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InL 14

, 1934

NEW SERIES

Sfa. 1

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

MILWAUKEE

Accepted for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1103
Act, Oct. 3, 1917. Authorized Jan. 28, 1921.

VOLUME 14

New Series
1934

PUBLISHED BY THE

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST SOCIETY

MILWAUKEE

• • .•• • .*• ••• • •

•..• %: ;•. «.:;..::
: .• :;**.: : -.t J-J

Incorporated March 23, 1903, for the purpose of advancing the study
and preservation of Wisconsin antiquities

Dr. H. W. Kuhm
Dr. L. S. Buttles

Charles E. Brown
Dr. L. S. Buttles
Dr. A. L. Kastner
Dr. H. W. Kuhm

W. K. Andrews
Dr. S. A. Barrett
Rudolph Boettger
Dr. E. G. Bruder
H. W. Cornell
Col. Marshall Cousins
Rev. F. S. Dayton
W. E. Erdman
Kermit Freckman
Arthur Gerth

OFFICERS

PRESIDENT

Dr. A. L. Kastner

VICE-PRESIDENTS

T. M. N. Lewis
T. L. Miller

R. J. Kieckhefer

DIRECTORS

R. J. Kieckhefer
T. M. N. Lewis
W. C. McKern

ADVISORY COUNCIL

John G. Gregory
Richard Hallstrom
Otto J. Halvorson
Paul Joers
A. P. Kannenberg
Dr. Louise P. Kellogg
Mrs. Theo. Koerner
Marie G. Kohler
Dr. Ralph Linton
A. T. Newman

T. L. Miller
G. M. Thome
Geo. A. West

Dr. E. J. W. Notz
Louis P. Pierron
E. F. Richter
Jos. Ringeisen, Jr.
Chas. G. Schoewe
Paul Scholz
Rev. 0. W. Smith
Dr. Orrin Thompson
Arthur Wenz
G. R. Zilisch

TREASURER

G. M. Thorne
1631 N. Fifty-second Street, Milwaukee, Wis.

SECRETARY

Charles E. Brown
State Historical Museum, Madison, Wis.

Bound
Periodical ^

19.

921819

* t

STATE SURVEY— J. J. Knudsen, M. F^Hulburt, D. A. Blencoe, Dr.
L. S. Buttles, Dr. P. H. Nesbitt, G. E. Overton, O. L. Hollister,
A. W. Pond, W. E. Erdman, J. P. Schumacher, T. M. N. Lewis,
W. F. Bauchle, V. E. Motschenbacher, Kermit Freckman, G. L.
Pasco, W. S. Dunsmoor.

MOUND PRESERVATION— Dr. E. J. W. Notz, H. W. Cornell, Mrs.
W. J. Devine, R. B. Halpin, H. R. Holand, Dr. Louise P. Kellogg,
Dr. L. V. Sprague, Mrs. H. A. Olson, Dr. Orrin Thompson, A.
H. Griffith, Prof. R. S. Owen, F. M. Neu.

PUBLIC COLLECTIONS— Dr. S. A. Barrett, C. E. Brown, N. C.
Behncke, H. L. Ward, Rev. F. S. Dayton, Prof. J. B. MacHarg,
Prof. A. H. Sanford, Rev. P. B. Jenkins, Rev. A. J. Muench,
Dr. P. H. Nesbitt, W. M. Babcock.

MEMBERSHIP— Paul Joers, C. G. Schoewe, Herbert Currie, E. C.
Steene, Dr. W. H. Brown, Clarence Harris, Paul Scholz, W. K.
Andrew, Karl Aichelen, Arthur Gerth, A. W. Buttles, M. C.
Richter, Carl Baur, W. Van Beckum, A. E. Koerner, Paul Boeh-
land, Dr. C. J. Heagle, A. P. Kannenberg, Dr. Albert Bardes.

STATE ARCHEOLOGICAL PARKS— R. P. Ferry, Walter Holsten,
D. S. Rowland, M. S. Thomson, Col. J. B. Jackson, Prof. A. H.
Sanford.

PUBLICITY— J. G. Gregory, Dr. H. W. Kuhm, A. 0. Barton, E. R.
Guentzel, Lieut. C. L. Emerson.

SPECIAL

BIOGRAPHY— Rachel M. Campbell, Paul Joers, C. G. Schoewe, Ar-
thur Gerth, E. F. Richter, Mrs. Theodore Koerner, Dr. E. J.
W. Notz.

FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS— Jos. Ringeisen, Jr., E. F. Richter,
G. A. West, C. G. Schoewe, N. E. Carter.

PROGRAM— Dr. H. W. Kuhm, W. C. McKern, G. M. Thome, Dr. L.
S. Buttles, T. L. Miller, Dr. A. G. Jenner.

PUBLICATIONS— C. E. Brown, T. M. N. Lewis, Dr. H. W. Kuhm,
W. E. Erdman.

MARKING MILWAUKEE ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES— M. C. Rich-
ter, L. R. Whitney, R. J. Kieckhefer.

LAPHAM RESEARCH MEDAL— Dr. S. A. Barrett, Dr. A. L. Kast-
ner, M. C. Richter, C. G. Schoewe, G. A. West, C. E. Brown.

MEMBERSHIP FEES

Life Members, $25.00 Endowment Members, $500.00

Sustaining Members, $5.00 Annual Members, $2.00

Institutional Members, $1.50 Junior Members, $ .50

All communications in regard to the Wisconsin Archeological Society should
be addressed to Charles E. Brown, Secretary and Curator, Office, State Historical
Museum, Madison, Wisconsin. Contributions to the Wisconsin Archeologist should
be addressed to him. Dues should be sent to G. M. Thorne, Treasurer, 1631 N.
52nd Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

ryi

CONTENTS

Vol. 14, No. 1, New Series

ARTICLES

Page
The Mission of St. Marc, Louise Phel ps Kellogg 2

Minnesota Indian Life, Willoughby M. Pabcock 9

Prehistoric Specialization, Wilton E. Erdman 15

Archaelogy and Radio, Will F. Bauchle 18

Notes on the Mitchell Park Site, O. L. Hollister 21

The Serpent Mound on Medicine Butte, M. E. Reisinger 23

Archeological Notes _ 25

ILLUSTRATIONS
The Serpent Mound on Medicine Butte Frontispiece

SERPENT BOULDER EFFIGY ON MEDICINE BUTTB, SOUTH DAKOTA
By M. E. Reisinger

isconsin Arrtjmlogtat

Published Quarterly by the Wisconsin Archeological Society

VOL. 14 MILWAUKEE, WIS., SEPTEMBER, 1934 NO. 1

New Series

THE MISSION OF ST. MARC

Louise Phelps Kellogg

The Jesuit missionaries often named a mission even be-
fore visiting the Indian village at which it was established.
But the mission of St. Marc to the Outagami Indians re-
ceived its name when in April, 1670, Father Claude Allouez
first entered the village of that people newly settled on the
Wolf River. He had met some of the members of this tribe
during his sojourn at La Pointe on Chequamegon Bay.
There in the summer of 1666, some six score Outagami lived
near the mission Allouez had established and regarded him
as a "Manitou" to whom offerings should be made. The
missionary considered them not far from recognition of the
Creator of the world, although they had a decided antipathy
to Frenchmen.1

It was nearly four years before Allouez again came in
contact with the Outagami and established a separate mis-
sion in their village. Before this, however, Nicolas Perrot
had made a trading voyage to this village, in a country
abounding in game and good for cultivation. The Outagami
had been wandering through the forests of Wisconsin since
they had been driven early in the 1650's from their former
home near the western end of Lake Erie. Since they were
not adept in the use of canoes it seems probable that they
came around the lower end of Lake Michigan and entered
Wisconsin from the south, driven thither by fear of the
Iroquois. After the Iroquois peace of 1666 with the French
and French-allied tribes, the wandering groups in Wiscon-
sin approached Green Bay and the Outagami sent word to
the tribes on Green Bay that they had formed a large vil-
lage twenty-five leagues away. There Nicolas Perrot and his
partner visited them in the summer of 1669 and found them
destitute of all French trade goods.2

2 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 1

Father Allouez reached Green Bay late in 1669 and
started in April, 1670, to visit the tribes of the interior.
"The 16th of April, I embarked," he wrote, "to go and
begin the mission to the Outagamies, a people of consider-
able note in all these regions."3 The trip was by water and
the 17th they were ascending Fox River, which Allouez
called "River Saint Francois." The 20th mass was said
within the bounds of what is now the city of Oshkosh.
Thence the party ascended the upper Fox to its junction
with Wolf River, into which they turned, and on the 24th
reached the habitat of the Outagami. There the next day
was begun the mission of St. Marc, April 25 being the
saint's day of that name.4

Allouez received at this time a cordial welcome; he was
treated as a "Manitou" and made himself understood by his
mastery of the Algonquian languages of wrhich Outagami
was a branch. He describes the place where the tribe dwelt
as an "excellent country, the soil which is black yielding
them Indian corn in abundance." He found the nation in
mourning since a camp of their hunters had been attacked
and nearly a hundred men, women, and children had been
killed by the Iroquois. This raid took place not far from the
site of the present Chicago. Thus was founded the mission
of St. Marc among the Outagami or Fox Indians upon the
Wolf River in Wisconsin.

Before attempting to locate the Fox village, which Al-
louez calls Ouestatinong and describes as twenty-five
leagues from Green Bay,5 let us learn what we can of the
progress of the mission at this place. Allouez's first visit of
three days (April 24-27, 1670) does not seem to have been
repeated during the remainder of that year. A mission
was established for the Mascouten and Miami, named St.
Jacques ; one for the Menominee, named St. Michel ; another
for the Winnebago and Potawatomi, which became the cen-
tral mission of St. Francois Xavier and was located on Fox
River at a place we now call De Pere.

Before, however, Allouez with his companion, Andre,
had erected the mission house at De Pere, Allouez had
early in the spring of 1671 visited the Outagami once
more. This visit was extraordinarily early in the year, for
Allouez states that he left Green Bay on February 20 and
was six days on his journey. This visit could not have been

The Mission of St. Marc

made by canoes, and must have been an overland trip. It
was one of great risk, not only because of the weather and
the vicissitudes of snow and ice, but also because of the
temper of the Outagami. Between Allouez's first and sec-
ond visits some of this tribe had ventured on a voyage to
the St. Lawrence and had not been favorably received. They
returned breathing vengeance on all Frenchmen and some
of the traders had had rough treatment at their hands.
Allouez, however, on his arrival was happily surprised; the
Outagami met him with consideration and tokens of endear-
ment and assured him that the next time he visited them
he would find a chapel there. They were changed, he
thought, by the Grace of God, from wolves to lambs.6

Not long after this second visit to Ouestatinong, Nicolas
Perrot appeared at the Bay to summon all the surrounding
tribes to accompany him to the great ceremony to take place
at Sault Ste. Marie in which the French envoy was to take
possession of all this region in the name of the French king.
The Outagami chiefs at this summons came as far as the
Bay but refused to go beyond, designating the Potawatomi
to represent their tribe at the ceremony. Allouez and Perrot
left in April and arrived at the Sault May 5, 1671, where the
ceremony did not take place until five weeks later.7

We next hear of the Outagami and the mission of St.
Marc early in 1672. On this visit, which occurred in March,
the missionary was exceedingly successful. He baptized
sixty children and one or two adults. He considered that
the time had come to erect a cross in the midst of the vil-
lage and the young men engraved the cross upon their
shields in preparation for an expedition against their
enemies, the Sioux. Allouez was much encouraged and re-
turned to St. Francois Xavier March 25 in time to relieve
Father Andre from his arduous duties.8

Again in June of the same year the good father visited
his mission where some of those baptized on a previous
visit were very ill.9 In November, 1672, occurred another
visit, occupied like the preceding in fortifying and strength-
ening the baptized and in adoring the cross.10 The follow-
ing spring, however, the missionary found the mission in
great confusion. Having 'heard that the Outagami had re-
turned earlier than usual from their winter hunt, he set
forth, Feb. 3, 1673, to pay a visit to this mission. The

4 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGUST Vol. 14, No. 1

road, he states, was difficult, but he reached the village on
the sixth. He found that an embassy had just come from
the Iroquois country, where bad impressions of Christianity
had been received. What was worse, the young warriors
who had gone against the Sioux, with the cross carved on
their shields, although at first successful, had later been
badly defeated and a number of the Outagami killed.11

The missionary determined to remain and combat the
influences opposed to the mission's success. He secured a
cabin on the border of the village, repaired it and made it
a chapel, in which the rites of the church were performed.
There he remained until the last day of April, endeavoring
to convince a people "self-willed beyond anything that can
be imagined," of the truth and beauty of the gospel he came
to proclaim. At one time a band of Sauk came from the Bay
and declared that only children pray to God. Because of all
these hindrances the missionary baptized only four, but
had "the consolation to know that the majority of the vil-
lage have been instructed in the Catechism, and in the
mysteries of our holy faith and the prayers of the church."11

This visit of 1673 was without doubt the longest one
paid by Allouez to the mission of St. Marc. Leaving there
for St. Jacques he appears to have been occupied at this
latter mission or some of its subsidiaries when Jolliet and
Marquette passed through the Fox-Wisconsin waterway;
for neither Allouez nor the explorers speak of any meeting.
The former left St. Jacques on May 22 and returned via
the Outagami village, where he may have been during Jolliet
and Marquette's passage through Wisconsin.13

For some reason Father Allouez made his visits to the
Outagami in the late winter or early spring and we can but
wish he had told us more of his land route as in 1670 he
described the water trip. In the spring of 1674 he was again
at St. Marc's passing as early as January Little Lake St.
Frangois ten leagues from St. Francois Xavier. He does not
tell us at this time how long his sojourn was, but only of a
few baptisms he made of dying youths or children.14 In
1675 Allouez was not able to visit St. Marc's until autumn ;
he found most of the tribe out hunting and followed differ-
ent groups into the forests where they were taking beaver
and deer. The next spring (1676) he spent two months at
this mission remaining over Good Friday, when the Chris-

The Mission of St. Marc

tians came to venerate the cross. He made fifty-two bap-
tisms during that year, twelve of whom were adults.15

It was in the autumn of this year, 1676, that Allouez
left the missions in Wisconsin to continue the work he and
Father Marquette had begun among the Illinois Indians.
His place as superintendent of the Wisconsin missions was
taken by Father Charles Albanel, the famous traveler to
Hudson Bay. Albanel had as assistant for the interior mis-
sions Father Antoine Silvy. We have, however, no record
of Silvy's visit to the Outagami, for in the spring of 1677
Allouez was once more at La Baye and visited his mission of
St. Marc apparently for the last time.18 Albanel reported in
1678 that he had a beautiful church at St. Francois Xavier,
where the savages offered sacrifices of tobacco as they
passed. Father Silvy was soon replaced by Father Andre
Bonneault, who remained in Wisconsin but a single year."

At this point the information furnished by the Jesuit
Relations fails and for three or four years nothing is heard
of the Outagami or the mission among them. At this time,
when all seemed prosperous among the Wisconsin missions,
several dire events occurred which hindered their progress.
In a fit of wanton savagery Indians murdered some ser-
vants of the Jesuits and a contagious malady broke out
among the tribes about the Bay. The Indians attributed
this disease to witchcraft and believed that the missionaries
had cast a spell upon them. The latter were in great danger
of assassination until Perrot appeared at Green Bay and
persuaded the tribesmen to come to the chapel at De Pere
and offer atonement for their crime. About the same time
the Outagami made a raid upon the Chippewa, capturing
several women. Perrot succeeded in rescuing the captives
and in putting an end for the moment to the intertribal
war.18

The missions at this time were depleted of men. Father
Albanel was removed in 1679 to Sault Ste. Marie and his
place was taken by Father Henri Nouvel, who remained
at St. Francois Xavier until his death in 1702. Andre was
recalled in 1684 and had no successor. Bonneault returned
to France in 1682, leaving us no report of the interior mis-
sions.19 Nouvel was left alone. The fact was that the ag-
gregation of tribesmen in the Fox River Valley was too
large for the food supply. Albanel says that in 1678 the

6 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 1

Outagami comprised four nations and the Mascouten village
twelve speaking three different languages. He estimated
the population at "20,000.'° Even the bounties of the Fox
River Valley could not supply so many Indians. By 1680
migrations began on a considerable scale. The Mascou-
ten moved south into Illinois; the Outagami built a new
village at Little Lake Butte des Morts.'1 The mission of St.
Marc was merged with that of St. Francois Xavier, and
served by the missionary at De Pere.

It remains to discuss the site of the Outagami village on
Wolf River where the mission of St. Marc was held during
the decade 1670-1680. The village has never been certainly
located. The first attempt to place it was that of Father
Chrysostom Verwyst. He considered "Little Lake St. Fran-
cois" as probably Lake Winneconne, and St. Marc six miles
above, which would make the village near Mukwa, Wau-
paca County.22 Father Joseph Stephen La Boule contributed
to the Parkman Club of Milwaukee an article on Allouez
wherein he located the mission at the confluence of the
Embarrass with the Wolf, which would be at New London.2"
Then Publius V. Lawson took up the search. In an article in
the Milwaukee Sentinel, he located the village on the head-
waters of the Little Wolf in lola township, Waupaca
County.24 Later he revised his conclusion and in 1901 by the
test of distances decided that the village of the Outagami
must have been at Manawa on the Little Wolf River, Wau-
paca County. He thought "Little Lake St. Francis" was
White Lake, five miles south of Manawa.25

In 1908, Father Basil of the Capuchin order, then living
at Appleton, made an exploration with a priest from New
London and found near that city archeological evidence of a
large aboriginal village. They traced a stockade and found
a cache of arrowheads and a large deposit of human bones.
They decided that the Fox village with its mission of St.
Marc must have been at this place.28

All these studies took into account only the water route
to Ouestatinong ; but a brief review of Allouez's visits will
show that he went more often overland than by canoe along
the Fox and Wolf rivers. A study made by Arthur C.
Neville27 shows a land trail along the Oconto with a portage
to Lake Shawano, at the head of the Wolf River, which
throws new light on the probable location of the Outagami

The Mission of St. Marc

village. Working upon this theory and a study of the local-
ity, the well-known archeologist, George R. Fox, has pro-
posed another site for the Outagami village in the town of
Maine, Outagamie County, near the village of Leeman.28

Mr. Fox was first impressed with the great number of
Indian remains in this region, asking himself what tribe
was responsible for the large number of garden beds and
enclosures, one at least appearing to be what Allouez calls
the fort. He then studied what the missionary says of the
village where the mission was located, and concluded it lay
upon the main Wolf and not upon any of its subsidiary
streams. He likewise made a study of the early maps of the
region judging from them that the stream on which the vil-
lage stood flowed from a lake, which could be none other
than Lake Shawano, which would make the site on the main
Wolf. This author takes especial notice of the remarks on
agriculture, that the soil was black and fertile. He finds
that near Leeman is the first place on the upper Wolf where
the top soil is black mould and where great numbers of
garden beds indicate an extensive cultivation. On these
garden beds large stumps are found showing the great age
of the agricultural remains.

Making some allowances Mr. Fox thinks that the dis-
tances described by Allouez conform to the site at Leeman;
and he also argues from the lack of mounds that the occu-
pants were not mound builders — supposedly true of the
Outagami tribe. Arguing that Little Lake St. Frangois
should be ten not two leagues distant, Mr. Fox considers
that 'Little Lake Butte des Morts was meant. Perhaps Big
Lake Butte des Morts would better meet the requirements
and was probaTbly the Little Lake St. Francois of the text.

One question must be considered, whether the time of
occupancy by the Outagami and their three kindred nations
allows of the extensive remains found near Leeman. The
answer is that even after the removal of the main village
(about 1680) to Little Lake Butte des Morts, there would
probably be many returns to the older habitat, and cultiva-
tion there may have continued many years.29

Whether the site at Leeman fills all the requirements
for the village in which Allouez planted the cross and de-
veloped the mission of St. Marc cannot, perhaps, be defi-
nitely determined at this distance of time. The Foxes have

8 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 1

always been a tribe difficult to influence by the culture of
the whites, clinging to the ways of their ancestors, satis-
fied with Indian traditions. It is not, therefore, strange that
this first mission to them left so few traces that even its
site is now uncertain. Nevertheless, the patience and per-
sistence of their first missionary is worth recording and
gives point to the study of the Mission of St. Marc among
the Outagami Indians.

NOTES TO ST. MARC

1 Thwaites, R. G. (editor), Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents

(Cleveland, 1896-1901), li, 43-45.

2 Blair, E. H., Indian Tribes of the Upper Mississippi and Great Lakes

Region (Cleveland, 1911), i, 317-319. See also Kellogg, L. P.,
The French Regime in Wisconsin and the Northwest (Madison,
1925), 127-128.

3 Jesuit Relations, liv, 217.

4 Kellogg, L. P., (editor), Early Narratives of the Northivest (New

York, 1917), 151-155.

5 Ibid., 146.

6 Jesuit Relations, Iv, 219-225.

7 Blair, Indian Tribes, i, 222-223.

8 Jesuit Relations, Ivi, 143-147; Ivii, 301.

9 Ibid., Iviii, 43.

10 Ibid., Iviii, 43-49.

11 Ibid., Iviii, 53.

12 Ibid., Iviii, 49-59.

13 Ibid., Iviii, 63.

14 Ibid., Iviii, 267-269.

15 Ibid., lix, 225-235.
18 Ibid., Ixi, 73.

17 Ibid., Ixi, 153-157.

18 Wis. Hist. Colls., xvi, 101-103.

19 Kellogg, French Regime in Wisconsin, 170-171.

20 Jesuit Relations, Ixi, 149.

21 Wis. Hist. Colls., xvi, 106.

22 Verwyst, Missionary Labors of Fathers Marquette, Menard and

Allouez (Milwaukee, 1886), 179.

23 J. S. La Boule, "Claude Jean Allouez," in Parkman Club Papers

(Milwaukee, 1897), ii, 181 ff.

24 Sept. 13, 1899.

25 P. V. Lawson, "The Mission of St. Mark," pamphlet published at

Menasha, 1901. See Wis: Hist. Colls., xvi, 39 note.
28 Milwaukee Sentinel, May 27, 1908.

27 "Historic Sites on Green Bay," in Wis. Hist. Soc. Proceedings, 1905,

28 Wisconsin Archeologist, xv, 18.

29 Ms. article in the files of the Wisconsin Archeological Society.

Minnesota Indian Life

MINNESOTA INDIAN LIFE

Willoughby M. Babcock

The geographical position of Minnesota, straddling the
dividing line between the timber and the plains areas, and
including within its 84,000 square miles some 52,000 square
miles of forests and 32,000 of prairie, necessarily affected
in a vital manner the life and culture of the Indian peoples
of the region. One must deal, therefore, with both forest
and plains cultures, and these were represented respectively
in historic times by the Ojibway or Chippewa of the great
Algonquian stock, and the Eastern Dakota of the Siouan
family, whose greatest strength lay in the northwestern
prairies from Lake Traverse to the Rocky Mountains.

Who the first Indian occupants of Minnesota were has
not been determined by archeologists, but tribesmen of
Siouan stock are known to have lived in Minnesota for some-
thing over three hundred years. There are some indica-
tions of early occupancy by Algonquian Cheyennes, but
much of the material found in old Minnesota village sites
and in the mounds appears to be of Siouan origin.

The Sioux Indians of Minnesota, culturally speaking,
were in the last stages of the Stone Age when the impact
of white culture, first indirectly through the attacks of the
Chippewa, and then directly through the coming of ex-
plorers, traders, and settlers struck them. Their tools and
weapons were the ungrooved and grooved axes, hammers,
hammers tones, knives, spear blades, arrowpoints, scrapers,
drills, and mortars and pestles of stone, supplemented by
articles of horn, bone, and wood. The implements of war
and the chase were the bow and arrows, the spear, the war-
club of stone, bone, or elk horn, and the stone or bone knife.
Fire presumably was made by the primitive rubbing method
and sturdy if rather coarse pottery supplied the cooking
utensils and water jars. Wooden and birchbark dishes and
containers, as well as skin bags, were used to supplement
the pottery.

The foods were those which nature provided: buffalo
from the plains; deer, bear, and small game from the for-

10 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 1

ests, ducks and geese, beaver, muskrat, fish and turtles,
from the lakes, berries, nuts, and roots, maple sap to be
boiled down into sugar, and finally that vitally important
cereal, the wild rice. It is uncertain whether the Minnesota
Sioux, in pre-white days raised any corn, if so the amount
must have been infinitesimal, for these Indians as hunters
led a semi-nomadic life. The wild rice, which required no
cultivation, supplied them with the necessary substitute for
grain.

The cooking, done over the open fire, either within or
without the lodge as circumstances might dictate, was
of the simplest character, boiling or roasting being the rule.
Soup or broth from the boiled meat or fish, often thickened
with wild rice or berries formed an important part of the
daily menu. The methods of boiling varied with the cooking
utensil in pre-white days. Some pottery vessels were suffi-
ciently well made to stand direct exposure to the fire, and
the blackening of the sherds found on village sites, to-
gether with rim pieces pierced for handles indicates that
these pots were swung over the flames in ordinary fashion.
Other vessels of pottery, skin bags, and birchbark con-
tainers, however, could not be so exposed to the fire, and
the ingenious Indian woman therefore kept her stew boil-
ing by patiently dropping heated stones into the pot.

Contrary to the usual impression, strenuous efforts were
made to lay aside a stock of food for the "starving time" of
the late winter. Surplus deer, bear, and buffalo meat was cut
into thin strips and hung on the drying racks to be sun-
cured, or smoked, and fish were preserved in similar fashion.
Large supplies of wild rice were laid in and carefully stored
in woven cedar bark bags, or birchbark lined pits in the
ground, and blueberries either whole or pounded into a
pulp, were preserved by drying.

These reserve stocks, of course, were supplemented as
long as possible by meat from the freshly killed game.
Moreover under the rules of the hunt, others than the one
who actually made the kill could claim their share and thus
the success of one assisted in the support of many. Further,
the semi-communistic ideas of property held by the Indians,
coupled with the deep-set sense of hospitality gave the
hungry one a right -to share with his neighbor who had
plenty. Unfortunately such a system acted as a drain upon

Minnesota Indian Lite 11

the industrious, and few winters passed without suffering,
starvation, and even cannibalism.

Indians were gregarious, and village life was the rule.
Wood and water in abundance were necessary for such a
group as well as a good supply of fish, turtles, and water
fowl, and the villages were usually to be found in the vicin-
ity of lakes or streams. The Minnesota Sioux used two
general types of houses: the rectangular summer lodges
with steep pitched roofs, constructed of poles lashed to-
gether and covered with overlapping slabs of elm bark, and
the conical winter tipis of poles covered with buffalo skins
characteristic of the Plains tribes. The latter lodge too, was
the one taken on the long hunts, for it could be erected and
taken down in a very short time.

The group comprising the village or band was under the
nominal leadership of a chief, whose position was more or
less hereditary, but public opinion, as represented by the
council of the older men and the recognized warriors, really
controlled the actions of the community. Members of the
warrior societies, and certain specially appointed "soldiers"
occasionally assisted in enforcing the regulations so adopted,
especially in matters affecting the community hunts, and
once so authorized, their powers were autocratic.

Often co-operating with, but frequently opposing the
chief, was the medicine man who combined in himself by
voluntary assertion, demonstration and popular recognition
the powers, duties, and privileges of priest, physician,
sorcerer, and public entertainer. Religion with most primi-
tive peoples is a continuous contest with the powers of
nature which are believed to be controlled by a host of
deities or spirits of varying degrees of influence. Among
these, naturally, the sun ranks high. These spirits must be
appeased, and if possible secured as personal friends and
supporters of the individual by long fasting, scarification,
and even mutilation, to induce them to "take pity upon"
and help the petitioner. The boy upon reaching the age of
puberty was expected to undergo a period of such fasting,
during which time he ordinarily received a personal "medi-
cine" or assurance of spirit support upon which he might
count in future crises.

The medicine man had supposedly received this super-
natural backing and power in abnormal degree, and by vir-

12 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 1

tue of that power he foretold future events, healed the sick,
and brought good or ill to the members of the community.
Because of his power few persons were willing to risk act-
ing contrary to the will of the medicine man.

Throughout an Indian band the sense of kinship was
very strong. A young man ordinarily might not marry a
girl within degrees of blood relationship which to whites
seem remote. Once married, however, he assumed certain
responsibilities for members of the wife's family, as for in-
stance the duty of hunting for a time for the parents-in-
law. Marriage was in a sense a matter of purchase from the
prospective bride's father or senior male relative, although
the gifts presented by the family of the bride to that of
the groom somewhat evened the scale. Since the girl's
wishes were customarily consulted, forcible marriages were
not common, but the authority to act without her consent
was undoubtedly vested in the father. Polygamy, although
it existed, was far from universal, and often consisted in
marriage with several sisters. Occasionally the wife of a
prominent man would ask her spouse to take a second wife
* as a means of splitting up the work performed by her.

Children were much sought after, and greatly loved by
their parents. The birth rate was heavy but because of the
strain placed upon their .constitutions by the conditions of
life only the most robust survived. The education received
by both boys and girls was that best suited to their method
of life. The boy, destined for a hunter and warrior, under
the tutelage of the father or an uncle, learned to endure
fatigue, to observe closely, and to handle his weapons with
skill. The girl became a skillful housekeeper by carrying
wood, tanning skins, and doing the manifold tasks of the
home under the direction of her mother. Both boys and
girls learned the traditions of the tribe from the mouths
of the old people as the tales were told about the campfires.
Physical restraints were not placed upon the children for
fear of breaking their spirit, but the manifest attitude of
the community acted as a powerful deterrent.

The social life of the Indian band found expression in the
constant entertaining at "feasts" during the periods of
plenty, in the numerous councils where public affairs were
transacted to the accompaniment of much talk and cere-
monial pipe smoking, and in the various dances. These

Minnesota Indian Life 13

dances, to the thump of drum and the chant of singers
might celebrate the success of a war party, signalize the
meeting of a society, or merely give the young men and
maidens an opportunity to get acquainted, but whatever the
occasion they loomed large in the eyes of the tribe.

Death, of course, was a common visitor among the primi-
tive Indians for war and disease both took their toll. On
such occasions amid the wailing of the women the body of
the deceased was wrapped tightly in buffalo robe or deer-
skins and then conveyed to its temporary resting place on a
scaffold or in a tree near the village. With a man were
placed his weapons and his pipe, while a woman carried with
her on her last journey the articles which she had used in
her daily tasks. In many instances the bodies were subse-
quently removed from the scaffolds and buried in the earth.
Erection of a mound of the type known today as "Indian
Mounds" over the remains then followed.

Upon this primitive forest and plains culture of the
Sioux during the first part of the eighteenth century came
the blow of the Chippewa attack. These Indians, first known
in the St. Lawrence River area, had very early in the seven-
teenth century come into contact with the French traders
and secured firearms. With these improved weapons, al-
though driven westward by white pressure, they were able
to conquer for themselves the rich forest anc( lake area of
north central Minnesota. By 1750 the conquest was com-
plete, and Minnesota Sioux henceforth became definitely
Plains Indians. The Sioux villages which had been located
in the Sandy Lake-Mille Lacs area were now to be found
along the Mississippi River from the Falls of St. Anthony
to Winona, and up the Minnesota from its mouth to Lake
Traverse.

Many features of Chippewa life did not differ markedly
from the Siouan culture already described, for these Indians
likewise were hunters and fishermen. They, however, used
the light birchbark canoe in place of the wooden dugout
of the Sioux, wore a soft soled moccasin instead of the hard
soled type, and for the conical skin tipi they substituted
the beehive-shaped birchbark wigwam. Burials were made
by interment in the earth. Often low structures of bark
or boards were built over their graves.

H WISCONSIN ARCHEOLQGIST Vol. 14, No. 1

Having iron and steel tools and weapons, obtained at
the white trading posts, there was no further need of stone
implements, and the old stone and bone culture virtually
disappeared, surviving only in the casse-tete and pemmican
mallet of the plains tribes, and in an occasional elkhorn
war-club or bone awl. The Chippewa had already given up
pottery making before their arrival in Minnesota, for the
tin or brass kettle was infinitely superior. The gun made
the Indian more certain of his quarry while on the hunt,
and more deadly on the war-path, and consequently each
man made strenuous efforts to secure cue. Blankets,
strouds, and cotton cloth in large measure forced out buck-
skin and buffalo robes for clothing, and new foods like pork,
fiour, molasses, tea and coffee became necessities. Trade
whiskey and rum were introduced, — very appropriately
denominated "firewater" by the savages, — and the taste
for them spread with lightning rapidity.

These new wants could only be satisfied at the white
trading post, and since furs and peltries were the currency
v/ith which goods and liquor could be bought, tremendous
emphasis came to be laid upon the fur hunt. The woods
and streams were depopulated of game by overhunting, and
the natural food supply was largely eliminated, with a con-
sequent increase in suffering.

It goec without saying probably, that the Sioux as soon
as possible adopted these elements of white culture, and the
struggle with the Chippewa for choice hunting grounds,
dating back to the period of the latter's conquest, became
more desperate. War parties constantly lurked about the
rival villages, and scalps, indisputably recording the death
of enemies, became the only real stepping stones to position
of standing and honor in the bands and tribe.

The changes from the old primitive - Indian life had
come with great rapidity. One hundred and fifty years after
the first contact of the Minnesota Sioux with the white, a
chief was willing to go to any length to secure the return
of a trader who had been temporarily withdrawn as a
punishment, for absolute annihilation by starvation, due to
the lack of white goods, stared the band in the face.

The era of Indian dependency and Governmental ward-
ship had begun.

Prehistoric Specialization 15

PREHISTORIC SPECIALIZATION

Wilton E. Erdman

The benefits of our civilization to-day can be largely
traced to man's specialization, — specialization in business,
agriculture, manufacturing, politics, art, science, or any
phase of human endeavor. Specialization or the division of
labor into distinct tasks has produced greater efficiency and
in turn greater rewards for the individual, the family,
groups, and governments. Man with less effort, through
this system, can secure the necessities of life (food, cloth-
ing, and shelter) more easily and also have more time for
leisure v/ith which to indulge in and enjoy. the luxuries of
life.

Yet, specialization in its first form was nothing new to
our prehistoric Indians. In some tribes, it reached a high
state of development as legends and records show. The de-
gree, of specialization was naturally dependent upon the
numbers which the chief had herded into his tribe, the re-
sources of the region or environment in which the tribe was
living, and the cultural advancement of the group. In each
tribe, there were some who were more skilled in fashioning
implements than others. Some were expert arrowhead
makers while others were better canoe builders, warriors,
trappers, hunters, medicine men, story tellers, spies or
scouts, or politicians in the tribal councils.

As in prehistoric times of the Old World, each Indian
and his family at first performed all of their own work. As
soon as an individual's aptitude and skill, however, became
known to himself and others, he bartered his product for
that of his neighbors. He, therefore, exchanged what he liked
to make or exchanged the commodity he could make the
best for the goods that others could produce easier or
better. It is likely that many old men, weak males, and
those with mechanical inclinations were the best in manu-
facturing implements. The young, adventurous braves were
more apt to use their energy in war and hunting than in
the patient, laborious tasks of flaking and grinding neces-
sary for good weapons and tools. As the energetic man of

16 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 1

to-day, generally, seeks executive opportunities and freedom
from sedate, office routine, so it is highly probable that the
braves of the tribes shunned the monotony and irksomeness
of sitting in a stone pit grinding rocks or flaking. They
brought in the game and traded it for arrowpoints, war-
clubs, etc., made by others who were more adapted and
skillful in those vocations.

Likewise too, the women of the tribes, without a doubt,
often enjoyed and developed a certain degree of specializa-
tion. Those who were skilled in basket making, bead wrork,
tanning of hides and making of clothes, weaving, garden
work, and cooking also bartered their products with others.

In the Old World, the greatest benefit that specialization
brought about was the invention and the development of
writing. The thoughts, progress, prevailing conditions, etc.,
were thereafter recorded for the future to read and study.
The hieroglyphic and cuneform writings of Egypt and Asia
shove their historic period back from four to seven thousand
years.

With the exception of one Indian tribe in North America,
the Cherokee, the Indians, themselves, never progressed
to the point of , specialization where their language could
be written or where scribes were appointed to such a task.
Much more interesting would it be for the archeologist to-
day, if he could sit down and pour over the volumes that
could have been written by almost any tribe. It is granted,
however, that the Indians were on the verge of evolving a
system with which to write down and record their thoughts.
Picture-writing and a few pictographs induce us to believe
that they might have eventually invented a system that
would have been easier for them to write and for us to
understand. The Mayas in Central America, nevertheless,
did invent a more complex system for writing down their
records, — a system that is still being deciphered — , and it
is possible that our North American Indians may have,
sooner or later, done likewise.

We have every reason to believe that the woodland and
prairie territory of Wisconsin with its bountiful vegetation,
lakes, and rivers must have been a paradise to the wander-
ing Indian. Specialization involving urgent tasks was cer-
tain, but specialization tending toward the formation of an
alphabet never developed. Thus, with the exception of a

Prehistoric Specialization 17

few pictographs written in caves and a few examples of
picture-writing, we have no definite, written record of
Indian activities in Wisconsin made by the Indians them-
selves.

When the Whites arrived, it was up to them to do what
the Indian had not reached a point to be able to do. After
Jean Nicolet came to Wisconsin, three hundred years ago,
the Jesuits followed and established the Jesuit Relations
which constituted the first important, involved record per-
taining to Indian affairs and relations in Wisconsin. Their
earlier activities were confined, primarily, along the Fox
River and Wisconsin River, and, from 1675 to 1800, reports
from many of the Wisconsin tribes living in the interior
were often vague and few. Later, the white man took and
wrote down the legends of the Indians and the history from
chiefs as handed down by word of mouth. Many of these
reports had to be questioned due to the loss of memory,
mistakes, and prejudices of the narrators. Within the last
century, scientists and philologists have compiled a partial
record of the speech of Wisconsin Indian tribes through a
study of English phonetics. This is important because
through similarities in speech tribal ties and characteristics
have been discovered.

