been dlacovered here. The 

.nslgnan, and after bis line was ex- town now ur;cupyinK the site of the 

t It fell into the hands of the aocieDt Cyrene is a. miserable place in 

>tians (1489), with whom It re- the vilayet of Barca. See Cifrenaie*. 

led tin it wsB conquered by tbe rvril (air'il), tbe name of three saiuta 

ts in 1571 and annexed to the ^J*** or fathers of the Chriatlan 

man Empire. In 187S it was placnl church. 1. Ctbil of Jekubaleh, bom 

r the control of Grpat Britain by a tbere about the year 315 a-d.. was 

y whicb recof^nlzcd the sovereignty of ordained presbyter in 345, and In 3S0 or 

Sultnn and granted to Turkey a H[>eci- 3S1 became Patriarch of Jeruaalem. He 

lubaldy, which, however, was not paiil engaged in a warm controversy with 

^ly but retained aa an offset against Acacias, tbe Arian Bishop of Onsarea, 

isb claimn on the Ottoman Emiiire, by whose artifices he was more than once 

the European war Cyprus was deposed from his episcopal dignity. He 

cied by Britain (1014). died in 386 or 388. We have some writ- 

^ IK become very proaperous inss composed by blm. 

UK recent yearn. Modem roads, bar- 2. Cvbil of Alexahdua was educated 

works and schools have been buill. by hig uncle Theophilus, Patriarcb of 

irrigation schemes have aided in the Alexandria, and in 412 a.d. succeeded 

loiiment of agricultural industry. The him as patriarch. In this position his 

'  ' lissioner ambitloua spirit brought the Christians 

lembers. into violent quarrels. At the head of the 

inted to populace he assailed the .lews, destri>yed 

iiv.iBJUi iui|Kirij<. r-i,-ni'i,\rvr. Pop. tlifir hcuses and their furniture, and drove 

11), eetimated, 275,000. of whnm more them oul of tbe city. Orestes, the pre- 

I three-fourths Iielong to the ('ypriote feet, having complained of such violenoe, 

ich of the Greek Orthodox Church. was attacked by 500 furious monks. Tb" 

•Baina (Hlp'se-lua). a genua of Bssassination of Hypatia, the learned 

jBCAua birds, type of the family lecturer on geometry and philosophy, took 

selidie, includiog the swifts and their place, it la said, at the instigation of 

eners. One peculiarity in this family CyriL His quarrel with Nestorins. and 

hat the hind toe is turned forward with John, Patriarch of Antioch, regard- 

g with the Ihree anterior toes. ing the twofold nature of Chnst con- 

• (afr), St.. a French village In the vulsed tbe church, and much blood was 
deparlmirnt of tbe Selne-and-Oise, shed between the rival factions at the Goun- 

Bgue west of Versailles; famous for oil of Ephesus In 431, the emperor haviog 

aeminary for the education of ladiea at last to send troops to disperse tfaem. 

ank which Louis XIV founded here. Cyril closed bia restleas career In 444. 

ing tbe revolution this Institution was 3. St. Ctbii., ' tbe Apostle ol the 

• away with, and the fine buildings Slavs,' a native of TbessalonJca. He 
1v convertHi Into a military scbool converted tbe ChaEara. a people of Hun- 
SlapoleoD (1803). Pop. of the com- nisb stock, and the Bulganans. about 
e, 4253. A.r>. 860. He died about Snis. He was 
p«nai<>o ( si-re- nii'i-ka), once a tbe inventor of the Cgrittian Ltlttrt 
Lcuoii^n, powerful Greek state in which took their name from him, and la 
north of Africa (correaponding parlly probably the author of the Apologie* 
I tbe modern Barca). west of Rgypt, which bear his name. 

S?':iich'™ "&"».,"'."'«;;»,; Cyrillian letter. S«-'-;°.';d='!: 

[ly founded in 631 B.C. In later times one of the modes of writing the Slavonic 

une into the hands of the Ptolemies, Jangusge. In Poland, Bohemia and Lnn- 

In B.C. IKi the Romans obtained it. tia, Roman or Oerman letters are nsed; 

Arab invaaion ruined it (647). but among Rusdana, Bulgara. and all 

:naica is al present a vast but as the Slavonic nations belonging to the 

very Imperfectly explored field ot Greek Church, tbe Cyrillic alphabet, a 

qullies. modification of the Greek one. ia In tiae. 

„T,ai«« (si-re-nft'lksl, a pbilosopV Bealdes these tbere is the QlagoUtic alpba- 

reniULB ,p^| ggpt (onoded about 380 bet, in which the oldest literature of tbe 

by AriistippUB. a native of Cyrene Slavonic church is written. See 0I^»- 

a pupil of Socrates. See Arittippui. Utio. 



Gynu Czartoryaki 

- m), (be 

.__,_ . a geuas of 

aacieat origlDal authorities for tbe facta poly pod iaceouB, delicate, flaccid lerna. 

o( bla life are ilerodutua aod Ctesias. {jTBtotomv ('■'B-tot''>-ii>>l> 'i aar- 

Aecording to Herodotus, he was tbe boii vjobviiwiiij gerjp, the operatioD of 

of CambiscB, h diitinguiabed Persian, cutting Into the bladder for the eitrac- 

and ot Maadane, daughter of the Median tina of a calculus or other purpose. 

SS^ht:.f;."to 'i".;",£;"'S.°bi". Cythera i«.T.,. s„ Cm,.. 

gniadBOQ was to dethrone bim, gave f!vtisinp (alfi-aiii). aa alkaloid de- 
orders that Cyrus should be deatroyed *'J vioiiic (g^^gj jq (I,^ j\pg seeds of 
after his birth. But tbe bo; waa pre- the Laburnum. It Is of a nauaeoua taale, 
nerved by the kindness ot a herdsman, emetic and potsonoua. 
and at length sent to bis parents iu llTrtiBTia (sit'i-Bua). a genua of plants 
I'eraia. Here Cyrus soon gathered a ^yWSUS belonging to the nnt. ord-r 
formidable army, conquered bis graud- I^eguminosf, auborder 
father ^b.c. 559), and thus became king I'apillonacee. The 
of Media and Persia. In 546 be con- members of the geDUS 

Siered Crtesus of Lydia, and two years are shrubs or small 

ter took Babylon. He also subdued trees, sometimes iplny, 

Phcenicia and Palestine, and restored tbe witb leaves composed 

Jews from their BabyloQlsb captivity, of three leaflets, and 

He was slain in battle with a Scythian with yellow, purple or 

nation in b.c. 529. Such ia the account white flowers. They 

given by Herodotna : but tbe narrative of b e 1 o n g to Europe, 

L'teaias differs in not making Cyrus a Asia and North At- 

relative of Astyages and in some other rica. and are very orna- 

pointa. The Uyropmdia of Xenophon, mental plants. The 

which professes to give aa account of best-known apeciea is „ „ . 

the early life of CyruH, is merely a the common laburuum "™™ <t-i*™« ** 

philoaopbical romance. (C. Laburnum; see pani"). 

(iwrrna called the YouRaEB, to d 1 s- Laburnum). Another species Is the Al- 

vjiua, tinjujgh Jiim from Cyrus the pine laburnum (0. Alpinui). The coiu- 

fminder of tbe Medo-Persian monarchy, mon broom {C. Bcopariut) also belongs 

- s the second son of Darius Notbue or tr) this genus. "— ° 



aialDst bis eloer brother, Artaienea ^'j'-^i'"" ^gj,, Minor, SO miles south- 

.Unemon, Cyrus was condemned to death, west of CoDstantlnople. It was once an 

but released at the request of bia mother, island, and the site of an aarient town of 

I'arysatis, end oisde governor of Asia the same name. 

Minor. Here he secretly gathered &Q Czar '"' '^^B (alir), an alternative 

army, en Important part of which con- ^*"'**) title of Emperor as applied to 

■iated of IS.tXX) Greek auxiliaries, and tbe ruler* of Russia before tbe revolution 

marched eastwards. His brother with n (see Ruiiia), not Improbably a cormp- 

Isrge army met bim tn tbe plains of rion of the Roman title Cssar. It was 

Cunaxa (b.c. 4011. and in the battle first adopted in 1S47 by Ivan the Terrible, 

which followed, although the troops of The wife ot tbe Caar was calle<l Ciarioa 

Cyrus were victorious, Cyrus himself wen or Cxaritza. The heir-apparent and bis 

slain. The retreat of tbe Greek auiil- wife were known as the Cianiwiti (Ccnar- 

isries of Cyrus from tbe Interior of evitchl and the Ciarevna (Ppxarevnn). 

Persia to the coast of Asia Minor is the Imperial princes were grand dukea. 

subject of Xenophoa's AnabatU. C.vari-nrwlri (cbir-to-ria'kB), Adam 

rmitiM'rr'Tia (slB-tt-ierlua), an im- ^^aitorysiU Coboe. Prince, a cele- 

vijraMVCil.uo mature form of tape- brated Polish Btatesraan and patriot, 

worm found in certain animals. bom in 1770. His education was completed 

r*vafin TtTAiTn Isla'tik). an immature at the University of Ediaburgh and in 

vyBHt W Utm ^p half-developed form I,ondon. He fought bravely under 

nf tflpfworm, onee erroneously supposed Kosciusko, and after the partition of hN 

M be a distinct species of intpatlnal worm, country In 1795 was sent to St. Pelerfi- 

Pvafiilttn ( "is-tld'e-eK a family of bunt, where he form-d n r\nw frlendsliin 

I^JBLIUCK f^j^j ^hlnoderms, with with Prince Alexander, and wsi mad- 

f"ehly developed arms, occurring In the minister of foreign affsirs. In IfifKi he 

Silurian and Oarbontferons strata. resigned bis office, nnd wilbdrew soon 

AvrotiKa (sis-tt'lual, inflarnmetion of after from potilie affair!). On the out- 

"J"'''*''*" the bladder. break of the PoUsh revolntloo in 1830 he 



Czirknitz 



S" .h-A«Si"(i742r.-V:p. „K™»i- ?„' 11rXmT"A'S»w- 

, Ml 1 • I i.„i.'i< Ik _.i.r can form of government wus decided upon, 
iCho-SlOVaJoa i'"^,"^ !"^ ™,?mj; "''<'*'■ the presidency of Prof. Tboinar<!. 

In ol UobemiB and Moravia and parts _,;_- |>'., nt luui 

iiluaia and Hungarf. The soil is very „''■ ^"i"' <"■'"". ,^i,a.„.i . 

luctivp, the cliief crops being rye, oats, Czenstochowa !„ "^'n i? ',"L„ 

ey and flai Fruit (k abundant. The ,^^^„j „, Piotrkow There iih;;^. 

erals are of great importance, and in- convent containing a famous picture ot 

%t f- ,^'''' '"^."^ "''Ki^?ii'i«"*-i?Tl^ t"'^ Virgin, which % vi-ited b, vart num- 

ory of the country un hi 1918 wM be i,p„ „j pilgrims. Pop. 53.650. 

id under the articles Bohemia. Mora- rt____„!Lji. (,.fi»r'n^irit«i  »»<■ nf 

SHc««. BU<1 Auttria-Hungarv. Area CzemOWltZ cjfid^^n th nrht 

Jt 4W«0 square miles; pop. about tank of the Prtith. 184 mila< southe^Tot 

^Jl'^^~.i,. .1. » . I l^mberg. It has many imposing build- 

,4, nf^t! ,^„, af = f » T ^ ''•^- Principal trade Is oitTniachinerT. 

'^!' ^i^^\Sr.VrA'^:^^ ?„' l.'^n'';;a^»'/gTit^^''V''^eTf 

ri"- ^t'""^]!!' vjE"* ''" '^^ ^"*' ™ b^ttils^'S cap'i'^'*';n.ri;:cu- 

1^^' -St.- P^i^h« .n b ^; si' "" "'^^ *>' 'he Ruminn^ several times. It 

^t ^^tS^^i^XK 1 ^'/T?"^ was formerly in<.|uded in the now dismem- 

^' °' P^t ■"%?'% ""'■ ," '"«'' bered empire ot Austria-Uungary. Pop. 

Dtific cultivation. The C&vh lanRuage 87128 """nm tiunsnij. .up. 

(fistingulsbeil ax hishly inflpctional. n' '„ frhpr'ni* C.vnjuir TTnioruIap 

.great facility for forming derivatives, Czerny *^f^f^°ll^ boT^n the S' 

nentativw. inccptivca and diminutives borhood of Belgrade about 1770 ; beheaded 

llkmda. LiketlieGn*kitliasadual by the Turks, in July, 1817. His true 

iber, and its mnnifold declensions, name was George PetrovKch, but he was 

^' ^.1 l!^?"^"r"i- J?™?"'""'.' "'in called d^cmv or Knra Oeorge. i. e.. Black 

T subtle shades of diHtinctu.n, nve the George. In 1801 he organized en insiir- 

^K " i^i^^J^ grammatical stnic- nation of his countrymen against the 

. The alphabet conssts of 42 letters. Turks, took Belgrade, and forced the 

^ing a great vanety ot sounds. In y^^^ to recoEniae him as Hospoilar of 

eal value the Cicch comes next to gervi^. i„ 1^13^ however, be had to n^ 

2' .u m itntA ■<o\ *'•* before a superior force, and look ref' 

uring the Ruropean war (m4-18> uge in Austria. Returning to his country 

t-Mcbo-Slovnks aurrcndered in great ;„ 1817, he was taken and put to death. 

ibers to tbe Russians and then fought — ,.,.,.. ^ __».. . 

nflt their former inHRtPrs, the Austro- 

igorians. When thp Russian armies 1791- ,„„, ,„ ,0^1 , 

ipsd (he Oiecho- Slovaks marched were' Liajt, Thalberg i 

ird Vladivostok, hoping to go from Etiished mu^iciaus 

ice to France or Italy and fight again /i_;_i ii._ Coj, gu<-L»>f> 

h, A1U«1.M«. TbeBohbevrntTOp, OzirklUtZ. '•n ^tmU. 



Ca Cumulative Revision 1921 Gh 

CftTlftdsi. ^^ ^^® Canadian elections in Fearing that he might make a third at- 
VBUoua. i>ecejnj,^p 1921, the Meighen tempt, the Allied powers exiled him, with 
administration and the high-tariff Con- bis wife, the ex-empress Zita, to the 
servatiye party went down to defeat, the Spanish island of Madeira. 
Liberal party obtaining 121 seats, more {i jijl j Richabd Washburn, an Amer- 
than the combined vote of all the other ^**^^^} ican author and diplomat, born 
parties. Premier Meighen was defeated at Worcester, Mass., in 1881, graduated 
in his home constituency. The new from Haryaid University in 1903. He 

Sremier is William Lyon Mackenzie wrote a number of novels, including Jim 
Ling, leader of the Liberals. It was the Hand», The Blue Wall, Vanishing Men, 
first Parliament in ten years with a ma- etc. In 1921 he was appointed ambassa- 
jority favoring reciprocity with the dor to Italy, succeeding Robert Under- 
United States. The new Progressive wood Johnson. 

party, led by T. A. Crerar, and also PhlTi a. ^® ^^^ of the 18 provinces 
favoring reciprocity and low tariff of China proper is estimated 

ranked second. Miss MacphaU, Progres- at 1,532,420 sq. miles; population, 302,- 
sive, was elected to Parliament in On- 110,000; including Manchuria, Mongolia, 
tario. She was the first woman member Tibet, and dependencies, the area is over 
of the Canadian House of Common& 3,900,000 sq. miles, and the population 

Viscount Byng of Yimy took the oath 320,650,000. Peking, the capital, has a 
of office as Governor-General of Canada population over 1,000,000. Hankow and 
Auerust 11. 1921. Shanghai are also credited with over a 

The preliminary census returns give million population each ; Canton being 
some of the large cities of Canada as only slightly less. The government is 
follows: Montreal, 607,063.; Toronto composed of a president (Hsu-Shih- 
(as8es8or*s estimate) 512,812; Winne- Ch'ang; bom, 1863), a vice-president, a 
peg, Man., 178,364; Ottawa, Ont., 107,- senate and house of representatives. The 
137 ; Quebec, Que., 94,058 ; Calganr* central government is still unable to rule 
Alta., 63,117; London, Ont., 60,685; the country completely. Powerful mili- 
Edmonton, Alta., 58,627; Halifax, N. S., tary governors {Tuchuns) have estab- 
57,674; St. John, N. B., 46,504; Vic- lished themselves in several provinces 
toria, B. C, 38,775; Windsor, Ont., 38,- and are practicallv independent of the 
541. Unofficial estimates of Vancouver, government of Peking. General Chang 
B.C. (with suburbs), 200,000; of Hamil- Tso-Lin, Tuchun of Manchuria, arrived 
ton, Ont., 114,766. in Peking December 14, 1921, and is 

Carman (William) Bliss, Cana- said to have forced the resignation of the 
^** ^ dian journalist and poet, Chinese cabinet. Liang Shi-Yi became 

bom at Fredericton, New Brunswick, premier. The reaction of the Canton, 
Canada, in 1861. He was graduated South China, government to the new 
from the University of New Brunswick cabinet was hostile. The inspector-gen- 
in 1881 and also studied at the Univer- eral of the Southern provinces of Hunan 
sity of Edinburgh and Harvard Uni- and Hupeh charged the new cabinet with 
versity. His poems w^on for him interna- being pro- Japanese, and civil war was 
ttonal fame. He is popularly known as threatened. The United States House of 
the ' Poet Laureate of Canada.' His Representatives passed a resolution to 
publications include: Low Tide on prevent the shipment of arms and muni- 
Grand Pr6, Behind the Arraa, A Sea' tions from the United States. At the 
mark. Ballads of Lost Haven, Songs Armaments Limitation (Conference (q.v.) 
from Vagahondia (with Richard Hovey), in Washington, 1921-22, several impor- 
More Songs from Vagahondia (with tant treaties affecting China were signed : 
Richard Hovey), By the Aurelian Walh (1) the general Far-Eastern treaty, bind- 
Lasi Songs from Vagahondia, Christmas ing the nations to respect China's integ- 
Eve at St. Kavin't, Ode for the Corona^ rity, the open-door policy to be applied 
tion. Pipes of Pan, No, I; Pipes of Pan, in detail, and every opportunity to be 
No, II; Earth Deities, April Airs, etc. given the Chinese people to develop a 
Caruso Enrico, world-famous operatic staple government; (2) the Chinese 
^ tenor, died at Naples, August Tariff treaty, providini; international 
2, 1921. machinery for an immediate revision of 

ffliorlAq nf TTniKrarv ^^ 1918 Chinese customs duties on a basis of 5 
\/lUirics Ui Hungry, charles per cent effective, and periodical revi- 
abdicated as emperor of Austria-Hun- sions thereafter, together with changes 
gary and removed to Switzerland on the which will permit imposition of surtaxes ; 
break up of the dual monarchy. He (3) the Shantung treaty, between China 
made two unsuccessful attempts to re- and Japan, bv which Shantung will be re- 
gain the throne of Hungary in 1921. stored to China. Resolutions also agreed 

P 1922, The J. C. W. Co, 



CI 



Cnmnlatiye Eeviuon 1921 



Co 



to provided for the withdrawal of for- 
eign postoffices from China January 1, 
1^3; establishment of an international 
commission to investigate the Chinese 
judicial system with a view to abolition 
of extra-territorial rights ; consultation of 
diplomats on withdrawal of foreign 
troops from China ; abandonment of the 
' twenty-one demands ' by Japan ; and 
concessions relating to economic and 
political conditions in Manchuria and 
Mongolia. Britain declared her readineHs 
to withdraw from Wei-Hai-Wei. Dr. 
Wellington Koo was head of the Chinese 
delegation of the conference. 
PIotIt Champ, American conffressman 
viarJk, ^^^ Speaker of the House, died 
March 2. 1921. 

ClemenceaU, <5eoboe8 French states- 
wAw««.vA*%/wi«u.y man. the great war 

premier, was awarded the rare distinc- 
tion of being present at the unveiling of 
a monument erected at St. Hermine. 
Vendee, France, in honor of himself and 
bis poilus, in October, 1921. 
Colleges Following is a list of the 
o • principal universities and 
colleges in the United States and Canada. 

United Stater 



Name 



Blackburn 

Blue Ridge 

Bluflfton 

BostoD 

Boston Univ 

Bowdoin 

Bradley Pdy. Inst... 

Brenaa 

Bridgewater 

Brigham Young 

Brown Univ 

Bryn Mawr 

Bucknell Univ 

Buena Vista 

Buffalo UniT 

Burlemn 

Butler 

California, Univ. of. . 

Campion 

Canidus 

Capital Umv 

Carleton 

Camesic Inst. Tecb.. 



uamegic 
drrotT 



Name 



Adelpln 

AfnesSeott 

Ajcron Mnnidpal Univ... 

Alabama, Univ. of 

Alabaott, Woman's Col. 

of 

Albany 

Albion 

Albricbt 

AlfrjUmv. 

Allegheiqr 

Alma 

American Untv 

Ambent 

Antioeh 

Aritooa. Univ. of 



Univ. of . . . 
Annoar Inst of Tedb. 

AAland 

AUantoUniv 

Atlaatie (%ri9tiao .. 

Au^ju r g Sent. 

Attain 

Bab!rUniv 

Bakhrin-Wallaee.... 



Barrett CoL 4 Ind. In^t 

Bates 

Baylor fFem.) 

Baylor Univ. 



DClOlt. 



Betbaoy. 
Bedmoy. 
Beted... 
BelM.. 



I^ocatiop 



Brooklyn. N.Y 

Oecatv, Ga. 

Akron, Ohio 

UniverMtyP.CAla... 

MonuQomcfy, Ala. 

Albany, Ore. 

AIbMm.Mich 

Myerstown, V%. 

Alfred, N. Y 

Meadville. Pa. 

.41ma. Mieh. 

Washington. D. C 

Amherft. Mass 

Yellow Sprinipi, Ohio . . 

Tucaon, Am 

Bates^-il'**. Ark 

FavettevUle. Ark. 

Chicago. Ill 

A<*hland, Ohio 

.A,tlanu, Ga. 

Wilson. N.C 

Minn<>apoii«. Minn. . . 

.^bTman. Tex 

Baldwin City, Kan 

B^ea. O^iio 

S-fw Yok.N.Y 

Pee Dr*. N.C 

I^«r»i«»on. Mc 

B-'lton. Tet. . . 
Waco and Dblla-i. Tei. 

Bfarw. Pa. 

Bf^loit. Wis 

Columbia, S.C 

Berea. Ky 

I^rodsborg. Kan 

Bethany. W. Va. 

RosBellraic. Ky 

Kewtoo, Kaa. 

Birmin^bam, Ala. 



So. of 
St'd'to 



571 
455 

530 

375 
109 

5.30 
202 
477 
5.30 
224 
140 
503 
300 

1.340 
127 

1.090 

2,200 
175 
561 
181 
147 
277 
520 

1,189 
748 
178 
577 

I.4«7 

2..3<« 
271 
538 
&iO 

2.4O0 
871 
429 
151 
?00 
290 



Location 



Carthage 

Case School Ap. Science 

Catholic Univ. of Amer. 

Cedarville 

Central 

Cential 

Central Baptist 

Central Normal 

Central Wcaleyan 

Centre 

Charleston, Collrae of.. 

Chicago, Univ. of. 

Chieora 

Cincinnati Univ 

atadel,The 

Clarendon 

Chirk 

ClarkUniv 

Cbrkson School of Tech 

Coe 

Coker 

Colby 

Colgate Univ 

Colorado 

Colorado School of Min<« 
Colorado Sute Teachers 
Colorado. Univ. of 
Colorado Woman's. 
Cohunbia Univ — 
Connecticat fFem.) 

Cooper. 

Cooper Union. . . . 

Cornell 

Cornell Univ. 

Cotier j 

Coi -j 

ColTff-StorVi'on . . j 
Camb»^ryl I r:v. ' 

Daknu W'^y-i-wi Ucir, 
Dallas. Umx. of . 

DtaielBabr 

Dartmo>jUi i 

Daviisoo . . ' 

Davis 4 Elkim 

Defianee 

Delavrare 

Dennisoc Urir 

Denver Ust 

DeParilV-^ 

De Pacv V-ST 



Carlinville, lU 

New Windsor, Md 

Bluffton, Ohio 

Boston, Mass. 

Boston. Mass. 

Bninswidc, Me. 

Peoria. Ill 

Gainesville, Ga 

Bridgewater, Va. 

Logan. Utah 

Providence, R. I 

Bryn Mawr, Pa. 

Lewisburg, Pa. 

Storm Lake, Iowa 

Buffalo, N.V 

Greenville. Tex 

Indianapolis, Ind 

Berkeley. Calif 

Prairie du Chien. Wis.. 

Buffalo. N.Y 

Columbus. Ohio 

Northfield. Minn. 

Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Waukesha, Wis 

Carthage, III 

Cleveland. Ohio 

Washington. D. C 

CedarvOle. Ohio 

PeOa,Iowa 

Fayette, Mo. 

Conway, AiiL 

Danville, Ind. 

Warren town. Mo. 

Danville, Ky 

Charksion, S. C 

Chicago, ni 

Cohunbia, S. C 

Cbdnnati. Ohio 

Charleston, S. C 

Oarendon. Tex. 

Worcester. Mms. 

Atlanta, Ga. 

Potsdam, N.Y 

Cedar Rapids. Iowa. . . 

Hartsville. S. C 

Waterrille, Me. 

HamytoQ,K.Y 

Colorado Snim^ Col. 

Gdden,CoL 

Greeley. CoL 

Boulder. CoL 

Dnver. CoL 

New York, X. Y. . 
N?v Looioe. Conn. . 
Merfint Ka&.. 
New York, S.Y. 
Ml- Vemoo. Io«». - 

l!>a«. N- Y 

B'^'baay. Xeb. . . 
roiV« Part Ga-. 
Oxoha. Xfbt . . . 
Ca=toa. Ma . 

Wsacoc Trts. 

Mr^fZ. >. D. - 
ThTaa, Tex. 
Browawwod. Tei- . . 

HaaoTw. X- H 

D»riiw«.X.C. .- 

FJcafcW. Va. 

Dcfiaaee.<>30 

Xrsvk. !>•: 

GraxTi>. OfeJo 

DrtT«". Co. 

C^JtMCk. P. 



IToTof 

St'd'ts 

141 
147 
330 
734 

8,833 
403 

2.014 
560 
234 
908 

1.372 
479 
938 
120 

1.459 

235 

680 

12,370 

102 

l/llO 
391 
740 

4.222 
350 
267 
800 

1.835 
204 
224 
250 
210 
800 
400 
201 
138 

395 
3,8M 
297 
435 
278 
4?5 
195 
1.2.8 
«2 
475 
093 

4n 

4.709 

fJWK 

125 

25.731 

ViO 

:<o 

5.7'rt 
)7S 

i.r! 

m 

!» 

1.143 
472 
4fil 

i.r?9 

IJWO 

uia 



I 



O 1922. The J, C. W. Co. 



CnmnlatiTe Kevision 1921 



DMnlt, Uisii. 

CtflUe.?*. 

Cn(a.N«l>. 

DMUoina, Ion... 



8priii(8sld,Mix.. 
DglNqne, lom. , . 



te'i 



Ion tab. ion 

Elmin. N. Y 

ElonColl«(«,N.C... 



Ewiiic.IlL.... 
WkhiU-KuL. 
«™. N. D., . 

nndbr, Ohio. 



Qnai^.S.'C..'.'.'. 
WHUnfUn. D. C. . 

Bta>R>alb,F 



Nuhiille. Tnu.. . . 



WMmiuiUn. D. C. 

AtluU.Gi. 

AtbcH.O*.... 

OtttyrtMra, h 

EeoktM, WMh 

acAea.h,i 



Onadlalud. Nrb... 



unvmuQ, III-,. - 

aKudi.Mk«. 

(1iumU.Iow( 

Onmahr. h. 

OwlI«dCDUNt.N.C. 
St. FCtV, MlDD. 

fid. 



Bvbmntite. W. V 

Hutiw. Nf b 

Rivshrd. F* 

Abincdai, nL 

TMSn, Ohu 

Ark^dE^,Ark... 

Cnmr.Arfc 

HiMl>.Mi<ili.... 



BoHuhITmbL.. 




Cmluck^, UniT. ij. . . 



Afuettf.,,. 




N™ YoftK.Y.. 

aUmU,'liWi;>'.'.'. 
Mon-.tdiLB... 



Blsomiunoa. Ik! 
RiriiicB'dd, Miii 



KuHS Citt, Ku. . . 

Uwnaoe.tM. 

8>liiu. Ku 

hmjafyn. T^ 



jwkiaii. Tau. . . 



ChiOHllllU 

Hvrqlliu, tcBB. 

LinooUL TniT. A 
Utile Rock. Ark. 
SiliibaiT. N. C. . 
Gtilabart. la. . 
louBburc, N. C. 
PbwTilla,ljL. . . . 
Bfttoa Hoofl, Id 
LoskTUb,&... 
LemUTUia... 



iik'dn'.::! 



NtwVcrk.N.V 

UuatM. Ll - 

HvKtte. Ohic - - 

MiimnJu*. Wa. - 

PnluU. Tnin. - - 

Anup. t BtJuiL, Md 

UllurriDa.Md. - 



n2. The J. C, W. Co. 



Co 



CnmolatiTe Kevinon 192i 



Co 




GumulatiTe Revision 1921 



Vtrft.... 
HtfT>8el> 



U«r. wub 

■^Tlim,OKo.,.. 
In Duw, lad. 



VBlor'i. . 
VbHtC 



aikiii.w. Vk 

Wuitak-fUan. N. C, . 
aunaChn.CUiF. ... 

Booth Omi*,' N.J.'!! 

IUIddi,K.C. 

NoftF Little Rock. Ark. 

Aiwii.'in..:;:'.!;:::;!' 



thCviiGu.UiBT.oI. 

IhDiliatlt'Ula.... 
th MuM, Uair. of 




*.Y 

"it"'.'.'. 



[Bdiwnh,I<m' 



Little Rodi, Aik.. . 



Winltid. Ku.. . 



SpotoiH. WMh.... 
^prini Hill, All.,. 
CoJaDtOLUo.... 
Sterfiiu. Kan. .... 
DBLud.FlL.... 
Holxikoi.N.J.... 
NmOrhuLU.. 
ScGnicraTC. TV..-. 
Smrtunert. P*.,. 



9n>nw.tl.Y 

lUor.lon 

TtUwUn, Ah. 

Upbod. Ind... 

IndmuKilia, lul 

Philxkfplua. P> 

MiitfrRdi<».T«ui.. 
KiKUTille. Tedn 



Awtig,Ta 

Gnenfille, Fft. 

Toledo. OUo 

Lcuutoo. Kj. . . . . - 

Hut&d. Conn 

DuriBB, N. C 

WkuhMhie, Tu.... 




e 1922. Tb* J. C. W. C(h 



Co 



Cumulative Bevision 1921 



Cu 



Nune 


Location 


No. of 
Sfd'ta 


Bishop'i CoUen. Univ. of 
British Columbtt,Umv.of 
Daihouae CkiU. A Univ.. 

Emnaouel College 

Kmg's CollegeTuiiiv. of. 
Knox ColletR 


Lennoxville, Que 

Vancouver, B. C 

Halifax. N.S 

Saskatoon, Sask. 

Windsor. N.S 


70 
900 
600 

20 
117 


Toronto, OaU 


00 


liAval Univ. . - , t ^ - - , - 1 , 


Quebec. Que. 


1.288 


Manitoba. Univ. of 

MoGiUUniv 


Winnipes. Man. 

Montreal. Que 


1.300 
2,722 


M cMssttf Univ 


Toronto. Ont 


247 


Montrnal. TJniv. of. - . - - 


Montreal. Que 


5.025 


Mount AlliMfn TJniv 


Sackville. N. B 


240 


New Brunswick, Univ. of 
Ottawa. Univ. of 


Fredericton, N. B 

Ottawa. Ont 


175 
900 


Qaeen's Univ 


Kingston, Ont 

Charlottetown. P. E. I.. 

Antigonish. N. S 

Toronto. Ont. 


2.703 


St. Dunstan's Univ 

St. Francois Xavier's... 
St Michael's 


271 
147 
170 


Saskatchewan, Univ. of. 
Toronto. Univ. of 


Saskatoon, Sask. 

Toronto. Ont 


1,467 
5,237 


TVinity College, Univ. of. 
Victoria Univ 


Toronto. Ont 


160 


Toronto. Ont. 


562 


Western Univ 


London. Ont 


250 


Wjrcfifre 


Toronto, Ont 


60 



PAlATn'hiQ a republic in the extreme 
VUiUmuia, northwest of South Amer- 
ica, having a coast line on both the At- 
lantic and Pacific Oceans. Area, 461,606 
sq. miles ; pop. 5,475,000. The Colombian 
forests are extensive; among the trees 
are mahogany, cedar, fustic, and other 
dye-woods and medicinal plants. The 
mineral productions are emeralds, gold, 
silver, platinum, copper, iron, lead and 
coal ; petroleum is available, but is 
unworked. Exports: coffee, precious 
metals, hides, rubber, bananas. Spanish 
is the language of the country. In 1903 
Panama (q. v.) seceded from Colombia 
and became a separate republic. For a 



number of years Colombia refused to 
recognize the Republic of Panama, but 
in 1921 the government concluded a 
treaty with the United States, agreeing 
to grant recognition to Panama, and re- 
ceiving in return from the United States 
$25,000,000 and certain rights in the 
Panama Canal Zone. 

Colosseum, JSoi^?.^*^^"""* ^^'^l^J'l 

' 1921 it was rumored that 
the historic Roman Colosseum was to be 
converted into a kind of variety theater. 
Interrogated in the Italian Senate, Min- 
ister of Public Instruction Croce said 
that a five-year lease of the Colosseum 
had been granted to a theatrical company 
by an under-secretary, and without his 
knowledge. He added that * in view of 
the protests and diH.satisfaction the proj- 
ect evoked, he would undertake that it 
should go no further. ' 

Conference on Limitation of 
Armaments, f^^,,^'''"""*''"*' ^'"^ 

Cnrie ^^^^^^^ Makie S., Polish phys- 
^ icist, co-discoverer of radium 
with her husband, Pierre Curie, was born 
in Poland and pursued her studies at 
Warsaw and later at Paris. On the death 
of her husband in 1906, she succeeded 
him as professor of physics and director 
of the physical laboratory at the Sor- 
bonne. In 1911 she received the Nobel 
prize for chemistry. With her two daugh- 
ters she visited the United States in May, 
1921, in response to a group of Ameri- 
can women who had raised over .$100,000 
to purchase a gram of radium which 
was presented to her at Washington. 



O 1922, The J. C. W. Co. 



if 



\ 

I 
I 

II 
>/ 

I 



D 



n the fourth letter in our alphabet, rep- tions its extraordinary fertility arises. 
' resentini^ a dental sound formed by Uacca was at one time celebrated for its 
placing the tip of the tongue against the hand-woven muslins, which are still 
root of the upper teeth, and then forcing hardly to be equaled in their combina- 
up vocalized breath, or voice, into the tion of durability and delicacy ; but this 
mouth, the soft palate being raised to branch of industry has considerably de- 
prevent its escape through the nose. T cayed. Pop. 10,807,825, Mohammedans 
is formed in the same way, except that it being in a decided majority. — Dacca, its 
is uttered with breath merely and not capital, is about 150 miles northeast of 
with voice. As a numeral D represents Calcutta. The city has much decayed 
500. with the decrease of its staple trade in the 

Sftb iPleuroneciei limanda), a fish be- celebrated Dacca muslin; suburbs which 
longing to the family of the once extended northwards for 15 miles 
Pleuronectide, or flat-fishes, comprising are now buried in dense jungle. Dacca, 
also the soles, turbots, halibuts, plaice being free from violent heats, is one of 
and flounder, the last two being included the healthiest and most pleasant stations 
in the same genus with the dab. It is of in Bengal. Pop. 108.501. 
a pale-brownish color spotted with white l)aoe (^ASt Leuciscus vulgdris), a 
on the side which it usually keeps upper- *'■•*'*' small river fish of the family 
most, and white on the underside, and Cyprinidse, and resembling the roach, but 
has rougher scales than the other mem- longer and thinner. It is a gregarious 
bers of the same genus. It is preferred 
to the flounder for the table. The dab is 
plentiful upon sandy coasts, and may at 
once be recognized by the roughness of its 
surface, or structure, which has gained 
for it the distinctive title of limanda, or 
file-back — ^the Latin word lima signifying D^oe (LeticMciM vulgdru), 

a file. Its flesh is very nutriHous, and ^^ swimming in shoals and inhabiting 
is said to be in best condition from the chiefly deep, clear streams with a gentie 
end of January to April. It seldom ex- current. It seldom exceeds a pound in 
ceeds eight inches in length, tnough some weight. 

are stated to be ten inches. Dacelo (^a-s^'l^) . «"* Australian 

Dabohick (dab'chik). See OreU. ,^^ „, J^P^^ g^ ' l^it^itolc^J^} 

Dfl. Cfl.T)0 ^^^ ka'po; Italian, 'from so called on account of its harsh, dis- 
xra \ja.^M ^jjg jjgj^^ Qj. beginning*), in cordant note. 

music, an expression written at the end Dafilialiiilld (daks'hnnt). See Badger 
of a movement to acquaint the performer •*'"'*'**0'"'*"*** /)o^^ 
that he is to return to the beginning, and Jjama (da'shi-a), in ancient times, a 
end where the word fine is placed. .*/a.vj.«» region north of the Danube, 
SaCCft (dak'ka), a commissioner's inhabited by the Dad or Getse, after- 
division of Hindustan in Ben- wards a Roman province. It was con- 
gal, at the head of the Bay of Bengal; quered by the emperor Trajan in 101 
area, 15,000 square miles. It is one a.d,. but in 274 a.d., in the reign of 
of the richest districts in India, and Aurelian, had to be abandoned by the 
produces such quantities of rice as to be Roman colonists. 

called the granary of Bengal. The sur- llamer (da-syfl), Andr£, a learned 

face is an uninterrupted flat, and is Frenchman, bom in 1651. Ho 

intersected by the Oanges and Brah- studied at Saumur, and in 1672 he wen^ 

mapootra — ^from whose periodical inunda- to Paris, where the Duke of Montausier 

21—8 




icoity Dagoba 

tmated him with the editiDg of the hk son Icarus fooUahlr Bttempted to uu 

tia writer Fampeius Festui ad luvn and was drowned in the Icarian Sea. 

Iphini (me Detphin Otattia). In 'HaffnHil (daf'0-dil), the popular nanM 

a bs married Anne helhvre, the *"*"""" „[ a Enropean plant wbicb 

abler of his former teacher, after- is one of the eariieit urnamenti of oor 

H became perpetual tecretar; of the gardens, being a favorite object of cniti- 

ench Academy, published man; editions ration. BotAuicaUyitiaNarciiiutpteudi)- 

i translations of the ancient clauiica, naroUtut, order AtoarylUdacete. Many 

i died in 1T22. — Hia wife, Anne, born varieties of the daffodil are in cnltivs- 

16G1, published an edition of Calli- tion, differing cbteSy in bulk and in Ibe 

cbua, and was entrusted with several form of the Sower, wbicb is of a hricht 

tions of the classica ad vtvm Delphini. prim rose-yellow color. There are other 

r learned works were not interrupted forms of the name in local or partial nar. 

her marrlags in 1683. Her translation Sa??er (<3'<'^'')< & weapon resembling 
Homer and writings on Homeric poetry **Sb^* a abort sword, wltb abarp- 

racted a good deal of attention, pointed blade. In single combat It whs 

lODg ber other works were trsnsla- wielded in the left hand and used lu 

□a of Terence, Plautus, two plays of parry the adversary's blow, and also !>. 

Istopbanes. Anacreon and Bappho. despatch him when Tanquished. 

e tod in 1720. T ' "" """ 

LCoitv (da-koi'tl), originally in the 

MSOliy ,rim,„a, code of India, a  

ibery committed by an armed band or I... . _, 

ig, and technically nndfr the present miles. Its fertile and tolerably cultivaled 

r of India any robbery in whicb five valleys produce good crops of grain, and 

more persons take a part. The term also silk, cotton, flax, tobacco, etc The 

I also been applied more widely. inhabitants, almost all iirotessed Mobam- 
inrvilinTtt (da-krid'i-Diiil. a genns medana, consist cbiedy of races of 
wrjraiUiU ^f ^^^ ^f ,^^ (^^ ^^ TarUr origin and of CircaasUns. Capital 
V famUy. Derbend. Pop. 805,100. 

lArvnmo (da-krl-41'ma), a dlseaae "naem (^sg'«), an island belonging to 

lOryOma \f ,he iBcbrJmal duct of -"^BO kussia. to the b. w. of the 

*j*, by which the tears are prevented entrance of the Gulf of Finland, with  

m passing into the nose and con- productive fisheries. The inhabitants, al- 

uently trickle over the cbeeh. most all Bwedes. number about 14.000. 

lotirl (dak'til), in versification, a DftornTin (da-g'Vba). tn Duddhist coun- 

'•^'y* foot consisting of one long "»S»0^ tries and those wbicb at ou.- 

owed by two short syllables, or. in time held the Buddhist faith, a aotid 

Klish. one accented and two unaccented, structure erected to cimtsin some sacivd 

happily. relic or relics, as distinguiahed from the 

iftvlnlntrv (dac-til-oro-jil, is the term ttupa or tope, which in its specific 
bbiijxuiwgjF jjj ^f communicating 

II or conversing by means of the 
(era. It Is of great value to the deaf 
1 dumb. See Deaf and Dumb. 

iddy-Iong'legs, ^ 

ne-fly (TipHla olerUci 

.An lAi'dO), In classical architecture, 
^'*" the middle part of s pedestal. 
I is to say, the solid rectangular part 
veen the plinth and the cornice : also 
ed the die. In the Intetior of houses 
g applied to a sklrdng of wood several 
; high round the lower part of tbe 
'Is. or an imitation of this by paper or 

nilUlUI ^uiptor. the scene of most applitatiin is usually restricted to monn- 
•hose labors Is placed In Crete. He Is menta which commemorate some event or 
I to bare lived three generations before mark some spot sacred to thp f.illowers of 
Trojan war. He Is credited with Buddha. Dagobas are biillt of brick -r 
Iding the famons labvrinth In Crete, stone, are drcnlar In form, genemlly with 
I iDventing wings for flight, which « dome-shaped top. and are erected on 



Dagobert I Dahn 

_^^^^^^_^.^-^__^_____^ —  1^^^^^ — ^^^^^_. ^ j^  

natural or artificial mounds, while the 1)o}ia)iiAli (d&-h&-be'e), a boat used 
stone or brick structure itself sometimes *'«•«**"• "*^" qh the Nile for conveyance 
rises to an immense height. These of travelers. It varies considerably in 
dagobas have always been held in the size ; has one or two masts, with a very 
highest veneration by the Buddhists, and long slanting yard on each mast support- 
a common mode of testifying their venera- ing a triangular sail, and accommodates 
tion is to walk round them, repeating from two to eight passengers, 
prayers the while tha DahlCTCll ^^™ ^^^* American 

Daerobertl i??*^2'^l'^*j^i^?il®lf tu ^^^ admiral, bom in Phila- 

:?.. r ^^^^''^ ^r^Hi^'V^fr.vl^^^^^^ i° 1809. Died 1870. On his 
military successes) , King of the Franks, father's side he was of Swedish descent, 

k^ftfr' rTu'c^'ss^V'^t^^^^^^ S^/ett" ^ll^lf^te^S^e'^J^is 

Hcentious reign, he died at Epinay in *tdfean! in 1834 ^^"^t^Jl^^. 

V^tran t^a'^on; probably from the £• . S- CoMt SurveJ^ In 
iiagOn Hebrew dag, a fish), the god ?««f g^ i^ i ^^J^*?^ department 
of the Philistines, wSose image is /en- J^ 1850 he inyen^^^^ 
erally believed to have been in the form ^^.^f'Sfa^f^il^oSf! ^^m! !i« ^^J?? 
of a merman, with the upper part human Sji^L^th wL^«:.„ wi- S'^^.i-T-; 
and the extremities, from the waist down- ^^"".^^^'^^ cannon, was so cast that 
ards. in the shape of the taU of a fish. ^^ thickness at aJl points would vary in 
Tla^prrA (dtt-gftr), Louis Jacques ^ect proportion to the varying force be- 
Jiagnerrc mandI;, was bom in 1789 twcen breech and muzzle of the powder 
at Comeilles, dep. Seine-et-Oise. He was oiac^r^ed at the breech. Dahlgren was 
a scene-painter at Paris, and as early as Wso instrumental in securing the adoption 
1814 had his attention directed by of the 11-inch ipin for the navy. For dis- 
Nic^phore Niepce to the subject of tinguished services during the Civil War 
photographic pictures on metal. In 1829 be was promoted to the rank of rear- 
they made a formal agreement to work admiraL He was chief of the ordnance 
out the invention together, but it was not bureau at the time of his death. His son, 
till after Niepce's death, on July 5, 1833, Ulric Dahlqeen (bom 1842; died 1864), 
that Daguerre succeeded in perfecting the was a military officer during the Civil 
process since called daguerreotype, (See War. He lost his life in a raid under- 
article following.) The new process ex- taken for the purpose of releasing national 
cited the greatest interest. Daguerre was prisoners at Libby Prison and Belle Isle, 
made an officer of the Legion of Honor. l^oTiKo (dftl'va : so called after the 
and an annuity of 6000 francs was *'"""^""' Swedish botanist Dahl), a 
settled on him, and one of 4O0O on the son genus of plants belonging to the nat 
of Niepce. Daguerre died in 1851. order Omposits, suborder Corymbifene, 

Dagraerreotype Process i;??:"?!\ ' °*^^®* ^' Mexico. By cultivation an im- 

^ "^-^ , ro-tip),inense number of varieties has been 

the original photographic process, consist- produced, all deriving their origin from 
ing m sensitizing a silver plate with the £. coccinSa and D. variaMUa. The flow- 
vapor of iodine, and then placing it in a ers are large and beautiful, sporting into 
camera obscura previously focused, and innumerable varieties. It does not stand 
afterwards developing the picture by frost, and has to be taken up during 
vapor of mercury. It is then fixed by the winter. 

.Vfter thorough washing and drying the lianiinann Chbistoph, a distin- 
picture is covered with glass to Prevent ^^^jj^^ historian of Germany, bom in 

nn J'w^ Ill^ri^p^' hPfifa n'n'ii^TJn «n5 17^ ; died in 1860. He wai' professor 

DOW been superseded by the collodion and ^t GeJttingen and afterwards at Bonn. i 

^Hi^u^ Jl^a^T^. ^"* *^^ chemical pnn- ^^ distiniuished himself as an advocate I 

cipie 18 tne same. ^^ ^^^^^^^^ measures in politics. Among 1 

il AgnieSSean. See Aguesseau. his principal works is a history of the 

■niiOTnmi (da-g»'pan). a town of English revolution. 

l/agnpan Luzon. Philippine Islands, Sohn (dlln), Fbxix, a German histon. 

on the railroad from and about 130 miles ****"** an, bom at Hamburg, in 1834, 

N. w. of Manila. It was one of the and became law professor at WUrzburg 

strongholds of the Philippine insurgents, and at Ktoigsberg. His works include 

and was taken from them in November, The Kings of the Germany, The Miomh 

1809, by the American troops after a ii<M* of Nations, Anoient History of the 

■harp skirmish. Pop. (1903) 20,86' ^'>'^'''\anio and Rommnio Peoples, works oo 



Dahomey Dairy 



phllaaonh 
jm,etc H< 



*T of l«w, poema, noTcla, ing on the turn, wUdi ihould be carefnllr 



IWtlinTnrv (d&-li6'iii«), a former necro water supplr. etc., the selection of tbe 
initomcjr ^^^^^^^ ^f ^est Afnca cows for the 
with an area of about 68,000 sq. miles dairy herd is 
ud a coast tine of TO miles. It lies the coDsiden- 
between Genneii ToKuUnd on tbe w. and tiou next in la- 
British possowiona on the E. and extends poitance. "nt* 
to tbe Niger Biver on tbe v. Tbe Dsho- breeds mainir 
Mans are all pagang and the former kinc selected in the 
was an abwlute tyrant, whose anny was United States 
partly made up of Amaions, while whole- for tbeir milk 
sale naman sacrifices famed part of the and butter-fat 
state ceremonies. Tbe last king, whose producing qnil- 
^pital was Abome;, was deposed by the {ties are tbe 
French in 1900, and the country is now Onemsqr, Jer- 
nnder French rnle. sey, Uolstein, 
TlaiTniAl (dl-me-el'), a town of Spaio, Ayrmhire and 
^"^'■^^'^ kew CaBtile. province^of . sbortbom. Tbe 
Cindad Real, and 20 miles c IT. E. of tbe | beariest milk 
town of Cindad Real, on left bank of the »,mr<T~j_.~< i— u. Jieldera, aa a 
Ainer. The manufactures are linen and Mffli Ooolet and A«rak« p-neral role, 
woolen fabrics, etc Pop. I1,S25. are tbe Holstein, bnt their milk is lower 
- " ■atter-tat t 

Japan, but now deprived of their Tbt cow stable should be planned so 
prlrileges and jurisdiction. By decree of that the work of caring for the herd can 
Anguat, 1871, the daimios were made be conducted with all possible economy 
affidsl Koyemors on a salary for the state of time and labor. Overhead mechanical 
in tbe (Ustricts which they had preyiously devices should be installed where prac- 
held aa feudal rulers. ticable, to facilitate handling and dii- 
ngiHg (dl'ren), or Taircn, a dty tributins tbe fodder and tbe removal of 
A/oAjitiu ^^g seaport of Manchuria, the manure. Sanitary principles of con- 
sitnated on the Liao-tung Peninsula and struction in the building shonld be given 
on the Ta-lien-wan Bay in the Yellow careful attention. An abundance of light 
Sea, 25 miles n. of Port Arthur. Tbis and air is a primal requisite. The floor 
city, originally named Dalny, was built should be of conarete, both by reason of 
by order of the Ciar of Russia, for a its durability and the ease and thorou^ 
commercial seaport, on the concession ness with which it can be cleaned, 
leased from China in 189S, and was The milk should be prodaced and baa- 
thrown open as a port, free to the com- died under conditions ol the utmost dean- 
merce of all nations December 1. 1901. lineea. Tlie stables should be kept thor- 
It was divided into administrative, whole- oughly dean, and the milk, after being 
sale, retail and residential sections, the drawn from the cow, should at once be 
principal offldal buildings bdng erected taken from tbe stable in wbidi the mllk- 
dnd the streets laid ont before opening, ing is done to a separate room or building 
A fine town, with handsome buildings and where it should be atrained and coded. 
all modem hnprovements, soon sprang up. Various devices for cooling and aerating 
The harbor, one of the best and deepest milk have been invented. One of the 
of the Padflc. tree of ice tbe year round, most commonly used is shown in the ac- 
was provided with breakwaters, great companying illustration. 
stone piers and large docks, including two Milch cows should receive a dally 
dry docks. Tbe town formed one of tbe grooming similar to that given horses, 
eastern termini of the Trsna-Siberian and tbe udders should be nroshed and 
Railway, and was provided with elevators, wiped off just before milking. If the 
gas and electric lighting, etc. Tbe dty milking Is done by hand, the mlTker should 
was occupied by Japanese troops in 1904, take nains to be dean about bla person, 
during the Russo-Japanese war. and re- should wash his hands and wear dean 
tained l^ Japan after the war. They re- outer garments which should not be won 
named it Dalren, and it is now a place of at any other task than milking, and when 
mud] oammerdal Importance. Pop. about not Id use should be hung in a clean place. 
60.000. MOking should be done with dry hands. 
Dairv (.*'''')■ *''■ department of a "Wet" milking is an extremely uncleanly 
**"" J farm which is concerned with practice. In large operations the electric 
Ito pTDdaetlon of milk. After determln- milking machine is extensively employed. 



Dais 



The number of dairy cows in the United BjalQi Lama (^^•l'^ la'ma). See 
States in 1900 was 164»2,000 ; price per •*'«•*«•* *jcia**c» Latnaism. 
head, $31.60; farm value, $514,812,000. Dalbeattie (dal-b6'ti),^ a town in 
In 1620 the number had grown to 23,747,- ■^^aAOCatWC Kirkcudbrightshire, Scot- 
000; price per bead, $85.13; farm value, land, with large granite-polishing works, 
12,021,681,000. Canada has about 3,500,- paper-mUls, concrete works, etc., and in 
000 dairy cows. The world's greatest the neighborhood granite quarries. Pop- 
dairying regions are (1) northwest 3460. ,,,.,. v - 
Europe; (2) northern Italy ; (3) northern DalheTfiTia (dal-b*r gi-a), a genus of 
Illinois, S. Wisconsin, central New York, ■^«"*«**6*"' fine tropical forest ^trees 
N. W. Vermont; (4) the St. Lawrence and climbing shrubs, nat order Legu- 
lowlands and the peninsula of Ontario. minosae, some species of which yield excel- 
Tlflis (d&'is), a platform or raised floor lent timber. D. latifolia (the blackwood, 
■*'•"•* at the upper end of an ancient or East Indian rosewood) is a magnificent 
dining-hall, where the high table stood ; tree, furnishing one of the most valuable 
also a seat with a high wainscot back, furniture woods. D, Sisfoo gives a hard, 
and sometimes with a canopy, for those durable wood, called sissoo, much em- 
who sat at the high table. lAie word is ployed in India for railway-sleepers, house 
also sometimes applied to the high table ^M shipbuilding, etc. 
itself. Sale RiCHABO, an American naval 

i/ai»y ^hich is very familiar, and a i? J'?^* ^®.»7*& °^ officer Under 

f^s oFcMvId^ U^eSTTe^Lbl^^^ JSlrt«?nM?.t*"^^^^^^ 

fidelity in love. Ito name is literaUy I^^^^J^^^^en cSSturS He wm af tS^ 

day's eye, because it opens and closes "^"y'* wnen capiurea. ne was aicer- 

ito flowed with the daylight. It has ^"£« PJ^^^.^^ ^.T^^^ 

been naturalized in parte 6f New Eng- f???*^'^??.'^^^ (^00^"^* ^^ '* ^*" 

land. The common daisy of the United ^^^1 A^^ed in 182«- « 

States, the bic or ox-eye daisy, also DalCCarha ^Aii^^t^arVin SwStJT 

^.^'^''^^Jr^^-'^^r'i^ TtT'- The name, meantJg%SlKnd,'®^^^^ 
Dftk, S^^«^ (dftk), in the East Indies, alive in the minds of the inhabitants by 
» the post ; a relay of men. as for the noble struggles which the Dalecar- 
carrymg letters, despatches, etc., or Hana, its inhabitante, made to establish 
travelers in palanquins. The route is ^nd maintain the independence of the 
divided into stages, and each bearer, or country 

set of bearers, serves only for a single T\fr[a^j^f. (dal-g&r'nO), Geoboe, born 
stage. A ddk'hungalow is a house at the Haigamo \^ Aberdeen about 1627. 
«Qd of a staee designed for those who took up his residence at Oxford, where he 
journey by palanqum. taught a private grammar school for 

Dakar (^^■Wl''^), a fort, naval station about thirty years, and where he died in 
and seaport in the French West- 1687. He was a man of great originality 
African colony of Senegal ; capital of the and acquirement, and has left behind him 
settlement and since 1904 the seat of gov- two remarkuble works, 8iffnorum, an 
emment. Pop. (1910) 24,800. essay on a universal or philosophical 

Daker-hen (dft'lE^r-ben), a name language, and Didaacalocophus, or th^ 

sometimes given to the Deaf and Dumb Man*9 Tutor, 
oom-crake or landrail, a bird of the TlalTinnaiA (dal-h5'zi, James Andrew 
family RaUidiB. xrainuuBii? ggo^jf Ramsay, tenth 

DakoitV rr^l».^A^'H^ an^ nn^^u» Earl and first Marquis of, bom in 

.i/ojkUAbjr (da-koiti). See i>acot<y. 1812, a British statesman, was educated . 

SAlrAtsi PormatioTi ^ group of at Hanow and at Christchurch, Oxford. i 

liaiL0WXQriU»10U, ^^^ belong- After filling the offices of vice-president I 

ing to the cretaceous strata and outcrop- (1843) and president of the board of \ 

ping along the western border of the great trade (1844), he was appointed governor- 
plains from Texas to Alberta. West of general of India (1847). In this post he 
the Rocky Mountains the Dakota rocks showed high administrative talent, estab- 
indude workable strata of coal or lignite, llshing railway lines, telegraphs, irrigation 
In a great portion of the Rocky Moun- works, etc., on a vast scale. He greatly 
tain system the Dakota rests upon Lower extended the British empire in India, an- 
Oetaceous, and sometimes Jurassic, nexing the Punjab, Oude. Berar. and 
strata. other native states, as well as Pegu in . 

Bakote. Indmna (da-kC'ta). See Burmah. In 1849 he was made a 
^«Av-^ AMUM»uo Sioux, marquis, and obtained the thanks of both 



loQMa of ParllameaL He out>ta;ed hia Southwert ; Bcrred by 8 rsUroBdi. It b 

snn of office to Bive tbe goTemmeQt the Che larKest Inland cottoa market In tfar 

id of Ua ezperieoce in the aonexation of vnrld, the lamest manufectarer of cotton 

>Dde; sod when be returned to Riirnpe idn mai-hlnery. and nmontc the lairort 

mahere of HsHiilpry. hame«> and leathT 

Boods. It in the Bwiltrnphipnl wnter of th' 

oil field! of (he floiithwetit. Pnp. rilVXIl 

42.638: (1010)92.104; (IfKOf IMOrfl. 

Dallos-Celilo Canal, tJ^''*^e,^''o( 

work at Big Eddy, Oregon, April 28, 1915. 
The canal opooa the Columbia Rirer to 
■team traffic from the Pndfic Ocean to 
Priest Rapids, Oreson, a dUUtice of «0 
miles, and to Lewiaton. Idaho, 475 miles 
up the Snake Biver, a tributan of the 
Columbia. The canal coat 94,850,000 and 
waa constructed b; tbe federal fOTcrn- 

Tkili^S 4dali), the nune giveii to 
■"""*" varloua raplda and abracta 
in North America. Tkt Great Dalhi of 
the Columbia are about 200 mllea from 
Its mouth, where the river ia com pre— cd 
by lofty basaltic rocka into a roarinf 
torrent about 58 yards in width : thr 
Maiquia ol Dalboudb Dallet of the 8t, Lottit are a aeries of 

... cataracta near Duluth, Minnesota. 

? !^ *; T." with a constitution so com- -n-i-.tia (dolWahi-a) formerW a 
letely shattered that he waa never able Uaimaiia nrovince of Aurtria-Hun- 
appear again in public life, and dW on ^.^y, the most southern portion of tl^ 
Jecember IB, 1800. Aa he left no direct Austrian dominions. It conaista of a 
.ale Isaue. bU marquiaate expired with j^^^ narrow, triangular tract of mo.in- 

™'-- ■„„ ii..,„ » „u . u tainous country and a number of lane 

)aU. Tft"?" ?,'^'^V°"*"r'",*'',^/«° i«l«nda along the northeast coast of the 
. k2. «'B«"'o'>.."""«<;''°»*t".l? 18«- Adriatic Seat and bounded K. by Croatia. 



'?" I*3fr68: on the CoMt'SurveJ "in ^"^"^o'mnes'V Vny partTito''ihrfe 
S^^^«l Sn^Jv ^I's^S^"- ^^ "^U^" «"» '■ ^^^ English square miles. ITie 
ieoiogical Sarvey 1884-^: since 18S0 a inland parts of Dalmstia are diversified 
urator of the National Museum. He ia by nnd^atory ground, hilla, and high 
member of the National Academy of mountains; but though there are some 
Wences. Hia works include Ataika and rich and beautUul vileya. the -country 
II Re»o»rce», Coa,t P,M of Ataika, „„ the whole must be ionaidered poor 
rthti oflhe Spireme Xorlhttr^tConlH- ,„^ unproductive. The Narenta, the 
uttoni to JVortA American Elhnoton, Zermagoa, the Kerka and the Cettina 
"^ are Che principal rivers, all with short 

Dallas msras). (iEoaet Miftlin, courses. On some of these the acenery 
Vice-PreBidcnl of tile United is singularly wild and picturesque. The 
Itates, was born in I'hilfldelnhia in 1702, interior is occupied by a mncb-neglected 
on of Aleiaader James Dallas, SeT?tary population, and agriculture ia in  very 
I the Treasury under President Madison backward state. Timber la scarce, and 
nd foulder of the secund United States the country does not produce sufficient 
tank. Becoming prominent in the grain for its own wanta. Apples, pears, 
•(■mocratic party, he waa elected Uuiced peaches, apricots, oraniea. pomegranates. 
Itates Senator in IS-tl. was mode etc., are among the fruits; the wines 
iiniatrr to Russia in 183T. and elected are strong. Kweet and fuU bodied. On 
ice- 1' real dent, under President Polk, in the coast fish, especially the tunny and 
844. He waa Minister to England 1856- the sardine, abound. The trade of the 
1. He died in 1804. country in mostly confined to the coast 

)allas. "bounty seat of Dallas Co., lo- towns, where the population ia mainly 
cated in Central and North of Italian eitractlon. Chief of theae are 
eias. on the Trinitv River, the lar|!«t Zara (the capital). Sebenko, Catlaro. 
iinmifncliinng and lobbing nry of tlip Soaiato and RagUM. Among tbe n»- 



1-- 



Dalmatian Dog Daltou 

meruus islands sprinkled along the coast of the Coart of Session. His publica- 

many are valuable for their productions, tions were numerous, but consiat prin- 

8uch as timber, wine, oil, cheese, honey, cipall^ of new editions and translations, 

salt and asphalt The population is Of hjs original production the AnnaU 

divided between the Italians of the coast of Scotland from Malcolm Canmore to 

towns and the peasants of the interior, the Acoetsion of the Hou$e of Stuart, 

Slovenian Slavs speaking a dialect of the is the most important. He died in 

Slavonic. The majority are Roman 1792. 

Catholics. It came under Austrian rule TlnlnrmTilp James, first Viscount 

in 1814. FoUowing the defeat of Austria •*^»"J^F*«5> Stair, a Scottish lawyer 

in 1918 in the European war (q. y.) Dal- and statesman, was bom in 1619. In 

matia was removed from Austrian control the English Civil war he sided with the 

by the treaty of 1919. Pop. 645,666. Parliament, but afterwards joined the 

TlolniafiQTi TIact & variety of dog royalists: was made a knight on the 

U^uunj^inil JiUg, called also the Restoration, and in 1671 president of 

Danish, spotted, or coach-dog. See Coach- the Court of Session. In 1QS2 he fell out 

dog. of favor with the king, and retiring 

Dalmatic (dal-mat'ik), or Dalmat- to Holland became an adherent of the 

a^axouoiiixvr ICA, an ecclesiastical vest- Prince of Orange, who, after the revolu- 

ment worn by the tion, raised him to the peerage. He died 
deacon at mass, so in 1095. The connection of nis son, the 
called because it was Master of Stair, with the massacre of 
an imitation of Dal- Glencoe brought some odium upon him 
matian costume. It in his last years. He wrote: The In- 
is worn also by stitutes of the Laws of Scotland (which 
bishops under the is still a standard authority ) . Vindica- 
chasuble. It is a tion of the Divine Perfections and An 
long robe with large. Apology for his Own Conduct, 
full sleeves with Tla1'nrm'n1» John, first Earl of 
black or red longi- -"o^J^y^^j stair, born in 1648 ; died 
tudinal stripes and in 1707 ; son of the preceding, was an able 
partially u n c losed Scottish lawyer and statesman. It was 
sides. A similar through him that the massacre of Glen- 
robe was worn by coe was perpetuated in 1692. He Buc- 
kings and emperors ceeded his father as viscount in 1695, 
at high solemnities, and in 1703 was created earl. He was 
and continues still to largely instrumental in bringing about 
be worn by the sov- the union between Scotland and Eng- 
ereigns of England land. 

on such occasions. Tlal fipcmA (sen'yO; Italian), often 

Dalnv See Dat- '*'" OC^UU contracted into D. S., 

(twelfth oeatiuy). -^^mmj • ^^^ means 'from the sign.' In music this 

Dalriada (^^^i'fi'&'da)* the ancient expression denotes that the singer or 

xraxxxaua name of a territory in player shall recommence at the place 

Antrim, called after Carbry Riada, one where the sign S is put 

of its chiefs. In the sixth century a band l)o1toil (^al-ton), John, an Enslinh 

of Irish from this quarter settled in *'«'*''^** chemist and natural philoso- 

Argyleshire under Fergus MacErc, and pher, borp in 1766. After teaching for 

founded the kingdom of the Scots of twelve years at Kendal, in 1793 his rep- 

Dalriada. After being almost extin- utation as a mathematician won for him 

guished, the Daldriadic line revived in the the chair ef mathematics at the New 

ninth century with Kenneth Macalpine, College, Manchester. Here he continued 

au«i, seuEing the Pictish throne, gave kings to reside (though the college was removed 

to the whole of Scotland. in 1799), publishing from year to year 

DalrV (dal-r$), a town of Scotland, valuable essays and papers on scientific 

A/iuxjr county of Ayr, on the Garnock, subjects, while he also lectured in Lon- 

19 miles s. w. of (Glasgow, with iron- don, and visited Paris. In 1808 he an- 

works and woolen and worsted mills, nonnced in his New System of Chemical 

1 op. 5316. Philosophy his atomic theory of chemical 

HolfvmTilA (dal-rim'pl>. Sib David, action, the discovery of which spread his 

ifHirym^ic rx)rd Hailes. a Scottish fame over the world. He died in 1844. 

lawyer, antiquary and historian, born at 'Hfi.ltoil county seat of Whitfield Co., 

Edinburgh in 1726. He studied at Eton -^^n-A^vii, oe^rgia, 100 miles N. w. of 

and Utrecht. In 1748 he was called to Atlanta. It has cotton mills, foundries, 

the bar, and in 1766 was made a Judge etc., and exports of ores. Pop. 5222. 




Dalmatiea, Cftthe- on such occasions, 
dral of Chartres "^ ^ 



{ 



kltoii-m>Fiime» 



ihon-in-Fnmess, f^«S^ f„^; Damage-feaaant <ii"S;^'^^i^: 

iBt7 of Lancaater. In iu ricinit; an; jur;: trcapanng, as cattle ; applied to a 

t a mirt ironworlu, and the ralna oi etruKer'a b«asta toDnd in auotber p«f- 

' laarniftccnt CiatercUa abbej of Far- son'a BrooDd, and there doing damage. 

■TPop. (1911) 10,760. Damages (d-m-a-jei), in Uw, pe- 
lltonum. another name tor Color- ^* cuniarj compeiiMttioa paid 

' UiadacM, irhicb ie*. to a person for lou or injory sustained 

kltAIl'l Ii9.1V Sw (7u *>J '>"" throagh tbe fault of another. 

. it be 

1. in 1838; died in ISUU. Ue became malic: 

Terj roccesstnl theatrical manager. Buffered a loaa through fraud or delict on 
1 ntablished Daly'a Theater, New the part of another, that peraon has Dot 
rt, in 1879. He served as a dramatic only a claim to ordinary damage*, but 
tic, adapted French and German plays, may also claim remote or consequential 
1 wrote Under the UatUgkt, Ditotve, damages, and may estimate the amonnt 
ft, etc of the loss he hu sustained not at its 
•ly CaaBUs FaaNciB, Jurist, born real value, hut at the imaginary value 
" at New York in 1816; died in which he himself may put npon it, sub- 
ID. Be was admitted to the bar in ject. however, to the modification of a 
n, became judge of the New York judge or a jury. Id other cases the dam 
nrt of Common Fleas In 1S44, and was ages cover only tbe loss suitaiued esti 

chief Justice for 27 years. He was mated at its real value, together with tbi 

sldcDt of the American Geographical expenses incurred in obtaining damaces. 

riety ti«m lb; origin in l864. and Daman, See Hwrai. 

ole on tbe history of msp making ■»"»*"•***• "" "»■!". 

] pbysical geography, etc. TlftmitTi (d«-man'), a seaport of 

iIvaII orDALZELi, (dft-€l'),THOMAB, ■"•"»^" Hindustan, at the mouth o( 

"■J^'^n Scottish soldier, bom about the Gulf of Camhay. 100 miles Donh 

Mt. He was taken prisoner fightiuE from Bomliay. It belongs to the Por- 

tbe royalist side at Worcester, and tuguese. who conquered it in 1S31, and 

erwarda escaped to Bnssia, where he made it a permanent settlement in 155H. 

s made a generaL iteturniog to Enc- It formerly bad a large trade, but this 

id at the restoration, he was made has much declined. Tbe settlement, which 

nmander- In-chief of the forces Id Scot- is governed under Gos, hss an area of 

id. and made himself notorious for bis 148 sq. miles : pop. 61,248. 

Dcity agaiiMt tbe CoreoaDters. He Tlamanlinnr (dB-msn-hSr'). a town 

tm. ' liank or coDstmction of stone, province of Behera, 38 miles e. b. e. of 

* esrth, or wood across a stream Alexandria. It hss mannfsclures of 

tbe purpose of keeping back the cur- cotton and wool. Pop. 38.752, 

It to give It inrreHHed bead, for holding DBJUaT f^H-mHr'). or Demar'. a town 

:k supplies of watpr. for flooding lands, ■*"**'*™* of Yemen. Arabia. 120 mile* 

for renderinit the stream above tbe rnrth by west of Aden. Pop. about 20,000. 

ID Davigabte by increased depth. Its Damar. See Damniar. 
terial and conntruction will depend on » a /j  i ji 

situation and tbe amount of pressure Damaralana u^r^^„„Z:!li„l,. t* 

hss to bear. For streams which sre „ „,. .,,.„ «ri^-1n/ i^l, ,i^ 

. ,, 4_ _*_;i South Alrica. extenaing along the 

«d and deep .tronir materials are re- Atlantic coast from ^spe E^rio to Walfiach 

Ired, usually stone masonry bound m r^j, ^^j ini^nj to 20* E. long. Area 

rUnnd ci-m.iil. Thiro nrc also dams of about 100,000 sq. miles, iucludiDg a large 

th, reinforced concrete, etc. Tbe com- „moant of barren lauds, 

n fomui of a dam are either a straight T)o_,n- Reain <da'mar). See Dam. 

ssi&g the stream transversely, one -Uamar ACUn ^^^ ^^-^ 

■-"-- '-nes traven '• ■*■ — — - ._ . . 

: witb its 
the curn 



ly. or an arc witn its convex wae -™"»-™w"."i, riamatkeening. 

irds the current. Among the high TJamaseenns ftiam-a-sS'nnsl, JOBH. 

"'^.±"^."i^%VA^;.!:"'l\ti'^: -"ani""^?* .John of„Dimascn.. 



Dam, Idaho. 350 feet 



l-i"?'"'' ^ ?*' ' Shoshone, afterwards called also John OiryorrhiM* 
,uu..uB^28 feet : Elephant Butte, New CgoMen sfresm'l, was bom at Da- 
;iico, 318 feet : Kj>oeevelt. Ansona, mascus about fl7fi A.B. ; died about 760. 
1 feet; Pathfinder, Wyoming, 218 fe«c He was the author of the first •yatm 



jroming. 



Oamascvs 



dogmatics, nud his eipoaition of the tbe coDveriion of the Apostle PauL Da- 
orthodoi faith enjoyed in the Greek maacua ia an important emporium of 
Church a great reputation. trade ia European manutacturea ; it ia 

ilamascns '^^''''^^'''''"'' ^ celebrated also a place of conBiderable manufactur- 
xiouiaauua ^.jj formerly capital, pres- ing industry in silk, damastta, cotton and 
ent chief town of Syria, supposed to be the other fabrics, tobacco, glass, soap, etc, 
mo«t ancient city in the world. It is beau- Saddles, Gne cabinet-work and elegant 
tifuUy situated on a plain wbich is covered jewelry are well made ; but the manu- 
witb gardens and orchards and watered facture of the famous Damascus blades 
by the Barrada. The appearnoce of tbe no longer exists. One of Ihi- holy Moslem 
city, as it first opens on the view, baa cities, it continues to be tbe moat 
been rapturously spoken of by all thoroughly oriental in all its featurea of 



travelers : but the streets nre narrow, any city in eiistence. Of ita orlglit notti- 

croaked. and in parts dilapidated, and. ing certain is known ; but ft ia of great 

eicept in the wealthy Moslem quarter, antiquity, being mentioned as a place ap- 

the houses are low, with flat-arched doors parenlly of importance in Gen. xiv, 10. 

and accumulations of filth before the From 1516 till 1018 it was in the hands 

entrance. Within, however, there is often of the Turks. The British took tbe city, 

B singular contrast, in courts paved with October 1, 1918, near the dose of the 

marble and ornamented with trees and European war (q. T.). Pop. 300,000. 

sponting fountains, the rooms adorned TltiTnasriTis-fltppI ^ kind of at eel 

with arabesques aud tilled with splendid ■"tt"ia»'' ll» »tCCl, orfginaiiy made in 

furniture. Among the chief buildings are Damascus and the East, greatly valued 

the Great Mosque and the Citadsl. Tbe in the makins of iwords for its hardness 

bazaars nre a norable feature of Da- of edge snd flexibility. It is a laminated 

maacug. Thev are simply streets or metal of pnre iron and steel of peculiar 

lanes covered In with high woodwork and quality, carbon being preaent in excess of 

Ihed wi»h shops, stalls, caf^s. etc. In ordinary proportions, prodnced by careful 

the midnt of the bazaars stands the heating, laborious forging, doubling and 

Great Khan. It and thirty inferior khans twisting. 

being nsed as exchanges or marketplaces DaTnanlr ((lam'ask>. the name given 

by tbe merchants. One of the most im- ■»"*"^"^ to textile fabrics of variou* 



leening Damodei 

Lterials, oraameDted witb raised figures XV waa totting into Uacaniase to retora 



flowera, landKapes, and otbcr forma, from Versail^ to' Trianon, 

iof Uie ricbeat iipeciea uf oroamenul stabbed by Damieo* in the rislit aide, 

laving, tapestry excepted. Damask is Tbe wound wu of a triflinf nature, and 

17 commonly made in lioeii for table Damiens, who made no attempt to escape, 

pery. declared he never Intended to kili tbe 

a-maalr^^ninv '<) ' ■""'> «-kAn' ing), king. Damien* was condemned and torn 

amaSKeemng the ornamenting of in quarter, by horwa March 28, 175T. on 

in and ateel with designs produced bv tbe Place de Gr6ve at Paris, 

luying or incnisting wltli another metal, Tla-mi^ttA ( da-ml-et'a ) , a town of 

gold, ailver, etc. by etching, and the -""""ClHl ^„pt, on one of the prin- 

e. ciple branches of tbe Nile, about 6 miles 

ajnaSTU (dam'e-sus), the name of from its mouth. It contains some fine 

a pope bom abont 30S, mosgnei, baaaara and marble baths. 

igned 36&^64. He was a friend of Alexandria has lung diverted the great 

. Jerome, whom he led to undertake tbe stream of commerce from Damietta, but 

proved Latin version uf tbe Bible tbe latter has still a considerable trade 

own aa the Vulgate. with tbe interior in fiah and rice. Tbe 

ninhnnl (dam-bt)!'), a village of ancient town of Damietta stood about 

nmuuwi. Ceylon^ 70 ^Ueg northeast miles nearer the aea. Pop. (1907) 29.3M. 

