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Vol. 8

: 'Ja'riu'aVy -to ' Ma;rch, ''1909

No. 1

THE

WISCONSIN
ARCHEOLOGIST

THE BIRD-STONE CEREMONIALS OF
WISCONSIN

PUBLISHED BY THE

WISCONSIN AROHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
MILWAUKEE

Vol. 8 January \&\M£r$\\{.\<)$9\ • 'No. 1

THE

WISCONSIN
ARCHEOLOGIST

THE BIRD-STONE CEREMONIALS OF
WISCONSIN

PUBLISHED BY THE

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
MILWAUKEE

Wj&con^ Society

Incorporated March 23, 1^03. fof the purpose of advancing the study and
preservative Sjf Wisconsin antiquities.

'^"OFFICERS

PRESIDENT
OTTO J. HABHEGGER Milwaukee

VICE-PRESIDENTS
WILLIAM H. ELLSWORTH Milwaukee

A. B. STOUT Madison

DR. GEORGE L. COLLIE Beloit

REV. LEOPOLD E. DREXEL St. Francis

GEORGE A. WEST Milwaukee

DIRECTORS
JOS. RINGEISEN, JR Milwaukee

ARTHUR WENZ Milwaukee

TREASURER
LEE R. WHITNEY Milwaukee

SECRETARY AND CURATOR
CHARLES E. BROWN .Madison

COMMITTEES

SURVEY, RESEARCH AND RECORD— H. L. Skavlem, P. V. Lawson,
Geo. H. Reynolds, Dr. A. Gerend, G. H. Squier, Dr. E. J. W. Notz
and H. P. Hamilton

PUBLIC COLLECTIONS— J. P. Schumacher, Dr. Reuben G. Thwaites,
Rev. Wm. Metzdorf, E. F. Richter, Dr. W. O. Carrier and Dr.
Louis Lotz

MEMBERSHIP — Arthur Wenz, Dr. Louis Falge, Mrs. Jessie R. Skin-
ner, Rev. J. A. Riedl, Miss Bertha Ferch and W. H. Elkey

PRESS — E. B. Usher, John Poppendieck, Jr., J. G. Gregory and G. J.
Seamans

JOINT MAN MOUND— H. E. Cole, A. B. Stout, J. Van Orden, Miss
Julia A.'Lapham, C. E. Brown and Mrs. L. H. Palmer

SESSIONS

These are held in the Lecture Room in the Lihrary-Museum
Building, in Milwaukee, on the third Monday of each month, at

8 P. M.

During the months or July to Octoher no meetings will he held

MEMBERSHIP FEES

Life Memhers, $25.00. Sustaining Memhers, $5.00

Annual Memhers, $2.00

All communications in regard to the Wisconsin Archeological Society or to the
"Wisconsin Archeologist" should be addressed to C. B. Brown, Secretary and
Curator, Office, State Historical Museum, Madison, Wis.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Vol. 8, No. 1.

Pages
The Bird-stone Ceremonials of Wisconsin, Chas. E. Brown 1-21

ILLUSTRATIONS
Wisconsin bird-stones Frontispiece

Plate

1. Bird-stones, Milwaukee County

2. Bird-stones, Ringeisen Collection

3. Map showing the distribution of bird-stones in Wisconsin

4. Bird-stones, bar form, Class A.

5. Bird-stones, bird form, Class B.

6. Bird-stones, bird form, Class B.

7. Bird-stones, bird form, Class C.

8. Bird-stones, bird form, Class C.

9. Bird-stones, bird form, Classes C and D.

Figure

A. Bird-stone, Green Lake County Page 15

Frontispiece

WISCONSIN BIRD-STONES
Jos. Ringeison, Jr., Collection

THE WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST

Quarterly Bulletin Published by the Wisconsin Archeological Society.

Vol. 8. MILWAUKEE, WIS., JANUARY TO MARCH, 1908. No. 1.

THE BIRD-STONE CEREMONIALS OF
WISCONSIN

CHAS. E. BROWN,

Secretary Wisconsin Archeological Society

It is proposed to present in this paper a description of the
known Wisconsin specimens of the interesting class of aborigi-
nal ceremonial objects known to archaeologists as bar and bird-
stones. Objects of this class are thus clearly defined in the
recently issued Handbook of American Indians:

". . . .A class of prehistoric stone objects of undetermined
purpose, usually resembling or remotely suggesting the form
of a bird. In many cases the resemblance is so slight that
without the aid of a series of specimens grading downward
from the more realistic bird representations through successive
simplifications, the life form would not be. suggested. In its
simplest form the body is an almost featureless bar of polished
stone. Again the ends are usually curved upward, giving a
saddle shape; but usually the head, tail and eyes are dif-
ferentiated, and in the more graphic forms the tail is expanded
and turned upward to balance the head. The most remarkable
feature is the pair of projecting knobs, often on rather slender
stems, representing the eyes, giving somewhat the effect of a
horned animal."

"Although many kinds of stone were used in their manu-
facture, the favorite material was a banded slate which occurs

6 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 1

over a wide area in the Northern states and Canada. They
are shaped with much care, being symmetrical and highly
polished." (p. 148.)

Perhaps the most helpful contribution on the subject of these
bird-stones is a pamphlet entitled "The Bird-stone Ceremonial"
published in 1899, by Prof. Warren K. Moorehead. In this
publication he has described and figured a large number of speci-
mens giving a very considerable amount of valuable information
upon the subject of the method of their manufacture, their dis-
tribution and probable use. He quotes from the writings of
Beauchamp, Boyle, Fowke and other leading archaeologists who
have previously described such objects. As the existence of only
a very few Wisconsin specimens was known to him the value of
the present monograph for those who have had the opportunity
to study this class of objects will lie mainly in the additional in-
formation it presents on the subject of their form, number and
distribution. On the subject of their use there is but little new
to offer.

DISTRIBUTION

Of the distribution of bird-stones in North America the Hand-
book conveys the information that they :

a * * * ^re most plentiful in the Ohio valley and
around the great lakes, and occur sparingly in the S. and to the
westward beyond the Mississippi." (p. 148.)

Beauchamp makes the statement that :

"Bird and bar amulets are very rare south of Ohio, nor are
the latter frequent anywhere. One of the former has been
found in \7irginia, one in Pennsylvania, and one in New Jer-
sey. They reach Wisconsin on the west, and occur sparingly
in New England." (Bull. N. Y. S. M., v. 4, No. 18, p. 56.)

The A. E. Douglass collection in the American Museum of
Natural History, he states, contains TO bird amulets, 35 of them
coming from Ohio, and 16 from New York. The collection
contains 38 bar amulets, 22 of which are from Ohio and only
one from New York. Bar amulets he pronounces to be rare in
New York, not more than half a dozen having come to his no-
tice ; of bird-stones which are much more frequent, he has a
knowledge of upwards of 50 in that state in addition to the
Douglass examples.

The Bird-Stone 'Ceremonials of Wisconsin.

Moorehead separates his bird amulets into two principal classes
and gives the distribution of each. His Figure 1, corresponds
to those which for convenience of description, we have included
in our classes B and C. Of this class he states that it occurs :

"In the Eastern and Central States north of the Ohio River.
It is very rare in the Potomac, Connecticut and Hudson Val-
leys and the eastern (northern) Alleghany region. But it is
often found in Western New York, the Great Lakes region and
Central Canada.

Inquiries sent to archaeologists in Iowa, Illinois, Missouri,
Kentucky, etc., fail to establish its habitat as south or west of
Indiana." (The Bird-stone Ceremonial, p. 5.)

His Figure 2 (our class D) he finds to be of less frequent oc-
currence :

"In Western New York, Central Canada, Northern Ohio and
Indiana, Michigan and Wisconsin, it occurs occasionally. In
the New England States and the Potomac and Delaware regions
but one or two have been found." (p. 6.) He knew at the
time of the publication of his monograph of a total of 264- speci-
mens in public and private collections in the United States and
Canada, a total which he regarded as "doubtless below the act-
ual number on hand." Our largest Wisconsin collection is
that of Mr. Joseph Ringeisen, Jr., of Milwaukee. This collec-
tion contains at the present time 25 specimens gathered from
the states of Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Ohio and Indiana.
A portion of these are shown in Plate 2.

Dr. W. B. Hinsdale, of Ann Arbor, informs the author that
his notes, records and other data warrant him in stating that he
has a knowledge of at least 200 bird-stones which are reported
to have been found in Michigan, a surprisingly large number.
He believes that the variety of form is as great or greater than
that of any other state.

Moorehead's statement leaves us to suppose that bird-stones
have not been found in Illinois. This we know to be an error.
In the Ringeisen collection are several specimens from that
state, and the location of others has been reported. One comes
from as far south as St. Clair County.

Indications are that the number which the state of Ohio has
produced is considerably in excess of that which those who have
contributed to the bird-stone literature have reported.

8 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. I

The author has as yet failed to locate any specimens in Iowa.
There are no bird-stones from Minnesota in the extensive
Brower, Lewis or Mitchell collections of the Minnesota State
Historical Society's museum. We should expect that a few
specimens might be found in both of these states. Dr. H. M.
Whelpley informs the author that there are no specimens in the
Missouri Historical Society's collections at St. Louis. He has
in the years of his collecting never heard of a specimen being
found in either Missouri or Southern Illinois. In the Mitchell
collection is a slate bar ceremonial from Minnesota.

THEIR USE

The several theories which have been advanced upon the sub-
ject of the probable use of bird-stones are familiar to most
students of American archaeology. For the benefit of those
who have not had the opportunity to consult the available
literature these are repeated.

It has been stated that such stones were fastened to the
prows of canoes.

To this statement but little attention is paid by recent
writers. Jones quotes from Hariot that the conjurers of the
Virginia Indians fastened a small black bird over one of their
ears as a badge of office. (Antiq. So. Ind., 30.) He does
not mention that these birds were made of stone. But one
bird-stone has ever been reported from that region.

Gillman was informed by an aged Chippewa Indian "that
in olden time these ornaments were worn on the heads of In-
dian women, but only after marriage." (Smithson Rep. 1873,
1874). Abbott published a statement originating with Dr.
E. Stirling, of Cleveland, Ohio, that "such bird effigies, made
of W(0od, have been noticed among the Ottawa of Grand
Traverse Bay, Michigan, fastened to the top of the heads of
women as an indication that they are pregnant." (Primitive
Industry, 370.) The Handbook says of these statements that
"the probability, however, is that these bird-stones were used
or worn by men rather than by the women." If used by
women as stated we should expect to find bird-stones of quite
common occurrence in certain localities. This is not the case.

The Bird-Stone Ceremonials of Wisconsin.

It lias also been suggested that they were used in playing a
game, a statement which has not been credited by authorities.

Gushing thought that they were probably employed as are
the little stone fetiches of the Zuni. These rudely executed
figures of animals and birds are representations of various
hunter gods. "Their possession insures success in hunting,
and good fortune with domestic animals." Moorehead gives
several illustrations,, obtained from Prof. Gushing, suggesting
that some of the perforated stone tablets known to students as
gorgets might have served as bases upon which to bind bird-
stones. The suggestion is interesting but lacks of proof. We
know of not a single instance where a bird-stone and tablet have
been found together. Beauchamp favors the Zuni fetich
theory, believing that arrows or other objects may have been
bound to them. (Bull, N. Y. S. Mus., v. 4, no. 18, p.
56.) He fails to show that any such articles have occurred
with any of the New York specimens. He describes a broken
specimen which when obtained was being worn by an Onondaga
Indian girl, as an ornament, suspended by a string passed
through one of the basal perforations. She may have been
wearing it without any idea of its significance.

The Handbook, which gives the most recent information, sug-
gests that the uses of bird-stones were evidently in connection
with religious ceremonies or magic. "The two perforations
at the extremities of the base (were) intended to serve in at-
taching the figure to the surface of some object, as a tablet, a
pipe-stem, a flute, or a staff or baton, or to some part of the
costume or hair." (p. 148.)

It would appear sensible to suppose that they were not every-
where employed in the same manner. That these little effigies
had a religious significance to their former owners is not ques-
tioned.

In the State Historical Museum of Wisconsin are several
Indian flutes upon the stems of which are bound small wooden
effigies. In the Milwaukee Museum and elsewhere are pipe-
stems bearing small wooden figures or heads of animals.

The close relationship of the bird-stone and bar ceremonials
is now conceded. In the Eingeisen collection is a specimen
which appears to form a connecting link between the bird and
the banner-stones. It is fashioned in the figure of an animal

10 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 1

but is perforated through the middle as are the latter. The
material is slate. It comes from near Fort Wayne, Indiana,
It was probably mounted on a staff as the banner-stones are
now supposed to have been mounted. It appears in Plate 2.

WISCONSIN SPECIMENS

The number of bird-stones which have been recovered in
Wisconsin is not large, yet it is considerably greater than those
engaged in local archaeological research would have believed.
Careful inquiry shows a total yield of 54 specimens. The ma-
jority of these have now passed into the safe-keeping of two of
our larger public institutions, and into half-a-dozen of the more
notable private collections. Of the total number 10 are in the
possession of the Milwaukee Public museum, 10 in Logan Mu-
seum at Beloit Colleege, 9 in the collection of Mr. Joseph
Ringeisen, 5 in the C. T. Olen and 4 in the P. H. Hamilton
collection. The collecting of the Wisconsin stones has been
accomplished during a period of about forty years. To three
noted Wisconsin collectors, Frederick S. Perkins, W. H. Elkey
and H. H. Hayssen, is due to the credit of obtaining the greater
number of the specimens today in Wisconsin cabinets. Mr.
Elkey has for several years made a special search for these and
related ceremonial forms in stone in the most productive sec-
tions of the state and has been most fortunate in obtaining an
unexpected number of bird-stones. In recent years a multi-
tude of other collectors have been active in their respective dis-
tricts. These facts are mentioned to show how very thoroughly
the field has been covered by collectors since an intelligent
interest in the value of assembling and preserving local archaeo-
logical materials was aroused. As a result of this well or-
ganized activity the finding of a bird-stone or other interesting
artifact quickly becomes known, and is reported. Notwith-
standing this great activity, during a long period of time, in a
field exceeded in richness by but few other states in the Union,
only a limited number of bird-stones have come to light. They
are far out-numbered by both the banner-stones and gorgets.,
which have been obtained in Wisconsin during that time.
Many Wisconsin collections, public and private, do not con-

The Bird-Stone 'Ceremonials of Wisconsin. 11

tain a single example. Almost none have escaped into collec-
tions without the bounds of the state.

The map presented in Plate 3, illustrates the distribution,
based upon present records, of bird and bar ceremonials in
Wisconsin. It shows that nearly 95 per cent have come from
its eastern counties. Centers of greatest abundance within
this area are the embraced in portions of the counties of Calumet
and Manitowoc, and Waukesha and Milwaukee. The Calu-
met-Manitowoc County center is scarcely ten miles in di-
anreter. The first mentioned counties have yielded 11 speci-
mens to date, the latter 9. From Kenosha, adjoining the Il-
linois state line, northward to Manitowoc all of the Lake
Michigan shore counties have produced one, or a number, of
examples. Future researches may discover additional speci-
mens in Southwestern and Central Wisconsin. The Chippewa
County specimen has wandered farthest north in the state.

Of the total number of bird-stones about 30 are surface
finds, having been recovered during the cultivation of abor-
iginal village or camp sites, or obtained from other places
where they were left or lost by their early Indian owners.
Four are known to have accompanied burials. Accompanying
one of these interments were also several articles made of
native copper. Mr. John W. Evans who collected some of the
best specimens in the Ringeisen cabinet, states that one of
these was recovered from a grave at Joliet, Illinois. With
the burial was also a fine flint drill or perforator, measuring
4-1/2 inches in length. Further investigation of the matter will
doubtless show that bird-stones have been found in similar
situations in other states. Inquiry fails to show that any of
our examples accompanied mound interments, although the
region of their distribution is also the great mound region of
the state. Moorehead records a single instance of the finding
of a bird-stone in a mound. There is no published record
other than our own of their occurrence in graves.

Although carefully fashioned and afterwards treated with
respect, if not with veneration, by their savage owners, bird-
stones were through accident, or otherwise, occasionally
broken or damaged. Such accidents, if we may judge by the
number of perfect specimens described by various authors,
were howrever rare. Eight of the specimens we describe have

12 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST.

in the course of their use or at other times, sustained damages
of a more or less serious nature. In one case the loss of a
head by breakage has resulted in the smoothing down of the
neck at the point where the break occurred. Other instances
of a similar treatment of injured specimens have been noted in
examples from other states. The value of the object to its
owner was evidently not greatly lessened thereby. One un-
finished specimen appears to have seen use in this state.

In the manufacture of Wisconsin specimens slate of either
the plain or banded variety was most commonly employed*
Twenty-three specimens are of this material. Three are made
each of soapstone, sandstone and catlinite. Of the latter we
are uncertain. Harder stones, especially the attractive
porp-hyritic rocks, were in some demand.

All of the better known forms of bird-stones are represented.
Some interesting variations of these are described. Several
specimens are so greatly alike in size and shape that the sug-
gestion that they are probably the products of the same abor-
iginal artisan is permitted. Beauchamp has offered a similar
observation concerning the authorship of certain New York
ceremonials. The form of bird-stone without eyes is the most
common here as elsewhere. Moorehead believes it the earlier
form. The bar form is apparently of rare occurrence in the
state, which would bear out similar observations made in other
states. Additional specimens of this form will undoubtedly
be found.

Descriptions of the Wisconsin specimens follow: In addi-
tion to those described, Mr. Clarence T. Olen has five bird-
stones in his collection. Four of these are made of banded
slate, the other of granite. The latter was found upon the
shore of Lake Poygan, Poygan Township, Winnebago County.
Two others were found in the village of Winneconne, and at
Xeenali in the same county. The head of this last specimen
is missing. A fourth specimen comes from Bear Creek,
Outagamie County, and a fifth from the bank of the Wolf
River, at Fremont, in Waupaca County.

Another specimen was found several years ago near Elkhart,
Sheboygan County. Its present whereabouts is unknown.
Dr. I. A. Lapham is said to have possessed a mutilated speci-
men. It is thought to have come from Waukesha County.

The Bird-Stone Ceremonial^ of Wisconsin.

Mr. John T. Reader lias a granite bird-stone which was ob-
tained from the bank of the Milwaukee River, at West Bend,
Washington County. Dr. W. H. Bailey reports the finding
of a bird-stone in Chippewa County.

Unless otherwise noted in the descriptions all of the Wis-
consin specimens have perforated bases. The manner of
classification used is that most generally adopted and is the
most natural and convenient.

DESCRIPTION

The Bar Form* Class A.

The saddle-shaped stone shown in Fig. 1 (Plate 4) is from
Waukesha County, and is in the collections of the Milwaukee
Public Museum. Its base is not perforated. If ever bound
to any object it was probably tied over its middle. It is
made of granite. Length about 3 inches.

Fig. 2 is a fine example of the typical bar form. It is
about 6 inches in length and is made of gray ribbon slate. Its
base is perforated. It comes from near Concord, Jefferson
County and is in the Logan Museum at Beloit College.

Fig. 3 is 6% inches in length, and is made of the same
material as the foregoing. It is triangular in section, the ex-
tremities semi-circular. The flat base is perforated at either
end. This stone was found in 1868 in the dragging of a field
located about two miles north of Mayville, Dodge County.
Mr. Ferdinand Schley is the owner.

In the collection of Dr. Chas. IT. Hall in the State His-
torical Museum, Madison, is a specimen obtained near Albion,
Dane County. It is a straight bar 5 inches in length with a
rounded top and flat base, and is made of dark-colored slate.
On the base, connecting the perforations near the extremities
and extending beyond one of them to the end is a shallow
groove, a peculiar feature.

In the Logan Museum are two small ceremonials of the bar
form. Both are triangular in section, and are made of gray
slate marked with faint darker streaks. Both have one end
slightly upturned. The larger measures about 3% inches in
length. A perforation extends through the upturned end and

U WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST.

through the base. At the other extremity the work of per-
forating has only been begun, slight indications of this show
on both the end and base. The exact locality is not known.
The smaller specimen is perforated at one extremity only. It
comes from LeRoy, Dodge County. Length 2% inches. In
the collection of Rev. E. C. Mitchell is a bar ceremonial of
gray slate from Sank County.

Bird Form. Class B.

An interesting specimen is in the collection of Mr. Joseph
Ringeisen, Jr., at Milwaukee. It is one of only two rude and
apparently unfinished bird-stones of which the author has per-
sonal knowledge. It is roughly shaped of a heavy dark bluish-
black stone. The base has been smoothed, but is not perfo-
rated. It measures 4% inches in length. It was found near
Kiel P. O., Schleswig Township, Manitowoc County. The
other unfinished specimen is in the same collection. It comes
from Hillsdale County, Mich. It closely resembles the former
in outline but is of larger size. Both of these specimens are
shown in Plate 2. It is likely that both were used in their
unfinished state. Moorehead gives figures of several un-
finished specimens.

Fig. 4 (Plate 5) is in the H. George Schuette collection and
comes from Manitowoc County. The material is grayish
syenite with large whitish crystals. It is about 41/4 inches
in length. The surface on one side is rough, probably the
result of its exposure to the weather.

A specimen very similar in outline was found near the Wis-
consin River, in Roxbury Township, Dane County. It is
made of dark colored slate and measures 3% inches in length.
Dr. Clias. H. Hall is the owner.

Fig. 5 (Plate 5), in the F. J. B. Duchateau collectionr
comes from near Green Bay, Brown County. A full descrip-
tion of it is not at present available. Length 4% inches.

Fig. 0 comes from Section 35, Franklin Township, Man-
itowoc County. It is in the IT. P. Hamilton collection. The
material is a porphyritic syenite of a light brown color with
included large lighter colored crystals. It was found in Au-
gust, 1S90. Length 4% inches.

The Bird-Stone Ceremonials of Wisconsin.

Fig. 7 is also in the liingeisen collection. The locality is
Menomonee, Waukesha County. It was found with a skele-
ton, in 1891, by a man engaged in digging a vault. The ma-
terial is grayish syenite with a number of large irregular
whitish crystals. It is nicely polished. At the neck are sev-
eral small incisions. The tail measures one inch across at its
broadest point. The base is slightly concave. Length 3%
inches.

The specimen shown in Fig. 8 is in the Elkey collection,
in Logan Museum, Beloit College. It is made of a fine-
grained black stone with a profusion of large irregular pinkish
crystals. It was found in the fall of 1894 on the shore of
Lake Winnebago at a point about one mile north of the city of
Fond du Lac, in the county of the same name. Length about
4!/4 inches.

Fig. 9 (Plate G) is also in the Schuette collection. The ma-
terial is light gray slate. It came from Centerville Township,
.Manitowoc County. Length about 5% inches. It is the
largest specimen of this type which the author has seen.

In the S. D. Mitchell collection is a specimen somewhat re-
sembling some of the foregoing. The material of which it is
made is said to be a conglomerate. It is of a light greenish gray
color mottled with deep green spots, It comes from the south
shore of Green Lake, in Green Lake County. Length 3 3-8 in-
ches. (See Figure A.)

Fig. A
BIRD-STONE

Green Lake County

In the Milwaukee Public Museum are several specimens in
form somewhat similar to the foregoing figured bird amulets.
One of these t( Ace. No. 2338) is nicely made of gray slate with

16 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 1

lighter colored irregular transverse bands. This Mr. F. S. Per-
kins, who collected it, thought to have come from Kenosha
County. Four specimens in the same institution (Ace. Nos.
2328, 2333, 2335 and 2339) were collected by H. H. Hayssen,
the localities being given as New Hqlstein, Calumet County;
Schleswig, Manitowoc County; St. Ann, Calumet County, and
Sheboygan, Sheboygan County. One (2335) is made of a
dark red stone, probably catlinite. (I have not had the op-
portunity to closely examine it.) Another (2339) is of dark
colored slate with lighter gray bands. The others are of harder
materials.

It is peculiar that all of these four specimens should have
lost their heads. We are thus unable to determine whether any
of them were ever provided with eyes. In the Ringeisen col-
lection are three specimens which appear to have met with
similar accidents.

These may be readily recognized in Plate 2. They come
from Manitowoc Township, Manitowoc County; Hillsdale,
Michigan, and from Lawton, Michigan. The Wisconsin speci-
men is made of light gray slate. These specimens were evidently
valued by their aboriginal owners for all have had their necks
neatly smoothed at the place where the break occurred, thus
continuing their usefulness. In one case the neck has been
flattened and ornamented with two small furrows.

Fig. 7 (Plate 6) is in the Logan Museum. The material is
gray slate prettily marked with darker irregular streaks and
bands. It possesses several features not occurring in any of
the foregoing specimens. An incision on either side of the
head is intended to represent the animal's mouth, and smaller
incisions crossing this at intervals, its teeth. The tail is fan-
shaped. Its length is about 5% inches. It was found in 1893
on the James Little farm near Waldo, Sheboygan County.

Fig. 11 comes from Section 6, Aurora Township, Waushara
County, and is in the H. P. Hamilton collection. The material
is syenite of a grayish-brown color, with a few lighter colored
crystals, distributed over its surface. Length 4% inches. The
base of this specimen is excavated, thus forming feet-like pro-
jections.

Fig. 12 also possesses the latter feature. It is the property of
Mrs, E. A. Notz, and comes from near Oshkosh, Winnebago

The Bird-Stone Ceremonials of Wisconsin. 17

County. It is made of a black stone marked with pale greenish
crystals. It measures about 3% inches in length.

Fig. 13, in the Ringeisen collection, is unique. It comes
flrom near Meiiomoiiee Falls, Waukesha County. Its back
from the tip of the snout to the rear foot below is ornamented
with shiall transverse incisions, such as are often found upon
the edges of gorgets and pipes. The feet are formed by slightly
elevated bars which cross the base. These are perforated. The
material is probably diorite. Length about 3 inches. Beau-
champ illustrates a New York specimen the entire outline of
which is ornamented with notches. He states that this feature
frequently appears though not to this extent.

Class C.

SPECIMENS WITH EYES

Fig. 14 (Plate 7) is also in the Hamilton collection. It is a
very graceful and pretty object and comes from the town of
Reedsburg, in Sank County. The material is black slate
marbled with streaks of brown. The eyes are represented by
knobs, projecting from the head for a distance of about 1-16 of
an inch. Length 4 inches.

Fig. 15, from Schleswig, Manitowoc County, is in the Mil-
waukee Public Museum collection (Ace, No. 2329). The eyes
are represented by small knobs. It is made of bluish-gray
slate, ornamented with darker streaks. Length about 9 inches.

Fig. 16 is in the same institution (Ace. No.' 2327). The
material is a dark bluish slate with darker bands. The disk-
shaped circular eyes stand out prominently from the sides of the
head. Length about 5 inches.

This specimen has an interesting history. The following in-
formation concerning it was furnished by the noted collector,
F. S. Perkins, who formerly owned it.

"In 1873, a man in Menominee, Waukesha County, in the
process of digging a cellar for a house found at 6 feet below
the surface, the bones of seven persons laid in a circle with
their heads toward the center, where he found a slate image of
a bird with large, projecting eye-like appendages."

Fig. 17, in the H. P. Hamilton collection, was obtained in
Section 2, Centerville Township, Manitowoc County. The

18 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 1

material is a dark gray syenite with yellowish-white crystals.
Two small circular disks represent eyes. The base is slightly
transversely convex. It measures nearly 4 inches in length.

Fig. 18, in thaElkey collection in Logan Museum, was plowed
up on a farm in Section 27, Granville Township, Milwaukee
County. The material is handed slate. It is interesting for
its peculiar proportions, it measuring only about 3l/± inches
in length and about 1% inches in height at its middle. The
eyes are large and prominent.

" Figs. 19 and 20 (Plate 8) were collected by F. S. Perkins
and are in the Logan Museum. The first of these is made of
gray slate with darker bands and comes from Le Roy, Dodge
County. Length about 4 3-8 inches. The other, of dark gray
slate with faint darker bands, comes from Section 25, Polk
Township, Washington County. Length about 51/-) inches.
IBoth specimens have very prominent eyes.

In the same institution are two specimens of somewhat simi-
lar shape. These are shown in Plate 1. The larger, is made of
:gray slate with darker bands and measures about 5% inches in
length. When in the possession of the collector, Mr. W. H.
"Elkey, this specimen showed unmistakable traces here and there
on its surface of vermillion paint. The smaller specimen, about
3% inches in length and l1/^ inches in height at its middle, is
fashioned out of a hard black stone. Its base is not perforated.
The tail instead of projection Rt an angle from the back as in
all of the figured specimens, is represented by a short upward
projection. Both specimens have large eye disks standing
prominently forth from the head.

These two bird-stones were obtained in 1904 or 1905 from a
gravel pit located near 24th and National avenues, in the city
of Milwaukee. They were found with a skeleton, with which
were also a small copper awl 6 inches in length and a large-
sized rolled copper bead.

Mr. David Van Wart reports the recent finding near Evans-
ville, Rock County, of a specimen resembling the foregoing. It
is made of slate. J. W. Foster briefly describes a bird-stone
found at Jackson, Washington County. It was made of banded
slate. His figures shows it to have had prominent eye-disks
:and an upturned tail with the corners truncated.

The Bird-Stone Ceremonials of Wisconsin. 19

The bird-stone illustrated in Fig. 21 has the distinction of
exceeding in size any other as yet recovered in Wisconsin. It
is very narrow for its great length of 7 inches. Its eye-disks
arc very prominent, its back is quite sharply ridged, and it has
the peculiar fan-shaped tail common to but a few bird-stones.
Its base is unperf orated, the drilling of a small hole having
been only just begun in front. It is very nicely fashioned of
a compact cream-colored sandstone, an unusual material. This
specimen was found by a workman engaged in digging a cistern
on the south shore of Lake Beulah, Waukesha County. It had
been broken in two at the neck, but has been neatly repaired by
Mr. Chas. E. Wood, its owner. Beauchamp describes a New
York specimen measuring 9% inches in length. Moorehead
states that specimens exceeding 7 inches in length are rare.

The curious little bird-stone pictured in Fig. 22 (Plate 9)
comes from Vernoii County, and is in the IT. S. National
Museum. It is reported to be made of granite. In the
Ringeisen cabinet is a specimen of almost identical form. It
is shown in our frontispiece.

It comes from the mouth of Catfish Creek, Dane County.
The material is dark colored steatite with a confusion of green-
ish-gray mottlings. Length 2% inches. Moorehead gives an
illustration of a third specimen of this form which is in the
collections of the Dominion museum, at Toronto.

Class D.

The curious depressed specimen shown in Fig. 23 (Plate 9)
is the property of Mr. Ringeisen and was found at a point about
"4: miles north of Cedarburg, Ozaukee County." Three views
are presented. The base is crossed by two raised bars, which
are perforated. The back is ridged from the tip of the snout
to the tip of the caudal appendage. The material is gray slate
prettily marked with darker colored diagonal bands. Its
length is about 3% inches. Moorehead shows a somewhat
similar specimen from Michigan. It has the added feature of
eyes. \ !*}

Fig. 2-t is also very odd, being quite unlike any specimen
which the writer has seen. It is in the Ringeisen collection.
It is made of a hard black stone with numerous whitish crystals.

20 WISCONSIN ARCHEODOGIST. Vol. S, No. 1

The base is oval in shape. Length about 3 inches. It was
found in 1901, on an Indian village site in Section 5, near Sher-
wood, Harrison Township, Calumet County.

The specimen illustrated in Fig. 25 comes from near Omro,
Winnebago County. It is the property of T. K. Fowler, a resi-
dent of Chicago. The author has been unable to obtain a full
description of it.

Fig. 26, of which a top view is given, somewhat resembles
the foregoing. The eyes are represented by short projections.
The material is dark gray ribbon slate. It comes from Racine
County, and is in the Milwaukee Public Museum (No. 2332).

The fine specimen of which two views are shown in the
frontispiece of this bulletin, in the Ringeisen collection and
was found in 1891 on the Ewen place, about 2Vo miles north-
east of the village of Saukville, Ozaukee County, The material,
a dark colored syenite, is marked with many irregular whitish
crystals. The eyes are very prominent, and the back and tail
very broad. On the base are two raised cross-bars, which are
perforated. In the Milwaukee Museum there is a specimen of
somewhat similar form (No. 2334). It differs from the fore-
going in having an elevated fan-shaped tail. The head is miss-
ing. It is made of very similar material. Locality, Chilton,
Calumet County. Moorehead, Beauchamp and other authori-
ties figure and describe specimens of similar form.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

It is the author's belief that bird-stones were introduced into
Wisconsin from the Ohio region, where objects of this class
appear to be native, and are far more abundant. Their intro-
duction came about either through the commerce which existed
between the inhabitants of the two regions, or through tribal
migrations. The area of their distribution in Wisconsin lies
directly along a principal route of aboriginal movement. Their
comparatively small number, and the fact that of the specimens
found nearly half are made of Huronian or striped slate, a
material which does not occur in southern Wisconsin, strength-
ens the belief that they are imports. If any of those described
as made of other materials are the productions of native artisans,
it is probable that their form was suggested by those procured
in trade.