In conclusion, the advance of civilization of any group
was dependent upon the specialization developed. If each
tribe could have invented some system of writing upon
baked clay tablets or stone slabs, some qualified writers
appointed, and the key turned over to us, we could indeed
have had a very interesting record to study.

18 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 1

ARCHAEOLOGY AND RADIO

Will F. Bauchle

When we speak to the average person of the quest in
discovery of the origin of. man, he will say ''What is the use,
we are here, it matters not where life began."

So it is, when we speak of the origin of the people who
inhabited the Western world, when the white man first
arrived upon its shores.

Scientists for many years, have sought for the birth
place of man on the plains of Asia and the burning sands of
Northern Africa.

In France, in Egypt, in far off India, we find the traces
of an ancient civilization, the foot prints of races, vanished
before time recorded their achievements.

If we go back over the centuries we find an early culture
in the center of the Western Hemisphere, a race of people,
the engineers of their time, who built of stone, laid out huge
aqueducts which carried the water supply, to the people of
Mexico, with a steady flow, from the source in the moun-
tains, across the lakes which surrounded the capitol of the
Toltecs and the Aztecs. They -built great temples of stone,
palaces for their kings and mortuaries for their dead. Their
people were housed ; some in buildings of stone and some in
houses of "dobe clay", where many families lived in a single
"Great House".

They tilled the soil, and raised their grain, they hunted
and fished, their implements were those of Peace, the rem-
nants of a period of construction.

While these races inhabited the Western Hemisphere
and were known to the early Spanish explorers as Indians,
to the North and to the South were found a race who neither
built of stone, created architecture, nor founded a home.

A race of dark, copper-skinned people, migratory in their
habits, who lived in tents of skin, hunted, fished, and fought
the more prosperous tribes, that they might possess their
chattels.

These were the people the Norsemen found on the
Western Continent, when Leif Erickson landed on Western
shores.

Archaelogy and Radio , 19

They were a hardy race before the coming of the white
men, Columbus found the same type of people, four cen-
turies later when he landed on the Islands in his westward
voyage, in quest of the Indies.

As we view the story and life of these races, we find
a people as strange and romantic as those from the pages of
the Arabian nights and well worthy of our search as to
their origin.

. For many years scientists, explorers and travelers, dis-
cussed these races in books, magazines and papers, bring-
ing thrills and dreams of vanished races to the reader.

Who is there among us, who has not sat up until the
small hours of morning, to read the story of Montezuma,
the last emperor of the Aztecs, of Kit Carson, and of
Buffalo Bill, who gained his title by killing herds of buffalo
for the builders of the railway, which first crossed western
plains? In his later life he gained fame to the extent that
stories tell us of his meeting and exterminating a score of
Indians at one time.

Those were the days when the romance of history could
only be told in cold print to those who could buy the books.

What strange comments would we have heard then, had
we predicted that in a few years, these stories could be
carried into our homes, and recorded in our minds by a little
instrument set in mother's "parlor?"

The stories of Jules Verne and Baron Munchausen would
have been "mild" in comparison with this prediction.

It was indeed a treat to read the books of distinguished
authors, to find the opinion of our foremost scientists in
the pages of our morning paper.

Today we not only glean these inspirations from the
thoughts of America's scientists, but we may hear their
voice, measure their sincerity and soon perhaps even see
their thoughtful, if puzzled, faces in a reflector in our
radio.

Romance, the touch of antiquity and the progress of the
races, have always thrilled us.

In archaeology, ethnology and the story of mankind,
we have all of these "thrills" combined.

The Radio is today, the most powerful factor in bringing
before our people, the message that is worth while and with
the least possible effort on our part.

20 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 1

In Wisconsin we have many radio stations, which, while
perhaps primarily interested in making expenses by adver-
tising, have ever been very considerate in giving time for
educational purposes.

Two of our radio stations, which are State owned, have
for years featured programs which were educational and
served a constructive purpose, in the minds of their
audience.

The story of the races, their origin, their progress and
their rise or fall, is more before the people today, than ever
before, it is a story that amuses, and fascinates us.

The scientist excavates ancient ruins, studies the man-
ners and customs of pre-historic people and makes his own
deductions.

He compares the ancient Temple Builders and the Mound
Builders; with the Indian of America's forests and plains.

When he uses the radio in giving the story, he gives
the result of his research to thousands of people, in every
walk of life, while his books are owned and read only, by
those deeply interested in these matters.

Where once "jazz" was king in Radio, the tendency is
greater each year to put out instructive programs.

In outlining a broadcast, we must bear in mind that the
subject matter should be clear, concise and to the point.

Clear enunciation, clear logic and sincerity of purpose,
must be primary considerations in radio work.

If we avoid technical terms and phrases, in giving our
subject of archaeology, we can interest the great "average"
man in this subject, and create an interest in its study.

Notes on Mitchell Park Site 21

NOTES ON THE MITCHELL PARK SITE

O. L. Hollister

Thirty-four years ago, when I first visited Mitchell Park
at Milwaukee, the eastern portion was still farm land. On
it there were innumerable evidences of a village site and
work-shop, extending from the edge of the bluff, where
stands the reproduction of Jacques Vieau's log cabin, south
to West Pierce Street.

Numerous hearth stones could still be found, and con-
siderable quantities of potsherds. Chipped arrowheads and
knives could be picked up on almost every visit. Flint chips
or flakes were so abundant that I gathered more than a
peck of them, which I still have.

A few axes, many crude hammer stones and other arti-
facts were found from time to time.

The tract had long been tilled, and I am told that many
specimens had been gathered during the years before I
knew the place, and others beside myself collected there
afterward.

Some of the specimens I picked up were unique in one
way or another, and it may be of interest to briefly mention
a few.

1. An axe, deeply grooved on three sides, now 5%" long,
shows plainly that the original cutting edge was
worn down or broken, and then re-sharpened.

2. Another axe, 5 inches long, is a fine specimen of the
"pebble" axe, that is, one formed from a stone of
approximately the size and shape desired, by merely
grinding one end down to a cutting edge, and making
a groove entirely around the stone near the other
end. 4

3. One stone knife illustrates how a very efficient tool
could be quickly and easily fashioned. It is 4%" long
and 2!/2" wide. A hard stone with a slaty fracture
had been struck on one edge and split. The thin-
nest end of one half was ground down to a cutting

22 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 1

edge. On the other end the rough edge of the split-
surface was rounded off so as not to hurt the hand in
using it.

4. Two specimens are evidently unfinished celts, show-
ing first rough chipping and then the pecking process.

5. Fragments of some 30 white arrow points were found
on the steep slope a few feet north-west of the Vieau
cabin. They were in a path made by tractors being
tested on this climb. Did the tractors break up a
cache of perfect white points, or did the aborigines
break them up for interment with their owner?

6. A slaty stone, 4 inches long, with cutting edge 3
inches wide, is perhaps a hoe. Very crudely made,
but shows much wear.

7. A few hammer stones are well rounded with depres-
sions or fingerholds on each side, but most of them
are crude.

8. I found a stone implement in a pile of top soil that
had been removed in excavating for the present
wading pool, two years ago. I would classify it as
an adz, but I may be wrong. It is 6 inches long,
1 inch wide at the small end and 2V-> inches wide at
the other, with both ends sharpened to cutting edges.
A distinct but very shallow groove appears on the
two edges only, about midway of the tool.

9. A few weeks ago my 6-year-old grandson and I found
chips, a reject and a perfect point in a flower bed in
the sunken gardens. As these gardens were exca-
vated deep into clay, these artifacts must have been
brought in with top soil in forming the flower beds.

I had concluded, years ago, that the improvement of the
east portion of the park had forever covered up all remain-
ing evidences of Indian occupation, but my late trifling finds
would indicate that more artifacts may yet be found.

The Serpent Mound on Medicine Butte 23

•

THE SERPENT EFFIGY ON MEDICINE BUTTE

M. E. Reisinger

Among1 the other very interesting Indian remains on the
top of Medicine Butte, near Blunt, South Dakota, is the
huge snake effigy depicted in the frontispiece. This serpent
belongs to the class of oboriginal stoneworks discovered
years ago in the Dakotas by Professor Todd and referred
to by him as "boulder mosaics/' Illustrations of some of
these were given by Dr. Stephen D. Peet, former Wisconsin
antiquarian in his book, Prehistoric America, published in
1898. In one of these the diamond-shaped head of a serpent
is shown which very much resembles that of the one on
Medicine Butte, and may be the same. This the scale of
the drawing shows to have been about ten feet long, its
greatest width seven feet, and the width of its neck four
feet.

The great serpent effigy on Medicine Butte is outlined on
the prairie soil in boulders, these stones varying in size
from about the size of a human head to much larger stones
and of good weight. Most of them are imbedded in the
earth for half their height, some are nearly covered with
soil only their tops projecting above the surface. It is
about six hundred feet in length, its outline traversing the
land in a number of curves. Its width at different points
of its body can be estimated from the illustrations which
are from photographs taken by the writer on July 1, of the
present year. Two large stones represent its eyes.

This serpent is a very impressive figure. Doubtless much
care was bestowed on its construction. The boulders had
to be gathered from its vicinity and holes for their place-
ments dug with primitive digging tools. Other snake
effigies are on this butte but are not now as distinct as the
one described, some of the stones being covered or nearly
covered by the soil, but their outlines may still be traced.

It is well known that numbers of these significant boulder
effigies representing animals and reptiles have been found
in both North and South Dakota, most of them years ago
by settlers, hunters and others. Most of these have been

21 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 1

destroyed in agricultural operations. Old white goose and
game hunters gathered and piled up the stones in heaps
to construct hunting blinds. The stones were also used
for other purposes, doubtless for building foundations.

The purpose of these boulder imitations of animals is
not fully explained. It is believed that they are representa-
tions of Indian animal deities. Their construction by Plains
tribes is probably comparatively recent. It is supposed that
they bear some, perhaps remote, relationship to the effigy
mounds of Wisconsin and Ohio. Dr. A. B. Stout, then en-
gaged in archaeological fieldwork in North Dakota, years
ago carefully removed from its site a boulder effigy of a
turtle and placed it on the state capitol grounds at Bismarck.

The author is not aware whether any systematic ex-
cavation of the areas within any of these boulder effigies
has been undertaken. Such an examination might yield
information of value of their age and authorship? Most of
those remaining are quite certain of destruction unless they
can be preserved in state parks or on other public grounds.

Medicine Butte is known to have been a council ground
and gathering place of both Indians of the Sioux and Ankara
tribes. On it are the lodge circles of former Indian camps
or villages. A large medicine stone of red granite has cut
into its surface representations of outspread hands and bird
tracks. The significance of these rock sculptures students
of American petroglyphs may some day be able to explain.

Wandering members of the Wisconsin Archaeological
Society may in their journeyings wish to visit Medicine
Butte and to study these boulder-outlined serpent figures,
lodge circles and this medicine stone.

Archeological Notes 25

ARCHEOLOGICAL NOTES

Dr. A. R. Wittmann of Merrill exhibited at the Exposition held at
Madison during- the month of July a large part of his archeological
collection. This contained many interesting specimens, the display of
native copper implements being particularly interesting. Most or all
of these were collected from Indian sites and fields in the upper
Wisconsin River Valley.

Mr. Alonzo W. Pond has been in the service of the Wisconsin
Conservation Department at Devils Lake State Park. Mr. John J.
Knudsen has been appointed Federal C. W. A. supervising engineer
with headquarters at Algoma. Mr. Charles G. Schoewe has beeiv
delivering a number of addresses on archeological and historical
subjects to schools, clubs and societies.

Mr. W. C. McKern and Charles E. Brown have received notice
of their appointment as . members of the Committee on State
Archaeological Surveys of the Division of Anthropology and Psychol-
ogy of the National Research Council, Washington, D. C. Other
members of the Committee are C. E. Guthe, chairman; C. R. Keyes,
E. Sapir (ex officio), A. V. Kidder, M. W. Stirling, P. A. Brannon,
A. W. Butler, R. B. Dixon, A. C. Parker and W. S. Webb.

The Wisconsin Tercentenary Pageant now being produced at
Green Bay was written by Dr. Louise P. Kellogg of Madison, with
Susan B. Davis of the same city as her co-author. At Madison an-
other Tercentenary pageant, "Children of Old Wisconsin", was pro-
duced under the direction of Ethel T. Rockwell during the month of
July.

The engraving of "The Landfall of Jean Nicolet", which appears
on the three cent violet U. S. Wisconsin Tercentenary commemorative
stamp, is a reproduction of the oil painting, by the famous American
artist Edwin Willard Deming, which hangs in the exhibition halls
of the State Historical Museum. Other paintings of this historic
event are one by the artist George Peter in the entrance of the
Milwaukee Public Museum, and one by Ballin in the Governor's recep-
tion room in the State Capitol.

A leaflet, "French Pathfinders of Wisconsin", being an account
of the French explorers, traders, missionaries and soldiers of the
French regime in the Old Northwest, 1634-1763, by Charles E. Brown,
was printed for distribution during the University of Wisconsin Sum-
mer session. Copies of this Tercentenary publication may be obtained
by sending ten cents to pay postage to Mr. Brown at Madison.

26 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 1

Diiring the summer the Milwaukee Public Museum published and
circulated a two-volume monograph, "Tobacco, Pipes and Smoking
Customs of the American Indians", by George A. West. This is a
most valuable contribution to Wisconsin and American archeology
and Indian history. It is illustrated with many beautiful plates of pipes
in Wisconsin and other collections. Its production reflects great credit
upon its author and the Milwaukee Museum. Mr. McKern has kindly
promised to write a review of this outstanding publication for a
future issue of The Wisconsin Archeologist.

Mr. George A. Flaskerd has informed us of the organization of
the Minnesota Archaeological Society, uan organization devoted to
the gathering and preservation of relics and information from which
Minnesota ancient history can be reconstructed." This new organiza-
tion has about thirty-five active members in St. Paul and Minneapolis
and about twenty-five inactive members. At least twenty-five men
in other sections of Minnesota who are interested in the society. Its
present officers are George Hodge, St. Paul, president; Harvey R.
Kruse, Minneapolis, vice-president; Burton W. Thayer, St. Paul, sec-
retary-treasurer and George A. Flaskerd, Minneapolis, recording sec-
retary. For years the Wisconsin Society has urged the organization
of a state society in our sister state. It welcomes the new society
and trusts that through its present and future activity the people of
Minnesota may be greatly benefitted.

The Wisconsin Archeological Society greatly regrets to announce
the death, during the month of June, of Mr. Joy Morton, of Chicago,
for many years one of its honored life members. Mr. Morton was
not only greatly interested in the advancement of archeological re-
search in the Middle West but he \was a generous contributor to re-
search funds in his own and other §,tates. Secretary Brown and others
once spent a day with him in the inspection of the Indian landmarks
on his estate at Lisle, Illinois. Mr. Morton was then greatly interested
in an archeological survey of the Chicago area which Mr. Scharf of
Ouilmette was conducting for the Chicago Historical Society.

Folklore meetings were held on each Tuesday evening of the
six weeks of the summer session of the University of Wisconsin.
These were, held on the Lake Mendota lake terrace of the University
Memorial Union. All were evening meetings beginning at sunset and
lasting until after the fall of darkness. All were held under the
auspices of the University Folklore Society. Dr. M. E. Diemer, Harry
G. Dyer, James J. McDonald, Dr. Louise P. Kellogg and C. E. Brown
furnished the programs of this year's gatherings. All were illustrated
with lantern slides. Hundreds of students were present and enjoyed
these outdoor assemblies of persons interested in American folklore.

U0L 14

5fatn?mh*r, 1034

NEW SERIES

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

MILWAUKEE

Accepted for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1103
Act. Oct. 3. 1917. Authorized Jan. 28, 1921.

Wtanmrnn

VOLUME 14, No. 2

New Series

1934

PUBLISHED BY THE

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST SOCIETY
MILWAUKEE

, Ht0r0tt0ttt

Incorporated March 23, 1903, for the purpose of advancing the study
and preservation of Wisconsin antiquities

OFFICERS

Dr. H. W. Kuhm
Dr. L. S. Buttles

Charles E. Brown
Dr. L. S. Buttles
Dr. A. L. Kastner
Dr. H. W. Kuhm

W. K. Andrews
Dr. S. A. Barrett
Rudolph Boettger
Dr. E. G. Bruder
H. W. Cornell
Col. Marshall Cousins
Rev. F. S. Dayton
W. E. Erdman
Kermit Freckman
Arthur Gerth

PRESIDENT

Dr. A. L. Kastner

VICE-PRESIDENTS

T. M. N. Lewis R. J. Kieckhefer

T. L. Miller

DIRECTORS

R. J. Kieckhefer
T. M. N. Lewis
W. C. McKern

ADVISORY COUNCIL

John G. Gregory
Richard Hallstrom
Otto J. Halvorson
Paul Joers
A. P. Kannenberg
Dr. Louise P. Kellogg
Mrs. Theo. Koerner
Marie G. Kohler
Dr. Ralph Linton
A. T. Newman

T. L. Miller
G. M. Thome
Geo. A. West

Dr. E. J. W. Notz
Louis P. Pierron
E. F. Richter
Jos. Ringeisen. Jr.
Chas. G. Schoewe
Paul Scholz
Rev. O. W. Smith
Dr. Orrin Thompson
Arthur Wenz
G. R. Zilisch

TREASURER

G. M. Thorne
1631 N. Fifty-second Street, Milwaukee, Wis.

SECRETARY

Charles E. Brown
State Historical Museum, Madison, Wis.

COMMITTEES

REGULAR

STATE SURVEY— J. J. Knudsen, M. F. Hulburt, D. A. Blencoe, Dr.
L. S. Buttles, Dr. P. H. Nesbitt, G. E. Overton, 0. L. Hollister,
A. W. Pond, W. E. Erdman, J. P. Schumacher, T. M. N. Lewis,
W. F. Bauchle, V. E. Motschenbacher, Kermit Freckman, G. L.
Pasco, W. S. Dunsmoor.

STATE ARCHEOLOGICAL PARKS— R. P. Ferry, Walter Holsten,
D. S. Rowland, M. S. Thomson, Col. J. B. Jackson, Prof. A. H.
Sanford.

PUBLICITY— J. G. Gregory, Dr. H. W. Kuhm, A. 0. Barton, E. R.
Guentzel, Lieut. C. L. Emerson.

SPECIAL

BIOGRAPHY— Rachel M. Campbell, Paul Joers, C. G. Schoewe, Ar-
thur Gerth, E. F. Richter, Mrs. Theodore Koerner, Dr. E. J.
W. Notz.

FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS— Jos. Ringeisen, Jr., E. F. Richter,
G. A. West, C. G. Schoewe, N. E. Carter.

PROGRAM— Dr. H. W. Kuhm, W. C. McKern, G. M. Thome, Dr. L.
S. Buttles, T. L. Miller, Dr. A. G. Jenner.

PUBLICATIONS— C. E. Brown, T. M. N. Lewis, Dr. H. W. Kuhm,
W. E. Erdman.

MARKING MILWAUKEE ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES— M. C. Rich-
ter, L. R. Whitney, R. J. Kieckhefer.

LAPHAM RESEARCH MEDAL— Dr. S. A. Barrett. Dr. A. L. Kast-
ner, M. C. Richter, C. G. Schoewe, G. A. West, C. E. Brown.

MEMBERSHIP FEES

Life Members, $25.00 Endowment Members, $500.00

Sustaining Members, $5.00 Annual Members, $2.00

Institutional Members, $1.50 Junior Members, $ .50

CONTENTS

Vol. 14, No. 2, New Series

ARTICLES

Page
The Folsom Point Controversy, Herbert W. Kuhm 27

The George A. West Pipe Monograph, W. C. McKern 31

The Brule"-St. Croix Portage Trail, C. E. Brown 34

Perforated Skulls, An Inquiry, W. B. Hinsdale 37

A New Problematical Artifact, Anton W. Sohrweide 39

Mandoka, Vina S. Adams 41

To Check Vandalism in Arizona, Edward P. Gaston _. 43

A Forgotten Tree Ring Record, W. K. Moorehead 45

Archeological Notes 46

ILLUSTRATIONS
Owl Pipe Found in Green Lake County by T. L. Miller Frontispiece

Plate Page

1. Perforated Skulls, Michigan 38

Steatite Effigy Found at Watertown 38

Figure

1. Outlines of Folsom Points .. .30

Owl Pipe Found in Green Lake County by T. L. Miller

C,eo. A. West Pipe Collection,
Milwaukee Public Museum

Wtsnmfitn

Published Quarterly by the Wisconsin Archeological Society

VOL,. 14 MILWAUKEE, WIS., NOVEMBER, 1934 NO. 2

New Series

THE FOLSOM POINT CONTROVERSY

Herbert W. Kuhm

The question of the actual antiquity of the so-called
"Folsom points" has been raised by an article on these prob-
lematic aboriginal artifacts in a recent issue of a national
magazine.

The article, captioned "Stone Relics of Oldest Americans ?
— Finding of Two Neatly-Chipped Pointed Bits of Stone in
Virginia May Prove Folsom Culture of Southwest Became
Country-wide," has provoked considerable discussion among
the members of the Wisconsin Archeological Society at re-
cent meetings.

The concensus of opinion thus far noted is that David I.
Bushnell, Jr., collaborator of the Bureau of Ethnology of the
Smithsonian Institute, who found the two Folsom points
under discussion, is basing too weighty a conclusion on too
unstable a premise.

Years ago, when first bitten by the virulent germ of
"archeologitis" — (a strange mental condition which causes
people to plod hours upon hours over plowed fields and break
into hysterics upon mere sight of a pointed bit of chert or
an oddly shaped stone) — I came upon several most unusual
specimens on the old Winnebago village and camp sites along
the Rock River near Watertown. They were irregular
shaped disks, and in my inexperienced and feverish joy I
could actually visualize on them the effigy of a rattlesnake
with body coiled and head raised as if to strike. Imagine
my chagrin when I learned that these breath-taking finds
were but the ear-bones of the lowly drumfish!

It but illustrates the fallacy of archeologically taking too
much for granted. It brings to mind a recent article in the
Santa Monica (Calif.) "Outlook," wherein a local dentist

28 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 2

relates the finding of a jawbone of an Indian "showing
traces of crude dental repair work in one of the molars."
The article stated that "apparently the native dentist had
filled a tooth cavity with pitch/' and then continued:
"Archeology offers a very fruitful field for research and
often the most apparently trivial find leads to astonishing
deductions, and many of them have served to connect the
immediate present with the far-distant past in a truly
remarkable way."

The finding of this isolated specimen of a tooth cavity
containing pitch and deducing therefrom that the aborigines
practised dental restoration is truly an "astonishing de-
duction." The original owner of that molar may have chewed
a bit of pitch for the mere taste of it; aboriginal chewing
gum, so to speak. Or it may have adhered to some food and
through mastication became wedged into the cavity. As
the proverbial lone swallow not making a summer, so an
isolated instance of pitch in a cavity hardly places dental
mechanics in our Indian culture.

W. C. McKern relates of a South Sea Island artifact being
found with an Iroquoian burial, and Dr. A. L. Kastner
mentions an aboriginal burial in which ancient Grecian coins
were found. Yet no one would care to voice the "astonishing
deduction" that the Iroquois made South Sea Island culture
artifacts nor that the aborigine cast Greek coinage.

Yet Mr. Bushnell, on the strength ol having found two
Folsom points in Virginia, links an ancient Southwest cul-
ture with the east. It seems that Mr. Bushnell, along with
the Santa Monica dentist, is connecting up with the "far-
distant past in a truly remarkable way."

In reality, Wisconsin archeologists find nothing startling
about Mr. Bushnell's find. These Folsom-type points have
been found repeatedly in our state. There are fine specimens
in the collection of the Wisconsin Historical Museum at
Madison; likewise in the Milwaukee Public Museum. No
doubt there are others in local museums throughout the
state.

Charles G. Schoewe found a Folsom point in the Muskego
Lake region, and another near West Bend. Dr. Lewis S.
Buttles has come upon them in surface work in Ozaukee
County. Paul Scholz has several from Rock River, Jefferson

The Folsom Point Controversy 29

County, sites, and Wilton E. Erdman uncovered some at
Horicon. Dr. E. J. W. Notz found several in the Kickapoo
Valley, and the Aztalan site on the Crawfish River in Jeffer-
son County yielded some to Rudolph Boettger.

Members of the Wisconsin Archeological Society are
urged to look through their personal collections and those
in their local museums for any of these Folsom points, and
supply our secretary, Charles E. Brown, care of the State
Historical Museum, at Madison, with outlines of the points
and all available information concerning them. A discussion
of these problematical artifacts can then be held at some
future meeting of the Society.

Following is an excerpt from the article on Folsom
points, which appeared in The Literary Digest, issue of
June 6, 1934:

"Two pointed bits of stone, chipped neatly along the
edges and undeniably the handiwork of man, have been dis-
covered by David I. Bushnell, Jr., collaborator of the Bureau
of Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institute. They are like
ordinary arrow-points in some respects, but in others great-
ly unlike them. Their discovery in Virginia poses a problem
for students of American pre-history which may lead to
important revisions of current ideas about the early settle-
ment of this continent.

"For these are not Indian arrow-heads, but remains of a
race much older and long extinct on this continent. Flint
points of this kind first were turned up in 1925 near Folsom,
New Mexico, in the course of some excavations for the Colo-
rado Museum of Natural History, Denver. Later, working
in the same place, more curious points were discovered by
Barnum Brown, of the American Museum of Natural His-
tory, New York, and first were recognized by Mr. Brown as
relics of a race more ancient than the Indians.

"The relics consequently have been called, Tolsom
points.' In the opinion of Mr. Brown they date back to
15,000 or 20,000 years, to the close of the last great Ice Age
on this continent. Part of the proof of their great antiquity
lies in the fact that they were associated in the Folsom
quarry with bones of a type of bison now extinct, and were
overlaid by many feet of wind-blown silt deposited by dust
storms which followed the retreat of the glaciers.

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST

Vol. 14, No. 2

' 'Moreover, a little later, points of similar type were dis-
covered by Edgar B. Howard, of the University of Pennsyl-
vania Museum, in a cave near Carlsbad, New Mexico, with
charred remains of many extinct animals, and the burned
horn of musk-ox. Asking what conditions would make it
possible for musk-oxen to live as far south as Carlsbad
brought scientists to the conclusion that in the time when
Folsom men lived and hunted there, Mexico must have been
a sort of sub-Arctic tundra.

"But here is the difficulty: the eastern part of the
United States hitherto has been considered uninhabited in
those times, since the Folsom culture evidently was a plains
culture, while the East was heavily forested almost to the
ice belt which once came as far south as the present site of
New York City. The discovery of Folsom points in Virginia
thus presents a queer difficulty, something of a paradox,
yet perhaps not one incapable of solution. The Folsom cul-
ture may have been a very extensive one, which lasted on
this continent for many hundreds of years and gradually
adapted itself to conditions in the East.

"The characteristic 'Folsom points' are not arrow-heads.
It is considered more likely that they are javelin heads,
though Mr. Bushnell, upon examination of those he found,
said that they may not have been weapons at all, but skin-
ning knives and flesh and hide working tools."

Figure 1
OUTLINES OF FOLSOM POINTS

The George A. West Pipe Monograph 31

THE GEORGE A. WEST PIPE MONOGRAPH
W. C. McKern

For many years Mr. George A. West has been an ardent
collector and untiring student of aboriginal American pipes.
It is most fortunate to other collectors and students of
American archeology and native material culture that the
results of these years of research should be preserved in the
recently published monograph: Tobacco, Pipes and Smoking
Customs of the American Indians, Milwaukee Public Museum
Bulletin, Vol. 17. Two large volumes are devoted to the sub-
ject, one containing 994 pages of text, with frontispiece and
17 text figures, the other containing 257 illustrative plates
with explanations.

The work is based not only upon specimens in the George
A. West Pipe Collection in the Milwaukee Public Museum,
but upon a first-hand study of specimens in all the larger
museums of America and Europe, and in many private col-
lections, large and small.

As indicated by the title, the report is not limited in its
scope to pipes alone. It starts with a laconic resume of the
history of tobacco, rich in anecdotes, involving its discovery
by Europeans, native names for it, the origin of the name
by which it is now almost universally known, its early im-
portance in some of the colonies, and the world-wide fight
against the spread of its use, ending in the triumph of to-
bacco over all obstacles.

This is followed by a comprehensive survey of aboriginal
uses to which tobacco was put. Not only was it employed
primitively for smoking in pipes, ceremonially and other-
wise, but it was smoked in the form of cigars and cigar-
ettes, chewed, and taken in the form of snuff. Moreover,
tobacco was used as medicine and as sacrificial offerings to
the spirits. There were a dozen native varieties, eight of
which are known to have been used by the Indians. The use
of tobacco had a broader distribution than its cultivation,
a fact which made of tobacco an important trade commodity.
Where it was relatively scarce, various blends and substi-
tutes were employed by the Indians. The place of tobacco

32 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 2

in various aboriginal cultures is richly illustrated in the
native mythology.

One chapter is devoted to the present production and
commercial importance of tobacco in the United States.

Aboriginal smoking pipes are treated fundamentally as
to type and distribution. Pipes are classed typographically
according to shape, material, peculiar authorship and dis-
tinctive usage. In this way they are grouped under twenty-
five main descriptive heads, each with specific subdivisions.
This makes it possible to look up a pipe under one of several
possible heads, as: (1) under some major shape category,
such as platform; (2) on a basis of secondary shape, such
as effigy; (3) from the standpoint of material, such as pot-
tery; (4) in regard to specialized use, such as calumets;
(5) or on a basis of specific authorship, such as Iroquois
pipes. A great deal of time and effort has been devoted to
detailed descriptions of characteristic, exceptionally fine and
other interesting pieces, with full discussions of such sub-
jects as craftsmanship and peculiar use.

The distribution of the various major types of pipes in
the North American area north of Mexico is presented
through the medium of geographical areas, selected to best
serve the desired purpose. Nine provinces are named: the
Northwest Coast, California, Southwest, Plains, Upper Mis-
sissippi-Great Lakes, Mississippi-Ohio Valley, Gulf, Atlantic
Coast, and St. Lawrence Valley areas. In addition, there are
nineteen maps of North America, each showing the known
distribution of a major class of pipes.

Pipes and smoking customs among the historic Indians
are treated under a separate heading. Certain tribes, such
as the Blackfeet and some of the Ojibwe, have retained
ancient forms of pipes, in instances up to the present time.
Certain peoples who did not smoke in prehistoric times are
now inveterate smokers, such as the Eskimo, who use a
form of pipe historically introduced from Asia. Other his-
toric Indian pipes show the white man's influence, such as
lead and lead-decorated pipes. Many Indians adopted pipes
made by the white man and introduced as trade materials
among the Indians, such as metal tomahawk-pipes and vari-
ous types of clay pipes.

Materials employed in aboriginal pipe manufacture, their
occurrence, and native mining are discussed, followed by a

The George A. West Pipe Monograph 33

consideration of Indian methods of pipe manufacture. In re-
gard to the latter, the author not only shows a broad knowl-
edge of early descriptions and contemporary ethnological
accounts of implements and methods employed, which at
best leave much to be desired, but has conducted a series of
laboratory experiments with results that tend strongly to
support his conclusions.

Two final sections of the work are of particular value
and importance. One is a bibliography listing 284 reference
titles, a feature indicative of the great amount of compara-
tive study involved in the preparation of the monograph.
The other is an index of 67 pages, greatly facilitating use
of the report for reference purposes.

The value of this contribution to our knowledge of tobac-
co and its uses by primitive Americans lies, primarily, in that
it has brought together for the first time in a single publi-
cation a vast store of information greatly in demand by
collectors and students. In this respect it is to be compared
with W. H. Holmes' study of Aboriginal Pottery of the Eastern
United States, or 0. T. Mason's monograph on Aboriginal
American Basketry. In addition, it offers new information,
as complete as the available data will permit, on variety and
distribution of American Indian smoking pipes. The illus-
trations alone would more than justify the publication.

Mr. West is to be congratulated upon producing a truly
monumental work that deserves to be on the library shelves
of every sincere student of American Indian customs.

34 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No 2.

THE BRULE-ST. CROIX PORTAGE TRAIL

Charles E. Brown

On October 26, when in Douglas County, I was taken by
Mr. Jos. Lucius of Solon Springs to see the historic Brule-
St. Croix portage extending northward from the northern
end of Lake St. Croix to the headwaters sources of the
Brule River. On this portage, on the highway from Solon
Springs to Winniboujou and Brule, a boulder monument has
been erected on the south side of the highway, at a distance
of about 450 feet from the northern shore of Lake St. Croix.
The large granite rock bears a bronze tablet with this
inscription :

THE BRULE-ST. CROIX PORTAGE

UPPER LAKE ST. CROIX END OF TRAIL,

DISCOVERED 1680.

INDIANS, VOYAGEURS, EXPLORERS,

MISSIONARIES, TRADERS AND PIONEERS

TRAVELED THIS PATH FROM THE WATERS

OF THE GREAT LAKES TO THOSE OF

THE MISSISSIPPI.

TO ALL WHO PASS THIS WAY
THIS TABLET IS DEDICATED

THIS TABLET WAS PLACED BY

CLAUDE JEAN ALLOUEZ CHAPTER

D. A. R., 1933.

The old Portage trail extends from the monument north-
ward up a brush and tree grown hill. It is plainly marked

The Brule-St. Croix Portage Trail 35

on the slope and top of the hill for quite a long distance. In
some places it is nearly two feet deep and from one and one-
half to two or more feet wide. In other places it is not so
definite, or its exact location uncertain. It is said to be about
one and one-fourth miles in length. From the hilltop a beau-
tiful view down the length of Lake St. Croix and for many
miles across the wild wooded country to the west is obtained.

I was taken to about the middle of the trail and we fol-
lowed it southward for a considerable distance. At this point
it runs quite close to the northern bank of the highland. In
the lowland below are several springs. These the travelers
over the trail knew and appreciated. A pack rest of logs was
formerly near here, by the side of the path. This part of the
highland is also tree and brush covered.

We next went to the northern end of the trail. In the
lowlands north of this place are the Brule headwaters in a
large swamp. Here, at the end of the trail, another large
grey granite boulder has been placed. The bronze tablet on
its front reads :

THE BRULE-ST. CROIX PORTAGE
BRULE RIVER END OF TRAIL, DISCOVERED

1680. CALLED MiSAKOTA BY THE

CHIPPEWA, NEMETSAKOUAT BY THE SIOUX,

BURNTWOOD BY THE ENGLISH, BOIS BRULE

BY THE FRENCH.

In the bottom lands to the north of the old trail is a
rather thick growth of young tamarack, cedar, hemlock,
spruce, and balsam. Woods Lake, an attractive small pond
lake, is in this timber and can be seen from the trail.

I was informed that in the fall of the year 1886 the last
Indian party to pass over the Portage trail camped on the
shore of Lake St. Croix. These the local Chippewa said
were Sioux, "bad Indians." They were on their way from
Lake Superior to the Mississippi.

36 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 2

Mr. Lucius states that he was probably the last white
man to make the portage from the Brule waters to the lake.
This was in the year 1887. Going one way he made two
carry s over the trail with his packs, on his return trip he
carried all of his baggage over the trail in one.

The canoes used by the early voyageurs to the Missis-
sippi via the Brule-St. Croix route were 35-foot birchbark
craft. These were capable of transporting a large quantity
of provisions, merchandise and furs.

Four or five days were required to make the journey
from Lake Superior up the Brule to Lake St. Croix and as
many more to pass down the St. Croix to the Mississippi.

On the banks of the Brule, near Brule, where this stream
is crossed by the highway from Superior to Ashland, another
boulder monument has been placed, erected by the Lake
Superior High School Class of 1931. The tablet on this
monument announces that the French explorer, Daniel Grey-
solon Du Lhut was the first white man to pass over the
Brule-St. Croix route, in 1680.

Perforated Skulls, An Inquiry 37

PERFORATED SKULLS, AN INQUIRY

W. B. Hinsdale

During the past few weeks the Division of the Great
Lakes of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michi-
gan Museum, has exhumed in three or four places in the
eastern part of the state a number of skulls that have been
perforated. The perforations are in or near the median line
of the skulls and the most of them not far from the vertex.
One skull has a hole at the base, an inch from the foramen
magnum, and another at the vertex. The holes are less than
a half an inch in diameter at the outer table and taper to a
smaller diameter as they pierce the inner table. That is,
they look as they would if they had been made with a coun-
tersink. Among the skeletons with the perforated skulls,
which were buried from two to five feet below the surface
of the ground, were a femur with condyles dressed off and
drilled through, two inches from the end, and a tibia with
the condyles similarly removed and treated.

Other specimens were reported from the state by Gill-
man years ago and the same is recorded from a few loca-
tions in that part of Canada which lies between Georgian
Bay and Lake Erie.

The object of this inquiry is to ask from those who have
observed similar specimens elsewhere to please communi-
cate with either the editor of the Archeologist or the writer.

Information concerning the discovery of such Indian
crania may be addressed to the writer at the Division of
the Great Lakes Museum of Anthropology, Ann Arbor,
Michigan.