Colombo, at which is a rock containing Dammar ^ ' ™' ^^ ' = '"' Dau'uaui 

number of caves, in one of which la a ■"»*»**""* •'1''%, " genus of trees of 

loBsal statoe of Buddha hewn out uf tbe uat order Conifers, diatingntabpd 

B rock. by their large, lanreolated, leather; leavm, 

allies of the Revolution, ""^ ^? •J'*'5 ^; ''"'■'5, * 7^°' ,?" 

cuuEB VI. n^v .un,>um»vu, ^^^ ^jjg Instead o! proceeding from the 
American society founded in 1896, Its end. The Dammdra orieHUlU is a loflr 
•mbersbip being confined to women of tree of the East India Archipelago, at- 
rect descent from an ancestor who as- taining on some uf tbe Molucca Islands 
ited In establishing tbe independence a height ot from 80 to 100 fecL It 
tbe United States during tbe Bevolu- yields one variety of dammar resin. The 
inary war. Kauri pine, or Dammdra autlrSlU, found 

DTn*>a.irTn1pt I'l' Rocket, the in the North Island of New Zealand, is 
Hme B-VlOlCb, popular names of a magnificent tree, rising to a height ot 
Mplrit matronSlu, nat. order Bras- 160 to 100 feet, and yielding kauri gum. 
iceA, stem single, erect, 3 to 4 feet See Kauri. 

|h, leaves lanceolate, flowera purple, TlnTnTnar H^sivi > sum or resin of 
Kn double, Is a fine garden percnnUl, -"ftHUaar iieBin, g^y^^ ^indj pro- 



._ „ be native about I-ake Huron. duced by dilferent 

ami^n (da-mC-an), Fatheb, a Cath- Indian or cat'e-eye resin la got from the 
aiuxcu j,]jg n,,„lonary_ bom in Bel- Dammdra orienMlit, a tree of the Bast 
iim in 1840. Admitted to holy orders Indian Islands (see above), and la Dsrd 

the age of nineteen, his life was one for making varnishes for coach -bullderi. 

the noblest gelf-sacrifice. He sought tiaintem, etc. In its native localitiea tt 
p leper settlement of tbe Hawaiian is burned as Incense, and U also osed 
lands in IST4 and spent the remainder for raulliinE ships. Sal dammar Is pni- 

bis life among these unfortunates as dured by the sal tree of India {Shorf* 
.yalcian and helper. I>eprosy attacked roAtuta). rock dammar by Bopim Miordls 
m Id 1886. but be worked on devotedly and other species of trees; both yield 
I his death In 1689. good varnishes. Blaok dammar Is an- 

ontienB ('^"-m^So). Robert FR4it- other Indian speries. 
^^ C0I8, notorious for bis at- TlnTnTTinnrTa (da-mO'da), a river of 

mpt to assassinate Louis XV, was the .W»"UiiUWUtt Hindustan, jpreridency of 
n of a pour farmer, and born In 1715 Bengal, which enters tbe Hooghly near 

tbe viAage of Tieulloy. Hia somber its month ; length, 3S0 miles. 
id obstinate disnositioc early obtained Tlamnnlps (darn'o-klSt), a native of 
m the name of RobeH-le-Diahle. After -"a^iWJiCB Rvracnse. and one of the 
listing as a soldier he became a honse- courtiers and flatterers of the tyrant 
rvant In various eslabllihments in IHonysins tbe Elder. One day he was 
iris, aiid, having robbed one of his extolling the grandeur and happiness of 
iBters, be had to save bimaelf by flight. Dionysins, whereopnn the latter invited 
tter BpenidlnK some months Id different him to a magnificent banqnet, where he 
Ilea, In 17B8 he retnraed to Paris with would be regaled with regal fan- and 
mind which oeems to have become dis- regal honors. In the tnldst of tht 
dered. On January 6, 1TC7, a> LodU eDtertalnment, however. Damoclea bap- 



Damon and Pythias Dana 

pened to look upwards, and perceived DamrOflCll (<lani'ro8h),F&ANKHEiNO 

with dismay a naked sword suspended '*^«"****^«»*'** (1859- ), an American 

over his head by a single hair, and was musical director, son of Leopold Damrosch 

thus taught to form a better estimate of (Q-v.)» bom at Breslau, Prussia. He 

royal honors. established the People's Choral Union, 

TlATTinn QTifl P'lH'li'iaa (d&'mun, pi'- New York, 1S92 ; was director of Oratorio 
J/amon ana ryxnias ^^^^^^^^ t^^ Sodety and Symphony Concerts for 

illustrious Syracusans. celebrated as mod- Young People, 1^8-1912 ; director of In- 
els of constant frienaship. Pythias had stitute of Musical Art from 1905. 
been nnjustly condemned to death by Daniroscll Leopold (1832-85). an 
Dionysius the Younger, tyrant o' Sicily ; ■*'•*'**** vovixj American musician, con- 
but, having to leave Syracuse to arrange ductor and coAiposer, bom at Posen, 
his affairs, his friend Damon was taken Prussia. In 1871 he became conductor 
as a pledge that Pythias should return of the Arion Society, New Yorii. In 1873 
on the day fixed. Pythias, however, he organized the Oratorio Society, and in 
being unexpectedly detained, had great 1878 the Symphony Society of New York, 
difficulty in reaching Syracuse in time to In 1884 he was director of the Metro- 
save Damon being executed in his place ; politan Opera Hou«c, New York, 
and Dionysius was so affected by this Daniroacll Walter (1862- ), an 
proof of their friendship that he pardoned *'**"** wovi*, American musician, con- 
rytbias. ductor and composer, son of former, bom 
The Knights of Pythias, a fraternal at Breslau, Prussia. In 1885 he succeeded 
order established in the United States, his father as conductor of the ()ratorio 
has this pleasant incident for its basis, and Symphony Societies. He reorganised 
Its growth has been remarkably rapid, the Symphony Society in 1903 and made* 
and lodges are in existence in every it one of the most famous orchestras in 
state of the Union. See KnighU of America. He wrote two operas. The 
Pyihiiu. Scarlet Letter and Cyrano, and a nnmber 
Dammer yam'pi-er) , W I L L I A M, an of songs. 

^«Mu.^A«#A English navigator, born in llomfloil (dan*'«en), a variety of the 
1652. He was descended from a good ^'«*'"*'"vix common plum {PrunuB 
family in Somersetshire; but losing his domestica). The fruit is rather small 
father when young, be was sent to sea, and oval, and its numerous subvarieties 
and soon distinguished himself as an able are of different colors ; black, bluish, 
mariner. After serving in the Dutch dark purple, yellow, etc The damson 
war, in the Bay of Campeachy as a log- (corruption of Damascene), as its name 
wood-cutter, in a band of privateers on imparts, is from Damascus, 
the Peraviau coasts, in a Virginian ex- T)on (Hebrew, meaning 'judgment'), 
pedition against the Spanish settlements "*^^ one of the sons of Jacob by his 
ui the South Seas, and other enterprises concubine Bilhah. At the time of the 
of a similar nature, he returned home in exodus the Danites numbered 62,7(X) 
1681. In 1697 ne published Voyage adult males, being then the second tribe 
R<mnd ike World, which became very in point of numbers. Samson was a 
popular, and next year he was appointed member of this tribe, 
commander of a royal sloop-of-war, fitted 1)otio (dll'na), Ohablbs Andbbson, 
out for a voyage of discovery m the •*'«****» editor, was born in Hinsdale, 
Australian seas. The vessel, on the home New Hampshire, in 1819. After associa- 
voyage (17(X)), foundered off the isle of tion with the New York Tribune for 14 
Ascension, and Dampier returned to Eng- years as one of the proprietors and man- 
land. In 1707 he accompanied Captain aging editor, in 1863 he was appointed 
Woodes Rogers around the world. He Assistant Secretary of War. After 1868 
died in 171EC he was the editor of the New York Bun, 
lidTfiTia noxious exhalations issuing Perhaps more than any other journalist 
j/iuups^ from the earth, and deleterious his personality was identified with his 
or fatal to animal life. JOamps exist in newspaper. He died in 1897. 
weUs which continue long covered and not T)aTio Francis, statesman, bom at 
used, and in mines and coal-pits; and •*'«***«*> Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 
sometimes they issue from the old lavas 1743; died in 1811. He became an able 
of volcanoes. These damps are distin- lawyer, joined the ' Sons of Liberty/ and 
guished by miners under the names of was active in the measures leading to the 
choke-dampi consisting chiefly of carbonic Revolution. He was a prominent leader 
add gas, which instantly suffocates; and in State and national councils during thp 
fire-damp, consisting chiefly of light car- war. was sent to Russia as minister in 
buretted hydrogen, so called from its ten- 1781, was judge of the Supreme C!ourt of 
dency to explode. Massarhusetts In 1785, and was chosen 



icuber of the conadtntiotul conT«nticni firmed the decidon of the lower coart*. 
L78T, but tU bMltb pr«Tciit«d his arrr- mwarrlins to O. R. Utrvr and Cch, of Dan- 



buiT. CuDQectirut. (250.130 danam t 
rta Jahbs Dwioht. an American a natiun-wide boycott declared aj tbr 
"^^ natnraliat, bom in 1813, and American FedrratioD of Labor asainat tb* 
>r 18G5 a profeaBor at Xale Coneg*- plaintiff for refusal to unlonii« hia abopa. 
. writiucB include SpiUm of J/tneral- Ttanhir (dan'bi), Fajuxcia, paintfr. 
. if«aa«l of UintT*l09w. Cortl Rttft ■"•*""/ bora near Weiford. Ensland. 

/•twU*. ifaanal «/ Ueologf. Tett- 17S3. He esUblisbed hifl repntation in 
fc «/ QMiott, and man; reports and 1S23 by his Saucl d( Sta after a Storm ; 
en. He died in 18B6. and in ISS. by hia Delieerp of Imel oaf 

BQ RiCBAKD Hekit, an American of Enpt, obtained the honor of beinc 
■"•» write/, born in 1787, at Cam- admitted as an asaoriaie of tl»e Academy. 
lie in Massacbaselts ; educated at Amons his anlMequeDt pictorea the munt 
r>ard : published several collecdona of cdebrated are the Opeiiiajr of tlt€ SUlk 
mi and two novebi. lie died in 1879. Seal, exhibited in ISJS: the Agt of Gold. 
lia son KiCHABD He:(kt (bora in in 1K31 : Tht ffcMonted Itlsm4—iimm»rt. 
Et: died in 1682) waa the author of io 1»11 ; Tke Conlrtt of Ike Lfrt and 

well-known work Tieo Tfon btfon Fipr in Ike VoJe of Tempt, in 1S42 ; and 

Jfut. the result of bu own eiperi- the Psiater't Holiday, in ISM. Danby'« 
m dnring a tojbik reconunended to excellence lay in liis ddineations of 
I 00 account of hia health. scenery, and the poetic halo with wliich 

noM (dan'ft-«), in Greek mytholoey, be contrircd to inTest them. He died in 
'""^ dausbter of Acrisios, kiuK of 1S6L 

M. She waa shot up by her father ■nonp* of ni>ath **« D*«tk, Oarue 
a braaen tower, but Zeus, iuflained ■WaniW OI IwaEU. ^^ 
b passion for her, transformed him- TVanfiTicr (danVinil. a stndied and 

into a golden shower, and descended "0"^"% rhythmical moTemmt at the 
>ush the apertures of the roof Into limbs generally adjastrd to the measure 

embraces. Set adrift on the waves of  tune. In ancient times it was p>n- 
her father, she reached safely one of erall; an ezprvasion of rvlipoo*. patriotic. 

Cfclades, where her child. PrrseuK, or militsry feeling, as io the case of the 
I brought up. dance of Darid before the ark. the cboric 

LliaideS "*■-"* i-«i). the fifty dances, or the Pyrrhic dance of the 
■*"" daughters of Danaus, a Grt^bt. Tbe Romans, however, like the 

tholocical character who, in peril from orientala, had their dancing done by hired 

brother, the King of l.ybia, ned to slaves. This soEemn character of the 
ma, where be waa chosen king. The d„c(. has declined with the prociesa of 
r sons of Mgsptoa. tbe Ijbiau refioement and ciTilixatii>n, and it is now 
S. followed blm sod under pretense nothing more than an elegant social 
friendship, nught ibe hands of bis amusement and an acreeable spectacle at 
«bterB in marriage. Danaus con- pubiie enterUinments. 
ted, but «Te each of his dsnghters a Tlnjinjnff THsCflAe ■" 'pi'lnnic nerr- 

Sr. bidding them to murder their inmtJing Uiseasc, „„ "diBonJer »u- 
nds on the bridsl night in revcnfj parently allied to hysteria and chorea, 
his treatment by -Egyptus. All did occasionally prevalent in Germany and 
except one. H.vpermnestra, who al- itaiy during tbe middle ages. In 1734. 
ed I-yncens. her husband, to ewap^ during the celebratiiHi of the featival of 
! poets tell us that in the underworid fit. John at Aii-la-ChapeUe. the Kreets 
Danaidea, as a pucishment for their became crowded with men and women of 
ne* were compelled forever to poor ajj „b^ ,nd agea. who commenced danc- 
er into a vessel fnU of bolea. Uig iu a wild and frantic manner till 
inbUrV '.r° ■'.',' ", ^"^E';;^,''' t*^' dropped down with fatigue. Thr 
1 the capitals of Fairfield Co.. mania spread to Cot<«ne. Ueti and 
ioecticnt, «5 miles h. w. e. of New Strasburg. and gave rise to much impos- 
rk. It has many lanrp bat tattnnes. ture. profligacy and disorder. At the be- 
) manufactures of plated ware. Iiotps. giuniug of the seventeenth centnrr the 

107'2L'Mffi-°f\ft20'l 22,^"^" "" K'*™"' **«" ^ decUne, and b. only 
i-m ^it,0<Xi: (lUIW) St^S^ known now as a nervona alTectioa in in- 

Jibnry Hattera' Case,  't™^ i"''''"' "T^ ,^ ^„ , „ 

ki— . , , .. t '■*.*, "■ Dandelion (dan^de-lTon, LeomtHom 

history of capital and labor. After "f^nuvuvu r«ra^c«»>), a plant bt- 
Ml years' liti^Uon it came to an end longing to the nat. order Composite, 
January G, 1915, when the Uniletl Indigenous to Enrope. bnt now alabcow 
lea SupreoM Court uoanimoualy af- aun In America. The have* ai« ell 



Pandie Dinmont Terrier Daniell 



radical, and runcinate or jagged on the and ultimately seven, for every hide of 

joargin. From this circumstance has been land, except such as belonged to the 

derived its French name dent de lion church. When the Danes became masters 

(lion's tooth), of which the English ap- of Encland the danegelt was a tax 

pellation is a corruption. The stems are levied oy the Danish princes on every 

hollow and have one large bright-yellow hide of land owned by the Anglo-Saxons. 

flower and a tapering, milky, perennial DanelAfirll ^^^^^^^ (d&n'lfi), the 

root, which acts as an aperient and tonic, "* *^**> ancient najie of a strip 

and is much esteemed in affections of the of territory extending along the east 

liver. The whole plant is full of a milky coast of England from the Thames to 

and bitter juice. (See Taraxacin.) The the Tweed, ceded by Alfred to Guthrun. 

seed of the plant is furnished with a King of the Danes, after the battle of 

white pappus, and is transported far and Ethandune. This name it retained till 

wide by the wind. the Norman conquest, its inhabitants be- 

Da-nilil^ "DimnOTlt Tl^rripr * P^ P* governed by a modification of Danish 

JiaUOie i/inmonii xemeri ^^^ j^w and not by English law. 



breed of the Scotch terrier, so called from Donewerk <da'ne-verk; Ger. 'Danes' 

the Border farmer of that name who *'«***«* '^***'^ work'; Danish, Danne- 

figures in Scott's novel of Guy Manner" virke), an ancient wall of about from 3(J 

inff, ThiB breed is known by its short to 40 feet high and of an equal thickness 

legs, wiry and abundant hair, and larse extending along the southern frontier of 

ears. It is very courageous when fully Schleswig for nearly 10 miles, from the 

grown. It is usually either of a light- North Sea to the Baltic. It was con- 

brown or a bluish-gray color, termed re- structed in the middle of the tenth cen- 

spectively the 'Mustard' and the 'Pep- tury and repaired in 1850, but was cap 

per' variety. tured by the Austrians and Prussians in 

Dandolo Andbea, Doge of Venice the Schleswig-Holstein war of 1864 anc' 

A/oiuuvxvi j^^ ^£ j^jj illustrious Vene- soon after destroyed, 

tian family, was born about 1310, and T)qt|{a1 (dan'yel), the prophet, a con 

made doge in 1343. He carried on a war ■*'""*"*** ten^porary of Ezekiel, was bori 

against the Turks with various success, of a distinguished Hebrew family. In hiir 

and greatly extended Venetian commerce youth, b.c. 605, he was carried captive 

Sy opening a trading connection with to Babylon, and educated in the Baby 

£|?ypt« He wrote a chronicle of Venice, lonish court for the service of Kin£ 

comprising the history of the republic Nebuchadnezzar. Thrown into a lionr 

from its commencement to 1342, which den for conscientiously refusing to obey 

was published in Muratori's collection, the king, he was miraculously preserved. 

He died in 1354. and finally made prime-minister in the 

Dandolo (^i^^'^^'io)* Enbico, Doge of court of the Persian king Darius. He 

Venice, was chosen to that ranks with what are called the 'greater 

office in 1102, at the advanced age of prophets.' The book of the Old Testa- 

^hty-four. On the formation of the ment which bears his name is divided 

Fourth Crusade Dandolo induced the into a historical and a prophetic part, 

senate to join in it, and by its help re- Modern criticism generally regards it as 

covered the revolted town of Zara. Con- written during the oppression of the Jew& 

stantinople was next stormed, the blind under Antiocnus, about 17^ B.C. It is 

old doge, it is said leading the attack, partly in Chaldee. 

In the division of the Byzantine Empire TlflTliel Samuel, an English historian 

the Venetians added much to their ^'•****^*i and poet, contemporary with 

dominions. Dandolo died at Constanti- Shakespere, was ^.orn in 1562. Under the 

Dople in 1205, at the age of ninety-seven, patronage of the Pembroke family he re- 

DanebrO? Dannebboo (dAn'e-brog), ceived several court appointments, but he 

o' literally *the cloth or commonly lived in the country, employed 

banner of the Danes,* a Danish order of in literary pursuits. His great poem, 

knighthood, said to have been instituted The History of the Civil Wars "between 

in 1219, and revived In 1693. The decora- the Houses of York and Lancaster , is 

tions consist of a cross of gold nattie, written with much rhetorical grace and 

enameled wito white, and suspenaed by dignity of style. He wrote also epistles, 

a white ribbon embroidered with red. pastorals, sonnets, and a few tragedies. 

Dfl.Tl<^0^1t I>ANEOEU) (dftn'geld; that as well as a clear and useful sketch of 

o/auu^ity is. 'Dane tax'), in Bng- Enelish history tiU the time of Edward 

rlish history, an aunual tax laid on the III. He died in 1619. 

English nation for maintainng forces to l)fi.1lielL ^^hn F rkwcri c k , a dis- 

oppose the Danes, or to furnish ^bute to *'»*"'***> tinguished English phvsidst, 

procore peace. It was at first on6 shilling, bom at London in 1790. In 1*^16 he 



Iteniell's Battery 



Darnell 



conmHMd tbe Quarterly Joamal s/ 
fletcNM and Arl in concert with Mr. 
Bnnde. lo 1S20 he published an account 
of a new bjiromettr whlcli be had ta- 
veotcd. Soon afterward* hia Talnable 
worfca, Uettorological Eiiagi and tha 
cnar on Artificial Climate, appeared. In 
"■^ ' appointed profesaor 

ln|*« Collece, London, i 
mportant dlacoveriea, d 
anooc wbldi la Ua apparatua br main- 



rod imoierBed In a Bolation of dilate aal- 
phurlc acid, or line aulpbate aolutioo, and 
separated b; a poroua pot of nn^ased 
eartbeoware from a. copper plate dippiof 
Into a solution of copper aiuphate. Tb» 
chemical reaction coodata praeticallT in 
the replacement of copper bj aiiic In the 
•olatiop. Thonib the B. H. F. of tb* 



F eonatant t 



t of any odwr edl in 



^ J t t " T I t: 







Vinln Tduds fformerly Drniinh Wait Indi™ 



talnlnc  powerfnl and eonUnnona cm- 
rant of electridtj In galvanic batterlea 
(aae followLng artlde). For theae dia- 
mnrles he received aucceadTely the threa 
nadala in tha gift of the Boyal Sodety- 
Ha waa made a D.C.L. of Oxford In 
1S4S, and died in 184B. 

DanieU^B Battery. ^^^% iJ 

r. Danlell In 1836. In Ita piewtat form 
it ia a two-flold ceQ in wUd depolartaa' 
lion la effected br'alMtro-cbemlcal-meanK 
Hbt Maentlal pnrta of tbo cell an. I line 



noniala JoB>Fmm, Amertcnn editor 
imueu, ^4 p„,,jjp ^5i^ He waa 

born In Waahlngton, N. C In 1882, and 
received an academic education. At tlie 
M« of 18 he enfaged In newspaper work. 
He waa a member of fht Democratic 
National Ezecatlve Committee from North 
Caroliita for many years, and a member 
of the Democratic National Committee 
which carried on the campaign forfte 
nomination and election of Piealdent wli- 
■nn. In wfaooe caUnet be beounc Secntaiy 

of.^ N«*r* 



Banish West Indies Dante, 

DftitiftTi West Tnrlifkft ^^^ former number of rude tribes that inhabit Africa, 

O/amsn W CSl, xnoies, ^.^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ Abyssinia, between it and the 

islands in the Virgin Island group of the Ked Sea. They are of the Mohammedan 

West Indies, now part of the outlying religion. Number about 70,000. 

possessions of the United States, which TlfiTi'nAPlrpr (dan'ek-er), J oh ANN 

purchased them in 1917 for $2^00,000. -"^"^^^^^^ Hkinmch, a German 

This country had more than once sought sculptor, bom in 1758 ; died in 1841. As 

to acquire them, and at one time could a student at the Karlschule he dlstin- 

haye done so for $5,000,000. What giyes guished himself ; was appointed court 

them their present increased value is the sculptor, and yisited Paris and Rome, 

fact that uiey lie on one of the chief In 1790 he returned to Wtlrtemberg, and 

routes of travel between Europe and the became professor of the fine arts at 

Panama Canal, and possess an excellent Stuttgart His best works are his statue 

harbor, that of Charlotte Amalie. The ^ Christ and his Artadne Seated on a 

fear was entertained that Germany or ^»'*«r. ^ 

some other European power might gain JJannemora (da-ne-m6 ra), a village 
possession of these islands, a possibility ^^ „ ®^ * l»ke of the same 

likely to prove to the disadvantage of the g*™?« 24 miles N.N.K. of Upsala, in 

United States. Sweden, celebrated for its iron-mines, the 

These islands are known as Santa second richest in Sweden, which have 

Crus (Sainte Croix), Saint Thomas, and been worked uninterruptedly for upwards 

Saint John, their total area being 138 Sf,?"* ^^^?"®*/^a„ «„«M.a -;^ n . 

square miles and their combined popula- D'AnnunZlO l„?2;?"?*H!"r^' ^'^' 

tion 32,780, chiefly divided between the „^^„i:,. ^„«„Ho/f«?f'wXJ M^Sa'^^ 

first twi named. These people are mostly g?^^^J? 'l^*^J'«^tnfn°^ ^J^'^^^.^^i^l' 

negroes and the product bf the island fcown*^i«v«''«^*"r« r^*«"^i/^?« ^*' 

mjOnly sugar-cane and rum. Tobacco S?!^J?^Yn^^ 

and citton are also grown. These islands ^J^'^olndJll F^^^ *'2nH*'!!?hlV ^l^ 

wen* diRTOVPrpd hv noliimhiift and hav« ^^^V®** include i I IfHOCO, and Other /fO- 

Zee? su^IsYvfly^^Lld CT En^! ^^^JJ^' ^iTf^ZZ^'i'' ?" ^^^^^ ^ 

land, Spain. France and Denmark^ their tfJ^„'^?i:IE.?,^i^tJl^.r2P.l'*^J^?£:..A°!?.?5 
first ownership 
States. 




the port of Charlotte Amalie, which is a im KJ^^SS^^ith tha^^ 

coalSg and cable station and has facili- he iouSt^ aS a™V aJd <£^u?ied t^ 

ties for ship repairing. In the hands of d^nSief tlrritorv^liume iHSlO 

the United States it is likely to develoo ^P"^«J • ^^'^ Hvpt rfSnS inVL Blni* 

into a port of active businesi See flfo*n« Dan ElVCr. RidL^MoSn&i^^^^^^ 

Thama9 and Charlotte AmaUe. ^ck County. Virginia, and flowing soiith- 

DaniteS (d^nlts), a former secret so- east into North Carolina. It combines 

.,.* -.^®^i ^' the Mormon Church ^ith the Staunton River in southern 

for militant action against its enemies. Virginia to form the Roanoke River. It 

iJ, JT"^ ® JS^°"f^ ^JoJ^^^. ®™**** rt i» 180 miles long and drains an area of 

Kirtland, Ohio, in 1836, by a covenant' about 3700 square miles. The river is 

to avenp any further expulsiMi of the navigable for light boats and furnishes 

Missouri Mormons by mobs. The name extensive water power, 

finely chosen by the society was Sons •n^Tifi* AuoHnm (dftn't&&-lfi-g«-a'rt), 

of Dan, turned by outsiders into Danites. A'autc, ^^ contraction of Durante) 

It is usually charged with all the deeds the greatest of Italian poets, was bom in 

of blood laid at the door of the Mormons, Florence about the end of May, 1285. of 

including the Mountain Meadows mas- a family belonging to the lower nobility. 

Mcre. The Mormons have denied that Of his early life and education little is 

the society had any existence, or. if it had definitely known. He is said to have 

that it was in no way connected with tiie studied in various seats of learning, and 

Mormon Church or was countenanced by it is certain that either at this time or 

it The name was also ,given bv the in the course of his wandering life be 

Douglas Democrats to the Buchanan made Tiimself master of all the knowl- 

Democrats in the Lincoln-Douglas sens- edge ol his time. He seems to have been 

torial campaign in Illinois, 1858, as an quite a boy, no more than nine years of 

insinuation that they were Buchanan's age, when he first saw Beatrice Porti- 

tools in upholdinjr the Utah rebellion. nari, and the love she awakened in him 

Dft Ti Tr ail ^^ uatxa'kjl (the former has been described in that record of 

A^»uxka.u9 is the Arabic singular, the his early years, the Vita Nuova, as well 

Itttttr the plural), the common nnmn of u as in his later great work, the Ditfina 



DButt Dante 

Commedia, in ternui which make It h»rf evenParia. In 1314 he fannd abelter wilb 
to dlatinEuiah the real perBOoality ol Cao Uraode della Scala at Verona, where 
Beatrice from acime ideal power ol beauty be remained till 1^18. In 132U we &nd 
and virtoe ot which she u to Dante the tiim staying at Itavenna with hia friend 
symbol Their actual lives at least went Guido da I'olenta. In September, 1321, 
far enough apart, Beatrice marrying a hia sufferings and wanderings were ended 
noble Florentine, Simone Bardi, in 1287, by death. He was buried at Ravenna, 
and dying three years afterwards : while where his bonea still lie. His great poem, 
the year following Dante married Gemma the Divina Commedia C Divine Come- 
dri Ilonati, bv whom be bad four chll- dy'), written In great part. It not alto- 
(Iren. At this time the Gueiflc party gether, during bis exile, is divided into 
three parts, entitled Hett. Puraatarp and 
Faradiie. The poet dreams that he haa 
wandered into a dusky forest, when the 
shade of Virgil sppears and offers lo con- 
duct bim tbrougb bell and purgatory. 
Further the pagan poet may not go. but 
Beatrice herself shall lead him through 
paradise. The journey through hell is 
first described, and tbe imsginalive power 
with whicb the distorted characters o( 
the guilty and the punishments laid npon 
tbem are brougbt before us: tbe im- 
presaive pathos of these short biatoriea — 
often compressed in Dante's — ' 

_ .. _. . ~thi 
passionate depth of characteriaation, tbe 
subtle iDsIgbt and intense faith, make up 
a whole which fur signilicance and com- 
pleteness has perhaps uu rival in the work 
IlaMa. uf any one man. From hell tbe poet, 
in Florenca became divided into the rival still in the company uf Virgil, escenda to 
factions uf Bianchi and Neri (Whites purgatory, where the aceucH are stiU 
and Blacks), the latter being an extreme mostly of the same kind, though the 
papal party, while tbe former leaned punishmeats are only temporary. In the 
towards reconciliation with the Ghlbel- earthly paradise Dante beholds Beatric* 
lines, Dante's sympatbies were with the in a scene of surpassing magnificence, 
Bianchi, and being a prior of the trades esceods with ber into the celestial para- 
and a leading citiien in Florence he went dise. and after roaming over seven spberra 
on an embassy to Rome to inSuence the reaches the eighth, where he beholds 'the 
pope on behalf of the Bianchi The glorious company whicb surrounds the 
rival faction of the Neri, however, had triumphant Redeemer.' In tbe ninth 
got the upper hand In tbe city, and In Dante feels himself in the presence of tbe 
the usual faahton of the time were burn- divine essence, and sees tbe souls of the 
ing tbe houses of their rivals and slaying blessed on thrones in a circle of inSnite 
them in tbe open street In Dante's magnitude. The deity himself, in the 
absence his enemies obtained a decree of tenth, he cannot see for excess of light 
banjahment against bitn, coupled with a There are many notable translations of 
heavy fine, a sentence which was soon Dante's great poem. Among English 
followed by another condemning him to versions we may mention thoHC of Cary. 
be burned alive for malversation and Ix>ngfellow and Dean Plumplre. and an 
peculation. From this time tbe poet be- excellent prose translation by Dr. John 
came, and to tbe end of bis life remained, Carlrle. The T'ila .Vuato bas been 
an exile: and his history, first lost by admirably translated by D. Q. Rouetti 
tbe indifference of contemporaries and in his Earl)/ flalian Poelf, Dante's other 
then hallowed by tbe leeends of later works are: 71 Conrito (The Banquet*), 
generations, becomes semfmythlcal. He a series of pbllosophicsl commentaries on 
has toM us himself how be wandered the aulbor's cnozuni : II Camonirrt, a 
' throagh almost all parts where this collection ul poems ; a I.atin treatise. Or 
language Is spoken.' and how hard be Monarchia, a work iDtemied to prove th" 
felt it 'to climb the stairs and eat the supremacy of tbe head of the Holy Rom- 
bitter bread of strangers.' During this an Empire; a Irestise on tbe Italian Ian- 
period be Is said to have visited many guage entitled, De Fwl^ori Bloqutentia ; 
dtlei, Arento. Bologna. Sienna, etc., and and an inquiry into the relative altitude id 



Danton 



Danube 



the water and the land, De Aqua et 
Terra, 

Danton (<^<i9-t^M)> George Jacques, 
an advocate by profession, 
and onp of tho great figures in the French 
Revolution, bom in 1759. His colossal 
stature, athletic frame, and powerful voice 
contributed not a little, together with his 
intellectual gifts and audacity, to win him 
a prominent position among the i*evolu< 
tionaries. He founded the dub of the 
Cordeliers, was foremost in organizing 
and conducting the attack on the Tuileries, 
August 10, 1792, and as a reward for such 
services was made minister of justice and 
a member of the provisional executive 
council. When the advance of the Prus- 
sian army spread constem.ition among the 
members of the government Danton alone 
preserved his courage, and in a celebrated 
speech summoned all Frenchmen capable 
of bearing arms to march against the 
enemy. He voted for the capital punish- 
ment of all returning aristocrats, out un- 
dertook the defense of religious worship, 
and, along with Robespierre, brought 
Hubert and the worshipers of the .r^oddess 
Reason to the scaffold. But the rivalry 
of the two great leaders had now reached 
a point when one must succumb, and the 
crafty Robespierre succeeded in having 
Danton denounced and thrown into prison, 
March 31, 1794. Five days afterwanis he 
was condemned by the revolutionary tri- 
bunal as an accomplice in a conspiracy for 
the restoration of monarchy, and executed 
the same day. 

TloTifvify or Danzig (d&n'ze^), a free 
IM^UVLIJS port within the Polish cus- 
toms frontier^ formerly capital of the 
province of West Prussia, 253 miles N. E. 
of Berlin, on the left bank of the west arm 




of the Vistula, about three miles above its 
mouth in the Baltic, and intersected by 
the Mottlau, which here divides into sev- 
eral branches. The more modem parts of 



the city are regularly and well built, in 
the other parts the streets are narrow and 
the houses old and indifferent. Among the 
principal buildings are the church of St. 
Mary, begun in 1343, the church of St. 
Catherine, the Artushof, dating back to 
the fifteenth century, and many other pic- 
turesque edifices. The industries are nu- 
merous, including shipbuilding, machinery, 
brewing, saw mills, ironware, firearms, 
etc. The prosperity of the town is founded 
chiefly on its transit trade, particularly in 
wheat from Poland. Till the disastrous 
war of 1914-18, which resulted in the sev- 
erance of Dantzig from Germau control, 
it was considered one of the most impor- 
tant seaports in the I'russian nionarchy. 
By the treaty of 1919 it was made a free 
city, together with the surrounding terri- 
tory, under the protection of the League 
of Nations. All property situated within 
the free city formerly belonging to the 
German empire was transferred to either 
Danzig or Poland. Pop. 170,337. 
Danube (dan'Ob; one. Isfcr or Danu- 
hius; German, Donau), a 
celebrated river of Europe, originates in 
two small streams rising in the Schwarz- 
wald, or Black Forest, in Baden, and 
uniting at Donaueschingen. The direct 
distance from source to mouth of the 
Danube is about 1000 miles, and its total 
length, including windings, about 1670 
miles. From its source the Danube flows 
in a northeasti^rly direction to Ulm, in 
Wiirtemberg, where it becomes navigable 
for vessels of 100 tons ; then to Ratishf>n 
in Bavaria, where it becomes navigable 
for steamers. Here it turns in a south- 
easterly direction, entering Austria at 
Passau, passing Vienna and Budapest, 
above which latter town it suddenly turns 
due south, holding this direction till it is 
joined by the Drave, after which it runs 
s. s. E. and enters Servia at Belgrade. 
Continuing its general course eastward it 
forms for a long distance the boundary 
line between Roumania and Bulgaria. At 
Silistria it once more turns northward, 
and flowing between Roumania and 
Bessarabia falls into the Black Sea by 
three different outlets. In the upper part 
of its course, through Wiirtemberg and 
Bavaria, the Danube flows through some 
of the most fertile and populous districts 
of its basin. Its principal afiluents here 
are the Iser and Lech. In Austria it 
passes through a succession of picturesque 
scenerv till past Vienna, the land on both 
sides being well peopled and cultivated. 
The principal aflluents are the March, or 
Morawa, and the Ens. After possing 
through what is called the Carpathian 
Gate, at Pressburg, where it enters Hun- 
gary, it gives off a number of branches, 



( 



ibian Principalities ItanviUe 

I a Ubyrlnth of iHlands known as TlanvAm (dan'vera), a town in Eawi 
m, bnt on emer»inK it flow« unin- -"a"*":" Co., MftBaachusttl^ lit milnr 
«dlr •oDtfawards through wide n. k. e. of poHton. It baa maaufactum 

lnt«rap«raed with pooU, marshps, of shoes, leather, electric lamp*, bricks, 
jidj waates. The principal afflu- eti.:, and containn St. John's Preparatorj 
ere are the Save, the Drave and Cullefie and Essex Count; Agnculturil 
eisL Slstjr miles before entering Sriiool. Pop. 41920) 11,108. 
Dia th« river paasea throuEb a «uc- TtnTurillp (dan'vil), a dtr, count/ leat 

nf nnlilii nr mtatei'ln. Thi- river -W»"VliAt; , Vnrmilinn Tji. TIIInaiiL 



Of rapldB or caUracts. The river ■»"l"Vi"«; „( Vermilion Co.. Illinois, 
nnerly Impassable for ships at this on Vermilion River, 12.'^ miles a. ot Cfai- 
but the cbauoel was made navif- cago. The car shops of the Chicua & 
r extensive engineerlni works and Eastern lUlnois R. R. are here, l^ere 
Tbe last of these cataracta* are 25 coal minea in the couDty. Danville 



Orsova, is called the Iron Qate. is a great creamer; center and the cat*- 
iwer course of the Danube, Id war to tbe Illinois com belt. It has man- 
nia and Bulgaria, Is through a ufactures of brick, auto parts, class, etc. 
d marshy tract, fertile but badly Pop. (1010) 27.871; <1920) »3,7S0. 
ted and thinly peopled. In this 'Honvrilla a dty, county seat of Boyle 
increases its width from 1400 to -"""V*""! Co., Kentucky. 36 miles a. 
»rdi, and farther on forms an ei- a, w. of Lexington. It is the home of 
like a sea. and is studded with Centre C^illeKe, Kentucky College for 

Of the three outlets the Sniina Women, and other schonls. Pop. sra9. 
is the deep^t. and Is nsually Donville ' "^'I. °' Virginia, on tbe 
by Bbips bound up the river. The -"M-llVllie, jy^^ {^j^^^ j^^^ ^^ ^ ^_ 
' la navigable for steamers up to of Richmond. It has immense tobacco 
l>urg (Hatisbon), nearly 1600 miles warehouses, the yearly sales averaging 
a month. Some of its tributaries, 38,000,000 pounds ; also great cotton 
 tbe Save, (he Tbeiss and the mtUa, flour mills, and many other Indus- 
are alto navigable, so that the tries. It is the home of Randolph Hacon 
■"Stem of the Danube may be Inntitute and Roanohe Institute. Pop. 
J as admitting of about 2.500 (IHIO) lB.020i (1920) 21,K». 
r steam navigation. T)onvill^ " borough, county aeat of 

bian PrinOipBliideS. »" ^ „ ' Montour Co.. Pennsylvania, 
'^ Ron- on the Susquehanna River, 06 miles n. by 



3' 



Danzig Darien 



«•*- 



E. of Harrisburg. It has iron and steel sea to the range of Mount Ida ; the Euro- 
works, silk mills, etc. Pop. (1020) 6952. pean side, formed by the peninsula of Gal- 
1)11.11719 ^^ Dantzig. lipoli, is stee^ and rugged but densely 

xfttJi^xg. peopled and highly cultivated. As part of 

Sanline (darn§), the Greek name Turkey it was strongly fortified. Early in 
a/o^iui«7 lor laurel, in Greek mythol- 1915, during the European War, a British- 
ogy a nymph beloved by Apollo. Deaf French naval force tried to reduce the 
to the suit of the god, and fleeing from forts but failed. Later in the year a 
him, she besought Zeus to protect her. British land force also was defeated (see 
Her prayer was heard, and at the mo- OalHpoH), After the war the forts were 
ment Apollo was about to encircle her destroyed and the Dardanelles became 
in his arms she was changed into a part of the Zone of the Straits, under 
laurel, a tree thenceforth consecrated to Allied supervision. 

the god. ^ , DardanUS (dar^da-nus), in Greek 

"nanli'iiA a fenus of plants, nat. *'«»***"|"«*'» mythology, the progenitor 
l^npu JlC, ^jpj'gp Thymelaceas. They of the Trojans. 

are shrubs, inhabiting the greater part of Dare X^"®f ^'-^ ^^ ^^^ .child born of 
the northern hemisphere, but chiefly the ZT \ *lV^^^ parents in the New 
south of Europe and the warmer parts World. She was bom at Roanoke, YtUt 
of Asia. The best known is the mezereon in 1587 ; captured as a child by Indians, 
(D. Meger^um), with pale-green leaves and never after heard of. 
and very fragrant flowers. 2). Lauredla Darflir. or Darfoob (ddr for) , a con- 
( spurge laurel) has an irritant bark, and 77, *^ siderable region of Central 
its berries are poisonous. Africa, forming a large oasis in tne s. E. 

"ncinTiiiisi. (daf'ni-a), the water-flea, a corner of the Great Desert It may be 
l/apmuii g q£ minute crustaceans considered as lying between lat. IV and 

belonging to the division of Branchiopoda. 15** N. and long. 21* and 29" E. ; on the 
The best-known species is the D. pulew, fast it has Kordofan ^ and on the west 
or •branch-homed' water-flea, which is Wadai. whUe the regions to the south 
a favorite microscopical object The head ?re occupied by barbarous nations. The 
is prolonged into a snout, and is pro- inhabitants are Mohammedans and ne- 
vided with a single, central, compound groes and are semibarbarous. Their oc- 
eye ; it is also furnished with antennie, cupation is chiefly agriculture, and cattie 
which act as oars, propelling it through ^m their pnncipaT wealth. The cpm- 
the water by a series of short springs or meroe with Egypt is extensive, and is 
jerks. These animals are very abundant carried on entirely by the African system 
in many ponds and ditches ; and as they J^ airavans. It exporte ivory, ostrich 
assume a red color in summer impart feathers, gum, copper, etc., and receives 
the appearance of blood to the water. ^ exchange sugar, cotton, dj^^ard- 

TlATfth CdM-riib'), a town of Pars. Peiv ware, firearms etc. Pop.^ est 750.000. 
Iiarao ^^^ ^^^ ^jjjp^ g ^ ^f Shiraz, DariC (darik>.an ancient Persian gold 
situated among groves of dates, oranges ^^ . coin of Darius, weighing about 
and lemons. Pop. about 5000. 129 grains, value about |6, and bearing 

Tlfi.rhlifl.Tl^fl. (dur-bung'ga), a town of 
liarDnaugH ^^^^^ ^^^ Orissa, India, 

68 miles N. E. of Patna. It is the resi- 
d«»nce of the maharaja. Pop. 62,628. 

D'Arblay, f^^^^f^- ^'^ ^^^'*^' 

Dfl.r1)V (<lar'bi),a borough of Delaware 
*** ujr Qq^ Pennsylvania, 5 miles s.w. 
of Philadelphia. It has silk and woolen qMux Dane, from British Muaeum. 

mills and other manufactures. Pop. ^ ^ , 

(1920) 7922. . on one side the figure of an archer. In 

TloTdoTiAllAa (dar'da-nelz) ; ancient later times the name has been applied 
.uttruaiiciics Hellespont), a narrow to a silver coin having the figure of an 
channel which connects the Sea of archer. 

Marmora with the ^gean Sea, and at TloinATi (da'ri-en), Gulf of, a gulf 
this particular point separates Europe ^«'**^** of the Caribbean Sea at the 
from Asia. It is about 40 miles in north extremity of South America, be- 
length, and varies in breadth from 1 to 4 tween the Isthmus of Panama and the 
miles. Its rapid current, often much ac- mainland. 

celerated by winds, runs southward. On DainAfi Isthmus of, often used as 
the Asiatic side the country is fine an^ A^aix^nj synonymous with the Isthmus 
fertile, rising gradually upwards from the of Panama, but more strictly applied t* 





Sarien Scheme Darjeeling 

tb* n*ck of iHDd brtween the Gull at after a two years' siege, tbr rerolM cilj 
Darien and tbe Paciiic. of Bab;loD. and led an expedition of TOO.* 

Dariea Scheme. ». ^l^brated enan- OpO men againM tbe 8cythianB on the 
vmivu uuuv±ui., ,.,g[ pnjjeci con- Danube, from which be eitncated bimaelf 
ceived and set afloat by William FatersoD. after suffering great Ioskh. To ttttagf 
a Scotsman, towards the close of the sev- himself against tbe Atbenians who had 
enteenth century. Fatersou was a man of promoted a revolt of the Ionian dtiea, be 
bold and original cunceptions, aud poB- sent an arm; under Mardonfus to inrade 
sessed of a wide knowledge ol commerce Greece. But the ships of Mardoniua were 
and finance. lie was the nrst projector of destroyed by a storm in doubling Moant 
tbe Bank of England, but was disap- Athos (492 B.C.), and his arm; waa cut 
pointed of bis just recompense. His neit to pieces by the Tbracians. Darius, how- 
scheme was one of magnilicent prupor- ever^fitted out a second expedition of 
tions. Be proposed to form an emponum 5UO,000 men, which was met, on the 
on each side of the Isthmus of Darien or plains of Marathon by an Athenian arm; 
Panama for the trade of the opposite con- 10,000 strong, under Miltlades, and com- 
tinents. The settlement thus formed pletel; defeated (490 b.c). DaFins had 
would become the entrepot for an Im- determined on a third expedition when he 
mense exchange between the manufactures died, B.C. 485. — (2) Dabivb II, somamed 
of Europe and tbe produce of South Xothoi, or the Bastard, by tbe Grwks. 
America and Asia. Paterson had designed an illegitimate son of Artaaenca ' 

to limit the benefits of the Bchenie *" '' '~' ' "' "** '■" " '""" 

land mainly, but had to seek '. 

liondon, where tbe subscriptions si „ _. , ^ 

up to £300,000. Alarm was soon excited AnabasU. — (3) Dabidb III. anrnamed 
among tbe English merchants, especially Codofnannu«, great grandson of Darina II, 
those connected with the Indies, at the gi- was the twelfth and last king of Persia. 
gantic Scotch scheme, and tbe English He ascended tbe tbrone B.O. 336, when 
EubscriptionB were withdrawn. Scotland, the kingdom had been weakened by 
iadignaot at this treatment, subscribed at luxury and the tyranny of tbe satraps 
once and with great enthusiasm £400,000, under bis predecessors, and could not 
a full half of all the cash in the kingdom, resist the attacks of a powerful inrader. 
Little more than the half, however, was Such was Alexander of Uacedon ; and die 
paid up. In 1698 five large vessels laden arwf which was sent against him by 
with stores, etc., and with 1200 intend- Darius was totally routed on the twnks <rf 
ing colonists, sailed for the Isthmus of tbe Granicus, in Asia Minor. Darius 
Darien. Tbe settlement was formed In then hastened with 400,000 soldiers to 
a suitable position, and the colonists meet Alexander in tbe mountainons re- 
fortified a secure and capacious harbor ; gion of Cllicia, and was a second time 
but nothing else had been rightly cal- totally defeated near the Isans, B.a 333. 
culated. Many of the colonists were of Two years afterwards, all propoaals for 
the gentry, totally unacquainted with peace having been rejected by Alexander. 
any of the arts necessary in a new col- Darius collected a second army, and 
ony : the provisions were either improper meeting the Macedonian force* between 
for the climate or soon exhausted : the Arbeia and Gaugamela was again rooted 
merciiandise tbey had brougbt was not and had to seeK safety in lligbt (331 
adapted for the West Indian market. To B.C.). Alexander now captured Susa 
add to their difficulties the colonists were the capital, and Persepolis, and reduced 
attacked by the Spaniards and all com- all Persia. Meanwhile Darius waa col- 
merce forbidden with them. For eight lecting anotber army at Ecbatana in 
months the colony bore up, but at the Media, when a traitorous conspiracy was 
end of that time the survivors were com- formed against bim by which ne loat his 
pelled by disease and famine to abandon life in 330 B.C. Alexander married his 
their settlement and return to Europe, daughter Statira, 

Two of the ships were lost on the way HariPpTinir or Dabjilino (dlr-MI'- 
home, and only about thirty of the colo- -"ttrjceuug, j^^, ^ aigtrict of India. 
nists, including Paterson, reached Scot- in the extreme north of the lieutmant- 
land. governorship of Bengal, division of Coocb- 

SarinS <^<la-rrus>, the name of several Behar : area, 1234 sq. miles. Tea, coffer. 
Persian kings. (1* Darius I, cinchona and cotton are cultivated more 
fourth king of Persia, son of Hystaspes, or less, and the culttvatioD of the tea- 
a prince of the royal family of the plant and the making of tea is now the 
AcnamieDidE, attained the tbrone In B.C. staple Industry. Pop. 249.117. — Dauixi,- 
621. His reign was distinguished by ino, the chief town In the district i* 
many important events. He reduced, a aanatory itation (or the British troops, 



Sarlaston Oarnley 

and though little more than 36 miles from subscribed and presented to her. Four 
the plains stands at an elevation of 1^)0 years afterwards she died of consumption, 
ft. above sea-level, on a ridge with deep in 1842. 

valleys on either side, in a bleak but DQrlililH:OII (dilr'ling-tun), a munic- 
healthy situation. There is a residence *'«******6''^'** ipal and parliamentary 
uf the lieutenant-governor, barracks, a borough of England, 17^ miles soutn of 
sanatorium, etc. Pop. 16,d24, much in- Durham ; well built, chiefly of brick. The 
creased in the hot weather. woolen manufacture is carried on to a 

Tl fi.rln. ftt.nn (d^trlas-tun), a town and considerable extent, and there are large 

parish of England, 17 ironworks and establishments manufac- 
miles 8. by s. of Stafford. It has exten- turing steel, locomotive engines, iron 
sive coal and iron mines. Pop. 17,107. bridges, etc. Pop. (1911) 55,033. 

Barley Lf^ii.'rn'^ Vi^pgfl; Darlingtonia ilVfe1?L"i'o1 

Pennsylvania, in 1822 ; died in 1888. lie American pitcher-plants, nat. order Sar- 
early showed talent in arawiug, and wuu raceniaceie. A single species is known 
reputation by his drawings for Irving's from California. The leaves are long and 
Legend of Hleepy Hollow and Rip Van trumpet-shaped, with a wing rising from 
Wrinklet and his illustrations for the one side of the mouth, 
novels of Judd, Dickens, Cooper and T)orTnsta.dt (<l&''^''^t&t), a town of 
Simms. In 1868, after residing for some *'"'* oi*c*\au Germany, capital of the 
years in Europe, he published Sketches Grand-duchv of Hesse, in a sandy plain, 
Abroad tcitk Pen and Fenoil, sloping to the Rhine, 15 m. 8. of Frank- 

Dfl.r1iTl£r (darl'ing; from a governor ^ort. It consists of an old and a new 
■"**^o of N. South Wales), a name town. The former, which is the husin«-y 
of several applications in Australia. The part of the town, is very poorly built ; the 
Darling River, a river rising in the N. e. houses are old, and the streets narrow and 
of New South Wales, flows in a south- gloomy. The new town is laid out with 
weAerly direction till it joins the Murrav. great regularity, and has handsome 
— Darling District is a pastoral district SQuares and houses. Among the remark- 
about 50,000 sq. miles in extent, in the able buildings are the old palace (with 
s. w. of New South Wales, and watered * ii!>rary of 500,000 volumes and 4000 
by the Darling and the Murray. — ^The MSS., a picture-gallery, and a rich 
Darling Downs consists of a rich table- mnseum of natural history), the Roman 
land west of Brisbane in Queensland. It Catholic Church, and the Rathhaus, or 
is well watered, and measures about 6000 town-hall, built in 1580. Darmstadt has 
sq. miles. The Darling Range is a range some iron-foundries, breweries, etc., but 
or granite mountains in Western Austra- depends more upon the residence of the 
Ha, running in a northerly direction par- court than upon either trade or manii- 
allel with the coast from Point D'Entre- factures. Pop. (1910) 86,521). 
f-asteanx for 250 miles. TlormefaHf or iIessb- Dabmstadt. 

Darlin? Grace, a celebrated English -"a^^^atnuu, ^^^ Uegne, 

o> heroine, was born in 1815, in Darnel (dar'nel), the popular name 
the Longstone Lighthouse (Fame Islands. of Lolium temulentum, a spe- 

roast of Northumberland), of which her cies of poisonous grass. It appears to 
father was keeper. In 1838 the steamer be the infelut lolium of Virgil, and the 
Forfarshire^ with forty-one passengers on tares of Scripture. Its properties are 
board besides her crew, became disabled said to be narcotic and stuppfying, but 
off the Fame Islands during a storm, and recent researches have cast some doubt 
was thrown on a rock where she broke on its reported deleterious qualities. It 
in two, part of the crew and passen- is met with in cornfields, and is now 
gers left clinging to the wreck. Next naturalized in N. America, 
morning William Darling descried them Dam^tfl.! (^^I'-Q^-tftl), a town of 
from Lougstone, about a mile distant, but ■*'«*****^''«** France, dep. of Seine-In- 
he shrank from attempting to reach the f^rieure, 2^ miles east oi Rouen. There 
wreck through a boiling sea in a boat, are extensive woolen factories and spin- 
His daughter Grace, however, Implored ning-mills. Pop. 6739. 
him to make the attempt and let her T)a.nilev ^<^arn'li). Henht Stuart. 
accompany him. At last he consented, *'"'**"^j Lord, son of the Earl of 
and father and daughter each taking an Lennox and Lady Margaret Douglas, a 
oar, they reached the wreck and succeeded niece of Henry VIII, and by her first mar- 
in rescuing nine sufferers. The news of riage queen of James IV, born in 1541. 
the heroic deed soon spread, and the In 1565 he was married to Mary, Queen 
brave girl received testimonials from all of Scots. It was an unfortunate match, 
quarters. A purse of £700 was publicly and ere long gave rise first to coolness, 



I 



Dasynre 



!■ cotton ; other manufactureB are pap«r, DothiDg leas than a revolution in biologi- 
Iron castincB, earthenware, elt. Pop. cal Bcienee. In it for the first time was 
UUll) 4034. given a full and Batisfactor; expositluu 
Darwin (dar'wiii), Charlkb Robebt, of the theory of evolution as applied to 
an Bogllsb naturalist, born planta and animals, the origin of^specieu 
at Shrewsbury In ISOU ; died at Down, being explained on tbe hypothesis of nat- 
near Beebenham, Kent, in 1S82 ; was ural selection. The rest of his works are 
Ihe ion of Dr. Robert Darwin and grand- largely based on the material he bad ar- 
son of Dr. Erasmus Darwin, lie was cumulated for tbe elaboration of thi^ 
educated at Shrewsbory School, and at great theory. The principal are a treatise 
Ihe universities of Edinburgh and Cam- on the Fertilisation of Orchidt (18tl2) : 
bridge. He early devoted himself to the Do medico ted AnimaU and Cultivated 



It. of _ ...._. . 
PlanU (2d. ed., 18TG) ; Int«Btivorou» 
Pla»t* (ISTG) : Grot* and Self tertilita- 
(ion (1876) ; The Power of Movement 
in Flaate (18S0) ; Th« Formation of 
Vegetable Mold (1881), the Ust con- 
taining a vast amount of information in 
regard to the common earthworm. Mr. 
Darwin was buried in Westminster 
Abbey. 

S&rwin EsAsuira, an English phy< 
*" ' sician and poet, was bom in 

1731; died 1802. His works include 
Zoonomia, or the Lav>i of Organic Life: 
Phvtoloaia, or the FhHiMophjf of Apriout- 
tere and Oardening. Charles Darwbi was 
his grandson. 

Harwinism (dar-win-Ian), the views, 
i>i»iiiM*i egpg^gjiy regarding the 
origin und development at animals and 
plants, expressed in detail and advocated 
with mucb earnestness in the works of 
Charles Darwin. See i?voItitton, Natural 
CharlnDanrin Selecftort, etc. 

Vr ';;:,'-".'•',".:'?.■'" «»"• ""i"'"' i^sSTi™ ■SUff'S 

of knowledge, part of which he soon gave the family Araceie, grown extensively in 
to tbe public in various works. In lSd» the West Indies and recenUy introduced 
he warned his cousin Emma Wedgwood, into the Southern States. It is clotely 
and henceforth spent the life of a quiet allied to the taro or tara (g v ) one of 
country gentleman, engrossed in scientific the important food plants in most of the 
pursuits — experimenting, observing, re- warm regions of the world, and developed 
pording. reflecting and generalwing. In to a high degree In Hawaii. The dasbeon 
1838 he published Ms Jovrnal of Re- jg very similar to the potato in its food 
tearchet during a Voyage round the charnirteriBtics. It Is adapted for cultiva- 
World; in 1842 SIrueture and Dutriba- tion in rich, moist, weU-drained soils, and 
(ion of Coral Reefn; in 1844 Geological matures in October and November. It re- 
Oitervatiom on Volcanic lalandt. etc. ; quircv at least seven months to reach f ull 
In 1846 Oeola^tcal Obiervationi in Boulb maturity. 

America; in 18S1 and 1854 his ^oso- ■«___ PinrfX. Norw^an poet, of Scot- 
graph of Ihe Cirrhipedta, and soon after ■*"*») tish eitraction. bom in 1647 ; 
the Foifil Lepadrrdir and Batanido! of died in 1708. He is known as the ' father 
Oreal Britain. In 1869 his name attained of Norwegian poetry.' and his principal 
its great celebrity by the publication of poem. The Trumpet of Northland, is one 
7**8 Origin of Specie* T>y Meant of fiat- of the favorite national poems. 
ural Selection. This work, scouted and DnaviirP (das'l-yOr), the brush-talicd 
" "  " t in certain ■""■'"J "'" onossum, a i - • -- 



derided though it was at first L 
guarters, may be said I ' ~ 



-5)ataTia Satia 



TmouuiU. and so nanM] in <f>Dtrast to ou tbe sun and adda a Uttle to the 
the opossuiDB of the Nrw World iDidel- l«oclb of each day. On completiiif tbt 

(ihft), which have nahrd taita somewhat rouDd be will have added tweatj-fonr 
ike rtts. The nrsiae daafare (Diuydnu hours, and f^ - "^ - --'-- •  '' ' 
■rdniu) of TaBiDBiiiB '   -■ ........ 



idcer, but of a aturdier form, of will be Monday to the people be had left 

a Duii biai'k color, carDiTorous. and of If he goes round oppoaite to tbe aaD be 

M> MTBFe a temper sb to bare cained for losea aolar time ajid each dar become* 

itH>lf the Hltemalire name oE Diabolat Hhorter, ao that on completiiif the 

■rifniw, or TaamaniBn deviL t'nrmerl; muad he has lost a dar'a time nncon- 

it waa most destructive to flocks and atioual;. It ia now Monday to bim, hot 

■■onltry yards, but is now in the inhabited it is Sooday to tbe people he left when 

districts nearly extirpated. The various starting. To avoid this complicatiaii a 

species of tbe cenns have mncb the meridian line has been chosen, on i iii» 

same natore and hablta as tbe Earo- in^ which the traveler cbantea Ua re«k- 

pean polecat oninK. If it ia Tneaday, when he croaaia 

Ihitaria. <da-tft'ri-a), the papal office this line loinc westward tw calls it 

j/Bboiu p[ j[,^ chancery at Rome, Monday. K aoinc eastward be caUs it 

from which all bulls are issued. Wednesday. Thi 

1W4b (L-atin, Allan, fiven), that ad- <3ltion is aroidt . 

"^^ dition to a writms which speci- been fixed at the 180° meridian fnya 

fies tbe year, munth and day when, Greenwich. This line bas the adraa- 

and Dsoally tbe place where, it was fiven tase of traversing water throosh neariy 

or executed ; also the time when any all its course. Two deviations are made 

event happened, when anything was where it crosses island massea. After 

transacted, or when anything is to be passing throngh Bering Strait it slants 

dine. t» the west aronnd the Alentian Islands. 

flat* the fmit of tbe date-palm or ihat tbey may have tlie same day as 

■"""=» >h« tF«> ;ii»if the ''lofiLT *ic- the United Slates, to which they belonf. 

_ . -tcnrivfly when the Fiji and neifblnrins |n«ap« 

. article of food by the natives of of islands belonKius to Great Britain are 

Northern Africa and of some countries reached it bends to the east, so as not I" 

of .\iiia. It coDsislB of an eitemal embarrass tbe local commerce with a 

pericarp, separalile into three pnrtions, change of day. 

and covering a seed which is hard and .TJattt.nl'nin. tbe name nven to aeversl 
homy in consequence of the nature of ' * species of Dmshtv*. a 

the albnmen in which the embryo plant cenns of trees of the ebony hdUy. H>e 

is bnried. Next to tlie cocoanut tree European date-plnm is tbe i>. Lola*, a 

the dale is onqaestionably the most in- low-growing tree, native of the sonth of 

teresting and oseful of the palm tribe. Enrope. It produces a small fmit. the 

Its BtFm shoots np to the heigbt of 50 supposed lotus of tbe aodents. The 

or EM feet without branch or dirisioD, American date-plnm, or pendmmon ID. 

and of nearly the same thickness through- Virvintiiw), attains a height of 50 or 

imt its length. From the summit it 00 feel ; the fmit is nearly ronnd. about 

(hrows imt a magnifioent crown of larye an inch in diameter, is very aoster*. but 

fealher-fibs|>ed leaves, and a number of edible after being frvsted. Thf Chinese 

.Mwdires. cai-b of which in the female date-plum (D. KmiH is cultivsled fnr 

plant bears a bunch of from ISO to '3<0 tbe sake of its fmit which is ab>nit the 

dales. cHi-h bunch weighing from 'JO to siie of s small apple, and is made into 

i'l IhB. The fruit is eaten fresh or dried, a preserve. 

fakes of dates pounded and kneaded to- TiatlinlitA (dath'o-Ut). tbe stiicvons 

gether ate the f-xxt of the Arabs who ■"«"»""« borate of lime, a mineral 

traverse the deserts. A liquor resembling of a wbite color ot variooa Aades 

wine is made from dates by fermenta- fonnd in Scotland and on the nrntiBenl 

tion. Persia. Palestine. Arabia and tbe of Europe ; also near Lake SnperiiH'. 

nortb of -Africa are best adapted for the wbei* it is nsed In tbe manabctnre of 

cnltnre of the date-tree, and its fmit is boric add. 

in these coantries an important article of TWti& (^"t^-**- > native state i« 

food- It is now being iotrndnced into ■"""" Bnndelkband. Bindnstan. noder 

Oalifomia. the C<ntral India Agency. Area, 911 

Tkof <h.1iii» lyTCKVATioNU. tbe line s*i. miles : popL 173.T5S). — Ditijl the chief 

imWUBC, ,( ^^j^(, j^^ j,,^ ^i ,^p ,„„ ^f y„ gt,,, i, ritnated 125 nOes 

day cbanges on going aronnd the globe, n. k. of Agra, and cnotains a larre nnm- 

A nan who travels aronnd the earth in her of bandsoote bosses, tbe resideBces 

tbe ^T«ctioD of tbe snn's movement t*ins of tbe local aristuctacr. Pop, 21,071. 



Batiscin Daughters of the King 

DatlBcin ('^"'tiB'sin). a substance list, born in ITDG ; died in 1867. For 

vunuiuu yjgijp^ by the bastard hemp, manj- jeanj he was profesaor of chein- 

Datitca caitnabtna, a h^rbaceoUB. dim'i- istry, botany and rural economy at Ox- 

oas pereonial. a native of tbe south o( fnnl. and wrote several esteemed scien- 

Bnrope, where it ia used as a Bub^titate tilic works. 

(or PemTian bark, and for making cord- TfA-nhicma (do-ben-yA). See ilerh 

age. DatiBcin (C«H=.Oi.) is extracted "" ■"■"^^B^^ irAubignf. 

from tbe leaves, and is used as a yel- "nanniia (da'kus). a seuus of umbel- 

kiw dye. l«UCa» li^rous pia„t^ the „„,( im- 

Dative ((I'^'ti^' ^ datinn, from dare, portant of which is the earrot. 

to give), in grammar, a term T)aiidet (dO-dS), AlpboRbe, a Frentjl 

applied to the case of nouns which ubu- *'""•"''' novelist, bom at NimeSi in 

ally follow verbs or other parts of 1840. lie settled in Paris in 1857. and 

speech that express giving, or some act wrote poems, esBays, plays; etc., with- 

directed to the object, generally indicated out much success, till he discovered hia 

in English by to or for. powers as a novelist, when be speedily 

Datura (dA-tU'ral. a genus of ptanls, rose to tbe highest rank. His more cele- 

order Solanacete. with large, brated works are Fromont jeuite et Rii- 

tnunpet-shaped flowers. There are sev- In- AiiU <1874) ; Jack (187G) ; L« 

eral species. sU Aabab (1877) ; Let RoU en RxU 

having poison- 11879); Xama RoumeMan II^l); 

ons properties L'b'vangelUte (1883) ; Sapko (1884) ; 

and a disagree- Let Arcnturet Fraiigieittct de Tarlarin 

able odor. D. de Tai^ivoH (1874) ; its sequel. Tartariit 

stramonium is tur let Alpet (188li) : Trentt A»t a Parit 

tbe tborn-applp, (autobiographical. 1888); and L'lmmor- 

p OBsessin g fel (18.SS). All bis most important 

' strong narcotic works have been translated into F^nglisb. 

properties, and He died Id 1(07. — His brother. KrncsT 

sometimes em- (born in IS^ST). also distinguisheil himielf 

plo.ved aa a as a ooveliHt. and was one of the bpst- 

remedy for ncu- known political writers of the l!>encll 

ralgin, convul- republican party. 

dHed' leaves til Daughters of the American 
, ^ _, i'nd^D"ra(SS: Kevolution, ^^^''^^"Tl^h^' 

"m^'t^f^tb^"' "" """^'^ " ' ^ ^i'^'^ desoe^d^ f^m an an^^r 
remedy for asthma. ^j^^ . ^^^ anfniling loyalty rendered 

Datltrine ' ,A, ■^','^"': " voiionoua material aid to the cause o! independ- 
alSaloid found in the thorn- -_™ __ _ rrmwniit^ nntrint im wildier 
apnle (Datura Etramonium). ila cbem- "'^j^./o^'S^^iPoffi^r Tn ™e of 
.ca^ formula being identical with atro- ?hc sevefa" c.^.n'eT or ^Utes • l" wa» 
pme, the alkaloid from dwdly nightshade, organized in IS.'K) at Washin^nD. I>. C. 
DaubentOn l^t^^S''"'.';..,?: H.^'i §'«;« 'h-ir organization .^bey.^bave 

1014 niim- 



BENTON. IjOUIS JEAN rrcntlv pvtpnfleH rheir Hrtilitii 

^f,5- J^^J-"- ^'*1- b'^^ '° V^- .iJ.': member^hii. nt the sociMj- in V. 



studiei- _. „, „„„ ,., .,._n 

began to aasiBt Buffon in tbe preparalion ( 

of his great work nn natural history, the 'n-.^—l.*™ _e 4.1.-. /i-->.J~»-^ 
anatomical articles of which were pre- UangntCrS 01 the IfOnfcaeracy, 
pared by him. In 1745 be was appointed a society organiEed In Nashville. Tennes- 
curator and demonstrator of the cabinet g^, [„ ISM. and composed of the wivex, 
of natwral history in Paris, of which he widows, mothers, siBters or lineal de- 
had charge for nearly fifty years. H« scendnnts of men who served in the Con- 
became proresaor of natural history in federate army or navy or otherwise 
the CoIWe of Prance In 1778. Among aided the cause of tbe Southern Con- 
hia pabhcations are : Inttructtont to federacr 

flhepherd,. A Methodical View of Sfin- Daughters of the EillP »° "^^ 
eraU, etc., and be eontribnted many ■*"*"6*^''*"* *** "1* J*"^! of worn- 
scientific articles to the first Encuclo- en members of tbe Protestant Episcopal 
C"**-. ,,„,,« „ Church, organiied id 1885. Its purpose 

DanDenvyi^*""''- Charles Gn.tB ia to bring young women within the 
' BsiDix, an Engllah sdea- loflnence of the church and to codperate 



Daughters of the Bevolntion Sarid 

wiih pBHtora to that end. (It Is die- IViiitir (dn'u). or l*EXCBI (£«■«« 

liDt^t from the * KiDg's Dsufhtera.') -wnuw n^rckeU). a apecleB at lebta 

~   • .. _ , .. _L(_i. !_.._.., ^_ j[|g piiina of tteatbeiT 

rlT to the north of ttai 
.... 1- - ^^ general color ia l 

irganised In 1^1. DiFmlwrHhlp being paJe brown, with irarlsfa white on the 

crintiiied to women lineally deecended abdomen and inner parta of the limbx. 

frum ' a military or navai or marine Its bead, neck and bodf and the npper 

<illi[.-pr. soldier, sailor, or marine,' in the parts of ita limbs arc striped like the 

itcvolutlonan service, or from one who lebra, bot the atripei are not so dark 

signed the DeclaratioD of Independence, in color. The Dutcli colonists call it 

or was a member of tbe Continental or Uonte^uagga. 

State congresses or a congressional offl- TliiTpnant (dav'en-ant), Sn WlL- 

cial assisted in the winning of American ^w^'cuaui j^^^^^ ^ English poet 

independence; with tbe llmita^on that and drumutist, uura at Uii'mii lu ItMW; 

these remained 1o;rI to Confresa or died in 1668. His father kept tbe Crown 

States throughout the war. Inn, a house at which Sbokespere naed to 

Ttanlnta'hail (don-lat-B-bftd'), a town stop on bis joumeys between LiondoD 

jmuiabuuuu ^f j„j[,_ j^ j^g jji. and Stratford. He was early introdnceil 

lam's Dominions ( Haldarabad ) . Deccan ; into court life through bis service vlth 

170 miles m. k. of Bombay ; tbe fortress, tbe Duchess of Richmond and Lord 

also known by the name of Deogiri, was Brooke ; and having produced sereral 

from remote antiquity the stronghold of plays and court masqaes, he ■□cceed'>d 

tbe rulers of tbe Deccan. Pop. 1243. Ben Jonson in tbe laoreateshlp (163t I. 

_ ,, , „ . i r. I iji^ 

iriHQ gener&i, was oom in j.<ou, ana erai, aoa receivea me nonor oi an 

died in 1768. He served in tbe Turkish hood. On tbe decline of tbe royal c 

war in 1710, as major-general in Italy be retired to France ; but attempting tu 
in 1734, and distinguished himself st sail for Virginia, his ship was captured, 
the battle of Krotka in 1737, and tbe and be escaped deatb tbroagb the good 
capture of Dingelfingen in 1740. In offices of John Milton, a kindnesa he was 
1148, after serving against tbe PVench able to repay after the Restoration, 
in the Netherlands, be was made Knight Under (^barles II Davenant flourished in 
of the Golden Fleece. His skilful pas- tbe dramatic world. His works consist 
sage of tbe Rhine, and his marriage with of dramas, masques, sddresses, and tbe 
the Conntcss ol Fux, a favorite of epic Oondibert, wbicb was never finished ; 
Maria Theresa, procured for him tbe but be is remembered chiefly by the 
post of master-general of the ordnance, travesty of Sbahespere's Ttwtpett, made 
and in 1757 that of general field-marsbaL In conjUDCtloiL with Dirden. Ha was 
That same year be defeated Frederick burled In Westminster Abbey, 
tbe Great at Kollin. and soon after took Tlavfnnnrt (dHv'en-pOrt), a rity. 
Breslau. In 1758 be again defeated ■"»*CliP"r<' county seat of Scott <•«., 
Frederick at Ilocbkirch ; but be was Iowa, situated at the foot of the upper 
at last thoroughly defeated by Frederick rapids of the Missiasippi, 18] miles west 
at Torgau in 17S9. He afterwards be- of Chicago, and directly opposite Rich Is- 
came president of the aulic council. land, tbe seat of a United States arsenal. 
Dannllill. (^S''''')' t*** t*'!* "' '*'* Woolen goods, agricullural ImpiemenlP 
"^^^ eldest son of the king of and machines, pottery, carriages, gas en- 
France prior to the revolution of 1830, gines. tocomotives. machinery, washing 
Bsid to be derived from the dolphin, the machines, pearl buttons, metal wheels, 
crest of tbe lords of Daupbiny. The looms, and pressed steel cars, etc., art 
name was assumed towards tbe middle manufactured. Pop. (1910) 43,088: 
of tbe ninth century by the lord of Dau- (1B20) S0,72T. 

Shiny, which province was bequeathed ilovantrv (dav'eu-trl), or OaiK 

y Humbert II to tbe king of France ■*'»*e""J ibee. a market town uf 

in 1349 on condition that the heir of England, in tbe county of and 11 mlka w. 

the throne should bear tbe title of Dau- by k. of Northampton. Pop. 3G17. 

phia of Vlennoia. TiflTTil (da'vid), King of laraet, the 

Ilftlinllinv *<'B-"'>-^: DaiipMii^),_ one *"«*»*" youngest son of Jesse, a dti- 

.unu|iiuujr ^f j[jg ancient provinces sen of Bethlehem, and dewended throurt 

of France, which comprised tbe modem Bosk from the ancient princes of Jndah. 

departments of the iBftre. Ihc Haates Tbe life of David is recorded throngh 

Alpes, and part of that of tbe DrAme. the first and second books of HaruMct 

The capIUI of tbe whole wm Qrenobl?. and the first book of Vknmiclni. Tlis 



David I David 

book of P9alm9, a large portion of which the Paris Conservatoire in 1830, and be- 
has been attributed to him (see Psalms) t came an ardent disciple of St iSimon, £n- 
also contains frequent allusions to inci- fantin and other social speculators. In 
dents in his life. He reigned from 1055 1832, with a few companions, he went 
B.C. to 1015 B.C. according to the usual to the East in order to realize his dreams 
chronology, but recent investigations put of a perfect life, but returned disap- 
the dates of David's reign from 30 to 50 pointed in 1835. He then published his 
years later. Under David the empire Melodies Orieniales, and soon after his 
of the Israelites rose to the height of most successful work, Le Desert, Other 
its power, and his reign has always works are: Moise sur le SinaL Chris- 
been looked on by the Jews as the golden tophe Colomhe, Le Paradis, Le Perle du 
age of their nation's history. BrSsil, Herculaneum and Lalla Bookh. 