The Bird Stone Ceremonies in Wisconsin 21

There is no mention in early Wisconsin history of the use of
"bird-stones in the religions or other observances of the local
tribes, and as. yet a lack of other local data bearing upon the
subject. The belief exists that their use continued into this
period.

Studies of other local ceremonial and ornamental forms
in stone should be undertaken by Wisconsin students.
The results should place in our possession important informa-
tion concerning their age and authorship, manner of use, and
help to solve various interesting problems with which Amer-
ican archaeologists are now concerned.

Plate 1

BIRD-STONES

Milwaukee County

Elkey Collection, Lopran Museum

Plate 3

MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF BIRD^STONES IN WISCONSIN'
• Bird form + Bar form

TV?

G d

Vol. 8

April to July, 1909

No. 2

THE

WISCONSIN
ARCHEOLOGIST

CHIPPED FLINT PERFORATORS
OF WISCONSIN

SUGGESTIONS OF MEXICO
IN MOUND RELICS

PUBLISHED BY THK

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
MILWAUKEE

Wisconsin Archeological Society

MILWAUKEE. WIS.

Incorporated March 23, 1903, for the purpose of advancing the study and
preservation of Wisconsin antiquities.

OFFICERS

PRESIDENT
OTTO J. HABHEGGER Milwaukee

VICE-PRESIDENTS
GEORGE A. WEST Milwaukee

H. E. COLE Baraboo

DR. GEO. L. COLLIE Beloit

REV. L. E. DREXEL : St. Francis

W. H. ELLSWORTH Milwaukee

DIRECTORS

JOS. RINGEISEN, JR Milwaukee

ARTHUR WENZ Milwaukee

TREASURER
LEE R. WHITNEY Milwaukee

SECRETARY AND CURATOR
CHARLES E. BROWN Madison

COMMITTEES

SURVEY, RESEARCH AND RECORD— A. B. Stout, H. L. Skavlem,
P. V. Lawson, G. H. Squier, Dr. E. J. W. Notz and W. W. Gilman.

PUBLIC COLLECTIONS— E. F. Richter, J. P. Schumacher, Dr. R. G.
Thwaites, Rev. Wm. Metzdorf, Dr. W. O. Carrier, Dr. Louis Lotz,
Rev. ,S. E. Lathrop and W. E. Snyder.

MEMBERSHIP — Arthur WTenz, Dr. Louis Falge, Mrs. Jessie R. Skin-
ner, Joseph Frisque, Miss Bertha M. Ferch, W. H. Elkey and
S. G. Haskins.

PRESS— E. B. Usher, John Poppendieck, Jr., J. G. Gregory and G. J.
Seamans

JOINT MAN MOUND— J. Van Orden, Miss Julia A. Lapham, T. C.
Sherman, L. H. Palmer, Mrs. Henry Mertzke and S. J. Hood.

SESSIONS

These are held in the Lecture Room in the Library-Museum
Building, in Milwaukee, on the third Monday of each month, at

S P. M.

During the months of July to October no meetings will be held

MEMBERSHIP FEES

Life Members, $25.00. Sustaining Members, $5.00

Annual Members, $2.00

All communications in regard to the Wisconsin Archeolosrical Society or to the
"Wisconsin Archeologist" should be addressed to C. E. Brown, Secretary and
•Curator, Office, State Historical Museum, Madison, Wis.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Vol. 8, No. 2.

ARTICLES.

PAGE

Chipped Flint Perforators of Wisconsin, Geo. A. West 37-64

Suggestions of Mexico in Mound Relics, Edson C. Smith 65-78

Archaeological Notes 79-80

ILLUSTRATIONS.
Wisconsin perforators Frontispiece

PLATE

1. Wisconsin perforator types

2. Drills and drilled objects

3. Conical mound, Merrill's Spring, Madison.

WISCONSIN PERFORATORS.

THE WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST

Quarterly Bulletin Published by the Wisconsin Archeolotfical Society.

Vol. 8. MILWAUKEE, WIS., APRIL TO JULY, 1909. No. 2

CHIPPED FLINT PERFORATORS OF
WISCONSIN

GEO. A. WEST

Vice-President, Wisconsin Archeological Society
FOREWORD

History does not reach back to a period when drilling was
not understood. That primitive man knew how to perforate
objects long before he chipped flint, is not only a reasonable
conclusion, but is evidenced by the finding of objects of bone,
teeth, ivory and shell with holes worked through them, and
quite commonly accompanying other evidences of his early
existence. But his first wrork with a pointed implement (most
likely a thorn or splinter of wood) was probably in the making
of holes through hides of the animals he killed, that he could
the better use them for protection against the elements. Thus
the antiquity of the awl would be carried back to the time
when man first became a hunter.

Finding that awl-shaped implements of wood did not answer
his requirements in making holes in wood, bone, shell or other
substances, where the cuttinp- and removal of a portion of the
material was necessary, he probably tried a splinter of stone
with success. Next, his spear and arrow, heretofore pointed
with hard wood, bone or claws of animals were provided with
the more desirable tips of stone. (See Fig. 33.) He soon
learned that his flint-tipped weapons, when revolved between
the fingers or palms of his hands, made admirable perforators,
and enabled him to more quickly cut holes through such ma-

38 WISCONSIN AKCHEOLOG1ST.

terial, including the softer varieties of stone, as he put to his
simple use. By accident or otherwise, the addition of sand and
water were found to greatly facilitate the process of drilling,
and that, after the hole was started, a simple wooden point
would best hold the gritty sand. (See Fig. 14.) Thus we find
that the evolution of the most primitive drill known to man has
resulted in the product of to-day, run by steam or electricity.
The main improvement in this tool, being in causing it to re-
volve more rapidly, for the principle involved remains un-
changed.

The arrival of white man in North America, and contact
between the two races, produced a thorough change in Indian
life. The implements and utensils furnished the Indians by
the Europeans were so far superior to their own, that they soon
ceased to manufacture and use those of their fathers. Thus
the age of stone, copper and bone was supplanted by that of
iron.

ABORIGINAL DRILLS

That the awl, most properly considered the oldest known
type of perforator, was in common use among the Wisconsin
Indians until a very recent date, the many examples made of
bone and antler, found on the recent village sites of this state,
indicate.

The straight shaft drill, twirled between the palms of the
hands when in use, seems common to all the human race, with
but few exceptions. This very primitive form of drill was the
one exclusively used by the natives of this continent at the time
of the Spanish invasion. It consisted of a straight shaft with
a rounded point, used with sharp sand or sand and water, or
to which was usually fastened a solid point of fiint or copper.

What is known as the fire-stick (Fig. 15) is also a straight
shaft of wood with a rounded point, the same as the shaft drill,
and was used to produce fire by friction. This is accomplished
by inserting the point in a shallow depression in a piece of dry
wood and rapidly revolving the shaft between the hands, until
the dust thus created ignites. This manner of fire making was
in use by the Indians of Wisconsin, when first visited by white
man. Fire making by percussion, as well as by means of the

Chipped Flint Perforators of Wisconsin.

firestick, seems to have had a general distribution over a large
part of the earth at a very early date.

Instead of a solid pointed drill, a hollow shaft (Fig. 16) was
sometimes used as a perforator. A piece of elder or sumach,
with the pith removed, was suitable for this purpose and most
easily obtained by the Indians of this state. A short tube of
bone, horn or copper, (Fig. 17) was sometimes attached to a
solid shaft and used as a drill point, With this form, known
as the tubular drill, the addition of dry sand, or sand and water,
was necessary to make it effective. The advantage of using
this type of drill is the saving in cutting away of material, as
a core is left which is easily removed.

Dr. Keller, after making some experiments with a hollow
bone and quartz sand, tried a portion of an ox-horn, which he
found to be a decided improvement, the sand becoming em-
bedded in the horn and acting like a file. (Evans, Anc. Stone
Imp., p. 52-56.)

From the tubular borer, it seems safe to assume, was evolved
the diamond drill of to-day, which has proved so useful in
mining and geological research.

In working the shaft drill, the Indian, held the object to be
drilled either between the feet or the toes, according to the size
of the article to be perforated. Bancroft informs us that the
Nootka, in boring in wood, use a bird bone drill which is
worked between the hands. (Native Races, V. 1, p. 189.)

The Santa Barbara Indians chip out rough disks of shell,
pierce them with a flint drill and enlarge the hole with a
slender round piece of sandstone. (Hayden Surv., Bui. 3r
1877, p. 43.)

According to Capt. Burke, the Apache Indians yet bore
holes in the most primitive method known. "With an ordi-
nary arrow held between the hands and revolved vertically,
he bored holes in beads." (Am. Anth., Jan'y, 1890.)

.Maj. J. W. Powell saw the Indians in Utah work the shaft
drill by revolving it upon the leg while holding the stone to
be perforated in the left hand. (McGuire, Drilling, Rep. N,
M., 1894.)

"The Atlantic coast Indians perforate shells with a nail
stuck in a cane or stick, rolling the drill on their thighs with
the right hand, and holding the shell in the left." (Brickell,
Nat. Hist of N. C., p. 339.)

40 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 2

According to C. C. Jones, the southern Indians pierced shell
beads with heated copper drills. (Antiq. of the South. Ind.,
p. 230.)

The wild tribes of the Amazon make tubes nf crystal quartz,
an inch in diameter and up to 8 inches long, b^T drilling with a
shoot of wild plantain, twisted between the hands, with sand
and water. (Stevens; Flint Chips, p. 96.)

The California Indians used the whiskers of the sea lion, fine
sand and water for drilling in shell. (Hoffman; The Me-
nomini Ind., B. E. 14.)

The pump drill (See Fig. 18), well known to the Indians
of the southwest, appears to have been introduced by the
Spanish, to whom it was familiar for centuries. It appears
to be widely distributed, is known in Alaska, the islands of the
Pacific and among the Chinese.

The strap drill (Fig. 19), as well as its near relative, the
bow drill (Fig. 20), in common use by the Eskimo, was
known to the inhabitants of Asia and northern Africa at a very
early day.

According to Dr. John Miller, the Dakota Indians used the
bow-drill in rotating the fire-sticks (Smith. Rep., 1868) ; but
this custom, which, from other reports, was not general among
them, was probably acquired from the early white traders.

FLINT PERFORATORS AND THEIR. CLASSIFICATION

At the advent of white man in America, implements of
chipped stone, as well as others of wood, shell, and bone were
in common use by the Indians. A generation later numerous
ships came annually from across the sea laden with goods for
trade with the savages. The tribes of what is now Wisconsin,
and from as far to the west as the Dakotas, made annual pil-
grimages, by way of the Strait of Mackinac and the St. Law-
rence river, to the Atlantic coast, with canoe loads of furs which
were exchanged for scrap iron, files, hatchets, wire, beads and
other trinkets highly prized by them. In this way the more
serviceable implements of iron and brass long preceded the
earliest explorers and traders into the dark recesses of our Wis-
consin forests. Stone tools and weapons were made and used
in the western portion of America, up to a much later date
than was the case in the eastern part.

Chipped Flint Perforators of Wisconsin. 41

Certain stone tools, classed as "perforators," but used for
various purposes are of common occurrence in Wisconsin, and
are among the most remarkable and perplexing articles of flint.
The forms secured here are the same, with one or two excep-
tions, as those found elsewhere in America. From the variety
of their forms, one would almost conclude that they were de-
signed for specific purposes. But their shapes tend more to
indicate the manner in which they were used rather than the
work they were to perform. Those with a very wide, flat
base, evidently not intended for the attachment of handles,
were revolved between the fingers and thumb when in use.
Many of those that are thin and without a broad base or notches,
may have been mounted in handles; while those with notches
and barbs were evidently intended for attachment to a shaft by
means of lashings of sinew or rawhide. The thick strong
points, especially if worn from use, were probably employed in
drilling stone. The more fragile examples were used as awls,
lances, etching-tools, chisels, gouges, needles, bodkins, fish hooks
and in fact for any of the purposes for which they were service-
able. They were also sometimes used as arrow or spearpoints.

The arrow and spear, with almost any form of point, was
doubtless sometimes employed as a drill. It would therefore
seem hardly safe to attempt a classification of perforators on
the basis of their respective uses. Arrowheads of a slim form
pass over almost imperceptibly into perforators, making it of-
ten impossible to show a distinction between them. It therefore
seems best, in classifying perforators, to adopt, so far as possible,
some comprehensive form of classification that is already ap-
plied to arrow and spearheads.

A study of the forms of chipped flint perforators shows that
most specimens fall readily into the classification proposed for
arrowpoints, spearheads and knives, by Dr. Thomas Wilson in
his admirable monograph published in the 1897 Annual Report
of the Smithsonian Institution.

The Wilson classification is as follows :

Division I, leaf-shaped:

Class A is pointed at both ends, the widest place one-third or one-
fourth distant from the base.

Class B is more oval, less pointed, with base concave, straight, or
•convex.

Class C is long and narrow, short points, parallel edges, and bases
concave, straight, or convex. These belong to the Pacific coast.

42 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, NO. 2.

Division II, triangular. — This division includes all specimens which,
according to geometrical nomenclature, are in the form of a triangle,
whether the bases or edges be convex, straight, or concave. They are
without stems and consequently without shoulders, though in some
specimens the extreme concavity of the base produces barbs when the
arrow shaft is attached.

Division III, stemmed. — This division includes all varieties of stems,
whether straight, pointed, or expanding, round or flat, except those
with certain peculiarities and included -in Division IV; and whether
the bases or edges are convex, straight or concave.

Class A is lozenge-shaped, not shouldered nor barbed.

Class B is shouldered, but not barbed.

Class C is shouldered and barbed.

Division IV, peculiar forms — This division includes all forms not
belonging to the other divisions, and provides for those having pecul-
iarities, or the specimens of which are restricted in number and lo-
cality.

Class A, beveled edges.

Class B, serrated edges.

Class C, bifurated stems.

Class D, long barbs, square at ends. Peculiar to England, Ireland
and Georgia, United oiates.

Class E, triangular in section. Peculiar to the province of Chiriqui,.
Panama.

Class F, broadest at cutting end, tranchant transversal. Peculiar to
western Europe.

Class G, polished state. Peculiar in North America to the Eskimo
country and to New England and New York.

Class H, asymmetric.

Class I, curious forms.

Class K, perforators.

It will be observed that in Dr. Wilson's classification, per-
forators are all placed in Class K, Division IV, when all of
them, by reason of their forms are entitled to be placed re-
spectively in the other thre? divisions. Many examples are
modifications of these types, but have not lost their identity by
reason of change or exaggeration. Others in the form of birds,,
animals, ornaments or freaks may properly remain in Division
IV. As the supposed use of many of these artifacts is simply
conjectural, based upon the appearance of the implement it-
self, and is liable to be overturned by the discovery of any new
fact concerning them, the classification is best that is based on
the salient points of difference. An aboriginal skull in the U.
S. National Museum, from Henderson county, Illinois, was-
found to have a hole in the squamosal bone on the left side, in
which wras imbedded a stone perforator or drill of a type that
would appear to have been designed for use without the ad-

Chipped Flint Perforators of Wisconsin. 43

ditioii of a handle or shaft. It was without notches, tang or
barb, and simply had a slight widening and flattening of the
base as if intended to be used by revolving between the fingers
and thumb. (See Cat. Xo. (30281-60282, U. S. N. M.)

Another skull was secured by the Smithsonian Institute from
Dr. C. Yates, Alamedia County, California, and transferred to
the Army Medical Museum. It was that of a man of advanced
age. A long flint drill, similar in shape to the one found in the
Illinois skull, except that its base was slightly concave, had
penetrated the skull through the left orbit, and remained in
place as originally implanted. (Fig. 39-5531, Army Medical
Museum. )

Such discoveries as these prove quite conclusively that drills
of this type were employed, occasionally at least, as arrow points \
a use that would hardly be suspected from their shape.

The one form of perforator, quite common in Wisconsin,
that does not seem to belong to any of the classes of the Wilson
classification, is what might properly be called the broad-base
type. (See Fig. 10.) The writer therefore deems it well to
add one more class to the leaf-shaped implements, to be known
as Class D of Division I.

This form has an exceptionally broad base, worked thin,
square or rounded, neatly finished and not intended for the ad-
dition of a handle. Its blade is slim, either oval or nearly
square in section. It was evidently designed for use as a
perforator or bodkin ; its wide base giving to the operator su-
perior leverage when revolving it between the thumb 'and fingers,
This cannot well be called a related form as it has such distinct
peculiarities and is found in sufficient numbers here, and its
distribution so -extensive as to entitle it to be placed in a class of
its own.

MATERIALS

The materials, used for the manufacture of chipped imple-
ments by the aborigines of this state, are of many varieties and
with changes of color that run through the entire spectrum, due
principally tp the presence of metallic oxides. The most com-
mon of these materials are flint or chert, jasper, chalcedony,
quartzite, porphyry, rhyolite and crystal quartz.

44 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 2

The flint or chert may be either white,, gray, shading through
yellow green, blue and smoky black, or with tints or bands of
red, yellow and brown. The iaspery variety runs from a light
yellow to a deep red. The chalcedonic examples are principally
of a dark, rich brown color, much resembling tortoise shell.
Chalcedony of a white, waxy lustre and translucent was less
frequently employed in implement making. The native quartz-
ites are by far the most beautiful of all the materials used for
chipped implements in this region. Many examples of this
material are semi-translucent, with a metallic lustre and vary
in color from nearly white to a very dark brown, and including
delicate shades of pink and soft bluish gray. Specimens made
of this material are to be found in nearly every collection in
Wisconsin. The Public Museum of Milwaukee, the Logan
Museum at Beloit College and the State Historical Museum at
Madison each have large numbers of implements made from
this beautiful material. The largest private collection Wiscon-
sin quartzite implements is that of Mr. W. H. Ellsworth of Mil-
waukee. He now possesses more than one thousand examples,
representing nearly all of the known forms of chipped imple-
ments found in this state.

WISCONSIN PERFORATORS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

Fig. 1 of the Frontispiece, from Wauke^Ua County, is 4"
long, of red jasper. The slender blade is oval in section and
tapers to a fine point at one end. This is a well known type of
awl. It most properly belongs in Division I, Class C. of our
classification.

Among the related forms found here is one which is pointed
at each end. These are sometimes considered as bait-holders
and to have been employed in fishing. Another form has a some-
what expanded base; another a concave base, and still another
parallel sides, a convex base and a short, strong blade with a
stubby point. The last mentioned is evidently a drill and was
used with the addition of a shaft or handle. A broken stone
drill point of this type was found by the writer, firmly fixed in
the stem hole of an unfinished catlinite pipe. Specimens of
this character are usually of a compact jasper or of flint suitable
for boring any substance not harder than indurated clay.

Chipped Flint Perforators of_ Wisconsin. 45

Fig. '2, from Washington County, is 5*4" in length, of white
flint crossed with bands of pink. It has a long thin bladt,
widest about % of the distance from the point, with slight
shoulders from which extend a thin convex, well finished stem.
Its shape precludes the possibility of its having been intended
for attachment to a handle. This beautiful specimen and its
related forms, of which there are several in Wisconsin, belong to
Division III, Class A. The fine point of this tool could easily
be made to penetrate a green hide, and by further inserting the
instrument, the hole could be enlarged to almost any desired size.
Beside being useful in perforating soft materials, it is well
suited for cutting lines on bone, horn, or wood, but rather fragile
for drilling in stone.

Fig. 3, from Green County, is T%" long and of about the
same width across the base. It is of white flint and represents
a type that has an exceptionally broad base, narrow but thick
strong blade, usually .square, but sometimes triangular in sec-
tion. The base may be either straight, convex or concave, and
its width gives a great leverage to the user. This form rarely
exceeds two inches in length and is quite common throughout
the state. It is placed in Division V of our classification. Ex-
amples of this type were not attached to handles, and being
extremely short, were suitable only for drilling thin objects, if
any. They are best calculated for perforating objects other than
stone.

Fig. 4, from Racine Count v, is 5%" long and of white flint.
The blade is slender, nearly square in section, notched, stemmed,
and evidently intended for the addition of a shaft or handle.

This is the most common form of perforator found in Wis-
consin and is in fact the predominating type throughout the
greater part of North and South America. Its frailness would
almost preclude the possibility of its having been used for the
drilling of stone harder than catlinite, slate, or steatite. It
would, however, be s°rviceable as a gimlet in boring wood.
These implements vary from one to five inches in length,- are
frequently beveled, giving them from two to four cutting edges.
They are placed in Division III.

Mr. J. D. McGuire in his "Primitive Methods of Drilling,"
Fiff. 72, shows a similar implement from Wisconsin and refers
to it as a "wood-boring point." He refers to it as a very com-

46 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 2

mon American type, and states that "the length would insure
its breaking with slight pressure in the hands of any but the
most skilled workman. It may, however, be said that, as the
American drill was only a straight shaft worked between the
palms of the hands, a thin point could be worked safely, whereas
a similar point would be broken if employed upon any of the
drills with higher velocity than the hand drill." (Rept. !N. M.
1894, p. 682.)

Fig. 5, from Marquette County, is 4*4" l°ng and of yellow
quartzite. It was evidently intended to be held in the hand
when in use. It is widest in the center, tapers to a point at
one end and to a broad, slightly convex base at the other. It is
perfectly flat on one side and rounding or oval on the other, and
seems to be intended for a rimmer rather than a drill. This
form is occasionally found here. Several in the author's col-
lection are of flint and jasper. Quartzite specimens are of rare
occurrence. They are placed in Division I.

Fig. 6, from Jefferson County, is 3%" l°ng anc^ °f yellow
jasper. The slender blade is well rounded and finely finished
with a slightly expanding base and without notches, shoulders
or barbs. The base is thinned down for the reception of a shaft
or handle, and is slightly convex. Related forms have a straight
or concave base. This particularly interesting type, being
slightly stemmed, belongs to Division III. It is one of our
most common forms. It is said to be found from the British
possessions on the north to the Amazon on the south. While
this and several other forms are often referred to by writers as
"drills/' the student should not understand that such was their
exclusive use. They could have been employed as engraving
tools, or arrowpoints, or knives, or scrapers, or possibly for other
purposes. The Indian, like his white brother, frequently used
the same tool for a variety of purposes and without doubt at
times his arrows and even his long handled spears were pressed
into service as perforators. These were best used by revolving
the shaft between the palms of the hands while holding the ob-
ject to be drilled between the toes or feet.

Fig. 8, from Waukesha County, is 41//' long and an inch in
width. The material is white flint. It is broadest near the
base, from which it tapers toward each end. The base is
slightly convex and broad ; the blade thick and terminating in a

Chipped Flint Perforators of Wisconsin. 47

point which is considerably blunted from use. It is a strong
instrument, doubtless intended as a rinimer or gouge and was
held in the hand when in service. It would be an ideal tool for
enlarging pipe bowls of soft rock. It belongs to Division I.
An example in the writer's collection has berried edges, which
allows the tool to cut from both sides of the bore when revolved
to the right, and the reverse action serves to sharpen its cutting
edges by contact with the walls of the bore, Fig. 8, being
flat on one side and oval on the other, has two equally strong
cutting edges. When revolved, in the act- of drilling, it cuts
with only one side at a time and sharpens the opposite edge at
•each turn.

Fig. 9, from Jefferson County, is 2" long, of yellow flint, and
represents a type not infrequently met with in this state. Speci-
mens vary from one to four inches in length. They are widest
across their centers, where slight shoulders appear, from which
they taper gradually to a thin, broad, convex stem at one end
and rapidly to a thin blade and sharp point at the other. This
tvre i? quite generally distributed throughout Wisconsin and
ranges as far south as the Ohio valley. It appears to have been
held between the thumb and fingers when in use. It is placed
in Division III.

Fig. 10, from Dodge County, is 4%" longvand of white ivory
flint. It has a circular base, 2" across its greatest diameter,
and is worked thin and to n full edge all around. From the
base tapers a slim, yet well rounded blade or point. A number
of these interesting implements have been found in Wisconsin.
Because of their exceptionally broad bases they are properly
•classed under Division I. Its broad base serves the purpose of
a handle and gives to the thumb and finger a firm hold and
great leverage. Related forms are found with square, straight,
concave and convex bases. All are of exceptional width and
thinly chipped. The base *£ the tool represented in Fig. T
is worn very smooth, presumably from contact with the fingers
while in use. Examples of this type show no certain indication
of having been used for drilling in stone. They are far better
ad anted for the piercing of leather and other soft materials.

Fig. 11, from Jefferson Count v, is 21//' long, of a jaspery
white flint, straight, strong, with a thick blade, oval in section
and nearly parallel sides. The base is worked down thin and its

48 WISCONSIN" ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 3

point blunted by wear. It belongs to Division I. Its form in-
dicates that it was intended to be set into a shaft. It appears to
be the most practical of all forms of chipped stone perforators
for boring in the softer varieties of rock. A number of speci-
mens of this form, in the writer's collection, appear to have
been used with the addition of sand, or -sand and water. A
type of drill, much like the last described, but with a slightly
expanding base, is square in section with a four sided point, so
shaped by grinding. This form scarcely ever exceeds two inches
in length, and is of rare occurrence. It is related to the type
last described.

Fig. 12 represents a very common Wisconsin form, and one
that is found throughout America. It much resembles Fig. 4,
but lacks the notches. Its prominent shoulders sometimes ter-
minate in barbs. Some exuF^Lea are in the form of a Roman
cross. Many specimens of this form were probably used as ar-
rowheads, while others, judging from the wear and polish of
their blades, were employed in drilling. They were evidently
intended to be used with the addition of a handle.

Among the peculiar forms, occasionally encountered, is one
resembling in form a flying bird. Specimens of this style are
deeply notched, with an expanding, convex tail or base, and with
gracefully curved shoulders and barbs, which suddenly con-
tract into a short, slim blade and sharp point resembling the
head and outstretched neck of a flying bird. This and some re-
lated styles may have been employed as amulets or ornaments.

Another form, quite common here, is simply a rough flake or
spall, with one extremity nicely worked to a sharp point. These
vary in length from half au inch to as much as four inches.

A few have two or more short prongs or blades and may be
regarded as freaks or ornaments. A most interesting form oc-
casionally encountered, is evidently a broad-bladed arrowhead
transformed into a perforator, by the secondary chipping of
its point. The conversion of splintered arrow or spearpoints
into scrapers, drills, knives or other suitable implements by re-
chipping was a common practice of the American Indians. In
every case the tip of the blade of a well proportioned arrowhead
was cut back fully half an inch in order to form the drill point.
These short-pointed perforators appear to be designed for shal-
low work, such as the making of beads and gorgets.

Chipped Flint Perforators of Wisconsin. 49

AWLS, BODKINS AND NEEDLES

A careful examination of the perforated objects recovered
from the village sites, graves and cultivated fields of Wisconsin,,
frequently show that two or more processes were employed, and
two or more differently shaped tools were sometimes used in
producing a single perforation.

The awls, bodkins and needles so found are either of bone,
antler, stone or copper. Those of wood have long since disap-
peared. Those of stone are usually of chipped flint or jasper,
the blades rounded and without sharp cutting edges. A few
are made of slate or other laminated soft rock, ground smooth,
and frequently have a perforation at one extremity, probably for
the reception of a thong or string, and useful in suspending them
from the neck or other part of the person of the owner while
traveling, or for hanging them up when not in use. A rare
example of bodkin (Fig. 21), made of finely finished slate 5 3-8"
in length, 5-8" wide in the widest part and with a perforation
near its base, is the archaeological collection at the Logan
Museum, at Beloit College. This interesting specimen was
found at Eagle Lake, Racine County. Another example in
the same collection, about 3" long, thick and rather crude, was
found on the bank of the same lake.

The bodkin is a most convenient tool and was employed in
sewing, in weaving, and in basketry, as well as in making
tents, nets and bark canoes. For these purposes, the specimens
generally employed were made of antler, bone or wood, and
were provided with a smooth, rounded blade, tapering to a
sharp point. This implement has been observed by the writer
among the Menomonee Indians of northern Wisconsin. Here
it is still employed in the manufacture of birch-bark canoes, and
bark maple-sugar mococks, the seams of which are laced together
with strips of the inner bark of the young basswood or roots of
the spruce. Holes. for the .reception of the latter are made with
the awl or a jack-knife blade, and enlarged or stretched by
the insertion of a bodkin. Another use of these smooth-bladed
perforators by the Wisconsin Indians is suggested by Carver
in his "Travels in Wisconsin," about 1776, who says of the

2— Arch.

50 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST.

natives: "They bore their noses and wear in them pendants of
different sorts. I observed that sea-shells were much worn by
those of the interior parts and reckoned very ornamental."

The chipped stone drill, calculated for producing clean cut
holes in substances, such as wood or stone, shell, horn, or bone
and where the removal of a portion of the material is necessary,
can with no certainty be distinguished from implements used
for perforating softer materials that are merely stretched or
thrust aside in making tiie hole. The use of this class of
primitive implements required no particular skill. The cobb-
ler of today manipulates his awl of metal in the same manner
.as did the American savage his awl of bone, wood or stone.

Thin-bladed stone perforators, with sharp edges, were prob-
.ably used as knives or lances, for thrusting and slitting, as well
as in tattooing, etching and drilling. These implements vary
in size from diminutive points, almost too small to be firmly
grasped with the fingers, to those of half a foot or more in
length.

In the processes of perforating hard substances, pecking,
.grinding, cutting, scraping and gouging were more or less re-
sorted to. Sir John Evans specifies five ways of making holes
in stone, viz :

"(1) Chiseling or picking with 'picks,' 'celts,' or 'drills' of
'flint or other stone; (2) boring with a solid borer, as wood,
hard or soft, or horn, with sand and water; (3) grinding with a
tubular grinder, as horn, cane, elder etc., with sand and water;

(4) drilling with a stone drill, e. g., of flint or sand stone;

(5) drilling or punching with metal." "Holes produced by
any of these means could, of course, receive their final polish
by grinding." (Evans, Ancient Stone Imp. etc., G. B. 50-52.)

The local Indian village sites and graves produce considerable
numbers of bone, pearl and stone beads, perforated teeth, bear
claws, wampum, gorgets and pendants, that in prehistoric and
historic times were worn suspended from the necks of the na-
tives. The boring of most of these objects wras doubtless done
with the small stone drill, and they, like most thin specimens,
were usually drilled from both sides.

Laskiel says "that wampum, before the discovery of the
country by Europeans, was made of wood which was colored
.black and white, and that it was seldom"! y made of shells, be-

Chipped Flint Perforations in Wisconsin. 61

cause of the time required to bore them, and because they were
of awkward appearance. (Greschichte d'er Evangelischen
Briider in X. A., p. 34. McGuire, Drilling, p. 629.)

While chipped stone perforators are found throughout
America, their "greatest ornamental development seems to
have been in Missouri, where they grade into animal forms."

COPPER PERFORATORS

Kative copper implements, like those of stone, were doubtless
employed in various ways. Many of them appear to have be -en
primarily intended for the purpose of making holes, and are
usually referred to as perforators. These, by reason of their
various shapes, are classified as needles, awTls, drills, pikes,
punches and cylinders.

The needles, while rude, are of the same form as now in
common use by white people. Mr. Chas. E. Brown describes
them thus :

"All are provided with eyes and, except ir> their somewhat
rude fashioning, do not differ from the needles in ordinary
domestic use at the present day. These implements range in
size from less than two to as much as eight and an eighth inches.
The average size appears to be between two and three inches.
Such implements are to be seen in most of the eastern Wiscon-
sin collections." (Xat. Copper Imp's, of Wis., V. 3, Xo. 2, p.
83.)

The awls and drills found in this state are described as fol-
lows:

"The simplest and most frequent form is a slender cylindrical
piece of metal "pointed at one or both extremities. A second
and usually stouter form is either round or square in section
and tapers from a well marked shoulder at or near the middle
to both extremities. Sometimes one end only is pointed. Oc-
casionally also the upper half of the implement is straight and
the lower half tapers to a point." (Ibid. p. 81.)