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST

Vol. 14, No. 2

Plate 1
PERFORATED SKULLS, MICHIGAN

Plate 1
STEATITE EFFIGY FOUND AT WATERTOWN

A New Problematical Artifact 39

A NEW PROBLEMATICAL ARTIFACT

Anton W. Sohrweide

The classification of William H. Holmes in the Bulletin
No. 30 of the American Bureau of Ethnology divides the
stone products of the aboriginal American into five groups,
viz.: (1) Buildings, (2) Implements and Utensils, (3) Orna-
ments, (4) Ceremonial Objects, (5) Problematical Objects.
It is this latter group, formed mainly of stone, and widely
distributed throughout the North American continent that
never ceases to be of interest to all students of prehistoric
art in the Mississippi Valley cultural areas. These objects,
the purpose and significance of which is not fully known,
are usually creations of native beauty, frequently bizarre
in shape and usually without utilitarian function.

It is not the purpose of this paper to discuss the sup-
posed uses and the possible religio-social significance of
these interesting artifacts but to report the addition of a
new and interesting form to those already studied. The
present specimen was found by my father in 1912 on the
present site of the Lutheran Home at Watertown, Wisconsin.

A "lizard" effigy, of mottled greenish-grey steatite,
very highly polished, it is two and one-half inches in length
and two inches in its widest circumference through the
shoulders. The narrowest diameter is that of the caudal
appendage which is one and one-half inches. Viewed an-
teriorly, there is a smooth sloping head that widens very
slightly above to form two mound-like ears. There is no
mouth or nostril indicated, but two dot-like depressions rep-
resent eyes, the left being one-sixteenth of an inch below
that of the right and very slightly larger. There is a slight
life-like neck posterior to which, one inch from the tip of
the nose, is represented the swelling of the shoulders, to-
gether with a foreleg one-quarter flexed in bas-relief; the
foreleg fades into the supporting base and is without paw
or suggestion of claws. The body and back arches slightly
and like the rest of the effigy is eburnated and smooth with-
out any distinguishing mark. The body tapers slightly to
end in an unfinished tail ; examination of the caudal portion

40 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 2

indicates that the aboriginal worker terminated his efforts
without completing the tail but contented himself by par-
tially smoothing the roughened area and making a shallow
groove in it.

In reporting this effigy there is added another object to
the already numerous group of formal and bizarre remains
assigned to the problematical class, the full and clear ex-
planation of which perished with its maker in the misty
past.

Mandoka 41

MANDOKA

Courtesy of Vina Sherwood Adams

Sam Mandoka, ' "chief" of the little group of Potawatomi
Indians living in Indiantown at Athens, Michigan, died at
the Calhoun County Hospital, on July 9, 1934. He was a
graduate of the Indian School at Haskell, Kansas, an able
orator and spokesman for the settlement. He had many
friends among the white people of Michigan. Despite his
seventy years, he had almost black hair and stood six feet
two inches tall. He had a friendly face and disposition.
Born in Oceana County, he lived in and about Athens most
of his life.

Basket weaving is the industry in which most of these
Indians make their living and Chief Mandoka made baskets
and fished and hunted. His home in the village was a frame
house situated on a hill and the best in the settlement. He
was an interesting speaker and in great demand at all man-
ner of celebrations. He traveled through the state giving
talks on Indian life for a number of years. Mandoka was a
good horseman and an expert shot with rifle or bow. He
was a birchbark canoe builder and skillful canoeman. He
would guide his canoe through the river rapids standing
erect. His children were all educated, some at Mt. Pleasant,
and some at a school in Kansas.

In accordance with Indian custom an all night ceremony
took place at the village in the church. Members of the
Potawatomi tribe from Canada and Bradley, east of Kala-
mazoo, participated in the last rites.

The death of this picturesque well-known native Ameri-
can recalls the removal of the Potawatomi to a reservation
in Kansas in 1840. There they pined for their former
Michigan home. Families came straggling back, some on
ponies, some on foot. The result was that a delegation from
Athens went to Washington and succeeded in getting Con-
gress to deed to the Indians a 160-acre reservation near
that town. Moguago was their chief at that time. Other
chiefs succeeded him, Phineas Pampobee being the last
with sufficient power to pledge the tribe. This power he

42 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 2

surrendered during his incumbency. He died twenty years
ago. A photograph of Sam Mandoka shows him attired in
a buckskin shirt, leggings and moccasins and wearing a
feathered war bonnet. He had six children, four sons and
two daughters, the four sons surviving their father. Many
prominent whites attended his funeral.

To Check Vandalism in Arizona 43

TO CHECK VANDALISM IN ARIZONA

Edward Page Gaston

Arizona is being looted year by year of priceless treas-
ures which never can be replaced. I have drawn the atten-
tion of Governor B. B. Moeur and other authorities to this
matter and after the election I hope to have a part in in-
augurating a campaign for the enforcement of the existing
laws against such vandalism.

I was a member of the Hemenway Expedition exploring
the prehistoric ruins in the Salt River Valley and the cliff-
dwellings in northern Arizona in 1888, with headquarters
later at Zuni pueblo, New Mexico, under the leadership of
that veritable ethnological genius, Frank Hamilton Gushing.

Dr. Frederick V/ebb Hodge, the noted Smithsonian Insti-
tution authority, who now is director of the Southwest
Museum at Los Angeles, was Mr. Cushing's chief colleague
at our main camp beside the great ruin which the expedi-
tion named Los Muertos (or "The City of the Dead") near
Tempe ; in the neighborhood of which many large prehistoric
communal structures were excavated.

After extended travels in Mexico, Egypt, Palestine,
Greece, and other ancient centres of human culture, I feel
like a Rip Van Winkle in returning to the Southwest, where
so great an advancement has been made since my time in
such directions as the brilliant investigations conducted by
Dr. Andrew Ellicott Douglass of Arizona University in de-
termining the ages of the prehistoric pueblos and cliff dwell-
ings by tree-rings. But, even yet, the people of Arizona do
not realize the unique opportunity open in this state for
preserving the imperishable glamor of the past by a better
guard of prehistoric edifices for posterity.

Ignorant and indifferent pot-hunters were never so much
in evidence as now. In many parts of the state, and neigh-
boring territory, such vandals can still ruthlessly rip out
human remains, beautiful pottery, early implements, per-
sonal ornaments and delicate textiles from their long resting
places. Little care such mercenary traffickers as to the sur-
roundings of a "find" and their ethnological value, their only

44 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 2

concern usually being as to what the loot will bring in the
curio market. Arizona thus has the distinction of possess-
ing at present the greatest store of ancient treasure, and
seemingly the greatest amount of indifference, of any place
in the United States.

The provisions of the Lacey national act for the protec-
tion of antiquities should be better enforced in Arizona,
and the hands of the state and county enforcing committees
wisely appointed by the Governor two years ago should be
upheld in their efforts of arousing public sentiment in this
long overdue movement. An antiquarian official survey of
the states of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona
might usefully be made, looking to the declaration of more
national monuments as a means for the better preservation
of antiquities. This survey would determine who owns pre-
historic sites, with an appeal to ranchmen and other land
owners to prevent unauthorized digging. Arizona also might
well stipulate that a fixed proportion of the finds made by
excavators remain in the state and university museums.

I have placed proposals before President Roosevelt and
various state governors that such schemes be made nation-
wide in their scope and that thus a large number of the un-
employed be put to work in saving or restoring ancient hu-
man works, historic buildings, abandoned army posts, old
stage coach stations, etc. Admirable work of this kind is
now in progress as a CWA enterprise at the abandoned Fort
Lowell, near Tucson. There are thousands of other sites
which also could be usefully treated throughout the country.

A Forgotten Tree Ring Record 45

A FORGOTTEN TREE RING RECORD

Warren K. Moorehead

The intensive study of tree rings in timbers from ruins
in our Southwest is known favorably to all archeologists.
Dr. A. E. Douglass, considered the authority in tree ring
studies, through his labors and those of other archeologists
has been able to date accurately many of the Pueblo sites.

I think it is no more than fair to bring to the attention
of readers that as far as I can ascertain the first mention
of tree ring study occurred in my book, "Fort Ancient,"
published at Cincinnati in 1890. This volume is devoted to
a survey and description of Fort Ancient by the late Mr.
Gerard Fowke, a competent authority, Mr. Clinton Cowen,
an engineer, and myself. On page 34 of that book is pre-
sented the result of tree ring counting on a large walnut
stump located in the southern part of Fort Ancient. This
tree was famous in that part of the country because of its
size. It had been cut nineteen years before the survey. The
lower part of the stump was fairly well preserved. At the
suggestion of a botanist, our men sawed the stump close
to the ground, and Cowen and Fowke carefully counted the
rings. The total was 255 years. Thus we found that the
tree sprouted in 1615.

A stone grave was found under this stump, and the tree
roots extended over and down upon all sides. How many
years previous to the growing of the sapling the burial was
made, no man may know.

It is fortunate this record was set down at the time of
our exploration. — Reprinted from Science, July 6, 1934, Vol.
80, No. 2062.

46 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 2

ARCHEOLOGICAL NOTES

Meetings

September 17, 1934. President Dr. Alfred L. Kastner in the chair.
Fifty members and visitors were present. In the absence of Mr.
Brown, Dr. H. W. Kuhm acted as secretary. He announced the election
of J. C. Erling of Milwaukee as an annual member.

Mr. John G. Gregory gave a talk on "Early Milwaukee" giving
an interesting description of the early Indian tribes of the region
and of the visits of French missionaries and fur traders. The trading
post of Solomon Juneau and the coming of the white settlers to
Milwaukee was also described. This interesting address marked the
Society's observance of the Milwaukee Centennial.

At the close of the meeting Paul Scholz exhibited an obsidian
spearpoint and Charles G. Schoewe a catlinite pipe obtained from the
Potawatomi Indians in Forest County.

The members were invited to participate in a field trip to Aztalan
to be conducted under the auspices of the Milwaukee Public Museum,
on September 22.

October 15, 1934. President Dr. Alfred L. Kastner explained the
work and aims of the Society and invited interested persons in the
audience to become members. There were fifty members and visitors
present. Secretary Brown announced the election as annual members
of Erwin F. Wood and Miss Betty Hagberg, Milwaukee, and of Mr.
T. D. Shipton, Hanover, Illinois, as an honorary member.

Dr. Lewis S. Buttles gave a lecture on "Lower Mississippi
Archaeology" confining his talk especially to the Indian pottery vessels
of Arkansas and Mississippi obtained from mounds and sites in those
states. Not a few of these he explained were Mexican in form and
ornamentation. He illustrated his lecture with specimens of pottery
vessels and by means of lantern slides and numerous drawings. He
also showed some stone implements obtained in the regions described.
The President and the Messrs. McKern, West, Brown, Schoewe and
others present participated in the discussion which followed this in-
teresting lecture.

During the meeting Dr. Kuhm exhibited a copper harpoon point
and copper bead, flint arrowpoints and potsherds collected from an
Indian village site at Jacksonport, Door County, and Mr. Paul Scholz
a bone bead obtained from a refuse pit. President Kastner exhibited
two flint lance points of the so-called "Folsom" type. He spoke of
their interest and requested members to bring in to a future meeting
specimens of these points from their collections. This in order that
a discussion of their antiquity and uses by Wisconsin Indians might
be held.

The Congress Prehistorique de France was held at Perigueux,
France, on September 16-22, 1934. The program of the Congress in-
cluded excursions to archaeological sites at Lundi, Mardi, Mercredi,
Jeudi and Vendredi.

The Wisconsin Society of Friends of Our Native Landscape held
its autumn meeting at the University Arboretum, at Madison, on
Sunday, October 21, about one hundred members and friends of the

Archeological Notes 47

Society being present. A picnic lunch was partaken of at noon on
the edge of the Nohe Grove. Afterwards Prof. G. W. Longnecker,
Dr. Aldo Leopold and Col. J. W. Jackson gave talks on the work being
carried on at the Arboretum. The members were guided over the land
to see the lagoons, prairies, bird food plantings, tamarack swamp and
other scenic and economic features of the 600-acre tract. Mr. C. E.
Brown explained the interest of the groups of Indian mounds. In the
rock quarry he gave a talk on the Indian history, legends and stories
of the Arboretum and Lake Wingra. Hon. Charles D. Rosa is the
president of the Wisconsin society and Prof. Franz A. Aust its
secretary.

Other Notes

During the month of September the repair and restoration of a
group of twelve Indian conical, linear and effigy mounds located in the
lake shore woodland in the recently created University of Wis-
consin Arboretum, on the shores of Lake Wingra, at Madison, was
undertaken. These prehistoric monuments were most of them in a sad
state of disrepair due to the digging in them in past years by relic
hunters and through other causes. With the assistance of a crew of
men from the Transient Bureau Camp, located on the Arboretum lands,
the excavations in the mounds were filled in, brush and stumps re-
moved, outlines restored and the mounds seeded. They now present
a fine appearance and have been visited by a large number of citizens
of Madison. A tablet will later be placed near them. The two effigy
mounds, a bird and a panther type effigy, were excavated with in-
teresting results. A second group of four mounds, located in another
part of the Arboretum, is now being restored. The Arboretum now
includes six hundred acres of land.

On the evening of October 12, Secretary Charles E. Brown talked
to the members of the Fortnightly Literary Club at a meeting held
at the residence of Mrs. Harry E. Cole, at Baraboo. The subject of
his address was, "Why Archeology." Mr. Harry E. Cole was for years
a prominent member and officer of the Wisconsin Archeological
Society, and at the time of his death also president of the Wisconsin
Historical Society.

On Friday, October 26, Mr. Brown addressed the members of the
Douglas County Historical Society, at a large meeting of its members
held at the residence of Mr. Henry Butler at Superior. His subject
was "Wisconsin Societies Engaged in the Preservation of Landmarks
and History." He explained the work being carried on for the public
by the above mentioned organizations, the Wisconsin Federation of
Women's Clubs, the D.A.R., the Colonial Dames, the Friends of Our
Native Landscape, and the county historical societies. Mr. Charles G.
Schoewe has spoken during the summer before a number of Boy
Scouts and other organizations at Milwaukee and elsewhere.

The Indian mounds located in Elisha D. Smith Park at Menasha
were marked with markers provided by the Winnebago County
Archeological and Historical Society, on August 25, as a part of the
city's Tercentenary program. Addresses were given by George Over-
ton and a member of the park board. The mounds are three panther
type effigies. A turtle mound was also formerly in this group. Active
in securing the preservation of these notable mounds years ago was
Hon. Publius V. Lawson of Menasha, well known historian and archeo-
logist and an officer of the Wisconsin Archeological Society. He then
provided temporary markers for them. After his death the mounds
were neglected and the turtle effigy removed in the course of park
"improvements."

48 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 2

The Morton Arboretum near Lisle, Illinois, is a monument to the
interest in the preservation of our native landscape, archeology and
history of Mr. Joy Morton, for years a life member of the Wisconsin
Archeological Society. Charles L. Emerson, another member, is at
present a resident of Grants Pass, Oregon, and is preparing a tourist
travel guide on the scenic and historic landmarks of that state. Mr.
Alonzo W. Pond is continuing his work with the park division of the
Wisconsin Conservation Commission. He was in charge of the guide
service in Devil's Lake State Park during the summer. Mr. John J.
Knudsen, formerly of Madison, is the supervising engineer of certain
Federal improvements at Algoma.

Present officers of the Indian Council Fire are William P. Wilker-
son, Cherokee, chief of chiefs; Marion E. Gridley, chief story teller
(secretary); R. Whirling Thunder, Winnebago, chief of Lodge; L. M.
Connor, Chippewa, chief wampum keeper. Other officers are Fred
Winslow, H. G. West, Washoe; M. La Mere, Winnebago; Ethel Frazier,
Sioux; Mrs. Wm. J. Rogers, Mrs. Little Moose, Chippewa; Lillian
Kongel, Oneida; Richinda Wheelock, Oneida and Ann Ross, Cherokee.
The headquarters of the Council Fire are at 108 North Dearborn
Street, Chicago. On American Indian Day at the Century of Progress
Exposition, in September, the members of this Indian organization
conducted the very fine evening program at the Hall of States, and
which several members of the Wisconsin Archeological Society
attended.

Htsrmtmtt

latwanj, 1335

NEW SERIES

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

MILWAUKEE

Accepted for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1103
Act. Oct. 3. 1917. Authorised Jan. 28, 1921.

VOLUME 14, No. 3

New Series

1935

PUBLISHED BY THE

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST SOCIETY
MILWAUKEE

Ardjrolngtral
Utsrnttaw

Incorporated March 23, 1903, for the purpose of advancing the study
and preservation of Wisconsin antiquities

OFFICERS

Dr. H. W. Kuhm
Dr. L. S. Buttles

PRESIDENT

Dr. A. L. Kastner

VICE-PRESIDENTS

T. M. N. Lewis R. J. Kieckhefer

T. L. Miller

Charles E. Brown
Dr. L. S. Buttles
Dr. A. L. Kastner
Dr. H. W. Kuhm

W. K. Andrews
Dr. S. A. Barrett
Rudolph Boettger
Dr. E. G. Bruder
H. W. Cornell
Col. Marshall Cousins
Rev. F. S. Dayton
W. E. Erdman
Kermit Freckmsn
Arthur Gerth

DIRECTORS
R. J. Kieckhefer
T. M. N. Lewis
W. C.

T. L. Miller
G. M. Thome
Geo. A. West

ADVISORY COUNCIL

John G. Gregory
Richard Hallstrom
Otto J. Halvorson
Paul Joers
A. P. Kannenberg
Dr. Louise P. Kellogg
Mrs. Theo. Koerner
Marie G. Kohler
Dr. Ralph Linton
A. T. Newman

Dr. E. J. W. Notz
Louis P. Pierron
E. F. Richter
Jos. Ringeisen, Jr.
Chas. G. Schoewe
Paul Scholz
Rev. 0. W. Smith
Dr. Orrin Thompson
Arthur Wenz
G. R. Zilisch

TREASURER

G. M. Thorne
1631 N. Fifty-second Street, Milwaukee, Wis.

SECRETARY

Charles E. Brown
State Historical Museum, Madison, Wis.

COMMITTEES

REGULAR

STATE SURVEY— J. J. Knudsen, M. F. Hulburt, D. A. Blencoe, Dr.
L. S. Buttles, Dr. P. H. Nesbitt, G. E. Overton, O. L. Hollister,
A. W. Pond, W. E. Erdman, J. P. Schumacher, T. M. N. Lewis,
W. F. Bauchle, V. E. Motschenbacher, Kermit Freckman, G. L.
Pasco, W. S. Dunsmoor.

STATE ARCHEOLOGICAL PARKS— R. P. Ferry, Walter Holsten,
D. S. Howland, M. S. Thomson, Col. J. G. Jackson, Prof. A. H.
Sanford.

PUBLICITY— J. G. Gregory, Dr. H. \V. Kuhm, A. O. Barton, E. R.
Guentzel, Lieut. C. L. Emerson.

SPECIAL

BIOGRAPHY— Rachel M. Campbell, Paul Joers, C. G. Schcewe, Ar-
thur Gerth, E. F. Richter, Mrs. Theodore Kcerner, Dr. E. J.
W. Notz.

FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS— Jos. Ringeisen, Jr., E. F. Richter,
G. A. West, C. G. Schoewe, N. E. Carter.

PROGRAM— Dr. H. W. Kuhm, W. C. McKern, G. M. Thorne, Dr. L.
S. Buttles, T. L. Miller, Dr. A. G. Jenner.

PUBLICATIONS— C. E. Brown, T. M. N. Lewis, Dr. H. W. Kuhm,
W. E. Erdman.

MARKING MILWAUKEE ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES— M. C. Rich-
ter, L. R. Whitney, R. J. Kieckhefer.

LAPHAM RESEARCH MEDAL— Dr. S. A. Barrett, Dr. A. L. Kast-
ner, M. C. Richter, C. G. Schoewe, G. A. West, C. E. Brown.

MEMBERSHIP FEES

Life Members, $25.00 Endowment Members, $500.00

Sustaining Members, $5.00 Annual Members, $2.00

Institutional Members, $1.50 Junior Members, $ .50

All communications in regard to The Wisconsin Archeological Society should
be addressed to Charles E. Brown, Secretary and Curator, Office, State Historical
Museum, Madison, Wisconsin. Contributions to The Wisconsin Archeologist should
be addressed to him. Dues should be sent to G. M. Thorne, Treasurer, 1631 N.
52nd Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

CONTENTS

Vol. 14, No. 3, New Series

ARTICLES

Page
The George A. West Testimonial Meeting _ 49

ILLUSTRATIONS
George A. West Frontispiece

Plate Page

1. Pipe presented by Jos. Ringeisen, Jr. — 74

2. Scroll presented to George A. West 76

3. The Lapham Medal 82

GEORGE A. WEST

UtanmHttt ArrJjenlogtat

Published Quarterly by The Wisconsin Archeolog-ical Society

VOL. 14 MILWAUKEE, WIS., JANUARY, 1935 NO. 3

New Series

TESTIMONIAL MEETING IN HONOR OF
MR. GEORGE A. WEST

November 19, 1934

All too rarely do we see proper honor given to a public
spirited citizen during his lifetime. Much too often are the
flowers and kind words reserved for the bier. It is, there-
fore, a real pleasure to record the events of the evening of
November 19, 1934, when The Wisconsin Archeological So-
ciety, assisted by the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts
and Letters, the Wisconsin State Historical Society, the
Milwaukee Public Museum, the Milwaukee Auditorium
Board, and many friends and admirers of Mr. George A.
West assembled in the Lecture Hall of the Milwaukee Pub-
lic Museum to do honor to his long record of public service
and especially as a testimonial of their esteem for the foun-
der of The Wisconsin Archeological Society.

The details of this carefully arranged program were the
work of the Program Committee of the Archeological So-
ciety, under the chairmanship of Dr. H. W. Kuhm. Upon a
stage banked with floral tributes from Mr. West's many
friends and before a fine audience, despite the inclemency
of the weather,* the following program was opened by Dr.
A. L. Kastner, President of The Wisconsin Archeological
Society.

*This evening will long be remembered for its terrific storm,
one of the worst in many years.

50 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 3

Dr. A. L. Kastner:

"As President of The Wisconsin Archeological Society,
it is my pleasure to bid you all welcome. We are assembled
here tonight for the sole purpose of honoring Mr. George A.
West.

"Of course Mr. West's activities have been so numerous
and so widespread that one organization cannot adequately
honor him. It takes many organizations to accomplish this
and therefore, through the kind offices of our program com-
mittee, several organizations are represented here tonight.
Besides The Wisconsin Archeological Society, under whose
auspices this meeting is held, we have with us tonight rep-
resentatives of the Wisconsin State Historical Society, of
the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, of
the Milwaukee Public Museum's Board of Trustees, of the
staff of the Museum, and we have a representative of the
Milwaukee Auditorium Board of Trustees. We have eminent
members of the legal profession, and we have also many
who are unofficially here tonight in order to do honor to Mr.
and Mrs. West; for instance, the Milwaukee Book Review
Club and the Milwaukee Travel Club. We are all assembled
for this one great purpose and we all unite in honoring
Mr. West.

"The program will be conducted by Dr. S. A. Barrett,
who will be Master of Ceremonies, and now, Ladies and
Gentlemen, I take this opportunity to introduce to you
Dr. Barrett."

Master of Ceremonies:

"Ladies and Gentlemen:

"The honor and pleasure of serving as master of cere-
monies has fallen to my lot upon this auspicious occasion
when we are assembled to do honor to our distinguished
citizen and dear friend, Mr. George A. West. Here are
gathered representatives of several organizations with
which Mr. West has been long and intimately connected and
I shall call upon each in turn as the spokesman of his par-
ticular group.

The George A. West Testimonial Meeting 51

"This meeting has been called at the instigation of The
Wisconsin Archeological Society, founded in 1903 through
the efforts of Mr. West, and it is most fitting that we should
first hear from Charles E. Brown, Secretary of that organ-
ization and Director of the Wisconsin State Historical
Museum, of Madison, Wisconsin.

"Mr. Brown."

Charles E. Brown:

"We are assembled tonight to recognize and to laud the
archeological interest and achievements of our brother-mem-
ber of The Wisconsin Archeological Society, Mr. George A.
West, of Milwaukee.

"George West's interest in archeology and in Indians
began, he has often told me, in his boyhood. Living in Ra-
cine County, he was in the midst of a region rich in pre-
historic and historic Indian remains and in one which the
redman had only recently vacated to the pioneer settler. It
was but natural, therefore, that this country boy should
have, early in his life, begun the making of a collection of
the stone and metal tools and weapons left behind him by
the departed Indian on the camp and village sites which he
once occupied. Here his interest in things Indian and their
interpretation received the inspiration of two Wisconsin
archeologists of that time, Frederick S. Perkins, of Burling-
ton, often styled 'prince of Wisconsin collectors/ and Dr.
Philo R. Hoy, of Racine, noted early investigators of Wis-
consin archaeological history. Both men he came to know
very well and to both he is no doubt greatly indebted for
the enthusiasm with which he has pursued his archeological
studies and investigations during many years of a busy life.

"I very much regret that the very short time allotted
to each speaker in tonight's testimonial program does not
permit one to do more than present the briefest outline sur-
vey of the work undertaken and accomplished by George A.
West during the thirty-five years of his close connection
with the fortunes and history of The Wisconsin Archeo-
logical Society.

52 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 3

"In preparing1 this address I have for this reason been
obliged to confine my remarks very closely to the published
records of the Society and of its predecessor, the Archeo-
logical Section of the once flourishing Wisconsin Natural
History Society.

"When the Wisconsin Natural History Society was re-
vived and re-organized, after a peaceful repose of some
years, and an archeological section organized as one of its
several sections, George A. West became one of its members.
Among others were Edgar E. Teller, William H. Ellsworth,
Lee R. Whitney, C. H. Doerflinger, 0. L. Hollister, Holland
L. Porter and the speaker. This section held regular month-
ly meetings at the Milwaukee Public Museum during the
years 1899 to 1903. It early adopted as its aims the work
of locating, recording, investigating and preserving Wiscon-
sin Indian antiquities. It undertook to systematize archeo-
logical research in this state. Archeologists and students of
Indian archeology in all parts of the state became active or
corresponding members of the Section. In examining the
membership roll of those days I find that out of 168 of these
men and women only 18 are alive today and of these only
10 are still members of The Wisconsin Archeological So-
ciety. The George A. West testimonial meeting is thus also
a memorial of the interest and activity of these archeologists
of thirty years ago.

"In examining the records of the Archeological Section
of the Wisconsin Natural History Society I find that at a
meeting held on September 12, 1901, George A. West ex-
hibited a collection of Eskimo labrets. At a meeting held
on October 17, 1901, he presented a paper describing these
labrets. In an issue of The Wisconsin Archeologist of Octo-
ber, 1902, we are informed that Mr. West is desirous of in-
creasing by exchange and purchase his collection of Indian
pipes.

"During these years George A. West participated in the
field expeditions of the Section in Waukesha County during
which mound groups, enclosures and village sites near Muk-
wonago and Big Bend were visited, surveyed and some
mounds excavated.

The George A. West Testimonial Meeting 53

"During the year 1902, the members of the Section ex-
pressed their desire to organize a state archeological society,
this movement also receiving the approval of the then
secretary of the Wisconsin Historical Society, Dr. Reuben
Gold Thwaites. This course having been determined upon,
the preliminary organization meeting of The Wisconsin
Archeological Society was, by his own generous invitation,
held at the home of George A. West, on the evening of
February 28, 1903. Mr. L. R. Whitney presided at the meet-
ing, Mr. West himself acting as secretary.

"Present on this occasion were the Messrs. Rolland L.
Porter, Publius V. Lawson, Dr. C. D. Stanhope, J. G. Al-
bright, W. H. Ellsworth, G. P. Stickney, H. A. Crosby, 0. J.
Habhegger, L. R. Whitney, G. A. West, O. L. Hollister, W.
H. Elkey, C. A. Koubeck, H. E. Haferkorn, A. Gerend and
C. E. Brown. Plans for the new state society were con-
sidered. The meeting closed with a banquet provided by Mr.
and Mrs. West.

"At a meeting held on April 3, 1903, the organization of
The Wisconsin Archeological Society was completed by the
adoption of a constitution and by-laws drawn by Mr. West.
Mr. Henry A. Crosby was elected president of the Society;
Mr. West, first vice-president; Mr. Lee R. Whitney, treasur-
er, and Mr. C. E. Brown, secretary.

"In January, 1905, Mr. West was elected president of
The Wisconsin Archeological Society, being re-elected the
following year. Mr. William H. Ellsworth then became
president, Mr. West becoming vice-president.

"In the past thirty years George A. West has been con-
tinuously an officer of the Society. During these years the
large membership of the Society has recognized his always
very active interest in its work for the public by electing
him one of its executive officers or a member of its board
of directors. He has also served as chairman or as a member
of some of its standing and special committees for many
years. In 1915, he was again honored with election to the
presidency of the Society.

"In The Wisconsin Archeologist issue of October, 1903,
Mr. West published his first contribution to archeological
knowledge, this monograph bearing the title, 'Summary of

54 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14. Xo. 3

the Archeology of Racine County.' Other papers and mono-
graphs published in The Wisconsin Archeologist in succeed-
ing years are:

The Aboriginal Pipes of Wisconsin.'

'The Indian Authorship of Wisconsin Antiquities.'

'Platform Pipes from a Mound in Vernon County.'

'Pebble Net Weights.'

'Chipped Flint Perforators of Wisconsin.'

'Pipestone Quarries in Barron County.'

'Uses of Tobacco and the Calumet by Wisconsin Indians.'

"Nearly every year since the organization of the State
Society Mr. West has delivered a lecture, generally illus-
trated with slides and specimens, on some subject of archeo-
' logical interest at one of the regular monthly meetings of
the Society. These have drawn large audiences of members
and friends. He has also participated with talks, papers and
addresses in the programs of numerous other meetings at
which archeologists have gathered.

"He has assisted the Society in its valuable and im-
portant work by encouraging many persons to become mem-
bers, often paying their first membership fees out of his
own pocket. He has always been a generous giver to any
special funds which the Society required to carry on its
work.

"In 1913 he placed his valuable collection of Indian pipes
and including hundreds of specimens in the care of the Mil-
waukee Public Museum. He also presented a valuable collec-
tion of flint perforators to the State Historical Museum
at Madison.

"At the Silver Anniversary Meeting of The Wisconsin
Archeological Society, celebrated on March 15, 1926, Mr.
George A. West was awarded the Lapham Research Medal
for his meritorious services in anthropological research and
investigation. No Wisconsin archeologist could desire a
greater reward for his services than this.

"Tonight The Wisconsin Archeological Society again
pays a tribute to one of its distinguished sons of whose
achievements in behalf of the preservation of Wisconsin
archeological history it has reason to be proud."

The George A. West Testimonial Meeting 55

Master of Ceremonies:

"Many letters and telegrams have been received by the
committee on arrangements from friends of Mr. West who
are unable to be present in person. May I read an excerpt
from one of these ? It comes from Dr. Fay-Cooper Cole, Pro-
fessor of Anthropology of the University of Chicago.

'It is a matter of real regret that I cannot attend the meeting
to express to Mr. West personally the affection we all have for him,
as well as our deep appreciation of all he has done for science in gen-
eral and for the Milwaukee Museum in particular. I am sure it must
be most gratifying to him to have witnessed the growth of the Museum
from small beginnings to the commanding position it now occupies.
If we had more Wests to back our efforts, the lives of Museum
directors and professors of Anthropology would be far happier.

'Please extend my congratulations and kindest regards to our
guest of honor.'

"Dr. S. C. Simms, Director of the Field Museum of Nat-
ural History, our great sister institution in Chicago, writes :

'I have been invited by other friends and admirers of George A.
West to join with them on the evening of the 19th instant to pay
tribute to him for his lifetime of service and research.

'As it is not possible for me to be there in person, I do wish you
would express to him my sincere regrets and at the same time say
that I most sincerely wish him many years of the best of health
during which he could, and I am sure would, carry on the work he
has so far successfully and creditably accomplished.

'My kindest regards and best wishes to him and to you.'

"Mr. West has long been a life member of the Wisconsin
Historical Society and I now have the pleasure of calling
upon Dr. Joseph Schafer, Superintendent of the Society.

"Dr. Schafer."

Dr. Joseph Schafer:

"The story of education is less than half told in the his-
tory of our schools. Men and women learn much before the
close of their sixth year, and all whom we are here con-
sidering, if granted a normal life span, learn vastly more
from ages 14, 18, or 22 than they acquired between the time
they began and the time they ended their school careers.

56 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 3

From the standpoint of intellectual contribution to culture,
indeed, the post school period is of fundamental importance.
The instances are rare of individuals emerging from com-
mon school, high school, or even college to startle the world
at once with a new invention, a new discovery in science, or
new and workable ideas on art, literature, philosophy, or
religion. It is only in the slow or rapid maturing of the
powers of mind in contact with the stimulating actualities
of life that those choice spirits who are destined by nature
to grow attain the stature requisite to bend civilization's
bow of Ulysses.

"Adult education, therefore, of what form soever, is
the proximate cause of intellectual achievement. Wherefore
it behooves society to see to it that the avenues to effective
adult education shall always be open to talent and ambition.
These avenues should lead through diversified mental land-
scapes, suiting the varied choices of scenery and environ-
ment which men make in an unstudied, spontaneous reaction
of mind. Some will choose the way of literature, gaining
insight through the reading of books. Others will be at-
tracted by the opportunity of mechanical experimentation;
still others by the facile study of animate nature, becoming
thereby scientific naturalists. Another section of hopeful
minds, if properly stimulated, will find, if not 'sermons,' at
least stories 'in stones.' How many famous geologists were
made, not in graduate schools, but out in the open by ob-
serving the rocks near or at the surface of the earth ! Hugh
Miller, the stone cutter, attracted by the shells found in the
quarry stone that came to his shed, set his imagination in
play and found himself reading the story of how the earth
was built. Thomas Condon, home missionary, vacationing
in the John Day Valley, saw an animal figure in a rock
stratum and, persisting in his search, was rewarded with
the life story of the primeval horse. These men, and many
others, gifted in similar ways, became scientists in the do-
main of geology. In like manner bird lovers, beginning as
ignorant amateurs, become ornithologists, gardeners and
flower fanciers become botanists, hunters and trappers,
practical zoologists.

"In the limitless empire of the humanities imagination
ranges over many fields, courses along a multitude of open

The George A. West Testimonial Meeting 57

highways. There is history which, particularly in its local
aspects, has made over many a timorous amateur into a
well-trained and expert creative worker. The so-called sci-
ence of economics was evolved from the practical reflections
of business men ; geography grew out of the records of keen-
sighted adventurers; and sociology owes much to the
thoughtful observers of human nature as seen in penal
institutions.

"It is one thing to encourage young persons in college
classrooms to turn their interest and talent in directions
which, with a proper endowment of austerity, may ultimate-
ly make them scholarly contributors to the civilization of
their time, that is, makers of history. It is quite another
matter, and one calling for rare qualities of leadership, to
organize the means whereby hundreds of untrained adults
shall be encouraged to make scholars of themselves to the
glorification of their own lives, the enrichment of contem-
porary and future culture.

"Our honored guest of the evening has a double claim
upon the gratitude of his generation. As founder of The
Wisconsin Archeological Society he led in providing that
requisite encouragement to ambitious persons in Wisconsin
which has advanced amateur dabblers in Indian relics to the
status of scientific students of Indian pre-history. The field
itself is an enticing one, as Mr. West discovered through his
personal pioneering in it. He and his early coadjutors, Lap-
ham and Hoy, all men of imagination, found the trails, the
earthworks, garden beds, cornfields, and village sites of the
once ubiquitous redmen luring them into a branch of human-
istic study that has accomplished much toward rationalizing
human history.

"It is not necessary to follow George A. West in all his
vacation peregrinations to traverse with him all the Indian
trails of eastern Wisconsin, in order to appreciate the sig-
nificance of his personal work for history. His two books,
one on the Indian copper mines and one on tobacco and
pipes, which are the productions of his ripest period, will
suffice to point the moral. In science every exact observa-
tion and record of phenomena is a stepping stone; so the
extensive surveys that reveal and establish Indian folkways

58 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 3

are to be prized as permanent aids to investigators. Great
additions to human knowledge, however, are made through
fundamental, intensive studies yielding interpretations of
wide and general applicability. Lapham's surficial descrip-
tion of Aztalan, for example, was a valuable point of de-
parture in the consideration of Wisconsin pre-history. Its
main significance, however, was in directing the activity of
our Milwaukee 'man with the spade,' Dr. S. A. Barrett.

"Just so, it seems to me that Mr. West devoted many
long years to what may be regarded as scientific preparation
for his two most important works, the one focused upon a
definite and minute area, Isle Royale, the other upon a high-
ly specialized subject — tobacco, its origin, diffusion, and use;
together with the prehistoric and historic tool of the
smoker, the pipe.

"I know nothing from personal experience of the 'super-
natural' (or even the natural) 'powers of tobacco,' and there
was a time when I was almost able to sympathize with King
James' characterization of the custom of using the weed as
'loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the
brain, dangerous to the lungs, and in the black stinking
fume thereof nearest resembling the horrible Stygian smoke
of the pit that is bottomless.' But my mature opinion is far
more tolerant and I agree with Mr. West in his estimate of
the historical significance of tobacco. What I wish to im-
press is this: Mr. West's age-long quest for Indian pipes
and his persistent, unremitting interest in their forms, the
geography of their distribution, the evidence of the Indian
ceremonial use of pipes and tobacco, of Indian trade in these
articles, of their veneration or worship of deposits of pipe-
stone, of their inter-tribal 'truce of God' to enable all to use
the pipe-stone in peace, has enabled him to add a significant
new chapter to human history.

"We hail him, therefore, as one who has served the cause
of the higher life amenities through his eminently success-
ful scientific labors. But we also extend to him our grateful
acknowledgments of another service, of incalculable sig-
nificance to the people of our state ; his leadership in creat-
ing an organization so well calculated to encourage other
gifted minds to follow in his footsteps."