Dftvid I ^^^^ ^^ Scotland, son of Dovid JACQUES Louis, the founder 
' Malcolm Canmore; bom ■*'«*''***> of the modern French school 
abont 1080; succeeded his brother Alex- of painting, born at Paris in 1738; died 
ander I in 1124; died in 1153. He was at Brussels in 1825. He went to Rome 
the first to introduce feudal institutions in 1774, and passed several years there 
and ideas into his native land. He twice painting a number of important pictures, 
invaded England to support his niece A second visit produced the Horatii, one 
Matilda against Stephen, her rival of his masterpieces. In 1787 he pro- 
claimant for the Enghsh crown, during duced The Death of Socrates, in 178S 
one of his incursions being defeated at J*aris and Helen, and in 1789 Brutus, 
the Battle of the Standard (1138). He In the revolution he was a violent Jaco- 
died at Carlisle, and was succeeded by bin, and wholly devoted to Robespierre, 
his grandson Malcoln. He acquired a Several of the scenes of the revolution 
considerable reputation for sanctity, supplied subjects for his brush. What 
While yet Prince of Cumbria he had be- is considered his masterpiece. The Rape 
gun the establishment of the Glasgow of the Sabines, was painted in 1799. He 
bishopric. He adjusted the bishoprics was appointed first painter to Napoleon 
of Dnnkeld, Moray, Aberdeen, Koss, about 1804 ; and after the second restora- 
Caithness. Brechin, Dunblane and Gal- tion of Louis XVIII he was included in 
loway. Among the religious houses for the decree which banishe" all regicides 
regulars which Jate from his reign are from France, when he retired to Brussels. 
Holyrood, Melrose, Jedburgh, Kelso, l)ovid Pii^ke Jean, a French sculp- 
Dryburgh, Newbattle, etc. His services *'••* ^9 tor, born at Angers in 1789 
to the church pTocnred for him the popu- (hence commonly called David d'An- 
lar title of saint, but the endowments so gers) ; died in 1856. He went when 
taxed the royal domains and possessions very young to Paris, became the pupil 
that James vl bitterly characterized him of J. L. David, and in 1809 a prize ob- 
as ' ane salr sanct for the crown.' tained from the Academy enabled him to 

Dftvid n ^^°8 ^^ Scotland, son of pursue his studies at Rome, where he 
9 Robert Bruce, born in formed a friendship with Canova. On 
1322; succeeded to the throne in 1329; his return to Paris he laid the founda- 
died in 1370. On the death of his father tion of his fame by a colossal statue of 
be was acknowledged by the greater part the great Cond4 in marble. He visited 
of the nation. Edward Baliol, however, Germany twice, in 1828 and 1834, and 
the son of John Baliol, formed a party for executed busts of Goethe for Weimar, of 
the purpose of supporting his pretentions Schelling for Munich, of Tieck for Dres- 
to the crown; he was backed by ESdward den, of Ranch and Humboldt for Ber- 
III of England. Battles were frequent, lin. In 1831 he began the magnificent 
and at first Baliol was successful; but sculptures of the Pantheon, his most im- 
pventually David succeeded in driving portant work, which he finished in 1837. 
him from Scotland. Still, however, the He executed a sreat number of medal- 
war was carried on with England with lions, busts and statues of celebrated 
increasng rancor, till at length David persons of all countries, among whom 
was made prisoner at the battle of Ne- we may mention Walter Scott, Canning, 
ville's Cross (1346). After being de- Washington, Lafayette. Gutenberg, Cu- 
tained in captivity for eleven years he vier, Victor Hugo, B^ranger, Paganini 
was ransomed for 100,000 marks. The and Madame de StaSl. 
remainder of his reign was occupied in T)fl,vid ^^^^t, patron of Wales, Arch- 
'^^RDutes with his parliament. 'bishop of Caerleon, and after- 

Tlovi^ (dA-v6d, or dft'vid), FftLiciEW- wards of Menevia, now St. David's, 
J/UYiU cf^BAR, a French musician where he died about 601. He was cele- 
snd composer, born at Cadenet (Van- brated for his piety, and many legends 
eluse) in 1810 ; died in 1876. He entered are told of his rairaouloua powers. His 



David's Davis 

•rritingB are no loDger extant. Bis life l)avis (ilfl'viH), Henbt Wistkb, 

was written by Ricemnrch, bishop of St. ''*'*^" Btoteaman, was bom in An- 

David's in tbe eloventli ceDtury. napolia, Mar;laad, in 1817. Aa a mem- 

David's ^'^■' " decayed epucopal city ber of Congress he was a brilliant orator. 

' of Wales, County Pembroke, Although re|)reBenting n slave Stale, he 

near the promontory of St. DHviil's Head, was unfaltering in fidelity to tbe Union 

ODCC tbe metropolitan see of Wales, and a strvnuuuH advocate sf emancipacion. 

Within a space of 1200 yards in circuit and as early as 1805 favored negro «uf- 

are tbe cathedral, cbieBy of tbe twelfth frage. He died in 1865. 

oentury. with a finely decorated rood-loft, 1)oiHs ^"^^f (1S62-1913), an Ameri- 

the epiNcopal palac*^, the ruins of St. ■*''^'"°i ^qq lawyer and lef^ator, bom 

Mary's College, and other ecclesiastical near Richmond. He was appointed 

edifices, chieBy ruinous. Pup. of town- attorney-general of Arkansas in 18U8, and 

ship r>:tSf8. in 190U bccurae guvernur. Ue had the 

TloTriilann (iEoroe. astronomer, bom dJKtiuclian of beiug the first governor of 

WttVlUBUU, m Nottingham, England. ArkuiiHiis to be elw-led three tini« to thai 

in lS-2.-,, and brought Ki tbe United States olhif : in 1000, in IIKTJ and again in 19IM. 

in ciiildhuud. Ue was appointed on the In January, lltOT, be became a United 

United States coast survey in 18413. and States Senator, and was re-elected, but 

liad chanse of the transit of various pipe- died at the beginning of his second term, 

ditions to Japan in 1874, and New Mexico TIaTrja Jii:FFE]iHON, president of tb* 

in 1882. He completed the transit factors -""'^Of C<mfederato States of America 

of many Ihousanils of stani. In 187^ he during the Civil war; bom in Kentucky 

became jirufessiir in the University of in 1808. Be was trained at West Point 

California, and presiilent of the Cnlifomin Military Academy, and from 1828 to 133^ 

Acailemy of Sciences in 1874. In 1808 Haw a good deal of service on the frontier. 

he became professor of geography in the At the latter date be became a cotton 

[iniversity of California. He was a mem- planter in the State of Mississijipi. Ue 

ber of tbe National Academy uf Science, was elected to Congrctjs in 1845, but at 

He died in 1911. the commencement of tbe Mexican war 

Davies (da'v^), Sib John, an En^- he left Congress and engaged actively in 

lish poet and lawyer, bom in the contest. Ue entered the Senate in 

____inl(G6. In 1803 he was ap- 

IHjinted solicitor-general for Ireland, and , „ , — , , ,, 

soon after attomcy-general. He was States and the doctrine of slave rigbtii. 

knighted in IttOT, retumeil to the English On the outbreak of the Civil waf he was 

Parliament in 1621, and obtnined tbe chosen presicirnt of the Southern States, 

dignity of lord chief-justice in 1026. He continued prenident thruughuut the war. 

wrote Orchenlra, Jlymng to Aalrea, NoHee and was taken prisoner after the fall of 

TeiiiKUm, a mcta physical poem and his Richmond. .\ftiT two years' imprison- 

best-knnwn work : he in also the author meat in Portress Monroe, he waa set at 

of n work on the )>olitical state of Ireland, lihi'rty by the general amnesty of 186S. 

Tioiria Amirrw Jacksu.n, clairvoyant, lit- nttiTwanl wrote a history of the war. 

'""''"' bom in Orange county. New He dieil in 1889 at New Orleans. 

York, In 1826. He develope.1 iu youth re- Bavis *■"'"* ^^■'"-'*« (1873- ), an 

markable powers. An iinolucaled boy. he •'"••"j American lawyer. CongresKman 

wrote, under clairvoyant influence, tomes and diplomat, bom in Clarksburg, W. Vd., 

full of philosojiliicnl Bjieculationit and was graduated from Washington and I-ee 

learned oisquisitions. These were pub- University in 1802 and admitted to the 

lished as Principle* of Natnrr, Her Divine liar in 1805. Ho was elected to Congress 

Revelationt, The Great Harmoaia (4 in 1010 and re-elected in 1012, serving tiU 

vols.), etc. They advocated the iloctrinea Angiist, 1013, when be resigned to become 

of spiritualism. He practiced for many Unite<1 States Solicilor-GeneraL In 1018. 

years as a clairvoyant hcnler of the sick, during the Eurri|H>nn war. President Wil 

He died in 1010. son nppoinle<l him ambassador to Oreat 

Davis CusHMAN KKLUtao. legislator, Britain. While Solicitor-General he ar- 

' bom at Henderson. New York, gued a number of important cases in the 

in 1834 : died in 1000. Be removed to supreme court, including those involving 

Wisconsin, studied law, and served in the the coiifititutionality of the Selective Serv- 

Civil war. He was elected to the Minne- ice Act and the Adamson eight-hour law. 

sota legislature in 18fl7. wus district Tbe government won both cns-w. 

attorney of rlint State l«fB-7:t. and gov- TiaTnn •"■ 1>*vth. John (1550-lfMS), 

emor 1874 T't. Was l'nit.-.i States Sena- ■"»*"' an Rngliah navigatoi. b..m at 

tor 1877-1000. and sen-nl on the Paris Sandridge. Devonshire. In I58S-n 

Peace Commission of 1898. he conducted three expediliona for tbe 



Davis Davy 

discovery of tbe norttiweBt paHsage. In air; of the arm; ot Italy ia ISOO. He 

the finit he coasted round the south of received a. marshal'i baton in 1904, led 
Greenland and sailed across the strait the right wing at Auaterlitz In 1800, and 



I Ger 



that DOW bears bis name into Cumber- defeated tbe PrussiaDs at AuerstHdt i 
land Gulf, and in the third he sailed 1806. He shared tbe glory of Eylau, 
uortb througb Davis Strait into Baffin Eckmllbl and Wagram; was made Gor- 
Bbj. He also accompanied tbe expedi- ernor of Hamburg ; took part in the 
tion of Cavendish to tbe Pacific in KuBsian campaign of 1812, 
1581-93, and made several voyages to wounded at Boroaioo ■" — ~ 

tbe East Indies. dred Days (1815) — — _ . 

■n • Dtchiiiii WiBniiBn nrnf mnv- minister of War, and after Waterloo 

i>»™, S3"" "^"sr."."/ SoT ™ wpt"!'? r,»T'sri„Ti; 

1864. entered newspaper work in 1887 ^P^\^- ,1° 1819 he waa a member ol 
and Waa hi. w,ri„rr,.i«,ndent career 'b' """fS'.'f.^'S"- „,^„„ . .li. 
repoS tbe Ommi-Tnrkl.h war ot 1887. DlVV '.f'T, 'l J f .1!.^ effil.f ™ 

iS.sSbS.iJrSa'iSixs:"^;^ ^^^^^^^ 

— Hg ^ag in Bftigium when P'^'-^ wt"  surgeon and apotbecary, 

invaded that country and 

waa captured as a spy by the Teutons, 
narrowo' escBping vnth his life. Later he 
went to Salonika and Serbia. He re- 
turned from Europe early in 1916 and 
negan work on a new book. With the 
French in Franco nnd Stifoniin, but tbe 
tenific strain be had undenroLc sapped 
Ub strength and he died suddenly, April 
13. 1016, only a few weehB after his re- 
tnm home. He was tbe author of fioldicra 
of Fortune, OaUngher and Other Stories, 
The Bar Sinister, etc, Rebfcca Hard- 
ing Davis, bis mother, was also a writer 
of magazine stories. She was bom at 
WnBhington, Pa., 1831 ; died IBIO. 

Davis Strait, » " """T"" V." '"^''^S 

' separates Greenland „ . „ 

from Baffin Land, and tinitea Baffin Ba Humphry D»vy, 

Bay with the Atlantic Ucean : lat. 60° and early developed a taste tor scientific 

to 70° n, experiments. So successful was he in 

liftvits (<lA'^i's1, two projecting arms hia studies that be was appointed prit- 

of wood or iron on the side fessor of chemistry in tbe Royal Insti- 

or stern of a vessel, used for suspend- tiition at the age of twenty-four. In 

ing or lowering and hoisting the boats 1S03 he was chosen a member of the 

by means of soeave and pulley. They Itoyal Society. His discoveries with the 

are fixed so as to admit of being shipped galvanic battery, his decom position of 

and unshipped at pleasure. tbe earths and alkalies and ascertaining 

Hatr/tfl (di-Tflsl. an elevated valley of their metallic bases, bis demonstra- 

j/avuo (^^pj. goQy ^gpj^ ^f Swltzer- tion of the simple nature of the oiymuri- 

land. Canton Grisons, containing several atic acid (to which he gave the name of 

villages: a winter resort of iKrsons suf- cll^oriae^. etc., oblsined him an extensive 

fering from chest disesses. reputstion ; and in 1810 be received the 

SaVOUt '"■ ^*'OtlST (dB-v61, T^cia nrize of tbe French Institute. In 1814 

' Nicolas. Duke of Auer- he waa elected a cnrresponding member 

stadt snd Prince of Eckmllbl. marshal of that body. Having been elected pro- 

■nd peer of France, born in 17T0 at feasor of chemistry to the Board o( 

AuDOUX, In Bnrgundy; died In 182.^. He Agriculture he delivered lectures on 

entered the army at the age of seven- agricultural cbemintry during ten anc- 

teen : served with distinction under Da- cesstve years. The numerous accidents 

monriez. and at tbe passage of the Rblne. arising froiQ fire-damp In mines led him 

Id 1797. He went with Bonaparte to to enter npon a series of eiperiments or 

Egypt In 1708, and commanded the cav- the nature of tbe explosive gas, the re- 



Day 



Day 



day at any time is the equation of 
time. 

The length of the days and nishta at 
any phice varies with the latitude and 
season of the year, owing to the inclina- 
tion of the earth^s axis. In the first 
place, the days and nights are equal 
(twelye hours each) all over the world 
on the 21st of March and the 21st of 
September, which dates are called the 
vernal (spring) and autumnal equinomes 
(Lat wquu9, equal; nosf, night). Again, 
the days and nights are always of equal 
length at the equator, which, for this 
reason, is sometimes called the equinoctial 
line. With these exceptions, we find the 
difference between the duration of the day 
and the night varying more and more as 
we recede from the equator. This will be 
rasily understood from a consideration of 
the accompanying figure, which represents 



L — 




IHsgnuB to Illufltrate the DifFerences in the 
Length of Day and Night. 

the position of the earth at the northern 
summer solstice. Let s a, s'd, s"b 
represent the sun*s rays, then the verti- 
oal circle afbo will be the circle of 
illumination — that is, the line which sep- 
arates the illuminated and dark hemis- 
pheres of the earth. Consider a place F. 
As the earth turns round it would de- 
scribe a circle F d o H, the greater part of 
which, FDO, is performed in the sun- 
light, and the smaller part, ohf, in the 
dark. In other words, the day for the 
place F would be longer than its nlgnt. 
It will be also seen that for any place 
within the Arctic circle ak the sun 
does not set, while in the Anarctic 
circle the son sever rises so long as the 
earth is in this position. At the north- 
ern winter solstice the reverse of all this 
is the case — the Arctic circle never 
comes into the llo'ht area, and places 



within the Anarctic circle never enter 
into the dark, hrom this it will be 
seen that at both poles the year consists 
of one day of six months' duration, and 
one night of the same length. 

The Babylonians began the day at sun- 
rising; the Jews at sunsetting; the 
Egyptians and Romans at midnight, as do 
most modern peoples. The civil day in 
most countries is divided into two por- 
tions of twelve hours each. The abbre- 
viations p. M. and A. M. ( the first signify- 
ing oo8t meridiem, Latin for afternoon; 
the latter ante meridiem, forenoon) are 
requisite, in conseouence of this divi- 
sion of the day. The Italians in some 
places reckon the day from sunset to 
sunset, and enumerate the hours up to 
twenty-four; the Chinese divide it into 
twelve parts of two hours each. For 
astronomical purposes the day is divided 
into twenty-four hours instead of two 
parts of twelve hours. Formerly it be- 
gan at nooa, but siace January 1, 1885, 
the day of twenty-four hours has begun at 
midnight at Greenwich Observatory ; and 
this reckoning is now generally adopted 
for astronomical purposes elsewnere than 
at Greenwich. The Greenwich day prac- 
tically determines the date for all the 
world. At midday at Greenwich the 
date (day of the week and month) is 
everywhere the same, tnough there are 
all possible differences in naming the 
hour of the day. But midday at Green- 
wich is the only instant at which we 
ever have the same date all over the 
world. The meridian of midnight, which 
is then at 180° E. or w., goes on revolv- 
ing, gradually bringing a new date to 
every place to the west of that line, but 
obviously not brin^*>g that new date to 
the places immediately to the east of 
that line till twenty-four hours after. 
From this it follows that whereas places 
on the one side of the globe never have 
a different date except when midnight 
lies between them, places on the oppo- 
site side of the globe, and * on different 
sides of the meridian of 180*^ E. or w., 
never have the same date except when 
midnight lies between them. The actual 
difference of time between Wellington in 
New Zealand and Honolulu in the Sand- 
wich Islands is only about 2 hours ; yet 
a person at Wellington may date a letter 
9 o'clock A. M. June 26, while another 
writing at the same instant at Honolulu 
dates his 11 o'clock a.m. June 25. 
TJoy Thomas, an ingenious writer, of 
^^ a benevolent, independent, but 
eccentric spirit, was born at London in 
1748; killed by a fall from a horse in 
1789. His father, who was a collector of 
the customs, died while he was an infant, 



I>ay Dead-letter 

leaving him a considerable fortune. He plare of sreat induatrltd actirtt;, a to- 
was educaCn) at the Charter Hoiue aod baci-u center, a. center uf railway coni- 
flt Oxford. In 17«5 he was called to the munication, and in the variety and eilent 
bar. He renoanced most of the in- of its manufactures it ntnods ia the front 
dulgeni'tB 01 a man of fortune, that he rank of western towns of its sixe. lu 
iniBbt bestow bis superfluities upon c*ominprcial interests are also large. In 
those who wanted necessaries ; and he March, 1[H3, iJayton wbh nwept by a 
also expressed a great contempt for forms heavy flood. Pop. (1900) 86,333: (1910) 
and artificial restraint of all kinds. He 119^77 ; (1920? 1^2,55(1. ■<"""' 

wrote, in prose and verse, on various sub- 'n^-,±^^ a ritv /^f v^nri^m Vniii>{* 
iects ■but^he MUtory cf Sondford and DajTtOn, £o.f J„ *'k>EtS'"ili^I,°'^ 
ilerton is the only work hy whith his Atlantic coast. It is a popular summer 

name is MrpetuaW. nnd winter resort. Pop. (1920) &i«. 

Day. L ^^ ..*d" "'''^;, ■""^'2?Ji' DnTtnn " reeidential city of Camp- 
""J* born at Ravenna, Oh omlS4'J. -"ayiOD, ^^y ^ Kentucky, on Ol£ 
He was admitted to tbe barin 18^. b^ River, opposite Cincinnati. It kas piano 
(■ame a judKe jn Ohio, and of the United and watch manufactures, etc., also tobKca 
fetates Distriet Court in 1889. lie was interests. Pop. (1920) 764A 
appointed assistant Secretary of State in T*-_--_ ( Sfl'tn 1 wvlmlaBtiHins  

\& ^r-^e f'.Tr Ki.^'"M°«i^™^r„' **'"*^ p^"« '^ tbTiowm^ffi* ^ 

1898. and. resigned to become chairman holy orders. The office of deacon was 
of tbe Pans Peace Commiasion lie has ingtituted by the aposUes, and sevta 

Statea Supreme Court since 1903. the feasts of CbrlaHans, and distribute 

Daybook, LTi^'^^Kl'i '"^""'^''u ^ bread and wine to tbe communi.^"^ 
*"*J """"I 1^0^ [n wbicb are recorded tn miniatnr tn tho «ranf. ^f .1,=^.™ 1- 
the debts and cj^dits or accounts of the JSeTman CathoUrCh^^h the SS^ iS 
dAS. See Bookkeep^nff. the chief assistant at the altar. In the 

Dayfly, '^eurrD?c«5s SlecW Ihich *"«"''«'} Chui^h a deacon may perfom 
K»i » . .h S=«ni p^LJ™ %>, J^ nro "^^^^^ «" ""^ °'^'^^ "' ""e prfeathood. In 
^•""S 'J* ^^ * ?, SP''*™'"'' ^^^y '^Jl the Methodist Episcopal Church s deaoHi 
so called because, though they may eiist --ks neit helnw nn «l,lop In tl,« P™! 

days, taking no food, but only propsgat- T)encotl '" ^'^olland, thi.' president of 

iog Ibelr species and tben dying. i»ca.i/ui», ^^ incorporated trad*', wbo is 

^tairhtrhr Snvincr " movement to tbe chairman of its meetings and aicps its 

1/ayugUl aavmg, ^^^^ jj,g moat records. Before the passing ot the Burgh 



the clock ahead one hour in tbe summer incorporated trades, in ruyal bnrfbs, 
season. It came into force in the United formed a constituent part of tbe town' 
States in April. 1918. See United Ulalea. council, and were understood to represent 
TlaTT.IiW tba popular name for a tbe trades as distinguished from the mer- 
■*"*/ "^J> genus of lilies iHcmero- chants and guild brethren. The deacon- 
cnllis), natives of temperate Asia and convenor of the trades !□ Edinburgh and 
Eastern Europe, two species of which Glasgow still continues to be a constitn- 
(H. fiava and H. julva) arc grown in ent member of the town council 
gardens. They have long, radical leaves, T)eaconeSS (*l^'k>'-^a), (1) a female 
and a branched, few-flowered scape, with *'**•*»'''"*'''" deacon in the primitive 
large, handsome blossoms, the segments of church ; (2) the term for a kind of quaai 
which are united into a tube. sister of mercy among certain American 

TloirOTnon in English law. an arbl- and other Protestants. 
Jjayamau, ^^^^^^ ^^ elected judge, npnil.pvpn 1" »!''»''■ round, flattisb. 
This term is antiquated. See Book of .lob. ■"^'*'* "^J^*^"' wooden blocks, encircled 
D&VS of Orace ■" '^^^^ allowed for by a rope or an iron band, u»ed to extend 
vaja u^ uinvt, jj^^ payment of a the shrouds and stays, and for other 
promissory note or bill of exchange after purposes. 

It becomes due. Tt^ad-l^ttAr b letter which lies for a 

DavtOn * •''^r °' Ohio, capital of "C"" xctici, ^^taj^ ^,et\oA uncalled 
J """t Montgomery county, at the for at the post-office, or one which cannot 
conBitence of the Mad and Great Miami be delivered from defect of address, and 
rivers. W miles n. e. of Cincinfati. It which Is sent to the general |H>st-office to 
has abundant waterpower. is on the line be opened and returned to the writer. — 
of the Miami and Erie Canal, and is a Dead-tetter ofite, a department of tbe 



I)ead*liglit8 Deaf and Dumb 

general post-office where dead-letters are shores. The water is nauseous, due to 

examined and disposed of. majniesium chloride, and so dense that the 

DpfLH-lic^liffi A^^ strong wooden or human body will not sink in it. At 

ATi^ou xxgAiko, jjjp^jj^j Hhutters fitted on about a third of its length from the 

the outside of the cabin windows of a north end it attains a maximum depth 

vessel, 80 as to close them tightly in bad of 1308 feet. The southern portion is a 

weather. mere lagoun, 12 feet deep in the middle 

'nAQilI'vr TSTio*!! fall a Hp See Bella' and 3 at the edges. It was long assumed 

lieaoiy J11^J11.9IU1UC. ^Qf^na, that this lake did not exist before the 

Dead Men's Fin&rers. ^^^ ^^^^^ ?e?}r"«*tJon o^ sodom and the other 

^w«»%« .«M.%#«A » «.Au^%#A»t ntum. cities of the plain/ and that, previously 
Dead-nettle ^^^ common name of to that time, the present bed of the lake 
o/vAu ucbbAVy ^jjg species of plants of was a fertile plain, in which these cities 
the genus Lamiumt nat. order Labia tie, stood, and was then merely traversed by 
from the resemblance of Uieir leaves to the Jordan, which, in accordance with 
those of the nettle, though they have no this theory, was supposed to hold on its 
stinging property. There are several spe- course to tne Red Sea. This theory has 
cies found in Britain (and now also in N. been shown ^ to be highly improbable. 
America), as the white dead-nettle (L. Eminent critics are of opinion that the 
album), the red (L. purpurium), and cities of the plain stood on the lower 
the yellow (L. Oaleobdolon) , part of the lake, which received an exteu- 
DAQfl P^nlrATiiTicy (ded rek'on-ing), sion when these cities were destroyed. 
J/cau XI«(.1LU1UII^ ^jj^ calculation of jSeof an A Dumb ^^ ^^^' " mutes, 
a ship's place at sea without any observa- ' persons both deaf 
tion of the heavenly bodies. It is and dumb, the dumbness resulting from 
obtained by keeping an account of the deafness which has either existed from 
distance which tne ship has run by the birth or from a very early period of 
log, and of her course steered by the life. Such persons are unable to speak 
compass, and by rectifying these data by simply because they have not the guidance^ 
the usual allowance for drift, leeway, of the sense of hearing to enable them 
etc., accoiding to the ship's known move- to Imitate sounds. Among the causes 
ments. assigned for congenital deafness are con- 
Deadwood (de^'^ud), a city of South sanguineous marriages, hertnlitary trans- 
^'^^ Dakota, capital of Law- mission, scrofula, certain local or climatic 
rence Co., situated among the Black llilla conditions, ill health of the mother dur- 
and a great ore reducing center. It is ing pregnancy, etc. Acquired or ac- 
an important trading and supply point, cidental deafness, which oc^curs at all 
Pop. 3653. ages, is frequently due to such diseases 
Dead Sea (Latin, Lacua AaphaWtes; as smallpox, measles, typhus, paralysis, 
** •* Arabic, Bahr Lut, * the Sea hydrocephalus a ad other cerebral aflfec- 
of Ix>t'), called in Scripture 'Salt Sea,' tions, but more particularly to scarlet 
' Sea of the Plains,' and ' East Sea,' a fever, which is somewhat apt to leave 
celebrated lake in Asiatic Turkey, near the patient deaf ow^ing to the inflam- 
the south extremity of Palestine, south of matory state of tne throat extending to 
Syria. The north extremity is 25 miles the internal ear, and thus causing sun- 
east of Jerusalem and 10 miles southeast puration and destruction of the extremely 
of Jericho; length, north to south, about <lelicate parts of the auditory apparatus. 
46 miles; breadth at the widest part, 9 to ^" ^^f greater proportion of deaf-mutes 
10; average, about 8% miles. The basin °^ ^^'^^ P v"**^ «• ^F ""^^ ^ detected by 
1. V!:ii™ 5« ^i^u Tko r\l«^ Qol LX^oL anatomical examination, and no applica- 
or hollow in which the Dead Seff poses ^j.^^^ ^ discovered appear to be useful, 
forms the south termination of the great tj^^ necessity of communication, and tht- 
depression through which the Jordan ^anj. ^f ^ords, oblige the deaf-mutes to 
flows, that river entering it at its north observe and imitate the actions and ex- 
extremity. It receives several other tribu- pressions which accompany various states 
taries, but has no outlet. The surface is of mind and of feeling, to indicate objects 
1312 feet below the level of the Alediter- by their appearance and use, and persons 
ranean, and 600 feet below Lake Tiberias, by some peculiar mark, and to describe 
from which the Jordan issues. It lies their actions by direct imitation. In this 
deeply imbedded between lofty cliffs of way he and his friends are led to form 
naked limestone, its shores presenting a a dialect of that universal language of 
scene of indescribable desolation and soli- attitude, gesture and expression which 
tude, encompassed by desert sands and becomes a substitute for words in the 
bleak, stony, salt hills. Sulphur and rock- hands of the pantomimic actor, and which 
■alt. lavft and pumice abound along its adds force and clearness to the finest 



Dumb Deafness 

the orator; in utber wordi, United States great advances lure been 

lign language, 'lb in Ian- made in tbe education ot deaf-mutes. 
» elementH, Ih tu be fouod aod a Natiunal Deaf-mute Colleie U 
.tiuns, and baa ever been ibe maiotaiDod at Waaliington b; tbe (ov- 
wmmjnicatioQ betwueti vuy- erntneot Maof Btatcs bare estabtiabed 
i uativea uf newl; diacuvered iDstilutiuns fur tbe care and instructioa 

is employed b; many Bavaie oC deaf-mutea. 

pt; the paucity of ezpreasiou Tbe two cbief metboda of coaveyinf 
iguaie and to communicate instructioQ to the deaf and dumb are b; 
:ribea. Amoos aome of tbe means of tbe manual alphabet, and by 
(oitb America it exists as a training tbem to watch the lipa of tbe 
ised language. Such a meana teacher during articulation. There are 
ntion ia after all verj' im- two kinds of manual alphabet : tbe 
ever, and variouii more per- double-banded alpbabet, where tbe letters 

have been devised to enable are expressed by tbe disposition of tbe 
» communicate with one an- Angen of both bands ; and the aiiigle- 
ith the rest of mankind, and banded, in which tbe letters are formed 

such an education an people with the fincers of one hand. Particular 
isseaa. In 1648 John Bulwer gestures wbich are attached to eacb word 
! earliest work in English on as ita distincttTe sign are largely naed, 
ion ot tbe deaf ana dumb, as are alao real objects and models, 
ollowed by Dal^arno'a An pictures, etc. The method of tea ch ing 
Art of Signa') in 16(31, and by articulation, the pupil learning to 
iolder'a Elementt of Speech, recognize words, and in time to utter 
bo was a native of Scotland, them, by closely watching the motionB of 
liahed, in 1U8U, Dtdaicaloco- tbe lips and tongue in speecb, and by 
>e Deaf and Dumb Man'a being Instructed tnrouEb diagrams as to 
:k of considerable merit. To the different position of the vocal orfaDs. 
allis, however, Savilian pro- is now receiving much attention, and has 
tbematics at Oxford, is gen- given excellent results, cases being known 
ed the merit of baving been where persons have conversed with the 
iglishman wbo aucceeded in deaf and dumb and remained ignorant 
latructiun to deaf-mutes. In that those to whom they were speaking 
cticability of instructing deaf- were afflicted In this way. It t* by 
irst publicly demonstrated in no means a novel system, but of late it 
ereira, a Spaniard, before the has vastly increased in favor with 
Sciences, which gave its testi- authorities. A new mode of teachiog 
tie success ot the method, articulation baa recently been brought into 

aame time tbe Abb£ de notice, consisting in the use ot the system 
devoted bis life and fortune of vtsiile ipeech devised by Mr. Melville 
ect, introduced a system for BelL Tbe characters of tbe alpbabet on 
ion of tbe deaf and dumb, wbich this system is founded are In- 
taufbt with great auccess in tended to reveal to the eye the poaltion 
irisian Institution, and after- of the vocal organs in tbe formaHon of 
nrtber developed by bis pupil any sound which the human mouth cad 
r. the Abbe Sicard. In 1770 utter, It'a practical value as a means 
titntion for the education of of instruction with all classes of tbe 
was established at Ijciptig, deaf and dumb has not aa yet been 

labors of Samuel Helnicke. sufficiently tested. 
upholder of the vocal or Tl«nfti»8a the partial or total tnabflity 

systeB, which is still re- ■WenincBB, ^^ ^^^^ ^j^ ,^ ^ .nnpiom 
^ienna and tbrougbout Oer- of most affections of tbe ear. It may 
lUt twenty years previously be due simply to an accnmnlatlon erf 
lidwood bad establlsbed near wax. If it comes on suddenly wltfaoul 
in ITGO a deaf and dumb pain in a healthy person this ia probably 
le articulating system, which the cause. When it comes on with a 

by Dr. Johnson during bis cold In the bead it Is the result of a 
oottand. The first public cold or catarrh, and Is likely to pass off 
in Great Britain for the in a few days. Attended by pain, ring- 
education of the deaf and intc in tbe ears, etc., some derree of 

founded at Bermondsey in fnflatninatEon Is likely present. The moat 
tie Rev. Messrs. Townsend intractable form of deafness comes on 
From tbis establisbment very gradnally and painlessly, and ia con- 
be London Asylnm in Kent nerled with disease of the middle ear. If 
I waa opened in 18OT. In tbe a skilled ear surgeon were consulted la 



Bedk Dean of Guild 

time much might probably be done to Daoti (dSn; from L. deoAnut, from 
stay its Drogress. Deafness due to the "^*''^ decern, ten), an ecclesiastical 
disease of the nerve of hearing is usually dignitary, said to have been so called . 
very intense, comes on suddenly or because be presided over ten canons or 
advances very rapidly, and is not easily prebendaries; but more probably because 
reached by treatment. As to other each diocese was divided into deaneries, 
causes of complete deafness see Deaf and each comprising ten parishes or churches. 
Dumb, and with a dean presiding over each. 

De4k (<lA'&k')« Febencz, a Hungarian In England, in respect of their differ- 
statesman, bom of a noble ences of offices, deans are of several kinds. 
Magyar family, in 1803: died in 1876. Deans of chapters are governors over 
He was elected to the ^fational Diet in the canons in cathedral and collegiate 
1832, and became the leader of the liberal churches. The dean and chapter are the 
party. At the revolution of 1848 he be- bishop's council to aid him with their 
came minister of justice, |;)Ut retired when advice in affairs of religion, and they 
Kossuth obtained power. On the defeat may advise, likewise, in the temporal 
of the patriots in 1849 he retired from concerns of his see. Rural deans were 

Sublic life, and did not return till the originally beneficed clergymen appointed 
'ranco-Austrian war gave him an op- by the bishop to exercise a certain 
portunity of serving his country, lie jurisdiction in districts of his diocese re- 
is regarded as the master-spirit of the mote from his personal superintendence, 
movement by which the ancient inde- but their functions have for many vears 

Jendence of his country was restored in become almost obsolete. Dean of the 
867. Though the leader of the liberal chapel royal^ in Scotland, is a title be- 
party, he constantly refused office, but no stowed on six clergymen of the Church 
change in the ministry was made with- of Scotland, who receive from the crown 
out his consent. a portion of the revenues which formerly 

Deal (^^^)* ^ seaport and watering belonged to the chapel royal in Scotland, 
o^v^cu pji^^Q ^f England, County Kent, and which are now in the gift of the 
between the North and South Foreland, crown. 

72 miles e. by s. of Liondon. Wahner 'nAOTi l«*nrpqf England, county of 
Castle, Sandown Castle and Deal Castle ■*'^»"' -K"*cak» Gloucester. It formerly 
are in the vicinity of the town. Boat- comprised the greater part of the county 
buildinc and sail-making are carried on. west of the Severn, but is now reduced 
There is a pier, but no proper harbor; to about 22.000 acres, nearly one-half 
the well-known Downs afford excellent of which is enclosed, and was formerly 
anchorage. Pop. (1911) 11,297. appropriated for the growth of navy tim- 

Defll ^^® division of a piece of timber ber, but is now mainly covered with 
*'*"*' made by sawing ; a board or coppices. This district is crown property, 
plank. The name deal is chiefly applied and the inhabitants (chiefly coal and 
to boards of fir above 7 inches in width iron miners) enjoy many ancient priv- 
and of various lengths exceeding 6 feet, ileges. In 1911 it contained a pop. of 54,- 
If 7 inches or less wide they are called 261. 

battens, and when under 6 feet long they TIaoti nf Pflnnlfv — (D In some 
are caUed deal-ends. The usual thick- ■*'^**" "* xaouity. u n i v ersities, as 
nesB is 3 inches, and width 9 inches, that of London and those of Scotland, 
The standard size, to which other sizes the chief or head of a faculty (as of arts, 
may be reduced, is 1^ inches thick, 11 law, or medicine) ; in the united States, 
inches broad, and 12 feet long. Whole a registrar or secretary of the faculty in 
deal is deal which is 1^ inches thick ; slit a department of a college, as in a 
deal, half that thickness. Deals are medical, theological, or scientific depart- 
exported from Prussia, Sweden, Nor- ment (2) The president for the time 
way, Russia and British North Amer- being of an incorporation of barristers 
ica. or law practitioners ; specifically, the 

Defll-flsll ^^^ Trachyptirus Arcttous^ president of the incorporation of ad- 

*'*** ^ so called from its exces- vocates in Edinburgh, 
sively compressed body, a denizen of the Ijaoti nf Onild ^° Scotland, origin- 
northern ocean and an occasional visitor ■*'**«*** *** ^ iaxau., ^j|y ^^^^ magistrate 
to the coasts of Iceland, Norway and of a royal burgh who was head of the 
Britain ; measures from 4 to 8 feet in merchant company or guildry ; now the 
lenrth ; is of a silvery color with minute magistrate whose proper duty is to take 
scales, and has the dorsal fin extended care that all buildings within the burgh 
along the whole length of the back. It are sufficient, that they are erected agree- 
fs auo known by the Scandinavian name ably to law, and that they do not 
Vaagmaer. encroach either on private or public prop- 



De Bow Secandria 



o 



Fpression of Jabin, and secured a peace ^ short cucumber, contains a sweet, yel- 

forty years* duration. The triumphal low, edible pulp. 

ode (Judges, v) attributed to her is a SfiCalOfime i^^^'^'^og; Gr. deka, ten, 

remarkable specimen of Hebrew poetry. -^vw«-.vg**v ^^^ logos, a word), the 

De "Raw ^^^ ^)* J^^mes D. B., bom ten commandments, which, according to 

^ ** at Charleston, South Caro- Exod., xx, and Deut., v, were given by 

lina, in 1820; died in 1867. An able God to Moses on two tables of stone, 

statistidan, he founded in 1845 De Bow'b The Jews call them the ten words. Jews 

Commercial Review, and in 1847 be- and Christians have divided the ten com- 

came professor of political economy and mandments differently ; and in some Cath- 

statistics in the University of Louisiana, olic catechisms the second commandment 

In 1855 he published Industrial Resources bas been united with the first, and the 

of the South and West. tenth has been divided into two. 

BebreCZin ye-brefsin), a town of Secameron. See Boccaccio. 

Hungary, on the edge of , l„ v * r^ 

the great central plain, 113 miles E. of DenATTins (dfe-kHv), Alexandbe Gab- 
Rudapest Its houses are mostly of a ■*'*^*'«*"*r* bbiel, an eminent French 
single story; the streets broad and un- painter, was born at Paris in 1803; 
paved. Among the principal edifices are killed while hunting at Fontainebleau in 
ii*e Protestant church and college. Mann- 1800. His paintings include pictures of 
fac'tures are coarse woolens, leather, soap. Oriental scenery and character, historical 
tobacco-pipes, casks, etc. A large trade pictures, genre pictures and animals, 
is done in cattle. Pop. (1910) 92,729. T\a (IqtiiIaIIp C?* kftn-dol), Augustin 
Debs Eu«ENE ViCTOB, an American ^^ vauuvuc ^yrame, one of the 
'*'^*'*»> Socialist (1855- ), bom at most illustrious of modern botanists, 
Terre Haute, Ind. A locomotive fireman, whese natural system of classification, 
he rose to be president of the Railway with some modifications, is the one still 
Union. He was arrested in connection generally used, was born at Geneva in 
with the Great Northern Railway strike 1778 ; died there in 1841. He took up the 
in 1804 and imprisoned for six months for etudy of medicine at Geneva and Paris, 
contempt of court. On his release he took where he attracted the notice of Cuvier 
up the cause of Socialism, becoming a and Lamarck, whom he aided in varioii8 
candidate of the Socialist party for the scientific researches. After returning to 
Presidency in 1004, 1008, and 1012. He his native city he again visited Paris, 
was sentenced to ten years imprisonment ^^^ *<*ok his medical degree, selecting as 
in 1018 for obstructing recruiting and en- the subject of his thesis the medical prop- 
listment. erties of plants. In 1804 he lectured m 

DebnSSV (dH-bfi-se'), Claude Achuxe, the College of France on vegetable physi- 
* a French, composer, bom at ology; and the following year publisned 
St Germain-en-Lave, August 22, 1862. an outline of his course, under the title 
He is the leader of the extremists of the of Principes de Botanique, prefixed to the 
young French school in finding new meth- third edition of Lamarck's Flore Fran- 
ods of expression, and has introduced a caise. In this outline he laid the basis 
new system of color into music. His of the system of classification which he 
scale basis is of six whole notes, used afterwards developed in larger and more 
frequently incomplete. His works, which celebrated works. In 1808 he obtained 
are very numerous, include the operatic the chair of botany in the faculty of 
masterpiece, PeVUas et Melisande, La medicine at the University of Montpellier. 
ifer. Ariettes ouhli^es. Images, incidental In 1816 he returned to Geneva, wher<^ 
music to King Lear, the Petite Suite^ a chair of natural history was expressly 
Trots Nocturnes, etc. Died 1018. created for him, and where he continued 

Decade (dek'&d ; Latin, decas, deoadis: for many years to extend the boundaries 
Greek dekas, from deka, ten) of his favorite science by his lectures and 
is sometimes used for the number ten, or publications. His chief works are : 
for an aggregate of ten. The term is I/Histoire des Planter* Grasses, Regni 
BOW usually applied to an aggregate of Vegefabilis sy sterna Naturale (Inconi- 
ten years. plete), Thiorie EUmentaire de Boto- 

Secafiron (dek'a-gon), in geometry, a nique, Organographie V^g^tale, Physioln- 
o figure of ten sides. aie V4n4taU and Prodromes Systematis 

Decaisnea fde-kil'ne-a), a genus of Aaffiroh>, the latter completed by his son 

plants, nat. order I^Ardiz- Alphonse (1806-0.3). also an eminent 
abalacesB, growing on the Himalayas 7000 botanist and oiember of the French 
feet above the sea. It sends up erect Institute. 

stalks like walking-sticks, bearing leaves T)A#iOTi^ria Me-kan'drl-o V in th- 
2 feet long. Its fmit, which resembles •A'ci/iiuuri* Unnaean system of boi 



Decapitation ifecimal System 

any, the teotli class of plauu. The perhaps a general title of honor bona bj 
Uowers have teo Btameaa, and one, two, them. One of thetn diatincuiibcd Urn- 
three, or more piatila. It includeB the self b^ hia oppoaitioQ to the Bomaa anna 
pink, Lfchoii, Saxifrage, etc. during the reigns of Domltian and Trajao. 

Tlpnanitjitinn (de-kap-l-ta'shnn) , be- He entered the pioviace of Mtsala, de 
^CUlt|llUlMUU beading, capital pnn- (eated and killed Appius Sabiniu, the 
isbment inQlcted by the Bword, ax, ur Uoman governor, and captared maar im- 
gulilollDe. portant towns and fortresaea. Domitian 

SecanodA (de-kap'o-da ; Gr. deka, agreed to pa; him a yearl; tribnte, which 
i^^ ten, and pom, podo; a was continued by Nerra, but refoied by 
foot). — (1) The highest order of crusta- Trajan, who suhdned Dscis, and Deceb- 
L-eana, so called from having five pairs of elus, to escape falling into the haodi 
legs. Ther are subdivided into Bra- of the victors, committed suicide, 
chynra, the abort-tailed decapods or Tltt/>Ani>tar (de-aem'bitr), the twelflli 
crahs; Macrura. or long Uiled, including -"eyciIlUBr ^^^^1, ^^i ^^^ y^^^ ,,„„, 
the shrimp, lobster, prawn, crayfisb, etc. ; the Latin decern, ten, because in the Ro- 
and Anomura, of which the bermit-crab man year instituted by Romulus it con- 
is an example. (2) One of the two sCituted the tenth month, the year be- 
divisions of the dibranchlate cuttle-fishes ginning with March. In December the 
(tbe other being the Octopoda). They sun enters the tropic of Capricorn, and 
have two arms longer than the other passes tbe winter solstice. 
eight, and bear the suctorial discs only at TiBnAmTrira (de-Bem'vtni), the ten 
the extremities. JIBCemyxiS magistrates who had ab- 

DAnfliinliH (de-kap'o-lls), a district of solute authority in ancient Kome (B.C. 
l/CiatpuiiB ancient Palestine contain- 451-440). See Appiui Clttuditii. 
ing Ipa cities, partly on the east, partly 'nAAi^lTin'na (de-sid'Q-us), Is a term ap- 
<.u the west of the Jordan. iyeciQUOUS p,,^ j^ boUny to various 

Beeattlr (de-kS'ter), a city, county organs of plants, particularly learea. 
^t:tai,ur ^^^^ ^j ^^^^ ^^ Uliools. t» mdicste their snnusl fall A tree of 
midway between Chicago and St. Louis, which the leaven fall annually la called 
on the Wabash, the Illinois Central, and a deeiduous tree, end the same term Is 
other railroads. It has over 80 manufuc- npiilied to the leaves themselves. The 
turing plants, with a manufactured out- ^"'^ '* also applied in soology to parts 
put of over 136,000.000. It leads in the which fall off at a certain stage of aa 
manufacture of com products, brasii animal's existence, as the hair, boras 
plumbing goods and soda fountnina. Seat snd teeth of certain animals, 
of Jamra Milliken University. Pop. DApimftl (dea'i-mal) FHACnONg, See 
(1810) 31,140; (1920) 43,818. J/ewmm Pr„^,io„. 

Decatur. l:'r?!o"'S"^U^'"«''L^ ^^'''^^^y'*'"'' «""yHe?J'?f 

i^E. of AtlanRTi-ru^rfTrSi-inir.^ Z'^SS't ra'K "m^^eS t T^ 

i^t-^C-arronall^&'ra.tX'S H?H^^ 

School. Pop. <1920) 6150. of 10 for 'a'^ower dfnol.ln"ttJn' "nta 

Decatnr Stephen, an able American avstem has been rigidly carried out In 
,-«>. i.„ ^"" commander^ bora in France in all its weights and meaanrM, 
17TO: killed In a due! in 1820. Among and the principle obtains in the coinage 
thechief exploits of his life were the burn- of Belgium, Italy, Spain, Portugal tte 
ing of the frigate Philadelphia under the United States, and some other countriea. 
guns of the forts of Tripoli : the capture To express the higher denominations, 
JL.J''* BntiBh fngate Macedonian in that Is to say, the unit multiplied by 
1812; his attempted escape from the 10, 100, 1000. 10,(100. the Freoeb, In their 
blockade of New Yoi* harbor, 181.1-14: metric system, make use of the prefixes 
?5?-''''tt''''"^''*'°^''' of the Algennes. dfca, hecto. kilo, myria. derived from the 
IHIS. He was renowned for his cool in- Hreek: thus, the mfire belnr the unit nf 
trepidity and great resolution. length, dfcamitre Is 10 m»lres. hrfio- 

TlprJlrpvillp (dt-kax-vfil). a town of tnMre 100 metres, kilomilre 1000 mMre«. 
UKMtlcVYllXC France, dep. Aveyron. To express lower denominstlons. that i... 
with coal and iron mintv. Puii. ir..000. tenths, hundredths, etc.. the Ijitlu pre- 
DeeRRTI (dek'an), the section of India fiies dM. rrnti. tnim are used in the 
a/cwvnu jyj^^ ^^,,(j, „f „,p Vindhya Rnine w«v : thiw a centilitre Is the ban- 
mountains. dr.^ilrti imrt of a litre. dfcHitre the tenth 

DeCebalnS (de-sel/B-lnal.tbenonieof F'mt "f n litri: The basts of the whole 
several Dacian kings, or svsl'-m <s the linesr measure, the unit of 



DecimatioE Declinometer 



which is the m^tre, supposed to be the tion of contraband of war; (3) neutral 

ten-millionth part of a quadrant of the goods, except contraband of war, are not 

earth's meridian (30.37 inches). The liable to capture under an enemy's flag; 

square of 10 metres, or square d^com^tre, and (4) blockades, in order to be binding, 

called an are, is the unit of surface meas- must be effective. — Declaration of War, 

ure. The cube of the tenth part of the the formal notice of hostilities. — Jjeclara- 

m^tre, or cubic d^imdtre, calle<I a Hire, is tion of London, an instrument agreed 

the unit of liquid capacity. The cube of upon, but not ratified, by ten maritime 

the m^tre, called a tt^re, is the unit of powers, codifying the principles of naval 

solid measure. The weight of a cubic ccn- warfare, 

tim^tre of distilled water at 39.2'* Fahr. DAplorofinii nf TtiiIatiatiiIatipa 
(4' Centigrade), called a gramme, is the -^CCiaraUOll 01 XnaepeiiaeilCe. 

unit of weight. The unit of money is the A famous state paper issued by the Amer- 
franc, which is divided into d^cimes and ican (Jontincntal Congress on July 4th, 
centimes, 1776. It was drawn up by Thomas 

Decinia.tioiI (de-sl-mfi'shun), the se- Jefferson, as member of a committee ap- 
«^vj.uj.c»wj.vAi. lection of the tenth man pointed for the purpose, and declared that 
of a corps of soldiers by lot for punish- the united colonies of America were *Free 
ment, practiced by the Romans. Some- and Independent States,' giving at length 
times every tenth man was executed; the reasons for this act, which was based 
sometimes only one man of each company, on the un^just and oppressive treatment of 
the tenth in order. The term is frequently the colonies by the king and parliament 
used in a loose way for the destruction of of England. 

a great but indefinite proportion of people, DecleHSlOn (de-klen'shun), in gram- 
as of an army or inhabitants of a country. mar, the aggregate of 
DecinA (de-8he-us),C. MessiusQuin- the inflections or changes of form which 
•^ TUB Tra JANUS, a Roman em- nouns, i)ronouns, and adjectives receive 
peror, who reigned from A. D. 249 to A. D. in certain languages according to their 
251. He persecuted the Christians, and meaning or relation to other words in a 
perished with his army in a battle near sentence, such variations being comprc- 
Abricium against the Goths. hended under the three heads of number. 
Deck (^^^)« A horizontal platform or gender, and case, the latter being the most 

^ floor extending from side to side numerous. See Case, 
of a ship, and formed of planking sup- DeclillEtioiL (dck-li-nfi'shun), in as- 
ported by the beams. In ships of large tronomy, the distance 
size there are several decks one over the of a heavenly body from the celestial 
other. The quarter-deck is that above equator (equinoctial), measured on a 
the upper deck, reaching forwards from great circle passing through the pole and 
the stem to the gangway. also through the body. It is said to north 
Derker Thomas. See Dehker, or south according as the body is north or 
a#«;vrA.v^xj Jf)^QJf^f^g^ south of the eauator. Great circles pass- 
DefiIfl.rfl.tion (dek-la-rfi'shun ), an ing through the poles, and cutting the 
A^wAoxabj^viii avowal or formal state- equator at right angles, are called circles 
ment ; especially a simple affirmation sub- of declination. Twenty-four circles of 
stituted in lieu of an oath, solemn affirma- declination, dividing the equator into 
tion, or affidavit, which modem law allows twenty-four arcs of 15** each, are called 
in a variety of cases, such as those which hour circles or horary circles. — Declina- 
relate to the revenues of customs or tion of the compass or needle, or magnetic 
excise, the post-office, and other depart- declination, is the variation of the mag- 
men ts of administration. Justices of the netic needle from the true meridian of a 
peace, notaries, etc., are also empowered place. This is different at different places, 
m various cases to take voluntary decla- and at the same place at different times, 
rations in lieu of oaths, solemn affirma- The declination at London was 11** 15' e. 
tiona and affidavits.— Dcctorcfton of In- in 1576, 0' in 1652^ 19' SC w. in 1760, 
dependence, the solemn declaration of the 24** 27' w., its maximum, in 1815, subse- 
Congress of the United States of America, quently changing eastward, 
on July 4, 1776, by which they formally Declinometer (dek-li-nom'e-t6r),an 
renounced their subjection to the govern- ^^ v */w instrument for deter- 
ment of Britain. — Declaration of Paris, mining the magnetic declination, and for 
an instrument signed at the Congress of observing its variations. In magnetic 
Paris. 1856, and subsequently accepted by observatories there are permanent instra- 
the chief powers. It declared (l)priva- ments of this kind, and they are now 

a neutral commonly made self -registering. Such 
excep- instruments register the small hourly and 



teering to be abolished; (2) a i 
flag covers enemy's goods, with the 



Decomposition 



Decree Nisi 



ID dci'liDatloD, and also perpendicular. It is diatiosuulicd from 

B due to magnetic tlormt. '"■* ■"--'- "^ — '■■■'- • •■=->- '* -■- 

Decomposition &''™iri.''°& 

BFparstioa of the i^unKtitueots o( a budy 



from - 
for it _ . 

than of kind — decompoaiti. _ __ 

arti&i?ial or BpantaDeoUB. Artificial de- 
compoaiti on ia produced io bodiea by 
the action of heat, light, electricity, or 
chemical reagents; BpoutaneouB, in 1>udiea 
which quickly undergo cbange in ordinary 
circumstancea, unleaa apecial prEcautiouH 
are taken to preaerve them. The bodiea 
af the mineral, and the definite cryatal- 
nied principles o( the organic, worid be- 
lons to the firat : organised matter, auch 
aa animal and vegetable tiaauea, organic 
fluids. BUcb BB blood, milk, bile, and the 
iromptex non-cry atallized bodiea. albumen, 
gelatin, emulsin, etc., belong to the aec- 

Decorated Stvle »'>'■);:*'_"')■> 



of ita tracer;, eapeclail; of JtH 
wiitdowa, b^ the more graceful com- 
binationa of its foliage, by the greater 
richneBB of tbe decurations of the capital* 
of itH columns, end of the moldiuga of 
ita doorwaya and nlchea, finiala, etc.. and 
generally by a atyle of or oa mentation 
more profuae and naturaliatic, tbougb 
Iierhaps somewhat Qorid. The moat dm- 
tinctive ornament of the style is the ball- 
llower, which ia usually inserted in a 
hollow molding. (See llaO-floica'.) 

Decoration Day 1^/ "^"Su"!"'! 

ceremony of decorating the gravea of 
aoldiers of tbe late Civil war in the 
United Statea, on the 30tb of May of 
each year, is made poaaible through tbe 
nrganoHtioD of the Gisnd Army of the 
Republic, whoae posta in every State of 
the UnloQ keep records of soldiera' gravts 
for the purpose. It ia a legal holiday in 
several of the Stales, and is obwrved 
throughout the North and in parta ut 
the South. 

TiApnv (de-koi'). a place into which 
VKl,Vy „j,j f^„,g g^ pnticed In order 
to be caiigbt A decoy pond ia kept only 
in a secluded situation. Several chsnnelH 
or pipes of a curved form, covered witli 
light hooped network, lead from the pond 
in various directions. The wild fowl arv 
induced to enter the wide mouth of thi' 
cbannul by; tamed ducks, also called 
decoys, trained for the purpose, or by 

train scattered on tbe water. When they 
ave got well into the covered channel 
they are surprised by tbe decoy-man and 
..•_ ^._ __j ^_...__ ^^^^ ,^^ funnel 



caaea, but thia ia the general principle of 

the contrivance. 

T1*i*r»* (de-fare). In general, an order. 



edict, or law made 
, . . as a rule to govern inferiors. 
Id law It ia a judicial deciaion or deter- 
mination of a litigated cause. Formerly. 
' ) Bnglaod. the term was specially nsed 
ar the Judgment of a court of eqnlt;r. 
hut the worid judgment is now used ID 
reference to the dectaions of all tbe dl*i- 
siona of the supreme court, aa. also, in 
the United States. The word Is still used 
~ 1 Scotland for the final Judgment of a 
court, frequently In tbe form decreet. 

Decree Nisi ('»^'*>- "«<«"?■ ■,'^': 

v&um, Miu pj^ unlesa,' a lagal 

' term for tbe decree of divorce issned by 

court on satiafactory proof being given 

_. ... — _. _ „ __ _.._ .J support of a petition for diaaolntion 

fifteenth century, when it passed into the of marriage ; It remains imperfect for 



Deeontad Btyl».— York Catbedrsl, Wat Fnot, ) 

tecture, in use in Britain from the end i 

of the thirteenth to the beginning of the i 
dint  



Decrepitation Deema 

ut least six moDtha, aud is then made and Cbesbire : riBes in L«ke Bala, t 

iilMHilute, ' UDlesB ' Bulticieut i^use ia onethBhire ; flona to tbe Irinh Sea 

aliowu wbf it should not be made so. 1( miles below Cheater. (3) A rivei 

within the time appointed good reason Scotland, county of Kirkcudbright : : 

can be shown for such a proceeding, the in Locb Dee, aitnated among the wes 

decree nisi will b« reversed, or a, further hiila, flows a. K. and S., and falls 

inquiry wiU be ordered. Kirkcudbright Bay. Each of t 

Decrepitation a,-'irt"''S; K" " """" "" "" " " 

Hsunder with i ' ' ' ' 

'icvted, or tbe „ , _._, 

with the Qying asunder of their parts, 1527 ; died in ItiUS. In early life he 
made by severar saita and minerals when ceHsfuUy devoted much of his timi 
heated. It is caused by the unequal matbematicol, astronomical and ch 
(udden expansioa of tbeir substance by cal studies. In the reign of Marj 
tbe beat, or by the expansion and wan imprisoned on suspicion of pra 
volatilization of water held mecbanlcallT ing tbe ' black art ' ; but was in fi 
within tbem. with Elisabeth, who is said to have 

T)l>nT»Rf>pnHn (da-kre-shen'dO), an plojed him on secret political misai 
lievrciiceuuu Italian term in mnsic and paid him a. fixed salary. In 1 
which denotes the gradual weakening of along with a man named Kelly, 
the sound, or the reverse of creicenjo. visited several of tbe continental coi 
SeOTetals (il^li''S't>^)> & general pretending to raise spirits. In 1501 
xr&vA&bAu ngmg f^^ f^^ papal de- obtained from the qneen the warden 
(Tees, comprehending tbe rescripts (an- of Manchester College. Ilere he ree 
Dwers to inquiries and petitions), decrees for nine years, and tben returned to 
Uudicial decisions by the Koto tto- old residence at Mortlake, wbere be i 
mana), mandates (olBcial instructions leaving behind him many works, pi 
for ecclesiastical officers, courts, etc), of a scientific character, partly dei 
edicts (papal ordinances in general), with the occult sciences, invocatiot 
and general resolutions of tbe councils, spirits, etc. 

The decretsls form s most important por- np»d (d^'d), in law, a writing 
tioQ of the Roman Catholic canon law, ■*"^*^'* taining some contract or at 
tbe authoritative collection of them being ment, and the evidence of Ita ezecui 
that made by the orders of Gregory IX made between, parties legally capabl 
and published in 1234. entering into a contract or agreem 

SedllBjn ^^ "^"^ °^ Norfolk Co., particularly an instrument on papei 
Afc\uiBuij Massachusetts, 9 mUes B. w. parchment, conveying real estate t 
of Boston. It has manufactures of purchaser or donee. It Is either an 
woolen goods, carpets, machinery, pot- denture or a detd-poU; the former n 
tery, etc. It was the birthplace of Fisher between two or more persons in diffe 
Ames. I'op. (1920) 10,792. interests, the latter msde by a si 

Dedic&tioil (<1^<''1~)'^'*Iiiid)> the act person, or by two or more persons 
Aic\uvaiiiuu ^j consecrating some- ing similar interests. 
Ihing to a divine being, or to a sacred Tlaav (dfg), a town and fortres) 
use, often wilb religious solemnities. *'**'6 Bhurtpore, Central India, 
Also an addrpss pretixed to a book, and miles northwpst of Agra, situated In 
fomerly inscribed to s patron, testifying midst of marshes, and almost surroui 
respect and recommending the work to by water during a great part of tbe I 
bis protection and favor; now chiefly At the southwest corner is a lofty i 
addressed to friends of tbe author, or to on which the citadel stands. It 
public characters, simply as a mark of taken in 1S04 by General Fraser, 
Affection or esteem. dismsntled after the capture of Bhar 

Tl«i1ni>Hnn (de-duk'shun). In reason- by I^ord Combermere. top. 1&.828. 
ueauctlUU ^^ ,te ^^^ ^^ method of Deemster (-Jfrn'sterK an officer 
drawing inferences, or of dedacing con- ■"^^'"'"•^'' merly sttached to the ! 
clnsions from premises ; or that wnich ia Court of Justiciary in Bcotland. 
drawn from premises. See Logic. formally prononnced tbe doom or 

Da* (dS). tbe name of several British tence of death on condemned crlmli 
■"^^ rivers- {11 A river of Scotland. The office was conjoined with tha 
partly In Kincardineshire, bot chiefly in executioner. The name ia now givei 
Aberdeenablre, one of the most finely the Isle of Man to two Judges who 
wooded and one of the best salmon rivers as tbe chief-Justices of the island, 
in Britain. The citv of Aberdeen stands one presiding over the northern, the o 
at ita mouth. (2) A river ol N. Wales over the sodtherD dlvisloit. Hey 



Deep Sea Ezploratioii Default 

courts weekl; nt Donglaa, B«mBe;, and ten counties, are devoted to deer fortsta. 

other places. Tbe land Ib ubuiU;, in by far the ETeater 

Deep Sea Exploration. J;™"";; KJ "U'-.r'S'^V.rVf.M °K 

tbe deeper areas of the ocean. The numtierB o( grouse and other tame as 

method employed by souDdinK with ap- well as deer. A great many of the for- 

parstus fitted to bring up specimens of cats are rented by sportsmen from the 

orsaoic life and of tbe sea bottom, proprietors, and the rents drawn are 

American eiplorstions wre conducted considerable, ranginc from £1000 * 

• 1 1&72 onwards by the U. (H. Coast £5000, and even mii3i i 

rey and tbe Fish CommiHaiuD. wbile for a single foresL Cn 

ral European nations have engaged been removed from their holdings 1 



from 1672 onwards by tbe U. (K. Coast £5000, snd even mucb more, pei 

Survey and tbe Fish CommiHaiuD. wbile for a single foresL Crofters ha 

eeveral European nations have engaged been removed from their bold_^,_ 

in similar work. Tbe moat important of order that the land might be InconKi- 

tbese explorations was that of^ the Eng- rated In some deer forest, and this uaa 



widely traversed tbe Atlantii! and PaciDc, tbe other hand, the lessees of the forests 
and brought up numerous and extraor- have expended large soma of money in 
dinary specimens of deep sea animal tbe country, and the rents paid the pro- 
life. The sea-bottom was also examined prietors have enaUed them to do the 
and much learned concerning Its make-ap same. 

and conditions. One interesting feature HaAr-mtUUI. tbe name of aereral North 

of the results is that many of the ani- ■"^^'- B*"*™") American planU of the 

mals found are pboapfao re scent, them- genus Rheaia, 

selves lighting up tbeir dark abode. Ttaar.mnnaA the common name of 
Deer ^^^''h " Seneral name for the ■"""^ mouw, the animals belongloc 
ungulate or hoofed ruminating to the genus Meridnet, an Ameilaa 
animals constituting tbe family CervldEe, genus ol rodent animsis allied to the 
of which tbe typical genus U Cemui, mice and the jerboas of the Old World, 
the stag or red deer. The distinguishing The deer-mouse of Canada (U. Cmm a den- 
chsracteriatics of ILe genus are. that tbe lit) is a pretty little animal of the 
members of it have aolid branehing horns siee of a mouse, with very long hind- 
wbirh they shed every year, and eight lega and a tail, and very short forelegs. 
cutting teeth in the lower jaw and none Tl^^r-otallcincr ^° exciting but la- 
in the upper. Tbe boms or aotlers -Wecr BiaiKing, torious mode of 
always exist on Ihe head of the male, bunting tbe red deer, in which, on 
and in the reindeer on that of the female, account of tbe extreme shyueaa of the 
Tbe forms of the boms are various ; game, tbeir far-sightedness and keen seiwe 
sometimes they spread into broad palms of smell the; have to be approached by 
which send out sharp snags around tbeir cautious man<BUvring before a chance 
outer edges : sometiiaes ue; divide fan- of obtaining a shot occurs. Ore«t pa- 
tastically into branches, some of which tieuce and tact and a thorough knowledge 
project over the forehead, while others of tbe ground are essential to a food 
are reared upwards in the air ; or they stalker, who has to undergo many dis- 
may be 80 reclined backwards that tbe comforts in crouching, creeping, wading 
 nimal seems almost forced to carry its through bogs, etc Advance from hlglier 
head in a stiff erect posture. Tbey are lo lower ground is nsually made, once 
used aa defenaive and offensive weapons, the deer are alwavs Apt to look to the 
and grow with great rapidity. There low ground as tne source of danger, 
are many apeciea of deer, as the red 'Deer-driving' towards a point woere 
deer or stag, the fallow-deer, the roe- the shooters are concealed Is often prac- 
buck, the reindeer, tbe moose, tbe elk, ticed, but is looked on aa poor sport by 
tbe axis, rusa. munt^ei;, war^li, etc. the true deer-stalker. 
(See the separate articles.) Deer are Tl»faniatinTi (def-s-mi'shnn), the 
pretty widely distributed over tbe world. ■Wiaiuau.UIl n,jiicioQ, uttering of 
though there are none in Australia and slanderous words respecting another 
few in Africa, wbere the antelopes which tend to destroy or Impslr his good 
(whose horns are permanent) take their name, character, or occupation. To con- 
place. Tbe reindeer atone has been do- stitute defamation in law the words 
me^ticated. must be spoken maliciously. Defamation 
TlaAr ITnrBBt an extensive tract of is punishable either by acHon at common 
Ueer JfOreSI, „o„ntainou» land set law or by statute. 

apart for tbe protection of wild deer, Default (d'-'Blf), in law, aignlflea 

especially red deer, wbich are used for *'**••'"'' generally any neglect or 

purposes of sport. In Scotland, to whicb omiulon to do lometblng whlco ought ti> 

such forests are chiefly confined, som« be done. Its special application Is to tiia 

2,000,000 acres, distributed over nine or non-appeanutee of a defendant in court 



Defendant Oefi 

vhen duly BDnunoned on ao appointed nal deSultion explaiuB the tueaDing of 

day. If he fail to appear judsmeut ma; term by Bone equivalent word or eipr 

be demanded and given agaiust him bj ston 8upp<wed to be better known. 

default. real defioitioa explains tbe nature of t 

Defendant <de-fen'dant) , in law, tbe tbing. A real defialtioti is again oo 

lUEABuuBUH pjrty against wbom a dental, or a description of the acciden 

complaint, demand, or charge is brought: as causes, properties, effects, etc.; 

otw who Is aummoned into conrt and eiientiaL which explains tbe constitac 

defends, denies, or opf>oae8 the demand parts of the esaence or nature of t 

or charge, and maintains his own right, thing. An esBential definition it, mo 

Tba term is applied even if the party over, metaphyiicat or logical, defini 

admits the claim. ' by the ganus and difference,' aa it 

n^t^nA^r nf th^ Taitli IFidei called; as, for example, >a plant is 

Jjeienaer 01 lUe iraiin i,e/e„. organized being, destitute of^sensatlo 

MT), a tiUe belonging to the King of Eng- where the part first of the definitl 

land^ as CaHioliem to the King of Spain, states the genus (organized being), a 

Ckmtianiiiimiu to the King of France, the latter tbe difference (deslitute 

etc. Leo X bestowed the title of Defender sensation, other organised beings posse 

«/ the Faith on Henry VIII In 1521, on Ing sensation) : or phyiical, when 

account of his book against Luther, distinguishes tbe physical parts of 1 

and the title has been used by the sov- essence' thus, a plant is disttnguisb 

erelgna of England erer since. by the leaves, stalk, root, etc. A strlc 

Deffftnd (def-S9). Hakiz de Tight- accurate definition can be given of oi 

.vcunuu Chamboud, MABQtnBB DH, a few objects. The most simple thii 

a conwlctious character among the are the least capable of definition, fn 

Krench literati of the eigbteenth century, the difficulty of finding terms mi 

born in 16&7 ; died in 1T80. In 1718 she simple and Intelligible than the one 

married the Martguis du Detfand, from be defined. 

whom she separated after ten years. Dor- TlAfon (dS-tO'), Daniel, an Engll 

ing tbe latter part of her long life she *'^*''" writer of ^reat ingenuity a 

became the center of a literary coterie, fertility, was born in 1001 In I^nd< 

which incloded Cholseul. Boufflers, Mou' where his father, James Foe. carried 

tesqoiea, Voltaire, D'Alembert, David the trade of a batcher. In 16S5 

Boine and Horace Walpole. Her Letter* Joined the insurrection of the Duke 

b> Borate Walpole anil Correipondenoe Monmouth, and bad the good fortune 

tcilk D'Alembert, Monteaguieu, etc., were escape : after which he made several i 

published. successful attempts at business, and 

Tl^fiaiiMi (de-ffana), a dtr. county last turned his attention to titeratu 

JfCUIUWQ ^^( ^, Defiance Co., Ohio, In 1701 appeared his satire in vir 

on Uaumee River and Wabash & Erie The True-born EnelUhman, in favor 

Canal. It has manufactures of machinery, William III. As a Kealous Whig a 

motor tmcks, steel products, etc. Seat of Dissenter he was frequently In trout 

Dcflanee College. Pop. (1920) 8870. For publishing The Shortett Way Ifi 

DeflladiniP (d^fl-lS^'ins). that branch ike DUienten (1702), tbe drift 

= of fortification the object which was misunderstood bv hi 

of which Is to determine (when the Churchmen and Dissenters, he 



Intended work would be commanded by loried and imprisoned In Newgati 
eminences wlcbln the range of firearms) talnlng his liberty through the inf 
tbe directions or heights of the linea of Htrley, who employed hi 



of rampart or parapet, so that the in- Important missions, particularly in I 

terior of the work may not be incom- negotiations for the nnion with Sc 

moded by a fire directed to it from such land, of which he wrote the histo: 

eminencea. While in Newgste, in 1704. he co 

Defile (de-fir), a narrow passage or menced the Review, a literary and j 

^^ way in which troops may march lltical periodical which lasted for nl 

only Id a file, or with a narrow front ; years. In 170C he wrote a short accou 

a long, narrow pass, as between hills, of the Apparition of Mr: Veal, a 6c 

etc. tiona narrative accompanying a trans 

"n^finftinn (def-t-nlsh'no), a brief and tion of Drellnconrt on Death. In 17 

wuuiuva pr^,^ge description of a lie ptiblished bis largest poem, entltl 

thing by Its properties ; an explana- Jure Dirrino. a satire on the doctrine 

(ion of the signification of a word or divine right. In 1707 he was in Rci 

term, or of what a word is understood land, which he also visited s<>vern1 tini 

to etpreaa. Logicians distinguish defl- snbeequently In connection with pnii 

altions into nominal and reaL A noml- cal atfairs, and as an agent of tboxe 



Peforcement ^^ jjegree 

""T' 'is '"»"''>'• "WtBtlon or which cireumfcrenc. S"m, dS SS. .SJ 

ht^ t^ ■^'' '° tliw P^fwtnanM induced csUed degrecg, A decree  ofl^til^ ii 
him to write a number of other lives and the 360th pact of the es/th^ cSTum 
adventuies m character ; aa UotI Flan- fctence north or aonth of the mSSi^ 

S!T' ,"■. ^f • *"»'" •' • CaeaUer, anjle, to the e<|ol™, aid a HrX 

izs in'm'i"™"'- •"■ '^ "^ " £;?':? 4',', "oranTV.«""mSffi? 

Deforcement (de-fars'ment), in law, measured on a circle pardlel to th"™"-' 
the holding of laDds 'T. DcBrees are marked by a small ° 
or teDcmeiitB to which Bnother peraon "^ar the top of the last figure ot the 
Oas a right; a general term including number which eipreraes them: thus 45° 
any apecies of wronc by which be who !" " degrees. The degree is aabdividnj 
naa a right to the freehold is kept out '"'" Biity equal parts called mlnatn- 
ot posiiessioii. In Soots law, it is the «""* the minute Is again subdlrided intu 
resisting of an officer in the eiecution ?l"y,il"=' Part* called seconds. Tbas. 
Of law. 45" 12' 20" means 45 degrees, 12 rain- 

De Qerando (d*-Ehfi-r»9-d5), Josfa-H "**« 3?'* ^ seconda. The magnitude or 
, Mabik. Bason, a French 3"»°t'ty of angles is estimated in de- 

P''",°SSR'"'^""' slatesmaa, bom at I-yons *'*^» *"'^, Partfl of a degree, t*can»e 
in 1772 : died in 1842. After seizing ^""l '"eles at the centeF <,/ a circle 
In the army for some time be took office "re <n blended by equal arcs, and equal 
aa minister of the interior under Lucien ""Slw at Ihe centers of different i^rcles 
Bonaparte, and was afterwards engaged "'^ subtended by similar arcs, or arcs 
in the organization of Tuscany and the (^"taming the same number of degrem 
Papal states on their union to France, fd Parts of a degree. An angle is said 
In 1819 he commenced a. course of lee- J** "^ *" many degrees as are contained 
tures in the Faculty de Droit, in Paris, . ^"^ P"',.**' «ny circle totereepted be- 
on public and administratire law He Ir**" *''* ""™ "''''•^'' (Contain the ancle 
was raised to the peerage in IS.'iT De II "."^^l^' J,"'"' ''«'■'? the center ..f 
(.(>rando has acquired great fame by his K^t ""''^ i*"* "J, "? "" angle ,,t 
philosophical writings. His nrindpal ^  "^ °"* "' ^^ ^- •* f" altio usiinl 
works are Det Signet ei de f.'Art de *" "a? that a star Is eleraled so many 
f enter; De la OAtMilion det Connait- degrees above the horiioD. or de<-lines n. 
aonce» Hvmaiaet Hittoire comparfe det many degrees from the e<|uator. or sui-h 
.Spttimet de Pkilotophie. Du Perfec-  '°"'.n « situated in so many dMre^s 
(lonnement Moral et de FEducalion de o' latitude or longitude. The lengtli of 
tioi-m6me, De CEdvcation de» Sourdt- a degree depends upon the radius of tlx' 
muett de Naiitance, and De la Bien- '''"''e of the cireumfirence uf which it 
/OMOBCB Pvblique. is a part, the length being greater Ui.- 

DeeffendOrf ye»'e'>-dorf).atownof f™"" "i^ length of the radius. Hen«-e 
&e ""wi 'B.^ria, on the Dan- ">* I'^'^tb of a degree of longitude i:. 
"be, with manufactures of cloth, etc. 8'eatest at the equator, and diminishes 
Pop. (1906) 71M. continually towards the poles, at which 

De GounnOnt y^-ffOr-mon), REnr. !L=^.1i ^■"'"^ the equator a degree of 
uuuixuuin, ^^„pjj ^ 1^ . • longitude contains 60 geographical, and 
1858; died in Paris September 28 1915 ^^^^^ statute miles. The degrees of lati- 
Hc was editor of the ifercvre -de France t™ "J* '"'""* ^ iicrease in length 
and a director of the Rivue det Ideet 'r™"^ "■* *<!.''".""' *** "e poles, owing to 

Degradation '£,^Zi''LJt-'p^''S°^"''^''''^"'^^'!i 

by which a dentji^ is diieated of Tt <'rt*™'?e i^^rateiy the lenith of de- 
hil, ordeta. lie canonSS di.Un" "f °'. "f '?„''• "'IJei'IMe at dllfer- 
iniihea degradation iSo io "rt,  the ",'„"*'? °'j^' "*,'"' ""'i'" ""I """ 
on, .ummlr,. by word «"y: throtS; "'"■ '" f,""""l«" '" na„it,Kle. 
solemn, by stripping the person degraded ""*" the French determined to estab- 
of those ornaments and rights which are ''*^ t "'*''' "1'*"^'" of measures and 
the ensigns of his onler or degree The ^'f°}^ l™"^*! "Pon ""« metre (see Deri- 

vu«.-es not ecciesiMHcaL diatanoe from the equator to the pol» 



Degree Bekli 

H'bii'h diHtaoce had tu be found by acca- which mT<etelKiiB sdd to their title. ' 
ruEe measurement. Ten degrees of lati- ezpreosioD is taken tiom several apoel 
lude were accordingly measured, from cal ezpreesioiis In the New Teatameni 

SES; iZ."-Si"; .™.i.?S Demo.anria. s« Di,»..H.. 

having been made ill Britain, the length ^ajqcm (dl'o-sEi), an ancient i>eri 

of a total arc ot twenty degrees haa ■*'»••"'*'' s» who flourlthed a b o 

been foand. Man; measurementa have seven centnries B.C., rose from a prii 

aim been made elsewhere. The term is station to be the founder of the Sled 

also applied to the divigions, spaces, or Empire. By acting as arbitrator in 

intervala marked on a mathematical, dispntes which took place in his i: 

meteorological, or other instrument, as a vicinity, the fame of nis justice indu 

Ihermometer or barometer. the Medei to choose him for their k 

Ili>PTPr in universities, a mark of dis- after their revolt from the Assyrians. 

vvg^bby tincdon conferred on stu- built the city of Ecbatftna, ia which 

dents, members, or distinguished Strang- resided ; after a reign of thirty-five ye 

ers, as a testimony of their profi''iency in he left the throne to his sou Phraortef 

the arts or sciences, or as a mark of T)eira (de'i-ra), an ancient AngUi 

respect, the former kntrwn as ordinary, *"^*" kingdom, stretching from 

the latter as honorary degree. The de- Tees to the Humber, and eltendlng 

green are bachelor, master and doctor, land to the borders of the British rei 

and are conferred in arts, science, medi- of Btrathcljde. With Bemicia it fori 

cine, divinity and music. Degrees are the Kingdom of Northumhria. 