Many of these implements ware probably provided with
handles or shafts. A copper awl with horn handle was found
in London county, Tennessee. (Ran. Drilling, p. 61). Al-
though Wisconsin is most prolific in the production of copper

52 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. S, No. 2

artifacts, so far as the writer has been able to learn, but one
perforator has been found with any portion of the handle at-
tached. This, however, is not surprising as the materials from
which they were made could not, from their nature, long re-
sist the destroying influence of time. This interesting specimen
is in the cabinet of Mr, F. H. Lymaii of Kenosha, and was re-
covered from a village site, on the shore of Lake Michigan,
adjoining the city of Kenosha on the south. Its total length
is 2 2-16 inches, the antler handle being 1 1-16 inches long and
the exposed part of the copper awl 12-16 inches in length. In
a letter to the writer the owner states that " associated with this
perforator were found a skeleton, numerous flint implements,
bone edged tools, bone or antler barbed spear heads, antler per-
forators (sharpened at each end, from 4 to 8 inches long), ham-
mer-stones, fragments of turtle shell and fresh water bivalves."

Mr. McGuire learned by experiment that a copper drill, with
quartz sand, made aa most excellent cutting tool.7'

For boring the stem-holes in catlinite pipes, the writer found
that a four cornered copper drill (Fig. 22), with the use of
sharp sand, cut a smoother hole and in a shorter length of time
than either the sand-stick or drill of flint.

Jones (230) says that the southern Indians pierced shell
beads with heated copper drills.

Of pikes and punches Mr. Brown states:

"They are rod-like in form, usually circular or square, less
frequently rectangular in section, and taper to a point on each
end. In a number of examples one end only is pointed. The
largest of these is in the Wyman collection in the Field Museum
of Natural History. It is about 40 inches in length, one inch
in diameter at the middle and tapers to a point at either ex-
tremity. It weighs five and a quarter pounds and was ob-
tained from a burial mound on the Abraham place at Peshtigo,
Marquette county." (Ibid. p. 80.)

These implements, were in many cases probably provided
with a handle and may have been used as weapons, and for many
other purposes. A tool of this kind when heated would be a
most serviceable instrument for burning holes in wood.

Spikes, according to Brown, run from four and a half to
seven inches in length and about a quarter of an inch in thick-

Chipped Flint Perforations in Wisconsin.

ness; one end being blunted and the other tapering to a point.
A few examples are decidedly square in section and may have
been used as perforators or drills. Some of the larger ones,
with a flat or broadened point, may have been used as chisels or
gouges. Many tubes and steins of pipes found in Wisconsin
may have been excavated with some such tool.

Copper articles of globular or tubular form, made by rolling
or over-lapping thinly beaten native metal, are frequently found
in eastern Wisconsin. Those of globular shape were worn as
beads. The short tubes were sometimes attacked to clothes as
bangles or possibly worn suspended from the ears or nose,
while many of the longer ones were doubtless employed as
tubular drills, Rev. W. M. Beauchamp tells us that the Indians
of Xew York used copper and brass tubes for the ornamentation
of belts. (Met. Ornarn. X. Y. Ind., p. 25.)

In order of effectiveness and rapid progress in drilling, Mr.
McGuire found the gradation of drilling tools to be : "Copper-
tube ; reed ; elder ; bored wood ; copper rod ; and wooden stick. "

DRILLING

Probably the best examples of drilling in stone by the abor-
igines of Wisconsin are to be found in the stone pipes recovered
here. The writer's collection contains nearly six hundred of
these artifacts, the majority from this state. . These afford an
excellent opportunity for study of the various methods of
drilling.

In this collection are two stone tubes, from Winnebago
County, this state, of dark slaty rock, elliptical in section, 4%"
long, 2" wide at one end and tapering to one inch at the other.
These appear to have been shaped by the use of a stone hammer
and finished by grinding. The cone-shaped cavity of each is
an inch in diameter at one end and less than half an inch at
the other. The bore showrs no rotary drill marks, but is very
irregular in shape, having been enlarged by scraping or gouging
the long axis of the specimen, with a narrow tool, apparently of
stone, by working from each end and resulting in leaving the
bore the largest at the middle.

A keel-shaped pipe, from Vilas County, shows that both bowl

54 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 2

and stem hole have been excavated by the gouging process,.
probably after being first drilled with a solid-pointed drill.
This pipe is made of Lake Superior brown stone. It is an inch
in thickness, both bowl and stem-hole being about half an inch
in diameter. This specimen shows no evidence of metal tools
having been used in its making. From the presence of a
small conical hole at the bottom of the bowl cavity, it is evident
that a narrow bladed drill was first used in producing the ex-
cavation. Thus we find the employment of at least three
varieties of perforators in the production of a single pipe.

Two interesting catlinite tubes are from Sheboygan County.
Each is 5i/>" long, I1/-/' in diameter at the mouth of the bowl,
and half an inch at the stem end. Each was drilled for its
entire length by means of a solid drill and sand. The bore wras
subsequently enlarged by 'rimming and scraping. In places the
striations of two distinct sizes of rotary drills are visible, and
part of these are cut away by the use of a chisel or gouge. The
mouth of the cavity, for a short distance in, was slightly widened
by the use of a rimmer or scraper. It seems safe to conclude
that at least four tools of different types were used in the pro-
duction of these bores.

Other tubes have cone-shaped bowl holes, drilled entirely
from one end and doubtless with a solid stone point. Examples
so drilled, however, seldomly exceed two inches in length.
Others have a straight bore of nearly uniform diameter reach-
ing to within a very short distance of the opposite end, from
which a hole of a trifle smaller diameter meets that of the
larger.

That tubular drills wrere in common ase here is evidenced by
the number of pipes recovered that have, in the base of the
bowl hole, slight remains of a core. That many of the stem
holes were thus drilled can well be doubted. Some bowl cav-
ities, first started by means of a solid drill-point of stone, ap-
pear to have been enlaged by means of the wood pointed drill,
with the addition of sand and water. Other holes seem to be
purely the product of the sand drill or sand-stick, as it is often
called.

The interior of the bowls of the monitor pipes found here, as
well as the stem holes of the Wisconsin disk pipes, are almost

Chipped Flint Perforations in Wisconsin. 55-

invariably well polished and terminate in a cup-shaped base.
The striations, or drill marks, usually found on the walls of
the bore, are carefully ground away, making it apparent that
the rotary drill of wood, together with fine sand, was used in
polishing as well as in drilling. Here we have an example of
the application of the same implement for two kinds of work.

The bowl cavities of the oldei Wisconsin pipes, used prin-
cipally for ceremonial purposes, were large. The Siouan,
rectangular type, which cannot be considered as among the
most ancient forms, is the only type that has a very narrow
bowl hole, but what it lacked in diameter is usually made up
in length. After white man came and his tobacco was sub-
stituted fcr kinnickinnie, and the Indian had learned to smoke
for pleasure, it is likely that the bowls of the pipes, long pos-
sessed by him, were enlarged, and these subsequently drilk-M,
made with increased capacity. •

The forming of bowl cavities, during the Stone age, required
far less skill and accuracy in drilling than did the stem holes.
The latter had to be bored with extreme care, especially in
pipes having extended bases. Stem holes were not only less in
diameter than those of the bowls, but of greater length, and
had to be so directed as to meet the bottom of the bowl hole at,
or just below, its centre.

That the stem hde, as well as the bowl cavity, was sometimes
started with a stone pointed drill, and bored as far as possible
without endangering its brittle blade, is quite certain. The
bore was then enlarged by a rimmer or larger drill point ;
again the smaller drill was used and thus by repeating the
process, the bore was carried to the desired length. An un-
finished rectangular pipe, of Barron county catlinite in the
writer's collection nicely illustrates this manner of making a
bowl or stem hole, so far as starting the bore is concerned. In
its partly drilled stem hole was found the fractured tip of a
slim stone drill securely wedded fast. The broken bowl lays
bare n narrow drill hole, an inch in depth.

Another specimen also illustrates one manner of producing
a stern hole of considerable length with stone tools. It is a
broken limestone sfpm. 4" long;, of an old tvpe of Siouan calu-
met, the bore of which distinctly shows three diameters, sep-

56 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST.

arated from each other by rather abrupt shoulders and indi-
cating that as many sizes of drills were used in producing the
bore.

Hoffman, in writing of drilling by Wisconsin Indians-, says :

"In the manufacture of articles requiring perforation, I was
informed that the Menomoni used sharp pointed pieces of quartz
and jasper, rotating these rude drills with the hand and fingers."
(14th Eept. B. E., p. 266.)

That the secondary drilling was frequently done with a
sand-stick, is evident from the appearance of the stems of sev-
eral pipes in the writer's collection. Catlin found that the
Sioux of Minnesota bored their pipe stems "by drilling into it
with a hard stick, shaped to a desired size, with a quantity of
sharp sand and water kept constantly in the hole." (Catlin,
Indians, 1, 234.)

Many of the catlinite pipes found nere contain file marks
and other evidences of the use of metal tools in their manufac-
ture. Their stem and bowl holes present unmistakable evi-
dence of having been drilled with such tools. These modern
productions are copied after aboriginal types and are often so
cleverly executed as to make it exceedingly difficult to dis-
tinguish them from those of pre-historic make. Of all ex-
amples of aboriginal drilling found in this state none quite
equal those of the stem hole of the so-called platform or monitor
pipes. In the writer's collection is one with a drill hole %" in
diameter and 5" long extending through a very thin, flat ex-
tended base. It is not the thin base that should excite par-
ticular wonder, as that was worked down thin after the drilling
was completed, but the skill that is shown in producing so
small and extended a bore. If authorities do not err, smaller
holes have been made with tubular drills, but the writer is con-
vinced that neither this type of perforator nor the sand-stick
were employed in boring the stem of this pipe. Native copper,
when pounded out into a slim rod, would make an admirable
drill for this purpose, and was the tool used in this case. Mr.
McGuire made such an implement from a nugget of this metal,
by beating it into shape with a quartzite hammer and found
that the fine particles of the crystals of the stone, which be-
came firmly embedded into the metal, caused it to make a most

Chipped Flint Perforations in Wisconsin. -57

excellent cutting tool. With slender rods, as well as tubes of
•copper, so prepared, he "has bored crystallized quartz." (Mc-
Guire, Drilling, 685.)

The tubular drill seems to have been preferred for drilling
the harder varieties of rock, used in the pipe making, as many
-examples in the writers collection indicate. One specimen,
worthy of mention, bored with this type of drill, is keel-shaped,
of white quartz, bowl hole half an inch in diameter and two
inches deep, at the bottom of which remains a portion of a drill
•core.

Hoffman could find no evidence of the use of the bow drill
among the Wisconsin Indians. He informs us that fire-sticks
were used by these people for making fire and for drilling
hard substances, like bone and shell. "The aperture drilled
•was probably not of greater depth than could conveniently be
accomplished by rotating by hand the drill point of silicious
material used."" (14th B. of Eth. Kept, p. 266.)

Small, thin objects, such as gorgets, ornaments and beads,
were usually drilled — from each side. Hoffman found globular
shell beads among the Menomoni of Wisconsin, about the size
of a buck-shot, made from the thick portions, or perhaps joints
of fresh water mussels. "They are drilled from each side
towards the middle. The perforations being somewhat funnel-
shaped, and showing marked striae, would indicate that the
•drilling had been made with other than a metal instrument."
'(Ibid, p. 266.)

The writer has interviewed several of the old men of the
'Chippewa tribe of Wisconsin, and found none that knew any-
thing about the bow drill, but all seemed familiar with the
fire-stick and shaft drill.

While the perforations of many objects found in this state,
"because of the smallness of the bore, are exceedingly interesting,
the cylindrical shell beads found in the graves of the California
Tndians are still more so. For the sake of comparison it may
not be out of place to state that they are sometimes as much
as four or five inches in length with "perforations but little
more than a millimeter (or less than one-sixteenth of an inch)
in diameter, and the difficulty in making them must have been
verv great.'" (Wheeler, TJ. S. G. Survey etc., V, VII.)

The tools used in producing these small holes were the

58 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 3

whiskers of the sea lion and silt. Bundles of triangular pieces,
of horn-stone have been found in the graves of those Indians,
thought to have been used in making indentations at the end
of the cylindrical beads, which assisted in seating or starting
the point of the bristle drill.

EXPERIMENTS IX DRILLING

The time required by the aborigines for perforating objects
with their primitive tools is usually considerably overestimated.
Extensive experiments made, by careful students of the sub-
ject, with all known types of drills, indicate that this art was
much less difficult than has generally been supposed. Mr. J. D.
McGuire says :

"Recent investigations are fast forcing the conclusion that
primitive mechanical methods did not entail the vast amount
of patience which they would be supposed to require." (Drill-
ing, 660.)

The time required for perforating, a certain kind of stone
depends entirely upon the hardness of the material to be
drilled and the implement employed. Burke tells us that "with
an ordinary arrow held between the hands and vertically re-
volved, the Apaches bored holes in beads. A bead (of tor-
quoise ) was made in my presence, under very disadvantageous
circumstances, in a trifle less than twenty-six minutes." (Am.
Anth., Jan. 1890, p. 61.)

"With a bow drill and stone point, McGuire drilled a hole
through a silicious rock, an inch and a half thick, in three
hours. A hole five inches deep was drilled in a piece of
catlinite in three hours ; this is about as hard as banded slate.
( AFcGuire, Lapidary. )

To give a complete report of the results of the writer's ex-
periments would require more space than is allotted for this
paper, and being, as it was, practically a repetition and con-
firmation of similar work done by McGuire, Ran and other in-
vestigators, as described by them in their valuable contributions
on the subject, but a few results will be given here.

The writer, with a strong beveled jasper point set into a shaft
of about the same weight as an ordinary arrow and revolved be-

Chipped Flint Perforations in Wisconsin. 59

tween the palms of the hands, was able to drill through an inch
of catlinite in 40 minutes. By adding dry sharp sand, it re-
quired but 32 minutes to make a similar bore. It was found
that by adding water the cuttings became a paste that ad-
hered to the drill point, retarding its work, and compelling the
frequent cleaning of it by scraping. In drilling slate or other
stone, excepting catlinite, the addition of water greatly facili-
tates th ^ work.

With the same drill point, set into a shaft weighing aboilf-
ten pounds, and used with dry sand, a hole an inch in depth
was drilled into catlinite in 22 minutes. To bore through an
inch pine board required exactly five minutes, and for an inch
of dry maple, less than 16 minutes.

It might be interesting to note that although the writer
drilled nine holes, each an inch in depth, into a block of catlinite,
using the same jasper drill point, without the addition of sand
and water, it showed but slight evidence of having been used.
In drilling the first hole the weak, projecting points were
broken away, giving it the appearance of having been slightly
re chipped. The grinding and polishing of the drill point,
resulting from this rather severe tesi, was scarcely noticeable.
These experiments seem to indicate that many of the so-called
perforators that show little or no wear, may have performed
considerable service in drilling.

When boring in soft stone of any considerable thickness with
a stone drill point, great care must be exercised to prevent the
brittle tool from binding in the bore, as this is liable to cause
the blade to break. This fact may, in. a measure, account for
stons objects being frequently drilled from each side.

In boring steatite, slate, sandstone or limestone, with a stone
point, without water, the drill usually begins to choke up and
bind at the depth of about half an inch. By the addition of
water, or water and sand, this difficulty is much lessened and
the work made easier.

As a sand-stick, the writer tried pine, basswood, maple, ash,
hickory and the tip of a cow's horn, filed to the desired size.
The pine was found to be too soft, especially when water was
added ; hickory so hard that the sand would not sufficiently
bed or adhere to it, and maple but slightly better in this re-
spect. Ash proved to be the most durable of the woods, and

60 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 2

the horn far superior to any in holding the sharp sand and in
retaining its shape.

With an ash rod three fourths of an inch in diameter, three
feet long, with a rounded point, and the use of sharp sand,
made by crushing quartz crystals between two stones, the
writer was able to drill a cone-shaped hole into Barren county
catlinite, an inch deep and of the same width at the mouth of
the cavity, in 66 minutes. "With the horn point, both sand
and water being used, a hole of the same dimensions was drilled
into this rock in 48 minutes. The bore is necessarily larger
than the drill point. If the drill, throughout the operation,
could be held without variation from side to side, the hole
bored would be the width of the drill plus that of the sand
adhering to it ; but it is hard to avoid a wabbling motion, which
tends to still further enlarge the hole. All holes made with
the sand-stick gradually become cone-shaped because of the
rapidly wearing away of the shoulders of the drill point.

It is further found that considerable care must be exer-
cised in feeding sand to a rotary drill, whether of the sand-
stick, or cylindrical type, as a greater quantity than will sup-
ply the point will result in causing the walls of the bore to
become cut out and deeply striated.

A piece of inch lead pipe, when furnished with sharp quartz
sand, was found to cut through catlinite very rapidly. In all
these experiments, a slight pecking away of the material to be
drilled was found necessary in order to start the drill with any
degree of accuracy.

McGuire found that a piece of native copper, hammered into
cylindrical shape with a quartzite hammer, was a most excel-
lent cutting tool, "equal to almost any tried in the course of
his experiments." What gave it such qualities was the fine
particles of the crystals of quartzite, which became firmly em-
bedded into the metal by hammering, so that as the copper
wore away the crystals continued to cut. (Drilling, p. 685.)

After the Indians of Wisconsin learned the art of making
copper tools, the drills of this metal were most likely used to
considerable extent in pipe making.

Dr. F. V. Hayden informs us that the ISTorthwest Fur Com-
pany manufactured nearly two thousand catlinite pipes dur-
ing two years, immediately following 1865, and traded them

Chipped Flint Perforations in Wisconsin.

to the Indians on the upper Missouri. This should not, how-
ever, cast a reflection 011 all Indian pipes, as these products of
white man's ingenuity are generally readily distinguishable.

A large number of the pipes found in this state, especially
of the Siouan type, appear to be of Indian make in every
particular, except that they have smoothly cut stem holes that
cause them to be considered by many as modern products, prin-
cipally on the theory that their stem holes were drilled with
iron tools. These stem cavities have perfectly straight sides,
tapering to a small opening, with striations that can scarcely
be distinguished without the aid of a magnifying glass. With
an awl or drill of native copper (Fig. 22), attached to a shaft,
just such holes have been produced by the writer. The num-
ber of copper implements found 'here, suitable for drilling pur-
poses, and that nicely fit the bores of a large number of pipe
stems, would lead to the conclusion that copper drills were used
by the aboriginal pipe makers in producing many of these
holes. Some stein holes show evidence of having been pro-
duced with the sand-stick.

Catlin saw the Dakota Indians of Minnesota boring their
pipe stems with a stick and sharp sand. Copper was almost
unknown in the country visited by him.

With a copper awl 5 inches long, set into a shaft 3 feet long,
and with the addition of dry quartz sand, the writer suc-
ceeded in drilling a hole 3 inches deep into the end of a piece
of catlinite in 55 minutes. This hole was half an inch wide
at one end and tapered to a point at the other. It was as
cleanly cut and of the same shape as the stem hole of the ordi-
nary Siouan calumet.

By using the same drill in a brace, that it might be more
rapidly revolved and be given greater pressure, the same depth
was reached in less than 40 minutes. The hotter the drill be-
came through friction, the more rapidly it seemed to cut.
It was found that by occasionally roughening the drill, by
pounding it with a piece of rock, the sand was allowed to bed
and cut with greater rapidity.

62 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST.

MODERN PIPE STEMS

Catlin. describes the manufacture of pipe stems by the Sioux
of Minnesota, saying: "The shafts or stems of these pipes
are from 2 to 4 feet long, sometimes round, but most generally
flat, of an inch or two in breadth, and wound half their length
or more with braids of porcupine quills, and often ornamented
with the beak and tufts from the woodpecker's head, with
ermine skin and long red hair, dyed from white horse hair or
the white buffalo's tail. The stems of these pipes are carved
in many ingenious forms and in all cases they are perforated
through the center, quite staggering the enlightened world to
guess how the holes have been bored through them, until it is
simply and briefly explained that the stems are uniformly
made of the stalk of the young ash, which usually grows straight
and has a small pith through the center, which is usually
burned out with a hot wire, or a piece of hard wood by a much
slower process." (X. A. Indians I, p. 234.)

The Chippewa of Wisconsin, up to a recent date, made pipe
stems in the same manner described by Catlin. Previous to
obtaining wire from the Europeans, or making it from native
copper, the Indians of this portion of America produced the
•stem cavity in the same manner as did the natives of South
America that of their blow-guns. A straight stalk or piece of
wood was cut to the desired length, split longitudinally, the
pith removed, or a channel or groove made along one part, then
again glued together, smoothly polished and all marks of the
split obliterated by pigment or bv use. The Eskimo practiced
the same method of producing holes in some of their curved
pipe stems, but after ffhiing tho two parts together they wound
the stem with strips of green sinew, which shrunk tightly to it
in drying.

Mr. McGuire (Drilling. 030) tells us that from old speci-
mens in the I". S. National Museum collection it is judged that
prior to the advent of Europeans, pipe stems were made from
split pieces of wood, treated as above described.

Wooden pipe stems, ornamented by having holes of various
shapes cut through them from side to side, have excited con-

Chipped Flint Perforations in Wisconsin.

sidearble wonder as to just how the stein cavity could reach
around these holes.

Fig. 23 represents a pipe stem in the writer's collection that
illustrates the manner of accomplishing this feat. The middle
portion of this stem is well cut away and in order to provide a
stem hole a thin strip of wood was removed from one edge of
the stem, a channel goug?d out extending to within half an
inch of either shoulder. At each end of this groove was a
hole burned to about the center of the stem ; a hole was next
burned from either end to intersect it at right angles. The
strip was glued back into place, smoothed down and painted.
So skillfully was this done that only a most careful inspection
would disclose any marks of the split.

LITERATURE

Adair: History of the American Indians (1775).

Abbott, C. C.: Primitive Industry.

Brown, Chas. E. : Native Copper Implements of Wisconsin, Wis. Arch-

eologist, V. 3, Nos. 2, 3.
Beauchamp, Rev. W. M.: Aboriginal Chipped Stone Implements of

N. Y.

Butler, J. D.: Historic Relics of the Northwest, W. H. C. IX.
Carver, Jonathan: Travels in North America.

Carr, Lucian: Mounds of the Mississippi Valley Historically Con-
sidered in Sm. Rep., 1891.
Catlin, George: North American Indians.
Gushing, Frank H.: Primitive Copper Working; in Amer. Anth. VII,

Jan. 1894.

Drake, Samuel: Aboriginal Races of N. A.
Evans, Sir John: Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britian, N. Y.,

1872.
Powke, Gerard: Stone Art, 13th Rept. Bureau of Ethnology.

The Archaeological History of Ohio.
Fester, J. W.: Prehistoric Races of the U. S.
Gillman, Henry: The Ancient Man of the Great Lakes.
Hough, i^r. Walter: Fire-making Apparatus in the U. S. N. M , Rept.

1888.

Hoffman, W. J.: The Menomini Indians, in B. E. 14.
Holmes, W. H.: Stone Implements of the Tidewater Province; in

B. E. 15.

— Art in Shell of the Ancient Americans; in B. E. 2.
Jones, C. C.: Antiquities of Southern Indians, N. Y., 1873.
Lubbock, Sir John: Prehistoric Times.
Lapham, I. A.: The Antiquities of Wisconsin.
Moorehead, Warren K.: The Antiquities of Wisconsin.

64 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No.

Moorehead, W. K.: Prehistoric Implements.

McGuire, J. D.: Materials, Apparatus and Processes of Aboriginal
Lapidary in American Anth., V. Apr. 1892.

Primitive Methods of Drilling, Nat. Mus. Kept. 1894.

American Aboriginal Pipes and Smoking Customs, Nat. Mus. Kept,

1897.

Rau, Chas.: Prehistoric Fishing in Europe and North .America.
Stevens, Edward T.: Flint Chips, London, 1870.
Smith, Capt. John: Account of Captivity among the Indians.
Thruston, Gates P.: The Antiquities of Tennessee, Cincinnati, 1890.
Thomas, Cyrus: Burial Mounds of the Northern Sections of U. S.
West, Geo. A.: Aboriginal Pipes of Wisconsin, V. 4, Nos. 3 & 4, Wis.

Archeologist.
Wilson, Thomas: Arrowpoints, Spearheads, Knives of Prehistoric

Times; in Kept. N. M., 1897.

Suggestions of Mexico in Mound, Relics.

SUGGESTIONS OF MEXICO IN THE MOUND

RELICS

C. SMITH

Even the novice in North American archeology, in looking
over museum collections, cuts and pictures in books and
printed articles, of culture objects gathered from all over the
North American continent, is haunted, so to speak, by a feel-
ing of peculiar likenesses and resemblances running here and
there throughout the entire mass.

The subject is a large one, however, and it requires much
time and work to classify mentally the different objects one
sees in these lines, and to state just where and in what the
similarities lie.

That this feeling is justified, however, is evidenced by refer-
ence to the books. At page 18 of his work "North American
Archeology" Prof. Cyrus Thomas speaking of similarities of
cultures in different parts of aboriginal North America, says:

"As indicative of this similarity, a few of the types may be
noticed. The singular form of carving representing a figure
with the tongue hanging out, and usually communicating with
a frog, otter, bird, snake or fish, is observed on the North West
coast from Oregon to Prince William Sound and also in Mex-
ico and Nicaragua. We may say that this feature is found in
numerous instances in statues and bas reliefs from Mexico to
the Isthmus and also in the codices of Mexico and Central
America."

"The prominent Tlaloc nose of Mexican and Central Ameri-
can figures, of which the sunmosed elephant proboscis is but one
form and the thunderbird bill of. the North West coast another,
is a characteristic of the Pacific slope. The method of super-
imposing in totem posts and statr.es, one figure upon another,

3-Arch.

66 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 2

is found, with the exception of California, from Alaska to the
Isthmus."

"Compare the figures of A. P. Xiblack's work "The Indians
of Southern Alaska and Xorthern British Columbia" with the
Mexican and Central American monuments and figures. Such
a comparison shows such marked resemblance as to lead to the
inference that they were derived from some common source."

And again on page 180:

"The mania among Xorth West coast Indians for introduc-
ing symbolic figures is carried to such an extent, that we find
them on their war clubs, oars, masts, rattles and even on their
fish hooks."

"The strong general resemblance which many of these figures
bear to some of those found in Central America is too evident
to be overlooked. The method of bounding and grouping the
various symbols of individual pictographs reminds one of the
forms and method of grouping in the Maya hieroglyphic writ-
ing and sculptured inscriptions, The superimposed square
faces on certain ceremonial robes are almost a repetition in
idea and. form of the square conventionalized face series in the
facades of some of the ancient Yucatecan structures. The
resemblance also between some of the Xorth West coast figures
and forms seen 011 the pottery and other works of art of the
Province of Chiriqui in Central America is remarkable."

But all this is only a general background for the subject
of this paper which is "Suggestions of Mexico in the Mound
Helics," and which may best be covered perhaps in the three
general queries:

Are there suggestions of Mexico in the Mound Relics ?

What are these suggestions ?

What do they indicate?

As to the first proposition there seems to be no dispute among
investigators; all agree that there are such suggestions. Later
citations will show what some of them are and what some of
the investigators think about them. The suggestions are many.
Some of them are vague and apparently fanciful and some are
very marked. With all the apparent agreement as to ma-
terials, however, the matter is anything but simple, as might
"be at first supposed. It is quite complicated, in fact, and re-
«quires a most intimate knowledge of the characteristic features

Siigg-estions of Mexico in Mound Relics.

of both cultures, the Mexican and the aboriginal Indian to deal
with it properly. Even the authorities best posted in these
lines seem unable, as yet, to arrive at any general all around
satisfactory conclusions.

As to the suggestions themselves : Before discussing the
principal sort of relics which offer these Mexican resemblances,
it may be well to clear out of the way certain minor varieties
which serve somewhat as straws, so to speak, showing which
way the winds of similarity blow.

And first some gorgets. These ornaments are so well known
in archeological writings it seems unnecessary to describe them.
In Vol. II of the Bureau of American Ethnology Reports,
•dated T881 in his article entitled "Art in Shell of the Ancient
Americans," Mr. W. TL Holmes shows, among many varieties,
four of these gorgets that bear each a banded square with
looped corners and on each side of the square a peculiar look-
ing bird's head. In the center of the square on several of them
is a cross. Three of these were found in Tennessee and one
in Mississippi. Mr. Holmes sees Mexican likeness here and
gives also a cut of a square with similar looped corners and a
•cross in the centre, which he finds in an Aztec painting, the
Vienna codex. He says also of this loop and bird pattern, at
page 285:

"A similar looped rectangle occurs several times in the
ancient Mexican MSS. It is not a little remarkable that a
•cross occupies the enclosed area in all these examples."

In the same article in Vol. II Mr. Holmes shows also, four
so-called spider gorgets one from Missouri, one from Tennessee
and two from Illinois, each bearing a well executed representa-
tion of a spider. The spicier, it is generally admitted, has a
•certain mythic religious significance among the American
aborigines. At first sight there does not seem to be anything
particularly characteristically Mexican-looking about these
spider gorgets ; still there are some details tending that way, and
as in general thev resemble so very closely other gorgets that do
bear characteristic Mexican devices, it seems proper to include
them in this connection.

Xext the so-called serpent gorgets. In this same article,
in Vol. II Mr. Holmes gives a dozen or more of this variety,
most of them from Georgia and Tennessee. These have much

68 WISCONSIN ABCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 3

of the disjointed crazy-patch character of Mexican designery;
much of the design is broken up into and arranged in beads or
bosses, so common in the Mexican and Mayan time symbols
and similar work.

Then come what Mr. Holmes calls the scalloped discs. They
are .shown in the same article in Vol. II and there are cuts of
.seven of them all from Tennessee. Mr. Holmes considers these
to be time or calendar symbols. In the text accompanying his
article he speaks of them as follows :

"The student will hardly fail to notice the resemblance of
these discs to the calendar or time symbols of Mexico and other
Southern nations of antiquity; there is, however, no absolute
identity with Southern examples. The involute design in the
centre resembles the Aztec symbol of day, but it is peculiar
in its division into three parts, four being the number almost
universally used. The circlets and bosses of the outer zones
give them a pretty close resemblance to the month and year
zones of the Southern calendars."

So much, for the minor varieties. Now to the real cause of
trouble. The battle rages principally around the gorgets por-
traying the human figure.

In this same article, in Vol. II Mr. Holmes gives four of
these human figure gorgets, three from Tennessee and one from
Missouri. It is to be regretted that cuts of these cannot be
referred to, as it is very difficult to give any intelligible de-
scription of the details of such designs. In fact much of the
characteristic Mexican, Aztec and similar art appears to be
beyond reach of the English language any way. Only the
most striking details can be referred to here.

Xo. 1 : Is from Tennessee. It may be called "The Crude
One," as no one, without the aid of outside help, would ever
have dreamed it was intended for a human figure; it is ap-
parently a collection of joints with an eye or so in each joint.
As long as it was the only one, it would hardly attract atten-
tion as having meaning of any kind, but later similar and
more lucid specimens served to show that it was intended to
be the figure of a man.

Xo. 2 : Is also from Tennessee, but from a different locality ;
it is similar to Xo. 1, but of a more coherent style and served

Suggestions of Mexico in Mound Relics.

to identify No. 1 as intended for the representation of a human
figure.

No. 3: Is a ceremonial figure from Missouri. It has the
real Mexican flavor and apparently depicts a male figure -duly
disfiguring in some way the dissevered head of his opponent
or victim. Both faces are tattooed. There is the peculiar
belt and pendant and the equally .curious object before the
mouth which appears in so many designs of this sort. It :has
been called "The Sacrifice." Mr. Holmes says of it, -on page
301:

"Any one at all familiar with the curious pictograph MSS.
of the ancient Mexicans will see at a glance that we have here
a sacrificial scene in which a priest seems to be engaged in. the
sacrifice of a human being. In the extraordinary MSS. of the
ancient Aztecs we have many parallels to this design. So
closely does it approach the Aztec type, that there is not a
single idea or a single member or ornament that has not its
analogue in Mexican MSS."

No. 4: Is from Tennessee, and is the famous bilateral.
Fight Scene showing two plumed and winged warriors with
eagle talons and deadly weapons doing all kinds of damage to
each other. Mr. Holmes says of it at page 301:

"It has a general resemblance to the marvelous bas reliefs
of Mexico and Central America, and must be regarded as the
highest example of aboriginal art ever found north of Mexico."