The George A. West Testimonial Meeting 59

Master of Ceremonies:

"Another letter received by your committee is from Mr.
H. C. Shetrone, Director of the Ohio State Archeological
and Historical Society, who says:

'Permit me, individually and as a representative of the Ohio
Archeological and Historical Society, to add my felicitations.

'It is a matter of deep regret that I cannot be present in person
to voice appreciation of Mr. West's long service, which now finds
permanent record in his monumental publication, "Tobacco, Pipes and
Smoking Customs of the American Indians." I consider this the most
significant contribution to American archeology in recent years, and
wish not only to compliment Mr. West but also the Milwaukee Public
Museum and its officials for the part which they have played in
making Mr. West's researches available to the public.

'Our officers and Board of Trustees join me in congratulating Mr.
West and in wishing for him many additional years of useful service.'

"A telegram received from Dr. Paul H. Nesbit, Curator
of the Logan Museum of Beloit, Wisconsin, reads:

'Last minute conflict prevents my attending meeting tonight in
honor of Mr. George West. The Museum staff joins me in sending
to Mr. West heartiest congratulations on this honor which he has so
long deserved.'

" Another organization which has had from its inception
Mr. West's active interest and support is the Wisconsin
Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters. The President of
the Academy, Dr. Rufus M. Bagg, Professor Emeritus of
Geology of Lawrence College, will now address you.

"Professor Bagg."

Professor Rufus Mather Bagg:

"It is highly fitting that men of scientific distinction and
of philanthropic character should receive recognition of
their value to the educational world and to the public at
large while they are still in active service. It is because of
these most valuable cultural and scientific services to the
State of Wisconsin that we are gathered this evening to pay
tribute to Mr. George A. West, a founder of The Wisconsin
Archeological Society, an officer in the Milwaukee Public

60 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 3

Museum, and a man long devoted to public service for the
city of Milwaukee.

"As President of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences I
am delighted to be present on this occasion and to add my
approval of such memorial program and to personally thank
Mr. West for his long and efficient service to the State and
the city and especially to the several scientific associations
with which he is connected.

"My acquaintance with Mr. West came some years ago
when he attended the annual convention of the Academy
which was held at Lawrence College and where he read an
important paper on Alaska Indian-Esquimo. For many years
he has been a member of the Wisconsin Academy of Sci-
ences, Arts and Letters.

"Mr. West's contributions to archeological literature are
both valuable and interesting. Many of his articles appear
in the Year Book of the Public Museum of Milwaukee.
Among these are the Cave Men of Europe, and Mysterious
Prehistoric Monuments of Brittany, but time does not per-
mit enumeration of what he has done for science in print
and we leave this for description by members of The Wis-
consin Archeological Society.

"In connection with the Academy of Sciences, Arts and
Letters, we feel indebted to Mr. West for his instrumentality
in the founding of our organization.

"Prior to the founding of the Academy in February,
1870, Dr. J. P. Hoy, of Racine, was instrumental in planning
an Academy of Science and George A. West was one of its
members. While this organization did not survive it unques-
tionably led to the permanent establishment of the present
Academy which has recently celebrated its 64th anniversary
held at Lawrence College in the spring of 1934.

"May I digress a moment to call your attention to the
importance of the work of the Academy of Sciences and
quote briefly from my address before the Academy in which
the history and work of the associations are described.

"Founded through a State convention on February 16,
1870, and represented by 93 eminent men, the Academy of
Sciences had a membership of 45 scientists. The society was
incorporated under the title:

The George A. West Testimonial Meeting 61

"Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters.
The objects under Section 2 of the Constitution read as
follows :

" The general objects of the Academy shall be to en-
courage investigation and disseminate correct views of the
various departments of Science, Literature, and the Arts.
Among specific objects of the Academy shall be embraced
the following:

" '1. Researches and investigations in various depart-
ments of material, ethical, ethnological, and Social Sciences.

" '2. A progressive and thorough scientific survey of
the State, with a view of determining its mineral, agricul-
tural, and other resources.

" '3. The advancement of the useful arts, through the
application of science, and by encouragement of original
invention.

" '4. The encouragement of fine arts, by means of prizes
and honors awarded to artists for original work of superior
merit.

" '5. Formation of Scientific, Economical, and Art
Museums.

" '6. The encouragement of philological and historical
research, collection of historic records, and formation of a
general library.

" '7. Diffusion of knowledge through publication of
original contributions to science, literature, and the arts.'

"The remarkable growth of Section Five (museum ex-
hibits) under the able management and skill of Dr. S. A.
Barrett and his predecessors accounts for the expansion and
phenomenal exhibits on display in your city museum. If
this museum is among the first ten within the entire United
States it is due to the management and skill of those in
charge and to such men as Mr. George A. West, who has for
some years been President of its Board of Trustees.

"Since the founding of the Academy, 22 scientists have
served as President and 14 others have acted as its Secre-
tary and Treasurer. What has happened since this scien-
tific organization was founded in 1870?

62 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 3

"To the end of 1933 seven hundred twenty separate pa-
pers and reports have been published and printed in the
Transactions of the Academy which is issued annually. The
earliest was a Bulletin in 1870 and followed by Transactions
to Volume 28 in 1933. Since the Society has attempted to
cover three widely divergent fields, it is interesting to note
how many of these 720 articles deal with definite science
fields and how many relate to art and literature. The number
is significant but does not tell the whole story, for foreign
reports and fields not confined to either arts or to literature
have appeared. Many treat of Archeology in which Mr.
West is so vitally interested. During the life of the Society
covering 64 years, fifty papers deal with Botany, 29 were in
pure science, 41 were in Geology, but the largest number
were in zoological fields and it overlaps such as biochem-
istry, plant pathology, limnology, and ethnology. Some im-
portant papers treat of the American Indian, others cover
historic, linguistic, and literature fields. Thus today
nearly all fields of scientific endeavor find a place in the
Transactions.

"It is my desire that in future the material appear-
ing through the pages of the Transactions be more and more
limited to papers that treat of our State resources and her
interests and to pay less attention to those subjects outside
the State. Each of our State organizations has and is con-
tributing important material for the educational welfare of
our citizens and these efforts must be not only sustained
but increased. They will continue if we can have with us
men of the culture and ability of Mr. George A. West and
it is to him that we pay tribute this evening."

Master of Ceremonies:

"From a sister institution which is not represented in
person here tonight we have the following word, written by
Mr. Willoughby M. Babcock, State Archeologist of Minne-
sota and Director of the Museum of the Minnesota His-
torical Society.

'It is splendid that these organizations are thus uniting in public
recognition of Mr. West's many services to the community and to the
cause of scientific research over a long period of years. His mono-

The George A. West Testimonial Meeting 63

graphs on the Isle Royale copper workings and tobacco and smoking
customs of the Indians are both very useful contributions to the
reference library of any museum of history and ethnology.

'I have always enjoyed my personal contacts with Mr. West very
much indeed, although they have come at all too irregular intervals
over a period of years.

'In the name of the Minnesota Historical Society, as well as for
myself personally, I take pleasure in extending our greetings and best
wishes to Mr. West upon this occasion.'

"Also from Professor Wm. S. Webb, of the University
of Kentucky, we receive the following message:

'It would be a great pleasure to attend the meeting and to aid
in honoring Mr. West, whose work is so deserving of praise. Duties
here at the University, however, will make it impossible for me to
attend the meeting.'

"Dr. Carl E. Guthe, Director of the Museum of Anthro-
pology of the University of Michigan, writes:

'Please extend to Mr. West my congratulations upon the unusual
degree of success which has been his in approximating the goals to-
ward which he has striven throughout his lifetime. I also send my con-
gratulations to the several societies and their members in Wisconsin
who have had throughout these years the good fortune of profiting
by his leadership in the several fields of interest they represent.

'I send greetings to Mr. West and to those who have gathered to
honor him.'

"Nowhere has Mr. West's devotion to public service been
more evidenced and nowhere has his influence been more
potent than in the Milwaukee Public Museum. On behalf of
the Board of Trustees of that institution, Mr. Milton C.
Potter, a member of the Board and Superintendent of
Schools of the city of Milwaukee, will address us.

"Mr. Potter."

Mr. Milton C. Potter:

"I am here tonight representing the controlling Board
of the institution in whose assembly hall you are now
gathered. I find myself appearing on this platform, after
the three preceding scholarly addresses, with certain trepi-
dation. My heart is so full of feeling for our guest of honor

64 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLQGIST Vol. 14, No. 3

that it is hard to make one's thoughts track when the heart
is bursting with affection, a sentiment which every member
of the Museum's Board of Trustees entertains for its pres-
ident. We revere him so much that we fear to say we love
him, but we love him so much that it abates our fear. The
Museum Board of Trustees has gone "West, young man."
Gone West, old man. We always go West. I came to the city
a quarter of a century ago, thinking I was going east, only
to find that everything in this building and other public
services were permanently saturated with the personality of
our guest of honor this evening, and I found that he had
already been President of the Board three years. He has
been a member of this Board continuously for twenty-eight
years and we have kept him in the President's chair sixteen
years out of those twenty-eight. He would have been Pres-
ident twenty-eight years but for an excessive modesty. But
for this reason we would have had him for the continuous,
permanent President of this institution. You know, when-
ever I am stuck, I go to him on almost everything.

"I want to recount to you an incident which shows the
thoroughness and painstaking care with which Mr. West
does everything he undertakes. Years ago, when he took
up the intensive study of pipes, he found that he needed to
make sketches and even careful scale drawings. He did not
know how to draw, and he could not take a trained artist
with him everywhere he went, so he stopped right there and
took a thorough course in drawing. He mastered the tech-
nique of drawing and all of those marvelous illustrations
which you see in his publications are the drawings of the
artist, George West. He would not recognize himself, called
an artist, but I am willing to recognize him as such. If I
want information on South America, on Normandy, on the
orient, anywhere, everywhere; the answer is George West
was there, whatever the question may be.

"The Museum Board feels that the development of the
museum is largely due to Mr. West. From the beginning,
when this institution started in the German English Acad-
emy, way back in the dawn of Milwaukee history, later de-
veloping into a little museum, and now covering 100,000 feet
of floor space and ten times as many specimens displayed;
throughout its entire history George A. West has been the

The George A. West Testimonial Meeting 65

engine which has made the wheels go round, and has helped
develop this most marvelous institution until it is fifth in
size among the museums of science and in the field of
anthropology. More important still is the fact that under
Mr. West's presidency the museum has grown in popularity,
until it now serves annually two and a half million people.
We have the testimony of visitors from all parts of the earth
as to its merit and the Museum's Board of Trustees joins
with these sister organizations and with you here assembled
in doing honor to this modest gentleman and distinguished
scholar, George A. West."

Master of Ceremonies:

"In the entire field of science and especially of anthro-
pology, it would be difficult to find one more discerning and
whose appraisal is more to be credited than Mr. George G.
Heye, founder and Director of the Museum of the American
Indian, Heye Foundation, New York City. Mr. Heye writes :

'Unfortunately it will be impossible for me to accept this flattering
invitation as I have to be in New York on that day. Therefore, I am
asking you to extend to the Archeological Society my appreciation of
the honor done me and my great regret at my inability to be present.
I particularly desire to be present to pay tribute in any way possible
to the wonderful work accomplished by Mr. George A. West.

'Mr. West's latest publication of the pipe bulletin is to my mind one
of the outstanding books on American Indian customs and objects that
have ever been published. It reflects an enormous amount of work,
which I can but marvel at. I believe it will forever remain the basic
work on tobacco pipes and smoking customs of the American Indians.
Not alone does its value depend on the text, but also upon the beauti-
ful illustrations, many of which I know are the result of the high
artistic sense and the finest technique in photography as shown by
Dr. Barrett.

'Will you please express to Mr. West my sincere wishes for many
more years of health and happiness, during which I know he will add
greatly to the science we all love.'

»"From Professor Charles R. Keyes, Director of the
Archeological Survey of the State of Iowa, we receive the
following :

'I feel a strong urge indeed to help in some way to do honor to Mr.
George A. West for his life of unusual service to his fellow men,

66 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 3

especially in the way of contribution to and encouragement of scholarly
research.

'For years before I met Mr. West, I drew inspiration from some
of his early papers, such as "Authorship of Wisconsin Antiquities" and
"The Aboriginal Pipes of Wisconsin," their evident thoroughness and
sincerity bringing me back to them again and again. Personal ac-
quaintance later deepened the first impressions and increased my ap-
preciation of a sterling scholar and character. It seems quite natural
that his qualities should have produced this year a work of grand
proportion and excellence.

'Kindly pass to Mr. West my best wishes and my keen regret at
not being able to deliver them in person.'

"Since its inception, a quarter of a century ago, Mr. West
has been a member of the Board of Trustees of the Milwau-
kee Auditorium. On behalf of that body we will hear from
Mr. William George Bruce, a member of that Board and
Secretary of the Milwaukee Harbor Commission.

"Mr. Bruce."

Mr. William George Bruce:

"The occasion which brings us together tonight lends it-
self to some thoughts on the worth and value of citizenship.
The prime purpose here is not only to pay tribute to one
man's service, but also to draw such lessons and conclusions
which that service may suggest.

"In the accomplishment of the world's work each is
assigned to a given part. The manner in which he performs
his task affords a measurement of his value. In the last
analyses it demonstrates how men may serve mankind and
the compensation they may receive in return. In brief,
human beings may be estimated by what they give and take.

"The highest type of citizenship is unquestionably that
which renders a useful service in an unselfish manner. There
are those among us who, because they are specially gifted,
or who, by virtue of opportunity, are in a position to accom-
plish things which others could not accomplish with equal
facility. There are traits of heart and mind which are rare
and exceptional. But to apply such gifts effectively involves
not only an appreciation and understanding, but a self-sacri-
ficing approach in the direction of accomplishment.

The George A. West Testimonial Meeting 67

"By virtue of his office as President of the Public Mu-
seum Board, Mr. George A. West has also been identified for
a number of years in the capacity of a Director with the Mil-
waukee Auditorium Governing Board. It has been my privi-
lege to serve with him on the latter body for the past twen-
ty-five years and thus enabled me to become associated with
Mr. West and learn something of his qualities as a man, a
citizen, and a public servant.

"In the deliberations engaged in by Mr. West, he was al-
ways thoughtful, circumspect, and dependable. He applied
his vast knowledge and experience with men and affairs con-
scientiously to every project that came under his attention.
In every instance, his discussions were to the point, impress-
ing his associates with his sincerity of purpose and a mas-
tery of the question in hand. He inspired confidence in his
motives and his conclusions. His clearness of mind and his
keen judgment were always evident and unquestioned. But
his labors here were somewhat routine in character and gave
little evidence of his true strength of mind and his construc-
tive ability.

"There came, however, a time when I secured a glimpse
of the depth and breadth of the man. It was when I learned
something of his labors in the field of archaeology that I
began to secure a new estimate and measurement of the
service he was engaged in. It is here where he rose to mag-
nificent heights, demonstrating his tenacious fidelity to an
objective, and a splendid patience and application in fulfilling
laborious tasks he had set for himself.

"His labors in the archaeological field stamp him as a
character of exceptional vitality, beneficence, and value.
They embody the finer qualities of motive and action, and
that self-sacrifice and pertinacity which note that manhood
which excels in unselfish and useful service.

"The life's work of George A. West exemplifies that
spirit which is at once generous, broad, and catholic. It notes
a vision which looks far into the future by delving deeply
into the past. It affords glimpses of the races of a former
day, in order that present and future generations may know
something of their activities, their customs, habits and ways
of life.

68 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 3

"When the great Arctic explorer, Fritjof Nansen, once
was asked what benefits would accrue to mankind by dis-
covering the expanse of ice and snow known as the North
Pole, he made a significant response. No one, he replied, will
be benefited in a material sense by the discovery. But man-
kind will be enriched by greater knowledge about the globe
upon which we live. That knowledge adds to the confidence
and dignity of man. An understanding of the mysteries of
nature makes for a more complete, self-reliant, efficient
manhood. A knowledge of the races that have preceded us
necessarily enriches the human mind and leads to a finer
appreciation and understanding of the things which attend
modern life.

"The research labors performed by Mr. West possess
permanent value. No man has made a finer cultural contri-
bution to his day and his time than he. His achievements
constitute a distinct treasure of human knowledge which is
exceptional, outstanding, and permanent. They will stand as
a lasting monument to the man. The real compensation,
however, which must come to Mr. West will be found in the
consciousness that he performed his share of the world's
work, added something to the treasures of human knowledge,
and thus gave his mite to the sum of human happiness.

"In thus expressing our appreciation of a great task well
performed, we also bespeak for him a future which shall be
blessed with physical health and mental and spiritual well-
being. It shall be our hope and our prayer that he may round
out many more years of active service among us and con-
tinue in a career which has been so rich in precept, example
and beneficent service."

Master of Ceremonies:

"Again to quote from one of the numerous letters re-
ceived, this one from Dr. Frank C. Baker, Director of the
Museum of Natural History of the University of Illinois :

'I wish to express my high appreciation of the work of Mr. West
in his research during these many years in the interest of archeologi-
cal knowledge in Wisconsin and elsewhere, and to also express the
hope that many years may yet be vouchsafed him to carry on these
valuable studies.

The George A. West Testimonial Meeting

'I deeply regret my inability to personally express my high esteem
for Mr. West and his work.'

"Also from Dr. Paul B. Jenkins :

'Regretting deeply my inability to be present at next Monday
evening's meeting in honor of our beloved and honored Mr. George A.
West, may I present through yourself an all-too-brief mention of one
friend and admirer's feeling toward him?

'All Wisconsin — indeed, all devotees of American History — are in
his debt for his original founding of The Wisconsin Archeological
Society. When we think of what that Society has accomplished for
the investigation, dissemination and preservation of our knowledge of
primitive life in the area of our State — to say nothing of the Society's
stimulation of similar work in other States — and when we reflect that
all this has arisen from his original conception of the possibilities of
such an association, one wonders whether the record of scientific pur-
suit in Wisconsin is as indebted to any other living man as it assured-
ly is to him. His name, high on the honor-roll of Wisconsin's bene-
factors, will last as long as the fair, far future of the State endures.

'To myself, it is one of the greatest privileges of nearly thirty years
of residence in Wisconsin that I have had the privilege of knowing
Mr. West throughout that time. How many has he both thrilled with
his own life-story, and inspired to make their own days contribute to
the expansion of knowledge on the part of their fellow-men! Gen-
erosity itself in his bestowal of his accumulated treasures to the
public's possession, much of his encyclopaedic knowledge is now hap-
pily preserved in print to accompany his gifts. His ideals, motives and
spirit have inspired more minds of his fellow-citizens, particularly
among those composing our future generations, than he can ever
know.'

"The following telegram is received from the staff of the
Oshkosh Public Museum:

'The staff of the Oshkosh Public Museum extends its heartiest
congratulations to you for your scientific researches. The science of
archeology especially has been enriched by your labors. The members
of the Oshkosh Public Museum staff regret that they cannot be pres-
ent to honor you this evening.'

"Perhaps no single group is in closer touch with Mr.
West than is the staff of the Milwaukee Public Museum.
Certainly no other group has had better opportunity to know
him both officially and unofficially than the heads of the
several departments of this institution. Their spokesman
tonight is Mr. W. C. McKern, Curator of Anthropology.

"Mr. McKern."

70 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 3

Mr. W. C. McKern:

"Throughout his many years of service to the museum,
the staff has grown to know Mr. West not merely as a sym-
pathetic trustee, but as a vital figure very much in the fore-
ground of the institution's interests and activities. Sym-
pathy can be a very passive factor; true interest demands
action, and that Mr. West's interests have been real is
demonstrated by the time, effort and money which he has
devoted to the progressive welfare of the museum.

"We have seen this interest manifested in three primary
channels of service : (1) — that of the executive, (2) — that of
the research student of science, and (3) — that of the mate-
rial benefactor.

"Regarding Mr. West's executive status, there is no
member of the museum staff that does not appreciate to the
fullest extent the vigorous and intelligent backing that his
department has received, and the technical understanding
and personal encouragement which he has come to expect,
with a sense of confidence and gratitude, from the President
of the Board of Trustees. Naturally, this feeling has led to
renewed efforts on the part of the staff to so direct its con-
duct as to fully justify this loyal support.

"Mr. West's interest in science has been marked by in-
telligent application and extraordinarily vigorous activity.
He is the type of man who travels through life with his eyes
wide open, and a will to understand that wilich he sees. Not
content to rest with sponsoring some other student's investi-
gations, he has again and again entered the field as an ener-
getic participant. In this work he has shown a versatility
of interests, covering a number of sciences, more particu-
larly ethnology, archeology and geology. As early as 1879
he was collaborating with Dr. P. R. Hoy in work which re-
sulted in a series of publications on archeological investiga-
tion in Wisconsin.

"Permit me to cite a few major instances of these activi-
ties. Mr. West participated in the museum's Grand Canyon
expedition in 1923, the Isle Royale expedition of 1924, the
Rainbow Bridge and Navajo Canyon expedition of 1925, the
McDonald-Massee Isle Royale expedition, of which he was
the' scientific head, in 1928, the Great Basin and Southwest

The George A. West Testimonial Meeting 71

expedition in 1930, the Yellowstone and Teton National Park
expedition in 1931, and the Dakota Badlands Geological ex-
pedition in 1932. Mr. West joined these expeditions at no
little expense to himself, and whereas it might be expected
that he would lend his moral support to the work in hand,
actually he applied himself as a full-time laborer. To cite a
single example, he wielded a heavy hammer in the fossil beds
of South Dakota, in a grilling, shadeless heat that one who
has not been there in midsummer can hardly conceive, and "
often continued 'work for hours after paid workers had put
away their tools for the day.

''Similarly, Mr. West has contributed his full support,
and repeatedly, his personal assistance, to a great variety
of museum archeological and other scientific projects in Wis-
consin and adjacent fields. Furthermore, his privately, often
exhaustively, conducted research in such subjects as primi-
tive copper mining at Isle Royale, aboriginal copper arti-
facts in America and aboriginal pipes and smoking customs
in America have added greatly to the sum of information
available to students, and to the scientific prestige of the
museum.

"Mr. West's interests have carried him far over the sur-
face of the globe, from Alaska to tropical America, from the
fjords of Norway to the pyramids of Egypt, to the far
orient, and wherever he has sojourned, he has carried with
him his keen interest in man and nature, and the museum
man's appreciation for those material evidences of cultural
man and natural phenomena which, in a museum, we call
specimens. Time, effort and money were freely expended in
the collecting of a great number of these materials, now
treasured among the museum's choicest collections. To Mr.
West, as a material benefactor, the museum is indebted for
a list of specimens too long to enumerate and enriching
every scientific department in the institution. Of outstand-
ing importance are such major contributions as : the famous
collection of pipes and smoking appurtenances, the most
complete collection of its kind in the country ; a collection of
Eskimo labrets and other items of great rarity and value;
a collection of oriental jade; and a collection of petrified
woods from the Yellowstone, including rare leaf specimens.

72 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 3

"More than one member of the staff treasures in his
personal library valuable books that owe their presence
there to Mr. West's understanding and generosity.

"Members of the museum staff have grown to respect
and love Mr. West probably more for the warm personal in-
terest in their efforts which he exhibits than for any other
reason. He is a constant visitor to one or another of the
various departments, and has established a familiarity with
its plans and problems, and a close intimacy with the mem-
bers of its staff. The camaraderie and sense of mutual in-
terests resulting from these friendly contacts between the
staff and the President of the Board is a phenomenon indeed
rarely encountered at other museums.

"In consideration of the wealth of service, co-operation
and loyal support which it has gratefully received from him,
the foregoing summary of which is of necessity in the brief
time allotted to me, wholly inadequate, the museum staff
wishes to make use of this opportunity to publicly express
its deep, sincere and lasting appreciation of Mr. West, and
its cherished hope that his friendly fellowship, constructive
criticism and vigorous support shall remain ours for many
years to come."

Master of Ceremonies:

"Ladies and Gentlemen : A native son of Wisconsin, born
near Raymond, Racine County, January 13, 1859, and early
evincing keen interest in various branches of science, we
find Mr. West, leading a most active and successful business
and professional career, but despite these essential, daily
activities, we find him not too busy to maintain his keen
interest in educational affairs, an interest which must have
at times sorely taxed his time, but one which happily was
ever increasing with the passage of the years. It is these
intellectual activities that are of special interest to us
tonight.

"We find in Mr. West one of the most illustrious ex-
amples of unselfish devotion to public service. Unobtrusive
and retiring, never seeking public office or acclaim, he has
always quietly worked in the background for all that is good
in the intellectual upbuilding of his community.

The George A. West Testimonial Meeting 73

"His long connection with the various educational and
scientific organizations whose representatives have ad-
dressed you here tonight give ample evidence of his abiding
interest. No more excellent evidence of Mr. West's sustained
interest in educational matters can be found than that dis-
played in his devotion to the Milwaukee Public Museum.
Not only has Mr. West been a member of the museum's
Board of Trustees and President of the Board for over a
quarter of a century, but he has been a true pillar of
strength to the institution, ever ready with sound and un-
derstanding council on its many problems requiring for
solution, scientific and technical knowledge. Never has a
question proven too great or too small to command his ear-
nest and careful attention, and his long years of experience,
and his extensive world travels have given him an insight
into all phases of the work which has made his council of
the utmost value.

"Most notable material additions to the collections and
exhibits of several of the museums of our state have come
directly through Mr. West's interest and efforts. Important
expeditions and painstaking research projects have been
the result of Mr. West's wise council. Highly significant
publications have resulted from Mr. West's own personal
efforts, despite his very busy business and professional
career.

"These are among the tangible results to which we can
point directly. There has, however, been perhaps an even
more important outcome of this long and active life.
Throughout, Mr. West has, by precept and example, always
upheld the finest spirit of scientific research and the very
essential principles of co-operation and personal helpfulness
in all his relations with his associates.

"It is certainly most fitting that we assemble at this
time to do honor as a testimonial to a man who has done so
much for his state, for his community and for the several
organizations here represented.

"I have already read to you a few of the many com-
munications received from friends who, unfortunately, could
not be present to personally testify to their esteem for Mr.
West.

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGUST

Vol. 14, No. 3

"I am especially requested by one who finds it impossible
to be here tonight, to express his highest personal esteem
and to present to Mr. West a tangible token of his regard in
the form of an object which for twenty-seven years Mr.
West has regarded with the utmost interest. Were this the
product of the goldsmith's art it could be easily achieved,
but to one imbued, as are you, Mr. West, with the true spirit
of the archeologist, I know that this little token will mean
more than the richest jewel.

"In the name of our absent friend, Mr. Joseph Ringeisen,
it gives me pleasure to present you with this rare form of
pipe, a specimen of the finest workmanship of some aborig-
inal artisan of Wisconsin.

Pipe Presented by Jos. Ringeisen, Jr.

The George A. West Testimoi ial Meeting 75

"The note accompanying this gift reads as follows :

'Just a little token to show my appreciation for all you have done
for The Wisconsin Archeological Society and archeology in general.
I am very sorry I could not be present.'

"And now, ladies and gentlemen, I take pleasure in pre-
senting to you Dr. Kastner, President of The Wisconsin
Archeological Society.'*

Dr. A. L. Kastner:

"I would like to take this opportunity of publicly thank-
ing our distinguished guests, the members of the museum
staff and others, for their very splendid work which has
made this meeting such a success. We appreciate this and
I doubt whether any of you conceive the amount of work it
has taken to bring this all about. Dr. Herbert W. Kuhm was
head of the program committee and you can see how well
he has done his work. The part that Dr. Barrett has played
in this is a remarkable one. He is the one who guides and
helps us in these things and I want to thank him publicly
at this time.

"Mr. West, The Archeological Society of Wisconsin has
had Mr. Ray Van Handel of Sheboygan execute this testi-
monial scroll. It is done by means of a reed pen. The illum-
ination, of course, has been done by brush, but this reed pen
is the instrument that the ancient scribes used in the pro-
duction of the old manuscripts. The scroll is wonderfully
illuminated and decorated. The portrayal is, of course,
archeological. The symbolism and beauty of the American
Indian's art have been employed. We have the thunderbird,
arrowhead, and designs employed in beadwork and porcu-
pine quill work. We have the seal of the Society in this
corner and it is all, in my opinion, a work of art. If you will
permit me I will read what Mr. Van Handel, under the di-
rection of the Society, has inscribed:

" 'Whereas Mr. George A. West, throughout a long and
active life, has given most generously of his time and ener-
gies to various forms of public service in the State of Wis-
consin and in the City of Milwaukee, and

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST

Vol. 14, No. 3

IHEREAS Wr. George a. QUest. throughout a
[long and acttue life, has giuenmostgenerouslu of
Ihb time and energies to curious forms of puKlic.
jseroice in the *State of Ql9isconstnand in the Citu

lof TuiUoauhee, and -r-nir -«• — —~===M

WHEREAS he has throughout been a most earnest,
deuotee to uarious branches of science.particularly to
Qrcheoloqu.and uponeuery occasion, has not only fostered
and ad IM need the interests of learning , but has also bu pre-
cept and example encouraged those with u>hom he came into
contact in their search after hnoiuledqe,and^.3fe&iNj-*fe3<A&a£As>*!
WHERE AS, despite a oertj full professional and business
career, he has found time to carry on most thorough and pains-
taking studies lohich haue resulted in the publication of uariow
important monographs, and »«-«» «»i «»:»•»«.«>.£»«.««: »»o
WHEREAS,throu5h his efforts there ojas, in IPOJ.foundal
in Wisconsin, as a pioneer in its field. one of the most actiue,
archeological organizations inumerica.be itther€^ore »*-»•
RESOLVED that.as a token of its highest bersonaL
esteem, in appreciatioa of the valuable puWic serutces rendewa,
in acknowledgment of the ux>rth of the researches carri«i on
and of the resultant publicaitons.and particularly asan etndence
ofibdratitudefbrhisef3fbrts intmaduancementof thi« unborfant
branch ofscienceOHE WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGICAL
SOCIETY does herebij record its deep indebtedness to its

Scroll Presented to George A. West

The George A. West Testimonial Meeting 77

" 'Whereas he has throughout been a most earnest dev-
otee to various branches of science, particularly to Arche-
ology, and upon every occasion has not only fostered and
advanced the interests of learning, but has also by precept
and example encouraged those with whom he came into
mtact in their search after knowledge, and

" 'Whereas, despite a very full professional and business
career, he has found time to carry on most thorough and
dnstaking studies which have resulted in the publication
>f various important monographs, and

" 'Whereas, through his efforts there was, in 1903,
founded in Wisconsin, as a pioneer in its field, one of the
iost active archeological organizations in America, be it
:herefore

" 'Resolved that, as a token of its highest personal es-
teem, in appreciation of the valuable public services ren-
dered, in acknowledgment of the worth of the researches
carried on and of the resultant publications, and particularly
as an evidence of its gratitude for his efforts in the advance-
ment of this important branch of science, THE WISCONSIN
ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY does hereby record its deep
indebtedness to its founder, Mr. George A. West/ "

Master of Ceremonies:

"And now, ladies and gentlemen, may I present Mr.
West."

Mr. George A. West:

"Ladies and Gentlemen, Friends:

"You must be my friends or you would not come here
tonight, a terrible, stormy night, and I appreciate your com-
ing very much. So many fine things have been said and so
many beautiful presents made that I hardly know how to
respond. I appreciate this beautiful scroll from the bottom
of my heart. It is simply grand, most beautiful, and some-
thing that will be hung in my library where I can see it each
day of my life. I appreciate it. I thank you very much.

78 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 3

"As to this pipe, it is of a very ancient type, prehistoric
and rare. They are generally made of slate and are found
in Wisconsin principally, but a few have been found down
in Missouri and southern Illinois. I appreciate Mr. Ringei-
sen's gift very much because he prized it so highly. Mr.
Ringeisen has one of the finest collections of anyone in this
country and this is one of his prizes.

"I appreciate all this very much but I am afraid that the
honor belongs partly to other people. In the first place,
without Dr. Hoy, Charles E. Brown, Dr. Barrett and others,
I would not have accomplished what I have. They gave me
the inspiration. Mention has been made of my papers in the
publications of The Wisconsin Archeological Society. Some
twenty or twenty-five years ago I used to consult Dr. Brown
and also other members who were living at that time. They
helped me very much. In the publications here at the mu-
seum I never did anything that was not submitted to them
in order to get information from the various departments.
The pipe bulletin is the biggest task I ever undertook. Dr.
Barrett inspired it. I wrote one for the Archeological So-
ciety about 1905 covering the local field. That was consid-
ered pretty good, but when I came to write one that covered
the western hemisphere it was a much greater task and re-
quired a great deal of research work. Dr. Barrett encour-
aged me. When I had chapter after chapter written I sub-
mitted them to him. Then when he went East a year ago
last spring, — he was on a lecture tour, — I met him in Wash-
ington and he went with me to twelve or thirteen museums,
the largest in this country. He made me acquainted with
the directors and the heads of the departments of the mu-
seums and put me right at home with them, and they were
very kind. I spent eight days in one museum alone and the
doctor would come there most every day and he would lec-
ture evenings. He took down a large camera. That is why
the pictures are uniform. Also hundreds of pipes were sent
from all over the country and they were photographed here.

"There is the head of the Department of Geology, Dr.
Edwards, who has always helped me out.

"Here is Mr. McKern. I consulted him and others in his
department. I would take some of my experiments to them
and see what they thought of them.

The George A. West Testimonial Meeting 79

"Then the Librarian, Mr. Teyen, got me hundreds of
books. He sent all over the country for books I had to have.

"There was the late Huron Smith ; I consulted him on
the botany of tobaccos. He had been interested in this mat-
ter for twenty-five years and I quoted him quite frequently.
Then Mr. Fuller, our present botanist, assisted me.

"I am highly honored to have Mr. Bruce here this eve-
ning and to hear him say what he did. He and Mr. Kletsch
have been on that Board for twenty-five years and the
success of that Board is due mostly to these two men. They
have done wonderful work. Each one has been there to
meetings at least 500 times. Mr. Grieb has been a most
successful manager. The Auditorium has never been in the
red and it is the only auditorium in -the country that has not.
This has been due to these two men and Mr. Grieb princi-
pally. They are right, just, fair and always have been, and
I know because I attend most of the meetings.

"I am very proud to have Dr. Schafer here this evening.
The State Historical Society is a wonderful institution. I
am a life member and have been for a long time, and I would
not be without its publications. You all ought to be members
and you ought to receive its magazine and its historical re-
ports. They are most valuable. They are doing wonderful
work up there, splendid work.

"Mr. Potter, our Superintendent of Schools, has for many
years been a most faithful and discerning member of our
museum's Board of Trustees. It is a real pleasure to serve
with him in such a position of trust.

"Dr. Kastner makes a splendid President of the Arche-
ological Society. He has taken an interest and done splendid
work.

"And Mr. Brown, our Secretary of the Archeological
Society, who has done so much for the advancement of the
science we all love, is the friend and counsellor of all of us.
It is certainly most fitting that he should be the official
spokesman of the Archeological Society tonight.

"When I was East, I found that everywhere they knew
McKern. McKern has a great reputation in the East, some-
thing like Dr. Barrett. Dr. Barrett could have been Secre-

80 THE WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 3

tary of the Smithsonian Institution several years ago. They
all speak very highly of McKern, who is an expert in the
opening of mounds and on pottery.

"On behalf of Dr. Bagg, I want to say that the best meet-
ing I ever attended of the Wisconsin Academy was up in
Appleton. He made all arrangements and we had a splendid
time and I am going again. They have a splendid college
and a very good museum.

"I get encouragement at home as well as elsewhere. My
folks are all collectors. My wife collects teapots and she is
also interested in dolls. One of my daughters is interested
in art and the other in postage stamps, so we have quite a
diversity of interests at home.

"Let me also include a word of gratitude to my many
personal friends, members of my chosen profession and
others, who have braved the rigors of this terrible storm
tonight in order to come here. It certainly is a true test of
friendship. And to those absent friends and ones from dis-
tant points who have sent letters and telegrams. To you,
one and all, let me express my most heart-felt thanks."

Through this wonderful world, alas
Once and only once we pass.
If records of the past we gather
It will help the coming man,
Then let us do it when we can
And not delay, for it is plain
We shall not come this way again.

Master of Ceremonies:

"Ladies and Gentlemen: There still remains one func-
tion to be performed by the master of ceremonies. Wherever
we find such exemplary devotion to high principles and pub-
lic service as we have seen in our honored guest this evening
we are pretty sure to discover that he has had the fullest
encouragement.

"Mr. West has for fifty-five years been thus encouraged
and it is with pleasure that we read on the card attached to
this token the following:

The George A. West Testimonial Meeting 81

" To Mrs. George A. West in tribute to the inspiration
you have been to your distinguished husband.' "

The following editorial, commenting on the civic tribute
paid to Mr. West, appeared in The Milwaukee Journal on
November 21, 1934 :

MR. WEST'S CONTRIBUTION

It is proper in a community that there should be such a tribute
as that paid to George A. West for his useful service to the cause of
archaeology in Wisconsin and in particular to the development of the
Milwaukee public museum. For it reminds us all of the intangible
values of life that are here in the world, to be had for the seeking.
Mr. West may be said to have a hobby of archaeology, but his hobby
never seemed to him a thing to lock away, as he acquired knowledge,
became an expert. He found something that could be shared with
others.

Archaeology, we have a notion, sounds to most people about as
"dry" a subject as there could be. Some folks like to go digging in
the ruins left by former experimenters on this earth and share their
finds with others on the inside, and that is all right. Or we may go
farther and say it is good for the world that there are men interested
in every sort of research, for they add to human knowledge and, who
knows, we may some day use our knowledge.