<'0Dierred on women by London Univer- TiAiaiTI (dS'izm ; t-at Deuf, God), 

sity. Cambridge admits them to the ■*"'*'*" philosophical system which, 

tripos eiaminatio_a, and Oiford to opposed to Atheitm (Ur. a, not, i 

most of its boner schools, but neither Theo*, God), recognizes a great F 

■rants at present the stamp of a degree. Cause ; as opposed to Panikeitm ( 

8L Andrew's University grants the title pon, all, Theo*), a Snpreme Being i 

LL.A. to wothen wbo pass in four snb- tinct from nature or the universe; wb 

jects : the standard of attainment being as opposed to Theitm, it looks upon < 

the name as tbat required for the M.A. as wnoUy apart from the concerns of I 

degree, the books prescribed and ths world. It thus implies a disbelief in r 

Jaestions set being practically identical, elation, skepticism as regards the va 

n tbe United States universities similar of miraculous evidence, and an assDi 

degrees are given and women frequently tion that the lipht of nature and rea; 

receive them. are the only guides in doctrine and pi 

Decree '" Blgebra, a term nsed in tice. It is thus a phase of Rationali: 

o^''*'* speaking of equations, to ei- In the eighteenth there were a series 

press what is the highest power of the writers who are spoken of distinctiv 

unknown quantity. Thus, If the Indei of as the English deists. They include t. 

that power be 3 or ^ (^, «•), the equa- lins. ToJaod, Tindal. ef 

tion 18 respectively of the third or fourth Tloianim {dej-a-nrril. In Greek mj 

degree. l/Cjaiurn ^, ,^,p ^ij^ ^j jjg^^ 

Tl^lira. (dft'ra). > town of Hindustan, or Heracles (which sei:). 
''^*"** capital of Dehra Doon, heauti- DpT'olh '•'•^kalh'V a city of DeK 
fully situated, with military canton- -"BJVIUU ,,„_ minnis. .-W miles w. 
ments, EogUsb, Presbyterian and Roman Chicaeo. It is the seat of the Norths 
Catholic churches, and an American mis- Illinois Normal School, and mnnnfactu 
sioD. Pop. 28,(>06. wire, shoes, gloves, implements, piat 

Tl^llTn. Tlnnn C^il'ra dOn). a beauti- Motor trucks, wagons, etc. Pop. 7871 
uvnio. uuuu. ^^j ij^j ^j.^,p ^^„pj, ,n _ ■«■ |v joHIT, a German sold; 
the Meerut division ot the Northwestern "^ -^oj-Uf ^^ ^^ Hflttendorf in 17 
Provinces. Hindustau. at the B. W. base An officer in tbe French army, be cs 
ot the lowest and outermost ridge of the to America with I«fayette ia 1777. i 
Himalayas. It is bounded on the K. by appointed a major-general by Congn 
the Jumna. N. e. by the mountains of and served in Wasnington's army. 
Gnrwhal. from 7000 to 8000 feet high, 1780 he was second in command an 
8. E. by the Ganges, s. w. bv the Sewalik General Gates in the Sonth and i 
range, 3000 to 3BO0 feet high. Its length killed at tbe battle ot Camden. 
from e. E. to f. w. is about 4S miles: called himself baron, bat was really 
breadth, from 16 to 20 miles. The chief peasant's son, without title. 
town in the vallev is Dehra. TIpItVat or DECKER <dek'er). 

iM ornfia t'^"*' frt'shi-a: 'by the -""^^km, „„„ „ . ^nf^t, ««» 
i«l ^rana ^^^ 5f God'), a fonnul* in 1009 o 



Dekker Delaroche 

known poems are : Lof der Oeldtudtt, lag coiutantlv dereloped a* • place at 
a udre on avarice: aDd Pantdioklen. trade. A railway run* from the dtj to 

Ttnlrlrpr I^eckes, or Deckab. Thouab, Pretoria, 200 miles dlMant. Durini tM 
,1/CAJi.ci, QQ EnglUh dramatist and mis- Boer war Lorenco Marquea waa the oolj 
ceilaneous writer, bom about 1B70 ; died port available for the Boert. 
in 1641. He was a voluminous writer, tlplfiTnbre (<I^1^-Ii'>> 'k^" Bap- 
and besides a great number of pamphlets -"viiuiiuis tutk Jobeph, a Tttaeh 
he wrote many plays which give a vivid astronomer and pupil of I«laDde, bom at 
picture of contemporary lite in I^ndoa. Amiens in 1748 ; died in 1822. Hia atud- 
T|a TTnv^-n ReamAi,D. an American ies were not directed to astronomj nodi 
Aiv J1.UVCU, composer (J881-1820), his thirtr-rixth year, but he rapidly ac- 
bom in Hiiidtetown, Conn. He wrote quired fame, and prodQced numerous 
many liiibt operas, notably Robin Hood, works of great value. He waa etuaged 
The Fencinn Manter, Roh Rou. The High- with Meefiaia from 1792 till 1786. In 
inayman, Happyland, The Student King, measuring an arc of the meridian from 
Rip Van Wiak&, etc Barcelona to Dunkirk. In ISOT he soc- 

TIa 1a HbpTio Sib Hznbt. See ceeded Lalande In the College de Frsace, 
i/e la Iiecae, Ceche, Sir Henry de la. and wrote his TroiM d-A.itr<momie TWo- 
nAlnTuinl* (dMA-bOrd), Uknbt rioii« et Pralioue' (three vols. 4to, 1814), 
AFeiaourae Vbakcoib, Couht, a Hutoire de rAitnnomie <fo Moten Agt 
FrcDcb general, born at Dijon in 1764: (1819), Hitt. de riitronoffile Vo^ema 
died in 1633. He distinguiahed himself in (1821), two vols., and HUt. de rAttnm- 
the republican armies; (ought through the omie du ISne Si4ele (two vola.). 
whole of the Napoleonic wars, and was Dslanfl (de-iand'), HAsaakKT W., 
ennobled in 1807. After the second resto- -"CllUlU no,e]i,t, was bom in Htto- 
ration he was placed on tbe list of the burgh, PeDnsylvania, in 1867- She wrote 
officers who were to be criminally pro«e- John Ward. Preacher; Story of a Child ; 
cated, but In consequence of a tecbnical Old Chetler Talegj The Aicakening of 
error the case against him lay over, and Helena Richie; The Old Garden mni 
be lived retired and nnaonojed till his other poem*, etc. An Encore, The Iiun 
death. Woman, The Voice, Partners, The Hand* 

lliilaATViiv (d^-lt-krwB), Pxbdinand of Beau, The Rifing Tide 
jjeiat^ruu. Vicron Boofcm, an emi- 71. lo __-],. (dWi-rosh ). Hippolttb 
ncnt French painter, bora in 1799; died -"eutrounc jfgnmj.riy styW Paul). 
in 1863. He is considered the chief of probably the greatest painter of tbe 

the modem French romantic school o( 

painters. In 1831 he Joined the embassy 
sent by Louis Pbilippe to tbe Emperor 
of Morocco. To tbia Journey we are in- 
debted (or several pictures remarkable 
for their vivid realisation of oriental li(e 
as well as their masterly coloring. They 
are; The Jetoieh ifarriage, Jfuley Abder- 
rhaman icith hit Bodyguard. AlgeriaH 
Ladiea in their Chamber, Uoorith Sot- 
diera at Exerciiie, and several scenes of 
common life. He decorated several of the 
public buildings o( Paris, and was ad- 
mitted into the Institute In 1857. He 
was an artist of great versatility, strong 
In coloriag, but weak in drawing. 

Ddagoa Bay feUrVrt 1 

large sheet o( water separated from the 
Indian Ocean by the peninsula and isl- 
and of Inynck. Tbe bay stretches north 
and south upwards o( 70 miles, with a 

breadth of from 16 to 20 miles, and forms ' 

the southern extremity of the Portuguese 
settlement of Mozambique. It is avail- 
able (or vessels of large tonnage, though 
the presence of shoals, banks and Sats 

renders the navigation of the bay some- rtuiueurocD. 

what intricate. The port and Portuguese, French ■cbool, bom at Paris tn 17t7; 
•etttement of Lourenco Marqaea Is b*- died in ISSo. H« ttadled lawbeap* 



Delavigne Del Credere 

painting for a short time, but applied Bay and by the ocean, south and west 
himself afterwards to historical painting, by Maryland ; area, 2050 square miles, 
and rapidly rose to eminence. His sub- It is divided into three counties, Kent, 
jects are principally taken from French Newcastle and Sussex, and has nearly 
and English history. Among them may the form of a right-angled triangle (hence 
be mentioned: Joan of Arc interrogated its popular name 'the Diamond State'). 
in Prison by Cardinal Beaufort; the In the south and towards the coast tne 
Death of Queen Elizabeth^ a work greatly surface is very level, but the north 
admired by French and generally repro- part is rather hilly. An elevated swampy 
bated by £n^lish critics ; The Children of tableland towards the west traverses the 
Edward IV tn the Tower; Cromwell con^ State, forming the watershed between the 
templating the Dead Body of Charles I; Chesapeake and the Delaware bays. A 
The Eseecution of Lady Jane Qrey; and great part of the soil is fertile, and agri- 
the Hemicycle, an immense work painted culture is in a flourishing state. Fruit 
in oil on the wall of the £cole des Beaux cultivation (peaches, apples, berries) is 
Arts, Paris. It represents an assemblage largely engaged in, and the canning and 
of the great painters, sculptors and archi- drying of fruits are important industries, 
tects from the days of Griotto to those of There are also extensive and varied man- 
Lesueur. and has been admirably en- nfactures. A ship canal connects Chesa- 
graved by Dupont. His merits consist peake River and Delaware Bay. There 
in correct drawing, appropriate expres- are about 300 miles of railway. Wil- 
sion, harmonious color, and great dis- mington is the chief manufacturing and 
tinctness and perspicuity in treatment, commerci^ town. The capital is Dover, 
rendering the story of his pictures at Delaware, though slave-holding, remained 
once intelligible. He held a middle place loyal to tne Union at the secession of the 
between the classical and the romantic Southern States. Pop. (1900) 184,736; 
schools, and was regarded as the leader (1010) 202,322; (19^0) 223,003. 
of the so-called 'eclectic school.' TIaIo ixrarp & city, county seat of 

DMnvivne (dWA-vSn), Jkan Fban- ^Ciawurc, Delaware Co.. Ohio. 24 
x/ciavAguc gpjg Casimib, a French miles N. of C^olumbus. Seat of Ohio Wes- 
poet and dramatist, born at Havre in leyan University. It has car shops, min- 
1793; died in 1843. At the restoration eral springs, and manufactures of fumi- 
he published a set of elegies, entitled Les ture, automobile tops, shoes, stoves, 
Me9%imenne», which deplored the faded bridges, etc. Pop. (1920) 8756. 

' ~  ''^" ' " At- 

be- 
,11 

tragedy of Le Paria in 1821. Of his miles wide at entrance, between (japes 
other plays which followed these may be May and Henlopen, 50 miles long. A 
mentioned: UEcole dee Vieillards; Ma- breakwater near Menlopen provides a safe 
rino Faliero; and the dramas of Louis XI harbor. 

— founded on Commines' Memoirs and TIploTxriirp TnilmTia & tribe belong- 
Quentin Di*n4?anf— and Don Juan d'Ai*- -l^eiawarc xnaians, j^^ ^^ ^j^^ ^. 

triche. His hymns La Parisienne and La gpnquin family, originally living in the 
Varsovienne, and the ballad La Toilette Delaware River bflusin, and called by 
de Oonstanoe, are among his more popu- themselves Lenni Lenape ('true men'), 
lar poetical pieces. He died a member of t\a T.o TUa-rr or Delawabe, Thomas 
the Academy. ^^ *^ ^ *"> West, Lord ( 1577- 

TlalciiirQrA (del'a-w&r), a river which 1618). an English administrator in Amer- 
.l/eiawarc ^ses In the Ga t skill ica; first governor of Virginia (1610). 
Mountains in New York, separates Penn- Tlpl/ioaap ( del-ka-sfl^), Theophilb 
sylvania from New York and New Jersey. -I'Ciua.ssc j^ggg- ), a French states- 
and New Jersey from Delaware, and man. notable for the cordial relations he 
loses itself in Delaware Bay. It has a established with Great Britain. , , 

course of about 400 miles, and is navi- TJaI Credere ^^®^ kred'e-rft), an Ital- 
gable for large vessels to Philadelphia, v*v**w*w .^^ mercantile phrase, 

and for smaller craft to the head of tide- similar in import to the English guaran-' 
water at Trenton (155 miles). tee or the Scotch warrandice. It is used 

TlAla^irorA on® o^ ^^® original thir^ among merchants to express the obliga- 
A/CMwaic, ^g^j^ United States, and, tion undertaken by a factor, broker, 
next to Rhode Island, the smallest state or mercantile agent, when he becomes 
in the Union, named after Ix>rd Dela- bound, not only to transact sales or 
ware, one of the early governors of Vir- other business for his constituent, but 
^ia. It is bounded north by Pennsyl- also to guarantee the solvency of the 
Taniat east by the Delaware River and persons with .whom he contracts. On 




< 



Deleb Palm Selille 

account of tbia guaraoiee a higher com- fourteeath century, is now conatdend 
mlBsion, called a del credere cummJEsioD, i:oaTse, but wan among the beat o( ii* dajr. 
ia paid to the factor or ageDt 'n»1f7v1 Uelf-sH'), a utroagl/ fortified 

Deleb Palm 'SlTi^^''- t""* Bt*""; -"""^y* town and port o(TJi.rth HoJ- 
Mff,t\,u J. Huutt ^;n„pKm. a. natirc of iand, jiruvmi:e Gromgen, on the Dolliut. 
the Interior end weet of Africa, allied to Fop. 7305. 

the I'almyra iialm. Ita leaves and frultn Tlelhi (del'e), a city of Uinduatan. in 
are twed by the Afrit-anii for the same ■*'^'""' the Punjab, ancient!; capital of 
purposes as those of the Palmyra by the the Tatan and Uogul empires, about 
Asiatics, and the tender roots produced 964 miles n. w, Calcutta. At the durbar 
by the young plant are extensiTely used In 1911. when Oeorge V was made nSm* 
1 article of food. peror ot India, he changed the capital 

' " " " " ' " ' '" to Delhi. It was at one 

. .__„ ^t city ia Hindnstan, coTer- 

' by others, with powers to transact ing a apace of 20 aguare miles, and hsTinT 
uusineas aa his or tbeir representative, a population of 2,000,000. A raat tract 
The title was given to members of the covered with the ruina of palacea^ pari- 
"' C Continental Congress in America, lions, baths, gardens, mausoleum*, etc, 

.. ._._ ._ --. . 1.. .j,g extent ot the ancient me- 

The present city abuts on the 

Jk of the Jumna, and is bunoand- 

o( discuaaioD, but bave no vote. ed on three sides b" a lofty stone wall 

TlBlaanlnvn (d «-l fi-k 1 u i), LotJIB 5U miles loug, strengthened by tlie Brit- 
UVUSttVULCV chables, a French com- ish at the beginning ot the Ust century 
munist, born in 1809. Ue adopted a with a ditcb and gTacis. The palace or 
journalistic career and was Imprisoned residence of the Great Hoiul, built bj 
and fined for his socialistic and revolu- 8hah Jehan, commenced in 1U31, and now 
lionary articles, and also sentenced to known as ' the fort,' is situated in the 
banishment. Ue escaped to England, but east of the city, and abuts directly on 
having returned to Frances (1SG3) was the river. It is surrounded on tbree sides 
kept in prison tor some time and tbea by an embattled wall of reddish aanii- 
banisbed to Cayeuue. On bis return be stone nearly fiO feet high, with round 
again got into trouble. After the fall of towers at intervals, and a gateway on the 
the empire and tbe German occupation west and south, ijince the mutiny in 
be became a prominent member of the 1837 a great portion has been demolished 
(Commune, and was shot at one of tbe in order to make room for military bar- 
1>arricades in 1871. racks. One of tbe moat remarkable ob- 

TtAlfaTioTrATi (deltsliB-ven), a former Jects fn the city is tbe Jamma Musiid or 
4«;il»U»veil ,g^^ ^, Holland, on tbe <fteat Mosque, a magnificent strnclnre in 
Maas, 2 miles b. w. of Rotterdam, of the Byzantine-Arabic style, built by the 
wbich it ia now a suburb. It ia well pro- Emperor Shah Jehan in the seventeenth 
tected from inundation by dikes, etc., and century. Among modern buildings are 
bas ample accommodation for shipping, the government college, founded in 1T92 
Tlplft (^elf), formerly Delf, a town of (abolished as a college) ; the Resideocy, 
.i/cub Jioi]aad_ 8 miles n. w. ot Rotter- and a ProtesUnt church. The East In- 
jam, intersected in all dlrectiona by dian Railvay enters the city by a bridge 
canals. Among ita buildinga are the over the Jnmna. The 8. w. quarter ot 
town hall, the Prlnsen-bof, tne scene of the town ia densely occupied by tbe 
the assassination of William the Silent, shops and dwellinga of tbe native popn- 
now a military barrack ; tbe old Re- Intion ; the streets are narrow anil tor- 
formed church, containing the monu- tuniis, but some of the main thorougb- 
ments of Admiral Tromp, tbe naturalist fares of tbe city are splendid streets, the 
1 leeuwenboek, etc.; tbe new church, con- cliief being tbe Chandni Obauk, or 'Sil- 
tsining monuments to William I, Hugo ver Street.' Durli-g the mutiny Delhi 

(irotiua, and the burial vaulta of the vas —'—■• •-- •■•-- " — ■-- ■- '■ - - 

present royal family. Delft was formerly sesa; 

tbe center of the manufacture of tbe pot- many atrocities were committed. 
It-ry called delft-ware; Its chief Indus- (It'll) 232,837. 
tries now embrace carpets, leather, snap, TlATillA (dMPM, J&cguEB. a French 
nil. gin. etc. Pop. 31,58^. J/eiim; jij^ptic poet, born in 1738: 

Hplft.wdP* '>' Delp, ]s a kind of died In 1813. His translation of Virgil'" 
.i/cui. WMC, pottery covered with an Oeorgici. publiabed in 1770, wift s 
enamel or white glasing which givea It DitBoun Pr^liminairf: and numerous ■■>- 
tbe ai^arance or porcelain. It was notatioDa. established his fame, atid A- 
originaUy naDiifactlired In Delft in tbe tained bim admissiuc to tbe Franch 



Deliquescence Delitzsc 

AcHdcmy. He beoame professor of Ijitin Ihe body, as. tlie heart : it may b« causi 

poetry in IIia College of France, aod ot by long-i'uDtiDued and pxbauatitig pal 

belleH-leilreB at the Iloiversity of I'aria, iitid by a state ot inanition of tbe ner 

Though nn adhi-rent of the nld Hyatem, huh system. 

Itobeapierre spari^ bini on every oci-aslon. 'nBlirinTn TrMnPTIB "" "ffsttio 

At his request Delille wrote the -"eUnniD iremeHB, „, ,j,^ ^^^^ 

Dithgrambe »iir t'ImmorlaliU de I'Ame, which arises fri.m the inordinate and pr 

to be suDg [ID tbe occHsiun of the pubRc tracted use of ardent spirits. It is thel 

acknowledgement of the Deity. In 1T94 fore almoet peculiar to drunkards. Tl 

he withdrew from Paris, but returned principal aymptomB of this disease, aa i 

■gain iu 1601, and was chosen a mem- name imports are delirium and trembliu 

L«r of the Institute, lie spent two years Tbe delirtuui is a constant symptom, b 

JD LondoQ, chiefiy employed iu translat- the tremor is not always present, or. 

lag Paradite Limi. ilia reputation mainly present, la not always perceptible. Fl 

resEa on the Utorgieg, and Let Jardtni, quently tbe sufferer thinka he sees t 



Craat Uoaqo* Rt DaUii. viewed (ram Nottheaat. 
ft didactic poem. Other works are most frightful, grotesque, or extraordina 
L'Homme det Champi, La PiiH. Lea objects, and may thus be put into a aU 
Troit Rigitet de la A'alure, La Coni:tr»a- of extreme terror. It is properly a d 
lion, L'En^ide de Viroile, etc. ease of the nervous system. The comm 

TlAlinnps/ifiTirip (oe 1-i-q ues'en s), a treatment is to administer soporiGcs so 
J/CliqueM,cnLC p^ange of form from to get the patient to sleep, 
the solid to the liquid stale, by the TIslialA (dM^l), QtnLLAUME. a Fren 
absorption of moisture from the atmos- ■*'»^""*»* geographer, bom in 1075 ; di 
pbere. It occurs in many bodies, such in 1726. I! published upwards of 1 
■a caustic potash, carbonate of potassium, maps, and reconstructed the system 
acetate of potassium, chloride of calcium, geography current in Europe In the I 
chloride of copper, chloride of zinc, et. ginning of the eighteenth century. Loi 
npHrinm loe-lir'i-om), a temporary XV apnointed him geogranher to I 
4/cuiiaui digopjerpd ,(^1, ^f the king.— His brother, Joseph Nicolas, bo 
mental faculties occurring daring ilJnesi in 1688 ; died in 1TR8, was n dIatinKuish 
either ot a febrile or of an eihauating astronomer, geographer and matbema 
nature. It may be the effect of disor- dan. He visited England, where he fonn 
dered or inBammatory actioD affecting tbe acquaintance with Newton and Halley. 
brain itMlf. or it may Iip W"P»thetic jj ijx t (dfl'lech), b t«wn 
With actiTe diseases In other parts of **VU\iatau PruBaiaa SuonT on t 
24-3 



Belitzsch Delos 

LSbber, 15 mllM north of I^ipzig, with York City In 18M; entered the N«»»I 
maoufactures o( wooleot, aad several im- Academy and became an officer in the 
portant annual fain. Fop. 10,479. U. 8. navf. He took part tn an eip«- 

Dttlitvu*)! FtUHZ, a German theo- dition to northern Greenland in 1»T4, 
.ucuiiAovjij lofian, bom at Leipiig in and in 187» aailed am commander of 
1813. He irsB a strong anpporler □( the Jeannette oa an ezpeditioo to ei- 
■trict orthodox theology ; became pro- plore the Arctic Ocean north ot Siberia. 
fenor of theoloi; at UoBtock in 184& at The ship was cmahed in the Ice Jane 12, 
Erlangen in lesu, and at Leipzig in 1867. ISSl, and De Long died of aUrration in 
He published many devotional and theo- the delta of the Lena lUver, October 3u. 
logical works and eeveral commentaries. His remains were brought to the Unltrd 
Died In 1890.— His ion Fbieduch, born States In 1884. 

in 1860, baa diltingQished himself in Ah- IIaIqq (de-lQ' ; Cephalol^phtu erimmim), 
eyriologr, and is professor of that subject ■"^'■^'^ a small but pretty antelope »<'■ 
Bt I.«)ptig> curring over a great part of Cenirsl and 

Tl#11a (Vnw>fliiti (del'a kruslcans), a Boutbem Africa. 

Jjeiia l/TUBCana ^(^^j^ ^f English Selorme We-lormK Makmii, a eele- 
poetaaten resident for some time in ■"*«■*"■"**' brated French beantj »bo 
Ii'lorence, who printed Inferior senti- reigned uuder Louis XllL Hie date of 
menUl poetry and prose In 1786. Coming her birth is stated at Itlll, 1612 and 
to England, tiiey communicsted the iu- 1616. Her beauty and wit aoon made 
fection to minds of a tike stamp, and the her house the rendezvous of all that was 
newspapers of the day, chleSy the World gallant and brilliant in Paris, tjhe 
and the OracU, began to give publicity to espoused the side o( the Frondeurs, and 
their IncubratioDs. They were eitln- Macarin was about to have her arrested 
Eulsbed by the bitter satire of Gifford's when her sudden death in IflOO termin- 
Baviad and Mamiad. Mrs. Piousl, Bos- ated her short career. The legead !■ 
well, Merry, Cobb, Uolcroft, Mra. H. current iu France that the death and 
Cowley and Hrs. Robinson were the funeral was a mere pretense ; tbai she 
leaden. They took the name from the escaped to England, returned to Parit. 
Accademia Delia Crusca In Florence. and after marrying three husbands litni 
TIaHo pAlthia (del'la rob'l* ) LncA, to the age o( 12a. Victor Hugo h«. 
iieua iWDDia ^^ Halian sculptor! taken her as the subject of one of hi> 
born In 1400 at Florence; died in 1482. dremaa. 

He was distinguished for his work both nelos ('^^lo")) *"> island of great rr- 
In marble and bronze, and also for hia "^"" nown among the ancient GreekJi. 
reliefs in terra-cotta coated with enamel, fabied to be the birthplace of Auolio. it 
ft kind of work named after bim. Otber was a center of bis worsbip, and the site 
members □( the family distinguished them- of a famous oracle. It is tne central sod 
selves in the same line, especially Air- smallest Island of the Cydades, in ibr 
DRiA (1435-1625) nephew and pupil of .>£gean Bea, a rugged mass of graaii-- 
Luca. about 12 square miles tn extent. Al firit 

Delia Eobbia "Ware, i.""*= ",'.'/! V-^ island, occupied by the Ionian* hsil 
.uvuA Mfvuui.a iiaj.b, bas-reliefs kings of its own, who also held the 
thickly enameled with ttn-glaze ; made at priestly office. In 477 B.C. It becamr 
Florence (chie&j 1460-1530) ; in France the common treasury of the Greeks wlio 
11530-1507) : so called from the name of were leagued against Persia. Subae- 
the above artist. quentiy tue Athenians removed the in- 

'■'■'" .... j^jjj^ habitants from it, but they were socio 

__ __.„ It restored. Its festivals were visited by 

I'ODHiHis Di a French and an Arab town ; strangers from all parts of Greece. Asia 
the climate is latubrious. and there is a Mioor. etc. After the destruction of 
trade in grain, oU aud salt. Pop. 14,070. Corinth (146 ac.) the rich CorlothiiDa 



onjHa writer^uuru tiL ui^ueva a uouriiujDK commerce. ±ae greniF^i 
n 1T40: died In 1800. He at first prac- curiosity of the islaud was the Temple of 
lifed as a lawyer in his native city, but Apollo. The Persiaus, when they mad- 
the part which be took In Its Internal war agatnat Greece, forebore attacking 
cotnmotioDH obliged bim to repair to the island out of revereuce to tbe patron 
Eugiaud. where he passed some yeara in deities. The Delians showed great Bkili 

Ereat indigeuce. He became kuown by and taste In making utensils, statues of 
Is celebrated (7oru(ilu(ion de PAtigl»- their gods, figures ofheroes. animala, etr.. 
lore. in bronze and silver. Delos, called Dili 

Se XiOn? {>Eo>toE Washikotor, Arc- or <8d<I(, ia now without permanent In- 
*^ 6' tic esplorer, bom In New habitants: « few abepberds from tbe 



DelpM De 

neiebbor]Dg ibIpb pay it Bummer TisitB known as tbe DelflSTte HBtem, ti 
nitb tbeir flockB. Abundant ruins of its popular in the United States, a 
former magnificence yet exist, aod ex- afiplied to tbe promotion of health 
carations rcBaltinK in interesting archeo- series of bodil; movements held to 
logical discoreties have recentlr been, a harmoniouB development of tbe 
made. and a true and nataral dramad 

Tiplnlii (del'fl), an ancient Greek pression. 

i/cipiu (,,^_ oriKinally called Pytho, TlpTto (del'ta), the name of the 
the seat of the famous oraeie of Apollo, -^"^"^ letter A, answering to the 
waa situated in Phocis, od tbe southem llsh D. The island formed by the eJ 
Bide of Parnassus, about 8 miles n. of deposits between the mouths of the 
the Corinthian Qulf. It waa also ODe of from Ita resemblance to this letter 
tke meeting places of the Amphictyooic 
Council, and near it were held the 
I'rthian games. Tbe oracles were de- 
livered by the mouth of a priestess who 
wss seated on a tripod above a subter- 
ranean opening, whence sbe received the 
vapors ascending from beneath, and with 
them the inapiratlon of tbe Delphian god. 

The oracular replies were always obscore Sum b tba flUinc up of  lake. In 
and ambiguous ; yet they served, in earlier itn^bt* an repn«iiud u pouiing 
times, in the hands of the priests, to reg- , "WIm iito  Uka. In a tbmy Ian & 
nlate and uphold the political. dvU and '^^.".''1; «""■«**»« 'i .""« s i««<tow 
religious relations of Greece. 'The oracle «*"'"W ™d on U«ar wy do-n to 
B-as celebrated as eariy as the ninth een- nftmed Delta by the (.reeks ; an 
tury B.C., and continued to have import- JJ°ie "?,'"*. ^^" since been eitenij 
ance till long after the ChriaUao era. be- "o^t »"""^' '.f*'^'».^at the moul 
inte at last abolished by tbe emperor Tbeo- 8reat nvers which, like the Nile, 
doBius. Persons came to consult it from themselves into the sea by two or 
all quarters, bestowing rich gifts in re- diverging branches. 
turn. The splendid temple thus possessed Delta Mctai * brass, or all< 
immense treasures, and the city was , . . ' copper and lin 

adorned with numerous statues and other which maoganese haa been added, 
works of art. It first lost its treasures in ""^Q 'or P^^ts of machinery and for 
357 B.C.. when seized by the Phociane ; mental work. 

it waB afterwards plundered by Sulla and Deltoid Uuscle '?*' ^'^'>-  
by P*ero. ,, , cle of the sh. 

Delphin Clasric, ,%.S^S^^ STb-XSaS* "- '""* "' 

authors made for the dauphin, son of Delno (<l^l<II'>t Jkan Andb^ a 
Louis XIV, edited by BosBuet and Huet. , opst and meteorologist, 

llslnliininTn (del-fin'i-um). a genua born in 1T26 at Geneva; died at 
iJelplUniTUn ^^ lUnuncufc^, wm- sor in 1817. In 1773 he went to 
prising the larkspurs, atavesacre, etc. '"■"!  "" elected a fellow of the 
See Larkupur. tiociety of London, and appointed : 

Delnhos (del'tos). a dty of Allen Co., «» the queen, a situalion he hel 
o/cipuus Q^- ^^ Miami Canal, 14 forty-four years. He made nun 

. of Lima. It haa ca- ' " -"■'"""-■ "-"- =- "--'-■ " 

planing mills and manufacturea o 
flnnr, furniture, printing 

Pop. (1020) 6745. .^ . . - - 

Tlrf Tlin (del re'S), a dty, county seat th^ cnBcism whose weapons wen 
UKi lUU ^f y^j yp^^ f^ Texas. 170 ""i^e^ by his favorite science. He 
miles w. of San Antonio, 3 miles from the many valuable original eiperimen 
Rio Grande, In a fruit and wool district, meteorology. Among his nntnerous 
Pop. (1B20) 10,688. ineB "re hfs Rechercliei tar lei Mo, 

Tlalaa-rtA (del-aart), PBAncoTB A. N. tioni de rAtmotphirt (Geneva, 1 
j/cuni K! ^ _ ^ French singer and JVouveHet Idie* tvr la MMioTolgoit 
teacher of elocution, born at Solesmes In don, 1786) ; and bis Traiti iUme 
1811; died in 18T1. He won a high re- de 04ologie (Paris, 1810). 
pnte as a teacher of dramatists and a Deliigfe MeVOj), the nnlversal In 
singer of decIamatoT? mnslc, and pob- ° don which, according t 

lished works on Tolce culture and aereral Mosaic history, took place to piinii 
DcveU, Tbe ayatem foonded by him, treat iniquity of mankind. It wai 



Helnndungr Demetrins 



doced, BccordioK to Geneais, by a rain of in the Hmtgarimi rcTolatioii of 1840 : 
fort; days ; and covered the putth 15 born in ITUl : died in imi. He len-t^ 
cubits above the tops of tbe bitbeet uoder Napoleon durinn the Kii»ai>a 
mountaiua, and killed every hvioK crea- campaign of Ibl^ ; was Bnvemor of War- 
lure except Noab, witb bis family, and saw and commander-in-chief of tbe Polish 
the animals which entered the ark by the army during the revolution of 18W : was 
command of (iod. Many otber nations appointed by KoBsuth commander of the 
mention, in tje mythological or prehistoric lliinnrian troupR in ItHti, and served 
part of their history, inundations which, till KosButb's reBignation compelled blm 
in tbeir essential particulars, agree witb to seek refuge In France, where be re- 
tbe Scriptural account of Noah V preser- m^iined till his death. 
vatlou, each nation localizing the chief Tl^TTipntiii (de-men'shi-a), a form of 
events and actors as connected with itself, -"emeuua ioaanity in which nncoD- 
Sclundnnf (''^'""''""K' Pnonodon nected and imperfectly defined ideas cbase 
*"*"*""& qradlU), an intereBting each other rapidly through tbe mind, the 
quadruped inhabiting Java and Malacca, powers of continued attention and re- 
allied to the civets, and probably forming flection being lost. It often Implies sucb 
a connectitig link between them and Ihe general feebleness of the mental facultle* 
FelidK, being destitute of scent-pouches, as may occur in old age. 
It la of slender form, with a long tail, IliiTnji'pai^ (dem-er-il'ra), or DcM- 
and is beautifully spotted. J/emcrara j^^asia, a division of Brit- 

Tl»1irinn (del'vi-no), a town of Alba- Ish Guiana, which derives its name from 
**"*'*"" nia, Turkey, about 44 miles the river Demarara or Demerara. It «- 
northwest of Janina ; It is the seat of tends about lUU miles along the coast, ly- 
a Greek hisbop, and has some trade in lug on tbe east of Essequibo and on the 
olive oiL Pop. about 0500. west of Berbioe. The soil is very fertile. 

DpTnitPVtTne (dem'a-gog), originally producing abundant crops of sugar, coffee, 
.uwun^wguw simply one who leads or cotton, rice, etc. Chief town^Georee- 
directs the people in political matters ; town. Pop. of province, 171,000. — Trbif 
now it usually means one who acquires river, after a course of about 120 miles, 
inflncDce with the populace by pandering Sows into the Atlanlic. 
to their prejudices or playing on their TlsTnpR'np Ide-man'), or DoiuiN, in 
ignorance. ifciutaiio ^^^ ^ manor-house and the 

TWrnand and finnnlv Wrms used land adjacent or near, which a lord keeps 
iramana ana auppiy, j^, pouacal in his own bands or immediate occupa- 
economy to express the relations between tion, for tbe use of bis family, as distin- 
coDsnmption and production, between tbe guwhed from his tenemental lands, di» 
demuid of purchasers and the supply of tnbuted among his tenants, 
commodities by those who have tbem to Demetcr (de-mS'ttr), one of the 
selL The relations which subsist between ^ . . ^ '»■«''" principal Greci*B 

the demand for an article and its supply deities, the great mother-godde«, tbi 
determine its price or exchangeable value, nourishing and fertiluing principle of 
When the demand for a commodity ex- nature. She was the daughter of CrooDS 
ceedp the supply the price of the com- ■"'J ^^^>^- and mother of PersepbOD* 
modlty is raised, and when the supply (Proserpine). The main feature in the 
exceeds the demand thp price falls. '"yth "f Demeter, and that which forms 

TlAvnaironil ( de-mil'vend ) , a volcanic the fundamental Idea of her worship. U 
.uciuavcuu mountain of Persia, and the loss and recovery of her dsughter, 
the highest peak of the Klbruz chain. 45 I ersepbiltne. By the Romans she was 
miles south of the CsKpisn Sea and about called Cera. See Cent. 
40 miles s. e. of Teheran. Its height Is TlBTTivtriTia (de-met'ri-us), or Diittbi. 
aboot 18,400 feet, and it bears evidence ^CmeLnua ^^^ ^^^^ ^f ^ ^^^^ ^^ 
of having been active during tbe latest impostors who usurped supreme authority 
geological (If not within Ihe historical) in Kussia, and led to some of its remark- 
[leriod. able revolutions. Ivan Vasilievitch, who 

Tlamhpo (dem1>e-B), or Thana. a bad put his eldest son to death with his 
.l/ciuucn [g^g ^j Abyssinia, in a prov- own hand, left the throne in 15S4 to an- 
Ince of the same name in the west part other son. Feador, a feeble prince, whom 
of that country. It is of irregular form. Boris Godunoff entirely supplanted in bis 
nbout 140 miles in circumference, has an authority. Ivan bad left another son, 
elevation of 6100 feet above the sea. and Dmitri, bv a second marriage ; and Boris, 
forms the reservoir of the Bine Nile. fearing that he might one dav prove a 

*. * • , . ,j — i.._..i..v n '— nidable obstacle to his ambitious proj- 



Setnetrins Demoi 

exactly knew how. Griabka, or Gregory Baron, A Comedy of Ttrrort, Tht i 
Utrepieff, a native of Jarusluv aod a logram, rtc. 

novice in a monastery, personated Dtuilri, TI«Tni.lTin<> (de'mi-lila), in for 
went to Uthuania, wiere he embraced ■"«"" luiic jj^^ practicaUy the 
tbe Roman Catbolic religion and married as a ravelin (which see), 
the daughter of Mniazeb. palatine or 'nsTni.TnnnHf' (de'mi-mond), ai 
waiwod of Sandomir. In l(i04 he entered -"Cmi munue pr^ggion g^t use 
Russia at the bead of a body of Poles, the younger Dumas In a drama o 
was joined by a number of Ruaaiana and same name (firHt performed In 18G£ 
Coasacks, and defeated an army sent denote that class of gay female a 
against him. On tbe death of Boris he turers who are only half-acknowledl 
WBB placed on the tbrone, but he offended society; popularly disreputable f 
the Ruaaiana by his sttachment to Polish society : courteians. 

-fa and customs, and still more by TlpTni-ri]i(>vn (-ri-li-S'vS), in i 
_ —t of respect to tbe Greek religion ■"«="" iiiicvu ,^^j half-relief, o 
and its patriarch, and he was assassinated condition of a figure when it rises 
after reigning about eleven months. A the plane as if it had been cut in 
rumor of bis being still alive having and only one halt fixed to tbe plane, 
spread, another impoator quickly ap- SanviBa (de-mli ; literally, 'a 1 
peared to personify him, and the Polea ***"""* down'), in law, a grai 
espousing the cause of tbe second false lease ; It Is applied to an estate eitl 
Dniitri, made it Iriumpliant. until he was fee-simple, fee-tail, or for a term c 
assasaiaated in 1010 by ihe Tatars whom or years. Aa applied to the croi 
he had selected as his bodyguards. A England, demise signiflea its transm 
state of anarchy ensued and continued for to the next heir on being laid do* 
Dearly halt a century, during which a the sovereign at death. 

"dfle'rent?',,',™" D.nri. wp-red Demisenuquaver '.'S^^'S"'! 

Tl^mpfrill!! aurnamed Poliorcetet (tbe half a semiquaver, or the tbtrtj-s 
ijemeinua, b^gi^.^^ „j ^itj^s), kinV of pan of a semihreve. 
ancient Macedonia, son of Antigonua, a DfiTnillTTP (dem'i-urj) : Greek, 
successor of Alexander the <!reat, was ■"»^"""*B^ iourgoi, a handle 
born about B.C. 339. Being sent by his man), a designation applied by 
father to wrest Greece from Cassnnder. and other philosophers to tbe Divio 
lie appeared before Athens with a fleet, ing, coDsidered as the Architect or Ci 
expelled the governor Demetrius Pba~ of tbe universe. The OnosUcs mi 
lereus, and restored to the people their distinction between Ihe Demiurge an 
ancient furra of government (307 B.C.). Supreme Being : nitb them the first 
He conquered Macedonia (294 B.C.) and Jebovab of tbe Jewa, who, though di 
reigned seven years, but hist this country, ing to be honored as the Creator, 
was imprisoned by Seleucus, and died in only the instrument of tbe Most Hi( 
Syria, '283 B.c, Semniin (dem-mPn'J. an old to' 

D^mptriTiB PlinVr^TiR (fa-Ie'ras), Prussia, proviace of 

J^emeinUS rnaiereHS ^ ,.e,ebrated m^rania, 70 miles w. B. w. from St 
Greek orator and ataiesman, boro 345 with manufaciures of woolen and 
B.C. ; in 317 waa made Macedonian gov- cloth, hats, leather, hosiery and tob 
ernor of Athens, and embellished the and a good trade. Pop. 12.541. 
city by magnificent edifices. -He fled to T1pTnnf>raf>xT (de-mok'ra-si), the 
Egypt when Athena was Uken by Deniet- ■"cmui-itti.jr ^,f ^ p^„ i^ j^y f^^ ^ 
riuB Poliorcetes (see above), where he Is themselves; that form ta govemme 
said to have promoted the eatablisbment which tbe sovereignty of the sta 
of the Alexandrian Library and of tbe vested in tbe people, and exercise 
museum. Demetrius wrote on several them either directly, as in the sua 
subjects of nhilospohical and political publics of ancient Greece, or tndir 
science, but the work on rhetoric, which by meana of representative inatitai 
has come to us under bia name, belonga to aa in tbe constitutional states of mi 
a later age. times. Hie term is also applied 

De ICille IaueS, a Canadian novel- collective sense to the people or popi 
» 1st, bom at St. John's, New especially the populace regarded as ri 
Brunswick. In 1837; died in 1880. He See also next arHcle. 
was professor of classical languages in Tl^mnfirflt (dem'^-krat), one whi 
ActtilA College in 1860-66. and of his- ■"t:"^"*'™"' h^res to democracy. Ii 
tory and rhetoric In Dalhouste College in United States, a member of one ol 
18^80. His books were oumeroas, in- two great political parties into » 
eluding The Dodge Clitb, Tke Amerieaa that country Is divided ; opposed to 



SemonoloE^ 



publican. Th« main feature* of the Dem- pagan mythology viewed as an object ot 

ocratic principles are deceDtraliiatioo, terror rather than of worship, by aoine 

■elf-government of the states, and tariff regarded aa the aatbor of creation, and 

, for revenue only. The Democratic part; by othera aa a famoui magidaD, to wboae 

was in the ascendent during most of the spell all the inhabitants of Hades were 

time from the election to the PreddeDcy subjected. 

of Jefferson, in 1800, to that of Lincoln, TlpTnAia»1I(> (dero-wft-ael'), the Na- 

in IBtJO. Since the latter date the Re- ■"=»""*"="■'' midlan crane (Antkro- 

publicans have nearly always been In poide$ virgo), an African bird which 

control of the government, Ibe only Uem- vUits the sontb of Earope. It is about 

ucratic Presidents beini^ Cleveland, who 3 feet in length, and differs from the true 

served two terms, at disconnected inter- cranes in having the head and neck quite 

vals. and Woodrow Wilson. feathered and the tertials of the wion 

Tiavnnfiritna (de-muk'ri-tus), a Greek elongated and banging over the tail. U 

AiemocrilUS philosopher of the new has its name from lis gracefulntas and 

RIeatic school, a native uf Abdera, who symmetry of form. 

-was bom between 4T0 and 4tH) B.C. He liAninivr^ (d^mwB-vr), Abbaham, a 
traveled to Egypt, where he studied -"BlUO^vrc i'„nch mathe m a t i c i a n. 
geometry, and probably visited other coun- l>om in 16G7 ; died at Ix)ndon in lllii. 
tries, to extend his knowledge of nature. He settled in London after the revocation 
Among the Greek philosopners be eu- of tbe edict of Nantes, and gained a live- 
joyed the instruction of Leucip|)us. He libood by becoming a. teacher of msthe- 
afterwards returned to hia native city, matics. His cbief works are ; Muctltantm 
where be was placed at tbe head of pub- Analytica; The Doctrine of Chance*, or 
" ; affairs. Indignant at tbe follies of o itethod of CalBuUiting the ProbabiUtkt 

.^e Aberites, he resigned his office ar'" -■ " — '- -' "' — — -■ *■ — — 

retired to solitude, to devote himself e 

cl naively to philosophical studies. Ac- t 

cording to later biographers he was called i 

' tbe laugbing pbilosoplier.' from his babit IlBninn <(l^°><"i: Greek, d«im6ti), a 

of laughing at the follies of mankind. *"*»"""■ spirit or immaterial being of 

In his system he developed still further supernatural bnt limited powers, espi^ 

the mechanical or atomlcaL theory of his cially an evil or malignant spirit. Among 

master Leucippus. Thus he explained tbe ancient Greeks the name was given 

tbe origin of tbe world by tbe eternal to beiogs similar to those spiritual nist- 

motion of an infinite number of invisible ences called angels in tbe Bible. In tbe 

and indivisible bodies or atoms, which New Testament evil spirits are csllnl 

diVer from one anotber in form, position, demons (commonly translated 'devils'), 

and arrangement^ and which have a pri- A belief in demons is found in tbe oldest 

mary motion, which brings tbem into con- reli^ons of the Kast Buddhism reckons 

tact, and forms innumerable combina- six classes of beings in tbe universe ; two, 

tions, the result of which is seen in the gods and men. are accounted good ; tbe 

• ■' --' -' -' --' — -■' — ' — — malignant spiiila "^ 

.._j — — __ — .-3 Egyptians bad 

fortuitously, without the interposition of complete system of demons ; and in En- 
a First Cause. Tbe eternal existence of rope, up till tbe middle agea, the divinities 
atoms (of matter in general) be inferred of sriental, clasaicat. and Scandinavian 
from tbe consideration that time could mythology often figure, from tbe Cbrisdan 
be conceived only as eternal and with- point of view, as evil spirits, In later 
out beginning. He applied his atomicol times phases of demonolog; may be seen 
theory, also, to natural philosophy and in the witchcraft mania and the spirit- 
astronomy. Even the gods he conddeied uallsm of the present day. 
to have arisen from atoms, and to be Tlpmnninp (de-mO'ni-ak), a person 
perUhable like the rest of things existing, ■w*"""**^' whose mental facnltiea are 
In bis ethical philosophy Democritus con- overpowered, and whose body Is possessed 
sldered the acquisition of peace of mind &nd actuated by some created spiritual 
as tbe highest aim of existence. He is being ; especially a person possessed of or 
said to have written a great deal ; but controlled by evil spirits. The New To- 
nothing baa come to ns except a few lament has many narratives of demoniacs, 
fragments. He died 370 B.C., at an ad- and various opinions are entertained In 
vancad age. His school was supplanted regard to the characters of their aai<^ 
by that of Epicurus. tlon. 



troductlons and phenomena of nature, other four are malignant spii 
Q this way the universe was formed Persians and the Egyptians bad also a 



Demonstration Dempi 



which treats of the uBtore of character Be waa preseiit at the battle of Gh 
of demoDB or evil ipirits. nela (380 B.C.)- 'i which the Athei 

TlAmnTiatrAHnn (dem-uu-Btrfi'shun), and B<eotiaiis were defeated by PI 

uemonsiranon [„ „ ,„^„., ^^^^'^ ^^ ^^^ jj^erty was cm^h-f 

a with the acceaaion of Alexander, i 



logical seDse, and Greek liberty was cruBhed. 

, ting a concluaion with the acceaaion of Alexander, in 336, 

ita premisea, or an e&ct with Its cause, niosthenea tried to atir up a general 

In a more rigorous aense it is applied only ing against the Macedonlana. but j 

to thoae modea of proof in which the con- ander at once adopted meaaurea ol 

cluHion necessarily follows from the prem- treme severity, snd Athena sued 

ilea. la ordinary langasge, however, mercy. It waa with difficulty that 

demonatration la often used as synony' mosthenea escaped being delivered o 

mouB with proof. the conqueror. In 324 he was impris 

Tl^mnntA (dil-mOn'ta), a town of on a falae charge of beviug receiv 

AtKUivaw ^^^(1, j(g,j_ pj, j^g g(^^g_ ijribe from one of Alexander's genf 

14 miles s. w. from Cuoeo. Pop. of com- but managed to escape into exile. Oi 

muoe, 5155. death of Alexander the next year he 

De Mor?nTI ^^^ mor'gan), Auaus- recalled, but the defeat of the Greek 

o TUB, mathematician and Anllpater caused him to aeek retuj 

logiciaii, was bom at Madura, in South- the temple of Poseidon, in the islai 

em India, in IBOd; (lied in 1871. His Calauria. on the coaat at Greece, « 

writinga are very numerous aud include he poisoned himself to escape from 

ElemenU of ArithTnetic, Element! of At- emissaries of Antipater (322 B.C.). 

Oebra, Elements of Trigonometry, Btiay character of Demosthenes is by most 

on Prohahilitieg and on their Application em scholars considered almost apo 

to tAfe Oontingetwiet and Iniuranee His fame as an orator is cqusI to tbi 

Offices, Formal Lonie. Homer as a poet Cicero pronounces 

Tin IKnnron WnxiAM Fbend, Eng- the moat perfect of all orators. 

ue JUUrgail, ,5,,^ author, bom In carried Greek prose to a degree of pc 

1830 at L«ndon. adopted art as a profes- tion which it never before bad reai 

sion and achieved conBiderablo fame in Everything in hia apeeches la nat 

stained glass-work. In 1905 he com- vigorous, concise, symmetrical. We 

rapnced as a writer of fiction. His novels under hia name sixty-one orations. 

includf Alirr-fnr-Hhorl, Jnieph Vance of which are not genuine. The grea 

(nearly .WO.OnO words), Ftami-hnw Good, ponent— and indeed enemy — of D( 

/( Xrrcr Can Happen Aiatn. An Affair of thenes as an oralor was Jicbines, a 

DisknnOT, and When Ohoul Herts Ghost controversy with the latter called ool 

(written In 1014). He died Jan. 15, 1917. of the noblest efforts of the great or 

^'^<« '."".BV.STb'.'ii'SSrSl'op'K Demotic Alphabet <^SH 

of the lower class as distingnlsbed from simplification of the hieratic, which 1 

those of rank, wealth, or position. was a contraction of the hierogi] 

TlamnafliPTipa ( d S-m o s't h e-nta ) , a characters. See Bierogljiphio Writii 

±*emuai.ucnca fHmous auclent Greek DemotifiR <"■ Dimotika (de-m 

orator, the son of a sword-cutler at ■*'<=">""'^» fca). a town of Ronn 

Atbens, where he whs born in 382 (ac- on the right bank of the Maritxa 

cording to some in 385) B.C. Hia father miles south from Adrisnople ; the see 

left him a considerable fortune, of which Greek archbishop; pop. about 10,0(X 

bis guardians attempted to defraud him. Tlam-nafAr (dera'sler), TbomA 

DemoBthenes. at the age of seventeen ^cmpofcci Scotch writer, was 

years, conducted a suit against them him- at Muiresk In 1520 ; died at Bologn 

self, and gained his cause. He then aet 1625. He studied In variona inatitnt 

himself to study eloquence, and though became noted for learning, and ia aa: 

bis lungs were weak, his articuladoD de- have been regent of the College of 

fectlve, aud hia geatnres awkward, by vsrre, Paris, at the age of seven 

perseverance he at length surpassed all He held professorships of law and hi 

other orators in power and grace. He lettres at Toulouse, Nimes, Pisa 

thundered against Philip of Macedon in Bologna, and became noted for his c 

his orations known aa the Philippics, and relsome temper, which often involved 

endeavored to instill into hia feUow-cit- in scenes o( armed violence. The 

Izens the faatred which animated his own known among his many works is Hist 

bosom. He labored to get all the Greeks OenK* Scotorum, a biogrsphtcal die 

to combine agsinst the encroachments of ary of the authors and saints of Scoti 

Philip, hut Macedonian gold and their many of them fictitious. A more valt 

want of patriotism frustrated bis efforts, work Is D« Etruria Regali. 



Demttlcents Dendrite 

Ttttmnlfianta (d^mulWDls), medi- United States Congreu in 1907, on al- 
uemoiceuid tines which tend to tohol intended for um u fuel or for 
•uuthe or protnrt tbe mucous membranes illuminating purposeo, or other mecliKii- 
■gitiiist irritants. They arc generally ii'al employment, the internal tax need 
cumposed uf starch, gum, albuminous or not he paid. But to avoid taxatloa it 
oily substances largely diluted. tuust be rendered unlit for drinkiag by 

SemtllT&fe (de-mur'aj) in maritime Ihe addition of such unpalatable suti- 
4/ciuiu.iiigc law, the time during stances as wood alcohol, pyridin, benxola. 
which a vessel is detained by the freighter, Kulphuric ether, or animal oil. Tbus 
beyond that originally stipulated, in load- treated it is spolten of as denatured, 
ing ur unloading. When a vessel is thus TtATiTiitrfi (den'bi). a county ol Norlb 
detained she is said to be on demurrage. -""""^B"- Vales, on the Irish 8e« ; 
The name is also giveo to the compensa- area, 664 square miles, of which about a 
lion which the freighter has to pay for fourth is arable. Along the N. the ground 
such delay or detention. Demurrage must Is level, in the E. hilly, while the mono- 
be paid though it be proved the delay is tains in the a. and w. rise from 1000 to 
inevitable ; but It cannot be claimed where 2500 feet. There are several heaodfu] 
it arises from detention by an enemy, and fertile vales, among the more cele- 
tempestuous weather, or through the fault brated of which are the vales ot 
ol the owner, captain, or crew. The term Llangollen, Clwyd and Conway, Barley, 
is applied also to detention of railway oats and potatoes are grown on the up- 
freight cara, etc. lands; and in the rich valleys wheat, 
Tl»*nTirrpr (de-mur'er), in law, a stop beans, and peas. Cattle and sheep are 
l/cmurrBi: ^( ^^^ ,„( jn the plead- reared, and dairy husbandry ia carried 
ings, and a resting of the decision of the on to a considerable extent The minerals 
cauae on that point ; an issue on matter eonsiat of lead, iron, coal, freestone, slate 
of law. A demurrer confesses the fact or and millstone. Flannels, coarse clolhs 
facts to be true, but denies the sufficiency and stockings are manufactured. The 
ot the facta in point of law to support the principal rivers are the Clwyd, the Dee 
claim or defense. and the Conway. Pop. 141,796. — The 
T1*mv (de'ml), a particular size of pa- county town Denbigh is near the center 
■"*""* pic—ia America, writing paper, of the Vale of Clwyd, 25 miles w. of 
111x21 inches; in Great Britain, printing Chester, picturesquely situated on a rocky 
paper, 17^x22 inches; writing paper, eminence, the summit of which is crowned 
I5i2l) inches; drawing, 17x22 inches. by the ruins of an ancient castle. Tan- 
TlAnoin (d^nao), a town of Northern ning and shoemaking are carried on. 
Jjenam Vrance. dep. Nord, 6 milea I'op. 6892. 

from Valenciennes. It stands In the DenderflJl (^en'dtr-a; the T'enfyrs of 
center of a coal-field, and has Ironworks, ■»"'""'•*"■" the Greeks and Romans), 
etc A great victory was gained here an Arab village of L'pper Egypt, on the 
in 1712 by the French under VUlars over left baok of the Nile, 28 miles n. of 
the allies under Eugene and Albemarle. Thebes, celebrated for its temple dedicated 
Pop. 22345. to Athor, the Egyptian Venus, the best 

Ttsnarina (de-n&'ri-tis) , a Roman preserved of any of the great temples of 
XiemiXllUI gji^p^ ^^jjj ^^jj^ jQ ^ggpg antiquity in Egypt 

or 10 lbs. ot copper originally, and af'cr- SendemiOIlde (den-dftr-mSn'de), or 
wards considered equal to 16 asses, when ■»«'»"^* "*"""* TERHOiinE. a town ot 
the weight ot the ass was reduced to an Belgium, province of East Flanders, at 
the confluence of the Dender with the 
Scheldt, 12 miles N. w. from Brussels. It 
is strongly fortified, defended by a citadel, 
and surrounded, by low. marshy rronnd 
which can be laid under watsr. Uanu- 
fariures, woolen b. linens, tobacco, etc. 
I^he town was token by Marlborough in 

ounce on account ot the B.'arcity of silver, iigures resembling shrubs, trees, or moaseii. 

The drnan'us was equivalent to about The appearance is due to arborescent 

7%d. English money. There was ali ........ 

gold denarius equal In value to 2o si. .. ._ ___ . _^. 

ones. appear on the surfaces of fissures and i 

D^TIAtnrpd Alrolinl ^'ndrr a law joints in rocks, and are ottributable t 

iienaiurea AlCOnOl. p^^^^^ j,^ ^^ ^^^ presence ot the hydrous oxide of mat 




Sendrobinm Denisc 

mnese, which fienerally aasuaiea such a and Literary HUtory of Greece, etc. 

furm. — Thread-like prolungationB of nerve were written at Beriiu. In 1804 be w 

c^Us bear tbe game name. introduced to Napolecm, wbo appnint 

Dendrobinm (den-drO'bi-um), an ei- him imperial librarian at TariB. He di 

•*"""*" '^ tensive genua of epi- in igia. 

phyt<« dispersed over the damp tropical ■pa-i- St. (gao deh-nfi), a town 

forcHta of Asia, order Orchidacea-. They -"""Bj Franop, department of t 

vary much in habit : many are ciillivaled Seioe, ti milea north of Paris, lying wll 

In hothnuscH on account of the beauty of in the lines of forts surrounding the ca 

their flowers. ilal. It contains the famous abbey chur 

DendrODhia <'lpn'<)''»-fi»). « asi'" "^ of St. Denis, a noble liothic Htructure, 

i/i,iiu.«l«iio harmie™ serpents, tarn- pan dating from the eleventh centu 

lly Colubnd», found in India and Africa, „r ^^^^^^ ^ut much was done in tbe w 

lii-.ng on trees and feeding on reptile^ „( restoration in the nineteenth centui 

Beneue (dengga), a febrile epidemic gt. [f^^-^ „„ ^^^ i, j , , , , 

pany a mixture ol Hcarlet lever ana ^f^^^ ji,^ revolutionary fury of tbe cc 
rheumatism. vention caused the tombs to be rifled a: 

Senham (denamt.pixpw, lieutenant- the church to be denuded. At the reatoi 
.v&uuiuu colonel and African traveler, .;,.„ i _„:. will .ipain ^..-vT. l^t i 
was born at London in 1786; died at re"fes of bi^ anoes'o™ sT fir T th 
Sierra Leone, In 1828. In 1823-24 be ^ould be found, and had them buried he 
was engaged, in company with Captain and there is now again a long aeriea 
Olapperton and Dr. Oudney. in exploring restored royal tombs, with numerous otli 
tbe central regions of Africa. Denham monuments, much stained kIbsh, and mi 
himself explored the region around I^ke ern decoration. The church is about v< 
Tchad, was wounded and separated from feet long and 92 high. Pop. (1S>11) Tl^^ 
his company, but found his way home TJenis. ^'''-> (deb-ne ; l.atiD, Diortgtiui 
after great suffering, when he published ' tbe apostle of the Gauls. I 

bis tiarratite of Travel*. In 182B be set out from Home on bis sacred missi 
went to Sierra Leone as superintendent towards the oiiddie of the third centui 
of the liberated Africans, and in 1828 became the Grst Bishop of raris, and w 
was appointed lieutenant-governor of tbe put to death by the Roman Govern 
colony. Pescennlus. Catulla, a heathen lady ct 

Tbniiflin ^i^ Jobn, a poet, bom at verted by tbe sight of the saint's pl( 
xrciuium, o„i,lin In 1615 ; died in and sufferings, had his body buried in t 
1689, and was buried in Westminster garden, where the Abbey of St. Del 
Abbey. In 1641 be Grst became known now stands. . 

by bis tragedy of The Sophy, and in 1642 Tlpniflnn (den'l-aun) , a dty of On 
he published his first edition of his moat ■"^"*»"" son Co., Teiaa 73 mil(« 
celebrated poem, called Cooper'i Hill. He of Dallas. It la an industrial city with 
was Bubseqaentlj' entrusted with several railroad outlets. The principal industri 
confidential missions by tbe royalist are textile mills, peanut factories, gri 
party, and, being detected, fled to France, elevators, flouring milts, creosote worl 
At the restoration, in 1660, he obtained cottonseed products mill, machine aho| 
the office of surveyor of tbe king's build- etc. It Is in a rich fa nmng section. Pi 
ings. and was created a knight of the <1S10) 13,632; (1920) 17,065. 
Bath, and a fellow of the newly formed lIsTiinnTi TTniTPrtrii'v " Baptist i 
Royal Society. lieniSOIl UIUVerBliy, atitutlon 

DMlinft (da-ne'nft), CabU) Giovanni Granville, Ohio, founded in 1831 ani 
.u«iuua Mabia, an Italian historian, the name of Granville literary and Thi 
born in 1T31 at Kevellu, in Piedmont, logical Institute. Tbe name was chang 
Ite beiame professor at Pinerolo, and to Denison University in 1856. With it 
afterwards at Turin, wbere he published affiliated the Shepardson College I 
tbe first three volumes of his Ilitlory of Women. StiKlentM, »00 ; faculty 46. 
Italian ReiolutioH» ( 17011). containing a Tlaiiiann Geowjk Tayloh. roilita 
general history of Italy. In 1777 he -"CUWUll, author, was born at Toron 
went to Rome, and four years later to Canada, tn 1830. He entered t 
Berlin, where he waa welcomed by Fred- Canadian militia and became commanc 
erick the Great, an account of whose life of the govern or-general's bodyguard F 
and reign he afterwards wrote. Most of Hittory of Cavalry won a prise of SO 
his works — HUtory of Piedmont, Polilieal rubles, offered by the Csar of Buss 



Demnark 



Denizen (^eu'I-cd), in English law, Jutland coiiHieU of heathy or moorr land, 
^MUAdicu. jjj g]jp^ ^^^g jg m^jg g jyij, roni para lively unprofitable. El«ewher« 11 
Ject by the Boverrign'a letters patent, exhibits a fertile, undulating surface. The 
holding a middle state between an alien islands, especially Seeland and KUdcd, are 
and a natural-born subject. A. denizen fertile and present many Undscape 
Id the U. S. m a naturoliied citizen. beauties, irhe country waa once covered 
Tlrainnrk (den'mark), a kiDgdom of with great forests, but theae have dUap- 
A/viuiiuiv northern EuroD& consist- peared, and Denmark Is largely depend- 
ing of the peninHUlu of Jutland, the ent on other countries for ber auppUea 
lalBiid of Bomliolm, and a group of of timber. Woods of some extent still 
Ulanda, the most important of which are exist, ttowerer, especially in the islands. 
Seeland (Sjillland), Fiinen and L al l an d In the earliest prebiatoric times (the 
(Laaland). Besides these there are the stone age) the Scotch &r was the prevail- 
outijing poBsessioos and colonies of the in; tree, and subsequently the oak. The 
Faroe or Sheep Islanda (615 aquare principal tree now is the beech, the oak 
mllea; pop. 18,600), Greenland (ice-free forming but a small portion of tue timber 
portion about 50,000 square miles; total of Denmark. The elm, ash, willow, 
area 830,000 souare miles; pop. 13,460), aspen and birch are met with In small 
and Iceland (40,497 square miles ; pop. numbers or singly. Pine forests have been 
86,600). Iceland, by the act for the crea- planted in tbe north of Jutland and else- 
tlon at a Danish-Icelandic Federal Con- wbere. Denmark has numerous streams 
stltutloa, which came into force December but no large rivers ; tbe principal Is the 
1, 1U18, became a free and independent Guden, which flows northeast through 
state under the same sovereign as Den- Jutland Into tbe Cattegat. It Is navigable 
mark. The are* of the borne possessions for part of its course. Less important 
la 16,042 square mliee; pop. 2,921.000. streams are the Holm, the I.onborg and 
FoUowing the European war (1814-18) tbe Stor Aa. Alt the others are inaignifi- 
Schleswig WH8 added to Denmark as tbe cant brooks and streamlets. The ukes 
t«sDlt of a plebiscite of the inhabitants, are very numerous but not large, th" 
taken in accordance with the terms of the largest not exceeding 6^ miles in length 
Treaty of Peace. Copenhagen la the capi- by about IH miles broad. There are na- 
tal ; other chief towns are Aarbua, Odenae, merous winding inlets of the sea that 
Aalborg, Horaena, and Handera. Den- penetrate far into the land. The largest 
maA a divided into 18 administrative of these, tbe Liimfiord in Jutland, enter- 
provincea or districts, besides tbe capital, ing from tbe Cattegat bf a narrow chan- 
□ine of these making up Jutland. nel, winds its way through to tbe North 
On tbe Boatb, Denmark is bounded by Sea, thus making northern Jutland really 
Germany and the Baltic : on tbe weat it an island. In this fiord, which widens 
is waabed by tbe North Sea ; northwards out_ greatlf in the interior and gives off 
it is separated from Norway by the various minor fiords, there are one large 
Skager Rack ; eastward it is separated and various small iHlands. Intercourse 
from Sweden by the Kattegat and the between tbe varioua islands and parta of 
Sound. Denmark, whether insular or tbe kingdom, separated from each other 
mainland, is a very low-lying country, tbe by water, is well kept up by ferries, etc. 
eastern side of Jutland, where tbe highest and tbe country is well supplied with 
elevation occurs, not exceeding 550 feet, railways both In Jutlnnd and tbe Islandn. 
AH the rocks belong to the upper aeries ->f Copenhagen, Aalbors, Aarbnus and 
the aecondary and to tbe tertiary forma- Handers are the chief seaports. Owing 
(ion. The rock most fully developed is the to the lowness of tbe land and Its 
'jbalk, above which is an extensive boulder proximity to the sea on all sides, the 
formation containing seams of lignite, climate is remsrkably temperate for so 
Atmfe this are thick beds of clay and northerly a region, though the thermom- 
marl. Wbere this prevails, as in Seeland eter in winter may sink to 22* below 
and the east of Jutland, the soil is gen- zero, and in summer rise to 89°. Violent 
erally fertile; but where It Is overlaid winds are frequent, and rains and fogs 
with deep beds of sand, as in the north prevalent, but tbe ciimate la favorable to 
and west of Jutland, the aspect ia ex- vegetation. 

tremely desolate. Nearly the whole west The agricultural land is greatly anbdl- 

coast. Indeed, la rendered almost unin- Tided, as the law interdicts the union ot 

habitable by the drift-sand which has small farms into larger. Among crops 

formed an almost nnlntempted Use of tba sreateat aren is occnpfed by oata, 

sterile downs called Ktittw. axtanding which ar» grown nil orer the ooantry, bot 



Denmark Senmi 

beat in Jutland. Barley Is groTii chiefly electors, cannot be elected as repre 

in Seelsnd, and U large^ used in brewing atives. At tbe head of the educat 

Deer, tbe common bererBge of tbe country. iuatltutiotiB atand tbe UuiverHit; 



part of the bread used In Denmark ia Sortie. The proTincea are well b_^ 
made from it Turnipi!, beaoa, peaa, flax, with gymnaBia and middle schoola, 
hemp, bopa, tobacco, etc., are also grown ; primary instruction !■ ^ven at the p 
bnt m general cattle-breeding, grazing eipenie in the parochial schooli. 
and tbe dairy take up moat of tbe farm- rare to meet a peasant who cannot 
er'a attention in Denmark. Tbe old Dan- and write, even among the poorer ( 
Ish breed of borses. fouqd chiefly in Jut- The gorernment of Denmark was i 
land, has loDg been famous for streugtb, nally an elective monarchy. In 161 
symmetry, docility and bottom. Tbe became a hereditary and absolute 
bberies are stiil important, but not so arcby, and in 1819 a hereditary cons 
much so as formerly. 'Tbe berilng, tional one, the legislative power t 
turbot, torsk and salmon are the moat vested In the king and diet Jointly. 
abundant. Tbe manufactures, although diet or Rigidag consists of two cham 
progresaing; are not yet of great im- the Landithing or upper house, tiie F 
portance. Paper, gloves, the woolens and thing or lower house. Tbe former 
earthenware of Jutland, the wooden aeuate of 6C members, twelve of whoD 
clocks of Bomholm, are the chief. There nominated lor life by tbe crown, 
are also iron-foundries, augar-refinerlea, others being elected for eiabt years, 
•ome extensive tanneries, and many dta- members of the Folkethuig are II 
tilleriea. The people of Denmark baka number, directly elected by universal 
their own bread, brew their own beer, and frage, and hold their seatsfor three y 
make the greater part of their bouse fuT~ Tbe ttigadag meets every October, an 
niture and utensila with their own hands, money bills must be submitted to 
The commerce of Denmark Is carried lower house. Tbe army conaiata of al 
on chiefly with Great Rritain, Qermany, able-bodied young men of the kin) 
Norway, Sweden and Russia, Germany who have arrived at the age of twi 
posseaaing tbe largest ahare, and Great one yeara. Th<t time of aerrice ia > 
Britain a little leas than Germany. The yeara in the regular troopa, and a 
value of Imports waa, 1912, S21Bj093,0n; wards eight more in tbe reserve. E 
exports, 5159,022,000. The chief imports corps has to drill for thirty to fort] 
are textile maoufacturea, metal goods, days ever; year. Tbe army on a 
coal, timber, oil, coffee, sugar, tobacco, footing has a total strength of s 
frait, etc Tbe chief eiports are cattle, 88,000 men. The navy Is nnlmportai 
horses and awine, butter (a most impur- number aud atrength. Tbe rev 
tant item), bacon, hides, flour, egga, and In 1912 amounted to C3O,59U,000. 
other edibles. Much of the butter and national debt in 1!I13 was $95,5T1I.M 
other agricaltnral produce goes to Britain. Uittory. — The oldcat inbabttants 
The mercantile marine bsa a total ton- Denmark whom we And mentioned 
nage of about 550,000. Tbe railways name were the Cimbri, who dwelt in 
have a length of about 3000 miles. Since peninsula of Jutland, tbe Cherton 
1676 tbe unit of the Danish monetary viMbrica of the Romans. Tbey 
system baa been tbe fcrone, or crown, struck terror into the Itomans by ' 
value 28.S cents. The krone is divided incursion, with tbe Teutones. into 
into 100 ore. The Danish pound weight rich provinces of Gaul (113-101 e 
is equal to 1.102 avoirdupois. The barrel After this, the Goths broke Into 8 
or ioende, is equal to 3.8 imperial bush- dinavia, and appointed chieh from i 
els; the viertel to 1.7 Engliah gallons, own nation over Denmark, Norway 
The foot equals 12.356 English inches; Sweden. For a considerabls time '■ 
the nule la 4.6S4 English miles. These mark was divided ink> a number of a 
measures have been superseded by tbe states, whose inhabitants lived mostl, 



metric system, legally established In 1907. piracy along tbe neighboring coasts. 
The population of Denmsrk Is com- 787 t ' . -■   

1 amioat exclusively of Danes, with the e 



a few thousand Jews and others. Tbe with other inhabitants of dcandln 

Dane* have regular features, fair or they conquered Normandv in 8' 

brownish hair, and blue eyes. Tbey still Under Qorm tbe Old all the small Ds 

maintain tbeir reputation for seafaring states were united in 920, and his gr 

skill and hospitable customs. They are son Sweyn, now tbe head of a po 

almost excIuBlvely Lutherans in religion, ful kingdom, commenced tbe conquei 

bnt unlimited toleration ia extended to all Norway and of England, which 

Mth*. Jews, however, though themselves ultimately completed by hia son Cai 



Denmark De: 

months of the peoplr, by A. S. Ved^l. and critics mar Im mentioned U 

UtbEr anc^ieat literBry niunumeats prob- WestergaanI, Resk, and, above alt, 

ably botungina to the thirteenth century, Brandes. who has been rauked 

are ttie Danish Rhi/ming Chronicle and a Sainte-Beuve. 

iJeoiBh translation of the Old TestameaL 'D«TinP'antK (den'e-vits), a Bm: 

During the Iletormatiun period ChriBtian ■"«^""»i"i''*' lage of Brandt 

PederBon (H>H>-l^i) did for the Danish Pruaala, famous for the battle. Sen 

language much what Luther did for the 6. 1813. in which the Prussians, ali 

German . by publiBhing, besides other ward the end by Russian and S 

works, a. translation of the New Tt-sla- nrmies, defeated the French, 

loent and the Psalter and later the coin- DpnniB (den'is), John, an I 

plete Bible. The siiteenth and seven- ■»"•"*"'' dramatist and critic, b 

teenth centuries were distinguished by the London in 1^7 ; died in 1734. He 

publication of a number of works on the a number of dramatic pieces and 

national history, among the writers oC and at lenph settled down to crl 

which we may mention Hans Svaning the His irritability and rancorous crii 

elder, Arild Hvitfeld, Nils Krag, Vitus involved him in perpetual broils. 

Bering. Ramus, etc. Modern Danish poet- gave him a iilace in his Dunoiai 

ry commances in the period succeeding Swift satirized him with merciless 

the Reformation with hymns. Scriptural bis fiarralive of the Deplorable Frt 

dramas, edifying narratives, etc, Juatesen Mr. John DennU. 