Bear in mind that these four human figure gorgets in shell
were pictured by Mr. Holmes in 1881. In 1884 Mr. Cyrus
Thomas in his article "Burial Mounds of the Northern Sec-
tions of the United States" in B. A. E. Vol. V presented
various other similar relics with human figure designs. One
of these may be added to our list, as —

No. 5 : It is also a shell gorget and is from the famous
Etowah Mounds near Cartersville, Ga. It represents a winged
warrior figure kneeling. Before the mouth is the curious
object, which in this case appears to be suspended from the
head dress. There is the usual belt and pendant. The face is
tattooed. The wings are represented in peculiar lines of scal-
lops, so characteristic of the later described copper, plates.

No. 6 : Is also a shell gorget from the same Etowah Mound
group, and is very similar to the last one described. It has,

70 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. S, No. 2

however, two contending warrior figures, and the gorget itself
is much damaged.

Changing now from gorgets of shell to copper plates, there
mav be added to our list :

No. 7 : A ceremonial figure on a thin plate of copper
from the same Etowah Mounds. Mere words cannot describe
this design. It requires a cut of the article itself, to do it
justice. Noticeable items are the belt, apron and pendant;
the peculiar beak nose, the elaborate head dress, and the object
hanging before the face; many beads and bands; also the bi-
lateral lines of. scallops representing wings and feathers.

"No. 8 : Also an elaborate ceremonial figure on copper plater
from the Etowah Mounds, but not so complete as No. 7. It
represents, however, about the same details.

No. 9 : Copper plate from near Peoria, 111. It represents
an eagle. Notice should be taken of the' bilateral wings and
feathers represented by the lines of scallops. An eagle similar
to this was found in the Etowah Mounds, and another in Union-
Co., 111. And there is a similar one from Jackson Co., 111.

No. 10 : Copper plate from Jackson Co., 111., showing a
dance scene. The most notable feature is the object before the
face ; it apparently hangs from the head dress. A plate similar
to this was found in Alexander Co., 111.

So much for the. contribution of Prof. Thomas. Now comes :

No. 11 : The Douglass gorget from New Madrid, Mo. This
is a shell ornament and was found in 1887 and is illustrated
and described by Mr. G. P. Thruston in his work "Antiquities
of Tennessee" at page 346. It represents a ceremonial figure
similar to those described above. Some of the details, such as
the apron, belt and pendant, are exact copies of these items in
the Etowah copper plates. There is a peculiar headdress, evi-
dently a mask, and the nose is exaggerated, being 8 or 10 inches
long apparently, and curled up at the end into a sort of spiral.

These are not all the relics of course that might be included
in the above list, but they were enough to puzzle the wise. It
will appear later what the difficulties were. Attention only
may be called to the fact that these objects came from several
different localities, in several different states, and that there
were many resemblances and some actually identical features
among them, showing all to have been of similar origin and

Suggestions of Mexico in Mound Relics. 71

design. And no one could examine them for a moment without
being impressed with their collective and at times detailed re-
semblance to designs such as are common in illustrations of
Mexican and Mayan ruins, calendars, books and codices.

Leaving now the enumeration of objects, suggesting Mexico
in mound relics, something may be said as to what they are sup-
posed to indicate, and first in order will come the views in re-
gard to these objects and designs which were presented by Mr.
Holmes in his early discussion of the subject in 1881. In Vol.
II B. A. E. in the article on "Art in Shell," before referred to,
he says on page 305 :

"Gorgets of shell are a marked characteristic of the personal
embellishment of the Northern peoples ; they may have been in.
use among the Aztecs, but do not appear among Southern
antiquities and no evidence can be derived from history. This
gorget, referring to the one from Missouri, belongs in its gen-
eral character as an ornament to the Xorth; in all its features,
together with its technical execution and its manner of inhuma-
tion, it is identical with the well known work of the mound
builders. These analogies could hardly occur if it were an
exotic. It is true, however, that the design itself has a closer
affinity to Mexican art than to that of the !N"orth; no such de-
sign is known in the art of any nation north of Mexico.

As an ornament, this Missouri gorget is a member of a
great family that is peculiarly northern ; but the design engraved
upon it affiliates with the art of Mexico, and so close and strik-
ing are the resemblances that accident cannot account for them
and we are forced to the conclusion that it must be the offspring
of the same beliefs and customs and the same culture as the art
of Mexico."

So we have here the. real issue; the puzzling problem about
these relics of the mounds that bear suggestions of Mexico;
culture objects of one people, admitted by experts to be an in-
stitution peculiar to that people and giving every evidence of
having actually been made by that people, and which bear,
nevertheless, art .designs of an entirely different people, of a
far removed locality. How did it happen ? How could the
combination have been made ? Surely the mound building
peoples did not take or send their gorgets down to Mexico to
have the Mexican art delineated thereon ; nor is it likely the

72 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 2

Mexicans went for or sent after the gorgets of the northern
people for the purpose of putting their own art thereon. And
-making allowance even for all we know about ancient trad©
routes; admitting the fact that the Indians carried the Minne-
sota pipe stone to Xew York and iSTew Mexico, or brought
obsidian from Mexico to Ohio, or marine shells from the Gulf
to the Interior, no working of trade route theories would seem
to apply to this case; if the gorgets are held to be peculiar to
"the North. So Mr. Holmes is forced to the conclusion, as he
says, that the art of the gorgets indicates a common basis of
culture of the Mexicans and the mound building peoples of
the JSTorth.

One may well hesitate to question such authority; but is it
not a legitimate objection to this conclusion that the Mexican
and Mound Builders' cultures ought to show likenesses in many
other ways ; in almost all ways in fact, if it is true that they are
the offspring of the same beliefs and customs and the same
general culture ? Should not this likeness permeate in fact
the whole culture of the Northern peoples, even though in a
weakened, modified or diluted form? Should there not be
many other offspring besides merely gorgets and a few similar
-objects ? The fundamental culture of a people is a sort of sub-
conscious working affair and can hardly be controlled in such
way as to come out only in certain definite lines and be ob-
literated in all others. It ought to appear everywhere. And
yet, there seems to be no valid claim on record anywhere, of a
Tesemblance in general between the culture objects of Mexico
.and those of the Northern, peoples.

Mr. Holmes himself seemed later not quite so well satisfied
with his first statement. Moreover, since the date of his first ar-
ticle, the Etowah copper plates and other material had been
•added to the group of relics under discussion. In April 1884,
"reviewing the whole matter in "Science" he gives cuts of most
all of the eleven objects appearing in the above list and says:

"All are identical as to time and origin. The copper plates
are sufficient evidence of European post Columbian agency,
furthermore, brass and iron were found in the mounds with
one of these gorgets. I believe it quite probable that they are
-southern works copied in favorite American materials by the

Suggestions of Mexico in Mound Relics. 73

avaricious Spanish conquerors and used in trade with all the
tribes of the Gulf states."

It is here seen, that, in the opinion of Mr. Holmes, the plates
are of post Columbian origin, and the gorgets not much better ;
in fact, that both are of the same late origin. In other words,
the Spaniards put Mexican religious and symbolical designs on
copper plates and shell gorgets and passed them off on the
Northern peoples in trade; making it a question of trade and
-contact rather than of common culture, as indicated in the
previous article in 1881.

Two items in the above would be questioned, as many inves-
tigators are convinced that some of the plates are pre-Colum-
"bian, and as for the gorgets, much evidence is forth-coming
that they were in general the work of the Indians themselves.

There is also an added difficulty here. Thus far nothing has
appeared to contradict the view that gorgets were an institution
•peculiar to the Northern peoples ; if so, they would be more or
less unfamiliar to Europeans or Mexicans and it 'hardly seems
"probable that the Spaniards would have been so far sighted in
their trading schemes as to study up Indian culture and select
a material object peculiar to that culture on which to place the
IMexican art.

Mr. Holmes again refers to the matter in Vol. XX, B. A. E.
'in 1899 in his article "Aboriginal Pottery of the Eastern United
'States." In discussing some small toy like funeral or votive
objects from Ohio and Tennessee that were suggestive of Mexi-
can work he says, page 42 :

"The occurrence of such unusual features of art as this adds
•force to the suggestion afforded by certain unique works in
•stone, copper and shell, found in the general southern region
that some of the early peoples had contact more or less direct
•with the advanced nations of Mexico."

Also at page 113 :

"In specimens from Mobile shell heaps, there is a certain
suggestion of Mexican or Central American art. It is not im-
possible that definite correlations with the ware of the south
may in time be made."

And, as a somewhat final 'expression of his views favoring
the contact theory, there may be cited a late utterance of Mr.
Holmes of the year 1906, in the American Anthropologist Vol

74 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 2

A7 III, ^T. S., entitled, "Certain Xotched or Scalloped Stone
Tablets of the Mound Builders/' Discussing here certain de-
signs suggestive of Mexican ideas he says, page 107:

"These designs are not mere random products, but like the
copper ornaments, the earthenware decorations and the shell
engravings of the same region are evidently the wTork of skilled
artists, practicing a well matured art, which distinctly suggests
the art of the semi-civilized nations of Mexico and Central
America. These plates may be regarded as furnishing ad-
ditional proof, that the influence of the culture of middle
America has been felt all along the northern shores of the GuK
of Mexico and has passed with diminished force still further to
the Xorth."

Thus far for Mr. Holmes. But previous to the date of the last
quotation, of 1906, in fact in 1896, Prof. Frederick Starr, in
his researches in Mexican archeology, complicated matters for
the experts apparently, by the discovery of another gorget of
shell, bearing designs of a type precisely similar to those on the
list of gorgets and copper plates herein given ; only this gorget
was not found in the United States, but in Mexico in the state of
Michoacan in the vicinity of the city of Morelia. Discussing
the subiect of Mexican and Indian connections and writing more
especiallv of this Mexican gorget, Prof. Starr says in an article
in Vol. VI of the Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of
JSTatural Sciences:

"Many points of similarity might be found between this
design and those of the United States. For example, the stiff
and formal trunk, the claw-like foot, the curious object at the
mouth, the tattoo markings and the belt and apron-like pro-
jections, etc. Form, function and character of this Michoacan
specimen are plainly the same as those of the pieces from Ten-
nessee, Georgia and Missouri. It can no longer be said the
tvpe is essentially Northern, nor that it belongs exclusively to
the Mound Builders of the United States. We must modify
Mr. Holmes' statement, and may say of the Missouri gorget 'it is
a member of a great family, not peculiarly Northern.7 We may
emphasize also the other statement, 'We are forced to the con-
clusion that .it must be the off-spring of the same beliefs and
customs and the same culture as the art of Mexico.' In fact,
there are greater differences . between the Tennessee specimens-

Suggestions of Mexico in Mound Relics. 75-

themselves, or the Missouri specimens alone, than there are be-
tween the United States specimens as a class and this Mexican
gorget."

All of which may be a happy solution of the matter that
will be confirmed by further discoveries, especially of Mexican
gorgets. It has been urged, however, that as one swallow does
not make a summer, so it might be hardly fair to conclude
on present evidence that one shell gorget found in all Mexico
proves that the gorget was a common culture object of the Mexi-
cans. It does seem as though the archeological overhauling in
Mexico in recent years would have brought to light a large num-
ber of similar gorgets if it is really true that they were a large
family common to the Mexicans as well as to the American
Indians.

As further indication of the variety of opinions, held by in-
vestigators as to the matter of Mexican suggestions in the Mound
relics, a few other references may be given: Prof. Cyrus-
Thomas had much to do with these Mound Builders5 relics.
In 1891 he wrote regarding them in Vol. 12 B. A. E. in his-
article "Mound Explorations," page 307, as follows:

"We notice the fact, which is apparent to every one who in-
spects the figures, that in all their leading features the designs-
are suggestive of Mexican or Central American work, yet close
inspection brings to light one or two features which are anomalies
in Mexican or Central American design. * * In 'The

Story of a Mound of the Shawnees in Pre-Columbian Times,' I
have ventured to suggest a possible explanation of their presence
in the interior regions. I may add that these figured copper
plates and engraved shells present a problem very difficult to
solve. The fact that some of the designs were found

in connection with articles of European manufacture is un-
questionable. * * * The evidence that some of the en-
graved shells can be traced to the Indians is well nigh con-
clusive."

Another authority on Mound Builders' relics, Mr. G. P.
Thruston says, in 1890, in his work "Antiquities of Tennessee."

"The illustrations presented in the preceding chapters have
called attention to many analogies and identities connecting the
antiquities of Tennessee with the ancient arts and industries of
Mexico and the Pueblos. The remarkable mythological figures

76 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 2

upon the shell gorgets and copper plates surely show unmistak-
able evidences of a Mexican origin or affiliation; the tubular
pipes from the valley of the Cumberland, the large ear orna-
ments, the images, the idols, the grotesque forms, the long
ceremonial flints all seem to connect the mound tribes with the
arts, culture or religion of the peoples of the West and South
West and to separate them from the tribes of the North and
North East. * * The remains of ancient arts discovered

in the Cumberland and Tennessee valleys, as we have stated,
were probably in the main of indiginous growth, the original in-
dependent product of the culture of the stone -grave race, — the
Mound Builders of, Tennessee. The traces here and there of
Mexican, Southern or Pueblo culture, save in occasional in-
stances, were probably but the outgrowths of customs and
tendencies derived from a common ancestor. The mound
building tribes doubtless lived during many generations upon
various planes of development in the fertile and widely ex-
tended territory in which their monuments are discovered.
This progressive race was evidently making steady advances
towards a better condition of life. The semi-civilization of the
Aztecs was developed through a series of centuries from humble
beginnings of culture among tribes of aborigines, no farther
advanced than these mound building villages."

In 1894 Mr. F. H. dishing reviewed the whole matter in his
article "Primitive Copper Work," in Vol. 7 of the American
Anthropologist. Considering the extent and varied nature of
his knowledge archeological, it was not too much to hope that
Mr. Gushing would throw some light on the problem tending t>
its solution. However, after many pages of fascinating archeo-
logical discussion, far reaching suggestions, interesting com-
parisons, etc., in connection with Indian and Zuni mythology;
the arts of copper working and shell engraving ; tattoo marks of
war and doom; transformation masks and ceremonial dancing;
eagle gods; man eagles of war; eagle men; etc., just at the
climax, where was to be expected the illuminating ray, the
light failed and the question at issue was dismissed with the
remark, that there irere considerations of importance in answer
to the question of connections of the Mexicans and Northern
peoples in ancient times ; but they did not belong to an article on

Suggestions of Mexico in Mound Relics. 77

the experimental study of copper working and would be omitted.
He did say however, among other things, on page 116 :

"The art in these mound builders' specimens certainly re-
sembles that of Mexico and Central America; It may -be ad-
ventitious, or may indicate to some extent, derivation by the
mound builders from one of these countries. The Indians of
the south were great navigators ; they astonished the Spanish
with their canoes ; it may well have been that they visited the
southern peoples, and gave them, as well as took from them,
art forms."

This seems to lay the blame on the Indians themselves, as
well as the avaricious Spaniard. And here in an apparent
confusion of "contact" or of "common culture" or of "inter-
change" the problem seems to have remained even unto this
day. It is to be hoped that further discoveries will give evi-
dence that will settle the matter of these connections of the
Southern Indians and the nations of Mexico to the satisfaction
of everybody. Prof. Starr's explanation would simplify the
problem greatly and needs only a few more gorgets or similar
evidence found within the borders of Mexico to put it far in
the lead. Something tending that way is shown in an article
by Prof. Starr in A. A. Vol. X, entitled "Stone Images from
Tarascan Territory." Cuts are given of a group of small stone
images of a peculiar type, found in Mexico that are singularly
like in type and detail to another group of similar images
found in the Tennessee Stone grave area, which are described
and illustrated in an article by Cyrus Thomas -in A. A., Vol.
IX in 1896, entitled, "Stone Images from Mounds and Ancient
Graves." It is significant, that the Tarascan images reported
by Prof. Starr in his article, are from the same district in
Mexico, namely the State of Michoacan, as wyas the shell
gorget which was referred to in the pages above. The present
State of Michoacan is located in the part of Mexico that was
occupied formerly by the ancient Tarascans.

This whole problem as to the exact connection between the
ancient peoples of Mexico and the Indians of the Xorth is an
interesting one and an important one as well. Upon it de-
pends in a way the solution of the greater mystery as to the
movements and migrations of the many peoples that roamed the
great Xorth American continent prior to the Columbian dis-

t8 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOG-IST. Vol. 8, No. 2

covery. Indirectly also, the settlement of this problem may
have more or less to do with the more general and greater
mystery of mysteries in American archeology, namely the ques-
tion as to the peopling of the continent itself.

In any event until the details of such connection are worked
out with a reasonable degree of accuracy, there will always be
^vork ahead for the American archeologist or ethnologist and
of a kind that will furnish him opportunity for exercise of all
liis resources of ingenuity and learning, however great they may

.Archeological Notes. 79

ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES.

The Society greatly regrets to announce the death on May 5
of Mr. E. D. Coe of Whitewater, who had teen one of its members
.since 1905. In announcing his death Mr. Robert K. Coe, editor of the
Whitewater Register, states that his father "felt a personal interest
in the work of the Society, and was very much gratified by what it
had accomplished."

The Sauk County Historical Society will meet at old Newport on the
Wisconsin river, below Kilbourn, on August 27. On the way from
Baraboo to Newport a stop will be made at the grave of the noted
Winnebago chief, Yellow Thunder, for the purpose of marking his
resting place with a tablet or other suitable monument. An invita-
tion is extended by the Society to all interested persons to participate
in this, its third annual pilgrimage.

The Twenty-first Archaeological and Historical Congress will be
held at Liege, Belgium, on July 31 to August 5. "This section of
Europe is one of special interest to the archaeologist and historian,
and this congress will be an important reunion of some of the fore-
most savants of Europe, and will attract the attention of American
archaeologists. The date of the opening will coincide with the open-
ing of the new Archaeological Museum."

The Mississippi Valley Historical Association met at St. Louis,
June 17, 18 and 19. Secretary Chas. E. Brown was extended an in-
vitation to speak at this meeting on "Popularizing a Museum Exhibit"
Tmt was unable to participate owing to a pressure of other duties.

Curator H. C. Fish of the State Historical Society of North Dakota
Taas been conducting a survey of some old Indian village sites in that
state which are being cut through by a branch of the Northern
Pacific railroad.

The American Association of Museums is preparing a directory of
museums of art, science, etc., in North and South America with the
object of promoting mutual aid and cooperation in exchange of ma-
terial and publications, and, by bringing together accurate informa-
tion concerning the organization and activities of such institutions,
to stimulate museum development. Mr. Paul M. Rea of the Charles-
town Museum, Charlestown, S. C., is secretary of the Association.
The Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences will publish the report.

Mr. Olgar P. Olson of Argyle. a member of the Wisconsin Arch-
eological Society, will place his archaeological collection, in the
museum of the newly organized La Fayette County Historical Society.
The County Board has voted $500.00 for museum cases.

The Milwaukee Public Museum has purchased the collections of
Wisconsin copper implements belonging to the Messrs. E. F. Richter
and W. H. Elkey. These make a very valuable addition to its col-
lections. Logan Museum, Beloit, has acquired the copper implements
"belonging to the N. H. Terens Estate.

80 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 2-

The State Historical Museum of Wisconsin is making extensive ad-
ditions to its archaeological and ethnological collections.

The Standing Committee on Landmarks of the Wisconsin Federa-
tion of Women's Clubs has issued to the clubs a circular letter con-
taining suggestions for landmarks work during the year 1909. From
this communication the following is extracted:

'•That you devote one club day during the year to Landmarks, and
on that day take up some point of historic interest in the vicinity or
the life of some Wisconsin man or woman whose name should not
be forgotten. The commttee will furnish material or speakers if the
club desire it.

"We would also suggest that the clubs enlist the interest of the
school children in local landmarks work, encouraging them to gather
information from old settlers in regard to events of pioneer days;
perhaps offer prizes for the best essays secured in that way. By this
means much valuable unpublished history may be preserved.

"As many of our Indian mounds are being destroyed, it has become
necessary for some one to preserve the best ones that are left.
Therefore we are asked to join the Wisconsin Archeological Society
in the purchase of one or more of the effigy mounds near Madison.
WTe consider this a most important part of the Landmarks work, and
ask you to contribute towards the fund."

Mrs. Jessie R. Skinner, Madison; Miss Julia A. Lapham, Oconomo-
woc; Mrs. P. V, Lawson, Menasha; Mrs. Albert .Salisbury, White-
water; Mrs. Frank B. Fargo, Lake Mills, . and Mrs. J. H. Rogers,
Portage, are members of this committee, which is the strongest which,
the Federation could appoint. The Wisconsin Archeological Society
requests of its members throughout the state that they cooperate in
every way with the Committee and with the Clubs in their respective
neighborhoods in this work.

Members of the Society will be gratified to learn of the recent ap-
pointment of Mr. Warren K. Moorehead as a member of the United
States Board of Indian commissioners. This Board passes upon the
affairs of the United States Indian Department and has general con-
trol over the supplies issued Indians, their education, discusses ques-
tions of land ownership and other matters of consequence. It seeks
to better the condition of the Indians and to advance their prosperity.

The Society is urging upon the University of Wisconsin the pres-
ervation of a group of mounds located upon the new University-
fruit farm, on the south side and but a short distance from Lake
Mendota, at Madison. There are in this group a bird effigy and two
linear mounds. Of the linear mounds one measures 1G5 feet in
length and from 14 to 17 feet in width, and the other 96 feet in
width with a uniform diameter of 17 feet.

It is highly desirable that these mounds should be permanently
preserved and especially as the University does not now own a
single good example of the linear type of Wisconsin Indian earth-
works.

£00/77*

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d....b Ja.de

/....bevel
774

8.TD

Plate 1

WISCONSIN

TYPES.

22

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23

Plate

DRILLS AND DRILLED OBJECTS.

Vol. 8 August to October, 1909 No. 3

THE

WISCONSIN
ARCHEOLOGIST

REMAINS OF ABORIGINAL OCCUPATION

IN PEWAUKEE TOWNSHIP,

WAUKESHA COUNTY

THE FIELD OF THE SMALL MUSEUM
WISCONSIN GARDEN BEDS

PUBLISHED BYTHK

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
MILWAUKEE

Wisconsin Archeological Society

MILWAUKEE. WIS.

Incorporated March 23, 1903, for the purpose of advancing the study and
preservation of Wisconsin antiquities.

OFFICERS

PRESIDENT
OTTO J. HABHEGGER Milwaukee

VICE-PRESIDENTS
GEORGE A. WEST Milwaukee

H. E. COLE Baraboo

DR. GEO. L. COLLIE Beloit

REV. L. E. DREXEL St. Francis

W. H. ELLSWORTH Milwaukee

DIRECTORS

JOS. RINGEISEN, JR Milwaukee

ARTHUR WENZ Milwaukee

TREASURER
LEE R. WHITNEY Milwaukee

SECRETARY AND CURATOR
CHARLES E. BROWN Madison

COMMITTEES

SURVEY, RESEARCH AND RECORD— A. B. Stout, H. L. Skavlem,
P. V. Lawson, G. H. Squier, Dr. E. J. W. Notz and W. W. Gilman.

PUBLIC COLLECTIONS— E. P. Richter, J. P. Schumacher, Dr. R. G.
Thwaites, Rev. Wm. Metzdorf, Dr. W. O. Carrier, Dr. Louis Lotz,
Rev. S. E. Lathrop and W. E. Snyder.

MEMBERSHIP— Arthur Wenz, Dr. Louis Falge, Mrs. Jessie R. Skin-
ner, Joseph Frisque, Miss Bertha M. Ferch, W. H. Elkey and
S. G. Haskins.

PRESS — E. B. Usher, John Poppendieck, Jr., J. G. Gregory and G. J.
Seamans

JOINT MAN MOUND— J. Van Orden, Miss Julia A. Lapham, T. C.
Sherman, L. H. Palmer, Mrs. Henry Mertzke and S. J. Hood.

SESSIONS

These are held in the Lecture Room in the Library-Museum
Building, in Milwaukee, on the third Monday of each month, at

8 P. M.

During the months or July to Octoher no meetings will he held

MEMBERSHIP FEES

Lire Memhers, $25.00. Sustaining Memhers, $5.00

Annual Memhers, $2.00

All communications in regard to the Wisconsin Archeolosrical Society or to the
"Wisconsin Archeologist" should be addressed to C. E. Brown, Secretary and
Curator, Office, State Historical Museum, Madison, Wis.

TABLE OF CONTENTS,

Vol. 8, No. 3.

ARTICLES.

PAGE

Remains of Aboriginal Occupation in Pewaukee Township, .

Waukesha County, Stanley G. Haskins 81-92

The Field of the Small Museum, George L. Collie 93-96

Wisconsin Garden Beds. Charles B. Brown 97-105

Additional Birdstone Ceremonials, Charles E. Brown 106-107

Archeological and Historical Items.. . 108-112

ILLUSTRATIONS.
Wisconsin Bone Implements Frontispiece

PLATE

1. Archeologic Map of Pewaukee Township

2. Wisconsin Garden Beds

FIGURE PAGE

A. Clark Mounds . 88

WISCONSIN BONE IMPLEMENTS

THE WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST

Quarterly Bulletin Published by tbe Wisconsin Archeolodtcal Society.

Vol. 8. MILWAUKEE. WIS.. AUGUST TO OCTOBER, 1909. No. 3

KEMAINS OP ABORIGINAL OCCUPATION IN

PEWAUKEE TOWNSHIP, WAUKESHA

COUNTY

STANLEY G. HASKINS

In the succeeding pages 'there is given an account of the
principal archaeological features of Pewaukee Township, in
the county of Waukesha. The information offered, unless
otherwise credited, is taken from reports made by the author
to the Wisconsin Archeological Society. To Mr. Arthur Wenz
the author is indebted for assistance in locating and determin-
ing the character of several of the features described. The
Clark mounds and Horn effigy were platted and described to the
Society in 1903 by Prof. A. R. Clifton, and information con-
cerning the so-named Stewart, Junction and Waukesha Road
mound groups contributed by Mr. I. !N". Stewart,, in 1906.
Some of the mound 'groups in this township were known to Dr.
Increase A. Lapham and are described and figured in his An-
tiquities of Wisconsin, published in 1855. His descriptions
are quoted in the Western Historical Company's History of
Waukesha County.

Some of the burial mounds formerly located in this town-
ship, have been excavated in the past by persons seeking relics.
Others have been destroyed through the cultivation of the soil.
Almost no reliable information concerning the nature of their
construction or contents has survived. The late well-known
collector of archaeological materials, Mr. Frederick S. Perkins,

82 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 3

reported to Secretary Brown that in 1842 a burial mound near
the village of Pewaukee was explored by Mr. George P. Peffer.
In it he found the bones of a large skeleton. Imbedded in the
skull was a large flint spearpoint from which the stem and a
portion of the blade had been broken. Mr. Perkins, during
his day, secured by gift and purchase from farmers and others
residing in the vicinity of Pewaukee Lake, a considerable num-
ber of stone and other Indian implements found there. Some
of these are in the State Historical Museum, having been ac-
quired with a large collection purchased from him by the state
in 1878. These include a number of grooved stone axes, celts,
a stone spud and several flint and native copper implements.
Mr. E. J. Heming of Pewaukee and Mr. Walter C. Ward of
Waukesha have also collected many valuable specimens in this
district. In the Ellsworth collection in the Logan museum of
Beloit College, at Beloit, is a very fine fluted grooved stone axe,
which was recovered on the north shore of Pewaukee Lake.
This axe equals in beauty of fashioning any axe of its class
which has been found in Wisconsin. The surfaces of the blade
are ornamented with eighteen longitudinal grooves or flutes. The
poll is fluted in a spiral fashion, the flutings beginning just
above the handle groove and winding upward to the crown. They
make four complete turns. A fine heavy fluted stone hammer is
in the State Historical Museum. Mr. Geo. A. West describes in
the Aboriginal Pipes of Wisconsin (Wis. Archeo., v. 4, Nos. 3
and 4, pp. 144-45) a vase-shaped catlinite pipe, which was
found on the shore of Pewaukee Lake. Mr. Brown mentions
a cache of six blue hornstone knives which were found on the
east shore of the lake, near the village. (Wis. Archeo., v. 6,
"No. 2, p. 64.) Several copper spearpoints have recently been
found on the north and west shores. In the author's cabinet
is a collection of flint arrow and spearpoints, perforators,
knives and blanks from some of the village and camp sites to
be described. These do not differ in style from those common
to other sections of Waukesha and adjoining counties. Some
Debbie hammerstones were found in the same places. An
iron hatchet of the well known trade pattern comes from near
the fork of the Pewaukee-Waukesha trail. An oval stone gor-
get with two perforations and a slight incised ornamentation

Aboriginal Occupation in Pewaukee Township.

on one edge was obtained from the G. W. Haskins place in Sec-
tion 4. A series of stone spheres are from l1/^ to 3 inches in
diameter. A grooved stone hammer comes from the J. Hodg-
son place in Section 4. Some stone gorgets in the Bingeisen
collection in Milwaukee come from about the lake.

THE INDIANS

According to the traditions of the Winnebago Indians, the
region in southern Wisconsin of which Waukesha County forms
a small part, was in prehistoric times the territory of their
tribe. These traditions the early Pcttawatomie occupants of
Waukfsha County appear not to have questioned. The conclu-
sion that the Winnebago were the builders of Wisconsin's
effigy mounds and associated earthworks appears to be now
quite" generally accepted. Marks of their early ownership still
remain in the numerous groups of mounds located about the
lakes and streams of Waukesha County.

Jacques Vieau, the Milwaukee fur trader, visited large Pot-
tawatomie villages at the present locations of Mukwonago and
WTaukesha in 1804-05, in the interests of his business.In that
early day there appear to have been only a few small Winne
bago camps still in the limits of the county. The Pottawato-
mie had then been long in possession of the Lake Michigan shore
counties.

In the year 1827, Ebenezer Childs found the Pottawatomie
village at Waukesha to be capable of putting into the field
the large number of 400 warriors. The village must thus have
contained 2000 inhabitants. The village, or camps, at Pewau-
kee Lake were composed of several hundred Indians. The Win-
nebago had at that time been endeavoring to persuade the Wau-
kesha Pottawatomies to join them in taking the warpath against
the whites. The warriors were in a restless, if not ugly, mood.

About the year 1827, Aumable \7ieau, acting as agent for
his father Jacques, established a trading post at the Waukesha
Pottawatomie village. He remained for about two years vis-
iting during this period other villages and camps of that tribe
in the county. He furnished the Indians with ammunition,
calico, beads and tobacco. Other traders also sent agents from

84 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 3

as far away as Green Bay and Prairie du Chien, among the
Indians for their peltries. The testimony of all of the early
settlers of Waukesha County is to the effect that the Potta-
watomies were very peaceable Indians.

"The surface of Waukesha County is composed of prairies,
oak openings, small marshes, almost innumerable lakes and
small hills." (Hist, of Wank. Co., 1880.) There are also a
large number of fine springs. Of the lakes Pewaukee is the
second largest as well as one of the most beautiful. Its banks
are high and were formerly well timbered. Its eastern half
lies in Pewaukee and its western in Delafield township. The
village of Pewaukee is located at its eastern end. The name of
the lake is said to be a corruption of the Pottawatomie -name
Pee»wauk-ee-win-ick, meaning "the dusty place". This lake
was formerly a little less than four and one-half miles in length
and about one and one quarter miles in width across its widest
portion. The Fox -(Pishtaka-) River, a stream with many
branches in the county, flows through Pewaukee township.

Everywhere throughout the county fish and game were abun-
dant. Wild rice grew in some of the streams and lakes, and
nuts and berries- could be gathered in quantity. Materials for
the making of stone implements were at hand. Its natural re-
sources continued to attract the Indian to Waukesha County
for thirty years after its cession "to the Government (1833)
and settlement by the whites.

The Pottawatomie Indians of Waukesha County are thus
described: "!N"one of these Indians were permanently located.
During the season of corn-pi anting, their women and children
occupied the higher lands among the lakes and rivers through-
out the country, and pursued their primitive methods of agri-
culture,, while the adult males spent the time in hunting, fish-
ing and lounging about the camp." (Hist. Wank. Co., p. 383.)
The framework of their habitations was made of poles, and
this' was converted into a hut by means of a covering of skins
or strips of bark. The village. of Waukesha was permanent
until 1837. excent during the winters, when its inhabitants
moved southward. Of the Pewaukee village or camps there
is little recorded information.