It's a different picture when you go through the Milwaukee public
museum and discover the exhibits there which attract admiration from
everyone who comes from elsewhere. There is something for the
youngest child and for men and women to whom "archaeology" is only
a word. Yet those exhibits are based on archaeology, just as truly as
the building is based on stone. And much of the archaeological founda-
tion resulted from Mr. West's idea that his hobby could be shared with
his neighbors.

The following communication from Mr. West was re-
ceived by the Society:

Milwaukee, December 3, 1934.
To The Wisconsin Archaeological Society:

The distinguished honor that you caused to be conferred upon me
the evening of November 19th, last, left me in a daze, from which
I am just recovering. The audience of prominent people, the setting
of beautiful flowers, complimentary remarks by such men and dis-
tinguished speakers as Dr. S. A. Barrett, Dr. Charles E. Brown, Dr.

82 THE WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 3

Rufus M. Bagg, William George Bruce, Dr. Joseph Schafer, Milton
C. Potter and W. C. McKern, as well as the beautifully illuminated
scroll, and the rare aboriginal stone pipe presented, caused me to
wonder if it was not a dream after all. Never having attempted listing
the results of my endeavors, their assembling, as revealed by those
who spoke, was to me not far less than a revelation.

The testimonial scroll presented by you, through President Dr. A.
L. Kastner, is truly a work of art that will grace the most important
panel in my library, where it can be seen from day to day as a
reminder of the many enjoyable associations with those who have
helped to make this organization the foremost of its kind in America.
Additional pleasure was afforded me in the gift by my friend, Joseph
Ringeisen, of one of the most treasured aboriginal pipes of his collec-
tion. The colored sketch presented by the famous artist, Bruno Ertz,
shows a group of Indians around the camp fire, smoking pipes of
peace, the hatchet buried in the ground. Across the towering smoke
are the words, "In Honor of Geo. A. West, 1934." The conventional
sketch of the artist anticipated what actually occurred.

The conception and execution of the reception in such a marvelous
manner can be credited to the exceptional skill and ability of Dr.
Herbert W. Kuhm and the other members of the Program Committee.

Words have not been coined that will adequately express my deep
appreciation of all that has been done for me by you and those co-
operating with you.

Yours truly,

GEO. A. WEST.

The Lapham Medal

The George A. West Testimonial Meeting 83

MR. WEST AWARDED LAPHAM MEDAL

On March 15, 1926, on the occasion of the celebration of
its Silver anniversary, The Wisconsin Archeological Society
awarded the Lapham Research medal for the first time in
its history.

The first member of the Society to receive this high
tribute in recognition of his signal service in the survey,
preservation and study of Wisconsin's antiquities was Mr.
George A. West, founder of the Society.

Mr. West, on that occasion, delivered an illustrated ad-
dress on "The History of The Wisconsin Archeological
Society."

The obverse of the Lapham Research medal presented to
Mr. West bears a relief profile of Dr. Increase A. Lapham,
Wisconsin's first noted archeologist. Around the relief is
the inscription, "Lapham Medal, Wisconsin Archeological
Society," surrounded by a representation of a string of
wampum.

The reverse of the medal bears two symbolic figures.
Above is a representation of the thunderbird, typifying the
upper world spirits, the effigy mounds, in which the state
is so rich, and is a most fitting symbol of the archeological
activities of the Society. Below is a double panther motif,
typifying the underworld deities. Between these two sym-
bolic figures and within another encircling string of wam-
pum is the inscription, "Awarded to Mr. George A. West
for distinguished service in anthropological research."

84 THE WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIS P

LIST OF PAPERS FROM THE PEN OF MR. GEORGE A. WEST

Wisconsin Natural History Society, Bulletin, New Series

Vol. I, No. 3, pp. 157-159, 1900; The American Crocodile.

Wisconsin Archeologist

Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 6-42, 7 figs., 4 maps, 1903; Summary of the
Archeology of Racine County.

Vol. 4, Nos. 3 and 4, pp. 41-171, 16 plates, 204 figures, 1 map, 1905;
The Aboriginal Pipes of Wisconsin.

Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 169-256, 1 frontispiece, 11 plates, 1907; The Indian
Authorship of Wisconsin Antiquities.

Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 34-35, 1 plate, 1908; Platform Pipes from a Mound
in Vernon County.

Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 131-133, 1908; Pebble Net-Weights.

Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 37-64, 1 plate, 1909; Chipped Flint Perforators of
Wisconsin.

Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 31-34, 1910; Pipestone Quarries in Barren County.

Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 5-64, 1 frontispiece, 3 plates, 1911; Uses of To-
bacco and the Calumet by Wisconsin Indians.

Wisconsin Archeologist, New Series

Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 7-44, 1 frontispiece, 6 plates, 1 figure, 1927; The

Antiquities of Egypt.
Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 51-61, 1 frontispiece, 3 plates, 1929; The Story of

Aztalan.

Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 89-90, 1 plate, 1931; Superimposed Aboriginal
Implement.

Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 77-81, 1 frontispiece, 1932; A Distinguished Mem-
ber of The Wisconsin Archeological Society, Dr. George Lucius
Collie.

Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 31-33, 1 plate, 1933; The Greater Copper Pike.

Milwaukee Public Museum, Bulletin

Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1-184, 30 plates, 12 figures, 2 maps, 1929; Ab-
origines of the Lake Superior Region. Report of the McDonald-
Massee Isle Royale Expedition, 1928.

Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 375-400, 3 plates, 1932; Exceptional Prehistoric
Copper Implements.

Vol. 17 (Parts 1 and 2), 994 pp., 257 plates, 17 figures, 19 maps;
Tobacco, Pipes and Smoking Customs of the American Indians.

The George A. West Testimonial Meeting 85

Milwaukee Public Museum, Yearbook

Vol. II, pp. 134-156, 25 figures, 1922; Stonehenge and the Mounds

of Salisbury.
Vol. Ill, pp. 74-97, 24 figures, 1923; Cliff Dwellings and Pueblos in

the Grand Canyon, Arizona.
Vol. V, pp. 7-39, 59 figures, 1 map, 1925; Explorations in Navajo

Canyon, Arizona.

Vol. VII, pp. 7-10, 1927; Vesuvius the Demon.
Vol. IX, pp. 175-203, 18 figures, 1929; Cave Men of Europe.
Vol. IX, pp. 203-215, 8 figures, 1 map, 1929; Mysterious Prehistoric

Monuments of Brittany.

Vol. X, pp. 27-44, 12 figures, 1930; A Visit to Mesa Verde.
Vol. X, pp. 44-48, 4 figures, 1930; The Lost City of Nevada.
Vol. X, pp. 48-63, 9 figures, 2 maps, 1930; A Visit to Gypsum Cave,

Nevada.

April, 1935

NEW SERIES

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIOAL SOCIETY

MILWAUKEE

Accepted for mailing at special rate of postage provided for In Sec. 1103
Act, Oct. 3, 1917. Authorized Jan. 28, 1921.

VOLUME 14, No. 4

New Series

1935

PUBLISHED BY THE

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST SOCIETY
MILWAUKEE

J$t0nm0nt

Incorporated March 23, 1903, for the purpose of advancing the study
and preservation of Wisconsin antiquities

OFFICERS

PRESIDENT

Dr. A. L. Kastner

VICE-PRESIDENTS

Dr. H. W. Kuhm T. L. Miller H. W. Cornell

Dr. L. S. Buttles W. E. Erdman

Geo. A. West

DIRECTORS

Dr. S. A. Barrett

W. K. Andrews
R. Boettger
Dr. W. H. Brown
Col. Marshall Cousins
Rev. F. S. Dayton
W. S. Dunsmoor
Kermit Freckman
Arthur Gerth
J. G. Gregory
Richard Hallstrom

ADVISORY COUNCIL

O. J. Halvorson
M. F. Hulburt
Paul Joers
A. P. Kannenberg
Dr. Louise P. Kellogg
R. J. Kieckhefer
Mrs. Theo. Koerner
Marie G. Kohler
T. M. N. Lewis
W. C. McKern

A. T. Newman
Dr. E. J. W. Notz
L. P. Pierron
E. F. Richter
M. C. Richter
Jos. Ringeisen, Jr.
C. G. Schoewe
Paul Scholz
Dr. Orrin Thompson
G. R. Zilisch

TREASURER

G. M. Thorne
1631 N. Fif&r-second Street, Milwaukee, Wis.

SECRETARY

Charles E. Brown
State Historical Museum, Madison, Wis.

COMMITTEES

REGULAR

STATE SURVEY— J. J. Knudsen, M. F. Hulburt, D. A. Blencce, Dr.
L. S. Buttles, Dr. P. H. Nesbitt, G. E. Overton, O. L. Hollister,
A. W. Pond, W. E. Erdman, J. P. Schumacher, T. M. N. Lewis,
W. F. Bauchle, V. E. Motschenbacher, Kermit Freckman, G. L.
Pasco, W. S. Dunsmoor.

MEMBERSHIP— Paul Joers, C. G. Schoewe, Herbert Currie, E. C.
Steene, Dr. W. H. Brown, Clarence Harris, Paul Scholz, W. K.
Andrew, Karl Aichelen, Arthur Gerth, A. W. Buttles, M. C.
Richter, Carl Baur, W. Van Beckum, A. E. Koerner, Paul Bceh-
land, Dr. C. J. Heagle, A. P. Kannenberg, Dr. Albert Bardes.

STATE ARCHEOLOGICAL PARKS— R. P. Ferry, Walter Holsten,
D. S. Rowland, M. S. Thomson, Col. J. G. Jackson, Prof. A. H.
Sanford.

PUBLICITY— J. G. Gregory, Dr. H. W. Kuhm, E. R. Guentzel,
Lieut. C. L. Emerscn.

SPECIAL

BIOGRAPHY— Rachel M. Campbell, Paul Joers, C. G. Schcewe, Ar-
thur Gerth, E. F. Richter, Mrs. Theodore . Koerner, Dr. E. J.
W. Notz.

FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS— Jos. Ringeisen, Jr., E. F. Richter,
G. A. West, C. G. Schoewe, N. E. Carter.

PROGRAM— Dr. H. W. Kuhm, W. C. McKern, G. M. Thome, Dr. L.
S. Buttles, T. L. Miller, Dr. A. G. Jenner.

PUBLICATIONS— C. E. Brown, Dr. H. W. Kuhm, W. E. Erdman.

MARKING MILWAUKEE ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES— M. C. Rich-
ter, L. R. Whitney, R. J. Kieckhefer.

LAPHAM RESEARCH MEDAL— Dr. S. A. Barrett, Dr. A. L. Kast-
ner, M. C. Richter, C. G. Schoewe, G. A. West, C. E. Brown.

MEMBERSHIP FEES

Life Members, $25.00 Endowment Members, $500.00

Sustaining Members, $5.00 Annual Members, $2.00

Institutional Members, $1.50 Junior Members, $ .50

All communications in regard to The Wisconsin Archeological Society should
be addressed to Charles E. Brown, Secretary and Curator, Office, State Historical
Museum, Madison, Wisconsin. Contributions to The Wisconsin Archeologist should
be addressed to him. Dues should be sent to G. M. Thome, Treasurer, 1631 N.
52nd Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

CONTENTS

Vol. 14, No. 4, New Series

ARTICLES

Page
Awarding the Lapham Medal, Charles E. Brown 87

Dedicating the Wapuka Site, Charles G. Schoewe 89

The Way to Get the Most Out of Archeology, George A. West 91

Menomini Indian Medals, Lorraine C. Alfred 95

There Is No Good Indian But a Dead Indian, Wilton E. Erdman 97

Archeological Notes 99

ILLUSTRATIONS
The Lapham Medal, Obverse Frontispiece

THE LAPHAM MEDAL

HBVERSE

n Arrtyrnlogtat

Published Quarterly by The Wisconsin Archeological Society

VOL. 14 MILWAUKEE, WIS., APRIL, 1935 NO. 4

New Series

AWARDING THE LAPHAM MEDAL

Charles E. Brawn

The Lapham Medal, founded by The Wisconsin Arche-
ological Society in 1926 in commemoration of the archeo-
loglcal investigations of Wisconsin's honored pioneer arche-
ologist, Dr. Increase Allen Lapham, has been struck from
time to time and awarded to members of the state society
and to others "for distinguished service in archeological
research."

The first group of members to receive the medal, in 1926,
were the Messrs. George A. West, Milwaukee; Charles E.
Brown, Madison ; Dr. George L. Collie, Beloit ; Dr. S. A. Bar-
rett, Milwaukee; Harry E. Cole, Baraboo; John P. Schu-
macher, Green Bay; George R. Fox, Three Oaks, Michigan;
Dr. Alphonse Gerend, Milladore, and Halvor L. Skavlem,
Janesville. All were men who had devoted many years to
archeological research and investigation in the state and
contributed some or many papers and monographs to early
issues of The Wisconsin Archeologist. In 1928, Huron H.
Smith, widely known for his work on the ethno-botany of
the Wisconsin Indians, was honored by receiving the medal.
In 1930, at a Milwaukee meeting of the Central Section,
A. A. A., the medal was conferred on Dr. Carl E. Guthe,
chairman of the Committee on State Archeological Surveys,
National Research Council, Ann Arbor, Michigan; to Dr.
Ralph Linton, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago,
and to W. C. McKern and Joseph Ringeisen, Jr., Milwaukee.
Both of the latter had been particularly active in advancing
the interests of the Society.

At the annual meeting of the Society, held on Monday
evening, March 18, 1935, the Lapham Medal was again
awarded by the Society to a small group of its members.

88 THE WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 4

These were Dr. Louise Phelps Kellogg, widely-known his-
torian, and the Messrs. Charles G. Schoewe, Town L. Miller,
Milwaukee, and Arthur P. Kannenberg, Oshkosh. Mr.
George A. West made the awards for the Society, giving a
brief account of the services to Wisconsin archeology of
each recipient.

A cut of the Lapham Medal appears as the frontispiece
of the January, 1935, issue of The Wisconsin Archeologist.
The obverse of the medal bears a bust of Dr. Increase A.
Lapham, facing to the right, and the legend, "LAPHAM
MEDAL — Increase A. Lapham — 1836-1878 — Wisconsin
Archeological Society." The reverse bears a figure of the
Indian thunderbird, below this the words " A warded to
- for distinguished service in archeological
research" and a blank space for the engraving of the date
of its awarding. Below this are two figures of the Indian
horned panther or water spirit, facing each other. The
figures and legend on this face of the medal are encircled
by a string of wampum. As is appropriate, the medal is
struck in copper.

The special committee in charge of the awarding of the
Lapham Medal consists of Dr. S. A. Barrett, chairman, Milo
C. Richter, C. G. Schoewe and George A. West. The Presi-
dent and Secretary of the Society are members by virtue
of their offices. The medal has become a highly prized recog-
nition of archeological service. An illustration of the reverse
face of the Lapham Medal appears as the frontispiece of
this issue of The Wisconsin Archeologist.

Dedicating the Wapuka Site 89

DEDICATING THE WAPUKA SITE

Charles G. Schoewe

This is a narrative of a modern dedication of an ancient
village site of the Sun Fish clan of the Mascouten, or Prairie
Potawatomi. It was dedicated to Wapuka, a Mascouten.

Wapuka, or "Watching of the Bald Eagle," was a
member of the Wabash band of the Mascouten. He was a
Carlisle Indian school graduate, and was said to be con-
versant in seventeen Indian dialects, mainly Algonkian and
Cegika Siouan, with a smattering of loway, Oto and Winne-
bago.

Although a Mascouten, born in Kansas, Wapuka lived
with the Kickapoo near McLoud, Oklahoma. He was always
religiously inclined, and joined every society open to him,
with the exception of the Medicine lodge. He became con-
verted to an orthodox faith of the white man, but later
reverted to the older tribal beliefs of his forefathers and
joined the Dream Dance. This, in turn, he discarded for the
Peyote cult, of which he became a leader.

He was expert in the fashioning of moccasins and other
Indian garments, and proficient in working beads and silk-
ribbon applique. Like all members of the Peyote cult, he
wore his hair in two long braids interwoven with scarlet rib-
bons. His habitual footwear was moccasins.

Wapuka acted as interpreter for M. R. Harrington, of
the Museum of the American Indian, Heye foundation, of
New York City. He also aided Alanson B. Skinner when Mr.
Skinner served as curator of anthropology of the Milwaukee
Public museum.

Wapuka' s knowledge of tribal rituals proved of great
value to both investigators. He served as interpreter for
Mr. Skinner among the Oklahoma Kickapoo and the Kansas
Potawatomi in 1923, and completed the season by a visit
in Milwaukee, where he supplied the major portion of the
information recorded by Mr. Skinner in his Milwaukee Pub-
lic museum bulletin, "The Mascoutens, or Prairie Potawa-
tomi."

90 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 4

While Wapuka was in Milwaukee aiding Mr. Skinner,
I came to know him, and one day told him of the Muskego
marsh region, where at one time his forefathers, the Mas-
coutens, had dwelt. This interested Wapuka immensely and
he asked to be shown this region of camp and village sites
and mounds of his people. I showed him the hundreds of
Indian artifacts in my collection which I had collected from
the Muskego marsh region, and this intrigued him the more.

I told him that I had made offerings of tobacco at the
Muskego mounds to the Indian deities, pledging that as long
as the rivers flow and the grass grows, I would strive to pre-
serve these mounds of his ancestors.

"Spemi-ka-naw-bat," said Wapuka to me, using the In-
dian name which he had previously given me in a naming
ceremony, "take me to this place so that I also can make
an offering, smoke the pipe and dream of my people. Truly
they were a great people, and their men were braves."

So one day in the month when the suckers go up the
river to spawn, we left for the Muskego site where at one
time had dwelt the Sunfish clan of the Potawatomi.

The site was of great interest to me as I had found many
fine arrow points, celts, grooved axes, drills and potsherds
there.

Arrived there, Wapuka made his tobacco offering, and
uttered a prayer in the Potawatomi language.

Then holding a red catlinite pipe, which Mr. Skinner
lighted, I informed Wapuka that we were to honor him by
naming this village site after him. We used the ancient pipe
ceremony. I puffed at the pipe, and turning to the four
cardinal points, and zenith and nadir, wafted smoke in each
direction, and sprinkled tobacco on the ground, saying : "Let
this site henceforth be known as the Wapuka site."

The old Indian sat silently looking over the site, and
dreaming of the bygone days when his people had fished
these lakes and streams and had hunted in primeval forests.
He then stood erect and sternly commenced an oration in
his native tongue. After he made a tobacco offering and had
smoked the pipe, we left, as the sun was low on the horizon.

When we had gone some little distance, Wapuka turned
around and gave the site and mounds, where at one time

The Way to Get the Most Out of Archeology 91

his forefathers had dwielt, a parting look. It was his last
view of the site, for he never returned. I learned later
from his people that he died at McLoud, Oklahoma, on
March 8, 1924.

Wapuka is no more, but the site of this ancient village
remains as a memorial to him and his people.

THE WAY TO GET THE MOST OUT OF ARCHEOLOGY

George A. West

In order to get the most out of archeology and ethnology,
it is best to adopt a reference card system, covering all sorts
of information that interests you. About 35 years ago,
Charles E. Brown, secretary of the Society, and the writer
each started a card system, and we have kept them up ever
since. Our cards now run into many thousands, and have
been of inestimable value to us and to others who have con-
sulted them.

In my own case I started with records of selected articles
that interested me, printed in the following publications:
Annual Reports of the Bureau of American Ethnology, the
National Museum and the Smithsonian Institute; several
government pamphlets received from Washington through
local congressmen ; the Wisconsin Historical Society reports ;
the Jesuit Relations; Early Histories of Wisconsin; Lap-
ham's reports; the issues of The Wisconsin Archeologist ;
the bulletins of the Milwaukee Public Museum. Only sub-
jects that interested me were chosen, and references carried
to the cards, in alphabetical order, giving the subject, vol-
ume and page. If the quotation was short, it was trans-
ferred to the cards; if of some length, it was merely re-
ferred to.

My advice to all students of American anthropology is
to start a card system if you have not already done so. It
develops one's interest, and preserves information that
might otherwise be forgotten. It is a time saver when one
undertakes to prepare a paper or lecture, and well worth
the work that it entails.

92 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 4

The Bulletin Did It

It was the information contained in The Wisconsin
Archeologist that extended membership in the Society be-
yond the confines of this state, gave this organization its
enviable reputation, and brought to it success during the
first half of its existence. This information was all that
many of its members got out of the Society, but it satisfied
them. Many of our workers and prominent members from
out of the state have passed away, but others interested in
archeology have taken their places. It is up to all members
of the state society to assist in keeping up the valuable
character of The Wisconsin Archeologist. Thus we may in-
terest and assist new crops of students of Wisconsin arche-
ology and induce them to become members and workers in
the Wisconsin field.

All of our older bulletins devoted several pages to notes,
letters, discussions and queries. Such items were always
read and were instructive. This plan should be encouraged
and continued. Another plan, followed in the publication
of our early bulletins, was the printing of the names and
addresses of our members. I am not sure that this would
be practical at this time, but formerly it resulted in much
correspondence among the members on matters relating to
archeology. It caused collectors to become acquainted with
each other, and informed them on just who to see in their
travels.

We have among our membership many who are capable
of devoting themselves to the study of any one of many
classes of Indian artifacts that are found in most collections,
and of carrying their research work to a most satisfactory
culmination, of benefit to themselves and value to the So-
ciety. This field of research is not exhausted, by any means.
The material to work with is available in the splendid col-
lections found in our museums and private cabinets. At
some meeting of the members, this work should again be
assigned, to avoid duplication, and a score or more of in-
vestigators should be set at work on as many different sub-
jects. If this plan is carried out, with additional workers
added from time to time, and the results written and sub-
mitted for publication, our bulletin will be supplied with
more of the constructive material that its editor desires. At

The Way to Get the Most Out of Archeology 93

the present time, and for some time in the past, many of our
members have been spectators, leaving the work to a willing
few. This is, of course, true of nearly all societies. We can do
much better than this, as our past history will show. While
our monthly meetings are interesting and necessary, the
viewing of specimens and the opportunity to listen to the
instructive lectures delivered are privileges denied to our
absent members, nor do these programs offer any induce-
ment for new members who live at a distance. In other
words, the activity of our Society seems to be less than it
originally was, and it is up to us who are active and deeply
interested to revive it.

This Society's Original Policy Was to Specialize

Let me enumerate some of the results of this original
plan, showing how it worked out:

When this Society was first organized, several of our
Wisconsin members arranged to specialize, each selecting
for study subject of one class of Indian artifacts. Mr. Henry
P. Hamilton of Two Rivers selected native copper imple-
ments, and his extensive collection later found its way into
the State Historical Museum. His collection became one of
the finest in the land. Mr. W. H. Ellsworth selected stone
axes and celts. He collected one thousand specimens of these
which were later purchased by the Logan Museum at Beloit.
Mr. Ellsworth next undertook the collection of knives, arrow
and spearpoints, made of Wisconsin quartzite. This unique
collection came to the Milwaukee Public Museum. Mr.
Joseph Ringeisen specialized in stone ornaments and cere-
monial artifacts, which resulted in his now owning one of
Pthe finest private collections of its kind. A collection of
about one thousand specimens of aboriginal stone drills was
made by the author and contributed to the State Historical
Museum. The author's collection of pipes, donated to the
Milwaukee Public Museum, is another example of what can
be accomplished by specializing. Mr. Brown undertook the
study of fluted stone axes and Dr. Alphonse Gerend was
the first to devote himself to the interest of Wisconsin
earthenware. These special collections and studies were the
basis of many valuable articles and monographs that ap-
peared in The Wisconsin Archeologist.

94 WISCONSIN ARCHEQLQGIST Vol. 14, No. 4

Important in Making Special Collections

In making a specialized collection or, in fact, a collection
of any kind, a description and history of each specimen is
absolutely necessary in order to remove one's collection from
the realm of simple curios and render it of scientific value.
The method followed by the author in acquiring his large
collection of stone drills and reamers was found most prac-
tical. He suggests that others follow the same plan. A ruled
book, of about letter size, was purchased for recording the
history of this collection. The first part of the book was
used for sketches and the other half for the data. Each
specimen obtained was outlined and numbered. Outlines
were secured by placing the drill on the paper, and follow-
ing the outline with a pencil. Later this outline was retraced
in India ink. In the reference part of the book the number
given the specimen was first inserted. Then followed the
dimensions of the specimen, its material, where found, when
found, by whom found, whether it was a surface, grave or
mound find, and any other facts of interest. Such a book
was compiled by me and made a part of the stone perfor-
ator collection presented to the State Historical Museum.
A more elaborate book was used for a record of my pipe
collection. It was of considerable size, loose-leafed, with in-
serts of drawing paper. The drawings of the pipes were
done in detail and numbered. Printed in ink below each
drawing was the necessary data. This sketch book was pre-
sented to the Milwaukee Public Museum, with the pipes, and
not only enabled the making of proper labels, but became a
reference book for students and gave to the collection its
scientific value. None of the pipe collections that I have ex-
amined in the great museums of this country have as com-
plete a system as this. That in use by the Museum of the
American Indian, New York City, stands next, in my esti-
mation, having a very complete card system. Other mu-
seums used a card or book system, but the data was far from
complete. Many interesting specimens examined could not
be used in preparing my pipe bulletin because of this lack
of specific information.

Menomini Indian Medals 95

MENOMINI INDIAN MEDALS

Lorraine C. Alfred

The papers of Dr. James Davie Butler, once a Professor
of the University of Wisconsin, and an active member of
the Wisconsin Historical Society, and which are preserved
in its great manuscript collections, contain many letters of
interest to Wisconsin archeologists. In the seventies Dr.
Butler was quite actively engaged in corresponding with
archeologists, collectors and institutions in this and other
states with the particular purpose of obtaining information
about the specimens and collections of native copper and
stone implements which they then possessed.

In an annual address, "Pre-Historic Wisconsin," deliv-
ered by Professor Butler before the State Historical Society,
in the Assembly Chamber of the State Capitol, on February
18, 1876, he described the Indian archeological collections in
its historical museum, then numbering some nine thousand
specimens. Describing these he said, "The Historical Society
has had its energies turned into this new channel to a large
extent by the researches and accumulations of Mr. F. S.
Perkins, of Racine county, now one of its vice-presidents.
Before his labors began, antiquities were daily turned up by
the plow, or in digging wells, cellars, and railroad cuts. But
they were left where they were found or wantonly broken
or scattered about as playthings of the nursery. He, first
among us, gathered the fragments together by thousands
until they filled so many baskets or boxes, that for a month
the Historical Society was unable to prepare a place to re-
ceive them." He enumerates nearly eight thousand arrow,
spear and lance heads, six hundred stone pestles, knives,
scrapers, awls and pikes, sixty-five stone axes, and about
fifty stone pipes and perforated ornaments. There were
also in this collection one hundred and nine copper imple-
ments, including spearpoints, knives and axes. This was
then the largest collection of these in the United States.
These he described. This address was published in the Wis-
consin Historical Collections and also as a separate circular.
It is illustrated with four fine halftone plates of the native
copper implements. Dr. Butler mentions that in 1870 the

96 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 4

Smithsonian Institution had only seven copper implements ;
the German Society of Natural History, Milwaukee, only
fourteen ; Dr. Lapham had eleven ; Milton College had four ;
Beloit, one; Lawrence University and the State University
had none.

Indian Medals

Among the papers in the Butler gift is one relating to
Wisconsin Indian medals. This bears the date 187. .. It is
quoted for the interest and information of Wisconsin
archeologists.

"In 1864, on the first day of August, an Indian council
was held with the Menomonies at Keshena by Dr. Davis,
Indian agent. In compliance with his request, various pres-
ents which had been handed down in the tribe and had been
bestowed by British functionaries, were brought forward
and laid on a table. Among these were several British flags
— letters — and twelve medals, all of George III.

"One letter of Sir William Johnson was then exactly one
hundred years old — being dated August 1, 1764.

"The twelve medals were taken to Washington by Dr.
Davis, and as many more bearing the name of Abraham
Lincoln were given in turn to the chiefs.

"One retained by Dr. Davis came from a chief named
Ah-wah-shayha, and was said to have been in his tribe be-
fore the American Revolution.

"In the United States mint at Philadelphia there is a
cabinet of miscellaneous medals. Among these No. 14 is a
medal which was worn by Tecumseh when he was killed at
the battle of the Thames, October 5, 1813. (Snowden, p.
118.) It is of silver. Its size is No. 48. That is, its diameter
is three inches. It bears on the obverse a bust of George
the Third, and on the reverse the crest and arms of Great
Britain.

"Wisconsin can show a double of the Tecumseh medal,
one identical in size, material, effigy, legend, escutcheon, and
origin. It was accepted by a Menomonie chief from a British
agent, and worn as a token of his allegiance to Britain. It
was discovered with others of a similar character by a Wis-

There Is No Good Indian But a Dead Indian 97

consin Indian agent. During the Rebellion, orders came from
Washington to that agent to make search for foreign medals
—which might be viewed by Indians as obliging them to
take up the hatchet in aid of Canada — if England should
take sides with the South. Our government was careful to
furnish its agents with American medals in place of those
from abroad, which it required the Indians to surrender."

One of these Abraham Lincoln medals is in the State
Historical Museum.

"THERE IS NO GOOD INDIAN BUT A DEAD INDIAN"

Wilton E. Erdman

In documents, letters, and personal conversation with
old settlers, one often encounters the saying that "there is
no good Indian but a dead Indian." This quotation brings
forth a malice that was not in all cases justified. Some
Whites would also probably have been better dead than alive.
The Indian, moreover, often had good reasons for the deeds
that he committed. His land was often stolen from him,
and being filled with the white man's firewater, he was fre-
quently swindled out of most of his earthly possessions. His
favorite hunting, fishing, camping, and garden sites were
wrung from him by the invading Whites, and the grave-
yards of his ancestors were often plowed up and lost to him
forever. Besides, in a spirit that he thought showed good
will and friendship, he was frequently forced and tricked to
sign treaties that he did not even understand. Such docu-
ments often made him forfeit all his rights and holdings.
It is no wonder that the Indian became resentful of the
Whites and that he often leaped from ambush to scalp them.

The Indian was used as a pawn by the French, Spanish,
British, and even the American Colonies, in their struggle
to accomplish their own selfish political and territorial am-
bitions. When he first saw. the Whites, he was filled with
curiosity and a desire for friendship was usually manifested
on his part. The greed and the trickery of the white man,
however, brought out a spirit of hatred and revenge, and
he tried to retaliate for the wrong done him whenever the

98 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 4

opportunity arose. His reaction was probably that "there
was no good white man but a dead white man" — which, of
course, was never orally phrased but only voiced in his
deeds. Many good pioneers were sacrificed and scalped,
thereby, that the work of dishonest politicians and traders
might be avenged.

Gratifying enough are the volumes of good deeds, kind-
ness, and protection often afforded the Whites by the In-
dians, during their struggle for existence in the New World.
Many tribes and individuals still were friends to the Whites,
even after being so shamefully treated. On the other hand,
not all Whites harbored or voiced such ill-feelings towards
the Indians, but realized the human phase of the Indian's
character, as well as the predicament he had to face. The
fictional element of many stories of Indian wars also often
instilled unwarranted feelings in the minds of readers and
listeners. Propaganda — good and bad — therefore, existed in
the early days of the pioneers, as well as it exists in so many
subtle forms today.

Many of us in this present age, happily enough, have
Indian friends that establish the fallacy of this old saying
so frequently made by the old-time settlers. Many a
slaughter and tragedy could have been averted if the In-
dians and the Whites could have established and maintained
a lasting spirit of true, unselfish friendship. May a mutual
enthusiasm of good will, understanding, sympathy, and
friendship continue to grow between the Whites and the
last remnants of a mighty race.

Archeological Notes 99

ARCHEOLOGICAL NOTES

Meetings

October 15, 1934. President Alfred L. Kastner presiding. There
were fifty members and visitors present. The President explained the
aims and work of The Wisconsin Archeological Society and invited all
interested persons to become members. The election of Miss Betty
Hagberg and of Erwin F. Wood, of Milwaukee, as annual members
was announced. Mr. T. D. Shipton, of Hanover, Illinois, had been
elected an honorary member.

Dr. Lewis S. Buttles presented an illustrated lecture on the subject
of "Lower Mississippi Archaeology." He spoke particularly of the
Indian pottery vessels of Missouri and Arkansas, obtained from
mounds and village sites in these states. Many of these were, he
showed, Mexican in form and ornamentation. He illustrated his dis-
course with specimens of vessels, numerous drawings and lantern
slides. He also exhibited some of the stone implements of the regions
described. The President, and Messrs. West, McKern, Schoewe, Brown
and others participated in the discussion which followed this very
interesting lecture.

During the meeting Dr. Kuhm exhibited a copper bead and
harpoon point, flint arrowpoints and fragments of pottery vessels col-
lected from a village site at Jacksonport, and Mr. Paul Scholz a bone
bead obtained from a refuse pit.

November 19, 1935. This meeting was held in the lecture hall of
the Milwaukee Public Museum. There were 250 members and visitors
in attendance. President Kastner announced that the meeting was in
the nature of a testimonial of the archeological and civic services of
Mr. George A. West, an officer and a charter member of the Society.
He introduced Dr. S. A. Barrett, who acted as master of ceremonies.
Dr. Barrett called in turn on a number of speakers who were seated
on the platform beside him. Secretary Charles E. Brown spoke for
The Wisconsin Archeological Society, Dr. Joseph Schafer for the State
Historical Society, Dr. Rufus M. Bagg for the Wisconsin Academy of
Sciences, Arts and Letters, Mr. Milton G. Potter for the Milwaukee
Public Museum board of trustees, Mr. William George Bruce for the
Milwaukee Auditorium trustees, and Mr. W. C. McKern for the staff
of the Museum.

All paid tributes to the activity and interest of Mr. West.

At the conclusion of these addresses, Dr. Kastner presented to Mr.
West an engrossed scroll in recognition of his services in the advance-
ment of Wisconsin archeological research and exploration. Dr. Barrett
presented to him an Indian pipe, being a gift to him of Mr. Joseph
Ringeisen, Jr. Mr. West, being called upon, spoke briefly, expressing
his pleasure at being thus honored and remembered.

The stage of the lecture hall, where the speakers and officers were
seated, was tastefully decorated with large baskets of roses and chrys-
anthemums. A basket of American beauty roses was presented to
Mrs. George A. West in the name of the Society.

December 17, 1934. President Kastner conducted the meeting.
Seventy members and visitors were present. Dr. H. W. Kuhm acted
as secretary of the meeting. The minutes of the meeting of the Execu-
tive Board and Advisory Board were read. Mrs. Edith M. West, Miss

100 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 14. No. 4

Grace A. West, and Mrs. Margaret A. Taylor of Milwaukee and Mrs.
Dorothy Frooks of New York City had been elected annual members
of the Society, it was announced. The Board had decided to publish
in the next issue of The Wisconsin Archeologist an account of the
testimonial meeting held in honor of Mr. George A. West.

Dr. Albert Bardes gave a very interesting lecture on 'The Customs
of the Early American Indians." This was greatly appreciated by the
members and visitors present. A number of these participated in the
discussion which followed this lecture, being the second which Dr.
Bardes has given before the Society.

After the meeting, interesting archeological specimens were ex-
hibited by the Messrs. Arthur Gerth, Paul Scholz and Paul Joers.

January 21, 1935. Vice-president Dr. H. W. Kuhm conducted this
meeting. There were forty members and visitors present.

Secretary Charles E. Brown announced the election as annual
members of Dr. Robert B. Roberts, Beaver Dam, Rev. W. E. Staehling,
Waupun, and Merrill P. Henn, Union Grove. Mrs. George A. West
and Mrs. Laura Lapham Lindow, Milwaukee, had been elected life
members of the Society.

The death of Mr. Charles Lapham of Milwaukee, a charter mem-
ber, was announced. He was a son of Wisconsin's famous pioneer
archeologist, Dr. Increase Allen Lapham. The death of so old and so
actively interested a member of the Society was deeply regretted.

Mr. Charles G. Schpewe favored the audience of members and visi-
tors with an instructive lecture on "The Wooden Implements of the
Wisconsin Indians." This he illustrated with a collection of wooden
bowls, ladles and other implements largely obtained from the Pota-
watomi Indians resident in Forest County. Wisconsin. This lecture
was discussed by the Messrs. Cornell, McKern, Brown and other mem-
bers. Mr. Kermit Freckman exhibited survey maps of several mound
groups located on the shores of Pleasant Lake, near Coloma, Wau-
shara County. Stone, bone and native copper artifacts were shown by
several other members.

February 18, 1935. Vice-president H. W. Kuhm in the chair, Mr.
Paul Joers acting as secretary. Forty members and visitors in attend-
ance. It was announced that Rev. Chr. Hjermstad, New Lisbon, and
Mr. Edw. E. Frisch, Milwaukee, had been elected annual members of
the Society. Resolutions of sympathy on the death of Mr. Charles
Lapham had been adopted. A nominating committee consisting of
W. C. McKern, E. F. Richter and Dr. L. S. Buttles had been appointed
at the Executive Board meeting. The evening's program consisted of a
"technical clinic" and round table discussion in which the Messrs.
Geo. A. West, C. G. Schoewe, Paul Scholz, T. L. Miller, L. S. Buttles,
Kermit Freckman, M. F. Hulburt, H. O. Zander and Erwin Wood
participated.

Exhibits of specimens, maps, field record books and forms were
shown by those participating. Dr. Barrett spoke of the value to mem-
bers of holding occasional meetings of this nature.

March 18, 1935. This was the Annual Meeting of The Wisconsin
Archeological Society. President Kastner conducted the meeting.
There were one hundred members present.