Itaach and Erik Pontoppidan the elder Tlf>TiTiienn (den'i-aon), a city o 

are among the chief names in this depart- ■"<:"I"»W" carawas Co., Ohio. 

ment. Anders Bording (died in ltt77) Panhandle Ohio Cun«l. The Pittt 

and Thomas Kingo (died in 1723) made Cincinnati & St. Louis R. R. abo 

names as lyric poets, the sacred poems of here. Pop. (1920) S524. 

the latter being a noble contribution to Denon y*""*^"'" I'oujNUjnE V 

Danish literature. A new epoch began with ■"^'""'' Babon' de, a distini 

Louis Holberg (1684-1754), who was the French artist, bora in 1747, of a 

founder of the Danisli stage, and his name family. Of amiable manners, am 

and that of the lyric and dramatic poet a talent for the arts, he was apt 

Ewald mark the brightest period of the gentleman-in-ordinary to Louis XA 



national literalure. Among the comic was afterwards empliiyed i 
dramatists X'eder Andreas Heibei^, and lumatic service, and was lon^ con 
among song writers the celebrated Jens with the French embassy m 1 
Baggesen hold the first place. Fresh life where he greatly imjiroved his tah 
was inspired into Danisli poetry by Adam drawing and engraving. Return 
Oehlenscblager (17711-1850), eontempo- France he became acquainted with 
rary with whom was Adolf Wilhelm parte, accompanied him in his cam; 
Schack Staffeldt (1770-182ti). a lyric was made inspector-general of mu 
poet or the first rank. In 1811 Bernhard selected the works of art to be tram 
Severin Ingemsnn made his appearance, from conquered countries to the I 
Urst as a Ip^ric poet, but afterwards turned and sopenntended the erection of 
his attention to the drama, and later to ments iu honor of the French sac 
the historic romance. Among dramatic Me died at Paris in 1825. He pnl 
writers the names of Johan Ludwig Travel* in Upper and Lower Egypt 
Heib«rg, Overskou, Hostron, Erik Btigh iltuatrated. 

and the more recent Molbech and Edvard Tl^nnn«im«>nt (da-nS-mgo), a ] 
Brandes, are well known. Among poeta -"enouemeni ^^^^ naturalii. 
we may mention Heiberg. Andersen, England, and aignlfying the wind! 
Bticher, EJSIat. PaludaD-Muller and or catastrophe of a plot, the solnl 
Itosenhoff; the modern school being rep- any mystery, etc. 
resented by Carl Plong, Drachmann and TleTisitv (<J e n's 1-te), in phjaii 
tijellerup. Among those who have dis- ■"^""'■'•J quantity of matter con 
jilayed a talent for novel writing arc Ch. in a body under a given bulk. If i 
Winther, Carl Bernhard. Meyer Aron of equal bulk with another cc 
Goldscbmidt. Sten Stensen Blicher, who double the quantity of matter ft 
describes common life in Jutland wilh double the density. Or if a body c 
poetic truth. Among other distinenished the same quantity of matter as ai 
modern writers we must mention Hendrik but under a less bulk, its density is 
Hertz, B lyric poet and dramatist: Hans er in proportion as its bulk is lesi 
Christian Andersen, famous throughout that of the other. Hence the den 
Europe for his stories ; and Walde- directly proportional to the quani 
mar Thiated. s lyrist and novel writer matter, and inversely proportional 
of considerable note. Among scholara bulk or magnitude. Tbe relatiTe 



Dentistry Denti 

nited, tbat the vestibule of the human the conBtruction of artificial de 
bodf, through which its very auatenance (plates), bridges, reEulatlDg appli 
enters, and through wUch gerciiB of dia- artificial palates, splints tor broken 
eaae may also enter the system, should be or other appliances and fixtures of 
kept clean and in order. Herodotus, the chanical nature. Dental mechanic 
early Greek historian, refers to the care bodies unusual art possibilities, ai 
given diseasea of the teeth ; other writers esthetic requirements are met in a 
claim to have found iu Egyptian tombs ance with the artistic conception ai 
forms of artiflcial teeth made of wood ture of the dendat. Surs^ical opei 
and ivory. One account of dentistry coming under the cara of the denU 
among the ancient Egyptians aays : ' It the extraction of teeth, removal of 
is a singular fact that their dentists tumors, small sections of bone, ei 
adopted a method not very long practiced diseasea ends of roots, curetting di 
in Europe, of stopping the teeth with gold, bone, opening the larger sinuses U 
proofs of which nave been obtained from the jaw, etc. 

some mummies at Thebes.' Similar claims As a distinctive profession de« 
are made for the earliest evidence of den- has its colleges ; ita societlea, st&t 
tistry among the Chinese. The Chinese in national, where dentists meet for ( 
ancient times were unusually advanced in sions ; and its literature. There a 
the arts and sciences ; one of the ancient merous dental magazines published 
kings of China, it is written, Instituted a reports of the proceedings of society 
free medical si^ool for those who wished logs, original articles, and editorial 
to study medicine or its branches. Thus nents for the dissemination of the 
through Homer, Cicenj, Aristotle, Hippoc- dental thought and methods. Th 
rates and others we might trace a certain also a large number of books put 
knowledge of dentistry from those early upon various branches of practice, 
days down to the middle or dark ages, em dentistry has also demanded the 
when, with the other arts and sciences, It ation of many manufacturing esti 
appears to have been practically lost, ments, with large capital involved, t 
This dark period, It Is estimated, covered ply its professional equipment, sr 
abont one thousand years. So dentistry, teeth, filuoe material, and other uec 
once practiced as an art and science, tea articles. Practically every state h 
into the hands of blacksmiths and barbers, own laws concerning the pracdee o 
who practiced, in their crude fashion, the tiatry, defining the methods of ser 
dreHsiDE of wounds, blood-letting, extrac- the right to practice ; penalties for 
tion of teeth, lancing of gums, etc., and tion of the law, etc. Each state all 
the operator was known as the barber- a Board of Dental Examiners, 
surgeon. Generations passed before the which all applicants for license to 
dental specialist again appeared. Early tice, after having graduated from a 
in the seventeenth century dentistry was table dental college, must pass an < 
revived in Europe, but made little head- nation. 

way. At the berinning of the eighteenth Without doubt, the greatest recent 
century M. De Cbemant devised a fonn of ress in dentistry has been along tb( 
porceinin bridge and artificial crown. The of its relationship to the practice of 
French people thought much of their teeth dne. A great surgeon has said 
and it is claimed that Dr. Fuchard in seventy-five per cent of all major i 
1785 was the first in more modem timet yona are abdominal end that s Ian 
to suggest gold leaf as a filling material jorftv of these could be avoided If 
for decaying teeth.. It is to America, taj healthy mouths. It is now de£ 
however, that credit is due for placing shown that many physical disorders 
denlislry in a commanding position as a ffoni dental diseases, and physldai 
profusion. Within a century America day are referring certain cases to d( 
has developed dentistry in so marvelous a for co-operative diagnosis and treal 
way that it would require an entire vol- in this connection radiograph; ( 
nme to give the story. photography! •»« taken an Imp. 

Modem dentistry Is divided into opera- place. The X-ra^ Is now looked up 
live, mmhanical and surgical. The thor- progressive dentists as Indispensal 
 oughly qualified dentist is. therefore, to making proper diagnosis of certan 
some extent, phyRici an, surgeon, artist and eased conditloas In and about the 
mechanic. Operative dentisir]/ embraces as indispensable as snffistbesia and a 
all operations at the chair for the preser- surgery. Tlie radiograph (q. v.) 
vation of the natural teeth, their regula- the dentist the exact depth of pyt 
tion, and the placing of artificial teeth on pockets about the roots of the teeth 
natural roots. Proithetic dentUtry, the of greater Import, it locates blin 
modem term for all procedures performed sceases at or about the tip ends of 
in the laboratory, embraces such woi^ as which otherwiaa eonld not oe Men. 



Dentition S'Eon de Beaumont 

blind afaeceuea, it has been detenniDed, 1804, reorsaDiEed aa the UniTenlty of 
frequently act bh foci (ceotera of infec- Denver, 188V), and man]' beautiful acEoola 
tioQ) tor seriouit ph/aical trouble. and churcbex. It is Kituated at an eleva- 

The importanee uf dental service in the tion of one mile above sea level, aod the 
ann; and navy baa been freelj acknowl- climate la drv and xalubrioiu. It i« 15 
edged by the government, and the value of mile* B. of the lUicky MounCaina and is 
tbe dental aurgeou in his relationship to the gateway to 12 national parks and 32 
the military service is becoming increas- national monuments. Tbe city wa* foond- 
ingly evident. Particularly during our ed in 1858 and named for J. W. Denver, 

fartidpatlon in the great world war in governor of KaDRaa. Pop. (1900) 133,- 
BlT-18, the value of dentistry to tbe na- 8SS ; (1910) 213,381: (1920) 2&S.38B. 
tion vaa eetabUahed. From an economic TlAnirAr TTviiTrAr^itir nf an insticu- 
itandpoint the importance of efficient den- ■"®"'^"» "^^*®'^™'''' lion for 
tal eerrice Is recognised in the larger higher learainjc, founded in 18A4, at Den- 
citiea. It baa berai frequently demon- ver, Colorado, by Gov. John Evhom. Thf 
•trated that people with healthy montha name wax changed to tbe University nf 
do better work than those whose teeth are Denver in 1880 and its scope greatly en- 
not given proper care. Consequeotly there larged. The OiUeee of Liberal Arts, the 
are public cluuci for school children and Graduate School, the Summer School, ami 
dentiatB retained by large industrial plant* the Warren Academy, comprising tbe 
in tbe Interest of their employeea. main de|inrtmpntK uf tbe university, are at 

n^ntitinn (den-tiab'un) , the cutting University Turk, within a hnlf-bour's ride 
Aivin,l\mu. ^f (g^(^ g^ Teeth. from Denver's business section ; situateil 

llmtnTi (den'tun), a dty. county seat on a hill, it commands a fine view uf the 
Mr^uwvu. ^f Denton Co., Texas, 35 city and the ConUnental Divide. In tbe 
milea l*. of Dallse. It is en educational heart of the city are the tlniversity's Law, 
center, home of the College of Industrial Dental, and Commerce Schools and Teach- 
Arta (State College for Women) and era' College. It has 1700 studentn. 
North Texas State Normal College. It Tleodand (d6''>d>^: 0«> ifafutam}, 
baa pressed brick plant. Souring and cot *»&«««»•»* ^ thing to be given or dedi- 
ton mills, etc. Pop. (1920) 7626. eated to Ood, an obsolete legal tern for 

Tl'Ti'.Titrp/iaBtBO'nw <dAn-tr-ka8-tA' ), anything that had caused a person's 
AJ XintrecaHieaox ^ ^^^^ g, ^ ^^^(1, ^ .y^^ chattels being forfeited by 
lands off the coast of British New Guinea the old rule of the common law of Eug- 
(Papua) . Total area, 1200 nq, miles. land to the sovereign or lord of the manor. 
TIpTiTiilatinn (de-nO-dB'shun). in geol- Its origin was attributed to ^e notion. 
l^cuuoauoa j^^ ^^j g, washing that where a man was suddenly cot off in 

away the surface of the earth by water, his sins expiation ought to be made (or 
either in the form of constant currenta the benefit of his soul ; and, accordin^y. 
or of occasional floods. the chattel, which occasioned his death 

Denver (den'ver), the capital of Colo- should be forfeited to the king, to be de- 
rado, county seat of Denver Toted by him to ptona uses. Deodanda 
Co., on the South Platte River, the largest were abolUhed in 1846. 
dty between the Missouri and tbe Pscifle llfinfla* (dB'o-dar), Dbodae Cxdam, or 
Coast. It la the wholesale and retail trad- ■*""""" Ibdiab Ceda* (CedrwDeo- 
ing mart fur the vast Rocky Mountain re- data), a large and valuable Indian tree 

Con, tapping a territory rich in silver, similar to the cedar of Lebanon, and by 
ad, zinc, and the special metals, includ- some considered only a variety. It Is 
ing tungsten, molybdenum, etc.. a.i well as native to tbe Himalayas, 
tbe vast oil shale mountains of the west- T1pnf1nrl9LPfa ((iS-fi'der-Iz-eniJiCbem. 
em part of the State. Its manufacturing ■"»:"""* ^" a ^^^^ auhstances which 
output Is estimato] at SIOO.000.000 annu- have tbe power of destroying fetid eflurla, 
ally. The live stock and packing industry as chlorine, chloride of lime, etc. 
of Denver reprcRentn an Investment of Tlpnirar'h <dfl-o-gnr), a town of San- 
more than 114.000,000. Grain, sugar ■»'«WS»*" tal Paraganas District, Ben- 
 - -  1 fruit orchards, gal, 170 miles N. W. of Calcutta, with a 

nmercial impor- group of temples to which numerous pll- 

„. _. .J great railroad grima resort. Pop. about 10.000. 

■ystema radiate from Denver. Deoelri (dft'o-gi-ri). Se« Dautaiabai. 

Among the notable bnildingii are the ° 

State Capitol, costing S2.800.000, built of TI'Tlnn iIa 'RpanTnont <«•-«> o* •*" 
Colorado granite; the State Museum ■" ■'^°" "^ '*^*"°"'"'' m8p),CHA»- 
Building, the munldpal auditorium, with t.es GENEVifrvK Locibk AuODBrc AHDSfi 
ita great organ ; the Denver University TiMOTHfiK, a notciri.)us French character, 
(fonnded aa the Colorado Seminary io cbevaller, doctor of law, dlptomidat. «te.. 



Seontologry Deposition of a Clei^ 

kon in 1728. He Bfterwarda tJistinpiished the pr«*ic]cntial nomination in the 

bimwlf in tbe Seren Years' war. Ihcn lican Cunvi^Dtion of 1888. He whs 

went til Ix>ndoD h» Birrotaiy nf the Stales Senator from New Yorit 

French legBtion. and iiltimatpl^ bt-iams ISll. Hia oralioim and humoroue 

niiniater plenipotentiar}'. IlavinK qiiar- dinner Hpeediea gained him high : 

reled with the Fi*iioh goTPrnment, ha Hon. 



lived fourteen fears in I^ondon in a kind Tian^nT u village of Brie Co. 
of baaiBbmeDt During these years lie ■Wi^w* York, 8 miles k. of I 
hsd occasioiially dressed and passed as a. It has a number of manufactures. 



to be doubted. In 1TT7 he returned to TlAniifltnripa (de-pU'a-tur-ii>, 
France, was ordered to dress as a womai^ -WepuaiOnCB ^^^^^ ^^ ^\ 
and continued to do so both there and tbe hair from the bodj, especial]; tl 
after he returned to England (ir i'""' —■* — "'- — ■■•' — • i-...-:™ .i.„ .. 
where he died in great poverty 

being then regarded bj e*eryoi _ . .. ._ , 

fem^e. sulph'jret of arsenic) boiled ... -... 

TUnntnlno^ (d6-on-toV6-jil, or tbv pregnated with a strong alkaUn 
IKOnXOlOgJ science of duty : the Electrolysis is now employed, a 6ne 
term useu by certain philosophic schoota being inserted at the root of eaci 
(Bentham, spencer, etc.) to denote their thus destroying the root by the cun 

' , . amiion ol «iK!jtlv. tal ,cU.. or i,ot.r In .taiBctioii 

^',"lXrl?;, iTXT^'t^Li^^:'^^. -' i-«ce= f witness „ponoaV 
offlM, agricilture and commerce and DcpOSlt (de-poz it), in law. wn: 
labor, the heads of which form tbe Ad- „,, „ Kiven or entrusted i 

visor^ Cabinet of the President The """^ "" ^antj tor the performa 
government is conducted in three Kepa- * «""'^<^t- •« « hU'D pf ""oi^T Of, ' 
rate departments— the legislative, judicial ^n commerce, a deposit is generally 
and executive. The country is subdivided money received by banking or comi 
into mllitaiT departments, each under an companies with a view to employ 
officer appointed by tbe President, their business, or documents, bond 

Tli> Piimw (de-paw'), a university situ- lodged in security for loans. In U 
*"^'"*"" atedatGreencastle. Indiana; case interest is nauall/ paid to t 
k_ i^j: — f — '"Tence of tha positor, Tbe receipt given by the I 
[1 18^7, and lor money deposltml with him ia a 

University deposit receipt. 

1 1S84 when tbe name was chuugsd DeDOslt '" geology, a layer of 
in recognition of large beoucHts I«>n> -"^ » formed hy the settling 
Washington C. De Pauw. Besides tha of mud, gravel, stones, detrituL c 
college of libersl arts there were •whools remains, etc., which had been held . 
of medicine, law, theoloWi pedagogy, pension in water. 

-, but only the college of DeDOSitioiL (?e-P«-"ish'Qn), In 
d the school of music are ■"=l'W=">'iW". the testimony giv 
irt by a witness upon oath. It 
3U instructors and about lUUU students. used to signify by way of ansi 
TU Pahi (de per*), a dty of Brown interrogatories. Depositions are 
trc icic Co., Wisconsin, on Foi River, quently taken conditionally, or di 
S miles R. w. of Qreen Bay. It has fouu- e»se, as it is called ; for instance, 
the parties are sick, aged, or 
abroad, depositions are taken, to b 
-:.,;. Pop. (1920) 5165. in court in case of their death 

TlAivp'or (d6-p0'), Chadncey MiTcn- parture before tbe time for the ti 
•""P^W ELL (18.34- ). an American be held. 

lawyer, pnlitlcian and orator, bom at Dp-nnRitinn nf a t^l^-ratr 
Peekskill. New York. He graduated at -"epOBlXlOll 01 a Oiergy; 
Yale in 1856 and became counsel for the the degradation of a clergrman fn 
New York Ontral Railroad, of which he fice, divesting him (in chnrchee 
later became president (ISSG). ActivHv do not. like the Chnrch of Borne, he 
engaging in politics be was succesxively indelible nature of orders) of all c 
secretary of state for New York and min-«liaracter. See Deprivation. 
Ister to Japan, and received 100 votes for 
2R-8 



Sipdt Derby 

Tl^nfit (<1''P<' or dep'O), a French moreland, in the Tidnlty of Word«wortb 
ATC^nfir „Qf^ jq general nw oa a term ajid Southej, and devoted hinueU to 
(or a place where goods are received and literar; work. Hare or in London tie 
■tored ; hence in miUtary matters, a, remained tili 1828, readlu Toradonalr, 
tnagazbie wbere armB, ammtmition, etc.. and wdtiug for tbe Lonoon Magoaint, 
are kept. Tbe term la now uHually ap- Knioht't Quarterly Uagaxine, and after- 
piled to thoae companies of a regiment ward Bl^ktoooc'g Maoatine. From 
which remain at home when the rent are 1828 to 1840 he lived in Edinborfh, then 
away on foreign service. removed with his family to L««awade, 

Tlpn-rivntinn (dep-ri-v&'ahiui), the which contlnaed to t>e his headqnartera. 
iiepriTBUOn „moving of a dergj- He died at Edinburgh In IS*. His 
man from his benefice on account of beF- writings, nearly all contributtona to 
eay. miacondnct, etc. It entails, of course, magaimea, are distinguished by power 
loss of all emolnments, but not the loss of ezpreaidoa, sabtle tbought, and an 
of clerical character. eocycloptedic abandance of cniions in- 

Tta VrnfiiTiilia (d6 pro-fnu'dia) , In formation. He was eccentric in hi* 
ife XTgiunuiS (he liturgy of the habita. incapable of managing mouey 
Roman Catholic Church, one of tbe matters, but amiable and polite, 
seven penitential _psalms, the 130th of Tlarti flliovi IT})!!?! (der'a g)-se' 
the P«Sm, of liavid, which in ,he ■"®™ "*»»Z1 iUian yj^j »' dia- 
Vulgate begins vritb these words, signify- trict and town in tbe Punjab, Hindu' 
ins, ' Oat of tbe Ceptha.' It is sung stan. Tbe former, which is in Derajat 
when the l>odies sf the dead are com- division, has an area of 4S17 square miles 
mitted to the nare. and a pop. of 471,149. The town 

Tlantfnml (aet'ford)., a parliamentary has a pop. of 23,731, half Hindu* 
MK^nuiM. \tiro\igb, En^and, in the and half Mohammedans. It haa exten- 
coaaties of Kent and Surrey, on the sive manufactures of silk, cotton and 
right l>ank of the ThameB, {ormins now coarse cutlery. 

part of London. It has some manu- Tlfj-a Tsmftll initl.n (der'a te-ml- 
Facturers of pottery, chemicals, soap. etc. ■"<'*" iauillll AJUilL j[. ^j^,, ^ 
Tbe old naval dockyard was shut up in district aad a town o( Hindustan, in tbe 
1869, but the royal victualling yard is Punjab, in the division of Derajat Th« 
•till the largest estabUsbment ol its kind, district lies north of that of [>era Obud 
Pop. <1911) 109,498. Khan on both rides of the Indtti. and 

llfmntv '^"^ ^'"^ exercises an office has an area of 929C square nlks. 
j#w|iui>j| ^g representing another.— and a pop. of 252,379. The town ia 
Chamber of Deptiliet, tbe lower of the a staple place for cotton goods. Pop. 
two legislative chambers in France and 31,737. 

in Italy, elected by popular suffrage, and Serftint (~J^^)< ^ division or conunls- 
correaponding in eome respects to the ^^*bj»>' glonership of Hindustan, in 
House of Commons in Britain, and the tbe Punjab, occupying part of the valley 
Bouse of Representatives in America, of the Indus, and comprising Dera Qhasi 
See ^ranofl, Italy. Khan, Dera Ismail Khan and Bannn : 

Tim Qninftpv (de quin'ri), Thoiub, are.! 22.315 sq. miles. It is well waterrd 
AJC HUini-By ^ English author, the and fertile, and contains nnmeroas 
son of a Manchester merchant, bom at towns and Tillages. ^op. 1,643,603, 
Greenbay, near Manchester, in 1786. In aostly Uohanunedans. 
1793 his father died, leaving the family TtArliaTiH <>' Dbkbewt (der-benf), 
a fortune of £30,000. After attending ■"«=*"«'"'*) a fortified Russian seaport 
for some time the Bath and Mancheater dty of tbe Kovemment of Dasbeatan. 
grammar achonia, wbere be showed on tbe west shore of the Caspian, an 
precocious ability, especially in classical ancient ^ace formerly belonging t>i 
studies, be importuned his euardian to Persia. The manufactnrpH consist of 
send him to Oxford Cniverslty, and on woolen stuffs, copper end iron ware, 
being refused he ran away from school, rose-water, etc. ; and there is some trad<* 
ultimately arriving In London in an in salfron, largely grown in the vicinity, 
absolutely dastitule condition. His eu(- Pop. 14321. 

ferings at this time he has descrilKd in TlarTiV (^^r^i dtrlil), a municipal 
his Con/etsions of an Englitk Optum ■"''^ v/ bq j parliamentary boroagh in 
Eater. At length, in 1803, he matricu- England, capital of Derbyshire, on tbe 
lated at Oxford, and it was in the secood Uerwent here crossed by sn elecant 
year of his courae hpre that he began bridge of three arches, 11G miles I*. N. w. 
lo talie opium in order to olleviate l^indoQ. It is pleasant]; Kilualrd in 



Derby 3 

In the modern quarter. It has some f)De wurmlr advocated the abollti 
public buildiDgs, among wbicb are the slnvpry, and passed the act ti 
L'hurcbei of 111 Saims, 8l Alkmund purpuHp in 1833; but in tli? fo 
KDd St. Werba»b, the count; ball, j'ear a difference of □pinion w 
school of art, Infirmary, etc Iliere ia party as to the diversion of the 
alia a very handaome free library and revenue of the Irlab Cburcb led 
mnacarn. The principal manufactures 
■re nlk, cotton, paper, articles in Der- 
byshire spar, caatmga, porcelain, etc. 
ZMrbj is one of the oldest towns in 
tbe klnidom, and is supposed to owe 
ita •rigin to b Roman station, Derrentio, 
sitnated at Little Chester, on the op- 
D«site aide of the river. Under the 
Danes It took the name of Deoraby. 
Bichardson, the novelist, was a native 
of the town. Pop. 123 433.— The county 
of Derby, or Derbyshire, in the center 
of the kingdom, area. 1029 square miles, 
five-ditha Deing arable or In permanent 
pasture. Tbe southern and eastern 
parts have a fertile soil, while the norlh- 
westera portion ia bleak, with a rocky 
and irregular surface. Here is - tbe 
loftiest range of the English Midlands, 
Ibe mountains of the Peak. The Peak 
itself is 2000 feet bigb. The principal 

rivers are tbe Derwent, the Trent, the Edwud, HtbBirioI Derby 

Wye, tbe Br wash, the Dove and the 

Kother. Oats and turnips are important Join the Tories. In 1841 he becan 
crops, and dairy-huabandry is carried on. nisi secretary under iHir Robert Pi 
to a large eitent. Coal is abundant in resigned on Peel's motion for re| 
various parts of the county, iron ore is the com laws. In 1851 and li 
also plentiful, and lead, gypsum, Einc, formed ministripK, and again in 
fluorspar, and other minerals are ob- Early in 1868 be resigned office. 
taioed. The manufactures are silk, Derby joined to greater ability as a 
i-otton and lace, machinery and agricnl- man, and brilliant oratorical pm 
tursl Implements. Pop. (1911) 560,120. high degree -of scholarly cnltui 
Tlprtiv (der'bi), a city of New Haven literary ability. — Edwaod Henbt 
*"'* "J Co., Connecticut, on tbe Hou- i.ey. fifteenth earl of Derby, was  
satonic River, 9 miles w. of New Baveu. ]82li: ediioatpd at Rugby and 
The principal industries are agriculturs College. Cambridge. In 1852 I 
and tne manufacture of pins, heavy cast- under secretary oi foreign al^irs 
ings. forgings. pianos, organs, haniwsre, wards secretary of state ror India. 
macUnery, etc. Pop. (19201 11,2-'W. his superintendence the managen 

TI*rilV Bl^ABD OEorFBKT Shttk the British India empire was trat 
*"»*";» Stanixt, rouBTEENTH Babl from tbe East India Company 
or, an English statesman, bom at government of Great Britain. I 
Knowsley Park, Lancashire, in 1799; and also in 1874 he was secrel 
died there in 1869. In 1820 be was re- state for foreign affairs. Lord De 
tomed to the Honse of Commons aa came a IJberai tn 1879, and WBi 
member for Stockbridge. At first kiclin- tary of state for the colonies anc 
ing to the Whig parM, be Joined Can- Gladstone from 1882 to 1885. H 
ning'a ministry In 1827, and in 1830 tie- ever, took a stand against Irish 
came chief secretary for Ireland in Lord Role in 1888, and afterwards 
Orey'a government, greatly distinguish- amonr Gladstone's opponents. E 
ing himself by his speeches in favor of in 1893. 

the Reform Bin tn 1831-32. The op- Dprhv Obville Adelbebt. ge 
position led by O'Connell in tbe Honse of ■"•^'^"Jt was bom at Kellogsvill 
Commons was powerful and violent, but York, in ISSl. He became an Ini 
Stanley, while supporting a bill for the of geology at Cornell University, r 
reform of the Irish Church and the re- in 1875 to loin the geological sni 
doction of ecclesiastical taxation, was Braiil, and has been chief of this 
aoccessful in totally defeating the agita- since 1907. He is the highest an 
don for the repeal of the Union. He in the geoli^y end phyricai geogn 



Derby Day Dervish 

Brazil, on which he has written many DennatOVhTte <dc r-m a t;o-m). a 

valuable papers. ^Mt-utamjiuj vt, pg ram tic plant, 

Derhv Da.V (''^'''hi <l>i). the ^rpat rhiefly nf the lowest type of Ibr 

*"* ■""■/ aoDual l-ondon bolidaj, Cr/ptngamia, infesting the rutidr and 

on which the horse-rHco for ihe staken epidermis of men and other animals, and 

instituted hjl Lord Derhy in 17S0 is run. kitIds rise to varioua forms of akin-di*- 

It alwayn falls on a ^VVdlll■»l(lay. The ease, as rinsworm, etc. 

race is run on Epsom Uowos, an exten- Dermestes (def-mes'te*), a genua of 

aive plain in tbe neighborhood of Ijondon. •"»'*■'"*■'■•«•• coleopterous insects, one 

The entry-mouey for each subscriber is species of which (D. lardariui) is known 

fifty Kuineas. and the slakes are run for hy the name of bacon-beetle, and ia often 

by colts of three years. The entries are found in ill-kept ham or pork ahopa. 

"AT.'r;e,r,fc.;l!riS,V'*o" Dermot Kac Munagh ^^ri 

Kpsom Downs, on the Derby Day, are as- murra), the last Irish king of Leinster, 
sembled all classes, high and low. attained the throne in 1140. IlaTinc 

Derkyshire. s« D^i,. t.uSL?l;'"„%"l,t°:^\T;^X;d 

Derbyshire Heck, a™ o»..r. ;;{ ■',";4i."d"(n°mrMrS,'!,*dM 
Derbydiire Spar. s„ fu».,«. &."S 'SXMS, 'S'tSlX' '^ 

TlArAKBlre (de-reehlte) , a town of covered bis kingdom, but died in the bbid<- 

.i/cici,aB.c Hungary, in ihe county of year (1170), and was anoceeded by 

Bihar. Soda is obtained from tbe neigh- Pembroke, who bad married his daughter, 

boring Bwampa. Pop. 8T67. Tlpmfl (der'na), a town in Barca, on 

Dereham y"','"J' ■^"'i  '■°""',i'' ,, ™,„"" °"" "■"' »' '"""■ 

■"**"*"**•" England, nearly in tbe Pop. 7000. 

center of tbe county of Norfolk, with Derriclt (der'ik),ahDiatinKappaT«tTM 
manufactures of agricultural implements, vtcivA consisting of a aingle mast 

iron-foundries, and a brisk trade. Tbe or pole, supjiorted by stays or guya. to 

£oet Cowper was buried in the church which a swinging boom with pulleys Is 

ere. Pop. 5729. attached, used in building const ruction, 

Tl^ivlipt (der'e-likt), a vessel or any- etc. Floating derricks of the atrongext 

.ucrcukiif thing relinquished or aban- construction, with an Immense boom and 

doned at sea, but most commonly applied numerous blocks, are also used. The 

to a ship abandoned by the crew and left boom of the derrick is hinged at its con- 

fluating about. nectlon with the mast, whereas the jib of 

~ liouoEi (loug derg) : (1) a lake tbe crane is fastened rietdly to tbe mast. 

' of Ireland, county of Donegal, It is impossible to wholly disdnguiah he- 



Derg, 



about 3 miles long by liW broad at tbe tween cranes, derricks and derrick cranea. 
ladest part, and studded with islets, TIattit (der'i). a town of Rockingham 
; of which, called Station Island, baa ■»«=*»/ Oo., New Hampshire, 12 milct 



long been a great resort of Roman Catho- s. e. of Manchester. Hero is the Plnker- 

lic pilgrims; <2) an expansion of the ton Academy. Among the nanofaetiirHi 

river Shannon between County Tipperary are shoes, acetylene-gas machlnea. et:. 

and Counties Clare and Oalway, about Pop. (1920) 5382. 

breadth* '™^ ""^ averaging 2 miles in Derry. See Londonderry. 

llArliam (der'am). William, an Eng- DpnriKTl (der'^'Bh), or Dervibb 

Uernam ,i^,, philosopher and divine, -"elTISn [Persian, j,,^^). a Mobam- 

brrn in 1657 : died in 1735. He was long medan devotee, distinguished by auater- 

rector of Upminster in Essex. His best- ity of life and the observance of atrict 

kLiowa worts are entitled Phynico-The- forms of worship. There are many dit- 

ologv, Attro-Theology and CAriato-Tfte- ferent orders of them. Some live in 

olojrif. monasteries, olhers lead an itinerant life, 

TlAtHvatinn fder-i-vu'shun). See others devote themselves to menial .ir 

A/cilWHMUU EtytHolofiy. arduous oceupnlions. They are respected 

UpTfllA. (<]er'mB), Dkbuih, the true by the common people, and tbe men- 

j/ciuua skia. or under layer of Ihe dicants among them carry a wooden bow' 

skin, as distinguiitlicd from tbe cuticle, into wh[cb the pious cast alma One ot 

epidermis, or HCarf-skin. their forms of devotion is dandng or 

"narmattiSttw <der-ma-torft-Ji). the whirlina about, another is shoatiDg or 

uenaawio^y branch of medicine howllngT uttering the name ^ Ho*, accwm- 

which treats of tbe skin and its diseases, panled Dy violent motiona of tbe body, tQl 



Derwent Besot 

tfaej work themselveB iDto a freniy and 1803 he retirrd from public life ai 
■omeliin^s fall duwn foaming at tbe Tutt^ himself entirely to poetry, 
mouth. They are crpdited with mirai'ii- of his most beautiful poems is tlu 
louB powers, and arp vonauUe* for tbc Hog, nr Address to the Deitv- Uf 

■— in ]81(J. 

Desasnadero >?;„-'„f ISS" 

valley of tbe same name, iuuing 
Lake Titicaca, and carryinf ito « 
into Ljike Anllasas. Also a river j 
Argentine Confederation flowing 
Ijike Uevedero rirande, and aepai 
(he provinoea of San Juan and Mei 
Itesaguaderu signifies in Spanial 
rlioanel of outie:.' 

Desaiz de Veygoux *a^*Y( 

Ch ARLK8 Anto/ns, a dlstingi 

French general, born in 1768 a 

Hilaire o'Ayat. in Auvergne, He 

o! nohle family, and entered Ibe an 

a Bublieu tenant He ilistinguisbed 

self greatly in 17fH under Picbegru 

two years later with the army o 

Rhine under Mor- "- '""" " 

rompanied Bona pa 

very successful in _ _ __ 

e of After the Treaty of El Arisb li. 

dlHeasea. lowed Bonaparte to Italy, took con 

Derwent (''"■'■'went) , the name of four °l the corps of reserve, and, arrfvl 

xrciwcub ri„„g iji [.^nglund in Derby- '"« "*'<i "' Marengo at a cntlca 

shire, Tnrksbire, Iturliani and Cumber- "'«■''. ^«<''<'*^.t''e '".'^'orJl.by a brj 

land, respectively, tbe last draining Der- cl»*rge. June 14. 1800. He btmsel 

weatwater Lake. Also a river in mortally wounded by a eannop shot. 

Tasmania. SeSault ("J*""?'' PiEiuw Joseph 

"DprwcntwatPT <"■ Kkbwick I.ake, •"^'»'"'' of the moat celebrated 

J/erweuiwater, ^ beautiful lake in Ksona of France, was born in 174-) 

Cumberland, England, in the vale of died in 179S. After some eiperiet 

Keswick. It is about 3 miles in length tbe military hospital at Bifort be 

and IH in breadth, and stretches from t" Pans in 1764, studied under Petii 

Skiddaw on tbe north to the hills of two years afterwards became a le. 

Borrowdale. Near tbe northeast corner p" '"h o?" account. His reputation 

is the celebrated cascade of Lodore. Its increased, and he became principal 

waters are carried to the sea by the ?«? 'S ""^ bospitalDe la Chant* 

Dpi-WPntwn.tPT J*««8 Ratci-iffk. ""tel Dip".'" Paris. Ilere he foun 
i^erweniwaier) last Earl of one surgical school, in which many o 
of the leaders in the rebellion of 1715. "l""* eminent surgenns of Europe 
born at lOTdoD in 1089. The standard t^"'^'"''''- ,j .u .v  , 

of revolt having been raised in Scotland, SeSCailt y^"/"'- m music, an 
Jrfird Derwentwater commenced tbe move- ,.. , Hop ol a part or parts 

meat in England on October «, 1715, *"««' "r melody, a branch of mi 
but was forced, along with the other composition which preceded the 
Jacobite nobles, to surrender at discre- modem counterpoint anil harmony, 
tion on November 13th. He was ei- ing into eiistence nt the end ol 
ecnted on Tower Hill, February 24. 171«. eleventh or beginning of tbe twelfth 
his estates being coDflscsted. and in 1736 tury. 

pranted to (Jreenwich Hospital. TlAooaT-tpn (dfl-kttrt), BbnE, b 

DpTThawia 'derubB'vin), Gabriel ■"«»*'»"** French philosopher 
j/ȣua.wiM RoKAHOWiTCH, B Rus- mathematician, with whom the mode 
sfan lyric poet, bom in 1743. He entered new phil.«opby is often cr.nsidere 
the armv as a private soldier, distln- commencing, wa^ born March .11, 
riiished himself highly, and was eveotn- at I-a Ilaye, in Touraine. He 
■llv transferred to th* civil aervlce, in educated at the Jesuit I ollege o 
which he obUlned tbe hlgbeet offibes. In Fliche, where lie showed great t 



He entered the military profession snd widow. The rules of descent, designadiic 
•erred in Holland and tn Bavaria. In wLat relations shall inherit, and Ueir 
Iffiil he left the arm;, and after a Tariety respective shares, will be determined by 
of travels flnaliy settled in Holland, and the genius and policy of the government 
devoted himself to philosophical inquiries, and institution a. Uence the practice of 
Descartes, seeiog the errors and tncon- entailments in the feudal system. And 
Bistencles in wlich other philosopbers wherever the soTernment is foanded In 
had involved themselves, determined to family privileges, or very Intimately con- 
build up a system anew for himself, nected with tuem, as Is the case Ui kll 
divesting himself first of all the beliefs governments where the hereditarilv aria- 
he had acquired by education or other- tocrstical part of the community nave a 
wise, and resolving to accept as true only great preitonderance, the BQStalniag of 
what could stand the test of reason, families will very Trobably be a charac- 
I'roceeding in this way he found teristic feature in the code of lawa. 
< Jfedttalione* de Prima Pkiloiophia) Thus, in Britain, all the lands of tbr 
that there was one thing that he conld father, unless otherwise directed by will, 
not doubt or direst himseif of the belief go to the eldest aon. In the United 
of, and that was the existence of him- Btstes of America this distinction in 
self as a thinking being, and this ultimate favor of the eldest son has been abolished, 
ertalnty he expressed in the celebrated and the laws there are founded i 



Shrase 'Cofft'lo.erffo «uin' (I think, there- principle of equal distribution both of 
>re I am). Here, then, he believed he real and personal estate amonii beirs of 
had found the test of truth. Starting the nearest surviving degree. Kindred la 
from this point Descartes found the same blood are divided Into three general 
kind of certainty in such propositions as claases, vii. 1, descendants; 2, ancestors: 
these : that the thinking being or soul 3. collateral relatives, that is, those who 
iliSers from the body (whose existence have descended from the ssme common 
I'uosists In space and extension) by Its ancestor. The civil law computes tbr 
ximplicity and immateriality and by the degrees by counting the generations np to 
Treedom that pertains to it ; that every the common ancestor, as father, grand- 
r-ercefition of the soul is not distinct; fsther, great-grandfather; or mother. 
Iliat il is Ro far an imperfect finite being; grandmotner, great-grandmother; and 
that this imperfection of its own leads it from him or her down to the collateral 
to the idea of an absolutely perfect being ; relative, as brother, cousin, etc., makina 
and from this last idea he deduces all the degree of relationship the anm of 
further knowledge of the truth. Dps- these two series of gcDeratious. Every 
rurtes also contributed greatly to the person has two sets of anceslnrs. the 
advancement of matbematlcB and physics, palernsl and maternal, snd tberefore two 
The higher departments of geometry were sets of collateral relatives. There bi 
Erestly extended by him. His system of also ft distinction of collateral kindred, 
the universe attracted great attenlian lu into those of the wbiile blood and those 
his time, though long since exploded. It of the half blood. 

rested on the bypothesiR of celestial Tlparihon^l (de-ahfi-nel') . Pam. Eu- 
rorlicei, immense currents of ethereal ■l":»''"an<:i ^^^^ Loms, prsaldent of 
matter, by which be accounted for the the French Republic, bom In Brussels, 
motion of the planets (PWncipia Philo- I85R. He was president of the Chamber 
fophite, IG44). His works effected a of Deputies ISOS-IOW and 1012-19. In 
great revolution In the principleM and 1020 he succeeded Poincarifr as preeideat 
methods of philosophiilD^. In ]li47 the of the Rcimblic. 

l-'rench court granted him a |)onBioo i>f Tlfiaarf- Obtat AnXRICA.t. See Arid 
•■iOOO livres, and two years later, on the -"escri,, ^^^^^ 

invitation <if Christina of Sweden, he Tl*anT+ (dei'ert), a term more partlc- 
went to Stockholm, where he died in ■"«»«» <- ularly applied to raat barren 
1'^- plains such as are found in Asia and 

Descent (de-Henfl. In law. Is the Africa, but which may also be used to 
transmission of the right designate any solitude or uninhabited 
rnd title to lands to the heir, on the place whether barren or Qot. See SoAora 
decease of the proprietor, by the mere and Oobi, 

operation of law. The rule determining Qpurter (d e-i ft r* ter), a aotdjer or 
to whom an estate belongs, on the decease -"^^nciipc* gailor who quits tbe service 
of the proprietor, is that of consanguin- without leave. Deserters are tried by 
ity, or relationship by blond, though with court-martial, which may inflict death aa 
Home exceptions, as in the chrp of the tbe eitreme punishment, or a less severe 
IMirtion. or the use uf a portion, of a punishment, according to the circum- 
man's property given by the Inwn to his Htauce* uf the case. 



Desertion. Desmonl 

'Dpaortinn (de-z^r'shun). tiy busbud BoetoD in 1870. The Centennial Ei 

.ucseruuu ^j. ^i,^^ without du« cauw. Hon of 1873 further Btreofthened 

la in England ground for a judicial s^pa- movement. Various institutione of le 

ration. A wile may obtain an order to ing pRtabliRhed courses in applied 

Erotect any money or property she may among them being Cooper Union ; 

ave al^qui^ed since desertion, asaluat Ixiwell Free School affiliated with 

her husband or his creditors. Denertlon Massachusetts Institute of Tachnol 

JD most of the states of the t'nion tbe School of Desisn for Women, in 1 

I'ODStituteB a ground of divorce, though adelphia : the School of Industrial Ai 

they differ as to the period of time the Pennsylvania Museum, also of P 

which must elapse before action can be delphin. In Europe many schools 

brought devoted to instruction in design, and 

BlMlfTll n«i nixfuL teaching for the blind and the deaf 

jjcnim. nee utijut. ^^^^ ^^^^ reached a high developmen 

Deshouliires '■^^i''^^' i^t.^l"^^ Desman <des'mat». See ifu.t-n„ 
Jfpu1J?,r inTh? i'evLtX'cent^j^ Desmidiaces f,^-;?:^:'-f^>'  

born in 1631 ; died in 1694. She was the of microscopic, fresh-water, coofei 

center of attraction in tbe beat circles of Algs. They are green gelatinous p] 

the period, and was elected a member of composed of variously forced cells 

several learned societies. Among her jng a bilateral symmetry, which 

works are odes^ eclogues, Idyls, and a either free, or in linear series, or 

tragedy, Oentenc, lected into bundles or into sta 

Desiccation (des-I-kft'shun), a proc- groups, and imbedded in a common g 

A'UHiuwnv'.vu ggg jj[ dispelling moist- inpus coat. Desmidiacen differ 

ure by the use of air, heat, or chemical Diatomacee in tbeir green color aoij 

agents, such as chloride of calcium, quick- sence of silex. 

lime, oil of Titriol and fused carbonate ^AsnioHillin f^^''"'^'^''*"'''' ■> f 

of potash. — DeiiKcalion cracki, in geol- *"'■""*"**"•"■ of plants. See Mi 

ngy, are the fissures caused fD clayey i'lont. 

beds by tbe sun's heat, and seen in Tlaa IWninpa (^^ mola), a mam 

vnriouB rock strata. ■"" ■BlOineS ^„^ „(, j^^; 

Desien <de-2ln'), thought, arrange- capital of the State of Iowa and of 

fi ment, or grouping, imagina- ('numj;, on the Dps Moines River, a 

tion or invention ia works of art. A ^t40 miles west of Chicago. Amonj 

design is a composition or Invention, chief buildings are the new State hi 

pictorial, architectural, or decorative. It the State arsenal, colleges, opera ho 

may be Bimply an imperfect sketch, as , regimental post of the U. S. A., etc 

a record of a iirat thought; or it may be [^ (^^ ^^^^ „f „rake University, tbe ' 

a fully matured work, as a cartoon m j^ educational institution of the Ch 

preparaUon tor fresco painting, or a „, Christ, Highland Park College (1 

,lr-«.n- to illustrate a book. byterianl, and the Danish Lutheran 

Schools of, schools where ological School. There are coa)-min( 

.. ... . ■';" '«„^".K''t in relation to (be vicinity, and the manufactures 

Its industnal application rather than its rapidly increasing. The industries 

esthetic Bide, '^ey may be regarded as ^j^^g important pork-packing estal 

intermediate between schools of technol- ^je^tg ^^j bridge-building worlia It 

ugy. in which the design Ing is of stnctly 3,^^^ ,i,p gtgte capital in 1855, and 

mechanical nature, architecture eicepted, (,j,g „f jhe first cities to adopt commi, 

and schools for the training of artists who form of government. Pop. (1900)62, 

devote Oiemselves to the fine arts. The (1910J §6,368; (1920) 126,463. 

courses in the schools of design vary in i.__ ■»■■_;'_' n_lI-~- utahlish 

detail, but generally include free-band DeS MomeS CoUege, Dm Mo 

drawing : the theoretical principles of i [„ ^^q^ ^ Baptiats. and affil 

decoration and the history of art. espe- ^th 'the University ofX:hicaBO in 18M 

cially in its decorative aspect; ccpying jgao j^ had 22 instructors, 550 studen 

and variation of designs; original design- _ ■w-„,- __ t»;„»_ themostin 

ing for teitile fabrics, wall-poper stained- DBS MOinfiS xtlVCr, „nt riVei 

glass, pottery, leather wort J^k covers, io„a, rises in Minnesota and joins the 

etc. : and the study, of the best examples ^ssippi 3 miles below Keokuk. It is a 

ofdesUrdng. To tLis is addedinstruct on 550 "^Ues long and drains an are 

in technical manipulation. The impetus ,4 kqq ^ milea 

to promote the oevnlopment of tbe art _' 'ij_.' <iia.niA.liiii't Bem 

Inri^triea of the. country originated in DesmOUinB ^clxu^S^ iim i^ 



Desna 

Oetmold 



oi. ud .Ct'sj'Si' '" "' «°'™"»t 1*6 Stendial. »!» «.»». ii.ri^ 

DeSoto C,M «■»). H„,„„„ , ""•■ Po.: so.W'"' »° "» ■""■'■" 
rewrer oi tffi? ,"p'"" ud di' Destroyer. * •"■u. w.n-.mrt ud 

Despot' WS,'tS'i. 'iSpS^- S'."'!5; "?/ '" """iSi'i^^ 

which Ae OiWk^^ "" '"'nTBiT title and histori™! ^K,, ' ^ -""^5. «il't"y 
"ons andgooT^n (""""^"ta gave to tliefr toiir 5 itSS-'^S S^'^^i,'""' ^'^ Parla. 0<^ 
prorioeel *°?5'°-'aw when govemota of ]»12 h;^.' . "^ f,''^^'. I>P<*'nber 24. 

aod lo a oimarV, ?"""" "'""""a. J'etennilUSm <'if,"';'!"°,-™>. a 



SrSSaS 'a'a°^' "'' *™ '" wtf detinue (d.«-oll), i; law. a» «,„ 



Detonating Powders Deuteronomy 

colossal statute has been erected to the fj^^ tobacco products. Detroit was settled 
famous warrior Hermann or Arminius V the French in 1701, was captured by 
who oTerthrew the Roman general Varus the British in 1760 and was surrendered 
and his legions in a battle which was to the United States in 1796. Pop. 
fought near this place. Pop. 13.164. -(^^^^ 285,704: (1910) 465,766; (1920) 

DetonRtin? Powders {^ « t'u-n&t- 2?.3'7i^' ^th Hamtramck district and 
l/eronauu^ XOWaers J^^J^ ^^^.^^^^^ Highland Park, 1,088.943. It is now the 

chemical compounds which, on being ex- fourth city in population in the United 

posed to heat or suddenly struck, explode States. 

with a loud report, owing to one or more Detroit BlVer, cVaiX*^" '^^ 

of the constituent parts, suddenly assum- ^^^^.^ ^^ j^^^^j^ Amerio^Twhich r^ns from 

^M*^!./*1f "** ^^^''' ^^"^ ''^^^'"/t a""^ ^^^ St. Clair to Lake Erie. It is ^ 
iodide of nitrogen are very powerful det- ^ji^^ ^ ^^^ ^^ sufficient deoth for the 

onatmg substances. The compounds of navigation of large vessels. It is about % 
ammonia with silver and gold, fulminate ^ile wide opposite Detroit and enlargS 

SiZ f^^Ho^rf ^J J^!l?!.Wtl'''^^jJj *« ** descenSr^ An immense lake ?rld^ 
sUgbt mction, by means oi neat, electric- passes through it 

ity, or sulphuric acid. Dettinffen (det'ing-en), the name of 

Detonating Tnbe, %^^^^^ "tf^^ J^citm^ca several places in Germany, 
, ^ , ^ ^ : ^diometer, being among which is a viUage of Bavaria, on 

a stout glass tube used in chemical ana- the right bank of the Main, famous for 
lysis for detonating gaseous bodies. It the victory tained by the English and 
is generally graduated into centesimal Austrians under George II of England 
parts, and perforated by two opposed over the French in 17&. 
wires ^ for the purpose of passing an DenfJftlion (du-ka'li-on), in Greek 
electric spark through the gases which -^^ ••*'■•***'** mythology, the son of 
are introduced into it, and which are Prometheus and father of Hellen, ances- 
, confined within it over mercury and tor of the Hellenes. According to tradi- 
water. tion, he saved himself ard his wife, 

Detroit (de-troit'), the metropolis of Pyrrha, from a deluge which Zeus had 
*** "> Michigan, situated on the sent upon the earth by building a ship 
Detroit River, which passes more tonnage which rested upon Mount Parnassus, 
than any other waterway in the world. To repair the loss of mankind they were 
sometimes exceeding 100,0(X),000 actual directed by an oracle to throw stone be- 
freight tons in a single season. The city hind them, which became men and 
has a frontage of 11 miles on Detroit women. 

River and 4 miles on the River Rouge, a Dcns fiT KRfillind. (mak'i-na; L. 'a 
navigable estuary. Its railroad trans- *'*'***» ^^ j»«iUiu.*i» ^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ 

Sortation facilities are covered by five machine '), a phrase used to designate the 
nes of the Michigan Central system, four resorting to supernatural causes to ex- 
of the Grank Trunk, three of the Pere plain phenomena that one is not able to 
Marquette, and one each of the Pennsyl- account for by natural means. The 
vania, Wabash, Lake Shore, Canadian phrase is taken from the practice on the 
Pacific, Detroit, Toledo & Ironton and classical stage of introducing a god from 
Detroit & Toledo Short Line. It is a above by means of some mechanical con- 
prosperous and beautiful city, with wide trivance in order to effect a speedy d^ 
streets, 31 parks, the largest being 705 nouement of the plot 
acres in extent, and a boulevard, 12 miles DentpronaTiATlipfll (dfl'ter-o-), a 
long, encircling the central portion of the -^euicrocanonicai \^^^ applied 
dty. Its principal public buildings are to those books of Scripture that were ad- 
the Federal Building, City Hall and mitted into the canon after the rest, some 
County Building. It has a large number of them being regarded by Protestants as 
of office buildings, public library with 12 anocryphal. 

branches, and 140 public school buildings. Dentf^rnnnniv (dti-ter-on'u-mi), the 
Its largest interests are manufacturing, ■*'*^**»'^*vxivnAjr ^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ 

with neariy 3000 establishments, employ- the Pentateuch, so called (Greek, 

mg 310,000 persons and with an output deuteros, second ; notnos, a law) from its 

m 1919 valued at $1,450,000,000. The consisting in part of a restatement of the 

automobile factories alone have 140,0(X) law as alreadv given in Exodus, LeviHcus 

employes and in 1919 put out 1,100,000 and Numbers, and containing also, in 

carp. Other large branches of manufac- addition to special commands and 

ture are adding machines, aluminum cast- admonition not previously given, an ac« 

mgs, brass products, pharmaceutical prep- count of the death of Moses. See PentO' 

arations, soda ash, stoves, meat packing teuch. 



I 




San] 



city of Cotiign«. It Ilea on the right bank inclosed in a vBtraum and rotadni at 
of the river and in connected with Colngne grest MpMd produMs InertU, the fctoIt' 
nrop<>r by hride^. It was strongly fort- Fhk brvfv viEoroualy retainint the dine- 



forming a bridgebead. It haa porcelain, aame time it tenda to aaaume that of th« 
Klafia and other manufactures. earth'a axia, so that its llaa of whirl 

Dentzia (dOt'Ei-a), a genus of plants, feecomea the same as that of the earth, 
of the saxifrage family, which pointing tn the same direction aa the 

.......... _v... a Ml m._ -compaaa )■ now naed 

sblpa, battleahipa and 

It pointa to the trua nrfa 
rce mwA atronger than tut 
of the magnet. 
TI^TIAII ide-Tls'), a name common to 

_ a/cvi«0 ,]| Bgnna, dnhera, charactert. 

, bom in rebnaea, mottoes, etc., which are adopted 

New York in 18S3 ; his father was Span- by s person or a family by way of badge 
ish, his mother Irish. He was graduated or distlnctire emblem, often a repre- 
from the University of Ireland and was sentation of aome natural body, with a 
Sian Fein member of Parliament from motto or sentence applied lu a ngnratlTe 
KuHt Clare from 1&17. He wus elected aense. 

 'resident of the Irish ' Republic ' in 1819. Devil <d^*'" : Greek, iiaholot, a alao- 
TlpvamtCttri (da-vo-nftga-rS), a name ■"*'" derer or accnser), in theology, 
^evtuiaifiui ^i „j^ Sanskrit alpha- an evil apirit or being: eapedally the 
bet evil one, represented In Bcripture aa the 

11*Vp1nnTn^Tlt. Tll^nrv ^"^ ^^^ traducer, father of Ilea, etc Moat of the 
JjeveiOpmeni ineory. j^,jg„ ^^^ „iigjo„g q, (he East acknowledge a 

TlanaTiJ-aTi (dftv'en-t^r), an old town boat of devils. The doctrine of Zoroaster, 
i*cvciiw!ir [^ Holland, province at who adopted an evil prindplo called 
Overijssel, 8 miles nortL from Zntpben, at Abrlman, opposed to the good principle 
the conllaence of the Schlpbeek and IJsseL and served by several ordera of inferior 
Ita indUBtries embrace carpets, cast-iron splrita, spread the liellef In such spirits 
goods, printed cottons, hosiery, and a among the people. The Greek mytholaCT 
kind of cake called Deventer cake. It did not dlstingniah with the aame preci- 
has a large export trade in batter. Pop. sion between good and bad apirita. With 
20,212. the Mobammedans EbK$, or the derU, waa 

TIa "Vmrs (de-vfir), AnsBET TnoifAS, gn archangel whom God employed to de- 
an Irish poet, born In stroy a pre-Adamite race of iktma, or 
County Limerick in 1S14 ; died in 1902. genii, and who waa so filled with pride at 



Iriah poet, born In stroy a pre-Adamite race of fimmt, or 
_k in 1S14 ; died in 1902. genii, and who waa so filled with pride at 
lie was the son of Sir Aubrey de Vere, a his victory that he refused to obey God. 
poet and dramatist (17S8-134G1. Edu- The Satan of the New Testament la alao 
csted at Trinity College, Dublin, he en- a rebel againat God. He use* hia io- 
gaged in literary work, poblishing Irith tellect to entangle men In sin and tn 
Odn and other volumes of poems, also obtain power over them. Bnt he is not 
Picturetque BketrMei of tlreeee and an Independent self-existent principle, like 
Turkey, KecoIIection* bg iubre]/ de Ter«, the evil principle of Zoroaster, bat a 
etc. creature sabject to omnipotent control. 

nAvi>mn (devVron), a river of B«*- The doctrine of Scripture on thU SDbject 

UCVCIUU 1^ belonging to Aberdeen- soon becsme hlend(>d with nnmerons do- 



ance of a ahip'a compaas from the true excited imagina^oiia of hermits in their 
magnetic meridian, cauaed by the near lonely retreats, sunk as they wer« In 
presence of iron. In modem ships, in ignorance and unable to acconnt for 



which iron la largely used in construe- natural appearancea, frequently led thea 
tion, and eapecially in battleahins, devia- to snppoae Satan visibly preaent : a ' 
Uon of the compass la a aerious aource Innumerable stories were told of hia i 



I, and eapecUlly in battleshins, devia- to snppoae Satan visibly 

I of the compass la a aerious aource Innumerable stories were i _,. 

of trouble, one difficult to overcome, and pearance, and hia attrlbutea — Qie horoa. 

"" g lor various and complex arrange- the tail, cloven foot etc. — distinctly de- 

I of this directive implement. The acrfbed. In conaequence of the carta 



meots of this directive implement. Ibe scribed. In conaequence of the corea 
gyro-compass la now much employed for which Christ and bis apostles performed 
this purpose, the prindple of magnetic on the poaaessed, the early conrch be- 



D^vil Bevon 

lieyed in a power connected with the con- tribes. Remains of it are found from the 
secration of priests to drive out evil Danube, in Bavaria, to Bonn on the 
spirits. (See Eworeism,) The belief in Rhine. 

evil spirts, witches, etc., was in the seven- l)Avil-W0r8llin ^® worship paid to 
teenth century so common that they be- *''*''** wwxoau.|#, ^^^ devil, an evil 
came the objects of judicial process, spirit, a malifrnant deity, or the per- 
With the progress of the natural sciences, sonified evil principle in nature, by many 
however, in the eighteenth century manv of the primitive tribes of Asia, Africa 
wonderful phenomena became explained, and America, under the assumption that 
ana less was heard of witcHcraft. the good deity does not trouble himself 

SfiVil ^^® machine through which cot- about the world; or that the powers of 
' ton or wool is first passed to evil are as mighty as the powers of good, 
prepare it for the carding-machines ; a and have in consequence to be bribed 
teasing-machine. and reconciled. There is a sect called 

•Devil, TASMANIA!,. SeeZ)«.y««. ^J^i^rlr^e'Sia^'nTttS'Suefof 'th'e 
Devil-fisll ^^^ popular name of va- Tigris, who pay respect to the devil, to 
* rious nshes, one of them Christ, and to Allah or the supreme being, 
being the angler (which see). Among and also worship the sun. 
others the name is given to several large TlAvise (^^^1* ), in law, usually the 
species of ray occasionally captured on *^^^^^^ disposition of real estate by 
the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Amer- will, but also sometimes apolied to any 
ica. and much dreaded by divers, whom gift by will, whether of real or personal 
they are said to devour after enveloping estate. 

them in their vast wings. During gales DeVlZeS {^^^'^^)t & town in Eng- 
of wind or from strong currents these ^^^ x^^b land, county of Wilts, finenr 
immense fish are driven into shoal water, situated on a commanding eminence, 82 
and being unable to extricate themselves, miles west by south of London. The 
fall an easy prey to the vip^ilance of the name is derived from the Latin diviam 
fisherman, who obtain considerable quan- terrw, ('divided lands'), because the an- 
titles of oil from their livers. eient castle of Devizes was built at the 

TiAiriVa AHirAPafA See AdvocatUM meeting-place of three different manors. 
o/evii B Auvuuiibc. D^i^Qii^ Agricultural engines and implements are 

TiAiril'a Dif the common name of made, and malting is earned on. Pop. 
1/evil B JJll., a species of scabious (1911) 6741. 

(ScahiCaa aucciaa), nat. order Dipsaces. Devon Devonbhibe (dev'un-sh^r), a 
It has heads of blue flowers nearly •*'*''' ^"> maritime county in the s. w. 
globular, and a fleshy root, which is, as it of England, its northern coast being on 
were, cut off abrupUy. See Scabious. the Bristol Channel and its southern on 
Devil's Bridge (Teufelsbrucke), a the English Channel; area, 2586 square 
a/«;vix 9 xvAxugv bridge in Switzer- miles, the county being the third largest 
land built over the Reuss, from mountain of England. From Exeter to the confines 
to mountain, on the road over St. Gothard. of Cornwall extends the wide and barren 
DeviFs Coach Horse. S^e Kow tract called Dartmoor; but the vale of 
mm^ V M » wvMVAA AAVA w. Beetles, Kxeter, comprising from 120,000 to 130,- 
DAiril'a Tfilaviii & small rocky island 000 acres, and the south extremity of 
o/cvii B XBiaiiUy ^jjj French Guiana, the county called South Hams, limited bv 
Here Dreyfuss (q. v.) was confined. a line drawn from Torbay to Plymouth 

Devil's Lake ^ ^^^^^ county seat of ^ound, are among the most fertile dis- 
tT Jr , Ramsey Co» North tricts of England. Tin, lead, iron, copper, 

Dakota, 90 miles w. of Grand Forks, on manganese, granite and the clay used by 
a lake of the same name. It has cream- potters and pipemakers are the chief min- 
21^1 tor the^iaL^^'P^f 5140. ^^""^ products. The geological formation 

Devil's Punchbowl, fpelinV^near developed that the °tlrm Devonian has 

the Lakes of Killamey, between 2000 and tp 8om« extent become its synonym. 

3000 feet above the sea. Agriculture is in a somewhat backward 

Devil's Wall ^° t^^ south of Ger- state, owing, probably, to the general pref- 

^VTAX 9 waxAy many, a structure erence given to dairy husbandry, for 

which was originally a Roman rampart, which the extent and richness of its grass 

intended to protect the Roman settlements lands make the county most suitable, 

on the left bank of the Danube and on Wheat, barley, beans, peas »nd potatoes 

tiie right bank of the Rhine, against are the principal crops. About three- 

the inroads of the Teutonic aud other fourths of the county are under crops or 



Devonian System d^ ^j^j 

M../*''"^- '^""i '?, * '"'«* *"''• *n **''«■■■ T>>''' Te^e! running tgroaaa In 
nutter, cheeae. and live stock aod the March. 1803, and beinrr extrnwd^to  hnt 

are well known as apecialties of the facaped with thp crfw He t^k Mrt in 
county. Pop. (IQU) ^^,981. the two iittaeka on Kort FT/be^f^nd 

Devonian Svstem (de-vS'ni-anl. in <;"iitimiwi m lictive aorvire after the war. 
L „ ojsicm g^i ^ „^g being made capUln in 1884. In 188B he" 

orijinally M»en to rocks o( Devonshire ^^' '^"^ to Sojimand the aagahlp 
and Cornwall, intermediate between the if."*'"'''"' Kuropean squadron, and in 
Bilunan and Carboniferous strata and J,***" ""' appointed Chief of Bnreau of 
eonsistiDg of sandstonea of different colors, *Jli"ipnient and Recruitins. with the raok 
railcarpous slates and limtatones, etc, ?' 'i,'!!5™'>^<"'e- Commiaaioned commodore 
They are divided into lower, middle and '" ^^^- ^' ""■ pUced in 1898 in i-om- 
iipper groups, all containing fossils, buf "and of the Asiatic squadron, and on 
the middle most abounding in them in- "'"? l.„atter the declaration of war 
eluding eorals, crinoida, cruntaceans mol- fl*""'."* Spain, fought the Battle of Man- 
lusoa (especially brachiopoda | , and'cenh- 'i*' "''"'"'"« the forts and destroying the 
alopoda. DeronUu rocka ocpudv a ''P»''ia'' neet, without the loss to himself 
large area in Central Europe, as well as "' " -'""' '?■' ^*"P- On May 11. Congreas 
in the Loited State*. Eastern Canada """"J '"">"»!? adopted a resolution of 
and Nova Scotia. The term haa been "'""''"■ Branted him a sword of honor 
often used ss equivalent to Old Red Sand- "S" P'*"^"! him on the active list aa rear- 
Mone, admiral. On Aiipmt 13. he. in conjnnc- 

DfvmittTiira Victor rHni>.T..B J."''"''"' <^'''iP"l ^I*rriit, attacked Man- 
yeVOnShire, >^;^T',b Cwn^^T an ila, reduced It and took po««,ion. In 
»th DUKK or (1868- 1 Oovernnr Pon *',*''"'"•.' J ■, ■'=^''. "e, was given tne ran* 
ersi of Cannda frSnri9ia He was if.nn" «™f'°"5'..'"r'""?^ ^™e ""ly by Far- 
ber of I'arliament fmm IftSl tT 10^' ^* "'^ ^-?"^^' "« ^*«^ -f"- ^^ 1^7. 
financial aeov. to the Trenaury. lOai-IK DeWeV '"'."i'' "? American psychol- 
Tl*vnno1>iiu _ _ ' — .. ogiai and educator, bom in 

iievonsmre. Set Devon. Burlington, Vermont, October 20. 1859. 

Dew fd**) " a deposition of water from H^, »'"?.'*'' ?? ^^S ^'".'Jp™"? "f Vermont 
■"'=** the atmosphere upon the surface ?°,'!, ^S'"'* I'optms Unijersity, and haa 
of the earth in the form of minute ""ir -^ PosiHon of profe«or of philoa- 
globulea. The earth absorbs heat during ?F- * '°. '*'?. Umversities of .Michinn, 
the day ; at aunaet its sbpdIt is cut off Minnesota. t^Iumbia and Chicago. HU 
but the radiation continues flmm ar,A Puhliahed works include I'lvchotoeu 
foliage, being radiX™.;, therr heat "886'. Si„d„ o/ £:tAi^. (I8ft4t: Scil "/ 
and the moisttire of the atmosphere is tou- %l^ '^''"A%^{^^^ • .'""''"• " '^l^"' 
densed by conUct therewith. See Ueuj. ^ "^'"'f dwd). He is generally consid- 
poinl. '■'^ aH the pioneer of the pragmatic 

Oewas i^^'T'^'X- » a"te of Central E;'"''''^°t "> ,5if.K*- v - , 

..,."<""■ P'>P- 142,162. Itscapi- DewbeiTy '■"**'*"; "*,«• catia,). 
tal, of the same name, has a pop at . .. . ^° edible fruit belonging 

15,000. "^ fo 'he order Rosaces, and to the same 

D« Wet Chbibtiah Rm>OLF, bom in r°v* *" ',*•* bramble. The American 
, ,"'18M. was the chief ^omm^nd- <''-?^-t>'"y ('^'•«' Canoden*;.) derive, 
ant of the Orange Free Stale armv dur- ,? ,""">*' '""^ the dew-like bluish bloom 
ing the Boer War {1899-1902). In this J^"<^\ '^^t"',.*'!? '''"J.'- ^' abounds In 
long-drawn-out contest he distinguished "'''■. atony helds from Canada to Virginia, 
himself by great ability and daring '"/ running plant, which bears a Urger 
Though many efforts were made to can- an" sweeter berry than the common 
ture Tiim. he always succeeded in out^ S^^'^'il^l'l'T- •, 

wittinu his pursuers. General Roberts De Witt, iVn' Fand-pensionary o( 
and Kitchener, and at the end of the war . Holland, celebrated aa  

was still at large. His book. Three Yeart B'atesman and for his tragic end. was 
of War, was published in IWC {5" ^"^ "' ■'"'*'' ^^ ^'tt, bunromaster -' 



took „n in torcta. ,i, Mi.,„w friint'Ki;"!^? adS'te SpiS 



Sew-point Dholka 

Netherlands and involved. Holland in rotate to the left, arc called Iwvo-com- 
war. De Witt's popularity, already on pounds, 

the decline, suffered still further in the DextrOSe (deks'trds), a name for 
troubles thus occasioned, and he felt it ^-^w-^voc grape-sugar (which see), 
necessary to resign his office of grand- T)ay (d&), a title formerly assumed by 
pensionary. At this time his brother "^^J the rulers (under the Tm^isb 
Cornelius, who had been tried and put to Sultan) of Algiers, Tripoli and Tunis. 

torture for conspiring against the life of DAgrfnl (Asm'fRU Sp*» m-'ful 
the young Prince of Orange, lay in prison. -^^ZIUl (desfOi). bee i^u/tti. 

Jan de Witt went to visit him, when a Dholajr (dh4-lftk'), an archipelago of 
tumult suddenly arose among the people, •*'**•■****'*' the Red Sea, off the coast 
and both brothers we^e murdered, Aiv- of Abyssinia. It consists of nearly 100 
ust 20, 1672. De Witt was a man ot rocks and islets, mostly uninhabited, 
high character, simple and modest in all clustering round the island of Dhalak el- 
his relations. Kebir, which is about 35 miles long by 

DeW-noint ^^^ temperature at which 30 broad. This island possesses a pearl- 

" > condensation of the vapor fishery, 
in the air takes place. When the T)l|or (dh^r). a small native state in 
temperature of the air has been reduced *'^*' Central India, with an area of 
by radiation to the dew-point, dew is about 1740 square miles. The soil is fer- 
deposited and an amount of heat set free tile, and yields wheat, rice, opiifm, etc 
which raises the temperature of the air. Pop. (1901) 142^115. The capital is of 
Thus the dew-point will indicate what the same name, is surrounded by a mud 
the minimum temperature of the night is wall, and has some striking buildings, 
likely to be, a knowledge of which is Pop. (1901) 17,792. 
useful to the horticulturist. DliflrATicronTi (d&r-an'ga-on), a town 

Dpwflhnrv (dflz'b*r-i), a town of -■^ii»^»^5»"^ of Hindustan, in 
i/cwBUUijr England, in the West Khandesh district, Bombay. Pop. 14,000. 
Riding of Yorkshire, and 30 miles south- DViQraiiiirom (<l&i*-a-pu'ram), a town 
west of the town of York, chiefly engaged f**«** «*!'***«•"* of Hindustan, Coim- 
in the manufacture of heavy woolen batore district, Madras. Pop. 80()0. 
cloths, including blankets, carpets, rugs, THiarmlrnf (dftrm'kot), a town of In- 
flannels, baizes, etc. Pop. (1911) 53,- -»^*1»*^^*^"«' dia, in Firozpur district, 
358. Punjab. Pop. 6000. 

Dexter (^eks't^r),, a VI 7 Dharmsala y*"""*'*?;!.*)' .» ^*" «**- 

*'"*'* term meaning ****«***»*«»«• ^^^^ ^^j military can- 
tonments, in Kangra district, Punjab, 
India. Pop. 6971. 

"nTiorarQi* (dilr-wftr'), the chief town 
■*'*^*'^^** of Dharwar district, in the 

upper corner of the "*^v^^ Bombay Presidency, Hindustan, a strag- 

shield, being in the dexter a. Dexter chief gling place with some trade. There is a 

extremity of the chief. point. fort well planned and strongly situated. 

Dextrine (deks'trin ; CeHioOs) , the but now falling into ruins, and military 

soluble or gummy matter cantonments at 2 miles' distance. Pop. 

into which starch can be converted by 31,279.. The Dharwar . district has an 

the action of dilute acids or malt extract, area of 4535 square miles; pop. (1901) 

or by heat. It is remarkable for the ex- 1,113,298. 

tent to which it turns the plane of l)liAle (<1<^0« the Cingalese name for 

polarization to the right hand, whence ■*''"*'*^ the wild dog of India {Cyon 

its name. Its composition is the same as dukhuetms). It is distinguished from 

that of starch. By the action of hot the genus Cants, or dog proper, by its 

diluted acids dextrine is finally con- having one molar fewer in either side of 

verted into grape-sugar. It is white, the lower jaw. It is of a fox-red or 

insipid, and without smell. It is a rufous-fawn color, in size between a wolf 

good substitute for gum-arabic in med- and a jackal, and hunts always in packs, 

icine. Dholera ^<ih6-lfl'ro). a seaport of 

DextrO-GomDOnnds (deks'tr6),bod- -^^^^^'^^ Hindustan, Bombay Prea- 

AT^AUAv %/ vAuj^v lAM^Ao ies which cause idency, one of the chief cotton-marts in 

the plane of a ray of polarized light to the Gulf of Cambay. I»op. about 10.- 

rotate to the right. Dextrine itself, dex- 000. 

troglucose, tartaric acid, malic acid, cin- Dholkfl. (^•^I'^^a), a town of Hindu- 

chonine, and many other bodies have this *'**v*'«*^"' gtan, Bombay Presidency, 

property; while others, which have the probably one of the oldest towns » 

opposite effect, of causing te plane to Gujarat Pop. about 15,000. 



pn the right-hand side, 
chiefly used in heraldry. 
The dexter chief point is 
a point in the right-hand 



Dholpnr Diagonal Scale 

Ttliiiltmi' <dOI'pBr), a dkUtp atate of of 8 or 10 per cent, and Id Bome caaea 
VaOXpUI feenftal indift, Rajputina; mow. 

J o( Hindu. ^iao«re» tain group of tha Bemeae 

ID, Kbandesh dUbict. Bom- Alp*, Switzerland, between Caotou Vand 

bay PreaideDcjp. Pop. about 25.000. and Canton Valais. The hifheat peak 

nhnrrfl DoCKAa (du'ra). Eaat Indi- has a heigbt of 10,620 feet 
xtuuiiTx, ^ „,mg(^ fljg gjgd gi g^. ■n-ananatina (dl-a-kfta' tiki). Bea 
gkum vulgire, lai^ly »rown in India and maoauBHOS ^atutio (in optica), 
after wheat the diief cereal crop of the TtiarliTlnn (<l>-alc'i-l<Hi) , a labatanc* 
Mediterranean region, being largely used *'»»*'"/**'»* iirepared ajf heating to- 
In thoae countries by the laboring claaaes gether oxide of lead or litharge, olive^il 
for food. Varieties are grown in many gnd water, until the combination la com- 
pare of Africa, one of them known u piete, and replacing t^e water aa it 
Kaffir com. It doei not make good bread, evaporates. It la oaed Mr curing nkara 
butii ejcellent for poddinga and is pre- ^ ia the baala of man* plaateia. 
pared for food in varioua ways. Tlie 5." j.^^ lUt * vi j^ iikt\ th* 

plant ia doaely allied to the eugar cane DlaCOUStlCS <^^y^^' or toctriie of 
and la culttvated in the United Itate. aa ^„„^^ ^, ^^^ .« r^r^ bj^li^ 

in&bMt ^ fin^^ned. crystal- Diadclplua '^^[t^^lkJ^ tS*K 

hD*.™ular.ro^. geveoteenth claaa of plant., dUtingnialted 

Diabetes <J£?,^^'^^t ^S^r'ablJ by having their atamena united in two 
aymptoma are: a great Increase in th« i??'!'?' by their tlameata. 
quantity of urine, a yoradous appetite. Diadem, '^I', ^S'' Jf«l?f " 
a atoppage of the cutaneous persprration. „,.,_.„„ .""^f* ,?'.,"//'«'«■ . 



?bra'nSa^iairo^n.'=''rd™g^a^"iSu'^a; originally a head-band of flilat m^K of 
debility. In true diabetes (-Mobelei "1^, linen, or wool, worn round the 
meltttui) the composition o( the urine ia tempiea and forehead, the enda being tied 
also greatly affected, an abundance of behind and let falf on the neck, u seen 
saccharine matter (diabetic sugar) being In old repreBentations of the diadem of 
found lo it This dtaease usually attacks the Indian Baochua. Subsequently it was 
penons of a debilitated conatitution and usually set with pearls and other pnv 
often without any obvious cause. Tea. cious atones. The term is also uaed as 
coffee, dry wines, spirito and bitter ale equivalent to crown or coronet 
may be drunk. Milk should be taken only DlBBteSlS (^l-6re^is) a separation 
sparingly. The disease is esaontially a , ^ °' °°\ syllable into two: 

chronic one, though it may quickly end ""o *•>« ni"k ( ■• ^ -»■■.■•• -i- 

in death. Research and eiperiment in » aecond Towel li 
the Rockefeller Inatihite of Medical Re- » Ofr«at 

"" " ll ^ ^ 

_ _tc., In"^ which Ihe^objecla i..., 

ment of eiceea deitroae, a form of sugar, sunk into the general surface, 
in tLe bloocl. Among the drugs employed DiaCHOSis fdl-ag-nO'aiBl, in medicine 
by phyincians in attempts to combat the "B"*""*!" y,e aijcrimination of dia- 
disease are bromides and salicylates, arse- eases by their distinetlTe marha or 
nic and opium. Some success has been symptoms; the discovery of the tme na- 
achieved by reducing the diet to a mini- tore and seat of a diseaae. 
mum and Htarving out the disease. Cai- D{a?onfil (dl-ag'o-nal). in geometry. 
bohydratoN or foods containing starch are ••B""*" g iiralght line drawn he- 
eliminated from the patient's diet and a tween the oppoaite angles of a qnadri- 
normal supply of fata and proteins alone lateral figure. 

is allowed. Diaeaees of the lungs are apt DlBf ann.1 Rpftip a measuring aeale 
to attack a diabetic pei^on and most be ■»'^«HS""tt* Ot-KW:, ^^ich consbta of 
carefully guarded against. Consult AI- a set of parallel lines drawn on a niler 
len'a Olvcoiuria and Diabetes. with lines crossing them at right angles 

Diabetic Suear <'ll-a-bet'ik), the and at etrual disUnces. One of these 
.w»ut.vi«, HugM g^^^ prindple of 'equal division*, namely, that at the 
diabetic urine. It is Identicar with «tremlty of the ruler, is subdiBided Int" 
starch-sugar, grape-eogar. etc. It ia not " namber of equal parts, and lln*s an> 
a constituent of normal urine, but in drawn through ths points of division 
dtabetea It may be pieaent to the amoDnt ooliquely acroaa the parallela. Wltli tb« 



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Sii^ras Dialysis 

help of the compasses such a scale medium of intercourse between well- 
facilitates the laying down of lines of educated people. Although the use of 

proyincial dialects becomes inconveniient 
after a language has acquired a fixed 
literary standard, the study of such 
dialects is always valuable to the philol- 
ogist for the light they throw on the 
history of the language. The diffusion of 
education and of printed books has much 
relaxed the hold which the provincial dia- 
DwKonal Scale ^^^ ^^ various countries once had of the 

^^ people, and in general it may be said that 

any required length to the 200th part of the educated classes of any country now 
an inch. speak each of them a uniform language. 