These Indians buried their dead in shallow graves, the body

Aboriginal Occupation in Pewaukee Township. 85

being frequently first wrapped in a blanket. Various articles
belonging to the deceased were placed in the grave, which was
covered with stones or brush. Burials were also made, it is
stated, directly on the ground, or in trees. (See Hist. Wauk.
Co., p. 382.)

TRAILS

On the map accompanying this article are shown the several
Indian trails which it has been found possible to re-locate.
They have been long obliterated by the cultivation of the lands
which they traversed. On the farm of Mr. T. Connor (Sec.
29), a portion of the Pewaukee— Waukesha trail still exists.
Its breadth has been increased by the passage over it of the
conveyances of early settlers. Here it forked one branch lead-
ing southward toward the Waukesha' springs and the other
toward Mukwonago. . From the Connor farm the trail fol-
lowed in a northeasterly direction to Pewaukee.

In the southeast corner of Section 33, a trail leading to
Green Bay connected with the above. It followed a general
northeasterly course. On the Gr. Hodgson farm, near the
north line of Section 11.,' it passed a spring at the tase'of a hill
around which it wound, and took a northwesterly direction
to a spring and passed on to the farm of A. Evart, Here was
located a third spring. Thence it proceeded northward across
the Isaac Edwards place and into Lisbon township. Old set-
tlers say that a portion of this trail is identical with the path
which cattle now follow on Mr. Hodgson's farm. About the
year 1835, a maple sugar camp was operated by two settlers
named Nickerson and Young, on this place. Mr. Grignon,
who was employed by them to superintend the sugar-making
remembers well when the Indians passed over this trail. They
frequently paused in their journey at this place, camping on
the hill, and traded with the men employed in the camp. In
Section 22, the trail crossed the M. S. Hodgson place. Both
Mr. Hodgson and Mr. Grignon agree as to its location and
course.

Mr. Chauncey C. Olin describes the course of a trail con-
necting the Indian villages at Pewaukee. and Waukesha. This

36 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 3

trail followed a general southeast course from the former
place crossing the Fox River "at what is now Hadfield's quarry
(Sec. 26), then came directly down the river to where White
Rock Spring (at Waukesha) is located. About this spring
was a great place for game. It was known to both Indians and
whites as the "Salt Lick." (Hist. Wauk. Co., p. 495.) The
exact line which this trail pursued from Pewaukee to Had-
field's is uncertain.

MOUNDS AND SITES

1. Channel Mound. — An effigy mound, thought to be intended
to represent the bear, is located on the farm of Mr. E. Channel
(E. V2, 1ST. E. 14, Sec. 6). A portion of it (the head) has

heen destroyed by cultivation. This mound lies on the line
between this and the adjoining Holger farm and is on the top
of a small hillock surrounded by a marsh. This mound was
originally about fifty feet in length, and thirty-two feet in
width. It measures from fifteen to twenty-six inches in height.

2. Holger Mounds. — On the farm of Mr. H. Holger (N.
W. y^, Sec. 5) there were formerly several mounds, thought
to have been effigies. Of these only a trace remains.

In the early days of settlement the Pottawatomie Indians
occasionally camped on this farm.

3. Wood Camp Site.— On the farm of Mr. W. Wood (K
W. 14, Fract. Sec. 8) are indications of an early Indian village
site. From a twelve acre lot on this farm a large number of
stone and other implements have been recovered.

4. Griswold Camp Site. — Mr. Griswold reports the location
after 1890 of an Indian camp (probably Winnebago) on the
Fract. N. W. y4 of Sec. 8. This strip of land is heavily
wooded and is now used as a camp ground by summer tourists.

5. Young Mound. — On the farm of Mr. John Young (1ST.
E. 14, Sec. 4) are traces of an effigy mound. It is situated on
the highest point of land on the farm. A short distance away
is a fine spring in the neighborhood of which a large number
of flint arrowpoints and a copper spearpoint have been found.

6. Hodqson Workshop. — A flint workshop was located on the
farm of Mr. John Hodgson (K V2, S. E. %, 1ST. W. %, Sec.
4) on the bank of a small stream tributary to the Fox.

Aboriginal Occupation in Pewaukee Township.

7. Haskins Workshop.— Traces of a flint workshop were
formerly to be seen on the farm of G. W. Haskins (S. %, S.
E. %, Sec. 4). These have now been scattered by the cultiva-
tion of the field in which they were located.

8. Hodgson Village Site. — Indications of a village site are
found on a large hill about one half mile east of the house on
the farm of Mr. George Hodgson (Sec. 11). Large numbers
of flint chips and fragments are scattered over the surface of
the ground. At the base of the hill is a spring, which probably
had much to do with the selection of this place as a village
site. In about the year 1890, a burial was exposed in a sand
pit on this farm. The bones were too much decayed to be re-
moved. An iron knife of trade pattern was afterwards found
near this spot.

9. Mielenz Mounds. — On the E. E. Mielenz place (Sec. 11)
were several conical mounds. These have been long obliterated
by cultivation and no information concerning their dimensions
or contents is now obtainable.

10. Pewaukee Camp Site. — Mr. Miles Griswold, an old
resident of Pewaukee, states that in 1845 a Pottawatomie In-
dian camp was located just in the rear of the location of the
present C. M. & St. P. Ey. passenger depot, in Pewaukee.
There were about 400 Indians in the camp which continued
in this location until 1846. In those days the lower lake was
a marsh through which a small stream flowed.

This spot has very probably been the site of successive earlier
Indian camps. In the year 1900, the C. M. St. P. Ey. built
a new depot near this place and in grading into the bank to
the north and northwest, found many stone and metal imple-
ments and some human bones. The specimens were divided
among the workmen and soon lost track of.

XT. Tischaefer Camp Site. — In 1842, the Pottawatomie In-
dians had a camp on the south shore of Pewaukee Lake, in
about the place where the Tischaefer hotel now stands.

12. Chapman Camp Site. — On the farm of Mr. William
Chapman (S. %, S. W. %, Sec. 17), at a distance of about 200
rods east of his house, is the site of another early Pottawato-
mie camp. Mr. Passault, an old settler of Pewaukee, remem-
bers the camp at this place, which had about 35 occupants

88 .WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 3.

They subsisted largely on the prairie chickens, which were
abundant in the marshland near by.

13. Belleview Camp Site. — Mr. Thomas Connor, an old set-
tler, states that during pioneer days a camp of Pottawatomie
Indians was for seyeral years located at the place now known
as Belleview, on the south shore of Pewaukee Lake. (Fract.
Sec. 18.) The number of Indians in this camp he remembers
to have been about seventy.

14. Clark Mounds. — These earthworks are located on prop-
erty belonging to Mr. Walter Clark (S. W. %, S. W. %,
Sec. 9). They are in a wooded pasture, on a hill overlooking
the village of Pewaukee and the east end of Pewaukee Laka.
The top of this hill is about 125 feet above the level of the
lake. There are two mounds in this group one being oval ir.
outline arid the other an effigy mound of the turtle type. They
are separated -from one another by a distance of one hundred
feet. Both mounds are in a good state of preservation, and
are in no immediate danger of destruction. Their dimensions
are given in Figure A. '

FIGURE A. — CLARK MOUNDS.

15. Horn Effigy. — This mound is located on property be-
longing to the Solomon Horn estate (E. •%, ~N. W. %, Sec.
16), at a distance of about one mile .southeast of the village of
Pewaukee. It is on the brow of a hill, in the corner of a cul-
tivated field. This hill overlooks Pewaukee Lake and an old
lake bed, now a marsh and hay meadow, each about a mile
distant.

The mound is a poor example of the familiar "panther"
type, lacking the tail, which was either never completed or has
been destroyed. Its general direction is north and south. The
material entering into its construction is largely clay and gravel.

Aboriginal Occupation in Pewaukee Township.

16. School Section Group. — Of this group'; which was lo-
cated in Section 17, Dr. I. A. Lapham gives an illustration and
brief description :

"But the most remarkable collection of lizards and turtles yet dis-
covered is on the school section, about a mile and a half southeast
from the village of Pewaukee. (See Plate XXIII.) This consists of
seven turtles, two lizards, four oblong mounds, and one of 'those re-
markable excavations before alluded to. One of the turtle mound&,
partially obliterated by the road, has a length of four hundred and
fifty feet; being nearly double the usual dimensions. Three of them
are remarkable for their curved tails, a feature here first observed.
(Plate XXIV. Nos. 2, 3, and 4.) One of the smallest has the tail
turned back by the side of the body. (Plate XXIV. No. 4.) Thesb
curved figures have another peculiarity in the obtuseness of the ex-
tremity; the end being round and flat, instead of a sharp point, as in
most other similar mounds. While these have a width of about four
feet at the end, others gradually diminish in height and breadth so that
it is almost impossible, as before observed, to determine the precise
point of termination. One has a rectangular bend at the extremity
of the tail, and in each there is a change of direction in passing from
the body to the tail." (Antig. Wis., pp. 30-31.)

Lapham's plate of this group is reproduced by Rev. S. D.
Peet (Preh. Am., Vol. 2, p. 256), but with some small errors
and omissions. The plate also, whether by intention or acci-
dent, is reversed. The effigies referred to by Lapham as
"lizards" are considered by present-day archaeologists as being
very probably intended to represent some member of the cat
family and are known for convenience of description as the
"panther" type of mounds. The "excavation" mentioned by
him is one of a rare and sparsely distributed class of effigy
earthworks now known as intaglios. Of these he located ex-
amples also at Milwaukee (Indian Prairie, and Forest Home
Cemetery groups), at Theresa, and at Fort Atkinson. Of
these only the specimen at Fort Atkinson still remains. No
others have since been located.

Lapham's survey of the "School Section" group was made in
May, 1850. It shows the thirteen mounds comprising it to
have been located along the top of a narrow densely wooded
ridge or plateau having a general north and south ^ direction
and being bounded on either side by lower oak-overgrown lands,
beyond which were marshes. The road to Pewaukee crossed
the lower extremity of the ridge, passing between the several

90 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 5

most southern mounds of the group. Here, on the west side
of the road, was a log cabin surrounded by some cultivated
fields. The intaglio effigy lay near the center of the group.
The survey of this group, situated as it was in a rather dense
forest, must have been a matter of considerable difficulty and
Wisconsin students are indebted to Lapham for his in-
terest and labor in preserving a plat and other information
concerning its features.

17. Stewart Mounds. — These are on the old R. A. Stewart
farm (W. Vi, S. W. %, Sec. 22). The most northerly mound
was of the "turtle" type. Its tail was short. Its head was di-
rected toward the southwest. The pioneer trail to Pewaukee
passed by it, and an abandoned beaver dam crossed the stream
a short distance to the north of it. A short distance to the south
of the mound above described, on the opposite side of the
stream, was a conical mound. This was plowed down by Mr.
I. 1ST. Stewart in his boyhood. In so doing he disturbed a
quantity of burned corncobs and sticks, probably the remains
of a provision cache which had been constructed there by later
Indians.

Dr. Increase A. Lapham mentions that a "lizard" mound
was located on the road in the S. W. %, Sec. 22. It was nearly
destroyed at the time of the publication of his note concerning
it. (Antiq. of Wis., p. 30.) It evidently belonged to the
above group. Miss Mary E. Stewart states that in her girlhood
a considerable number of Pottawatomie Indians camped on the
farm.

,T8. Junction Mounds. — These mounds are located by Mr..
I. N. Stewart, in a communication addressed to Mr. Charles
E. Brown, August 6, 1906. All were situated north of the
junction of the Waukesha to Pewaukee, the Milwaukee, and the
IT. S. Military roads. This junction point is just north of the
Wankesha city limits. '

Two conical mounds were on land now, or until recently,
owned by Mr. C. K Taylor (S. E. y4, Sec. 27.) These were
early plowed over and reduced to the level of the surrounding
land. An oval mound was situated on the opposite (east) side
of the Waukesha road (S. W. %, Sec. 26.) It was not very
prominent. A conical mound was located to the south of this,

Aboriginal Occupation in Pewaukee Township. 91

on the south side of the road to Milwaukee, in the southwest
corner of the same section. This mound was well constructed
and prominent. Both were on land belonging to Mr. J. J.
Dixon. The Fox River is about one-half mile distant from
these earthworks. About a quarter of a mile to the northeast
is a large marsh.

Lapham states that at the crossing of the old Madison road,
in the S. W. % of Section 26, were "three conical mounds in
front of four lizard mounds." (p. 30.) Of these he gives a
plat. (Fig. 9.) This shows also two oval mounds directly
east of the first "lizard" mound.

19. Waukesha Road Mounds. (K E. %, Sec. 27.)— There
were three mounds in this group all being situated at the side
of the Waukesha to Pewaukee road, which for many years
angled around them. In recent years, all were destroyed in
straightening it. The most northerly was a mound of the fa-
miliar "turtle" type. Its head was pointed northwest, in the
direction of the highway. In front of it was a slight decliv-
ity. Southeast of this mound was another of the same type.
It was headed in a southwesterly direction. Just below it
was a conical mound. All of these earthworks were on the M.
S. Hodgson farm.

20. LapJia\m Mounds. — Lapham mentions that on the
N. W. i/4 of Sec, 26 were some conical mounds and one of the
"lizard" shape. They were at the foot of a hill that borders
the outlet of Pewaukee Lake. (p. 30.)

The following sites are just across the township lines in
Delafield and Lisbon townships, Waukesha County. The
author has therefore thought it well to append descriptions of
them to this paper.

DELAFIELD TOWNSHIP

21. Lakeside Camp Site.— On the O. Bjorquist place, on
the north shore of Pewaukee Lake, adjoining the well-known
summer recort called Lakeside, in the S. E. % of Section 12,
was located an aboriginal camp and flint workshop. Erom
this site Dr. Joseph Quin of Milwaukee has collected during
frequent visits made in recent years, a large number of flint

92 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 3

blanks, rejects, scrapers, knives, perforators and arrow and
spearpoints. He had also obtained therefrom a number of
sherds of pottery vessels having a cord-marked ornamentation,
and several stone hatchets or celts. From the sj.me site some
arrowpoints, pebble hammers and two grooved stone axes have
been gathered by others. These articles have b*en collected
both along the shore of the lake and in the nearby fields. A
conical mound is reported to have existed , or still exists, on the
same property. This site is just across the line in Delafield.

LISBON TOWNSHIP

&2. Billings Mounds and Camp Site. — A short distance
northeast of the house of Mr. Isaac Billings, on his farm (S.
E. 14, Sec. 32) are indications of a flint workshop and camp
site. These are on the top of a small sandy hill. Bushels of
flint chips and fragments are strewed over its top. The owner
of the property states that there were formerly several mounds
on the land. These have been obliterated through cultivation.

ARCHEOLOGIC MAP OF PEWAUKEE TOWNSHIP
PLATE 1.

The Field of the Small Museum.

THE FIELD OF THE SMALL MUSEUM

GEORGE L. COLLIE.
Curator, Logan Museum, Beloit College.

There is a marked tendency in one or two of our northwest
ern states to establish small local museums in connection usu-
ally with the town libraries. This movement is commendable,
but it needs guidance and direction. Several museums in the
same region are engaged in collecting without reference to the
work others may be doing. The curators of small museums
are not acquainted with the problems of museum administra-
tion, nor with the possibilities that lie in co-operation with
near or remote museums. The large museums pay little atten-
tion to their small brothers. They have all they can do to at-
tend to their own troubles without inviting others. On the
other hand the curator of the small museum does not, as he
ought, seek advice from those of more experience. The result
is that there are a number of museums springing up, each prac-
tically duplicating the work of the other and none of them
accomplishing what they might did they labor with a common
understanding.

I feel very strongly that this association can perform a very
useful service by issuing through some committee a bulletin
relating to the small museum, giving advice and making sug-
gestions which those of wide experience in the larger fields
could so well furnish to their co-workers in the smaller institu-
tions. If the cause of museums is to advance, if they are to
fill an important role in the field of education, then there must
be more co-ordination in the movement, some central brain
must direct matters. This association can do some such work
better, perhaps, than any other agencv, at least at the outset.

After these preliminaries I would like to set forth what, in

94 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 3

my opinion, constitutes the field that these smaller institutions
should try to cover, especially those which are connected with
an educational institution. They should collect along one or,
at most, two lines, making complete local collections supple-
mented, of course, by all the material that may be obtained
from other sources along these special lines. This is not a new
idea, but it has been carried out in the museum with which I
am connected and the experience there may bear repeating.

It must be remembered that the small museum not only has
limited funds at its disposal, but also a small amount of space
for exhibition purposes, a small curatorial staff and worst of
all it ordinarily possesses a great lot of miscellaneous objects,
much of it junk, to classify, catalog, label and exhibit. The
museum at Beloit College fifteen years ago may be taken as
a typical example. It was housed in a dark, dusty, unheated
and locked room, measuring 35 x 65 ft. It contained a small
collection of Ordovician fossils, a few minerals, some
of them being choice specimens, a lot of rocks accumulated
from the Wisconsin Geological Survey, two spool cases
of bugs and butterflies, a feiw birds- amd mammals, some
old crockery, .embroidered work made by representative needle-
women of Wisconsin, some silver trophies won by a local fire
company and a miscellaneous lot fof relics of the sort ordinarily
found in such places. It seemed to the curator that such a col-
lection was undignified for a college museum, that it served no
useful purpose nor valuable end and that another type of
museum should be sought. ..The materials of the collection
were therefore divided among the several departments of the
college where they naturally belonged, while that which be1
longed nowhere was removed to a room by itself. A few ar-
rowheads and stone axes that were found in the rubbish were
taken as a nucleus for a new museum, which it was resolved
should be one of archaeology, and of nothing else.

Our choice of a field was partly determined by local condi-
tions, as it always should be in such cases. Wisconsin is rich
in arch ecological remains and the state offered at that time
peculiar advantages for the development of a museum of that
character. Then at the very outset the museum was fortunate

The Field of the Small Museum.

in securing a friend who was greatly interested in that par-
ticular subject, Mr. F. G. Logan of this city, who gave the
museum a great impetus by donating the Rust collection of
materials from Southern California and Arizona. Then
quickly followed the gifts of the Perkins, Elkey, and finally
the Ellsworth collections largely composed of Wisconsin arti-
facts. Mr. Logan also established a good fund for the mainte-
nance of the building and for the purchasing of further collec-
tions, the only stipulation being that the income should be de-
voted to purely archaeological purposes. If the college had re-
tained the old general museum neither Mr. Logan nor any
man of wealth would have given one copper to it. By making
it exclusively a one idea collection it was comparatively easy
to secure the assistance of men interested along similar lines.

As a result of this policy the Logan Museum has a fairly
representative general collection from the United States, and
a large and complete collection from Wisconsin. I doubt
whether as good a collection in stone and copper from that
state will again be gathered under one roof. All this has been
accomplished in less than fifteen years and the results in this
case f at least have justified the position taken at the outset,
namely, that it is wise to develop one department of knowledge
rather than several, especially when the limitations of the
small museum are to be considered.

The question may now be asked: Of what value is such a
museum when it is once secured ? It is located in a small
town of 15,000 inhabitants and in a small college which aver-
ages 400 students. It cannot fulfill the purposes of any of
the larger museums in any direction. It cannot reach large
numbers as an educational agent nor can it be used in any
large degree as a research center. What purpose then may it
serve? It must be devoted chiefly to the use of the college
students. It is true the museum is open several hours a day
and it is freely visited by townspeople and their guests and
also by pupils in the public schools. Lectures are given on
archaeology which are open to the general public and every ef-
fort is made to bring the public in contact with the museum in
a helpful way. Primarily, however, the museum exists for

96 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 3

the students of the college. It forms the basis for a course in
American archaeology open to Sophomores and between forty
and fifty take the work each year. Such a course could not
be given in many American colleges and there are universities
where it would not be feasible to offer it, but it has a place in
the college curriculum provided there is a good working col-
lection for illustration. It is the presence or absence of a good
museum that should settle the question of the teaching 01
archaeology in the college rather than the pedagogical quibble
whether it has a place in the curriculum or not. I have thus
briefly outlined to you one solution of the problem of the small
museum. In general I believe these institutions would be
benefited by following out some such line of definite work, the
exact nature of which would be determined by local conditions
and opportunities.

Beprinted from the Proceedings of the American Association of Museums,

Wisconsin Garden Beds, 97

WISCONSIN GARDEN BEDS

CHARLES E. BROWN.

Dr. I. A. Lapham appears to have been the first to note the
existence in Wisconsin of the class of agricultural earthworks
known to archaeologists as garden beds. In his plat of a group
of Indian mounds and intaglios surveyed by him in 1851, at
Indian Prairie (now known as Bender's Mill, or Highland
Springs) on the Milwaukee Eiver, in Sections 29 and 30 of
Milwaukee Township, Milwaukee County, he locates a small
plot of these beds. These were so situated as to extend across
the body of a rather poorly constructed example of bird effigy
mound. (See Antiq. Wis., pi. 8.) Elsewhere in the neigh-
borhood of this group he located several plots of Indian corn-
hills.

The garden beds he describes as consisiting of:

"Low, broad, parallel ridges, as if corn had been planted in
drills. They average four feet in width, twenty-five of them
having been counted in the space of a hundred feet; and the
depth of the walk between them is about six inches." (Antiq.
Wis., p. 19.) In the vicinity of the Wisconsin Eiver Dells,
in Dell Prairie Township, Adams County, he found another
plot of garden beds. These were associated with a small rec-
tangular enclosure "and some other slight works, mostly ob-
long mounds." The 'beds he describes as extensive (pp. TI-
TS). In Williamstown Township, Dodge County, (K E. %,
Sec. 14) directly north of Mayville, on the eastern declivity,
and near the base of a ridge, he found other beds.

"In one place where the beds were examined, they are one
hundred feet long, and had a uniform breadth of six feet, with
a direction nearly east and west. The depressions between the
beds are eight inches deep and fifteen inches wide." (p. 5T.)

Bev. S. D. Peet states that Lapham found similar beds ex-

2— Arch.

98 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 3

isting at Theresa, in Dodge County. (Preh. Am., v. 2, p.
121.) He also mentions that Canfield found garden beds at
Baraboo. This is an error. He mentions the existence of a
series of garden beds near Sextonville, Eichlaiid County. They
were situated on a side hill which sloped to the west and were
nearly 300 feet in length. (Preh. Am., v. 2., pp. 244, 296.)

In the "Catalogue of Prehistoric Works", published by the
Bureau of Ethnology in 1891, Dr. Peet is credited with re-
porting the existence of "mounds and garden beds in Sec. 26,
T. 12 K, E. 16 E." (p. 231). This location is in Williams-
town Township, in Dodge County. Of these no description
has been found.

In recent years, other plots of Indian garden beds have been
located in Wisconsin by various members of the Wisconsin
Archeological Society and of these this article aims to record
for the convenience of students such information as is available.
Doubtless others yet await discovery and description.

In 1886, Mr. A. V. Drown reported to the Dodge County
Farmers' Institute on the location of garden Ireds on the Uriah
Grant place, east of Beaver Dam, in a township of the same
name. ~No report on these has been published.

In his "Summary of the Archaeology of Racine County, Wis-
consin", Mr. Geo. A. West presents the report of a committee
of the Lapham Archaeological Society, of Milwaukee, made on
May 4, 1877, on a plot of garden beds discovered by Dr. P. R.
Hoy, on the James Walker farm, in Mount Pleasant Township,
about two miles west of Racine.

"The garden is situated on a river bottom, only a few feet
from Root River. The soil is river deposit and very rich.
The ridges average about four feet in width, and the path be-
tween them about fifteen inches, the depth of which is about
six inches. They are parallel, running from east to west, ex-
cept at one place where several of them after running east and
west a short distance, turn north and south making nearly a
right angle. The ground is so densely covered with large
trees that cultivation under them has been impossible since the
present forest growth obtained a foot-hold. We examined the
stump of one of the largest trees and counted about 400 rings
which would make it about 400 years old." (Wis. Archeo., v.
3, no. 1, p. 23.)

Wisconsin Garden Beds. 99

Iii September, 1905, Mr. Geo. A. West located a patch of
garden beds in connection with a group of conical, oval and
effigy mounds on Willow Point, a point of land ly-
ing between the Fox River and Lake Puckaway, in Sec-
tion 18, Marquette Township, Green Lake County. The
beds are separated from the nearest mound of the group by
a distance of only about 70 feet. The rows are about 90 feet in
length and four feet in width. The paths separating them are
one foot wide and about 6 inches deep. One plot contains 21
rows, their direction being north and south. Adjoining this on
the south is another plot of beds in rows of which run east and
west. They are of about the same size as the first. There are
however only 20 rows in this plot. Both plots are plainly out-
lined. Numerous patches of cornhills also exist in the vicinity
of the mounds.

Mr. William McGowan has reported to the Society that gar-
den beds exist on the Hathaway property (N. W. 14, Sec. 7)
on the Kewaunee River, in Kewanee township and count j.
Another patch is located in the vicinity of two conical mounds
in the Joseph Duval place in the N. W. % of Section 17, in
the same township.

In June, 1907, the author located a small plot of garden beds
on the Jacob Jaeger place on the bank of the Milwaukee River,
in the S. E. % of Section 19, Milwaukee Township, Milwau-
kee County. Near them is a group of several conical and oval
mounds. At the time of the author's discovery of these beds
they were overgrown with trees and shrubs and the taking of
measurements was difficult. The direction of the rows was
northwest and southeast. The rows were no longer very defi-
nite. Ten of these were located. The largest were found to
measure from 24 to 36 feet in length, from 3 to 4 feet in width,
and from 4 to 6 inches high. The paths between the rows were
from 2% to 3 feet wide.

Dr. Alphonse Gerend, in July 1906, reported the existence
of a plot of gar elf n beds on the V. Brenner farm, on a branch
of the Sheboygan River, in the S. E. % of Section 31 of Marsh-
field Township, Fond du Lac County.

In August, 1905, Dr. Louis Falge located a patch of garden
beds on the property of Mr. Justus Demming, situated about

100 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 3

four miles east of Stockbridge, on Lot 370, in Stockbridge
Township, Calumet County. The dimensions of this patch
were about 84 by 162 feet. The ridges were some 6 or 8
inches high and 162 feet long. Their direction was north and
south. There were 27 ridges in all with distinct paths between.
The distance from the center of one ridge to the center of the
other was about 6 feet. The soil appeared to be very rich.
The beds were overgrown with a forest of hard maple, beech
and ironwood trees.

In May of the year following, the Doctor made a second visit
to the Demming place and succeeded in locating five additional
patches of beds.

Southeast of the beds above described, a plot of ,17 rows,
each about 50 feet long and running northeast and southwest,
was found. To the north of these was another plot, there being
28 rows each about 120 feet in length. Of this plot a photo-
graph was taken, which appears as an illustration in a recent
issue of the Wisconsin Archeologist. (v. 5, nos. 3 and 4.)
The ground was covered at that time with a matting of dry
leaves. To the southwest of the first described plot was a rem-
nant of a fourth plot of beds with 11 rows. Their direction
was northeast and southwest, and their length then about 52
feet, a portion having been obliterated by the plow. On an-
other plot of ground, lying to the west of that upon which all
of the above described are situated, occurred a fifth plot of beds,
having a northeast and southwest direction. The rows num-
bered 12 anol were about 48 feet long. A sixth plot of beds,
running north and south, numbered 28 rows, each about 84
feet long. Its dimensions were about the same as those of the
first plot. Both the fifth and sixth plots are on Lot 356.
These are illustrated in Plate 2, Fig. 4.

During August, 1906, Dr. Falge also located a plot of garden
beds on the Frank Bartz place, north of the Manitowoc River,
in the E. %, K W. % of Section 36, Rantoul Township, in
Calumet' County. These were closely associated with a large
group of effigy and burial mounds, and patches of Indian
cornhills. His map shows that there were a number of beds,
each consisting of a number of rows, the patches being closely
joined and the rows of each patch extending in a different di-
rection. (See Plate 2, Fig. 2.)

-•.*•• '.:•"/•/"•*'
••.•:••• •••••••

•'••.•••*•" • • •:••••

WISCONSIN GAEDEN BEDS
PLATE 2.

Wisconsin Garden Beds. 101

Mr. S. D. Mitchell informed the Society of the former exis-
tence of a plot of garden beds on the W. A. Miller Estate, in
the X. E. !/4 of Section 2, Green Lake Township, Green Lake
County. The rows were, as he remembers them, pf large size,
each about 5 feet wide and 2 feet apart. Their direction was
northeast and southwest. His father, Mr. A. Mitchell, in cul-
tivating the land upon which they were located destroyed these
beds in 1852. A portion of the beds were then encroached
upon by Indian cornhills, a plot of which surrounded them.
At that time, Mr. S. D. Mitchell cut down a bur oak tree hav-
ing a diameter of 3 feet, which had grown upon these beds.
In this district are a number of groups of Indian mounds,
village sites and plots of cornhills.

In August, 1909, the author and Mr. Joseph Frisque visited
under the guidance of Mr. J. P. Schumacher, an Indian plant-
ing ground located on the Vincent place, a short distance
from the Heel Banks, on Green Bay. At this time the discov-
ery was made that small plots of garden beds everywhere ad-
joined the irregular patches of cornhills at this site.

There were no fewer than twelve of these small beds, having
from 5 or 6 to as many as 27 rows each. The rows are about
3 feet wide and are* separated from one another by about the
same distance. Some of the largest rows measured about 50
feet in length. The most prominent were about 6 inches high.
This planting ground occupies all of the higher land between
a small creek and two drains which here unite and flow toward
Green Bay, but a short distance away. The larger portion of
the beds and cornhills are today plainly visible, being in a pas-
ture grove of hickory and basswood trees. A few only are hid-
den beneath patches of hazel and other brush. Mr. Schumacher
declares that this planting ground is not identical with that
visited by Rt. Rev. J. J. Fox and Mr. P. V. Lawson in recent
years. (See Wis. Archeo., v. 2, p. 30.)

Early writers on the subject of Wisconsin antiquities delight
in assigning a remote antiquity to the state's Indian mounds.
Recent investigation has shown their conclusions to be without
foundation in fact. The local garden beds, of which less than
half-a-dozen plots were until recently known, were considered
to belong to a more recent period than the mounds. They
also were supposed to be of great age and their origin equally

102 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 3

shrouded in mystery. They were thought to represent an ear-
lier and more perfect type of cultivation than the Indian
cornfields. Much has been said of the remarkable regularity of
their construction, which was thought to place their construc-
tion beyond the accomplishment of the ordinary Indian squaw.

The discovery in recent years of other plots of garden beds
has placed us in the possession of additional information con-
cerning the relationship of local mounds, garden beds and corn-
fields which should be available to students.

At Indian Prairie, both the plot of garden beds and the corn-
liills occurred in connection with a group of effigy and burial
mounds. This place was the site of an Indian village during
the period when stone and native copper implements were in use
and being manufactured. It was also during the early days of
settlement a favorite Pottawatomie camp site. Some of the
plots of cornhills which formerly existed here undoubtedly
were the remains of their planting grounds. The plot of gar-
den beds at this place Lapham's survey shows to have been
quite irregular in shape, its greatest length (north and south)
heing about 250 feet and its greatest width about 120 feet.
The rows, which ran east and west, varied in length from
about 15 to 120 feet. They ran across trie body of an effigy
mound thus permitting of no doubt of their more recent con-
struction. It would be wrong to conclude from this single in-
stance of the encroachment of garden beds on an effigy mound,
that all garden beds are relics of a period later than that of the
mounds. It is not absolutely certain that the beds at Indian
Prairie were of aboriginal origin.

Mrs. Joseph Porthier is quoted as stating: "That her
father, Jean Baptiste Mirandeau, raised corn and garden veg-
etables on the spot during several years, but abandoned it after
a large canoe, which he purchased from the Indians and in
which he ascended the Milwaukee (Eiver) from his residence
(on the site of Milwaukee), was carried away by a flood. But
hefore her father's time, Alexis (Alexander) Le Framboise
planted seeds on Indian Prairie, because the ground was clear
of trees and very mellow. The parallel ridges mentioned by
Dr. Lapham, she thinks, were undoubtedly made by her father
about 85 years ago." (Hist, of Milwaukee, p. 14.)

Wisconsin Garden Beds. 103

Concerning the garden beds formerly located near Mayville,
Sextonville and Beaver Dam we possess only shreds of infor-
mation. All were located in districts rich in mounds and with
which they were very probably contemporaneous. Rev. S. D.
Peet came to this conclusion concerning the Mayville remains.
"There was a permanent village residence in this locality, and
the inhabitants resorted to the various hill tops for
their burial places, but placed their cornfield and garden in
the valleys." (Preh. Am., v. 2, p. 139.)