Secretary Brown announced the election to membership of Paul W.
Hoffman, Milwaukee, and Lewis C. Palmer, Madison. The annual
reports of Treasurer G. M. Thome and of Dr. H. W. Kuhm, chairman
of the Program Committee, were received. Mr. W. C. McKern, chair-

Archeological Notes 101

man of the Nominating Committee, presented the nominations for offi-
cers of the Society for the ensuing year. There being no other nomina-
tions these officers were unanimously elected, the Secretary casting
a ballot for their election. Dr. Kastner was elected president, the
Messrs. H. W. Kuhm, L. S. Buttles, T. L. Miller, W. E. Erdman and
H. W. Cornell, vice-presidents; C. E. Brown, secretary; G. M. Thorne,
treasurer, and the Messrs. G. A. West and S. A. Barrett, directors.
Thirty members of the Advisory Board were elected. These are W. K.
Andrews, Rudolph Boettger, Dr. William H. Brown, Col. Marshall
Cousins, Rev. F. S. Dayton, W. S. Dunsmoor, Kermit Freckman,
Arthur Gerth, J. G. Gregory, Richard Hallstrom, 0. J. Halvorson,
M. F. Hulburt, Paul Joers, A. P. Kannenberg, Louise P. Kellogg,
R. J. Kieckhefer, Mrs. Theodore Koerner, Marie C. Kohler, T. M.
Lewis, W. C. McKern, A. T. Newman, E. J. W. Notz, L. P. Pierron,
E. F. Richter, M. C. Richter, Jos. Ringeisen, Jr., C. G. Schoewe, Paul
Scholz, Dr. Orrin Thompson and G. R. Zilisch.

Dr. S. A. Barrett gave a brief history of the Lapham Medal. He
announced that the Medal Committee, of which he was the chairman,
had decided to award the medal to Dr. Louise P. Kellogg, Charles G.
Schoewe, Arthur P. Kannenberg and Town L. Miller. Mr. George A.
West presented the medals to the members named. Mr. W. C. McKern
gave a very instructive illustrated lecture on "American Indian Pot-
tery," in which he described the aboriginal pottery of many culture
areas, from Patagonia to Canada. It was one of the best lectures of
the year.

At the close of the meeting exhibits of specimens were made by a
number of the members present.

Miscellaneous

Mr. Alonzo W. Pond is conducting excavations for the Government
on the site of early Jamestown settlement in Virginia. Mr. Gardner
P. Stickney, a charter member of The Wisconsin Archeological Society,
died at Milwaukee, on February 26. Miss Frances E. Densmore expects
to continue her work among the Wisconsin Winnebago this summer.
Mr. Charles C. Thomas of Springfield, Illinois, has issued a circular
letter asking for suggestions and assistance in preserving the exten-
sive archeological collections of our late member, E. D. Payne, of that
city. It is expected to erect an artistic bronze tablet marker on the
mound group preserved in the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, at
Madison. It will be mounted on a large boulder. There are fourteen
fine effigy, linear and conical mounds in this group. There are four
others in another group located elsewhere on this large preserve. At
Rice Lake, Barren County, the preservation of another group of
mounds is receiving consideration. Mr. John J. Knudsen, chairman of
the State Survey, reports that among those assisting the Society in its
field work during the past year were H. F. Feldman, M. F. Hulburt,
Rev. Chr. Hjermstad, Martin Lipke, Frank M. Neu, Taggart T.
Brown, Homer Lynn, I)wight Kelsey, Paul Scholz, C. G. Schoewe,
C. E. Brown, Ray Lann, Robert Roden, Jos. Lucius, Bartlett Foster,
Merrill P. Henn, Oscar Johnson. D. A. Blencoe, R. R. Jones, Mrs.
Dan Cannon, Kermit Freckman, John Faville and R. M. Miller. It is
hoped that a large number of our members will engage in some field
work this year. Record blanks and printed instructions may be ob-
tained from Secretary Brown. Dr. Frederic H. Douglas, of the Denver
Art Museum, has issued a leaflet on "Indian Vegetable Dyes." The
Wisconsin Academy of Sciences met at Beloit College on April 19 and
20. The Central Section, American Anthropological Association, met
at the University of Wisconsin, at Madison, on May 3 and 4. Frank
Cornelius, a chief of the Wisconsin Oneida Indians, died at the reserva-
tion near Green Bay, on April 6. He was a grandson of Chief Daniel
Bread, who brought this tribe to Wisconsin one hundred years ago.

*%->vNA*A*

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIOAL SOCIETY

MILWAUKEE

Accepted for mailing: at special rate of postage provided for In Sec. 1103
Act, Oct. 3, 1917. Authorized Jan. 28, 1921.

Sty?

VOLUME 15, No. 1

New Series

1935

PUBLISHED BY THE

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST SOCIETY
MILWAUKEE

Incorporated March 23, 1903, for the purpose of advancing the study
and preservation of Wisconsin antiquities

OFFICERS

PRESIDENT

Dr. A. L. Kastner

Dr. H. W. Kuhm
Dr. L. S. Buttles

VICE-PRESIDENTS

T. L. Miller
W. E. Erdman

H. W. Cornell

Geo. A. West

DIRECTORS

Dr. S. A. Barrett

W. K. Andrews
R. Boettger
Dr. W. H. Brown
Col. Marshall Cousins
Rev. F. S. Dayton
W. S. Dunsmccr
Kermit Freckmtn
Arthur Gerth
J. G. Gregory
Richard Hallstrom

ADVISORY COUNCIL

0. J. Halvorson
M. F. Hulburt
Paul Joers
A. P. Kannenberg
Dr. Louise P. Kellogg
R. J. Kieckhefer
Mrs. Theo. Koerner
Marie G. Kohler
T. M. N. Lewis
W. C. McKern

A. T. Newman
Dr. E. J. W. Notz
L. P. Pierron
E. F. Richter
M. C. Richter
Jos. Ringeisen, Jr.
C. G. Schoewe
Paul Scholz
Dr. Orrin Thompson
G. R. Zilisch

TREASURER

G. M. Thorne
1631 N. Fifty-second Street, Milwaukee, Wis.

SECRETARY

Charles E. Brown
State Historical Museum, Madison, Wis.

COMMITTEES

REGULAR

STATE ARCHEOLOGICAL PARKS— R. P. Ferry, Walter Holsten,
D. S. Rowland, M. S. Thomson, Col. J. G. Jackson, Prof. A. H.
Sanford.

PUBLICITY— J. G. Gregory, Dr. H. W. Kuhm, E. R. Guentzel.

SPECIAL

BIOGRAPHY— Rachel M. Campbell, Paul Joers, C. G. Schoewe, Ar-
thur Gerth, E. F. Richter, Mrs. Theodore Koerner, Dr. E. J.
W. Notz.

FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS— Jos. Ringeisen, Jr., E. F. Richter,
G. A. West, N. E. Carter.

PROGRAM— Dr. H. W. Kuhm, W. C. McKern, G. M. Thorne, Dr. L.
S. Buttles, T. L. Miller, Dr. A. G. Jenner.

PUBLICATIONS— C. E. Brown, Dr. H. W. Kuhm, W. E. Erdman.

MARKING MILWAUKEE ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES— M. C. Rich-
ter, L. R. Whitney. R. J. Kieckhefer.

LAPHAM RESEARCH MEDAL— Dr. S. A. Barrett, Dr. A. L. Kast-
ner, M. C. Richter, C. G. Schoewe, G. A. West, C. E. Brown.

MEMBERSHIP FEES

Life Members, $25.00 Endowment Members, $500.00

Sustaining Members, $5.00 Annual Members, $2.00

Institutional Members, $1.50 Junior Members, $ .50

CONTENTS

Vol. 15, No. I, New Series

ARTICLES

Page

Indian Mounds in Wisconsin State Parks,

C. E. Brown and Karyl Chipman 1

Orrin Thompson,

Lorraine C. Alfred 10

Isle Royal National Park,

W. J. Duchaine, H. W. Kuhm and C. E. Brown 12

Eulrich Garden Beds County Park Project,

Doris Newman _ 19

Agriculture, Hunting, Fishing,

Jasper Hill (Big White Owl) 21

Archeological Notes on the Brush Creek Region in Northeastern Utah,

Albert B. Reagan 23

Archeological Notes 25

ILLUSTRATIONS
Orrin Thompson - Frontispiece

ORRIN THOMPSON

Wisconsin Archeologist

UtBronain

Published Quarterly by The Wisconsin Archeological Society

MILWAUKEE, WIS., JULY, 1935
\ OL. 1*5

New Series

INDIAN MOUNDS IN WISCONSIN STATE PARKS

Charles E. Brown and Karyl Chipman

Among the numerous tourist and other visitors to Wis-
consin there are a large and ever-increasing number of per-
sons who are interested in seeing some of the Indian mounds
for which this state is widely known. Although some of
these are located in tourist travel books and on some high-
way maps, travelers as a general thing do not know where
examples of these ancient aboriginal monuments are to be
seen. The same is also true of many Wisconsin citizens who
enjoy taking their families and friends on week-end motor-
ing trips. Many others make vacation pilgrimages through
parts of the state and would be grateful for mound informa-
tion, if it were available. Because of this apparent need and
desire of the traveling public for Indian mound location data
this brief paper on the Indian earthworks in Wisconsin
state parks is published. Most of the mounds and mound
groups noted here have been described in past issues of the
Wisconsin Archeologist. That many of these are preserved
in Wisconsin parks is in a large measure due to the activities
of such former active and prominent members of the Wis-
consin Archeological Society as the Hon. Publius V. Law-
son, Menasha; Julia A. Lapham, Oconomowoc; Harry E.
Cole and Dr. Arlow B. Stout, Baraboo; Holland L. Porter,
Mukwonago; W. W. Warner and Dr. Reuben G. Thwaites,
Madison; Rev. Leopold E. Drexel, Fox Lake; Hon. Robert
Glenn, Wyalusing; Rev. S. T. Kidder, Ripon; and Dr. Orrin
Thompson, Neenah.

In 1906 the Society began a movement for the preserva-
tion and marking of Wisconsin mounds and other aboriginal
monuments which has received a wide appreciation and

2 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 1

which has continued to the present year. Since then other
Middle West states have successfully carried out mound
preservation pro j ects .

DEVILS LAKE PARK
(1,400 Acres)

The first of the Wisconsin Indian mound groups to be
preserved in a state park are those to be seen in beautiful
Devils Lake State Park. These were surveyed in 1905 by
Dr. Arlow B. Stout, then a very active Wisconsin arche-
ologist, and were described by him in a report on the Indian
remains in eastern Sauk County, published by the Society
in 1906.

Of the mounds in this park all but one are located at
the northern end of Devils Lake, on the edge of a former
Indian village site, the evidences of whose former existence
are now obscured by lawns, roads, park buildings and cot-
tages. This so-called "Terminal Moraine Group" of twelve
mounds was located both east and west of the Warner
Memorial- road, the main entrance to the park. Most of these
mounds are still in existence. Those to the west of the road
were a bear effigy, two panther effigies, an almost obliter-
ated mound and a linear or embankment shaped mound. The
three effigies were on the slope and at the base of the slope
below the historic Claude cottage home. The two panther
effigies were in 1906 already in process of destruction.
To-day the bear effigy and the linear mound near the park
superintendent's home remain. Both are in a park area
much frequented during the summer months by picnic
parties and by campers and suffer much every year from
the tramping of careless feet.

A lynx effigy of this group is located on the crest of the
Terminal Moraine, a short distance northeast of the mounds
above described. It is in a grove of trees and is the most
interesting and best preserved of the mounds of this group.
It is on a level area from which a fine view of both Devils
Lake and the City of Baraboo may be obtained. This mound,
a rather rare type among Wisconsin animal-form mounds,
is 82 feet in length and about three feet high. This fine
mound was marked with a metal tablet at a joint meeting
of the Sauk County Historical Society and The Wisconsin

Indian Mounds in Wisconsin State Parks 3

Archeological Society, on June 4, 1921. Mrs. Edwin H. Van
Ostrand, then a vice-president of the latter society, delivered
the unveiling address and Miss Marjory Thomas of Baraboo
unveiled the tablet.

Six other mounds of this group are located among the
park cottages east of the Warner road and the C. & N. W.
R. R. right-of-way. These are strung out in an irregular
southwest and northeast line, the first, a linear mound, being
on the west side of the railroad track, and the others east
of it. Beginning at its southern end this "procession" of
mounds consists of two linear mounds, a bear effigy, and
three linear mounds. The largest of the linear earthworks
is 123 feet in length, the smallest 45 feet in length. These
linear mounds are from 10 to 12 feet wide. The bear mound
is 75 feet long. The bear and the three linear mounds be-
yond it are among the cottages and some of them thus ob-
scured to view. For years The Wisconsin Archeological
Society has hoped that these cottages, here so out of place,
might be removed by the Wisconsin Conservation Commis-
sion and this interesting assemblage of ancient aboriginal
monuments restored, as they should be, to become of real
educational value to park visitors. That fond dream may
some day come true.

One of the most interesting of the effigy mounds in
Devils Lake Park is located on the southeast shore x>f the
lake, on the site of the old Kirk hotel. This bird effigy has a
body length of 115 feet and a wing spread of 200 feet. It is
a bird of a most unusual form, having a forked tail and
wings bent downward at their pointed tips. The old hotel
building encroached on the tip of one wing. This mound is
marked with a metal tablet presented by the late Mr. Harry
E. Cole of Baraboo, a devoted Wisconsin archeologist and
historian, and was unveiled at a meeting held here in 1916.
Mr. William H. Canfield, pioneer surveyor and archeologist,
of Baraboo, made the original plat of this mound in about
the year 1875.

The mounds in Devils Lake Park, even in their present
rather neglected condition, are worthy of great public
attention.

4 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 1

NELSON DEWEY PARK
(1,671 Acres)

Most impressive of the mound groups in any of our
state parks is the so-called "procession" of mounds in Nel-
son Dewey Park at the mouth of the Wisconsin River, on the
high wooded bluffs overlooking the majestic Mississippi. The
designation of "procession" was given to this and other long
lines of Wisconsin Indian earthworks by Moses Strong, Jr.,
a geologist assistant of Dr. Increase A. Lapham in the years
when he was serving as state geologist. Of a number of
these groups Mr. Strong made surveys and plats.

The mounds in the present group consist of fourteen
conical or round mounds, thirteen linear mounds and a single
effigy mound, this a mound of the bear type.

The conical mounds are from 25 to 35 feet in diameter
and the linear earthworks from 65 to 130 feet long. The
single effigy has a length of 60 feet. The mounds in this
group, which form a line nearly half-a-mile in length, fol-
low one another so closely that one can in places step from
the edge of one to the next.

Before the state acquired these lands for state park pur-
poses they were the property of the late State Senator
Robert Glenn of Wyalusing, an actively interested member
of The Wisconsin Archeological Society. It had been the
dream of both Senator Glenn and of his father before him
that these lands with their numerous scenic and historic
attractions would some day become the property of the
state. To realize this dream he made great personal sacri-
fices and thereby even incurred the criticism of some of his
Grant County neighbors, who openly derided his public
spirit. He carefully preserved these mounds and with his
permission they were marked with a metal tablet by The
Wisconsin Archeological Society at a State Assembly of its
members held at Prairie du Chien on September 29 and 30,
1911. Rev. S. T. Kidder, then a resident of McGregor, Iowa,
delivered the dedicatory address and Miss Vivian Glenn, a
small daughter of the owner of the property, unveiled the
marker. The Society was among the first to urge the ac-
quirement of this park by the state.

Indian Mounds in Wisconsin State Parks

PERROT PARK
(1,010 Acres)

This park is located along the bluffs of the Mississippi
River near Trempealeau. It is the gift to the state of Mr.
John A. Latsch, a public spirited citizen of Winona, Min-
nesota, and is one of the beauty spots of the great river.

Included in this park is Mt. Trempealeau, an imposing
landmark known to all travelers on this stream. The Win-
nebago Indians called it Hay-nee-ah-chah, or the Soaking
Mountain. They are reported to have believed it a "spirit
hill" borne to its present location by some great power from
the locality of the Dakota village located on the site of the
present city of Winona on the opposite shore of the Mis-
sissippi.

Both the Indians and the early French explorers and
traders had other names for this eminence. The explorer,
Nicholas Perrot, from whom this park obtains its name,
wintered here with his party in 1685. Another Frenchman,
Rene Godfrey, Sieur de Linctot, built a fort on this site.

This park was given to the state in 1927, and on Oc-
tober 7, 1928, exercises were held here in honor of its donor.

On the top of Mt. Trempealeau there is a single conical
mound. This was excavated before the lands became a state
park by Rev. F. A. Gilmore, Dr. Eben D. Pierce and other
investigators. It was found to be partly constructed of stone
and contained the remains of six interments and a few pot-
sherds. This mound is as yet unmarked.

MERRICK PARK
(291 Acres)

This park is named in the memory of George Byron
Merrick, noted riverman and historian of steamboating days
on the Upper Mississippi, being named for him by the Wis-
consin Conservation Commission in April, 1932. Mr. Mer-
rick was a member of The Wisconsin Archeological Society
and the State Historical Society. This park is located near
Fountain City, on Fountain City Bay, an arm of Lake Pepin.
It is the gift to the state of Mr. John A. Latsch of Winona.

On a knoll in the wooded section of this very attractive
but as yet little-known state park there is a group of three

6 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 1

Indian mounds. These are of very ordinary form, two being
conical mounds and one an oval mound. The conical mounds
are 18 and 32 feet in diameter and the oval mound has
diameters of 29 by 35 feet. They are arranged in a line,
the first two being 40 feet apart and the second and third
100 feet apart. These are low mounds, from one and one-
half to four feet high.

When these were visited by the writer in August, 1931,
all showed evidence of having been rifled by relic hunters
at some time in the past. The State Conservation Commis-
sion has been requested to restore and mark them.

AZTALAN MOUND PARK

Two state archeological parks are owned and adminis-
tered by The Wisconsin Archeological Society. The larger of
these, Aztalan Mound Park, is located at Aztalan, on the
banks of the Crawfish River, a branch of the historic Rock
River, in Jefferson County. The locality is about two and
one-half miles from Lake Mills, on one of the state high-
ways leading from Madison to Milwaukee. Aztalan has been
for three-fourths of a century a Mecca for archeologists be-
cause of the earthwork ruins of a once stockade-enclosed
prehistoric Indian village located there, which was described
by Dr. Increase A. Lapham, father of Wisconsin arche-
ological research, in 1855, in his book, "The Antiquities of
Wisconsin."

The farm land upon which the enclosure was located is
still privately owned. A small roadside park enclosing eight
round mounds of different sizes, is owned by The Wisconsin
Archeological Society, being conveyed to it by Jefferson
County in 1922.

In its acquirement the school children of this county
participated. Hon. Publius V. Lawson of Menasha, a once-
prominent member of the Society, started the movement
which led to the purchase and preservation of these mounds.
They are the last remaining mounds of a double line of
forty-four mounds which once stretched over these and
adjoining lands. These mounds are on elevated land over-
looking the site of the ancient enclosure in the river bank
farm lands below. Faint traces of the enclosure embank-

Indian Mounds in Wisconsin State Parks

ments are still to be seen when the land is not occupied by
crops.

In the years 1919-1921 the Milwaukee Public Museum
excavated the mounds in the park and the site of the en-
closure and has published a report of these investigations.
In 1927 The Wisconsin Archeological Society held a meeting
at Aztalan Mound Park and erected there a boulder bearing
a descriptive bronze marker. (See The Wisconsin Arche-
ologist, January, 1929, v. 8, no. 2, n. s.)

MAN MOUND PARK

This small park, located about four and a half miles
northeast of Baraboo, just off the highway leading from
Baraboo to Wisconsin Dells, is the joint property of the Sauk
County Historical Society and The Wisconsin Archeological
Society. In it is located the famous Man Mound, the only
prehistoric Indian effigy mound of its character among
hundreds of interesting emblematic mounds still existing in
Wisconsin.

This mound was located and platted by William H. Can-
field, of Baraboo, surveyor and archeologist, an associate of
Dr. Increase A. Lapham in archeological research, on July
23, 1859. This huge effigy mound represents a man in the
attitude of walking toward the west. On its head are two
protuberances, probably intended to represent a buffalo-
horn or other headdress. Its arms are slightly bent. It is
an imposing figure, possibly intended to represent some
great Indian deity. The length of its body, according to Mr.
Canfield's original survey, was 210 feet. When the highway
which leads by this mound was graded some years ago the
feet and a portion of the legs of this effigy were destroyed.
The mound measures forty-seven feet across the chest and
shoulders. The length of its head is forty feet and the dis-
tance between the points of the horn-like protuberances
forty-four feet. The mound is on nearly level ground, about
twenty rods from the base of a steep ridge.

In 1906 the Man Mound Park property was purchased
by the two societies and the Landmarks Committee of the
Wisconsin Federation of Women's Clubs. On August 7, 1908,
at a joint state assembly of the two societies, a bronze tab-
let, the gift of Mr. Jacob Van Orden of Baraboo, was un-
veiled at the mound.

8 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 1

OTHER STATE PARKS

There are no Indian mounds in Peninsula Park (3,400
acres), at the head of the Door County peninsula, or in
Potawatomi Park (1,040 acres), in the same county.

Three small parks in southern Wisconsin, Terry Andrae
(112 acres) in Sheboygan County, Gushing Memorial Park
(8 acres) in Waukesha County and Tower Hill Park (55
acres) on the Wisconsin River in Iowa County, are lacking
in such monuments of prehistoric human construction.

Rib Mountain Park (280 acres) at Wausau on the Wis-
consin River has no mounds within its boundaries, nor do
Copper Falls Park (520 acres) in Ashland County, Patti-
son Park (740 acres) in Douglas County, or Interstate Park
(580 acres) in Polk County. All have scenic beauties and
other points of interest, however, which compensate for
this absence of Indian earthworks within their boundaries.

STATE FAIR PARK

This park, located at West Allis, Milwaukee, is controlled
by the State Department of Agriculture. Within its boun-
daries there remain two of a former group of four Indian
mounds. They are located just south of the main street of
the fair grounds, near a little grove and creek. In 1906
three of the mounds, all round in form, remained. One
had been destroyed in building the railroad track at the
western boundary of the grounds. The three mounds re-
maining were 30, 40 and 44 feet in diameter. One of these
was later accidentally destroyed by a park officer in obtaining
soil for the surfacing of the race track. The two mounds
remaining were marked by The Wisconsin Archeological So-
ciety with a tablet on Milwaukee Day, September 15, 1910.
Mr. Charles A. McGee delivered the address on that occa-
sion, Miss Jean West unveiling the marker.

OTHER PRESERVED WISCONSIN MOUNDS

Some Wisconsin cities, having the opportunity to do so,
have wisely preserved interesting Indian mounds or groups
of mounds in parks or on other public grounds. Tourists
coming into Wisconsin from the direction of Chicago will do
well to halt and inspect the fine group of such aboriginal
landmarks on the campus of Beloit College, at Beloit.

Indian Mounds in Wisconsin State Parks

At Fort Atkinson the singular intaglio panther effigy
preserved in River Park may be visited. At Madison a
larger number of mounds are permanently preserved than
near any other city in the United States. Some of the finest
of these, of animal and other forms, are on the State Hospi-
tal lawns at Mendota, on the Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A.
camp grounds at Morris Park, on the Black Hawk Country
Club golf course, on Eagle Heights, on the University of
Wisconsin campus, in the University Arboretum, in Forest
Hill Cemetery, on the Edgewood Academy grounds, and in
Vilas, Burroughs, Hudson and Elmside city parks.

Elsewhere interesting mounds may be seen in Mound
Cemetery at Racine, in Cutler Park at Waukesha, in Myrick
Park at La Crosse, and on the county farm at Amherst
Junction.

Wisconsin mounds are under the protection of The Wis-
consin Archeological Society, a state department, and tour-
ists and others are requested to refrain from digging in or
otherwise injuring any of them.

10 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 1

ORRIN THOMPSON

Lorraine C. Alfred

Dr. Orrin Thompson died at his home at Neenah, Wiscon-
sin, on the afternoon of April 29. He had been ill and con-
fined to his home for only two weeks.

Through the death of this fine man The Wisconsin
Archeological Society has lost one of its oldest, truest and
most active friends of the past thirty years of its history.
He was at the time of his demise a member of its Advisory
Council and of its Mound Preservation Committee. He was
one of the charter members of the Society, each year at-
tending1 some of its Milwaukee meetings, and, whenever pos-
sible, its state field meetings of former years. When he be-
came a member of the Society he was the owner of a collec-
tion of Indian implements largely gathered from some of
the village sites and farms in his home county of Winnebago.
Living in Neenah was his close friend, Thomas B. Blair, and
in the neighboring City of Menasha, another friend, Publius
V. Lawson, also both interested in archeological research.
These three men not only inspired each other but induced
many other residents of the Fox River Valley to become
members of the Society and to engage in the systematizing
of archeological survey and exploration work in this state.
Dr. Thompson outlived both of these loyal friends by years.
He did some exploration work himself and was one of the
best informed men on the archeology and history of his
home county.

Years ago he become much interested in the department
of the Society's work which has been promoting the estab-
lishment of local indoor and outdoor museums. Whenever
his business took him to Madison, Milwaukee, Oshkosh or
other cities where such museums exist he visited them. He
was always a welcome visitor. Several years ago he figured
prominently in the preservation and restoration of the Doty
Cabin in Doty Park, at Neenah, the early home of James
Duane Doty, the second territorial governor of the state.
This historic loggery became a museum. A short time be-
fore he was taken ill he had launched plans for the celebra-
tion of the centennary of Neenah.

Orrin Thompson 11

Dr. Thompson was the secretary of the Winnebago
County Historical Society and a member of the Wisconsin
Historical Society, and active in the work of both organiza-
tions.

The deceased was born in Neenah, July 12, 1868, of
which city his father and mother were pioneer residents.
In his youth he attended the local public schools and in 1890
graduated from the Chicago College of Dental Surgery. He
practiced dentistry until he became in 1897 one of the eight
founders of the then Equitable Fraternal Union of Neenah.
In the work of this large fraternal insurance organization
he became very active. He was a member of its board of
trustees from its inception. In recognition of his service he
was in 1915 made its supreme secretary. In 1929 this or-
ganization merged with the Fraternal Reserve Association of
Oshkosh and the united organization became the Equitable
Reserve Association, with now nearly 50,000 members. He
served as supreme secretary to the year 1929, being then
elevated to the office of supreme vice-president and supreme
treasurer. In 1934 he was honored by being made its su-
preme past president.

Dr. Thompson was also a member of the Masonic Lodge,
of the Knights of Pythias, and of the Elks.

Many fine tributes were paid to his memory by Wiscon-
sin and other prominent fraternalists at the time of his
death/ The Wisconsin Archeological Society mourns the loss
of this devoted friend of many years. Large and exacting
as were his other interests and duties, he was always ready
to lend a hand in preserving to the public the state's arche-
ological records and monuments.

12 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 1

ISLE ROYALE NATIONAL PARK

Wm. J. Duchaine, H. W. Kuhm and C. E. Brown

The inclusion of Isle Royale in the National Park system
is being requested of the U. S. Government by the Isle
Royale National Park Association of Escanaba, Michigan,
and other organizations and individuals interested in its his-
tory, natural history and scenic beauties. In this movement
to preserve to the public an island long famous for its an-
cient Indian copper mines, The Wisconsin Archeological So-
ciety is also deeply interested.

An official bulletin prepared by the Division of Educa-
tion and Public Relations of the Michigan Department of
Conservation gives a large amount of valuable information
concerning this Island :

ISLE ROYALE

"Isle Royale lies 45 miles north and west of Keweenaw
Point in Lake Superior. It occupies a N. E. and S. W. posi-
tion 14 miles from the nearest Canadian shore. It is 44
miles long and varies from three to nine miles in width,
averaging five and containing 205 square miles of area of
which 12 square miles are occupied by more than 25 lakes.
There are hundreds of small islands surrounding the main
island. These islands have very rocky coasts and are a chief
attraction. The archipelago is fifty-seven miles in total
length. The island is the largest in the Great Lakes owned
by the United States.

"Geologically the rock formation of the island consists
of the upturned edges of ancient lava flows which were
placed one on another. The dip is to the southeast and the
strike is almost parallel with the longitudinal axis of the
island. The strata of lava disappear with the lake and make
their reappearance on the other side where they emerge to
form Keweenaw Point. The truncated ends of these ancient
lava flows form long ridges, parallel with the length of the
island, extending from end to end thereof. The ridges are
usually not over 100 feet in height, although one reaches
260 feet, and one point is at an elevation of 510 feet.

Isle Royale National Park 13

"The superior lobe of the ancient Wisconsin ice sheet
completely buried the island under several thousand feet
of ice in the quaternary period. The direction of the ice
movement was slightly more east and west than the direc-
tion of the rock ridges as is shown by the gouges made by
rocks impacted in their ice matrix. The effect of this last
intrusion of ice may be seen today in the shape of the lakes
and depressions on the island. It is to be noted that the ice
action revealed rather than determined the fundamental
structure of the island, removing the softer strata.

"When the ice left, the island was covered by a great
lake, much larger than the present Lake Superior. Either
the land rose or the waters subsided or both events took
place. In any case the island emerged from the lake. Not
far off on the north side of Lake Superior there are found
ancient sea terraces on Mt. Josephine at an elevation of 607
feet above the present lake level. Similar terraces are found
near Hancock at 490 feet. On the island we find one very
well marked sea terrace at 498 feet and many more such
beaches at almost every height above the present lake level,
locating the places where the lake halted in its descent.
Characteristic 'sea caves' are found at various elevations.
Numerous skerries or 'sea stacks' such as Monument Rock
afford additional evidence. None of the rivers have estuaries
or deltas.

"The birds on the island are those of the mainland on
both sides of the lake, including many of a sub-arctic type.

"The animals include most of the species of sub-arctic
Canada and northern Michigan, notably the moose, the
woodland caribou, the Canadian lynx and the timber wolf.
The woodland caribou, of which there are probably upwards
of 400, is not found elsewhere in the United States. (Report
of the Department of Interior, not substantiated elsewhere,
is authority for present woodland caribou.)

"The Isle Royale moose herd is probably the largest
single herd in North America. The increase of the moose on
the island is of comparatively recent occurrence. Twenty
years ago the moose were scarcely to be found. At the pres-
ent time there are between 1,500 and 5,000 moose on the is-
land, depending on whose estimate you take. The U. S.
National Park Service gives the number at 2,000 plus. They
are increasing in numbers at the present time.

14 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 1

"The flora of the island include at least 21 species of trees
of which 13 are deciduous, the balance evergreens. As a
whole the island is heavily timbered with trees that have
never been cut and not much harmed by the ravages of fire.
The dominant species are the balsam fir, the white or canoe
birch and the black or cherry birch, as well as the hard
maples and some oaks. White birch has been found with a
diameter of 24 inches. The sub-arctic winters and the short
summers make the growth very slow, particularly in the up-
land regions where increment borings have shown annual
rings running from 40 to 50 per inch. A pine has been dis-
covered with a diameter of 45 inches whose height was only
five feet. Many of the upland pines are 15 inches in diameter
and therefore over 400 years old and very hard. The 45 inch
pine referred to grew at a low elevation. It is a curious and
perhaps significant fact that no hemlock or beech is to be
found. These trees grow everywhere along the south shore
of the lake. The University of Michigan ecological expedi-
tion of 1928-29 brought back 30 species of orchids. The
flowering plants are known to be very numerous and alpine
in character but more complete description had better await
the report of the above expedition.

"The temperature ranges from 45 below zero to 85 de-
grees above. The mean average for July and August is 61.
Precipitation is that of southern Canada.

"The island is uninhabited during the winter but during
the summer there are several fishing camps, and tourist re-
sorts located at Rock Harbor and Washington Harbor.
Weekly steamers make visits from Duluth, Port Arthur and
Houghton during the summer months. An air service is
operated from Houghton. Outdoor recreation consists of
boating, both motor and sail, bathing (the water is cold),
unexcelled fishing for pike, bass, lake trout, etc., and hik-
ing in territory where almost anything may be discovered
but moose are almost sure to be seen. An interesting diver-
sion consists in hunting the beaches for 'greenstone gems,'
the only semi-precious stone found in Michigan. These
stones take a high polish, are very hard, have considerable
value and are not too hard to find.

"The island was obtained by the United States by the
treaty of Paris in 1783 when Ben Franklin stipulated that it

Isle Roy ale National Park 15

should belong to us. It is rumored that he had heard reports
of copper on the island which his experiments with elec-
tricity made him deem important. In any case he was the
one who insisted on our having the island. A more likely
cause of his demand being granted was that the canoes of
the trappers followed the north shore of the lake to the
mouth of the Pigeon River where they turned off to the
north and west. But the first story is too pretty to be un-
true and we will hope that one of these days, it is sub-
stantiated. Had the boundary simply been settled as the
deepwater line to the end of the lake, it is altogether likely
that we would have had serious difficulty in establishing our
claim to the boundary that was finally fixed for our north-
west country. The commission which finally settled that
knotty question did it by drawing a line due west from the
boundary set by the treaty of Paris and that boundary
may (we like to think so) have been determined by Ben
Franklin's kite string. The Chippewas ceded their rights to
the island to the government in 1843.

'There is a certain mystery about the ancient copper
mines which were indubitably worked by the aborigines on
the island. There was no copper in use among the Indians
when the country was discovered. Nevertheless, we find cop-
per relics in the mounds, burial and otherwise, from the east
coast to the Rocky Mountains and in all parts except the
southwest. Yet we find on this island over 1,000 of the so-
called 'Indian pits.' Aside from Keweenaw Point, no other
possible source for this copper exists outside of these pits.
Some of them were of huge size, fifteen feet deep and over
500 feet long, with earthworks, drains, etc. The labor in-
volved is comparable to that which erected the pyramids and
the quantity of copper obtained must have been consider-
able, measured by the hundreds of tons.

"Charcoal, half burned sticks and tens of thousands of
'hammer stones' tell the story of the method of mining. The
rocks were heated very hot, water dashed upon them, the
fragmented rocks broken away with hammers held in the
hand and the sheet copper 'worried' from its nesting place.

"It is impossible at present to date the workings. The
rings on the stumps of trees which grew in abandoned pits
indicate that they have not been used for over 400 years.

16 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 1

But how long prior to that time? No man knows. None of
the workings is less than 18 feet above the lake level and
as the island is gradually rising above the lake that fact
may give some help in determining their age. Although
thousands of hammer stones have been found, many of them
were made from imported rocks as the rocks from which
they were made are not found in the island. The Arche-
ological Isle Royale Expedition from Chicago in 1928 dis-
covered a possible source for hammer stones on an old beach
near 'Ferguson's site/ verifying previous discoveries of the
Milwaukee Public Museum Expedition. All the stone ham-
mers found are in their natural, unworked conditions, having
no grooves for the attachment of withes or handles. The
one grooved implement previously found proved to be a
stone ax, not a hammer or maul. Curiously, all the stone
hammers found on the similar workings on Keweenaw Point
have such grooves. Does this indicate that different races
did the work? If so, certainly that on Isle Royale was the
more primitive.

'The Chicago expedition of 1928 discovered several prob-
able camp sites, disproving the earlier theory that the primi-
tives made no overnight camps. This expedition was more
prolific of results than all the others. The camp site at
Chippewa Harbor has the most evidence. Fireplace stones,
charcoal and broken pottery were discovered there. No pot-
tery has been found elsewhere on the island. The design of
the pottery has some resemblance to the work of the Iro-
quoian artists but the impress of the cord used in fabrica-
tion was Algonquian. The work on the rim of another piece
might have been Siouan. Did all three races visit the island ?
Could they have been the miners ?

"The number of 'points' found is negligible but their
nature is distinctly important. A white flint knife was found
in a ridge near Sargent Lake and a stone ax on Birch Island.
One copper arrowhead was found. More important was the
discovery of an obsidian point and a chalcedony point as
well. The obsidian could not have been obtained nearer than
Yellowstone Park and the chalcedony must have come from
Ohio or Illinois. Although there is no chert on the island
a broken black chert point was located. There is plenty of
quartz present but no quartz implements have been located.

Isle Royale National Park 17

In 'Susan's Cave' a firebed was found beneath a layer of
water depositions several feet in thickness. This would in-
dicate great antiquity for its human use.

"No human bones had ever been discovered until the
expedition from Chicago in 1928 discovered an ossuary in a
cave on Houghton Point. It had been walled up with small
rocks and a one ton boulder added for good measure. The
skulls of six individuals were found and the additional bones
came from about eight people. The skulls seemed to show a
much thicker bone structure than that of either the modern
Indian or the white man. The tibias were much flattened.

"There is, of course, no necessary connection between the
'Indian Pits,' the pottery finds, the points discovered or the
ossuary and its bones. They may all be quite unrelated or
part of them may be so. But they contribute to the mystery
of the island which the Indians called Minong, or 'the good
place to get copper.'

"The primitive hammer stones indicate either a primitive
people contemporaneous with those more advanced who
worked Keweenaw Point or an ancient primitive people who
worked earlier. But if the primitives could use copper they
would most certainly have passed through the paleolithic
stage. And there is another mystery! The 'best' opinion
seems to be that the aboriginal mines date from the time of
the mound builders or before.

"The recent Indians very evidently felt an awe of the
island and did not make it a habit to frequent it, whether
from some untoward incident of the past such as a storm
on the way to the island, a pestilence on the island or from
some obscure tradition handed down from the dim past we
do not know. Perhaps this awe might be ascribed to that
far-off day when some cause dictated the abandonment of
the mines by the primitive copper seekers. Mr. John Link-
later states that his wife's grandmother and his own grand-
father remembered the going of the Chippewas to Isle
Royale. The latter recalled the gathering on the Canadian
shore and the ceremonies, dance and appeal to the spirits
deemed necessary before the trip could be made. Mr. Link-
later states that at that time the Indians did not remain on
the coast but made their camps on the inland lakes.