DiflfOraS (dl-ag'o-ras), an ancient BialCCtiCS (dl-a-lek't iks), the old 
^in^uiitB Qj.g^j^ p^^ ^^^ philos- •*'*«**^^«'**'» name of logic, or the art 

opher, who flourished about 425 b.c. He of reasoning, but used in Kant's philoso- 
spent a great part of his life in Athens. pl>y to mean the logic of appearance, or 
Uke his teacher Democritus, he attacked that logic which treats oi inevitable 
the prevailing polytheism, and sought to tendencies towards error and illusion in 
substitute the active powers of nature the very nature of reason, 
for the divinities of the Greeks. On this Dialla&re (dl'al-ftj)f a silico-magnesian 
account he had to leave Athens. ••**••&** mineral of a lamellar or 

Difumi.Tn (dl'a-gram), a figure or foliated structure. Its subspecies are 
a#jAgj.aiu geometrical delineation ap- green diallage, hypersthene and broncite. 
plied to the illustration or solution of The metalloidal subspecies is called 
geometrical problems, or any illustrative schillerstein. or schillerspar. It forms 
figure in which outlines are chiefly pre- diallage rock, and enters into serpentine, 
sented, and the details more or less Dialllnfir (dl'&l-^ng), the art of mak- 
omitted. -#^*«*»****s ^^ sun-dials; also the art 

TMftl (dl'al), or Sttn-dial, an instru- and practice of mine-surveying in which 
*^^^^ ment for showing the hour of the the theodolite, magnetic needle, etc, are 
day from the shadow thrown while the employed. ^ 

sun is shining by a stile or gnomon upon SifllofiTUe (dia-log), a conversation 
a graduated surface. This instrument *'*«*^&»*^ or discourse between two 
was known in the earliest times by or more persons. The word is used 
the Egyptians, Chaldeans and Hebrews, more particularly for a formal conversa- 
From tiiose eastern nations it came to tion in theatrical performances, and for 
the Greeks. It was introduced into Rome a written conversation or composition in 
during the first Punic war. Dials are of which two or more persons carry on a 
various construction, horizontal, inclined, discourse. This form was much in favor 
or upright, the principle in every case among the ancient philosophers as a 
being to show the sun's distance from the medium for expressing their thoughts on 
meridian by means of the shadow cast by subjects. The Dialogues of Plato are the 
the stile or gnomon. The stile is made finest example. Many of the great French 
parallel with the earth's axis, and may and Italian writers have used this form. 
be considered as coinciding with the axis Landor's Imaginary Conversations is the 
of the diurnal rotation. Consequently best production of this kind in English, 
as the sun moves westwards the shadow Diitlvsis (<^^"*^1'^"^*)» the separation 
of the stile moves round in the opposite ^ of the crystalloid con- 

direction, falling on the meridian lines stituent elements of a mixture from the 
so marked as to represent the hours of coUoid, the former being bodies which dif- 
the day. The dial of course gives solar fuse readily, such as sugar, salt, bichro- 
time, which, except on four days of the mate of potassium, etc. ; the latter bodies 
year, is slightly mfferent from that of a which diffuse with difficulty or not at all, 
well-regulated clock. Dials are now bodies resembling glue or gelatin, such 
rather articles of curiosity or ornament as gum, starch, caramel, albumen, the 
than of use. ordinary constituents of food, etc., etc. 

Dialefit (dl'a-lekt), the language of a The dialysis is affected by pouring a 
ATxiMvvif p^^ ^^ ^ country, or a dis- mixed solution of crystalloid and colloid 
tant colony, deviating either in its gram- on a sheet of parchment paper stretched 
mar, vocabulary, or pronunciation, from over a wood or gutta-percha hoop, having 
the language of that part of the com- its edges well drawn up, and confined 
mon country whose idiom has been bv an outer rim. The parchment is 
adopted as the literary language, and the allowed to float on a basin of water. 



Diami^etic Diamond 

In a short tiiar all Ihe crystalloid bodin colorleBs, perfect); clear, and pellDcid. 

will bave paesPd thruiiKh the membraii- Such are said to be of ibe finest valrr. 

uus senium into Ibe pure water, while But diamonclH arp often blue, piok, fiyen. 

the oolloid matter will remain sItdohC or .vellow, and surh are bishl^ privd 

entirely in the dialyzer. \f of a decided and enual tint tbronsh- 

TKumnfmatir (d l-a-maK-ne t'ik). a out. The hardneai ol the diamond ia 

j/Miuogucbii. jpj.^j applied to aub- such that nothing will icratch it, not 

■tancea which, when under the inflnance can it be cut bat b; itself. The tbIuc 

of magnetism and freely suspeuded, take of a diamond is much enhanced by cnttinf 

a position at riibt angles to the masoetic facets upon it Inclined at certain anclea 

meridian, that ia, point ea«t and west, to each other so as to produce the greatest 

h'rom the experiments of Faraday it ap- possible play of color ani. luster. What 

pears that all matter is subject to the ia called the brillianl cut best brings out 

magnetic force as uuiversally as it is to the beauty of the stone. Its upper or 

the gravitating force, arranging itself into principal face is octagonal. suiTounded 

two freat divisions. Ibe paramaf/netio by many facets. But this form of cutting 

and diamaanetic. Among the former are requires an originally well-shaped stone, 

iron, nickel, cobalt, platfoum, palladium. For other diamonds the roic cut is 

titanium, and a few other substances; used. In tbU form six triangles are 

and among the latter are bismuth, cut on the top so that their apices meet 

antimony, cadmium, copper, gold, lead, in a point called [he suinmit. Round 

mercury, silver, tin, linc and most solid, this are disposed other facets. Stones 

liquid and gaseous substances. When a which are too thin to cut as rose-dia- 

faramagnetlc substance is suspended monda are cut as labfe-diamonds. which 

reely between the poles of a powerful have a very slight play of color. In the 



horseshoe magnet it points in a line from cut Fig. 1 is the diamond in its ruagb 
one pule to the other, which Faraday state ; Fig. 2 is the vertical, and Fig. 3 
tirms the amal tine. On the other baud, the lateral appearance of a brilliaot : F^g. 




when a diagoagnetic substance i- — 
pended in the same manner it is repelled 
alike hy both poles, aad aasutnes an 
ei|uuturiat direction, or a direction at 
right uuglea to the aiial line. It baa 
been suppoaed that the dia magnetic 
phenomena are a resalt of tbe superior 
magnetic force of the oxygen erf the 
atmosphere. 

Diamantina <„f ■B?S»S"tk; *°aT.° 

mond district in the province of Minas 

Geraes, the inhabitants of which are al- 4 the vertical, and Fig. 5 the lateral ap- 

moat all engaged in the gold and diamond pearance of a rose-cut diamond ; in Pig. 

?rade. Pop. 17.080. (i tbe flat portion a in a cut atooe l« 

TlianiAtAi* (dI-amVt«r), tbe straight called the fable: the part abb, which 

,1/uuucici ]j^g drawn through the projects from the setting, is the frvitl, 

center of a circle, and touching the two the part b b c, sunk in the setting, is the 

e opposite poinlH of the cir- back or culaue, while the line b b is thr 

cumference. It thus divides girdle. The art of cutting and polishing 

the circle into two equal the diamond was unknown in Europe till 

parts, and is the greatest the fifteenth century, and tbe stone itself 

chord. Tbe length of the was not nearly so highly valued in th>- 

diameter is to the length of middle ages as tbe ruby. Diamonds are 

,^ _. the circumference of the cir- valuable for many purposea Their 

"™'^- cle as 1 to 3.14159265. . . . powder is the best for the lapidary, and 

the latter number being an interminable they are used for jeweling watches, as 

dei-imal. lenses for microscopes, and tn tbe cutting 

niamnnil <dra-mond), the hardest of window and plate glass. When used 

Jliamona ,„j ^^^ ^i ,j,g n,„g, ^^i,,. ^g ^ glailer's tool the diamond mast be 

able of gems, and tbe purest form m uncut. Jnfprior kinds of diamonds are 



which the element carbon is found. (See also extensively nsed by engin 
Carbon.) It crystalliEes in forms be- rock-boring (see Boring), and by copper- 
longing to tbe regular or cubic system, plate engravers as etcbing-pointa. Dia- 



the most common being tbe regular monds are obtained fron. allnvial deposits 
wtabedron and rhombic dodecahedron (sands, clays, etc.), being separated by 
(twelve faces). The finest diamonds are washing. They are found in India. 



Diamond Oianthus 

Borneo, and other parts nf the EuHt; cpnt mnna, bow, arrawx ami quiver 

sometiineH iu N. America and Australia; The name w a feminine form i.( Judus 

bjit the cbn-t .liamoiirt fields of to-day are She MeemN to have been criminally rhe 

BraBll uu<l Lape *«l"iiy. the center «f patron clivinity of thu Sabinox and 

the latter beme Kimbcrley hi (iriquu 

Lamt Vi\it. DiflDKiiidx were Brut dls- 

ciivere<l in the latter in 1867, biit since 

tlien the uiitimt has umountiMl to uver 

1200,000.000 in value. One uf the largest 

diamonilx known (weight 367 carata) 

wait found in Borneo about a century 

BKo. and brlonga to the Rajah of Mattan. 

One «f the mmtt celcbrnteil Is the Koh-i- 

nimr (Moiintain of Light), belnneinK to 

the BritlKh crown. It weinhed oneinuUv 

nearly 800 ciirats, but by Hubiieijucnt re- 

euttlnin hoH bnen reduced to lat^ carats. 

Tlie Oriiilf diamond, belonging to the 

I']m|)eror nf Rutuiia, weighs lOS carats; 

the I'itt diamond, amoiiK the French 

erown jewels, ]36i^. The former, which 

came from In<lia, has been thnuttht to 

have originally formed pnrt of the Koh- 

; _. — m.._ [ifiKpgt Brazilian 

-.-., — H4 carats anil was 

I brilliant of 125. Some of the 
Xnuth African diamon<lH are also verj 
large, one being found in 1803 weighing 

071 coratfl. or nearly half a pound. More OiAna. — Antique siitue in the Louvre 

recently a much larger one has been 

fouiul, weighing 3034 carnta. Thin has , _. m. _ t- ,  „ . 

been cut into eleven pieees. the largest. 1^"™"- Sho was wnrshipwl especially by 
n ilro|i brillinnt, weighing Slfi'A carntH. ?'!""'" H" P^^i'l'iK "ver bmhs, no man 
This, ealle.! the Star of Soutfi Africa, 'T'"!?"""'^ *" "'"" ^^ ''■■""'''■■ ^''' 
has been iilaeeil in King George's Bcepter, ^™'''"' 

and another, of ,tO» 3-16 carats, in his Diaiia-mOllkey i)jonn) a Bi>eci™ of 
Wfttnftnfl in technical language, ia the montfr, f-"""! in Africa, and ™ n»me.l 
IJiamOna, rhombold-that is. a oua-l- J""J, ^Y ""^"t"''"""' band on the 
ranglo with equal sides an<l two obtuse ^n-head resembling the cn-scent moon, 
angles which was the symbol of Diana. 

Diamond-lieetle, the EuHmu, ;«- Diana of Poitiers, vaienHVou 

e„Ieopten,u« insect belonging to the family ^T" '" ^*^„ She was the mistress of 
Ciirculionidie or weevils King Henry II uf prance and descenneil 

Tii^-^^^J .l-Jll a' D  *""" f'e noble family of Poitiers, in 

JJlaiUOna-dnll. see Bonng. Dauphiny. At nn early age she raarrieii 

_, ■• »» 1 „ ,„«. „„ ,1,0 t*"' nrnnd-seiiescliul of Normandy, Louis 

Diamond Harbor, tfX„t°''„f X ^» »■;»*■ lT™V" ''.t'lwr^'^'fTh; 

Hugli River, about 38 miles by the rail- "" irnukc of Orieuns oS his ««lso^ 
way from Calcutta, formeriy much used J"' K t| mne in IJm 
as an anchorage for ships waiting for X«;;„%^^^-^S,\";; "bs"Zte empiiJ 
""■ ™^- . over him rill hi« death in l.'i5». After 

Diamond Necklace, "" ^'°" ?' that event she retired to her castle of 

' some note in Anet, where she died in ISAIl. 
French history immediately preceding the jv; a  ( dl-an'dri-a ), the second 
Revolution. See Auto,«ette. Mane; La l^ianttna ^,^^ j^ ^^^ Linna-nn sys- 
ilottr; and Itohan, Jjoutt tem. comprehending all genera with Roweni 

DifLTIfl. ('ll-an'a). in mythology, an an- having only two stamens, provideil the 
* cient Italinn goildess whom the stamens are neither united at their base. 

Romans latterly identiRed with the nor combinol with the st.vie and stigma. 
Oreelt ArtCmis. with whom she had vari- nor separated from the pistil. 
ouH attributes in common, lieiiig the Djantlllis (dl-an'thiis), the genus of 
virgin goddess of the moon nn.l of the ■"ia"l'""» flowers to which the pink 
ehase. and having ns nttributes the cres- belongs. 



i 



Diapason Diatomaoefle 

DiaDESOn (dl-B-pa'mn), in mufic, the cure, mild pnrfativM gtvea in imall dowa 
»f >«wu coDCord of the first and lait and accompanied by quantitlea of mild 
notes of aa exclave. The word ia also dUuenta beinR frequentl; BacceufuL 
uied (or the most imporuiDt loundatlon- Caator-oll, rhuBarb and magoeiia are tlie 
stopa of an organ. They are of several matt generally applicable. The food 
kindl, as open iiapaton, ttopped diapatoit, should be of the least stimulating kind. 
doublt diapaton. The French use the TKaBtase (^'>B-t&B), a subitance ce- 
term as equivalent lo pitch in music. ^/i-aatiaov jgting in barley, oats and 
Sianer (dl'B-pti). a kind of textile potatoes, but only after germination. 
1^ fabric mach used for towel* When In eolutioD it poweuei the prop- 
and napkina, and formed either of linen erty of causing fecula or starch to broak 
or cotton, or a mixture of the two, upon np at the temperature of 1E}0° Fabr„ 
iue surface of which a flowered or fig- transforming it first Into deitrine and 
ured pattern is produced by a peculiar then into sugar. It ia obtained by di- 
mode of twilling. — As a term in orna- gestlug in a mixture of three parts of 
mentation diaper ia applied to a surface water and one of alcobol, at a temper- 
covered with a flowered pattern sculp- ature of 113° Fahr., » certain ouantit* of 
tured in low relief, or to a similar pattern germinated barley ground and dried in 
in painting or gilding covering a panel or the open air, and then putting tbe whole 
Bat Burface. under presBure and filtering it. Diastase 

TlinnlinrAHpfl <dT-a-f o-re t'iks) are is solid, wbite and soluble In water and 
l/Ul|lllure(,lLn g^pm, ^^ i^ medical diluted alcohol, but insoluble in strong 
practice for producing a greater degree of alcohol. 

perspiration than is natural, but less than TKatTi»rmnnr>Tr (^ ''>'t k er'man-si), 
in sweating. The Turkish bath and a ■l'iB''"^T""«'Ul,y y,^ property that la 
large part of bydropatlilc treatment, dil- poBsCBsed in various degrees by diSerent 
aent drinks, etc., are employed for tbis Bubetances of tratunnitting ra<uant heat. 

RurpOBP. Diaphoretics increase only the Bodies that nre equally transparent, that 
ispnaible pen pi ration, while audorifica is, bodies wliich liuve equal power of 
excite the sensible discharge called aweat. transmitting rays of light, are very dif- 
TKonfiT^trm (dl'a-fram), in anatomy, ferent in their power of transmitting beat 
MiH^uxngiu ^ mustular membrane rays. Thua a thin plate of glaas and a 
nlared transverBely in the trunk, and di- thin plate of rock-salt may be nearly 
viding tbe chest from the at>doaiinai cav- equally transparent, but the plate of rock- 
ity. In its natural situation the dia- salt has far superior power of transmit- 
pbragm la convex on the upper side and ting rays of heal The latter, it has 
concave on its lower, but wbea the lungs been found, allows 32 per cent, of tha 
are filled with air it becomes almost Bat. total heat from any source to pass ; glass 
It is tbe priudpal agent in respiration, only 39 per cent from a lamp Bame, 24 
particularly in inspiration. A completB per cent, from incandescent platinum, etc. 
diaphragm is found only in Mammalia. Kock-salt is the only body equally dia- 
TM.-t,.1rir (d^Br-bek'r). a town of thermaoouB to heat from all Bourcea. The 
■"*** wcfcii Asiatic Turkey, capital of diathermancy of the plates in every case 
the pashallc of same name, on a high decreases very rapidly aa their thickness 
bank overlooking tbe Tigrla, and sur- Is Increased. 

rounded by a lofty, maasive wall It has lliatliesis (dl-ttb'e-sis). In medldne, 
manufactures of iron and copper ware, ■*'*»''"'i"" ^ certain general bsblt or 
leather, silk, woolen and cotton goods, constitution of body aa predisposing to 
and a conuderable trade. Pop. about certain diseaseB. 

36.000. Diafnniaritifv (dl-a-to-ma'se-e), a nat. 
lliarrlirPA (dI-«-rt*a), a very common ^MWUMf^KK ^^^^ ^j confervold 
^iniiliWM disease, which consists in aigB, consisting of microscopic plants 
an increased discharge from tbe alimen- found in fresh, brackish and salt water. 
tary canal, the evacaationa tieing but lit- and on moist plants and damp gronnd. 
tie affected, except in tbeir aasuming a The frond secretes a very large quantity 
more liquid consistence. They are geuer- of silei, wbicb Is formed In each cell Into 
ally preceded or accompanied by flatu- three portions, vit., two generally aym- 
lence and a gripping pain in the bowels, metrical valves and a connecting hoop, 
and frequently by arckness. Diarrhoea ia Tbe species consist of single free cells, or 
often produced by indigestible food, re- tbe celts remain attacbeo so as to form 
pletlon of tbe stomach, cold applied to linear, flabelliform. circular, or geniculate 
the surface of the body, impressions on fronds, or In some cases the cells or 
the nervous system. It is often also a frustulea are enclosed in a transparent, 
symptom of some other disease. In Its gelatinous sheath or frond. "^ " 



DicKens -^ jMokiiuon 

miHu Faperi of the Pickteick Chib this HouM came ont A ChiU't HUtort 

vork was publisbed in two vnls. Svo. in of England, cotDmeoced in HoKteliold 

1S37. In tbe same year Dickens waa Wordt, was xUthedin 1852-54. Hard 

eogaged as editor of Bentleu't Uagatiae, Timet appearra in HoutetioU Word*, 

to whioh he tnnlribiitiKl Oliver TiciX, a and was pubJishpit ir 1K>4. /gillie Dorril, 

work which oprned up that vein of pbil- iittntni'iii^ in 1S56, deait with Imprison- 

aaChropic palhus and imlignaat satire meol for debt, the contrasts of character 

o( inBtitutinaa whic'h became a dielin* developt^ by wealth and poverty, and 

KuishinK feature of bis worliB. Before executive imbecility, idealized in tbe 

tbe completion of Oliier Ticiat, NichoUu Circumloculion OgioB. In 1859, in con- 

XickUbv was begun, being issued com- sequence of a disagreemeat with bia pub- 

plete Id 1839. As tbe special object of lishera, All the Year Round superseded 

fitiver Twiit was to expose tbe conduct Hoaieliold Word*; aod in the first num- 

□f workhouses, that of Nicholat Nickleby ber of this periodical, Maf 28, waa 

was to dvuounce the maaagement of begun A Tale of Tico Cities. Oreal 

cbeap bunrding-schools. Master Hum- Expectations followed in the same pa- 

phrev'» Clock, issued in weekly numbers, per, beginning December 1, 1860. In All 



contained among other matter two other the Year Round also appeared i 

leading tales. The Old Curiosity Shop of disconnected sketches, called tue un- 

and Bamaby Rudge, tbe latter a bistori- commercial Traveler, published in 1868. 

cat tale, going back to the times of tbe Our Mutual Friend, completed In 1866, 

Gordon riots. It was published complete and published in the usual monthly 

in 1840-41. In 1841 Dickens visited the numbers, with illustrations by Marcns 

United States, and on bis return wrote Stone, was tbe last great serial work 

American f/otet for Ocneral Circulation which Dickens lived to finish. It con- 

(1842). His next novel, Martin Chuizle- talned some studies of characters of a 

tcit (1844), dwfit again on his American breadth and depth unusual with Dick- 

eiperleuces. These worics created great ens, and is distinguished among his 

indignation in the United States by tbe works by its elaborate plot. The Srst 

severity of their satirical criticism. Mar- number of his last work. The Mystery 

tin Chtisilewit added a number of typical of Edicin Drood, was isaued on April 

figures — Mr. Pecksniff, Mark Tapley, 1, 1870, and only three numbers had 

Sarah Gamp and others— to English lit- appeared when he died somewhat sud- 

emture. Tbe series of Christmas Tales denly, at his residence, Gad's Hill Plsce, 

followed, in which a new element of his near Rochester, on June Uth. He had 

genius, tbe power of handling the weird considerably overtaxed bis strength dur- 

macbinery of gbi>stly legend in subordina- ing his later years, more especially by 

tiun to his own peculiar humor, excited a his sucQessive series of public readings 

new sensation of wonder and delight, from bis own worksj one series being de- 

These enumerated consecutively were: livercd in America in 1867-68. He was 

A Christmas Carol (184:!), The Chimes buried in Westminster Abbey. Dicheni' 

(1844), The Cricket on the Hearth work as a novelist is firmly based upon 

(1845), The Battle of Life (1846), The a wide and keen observation of men. It 

Haunted Man and the Ghost's Bargain is true that most of his characters suffer 

(1847). Tbe extraordinary popularity of from being created to eibibit little more 

these tales created for a time a new de- than one trait or quality alone, and thus 

partment in literature, that of the sen- receive an air of grotesqueneaa and ex- 

sational tale for the Christmas season, sggeration which approaches caricature. 

In 1845 Dickens went to Italy, and on But the single trait or quality which 

his return the Daily Jfeuis, established the; embody is ao truly conceived, and 

on January 1, 1846, was Intrusted to bis exhibited with such vitality and hnmor, 

editorial management ; but, despite bis as to place Dickens, in spile of all that 

early training, this was an occupation is grotesque and overstrained in bis 

UDcnnEenial tn bis mind, aod in a few work, among tbe great artists. 

>ntario. New York, in 1846: studied 
iw in Michigan, and practiced in De- 
rolt and Washington. He l>ecame prom- 
nent as a Democratic politician in the 
Ireeley campaign of 1872 and the Til- 
en campaign of 187(1. He was post- 
iBster-general of tbe United Statea, 
3S7-S9. chairman of the Damocratic 



i 



Dickinson College Didactio Poetry 

National Campaign Committee Id 1892, on the priaciple of alphabetical ariaciM- 
■eDior counsel (or the United Statu in ment, gnch as dictionaries of luoiraph/, 
the Fur Seal Arbitration of 189S-9T, and law, muaic, medicine, etc Amonf die- 
metnber of the Court of Arbitration In tionariea of the English languafe, the 
the controveniT betveeo the United earliest seem to have been thoae of 
States and Salvador in 10O2. Barett. 1ST3, aod of Bullokar, iei& 
DirkiTIKOn Gnl1p»> > collegiate That of Dr. Johnson, published in 1TS5, 
l^lCKUUOn W>Uege, iQg,ita,ion at made an e_poch [n this department of Ut- 
Carlisle, PeDnsjNaDia, tbe oldest In the erature. PreTious to this the chief Eof- 
State except the University of PenoByl- liah dictionary was that of Bailey, a 
vania, it being founded in 1T83. It waa useful worJi Id its way. An eularxed 
named after Hon. John Dickinson, who edition of Johnson's dicttonarj, by tbe 
gave it valuable gifts. It was a Presby- Kev. H. J. Todd, appeared in I8I8 ; and 
terian institution until 1883, when it this, again enlarged aad modified, waa 
passed under the control of tbe Meth- issued under the editorship of Dr. R. U. 
odlsta. It has endowed funds of about Latham (18G4-T2). The first AmerJoa 
1300.000. dlctiouary was that of Noah Webster. 
IliplrnnTi Ciiv fdik'suu), a bnmugh first published in 1828, and fr^uently 
UlCKSOn l^liy ,„ Lac^kwanna cS.. repubfiahed aince. It greatly ^larged 
Pennavlvania. 5 milea n. of Scranton. It the dictionary vocabulary, gave full ety- 
has foundries, machine shops, silk-mills, mologles. and indicated both pronouncia- 
etc., and coal is mined in ita vicinity, tion and eyllabificadoa. It waa tbe fint 
Fop. (1920) 11,049. dictionary to embody the blatorical prln- 
Diftntvl^dnn (dl-kot-I-le'don), a plant ciples of treatment which find their cul- 
.uiUUb^iCUUii „,,(^ ,g^g g„ phar- mination in the Xevi Englitk Die- 
acterUed by the embryo containing a lionary. This monumental work is 
pair of cotyledons or seed-leaves, which being edited mainly bv Dr. James A. H, 
ore always opposite to each other, Dlcot- Murray of Oxford, Eagland. The tnt 
yledona are further characterized by their section was published in 1884, A rival 
uetted-veined leaves aud the eiogenoua of Webster's work appeared In Wor- 
struclure of their stems. The cfase la cester's in 1856 : and many smaUer die- 
divided into four subclasses: Thaleml- lionarles for home and school use bar* 
fione, CalyclflorB, CorolliBoMe and Mon- since found general acceptance, T"** 
ochlamydeee (which see, respectively). Tbe Century Dictionary, the firat edition of 
c'laas receives also the name of exogen*. which appeared in 1883-91, la the beat 
Dictator f^'^*'*''''.''lt an extraordi- American dictionary on a large scale, 
nary magUtrate of the The chief etymological dictionary of tb» 
Roman republic, first instituted ac. 501. English language, in that of Pr"[eaw>r 
The power of naming a dictator when an BkeaL The greatest French dictionary 
emergency arose requiring a conoentra- is that of Littr4 ; tbe greatest Oerroan. 
tion of the powers of the state in a single that uf the broth>-rs Grimro  the greatral 
superior officer waa vestid by a resolu- I^Un, (he Thrfaurut Lintmae f.m.oae. 
tion of the senate in one of the conaula. now being prepared. 

Tbe dictatorship was limited to six 7H/,+n»TaT»>i (dik'tC-grif), or Dicta- 
months, and tne person who held It could J'lClOgTapil 'oraph, an instrument 
not go out of Italy. This rule was laid mBgnifjiDK sound, invented by K. H. 
aside during the firat Punic wsr. The Turner, of New York, in 1907. It con- 
dictator waa also forbidden to sppear in Hints of a small supersensitive transmitter, 
Rome on horseback without the permis- « receiver or ear piece, connecting wirea, 
■ion of the people, and he had no control and a small battery. The transmitter cwi 
over the public fanda withoat the per- |^ easily concealed and a voice within 
mlasion of the senate. He had the power fiffpjn fop* is carried over wires to aoT 
"','"^™1?'"iE'""'^?"''l^™'i^''lH required disUnce. This instrument bal 
Z 'o'tEfr' ^^;trrt^^\?Je'^S^tr t^ ^■'/"-^ '"^"fd't '«V Wtli^^'S-am 
ordera. DlCtTOGTen (d'^'OO-Jen). we name 

Dictionary ^"^,5;' = a'^^yl'nV -"^ '^"' -?;e?neaVve..Tt?™^ 
e.pre«rion, iordK^a tt' c"onS?X ^i'^? .^^^"^ J^ monocotyledona «d 
the words, or subjects, which It tr«t^ dicotyledons, as the yam, sMaaparilla, etc. 
arraniwd in alphabetical order. It may DldactlC Poctrv <di-dak rik), poet- 
be eltter a yocabuUry. or collection of ' "^ ^'?'' P^'Sjf" 



the worda in a language, with their defi- to give a kind of systematlsed tnstractlon. 
-'"ina: or a special work oa one or In a larger sense of the word moat great 
t branches of acience or art prepared poems might be called didactic, aince tb^ 



Didelphia Diduncnlns 

contain a didactic element in the shape dien^ suggestive essays on the principles 
of history or moral teaching. Dante's of painting and acting; two lively 
Divina Commedia, Milton's Paradise tales. La ReUgieuae and Jacques le 
Lost, or Goethe's Faust, for example. The Fataliste. 

difference may be said to be this, that in T)ido (d^'^^^)* ^^ Elissa, the reputed 
the one case the materials are limited founder of Carthage. She was 

and controlled by nothing but the creative the daughter of a king of Tyre, and 
fancy of the poet, while in the other they after her father's death her • brother 
are much more determined by the actual Pygmalion murdered her husband Si- 
nature of the subject treated of. charbas, or as Virgil calls him, Sichieus, 

Sidelnhia ( ^ l-<^ ^ ^'^-^ ) > o^^ o^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^® ^^^^ ^^ obtaining his wealth. 

" three subclasses of the But Dido, accompanied by many Tynans 

mammalia (the others being Monodel- of her party, fled with all the treasure 

phia and Omithodelphia), comprising the over sea. and landing on the coast of 

order otherwise known as Marsupiajs, Africa, founded Carthage about 860 B.c. 

which form the only order in the sub- The story is told by Virgil with many 

class. inventions of his own in the JEneid 

DidelphyS (dl-del'fis). See Opouum. <gjj ^ -^y,^ ^ ,^^^ ,^„^ „, 

Bidprnt (ded-ro), Denis, a French **^'' printers, booksellers and type- 
xTAucxvb writer and philosopher, was founders at Paris. The founder was 
bom in 1713, at Langres, in Champagne, FnANgoiB Didot, born in 1689; died in 
and educated in the school of the Jesuits, 1757. Of his sons Francois Ambboise 
and afterwards at Paris, at the College (bom in 1720; died in 18(M) and Piebbe 
of Harcourt His first works were the I^ban^ois (born in 1732; died in l'<»5), 
Ussai sur le M6rite et la Vertu (1745) ; the first distinguished himself in the type- 
and the Pens^es Philosovhiques (1746), founding art as an inventor of new proc- 
a pamphlet against the Christian religion, esses and machines, the second was 
His Lettre sur les Aveugles d V Usage de equally eminent by his bibliographical 
Ceuw qui Voyent, is in the same strain, knowledge, and contributed much also 
These neterodox publications cost him an to the advancement of printing. Pdebbe 
imprisonment for some time at Yin- (bom in 1761; died in 1853), succeeded 
cennes. Diderot now tried writing for his father FBANgois Ambboise in the 
the stage, but his pieces were failures, printing business. He made himself fa- 
in 1749 he had begun along with D'Alem- mous by his magnificent editions of classic 
bert and some others the EncyclopcBdia. authors in folio, among which his Virnl 
At first it was intended to be mainly a (1798) and his Racine (1SK)1) may be 
translation of one already published in particularly mentioned. He did much 
English by Chambers. Diderot and also for the improvement of types, etc. 
D'Alembert, however, enlarged upon this He is known also as an author. — 
project, and made the new Encyclopwdia Fibhin (born in 1764; died in 1836), the 
a magnificently comprehensive and bold brother of Pierre, took charge of the 
account of all the thought and science of type-founding, was the inventor of a new 
the time. Diderot, besides revising the sort of script, and an improver of the 
whole, undertook at first the mechanical stereotype process. — Ambboise Fibmin 
arts, and subsequently made contribu- (bom in 1790; died in 1876) and Hta- 
tions in history, philosophv and art criti- cinthe Fibmin (born in 1794 ; died in 
cism. But the profits of all his labor 1880) occupied a distinguished position 
were small, and it was only the liberality among the publishers of Paris. The 
of the Empress Catharine, who pur- house has now extended its trade into 
chased his library for 50,000 livres and everything connected with bookselling, 
made him a yearly allowance of 1000 papermaking, bookbinding, etc. 
livres, that saved Diderot from indi- TliilnTirkTiliia (di-dungkfi-lus), a genvs 
«ence. In 1773 he visited St Peters- •''A^**"^*"**^ of birds allied to the 
burg to thank his benefactress and was pigeons, and comprising only the one 
received with great honor. On his re- species, D. stripirostris of the Navigator 
turn to France he lived in retirement. Islands. The bird is of special interest 
and died in 1784. Besides his articles as being the nearest living ally of the 
in the Encyclopedia, he wrote numerous extinct dodo. It has a length of about 
works, some of which were published 14 inches, with a jglossy plumage verg- 
after his death. Among the best known ing from velvety black on the back to a 
are Le Neveu de Rameau, a kind of phil- greenish black on the head, breast and 
osophical dialogue which Goethe thought abdomen. The large beak, which is 
j^orthy > of translation ; Essai sur la nearly as long as the head, is greatly 
P^nture. and Paradowe sur le Com^- arched on the upper half, while the lower 



I 



Didymi Dieppe 

in fnnilsbed with two or three tooth-lil:^ DiMlftnlinffn (d*'dfn-h6-™)- See 
iDdeutBtioiU. *<*t«vii*iui».ii ■fhionviile. 



moat CTlebrflted orsdra of the r.rcek wori.) !?"" iisviQit studied a' T""." •"'l P*"" 
nnd was minUtered to by the MilcBinn he aettled Id Berlm where h.B taleot u 
Bninchidro. a priestly casta tradn^ their »"■ oppra tor soon «ttrai' led notice. Sur- 
ancfBtry bnck to BranPhiis. a favorite of R"y '» .?"';"''"l"^.''' indebted to him for 
Apollo. The tpmple was destroyed br new melhoda of forramg artific'.al ncwea. 
Xera« in 481 b. c. and the Branchidio ^jehda, lips, etc. and curing ^umtinB. 
were eiiled to the far northeast of Persia, "ammering, etc He died in 1847. 
Rebuilding of the temple was commenced JJieffeilDaCnia lae'-eQ-DBK i-»f. oee 
in 332 B.O., bnt it was nerer finiithed, „. , . ,^, /*""*:'','■"«■ 
though the work done on it waa of the DielectflC '1-"^'^J' "1. '' ? °*?' 'P" 
moit magnificent quaUty. and it was *""•*" " phed by Jaraday to any 
r«;koned aa one of the greatest of the medium through or acrcwa which dec- 
Greek temoles. troatatic induction can take place. (Se« 
Induction, EUctroitatic.) t'araday Srat 
TMflTTtiiiiTn (di-dim'i'Um), a rare me- showed that electrostatic induction waa 
.uAu/iiuuui (^]H|, pienigpt^ occurring not action at a distance, but took p^ace 
along with tanlhanium in the mineral by means of the iDauJatiog medinm aepa- 
cerite as diacovered by Mosander in rating the two conductors. The medium 
1843. Recently it is said to bsve been he named a dieUctric, and meaanred Its 
reaoWed into two new elements: Pratto- specific inductive capacity br taking that 
dgmium and Neodymium. of common air as nnity. 
DidvnnTnin (di-dl-nft'mi-a), the four- TlipTvtni t d l-e-1 1't r a ) , a genua of 

ifwjrnamia (^g^jj, ^i^^^ ^^ j,,^ j ;^. uieijiia, j^^j^ belonging to the 

nsan aystem of plants, the members of naL order Famariaces or Fumiteri 
which have four statnenH, of which two The best known is D, apectabiiiij a i 
are longer than the other two. tive of Northern China 'nd Siberia, now 

Sifi l*i')' ^ metallic stamp for imprera- rommon in European and other gartleiu. 

ing a design or figure upon coins It blossoms in April and May, and ita 
or other metallic objeetP. See Die-»tiifc- long drooping racemes of purplLih-red 
ing. blossoms present a very graceful appear- 

T)ia <de), an ancient town of France, ance. It grows freely in the open air. 

dep. DrAme, 26 miles sontheast of It is sometimes railed pendent heart or 
Valence ; with a former cathedral and virgin's heart from the shape of the btoa- 
Roman remains. Pop. (1906) 3090. soms. 

TKJ <d6-a), St., a town of France, dep. TliAiTiPn (ile'men), Anton VAlt, a 
•"** of Vosges, on the Meurthe, 25 ^lenien i,„,^h ■rfmin 
miles K. N. E. of Epinal. Both iron and born in 1503. 

copper are worked : there are marble speedily riiae .. „._ _._ , 

quarries ; and a variety of manufactures and was at length, in 1636, made govem- 
are carried on. Pop. 16,289. or-general. He administered the gov- 

T)ip>)itM«>i.$laha11raTlfl1H H a n  emment with much ability, and eon- 
ineDllBCn-OanaiKanSKl, r a b l, trfbuted much to the eatablishment of 
a Russian general, born at Grosaleippe the Dutch commerce in India. Abel Tt»- 
in Silesia In 1785, was educated at the man, whom he sent with a vessel to the 
military school of Berlin, but in 1801 South Seas in 1642, gave the name of 
quitted the Prussian service for that of Tan D<emen'« Land, to the island now 
Russia. He was present at the battles called Tasmania. Van Diemen died in 
of Ansterliti and Friedland, served with 184S. 

distinction in tbe campaign of 1S12. Tlianna (de-epK a seaport town of 
took part in the battles of Dresden and '^^^ytr^ France, department Beine- 
Leipsig, and waa made lieutenant-gen- Inf^rieiire. on the Knglish Channel, at 
era! at the age of twenty-eight. He nad the embourhure of the Arqn j, 93 miles 
the chief commend in tbe Turkish war n. r. w. Paris. Almost the only public 
of 1828-29. stormed Varna, and made edifices worth special notice are the two 
the famous passage of the Balkans, for Gothic churches (St. Jacques, began in 
which the surname of Sabalkanshi was the thirteenth century, and St. K^mi. 
conferred on him. In 1830 he com- founded in 1522). and tbe old castle 
manded the army sent against the re- (1433), now a barrack. To the west of 
Totted Poles, but did not diBllnguish him- Dieppe proper is the snburb Ija Ban*; 
self in tbia service. He died in 1831. and on the oppoolte ride <rf the hartmr 



Diesel Engine 



Dietetics 



La PoUet, which is inhabited chiefly by 
sailors and fishennen. Dieppe is one of 
the chief watering places of France, and 
is much frequented by visitors. The 
mannfactures include works in ivory, 
work in horn and bone, lacemaking, sugar- 
refining, shipbuilding, etc. In early times 
Dieppe was the chief port of France, but 
its prosperity diminished after the revo- 
lation of the Edict of Nantes (1865). 
Pop. 22,120. 

Diesel Engine, - ,^« rtudo/^i 

Diesel in 1893. The engine operates at 
comprtssion pressures very much higher 
than those used in any other internal- 
combustion endues, and it dispenses with 
the usual igniting devices by rendering 
the air charge incandescent by compres- 
sion. The efficiency of the Diesel engine 
is high, and it can use low grades of 
fuel, but it has the disadvantage of 
greater weight per horse-^power than other 
engines. It has found increasing favor 
for use in marine propulsion, and In 1913 
was adapted to high-speed railway serv- 
ice, and put into use in Germany. 

Dies Fasti et Nefasti (C«>. ^? 

vision of days, with reference to judicial 
business, into working days and holidays. 
A dies jastus was a working day ; a d»6« 
nefastug, a legal holiday. 

Die-ainkin? i* ^^^ *^* ^^ preparing 
iiie-SUULUig^ dies for stamping coins, 

buttons, medallions, jewelry, fittings, etc 
The steel for the manufacture of dies 
is carefuUv selected, forged at a high 
heat into the rough die, softened by care- 
ful annealing, and then handed over to 
the engraver. After the engraver has 
worked out the design in intaglio the 
die is put through the operation of hard- 
ening, after which, being cleaned and 
polished, it is called a matriaf. This is 
not, however, generally employed in 
multiplying impressions, but is used for 
making a punch or steel impression for 
relief. For this purpose another block 
of steel of the same quality is selected, 
and, being carefully annealed or softened, 
is compressed by proper machinery upon 
the matrix until it receives the impres- 
sion. When this process is complete 
the impression is retouched by the en- 
graver, and hardened and collared like 
the matrix. Any number of dies may 
now be made from this punch bv im- 
pressing upon it plugs of soft steel. 

TKoa Trc» (dl'es Tre), one of the great 
i/lC» XI w \^^ij^ hymns of the mediie- 

val church, generally used as part of 
the requiem or mass for the souls of the 
dead. It describes, as its name (' the 



day of wrath '), the final Judgment of the 
world. 

Tlif»a1rfiTi (dSs'kou), Lxmwio August 
.i/ics&au (1701-67), a German soldier 
who entered the French army and was 
sent to Canada in 1755 to conduct th<^ 
campaign against the English. With 200 
regulars and 1200 Indians and Canadians 
he moved up Lake Champlain to attack 
Fort Edward (q. v.), defended by Sir 
William Johnson (q. v.). English artil- 
lery forced him to withdraw, and the re- 
treat became a rout, in which he himnelf 
was captured. He was liberated, 17G3, 
and returned to Paris. 
Diet (^I'^Of A meeting of some body 
^'^ ^* of men held for deliberation or 
other purposes; a term especially ap- 
plied to the legislative or administrative 
assemblies of the German Empire, Aus- 
tfifl. etc 

Dietetics (dl-e-tefiks), that part of 
o/xciivi/Aua medicine which relates to 
the regulation of diet. The ideal diet 
is clearly that which, without burdening 
the viscera uselessly, furnishes all neces- 
sary nutritive elements, with due con- 
sideration for special physiological condi- 
tions in any given case. Under the head 
of Aliment the physiological properties 
of various foods have already been con- 
sidered theoretically in respect of their 
capacity to supply physical waste in 
nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous matter. 
(See Aliment.) No single substance 
contains the elements needed to replace 
this waste in their reouisite proportions, 
and a mixed diet is therefore necessary. 
For instance, to secure the required 
amount of carbon a man would neied to 
eat about 4 lbs. of lean beef, while 1 lb. 
would yield all the nitrogen required: 
thus, apart from the labor of digesting 4 
lbs. of beef, the body would be compelled 
to get rid of the excess of nitrogen. 
Bread, on the other hand, has carbon in 
abundance, but is deficient in nitrogen ; 
so that by uniting 2 lbs. of biead with 
% lb. of lean meat, the due proportion of 
carbon and nitrogen is satisfactorily sup- 
plied. Milk and oatmeal taken together 
also contain nitrogenous and non-nitrog- 
enous substances in nearly the required 
proportions. A certain proportion of 
saline matter is also necessary. The na- 
ture of the food most suitable for a 
healthy man is dependent in part upon 
general conditions such as climate and 
season, and in part upon special condi- 
tions of indiviaual habit The inhab- 
itants of the Arctic regions need large 
auantities of olea^nous food ; those of 
tie tropics live chiefly on starchy prod- 
ucts. With increased activity ana ex- 
ertion, as in training, an increase in the 



1 





Dietrich Diffractioii 

uitrogenoDB foods becomea neceua 
« statA of heolUi we need not dra 
bn»dth diatinctioDB u to the superior Qietrinll of B^rtl 'li^ i*"!* oi»d«r 
iilnbrlty of the KTeral w>rta of diet, "^^''^^^"- »'■ .OCi^ll) ^i,ich Theodoric 
the Quantity rather than the qualiU ot the Great, kinx of the Oetrocotlui, np- 
lood beinx Uie main consideration. Tbose pears in the old UermaD legend*. Beni 
peraooB who have been most remarkable stands for Veiuna, hia capitaL 
for liealth and life have generally been DieiL, '"' D'l'cn (dyeit; ancient /iu«ta 
contented with two moderate meals a ^ Dcit, an ialand oft the weal 

day, which are certainly quite BufBcient coast of France, department of VeiHU«. 
during a state of health. Id various It is inaccessible on the west aide, bat 
countries the breakfast generally consists on the east has a tolerable harbor de- 
ot tea, coSee, or cocoa, with a certain fended by batteries. The chief indosCiT 
proportion of bread and butter ; persona ia fiahinE, There are fonr lighthousea 
with delicate digestive powers, or who on the Island. Pop. about 3000. 
lead fi sedentary life, cannot with safety DiATi p± Ifnn l^rnif (dycH • mon 
or comfort eat animal food co«lo»tlv ■"«" " JHOll JJIOII ^^ ^ „ ^ . . q^ 
at breakfast At dinner all made dishes and my right'), the motto of the arms of 
liigbly spiced, such as curries, turtle- England, first aasamed by Richard I, 
■oup, etc, aa provoking appetite, are and revived by Inward III when he 
hartfnl ; and the custom of fate dinins cleimed the crown of France. Except 
is not to be commended. Stewed and during the reigns of Kliiabeth and Anne, 
boiled meats are more difficult to digest who nsed the motto Hemper eadem, and 
than meat cooked by fire alone. The of William IIL who personally used Je 
flesh of young animals seems to be more maintiendrai/, it has ever since been lb« 
difficult of digestion than that of old ; royal motto of England. 
and the flesh of tame than that of wild niez t'^'^^'i ^'"IEDUCH Chribtiah, a 
animals. Alt sorts of fat meat must be Uerman philologiat of the Ro- 

taken in smaller quantities. Hence, also, mance languages, born in 1T04. Hav- 
ham, bacon and aalted meats cannot be ing qualified himself as a lecturer at 
eaten in such quantities aa the tender Bonn, he was appointed professor ol 
flesh of poDltry. Fish baa tbe advan- the Romance languages In 1830. Hia 
tage of being easily soluble. All boiled work stands in much tbe same relation 
vegetables are in general easy of digea- to tbe Romance dialects which the re- 
tion; raw regetables and salads are aearchea of Orimm occupy with respect 
rather more difficult Fruit should be to German dialects. In addition to varl- 
taken In the forenoon rather than after ous works on the poetry of the Tronba- 
 hearty meal. doors, be published a very valuable 

In au diseases attended with much OratnmaUk der Romaniichtn Bpracken 
fever or quickness of pulae tbe stomach in 183U-42, and an Etymolofitehet W6rt- 
loathes animal food, and there is gener- erbuch der Romanitchen Sprachtn in 
ally a great increase or thirst, to quench 18&3. He died in 1876. 
which water, either quite cold, or iced. Differential CalculuS. ^*f ^*'- 
or tepid, or rendered acid, may be freely ■*'"»*'*»•""•" ^a^^i^mi,. ^^j^ 

indulge^ Infusions, too, of barley, sage. Differential Thcmiometer *■*'?■ 

balm, etc., may be taken. In chronic -'"*"**'""'" *ii»,i.*i«i«».i«,* g.^^-, 
diseases attended with hectic tever, milk sbal), an instrument tor determining 
is the most proper diet The best food very minute differences of temperature. 
for infants is, of course, their mothers' I.ealie's differential thermometer conalats 
milk ; but whenever tbey begin to cut of two glass butbs containing air con* 
teelb a little animal food, snch as soft- nected by a bent tube containing some 
boiled eggs, beef brotb and even chicken sulphuric acid, the movement ot which 
minced very fine, may be given. Many (as the air expands and contracts) aervea 
infanta snffer from having too much to indicate auy slight difference of tem- 
sugar given them in tbeir food. perature between tbe two bulbs. 

"niAtrich (de'trlA), Chmstian Wil- DiffrRRtinn (di-frak'sbun), a term 

jneincn ^^^ ^j^^^ ^ German -""iracuon gppii^ ^^ ^^(^,^ p^^ 

painter and engraver, called by Winckel- nomeua connected with the modification 

mann ' the Raphael of Landscape,' born that rays of light undergo in paaalDg 

in 1712. He studied under hia fatber, close to tbe edge of an opaque body, 

aud afterwards under Alexander Thiele Thus when a beam of direct sonligbt 

at Dresden, where be became court paint- is admitted Into a dark room through a 

er. professor in the academy, etc. He narrow slit, and falls npon a screen 

adopted several different manners or placed tn receive it, there appeara a Una 

styles of painting, nacceisfnllr imitating of white light bordered by colored fringea.* 



Diffusion Dieestion 



these fringes are produced by diffraction. Homan Catholic family in 1581. He en- 
See Interference. joyed some consideration at the court 
l){4P|ia{/|Ti (di'ffl'shun), the gradual of Elizabeth and James I, by whom he 
4#Aiiuoxvix dispersion of particles of was knighted. Having been accused of 
one liquid or gas among those of another, contributing money to the Guy Fawkes 
Thus, in the case of gases, when a jar conspiracy, he was hanged in 1600. 
of oxygen and a jar of hydrogen are con- Di^bv ^™ Kbneim, eldest son of the 
nected together by a tube or opening *'*o*'J> preceding, born in 1603. He 
of any kind, they rapidly become mixed ; studied at Oxford, was knighted in 1623, 
and their mixture aoes not depend on and on the accession of Charles I was 
gravity, but takes place in opposition to created a gentleman of the bedchamber, 
that force, as may be shown oy placing a commissioner of the navy, and a gov- 
the jar of hydrogen gas above the other, ernor of the Trinity House. He soon 
Oxygen is sixteen times heavier than after fitted out at his own expense a 
hydrogen, bulk for bulk, but the heavier small but successful squadron against 
gas moves upwards and the lighter down- the Algerines and Venetians. In 1636 
wards, and the process of intermixture, he became a Roman Catholic, and was 
or diffusion^ goes on until the two gases imprisoned as a Royalist from 1638 to 
are apparently equally distributed through- 1643, when he was allowed to retire to 
out the whole space After that they the continent. At the restoration he 
have no tendency whatever to separate, returned to England, became a member 
Similarly, if two vessels, one containing of the Royal Society, and was much 
oxygen and the other hydrogen, be con- visited by men of science. He died in 
nected by a tube which is stuffed with 16G5. He wrote numerous works; a 
a plug of porous material, such as Treatise on the Nature of Bodies, a 
plaster of Paris, the gases gradually Treatise on the Nature and Operation of 
diffuse one into the other through the the Soul, Of the Cure of Wounds by the 
porous plug. The two gases, however, do Power of Sympathy, etc. Evelyn calls 
not pass through the porous separator at him ' an arrant mountebank.' 
equal rates, but in inverse proportion to DigpAgt (dl'jest), a name originally 
the square roots of the densities of the ^ given to a collection or body 
gases. Thus in the cases of two vessels, of Roman laws, digested or arranged 
one containing hydrogen and the other under proper titles by order of the em- 
oxygen, which is sixteen times as heavy peror Justinian. Hence applied to any 
as hydrogen, the hydrogen will pass somewhat similar collection, 
towards the oxygen jar four times as DiofAgter (^locs'tc^)* & strong vessel 
quickly as the oxygen will pass towards ^ of copper or iron, on which 
the hydrogen jar. Kindred phenomena is screwed an air-tight cover with a 
occur when two liquids that are capable safety-valve, the object being to pre- 
of mi:£ing, such as alcohol and water, are vent loss of heat by evaporation. Water 
put in contact, the two gradually dif- ma^ be thus heated to 400^ Fahr. ; at 
fusing one into the other in spite of the which temperature its solvent power is 
actioa of gravity. In some cases, however, so greatly increased that bones are con- 
as where ether and water are employed, verted into a jelly. 

the diffusion Is onlv partial, extending Digestion (<ll'ic8fyun), is that proc- 

a comparatively small distance on either ^^-^B **""*"'** ess in the animal body 

side of the original line of separation, by which the aliments are so acted upon 

When solutions of various solid bodies that the nutritive parts are prepared to 

are placed in contact, interdiffusion also enter the circulation, and separated from 

tak^s place. On the results of his ex- those which cannot afford nourishment 

amination of the phenomena of diffusion to the body. The organs effecting this 

of liquids and salts across porous mem- process are called the digestive organs, 

branes or septa, Graham founded a and consist of the stomach, the great and 

method of separating colloid from crys- small intestines, etc. (see Intestine, 

talloid bodies, which he called dialysis Stomach), the liver and pancreas, 

(which see). When the aliments, after being properly 

DifiTfljnnift (dl-gam'a), a letter which prepared and mixed with saliva by masti- 

6*****-***** once belonged to the cation, have reached the stomach, they 

Greek alphabet, and which remained are intimately united with a liquid sub* 

longest in use among the ^olians. It stance called the yastrio juice, by the 

resembled our letter F, and hence was motion of the stomach. By this motion 

called diyamma, that is, double F. It the aliments are mechanically separated 

appears to have had the force of / or v. into their smallest parts, penetrated .by 

DiffllV (l^^s'l^ni Sib Evebabd, an the gastric juice, and transformed into 

•^s.^vj English gentleman, born of a a uniform pulpy or fluid mass. The gas- 



( 



Digit 

trie Juic« ,_ ._ ,._ .. __. 

of tne food, conTertiiiB tbem ioto pep- playera for practice, to give V 
tones, wbicb can pau tbrough organic fleiibllit; to the Angers. 
membrBnea and thus eutcr the blood. THvnA (dc-n';')* & town of France 
This action is aided bj the warmth of the ■"^B'^^ capital of tbo departcoMit of 
stomach. The pulpj' mass, called chyme, BasHPs-AlpeB, picturesiiuely situated on 
proceeds from the stomacb through the a mountain slope, CO miles northeast of 
pylorus, into tlwt part of the intestioal Marseilles. Pop. 4iS28. 
canal called the small intestine, where T)i]ion? (de-hong'). See Brakmapu- 
it is mixed with the pancreatic juice, ■*'"*""-6 jf^^ 

bile and intestiaal juice. The pan- lljinn (de-zb6g), a town in EastrrQ 
creat''; juice converts starch into sugar, ■"'J"" France, capital of the depart- 
albumins into peptones, and emulsion- ment Cote-d'Or, in a fertile plain, at the 
ilea fats, so that all these kinds of food foot of a range of vine-clad slopes, for- 
are rendered capable of absorption. The merlv surrounded by ramparta, which now 
nrocem is aided by the intestinal juice, furnish beautiful promenades. At some 
The bile also acts upon fats, and thus the distance it is surrounded by a series of 
food is formed into the cAjile, which is forts. Some of the buildings belonr It) 
absorbed into the system by the capillary the period when Dijon was capital of the 
vessels called lactealt (see Chyle, dukedom of Burgundjr, the chief being 
Chyme), while the Don-nutritions mat- the cathedral, a building of vast extent 
ters pass down the intestinal canal and with a lofty wooden spire above 300 feet 
are carried off. high: the churches of Nfltre Dame ud 

Sieit W'J'i^' ^'- '^'ff'tusi a finger). St Michael; the ancient palace of the 
'^ B " in arithmetic, any one of the dukes of Burgundy, now used as the 
ten numersls, 1, 2, 3. 4, 5, 6, T, S, 9, 0. hotel de ville and museum : and the 
l>igit is also a measure of a finger's palait 4e jutUce, formerly the parliament 
breadth, e^ual to % inch.- — Digit, in as- bouse of Burgundy. It has important 
tronomy, is the measure by which we educational institutions and a valuable 
estimate the quantity ot an eclipse. The library. Industries; woolens, hosiery, 
diameter ot the sun or moon's disk is candles, mustard, vinegar, cbemicaU, 
conceived to be divided into twelve equal paper-bangings. etc., tanneries, foundries, 
parts, called digita; and according to machine factories, cotton and oil mU la- 
the number of those parts or digita The trade is considerable, particnlnrly 
which are obscured, so many digits are in the wines of Burgundy. Pop. (lUll) 
laid to be eclipsed. Tli.S4T. 

- (dij-i- -  -•- 

ciple of the Digiiiiu purpurea or foi- Atricsn iree, genua Irvingia, used in 

glove. It is white, difficult to crystal- making fine soaps. 

lice. Inodorous, baa a, hitter taste, and Dikamall (<le-ka-mi''li), a resin n- 

is a strong poison. A/iiu*ii«iii uding tnim Indian trees. 

Di^tfllia (dij'i-tal'is), a genus of genus Gardenia, a solution of which H 

.uigiMkuo plants, nat. order Scrophu- used to dress wounds and open sores. 

lariaces, containing about twenty spe- T)ilrn (dlk), or Dtke, a word vari- 

cies of tall herbs, natives of Europe ■""*** oosly nsed In different localities 

and Western Asia. The purple foxglove to represent a ditch or trench, and also 

(D. purpurea) is a common wild Sower an embankment, rampart, or wall. It 

in Britain, and several species are grown is specially applied to an embankment 

in American gardens. Digitalin, also raised to oppose the {ncondons of the 

preparations of digitalis leaves, are used sea or a tidal river, the dikes of Holland 

OS cardiac stimulants and diuretics. being notable examples of work of this 

TlioHtjifp (dij'i - tnt), in botany, kind. These are often raised 40 feet 

A^xgibm.^ branched out into divisions above the high-water mark, and are wids 

resembling fingers, said of leaves or roots, enough at tbe top for a common road- 

TKtn'tltrmdft fdij-it-i-grfi'da), a sec- vvay or canal, sometimes for both. Tbe 

vigmgiaua ^y^ pf (ijg Oarnivora, Helder Dike, one of the largest, is about 



_, , basalt, greenstone, etc., which 

Dintorinm tJiJ-i-to'ri-um), a smaU (ill up veins and fissures in tbe strstlfi.^ 
Angikw*m4u portable dumb Instru- systems, and sometimes project on the 
nent having a short keyboard with five surface like walla. 



Dilapidation Diminutive 

Dilfl.Tlidfl.tion ^ di-lap-i-da'dhun ) , in pungent, and aromatic, and are em- 
A/xAai^xuAbxvi& English law, is where ployed medicinally as a carminative, 
an incumbent of a church living suffers In appearance it resembles the fennel, 
the parsonage house or outhouses to fall Dill-seeds yield dill-water and an 
down, or be in decay for want of neces- essential oil, when distilled with water, 
sary repairs ; or it is the pulling down or Dill- water is used as a remedy in 
destroying any of the houses or build- flatulency and gripes of children, 
ings belonging to a spiritual living, or DiUeniaceSB ^dil-en-i-a'se-S), an or- 
destroying of the woods, trees, etc., ap- «*v*/«* ^^j. ofpiautg^ chiefly fine 
pertaining to the same. An outgoing trees, inhabiting the East Indies, allied 
incumbent (or his heirs) is liable for to Kanunculaceee and MafiTnoliaceae. 
dilapidation to his successor. Dillin^Cn (dil'ing-en), an old town 
Dilemma (di-lem'a; from Gr. dis, -^******6*^** of Bavaria, on the Danube. 
^ "' twice, and Umma, an as- 24 miles northwest of Augsburg. It 
sumption), in logic, an argument in was long the seat of a Jesuit univer- 
which the same conclusion may be drawn sity, and the castle was formerly the 
from two contrary propositions. We ap- ordinary residence of the Bishop of 
pend one of the most famous of the Augsburg. Pop. (1905) 6078. 
classical dilemmas. A young rhetorician Djllon (<^i^'u^)* John, politician, was 
said to an old Sophist : * Instruct me in born of Irish parentage in New 
pleading and I shall pay you when I York in 1851, educated at the Catholic 
gain a cause.' The master sued for the University of Dublin, and early identified 
reward, and the scholar eluded the claim himself with the Parnellite movement for 
by a dilemma. ' If I gain my cause I reform in Irish affairs. He was elected 
shall not pay yoo, because the award of to Parliament for County Tipperary iu 
the judge will be against you. If I lose 1880 and soon became prominent there 
it I may withhold it, as I shall not have for the violence of his language. In Ire- 
gained a cause.' The master replied : land his speeches were so ultra-radical 
*^If you ^ain you must pay me, because that they led to his imprisonment three 
you promised to pay me when you gained times between 1881 and 1888. He bo- 
a cause ; if you lose you must pay me, came one of the most prominent 
because the judge will award iV The promoters of the ' Plan of Campaign ' in 
two results which are found equally ob- Irish agitation, and in 1896 succeedpd 
jectionable are called the 'horns' of the Justin McCarthy as chairman of the 
dilemma. main section of the Irish Nationalist party. 
TlilAffaTifA (di-let-t&n'ta), an Italian Dil-mATl (del-man'), a town of Persia, 
iilieiXanxe 'expression, signifying a -""^a^ province of Azerbijan, 75 
lover of the arts and sciences, who de- miles west of Tabreez. Pop. estimated 
votes his leisure to them as a means of at 15,000. 

amusement and gratification, being thus Tlilnln (de-lo'lo), a small lake in 

nearly equivalent to amateur. In 1734 •*'""*^ Central S. Africa, lat. 11 •» 30' 

a number of gentlemen founded in Lon- s. ; regarded as the source of the Zambesi, 

don the Dilettanti Society which pub- T)i1o-oil (d@'lo-oil), an oil obtained 

lished a splendid work on Ionian AntKfui- •^'^^ ^** from the poon-tree of India, 

ties, 176d-1840; Specimens of Anonent also called poon-seed oil. See Poon, 

Sculpture^ JEgvptian, Etruscan, Greek 7)1 In An fa (dirti-ents), in medicine, arc 

and Roman, 1809. 1835; the Temples of -"•^*^^"»'» those substances which are 

^gina and Bass<E. 1860, etc. taken to increase the proportion of fluid 

Dilke (dilk), Sib Chables W., an in the blood. They consist of water and 

ATAxxk^ English official and author, born watery liquors. 

at Chelsea in 1843. He entered Parlia- Dilnvinm (di-15'vi-um), the name 

ment as a radical in 18(58 and in 1882 ■*'****»*•**** formerly given by geolo- 

became president of the local govern- gists to certain gravels and comparatively 

ment board, with a seat in the cabinet, recent deposits, which seem to have been 

He wrote Problcns of Cheater Britain, the result of a rush of water or deluge. 

Army Reform, The British Empire, and TliTnA (dim ; French, dime, Lat. de- 
other works. His wife, Emily F. Dilke. ^ cimus, tenth), the term for the 

is an able art critic and author of tenth part of a dollar or ten-cent piece 

The Renaissance of Art in France, Art in the United States of America, a silver 

in the Modern State, etc. Died 1911. coin Whose English equivalent is about 5J. 

Dill (^^^^' ^^ umbelliferous plant, DiTniniltive (di-min'u-tiv), in gram- 

AnHhum graveolens, a native of •***•**"** **»'**^ mar, a word having a 

the southern countries of Europe, the special affix which conveys the idea of 

fruits, commonly but erroneously called littleness, and all other ideas connected 

seeds, of which are moderately warain^.. with this, as tenderness, affection, con- 



Dimity Dinornit 

tempt, etc. Tbe oppoatte ot diminntiveTbe tatr^^iOB are atndded with h&ndK>iiie 

is augmentalive. In Latin, diminutlTPH bungalowa. Pop. witb cantotunent, 33,700; 

alnuMt alwa^i ended in Iiw, la, or lum; Tlinar IdA-nir'; L. <Ienar>ii«), lomurlj 

M TuUiola, mtum oortmiMm, lltUe ■""^'■^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^j^ ^j^^ ^^^ ^ 

ToUia, m; dear or little heart ; Pergiau coin ; at preaent tbe chief SerrlAn 

homuHculut, a manikin. The Italian is coin, value 1 franc. 

partlcalarlT rich Id dtmioutires dod T11ndi?fll ( (i > n-d i-E p 1' ) , a towo of 

iBCmentatlvea. such compound dlminu- ■"■•-"*"-B»* Madras Presidency, Madara 

tlTea as frateuinuceiettinetto (a dlminu- district, India, with a fort on a rodtj 

'ire of irate, brother) being sometimea height Pop. (imS) 2S,182. 

employed. Among Engliab diminutive T)JTiiioTf (din'dorl), Wiluelm, a 

affixes are Jtin, aa In manikin, a little -"^"u-v-a. Qgrmaa classical Bcholar, 

man ; pipkin, a little pipe : Ung, aa In born in 1802, lived most of his life at 

gotlina, a little goose ; darling, that la, Leipzig, and died in 1883. Hla chief pub- 

deariing, or little dear ; and et, as in lications were editions of the Oreek 

pocket, from poke, a bag or pouch ; dramatists and works elucidative of them 

tablet, a little table. Diminutives arc and other Greek writers, 

also formed, in coUoqaial and ^miliar T)iTl?n (ding'gO), the native wild Hog 

laugoage, by adding y or ie to the names, -""^B^ of Auatralia (Csnii Dingo), 

aa CAorley, mostie, etc of a wolf-like appearance and eitremely 

TKinitv (dim'i-ti), a stout cotton fierce. Tbe ears are short and erect, the 

.i/.uiui.jr ^gbrlc, ornamented in the tail rather bushy, and the hair of a 

loom either by raised stripe* or fancy reddish-dan color. It la very destmcdTe 

figures. It is usually employed white, aa to tbe flocks, killing more than it eat*, 

for l>ed and bedroom fnrnltnre. Its remains have been found fossil, but 

T\imnmliiam ( df-morfiim ) , In crys- the fact of its having been the only 

MUnaipmam taiJography, the crystal- placental mammal in thia coDttnent 

licatloD of a body in forma belonging to renders its Indigenona character doubtfoL 

two different systems, or incompatible TK'nltrn'nfl.nhtlinl (di-nl-t rfr-nap'- 

foms of the aame ayrtem, a peciilarity ■l'"ll"0napnXll01 (hoi). See 

exhibited by anlphnr, carbon etc Jiapkthgl. 

TKranrnTiiHTn '" botany, the condl- T>innnprfU (dl-nO'se-ros; Gr. da>ao« 

.UUnorpmBm, ^^^^ ^^en analogous -"inooeras tenible. Jbenw, a horn), a 

organs of tbe same apedes appear nnder fossil mammal found In tbe Eiocene strata 

two very dissimilar forms. Thus the com- of N. America, in some respects akin to 

mon primrose occurs In two forms, one the elephant and of equal slie. but wttb- 

having long stameDs and a abort pistil, tbe out a proboscis. Its bones were very ma*- 

otlier a long pistil and short stsmens. aive; It had two long tuaks in the upper 

Ttittai-nnr (de'nSj-pCr), a town of Jaw, three pairs of horna, and tbe RualMM 

JJinajpiir ^e„gai, Hindustan, capital brain propoi^ J^-~N 

of a district of tbe same name. 206 miles (ion ally of 

north of Calcutta ; pop. 13.430. The any known 

district covers an area of about 4118 mammal, 

square miles: pop. 1JSCT.080. ^i _«•«;» 

TliTiaTi (de-n«o), a town of Prance JJinOmiB 

vmtui department of COtea-dn-Nord (dl-nor'nta; 

(Brittany), on the Ranee, 14 miles sooth Qr deino* 

"' ^y ^'"l " atands on a eteep hlil terrible, ornit, 

nparly 200 feet above the river, la sur- _ ij-ji ,„ 

rounded by hlirb old walla pierced with S-tiSct wn^ 

four gatea, and is n picturesque and inter- ^J""^* ■*?"■ 

eating old place. Pop. (1911) 1L410. f "^^f 7°'- 

Dinant (de-nac), a town of Belgium, 'f 'i'"''" 

■""^"'' in the province and 14 mllea <^""5^ "^,"W 

8. of Namur; picturesquely and strongly the Struthlon- 

■ituated on the Meuse, a place of Mr or ostrich 

antique appearance. The town-honse was tribe — the 

once the palace of the Pilnce* of Liftge. bones of five 

Pop. (1904) 7674. apecfes of. 

TMnannr (dS'nt-pSr ), a town of the smallest 1 

Uinapnr ^^^^ fFurict, Bengal, which have 

Hindustan, on the rWit bank of the Qan- been found in New Zealand. The largeat 

EH, about 12 miles y. w. of Patna. It la must have stood at least 14 feet In height, 

a cantonment and ullttary headquarters several of its bonea being at least twice 

of the district witb estenslTc barracks, tbe aise of tboae of the o*trich. I%« 




Binosauria Diogenes 

bod; seenu to bave been even more conquered tbe AltemaDQi, and was geo- 

bulky in proportion, tbe tanus being erall; beloved for the goodneaa of bis dls- 

■horter and stouter in order to sustain position, but was compelled b; tbe 

ita weigbt. They do not appear to have dangera threatening Borne to share the 

become extinct until the seventeenth or government with M. Aureliua Valerius 

eighteeutb century, and are spoken of Maximiao. In 292 C. Galeriui and 

as moat by the natives, wbo buried the Constantios Chlorus were also raised to 

Gggs with tbeir dead as provision for a share In tbe empire, which was thus 

their Journey to tbe other world. divided Into four parts, of which 

TlinAaaTiria ( dl-nd-sa'ri-a ; Gr. deinoi, Diocletian administered Tliiace, Egypt, 

J/inuuiurut terrible, and souro., a Syria and Asia. As the result of bis 

lliard), a group of colossal lizards, re- reconstitudon of tbe empire there tol- 

sembling the pai^hydermatous mammals lowed a period of brilliant successes ta 

in general appearance, bat in reality which the barbarians were driven back 

intermediate between the strutbious birds from all tbe frontiers, and Roman 

and lixards. The majority, as tbe power restored from Brilsin to Egypt. 

Megalosaurus. which attained to 40 feet In 306, in conjunctloti wit.i Maximlan, 

in length, were carnivorous ; the Iguauo- he resigned the imperial dignity at 

don, however, was herbivorous. Tbey Nicomedla, and retired to Salona in Dal- 

were tbe laud reptiles of tbe Jurassic, matia, where be cultivated bis garden in 

Wealden and inferior Cretaceous con- tranquillity until his death in 313. In 

tlnenta. the latter part of his reign he was In- 

TtinntTi^riTlm (dl-no-tbe'ri-um ; Gr. duced to sanction a persecution of the 

i/mgiuenum j„.^, terrible; IJl*- Christians. 

HoH, beast), a genus ot extinct gigantic Tlin/lafi Me-o-dA'tE>, Giovanni, an 
mammals, the ■"■'"">*" Italian Protestant divine, 
remains of bom at Lucca, about 1Q76, of a noble 
which occnr Catholic family. He was for some time 
Id Tertiary professor, first of Hebrew, then of 
formations in theology, at Geneva, and in 1616 rep- 
several parts resented tbe Genevan clergy at toe 
of Europe. Synod of Dort, and aided in drawlu up 
The largest the Belglc confession of faith. He la 
species (D. most celebrated for a translation of the 
giganlevm) Bible into Italian, which is superior to 
_. Is calculated bis translation of it into French. He 
"* to have at- died st (Jeneva in 1649. 
Uined the length of 18 feet. It had a Diodon (dl'oJoo). See OloJ«-Ai». 
proboBcia and also two tusks placed at 

the anterior eitremity of the lower jaw, DiodomS (dl-o-do rua) op ABOYai JM. 

and curved downwards somewhat after ■*"""" in Sicily, and therefore 

the manner of tbose In tbe upper Jaw of called Biculut; a Greek historian In the 

the walrus. Tbe zoological position of time of Julius Cnsar and Augustus. His 

the dinotherium is that of a proboscidean universal history. In tbe comporition of 

allied to the elephant. The skull, molar which he traveled through a great part 

teeth and scapular bi,ne are the only of Europe and Asia, occupied him thirty 

portions yet discovered. Kaup regards It years, and consisted of 40 books, but 

as intermediate between the mastodons only books 1-5 and 11-20, with cerUin 

and tapirs and terrestrial ; while Blalo- fragments, are now extant. 

vUle and Pietet regard it as allied to l)i(eci01U («';-«'•'"'•; Ot. di. double, 

the sea-cows, and Inhabiting the em- oikog. a houae), in botsoy 

bonchure of great rivers. « term applied to plants which have 

TKnnMA (dl'6-ses; Greek, diotWtit, flowera with stamens on one individual 

jfiuucsc admlniatratlonl , the circuit and tbose with pistils on another; as 

or extent of a bishop's jurisdiction, opposed to monaeiout. The willow, the 

Each English diocese Is divided into yew, the poplar, etc., are di<Pclous. 



anis DiocutTiAWuB. >-. 
named Jow'u»K a man of mean birth, of all things. 

a native of Dalioatia. proclaimed Em- DiofreiieS, ?f bi'"?*o '■/■"^P* 
peror of Rome by t^e army 284 a.b. ■"*"B*'"f*' the Black Sea), the 
H« defeated Carinas in Mosta (286), famous ot tbe Cynic phtloMphers, 



Di(^nes Laertins 



about 4Vi B.C. Having be«a baoiahed the BistCnes, who f«d his honra uo 
from bis Dative place witb bis father, bumao flesli, and used lo throw all 
wbo bad be«a accused ot coiuiiig false straagers who fnlprpd bis territories lu 
money, be went tu Athena, and thrust those Buimala to be devoured, lie was 
bimeelf upon Antisthenes as a disciple, killnl by llerculps, who carried off 
like AntisIbeueB, be despised all pbilo- the horses. {2) One of the heroes at ibe 
sopbical speculations, and opposed the siege o( Troy, the sou ot Tydeus aod 
corrupt morals of bid time ; but while the ilelpyle, and king of Argos, one of the 
stem austerity of Antistbeues was re- suitors of Helen. After she was carried 
pulaive, Diogenes eipused the follies of off Diomedes eugsg^ In the expeditioa 
bis COD temporaries with wit and |ood againat Troy, in which hia courage and 
humor. As an exemplar of Cynic virlue the protection uf Pallaa rendered bim 
be satisfied his appetite with the coara- oue ot the most distinguished heroes, 
est tood, practiced the most rigid tem- He woanded Aphrodite and Ares, and 
peraDce, walked through the streets of thrice assailed Apollu ; oud by carryiDg 
ALbvDs barefoot, without any coat, with oS the boraes of Rhissas from the eor- 
a luDg beard, a stick in his hand, and a mies' tents, and siding Ulysses id tbe 
wallet on hia shoulders, and by nigbt, removal of Pbiloctetea from Liemtioa, he 
according tu the popular story, slept iu a fulfilled two of the conditions on which 
tub lur large earthenware vessel). On aloDe Troy could be conquered. Finally 
a voyage to the island of ^gina be tell be was one of tbe heroes coDC«aled in 
into tbe bands of pirates, wbo sold bim tbe wooden borse by whom the capture 
aa a slave lo the Corinthiao Xeniades in of Troy was st length accomplished. 
Crete. The latter emancipated him, and Different accounts were given of bis 
eotruated him with tbe education ot his after-life. He is often caUed Diomtdr, 
children. He attended to tbe duties of ninn (<iruD) or Stkacuhe. in Oreek 
bis new employment with the greatest ■"'-vu |]^tory, a coDDectioD by mar- 
care, commonly liring in summer at riage of tbe elder and the younger Diony- 
Corinth and in winter at Athens. He sius, tyrants of Syracuse, over whom he 
died in 323 B.C., at a great age. Of tbe long exercised great influence. He at- 
many stories relsted of him the majority tempted to reform tbe younger Dionysi- 
are probably fictions; many indeed are us (wbich see), but his enemies tae- 
cbrono logically impossible. His enemies ceeded in effecting bis banishment H>- 
accused him of various scandalous of- afterwards returned and made bimsrlf 
hut there is Do ground for sup- ruler of the city, but became unpopular, 
■■— * -ly worse fault and in 353 ac. one of bis followera, Cal- 

_ mpertinence to lipus of Athens, caused bim to be osaas- 

ink of a fine arL _ nnated. 