The garden beds on the Walker farm, in the valley of the
Root River, near Racine, were associated with several burial
mounds and a field which recent observation proves to have
been the site of an early Indian village. The latter indications
were on the high river bank just east of the beds. (See also
Preh. Am., v. 2, p. 135.)

The committee sent to investigate the garden beds were
novices in the reading of archaeological evidence, and undoubt-
edly greatly overestimated the age of the tree stump which they
found upon the beds.

On Willow Point, in Marquette Township, Green Lake
County, are both garden beds and plots of cornhills. Both are
very closely associated with a group of burial and effigy mounds
and remains of an Indian village site. A few feet only sepa-
rate the nearest mounds and the garden rows. The rows are
not strikingly regular, neither can it be judged from the state
of their preservation that they are older than the nearby corn-
hills.

The garden beds on the Jaeger place on the Milwaukee River
are closely associated with several mounds. The rows are of
uneven length, and give evidence of no superior intelligence
on the part of their makers.

Mr. Mitchell's description and sketch of the Green Lake
garden beds (See Plate 2, No. 1) are from memory. These
beds are on the edge of a district rich in mounds. The hills
of the surrounding cornfield encroached on the garden beds.
This is the only instance of this nature known. We attach to
it no e^reat importance since in a locality of this kind, in the
neighborhood of an Indian -trading po'st successive Indian
camps were certain to be established and crops of corn grown

104 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 3

in the same fertile spots obliterating perhaps the indications
of earlier cultivation. If we assume that Mr. Mitchell's rec-
ollection of the size of the burr oak tree which he cut is correct,
give to it its greatest possible age according to present tables
of tree growth, and allow for the passage of some years be-
tween the time of the preparation of the beds and sprouting
of the acorn, we have still no excuse for assigning a remote
antiquity to these beds. They were probably constructed either
just without the date (1634) of the beginning of history in
Wisconsin.

The garden beds on the Demming place near Stockbridge,
Dr. Falge states are of very uniform length. Some of the
trees growing on these plots were estimated to be about 150
years old. ~No traces of a village site have yet been discovered
in their immediate vicinity.

The beds on the Bartz place, at the "Forks" of the Manito-
woc River occupy an area having a diameter of about 250 yards.
The many separate sets of beds at this place have rows running
in various directions, the rows being of varying lengths. At-
tention has already been directed to the proximity at this site
of mounds and cornhills.

The several plots of garden beds recently located at the Red
Banks, are shown in the sketch presented in Figure 3 of Plate
2. They are so closely connected with the cornhills at this
place that there can be no question of their common origin
and age. Both are but different features of the same Indian
planting ground. It is an open question whether this planting
ground was not under cultivation within historic times. The
hills give certain evidence of the growing of corn; the ridges
of the cultivation of a different vegetable product, probably, in
this instance, of beans. Neither the beds or rows are of very
noticeable regularity of construction. ~No tape measure was
employed in laying out these beds.

In concluding an examination of the evidence now available
upon the subject of the age of the Wisconsin garden beds, it
may be stated that examples have now been located in sixteen
different localities in the state. The area in which these occur
may be described as being bounded by Green Bay on the north
and Racine County on the south, and extending from Lake

Wisconsin Garden Beds. 105

Michigan westward to the Fox-Wisconsin waterway. In nearly
every instance where garden beds are closely associated with
mounds there is good reason to believe that their origin and age
is identical. Like the mounds most garden beds are prehistoric,
"but some were constructed in early historic times. There asso-
ciation in some instances with plots of cornhills indicates that in
these cases these two features of our archaeology are also con-
temporaneous. It is a matter of history that besides corn,
beans, tobacco, squash, pumpkins and gourds were also grown on
the planting grounds of many of the Indian villages in Wiscon-
sin, which the early explorers, priests and traders visited. The
much lauded "remarkable regularity" of the garden beds ex-
ists only in the minds of writers who have never had the
pleasure of viewing them, or of those who in their archaeolog-
ical studies misread the indications, or seek the mysterious
rather than the truth. In some of our Indian cornfields the
lines of hills are quite as regular as are the ridges in the best
constructed examples of the garden beds. We should not be
surprised if a re-examination of some of the celebrated Mich-
igan garden beds would show that the early descriptions of
many of them are incorrect and misleading.

NOTE. Since the printing of this article the author has had the op-
portunity of visiting a plot of garden beds located on the E. Glenn
place (S. %, S. W. % Sec. 20) in Wyalusing Township, Grant County.
These are located on a hillside. Some of the rows are no longer very
distinct.

106 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. S, No. 3

ADDITIONAL BIRD-STONE CEREMONIALS

CHARLES E. BROWN.

Since the publication in the January to March, 1909, num-
ber of the Wisconsin Archeologist of a paper on the Bird-stone
Ceremonials of Wisconsin, the occurrence of three additional
bird amulets has been reported. These, while they do not ex-
tend the habitat of these objects in the state and are none of
them unusual forms, are worthy of notice in these pages.

The existence of the first is reported by Mr. T. B. Blair
of JsTeenah, and has the present distinction of being the only
local specimen as yet obtained from a mound. It was obtained
in about the year 1860, by a Mr. Lloyd Teal, during the
needless and lamentable destruction by the Chicago & North-
western Railway of the celebrated Butte des Morts, or Hill of
the Dead, on the west shore of -Little Lake Butte des Morts,
in WTinnebago County. Mr. Blair describes this specimen as
being finely fashioned of a hard black stone with white mot-
tlirigs. It had prominent projecting eye disks. The body is
triangular in section, broadening out at the rear into a rounded
flattened tail.

The second specimen was recovered from an Indian grave
in a gravel pit at Hustisford, Dodge County, in the year 1870.
Through the courtesy of Miss Josephine L. Hustis this spec-
imen has now been placed in the State Historical Museum, at
Madison. It is of much the same style as the specimen de-
picted in the upper figure of the frontispiece in the mono-
graph above mentioned. The prominent eye disks have how-
ever been Broken away. It measures three inches in length.
The material is porphyritic syenite.

The third example is in the collection of Mr. Horace McEl-
roy, at Janesville.

It is made of banded slate and comes from Four Mile Creek,

Additional Bird-Stone Ceremonials. 107

near Janesville, in Rock County. It measures 5 inches in
length and is somewhat similar in general appearance to Fig. 4
of Plate 5 of the monograph mentioned.

In a recent communication, Mr. C. V. Fuller, a prominent
collector of Grand Ledge, Mich., states to the writer that it is
evident that bird and bar amulets, though considered rare, are
of far more common occurrence in that state than in our own.
This information bears out the statement previously secured
from Dr. W. B. Hinsdale of Ann Arbor, and presented in the-
Wisconsin monograph. Mr. Fuller mentions that the township
of Oneida, in Eaton County, has to his knowledge yielded
ten specimens. Mr. Fuller has 20 specimens in his own cab-
inet some of which are of, types not yet recovered in Wiscon-
sin. Three other Michigan collectors known to him havte
16, 12 and 8 specimens respectively.

Dr. David Boyle has kindly furnished .some information
concerning the Canadian bird amulets. Their range in On-
tario is south of a line drawn from Kingston at the east end
of Lake Ontario, to the town of Kincardine, on Lake Huron.
But few have been' obtained from localities east of Toronto and
not manv. across Lake Ontario to the' south. "The 'specimens
in the Provincial Museum come almiost entirely from the
counties of Esse&, Kent, Elgin, Norfolk and Haldimand, that
is to say from the counties on the north shore of La*ke Erie.
Elsewhere they-are of- much rarer occurrence-. •' , He finds no rea-
son to believe that any bird amulets were introduced into
Canada from the South but thinks that, no doubt some were,,
in the course of native movements. <

108 WISCONSIN ARCHBOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 3

AKCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL ITEMS

The Society is preparing to publish in a succeeding number of the
Wisconsin Archeologist a third addition to the Record of Wisconsin
Antiquities. This contribution will include several hundred items.
Among the principal contributors will be Dr. W. G. McLachlan, S. G.
Raskins, J. P. Schumacher, J. A. H. Johnson, A. B. Stout, Rev. L. E.
Drexel and Chas. E. Brown. We ask those of our fellow members who
have notes or information concerning groups of mounds, cemeteries,
village and camp sites, planting grounds or other aboriginal remains
in their districts or elsewhere, not yet of record, to turn the same in
to Secretary Chas. E. Brown in order that they may be added. Cor-
rections of the previous records may also be made. There is need
that a larger number of our friends should engage in this needful and
valuable work. In many Wisconsin counties there still remain large
and interesting areas which no painstaking investigator has yet en-
tered. To those who desire to assist in the Society's researches full
instructions will be furnished.

On the evening of June 14, the Wisconsin Archeological Society
celebrated the tenth anniversary of its existence and work in the state
by a dinner given in the banquet room of the Hotel Blatz, at Mil-
waukee. About one hundred members and guests attended this din-
ner, which proved to be in every respect a most entertaining and
successful affair. President Otto J. Habhegger, who acted as toast-
master, gave a brief account of the organization's history and of
what it had accomplished in creating a wide interest in the character
and educational value of the state's antiquities. It had at the present
time over 500 members and was one of the most active organizations
of its nature in the country. Its publications reached educational
institutions, scientists and students in nearly every part of the United
States and Canada. He expressed the thanks of the Society to those
of its members, who, during the years of its existence had always
given to its labors their loyal support. He expressed the hope that in
its future work it might be as successful as in the past. A sheaf of
congratulatory letters and telegrams had been received from scientific
societies and individuals in various parts of the state and country.

The speakers of the evening were Dr. Reuben Gold Thwaites, of
Madison, who delivered an address on "The History and Work of the
State Historical Society of Wisconsin"; Dr. Louis Falge of Manitowoc,
who spoke of "The Wampum," a noted Wisconsin Chippewa chief,
and Dr. Frederick Starr of the University of Chicago, who addressed
those present on the subject of "The Peoples of the Philippines."

Of the earliest members of the Society there are still on its rolls
the names of: Dr. Charles D. Stanhope, William H. Ellsworth,
Lee R. Whitney, Geo. A. West, O. J. Habhegger, James A. Sheridan,

Archeological and Historical Items.

O. L. Hollister, H. A. Crosby, H. M. Jaycox, W. H. Elkey, David Har-
lowe, William Finger, Dr. Louis Lotz, Dr. Lewis Sherman and W. H.
Vogel of Milwaukee; W. P. Clarke, Milton; P. O. Griste, East Troy;
Rudolph Kuehne, Sheboygan; W. W. Oilman, Boscobel; F. B. Fargo
and S. W. Faville, Lake Mills, H. Geo. Schuette and Dr. Louis Falgte,
Manitowoc; Henry P. Hamilton, Two Rivers; F. H. Lyman, Kenosha;
Rev. J. G. Laurer, Mosinee; W. H. Canfield, Baraboo; Frank Mueller,
Princeton; P. V. Lawson, Menasha; Horace McElroy, Janesville; S. D.
Mitchell, Green Lake; E. C. Perkins, Prairie du Sac; E. H. Stiles,
Gotham; H. H. Willard, Mazomanie; T. W. Hamilton, Berlin, A. J.
Barry, Montello; E. E. Bailey, Little Rapids; Miss Julia A. Lapham
and Dr. D. M. L. Miller, Oconomowoc; Chas. E. Brown, Madison; Dr.
A. Gerend, Cato; Prof. M. E. Morrissey, St. Francis; Rev. E. C.
Mitchell, St. Paul, Minn.; M./ C. Long and E. E. Butts, Kansas City,
Mo.; Dr. W. B. Hinsdale, Ann Arbor, Mich.; John T. Reeder, Houghton,
Mich.; Dr. E. R. Buckley, Rolla, Mo.; James G. Albright, Grand
Rapids, Mich.; Dr. C. E. Slocum, Defiance, O., and Dr. W. K. Moore-
head, Andover, Mass.

During the month of July (20-26), Secretary Brown, accompanied
by Dr. E. J. W. Notz, made a trip down the Wisconsin River from
Lone Rock to Bridgeport. The greater part of this journey was made
with a flat-bottomed boat, the river being at that time impassable
for a considerable part of the distance to even small launches. Sites
of historical and archaeological interest were visited near Lone Rock,
Richland City, Muscoda, Boscobel, Wauzeka and other places along
the stream, and a considerable amount of valuable information col-
lected. A day was spent in visiting the various places of historical
and archaeological interest about Prairie du Chien. The specimens
collected by Mr. Brown have been placed in the State Historical
Museum.

Members of the Society are requested to acquaint the Secretary
with the names and addresses of any persons in their respective
counties, not already enlisted, who are engaged in the -study and
collection of local aboriginal implements, or who may be prevailed
upon to take an active interest in the value and progress of its re-
searches. An effort will be made to secure their membership.

About twenty-five members of the Wisconsin Archeological Society
attended a joint convention of the State Historical Society and the
Green Bay Historical Society, held at Green Bay, on August 10 to
12. During this meeting, a fine bronze tablet, the gift of the Chicago
and Northwestern Railway, was erected on the depot grounds to
mark the location of the early French Fort St. Francis, the British
Fort Edward Augustus and the American Fort Howard. On the same
afternoon the Tank cottage, built in about 1785, and said to be now
the oldest dwelling in Wisconsin, was formally opened. This building
has recently been removed to Union Park from its old location on the
bank of the Fox River. On the following day, a pilgrimage was made
by boat to the famous Red Banks, on Green Bay, where a tablet
commemorating the discovery of Wisconsin in 1634, by Jean Nicolet,
was unveiled.

110 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8 No. 3

During the meeting, a large and valuable collection of local histor-
ical and archaeological materials was exhibited in a room in the
Kellogg Public Library. This was greatly enjoyed by many persons.
The archaeological exhibits included the valuable collections of the
Messrs. J. P. Schumacher and F. J. B. Duchateau, and other specimens
exhibited by Mr. Joseph Frisque, Mr. E. R. Theby and others.

Following the meeting, Secretary Brown was given an opportunity
to view, under the guidance of the Messrs. Schumacher and Frisque,
the various evidences of aboriginal occupation still visible in the
vicinity of the Red Banks. Of the mounds once located there only
one good example, a conical mound, could be located. Of this a
photograph was taken. Of the embankment, the existence of which
Morgan L. Martin reported to the State Historical Society in 1851,
some supposed traces were pointed out on the edge of the country
road in front and at the side of the farmhouse of Mr. Speerschneider.
According to the statements, made to Mr. Schumacher, of several old
settlers, who remember the enclosure, the embankment was of a
horse-shoe shape, the opening resting on the edge of the Green Bay
bank. It enclosed only a small area, several acres.

An extensive plot of aboriginal cornhills and garden beds was
also examined. Information concerning these is given elsewhere in
this bulletin.

About the Bender resort at Red Banks, and to the north and south
of it along the bank of Green Bay, are village and camp sites with
the usual now scattered indications of early Indian occupation.
From these the Messrs. Frisque, Schumacher and A. G. Holmes have
made interesting collections.

A visit was also made with Mr. Frisque to various Indian village
sites about Big Suarnicc, en the opposite shore o' Green Bay. It is
highly desirable that the Society's researches should be continued
from this point northward to Marinette.

During the month of August, 1909, Mr. A. B. Stout was again en-
gaged to assist the State Historical Society of North Dakota in its
archaeological field work. Among the important results of these re-
searches was the location by Mr. Stout of a turtle-shaped boulder
effigy. It was found near Sanger in the Missouri Valley. A total of
173 boulders had been used in its construction. These ranged from 3
to 15 inches in diameter. A careful diagram of the effigy was made
and the stones then numbered and packed for transportation to Bis-
marck. Here the effigy has now been replaced stone for stone on the
state capitol grounds. It has the distinction of being the first boulder
effigy preserved in that state. The Wisconsin Archeological Society
has a right to be proud of what three Wisconsin men, Dr. O. J. Libby,
Mr. H. C. Fish and Mr. A. B. Stout, present and former members of
its organization, have accomplished in the past several years in
making known the character of North Dakota's antiquities. Mr. Fish
is in charge of the state museum at Bismarck.

A long to be remembered event in Manitowoc County history was
the dedication at the village of Manitowoc Rapids, on Sunday, Au-
gust 8, by the Manitowoc County Historical Society, of a monument
to commemorate the life and services to the early whites of the
county, of the noted Chippewa Indian chief, "The Wampum," other-
wise colloquially known as Mexico or John Y. Mexico.

Archeoloffical and Historical Items. Ill

The small village had never before held such an assemblage of
people as gathered there on this occasion from the four corners of
the county. Upwards of 4,000 persons were in attendance. Hon.
Emil Baensch president of the county society, presided over the exer-
cises. He briefly explained the nature of the celebration and paid a
glowing tribute to the Indian chief in whose honor the event took
place. He also took occasion to thank the donor and designer of the
monument, Mr. Nic. Kettenhoffen of Manitowoc, for his gift.

Dr. Louis Falge, the principal speaker, presented an interesting
resume of the life and deeds of the chief whose honor has been per-
petuated. Dr. Reuben G. Thwaites, who was present as the repre-
sentative of the State Historical Society; Mr. O. J. Habhegger, who
represented the Wisconsin Archeological Society, and Mr. Ralph G.
Plumb of the county society, also delivered addresses. Pull accounts
of this notable gathering appear in the Manitowoc Daily News, and
the Manitowoc Daily Herald, of Monday, August 9. An oil portrait
of "The Wampum" (Waumegesako) hangs in the State Historical
Museum.

On August 27, the Sauk County Historical Society made its an-
nual pilgrimage, on this occasion, to the site of the old lost Wisconsin
River town of Newport. On the way from Baraboo to Newport a
halt was called at the Corners on the East Street road, five miles
north of the city for the purpose of dedicating a monument to the
noted Winnebago war chief Yellow Thunder. In the erection of the
monument, which is built of boulders cemented together, the Sauk
County Historical Society and the Twentieth Century Club of Bar-
aboo joined. It stands under some old oak trees opposite the C. C.
Allen farm on the main road from Baraboo to Kilbourn. To this site
the remains of the chief and his wife. "The Washington Woman,"
were recently removed (August 17, 1909) from their former resting
place on Yellow Thunder's "Forty," the site of their burial in 1874.

At Newport interesting addresses were delivered by Dr. Reuben G.
Thwaites and others, from the top of one of the large Indian mounds
located there.

The Waukesha County Historical Society held its annual meeting
at Delafield, on Saturday, September 4, one hundred persons being
present. Mr. Lee R. Whitney, treasurer of the Wisconsin Archeologi-
cal Society, was one of the speakers. The society has a rich field in
which to labor. In many places in this county are groups of mounds
and historic spots which should be preserved and marked. Miss
Julia A. Lapham of Oconomowoc is its .efficient secretary.

Secretary Chas. E. Brown of the Wisconsin Archeological Society
has been honored with an appointment as a member of the executive
committee of the Mississippi Valley Historical Association. He will
use his efforts to promote a greater activity among state historical
and archaeological museums of the Mississippi Valley states. Dr.
Orin J. Libby of Grand Forks, N. D. is the present president Mr.
Benjamin V. Shambaugh of Iowa City, la., vice-president and Mr.
Clarence S. Paine of Lincoln, Neb., the secretary and treasurer of the
Association. Other members of the executive committee are Mr. Dun-
bar Rowland, Jackson, Miss.; Mr. Francis A. Sampson, Columbia, Mo.;

112 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 3

Mr. Thomas M. Owen, Montgomery, Ala., and Mr. Clarence W. Alvord,
Urbana, 111.

An effort is being made by a local literary society to secure a por-
tion or the whole of the S. D. Mitchell archaeological collection for ex-
hibition in the public library at Berlin. This collection is a valuable
one and should be secured by some local institution. In recent years
the Wisconsin Archeological Society made an effort to obtain this
collection for Ripon College.

The ladies of the Monday Night Club of Waupaca are considering
the marking with a tablet of the fine group of mounds at the head
ol Clem Lake of the Chain-o-Lakes, near that city.

During the month of June, there was made at the State Historical
Museum a special exhibit of dolls, which, because of its archaeological,
historical and pedagogical interest, attracted thousands of visitors
from many sections of our own and adjoining states. Six hundred
dolls were exhibited, eight large table and wall cases being required
to hold them all. The archaeological series included dolls of clay,
wood, bone, antler and ivory from graves and mounds in various
parts of the United States, Canada and Mexico. Dolls collected from.
25 American Indian tribes proved to be of great interest. The Amer-
ican historical series consisted of specimens ranging in age from the
time of the Revolution to the present. The collections from Europe,
Africa Asia, and Central and South American countries were ex-
tensive, and attracted great attention because of their character, and
often curious costumes. These dolls were loaned to the museum b>
many generous friends in Wisconsin and other states. All were ac-
companied in the exhibit by individual labels, and by class labels
explaining the methods of doll manufacture, and the customs at-
tending their use in various parts of the world.

Dr. W. G. McLachlan is engaged in making archaeological researches
for the Society on the west shore of Lake Waubesa, in Dane County.
Mr. J. A. H. Johnson has recently furnished notes on the mounds
and other features of Lake Chetek, in Barron County. Mr. Chas. E.
Brown is conducting researches about Lakes Monona and Mendota,
in Dane County.

Of the several state park sites offered to it, the Wisconsin State
Park Commission has selected the Door County lands. We trust that
the next site to be chosen will be that located at the mouth of the
Wisconsin River in Grant County. On tne Glenn tract at this
point are located some of the finest and most extensive groups cf
Indian earthworks in Wisconsin. The site is a very beautiful and
interesting one.

We learn that Governor Deneen of Illinois has appointed Prof.
James A. James of Northwestern University Evanston, as chairman
of a state park commission. We trust that this awakening to the
future public needs in our sister state will mean the parking and
preservation of the Great Cahokia mounds at East St. Louis, and
other valuable aboriginal monuments and sites.

gi

**

°

Vol. 8 October to December, 1909 No. 4

THE

WISCONSIN
ARCHEOLOGIST

ADDITIONS TO THE RECORD OF WISCONSIN AN-
TIQUITIES. Ill

THE DISTRIBUTION OF DISCOIDALS, CONES, PLUM-
METS AND BOAT STONES IN WISCONSIN

PUBLISHED BY THE

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
MILWAUKEE

Wisconsin Archeological Society

MILWAUKEE. WIS.

Incorporated March 23, 1903, for the purpose of advancing the study and
preservation of Wisconsin antiquities.

OFFICERS

PRESIDENT
OTTO J. HABHEGGER Milwaukee

VICE-PRESIDENTS

GEORGE A. WEST . Milwaukee

H. E. COLE Baraboo

DR. GEO. L. COLLIE Beloit

REV. L. E. DREXEL Milwaukee

W. H. ELLSWORTH Milwaukee

DIRECTORS

JOS. RINGEISEN, JR Milwaukee

ARTHUR WENZ Milwaukee

TREASURER
LEE R. WHITNEY Milwaukee

SECRETARY AND CURATOR
CHARLES E. BROWN Madison

COMMITTEES

SURVEY, RESEARCH AND RECORD— A. B. Stout, H. L. Skavlem,
P. V. Lawson, G. H. Squier, Dr. E. J. W. Notz and W. W. Oilman.

PUBLIC COLLECTIONS— E. F. Richter, J. P. Schumacher, Dr. R. G.
Thwaites, Rev. Wm. Metzdorf, Dr. W. O. Carrier, Dr. Louis Lotz,
Olgar P. Olson and W. E. Snyder.

MEMBERSHIP— Arthur Wenz, Dr. Louis Falge, Mrs. Jessie R. Skin-
ner, Joseph Frisque, Miss Bertha M. Ferch, W. H. Elkey and
S. G. Haskins.

PRESS — E. B. Usher, John Poppendieck, Jr., J. G. Gregory and G. J.

Seamans
JOINT MAN MOUND— J. Van Orden, Miss Julia A. Lapham, T. C.

Sherman, L. H. Palmer, Mrs. Henry Mertzke and S. J. Hood.

SESSIONS

These are held in the Lecture Room in the Library-Museum
Building, in Milwaukee, on the third Monday of each month, at

8 P. M.

During the months or July to Octoher no meetings will he held

MEMBERSHIP FEES

Life Memhers, $25.00. Sustaining Memhers, $5.00

Annual Memhers, $2.00

All communications in regard to the Wisconsin Archeological Society or to the
"Wisconsin Archeologist" should be addressed to C. E. Brown, Secretary and
Curator, Office, State Historical Museum, Madison, Wis.

TABLE OF CONTENTS,

Vol. 8, No. 4.

ARTICLES.

Additions to the Record of Wisconsin Antiquities. Ill, Charles E.
Brown 11&

The Distribution of Discoidals, Cones, Plummets and Boat Stones
in Wisconsin, Charles E. Brown 139

Archeological Notes . . 147

ILLUSTRATIONS.
Discoidals, Green Lake County Frontispiece

PLATE

1. Conical Mound, Pipe Village, Fond du Lac County

2. Cones and Plummets

3. Boat Stones

THE WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST

Quarterly Bulletin Published by the Wisconsin Archeolodical Society.

Vol. 8. MILWAUKEE, WiS., OCTOBER TO DECEMBER, 1909. No. 4

ADDITIONS TO THE RECOKD OF
WISCONSIN ANTIQUITIES. III.

EDITED BY CHARLES E. BROWN.

Secretary and Curator of the Wisconsin Archeological Society

It is with pleasure that we present to the members and pa-
trons of the "Wisconsin Archeological Society a third addition to
the records of the character and location of our state's antiqui-
ties. These new records were assembled with the assistance of
• its field workers during the years 1908 and 1909, and include a
total of about 200 separate items located in 31 Wisconsin coun-
ties. These items include among others 82 village, camp and
workshop sites, 10 cornfields, 8 plots of garden beds, 7 cemeteries
and burial places, 8 caches, 3 quarries, and 110 groups of mounds
and solitary mounds. The names of those of the Society's
members who have aided in the advancement of local history
and education by conducting researches in the Wisconsin field,
are recorded beneath the items reported by them. Their in-
terest and activity is deserving of the grateful thanks of the
Society and of the state. All of their work was conducted at
their personal expense. Of the researches conducted there are
particularly noteworthy those of the Messrs. Arlow B. Stout
and H. L. Skavlem in the Lake Koshkonong region, the results
of which have been published. Dr. W. G. McLachlan merits
special honors for his painstaking survey of the Lake Waubesa
region. Mr. Stanley G.- Haskins has given excellent assistance
in the Pewaukee Lake region, and Mr. J. A. H. Johnson in the
Lake Chetek region. A full account of Mr. Haskins' work has
just appeared in print. In several expeditions made by the
Secretary he was accompanied and assisted by Rev. L. E. Drexel
whose name thus appears as co-contributor.

114 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 4

In addition to the items presented in the present record of
archaeological research, there have been placed in the Society's
files a very considerable number of reports, corrections and re-
surveys of antiquities previously recorded. This addition does
not therefore convey more than an idea of what has been ac-
complished by the Society in the line of field work since the be-
ginning of the year 1908.

The original Record of Wisconsin Antiquities, published by
the Society in 1906, has now come into very general use as a
guide to the state's Indian monuments. Requests for copies are
frequent and with the growing demand for it on the part of
schools, libraries, women's clubs, tourists and antiquarians, it
is probable that the issue will soon be exhausted.

In endeavoring to complete an accurate surface survey of the
ancient Indian memorials of Wisconsin the Wisconsin Archae-
ological Society has undertaken a 'great and educationally im-
portant work. The truth of this statement every intelligent
citizen of the state should realize. The vast amount of valu-
able information which its members have collected during the
past ten years and placed within the public's reach represents
but a small part of the (great amount of both surface sur-
vey and actual exploration work -which yet remains to be
done. The archaeological {resources of thirty-five or more
"Wisconsin counties have not been more than tapped. These
are in the {northern half of the state. In many counties
in the southern half much remains to be done. The chief
obstacle in the way of invading these regions is the lack of ex-
ploration funds. In the still sparsely settled northern half of
the state the Society has but few workers and it is plain that
the only way in which an adequate knowledge of their archaeol-
ogical resources may ever be gleaned wrill be by dispatching
well equipped agents and expeditions to those regions. The
time is at hand when the Society must no longer depend wholly
upon its volunteer workers in advancing its researches. There
are two ways in which the needed financial assistance may be
secured — by enlisting the interest of one or a number of Wis-
consin's men of wealth in providing a permanent exploration
fund, or by asking the aid of the state itself. This proposal the
Secretary recommends to the careful consideration of every
member of the Societv.

Additions tn the Record of Wisconsin Antiquities. III. 115

THE RECORD

1. ADAMS COUNTY.

Strong Prairie Township.

Effigy mound one mile east of the Wisconsin River, Sec. 23.
Camp and workshop site nearby.

Reported to C. B. Brown (C. W. Ward), Aug. 6, 1909.

Jackson Township.

Group of mounds on the north shore of Park Lake.
Group of mounds on the east shore of Goose Lake.

Reported to C. E. Brown (F. M. McConick), Dec. 16, 1908.
Effigy (bear) on the shore of Wolf Lake.

Reported by H. E. Cole, Baiatco News, Aug. 13, 1908.

2. BARRON COUNTY.

Cedar Creek Township.

Catlinite (pipes-tone) quarry in the N. E. !/4? Sec. 34.
Catlinite quarry on the west bank of Silver Creek, S. !/2 Sec.
35.

Reported on by G. A. West, Oct. 4, 1909.

Chetek Township.

Garden beds in the E. y2, Sec. 10, west of Prairie Lake, on
the Ole Lee property.

Garden beds on the west shore of P%rairie Lake, in the S. E. 14,
Sec. 11, on the Chas. Musens place.

Group of about twenty-seven mounds on the Chris Olson prop-
erty on the west shore of Prairie Lake, in the N. W. 14, Fract.
Sec. 13.

Camp and workshop site on the east side of the Chetek River,
near the outlet of Prairie Lake, in the N. E. 1/4, Sec. 19.

Camp and workshop site on the east side of the Red Cedar
River, in the S. W. 14, Sec. 23, on the J. A. H. Johnson place.

Burial places on the camping grounds at Chetek between- the
Chetek River and the west shore of Lake Chetek, in the N. W. y±,
Fract. Sec1. 29.

116 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. S, No. 4

Garden beds northwest of Chetek, in the N. E. 14, Sec. 25,
on the E. J. Banks place.

Group of twenty conical mounds on the K. Rosholt place on
the east side of the Chetek River, at Chetek, in the N. E. %, Sec.
31. Most were obliterated in the building of the dam, in 1866.

Group of from sixty to seventy-five conical and linear mounds
on lands owned by F. A. South worth and the Lake Chetek
Chatauqua, on the south shore of Lake Chetek, in Fract. Sec. 29.

Group of six conical and an effigy mound on the Stephen Olson
place, on the west side of the Chetek River, at Chetek, in the
N. W. 1/4. Sec. 31.

Several mounds at the outlet of Lake Chetek, in Chetek.

Two conical mounds on the property of Christ. Mortenson,
on the west side of the Chetek River, two miles south of Chetek,
in the N. E. %, Sec. 1.

Group of eight mounds and planting ground at the mouth of
the Chetek River, on the Ole Hanson property, in the S. W. %
of Sec. 11. Garden beds on the same property.

Reported on by J. A. H. Johnson, July 12 and Dec. 13, 1909.

3. BROWN COUNTY.

An Indian trail leaving Red River followed along the Green
Bay shore to Shoemakers Point and thence along the shore
to Red Banks and on to Green Bay.

Suamico Township.

Camp and workshop site in the rear of the C. & N. AY. Ry.
depot at Big Suamico, Sec. 22.

Camp and workshop sites* in several places in Sees. 23 and 24,
on the south side of the Suamico River.

Oval mound (?) in the rear of the cottage on the John Ebling
place, Sec. 25.

Notes by Joseph Frisque and C. E. Brown, Aug. 12, 1909.

Scott Township.

Indian planting ground (cornhills and garden beds) on the
Vincent place, southeast of Red Banks (Benderville).

Reported by J. P. Schumacher, -1909. Briefly described by C. E.
Brown, Wis. Archeo., v. 8, no. 3, p. 101, pi. 2:

Additions to the Record of Wisconsin Antiquities. . III. 117

City of Green Bay.

Village and workshop site on the former site of Washington
Park, near the bank of East Eiver, in the east side of the city.
Partly obliterated by grading, in 1908.