18 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 1

4 'Several copper companies have tried to work on the
island but the last one gave up in the 90's. Over one-third
of the land is still available to the government which made a
national park of the archipelago in 1931. As yet the island
is not under management as a park, that happy state of
necessity waiting on acquisition of the title to the rest of
the land.

"An air survey was made in the summer of 1930 at great
personal risk by the pilot and photographer, who had to use
a land plane and fly from Houghton."

George P. Fox, present secretary of the Central Section,
American Anthropological Association, was the first mem-
ber of The Wisconsin Archeological Society to visit Isle
Royale, which he did in 1911. As a result of his investiga-
tions he published in The Wisconsin Archeologist in the
summer of that year an illustrated monograph on "The An-
cient Copper Workings on Isle Royale." This contained a
brief description of the Island and its history and informa-
tion concerning the very extensive ancient copper workings.

In 1924, explorations were conducted by a Milwaukee
Public Museum expedition to Isle Royale and in 1928 by the
McDonald-Massee expedition. Of the latter Mr. Fox and
Mr. George A. West were the archeologist members. Mr.
Fox published a paper in the Michigan History Magazine in
1929 and Mr. West in his authoritative monograph on "Cop-
per, Its Mining and Use by the Aborigines of the Lake
Superior Region," published by the Milwaukee Museum.

The conversion of Isle Royale into a national park should
have the active support of amateur and professional arche-
ologists of Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota. As five
lumber companies are planning to remove the remaining
stands of pine and hardwood on the Island its rescue must
be immediate. "Without its timber the island will, of course,
be just another piece of cutover land not fit for a national
park."

Eulrich Garden Beds County Park Project 19

EULRICH GARDEN BEDS COUNTY PARK PROJECT

Doris Newman

At Oshkosh the permanent preservation of the Eulrich
Indian garden beds in a county park is being strongly urged
before the county projects committee by Arthur P, Kannen-
berg, a member of the county board of supervisors. The
project also has the backing of the Oshkosh Public Museum,
the Winnebago County Archeological and Historical Society
and of The Wisconsin Archeological Society.

This site is the present Eulrich farm on the lakeshore
road between Neenah and Oshkosh. In a statement given
to The Oshkosh Northwestern, Mr. Kannenberg said:
"The most appropriate piece of land available between
Oshkosh and the Twin Cities on the scenic highway between
Green Bay and Portage is the Edward Eulrich farm. It can
be obtained at a reasonable price. There are approximately
19 acres, fifteen of these being timber land. The timbered
area contains the finest examples of pre-Columbian Indian
garden beds existing in Wisconsin. The area can be made
a showplace and a drawing card for tourists going north and
south. It adjoins the lakeshore road, County Trunk A and
is accessible to travelers.

"It can be made into an outdoor museum, on account of
the archeological remains, and on account of the great
variety of trees, shrubs and wild flowers. It could be made
a wild flower preserve, a transient tourist camp, a picnic
ground for Four-H clubs, Camp Fire Girls and a camping
ground for Boy Scouts."

Mr. Kannenberg is very enthusiastic about this project
and it will, we trust, receive the approval of the county proj-
ects committee. Mr. Charles E. Brown, secretary of The
Wisconsin Archeological Society, says: "This is the most
worthy archeological park project proposed this year. These
garden beds and some very interesting Indian stoneworks
on the Eulrich farm were first visited and photographed
by George R. Fox, a former Wisconsin archeologist of Apple-
ton, and were described by him in The Wisconsin Archeolo-
gist issue of April, 1922. This paper and the accompanying
illustration attracted great attention and many archeologists

20 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 1

visited this site in this and the years following. The area of
garden beds is not only extensive but the beds themselves
are remarkable in that among them are the only curved
ones ever found in Wisconsin. The Society has been for
years hoping for an opportunity to preserve these evidences
of prehistoric Indian planting to the public. It may be that
Mr. Kannenberg and his associates have found the way to
accomplish this. I trust that all archeologists and public
spirited citizens will lend their assistance to him in this
important undertaking. Because of their nearness to three
large cities the garden beds, stoneworks and other attrac-
tions of this site will be most useful as an outdoor museum
for school children. Up to the present time the attention of
The Wisconsin Archeological Society has had to be largely
directed to preserving and marking with the help of other
organizations some of the important Indian mound groups
of the state. Equal attention should now be given to pre-
serving examples of such other sites and monuments as
Indian planting grounds, cemeteries, caves and rockshelters,
pictograph rocks, spirit stones and springs, stone quarries,
sections of trails and river fords.

"If our friends in Winnebago County fail to accomplish
the parking of this fine site in the manner proposed then
other steps should be undertaken to bring about the preser-
vation of these beds and stoneworks."

Agriculture, Hunting, Fishing 21

AGRICULTURE, HUNTING, FISHING

Jasper Hill (Big White Owl), Delaware Indian

When the "Pale Face" first came to North America the
Lenni Linnahpa — Original People — sustained life by agri-
culture as well as by hunting and fishing and by gathering
of berries and nuts and many other natural foods. Several
varieties of Indian corn have been handed down from the old
days and are still grown, while at least three varieties of
squash and pumpkins and beans were cultivated. Land was
prepared for planting by cutting the bark off the trees in
such a way that the tops dried out, letting the sunshine in,
burning the brush, then scratching up the earth among the
still standing but naked tree trunks, here the Indian women
proceeded to plant their corn, squashes, beans, and tobacco.
The garden was kept clean all summer, and after the harvest
the corn was braided into strings and hung up, protected
with bark on poles out-doors or suspended from the rafters
of the wigwam. Beans were put away in fine baskets or in
rude skin bags, while certain kinds of squashes and pump-
kins were cut into strips and dried, apples were also cut and
dried, then made into great strings to be put away. Parched
corn which is pounded fine and mixed with maple sugar,
and berries, and freshly killed game kept the Lenni Linnahpa
warriors, hunters, and scouts on their long journeys. To
the men fell the very important duty of supplying the tribe
with meat and material for clothing. All animals valuable
for their flesh or skins were snared or hunted with bow and
arrow. But the Lenni Linnahpa was frugal in the midst of
plenty. He slaughtered only what he could eat and nothing
lore. And before he went hunting he always gave an offer-
ing to "Misingholikum" — Guardian of Game — so "Mising-
holikum" could tell "The Supreme Manitow" not to be angry
with the brave hunter who was only taking enough to keep
his family or his tribe whichever the case might be. And
before he let fly an arrow or before he let a swift tomahawk
speed on its mission of death, he always murmured an
apology to his victim, be it man or animal, for all creatures
that were given birth and grew were sustained by a com-
mon mother-Earth. He considered himself related to all

22 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 1

living1, growing thing's, he was only a part of the great plan,
therefore he gave to all creatures, big and small, equal rights
with himself. Destruction was not a part of Indian religion ;
if it had been, he would have long, long ago preceded the
"white man" in completely destroying all species of natural
life on this continent. In olden times many ingenious calls
were made to reproduce the cry of animals, but good hunters
needed only their voices, while game could also be attracted
by certain charms and powerful medicines. Venison also
was cut into thin slices or flakes, then dried in the sunshine
and hung away for future use. Black Bear's grease was
used as much as the "Pale-Faces" use cow-butter and pig-
grease today. The grease was kept in bags made of cased
deer hides, this grease was kept only during the winter
moons.

While the Lenni Linnahpa women were busy planting
their gardens in the spring the men-folk were busy, too,
catching the fish that teemed in every lake, river, and
stream. The nets they used were made from the inner bark
of certain kinds of trees. These braided nets were often
many fathoms long and were made somewhat after the
fashion of a modern seine. The smaller seines were used for
catching fish in the narrower creeks and streams. For net
sinkers the Lenni Linnahpa used stone sinkers which varied
in size and weight according to the pressure of the stream
where they were used. These stone sinkers can be easily
identified for most of them are notched once on two opposite
sides. The Lenni Linnahpa also were experts at spearing
fish. Their spears were made from slender young trees with
a natural fork at the end which was usually burned off with
fire and scraped until the spear seemed to have the desirable
point for spearing. Bone pointed spears were once used, too,
but such fine implements were rather scarce for they were
owned only by the more distinguished men whose imple-
ments were always finely decorated. The Lenni Linnahpa
caught great quantities of fish which they dried and put
away for future use. Fish were also smoke-cured and pre-
served in that way. Certain kinds of shell-fish were con-
sidered as very delicious food and this was once part of the
daily menu for the Lenni Linnahpa. Shell-fish were con-
sumed in great abundance when the Lenni Linnahpa lived

Archeological Notes on the Brush Creek Region in Northeastern Utah 23

and roamed along the Eastern Atlantic Coast of North
America.

The shell-heaps buried beneath the accumulating sands
of time can tell a much truer and better story of this Indian
people than can the writer.

ARCHEOLOGICAL NOTES ON THE BRUSH CREEK
REGION IN NORTHEASTERN UTAH

Albert B. Reagan

During the summer of 1930, the writer made an
archeological examination of the Brush Creek region at the
eastern tip of the Uintah mountains, to the westward of
Green river, in northeastern Utah, with findings as follows :

The oldest people of the region were undoubtedly Basket
Makers, as the pictographs they left are most all of the
crude, square-shouldered Basket Maker type of glyphs.
These people both lived in the open and utilized the caves of
the region.

The next people who occupied the region built earth
lodges, much like the present-day Navajo hogan in shape
and size, but in structure they were made of a lattice,
wattled-work frame, with flattish roof; and over this frame
mud was daubed to a thickness of about four or five inches.
These dwellings were gathered in villages of from ten to
twenty lodges each; and, beginning in the middle course of
the valley, these villages, six in number, extended down the
creek to its mouth. These were all destroyed by fire, pre-
sumably by an enemy, as the lodge walls have all been
burned to the consistency of brick, leaving imprints of twigs,
brush, and poles in the brick-like clay. The mound that now
marks the site of each lodge is due to the fallen, burned
earth walls. Furthermore, in and about these ancient lodges
are scattered hammer, milling, and rubbing stones, arrow
heads, arrow-shaft smootheners, beads, and considerable
undecorated, gray pottery fragments.

The next people built somewhat squarish houses of un-
dressed cobbles which were crudely laid up in thick walls,

i, No. 1

24 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15,

with a chinking of mud mortar. A "vestibule" was some-
times added on the east side of the house ; and at a greater
or a lesser distance from the edifice were stone mounds and
areas inclosed in a circle of cobbles or by slab-rocks set on
end, some of which were probably fireboxes of out-residences
of perishable material and the rest were undoubtedly
shrines. Considerable charcoal was found in the debris in the
houses; while about them are milling, hammer and smooth-
ing stones, beads, stone plug stopper for jars, arrow heads,
fragments of coarse, undecorated, plain, smoothed, gray pot-
tery, quantities of chipped stuff, a few earthen jars and some
chipped agricultural implements. These people seem also to
have used the caves of the region, as the Basket Makers had
before them. They were agriculturists and many miles of
their irrigation ditches of those far-off times can still be
traced. Indeed, some have even been cleaned out by the
white settlers and are now in use, as they were in that long
ago.

The earth lodges are similar to those previously examined
at Willard, Beaver and Paragonah, farther to the westward
in Utah, by Dr. Judd of the Smithsonian Institution; and
like them they no doubt belong to the very beginning of the
Class A type of dwellings of Pueblo I horizon. The house
structures are somewhat later in time and were probably
erected in the latter part of Pueblo I or at about the begin-
ning of Pueblo II horizon, though the crude pottery of their
makers and its scantiness might place them still earlier in
the time scale.

According to the latest estimate of the age of Pueblo
and Basket Maker cultures, the beginning of Pueblo II
horizon was about 500 years A. D. ; Pueblo I horizon, about
the beginning of the Christian era; and the Basket Maker
culture, about 1,500 years earlier. In other words, the
Basket Makers were in their heyday when Pharaoh's army
was drowned in the Red Sea.

Archeological Notes 25

ARCHEOLOGICAL NOTES

Meetings

April 15, 1935. President Dr. Alfred L. Kastner conducted the
meeting, Dr. H. W. Kuhm acting as secretary. It was announced that
an issue of The Wisconsin Archeologist was in press and would be
mailed to all members within a few days. Members were urged to
attend the meeting of the Central Section of the American Anthropo-
logical Association, to be held at the University of Wisconsin- and
the State Historical Museum, on May 3 and 4. A special committee
consisting of G. M. Thome, chairman, and W. C. McKern was ap-
pointed to study the financial status of the Society and to recommend
means for improving the condition of its treasury. Mr. Philip Sander,
Kenosha, was elected an annual member of the Society.

Mr. Wilton C. Erdman gave an illustrated lecture on "The
Archeology of the Horicon Region." He exhibited archeological speci-
mens collected on the sites in this rich region. When his investigations
are completed the Society expects to publish these. Mr. Charles G.
Schoewe suggested that a short period of topic discussion should
feature each meeting. This suggestion was referred to the program
committee for consideration. Mr. E. C. Steene exhibited a fine feather
headdress.

May 20, 1935. President Kastner in the chair, Mr. W. C. McKern
acting as secretary. A report made by the special membership com-
mittee (Thome, McKern and Kastner) at the meeting of the directors
held earlier in the evening was made. Mr. Walter Bubbert, Milwau-
kee, had been elected an annual member. The death of Mr. Gardner
P. Stickney, Milwaukee, once a member of the Society, and of Dr.
Orrin Thompson, Neenah, a member of the advisory council of the
Society, were announced. The President asked members to contribute
papers to The Wisconsin Archeologist. Mr. McKern presented a brief
report on the meeting of the Central Section, A.A.A.., held at Madison,
on May 3 and 4. Mr. George Pasco presented a brief report on some
field work conducted by himself and Mr. W. S. Dunsmoor in Green
Lake County.

Mr. Eldon C. Wolf gave a lecture on the subject of "The Firearms
of the American Indians" in which he described the various types of
guns used by them at various periods, and some of the resulting ef-
fects upon white-Indian contacts and history.

May 3-4, 1935. The Central Section A.A.A. held its annual meet-
ing at the University of Wisconsin, at Madison, on these dates. The
meetings were held in the Old Madison room in the Memorial Union
building. In the absence of President Dr. Warren K. Moorehead, due
to illness, Vice-President W. S. Webb presided over the meetings,
Secretary-Treasurer George R. Fox keeping the minutes and records.
There was an excellent attendance of members from mid-west states,
a considerable number from western and a few from southern states.
The papers presented at the meetings were excellent and interesting.
On Friday evening a dinner was held at the University Club, an illus-
trated lecture by Prof. Milton J. Herskovitz following. On Saturday
afternoon Mr. Charles E. Brown conducted those attending the meet-
ing on an automobile pilgrimage to see the two groups of Indian
mounds preserved in the University Ar bore-turn and a third group
preserved in Forest Hill cemetery. Members of the Arboretum com-
mittee and local members of The Wisconsin Archeological Society
provided the automobiles for this ride. During the meeting special
exhibits of large Wisconsin flint implements, the Hamilton collection

26 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 1

of native copper implements, early surveys and field notes of Dr.
Increase A. Lapham, W. H. Canfield and other pioneer archeologists,
and publications of The Wisconsin Archeological Society were made
in the State Historical Museum. These were viewed by most of those
attending the meeting.

Miscellaneous

Mr. John J. Knudsen has been making a visit to Indian sites in the
Wolf and Fox River regions. Dr. H. W. Kuhm will undertake some
investigations on the well-known old Indian site at Jacksonport, Door
County. Mr. Milton Hulburt has promised to again assist the Society
in locating Indian camp sites in Sauk County. Mr. Robert Jones will
conduct researches in Waushara County. Other members have prom-
ised assistance in other counties. Others interested in assisting in
the Society's field work this summer may purchase a research manual
through the State Historical Museum. The University, assisted by
several anthropology students, will conduct explorations on several
Indian sites in Burnett County. The State Museum will also pursue
researches in several regions. Because of the present condition of the
Society's treasury it is necessary to limit the size of the issues of
The Wisconsin Archeologist.

Mr. Aden T. Newman of Bloomer, who died recently, after a sev-
eral years' illness, was a member and officer of the Society for many
years.

A particularly interesting archeological publication is a report
"Archeological Survey of Kentucky" by W. S. Webb and W. D. Funk-
houser recently issued by the University of Kentucky.

Utarnnattt

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THBJ

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOQICAL SOCIETY

MILWAUKEE

Accepted for mailing at special rate of postage provided for In Sec. 1103
Act, Oct. 3, 1917. Authorized Jan. 28, 1921.

VOLUME 15, No. 2

New Series

1935

PUBLISHED BY THE

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST SOCIETY

MILWAUKEE

Incorporated March 23, 1903, for the purpose of advancing the study
and preservation of Wisconsin antiquities

OFFICERS

PRESIDENT

Dr. A. L. Kastner

Dr. H. W. Kuhm
Dr. L. S. Buttles

VICE-PRESIDENTS

T. L. Miller
W. E. Erdman

H. W. Cornell

Geo. A. West

DIRECTORS

Dr. S. A. Barrett

W. K. Andrews
R. Boettger
Dr. W. H. Brown
Col. Marshall Cousins
Rev. F. S. Dayton
W. S. Dunsmoor
Kermit Freckman
Arthur Gerth
J. G. Gregory
Richard Hallstrom

ADVISORY COUNCIL

O. J. Halvorson
M. F. Hulburt
Paul Joers
A. P. Kannenberg
Dr. Louise P. Kellogg
R. J. Kieckhef er
Mrs. Theo. Koerner
Marie G. Kohler
T. M. N. Lewis
W. C. McKern

A. T. Newman
Dr. E. J. W. Notz
L. P. Pierron
E. F. Richter
M. C. Richter
Jos. Ringeisen, Jr.
C. G. Schoewe
Paul Scholz
Dr. Orrin Thompson
G. R. Zilisch

TREASURER

G. M. Thome
1631 N. Fifty-second Street, Milwaukee, Wis.

SECRETARY

Charles E. Brown
State Historical Museum, Madison, Wis.

COMMITTEES

REGULAR

PUBLIC COLLECTIONS— Dr. S. A. Barrett, C. E. Brown, N. C.
Behncke, H. L. Ward, Rev. F. S. Dayton, Prof. J. B. MacHarg,
Prof. A. H. Sanford, Rev. P. B. Jenkins, Rev. A. J. Muench,
W. M. Babcock.

STATE ARCHEOLOGICAL PARKS— R. P. Ferry, Walter Holsten,
D. S. Rowland, M. S. Thomson, Col. J. G. Jackson, Prof. A. H.
Sanford.

PUBLICITY— J. G. Gregory, Dr. H. W. Kuhm, E. R. Guentzel.

SPECIAL

BIOGRAPHY— Rachel M. Campbell, Paul Joers, C. G. Schoewe, Ar-
thur Gerth, Mrs. Theodore .Koerner, Dr. E. J. W. Notz.

FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS— Jos. Ringeisen, Jr., E. F. Richter,
G. A. West, N. E. Carter.

PROGRAM— Dr. H. W. Kuhm, W. C. McKern, G. M. Thorne, Dr. L.
S. Buttles, T. L. Miller, Dr. A. G. Jenner.

'UBLICATIONS— C. E. Brown, Dr. H. W. Kuhm, W. E. Erdman.

[ARKING MILWAUKEE ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES— M. C. Rich-
ter, L. R. Whitney. R. J. Kieckhefer.

,APHAM RESEARCH MEDAL— Dr. S. A. Barrett, Dr. A. L. Kast-
ner, M. C. Richter, C. G. Schoewe, G. A. West, C. E. Brown.

MEMBERSHIP FEES

,ife Members, $25.00 Endowment Members, $500.00

Sustaining Members, $5.00 Annual Members, $2.00

Institutional Members, $1.50 Junior Members, $ .50

All communications in regard to The Wisconsin Archeological Society should

addressed to Charles E. Brown, Secretary and Curator, Office, State Historical

[useum, Madison, Wisconsin. Contributions to The Wisconsin Archeologist should

addressed to him. Dues should be sent to G. M. Thorne, Treasurer, 1631 N.

>2nd Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

CONTENTS

Vol. 15, No. 2, New Series

ARTICLES

Page

Report of Preliminary Survey of Important Archeological Discovery
at Mammoth Cave, Kentucky,

Alonzo W. Pond] - 27

Fork-tailed Bird Mounds,

Charles E. Brown _ - --- 36

A Large Stone Pestle,

Loyal O. Wight - 41

Ancient Utah People Seem to Have Believed that Snakes Evolved
from an Animal,

Albert B. Reagan 44

The Yuma Point,

Alice B. Andrews _ _ - -- 45

Archeological Formulae,

H. W. Kuhm.. - 47

ILLUSTRATIONS
Pictographic Group from Nine Mile Canyon, Utah _ Frontispiece

Page
Fig. 1— Fork-tailed Bird Mound 37

2— Yuma Point .. - 46

PICTOGRAPHIC GROUP FROM NINE MILE CANTON
50 Miles East of Price, Utah

Wisconsin

Published Quarterly by The Wisconsin Archeological Society

MILWAUKEE, WIS., SEPTEMBER, 1935
VOIj- 15 New Series N°'

REPORT OF PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF IMPORTANT

ARCHEOLOGICAL DISCOVERY AT MAMMOTH

CAVE, KENTUCKY

Alonzo W. Pond

The morning of June 7, 1935, Mammoth Cave guides,
Grover Campbell and Lyman Cutliff, were exploring a ledge
south of Tribble's Trouble, about half a mile in from the
artificial entrance known as Violet City. On hands and knees
Campbell worked his way south over the loose sand of the
dangerous, narrow ledge. He started to crawl between two
large rocks to see what lay beyond in the darkness which no
civilized man had ever penetrated. His lantern cast a circle
of bright light beyond which fantastic shadows played. His
left hand rested on a stone; the light from his companion's
lantern dispelled the shadows.

"It's not a stone," he said, jerking away his hand. "What
is it, Lyman?"

"Gosh! It's a skeleton! No, it's a mummy," answered
Lyman Cutliff.

.Carefully they backed away to a less dangerous part of
the ledge and sat down to think. During all the years of
their employ at Mammoth Cave, those two had been buddies.
Alone or together, every spare moment they could find was
spent searching the ledges and crevices of the dry level of
the cave. Other guides, too, explored the great cavern, look-
ing for new avenues, new rooms with formations of beauti-

28 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 2

ful crystals, but Campbell and Cutliff were more modern
explorers. They sought the explanation for the burned reeds
so common in the great dry cave. They wanted to know
who came into the cavern with woven fiber sandals; who
battered the gypsum covered walls with crude stone pecking
hammers ; who left bits of braided grass and twisted grass
strings in Mammoth Cave.

As they sat there on the ledge that morning, Lyman
finally said, "Well, I guess we've found what we've been
looking for."

Fortunately for science, those lads are not great talkers.
Perhaps they faintly realized the importance of their dis-
covery, at any rate they kept their silence and returned to
the gang to which they were assigned. When their shift was
over they reported to their good friend, Mr. Charlet, Man-
ager of Mammoth Cave.

"Will you come into the cave with us now?" was their
simple question. No word of explanation followed and Mr.
Charlet, wise philosopher that he is, sought no answer.

Soon he, too, knelt on the narrow sand ledge and gazed
in wonder at the prehistoric miner preserved for centuries
in the very act of life.

"For one hundred thirty-seven years civilized man has
known THE MAMMOTH CAVE. We have already explored
more than one hundred fifty miles of its dark cavern, but
nothing like this has ever been found," said Mr. Charlet.
"This is unique."

Mr. Thompson and Mr. R. P. Holland, National Park
Service Representative at Mammoth Cave National Project,
were notified and shown the find. Mr. Holland took the first
photographs, then silence descended on the discovery as far
as those at the cave were concerned. "False stories, wild
rumors must not start. Scientists must come at once," they
said.

Mr. Cammerer, Director of the National Park Service,
was notified by telephone in Washington, seven hundred
miles away. He was urged to send an archeologist at once.
A hurry call was sent for Junior Archeologist Pond at

Important Archeological Discovery at Mammoth Cave 29

Jamestown Island, Virginia, and in a few moments he was
speeding over mountains toward the latest archeological dis-
covery. He reached the Cave on Monday morning, June
10th, several hours before the officials thought it possible
for him to arrive.

The need for secrecy was explained at once. At no time
during the preliminary study did any hint of the importance
or nature of the discovery reach either the employees of the
Cave or the outside world. Any premature announcement
was apt to be construed as a "publicity stunt" or would give
rise to false rumors about a modern man being trapped in
the cave. Realizing this, no messages were sent or received
by telephone. Necessary telegrams were couched in most
scientific terms and scrupulously avoided any mention of
fallen rocks or trapped humans.

The Archeologist was taken into the cavern by Mr.
Charlet and Mr. Holland. Guides Cutliff and Campbell ac-
companied the party from the end of the new trail being
built by the CCC boys south from Violet City. The party
climbed to the sand covered ledge, crawled through a narrow
passage and finally reached the desicated body of the pre-
historic miner.

A careful examination showed that the right side of the
thorax, the right shoulder and upper right arm, the head
and right side of the neck were exposed. The ledge was
covered with loose, dry sand over which had settled fine,
black soot from the torches of ancient and modern "cavers."
Nothing had been disturbed. The Archeologist saw the
scene as a tragic tableau. The miner had been caught at his
work. There in the cavern time stopped long centuries ago.
After the first great upheaval of death and the subsequent
drying of the man's body, the scene remained unchanged.
Here was preserved one of the most complete chapters in
the life of prehistoric people. Modern science seldom finds
such complete documents. The interpretation of them will
require much time and the collaboration of many specialized
sciences. With the certainty of long experience the Arche-
ologist approached the task of a preliminary study.

First photographs were made from the only angles pos-
sible. Both general views and detailed close-ups were taken.
Strong climbing ropes were necessary to carry the weight

30 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 2

of the photographer standing on the loose sand of the steep
ledge, as no weight could be trusted on his feet. That
treacherous sand slipped and flowed at the slightest touch.
The pictures were made by the light of Coleman Gasoline
pressure lanterns and also by electric photo-flash bulbs.

The exposed negatives were taken immediately to Bowl-
ing Green by Mr. Holland and the Archeologist who located
a photographer about 10:30 P. M. The negatives were de-
veloped at once in the presence of the National Park Service
Representative who saw that the proper exposures had been
made and that the first records of the undisturbed find were
complete and satisfactory.

In the meantime a telegraphic request for certain scien-
tific instruments and information necessary to the study,
was sent to the foremost anthropologist of the Middle West,
Dr. Fay Cooper Cole, University of Chicago. He replied
confirming the procedure and offering to co-operate in any
way possible.

The first study showed that the prehistoric miner had
been caught by a block of limestone six feet long, four feet
wide and about three feet thick, weighing perhaps five tons.
Although resting on the back and head of the miner, and
pinning him to the sand ledge, still it did not crush the head
nor, as far as can be seen, did it crush the thorax. It was
possible to see part of the left arm and right leg under the
rock, but as the limbs were partially buried in the sand, an
exact description of their position was not possible.

A small pile of partially burned reeds was located under
the rocks ahead of and to the left of the mummy. The
"Tomb Rock" showed considerable exposure to fire as it was
partially calcined or turned to lime on the under side. Frag-
ments of burned reeds were scattered about on the sand and
one or two crude limestone pecking hammers were in the
vicinity.

These pecking hammers are pieces of limestone of any
convenient size and shape to be held in the hand. They
vary from six to ten inches in length and from two to five
pounds in weight. They are natural fragments and show
absolutely no artificial shaping.*

*See Primitives' Methods of Working Stone Based on the Experi-
ments of Halvor L. Skavlem. Author, Alonzo W. Pond, published by
Logan Museum, Beloit, Wisconsin.

Important Archeological Discovery at Mammoth Cave 31

All show a blunt, battered point, indicating use.

Nothing more could be determined at the immediate
scene of the ancient tragedy but much data was available
in other parts of the dry section of Mammoth Cave.

Fragments of burned reeds are found everywhere on
the floor, on ledges, in sand piles, and in niches of the walls.
Bits of grass tied in knots are also frequently found
throughout the dry cave. Occasionally small pieces of
branches one to two inches in diameter are seen. Two or
three so-called "Indian ladders" have been discovered in the
cave. These are sturdy tree limbs with numerous small
branches projecting which would make a very serviceable
primitive ladder. Gourds and hickory nuts have also been
found in the cave.

Woven sandals, bits of bagging, twisted string and
braided strands of various grass and fibre have been picked
up in parts of the dry levels. Some of the sandals still show
the imprint of the wearer's foot.

Practically every section of the dry cave walls containing
gypsum concretions show pecking and battering by a blunt
implement, and those blunt-pointed pecking hammers are
found close to such pecking. Sandstone layers in the lime-
stone walls of the cave have been thoroughly excavated by
the prehistoric miners. In one section on "Mummy Ledge"
gypsum crystals have formed since the excavations.

The information available therefore indicated to the
Archeologist that Pre-Columbian Indians had penetrated the
darkness of Mammoth Cave at least two miles from the
entrance. It is evident that they sought gypsum although
what use they made of it is yet to be determined. The total
absence of pottery, the absence of bone tools or animal
bones, the complete lack of artificially shaped tools and the
absence of leather, tanned skins or raw hide all are signi-
ficant to the study and seem at present to indicate a con-
siderable antiquity.

The importance of the find and the danger of premature
unofficial announcement made it necessary to request that
all work be stopped on the Violet City section of the cave.
Accordingly, the CCC boys removed their tools and that
part of the cave was announced closed to everyone.

With the guides who made the discovery the Arche-

32 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 2

ologist began carefully to expose the body and to lower the
dangerously narrow ledge so that more suitable photographs
could be taken and a satisfactory analysis of the discovery
prepared.

At first the sand was screened as it was removed but
this so slowed the work that it was finally stored in safe
piles to be handled later. Much dangerous loose rock had to
be pushed from the ledge and the whole site made safe for
study.

On June 12th, in response to a telegraphic request from
Mr. Chatelain, an analysis of the find and statement of its
importance was wired to Washington. A reply stated that
Mr. Louis Shellbach was en route to Mammoth Cave so the
Archeologist redoubled his efforts to have the find ready
for study on Mr. Shellbach's arrival. A telephone message
to Lexington informed Professor William Webb of the Uni-
versity of Kentucky that his presence at the cave would
be appreciated at his earliest convenience.

On June 13th, Mr. Shellbach arrived and was taken
immediately into the cavern. He made his own independent
investigation reaching the same conclusions as the Arche-
ologist. Together these two scientists completed the pre-
liminary excavation, exposing the body as much as possible
and thoroughly familiarizing themselves with the problem.

Friday morning, June 14th, the second series of photo-
graphs were taken. At 8:30 P. M. Professor Webb, arche-
ologist from the University of Kentucky, arrived at Cave
City and was driven directly to Mammoth Cave. He, too,
crawled about at the scene of the ancient tragedy and
examined the other evidence already studied by Mr. Shell-
bach and the Archeologist reaching the same conclusions.

A final summary of known facts and warranted con-
clusions was made which included the additional information
secured by the preliminary excavations.

The desicated body of the prehistoric miner was pinned
under a large limestone rock several centuries ago. The rock
had fallen from the roof long before the time of the miner.
The miner had evidently dug under this precariously
balanced stone, causing it to slip. In his effort to protect
himself he threw out his right arm. The great weight of
the stone continued to push against his back, his arm

Important Archeological Discovery at Mammoth Cave 33

broke at the elbow, the hand was forced up at right angles
to the upper arm and the shoulder was dislocated as the
broken arm was forced farther into the sand.

The lower part of the body was not pinned by the rock
and the legs were drawn so that the right knee was finally
higher than the head and the right shin pressed against a
buried small rock at right angles to the upper leg.

The left leg was also drawn forward and the left arm
bent across the leg. The face was driven into the sand and
held by the rock resting against the head. Evidently there
was considerable bleeding at the mouth and nose as the
sand about the head is cemented together. Death doubtless
occurred by suffocation. What appears to be matted hair
hangs over the left side of the face.

Rodents gnawed off the hand as their teeth marks are
visible on the radius and ulna (the fore arm) of the right
arm. Similar gnawing is evident on the left arm and leg
bones visible under the rock. A small rock presses against
the right side of the throat.

The body is desicated, most of the flesh and skin still
being in place. Samples have been taken for blood count
analysis. The unusual feature of desication is that much
of the dry flesh is as soft as chamois instead of hard. This
will necessitate an analysis of the air to determine if nitrate
salts are present in quantities great enough to cause this
effect.

A large size and one small sized twisted fiber cord are
around the neck. The larger one doubtless attached to a
woven bag which the man carried, one edge of which is
visible at the side beneath the thorax. The smaller cord
may be attached to some ornament or implement.

A complete breech clout of soft woven fiber covers the
left hip and string ends of this garment rest on the left
heel.

In the sand close to the body (left and front) was a
twisted fiber string and some leaves. A small fire of reeds
had burned to the left and in front of the miner's head.
To the right, scattered over a distance of six feet, were
found several of the limestone pecking hammers, a hickory
nut, a part of a gourd and many fragments of burned reeds.

Two bundles of small sticks tied with grass knots were

34 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 2

resting in a niche of the rocks six feet from the miner's
head. The end of a packet of reeds is protruding from the
sand about three feet to the right of the body.

Two fragments of feces were also recovered from the
sand, together with many pieces of gypsum. The feces will
be analyzed to determine what food the man had eaten.
Their large size and the size of similar specimens found
throughout the cave would indicate a coarse vegetable diet.
(Some feces measured as much as two and one-quarter
inches in diameter.) This observation is strengthened by
the lack of animal bones in the cave. Had the people been
meat eaters some of the animal bones should be found.

Everyone associated with the discovery has continually
asked the question, "What was he digging for in the loose
sand?" Two possibilities seem evident, gypsum or epsom
salts, both of which occur in the cave. The salts could be
considered a precious medicine and very valuable to cere-
monial leaders but the use of gypsum is more problematical.
The only plausible suggestion so far made (H. S. Day, Junior
Archeologist at Jamestown Island) is that it was powdered
for burial ceremony. Evidence of that must be sought in
burials outside the cave. Probably the bag which is under
the body will contain some of the material the miner was
seeking.

Except for treating the exposed parts of the body with
nitro-cellulose aeroplane wing dope dissolved in acetone,
nothing more can be done until the five ton rock is lifted off
by engineers. (The exposed parts of the body were treated
by Mr. Shellbach and the Archeologist Monday, June 17th.)

Professor Webb, Mr. Shellbach and the Archeologist
agreed that there were no time clues other than the cultural
material associated with the body. There was no evidence
of burial or ceremonial attention after the accident. There-
fore there was no need to call in other scientists since the
three present are all nationally recognized as authorities in
the field.

Permission to announce the find to the press was re-
ceived from Washington Monday, June 17th, and telegrams
were sent to the recognized news services and the local
papers. Intense interest was evidenced at once. Telegrams
and telephone messages were received from Louisville,

Important Archeological Discovery at Mammoth Cave 35

Washington and New York in less than two hours request-
ing further details and photographs. These were supplied
and special writings were announced at the cave during the
rest of the week.

It took twenty-four hours for the photographs to reach
Louisville from Mammoth Cave, but eight minutes after
they were received by the Associated Press they were avail-
able to newspapers all over the United States. The discov-
ery had been rated important enough to send the photos by
wire.

Throughout the United States the newspapers have told
the story. Frequently it was considered front page news.
Both large city papers and small town dailies carried the
story or the pictures.

June 18th and 19th Mr. Shellbach and the Archeologist
made a short survey of the Park area outside the cave. This
survey indicated the need for a comprehensive archeological
study. There are many rock shelters, burial sites and other
evidence of prehistoric occupation. From the literature
and studies made in nearby areas, as well as from this sur-
vey, it seems evident that several culture periods will be
found in the Mammoth Cave Park Area. The first essential,
however, is to complete the study of "Mummy Ledge" where
lies the key to most interesting information, and a new
chapter in our knowledge of prehistoric peoples.

36 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 2

FORK-TAILED BIRD MOUNDS

Charles E. Brown

Among a considerable number of recognized forms of
prehistoric mounds constructed to represent birds of vari-
ous kinds and occurring in mound groups in southern and
central Wisconsin there are a small number of bird forms
which possess the interesting feature of a divided or forked
tail.

Among the first, if not actually the first, Wisconsin
archeologist to describe and figure some of these interest-
ing fork-tailed bird effigies, was Dr. Increase A. Lapham.
William H. Canfield, pioneer antiquarian of Sauk County,
very likely knew of them before. He was associated with
Lapham in some of his early archeological investigations
and may have called his attention to them or even accom-
panied him when he made his surveys of the mound groups
in which they are located. In the illustrations of his book,
"The Antiquities of Wisconsin," published by the Smith-
sonian Institution in 1855, Dr. Lapham figures in several
plats of mound groups several of these bird effigies and
also presents detail engravings of several of these.

One of these fork-tailed birds he figures as occurring in
a mound group located in sections 18 and 19, township 9
(Prairie du Sac), in range 6 east, "on the road to Honey
Creek Mills" (later known as Loddes Mill), in Sauk County.
The mound group in which this bird occurred is shown in
his Plate XLIII, and in detail in Figure 4, Plate XLII. Of
this group he made a survey in 1850.

This bird mound had straight outstretched wings with
a spread of about 233 feet, according to the scale of his
drawing, and a body length of 90 feet. It was a large speci-
men of bird mound and the outstanding structure in the
mound group in which it was situated. Near it was a bird
effigy of the ordinary and very common type. Both mounds
were members of a group of fifteen mounds, now obliterated,
seven of which were effigies and eight linear mounds of
various forms. They were located on the present river road
(Highway 60) from Sauk City to Prairie du Chien.