' uaL order Droaeracec Oaly 

,_, _ , .., . -- — . __. species la knowo, D. muidpila 

1 born at Laerte^ in Cilicia, and to (Venus' fly-trap), a native of the sandy 

have lived towards the close of tbe sec- savannas of Carolina and Florida. It 

ond century after Christ ; but no certain has a rosette of root leaves, from which 

information exists either as to bis life, rise a naked scape bearing a corymb of 

studies, or age. The work is divided fsirly large, white flowers. The leaves 

into ten books, and bears in MSS. the hsv a dilated petiole and a aligbtly 

title. On the Livet, Doclrinet and slaiked 2-lobed lamina, witb three short. 

Apathepmi of thoie wko hare <fi>lin- stiOf bristles on escb lobe. The bristles 

fuUhcd themteltet in I'hilotophy. It is are remarkably irritable, and when 

nil of absurd and improbable enecdoteit. touched by a fly or other insect tbe lobes 

but contains valuable informaliun re- i>f tbe leaf suddenly close on and capture 

garding tbe private life ot the Greeks, the insecL It is said to digest the food 

and many fragments of works now lost, thus captured by means of a fluid which 

It was the foundation of the earlier dissolves it exactly tike ordinary gastriL 

mod era histories of philosophy. juice, 

Diomcdea S.flSnSSi'.lb.'rrto:; Dion Cassins ','),'?"rJ.',"„'^-rl;,^J 

species of albatross (which see). historian, bom about 155 a.d. at Nicva. 

^inmpdp Tnlandt (dl'o-medl. a in Bithynia. After accompanyiog bis 

small isIaDds in Bering Strait, and mid- administration, he came to Rome abuut 

way between Asia and America. IHU. and obtained the rank of a Roman 

TlinmpHMt (dl-o-me'dfia). In Greek senator. On the accessioD ot Pertinai 

UlVtueavs mythology. (1) A kiog of Dion was appointed pr»tor. and in tbe 



Dion Clirysostom Dionysus 

reign of Caracalla he waa one of the century; and France gained a patron 
Mnators whom it had become customary saint who was a martyr and the inune- 
to select to accompany the emperor in diate disciple of an apostle, 
his expeditions, of which he complains TlinTivsiTia '^hb Eldbb, in Greek his* 
bitterly. In 219 he was raised to the ^'^vjijroxuo, ^^^^^ tyrant or absolute 
consulship, and about 224 became pre- ruler of Syracuse, bom about 430 B.O. of 
consul of Africa. In 229 he was again obscure parentage. He obtained the 
appointed consul; but feeling his life rank of general, and afterwards of com- 
preearious under Alexander Seyerus, he mander-in-chief ; and gaining the support 
obtained permission to retire to his of the army, he seized the supreme 
natiye town of Niciea. The period of power in Syracuse, though only twenty- 
his death is unknown. The most im- nve years of a^e. He extended his rule 
portant of his writings, though only a over other cities in Sicily; and after 
small part is extant, is a History of some successes and reverses in the strug- 
Rome, written in Greek and divided into gle with the Carthaginians he gained a 
eighty books, from the arrival of ^Bneas complete victory over them under the 
in Italy and the foundation of Alba and walls of Syracuse. In his expeditions 
Rome to A.D. 229. into Lower Italy he reduced the city of 
IHati niirvaAflfnin (kris'os-tom), a Rbegium by famine (387). After an- 
J/lun l/nrysosiom q p e e k sophist other short war with Carthage he lived 
and rhetorician and a favorite of Trajan ; some time in peace, occupied with writ- 
born in A.D. 50; died about A.D. 110. ing poems, tragedies, etc., with which 
Eighty of his orations (in excellent At- he contended for the Olympian prize. lu 
tic) have been preserved. 368 he commenced a new war against the 
TViATiiraia (<li-o*i^uib'i-a). BeeBacchan" Carthaginians, but failed to drive them 
J/xunjraia ^^^ entirely out of Sicily. He is said to 

DionVflinA (di-d-nishVus), St., a dis- have died from a potion administered at 
A^Avujroxuo ^jpig ^£ Origen, and patri- the instigation of nis son Dionysius the 
arch of Alexandria in 248 a.d. He Younger (367 B.C.). 
was driven from the city in 260, and in DionVSinS "^^^ Littlb (bo called on 
257 was banished to Libya, but was ^'^v**' J "*•*»! account of his short stat- 
restored in 260. Died in 265 A-D. ure), a Scythian monk who was abbot 

DionvsinS ^^ Haligabnasbub, in of a monastery at Rome in the beginning 
^ J^ "" > Caria, a Greek critic and of the sixth century, and died about the 
teacher of eloquence, born about 70 B.G. year 530, according to others about 545. 
He went to Rome about 30 B.G., where celebrated as the author of the compu- 
he wrote his Roman Antiquities, in tation of time from the Christian era. 
twenty books, in which he relates (in This mode of computation, however, was 
Greek) the early history of Rome and not publicly used until the eighth century, 
its government up to the times of the DiATivftiiiA ^^^ Younoeb, a tyrant 
first Punic war. We have the first nine •*'*v"Joa"^»> of Syracuse, who, in 367 
books of this work entire, the tenth and B.C., succeeded his father, Dionysius the 
eleventh nearly so. and some fragments Elder. For the purpose of recalling him 
of the others. His rhetorical writings from the excesses to which he was ad- 
are of greater value, especially his es- dieted Dion persuaded him to invite 
says on the Greek orators. He died Plato to his court, but the influence of 
about 6 B.C. the philosopher effected no permanent 

I)ioTlVfiill& ^^^ Abbopaoite, that is change. Becoming suspicious of Dion. 
A/AVA&jroxuoy one of the judges of the the tyrant banished him and confiscated 
Areopagus, at Athens, a convert to his property, but in 357 b.o. Dion made 
Christianity by the Apostle Paul about himself master of Syracuse. Dionysius 
the middle of the first century, and the fled to Locri, but after the murder of 
first bishop at Athens, where he suffered Dion recovered his power in Syracuse, 
martyrdom. Certain writings formerly His misfortunes, however, had rendered 
ascribed to him consist of obscurely him more cruel, and Timoleon, who came 
written treatises on mystical subjects, to Syracuse with aid from Corinth 
Scotus Erigena translated them into against the Carthaginians, deposed him 
Latin. In France, where a certain in 344 b.c. He was carried to Corinth, 
Dionysius (see Denis, 8t,) established where he is said to have gained a living 
the first Christian community at Paris by giving lessons in grammar, or as one 
in the third century, they were readily re- of the attendants on the rites of Cybele. 
ceived, this Dionysius being without T)ioilV811S (dl-o-nl'sus), the original 
furth^ inquiry taken for the Areqpagite, *^*v*i.jo*»» Greek name of the god of 
because the origin of the Gallican Church wine, the name Bacchus, by which he 
could thus be carried back to the first was called both by the Greeks and 

27—3 




uuruB, irnui uaviuK n »uut si 1119 H^wi. iree 01 me i 

DiOptaSe *^'°'*"*— "'' """"^^ copper to produce  
trausluceat miDeral, occurring cryatal' -"^Pf {q ^ 



Diophantns DiphtherU 

the RomauB, being at first a mere epitbet representative. The tortoUe plant or 
or surname. See Uacchui. elephant's foot occurs in South Africsu 

TKAnhoTitTi* (dl-o-fan'tua) or Aixs- See yam. 

xnopuitntUB ^„ogi4 the first Greek T)inanoriH(»a Pedahidb {dl-o^kor-l- 
writer on algebra, flourished, according ■*'^"'>*'""*»'C», dfis, pfr^a'ni-ui), born 
to some authorities, about the middle of in Cilicia In the first century of the Chris- 
the fourth centur; after Christ He left tion era, a Qreek pbrncian, author of  
behind him thirteen books of Arith- celebrated work on Materia Ueiioa, in 
metical QueiUon; of which only six five books, particularly valuable in rec>nl 
are extant i and a work on Polagon Svm- to botany. 

6er». jijosCTlri (dl-M-ta'rl). See Ca*tor 

Dionairip (dl-op^Id), a rare mineral, ■''^"""''"i and Pollum. 
inopsiae » variety or subspecies ol T)io--™(,- (dl-o»'pi-ros) al.rfeg«iii. 
augite, occurring in prismatic crystals ■"'■■'■'f/-'"" of trees or shrub*, natives 
of a vitreous luster, and of a pale green, of the warmer regions of the worid, nftt. 
or a grpenish or yellowish white. order Sbenacee. The trees of this geniw 

SioDsia (i^l-op'sis), a genus of dip- supply ebony wood. That from CeyuM) ii 
A/iM^aia if^aaa insects, or two-winged the wood of D, Ebitmm; from India, of 
flies, the members of which are remark- D. melanoxyloa and D. Ehenoiter; and 
able for the iiimenae prolongatiou of the that from Ueuritius of D. retimMla. 7^ 
sides of the head, the head appearing D. Lotoi is the Indian date-plum. It i» 
aa if it W'jre furnisbed with two long by some supposed to have been the lotna 
hums, each hating a knot at its apex. tree of the ancients, whose fruit was Mtid 
""'"""' '" ' ce oblivion. 

f the horiion, an allowance mnde 

-- .3—, -• in all astronomical obaervatioii* of 

iiBc 111 o.i-sided prisros. altitude for the height of the eye abore 

DiODtrica I^I-OP inks), that part of the level of the sea. 

refraction nf "^.^ p"sX 'Sgf U Dip, '"1 ^'^'F-'^t ^^f^^'^'V' I^ 
ferent a.«liumsr as'^through air.* water *^* ■\' '.^„ ^rnHl" ?#SS^,wSS ^T^ 

or glass, aud especially through lenses, words, into the earth. 'IJe degree of in- 

Theie phenomenarhuweter, are now mure d'nftion or amount of the dip, which te 

commoSly treated under the bead of rosily measured by a spedal instrumept. 

relractiun Bie Hefroclioa '* determined by the angle whicb a line 

Ti; (dlHJ-rainBl a miidp of Jrawn perpendicular to the dirwtiOB of 

UlOrama ' iming and of scenic eihi- ^^^ stratum makf« with the horiion. The 

bitlon invented by Messrs. Daguerre and !'"« !," ."'i'*"'' ,*'?,<'" ""?'? "^V' ^ '."j'S 

BoutOD. and first exhibited in 182:1. It " <■""«' (*■« '*"''^- ■"<' "" "1""" «^ ^^^ 

secures a higher degree of illusion than ""Blea to the dip. 

the ordinary panorama, by a mode of DinhtheTia { dif-the're-a; Oreek, 

uniting transparent painting to the usual ■»'*±'"-''"^**"' dipAlftero, a akin or 

opaque method, and causing the light to membrane), an infectious and contaclom 

fall upon the picture both from oefore disease, In which a false membrane !■ 

and behind. At the same time, by formed in the throat, and the patient 

means of colored transparent blinds, suffers from fever and toxemia. The 

suspended both above aud behind the disease occurs most frequently in chll- 

picture, the rays of light can he inter- dren. and is common in Bchools, aHyluma, 

cppted and made to fall at pleasure in and tenements. The cause of the infee- 

gradualed tints upon every part of the tion is a specific bacillus which may 

picture in succession. be found in the membrane referred to, alao 

TI-in-ritA (di'o-Ht), a tough trap-rock, in the discharges from the none and throat, 

.Uiunti: guniptjmes of a whitish color and even in the blood. Diphtheria U rery 

speckled with bUck or greenish black, contagious, and muy be conveyed by con- 

Biimetimes very rfark in color, consisting tact with a pemon suffering from the dis- 

uf hornblende and feldspar. ease, or by a third person, or by fomites 

DioSCOrCaCGSB ^dl-os-kor-e-S'se-*), a (toys, hantrings, etc.), or b^ domestic anl- 

.i/iuBvviiinuBcb jjg^ order of endogen- main: fooil, particularly milk, is credited 

ous plants, with alternate reticulate- with lying n method by which the disease 

veined leaves, tuberous root-stocks and ia diRaeminated. The disease is a very 

twining stems. The flowers are small serious one. the patient being poisoned by 

and unisexual. There are six genera, the tniins produced by the infecting baril- 

with about 100 specips. Tlic typical lus. It in a mistake to view the condidoD 

genua is Dioncorea, which includes the an n local one ; the membrane formed to 

jam. pla<'k bryony is the only Britinb not the whole of the disease. Fonnerty 



Diphthong Dipnoi 

the term * croup' was used in connection DiDlomaCV (di-plO'ma-si), the art of 
with diphtheria and diseases having some *'*r*^***"*';y conducting negotiations, 
symptoms in common with it; but now it arranging treaties, etc., between nations; 
is considered advisable to banish the term the branch of knowledge which deals 
croup altogether, or at any rate to limit it with the relations of independent states 
to those conditions which are not causetl to one another ; the agency or manage- 
by the bacillus of diphtheria. Diphtheriu ment of envoys accredited to a foreign 
may be complicated by other diseases, and court; the forms of international nego- 
it 18 liable to be followed by paralysis, tiations. The Cardinal de Richelieu is 
The positive diagnosis of the condition is fenerally considered as the founder of 
made^ finding the bacilU in the mem- that regular and uninterrupted inter- 
brane or in the discharges from the nose «>«»«, between governments which ex- 
or throat. Convalescents from the dis- J^J^. »? present between almost all the 
ease may carry the bacilU in their nose or Christian powers ; though the instruc- 
throat for a long period of time and may $*9°» «^^«? by MachiaveHi to one of his 
thDB act as < oa^« ' of the infection to &*«°1«'. ^^^^ ^*« ^°^ ^ J^« * orentine 
susceptible persons. The treatment of S^PS^J^^.How S.af ^1.).!^!. ,^w»a ^L? fhi 
diphtheria comsists in the prompt admin- f P**°> «^®^ ^^^^ ?i^**^"S" ^^ not the 

isteation of antitoxin as so5n as the dia^- Slilf * h. "^S^HvIS frnm *?h?°iSfr*f.n^H* 
noeis is made: in cases of doubt the anti- ™'K^* ^ d«riv^ from the correspond- 

torin riiould W administered; it should l^^.^Z^ iot ' o?^ Wrofln^Uv^^n^in"? 

also be used (in smaller dosage) ontiiose ?fipi?^at1^ agents areTI?^^^^^^ 

who are exposed to the disease. The in- J^iP*omaiic agenis are oi se\erai oegrees. 

tiSduction?ftiie antitoxin l^ens the ^„/'^teprT^lP^;inTpXr^^ T'fe/ 
fever, diminishes tiie size of the mem- J°^ "^i^lftl^f .^4^''}^^^^ 

Sr^ tS^^^e?SToxir^vm'S?^r 'T. TsecrTA'-of Vtt'jnd^ 

been reduced from over 60 per cent to Sfd a^ Vienna in 1814 AmoS^^^^ 
about 10 or 15 per cent. The patient „Lln iLwera ft is a«e^ 
should be isolated as far as possible; he 5r?hrMme rinkTe who arri^M fi^ 
should be put to bed; surrounding condi- bLiI ha^e thrSrecedeiTce ove" h?s iS' 
SK?f."^S?i**#^'°^lf®ii^^«!i«^^ leagues. The Ignited States was long 
fl«/5'.J^5®.o*Sw rj^«l? ^^h««h; represented by ministers only, but now 
fluid, and easily digested; anantisepUc g^^jg ambassadors to the leading coun- 
gargle or wash may be required for the ^^.j^g ^^ Europe 

throat and nose; tonics and stimulants T|,-„i-.^^fip: (di-plo-mafiks), origin- 
are indicated. Intubation or trachetomy i/ipiOIIiauCS J^jj *^ ^^ science of de- 
may be required. ^„i:tmn ciphering ancient MSS. It Uid down 
Diphthone (airthong), a coalition certain principles for the systematic ex- 
^ ^ . or union of two vowels amination of public documents, and 
pronounced in one syllable. In uttering taught the forms and styles adopted in 
a proper diphthong both vowels are pro- ^hem, the titles and rank of public offi- 
nounced ; the sound is not simple, but the ^ers subscribing them, etc. Among the 
two sounds are so blended as to be consid- earUest exponents of diplomatics were 
ered as forming one syllable, as in roid, Papebroeck. an Antwerp Jesuit (1G75). 
hough. The term improper diphthong is and Mabillon (1681 >. 
applied to the union of one syllable of two y.. i •■ • (dip-l6-fd'nl-&), the 
or more vowels, of which only one is i/lplOpil0111& simultaneous prrduc- 
sounded, as in fteaw. tion of two sounds of different pitch, 
DlDlodocnfl (o?-Plodo-kus). a genus dne to partial paralysis of the larynx. 
^, *^ V^Y^ of gigantic fossil rep- TOy^lft^fpTT,- (di-plop'ter-us), a jjenus 
tiles of the order Dinosauria, found in liipiwptcru» ^^ ^^^^^ ganoid fishes, 
western North America. There is a fine belonging to the Old Red Sandstone, 
specimen in the Carnegie Museum at TJi-nlozonn (di-pl6-B5'on), a parasitic 
Pittsburgh. xrxpxv£iuwj* trematode worm which in- 
Sinloma (di-plO'ma; Gr. dipldma, fests the gills of the bream, and which 
*^ from d%plo6, to double or appears to be formed of two distinct 
fold), literally a document folded but bodies, male and female, united in th' 





leges, dignities, etc., are conferred, espe- fishes, including only the singular mud- 
dally a university degree. fishes (Lepidosiren), important as ex« 



Bippel Dipsomaiiia 

bibitiDS thp transition between fisbet uu) and w«lk under water, effecting Ita pror 
the ampbibia. Formerly Lepidoitteo nam br srupinc tbe atones with lU 

was reckoned the lowest of the amphibia, 
now it constitutes tbe highest order of 
fiHhes. The body is fiih-like in ihape, 
covered with saiall, horny scales of a cy- 
rloid character ; the pectoral and ventral 
fins are represented by two pairs of loBf, 
liliforin orBans ; the heart has two ann- 
clea and one ventricle, and the respira- 
tory organs are twofold, consisting of 
ordinary gills opening eitemally, and of 
true ]ung»— formed by the modified 
swimming-bladder — commnnicating with 
the cesophaguB by means of an air dnct 
or trachea, whence the name. Tbey are 
also called i'rotopteri. The combination 

of respiratory organs is similar to Uiat DinDor («■«*« 9m.«iaM) 

which is presented by tbe tailed amphib- ""** t*^"™*" oimmuaui. 

ians with persistent gills (perennibran- feet. The song is sweet and liTely, 
ehiate). as the azolotL This interest- Other spedea are fonnd in AmUa and 
ing group is allied to the ganoids through America. 

tbe Ceratodua of Queensland. The t. DiDDilie-needle, ?f I "« Cl.ll.ATiO!. 
paradoxa is found in the Amason ; L. an- *'*Jf !**"& m^iA^^, Compj.b8, an In- 
ncctrns in the Gambia. atrnmeDt for showing tue directioD of one 

llinn^l (dip'el). JoBAnl. Conraji, a of the components ol tbe earth's magoei- 
j/ippci Q^r^BQ theologian and al- ism. In essentiels the instrnmeot cnoaist* 
chemist, born in 16T2. He studied theol' of a light magneticed ateel bar supported 
ogy, defended tbe orthodox pHrcj agsloat on a horlsontal axis which passes, as 
the Pietists, led a turbulent life at Strss- nearly as possible, through the center ot 
burg, and then joined the Pietists until inertia of tbe bar. When a needle thus 
ao unfortunte tractate placed him in mounted is placed anywhere not in tbe 
disfavor with both parties. He then magnetic equator, it dips or point* down- 
turned bis attention to alchemy, and dur- wards ; and if the vertical plane, la which 
a residence at Berlin produced the it moves, coincide* witb the magnetiir 

called after bim (see neit article), meridian the positioD of the needle shows 

from which indirectly followed tbe dis- at once tbe direction ot the magnetic 
eovery of Prussian or Berlin blue. After force. Tbe intersectioii of two or more 
various adventures and wanderings in directions found by making the eiperi- 
Sweden, Denmark and Germany be died tnent at different places, indicate* tbe 
in 1734. place of the magnetic pole. 

Tlinnpl'n Oil '1" rectified form of niTimtfMlnn (di-prO'to-don), a gigan- 
llippei S Ull, ,1,^ black fetid oil, con- -"iprOMKlon jip ,,„^ marsupiar o( 
taining ammoniac carbonate, which can Australia, allied to tbe kangaroo*. 

&.°Kss.iVtt.',.''."S°2';s^;S;: mpMcn. (di„'-.to). s« t«^ 

ivory, or blood. The cruder form was T)jnaaa (dip'sa*), a genu* of Asiatic 
used In medicine, despite its appearance "^)f"^^ and tropical American son- 
and odor, until Dippel refined it. His venomous serpents of tbe (amil; Colu- 
oil was formerly prescribed as an anti- bride, of very elongated form. With 
spastDodic and diaphoretic, but i* no the ancient* it was a aerpeut whoae bite 
longer used in medicine. wa* said to produce a mortal thirtt. 
TliTinAr (dip'er), a bird ot the genua DiniuiTnfl.TlJA (dip-so-mi'nl-a; Gr. *»- 
liXpper ci^,„,_ allied to tbe thrfighes. -"ipwmaiua ,^ ^^^^ ^j man!*. 
Tbe common dipper, water-ouiel, or wa- madness), a term recently introduced to 
ter-crow (Cinclu* aqMaticut), is a famll- denote an insane craving for intozicat- 
iar European bird ; it is about 7 inches ing liquors, when occurring in a con- 
In length, with a very short tail, smalt firmed or habitual form. It Is often of 
round^ wings, and large, powerful feet ; hereditary origin, but may result from 
tbe bill is of moderate length, straight sunstroke, from some injurv to the brain. 
and elender. The male has the upper or from disease. Tbe only remedy ap- 
part of the body dark brown, tbe throat pears to be seclusion, with enforced ab- 
and breast white, belly rusty. Tbe dip- stinence and healthy occupation. Home* 
J feei' ' • -—  ^ ' ...... 



ing s 



d BUtes. 



Diptera Dirk 

Sintera. (^ip'te-ra), an order of two Directors, as in many companies there is 

o/A^bVAOr winged insects, of which the a body called Emtraordinary Directors, 

common house-fly and the blue-bottle are who have little or no business functions, 

familiar examples. They are character- and are chosen, as a rule, on account of 

Ised by a body with slight coriaceous their social position imparting a degree 

covering, a trunk open beneath, and of distinction to the concern. Directors 

containing a sucker composed of two, are appointed by a general meeting of 

four, or six lancet-shaped elongated the shareholders in the undertaking, and 

scales, two palpi, antennse almost always a certain number of them, usually a 

composed of three joints, large eyes, an third, retire every year. Ordinary di- 

abdomen of from four to seven distinct rectors are {^ranted a certain remunera- 

segments, tarsi with five joints, and two tion for their services. The duties and 

short clubbed appendages called halt^es responsibilities of directors are defined 

or balancers, which seem to be the rudi- by the constitution of the company, or 

ments of the posterior pair in four- by the various acts of legislature afcect- 

win^ed insects, and are kept in continual inST joint-stock and other companies, 

motion. All undergo complete meta- DirectorV (<l^''®'^'to-ri), the name 
morphosis, and all are oviparous except ^ given to a body of five offi- 

the Sarcophaga, which issue from their cers to whom the executive authority in 

mother in shape of larvie; and the Pu- France was committed by the constitu- 

pipara, which first make their appear- tion of the year III (1795). The two 

a nee as nymphs. The greater number legislative bodies, called the councils, 

live on the sap of flowers, but some feed elected the members of the directory ; 

on blood, others fasten on other animals one member was obliged to retire yearly, 

to lick up their perspiration, their sores, and his place was supplied by election, 

or various secretions. This bodv was invested with the author^ 

Sinterfl.Gfiffi (dip-ter-a'se-«), DiFTER- ity, which, by the constitution of 1791, 

-t^ ^ "'*'^*^ OCABpELE, an important had been granted to the king. By the 

order of Asiatic exogenous, polypetalous revolution of the 18th Brumaire the di- 

trees, allied to the mallows (Malvacefle). rectory and the constitution of the year 

The different species produce a number III were abolished. It was succeeded 

of resinous, oily, and other substances; by the consulate. 

one, a sort of camphor ; another, a fra- T)ireot Prillia.rv ^ method of nomi- 
grant resin used in temples; and others, ****'« xx4i*c»Ajr, nating candidates 

varnishes ; while some of the commonest for office now adopted in many of the 

groduce pitches, and sal, valuable tim- States of the American Union. Under 

er. the former method conventions of elected 

DlDtVCh. (d^P'^^: Greek) originally delegates were held, who nominated the 

•^ ^ signifies the same as diplo- candidates, usually those selected by the 

ma, something folded; the double tablets party leaders. In the new method of 

of metal, ivory, etc., used by the Greeks direct primaries the candidates are voted 

and Romans. Diptychs became impor- for directly by the people, who thus have 

tant in the Christian church, in them an immediate control over the results, 

being written the names of popes, and Dirppfri^ (di-rek'triks), in mathe- 

other distinguished persons who had de- ■*'a*^*'«'A*a matics, a line perpendicu- 

served well of the church, to be mentioned lar to the axis of a conic section, and so 

m the church prayers. Diptychs also often placed that the distance from it of any 

contained pictures of Biblical scenes, etc. point in the curve is to 

SipUS. See Jerboa. the distance of the same 

'^ r , , V , , point from the focus m 

SiDVre ^^IPJ'')'.* mineral consisting a constant ratio; also, 

'rJ ^ chiefly of silicate of alumina, the name given to any 

with small proportions of the silicates of line, whether straight or 

soda and lime. Its name indicates the not, that la required for 

double effect of fire upon it (Gr. di, dou- the d e s c ri p 1 1 o n of a 

ble, pyr, fire) in producing first phos- curve. The directrix of 

phorescence and then fusion. a parabola is a line per- 

Dira, or EcKENiDi^. ae^Furie.. r^^^.n^S J^L."^- ''?^^* 

Directors (^^-^'ck'turs), persons elect- tance from the vertex is equal to the 

ed to meet together at distance of the vertex from the focus, 

short fixed intervals and consult about Thus a B is the directrix of the parabola 

the affairs of corporations or joint-stock v e D, of which f is the focus, 

companies, and to advise and assist the T)irk (^^^1^)* a kind of dagger former^ 

manager. These are termed Ordinary -^^^^ \y used as a weapon of offense 




Dirk-hartogr Island Disease 

■nj_i_ 1 . -- . . .. stricter leral ■■>»>• 



Tne lull Highland costume, i'JBUUUUier '" ' "T" ' " " « ' J. in -u 

Dirk-hartog Island, !» f w-t *. ™...«i,- ?SS'.iLT'„ rSiul 

S!f's,i\s- '"» ""' ""■•'"- S"" stpSX'" '"• ■-■ "■■" 

Dirt-beds, '? «"'»;•■ >""• •>' •«■ ^"» S-^'if ■G,«l,'l^^°''-n""■l"■■ 
Disability (*■-- mi'mi). lo i.w, in- p,i.i„ „„„ ., fh ,*'' ' 'iT"- ""■ 

' I „„ i„fli™ . „° c L '>'«»D"ra8 known a* 

disableB the peraon ; Buch aa oaUawry oi DlSCOrd (diskord), in nrnarc, a dla- 

azoommuDication — or partial auoh aa wi^-t- » aonant or inbartaunloua com- 

intanci, cv.rtnre, b,^U,Tir drnnl " u". S V. ™,°„S' 1 "'I?' " '">^- 

aesB. "".'^ '" ™s concord. See Dutonance 

Disbanding f ' f" • » d' ^i). tb. Discount tf,'°S;, ";"';.■''• ">'"; 

leaain, ttan, ttom ierrl™, wb.n thw are Sj S™ . "' ""•'•<" ""■ '' «d.anc 

no loniap tmulted, or it 'may bt 3 i" S5„S; ,,f °i '"'. '"""•J' tb. bant.r 

count of insubordination daducta the charge for intereat on hia ad- 

Disbarring (dis-bar'iua), eipeiliog ^S^'^fha ^! u'""' '"""^t reprcientad 

"""".» a baniatcr Imu, thVbat, ib|l'"',, VSfA """ '}" dilfmn™. 

a prehigative which, in Bnglaod bi noa- . Jh ^ "^ fwoceeda of the bill, 

aeaaed by the bcoebera of each of the ,? 'Iff""" P*"'"* "'"'''■ ""d eolleoM 

four Inns of Coort. The party dia for outlav^anS ill /ci-nbutaa himaelf 

barred oa, lodj. ,n appeal with the " P»Cly.\h, V.J'SoL;,' .."■.'"'J'Z.- 

judgea in their capacity of viaitorg. to any deduction fr^mH,.ff, "PPl'cd 

Disc, "••'; "•' «""i!'p>rt of .■"■™S™d;b';°S,''p'ar'Si'tr.°b'o"i; 

' rndiote compound flower sur- s oaid eatjeciflllv n- ilr. .lr„. "''°"' ," 

t.aieB cup.abBped, at the base of tbe fi'Couniei ia paid by the a^pt^ beforS 
atamena. consisting in some caae. of " la due. the^discou^ralK for r^ 
rudimentary aUmens, in others o( the Payment is called rebate. 
modified receptacle.— In astronomy the DlSCOVerV '"JiH-kov'e-ri). in law, the 
term ia applied to the face or circular t„ „ "^ "''' '^f revealing or making 

fipnre exhibited by the Rim, moon, or a J"""" 1°^ T ,"■' ^^ » defendant in K; 
planet in tbe aky. . ur  anawer to a bill in chancery. The woiS 

Discharge, see CaUco-pHnUnf. by a banirru^l ofh?a"prJ^r'f; ^'■='°""^ 

Disohara^ilUr Arch <di«-<:harj'iur>. Discrase '•'■s'l'raB). an on at allTer. 
in .1,= La. . =" '"■<^'' '"^^ .ii,a.„ ,. '■onsiaUng o( antimony and 

i°,?ir .rSr "' , sSJns '-s". '"Dt'i'i'r' «';■."; 

r," fU"tt '■■up';! a ,„oi, ofTnVo'r-.Sd-'irx S°bS 

fj""",'! 'J^ »' Disease ''i'^>- W morbid «at. of 

bi.?,^" 'iXa" part of tb. SSyniiU'. fre' d^.'S-^bS 

Disci pies I ;* ie^Sj „" conatitudonal. idiopathic^ 

?SiE,„;" ' 'a-n- D,.*™„ «™b. :rt'b.°'c„'i I iSTg-reaT ,£ ^T V''" 
American reli.iou, organi.atlon. had it. '"""Ill™ "f " fera.l fcrT j;i' ST 
heglnniug la J8K1. S„ i,„..fc JJ^" peculiar ran.tllurioo?'!.. ™,ttr oS 1« 



Diseases of Plants Dislocation 

^ I J 

activity and development of the organs, from the low state of temperature which 

are found to pass from parent to child, is kept up at the very iK>int where a cer- 

As it is in the particular state of the tain degree of heat is essential. Diseases 

several organs and functions that a very springing from the actions of other or- 

?;reat part of diseases have their ganisms may be classed as direct inju- 

oundation, the liability to certain dis- ries, alterations of tissues from the pres- 

eases may be inherited with the organic ence of larvs of insects, exhaustion from 

structure, and the son attacked by vari- parasitic insects or plants, especially 

ous complaints at the same period of life fungi. 

in which his father was. The most im- TliaTinTinr nf a "Rill (dis-on'ur), the 
portant hereditary defect is physical -^^^^^^^^ "^ » •""* refusal or neg- 
weakness. These diseases are called hered- lect to accept or pay when due a bill of 
itary; but it is only the predisposition exchange, or promissory note, or draft 
to them that is inherited. Hence the on a banker. It is absolutely necessary 
actual development of hereditary diseases that the holder of a dishonored bill 
requires certain cooperating circum- should give immediate notice of the non- 
stances. Constitutional diseases often payment to the drawers or endorsers, 
depend on circumstances which affect the Disinfectant (di8~in-^el^t'ant) is any 
foetus during pre^ancy. Among the dis- oAAix^^ui/c»ixu gubgtance that destroys 
eases, the predisposition to which is the germs and odors of contagious and 
most frequently hereditary are scrofula, infectious diseases. The most important 
hemophiha (especially bleeding at the for practical purposes are formaldehyde, 
lungs), and hemorrhoids, consumption, chlorine, carbolic acid, sulphurous acid, 
gout, gravel and stone, cancer, disorders Condy's fluids (containing respectively 
of the mind, hysterical and hypochondriac manganate and permanganate of potash), 
affections, apoplexy, epilepsy and organic and Burnett's fluid, containing chloride 
diseases of particular parts, especially of of zinc. Carbolic acid is one of the most 
the heart. Inherited diseases are much enective, needing, however, some little 
more diflicult to cure than those which care in the handling, as it sometimes 
originate in accidental external causes, causes severe burns. It does not in its 
and special care should therefore be tak- common form mix with water, but floats 
en to adopt an environment and mode of on the surface undiluted. For application 
life calculated to counteract the inherited to the skin Ondy's fluid is one of the 
predisposition. As to the origin of cer- readiest preparations. In cases of infec- 
tain diseases see Germ Theory, tious or contagious disease, disinfectants, 

TliflAaaika of Pla-nffi inay be divided such as chlorinated lime or carbolic acid, 
xriBcascs ui xiltiibs, .jj^^ ^^^ ^^.j^ should at once be placed about the house, 

classes: those produced by temperature, especially in the sickroom and in the 
excess or deficiency of moisture and light, passages and landing outside. A large 
impure air, the composition of the soil, sheet also should be nailed so as to hang 
and other mechanical or chemical agen- across the door, and this should be kept 
cies; and those produced by other organ- constantly wet with carbolic acid. All 
ized beings, whether belonging to the excretions should be instantly disinfected 
animal or vegetable world. Too high a and also the closet which receives them, 
temperature will produce an excitement lu a country place it is best to bury them 
inconsistent with healthy growth, while in a considerable depth of earth. Every 
a low temperature destroys the connec- article of clothing and furniture should 
tion between the cells, and is one of the be carefully treated, as the germs may 
chief causes of cancer. In the absence lurk in them and break out after a lapse 
of light the chemical changes necessary of months or years. 

to the complete development of the DisinteCTTator ^^ ^ *"*'^'*^^'**"*°''^» ^ 
chlorophyll will not take place, and the v\^^xnvM machine for pulverix- 

Slant is in consequence blanched. Ten- in? and sometimes for mixing various 
er tissues, however, frequently require materials, such as rock, asphalt, ore, ar- 
{>rotection from a too free admission of tificial manures, sugars, com, the ingre- 
ight In tropical forests, unhealthy to dients of mortar, etc. 
man, certain vegetables find a congenial T)is]r gee Disc 
atmosphere, but in most cases pure air * 




to plant life than excess of moisture, of the bones have been forced out of 

partly from its immediate action on the their proper relations. The particular dis- 

tender tissues of the roots, and partly location takes its name either from the 

from decomposition, but. more than all, joint itself or its farthest bone, and it 



m 





Diss Distemper 

der the title of Amenitiea of Literature, picture is drawn out of focus gradually. 

He died in 1848. The ^^reater part of bis and a second substituted, which is 

life was i)as8ed in his library. brought cradually into focus, thus pro- 

Diss (^^b)* ^ ^^° ^^ England, Nor- ducing tne haase and brilliancy which 

^ folk, on the slope of a hill Is miles have gained this sort of exhibition its 

south by west from Norwich. It was name. If two lanterns are used, they 

formerly noted for the manufacture of are placed side by side with their lens 

* Suffolk hempen cloth,' worsted yam tubes slightly convergent, so that the 

and knit hosiery. Pop. 37G9. images may be superposed on the 

Disseizin (dl8-B§'zin), or Disseisin, screen. By means of a revolving shutter 

in law, is the dispossessing either lantern can be wholly or partiaUy 

one of a freehold estate, or interrupting shut off and the image of other lanterns 

his seizin. Of freeholds only can a be correspondingly disclosed, 

seizin be had, or a disseizin done. T)iflgoiia.T1Ce (^^s' u-nans). in music, 

Whether an entry upon lands is or is not *o«wa4.»aj.w^ ^^^ effect which results 

a disseizin will depend partly upon the from the union of two sounds not in 

circumstances of the entry and partly accord with each other. The ancients 

upon the intention of the party, as made considered thirds and sixths as disso- 

known by his words or acts. nances; and, in fact, ever^ chord except 

TliQSATifArfl (dis-ent'ers), the common the perfect concord is a dissonant choi^. 

xri9»ciil.qx5 jj^mg jjy ^j^j^jIj .jj Britain The old theories include an infinity of 

all Christian denominations, excepting dissonances, but the present received sys- 
that of the Established Churches, are tem reduces them to a comparatively 
usually designated, though in acts of small number. ^ The most common ant 
parliament it generally includes only those of the tonic against the second, th<*. 
Protestant dissenters, Roman Catholics fifth against the sixtlK or (the most f re- 
being referred to under their specific quent of all) the fourth against tb« 
name. The most important bodies of fifth. 

English dissenters are the different bod- Distaff (d^^^)> the first instrument 
ies of Methodists, the Congregationalists , ^^ employed in spinning. It con- 
and the Baptists : and of Scotch dissent- sisted of a staff, on one end of which the 
ers, the Free Church and the United wool or^ flax was rolled. The spinner 
Presbyterian Church. The Noncon- held it in the left hand, and drew out 
formists were dissenters from the Eng- the fibers with the right, at the same 
lish Church. time twisting them. A small piece of 

TliflfiATifia (dis'sen-tis), a town of wood called a spindle was attached to 
^i»5cutis Switzerland, canton Orisons, the thread, the weight of which carried 
about 3800 ft. above the sea, at the junc- it down as it was formed. When the 
tion of the Middle and Vorder Rhine, spindle reached the ground the thread 
with a Benedictine abbey established in which had been spun was wound round 
614. Pop. 1400. it, and it was then again fastened near 

TliaaAmafiAvi (dis-s6-shi-&'shun), a the beginning of the new thread. 
i/lBSOUiauuu ehemical term used to BistemDer (<i"-tem'p*r), a disease of 
express the partial decomposition which ^ * the dog commonly con- 

takes place when chemical compounds sidered as of a catarrhal nature. In 
are exposed to a high temperature; as most cases a running from the nose and 
when by the passage of steam through eyes is one of the first and chief symp- 
a white-hot platinum tube some of it toms, the defluction becoming after some 
is decomposed and an explosive mixture time mucous and purulent The animal 
of oxygen and hydrogen may be collected, is subject to violent fits of coughing com- 
In his writings on dissociation Ste. Claire bined with vomiting, loses its appetite, 
Deville uses the term in a more extended its flesh begins to waste, and if the 
sense, as denoting the separation of a disease be virulent, symptoms of affection 
body into its constituents (whether sim- of the brain manifest themselves, accom- 
ple or compound) at a temperature in- panied by fits, paralysis, or convulsive 
ferior to that at which its composition is twitchings. In tne first stage of the dis- 
nsually seen to take place. ease laxatives, emetics, and occasional 

THsanliriTicy ViPixra (di-solv'ing) are bleeding are the principal remedies; diar- 
jjissuiviu^ views paintings upon rhoea should be checked by astringents, 
glass magnified and thrown with great and to reduce the violence of the fits warm 
distinctness upon a screen by means of bathing and antispasmodics should be 
one or two magic lanterns with strong resorted to. The distemper is generally 
lenses, and illuminated by the oxyhydro- contagious, and occurs but once in a 
gen light. If one lantern is used the lifetime. 



Distemper Distillatioii: 

Distemner (It(ili«ii, tempera), ia water, the diitilled liquid trictliDg out at 
«^ painting, a preparation of o. The cold water round the worm re- 
opaque color mixed in a watery glue, suoh quires to be cootinuall; renewed, aa 
aa sue, wbite of egg, or gum. It is used it abanrba the heat Wben the mii- 
now chiefly in eoene- painting and in ture to be distilled consiata of two or 
paper for walla, but was employed in tzinre liquids of different boiling-polDta, 
the higher departmenta of art before the auch as alcohol pnd water, the more 
introduction of oil-painting in the fit- volatile comes olF Erst, accompanied b; a 
teetith ceQlary. Distemper ia painted on certain proportion of the vapor of Ibf 
a dry aurface, freaco on wet mortar or other, so that it is hardly poaaible com- 
plaBt«r. pleCely to separate bodies by one distilla- 
SJStich (dia'tikl, a couplet of versea, tion. This ia effected by repeated succe«- 
^ eapeeially one conaiating of a ive diatillations of the liquid with or 
Latia or Greek hexameter and pentam- without tbe addition of substances to re- 
eter, making complete sense. tain the Impurities. When the prodnc- 
'niafilla+in-n (d i s-ti-1 &' ah n n), the tion of one of the ingredients only ia 
J^iSUUitllUU Tolatniiation and subse- aimed at by this process, it ia caUed 
qDent condensation of a liquid by a rectification, but when it ia desired to 
apecial apparatus, resulting in a aepara- separate aud collect nil the liquids pn»- 
tlon of the liquid from a mfxture. Tbe ent, or to divide a mixture into porlion* 
operation is performed by heating the lying within certain ranges of tempera- 
crude liquid or mixture in a retort or ture ascertained either by the thermometer 
veaael known aa the body of the aiill. or by the amount of liquor run off, or by 
This is made of various shapes and the sppearance of the distillate, etc, the 



materials, and is closed with the excep' process is called fractional dUtiitation. 
.ion of a slender neck which opens Into In the laboratory, distillation is employed 
tbe condenser, a long tube through which tor purifying water, for recovering alco- 



the hot vapor from the still is passed, bol and etber, and for tbe preparatioc. 
The tube la kept at a aufficicntly low purification, and separation of a great 
temperature to cause tbe vapor to con- number of bodiea. On tbe large scale 
dense, the common method of securing diatilUtJon is employed in the prepara- 
tbis being to aurrnund tbe tube with a tion of potassium, sodinm, sine, mercury ; 
rouataully renewed stream of cold water, of aulphnric acid, ether, chloroform, snl- 
Id some cases ice or a freezing mixture phide and chloride of carbou, essential 
may be required to effect condensation, oils and perfumes ; purification of coal 
On a large scale the coudeoaine tube is aud wood tar, and the products obtained 
coiled round and round in a tub or box, from tbem ; and, most extensive of all, 
and ia known aa a worm. From the end the manufacture of whiaky, brandy, or 
of It tbe vapor, condenacd into a liquid, other spirit. Sea-water ia also dtatiUed 
drops or diatila into a receiver. Tbe in many cases for drinkinc or cooking 
simplest case of distillation ia that of purpoaes. Destrvclive diitillalion diffcn 
water containing solid matter in solution, from the preceding in this respect, that 
the solid matter remaining behind in the the original substance is not merely 
■till or retort while tbe water trickles separated Into tbe bodies by the mixture 
pare into tbe receiver. The cut which of which it is formed, but is so acted on 
that it is completely decomposed, and 
bodies are produced which had no ei- 
iatence in the original matter. The term 
is restricted to the action of heat upon 
complex organic substances ont of con- 
tact with the air. The products of de- 
structive distillation are numerous aud 
varied. On tbe mannfacturing acate the 
procesB la conducted sometimes for one 
part, sometimes for another part of the 
products. Coal, for example. Is distilled 
primarily for tbe gas, but also tor am- 

moniacal water, benzol, anthracene, and 

IHMiUiiic Appuatoi. sometimes for the sake of the fixed carbon 

or coke, the volatile portions being neg- 
represeots a simple form of slill, shows lectcd and practically wasted. Wood la 
B, a copper boiler, the ' body ' of tbe still, distilled partly for the sake of the pyro- 
A being the head,' and c tbe ' neck,' ligneona acid and the tar, partly for tbt 
which commnnicatea with the apiral worm charcoal. Bones are disdlled tor the 
i> placed In a veaael which contains cold sake of the charcoal, though tbe oil la tim 



Distoma 

collected. Shale is distilled solely for each State, but the larger States have 
the sake of the oil. more than one. 

DistOma in^j^r^c'r^Vu^fSSV^UT- strict of Columbia, fee Colu^ 
cal worms or flukes, inhabiting various lliafriptfl Ck>NGBS88iONAL, the divi- 
parts in different animals. D. hepati- '^^^^^^^^^t gions in the United States 
cum, or common liver fluke, inhabits which each return a representative to 
the gall-bladder or ducts of the liver Congress. Their number varies at differ- 
in sheep, and is the cause of the disease ent times, being fixed after each decen- 
known as the rot. They have also been nial census. 

discovered in man (though rarely), the Ditcll (^^c^)> ^ trench in the earth 
horse, the hog, the rabbit, birds, etc made by digging, particularly a 

In form it is ovate, flattened, ana pre- trench for draining wet land, or for 
sents two suckers ^ whence the name), making a fence to guard enclosures, or 
of which the anterior is perforated by for preventing an enemy from approach- 
the aperture of the mouth. A branched ing a town or fortress. In the latter 
water-vascular system is present, and sense it is called also a fosae or moat, 
opens posteriorly by a small aperture, and is dug round the rampart or wall 
All the animals of this genus present the between the scarp and counterscarp. See 
phenomenon known as 'alternation of Fortificaiion, 

generation.' 'Hif'hvrflTnhTifi ( d i t h-i-r a m' bus), 

Distress (dis-tres') , in law, is the tak- ■i'*«'^J ™^"US b i t h' y b a m b, in 
mg of a personal chattel of Greek literature, a poem sung in honor 
a wrongdoer or a tenant, in order to of the god Bacchus or Dionysus, at his 
obtain satisfaction for the wrong done festivals. It was composed in a lofty 
or for rent or service due. If the party and often inflated style ; hence the term 
whose goods or cattle are seized disputes is applied to any poem of an impetuous 
the injury, service, duty, or rent, on and irregular character, 
account of which the distress is taken, 1)itllia.rslieS (<i ^ t' marsh-es; German, 
he may replevy the things taken, giving *^* «■***«**»"*'» D % t h marachen) , a dis- 
bonds, at the same time, to return them trict of Ilolstein, in Germany, consisting 
or pay damage in case the party making •f a monotonous flat stretching along the 
the distress shows that the wrong has German Ocean, between the mouths ot 
been done, or the service or rent is due. the Elbe and the Eider, and so little 
Another description of distress is that of raised above the sea as to require the 
ottachtnent, to compel a party to appear protection of strong embankments. The 
before a court when summoned for this area is 500 sq. miles, and the total pop. 
purpose. The distresses most frequently above 70,000. 

made are on account of rent and taxes T)ittRllV (^^^^'^'^i)* ^^^ popular name 
and damage-feasance. i^aixj ^^ ^^^ plants of the genus 

Distribution of Animals l^J^r Dictamnua, an herb of the rue f^^^^^ 
^j.ovx*wu.«AVM w* M.A«^.u«.«.A0 tri-ba- (Rutacea?), found m the Mediterranean 

shun). See Zoology. region. The leaves are pinnate, the large 

Distribution of Plants. See Bo*- white or rose-colored flowers are in 
^AovxAwiAvxvu vx .^M»«Av»» ^^^ tcrmmal racemes. The whole plant is 

IViafinnf A^'fnTTiAfT (dis'tiikt), the covered with oily glands, and the secreted 
i/lSincii IX\\Ui:ilcy public prosecu- oil is so volatile that in hot weather 
tor within a defined district. One is its vapor becomes slightly inflammable, 
elected in each county in each state, and D. FraxineUa and D. albua are found in 
the Federal government also appoints one gardens. The dittany of the United 
for each United States judicial district. States is Cunila Mariana, a labiate plant 
The state district attorney prosecutes The dittany of Crete is Orig&num 
criminals before the state courts, while Dictamnua, and the bastard dittany is a 
the government official prosecutes offences species of Marruhium (horehound), both 
against the Federal government and con- labiates. 

ducts civil actions in Its behalf. Din (^^'^)* ^° island of Hindustan, 

1110+^1^+ nAiir+fl (dis'trikt), an im- '*' ** belonging to the Portuguese, on 
J/X5tiii»t vvuAifS portant series of the northwest coast, off the south ex- 
courts in the United States, each under tremity of Gujerat, from which it is 
a single judge, and having original juris- separated by a very narrow channel. It 
diction in civil, criminal and admiralty is 7 miles in length, from s. to w., and 2 
causes, in which the general government miles in greatest breadth from n. to 8. 
or officers of the government are con- On a point on the east end of the island 
csrned. They are now over one hundred stands the town of Diu. It was formerly 
in number. Generally there is one for the seat of a considerable cfimmprcc. hut 




Diuretics Diving-bell 

is now a place of no importance. Pop. these perform work of eztraurdinar; fine- 

of island, 14,iE14. neaa and accuracj. 

ninrAticfl (dl-Q-ret'ika), medldnea in- Tlivi-rlivi Libi-oibi, or Libi-dati, the 

inoreaCS ^^^^^ ^^ increase the Be- -UlVl-aiVl, ^^^ ^ Cwolpinio coriario. 

cretion and discbarge of urine, Tbey a tree nhlch grows in tropical America, 

either act direct!; on tbe kidneys, eicit- and a member of tlie family which yields 

ioK these organs to increased sction ; or sapan, brazil, and other red woods. The 

indirectly by first infiueQCing tbe circula- pods are about 1 inch broad and 3 inches 

tlon. Of the first class are squill, broom, long, but are generally bent or curlnj up. 

juniper, alcohol, potash, etc. ; of the They are highly astringent, containing a 

second, digitalis, elaterium, cream of tar- large proportion of tannic and gallic acids, 

tar, etc. for which reason they are used by tan- 

Dinmo. (dl-ur'na), a name sometiraeg nerg and dyers. 

j/iuiun given to the diurnal lepidople- BiTrinatinn (liiT-i-na'shun), the act of 
rous insects or butterflies. x»ivmttiiuu divining ; a foretelling fu- 
Divan. (<li-'''"l')' b Persian word hav- ture events, or discovering things secret 
j/ivaiL jQ_ g^Ypral significations. It is or obscure, by tbe aid of superior be- 
used in Turkey tor the highest council of ings, or by other than human means, 
state, tbe Turkish ministry; also for a In ancient times divination was divided 
large ball for the reception of visitors, into two kinds, nafurat and artificial. 
Among several orienlal nations this name Xatiirttl divination was supposed to bi- 
is given to certain collections of lyric effected by a kind of inspiration or 
poems ^s one author. The dican* of divine afflatus : arti^cial divination was 
riafil and Saadi, tbe Persian poets, are effected by certain rites, eiperiments, or 
among the most important. In Western ooservations, as uy sacrifices, observation 
Europe the term is applied to a caf#, of entrails and flight of birds, lots, omens, 
and lo a kind of cushioned seaL positions of tbe stars, elc. Among modes 
IViirPTS (dl'verz). birds remarkable for of divination were: axiaoniiXHcif. by aea : 
,1/ivci* the habit of diving. The divers belomancy, by arrows; bibliomanev, by 
(Colymbidte) are a family of swimming the Bible; oneirotnancy, by dreams; 
birds (Nataiores), characterised by a pvomancn, by fire, etc. 
strong, straight, rather compressed Tli'iriTlf' "Riirht (di-vin'), the claim 
pointed bill about as long as the head; ■"^^^"C 4WBUb ^^j „p ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ 
a abort and rounded tail : short wings ; eigns or their su|iportera to tbe absolute 
Ibin, compressed legs, placed very far obedience of subjects as ruling by ep- 
back, and tue toes completely webbed, pointment of God, insomuch that, al- 
Tbey prey upon fish, which they pursue though they may themselves submit to re- 
under water, making use partly of their strictions on their authority, yet subjects 
wings, but chiefly of their 'egs and endeavoring to enforce those restrictions 
webbed feet in their subaqueous progres- by resistance to their sovereign'a acts 
sion. Tbe leading species are the great are considered guilty of a ain. The most 
northern diver (t^olgmbiu glacislii), the recent claim of this character is that 
red-throated diver (C sepIentriondlMl, made hy "'illiam II of Germany. 
and the black- throated diver IC. Arcti- TXi^njifr idlv'ing), tbe art or act of 
cm). These birds inhabit the Arctic -"^viiig deBcending into water to con- 
seas of the New and Old worlds; they siderable di^tbs, and remaining there fur 
are abundant in the Hebrides, Norway, a time. The uses of diving are im- 
i^weden and Russia. The great north- porlant, particularly in fishing (or pearls, 
era diver, loon, or ember goose, is about curais, spnngeii, examining the founda- 
2% feet lung, and is of baudsome plum- tiona of bridges, recovering valuable 
age. from sunken shins, and the like. Without 
HividPTld (divi-dend), literally what tbe aid of artificial appliances a skilful 
■"* *" is to be divided, a term diver may remain iindi'r water for twn. 
used In arithmetic and in reference to or even three minutes; accounts of 
slocks, etc. In the latter sense it is the longer periods are doubtful or absurd 
interest or profit of stocks dividt-d among. Various methods have been proposed am! 
and paid to. tbe proprietors. It also sig- engines contrived lo render diving more 
Difies the payment made to creditors out safe and easy. The great object in all 
of tbe estate of a bankrupt. these is to furnish the diver with fresh 
Dividers '<i'''"''J''''s'. » Pslf ot com- air, without which he must either make 
passes or similar instrument, but a short sUy under water or perish 

Dividine Entrine. " "5?'^'''^! 'i''' **^ oiving-beii. Divivq-ircnt. 

j^iviiuug juustuc, marking the di- Divinff-bell » contrivance for the 

visions on the scales of scientific, mathe- ■"'•^"B wvu, p„ppn^ ^f enabling p"r- 

matical, or other instruments. Some of sons to descend and to remain below tlia 



Diving-dress Diving-dresi 

■urfacc of water fur n lengtb of tiniP. to muniratea witb an air-pump aboTe. Ti 
perform various operationa, such aa ei- aJlow ci the «icu|i« of the uaed air tberi 
amiiiiDg the fouudatioiiB of bridgen, blast- is aumetimes another Qexible tube, whici 
lag rocka, recovering treasure from ia led from the back part of the heline 
aonken veaaela, etc. _ Diving- bella bare to the aurface of the water. But In th< 
been made of various forms, more more improved forma of the dreas. tb< 
eapecUlly in that of a bell or hollow breathed air escapes by a valve to con 
truncated cone, with the amaller end atnicted aa to prevent water from lettinj 
cloaed, and the larger one, which is placed in, though it lets the air out. Leadei 
lowermost, open. The air contained weights are attached to the diver, am 
within theae vesaela prevents them from his aboes are weighted, that he may b< 
being filled with water on aahmersion, ao able to descend a ladder, walk abou 
that the diver mar descend in them aod below, etc. ComniuDicalion can be car 
breathe freely for a lone time, provided ried on with those above by means of i 
he can be furnished wltn a new supply cord running between the diver and tbi 
of freah air when the contained air be- attendanta ; or he may converse with then 
cornea vitiated by respiration. This is through a speaking tube or a teIephoni< 
done by means of a flexible tube, thruugb apparatus. Une form uf diving-dresi 
which air ia forced into the brll. A makes the diver independent of any eon 
form, called the nautilut, has been in- nection with perauna above the water 
vented which enablea the occupants, and It is elastic and hermetically closed. A 
not the attendanta above, to raise or sink reservoir containing highly rompreased aii 
the bell, move it about at pleasure, or jg fii^ i,n the diver's back, which sup 
raise great weights witb it and deposit pli^a him with air by a self-regulatinf 
them in any desired spot. apparatus at a pressure corresponding ti 

"niinTlff-flrPSB " waterproof dresa of hia depth. When he wishea to aacenc 
IflVlU^ ureas, j^j^^ rubber cloth used be simplv inflates his dress from the rei. 
by profeaaional divers, and covering the ervoir. Another form, known aa thi 
entire body except the head. The dress Fleuss dress, makes the diver also inde 
bas a neck-piece or breastpiate. fitted pendent ot exterior aid. The helmet con 
with a segraentat screw bayonet joint, to tains a supply of cumpreased oxygen, ant 
which the head-piece or helmet, the neck the eihaled breath is paused through « 
of which baa a corresponding screw, can filter in the breaat-picce which ileprivei 
be attached or removed. The helmet lias {t of its carbunic add, while the nitrogec 
goes back into Ihe helmet to be miier 
with the oxygen, the supply of wbicb ii 
under the diver'x own control, and to b( 
auccesaivelv breathed. A diver has r^ 
malned an hour and a half under 3& fee< 
of water in this suit. 

A considerable enlni^ment of the lieli 
of deep-aea diving is the result ot thi 
Invention recently of a form ot diving ap 
paratuB which is unaffected by the llmita 
tions hitherto imposed on work of thu 
kind. A possible depth ot 204 feet is rec 

Xiied by the British Admiralty regula 
la under the conditions [hat obtaii 
with the common form of diving auit Te 
thia depth has probably never beei 
reached. One hundred feet ia the rar 
descent ot the average diver and 160 tee 
hia maximum. With the new apparatu. 
a submergence of 212 feet haa been ob 
I tained, and thia might have been indefi 
nitely extended had there been a greate 
depth ot water at the place where the e' 

Seriment took place — Long Island Soum 
_ __. _ nring the latter part of 1914. 

nun ftCo.— a, Pip* by which air ia nippliad; b. The new divini apparatus is con 
Tstv* by whieh it ««■(«•. structed entirely of metal, ia rigid and 1 

usnally three eyeholes, covered with made of such materials that it is stroni 
strong glass, and protected bv guards, enough to resist the great pressures fouD< 
Air Is mpplied by means of a flexiUe tube In the depths to which it con penetrati 
which enters the belmct and com- The material used is an alloy of (Uoml 



Diving-dresB Divisibility 

num, and the diviDK case weighs complete feet, the time of hU aaceiit must b« not 

■bout 500 poundN. Wheo in the air. the leas than one hour and k half. In the 

msQ induBed in it is iacupable of impart- l.oDg Island Sound experiments the div*r 

tag movement to it, but in the water, was hoisted to the surface in 87 oecoDda. 

whid) counterbalances the dead weisbt of He was totallr unaffected by the abrupt 

the apparatus, be can easily move the ar- cbange in pressure, although the deepest 

tlculated sections as well as give himself be bad ever been was 90 feet, and on that 

motion through the water. The articu- occasion he had suffered from bleeding at 

lated portion consiate of about 50 turning the nose and ears. 

Joints, fitted with leather packing, wiiich TlivinTTlg Ttnrl (di-rtn'ing), a wand 
swells and has an increased effectiveness ^ or twig of hasel or 

under increased water pressure. To pre- willow used espedall; for dlacoTering me- 

vent the pressure- force of the deep sea tallic deposits or water beneath the 

from jamming the Joints, roller bearings earth's surface. It Is described by O. 

are so arranged about tbem that freedom Agricols (De re metallica, 1546). It baa 

of action is constantlj' maintained. The also a modern interest, whicb is set forth 

diving case is not absolutely water-tight, by Prof. W. F, Barrett, F.K.8.. the chief 

nor is it desired that it should be so. as modern invpntlgator. The use of the 

the slight leakage acts as a lubricant to divining rod at the present day is alniMt 

the Joinla, and aids in their movements. wboUy confined to water findipg. and la 

The danger arising from the intake of the hands of certain persons it undoubt- 

water thus into the diving case is averted edly has produred results along this line 

by the action of an ingenious pump appli- ibat are remarkablp, to say tbeTeast. The 

ance. which serves two purposes : that professional water-finder provides faimaelf 

of pumping the water out and pumping „iti) ^ f„r|,pd twig, of hazel, f..r instance, 

tbe flir in. ibe ciivrr m this invention »-i,i.^K t.,r:^ ¥.aI.i .*. k..i-*.».j ...... n^L-JH... 



The divrr in this invention „hich twig, held In balanced equilibrium 

carries his pump with him and has air in iiig hands, moves with a siiddeo and 

supplied to him at atmoKpberic pressure, oftpu violent motion, giving to the on- 

At the back of the diving case is a recess jaoier the impression of life within the 

and in it is installed a compact but pow- t„ig itself. 1^8 apparent viulity of the 

^hl"^.'^l''Sii^«w-Tn/f ™?.%^nn^ »"*« i" '^e means whereby the w.ter- 

the suit all leakage and forces it at once g^^ ^ ,^ , ^ j ^ ^^ [^^ 

;^':^5'air,^^^drh?'ai;%rr'WrS^rg-^"/--^ 

f^rh^stTeh!itrjLtftT:C"dir& '"^^^^^^^^ 

breathe and then passes to the surface '» «>'!'«tin'/8 t^e outcome of the water- 
through the free space in an armored rub- P"i*^^« attempts, success as often and. 
. ber tube, within which are led down to the indeed, according to the testunony of P»- 
diver the compressed air pipe for driving J««f>'' Barrett, more often crownahlari- 
the pump, and the electrical connections 'of)"- ^ Various eipl ana tions, scientific 
for telephone and lamp. Thus the diving and other, of the phenomenon have been 
case receives a thorough ventilation, and advanced. Professor Barrett ascribes it 
it has been found that should the pump *" motor-automatism on the part of the 
fail to work for a number of minutea manipulator of the divining rod, that is, 
there would still be eoouah air remaining a reflex action eidted by aome stimulus 
in the diving esse and the tube space to "Pon bis mind, which may be either a sub- 
supply the diver's needs for at least the conscious suggestion or an actual impm- 
lengtb of time he is being hauled to the sion. lie asserts that the function of the 
surface. During the eiperiment in Long forked twig in the bands of the water- 
Island Sound the pump was stopped for finder may he to act as an indicator of 
ten minutes, while the diver was at a some material or other mental disturbance 
depth of 100 feet. He suffered no Incon- within him. While a haael or willow twig 
venience, and when the compressor again seems to be preferred by the profeasional 
was started he was lowered to a depth of water-finder, twigs from the beech, holly 
212 feet If such a condition as failure or any other tree are employed: aome- 
of the pump to work for ten minutes had times even a piece of wire or watch spring 
arisen during a descent in the old elastic is used, with apparently as good resnlta. 
diving dress the result must necessarily Divijtihilifv (di-'is-i-bU'i-ti). that gen- 
have heen fatal. Nor is a deUy necessary ■"^'^'"U^"^'':' g^al property of boSie* 
in hoisting the diver clad in the new by which their parts or compouent par- 
diving apparatus to the surface. Accord- tides are capable of separation. No- 
ing to the British Admiralty regulations, meroua examples of the divlaion of 
should a diver go down to a depth of 204 matter to a degree almost exceeding be- 



Diviuon Divorce 

lief may be easily instanced. Thas, glass vision is the converse of multiplication, 
test-plates for microscopes have oeen llivision ^^ military matters, a por- 
ruled so fine as to have 225,000 spaces ^'***^*"'"'> tion of an army consisting 
to the inch. Ck>tton yarn has been spun of two or more brigades, composed of 
BO fine that one pound of it extended up- the various arms of the service, and com- 
wards of 1000 miles, and a Manchester manded by a general officer. In the 
spinner is said to have attained such a navy, a select number of ships in fieet 
marvelous fineness that one pound would or squadron of men-of-war. The term 
extend 4770 miles. One grain of gold has been practically abolished since the 
has been beaten out to a surface of 52 introduction of gigantic heavily-armed 
souare inches, and leaves have been made ironclad ships into the navy. 
3o7,500 of which would go to make an DivisiOH ^° parliament or congress, 
inch of thickness. Iron has b'ien reduced ^^^'^^^vu., ^^^ mode of determining a 
to wonderfully thin sheets. Fine tissue question at the end of a debate. The 
paper is about the 1200th part of an speaker puts the question, and declares 
inch in thick uess, but sheets of iron have whether m his opinion the ' Ayes' or the 
been rolled much thinner than this, and * Noes ' have it Should his opinion not 
as fine as one 4800th part of an inch be acquiesced in by the minority, the 
in thickness. Wires of platinum have house is cleared, and the ' Ayes ' directed 
been drawn out so fine as to be only the to go into the right lobby and the * Noes ' 
30,000th part of an inch in diameter, into the left, where they are counted by 
Human' hair varies in thickness from the two tellers appointed for each party. 
250th to the 600th part of an inch. The TliiriQinTi of T.ahnr & principle em- 
fiber of the coarsest wool is about the •^'AVisiuu Ul XittUUr^ pj^^y^ .^ ^ 

600th part of an inch in diameter, and industries for the simplification of the 
that of the finest only the 1500th part, work to be done by each of the workmen 
The silk fiber, as spun by the worm, is engaged in it The separation of com- 
about the 5000th part of an inch thick; plicated processes into a series of simple 
but a spider's fiber is only the 30,000th operations not only results in a great 
part of an inch in diameter; insomuch saving of time, but also demands much 
that a single pound of this attenuated less ability on the part of the workman, 
substance might be sufficient to encom- in order that he may acquire the neces- 
pass our globe. The trituration and levi- sary skill in performing any particular 
gation 01 powders, and the perennial operation. Owing to botn of these causes, 
abrasion and waste of the surface of tne saving of time, and the employment 
solid bodies, occasion a disintegration of oC cheaper labor, the cost of producing 
particles almost exceeding the powers of complicate<l articles is, b^ the applica- 
computation. The solutions of certain tion of this principle, immensely re- 
saline bodies, and of other colored sub- duced. Division of labor tends to the 
stances, also exhibit a prodigious subdi- invention of machinery, and to the ef- 
vision of matter. A single grain of the factual use of machinery when invented, 
sulphate of copper, or blue vitriol, will It increases the skill and dexterity of 
communicate a line azure tint to five gal- tlie individual workman ; it effects a 
Ions of water. In this case the sulphate great saving of time and capital, and it 
must be attenuated at least 10,000,000 conduces to the more economical distri- 
times. Odors are capable of a much bution of labor b^ classing work-people 
wider diffusion. A single grain of musk according to their capacity. It has, 
has been known to perfume a large room however, a deteriorating effect on the 
for the space of twenty years. At the laborer's usefulness as an all-round 
lowest computation the musk had been workman. 

subdivided into S^ quadrillions of par- 1)ivorce (<ll-^^i*s') is a separation, by 
tides, each of them capable of affecting ^^ vaw^ j^^^ ^^ husband and wife» 
the olfactory organs. All this goes and is either a divorce o vinculo maiH- 
to demonstrate the extraordinary mi- tnonii, that is, a complete dissolution 
nuteness of the constituent particles of of the marriage bonds, or a divorce a 
matter. mensd et ihoro (from bed and board), 

Diviaion (dl-vizh'un), in arithmetic, whereby the parties are legally separated, 
4/xYi.9Avu ^g dividing of a number or but not unmarried. The causes admitted 
quantity into any parts assigned ; one of by different codes of laws as grounds for 
tne four fundamental rules, the object of the modification or entire dissolution of 
which is to find how often one number the marriage contract, as well as the 
is contained in another. The number description of tribunal which has juris- 
to be divided is the dividend, the num- diction of the proceedings, and the form 
ber which divides is the divisor , and the of the proceedings^ ar« various. Divorce 
result of the division is the quotient. Di-'was permitted by the law of Moses, but 



Dix Birier 

forbidden in the New Testameat. except had much to do with tlie pgtabtitihmeDl of 
for UDcbaatitj. Tbe earty laws of Rome liinatie aHytuma io t'enoBylvauia, New 
permitted the hnaband to divorce hit York. North Carolina nml Keverat other 
wife for adultery and maa; other alleged states; and by uacen^'iiK elfurti ahe 
oSeaiea. The facility of divorce cod- succeeded la 1854 In baiiag a bill paued 
tiQUed, withoDt r^trlctioD, under the by Cougrcss aiipropriatlDg lU.OUO.ODO 
Roman emperors, but aa the modern acres of the public landa aa au endow- 
nationa of Europe emerged froia the ment for aucb asylums. This bill was 
ruins of the Roman Empire, they adopted vetoed by President Pierce. Besidea 
the doctrine of the New Testament tracts for prisoners, etc, ahe published 
Marrlate, in the Boman Catholic Church, several anonymoua works: The Garland 
besides being a civil contract, was con- of Flora, Evening Houn, etc. She died 
aidered a sacrament of the church, which in 1887. 

it was unlawful to dissolve. The ecclesi- niy. John A., ■tateBman, was borD fn 
asticel courta could indeed annul a mar- ^^ Boscawen, New Hampshire, fn 
riage, but only for a cause that existed 1798. He received a military traiDiag, 
at the tine the marriage was contracted, but afterwards studied law. At a oriti- 
such as prior contracts, impotency, etc cal time In 1801 he was appointed Svorr- 
For any cause arising after marriage tair of the Treasury. In tlie Civil war 
tbe; could only pronounce a divorce a uuder the first call for troops he organ- 
ffiensd et thoro, which did not leave ized seventeen regiments. After tbe de- 
either party free to marry again, this feat at Bull Run, by his energetic 
being only a separation. A divorce a meaanrea, he saved Marylaod from goinc 
rinculo tHatrimonii, for any cause arls- over to the Confederate cause. In 1872 
lug subsequent to marriage, could for- he was elected governor of New York, 
merly be obtained In England only by He was a man of culture and a dlstio- 
an act of parliament, and the eccleai- piiished orator. He died in 1879. 
astical courts must have previously _ 

pronounced a divorce a me>.»d el Ifioro. DixOn (dl^on^j Thouap (1864- ). 
According to present English practice, s" American niiveliat und play- 

the husband may obtain a divorce for Wright, bom at Shelly, North Carolina, 
simple adultery : but if the wife be the RSSl""'^ '""" ^^^^ ^'""«t Coli«e in 
petitioner, she must show that her bus- iSSS. He was for a time pastor of a 
band has been guilty of certain kinds of Baptist church. Amomc bis works are 
adultery, or of adultery combined with The Leopard^* Spot*, The One Woman, 
desertion or gross cruelty. In Scotland, r*e Claniman, The 8int of the Falhrr. 
from the time of tbe Reformation, divorce ^c. 

might be obtained by either party on the Kxon WnxiAM Hepwobth (1821- 
ground of adultery, marriage being held ' 79). nn English editor aod au- 

to be only a civil contract, and aa such tbor, bom in Manchester. In 1849 be 
under the Jurisdiction of the civil coutti. published a memoir of Howard, tbe phi- 
In the United States marriage is con- lanthropist. which was followed by tbe 
aidered to be a civil contract and the Life of William Penn, and s work on Ad- 
laws aa to divorce and the facility or mlral Blake. In 1853 he became chief 
difficulty of obtaining it, differ greatly in editor of (he Athenieiim, a post which he 
the aeveral states. Thus, formerly in retained till 1869. His wntings indnde 
South Carolina divorce waa not granted Free Russia, Lord Byron, The Holy L«nd, 
for any cause. At present Id most of S'eic America. Her Majeiljf'a Tower, etc. 
the states, divorce la allowed for adultery, THxon " '^'^'K- <^nnty seat of Lee Co., 
habitual druDkennesB, desertion for a '•'^^""j Illinois, on Rock River. 96 
■peci&ed period, etc. In some states tbe iniles w. of Chicago. It has cereal mlDa. 
matter ia left wholly or partly to the and manufactures of condensed milk. 
diacretioD of the courts. Difficult legal Portland cemeut, shoes, casheta, lawo 
queatioDB have arisen from the grantiDg mowers, wire screens, wagons, corsets, 
of divorces In one stale for reasons not etc. Pop. (1920) 8191. 
sufficient in another, and the desirability Dj*fn1 (dta-fol'). a town of Pet«U, 

r25.0( 

L_u ^.M.nft—vr"-^ uu." ." ..u.- j'VJ— I (Hli.t.al St 

rester, Hasaacbnsetts. Sbebecame deeply ._ . _ ., 

interested to the condition of criminals, Hame, on the Mame where it bn^omea 
lunatics and paapera, and vialted almost BBTlgable, 36 miles southeast of Chllona. 
every state in the TTnloB in her efforts to There are several blast-furnaces and other 
relieve Um nnfortanate. Her exertions works. Pop. 14,660. 



Djidda Docete 

Djidda. See Jidd*K Popl'saOO.^*^*''* establishments, etc 

Diokdiokfl.rtR (jok-yo-k&r'tA), a Dobell ^^^bel'), Stdnby, an English 

iJJOKajO&ana ^iutch residency in ■^'^^'CU p^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^ \etten, born 

the island of Java, on the south coast, in 1824. His first poem, The Roman, 

with a capital of the same name. Its for- appeared in 1850, and was favorably re- 

ests abound in teak. Its natural fertility ceived by the critics. Among bis other 

is great, and rice, coffee and tobacco are works are Balder, SonneU on the War, 

extensively cultivated. It is ruled by England in Time of War, etc. He died 

a sultan who is dependent on the Dutch, in 1874. 

Pop. 850,000. The town is large and Dgbeln (<l^««'heln), a town of the 
regular, and the seat of the Dutch resi- vmvj.ii. ting^jom ^f gaxony, about 40 

dent, which is a fort commanding both miles southeast of Leipzig, with a great 

the palace and the town. Pop. 58,300. trade in grain and manufactures of 

Tlmifrftf (dmg-trof), a town of Rus- cloth, yarn, leather, lacquered wares, etc. 

.i/iiiibiux g.^^ jjj ^jjg government and Pop. (1905) 18,907. 

45 miles north of Moscow. It has manu- Dobcran. See DoUeran. 

factures of cloths, leather and porcelain. ■»'v*'^*«'**» ^^ ^^^w^un. 

Pop. 4550. , ,_ ^^ .,,, ^ , Dobereiner's Lamp (^^'be-i^n^r), 

Dmitrovsk (dme-troisk'), a town In *'v*'^* *'■■-»**'* » *-«.**a^ ^ contrivance 

ATiiubAuvoA Huggia^ in the govern- fop producing an instantaneous light, in- 

ment of Orel, on the highway from Mos- vented by Professor Dobereiner, of Jena, 

cow to Kiev. There are manufactures in 1824. The light is produced by throw- 

of leather and soap. Pop. 5259. ing a jet of hydrogen ^as upon recently 



DnifiTier (n^P^^ ! I^^ssi an, Dn/epr, prepared spongy platinum, when the 
xriucpcA dnyepr; anciently ooryath^ metal instantly becomes red hot, and then 




southwest to the Black Sea. It begins oxygen gas. The hydrogen is brought 
to be navigable a little above Smolensk, into such close contact with oxysen (de- 
and has a total length, including wind- rived from the atmosphere) in tne pores 
logs, of 1230 miles. Among its tributaries of the platinum that chemical union, at- 
are the Beresina, the Pripet, the Desna tended with evolution of light, takes 
and the Psiol. In its lower course there place. 

are important fisheries. Between Kiev T)obmdia (<l^l>i'iid'J&)» The, a terri- 
and Alexandrovsk it forms a series of « tory forming pai. of the 

cataracts, which are now being removed kingdom of Rou mania, included between 
by blasting of the rocks. Since 1838 the Danube, which forms its boundary on 
there have been steamboats on the river, the west and north, the Black Sea on 
and the trade carried by it is considerable, the east, and on the south a line stretch- 
TlTii^sfpr (n^'t^i^; Kussian, Dnjesir; ing from Silistria to a point a few 
.&/iuc9tcA anciently tyra8), a large miles south of Mangalia. There are 
river of Europe, which Las its source in some fertile spots, but on the whole it 
the Carpathian Mountains, in Austrian is marshy and unhealthy. The popula- 
Galicia, enters Russia at Ghotin, and emp- tion is of various nationalities, Rou ma- 
ties itself into the Black Sea, after a nians, Bul^rs, Greeks, Turks and Jews, 
course of about 750 miles. Its navigation The inhabitants support themselves by 
is difficult on account of frequent shal- rearing sheep and buffaloes. The prin- 
lows and rapids. <^^P*1 ^^^^ ^ Badadagh. Pop. 267,808. 