Reported by J. P. Schumacher. Notes taken by C. E. Brown,

Oct. 21, 1908.

Corn-mill rock on Private Claim 4, on the west bank of the
Fox River, about one-fourth mile south of the C., M. & St. P.
railroad bridge.

Reported by J. P. Schumacher, 1907.

4. CALUMET COUNTY.

Stockbridge Township.

Group of mounds (4 oval, 5 effigy and 1 linear) on Lots 62
and 64, one-fourth mile east of Quinneyville and adjoining P. V.
Lawson's group on Spar (Johnsons) Creek. (Lawson omits
one mound in his record.)

Platted by Rev. L. E. Drexel and Rev. J. H. Huhn, Apl. 1908.

Brothertown Township.

Group of mounds (9 effigy, 1 conical and 1 linear) on Lots
32 and 33 (J. T. Wicklein) and Lot 34 (Nic. Wagner).

Platted by Rev. L. E. Drexel and Rev. J. H. Huhn, Apl. 1908.

5. CHIPPEWA COUNTY.

Quartzite quarry and workshop on a hill near Melville settle-
ment.

Reported to C. E. Brown (J. A. Duncan), Jan. 12, 1909.

Group of mounds formerly existed on the R. A. Lang prop-
erty, on the Chippewa River, at Chippewa City. Human bones
and flint implements found during their destruction.
Reported by Dr. W. H. Bailey, Mar. 7, 1909.

6. COLUMBIA COUNTY.

West Point Township.

Linear mound on the S. W. %. S. W. %, Sec. 9. Nearly
obliterated bv cultivation.

IIS WISCONSIN AIU'IIKOLOGIST. Vol. 8. No. 4

Conical mound on the S. AY. 14. S. W. y±, Sec. 27. Nearly
obliterated by cultivation.

Camp and workshop site 011 the shore of a small lake, in the
N. W. 14, Sec. 34.

Reported to H. E. Cole (N. G. Abbott), Dec. 12, 1908.

Camp and workshop site at base of Pine Bluff, on E. Odell
place (near Spring Creek) at Okee. (Replaces item 2, p. 300,
"Wis. Archeo., v. 5, nos. 3 and 4.)

Reported on by C. E. Brown and Rev. L. E. Drexel, Nov. 1908.

Lodi Township.

Camp and workshop site on north side of base of Wild Cat
Bluff, in Sec. 5, about one mile north of Okee.

Reported by C. E. Brown and Rev. L. E. Drexel, Nov. 19, 1908.

Dekorra Township.

Flint workshop and conical mound on Rowans Creek, on the
McLeod place, in Sec. 32, west of the road to Dekorra.

Camp and workshop site on S. and E. Knudson place, near
the foregoing, on the. Dekorra road.

Camp and workshop site on the John Nieman place (N. %,
Sec. 5) on the banks of the Wisconsin River and Rocky Run.
at Dekorra. Oval mound, now nearly obliterated by cultiva-
tion, on the same property.

Reported by C. E. Brown and Rev. L. E. Drexel, Nov. 20, 1908.

Lewiston Township.

Cache of seven blue hornstone knives found on the Grossman
place, in Sec. 32, opposite Pine Island in the Wisconsin River.
Reported to C. E. Brown and Rev. L. E. Drexel, Nov. 20, 1908.

7. CRAWFORD COUNTY.

Marietta Township.

Winnebago Indian camp and cornfield was located in the
" fifties," on the site of Manhattan, (opposite Boscobel), at the
base of a high bluff on the Wisconsin River road.

Reported to W. W. Gilman (Hiram Comstock), 1909.
Several linear mounds along the Wisconsin River road at the
mouth of Marietta Hollow.

' Reported by W. W. Gilman. Notes taken by C. E. Brown,
July 24, 1909.

Additions t'> (hi1 Record of Wisconsin Antiquities. III. 119

Wauzeka Township.

Group of mounds on the Fogarty place, about five miles west
of Wauzeka.

Reported to C. E. Brown and Dr. E. J. W. Notz, July, 1909.

Prairie du Chien Township.

Camp and workshop sites on the bank of the Marais de St.
Feriole, below the site of old Fort Crawford in Prairie du Chien.
Conical mound, much reduced, on vacant block, between Main
.Street and the "Marais.

Reported ty C. E. Brown and Dr. E. J. W. Notz. July 26, 1909.

8. DANE COUNTY.

Mazomanie Township.

Camp and workshop site on the Wisconsin River, in Fract.
:Sec. 29.

Two mounds and camp and workshop site on the B. Laws'
place, near the bank of Wisconsin River, in Fra>ct. Sec. 21.

Camp and workshop site on the J. C. 'Morrill place, near the
Wisconsin River, in Fract. Sec 6.

Conical mound on the north side of the Black Earth River,
almost within the limits of Mazomanie, in the S. E. y± Sec. 9.
Explored, results unknown.

Reported by H. H. Willard, Sept. 30, 1908.

Springfield Township.

Group of two bird effigies, two conical and a linear mound
in a grove on the Bernard place, a short distance east of the
source of Pheasant Branch, in Sec. 36.

Group of four conical and a linear mound on the crest of a
high hill, at the source of Pheasant Branch, in Sec. 36.

Reporte:! by Mrs. Jessi^ R. Skinner, 1908. Platted by C. E.
Brown, Jun. 19, 1908.

Westport Township.

Camp and workshop site at Borcher's Beach, on the north
shore of Lake Mendota, in Fract. Sec 28. Winnebago camp and
cornfields here in early days of settlement (Geo. W. Stoner).
Several conical mounds now nearly obliterated by cultivation.
Large conical mound on F. G. Mueller place excavated August,

1±" WISCONSIN AfiCHEOLOGIST.

1908. burials of several classes found, accompanied by a few
stone implements, shell beads and fragmentary pottery TesseL
Notes taken by C- EL Brown, 1908.

Camp and workshop site in cultivated field on Wisconsin
State Hospital grounds, between the lawn and Farwell Pointy
in See. 35. on the north side of Lake Mendota. Kefuse pits
containing clam shells, animal bones, etc.. examined Oct. 14.

: v

Camp and workshop she on Governors Island, belonging to
the Hospital grounds.

Reported by C. E- Brown, 1908.

Camp and workshop site in a cultivated field, at the turn of
the Pleasure Drive beyond Maple Bluff (McBrides Point), in
Fraet. Sec. 1.

Reported by C. E. Brown, Oct. 14, 1908.

Madison Township.

Camp and workshop site at Mendota Beach.

Camp and workshop sit'e on the E. X. Warner place at Mer-
rill Springs, in Sec. 17.

Reported by C. E. Brown. Nov. 15, 1908.

Groap of two taper'ng and a conical mound on the crest of
Eagle Heights, on the west shore of Lake Mendota. See. 17.
Platted by C. E. Broirn, Jane 1909.

Group of five conical and two oval mounds on Picnic Point,
on the south shore of Lake 3Iendota. Fraet. Sec. 15. Indica-
tions of camp and workshop site. Winnebago Indians camped
here in early days of settlement.

Mounds platted by C. EL Brown, Aug. 21, 1909.

Groop of two linear mounds and bird effigy on the ridge on
the new Wisconsin University fruit farm (Sandsten and Whit-
son tracts), in Sec. 16.

Platted by C E Bro^n. May 20, 1909.

Group of three effigy mounds in wooded pasture and on the
Pleasure Drive, east of the creek on the Wisconsin University
grounds. Camp and workshop site in adjoining cultivated field-
Linear and a tapering mound in grove on the Pleasure Drive
on the Wisconsin University grounds. Fraet. See. 15. Linear
ound of this group nearly obliterated in adjoining field.
Platted by C. E. Brown, Jane 1909.

mound was destroyed in the buildi
c-onsin University grounds, in 1S59.
ported by Dr. R. G. Thwaites, 1!

Winnebago camp was located on outlet between Lakes Men-
delta and Momma, on and near present site of Tenny Park.
Reported to C E. Brown (Irm Hnlbcrti, 1S*».

Winnebagos formeriy camped on Lake Mendota shore on and
about the site of the present W. P. Yilas residence, in the City
of Madison.

Reported to C. E. Brown, Oct. 1919.

Camp and workshop site on the shore of Lake Wingra in
Henry Yilas Park. This site was in former days the site of a
Winnebago camp. Winnebago camps were formerly located
in the **Big Woods," on the west shore of Lake Wingra, in

>-• i>

Repotted by C. E. Brown,

Camp and workshop site on the sooth end of the dividing
ridge between Lakes Monona and Wingra. in Sooth HaiKann
among remains of group of mounds. (This ridge is now hong
rapidly removed by the operation of large sand pits.) A
Winnebago burial place is reported to have been located where
the northern (Wm. Keye> pit is now located. Human remains
occasionally encountered during operations. Burials found in
one conical mound on crest of ridge, destroyed in 190S.

Camp and workshop site on Kayser place adjoining group
of seven conical and one linear (or effigy^ mound on the WiHett
and Royee places, on the east shore of Lake Wingra (See. i
in South Madison.

Reported by C. E. Brown. 194&.

Tillage and workshop site formerly indicated along the pres-
ent Lakeside Street, on the shore of Lake Wingra. in Sooth
Madison.

Reported fev W. W. Warner, Sept. 1M&.

Blooming Grove Township.

Group of conical and linear mounds of the Rante Bemdahi
and adjoining properties, on the east shore of Lake Monona. in
the X. E. i4 See. 17.

Group of two effigies, two tapering and a linear mound in

122 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 4

the woods, on the F. H. Edsall place, on the east shore of Lake
Monona, W. i/o Sec. 20. Some others destroyed in the ad-
joining cultivated field.

Camp and workshop site on Griffiths estate near the south
shore of Lake Monona, S. %, S. W. i/t Sec. 20. Former site of
Winnebago camps.

Winnebago camps were formerly located on the east side of
the Yahara River, between Lakes Monona and Waubesa.
Reported by C. E. Brown, 1908.

Group of seven linear, a tapering and a conical mound .in
woods on the C. H. Hoyt place, east of the Yahara River, S. E.
% Sec. 20.

Platted by C. E. Brown, July 9, 1909.

Dunn Township.

Group of four linear, three oval and an effigy mound in Ed-
wards Park on the east shore of Lake Waubesa, in the N. "W.
y± Sec 3. Some mutilated.

Conical mounds in Larson's "Park," along the lake shore,
a short distance east of the foregoing.

Group of four linear mounds on the C. Daly place (one
extending over on to the 0. E. Evans place), in the N. W. y±
Sec. 3. A linear mound formerly existed near the Daly house.

Group of five linear, three conical and an effigy (bear)
mound on the top and slope of a hill on the H. Lewis place, in
the S. W. 14 Sec. 3. about one quarter mile east of McFarland.
Burials found in two of the conical mounds.

Line of mounds (two groups) on the S. Johnson place in
the S. E. % Sec. 3 and N. W. % Sec. 11, about one quarter of
a mile south of McFarland and extending to the shore of Mud
Lake. The series consists of eleven linear, three conical, and
an effigy mound, and an elliptical enclosure. Other mounds
destroyed by cultivation.

Winnebago Indians formerly camped on the present site of
McFarland.

Large group of mounds were formerly located on the Ander-
son and Holverson places in the E. i/2, N. W. 14 Sec. 11, near
a marsh formerly a part of Mud Lake. Destroyed by cultiva-
tion. A single linear mound remains.

Group of six linear and a conical mound on the Tollef Olsen

Additions to the Record of Wisconsin Antiquities. III. 123

place, in the northeast part of the N. E. 14 Sec. 11, on rising
ground, about eight rods south of the Yahara River. Others
destroyed in the vicinity. Mounds were so numerous across the
west line on the Ottum place that it became known to the
Norwegian pioneers as "Indians Rygen." Remnants of two
linear and an effigy ( ?) mound still exist.

Group of eight linear, two conical and an oval mound on the
Eli Johnson place ,Cent, of Sec. 10, on a hill directly south of
and overlooking the Yahara River. Burial found in one coni-
cal mound. West of the hill on elevated ground near Johnson's
out-buildings are the remains of a bird effigy. Indian cornfield
was located on an island in the marsh east of the mounds.

Group of three linear and a conical mound on land extending
into the marsh on the B. Larson place, in the Cent, of Sec. 9.
Burial found in gravel pit at the south end of the group.

Group of six linear and a conical mound on the north and
west slopes of an elevation on the Morris Brown place at Morris
Park, Cent. Sec. 9. Linear mound .with crook along the shore
of Lake Waubesa, near the east line of the Brown farm.

Group of mounds formerly existed on the western part of a
range of hills, on the Bryngelson place, in Fract. Sec. 4. Only
a few remain.

All oi the foregoing described and platted by Dr. W. G.
McLachlan, 1908. Located on map. These records super-
cede and are explanatory of items 5, 6 and 7, p. 311, Wis.
Archeo., v. 5, nos. 3 and 4.

Albion Township.

Group of seventy-eight conical, effigy and linear mounds
(Koshkonong Group) lying /chiefly on the crest of a ridge
paralleling the west shore of Lake Koshkonong, in the S. E. %
Sec. 36. Village site adjoining the group.

Described by A. B. Stout and H. L. Skavlem, Wis. Archeo.,
v. 7, no. 2, pp. 52-53, 77-78, pi. 2. Located "on map.

Group of four conical and linear mounds (John Son Group)
about one-half mile north of the foregoing on the Son and
Weisendonk places, east of the center of Sec. 36.

Described by A. B. Stout, Wis. Archeo., v. 7, no. 2, pp. 53-54,
fig. 2. Located on map.

Group o£ sixty-four conical, effigy and chain mounds at Noe
Springs, Lake Koshkonong, in N. W. %, N. E. 14 Sec. 36. (Noe

124 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. -I

Springs Group). Indications of camp or village site at the
same place.

Described by A. B. Stout and H. L. Skavlem, Wis. Archeo., v. 7,
no. 2, pp. 54-55, 78, pis. 3, 11, 13. Located on map.

Group of seven scattered conical, linear and effigy mounds
(North Group) on the Rucks and North places, near Lake Kosh-
konong, near the center of Sec. 25.

Described by A. B. Stout, Wis. Archeo., v. 7, no. 2, pp. 55-56.
Located on map.

9. DUNN COUNTY.

Dunn Township.

Mounds at the function of the Ohippewa and Red Cedar
rivers, near Dunnville.

Reported by Dr. W. H. Bailey, Jan. 12, 1909.

Sand Creek Township.
Burial place in Sec. 3.

Reported by J. A. H. Johnson, Oct. 29, 1909.

10. FOND DU LAC COUNTY.

Taycheedah Township.

Burials uncovered in digging- foundation for a building on
M. Michel's (Goutermout) place at Peebles. Large sea shell
found with remains.

Reported to C. E. Brown (M. Michels), July 31, 1909.

11. GRANT COUNTY.

Wyalusing Township.

Camp and workshop site on the Robert Glen place, in the
N. E. !/4; N. E. % Sec. 30. Mounds formerly existed in a culti-
vated field in the rear of Robert Glenn's house, in the S. E. 14,
S. E. % Sec. 19.

Reported by Robert Glenn, Nov. 2, 1909.

Indications of a camp and workshop site in Forehand Park
(Harris Grove) at Bagley.

Reported by C. B. Brown and Rev. L. E. Drexel, Nov. 4, 1909.

Additions to the Record of Wisconsin Antiquities. III. li'5

Camp and workshop site on the F. J. Schrenk place, in the

N. W. % Sec. 17.

Reported by C. D. Calkins, Nov. 4, 1909.

Cassville Township.

Winnebago Indians camped in 1857 on the bank of the Wis-
consin River between the site of the old sawmill and Furnace
Branch, at Cassville. Scattered indications of a flint workshop
in Kleinfelters Park on this site.

Indications of a small workshop site on slightly elevated
land above the Cassville brewery on Furnace Branch, at Cass-
ville.

Bird effigy and part of a linear mound preserved in Riverside*
Park at Cassville.

Group of three linear mounds on the crest of Oakey's Hillr
in the N. E. % Sec. 28, at Cassville.

Group of two linear and three conical mounds on the Geiger
estate between the bank of Jacko Slough and the C. B. & Q. Ry.
tracks at the southern limits of Cassville. Linear mound on the
crest of Oakey's Hill above the C. B. & Q. Ry. tracks, just
south of Cassville (E. i/2 Sec. 28?).

Line of mutilated conical mounds south of Cassville, on the
C. B. & Q. Ry. right of way, opposite the Newman and Ber-
nard farms (S. % Sec. 27?). Nine are visible. Small tepee
and workshop sites on the adjoining James Finley farm.

Group of six conical mounds on the C. B. & Q. gravel pit
property between the right of way and Jacko Slough (N. %
Fract. Sec. 35?). Other mounds reported destroyed in the
pit and on the right of way.

Reported by C. E. Brown and Rev. L. E. Drexel, Nov. 5, '1909.

Millville Township.

Linear and a conical mound on the M. B. Bergum place, on
the bank of the Wisconsin River, in Sec. 25.

Reported by C. E. Brown and Dr. E. J. W. Notz, July 25, 1909.

Muscoda Township.

Camp and workshop sites on the bank of the Wisconsin River,;
in Sees. 1 and 2. at Muscoda,

Reported to C. E. Brown and Dr. E. J. W. Xotz, July 23, 1909.

126 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8. No. 4

12. GREEN LAKE COUNTY.

Princeton Township.

Group* of linear mounds south of Stillwater, 011 the east side
of the Fox Eiver. Camp and workshop site near the mounds.
Reported by W. H. Ellsworth, Nov. 6, 1908.

13. IOWA COUNTY.

Ridge way Township.

Group of mounds on Harvey Theobald's farm, about seven
miles south of Barneveld Station.

Reported to C. E. Brown, Mar. 1909.

Arena Township.

Camp and workshop site on the Jones and Sawall places at
Arena.

Reported to C. E. Brown, Sept. 15, 1909.

14. JEFFERSON COUNTY.

Some of the following items, although not new to the county record,
are introduced here as intended to supercede or furnish additional in-
formation concerning certain evidences previously recorded under
these two townships in the Record of Wisconsin Antiquities, appear-
ing in the Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 5, nos. 3 and 4. For the lo-
cations of the trails about Lake Koshkonong see the map accompany-
ing The Archaeology of the Lake Koshkonong Region, Wisconsin
Archeologist, vol. 7, no. 2.

Sumner Township.

Group of twenty-one conical and effigy mounds, (Rufus Bing-
ham Group) and threshing pits on the old Bingham place, on
Lake Koshkonong, in the N. W. % Sec, 30.

Group of twenty-nine conical, linear and effigy mounds (Le
Sellier Group) near the foregoing, on Crabapple Point, Lake
Koshkonong, in the S. % Sec. 19. An Indian trail passes
through the group. Village site, cornfields and site of the cabin
of the French trader Le Sellier near the mounds.

Described by A. B. Stout and H. L. Skavlem, Wis. Archeo., v. 7,
no. 2, pp. 56-57, 78-82, pis. 4, 11 and 13. Located on map.
Mentioned by S. D. Peet, Preh. Am., v. 2, pp. 242, 268.

Group of twenty-eight conical, linear and effigy mounds

Additions to the Record of Wisconsin Antiquities. III. 127

(Kumleiii Group), in the E. i/2, N. W. % Sec. 18. Some others
effaced by cultivation.

Described by A. B. Stout, Wis. Archeo., v. 7, no. 2, pp. 57-58,
pis. 5 and 13.

Burial place in N. E. % Sec. 19. .

Garden beds formerly existed in the S. E. %, S. E. 1/4 Sec. 18.
Noted on map, Wis. Archeo., v. 7, no. 2, by A. B. Stout and H. L.
Skavlem.

Linear mound on a wooded slope in the S. E. 1/4, N. W. *4
Sec. 7. Three linear mounds near the center of the N. %
Sec. 7. One almost leveled by cultivation. Two conical mounds
and village site on the W. D. Hemphill farm, in the E. %, S. B.
1/4 Sec. 7. These mounds are all located on Koshkonong Creek,
and are known by that name.

Described by A. B. Stout, Wis. Archeo., v. 7, no. 2, p. 58, 95-96.
Located on map.

Cache of three conch shells found in 1867, in the N. W. ^4
Sec. 16, near Lake Koshkonong.

Described by H. L. Skavlem, Wis. Archeo., v. 7, no. 2, pp. 94-95.
Located on map.

Group of three effigy and three conical mounds (Draves
Group) on the sides and crest of a knoll in the S. W. 1/4, N. W.
1/4, S. W. % Sec. 16.

Described by A. B. Stout, Wis. Archeo., v. 7, no. 2, pp. 58-59,
fig. 3 and pi. 6. Located on map.

Village and workshop site near the center of the S. W. i/± Sec.
17, about one-fourth mile east of the Draves mounds. Camp
site about 1,000 feet south of the foregoing site in the Koshko-
nong Creek bottom woods.

Described by H. L. Skavlem, Wis. Archeo., v. 7, no. 2, p. 95.
Located on map.

Group of five conical mounds (Skavlem Group) on the edge
of a marsh on the shore of Lake Koshkonong.

Briefly described by A. B. Stout, Wis. Archeo., v. 7, no. 2, p. 60.
Located on map.

Remnants of two conical mounds and village site on Carcajou
Place (Lees Point), Lake Koshkonong, (N. E. 1/4 Fract. Sec. 27
and E. i/2 Sec. 16). Site of "White Crow's Winnebago village,
1828.

Described by A. B. Stout and H. L. Skavlem, Wis. Archeo.,
v. 7, no. 2, pp. 60, 82-90. Located on map.

128 :, WISCONSIN ARCHE_OLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 4

Group of three conical mounds (Loge Bay Mounds) formerly
located on the crest of a knoll on the N. E. % Sec. 16, on Loge
Bay, Lake Koshkonong. One mound excavated in 1893, stone
implements and copper finger ring accompanied skeleton. Camp
and workshop site and garden beds near the mounds. Cache
of flint blades found on WHI. Loge place in 1899.

Described by A. B. Stout and H. L. Skavlem,. Wis. Archeo., v. 7,
no. 2, pp. 60-61, 94-95, fig. 4. Located on map.

Group of twenty-eight conical, effigy and linear mounds (Alt-
peter Group) on a rolling upland, at the northern extremity of
Lake Koshkonong, in Sees. 2 and 11. Indications of former
camp and workshop sites on the Altpeter farm, N. E. 1/2 Sec. 11.
Location of the Winnebago village of White Ox, in 1830.

Described by A. B. Stout and H. L. Skavlem, Wis. Archeo., v. 7,
no. 2, pp. 61, 96, pis. 7, 11 and 14. Located on map. White
Ox village mentioned in Hist. Dodge Co., p. 477.

Indian camps located in early days of settlement on Black
Hawks Island near the northeast shore of Lake Koshkonong,

in Sec. 13.

Mentioned by H. L. Skavlem; Wis. Archeo , v. 7, no. 2, pp. 96-97.
Located on map.

Koshkonong Township.

Village of the Winnebago chief, Man Eater, located in '1831,
on or in the vicinity of the Shekey farm, on the east shore of
Lake Koshkonong, W. % Sec. 24. Indian cornfield north and
east of the village site.

Described by H. L. Skavlem, Wis. Archeo., v. 7, no. 2, pp. 97-9.
Located on map. Man Eater's village mentioned in Wau-
bun, p. 325.

Group of seventy-three conical, linear and effigy mounds
(Gen. Atkinson Group) on highland overlooking the east shore
of Lake Koshkonong, in the S. W. 14 Sec. 24.

Described by A. B. Stout, Wis. Archeo., v. 7, no. 2, pp. 62-64,
pis. 8, 9, 11, 12 and 14. Located on map.

Group of thirty-six conical, effigy and linear mounds on the
Lake View resort grounds on the east shore of Lake Koshko-
nong, N. E. % Sec. 26 and N. W. 14 Sec. 25. Location of camp
of the Pottawatomie chief Kewaskum, 1850.

Described by A. B. Stout and H. L. Skavlem, Wis. Archeo., v. 7,
no. 2, pp. 64-65, 98, pis. 10, 12, 13 and 14. Located on map.

Additions to f.io Record of Wisconsin Antiquities. III. 129

Conical mound and cornfield on Fun Hunter's Point, Lake
Koshkonong, near the S. W. corner, N. W. % Sec. 25.

Described by A. B. Stout, Wis. Archeo., v. 7, no. 2, p. 65. Lo-
cated on map.

Group of nine effigy and a linear mound (Lookout Group)
on the crest of a ridge on the east shore of Lake Koshkonong,
in the northeast corner of Sec. 35.

Described by A. B. Stout, Wis. Archeo., v. 7, no. 2, p. 65, fig. 5.
Located on map.

Group of ten conical mounds (Haight's Creek Group) on a
highland overlooking Bingha.m's Bay, on the east shore of Lake
Koshkonong, in Sec. 35.

Described by A. B. Stout, Wis. Archeo., v. 7, no". 2, p. 66, fig. 6,
pi. 12. Located on map.

Group of nineteen conical and linear mounds (Ira Bingham
Group) and village site on Bingham's Point, on the east shore
of Lake Koshkonong, in the N. W. %, S. E. % Sec. 34,

Described by A. B. Stout and H. L. Skavlem, Wis. Archeo., v. 7,

no. 2, pp. 67, 98-99, fig. 7. Located on map.

Village site and cornfields on Thiebeau Point on the east
shore of Lake Koshkonong, in the N. % Sec. 33.

Described by H. L. Skavlem, Wis. Archeo., v. 7, no. 2, p. 99.
Located on map.

15. JUNEAU COUNTY.

Fountain Township.

Group of mounds on the Wm. Aids place on the north side
of a branch of the Lemonweir River, in Sec. 9.

Reported to C. E. Brown, 1908. May be identical with item 5,
p. 339, Wis. Archeo., v. 5, nos. 3 and 4.

Lindina Township.

Camp and workshop site on the A. Heineman place on a
branch of the Lemonweir River, south of Mauston, in Sec. 24
(?). "Winnebago camp and cornfields here at the base of Coon
Rock, in 1868.

Reported to C. E. Brown (A. Heineman), Mar. 26, 1908.

130 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 4

16. KEWAUNEE COUNTY.

Kewaunee Township.

Cache of 162 flint blanks and arrowpoints found on the Moore
farm, S. E. %, S. E. % Sec. 14.

An Indian ford is said to have crossed the Kewaunee River
at this place, which is about 2 miles west of Kewaunee.

Reported on by William McGowan, May 13, 1908; by Dr. Louis
Falge, May 14, 1908, and by J. P. Schumacher, May 30, 1908.

17. LA CROSSE COUNTY.

Shelby Township.

Flint workshop on the E. Mataik place in Mormon Coulee.
Mentioned in the La Crosse Leader, Nov. 12, 1908.

Flint workshop on the top of Neumeister's Bluff, southeast
of La Crosse.

Reported to C. E. Brown (W. Tillman), Mar. 25, 1909.

18. LA FAYETTE COUNTY.

Fayette Township.

Mound on the S. W. 14 Sec. 10.

Grave partly enclosed with stone slabs, in N. E. 14 Sec. 4.
Destroyed during cultivation of land in 3907. Large grooved
stone axe accompanied burial.

Reported by Olgar P. Olson, Jun. 28, 1909.

Argyle Township.

Mound on the Holmen Estate, in the S. W. % Sec. 26.

Small circular enclosure on the bottom land, in the S. W. %
Sec. 18.

Reported by Olgar P. Olson, Jun. 28, 1909.

Two linear mounds on knoll crossed by road leading from
Mud Branch to the Yellowstone, in the S. W. 14 Sec. 22.

Gamp and workshop site on the Ole Gilbertson (old J. C.
Andrew^s) place on the west side of the east branch of the
Pecatonica River, W. i/2. S. E. % Sec. 10.

Reported by Byron Andrews, Sept. 8, 1909.

Additions to the Rt-coi-d of Wisconsin Antiquities. III. 131

19. MANITO WOO COUNTY.

Cato Township. *

Two conical mounds in the S. W. %, S. W. % Sec. 22, on
the north side of a creek tributary to the Manitowoc River, just
north of Clarks Mills on the road to Cato. Excavated with-
out results.

Reported by Dr. Alphonse Gerend, Sept. 21, 1909.

Kossuth Township.

Cache of 185 flint blanks found on the S. E. i/i Sec. 2.
Reported by Dr. Louis Falge, May 14, 1908.

Manitowoc Rapids.

Garden beds were formerly located on the Fred "Wincke
place, on the north side of the Manitowoc River, N. W. %, N. E.
14 Sec. 26. Obliterated by recent cultivation of the land.
Reported by Dr. Louis Falge, Aug. 24, 1908.

20. MILWAUKEE COUNTY.

City of Milwaukee.

Camp and workshop formerly existed on the edge of a small
ravine at the southeast corner of Block 101, Seventh Ward, be-
tween Oneida and Mason streets and a short distance west of the
present Juneau Park.

Reported to C. E. Brown (C. W. Askew), Jan. 15, 1909.

21. OCONTO COUNTY.

Stiles Township.

Camp and workshop sites along the Oconto River between
Oconto Falls and Stiles.

Reported by J. P. Schumacher, Nov. 20, 1908.

22. RACINE COUNTY.

Norway Township.

Conical and effigy (turtle) mound on the north bank of Lake
Waubeesee, S. W. % Sec. 8.

Reported by G. A. West, Jun. 28, 1909.

132 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 4

23. HIGHLAND COUNTY.

Bloom Township. m

Camp and workshop site on the Lester Long place in Sec. 28.
Reported to C. E. Brown (L. Long), Sept. 8, 1909.

Eagle Township.

Group of seven linear, a conical and an effigy mound near
the public highway, on the Schaeffer farm, S. % Sec. 35.
Several of the linear mounds recently partly destroyed to ob-
tain soil for road making. Group of caches near the mounds.

Group of two linear mounds and a bear effigy on the higher
land north of the foregoing, on the same property. Group of
caches nearby.

Platted by C. E. Brown, July 23, 1909.

Group of conical, effigy and linear mounds on the Henry
Eckstein farm on the Wisconsin River, W. %, S. E. y± Sec. 35.
Some nearly obliterated. .

Group of fourteen conical, an effigy and a linear mound on
the McCleary place, on the high bank of the Wisconsin Eiver,
in the S. % Sec. 34. Several of the conical mounds partly de-
stroyed.

Notes taken by C. E. Brown and Dr. E. J. W. Notz, July 23,
1909.

*

Orion Township.

Group of three linear mounds west of the school house, on
the farm of Mrs. Sarah Dooley, in the S. W. % Sec. 32.

Solitary linear mound near the "Wisconsin River bank, on
the same farm. Mutilated.

Notes taken by C. E. Brown, July 22, 1909. Explanatory of
item 7, p. 20, Wis. Archeo., v. 7, no. 1.

Buena Vista Township.

Winnebago Indian camp at the mouth of Pine River, at Rich-
land City up to 1867, and later.

Reported by p. A. Seifert, July 1908.

24. ROCK COUNTY.

Pulton Township.

Group of three conical mounds and camp and workshop site

Additions to the Record of Wisconsin Antiquities. III. 133

on the Hubbell farm on the west ' bank of the Rock River, in
Sec. 30.

Reported by Horace McElroy, Sept. 5, 1908.

Janesville Township.

Camp and workshop site in S. E. !/4 Sec. 15.
Indications of camp and workshop site near the Rock River,
in the N. i/2 Sec. 23.

Reported by Horace McElroy, Sept. 5, 1908.

Milton Township.

Cache of conch shells found in 1842, south of the Rock River,
in the N. E. % Sec. 7.

Reported by A. B. Stout and H. L. Skavlem, Wis. Archeo., v. 7,
no. 2. Located on map.

Two conical mounds (Ogden Group) on an elevation on the
south side of the Rock River, at the foot of Lake Koshkonong.
Traces of a conical mound on a ridge 300 feet west of the fore-
going. Two small conical mounds about 500 feet beyond the
last. Three linear mounds about one quarter mile to the
southeast on the N. E. %, N. W. %. S. W. j4 Sec 7. Burials
found in excavating basements for farm buildings.

Described by A. B. Stout, Wis. Archeo., v. 7, no. 2, p. 50. Located
on map. Supercedes items 6 and 7, p. 375, Wis. Archeo.,
v. 5, nos. 3 and 4, p. 375.

Site of Black Hawk's camp in 1832, on the south side of the
Rock River, near the center of Sec. 7. Shell heaps formerly
existed there. Winnebago Indians camped here for several
years after 1836.