Dofth (d6-ab; that is, Two Waier$). DobsOIl yob'sun), Henry Austin, an 
•""*" a name in Hindustan applied ^„Xv!Vi^°^^^ ^wrK^^^'^^J^^"^' 
indiscriminately to any tract of country ^^^^'^ omV^m ^dum^/JI^JI'^^^^t^Z 
between two rivpra The tract between ^'\V^^* ^«* World Idym, and many other 
Deiween two rivers, xne tract oetween volumes of poems, chiefly graceful lyrics, 

*^?i J^*?P^ T?°l the Jumna is usually ^ften in French form. Bfe also wrote Uves 
called the Doab; other similar tracts of Fielding, Steele, Goldsmith, etc. He 
have their distinctive names, the Punjab died September 2, 1921. 
being divided into five districts of this T)|.Aetffi (do-8«'t5; from Greek doi(;6tn, 
kind, Bari-Doab, Rechna Doab, Sinde- to seem or appear), the name 

Sagar Doab, etc. given, in the earlier ages of the church. 

Dobbera.!! (<lodVran), or Dobeban, to those who denied the reality of the 
xrvMu^xoiu. ^ German watering place human form of Christ, maintaining it 
in Mecklenbnrg-Schwerin, 2 or 3 miles to be merely a phantom or shadow. In 
from the Baltic. TbAre are mineral the sense of regarding Christ's body ns 




Sook Soola 

H heftT«til]r and ethereal, instead of a eitremely capacioiu, the tobacco ware' 

human one, docetism had Ita partisans boose of the London Docks beini itaelf 

even amoni the ortbctdui. nearly S acres In extent. Next alier the 

Sook l^''')> ^ name applied to dif- London docks come those of Livernool, 

ferent plants of the genus which extend more than 6 miles aJonc 

Jtumea, belonging to the rbabarb familr the north bank of the MerscT, and cover, 

(PolygonaceR). These are large her- together with the Birltenbead docks, 

baceoua plants, with stout roots, alter- nearl; as large a total acreage as tboae 

oate and often entire leaves, and bearing of London. There are important doclta 



are verr troublesome aa weeds, but the and other countries of Europe, where 
roots of some of them are nsed medldn- the height of the tides renders such coa- 
all; as astringenta. strnctlons necessarj. 

Socket I^'^t^'^ (dok'et), Id law, a Graving-docks are built ot strong ma- 
> term varioualy used, as for a aonry, and their entrance Is closed cither 



?of a larger writing ; a small b; swinging gates opening in the middlr, 
paper or parchment containing and when shut presenting a ulient 
ihe heads of a writing ; an alpbabeticEkl angle to the water in the river or har- 
liit of cases in a court, or a catalogue bor Irom which the dock is entered, or 
of the names of the parties who have bv a framework called a causon, bnilt 
suits depending in a court. like the liuU of a ship, with a keel and 
Sooks "^^ UBUall; artificial enclosarea a stem at both ends. When the caisMin 
•t^wi^Bf f^^ iijg reception of vessels, and is empt^ it Hosts, and may be reuKived 
provided with JEates to keep in or ahuC to admit of a vessel being fioated into 
out the tide. They are called vet'doclu the dock. The caisson being then placed 
when they are intended te receive vessels at the entrance and filled with water. 
for loading and unloading, the gates being again sinks into the grooves intended tur 
in tbis case constructed so as to keep in it aod closes the graving-dock. Tbc 
the tide, and thus preserve the water water is then pumped out, leaving the 
within the docks aa nearly as possible at ahip dry and supported by wooden bincka 
the unifurm level of high water. They and props. With regard to doatiox- 
are called drv-dockt or graving-docki, docks, a common type of construction u 
when they are intended to admit vessels the iron floating-dock built in water- 
to be examined and repaired, the gates tight compartments, and nut closed in at 
in this case being such as to keep out either end. It is sunk to the required 
the tide 

drv-florka i-alled , ., ._, . ., _, _,_. , . , _,, ., 

face of the water, its bottom, and is then raised by pump- 

iently to alUw ot ing out tbe water until the ship can be 

_ _J Into them, and propped up as in a dry-dock. 

then raised again, by pumping the water A kind of drv-dock, called the tydraalto 
out of tbe tanks round the sides. One lift dock, consists of a double row at 
ot the chief uses of a wet-dock is to iron columns, each ot which cootaina 
keep a uniform level of water, so that a hydraulic press. All these hydraolic 
tbe business of loading and unloading presses can be worked simultaneously by 
ships can be carried on without any a powerful steam engine, and their com- 
Interruplion and without danger of hined action has the effect of raisinK 
damage to the vessel from straining, low a, series of transverse Iron girders stretch- 
tides, storms, etc. The first wet-docks ing from the columns on one side to 
constructed in England were those now those of the other. An iron pontoon ia 
called the Commercial Docks, in London, first fioated above these girders, and then 
which existed in a much less extensive sunk so as to rpst on them, and the ship 
form so early as lUOO. In 1800 the to be docked ia floated above the pontoon 
West India Docks were constructed, and and supported by blocks resting only 
were followed by tbe East India Docks, upon tbe pontoon, so that the ship is 
Millwall Docks, I.ondon Docks, the St. in no way connected with the columns 
Katharine Docks and the Victoria on each side. The hydraulic presses 
Docks, affording, togellier with those at are then set to work, the girders with 
Tilhury, more than 600 acres of water the pontoon and ship sre raised high 
accommodation, liesidMS wharf and ware- enough tor the water to be run out ot the 
house grounds, where all kinds of appli- pontoon, which Is then sufflcienlly buoy- 
ances and machinery fur the speedy and ant to float tbe ahip. The poDtoon may 
convenient transfer ot goods and cargoes now be floated away clear of the dock, 
are in use. Some ot Uie warehouses are and BDOther take Us place. Bj tUa 



Dockyards Dodder 

Jilan a number of ressels can be floated (Doctor of Laws) at the Scotch univer* 

or overhauling and repairs in very shal- si ties. The popes and the archbishops of 

low water and at comparatively slight Canterbury exercise the right of confer- 

expense. Docks in the United States ring the degree of Doctor both in law 

are not of so much importance to com- and divinity. In the United States seats 

merce as in England, the rise and fall of learning, while usually conferred after 

of the tides being far less. Vessels can examination, it is common to give an 

be loaded or unloaded without difficulty honorary degree to persons of distinc- 

at the wharves of any of the Atlantic tion, without regard to their educational 

or Gulf ports without aid of docks, fitness. 

There are, however, some very fine docks Unpfnr'a nnmTnnTift ^** * college 

for convenient hand!:ne of merchandise ; -"^^ ^r S UUUmiUllb, f o u n d e d for 

for instance the Atlantic docks at Brook- the Doctors of the Civil Law in London, 

lyn and large dry-docks connected with and was at one time the seat of the courl 

the navy yards. of arches, the archdeacon's court, the 

Dockvfl.rda. establishments supplied court of admiralty, etc. The practitioners 

^#vuxk jr ax uo| Yrith all sorts of naval in these courts were called advocates 

stores, materials and conveniences for and proctors. In 1857 an act was passed 

the construction, repairs and equipment empowering the college to sell its prop- 

of ships of war. In England the royal erty and dissolve, and making the priv* 

dockyards are at Chatham. Sheerness, ilexes of the proctors common to all 

Portsmouth, Devonport and Pembroke, solicitors. 

besides the Deptford and Woolwich DoCtorS of the Ghurch, *. °*™^ 

etoreyards. There are also royal dock- *'^*'''*'*" "* •'**^ vm-i^av**, jri^en to 

yards at Haulbowline in Cork Harbor, four of the Greek Fathers (Atnanasius, 

at the Cape of Good Hope, Gibraltar, Basil, Gregory Nazianzen and Chry- 

Malta, Halifax, Bermuda, Antigua, sostom) and three of the T^atin Fathers 

Jamaica, Sierra Leone. Trincomalee, (Jerome, Augustine and Gregory the 

Singapore, Hong-Kong, Esquimalt (Van- (jrreat). The Roman Catholic Church 

couver*s Island), Fernando Po, Sydney recognizes others * Doctors,' including, be- 
and Shanghai. The dockyards are un- sides those already mentioned. Ambrosp, 

der the direct control of the Admiralty, Hilary, Cyril, John Damascene, Chrysol- 

with a rear-admiral as superintendent ogus, I^eo, Isidore, Peter Damian, An- 
In the United States, navy yards are selm, Bernard, Thomas Aquinas, Bona- 
located at Boston, Mass. ; Bremerton, ventura. Francis de Sales and Alphonsus 
Wash. ; Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Charleston, de laguori. The title is posthumous. 
S. C. ; Mare Island, Calif. ; Philadelphia, TlnnfriTiflirAS (dok-tri-niirs), a sec- 
Pa.; Portsmouth. N. H.; Portsmouth. -^"^«'"'A»Arc» ^j^^ ^^ French politi- 
Va., and Washington, D. C. The naval cians, represented by the Due de Broglie, 
operating base is at Hampton Roads, Va. Royer-CoUard, Guizot and others, who 

llofitnr (<lok'tur), a term literally sig- became prominent after the restoration 

o/uvtux aifying teacher. In the middle in 1815. They favored a constitutional 

ages, from the twelfth century, it came monarchy with a balance of powers simi- 

into use as a title of honor for men lar to that which then existed in Britain, 

of great learning, such as Thomas Aqui- In the chambers they thus occupied a 

nas (Doctor Angelicus), Duns Scotus place between radicals and ultra-royalists. 

(Doctor Subtilis). etc. It was first made They received the name of doctrinaire* 

an academical title by the University of because they were looked upon more as 

Bologna, and emperors and popes soon theoretical constitution-makers than prac- 

afterwards assumed the right of granting tical politicians, and the term is now 

universities the power of conferring the used with a wider application to political 

degree in law. The laculties of theology theorists generally. 

and medicine were soon included, but for T)odder (^^'c^)* ^^^ common name of 

m long time the faculty of arts retained *'*'****^* the plants of the genus 

the older title of Magiater, till the Ger- Cuaciita, a group of slender, branched, 

man universities substituted that of Doc- twining, leafless, pink or white, annual 

tor. ^e title of Doctor is in some parasites. The seeds germinate on the 

cases an honorary degree, and in other ground, but the young plant shows its 

cases (as in medicine and science) con- parasitic habit by speedily attaching it- 

f erred after examination. The title of self to some other plant, from whicn it 

D.C.L. (Doctor of Civil Law), for ex- derives all its nourishment. They are 

ample, at the University of Oxford and chiefly natives of temperate climates, and 

jLt Trinity (College, Dublin, is an honor- are often very destructive to flax, dover 

ary degree, and so also are those of D. and other crops. There are fifty species 

IX (Doctor of Divinity) and LL.D. in two genenu 



l)oddridg:e Dog 

TVtililriilvp (dod'rij). Prilif, an Bag- covered with duwn ioBtead at featberii, 

xniUUTlU^ liBh Disseating divinp, with short. ill-Bhaped laga: a •tron^. 

bom in Ixiodon in 1702. He was an balkr. hooked beak, and wiogB and lail 

earnest pastor, and tbe aalbor uf maur so •bort as to be useless for flight. Its 



Dodo, bom painting in ths Bdvedsn, ViMaa 

Lmmt Doilder {CutcUa ipithtmum). eitiocfion was doe to its oreaniMtion not 

hymns, devotional IreatiseH, etc. The being adapted to the new oonditiooa. whicb 

UUe and Pngreti of Religion »n the coloniistion and cultivation introduced. 

«oiil and The Family Expoiilor are T|nJntio (do-dO'na), a celebrated lo- 

among the best Itoown worlds. Us died **"""«» cality of aacieut Greece, in 

in 1751. Epinis, where was one of the moat ao- 

DodecaJTOn (dJt-dek'a-gon) a figure en- cient Greek uracles. It was a seat of 

, ^ closed by twelve eguaL Zeus, whose communications were an- 

straight lines. nounced to the priestesses in the ruatliug 

DftdeCfthedTOn (dO-dek-a-hS'dron), a of the leaves on its oak tree and thn 

i/oaecauearoa ^^^^^^j. ^ ^, , j ^ ^„. niurmuring of water which gushed 

tained under twelve equal and regular forth from the partli. 

pentagons, or having twelve equal bases. TlnJalpv (dods'lil, Robkbt. an Bng- 

TlnHAnannM* (do'de-kan-nei'), The, ■»'""o*'>J' lUb poet and dramatist, born 

UOaecannese ^ ^^^^ ^^^^ to a in 1703 ; died in itch. Among bis writ- 

group of Islands off the s. w. coast of Asia inga was a tragedy, entitled Cteone. wbicb 

Minor. CedrtI by Turkey to Italy, then to had some sui-cess on tbe stage. A e«lec- 

Greece by peace treaty of 1920. tioa of FebUi in prime, with an Euan 

SodffC ^^BY AfilQAIL, author, bom on FabU» prefiied, waa nue of his latest 

^^B ' in Hamilton. MassBchusettH, productions. He planned the .tnnsal 

in 1838; di(?d in 18efl. Her works, writ- Reai»ter (commenced in 1758) : the 

ten under the name of Gail Hamilton, arc CoII«clion o/ Old Plav*. twelve vols, 

pipuant and humorous, including Cnuntry 12mo. which now chiefly sustains bis 

lAving and Country Thinking, Oala Days, name as a publisher : and tbe ColUciion 

Battle of the Books, Tioelve Milea from a of Foemi by Different Handt, ail vols. 

Lflinon, etc. 12mo. 

llnilir^ nitv * "'Ity' county seat of TlnA John, and RicHAsn RtMfc two 
UOage Ulty, ^^^ p^ Klnsas on ■"*'*» fictitious personages of the Bng- 
ths Arkansas River, in a grain and live- lish law whose names were formerly nsed 
stock country. Tbe shops of the Snnta '.n a suit of ejectment. This fictltions 
Ft E. R. are here. Pop. (1920) 50(11. lorm of procedure was abolished in 1852. 
Dndfimnn Chableb LnxwrooE (1&12- •nApehnrfrli (dUs'bor*), a fortified 
l/UOSBQU, 98), better knownas'Lewm -"OeSDOrgll ,^^^ ^j Holland, prov- 
Carroll,* under wbich pseudonym he wrote Ince of Gelderland. at the junction of tbe 
AUee in Wonderland, rhrotwh the Looking Old and New Tssel. Fop. 4442. 
Olnn and other cbnrming boobs. He was ])-_ (Conit vvlgarit). a dtgitigrade. 
boni at Warrington, England, and was a ""a carnivorous animal, forming the 
clergyman and mathematical lecturer. type of tbe genus Canit, wfalcb includes 
Dodo (d6'd0; Didui ineptui), an ex- aI«o tbe wolf, tbe Jackal, and. as a sub- 
*"'**"' tinct genus of birds once abun- eenus, the fox. The oriiin of the dtw 
dant on the island of Mauritius, and as- is a much-debated question, some con- 
signed by naturalists ta tbe order sldering the breed derived from the 
ColumtMS or pigeons, though an extreme wolf, sn opinion which Is based on r^ 
modiScatioD of tbe type. It waa a semblances of strnctnre, tbe anaceptibility 
tuadve, clumsy bird, Ivier than b swan, whicb the wolf sbowa of beinc domain- 



Dogbane I)ogfish 

cated, the fat^t of the two sDimals breed- back it is often furniBbed nitb a boot 

ing togetber and producing fertile yuuug, fur boldiug doga. 

and the eqoalit; m the period of geata- TInp.dnvB ^^^ name applied br the 

tion. But all these points are aubiect -""B '"•jo, aoclenta to a period of 

to exceptions and reservationB which about forty days, the hottest aeaaoD of 

make the matter doubtful. It is gener- the year, at tbe time of the heliacal riaing 

ally agreed that no trace of the dog ia of Sirlus, tbe dog-star. The time of the 

to be found in a primitive state, the rising ia now, owin^ to the precession 

dhole of India, and diD|o ol Aastralia of the equinoiea, different from what 

being believed to be wild descendants it was to the ancients (July 1) ; and 

from domesticated ancestors. Several at- the dog-days are now counted from July 

tempts to make a ayxtematic classiGca- 3 to August II, that is, twenty dajs be- 

tlon of the Tarietiea of doga have beea fore and twenty days after the heliacal 

made, but without mach success, it being rising. 

difficult in many cases to determine wbat T)o»a (doj ; from Latin iiu«, a leader, 

are to be regarded aa types, and what -""5^ later a duke), formerly tbe 

as merely mongrels and cross-breeds, title of tbe first magistrates In tbe Ital- 



Colond Hamilton Smith divides doga ian republics of Venice and Genoa. The 
Into six groups, as follows: — <1) Wolf- first dose of Venice elected for life was 
doet, induding tbe Newfoundland, Es- Paolo Anafesto, in Gif! and in Genoa, 



quimaux, St. Bensrd, shepberd'a dog, Simon Boccanera, in 1339. Ju the former 

etc.; <2) Watch-dogi and Cattle-iogi, city the dignity was always held for 

including the German boar-hound, the life ; in tbe latter, in later times, only 

Danish dog, the matin dog, etc.; (3) for two veara. In both cities tbe office 

Oreyhoundi, the lurcher, Irish hound, was abolished by the French in 1797. 

etc ; (4) Houndi, tbe bloodhound, stag- ^Qg^oh "- "ame given to several 

hound, foibound, setter, pointer, spaniel, -""b""*! species of small shark, com- 

cocker, poodle, etc.; (.5) Cur-dogt, in- mon around the British Istes. The rough 

eluding tbe terrier and ita allies; (ti) akin of one of the species {ScvUium 

IJatUffi, including tbe different kinds of catulut), the lesser-spotted do^ '' '~ 



articles under these names.) Dogs have poliabiQi various substances, particularly 
in the upper jaw six incisors, two strong wood. This species ia rarely 3 feet long, 
curved caniDes and six molars on each S. cnnicdla, the greater dogfish, is from 



, tbe first three, which are small and 
bave cutting edges, being called false 
molars in tbe lower jaw are six Incisors, 
two caninea. and on each side seven 
molars. The forefeet have five toes 
the hind-feet four or five, the claws " 



rally long, and is curled upwards, voracious and d'eatructive. Tbeir aesh 



e 

goea with young nine weeks, a. „ 

The young are bum blind, tbeir eyes 
upeniDg In ten to twelve days ; their 

Srowtb ceases at two years of nge. The 
og commonly lives about ten or twelve 
years at the must, twenty. 
Dntrlianp (Apociinam androiaimifa- 
liOgOaue ,,.^„, g„ American plant 
found from Canada to Carolina, beloag- 
ing to the nat. order Apocynaceie 

i which see). Tbe whole plant is milky; 
le root is Intensely bitter and nauseous. 
and is employed in America instead of 
ipecacuanha. Another species (A. Can- 
HsNnHm) yields a useful fiber, and ia 
known as Canada or Indian hemp. 
Dog-Oabbage. see Dog'*-^bbage. 

"nMr-^a-rt > x^rt of double-seated g 

imiS-van, ^^^ j^^^ persons, those b. ,. „ - 

fore and those behind sitting back to citl^rH) ia common In Britlah and N. 



i\ 



fio^ood 



it ia sometimes a , 

_ _ _,. .. Dutch vessel Tlnfr'n-f^nnpl " Bridsb plant found 

>ped with two muta and -""B " ^'=^^'1*) in c n 1 1 i t ated fielda 

tuing a ketch. It is used (inlhimit Cotula), with acrid, emetic 

_ the German Ocean for properties. It derives its name o[ doff"*- 

rrins fisberies. lenoel from some resemblance of its leaf 

|1r aa extensive sand- to fennel and from its bad smell. 

» bank of the German Tln{r'B.Tnprr>Tirv U eroarialU p«r«n- 

ted for its cod-fishery. It -""S "> "icri-Uirj, „^_ ^^j^ ^^^^^ ^^_ 

lit 36 miles east of Flam- phorbiacete, an herb common in Britain, 

and extends c n. e. to It has poiionoas properties, and ma; be 

les of Jutland, In some made to yield a fugitive blue dje. 

a breadth o/ about flO Doe's-tail GraSS (Pvnortrw). - 

Germnn nnvnl squadron ****& '^•'•"* »**•»■ genua of gra 
" "  .-- . ijerennlaT t< 

. __ ain In pasti 

CouoX-OTOMM '*"''* ""* parks. Its roots are long and 

" wiry, and descending deep Into the ground 

the popular name of a ensure the herbage agsiost Buffering 

> plant, Pellidea eanina, from drought Its stem ia from 1 to 2 

lamp ground, stones and feet high and its leaves aru slightly hairy. 

IS. It was formerly sup- Tlno^afar ^ name for Sirius, the star 

specific for hydrophobia. -""B ovtw-, jjj^j ^^^^ ^^^^^ jj^^,^ ^^ 

I oMh-colored ground Uver- the dog-days (which see). 

■.... .a .,.w. .1 r^ Dog'l-tooth Ornament, ;;,"„';'.i; 

US belief, one of the doc- ornament or mold- 
Cbriatlaa faitb. The bis- Ing consisting 



bt by the British on Janu- CynotOrua erUtatm is a perennial fuuixl 
wild all over Great Britain in oastu- ' 



L as a branch of theology, square four-leaveid 

historical way the origin flowers with pro-| 

« of the various Christfan Jecting 

ief. showing what opinions placed .„ 

by the various secta in contact with each 

\£' ChrisUanity. the other. It la the Do.Vtooth Omamuit. 

different creeds, by what charactenstlc dec- 

y were attacked and sup- orated molding of Early Bngllsb archl- 

legrees of importance wvre tpctore. 

lem in different ages, the Tlntr'aAnnth Vinl^t Brglkronium 

by which they were af- -UOg 8-lOOin VlOiCt, ie„^o„i,, » 

mode in which the dogmas liliaceous plant grown in gardens, so 

I into syslema. Lectures called from the appearance of its white 

t are common In the Ger- bulbs. 

^ , ... DoV'tnnth <"■ Cahiimi Tooth, one of 

(dog-mat'iks), a system- *"* tuufcu, j^^ (p^^^ ,^ ^^^^ human 

atic arrangement of the jaw placed between the foreteeth and the 

■istian faith (dtwmaa), or grinders. They are sharp pointed, re- 

theology that deals with gembllng a dog's teeth. 

ottl a^'c^he'reVt^Ty's- Dog-tOOth Spar, ^.^SS,,"'^'^^ 

Ihird^cfrtu'rv""' °""*'' ■" "P"' '"•"'^ '"• De^bysbiM and other part. 

'""iame as" tool's pars- "' England, and named from a .appo»>d 

Yt ley, resemblance to a dogs tooth. 

he Roia corrfaa, or wild SoBT-Watch. " .nautical term dUtin- 
irier, nat. order Rosacea-. *^ ' guiahing two watches of 

invention of forming stand- '"o hours each (4 to 6 p.m. and 6 to 

 is made of the dog-rose 8 P.M.). Ail the other watches count 

rposes. four hours each, and without the Intro- 

See Dogbane and Apooy- ductlon of the dog-watches, the same 

' nacea. h»ura would always fa]] to be kept as 

a^A Doa-ciBB/MK.Thfliie- watch by the same portion of the crew. 

o I dnum cvnocrambe, a "nntrorttnH " common name of trees 

■nt herb. uat. order Cheno- -"WK*"""* of the gpDUs Conm*. bat 

d in the south of Europe, specifically applied ic Britain to 0. t**- 



Doiley Dollar 

guinea. It is a common shrub in copses Prussian blue, hosiery, ironware, leather, 

and hedges in England the small, cream- etc. Pop. (1906) 11,166. 

white flowers are borne in dense, round T)ole Sanfobd Ballard, was born in 

clusters. The wood is used for skewers •*'*'**'> the Hawaiian Islands, of Amer- 

and for charcoal for gunpowder. Tho ican parentage, in 1844. He studied law, 

C. matcUla is known as the cornel tree, practiced it in Honolulu, and became a 

Comua fiorida and other American species member of the Hawaiian legislature and 

are also called dogwood. Its leaves turn judge of the supreme court. He was a 

red before falling and add much to the leader in the reform movement of 1887 

autumn beauty of American woods. The and on the formation of a republic in 

* poison dogwood ' of America is Rhu8 1893 was made its president. When 

venendit^, one of the sumachs. See Cor- Hawaii was annexed to the United 

nelf Comctceof. States he continued in power as govem- 

Soilev (d^'^'l^)* & small ornamental or of the islands, and of the Territory 

" napkin used at table to set of Hawaii in 1900. He has been an 

glasses on at dessert. United States district judge in the terri* 

Doit ^° ancient Scottish coin, of which tory since 1903. 

> eight or twelve were equal to a Dolerite (dore-rit), a variety of trap- 
penny sterling. In the Netherlands and *'*'*^* ■'••'*' rock composed of augite and 
Lower Germany there was a coin of sim- labradorite with some' titaniferous mag- 
ilar name and value. netic iron ore and other minerals. 
TlnloTiro (do-l&'bra), the Latin name TInlcyAllAir (dol-geth'l^), a town of 
UUXaora ^^^ ^ ^^^^ g^^ ^^^^^ l/Ol^eixey ^^les, capital of Merion- 

Dolbear (^orb&r), Amos Emebson, eth County, near the foot of Cader Idris. 
xruAucax ggjentist, was born at Nor- It has manufactories of woolens, flan- 
wich, Connecticut, in 1837; died in 1910. nels and cloths. Pop. (1911) 2160. 

^^ ^fSJ'K^^^^^S at Kentucky Univer- DolichOCephaliC (dol-i-ko-sef'a-lik), 
sity, 1867-74, and afterward of physics •*'v**\^A*wv**y**«r**w long-headed; a 

and astronomy in Tuft's College. He term used in ethnology to denote those 

made inventions in telegraphy and wrote skulls in which the diameter from side 

Art of Projecting^ The Speaking Tele- to side is less in proportion to the longi- 

phone. Matter, Ether and Motion, Natu- tudinal diameter (t. e., from front to 

ral Philosophy, etc. back) than 8 to 10. 

Dolce (dorcnft), or Dolcemente, in DollcllOS (cl^ri-kos), a genus of le- 

A#vx\/c music, an instruction to the *'vxxuai.v» guniinous plants, suborder 

performer that the music is to be ex- PapilionacesB. They are found in the 

ecnted softly and sweetly. tropical and temperate regions of Asia, 

Dolpl (dorche). Carlo, a celebrated Africa and America, ana all produce 

o/uii/X painter of the Florentine school, edible legumes. D, gesquipedaiis, which 

was bom at Florence in 1616, axfd died is also grown in the south of France, 

there in 1686. His works, principally has pods a foot in length and containing 

heads of madonnas, saints, etc., have a seven to ten kidney-shaped seeds. D. 

character of sweetness and melancholy. lignOeus is one of the most common kid- 

Among his chief productions are 8t. ney beans in India. D, tuberdBUs of 

Cecilia at the Organ and Herodiae with Martinique has a fleshy, tuberous root 

the Head of John the Baptist, both in which is an article of food, 

the Dresden Gallery, and St. Andrew in HolinlinflSiTirTiR (dol-i-ko-sa'rus; *long 

Prayer, at the Pitti Gallery. iiOllCnOSaurUS li^ard'), an extinct 

TInlpiTlltPS (dorche-nlts), a Christian snake-like reptile found in the chalk, 

xrui^/ixuws ^^^ ^£ Piedmont, so named whose remains indicate a creature of 

from their leader Dolcino. They arose aquatic habits, from 2 to 3 feet in 

in 1304 as a protest against the Papacy, length. 

but were suppressed by the troops or the TInllflr (dol'ar), a silver or gold coin 
Inquisition in 1307. xrvAxax ^^ ^j^^ United States, of the 
DnlilniTnft (dol'drumz), among sea- value of 100 cents. The same name is 
.uuiux U1U9 jjjgjj^ ijjg parts of the ocean also given to coins of the same general 
near the equator that abound in weight and value, though differing some- 
calms, squalls and light, baffling winds; what in different countries, current in 
otherwise known as the horse-lati- Mexico, a great part of South America, 
tudes. Singapore, the Philippine Islands, etc. 
TIAIa (d5l), a town in France, Jura, 26 The name is from the Dutch (also Dan- 
*^^^^ miles southeast of Dijon. It is ish and Swedish) daler, from Ger. thaler, 
of Roman origin, was long the capital of so named from Ger. thai, a dale, be- 
Franche Comt6, and has some Interest- cause first coined in Joachim's ThaL in 
ing antiquities. The manufactures are Bohemia, in 1518. The sign $, used in 



the poles ; tber are sregarioui. and swim In Italy in 1706-1601. !!« took a dia- 
wilb pitraordiDsry velocity. Tbe com- tinguiaoed part in the ioTDsion uf Russia 
moD dolpbiu {D. delphii) meaHures from io 1812, and rIho Id tbe campaiEn of 
6 lo 10 feet in lengtb, has a long. Hliarp 1813. After Napoleon's abdication he 
■nout with numerous nearly conical t=pth returned to Poland and tbe year follow- 
in both jawa; ita flesh is coarae. rank and ing waa made a FolUh senator by Alex- 
disagreeable, but is used by tbe I-ap- ander I. He died in 1818. , , , , 
landers as food. It lives on fiah. mollusca, Domp (d'"°). " vaulted roof of apheri- 




Other curvature, covering 
a building or part of It, and forming a 
common feature in Byiantine and also in 
Renaisaance architecture. Cupola Is also 
used i>B a synouym, or is applied to tbe 
Interior, dome being applied to tbe 
exterior. (See Cupola.) Moat modem 
domes are semielUptical in vertical sec- 
tion, and are constructed of timber: but 
tbe ancient domes were nearly hemi- 
spherical and coQStmcted of atone. Of 
domes tbe finest, without any comparison, 
-, ,, , .■ ,n > .■ n , I.- , ancient or modern, is that of the Rotunda 

CommoD Dolphu U>dpMnm IWpAu). „r Pantheon at Rome (142^ feet internal 

round aboala of berring. The animal has diameter and 143 feet internal height), 

to come to tbe surface at sbort intervals 

to breathe. Tbe blowhole is of a 

semilunar form, with a kind of valvular 

apparatus, and opens on the vertex, 

neariy over the eyea. Tbe structure of 

tbe ear rendera tbe sense of hearing very 

acute, and tbe animal is observed to b« 

attracted b; regular or harmonioua 
One or two young are produced 



after tbe; have acquired considerable 
sise. Compactness and strength are the 
characteristics of the genus. — The name 
la also commonly but improperly given 
to a fish, Corfiphixna hippirit, a member 
of tbe mackerel family, the beaut; of 
whose colors when dying has t>een mnch 
celebrated by poets. They abound within 
the tropics, are about 4 or B feet long, 
very awift in swimming, and are Dsed as 
food, though said sometimes to be poiaoD- 

TIaiyi b Portuguese title corresponding BaetioD of Dodu 

*"""» with the Spanish Don. BonwMei 

Donifljn (do-man), same as Demctt>« erected under Augustus, and still perfect. 

A/uiuoxu (^hicb see) ; also applied es- Among otbera the most noteworthy are 

pecially to crown lands or government St. Sophia at Constantinople (104 X 201 

lands.— Rt0ht of eminent domain, the fpet), the cathedral of Santa Maria del 

dominion of the sovereign power over all Fiore at Florence (138 X 310 feet), St. 

the property within tbe state, by which it Peter's at Rome (139 X 330 feet), St. 

la entitled to appropriate any part neces- Paul's Iiondon (112 X 21S feet), the 

aary to the public good, compensation Hotel des Invalides (80 X 1T3 feet), and 

being giveiu tbe church of St Oenevieve at Paris 

DnmhrnWHlci (dom-brov'sM), Jau (97x190 feet). Tbe figures represent 

J/UlUUruwaiLl jjenbtk, a Polish gen- tbe internal diameter and height In 

era], dlatingulshed in the wars of English feet Tbe finest dome in America 

Napoleon, was bom in 175S. He sup- la that of tbe Capitol at Washington, 

ported tbe riaing of the Poles under built of cast-iron. 

Kosciusko in 17»4. In 1706 be entered ])nnipnir>iinn (^ »"" * "-'-k 6- n 

the servim. of France. btiH at the hend -"WlUBaitlUllU n«— -{«, 7:«^„l 



Domesday Book 



tbe Lombard acbool, bom at Bologna in Ah a general rule th« old domicile, and 
1581 OF 15S2. He studied under Annibal especially the domicile of origin, pun- 
Carracci, and afterwards went to Rome, tinues tiU a new one has l>een acqnirpd. 
wbere he became painter to Pope Gregor? TlnTninaTit (dom'i-nant), in mudc, the 
XV. Among his best worts are the ■""^»""a">' fifth tone of the diatonic 
Communion of SI. Jerome in the Vatlran scale, and wbicb assumps the character 
Museum, tbe Hiatory rf Apollo, tbe of a kefnote itself wben there is a 
Martyrdom of St. Agnei and tbe modulation into the Srat sharp remore. 
Triumph of David. He died at Naples Thus, G is the dominant of the scale o( 
in 1641. c, and D the dominant of tbe scale^ot 

Bomesdar Book '<"• doomsday), & C— Dominom chord, in music, that 
. f, .7 , ^ book containing a „hicb is formed by grooping three tones, 
'°i'It'- "'.J?" ^^ "a 'h .l^ ,i ™™; "«*"« gradually by internals of a third 
p^ied_ m the mgn and by the order of (,„^ ^^^ dominant or fifth tone o( the 
William the Conqueror. The snrrey was ,^,^_ ^ ^^.„„ ^,^„„ invarUbly im- 
made by commissionera, who collected mediately before tbe tonic chord which 
the intonnationin each distnct from a ^i^^^g (he perfect cadence. 
sworn jury consisting of sberilTs, ords of ■n„„i-„n (do-menJ6), 8 A ir, capital 
manors, presbytcrB. bailiffs, yiUeing— sll iJOmingO "^^ y,^ OoiniDican feepublic 
the classes in short, interested in the (or g^a Domingo) in the island of 
matter. The extent, tenure, value and Hayti. It lies on the southeast coast at 
proprietorship of the land in each dis- the moulh of the Ozama, and has a com- 
trict, the state ot culture, and in some modious part. It is the oldest European 
cases the number of tenants, villeins, city in the New World, having teen 
serfs, elc, were tbe matters chiefly record- founded in 1494 by Bartholomew Colum- 
ed. The survey was comnleted within a bus. Pop. eat. 20,()00 to 25,000. 
year. Northumberland. Durham, Cum- TlnTninin (dom'i-iiik). Saint, the fonn- 
berland and Westmoreland were not in- ■*'"""*"" dcr of the order of the Dom- 
cluded in the survey, probably for tbe inicans, was bom in IITO at Calaborra, 
reason that William's authority was not In Old Castile. Me early distinguished 
then (lost!) settled in those parts. The himself by his seal tor the reform of 
Domesday Book consists of two volumes, canonical life and by ' ' 



folio and one miarto. It has been a miseionary among the Mohammedan*. 

twice republished, the last time (1861- His attention having been directed to 

6o), In perfect facsimiles of the original, tbe Albigenses in the south of France, 

TlnTnoatiV AniTTiala ^i^^h as are he organized a mission of preacher* 

JlOmeatlC AlllinaiS, ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^pj against heresy in Langnedoc. In 1215 

tame state: as tbe dog, cat, oi, sheep, tion of Pope Innocent III to erect the 

swine, horse, ass, elephant, camel, llama, mission into a new order of preacbiOK 

reindeer, etc. friars. His request was only parttally 

"nftTtifrnnt (doij-frO?), a town of granted, and it wa> tbe succeeding pope. 

UOmirOnt V^^ance, dep. Ome, pictur- Honorius III. who first recogni^rfUie 

esquely situated on a steep rock above importance of a preaching order, and 

the Varenne, 35 miles w. n. w. of Alen- conferred full privileges on tbe Domini- 

con. Pop. (1906) 2215. cans. He also appointed Dominic Master 



I person 1 

„. >._ ence. E ._ -, — - 

often an important question in determin- at Bologna in 1221, and was canoniipd 



' established residence. Domicile is held by one of the order. Dominic died 

1 in determin- at Bologna in 1221, and was cano: ' ' 

citations, the in 12,34^ by Pope Gregory IX. 



.„..j „. „.., ..„_. -. Jally considered the founder 

sion to property, etc. For some purposes of tbe Inquisition, which is supposed to 
wbat ia called a temporary domicUe is have originated with his mission to tbe 
sufficient, but in questions of msrrisge Albigenses ; but bis claim is denied, on 
and succession it is the' permanent tbe ground that two Cistercian monlts 
domicile that determines tbe decision. A were appointed inquisitors in 1108, 



law. To constitute a domicile by choice named because discovered by Columbus 
both actual residence and tbe intention on a Sunday (Sp. dominica), a member 
to make it the permanent home are re- of the united colony of tbe Leeward 
quired. It is a tcRnl principle that the Islands between Martinique and Oaade- 
wife takes the domicile of her husb«nd. loupe. It I« about 29 milea in lei>f**W 



Sominical tetter Domino 

DDith to Booth, and 12 miles io breadth Thej spread npidlf not oaif in Eoropc, 
eft to west area, 291 sgDare miles. It but in Asia, Africa and America, In 
U ruBBCd and mountalnoui, but it con- England there -were fifty-eight Do m i ni caa 
taina many fertUe valleys and ii well bouKa at the diaaolution of the mon^ 
watered. The ahoreg are but little in- {«""- *?^.. ^.^ Blackf nars locality hx 
HfjitBA anA BK entirplv withm.t ImrhnrH- London took itB name from one Ot tbeir 
dented, and are entirely without Harbort, egtablishments. They produced aome 
but on the west ride there are Beverul f^^^^^ acholara, auch as AU^a^ua Hag- 
good anchorages and bays. The princi- „„, ^^j ,j^^^^ Aquinas, and becS^ 
pal eiports coneiat ol augHT, moIaaacH, formidable as managers S the Inqoiai- 
cocoa and llme-jalce. The imports and tion, which was committed esdoaiTdT ta 
exports amount each to about }260,000 
annually. Dominica was ceded by France 
to Great Britain In 1763. Buseau is 
the capital. Pop. 28,8d4, largely negroes 
and including about 300 descendants of 
the Aboriginal Caribs. 

Dominical letter i^'^gii^o'i^'g^; 

properly called Sunday letter, one of tbe 
seven letters of the alphabet, A B C D 
B F G, used in almanacH, ephemerldes, 
etc, to mark tbe first seven days of the 
year and all consecutiTe seta of seven 
days to the end of the year, ao Ihat the 
letter for Sunday will always be the sane. 
If the number of days in the year were 
divisible by seven without remainder, then 
the year would constantly begin wiui the 
same day of the week ; hut as it is 
the year begins and ends on the same 
day, and therefore the next year will 
begin on the day following, and on leap 

years two days following, so that tbe DonumcKi ot Bluk Priar. 

•tme series is not repeated till after four them in Spain, Portugal and Italy. In 
times seven, or twenty-eight years. 1425 they obtained permission to receive 

DnTninicaTI Hpnnlllin Cd6-min'i- donations, and censed to btlong to ihe 
liominican JVepUUllO ^an) o^San mendicant orders, paying more attention 
DciciNoa, a republic occupying the to polemics and theological science. With 
eastern portion of the Island of Hay ti ; the Franciscans, their great rivals, they 
area, about 18,000 square miles. It is divided the honor of ruling in church and 
fertile and exports mahogany, sugar, to- state till the sixteenth century, when the 
bacco, cocoa, etc., but its resources are Jesuits gradually superseded them in the 
as yet but little developed. It formerly schools and courts. They obtained new 
belonged to Spain, and is tbe oldest co- importance in 1020 by being appointed 
loniaL settlement in America. Its inbab- to the censorship of books for tbe church. 
itants are chiefly negroes and mulattoes. Among notable Dominicans we may men- 
and tbe government is in the hands of tbe Hon Savonarola. Las Casas and Lacor- 
negroes. Capital, San Domingo. Pop. daire. There are establiahments of the 
estimated at 600,000. See Hayii. Dominicans in England, Ireland and the 

"nnTniTiinaTin (do-m i n'i-kani), called United States. 

UOmimCanS \^^ predicantt, or Dominium (do-min'i-um), a term In 
prtaohing friart (pradioatoret), derived the Roman law used to 

their name from their founder, St. Domi- signify full ownetsbip of a thing, 
nic. At their origin (1216, at Toulouse) DoTninO (dom'i-no), formeriy a dress 
they were governed by tbe rule of St. worn by priests in the win- 

Augustine, perpetual silence, poverty and ter, which, reaching no lower than tbe 
fasting being enjoined upon them ; and shoulders, served lo protect the face and 
the principal object of their institution head from the weather. At present it 
was to preach against heretics. Their is a masquerade drpaa worn by gentlemen 
distinctive dress consists of a white habit and ladies, consisting of a long silk man- 
and scapular with a large black mantle, tie with wide sleeves and a masking 
and hence they have been commonly hood. The name is also given to a half- 
known as Black Friart. They were mask formerly wom on the face by 
•Imost from the first a mendicant order, ladies when traveling or at masquerades. 



i 



Dominoes Donaldson 

HAtninAAfl s SBm« pUyed with Bmall. of NoTara, in the center of a plain on 

^UULUIUCB, g^j^ rectanguUr piecea ol the great Simplon road. Pop. about 

 ;y are 3000. 

^•S^^, DomremylaPnceUe ^.T^'^l^, 

e Qext blrtbplace of Joan of Arc, a amail French 



Ivory, about twice as long ai they 
broad. The7 are marked with - 

Tftrrtuc in Dumber. When one , 

leadi by lajiiiK down a domino, the oeKt birtbpli 

mnat follow 6j placing alongside of it village, department of the Vosgea, seven 
another which has tbe uime Dumber of miles it. of NeafchBteau. The bause is 
apota on one of lis Bides. Thus, if the atill shown there in which the heroine 
fim pU^er lays down 6A. the second was bom. and in the neighborhood is 
may reply with 4-2. or 6-3. etc. ; In the the monument erected to ber memory, 
formercase he must turn m the 4, plac- j. or Doonr (dO'Da: andent To-oi.). 
!?«.'*.J*"^= l*"* * "' ^^' -^"^ domiDo, BO ilOn, ^ ^^^^ ^\ numae., which iaaues 
that the numbers remaining out will be [^om Lake Ivan-Oiero. in the govern- 
S;^ = J", ^.l '"J,'^'" *?-^ ^* """^^ 'i""". ineDt of Tula : and flows s. t to within 
5^ ? '"k^E h. '^' -""DDer leavi^ 37 ^jj^, ^j (be Vol»a. where it turn. 

t^n± The olBve?'Tho cannSt follo^ ""ruptly 8. w. for 23fl' miles, and fall. 
:SfMo.e.^i'a t'u^ and the'St of th* 1°'», "l^S^' "' *i?"= „-?".'% T^ 
game is to get rid of aU the dominoes In "e^'ly i^OO milea. The chief tributane* 
hand, or to hold fewer spots than your »»= ^^ '^''\,^*^' °?"*" , "j" 
opponent when the game is eibausted by Voronej ; left, the Khoper snd Uanitscb. 
neither being able to play. Although not admitting venela of mach 

Tlnmil-ian (do-miBh'e-an) or in full draught, the Don csrriea a large tratfic. 
A^uuubuu ipj,.j,g Flavius DoiiiTi- CBpecially during the spring Hoods, and a 
ATTUB AcouBTDS, Roman emperor, son canal connects it with the Volga aystem 
of Vespasian, and brother of ffitua, waa of navigation. It haa also very eiten- 
born in A.n. 51, and in 81 sucreeded to the sive and productive fisheries, 
throne. At first he ruled with a show of Don *'''>n)j » ""' °' Scotland, Coontr 
moderation and justice, but soon re- ■*"'■* Aberdeen, rising near the BanB- 
tumed to the cruelty and eiceesea for ahire border. It flows tortnonsly ■- 
which hiB vouth bad been notorions. He through tbe whole breadth of Aberdeen- 
was aa vaiD as he was cruel, and after shire, and falls into the North Sea a 
little to the north of Aberdeen, after a 
total course of 82 miles. Its salmon 
fisheries are of considerable value. — - 
Also, a river of Yorkshire, England, 
wbicD rises near Cheshire, and Joina the 
Uuse after a course of about 70 miles. 
It is navigable for small craft to Shef- 
field. 

tlnn (Latin, dominut, a lord or master). 

■"""■ a Spanish tiUe of honor, originally 

given only to tbe highest nobility, after 

wards to all the nobles, and finally uaeit 

iodise riminatel; as a title of courtesy. 

it corresponds with the Portugese Dom. 

During the Spanish occupation it was 

, , Introduced and became naturalized in 

Domiusn. ^mg p^^tg ^f Italy, and was particularly 

an ineffective eipeditlon against the applied to the priests. 

Catti, carried a multitude of his slaves, ]}onaIdSOU (doD ald-suD). Joaw Wn.- 

dresaed like GermsnB, in triumph to tbe ■"""•""""** jjam, an BnglUb scholar. 

city. He executed great numbers of the bom in T>ondon In 1811. He studied at 

chief citisens. and assumed the titles of Tendon University and st Trinity Col- 

Ix)[d and God. He established the moat lege, Cambridge, where he was sleeted 

stringent laws against high treason, a fellow. Ills first work was The 

which enabled almost anything to be Theater of the Greek*, a work ahowlng 

conatrued into this crime. At length a much erudition. In 1839 he published 

conspiracy, in which his wife Domitia ir*e Tiem Cratvltu, which was among 

took part, was formed against him. snd the earlieat attempts to bring the pfallo- 

be was SBBassinated in his bedroom, in logical literature of tbe continent within 

^ o 9U the reach of the Englisb student. In 

Tlnvnn (dft'mO), or DollO D'Obbola, b 1844 appeared the first edition of Tar- 

*"*''*» town of North Italy, province ron««nii«, « work on Ultin BlmSlMr la 



Sonatello Doneg^ 

scope to the Cratylus, Among his other which is a basin of clear sparkling water 

writings are grammars of the Hebrew, that is asserted to be the true source of 

Greek and Latin languages. He died lb the Danube. Pop. 5000. 

1861. DonAnworth (don'ou-vewrt), a town 

TlATiflfpllA (don-A-tel'lo, properly Don- •*'"**«' i^wuitii ^^ Bavaria, at the con- 

.uuuatcuu ^^^ ^. ^^^^^ Bardt), one fluence of the W5rnit» and Danube. It 

of the revivers of the art of sculpture was formerly a free imperial town, and 

in Italy, was born at Florence between was stormed by the Swedes under Gus- 

1382 and 1387. His first great works tavus Adolphus in the Thirty Years' war, 

in marble were statues of St Peter and 1632. Pop. .5,000. 

St. Mark, in the church of St Michael T)oiiaZ (^on'aks; Arundo dofMw), a 

in his native town, in an outside niche *^^**^'^ species *of grass or reed in- 

of which is also nis famous statue of habiting the southern parts of Europe; 

St. George. Along with his friend Bru- it gr«ws to a great height and is used 

oelleschi he made a journey to Rome for fishing-rods, etc. 

to study its art treasures. On his re- 'Don BenitO i^^^ bft-nS't5), a town 

turn he executed for his patrons, Cosmo ■*'"**■ *»*'"* wv ^£ Spain, province of 

and Lorenzo de' Medici, a marble mon- Badajoz. It has manufactures of woolens, 

ument to their father and mother, which and a trade in cattle, grain, etc. Pop. 

is of high merit. Statues of St. John, 16,565. 

of Judith, David and St Cecilia are T)Avinfl.ster (don'kas-ter), a municipal 

among his leading works. He died at *^*'***'«'»«'^* borough and market town 

Florence in 1466. of England, West RidiLg of Yorkshire, 

Donatio mortis causa, *® * »^^* ^f ^^ ^^« ilver Don^ell built, with straight 
.w^vAMAvxv AuvA vAs v«.t*»«>9 persoual broad streets. The parish church, with 

property made in prospect of the death of its tower 170 feet high, Christ Church, 
the donor and consummated by that the town hall and the theater are among 
event the chief public buildings. It has manu- 

Donati'S Comet (^^^a'tib so caUed factures of ropes, canvas, machinery, etc. 
^vM«.vA » wvAuvv from the Itaban It has been long celebrated for its annual 
astronomer Donati, who first observed races, now held in the middle of Sep- 
it in June, 1858. Next to the comet of tember. Doncaster was originally a Ro* 
1811 it is the most brilliant that ap* man station on the line of the old Ro- 
peared during the century. It was near- man Watling Street Pop. (1911) 30,- 
est the earth on October 10, 1858. 520. 

Donatists Kr^Sf^ »crs,Si5cS^'o? DondraJi Head (,t"'^-^.X« rt; 

the fourth century, so named from their island of Ceylon. It was the site during 
founder Donatus, Bishop of Casa Nigra part of the seventh century of the Sin^h" 
in Numidia, who taught that though alese capital, numerous remains of which 
Christ was of the same substance with are still to be found, 
the Father, yet that he was less than the llATie^fll (don'e-gal), a maritime 
Father; that the Catholic Church was •^^vitcgoA county of Ireland, province 
not infallible, but had erred in his time of Ulster, bounded N. and w. by the 
and become practically extinct, and that Atlantic Ocean ; area, 1876 sq. miles^of 
he was to be the restorer of it. All join- which about a fifth is under crops. The 
ing the sect required to be rebaptized, coast is indented with numerous bays, 
baptism by the impure church being the most remarkable being Lough SwlUy. 
invalid. It is the most mountainous county in 

DoTlRtns Cdo-n&'tus) , ^Lins, a Ro- Ireland, but has some fine fertile valleys. 
ii/uuaiiuo jjjj^jj grammarian and com- Mount Errigal, the loftiest summit, ii 
mentator, bom in A.D. 333. He was the about 2460 feet high. The streams and 
preceptor of St. Jerome, wrote notes on lakes are small, but numerous and 
Virgil and Terence, and a grammar of abounding in fish. The climate is moist, 
the Latin language so universallv used the subscnl chiefly granite, mica slate and 
in the middle ages that * Donat ' became limestone, and the i^rincipal crops oats, 
a common term for grammar or primer ix>tatoes and flax. Spade husbandry Is 
of instruction. much employed, and agriculture gener- 

Donan (dou'ou). See Danule. SIITJ/JStSs T^ tt^"* ."nT-conS? 

'ntf\'no-noa/>liiTia>ATi (cl^'nou-esh'ing-en), chiefly of linen cloth, woolen stockings 
ilOnaiieSCnillgen ^ ^^^ ^^ Baden, and worked muslin. The fisheries are 

Germany, 29 miles east by south of extensive and valuable, and form the 
Freiburg. It contains the Prince of chief employment of the inhabitants of 
Ffirstenberg's palace, in the garden of the coast and ialanda. Grain, batter 



Sonets Donne 

and egB» are «ported. The ralneralB Don Jnan (Sp. pron. *n-*B*), th« 
inclade marble, fead, copper, etc., but -"Onjuan ^^Jl-^ ^j ^ SpSniab Wnd 
'££ HS' wrought to advanUge. Pop. which seemi to have had some hutorical 
173,722.— Donegal, the county town, is basis In the biitorj of a member of the 
a small Beaport on the bay of the same noble family of Tenorio at Berille. Ao- 
naine, at the mouth of the river Esk. 
Pop. 1214. 

DonetZ *''?!"f*!)' ^ Ku^Blan river 
which rise* fn the government 
of Kursk, flows south and east, forming 
the boundary of aeveral governmenta, and, 
after a course of 400 miles, joins the Don. 

"^^ " Lpper Nubia, extending on 
both aides of the Nile from about lat. 
18* to lat 20* K. It formerly belonged 
to Bgypt and was the aeat of a psiDa. 
but after the evacuation of all the conntr; 
south of Wady Haifa In ISStt, by the 
Egyptian government, it was left in an 
unsettled state. Its chief products are 
dates, cotton. Indigo and maiie. The 
popnlation is a mixture of Arabs and 
l&dlgenons Nubians. Its chief town is 
Dongola or El Ordeh, on the left bank cording to the Wend, Don Juan was k 
of the Nile. Pop. 10,000. libertine of the mint rtit^kless character. 

ilnni (dfi'ni), a clumsy kind of boat An attempt to seduce the daughter of a 
*^""^ used on the coast of Coromandel governor of Seville brought the indignant 
and Ceylon : sometimes decked and oc- father and the profligate don into deadly 
caiionally furnished with an onlrigKcr. conflict, in which the former was slaia. 
The donis are about 70 feet long, 20 feet Don Juan afterwards, in a spirit of 
broad, and 12 feet deep, have one mast wild mockery, goes to tbe grave of the 
and a lugsail and are navigated in fine murdered man and invites the statue of 
weather only. l"'™ erected there to a revel. To the 

Unnivsfti (don-e-zet'tS. or do-nld^Bet'- terror of Don Juan the 'stony guest' 
UOmzCLLl jg, Gaktaho, au Italian actually appears at tbe Uble to bear him 
composer, born in 171)S, at Bergamo, away to the infernal world. The legend 
He studied music at Bologna under tbe has furnished the subject for many 
distinguisLed Abb^ Matlei. His first dramas and operas. Tbe most famous 
opera. Enrico di Borgogna, was repre- of tbe latter i« Moiart's Don Qiooaimi, 
seated at Venice tn 1818. In 1822 bis which has made the story familiar to 
Zoraide di Oranata gained bim tbe honor everybody. Among the former are Bur- 
nt being crowned on the Capitol. In 1830 lador de BeviOa, by Tellei, Don Juan vu 
aipeared bis Anna Bolena, which first, Le FetHn de Pierre, by Molitre. and 
ong with Lucreiia Borgia and Lucia dt The Libertine by Shadwell. The Don 
X^mmennooi — tbe latter hia masterpiece Juan of Byron bears no relation to the 
— acquired for him an European frame, old story bat in name and in the libertine 
In 1835 Donizetti was appointed profea- character of the hero, 
•or of counterpoint at tbe Royal College DonlcPV (dong^i), a domesticated 
of Naples, but removed In 1840 to Parfs, ■"«'"«■"-/ gg, ; go called from dun. in 
bringing with bini three new operas, relatioD to Its color. 

Le* itarliirt. La Fanoriia and La FiUe UnnlrAV-pncriTiA (dong^i). a small 
du Kigiment, of which the last two are -"""J^tiy tsugllie ^^^^ ^^ j^, ,^, 
among bis most popular productions. Of ons operations where no great power la 
hia other operas none except Unda di required. Thus, a donkey-engine is often 
CfiomouHt (1842) and Don Patquaie stationed on the deck of a tiiip to work 

iI843) achieved any special triumph, a crane for loading and unloading. 
lough he wrote in all sixty-four operaa. Donnp <don), Johi», a celebrated poet 
He died in 1848. A/uniic ^^j divine, was the son of a 

Tlnninn (don'jon), the priDcipal tower merchant of fjoudon, in which dty he 
1/UUjuu q( g castle, Auated In the was born In 1573. He studied both at 
Innermost court or bailey, which the Oxford and Cambridge. In his nlne- 

Sarrison could make tbe last line of teeutb year be abjured the Catbolie re- 
efense. Its lower part was commonly Ugion, and became secretary to the ^mtA- 
naed as a prison. 9ee Cattle. chancellor Ellesmete, but finaUT lost bis 



api 

alo 



Sonneliy Dorchester 

office by a clandestiiie marriage with Doomster (<l^°i'8ter) , a name formerly 
his patron's niece. The young couple ^^*' given in Scotland to the 

were in consequence reduced to fi^reat public executioner. See Deemster, 

distress, till his father-in-law relented T)Anii (dOn), a river in Ayrshire, Scot- 

Bo far as to give his daughter a moderate ^^^**- land, which, after a course of 

Sortion. By the desire of King James 80 miles, falls into the Firth of Clyde. 

>onne took orders, and. settling in Lon- It is celebrated in the poems of Burns, 

don, was made preacher of Lincoln's T)nr (^o>^)* I^bk, the black beetle. 

Inn. In 1621 he was appointed Dean of "^^ OeotrHpes atercorarius, one of the 

St Paul's. He was chosen prolocutor to most common of beetles, of a stout form, 

the convocation in 1623-24. He died in less than 1 inch long, black with metallic 

1631, and was interred in St. Paul's, reflections. It may often be heard dron- 

As a poet, and the precursor of Cowley, ing through the air towards the close 

Donne may be deemed the founder of of the summer twilight. See Dung 

what Dr. Johnson calls t^e metaphysical Beetle, 

class of poets. Abounding in thought, T)nrQ (dO'ra), the name of two rivers 

this school generally neglected versinca- *'*'*** in Northern Italy, both tributa- 

tion, and that of Dr. Donne was pecul- ries of the Po. The D. Baltea rises on 

iarl^ harsh and unmusical. His style is the southern slopes of the Mont Blanc 

quaint and pedantic; but he displays group and falls, after a course of about 

sound learning, deep thinking and orig- 100 miles, into the Po below Chivasso; 

inalitv of manner. Besides the works the D. Rip aria, about 75 miles long, 

already mentioned, he wrote Letters, rises in the Cottian Alps, and joins the 

SermonSf Essays on Divinity and other Po below Turin. 

B^eUv (don'el-i), IGNATIUS, au. Dora Dlstria. See OhiJca, Helena. 
xruuiicixjr thor ; born at Philadelphia, T)ft|.|.% (dO'rak), a town of Persia, 
Pennsylvania, in 1831. For manv years *'*'*«"*• province Khuzistan, 300 miles 
he resided in Minnesota, several times g. b. of Basdad. It has a considerable 
representing that State in Congress. He commerce, this being aided by a canal 
wrote Atlantis, Ragnaroh and other which connects the Dorak with the Karun. 
works, and claimed to have found a Pop. 6000. 

cryptogram in Shakespere's plays which, T)nx*aTi (dO'ran), John, an English 
in substance, transferred their authorship *'*'*«■•** writer, born in 1807; died in 
to Francis Bacon. He died in IdOl. 1878. He began writing when a mere 
Donnvbroolc (don'i-brOk), a village youth, and produced a great number of 
iWixu.jruA\/vx^ Q^ Ireland, now mostly books, among them being Lives of ike 
In the parliamentary borough of Dublin. Queens of England of the House of Han- 
Its famous fair, which seldom passed off over, Monarchs retired from Business, 
without riot and bloodshed, was abol- History of Court Fools, The Princes of 
ished in 1855. Wales, Their Maiesties* Servants (a 

Donora. ^ do-nO'ra ) , a borough of history of the English stage from Better- 
** Washington Co., Pennsylva- ton to Kean). A Lady of the Last 

nia, on the Monongahela River, 35 miles Century (Mrs. Montague), London in 
B. of Pittsburgh, in a coal and agricul- Jacobite Times, 

tural district. It has wire, nail and fence Tlnrnna Snnipfv (dor'kas, from the 
mills, etc. Pop. (1910) 8174; ri920) XIOrCBS DOClCXy ))^cas mentioned 
14,131. in Acts, iz), an association generally 

Don Quixote (kwlks'Ot; Spanish composed of ladies for supplying clothes 
^  pron., ke-AO^tfi), the to the poor. Frequently the members of 

title of a famous romance by Cervantes, the society meet at stated times and work 
See Cervantes. in common. Partial payment is gener- 

DOO ^^^^' Oeoboe Thomas, an English ally required from all recipients except 

engraver, born in 18(X); died in the very poor. 
1886. He became early known as an Dorrll^stpr (dor'ches-ter) , a munlci- 
ezcellent artist, and was appointed his- ^'vavia^ou^a p^j borough of England, 
torical engraver to William IV, and sub- chief town of Dorsetshire. 118 miles 
sequently to Queen Victoria. He was g. w. of London. There are large cavalry 
elected an associate of the Royal Acad- and infantry barracks a little to the west 
emy in 18B6, and next year academi- of the town. The trade consists chiefly 
cian. in agricultural produce. Dorchester was 

Doom Palm (d»m). See Doum Polm, an important Roman station (Durno- 

\ / varia), and many interesting Roman re- 

Dnninailsi.v Book, (d^ms'day). See mains are still to be found in the vicinity. 
ilOOmsaay UOUlt 2)ome«rfay Booh. It was a parliamentary borough tifi 




logne Doric Hood 

wben It was merged in the connty. who, in 1284, cammanded the Qenone 
(Mil) &S42. fleet whieh at Meloria aanihUated tfa« 

liunia (dor'dOn), a department of power at Pisa; T^xba Doria, who, in 
luguc 1,'rBQ^^ which inclndea 12U8, defeated the Venetian Dandoio at 
reater part ot the ancient province the naval battle of Curaola ; Paoanino 
rieord, and unall portion! of Lim- Doria, who, in the middle of the four- 
, Angoumois and SaiatoDge. Area, teenth century, digtlnguighed himaelf hy 
square miles, of which about a third great victories over the Veoetiana. But 
for the plow. The chief minerals the greatest name of the Doriaa Is that 
■on, which is abundant, slate, lime- of Andbka, born at Oneglia in 1466, of 
. marble and other stone. Mining, a younger branch of the family. After 
manufacture, etc, are carried on to serving^ some time as a condotUere with 
laiderable eitent, and there are a the princes of Southern Italy, he waa 
er of vinejards. The climate Is entrusted by the Genoese with the re- 
but somewhat changeable. Pop. construction of their fleet. Disagree- 
I) 447,052.— The river Dobdoonb, ment witb the Genoese factions drove 
mncipal river of the department, him to take service with Francis I of 
on the banks of the Puy-de-Saacy, France, In which be highly distiogniahed 
w. 8. w. and, after a course of 291) himself, and la 1527 he took Genoa in 
. unites with the Garonne in form- name of the French king. But. belnx 
be Glronde. displeased with the projects of Francis 

tocht (d.«„..). s„D.rt. S'SSs°"°h.'°,u"?„°/r';h; 

i (M-ri), PAtn. GuBTAVE, a pro- service of Charles V (1529), csrrying 
lific French draftsman and with him the whole Influence and rr- 
er, bom at Strasbourg, January 6, sources ot Genoa. He re«stabliahn] 
He studied at Paris, contributing, order in Genoa, reoi^nixed the govem- 
oqI; aiiteen years of age, comic ment, and although refusing tbe title 
ties to tbe Journal pour RWe. He of doge practically controlled Its affairs 
iguisbed himself greatly as an iUus. to tbe end of bis life. As Imperial 
r of books. His illustrations of admiral he performed many services for 
loit, ot Perrault's Talet, Sue's Charier, clearing the seas of Moorish 
(Bring Jeto, Dante's Divina Com- pirates and assisting the emperor in his 
I, and Cervantes' Don Quixote dis- eipeditlonB to Tunis and Algiers. In 
d great fertility of invention, and 1547 his authority was threatened by 
ioe fantasy of bis landscapes aod the conspiracy of Fieschi, and be nar- 
Iramatic enectireneas of bis groups rowly escaped assassi nation in tbe ta- 
red for him an European reputa- mult. He died in ISGO. 

His illustratioDs of the Bible, ot Tlnrifi.nfl (dor'i-ant), one of the four 
ito's Orfondo Furioio. and Milton's ""*»•*"» jrjgt branches of the Greek 
iite Loit are also of high excellence, nation who migrnted from Thenaly 

painter he baa grandeur of concep- southwards, settling for a time in the 
and a hold, expressive style. Among mountainous district of Doris in North- 
:blet works are Vhriit leaving the em Greece and finally in Peloponnesus. 
oriHfn, Paolo and Francetca d* Tbeir migration to the latter was said 
ni, Tke Flight into Egtipt. Mont to have taken place in B.C. 1104; and 
a, etc. Id later years Dori also as among their leaders were cerioln d^ 

fame as a sculptor. He died in scendants of Hercules (or HeracIesK it 
waa known as the return of the Heni- 

MlAR'rBt a dmh Sec nam <^"<1^- ^b* Dorians ruled In Sparta witb 

(dOre), a turn, tsee uon,, ^^^^ renown as a strong and warlike 

^mo. (do-re'ma), a genus of plants, people, though less cultivated than the 
^"^^ uat. order Umbellifere. D. other Greeks in arts and letters. Their 
oniilcHin, a Persian species, yields laws wer'e severe and rigid, aa typified 
immoniacum of commerce, a milk; in the codes of the great Doric tpgisla- 
that eludes from punctures on tors Minos and Lycurgns. i^^t Sparta.i 
lem and dries in little tears.' — Tbe Doric diaifcl was characterised 

jo (dO're-4>, one of the moat pow. hy its broadness and hardness, yet, on 
erful families of Genoa. t>ecame account of its venerable and antique iityle 
Iguisbed about tbe beginning of tbe was often used in solemn odes and 

th century, and shared witb three chor 

 leading firallies, the Fie-'-' — 
laldi and Spinola, the early got 

of tbe republic. Among tbe older and manly cbarai-ler, adapted both to 
» of this family are OaEait) DoaiA, rHligioua services and war. 



Da Cumulative Eevision 1921 Bi 



Dawes (^ft^)* Chables Gates, an forces in the war of 1899, died February 
jjayv%,9 American financier, born at 3, 1922. Shortly after the outbreak of the 
Marietta, Ohio, in 1865. He was ad- World War he headed a rebellion in the 
mitted to the bar in 1886, and practiced Orange Free State and western Trans- 
in Lincoln, Neb., 1887-94. Later he be- vaal. His son Daniel was killed and Gen- 
came interested in the gas business at eral De Wet himself wounded. He was 
Eyanston, 111., and elsewhere. He became captured and sentenced to six years im- 
president of the Central Trust Co. of prisonment with a fine of $10,000, but 
Illinois, Chicago, in 1902. During the was released after serving six months. 
World War he was on the administrative 1)4 ov (^^'^z), Armando, (1861- ), an 
BtafC of the commander-in-chief of the *'*«*^ Italian army officer, born at 
American Expeditionary Forces in France Naples. During the European war he be- 
as chairman of the general purchasing came commander-in-chief of the Italian 
board and general purchasing agent. In armies after the disaster of Caporetto on 
1921 President Harding appointed him the Isonsso front in October, 1917, and 
director of the budget. stemmed the Austro-German tide which 
Debs ^^^^^^ ^M American Socialist had been sweeping down into Italy. 
> leader, sentenced to ten years* Later he rehabilitated the armies and be- 
imprisonment for obstructing the war gan an offensive in October, 1918, which 
draft in 1918, was released from the resulted in the redemption of ' Italia 
Atlanta Penitentiary on Christmas Day, Irredenta' and the surrender of the 
1921. Freedom was granted him by Austrians. He visited the United States 
President Harding in the form of com- in 1921 and was greeted with great 
mutation of his ten-year sentence. Full enthusiasm. 

pardon, which alone carries with it the TliagVilArl rifriliQTi0 The United 
restoration of citizenship rights, was -"l»aoiea V^lVluaus. g t a t e s gov- 
withheld. emment co-operates with the separate 
TlAKfa nf l^ofinna On February 3, States in the vocational rehabilitation 
Jieoi^S OI -WawOHS' 1922, the United and return to remunerative occupation 
States Congress passed the Allied Debt of persons disabled in industry or other- 
bill, authorizing the President to con- wise. For the promotion of this work 
duct negotiations with the debtor nations, an appropriation of $750,000 for the 
looking to refunding. The Senate amend- fiscal year ended June 30, 1921, and of 
ment was agreed to requiring that the $1,000,000 for each of the three succeed- 
funded obligations mature not later than ing years was provided. These appropria- 
June 15, 1947, minimum rate of interest tions are to be apportioned to the States 
to be 4^ per cent. The debts of the on the basis of population, no State to 
following European nations to the United receive less than $5000 as its allotment 
States in 1921 were: Great Britain, for any fiscal year. The Federal Board 

f 4,277,000,000; France, $3,047,974,777; for Vocational Education is the agency 

taly, $1,666,260,000; Belgium, $350,- charged with the administration of the 

428,793; and smaller sums to Russia, vocational rehabilitation act. Rehabilita- 

Czechoslovakia, Greece, Serbia (Jugo- tion of disabled persons is a respon- 

Slavia), Roumania, and other countries, sibility of the State, and the Federal 

making a total of approximately ten bil- government does not assume the direction 

lions of dollars. of the work within the States, nor does 

The total debts of the nations are it undertake to establish direct contact 

estimated at $382,634,000,000. In 1921 with persons disabled in the States. The 

the debt of the United States yras $23,- service of vocational rehabilitation pro- 

738,900,000 ; Great Britain, $37,910,000,- vided in the act of Congress is purely a 

000; France, $50,960,000,000; Italy, States' relation service. Expenditure of 

$18,650,000,000; Belgium, $4,600,000,- Federal money in the States under the 

000; Poland, $69,000,000: Czechoslo- act may be approved only on the fulfil- 

vakia, $9,135,000,000; Germany, $71,- ment of certain conditions, among which 

000.000,000; Austria, $15,834,000,000; are: that for each dollar of Federal 

Bulgaria, $2,350,000,000; Roumania, $5,- money expended in the State, an equal 

270,000,000; Portugal, $1,880,000,000; amount shall be expended by the State; 

Spain, $2,335,000,000; British India, that the State board shall sulnnit to the 

$2,310,000,000; Turkey, $2,300,000,000; Federal Board for approval plans for 

Canada, $2,345,000,000; Australia, $1,- rehabilitation, courses of study, etc.; 

956.000,000: Brazil, $1,000,000,000; that the state board shall make an an- 

Japan, $1,713,000,000; China, $1,886,- nual report on the work done. 'Person 

000,000 ; Netherlands, $1,072,000,000. disabled ' is construed by the act to mean 

De T)l7et General Christian, com- ' any person who, by reason of a physical 

mr ct, mander-in-chief of the Boer defect or infirmity, whether congenital or 

O 1922. The J. C. W. Co. 



Bi Cumulative He vision 1921 Du 

^^^ MM-^ - — -. 

acquired by accident, injury or disease* a condition of illiteracy to seTenth or 
is or may be expected to be totally or eighth grade preparation ; these men were 
partially incapacitated for remunerative given supplementary assistancet being 
occupation/ ' Rehabilitation ' is construed taught English and arithmetic, and (in 
to mean * rendering a person disabled fit the case of foreigners) Americanization, 
to engage in remunerative occupation.' Correspondence courses were also pro- 
TJp to September 30, 1921, 35 States had vided in agriculture. Commercial train- 
accepted the Federal act. Acceptance in ing was also given. Graduated payment 
other States was pending. of maintenance allowance, effective Oc- 

Disabled Soldiers ^^^^ bilitation tober 12, 1921, runs from $80 to $150 
xrxoauxcu MVAUA^x o. ^, ^ J. ]^ £^j, ^.g^ ^ month. 

abled American soldiers, sailors and l)obsOTl Austin, the English poet who 
marines, which was formerly under the •*'v*'^*'"> ^^as spoken of as a possible 
direction of the Federal Board for Vo- successor to Alfred Austin as poet 
cational Training, was transferred to laureate, died at Ealing September 2, 
the United States Veterans' Bureau by 1921. He was born in 1840. 
the Sweet Act approved August 9, 1921. T)Aiio>hertv (dok'er-ti), Deitnib J., 
From the date of initiation of the work ■^'vugiici tjr Cardinal, an American 
to August 15, 1921, the net registration Roman Catholic prelate, born in Penn- 
of disabled ex-service men with the Fed- sylvania in 1865. For some years after 
eral Board under the soldier rehabilita- graduating from the American college in 
tion act of 1918 totaled 404,396 men and Rome he taught at St. Charles Seminary 
women. Of these 123.785 were dropped in his native State, becoming a bishop in 
after investigation; 269,940 were found 1903, and archbishop of Philadelphia in 
eligible for training. Federal Board 1918. He was elevated to the College of 
training centers were developed through- Cardinals in 1921, making the third 
out the fiscal year representing three American representative in the ruling 
administrative types: (1) United States body of the Church, the others beinir 
Public Service hospitals; (2) Federal Cardinal Gibbons of Baltimore and Car- 
Board schools in cities for nonresident dinal O'Connell of Boston, 
students; (3) Federal Board schools for T|Ynio> Adilinfa '^^ drug addicts in 
resident students. In the first group -lfa^B -^uuii/ts. ^^^ United States 
training was provided — therapeutic and are estimated at over a million. The 
pre-vocational — ^which would enable Fed- national expenditure for habit-forming 
eral Board representatives to assist the drugs is about $60,000,000, but the eco- 
man to the wise choice of subsequent nomic loss is reckoned at $200,000,000, 
training and employment objective. In because at least one-fourth of the addicts 
the second group provision was made for are incapacitated for productive employ- 
the establishment of schools in large cen- ment. Following is the relative opium 
ters of population (1) to provide ele- consumption of four nations during s 
mentnry education prior to selection of recent year: Italy, 6000 pounds; France, 
employment objective before active train- 17,000 pounds; Germany, IT.OOOponnds ; 
ing was feasible ; such men were fre- Ignited States, 470.000 pounds, llie prin- 
quently illiterate, had serious disabilities, cipal habit drugs are opium, cocaine, 
and sometimes spoke English only morphine, diacetyl morphia and heroin, 
brokenly; (2) to provide try-out courses People of normal life have no conception 
to discover aptitudes and skills which of the derangement caused by the use of 
men might have and which might be drugs, unless it is their mi^ap to have 
developed into a complete occupational some association with a drug fiend. The 
training; (3) to provide opportunity for • hoppy's' supply may cost $10 a day, and 
supplementary instruction when men he will lie, steal or murfer to get a 
were taking placement training. In the * shot ' of * dope ' or a ' plant ' for futnre 
third group : Federal Board schools for use when he has * a yen on.* It is im- 
resident students: two types of schools possible to remain a moderate user of 
were developed — (1) for arrested tuber- habit-drugs. As the appetite grows, the 
culous cases; (2) for neuropsychiatric dose increases. Early treatment in a 
oases. Agricultural trainees were divided place of detention is the drug uscr*B best 
into three classes: (1) men who went chance of recovery. 

to war from agricultural institutions and 'n«l%liYi capital of the Irish Free 
re-entered college upon returning; (2) •^^***^**'f State. During the war with 
men with eighth-grade preparation who Great Britain, preceding the establisih- 
upon returning were admitted to subcol- ment of the Irish Free State, the famous 
lege or special courses; (3) men whose Custom House in Dublin was put to the 
early educational advantages had been torch May 25, 1921. It was erected In 
such that they ranged all the way from 1791 at a cost of $5,000,000. 

O 1922, The J. C. W. Co.