Described by H. L. Skavlem, Wis. Archeo., v. 7, no. 2, pp. 74
and 75. Located on map.

Group of eleven conical mounds (Rock River Group) on the
north side of the Rock River in the northwest corner or Sec. 7.
Several excavated by the Prof. W. C. Whitford and W. P.
Clarke, in 1877.

Village site and shell and refuse -heaps on the river bank
adjoining the above mounds in the S. W. ]/± Sec. 6. and N. W.
% Sec. 7.

Described by A. B. Stout and H. L. Skavlem, Wis. Archeo., v. 7,
no. 2, pp. 50-51, 75. Located on map.

i:!4 WISCONSIN AKCIIEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 4

Group of fourteen conical, linear and effigy mounds, (Tayehe-
dah Group) on Taylors Point. Lake Koshkonong, near the Cent.
Sec. 6. Location of an early Sac (?) Indian village. Indica-
tions of village site found there.

Described by A. B. Stout and H. L. Skavlem, Wis. Archeo., v. 7,
no. 2, pp. 51-52, 75-77, fig. 1. Located on map.

Group of twelve conical, effigy and linear mounds (Taylor
House Group) on Taylors Point, near the former summer resort
known as the Taylor House, in the N. "W. y\ Sec. 6.

Described by A. B. Stout, Wis. Archeo., v. 7, no. 2, p. 52, pi. 1.
Located on map.

Fulton Township.

Three conical mounds (Fulton Group) in the N. E. y± Sec. 1.

Dasciibed by A. B. Stout, Wis. Archeo., v. 7, no. 2, p. 52. Lo-
cated on ma;).

25. RUSK COUNTY.

Mounds on the shore of Island Lake, in the southwestern part
of the county.

Reported by J. W. Caiow, Oct. 7, 1909.

Group of fifteen mounds on the property of A. Kryminski, on
the south shore of Little Rice Lake.

Reported by J. A. H. Johnson, Dec. 13, 1909.

26. SAUK COUNTY.

La Valle Township.

Group of fourteen conical and one linear mound on the P. J.
Milibauer place, west of the C. & X. W. Ry. tracks and
Baraboo River, in the S. E. 14 Sec. 17. Many are greatly re-
duced by cultivation.

Reported by H. E. Cole, Baraboo News, May 5, 1908.

Troy Township.

AYinnebago camps were located in the southwest corner of this-
township in 1854 and 1855.

Reported to C. E. Brown, Oct. 1909.

Additions to the Record of Wisconsin Antiquities. III. 135

Delton Township.

Camp and workshop site at the base of Coon Bluff, on the
E. T. Shepard farm, in Sec. 13.

Reported to C. B. Brown (Frank Shepard), Sept. 8, 1909.

Greenfield Township.

Bear effigy on the H. H. Porter place on the west side of the
Baraboo River, in the N. E. % Sec. 26. Burial removed from
site of levelled mound on the same property.

Reported by H. E. Cole, Baraboo News, May 20, 1909.

27. ST. CROIX COUNTY.

Somerset Township.

Village and workshop site near Hammond. Reported to be
the site of a struggle between the Dakota and Chippewa.
Reported to C. E. Brown, 1908.

28. VERNON COUNTY.

Hillsboro Township.

Group of mounds on the Luther Johnson and adjoining farm
in the northern part of this township, about four miles west of
Elroy.

Reported to C. E. Brown (E. L. Mason), Sept. 1908.

29. VILAS COUNTY.

Spirit stone, the "Crawling stone," in Crawling Stone Lake.
Reported to C. E. Brown, 1908.

30. WASHBURN COUNTY.

Group of conical mounds on high ground overlooking Lake
Pokegama, three miles west of Minong.

Reported by Rev. S. E. Lathrop, Oct. 12, 1908.

31. WAUKESHA COUNTY.

Information concerning the Indian trails in the vicinity of
Pewaukee Lake is given by S. G. Haskins, Wis. Archeo.,
v. 8, no. 3. Located on map.
Oconomowoc Township.

Conical mound on the John Sherer place, in the S. %> N. W.

i:;o WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 4

i/4 Sec. 23, destroyed in road building. Other mounds in the
vicinity levelled by cultivation.

Indian cornfield was located on the same property (N. W.
%, N. E. % Sec. 23), in early days of settlement.

Large circular enclosure formerly located on the west side of
Marks Pond, on the C. B. Brown property, in the N. E. %, S. W.
14 Sec. 23. Small portion of circumference is still to be seen.

Camp and workshop sites on both sides of the Oconomowoc
River, near the outlet of Lake La Belle, in Sees. 31 and 32.
Reported by Dr. P. C. Rogers, Jan. 23, 1908.

Summit Township.

Mounds on the Fred Fitz place and in the rear of the Goetz
cottage on the south shore of Silver Lake, N. !/2 Sec. 16.
Reported by Chas. W. Lamb, Aug. 4, 1908.

Cache of sixty-one flint blanks and two arrow points found
on R. Houghton place, on the east shore of Upper Nemahbin
Lake, in the E. i/2 Sec. 3.

Reported by A. V. Drown, Nov. 13, 1908.

Two linear mounds on Gustave Pabst place on the north shore
Upper Genesee Lake, S. i/2, N. W. % Sec. 22. One other on ad-
joining Leavitt estate property.

Group of mounds on the Williams place on the east shore of
Lower Genesee Lake, N. W. % Sec. 27.

Reported to C. E. Brown (E. K. Nye), Oct. 1909.

Delafield Township.

Conical mound on O. Bjorquist place, on the north shore of
Pewaukee Lake, in the S. E. % Sec. 12.

Reported by Dr. Joseph Quinn. Mentioned by S. G. Haskins,
Wis. Archeo., v. 8, no. 3, pp. 91-92.

Mukwonago Township.

Conical mound southeast of Potters Lake.
Reported by O. L. Hollister, Aug. 25, 1908.

Cache of forty flint blanks found on B. S. Avery place about
one mile north of Mukwonago, Sec. 26.

Reported by Rolland L. Porter, June 2, 1909.

Additions' to the Eecor<r of" Wisconsin Antiquities. III. 137

Lisbon Township.

Camp and workshop site on the Isaac Billing's place, in the
S. E. 14 Sec. 32. Several mounds formerly located on the same
property now obliterated by cultivation.

Mentioned by S. G. Haskins, Wis. Archeo., v. 8, no. 3, p. 92.

Pewaukee Township.

Effigy mound (bear ?) on the E. Channel place, E. %, N. E.
14 Sec. 6. Partly destroyed by cultivation.

Mounds formerly existed on the H. Holger place, N. W. %
Sec. 5.

Camp and workshop site on the W. Wood place, N. W. *4
Fract. Sec! 8.

Winnebago Indians camped after 1890, on Fract N. W. %
Sec. 8.

Traces of a former effigy mound on the John Young place,
N. E. % Sec. 4.

Flint workshop on the John Hodgson place, N. %, S. E. 14,
N. W. !/4 Sec. 4, on the bank of a small stream tributary to the
Fox Eiver.

Flint workshop on the G. "W. Haskin's place, S. %, S. E. %
Sec. 4.

Camp and workshop site on a hill on the Geo. Hodgson place,
Sec. 11. Burial found in sand pit on the same place.

Several conical mounds formerly existed on the E. F. Mielenz
place, Sec. 11.

Pottawatomie Indians camped in 1842 where the Tischaefer
hotel now stands, on the south shore of Pewaukee Lake.

Pottawatomie camps were located in the early days of settle-
ment on the "William Chapman place, S. i/2, S. W. % Sec. 17,
and at Belleview in Fract. Sec. 18.

Described by S. G. Haskins, Wis. Archeo., v. 8, no. 3, pp. 86-91.
Located on map.

Turtle effigy on the Bergman 'place, on the north side of Pe-
waukee Lake, N. W. %, N. % Fract. Sec. 7.
Reported by S. G. Haskins" Feb. 24, 1909.

138 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 4

Vernon Township.

Group of five mounds on the McBean place, on a creek tribu-
tary to the Fox River, in the S. E. %, S. E. % Sec. 15. Other
mounds now obliterated • ( "? ) .

Reported by J. M. W. Pratt, Nov. 11, 1909.

Muskego Township.

Camp and workshop site on the northwest shore of Big Mus-
kego Lake, below Bass Bay, W. %, Fract. Sec. 15.
Reported by O. L. Hollister, Dec. 1909.

CORRECTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS OF EARLIER RECORDS.

Volume 5, Nos. 3 and 4.
Page Item

296 5 For additional information concerning the evidences at the
Red Banks see Wis. Archeo., v. 8, no. 3, pp. 101, 104 and
110.

298 5 These garden beds are on Lots 356, 370 and 371. They were
reported on in Aug. 1905 and May 1906.

309 1 There are at least five distinct groups of mounds in this
series.

311 1 These mounds appear to have been located in Blooming
Grove Township, in Sec. 20 or 29.

329 8 These are in Marquette Township.

339 12 These mounds were re-platted by A. R. Clifton. June 1908.
Peet's Diagram XVI is incorrect as to the position of
one effigy. The group is located on the Gee farm, on
Gees Slough, in the NE. %, SE. 14 Sec. 17.

388 6 A recent sketch of this group by J. P. Schumacher (May
1908) shows only eight conical and one effigy (?)
mound. They are on the bank of the Wolf River. .

Vol. 7, No. 1.

9 10 Read NE. % for SE. %.
22 5 On Fract. Lot 3.

Discoicals, Cones, Plummets and Boat Stones. 139

THE DISTRIBUTION OF DISCOIDALS,
CONES, PLUMMETS AND BOAT

STONES IN WISCONSIN.

CHARLES E. BROWN.

Of the discoidals, cones, plummets and boat stones of Wis-
consin nothing has been published. The present paper is offered
with the intention of placing at the disposal of our co-workers
in Wisconsin and adjoining states such information as is at
hand on the subject of their frequency and distribution. It is
based, as previous contributions have been, on an acquaintance
with the specimens in a large number of local and other collec-
tions, public and private, gained by the author during the past
ten years. By thus calling attention to the limited number and
interest of these particular aboriginal stone objects he hopes to
learn of the existence of other specimens. The additional data
thus obtained will be employed in a future, more comprehensive
paper. Our archaeological friends in Michigan, Illinois, Indiana,
Iowa and Minnesota will confer a favor on Wisconsin students
by contributing information on the occurrence of these and other
classes of aboriginal implements within their boundaries.

In the publications of Fowke. Moorehead, Beauchamp, Thrus-
ton and other authors there is available a valuable store of in-
formation on the subject of the manufacture, forms and prob-
able uses of discoidals, cones, plummets and boat stones, which
the scope of this paper has not permitted the author to include.
In future papers there will be described other classes of the
least known stone implements and ceremonials of Wisconsin.

DISCOIDALS.

The stone disks known as discoidals are familiar to most Wis-
consin students hence no lengthy description of the various forms
or of their probable uses need be entered into at this time. In

140 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST.

the 13 Annual Report of the American Bureau of Ethnology,
Fowke describes and figures all of the well established and some
of the unusual types. In the Handbook of American Indians
there is offered interesting information concerning their form,
use and distribution in the United States.

The author has personally examined, or has a record, of the
finding of examples in the following localities in Wisconsin:

Southeastern "Wisconsin (six specimens).

Waterford, Racine County (2 spec.).

Elkhorn, Walworth County.

Delavan Lake, Walworth County (2 spec.).

Milwaukee, Milwaukee County (2 spec.).

Milton, Rock County.

Jefferson, Dodge County (2 spec.).

Rubicon, Dodge County.

Fox Lake, Dodge County.

Beaver Dam, Dodge County.

Grafton, Ozaukee County.

Four Lakes, Dane County (12 spec.).

Baraboo, Sank County.

Greenfield Township, Sauk County.

Wilson Township. Sheboygan County.

Winnebago County (2 spec.).

Oshkosh, Winnebago County.

Green Lake County (3 spec.).

Berlin, Green Lake County.

Durand, Pepin County.

It will be noted from this tabulation that the number of dis-
coidals found in Wisconsin is not large. They are confined in
their distribution to the southeastern corner of the state. The
known western boundary of their habitat is Sauk County. From
the Illinois-Wisconsin state line they range north to Winnebago
County. Future researches will undoubtedly both increase the
number of specimens and extend the habitat of this class of
stone objects. The single specimen from Pepin County is sep-
arated from the Sauk County specimens by a distance of about
130 miles. Other specimens may yet be found between these
widely separated stations.

Not a few of the Wisconsin specimens are well made, while a
few are highly polished and the equal in beauty of form of any

1 Hsroii'als. r*uucs, Plummets and Boat Stones. 141

found elsewhere. Some rudely fashioned examples occur. So
far as known all are made of materials readily procurable in.
the state, most being fashioned of very hard rock such as syenite,
granite, greenstone' and quartzite. A few are made of sand-
stone. The cavities on the sides of the various specimens differ
considerably in diameter and depth. Among the specimens are
three with a central perforation. The largest Wisconsin dis-
coidal now known measures 3% inches in diameter and is about
li/> inches wide at the edge. The smallest measures only 1%
inches in diameter and is about % of an inch thick.

The Handbook says of the distribution of discoidals in the
United States: ''The finest specimens, in greatest numbers,
come from the states south of the Ohio River, and from Arkansas
•eastward to the Atlantic. The territory within a range of 100
miles around Chattanooga. Tenn., and for about the same dis-
tance around Memphis, is especially rich in them. From south-
eastern Ohio to central Mississippi a considerable number has
been found, though few of them are as well wrought as those
from the South. Rather rough ones occur along the Delaware
River. Beyond the limits indicated the type gradually disap-
pears. Discoidal stones corresponding closely with the eastern
types, save that the faces are rarely concave, are found in the
Pueblo country a.nd in the Pacific states."

Fowke states that discoidals "are most plentiful in the region
traversed by the lower ranges of the Appalachians, the finest
specimens being found there." (Archaeo. Hist, of Ohio. p.
551.) Abbott reports their common occurrence in New York
and New England (Primitive Industry, p. 350). Beauchamp
does not include discoidals in his report on the polished stone
articles of the New York Indians.

Our brother archaeological students in northern Illinois, Iowa,
Minnesota and Michigan can assist the cause of American ar-
chaeology by communicating information concerning the occur-
rence of discoidals in their states. In Ohio, Missouri and Ten-
nessee discoidals have been found in mounds. None of our Wis-
consin specimens have been so found, nearly all coming from
aboriginal village sites.

142 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 4r

CONES.

By this name there are known to archaeologists a class of small
polished stone objects of a conical or somewhat conical form.
The manner of their use by the early Indians is a problem await-
ing solution. "It is surmised that they were carried as charms
or served as a part of the 'medicine* kit of the shaman." It is
also thought from an examination of certain of the hematite
cones found in other states, that these may have been employed
in making paint. The Pueblos of to-day are said to use similar
conical objects of hematite for this purpose, the cone serving as
a muller and also yielding the paint. (Handbook.)

The number of cones known to have been found in Wisconsin
up to the present time is surprisingly small. Specimens are at
hand in public and private collections from the following locali-
ties :

Burlington, Racine County.

Kansasville, Racine County.

Beaver Dam, Dodge County.

Sumner Township, Jefferson County.

Albion, Da.ne County.

Madison, Dane County.

Elkhart Lake, Sheboygan County.

Mitchell Township, Sheboygan County.

Manitowoc County.

Kewaunee, Kewaunee County.

Winneconne, Winnebago County.

Lake Poygan, Winnebago County.

Dale. Outagamie County.

Princeton, Green Lake County.

Viroqua, Vernon County.

Richland City, Richland County.

Thus it appears that in our state cones range in their dis-
tribution from the shore of Lake Michigan westward to the
Mississippi River. In eastern Wisconsin their known north-
ward range is to Outagamie a.nd Kewaunee counties. Of our
specimens only one is made of hematite and one of limestone.
Three are of slate and three of steatite. The remainder are
made of harder stones. Two of the specimens have the circum-
ference of their bases ornamented with small incisions. One

Discoidals, Cones, Plummets and Boat Stones.

cone made of Huronian slate has the apex rubbed off flat. The
largest specimen measures 1% inches in height. Its base is
about 2 inches in diameter. Mr. Richard Herrmann of Dubuque
informs the author that he has a hematite cone from eastern
Tennessee the base of which is similarly ornamented with in-
cisions or notches.

None of the Wisconsin specimens were obtained from mounds
or graves.

The Handbook gives the information that cones occur most
plentifully in the states east of the Mississippi, and that they
are usually made of hematite or other hard material. When
Gerard Fowke published his paper, "Stone Art," in 1891-92,
the Bureau of Ethnology possessed only thirteen cones, these
specimens coming from Georgia, North Carolina, "West Virginia,
Tennessee and Illinois. Six were of hematite and four of
steatite, one being made of each quartzite, granite and sand-
stone. A cone made of native copper from Carter County,
Kentucky, was formerly in the WT. H. Ellsworth collection in
Milwaukee.

PLUMMETS.

These obtain the name by which they are now widely known
from the resemblance which some specimens bear to the plumb-
bob of the white man. Fowke thus describes this class of stone
objects. :'The general shape is ovoid, sometimes quite slendei;
sometimes almost round, the ends may be either blunt or pointed.
They may be grooved near the middle or near either the larger
or the smaller end. Some have two grooves, some are only
partially grooved. * Still others have only a crease,

scarcely larger than a coarse thread; many are drilled or per-
forated; while a few have "necks" or slender prolongations at
one end. All of these features may have been intended for the
purpose of facilitating suspension, though in some instances.it
would have required no little care and attention to prevent the
pendant from hanging awry." (Archaeo. Hist, of Ohio, p. 556.)

Plummets occur in various sizes and materials. Many are
made of hematite, slate, sandstone, granite and shell. Several
theories as to their use in aboriginal life have been advanced.
Fowke believes that their variation in form, size and degree of

14-4 WISCONSIN AIK'ilKOLUiilST. Vol. 8. No. 4

finish indicates a diversity of purpose. Other writers appear
to be undecided whether to consider them amulets or sinkers.
In New York, Beauchamp found that stone objects of this class
seemed to be "confined to good fishing places" and concluded
that they might well be classed as sinkers. Some, he admits,
however, appear hardly to be fitted for this use. The Penna-
cook Indians are said (Schooler aft) to have employed them as
sinkers. The Eskimo have similar sinkers, but perforated. The
California Indians, it is stated, used them as rain charms. The
author finds no reason to believe that any of the Wisconsin
specimens were employed as sinkers. Most of them are too
heavy for use on a light line. In only one instance have several
been found together. Their rarity and finish argue against
their use as net-weights. It is more than likely that the local
specimens were worn as amulets.

Plummets have been found in the following localities in our-
state :

Sussex, Waukesha County.

Pewaukee Lake, Waukesha County.

Janesville, Rock County.

Kekoskee. Dodge County.

Dane County (12 spec.).

Roxbury, Dane County.

Lake Kegonsa. Dane County.

Sauk County.

Ba.raboo, Sauk County.

Wilson Township, Sheboygan County.

ManitowoCj Manitowoc County.

Adams County.

Fox River, Green Lake County.

Princeton, Green Lake County.

Rush Lake, Winnebago County.

Big Suamico, Brown County.

Langlade. Langlade County.

Sauk County marks the western and Langlade County the-
pi (-sent known northern range of these objects in Wisconsin.
Dane County has produced half of the total number of speci-
mens. Twenty-eight have the smaller end encircled by a groove.
Two have a groove at both extremities, and one is without a
g-irovo. The largest specimen measures 314 inches in length,.

Discbi^als, Convs. Plummets and Boat Stones. 14o

and iy8 inches in thickness at its widest part. One specimen
is ornamented on one side with a horizontal and a number of
short diagonal incisions. Another has a groove at each end,
and another groove midway between the middle and the ends.
With only two or three exceptions all the specimens are well
made and polished. One specimen is made of slate, two of
limestone and the remainder of harder rocks. Four are of
hematite.

Plummets have a wide distribution in the United States.
Beauchamp states that many have been found in the South, and
that they occur in New England, Ohio and California. Of the
southern specimens some are perforated at one end instead of
grooved. Fowke describes specimens in the Bureau collection
which came from Louisiana, "West Virginia, Arkansas. Ohio and
Illinois.

Clarence B. Moore mentions the finding of considerable num-
ber of hematite plummets in a field, which may have been an
Indian cemetery, near Seven Pines Landing, in Louisiana.
(Antiq. of the Ouachita Valley ,p. 161.)

In New York, Beauchamp ascertained that they had a very-
moderate distribution. 'Brewerton, at the foot of Oneida Lake,
probably furnished a larger number of examples than all the
state beside.

BOAT STONES.

These, it may be noted from our illustrations, have some-
what the form of a canoe. The base may be flat, slightly con-
cave, or deeply excavated. Many boat-shaped objects have a
perforation at each end. Some specimens with a flat base have
in place of the perforations a groove which passes over the top
at the middle from one side to the other, or only across the top.
All of the local specimens which have come to our notice are
well made and smooth or polished. The use to which these
stones were put is not known. It is thought that they were em-
ployed as charms or talismans, being bound to the person or to
some other object by means of cords passed through the perfora-
tions or over the central groove.

Only a comparatively small number of boat-stones have been
.recovered in Wisconsin. These are from:

146 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol. 8, No. 4

Brighton, Racine County.

Cedar Creek, Washington County.

Hartford. Washington County.

Four Lakes, Dane County (4 spec.).

Elkhart Lake, Sheboygan County (2 spec.).

Mitchell Township, Sheboygan County.

Holland Township, Sheboygan County (2 spec.).

Russell Township, Sheboygan County.

Centerville, Manitowoc County.

Near St. Johns, Calumet County.

•Green Lake and Marquette Counties (3 spec.).

Waupaca County.

Partridge Lake, Waupaca County.

Wolf River, Waupaca County.

Buena Vista Township, Richland County.

Eastern Wisconsin (2 spec.).

Richland County is the present western, and Waupaca County
the present northern known limit of their distribution in Wis-
consin. Of the total number of specimens eleven are made of
plain or banded slate. One example is of catlinite, one of
steatite, and one of lead. The remainder are of granite and
other harder materials. About one-half have concave or deeply
excavated and perforated bases. Two have flat bases and a
central groove. One with a flat base has neither perforations
or a groove.

The smallest specimen measures a little less than 2 inches in
length. The largest known specimen measures 6 inches in length
and one inch in width at the base. The base is very slightly
'concave and is ornamented on one edge with a small number of
incisions. The curious style of its flattened top and the unusual
-distance of the perforations from the ends is shown in Figure 9.

Boat stones are reported in the Handbook as occurring spar-
ingly in most of the states east of the Mississippi River, as well
as in Canada. Ohio has furnished many specimens. Beau-
champ states that New York has probably as many forms as any
other state. They occur along Lake Champlain. at several places
on the Hudson River, and in other localities.

Archeological Notes. 147

ARCHEOLOGICAL NOTES.

The bone implements illustrated in the frontispiece of the preceding
issue of the Wisconsin Archeologist (v. 8, no. 3) are selected from
a large number in the collection of Mr. S. D. Mitchell of Green Lake.
Examples of the form of harpoon there illustrated have also been re-
covered from several village sites on the shores of Green Bay. We
shall be pleased to learn of the existence of others.

The archeological collection of Mr. Olgar P. Olson of Argyle, a mem-
ber of this Society, is now arranged in a case in the newly established
Lafayette County museum, in the court house at Darlington. Mr.
Olson is to be commended ror placing his collection where students
and the public may benefit by its presence. -Members of the Society
will regret to learn of the removal to Eugene, Oregon, of Rev.
Stanley E. Lathrop, who was until recently so active in securing the
establishment of a historical museum at Ashland. Others will con-
tinue the work of which he has laid the foundation at that place.

The seventeenth session of the International Congress of Amer-
icanists will be held in Buenos Aires (Argentine Republic) from
May 16-21, 1910. s'snor Jose Nicolas Matienzo is the president and
Dr. Robert Lehmann-Nitsche the general secretary of the Commission,
of Organization.

The establishment of a public collection of archeological and his-
torical materials at Chippewa Falls is receiving the consideration
of several members of the Wisconsin Archeological Society and State
Historical Society residing in that city. The day is not far distant
when every important city in the state will have its public museum.
It is with pleasure that the Society notes the continued activity of
its own members in this educational movement.

Mr. Clarence B. Moore has published a new and very valuable
archeological work, Antiquities of the Ouachita Valley, being a
report of the investigations conducted by him in November, 1908, and
January to April, 1909, in the Ouachita Valley in Louisiana and
Arkansas. It is illustrated with a forge number of fine figures and
plates.

Miss Mary E. Stewart, an active member of the Wisconsin Archeo-
logical Society, is endeavoring to create . an interest in the protection
and preservation of Tennessee antiquities. We present a communica-
tion on this subject recently published in the American.

"A recent visit to Mound Bottom, on the Harpeth River, Cheatham
County, was of much interest. These mounds are of great historical
value. Tennessee is rich in the remains of the labor of a race of:

- ONSIX ARCHEOLO- g Vo. -

which little is known. I am sorry to see that Tennessee p
value on these remains that almost any other State would protect
and preserve. Such mounds should be owned by the State and kept
in original form and size as far as possible. If an examination of
the contents is desirable it should be made by men of scientific
ability, and they be made responsible to the State to restore the
mounds in form and place any relics that might be found in the
historical museum. Surveys should be made and descriptions given,
with illustrations, and in a way to be available to all who are in-
terested in archaeology. Students from all over this country and
Europe could come here to view and learn from these unique mounds.

It would seem that the men of Tennessee were asleep, that they
sit- idly by and let these mounds be ruined by being plowed over
and planted to corn or oats. Plowing loosens the soil, then the rains
wash it away. The mounds must now be much less t'nan their orig-
inal size. Can not the influence of such men as Gen. Thruston and
others of like ability rouse the people from their apathy? Some
measures ought to be taken before too late to preserve these valuable
objects.

If men are too indifferent to the value of these to the Stale, will
not women interest themselves and take some measures to save this
work of a former race?

It would be well if women were placed in charge of the State His-
torical Society's museum in Nashville. It is now much neglected.
It needs cleaning, putting in order, and so labeling articles that one
desirous of learning could know what he was looking at. An at-
tendant should be there who knows something of the objects and is
ready and willing to give required information. One should have
pride enough in the collection to take pleasure in showing it, I feel
quite confident that I saw this year the same dust on some of the
things that I saw last year. And there are many things of real in-
terest and value there and would probably be much more did those
in charge show sufficient interest. More might be said. I am strongly
impressed with the need of proper attention being given to these mat-
ters.**

From the University of Wisconsin the State Historical Museum
has received the gift of several valuable collections of foreign archeo-
logical materials which will soon be placed on exhibition. Most im-
portant of these is a collection of flint implements collected by H. W.
Seton-Karr from the sites of neolithic villages in the desert west of
the Fayum oasis: from the ancient flint mines of Wadj Sheikh, and
other localities in Egypt. Smaller but equally r'nteresting collections
of stone implements, made by the same investigator, come from
Poondi and Gazapeet, in the Madras Presidency, in India; from the
Gilgal River, Great Rift Valley, in Central Africa: from Zeneyen.
Tunis, and from the Knowle nit, near Swindon. England.

Through the interest of Mr. Paul G. Miller the Museum has secured
and is exhibiting a small collection of nrehistoric stone implements
and fragments of pottery vessels from Porto Rico. Through the in-
terest of other friends prehistoric stone and other implements from
France, Switzerland, Mexico, Japan and Greece have recently been
added to its rapidly improving archeological series.

Archeological Notes. 149

EXPLANATION OF PLATES 3 AND 4.

The figures are slightly reduced.

Figure 1. Cone. Hematite. Winneconne, Winnebago County.

Figure 2. Cone. Steatite. Near Albion, Dane County.

Figure 3. Cone. Slate. Menominee, Waukesha County.

Figure 4. Cone. Basalt. Kewaunee County.

Figure 5. Plummet. Hematite. Roxbury, Dane County.

Figure 6. Plummet. Basalt. Baraboo, Sauk County.

Figure 7. Plummet. Porphyritic Syenite. Near Janesville, Rock
County.

Figure 8. Plummet. Basalt. Dane County.

Figure 9. Boat Stone, Catlinite. Partridge Lake, Waupaca County.

Figure 10. Boat stone. Slate. Cedar Creek, Washington County.

Figure 11. Boat Stone. Slate. Near Hartford, Washington County.

hd

f

go

II

" O

Vol. 8 April to July, 1909 No. 2

THE

WISCONSIN
ARGHEOLOGIST

CHIPPED FLINT PERFORATORS
OF WISCONSIN

SUGGESTIONS OF MEXICO
IN MOUND RELICS

PUBLISHED BY THE

WISCONSIN AROHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
MILWAUKEE

DEMOCRAT PRINTING CO., MADISON, STATB PRINTER

Your Aid Is Desired

The Wisconsin Anche ©logical Society is endeavoring to
awaken a live interest in the great historical and educa-
tional value of Wisconsin's antiquities. It is encourag-
ing the preservation of representative groups of Wiscon-
sin mounds; is conducting surveys and researches, and
assisting in the establishment of archaeological collections
in the educational institutions of our state.

Become a Member ox tne State Society

and Encourage tke ^Vork Now-

in Progress

Its worthy and very necessary labors deserve the full
support of all intelligent and public spirited citizens.
No one desires that the antiquities of our state shall be
destroyed before a full record of their location and char-
acter shall have been made.

0 £ .-'"-0 -if \ O ...

The Society has 600 members now. It wants three
times that number.

Subscriptions to its research and survey funds are
needed.

Donations of collections and specimens will be thank-
fully received.

O V> O' O

Annual membership, $2. Sustaining membership, $5.
Life membership, $25.

Address

THE WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Chas. B. Brown, Secretary and Curator,

MADISON, WISCONSIN.

Vol. 8 August to October, 1909 No. 3

THE

WISCONSIN
ARCHEOLOGIST

REMAINS OF ABORIGINAL OCCUPATION

IN PEWAUKEE TOWNSHIP,

WAUKESHA COUNTY

THE FIELD OF THE SMALL MUSEUM
WISCONSIN GARDEN BEDS

PUBLISHED BY THE

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
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DEMOCRAT Pi: , i L ATE PRINTER

Your Am Is Desire

The Wisconsin Archeological Society is endeavoring to
awaken a live interest in the great historical and educa-
tional value of Wisconsin's antiquities. It is encourag-
ing the preservation of representative groups of Wiscon-
sin mounds ; is conducting surveys and researches, and
assisting in the establishment of archaeological collections
in the educational institutions of our state.

Become a Member of the State Society

and Encoiirage the Vv ork .Now

in Progress

Its worthy and very necessary labors deserve the full
support of all intelligent and public spirited citizens.
No one desires that the antiquities of our state shall be
destroyed before a full record of their location and char-
acter shall have been made.

-.•'•o,/ o o

The Society has 600 members now. It wants three
times that number.

Subscriptions to its research and survey funds are
needed.

Donations of collections and specimens will be thank-
fully received.

o o o

Annual membership, $2. Sustaining membership, $5.
Life membership, $25.

Address

THE WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Chas. E. Brown, Secretary and Curator,

MADISON, WISCONSIN.

Vol. 8 Ociober to December, 1909 No, 4

THE

WISCONSIN
ARCHEOLOGIST

ADDITIONS TO THE RECORD OF WISCONSIN AN-
TIQUITIES. Ill

THE DISTRIBUTION OF DISCOIDALS, CONES, PLUM-
METS AND BOAT STONES IN WISCONSIN

PUBLISHED BY THE

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DEMOCRAT PRINTING CO., MADISON. STATE PRF

Your Aid Is Desired

The Wisconsin Archeological Society is endeavoring to
awaken a live interest in the great historical and educa-
tional value of Wisconsin's antiquities. It is encourag-
ing the preservation of representative groups of Wiscon-
sin mounds; is conducting surveys and researches, and
assisting in the establishment of archaeological collections
in the educational institutions of our state.

Become a Member of the State Society

and Encourage tlie \VWk Now

in Progress

Its worthy and very necessary labors deserve the full
support of all intelligent and public spirited citizens.
No one desires that the antiquities of our state shall be
destroyed before a full record of their location and char-
acter shall have been made.

o - ; o : o

The Society has 600 members now. It wants three
times that number.

Subscriptions to its research and survey funds are
needed.

Donations of collections and specimens will be thank-
fully received.

o o o

Annual membership, $2. Sustaining membership, $5.
Life membership, $25.

Address

THE WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Chas. E. Brown, Secretary and Curator,

MADISON, WISCONSIN.