Fork -tailed Bird Mounds

Another bird effigy of the divided-tail type was in
another mound group at Honey Creek Mills. This effigy was
peculiar in having outstretched, slightly up-turned wings.
A second fork-tailed bird in this group had bent wings.
This bird had a wingspread of nearly 360 feet ; its body was
126 feet long. Its head was directed to the north. Dr. Lap-
ham labeled this mound "The Great Bird," a name well de-
served because of its large dimensions. Two other bird ef-
figies, of ordinary form, were in this group which Lapham
illustrates in his Plate XLIV, No. 2. Of the large bird a
detail figure is shown in his Plate XLVI, No. 3. Of this
mound group Lapham made a survey in 1850.

Dr. Lapham also figures a bird effigy with a forked tail
and bent wings in a mound group located on "the Great
Dividing Ridge between the Mississippi and Kickapoo, Sec.
6, T. 8, R. 5 W. (Eastman Township, Crawford County).
This he surveyed in 1852 (Plate LI). Three other bird
mounds with bent wings but with plain tails (not forked)
were in this group.

Other fork-tailed bird effigies were described by Moses
Strong, Jr., of Mineral Point, Wisconsin, in a paper printed
in the 1877 Smithsonian Report (pp. 239-246). The first of
these was located "a short distance west of the village of
Orion, in Richland County. Its exact location was in the
southeast quarter of section 35, township 9, range 1 west,
"on a low, sandy ridge which separates the Wisconsin and

Fig. 1— Fork-tailed Bird

38 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 2

Eagle Rivers." This mound, of which an illustration is
given, had a circular head 18 feet long, a body 39 feet long,
the two tails, blunted at their ends, being each 36 feet in
length. This bird had straight outstretched wings, each be-
ing 129 feet long. Its head was toward the west.

Another bird effigy of this character was located in the
"N. W. % of Sec. 21, T. 8, R. 6 W." and was described by
Strong as having "very short legs and long arms." He said,
"there are three more exactly similar to this, a little farther
west in a plowed field. Of these he gives an illustration.
The first of these fork-tailed birds his figure shows to have
a head 15 feet long, a body 30 feet long and 15 feet wide.
The two tails are each 25 feet long. The tapering out-
stretched wings are each 110 feet long. The locality where
Strong found these effigies was between Eastman and
Charme, a C. B. & Q. R. R. station on the Mississippi River,
in Eastman Township, in Crawford County. This place is
about two miles northeast of Charme.

In his Figure 12 another bird effigy of this type is
shown. His field notes (June 7, 1877) give the location,
"mounds on the Black River road on S. E. 14, Sec. 21, T. 8,
R. 6 W. Mounds are covered with growth of small black
oak." This mound was one of a group of mounds located
three miles east of Charme. His figure shows this mound
to have had a circular head 18 feet in diameter, a body 20
feet long and 24 feet wide and two tails, each 51 feet long.
The tips of these tapering caudal extremities were 50 feet
apart. In this particular bird the wings are bent. They ex-
tend straight from the body for a distance of 40 feet and
then bend downward for an additional length of 80 feet.
The distance from their tips to the tips of the tails is shown
to be about 80 feet. The head of this bird is directed to
the east.

In another figure (No. 15) he shows another bird with
bent wings. "It lies about one mile beyond No. 13, on the
north side of the road. S. W. 1/4, Sec. 19, T. 8, R. 5 W. This
location is about a mile and a half south of Eastman, on the
road to Prairie du Chien, in Eastman Township, Grant
County. The figure shows its dimensions to be: circular
head diameter, 12 feet; length of body, 36 feet; width, 20
feet; tapering tails, 36 feet. The wings stretch straight ouc

Fork-tailed Bird Mounds 39

from either side of the body for a distance of 30 feet, then
bend downward and extend on for a further distance of 90
feet. A distance of 115 feet separates the wing tips from the
extremities of the tails.

Two other bird mounds with divided tails and bent wings
were found by Strong in a group of ten mounds located on
the Black River road, in the southwest quarter of section 26,
township 9, range 6 west. This location is in Seneca Town-
ship, Crawford County, about two miles south of Lynxville.
One of the birds had a body length of 78 feet (head to the
tips of the tails) . The length of the bent wings was 86 feet.
The second bird effigy had a body length of 75 feet. The
total length of the bent wings was 90 feet.

The first bird was directed to the south and the head of
the other to the southeast. These mounds were each about
three feet high. The other mounds associated in the mound
group with these fork-tailed bird effigies were a bear effigy
and seven round mounds. This group is on the crest of a
ridge. One of the birds is at the western end of the group
and the other near its middle.

Only a part of the Smithsonian paper on these Indian
mounds and mound groups of western Wisconsin was written
by him before August 1, 1877.

"On the 18th of that month, while engaged in the prose-
cution of his geological researches, he was drowned in the
Flambeau, a branch of the Chippewa River. His unfinished
article was completed by others from the notes in his field
book. In his notes he said, "It is, perhaps, an open question,
whether these mounds are effigies of men or birds, but after
a careful examination of them and of many others, I incline
to think that they are representations of the human form."
Moses Strong, Jr., was assistant to state geologist Dr.
Lapham.

In his book, Prehistoric America (Vol. 2), Rev. Stephen
D. Peet devotes a chapter to bird effigies, discussing and
illustrating some of the various types of bird mounds. Most
of his illustrations are taken from Lapham's book. He ex-
presses a belief that the fork-tailed bird effigies are in-
tended to represent the hawk.

I A single bird mound of the fork-tailed type is in a
mound group at Frosts Woods, on the southeastern shore of

40 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 2

Lake Monona, at Madison. It is described in the writer's
report on the archeology of that lake.

This well constructed bird effigy has a wingspread of 125
feet. The length of its head and body is 70 feet. Its height
is about 2 feet. Its head is toward the west.

This mound was excavated by the writer in July, 1928.
No burials were found.

Among 58 bird effigy mounds of at least half a dozen
distinct types located in the rich mound region of the Four
Lakes of Madison, this is the only specimen of the fork-
tailed bird effigy. It is also, so far as known, the most
easterly example of bird mound of this particular design
found in Wisconsin. No bird mounds with divided tails
were found among the once numerous effigy mounds of the
Milwaukee region, none in the region of the Waukesha lakes
and none along the Rock River or elsewhere in eastern Wis-
consin.

The habitat of this peculiar type of bird effigy is, as
present state archeological records show, pretty closely con-
fined to the lower Wisconsin and Mississippi River regions
in Crawford, Vernon, Richland and Sauk counties. All but
a very few of the fork-tailed bird effigies were in mound
groups located in the fifties and seventies of the past cen-
tury by Dr. Increase A. Lapham and his assistant geologist,
Moses Strong, Jr. Land and highway improvements in the
passing years have taken their toll of these interesting
effigy mounds. Only a few of them remain. The thought
of a few former Wisconsin archeologists that they or some
of them were constructed to represent men is not enter-
tained by present-day archeological investigators.

A Large Stone Pestle 41

A LARGE STONE PESTLE

Loyal O. Wight

Mr. Stoughton W. Faville, veteran collector of Indian
implements, of Faville Grove, near Lake Mills, Wisconsin,
during the summer of the present year, brought to the office
of the editor of The Wisconsin Archeologist a stone pestle
of the long tapering form. Stone pestles of any form are
not as common in Wisconsin collections as they might be
expected to be, and this specimen was especially worthy of
consideration not only for its interesting form, but also be-
cause of its large size.

This pestle measured .18 inches in length. Its diameter,
within a few inches of its pointed end, was l!/4 inches and
21/2 inches at its rounded base. Its sides were slightly flat-
tened, giving a not entirely circular section. This pestle
weighed 3% pounds. It was obtained from the Depke
farm on the west side of the Crawfish River, near Hubble-
ton, Jefferson County. So far as known, no pestle of similar
form has ever been collected in that region.*

It is one of the largest stone domestic tools of its class
found in Wisconsin. A slightly larger specimen of the same
tapering form, measuring 19 inches in length, is in the col-
lections of the State Historical Museum at Madison (A244).
This pestle is made of greenstone and weighs 3% pounds.
Its once polished surface is slightly weather-worn. It was
presented to the Museum by the late Mr. Henry Casson, Jr.,
of Madison, years ago. It was found near Viroqua, Vernon
County, in 1880. In the same collection there is another
tapering pestle 10 14 inches in length and weighing three
pounds, which was collected at Silver Springs, Milwaukee
County (A12665). It was in the collection of the late Prof.
A. S. Mitchell of Milwaukee, and was presented to the
Museum by Mrs. Mitchell.

These large tapering stone pestles closely resemble
others which we have seen from Wyoming, Washington, and
Oregon. Some others have been described as carved or
otherwise ornamented. Prof. Warren K. Moorehead figures
and describes a series of them as in the Prof. C. P. Wilcomb
collection in San Francisco. These are from a number of
*Sec. 3, Waterloo Township.

42 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 2

California counties. Some have a projecting encircling ring
near the head of the pestle or near its base. The largest of
these tapering California pestles, from Lake County, is
nearly 36 inches long. It is finely polished. "It was pur-
chased from an Indian in whose family it had been as far
back as the Indians could tell."*

Stone pestles have been recovered from Indian sites in
nearly every part of the United States. Information con-
cerning this class of domestic implements is scattered
through numerous books and bulletins on American arche-
ology. It might be well if some advanced student of this
science would now undertake the collection of the available
data on this subject and publish a monograph on the Indian
pestles of the country as has been done for the pipes and
some other classes of Indian artifacts.

In the Handbook of American Indians, pestles are de-
scribed as "implements used by the aborigines in combina-
tion with mortars and grinding plates for pulverizing foods,
paints, and other substances. Pestles for use on flat surfaces
are cylindrical and used with a rolling motion, or are flattish
beneath for use after the manner of a muller. For use in a
depression or a deep receptacle, the grinding end of the
implement is round or conical, while the upper part or han-
dle is shaped for convenience in grasping or is carved to
represent some esoteric concept associated in the primitive
mind with the function of the apparatus. In many cases the
shape of the implement was such that it could be used in
one position as a muller and in another as a pestle."

"Long, slender, cylindrical pestles are common in the
Eastern states, a length of 2 feet being common, while the
diameter rarely exceeds 3 inches. In the Ohio and adjacent
valleys a short, somewhat conical or bell-shaped form pre-
vails, while on the Pacific slope the shapes are remarkably
varied. The prevalent type of California pestle is somewhat
cylindrical, but tapers gracefully upward, the length varying
from a few inches to nearly 3 feet. They are sometimes en-
circled by a ridge near the base to keep the hand from slip-
ping down, and frequently terminate above in a similar
encircling ridge or a conical knob. On the Northwest coast

*Prehistoric Implements, page 290, figure 30.

A Large Stone Pestle 43

the shapes are still more noteworthy, occasional examples
being carved to represent animal forms. Some are T-shaped,
suggesting the conventional pillow of the Egyptians, while
others have perforations or annular handles."

Members and correspondents of The Wisconsin Arche-
ological Society are requested to communicate to the editor
of The Wisconsin Archeologist information concerning the
pestles and mullers in their collections.

44 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 2

ANCIENT UTAH PEOPLE SEEM TO HAVE BELIEVED

THAT SNAKES EVOLVED FROM AN ANIMAL

Albert B. Reagan

It is the belief, or at least suggested by some of our
scientists that the Indians of America believed in a form of
evolution, — that is, that they were developed, or evolved,
often clan by clan, from animals and inanimate things and
that these are now their respective totems. Be that as it
may, space will not permit of any discussion of it here, the
ancients of picturesque, deep-chasmed Nine Mile Canyon,
fifty miles east of Price, Utah, apparently believed that the
"lightning-snake," their feathered (horned) sky-snake,
which was undoubtedly considered as one of their principal
deities, at least "thing of power," evolved from an animal.
One continuous set of their "rock drawings," which appears
to be Pueblo No. II in age, photographed by us as picto-
graphic groups N-P13A and B, has for its upper figure a
normal goat or elk, and as the figures are repeated down-
ward in the group, the animal is represented as being more
extended longitudinally, finally becoming double headed,
lastly developing into the horned lightning-snake. The de-
velopment is shown step by step in the drawing, and seems
to be unmistakable.

That these ancients should come to such a conclusion is
easy to understand, believing, as Indian myths and beliefs
seem to indicate, that one thing could develop from another
and that in the days long gone certain things even had the
power to change themselves into any form they chose at
will. The goats, elk, and deer of their times hung about the
crags of the mountain tops of their area. Similarly, the
thunder-gusts of summer with their emanating lightning
streaks, hovered about these same mountain crags and peaks.
The animals leaped from rock to rock; and the lightning,
apparently to the aborigines, shot out from the same rocky
crags and points, under cover of the clouds. Hence the
apparent belief that the sky-snake, the lightning, evolved
from a goat or elk, judging from the pictures that have come
down to us, and that the snake of the water courses of earth
finally evolved from the lightning. (See Frontispiece illus-
tration.)

The Yuma Point 45

THE YUMA POINT

Alice B. Andrews

In a very instructive illustrated monograph published in
October, 1934, bearing the title, "The First Thousand Yuma-
Folsom Artifacts," Dr. E. R. Renaud, of the University of
Colorado, has prepared a classification and given an inter-
esting account of the fabrication, history and distribution
of these prehistoric stone implements. Of special interest
to collectors of Indian implements is his separation of cer-
tain forms of these from the others and their classification
under the name of "Yuma Types."

Briefly stated, the two classes of points, Folsom and
Yuma, may be identified by the following characteristics.
The Folsom points are leaf -shaped blades somewhat triangu-
lar or oval in outline. They have a concave base. On both
surfaces of the blade a longitudinal groove extends from the
base of the point toward its tip. This treatment of the
blade may consist merely of the removal of one or several
chips or of a groove extending %, 1/2 > or % of the length
of the blade. Dr. Renaud illustrates three different types
(5-a, 5-b and 5-c). In every instance the longitudinal groove
was made after the flaking of the implement was completed.

These Folsom points obtained their name from the find-
ing in 1926-1927 of a number of them in close association
with the bones of an extinct species of bison at Folsom,
New Mexico. Since then field investigations and inquiries
showed these points to be distributed over a large part of
the United States, from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlan-
tic coast. Specimens or numbers of these points were found
to occur in many private collections and in museums in that
area.

The Yuma points take their name from the fact that "it
is in the county of Yuma, Eastern Colorado, that by far the
largest number of such specimens and the greater variety
of types, all, in fact, had been found. The three best known
types (which Dr. Renaud designates as Type 1, Type 2-a,
Type 2-b and Type 3-a) are elongated leaf-shaped blades
with square, convex or concave bases. All lack the longi-
tudinal groove characteristic of the Folsom points. Dr.

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST

Vol. 15, No. 2

Renaud also includes two forms of stemmed points among
his Yuma types (Type 4-a and Type 4-b) . He points out the
similarity in shape of some of the Yuma points to the Canta-
brian blades of Europe.

"The use of the terms Folsom and Yuma has never been
challenged publicly or in print by archeologists, knowing the
accepted practice of naming artifact types, industries or
cultures."

From our own knowledge of the existence of both the
Yuma and the Folsom points in collections, we suggest that
the so-called Yuma points will be found to have, when col-
lections in other states are studied, nearly, if not quite, as
wide a distribution in the United States as the Folsom
points. In Wisconsin collections one is apparently nearly as
numerous as the other.

As there has been some confusion among collectors as
to just what points to classify as Folsom points, this brief
article is printed.

Students of American archeology interested in this par-
ticular subject will do well to read Dr. Renaud's fine paper.

Fig. 2— Yuma Point

Archeological Formulae 47

ARCHEOLOGICAL FORMULAE

H. W. Kuhm

To Remove Lime Incrustation on Pottery, etc.:

Use dilute Hydrochloric acid ; then rinse off in water.

To Mend Potsherds and Fractured Specimens:

Wash the emulsion off discarded kodak films with hot
water and then dissolve the film in much or little Acetone
to obtain any desired stickiness.

Coat the seams of sherds and press the fragments tightly
in place. This glue is waterproof and strong.

To Hold Potsherds While Fitting:

Use glycerine-impregnated clay such as "Plasticene" or
"Mouldine."

For Mounting Sherds, Specimens, etc.:

3 parts (6 ounces) best bleached Beeswax.
1 part (2 ounces) Canada Balsam.

Melt the Beeswax, and add the balsam, stirring it in
while wax is still molten.

To Harden Fragile Bones:

Treat with dilute solution of shellac after cleaning with
brush. Ordinary commercial shellac is about "four pound
cut." This may be diluted with three or four parts of
denatured alcohol, — that is, one part shellac and three or
four parts alcohol.

Sprinkle this on the bone with a fine paint brush. Allow
to dry well. The shellac is diluted to avoid gloss on bone
specimens so treated.

Smmter, 1935

NEW SERIES

No. 3

ARCHEOLOGICAL FRAUDS

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOQICAL SOCIETY

MILWAUKEE

Accepted for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1103
Act, Oct. 3, 1817. Authorised Jan. 28. 1M1.

VOLUME 15, No. 3

New Series
1935

PUBLISHED BY THE

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
MILWAUKEE

Incorporated March 23, 1903, for the purpose of advancing the study
and preservation of Wisconsin antiquities

OFFICERS

PRESIDENT

Dr. A. L. Kastner

Dr. H. W. Kuhm
Dr. L. S. Buttles

VICE-PRESIDENTS

T. L. Miller
W. E. Erdman

H. W. Cornell

Geo. A. West

DIRECTORS

Dr. S. A. Barrett

W. K. Andrews
R. Boettger
Dr. W. H. Brown
Col. Marshall Cousins
Rev. F. S. Dayton
W. S. Dunsmoor
Kermit Freckman
Arthur Gerth
J. G. Gregory
Richard Hallstrom

ADVISORY COUNCIL

O. J. Halvorson
M. F. Hulburt
Paul Joers
A. P. Kannenberg
Dr. Louise P. Kellogg
R. J. Kieckhefer
Mrs. Theo. Koerner
Marie G. Kohler
T. M. N. Lewis
W. C. McKern

A. T. Newman
Dr. E. J. W. Notz
L. P. Pierron
E. F. Richter
M. C. Richter
Jos. Ringeisen, Jr.
C. G. Schoewe
Paul Scholz
Dr. Orrin Thompson
G. R. Zilisch

TREASURER

G. M. Thorne
1631 N. Fifty-second Street, Milwaukee, Wis.

SECRETARY

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State Historical Museum, Madison, Wis.

COMMITTEES

REGULAR

STATE SURVEY— J. J. Knudsen, M. F. Hulburt, D. A. Blencoe, Dp,
L. S. Buttles, Dr. P. H. Nesbitt, G. E. Overton, 0. L. Hollister,
A. W. Pond, W. E. Erdman, J. P. Schumacher, T. M. N. Lewis,
W. F. Bauchle, V. E. Motschenbacher, Kermit Freckman, G. L.
Pasco, W. S. Dunsmoor.

MOUND PRESERVATION— Dr. E. J. W. Notz, H. W. Cornell, Mrs.
W. J. Devine, R. B. Halpin, Dr. Louise P. Kellogg, Dr. L. V.
Sprague, Mrs. H. A. Olson, Dr. Orrin Thompson, A. H. Griffith,
Prof. R. S. Owen, F. M. Neu.

PUBLIC COLLECTIONS— Dr. S. A. Barrett, C. E. Brown, N. C.
Behncke, H. L. Ward, Rev. F. S. Dayton, Prof. J. B. MacHarg,
Prof. A. H. Sanford, Rev. P. B. Jenkins, W. M. Babcock, H. R.
Holand.

land, Dr. C. J. Heagle, A. P. Kannenberg, Rev. Chr. Hjerm-

etad.

STATE ARCHEOLOGICAL PARKS— R. P. Ferry, Walter Holsten,
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Sanford.

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SPECIAL

BIOGRAPHY— Rachel M. Campbell, Paul Joers, C. G. Schoewe, Ar-
thur Gerth, Mrs. Theodore Koerner, Dr. E. J. W. Notz.

FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS— Jos. Ringeisen, Jr., E. F. Richter,
G. A. West, N. E. Carter.

PROGRAM— Dr. H. W. Kuhm, W. C. McKern, G. M. Thorne, Dr. L.
S. Buttles, T. L. Miller, Dr. A. G. Jenner.

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ter, L. R. Whitney, R. J. Kieckhefer.

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CONTENTS

Vol. 15, No. 3, New Series

ARTICLES

Page

Fraudulent Aboriginal Pipes,

George A. West -. 49

Fraudulent Artifacts,

Herbert W. Kuhm 53

The Arrowhead Art,

from Museum Service 60

The American Guide,

Martha C. Dean 62

Archeological Notes 64

HtBnmsttt

Published Quarterly by The Wisconsin Archeological Society
MILWAUKEE, WIS., DECEMBER, 1935

FRAUDULENT ABORIGINAL PIPES

George A. West

The most deceptive and alluring frauds are doubtless
perpetrated in the manufacture and sale of aboriginal pipes.
Some of them are so poorly made as to carry their own
condemnation, but many will defy detection by the best
judges.

No fixed set of rules can be laid down for the guidance
of the student in the discovery of these frauds. A general
knowledge of the several types, the locality to which they
belong, the materials used and the manner of working the
same by the Indians in making pipes, are essentially neces-
sary. A certain unexplainable sense of detecting these
frauds seems to develop with experience and study of the
subject. Some specimens at a glance will impress one as
having all the characteristics of genuineness, while another
inspires him with a feeling of suspicion.

Pipes have been submitted to me that were easily traced
to a well known manufacturer of relics in Virginia. The
material was of yellow sandstone, and so well were they
made as almost to defy detection.

Many fine effigy pipes are to be found in the museums
and private collections of America that come from this
source. The frog and trumpet-shaped types seem to be his
favorite productions. Their exterior show no file marks, the
bowl and stem cavities are cone shaped, characteristic of the
older forms, and show striations as if made with stone drills.

50 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 3

After being worked into shape, they were evidently placed
in running water, which was tinctured with iron and lime,
to give them an aged appearance. After removal from the
stream, the coating of lime was removed in places where
the fingers would naturally come in contact with the surface,
and all such places treated to a greasy compound to give it
the appearance of much use. But in this the skillful maker
overstepped himself, as it is inconsistent for the exterior
of a pipe bowl to contain greasy fingermarks while the in-
terior retains the apparent deposit of ages. Neither is it
reasonable to suppose that any perceptible amount of grease
would remain in a piece of stone that had lain in the soil
for a sufficient length of time to collect a thick coating of
lime deposit.

It has been reported on good authority that these pipes
were made by modern Indians in the employ of a white man.

A beaver pipe said to have been found near Lake Winne-
bago, Wisconsin, a bird pipe from Indiana, and a pipe from
Ohio containing a portrait, were sent to me for an opinion
as to their genuineness.

These pipes were of a coarse grained yellow sandstone,
evidently pecked into shape and showed no file marks. The
bowl holes had the appearance of being made with a rotary
wood drill and coarse sharp sand, and their tops rounded
out after being drilled. In fact, when taken separately, they
all had the ear-marks of aboriginal make.

Yet it struck me as strange that three different pipes
from as many states should be of the same material and
be made on the same general lines.

Careful measurement of the lower parts of the stem and
bowl holes revealed the fact that they were of precisely the
same dimensions. It was also observed that in each case
the stem cavity entered the bowl hole about a half inch
above the base of the bowl cavity, something very unusual
in Indian manufacture. Although the exteriors of these
pipes were pitted as if from age, the maker neglected to so
treat the lower parts of the excavations.

While all of these points might appear in a single genu-
ine specimen, it would certainly be a strange coincidence

Fraudulent Aboriginal Pipes 51

were they to happen in three different pipes collected by the
same person from as many different states.

In further carrying on my investigation, I found the
bottom of each stem hole a clean yellowish color, while that
of the exteriors was very dark. A lighted match was held
near to portions of the surface of one of the specimens
resulting in the immediate extraction of a large amount of
pitchy substance with which it had been treated. The same
test was applied to the remaining two with the same result,
demonstrating their fraudulent character beyond a reason-
able doubt.

Some years ago the curiosity of our antiquarians was
excited by an article in the Journal of the Anthropological
Institute of Great Britain and Ireland in regard to some
singular works of art found in Haywood County, North
Carolina. Mr. Emmert was subsequently sent into that re-
gion to procure, if possible, some specimens of this singular
class of articles, and to ascertain whether they were ancient
or modern.

Mr. Emmert ascertained that these articles were made
from the soapstone found in that region by some persons
who had learned how to give them the appearance of age.
This was done by placing them, after being carved, in run-
ning water which was tinctured with iron, as most of the
streams of that region are. Mr. Emmert found the fraudu-
lent articles were principally pipes. Dr. Cyrus Thomas
writes of these North Carolina frauds in the Twelfth annual
report of the U. S. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 347-349.

Banded slate, being easily worked and attractive, is fre-
quently employed in the manufacture of fake specimens,
such as banner stones, ceremonials, tubes and pipe bowls.
Any product of this material may well be regarded with sus-
picion when not accompanied by a satisfactory pedigree.

Even metal tomahawk pipes, although of small commer-
cial value, are not exempt from the curse of human avarice.
Four of these pipes were offered to the writer with the
representation that they were taken from a mound on the
banks of Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin. Upon removing a
heavy coating of rust, each was found to be of cast iron and
of recent make.

52 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 3

While the traffic in bogus material in America is not
so extensive as to put collectors constantly on their guard,
it is the more dangerous, especially to beginners in Arche-
ology and those of wealth, who do not exercise care in their
purchases.

Many archeological publications have exposed "dealers"
who are dishonest, but owing to the caution usually exer-
cised by them in their representations on sale, they are not
always apprehended. Unless Congress can be induced to
pass a law preventing the manufacture of fraudulent ab-
original articles we can hope for no relief except through the
medium of education.

This pernicious practice of faking does least harm to the
amateur collector, who does not aid science by study and
investigation but regards his specimens as mere curiosities ;
yet to the serious student and collector an irreparable injury
may result, as it places before him false and misleading evi-
dence, which, if not discovered in time, must lead to erro-
neous conclusions.

Fraudulent Artifacts 53

FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS

Herbert W. Kuhm

'The widespread demand for archeological specimens and
the ambitions of some collectors of special forms have
brought about the fabrication and sale, in ever increasing
numbers, of spurious antiquities," asserts Neil M. Judd,
curator of the division of archeology, United States National
Museum, in a paper on "The Present Status of Archeology
in the United States."

"Just now," continues the paper, "these frauds come
mostly from Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama; others
have appeared from New York, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin,
and elsewhere. Some of these fakes are so cleverly made as
to deceive the expert. Generally they go first into private
collections, but sooner or later they reach public museums,
bearing seemingly plausible notations as to the place and
date of discovery. We shall always have with us, no doubt,
the man intent upon hoaxing the scientist, but the success-
ful faker is a snake of a different color!"

Curator Judd's strong condemnation is fully justified in
view of revelations of archeological faking throughout the
country.

Wisconsin, it is unfortunately true, has produced its
portion of fraudulent artifacts, but were it not for the con-
stant vigilance of the committee on frauds of The Wiscon-
sin Archeological Society, these spurious pieces would more
frequently be foisted upon the unsuspecting collector.

This committee, comprising Jos. Ringeisen, Jr., George
A. West, E. F. Richter, and N. E. Carter, has a personnel
of eagle-eyed, time experienced archeologists whose years
of observation and research particularly recommend them
for this task of ferreting out the false from the true.

Were these manufacturers of fraudulent artifacts not
curbed by such means as our society provides for the pro-
tection of its members we might expect a situation to arise

54 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 3

in Wisconsin similar to that in Kentucky where an individual
has advertised "to reproduce, at from $1.50 to $10 each,
almost any type of stone object used by the ancient
Indians."

This Kentucky faker, or to carry out Curator Judd's
verbal brand, — this archeological "snake" in the Blue Grass
— evades prosecution by the federal authorities on a charge
of using the mails to defraud by stating in his printed cata-
log that the archeological specimens he obliquely manufac-
tures to fit the purchaser's specifications and purse are
"modern forms made at the present time."

The shameful part of this unsavory business is that
such fraudulent reproduction of ancient artifacts may
eventually be donated with a private collection to some
museum and there appear as genuine antiquities.

Our society, through its committee on fraudulent arti-
facts, has co-operated with the federal authorities in taking
steps to apprehend the proprietors of the fake Indian imple-
ment "factory" located at Cumberland City in Kentucky.
The perpetrators have unfortunately escaped through a
legal loop-hole, but continued unfavorable publicity will tend
to curb such nefarious practices.

Returning to Curator Judd's statement concerning the
false testimony of a specimen's source, this subterfuge is
equally contemptible. In this connection it is apropos to
quote a statement by Mr. George A. West in his monograph
on "Copper: Its Mining and Use by the Aborigines of the
Lake Superior Region" (Vol. X, Bulletin of the Milwaukee
Public Museum) :

"Another variety of fraud is the pernicious practice of
a few dealers who sell specimens with the declaration that
they came from some desired locality, when in fact they
were not found there. This practice should also be con-
demned, its effects being equally as contaminating as if the
specimens themselves were fraudulent!"

Most flagrant among the commoner types of archeologi-
cal frauds are obsidian artifacts, such as obsidian knives
and the so-called obsidian "bird points." Many of the bird
points of obsidian, agate and jasper have their source in

Fraudulent Artifacts 55

North Dakota. It is not always the small collector who be-
comes an innocent victim, — in more modern parlance, a
"sucker," for the sale of this variety of fraud. An instance
is known where a very wealthy collector paid $5,000 for a
huge framed collection of faked bird points whose extremely
fantastic designs should have aroused his suspicions. Hence
true scientific knowledge is as equally desirable in an arche-
ological purchase as money.

As the ancient Romans declared : "CAVEAT EMPTOR"
-"LET THE BUYER BEWARE!"

Some archeological fakers stop at no reasonable bounds,
as for example the ludicrous product of one ambitious manu-
facturer who turned out POTTERY SPEAR-HEADS!

The authenticity of stone fish hooks is particularly ques-
tionable. In the opinion of W. C. McKern, curator of anthro-
pology of the Milwaukee public museum, stone fish hooks
found anywhere north of the West Indies are not reliable.

I relate an incident to illustrate to what extremes a faker
will go to sell his shady product. A man came to Curator
McKern with a two-foot thick boulder most crudely carved
to represent the head of an Indian (?) idol. He claimed to
have unearthed this unique archeological specimen in a Wis-
consin mound and was willing (!) to sell it to the Milwau-
kee museum.

Curator McKern, recognizing the boulder as an obvious
fraud, referred the man to Dr. S. A. Barrett, who invited
the man to leave the specimen at the museum for thorough
examination and study. The man was requested to return
the following day for the museum's decision as to its pur-
chase. The next day a police officer was waiting as official
reception committee in Director Barrett's office, but the
man, evidently suspecting a trap, never showed up. The
monstrosity still reposes in Curator McKern's office await-
ing its author's return !

Pottery is the one type of aboriginal specimen that has
not been faked to any appreciable extent for the reason that
it is too difficult to reproduce. But some South American
aboriginal pottery has been faked, including some wonder-

56 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 3

ful ware with six or seven colors, finely smoothed so as to
compare favorably with the original. Much of this faked
ware finds its way to European markets where it is less
likely to be identified. Instances are known where pottery
has been faked with plaster of paris imitations, which, after
immersion in oil, have been painted to resemble Aztec and
South American ware.

An instance is known where one dealer in frauds employs
modern Indians to manufacture specimens for him so that
he may safely and boldly state that his wares were "made
by Indians."

One man who is adept at turning out discoidals as large
as a dish pan has devised a unique manner of authenticat-
ing his spurious wares. He has photographs taken showing
him in the very act of discovering supposedly aboriginal arti-
facts ! When purchasers doubt the authenticity of his prod-
uct, he produces a photograph of its alleged exhumation.

Recently a man came to the museum to consult Mr.
McKern about a double-bitted axe that puzzled him.

Mr. McKern gave the alleged implement one look and
said : "It's made of concrete."

"But it can't be concrete," exclaimed the man, "because
the Indians didn't use concrete!"

"If the Indians did NOT use concrete, and this piece
IS of concrete, then draw your own conclusions as to what
it is," said Mr. McKern with his characteristic dry Scotch
humor.

Because of the steady demand for and ready sale of ab-
original pipes, these specimens are repeatedly faked for the
unwary collector.

Recently an Indian pipe "factory" near Hart, Michigan,
was disclosed through co-operation of our society's fraud
committee with Donald 0. Boudeman, curator of archeology,
Kalamazoo public museum, and Prosecuting Attorney Cun-
ningham of Berrien county, Mich.

Twenty-four doubtful pipes were sent to our committee
for identification, all being made of clay or clay stone, some

Fraudulent Artifacts 57

in effigy form. All but one of the twenty-four proved to
be fakes, only a small broken pottery pipe being genuine.

One of the pipes seemed an exceptional piece, and had
been pronounced authentic by several Michigan authorities.
However, to Mr. George A. West, member of the committee
and donor of the splendid West collection of aboriginal pipes
in the Milwaukee public museum, this seemingly fine speci-
men did not seem quite "kosher." So Mr. West proceeded
methodically to question each phase of the pipe.

The examination at length narrowed down to the drill-
ing in the bowl and stem. It is not likely that the Indian
artifact faker, however clever, will trouble himself to bore
a hole after the manner of the aboriginal pipe makers. That
would prove too arduous a task and would definitely slow
down his quantity production.

But how to determine the matter of the bore of the pipe
bowl and stem without breaking it open? Modern science
with the Roentgen or "X" ray came to the rescue.

We placed the pipe on a sensitized photographic plate.
The Roentgen rays penetrated the stone artifact and in a
few seconds the image was imprinted on the negative. The
radiograph proved conclusively that the pipe was a fraud.
However, skilful the faker had been in fashioning the ex-
terior, his procedure in working the bore was now exposed.
The "master stroke" of the aboriginal artisan was missing.

It is of interest to note that of these twenty-three fraud-
ulent Michigan pipes, two were accompanied by bona fide af-
fidavits, sworn statements as to their authenticity. Prov-
ing that if the faker can fake an artifact, he also can fake
an affidavit !

Mr. West tells me of a fraudulent dolomite pipe he dis-
covered in an Illinois collection where the faker had burned
kerosene in the bowl of the pipe to simulate its having been
smoked by some aborigine.

In manufacturing fraudulent copper artifacts, fakers at-
:ain a patina, after a fashion, with either acids or by bury-
ing the specimen in a manure pile. This produces a thin
patina that rubs off readily ; of course the signs of the deep
erosions of time are absent.

58 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 3

In copper pieces that have been cast from molds made
from original specimens, the sand-grain imprints are often
to be detected along with mold edges. Although fakers can-
not get very far in faking copper artifacts, they can readily
fool novices.

A second-hand dealer on Wells Street, Milwaukee, had a
copper rat- tailed spear for sale in his display window. It
was alleged to have come from Black River Falls, Wiscon-
sin. It was observed by our committee and condemned as a
flagrant fraud. Several other copper frauds were discov-
ered by the committee in a second-hand store on Fond du
Lac Avenue, Milwaukee.

Concerning fraudulent coppers, we wish to quote Mr.
West from his bulletin on aboriginal copper mining in the
Lake Superior region:

"Copper implements have been fabricated by unscrupu-
lous white men, by pouring melted copper or brass into
molds or forms made from genuine specimens. Some of
these fraudulent productions are known to have been re-
jected and condemned by several collectors, and yet have
found a resting place in the cabinet of some unsuspecting
man of means. These counterfeits have all the marks, ele-
vations and depressions of the original, and, after being
treated with acids, possess the characteristic patina or green
coating that aids in deceiving the inexperienced and unob-
serving collector. Such a coating is thin, never incrusted,
and can be easily removed.

"Other frauds in copper are occasionally encountered.
Some are cut from heavy sheet copper, in the form of an ar-
row or spear point. These are perfectly flat and while
showing the green coating have none of the characteristic
evidences of erosion that the genuine objects show.

"In the genuine native copper implement, the grain of
the metal, by reason of being drawn out, runs lengthwise
with the object. In cast implements of this sort, it has been
found that the grain of the metal crosses the object, which
can be determined by the application of a strong acid."

The inexperienced collector can derive much benefit from
a careful study of the fraudulent archeological specimens

Fraudulent Artifacts 59

now on permanent display in the Milwaukee public museum,
First floor, southeast section. The case exhibits two "Rob-
inette" pipes, a platform pipe, two birds tones, six "native
copper" harpoons, two banner stones, some cast brass pieces,
stone fish hooks, fancifully fashioned projectile points and
an obsidian cross.

Other museums throughout the country would do well
to follow the precedent set by the Milwaukee museum in this
instance. The exhibit of fraudulent artifacts has a card
bearing this instructive legend :

"Manufactured by unscrupulous fakers and placed on
the commercial market to be sold as aboriginal products, a
few of these reproductions are so accurately shaped and
carefully finished, following primitive methods, that they
may deceive the most experienced students. However, most
of them can be readily detected by qualified experts.

"The Committee on Fraudulent Artifacts of The Wis-
consin Archeological Society, made up of experienced ob-
servers, offers its free services to any who desire to submit
specimens of doubtful authenticity for identification. The
committee may be reached through application at Room 417,
Fourth floor, Milwaukee public museum."

The Wisconsin Archeological Society was instrumental
in having a law passed by the state legislature making it a
criminal offense to purchase or sell fraudulent artifacts in
Wisconsin. If every state in the country would do the
same we would reduce the illicit traffic in counterfeit arti-
facts to a minimum.

60 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 3

THE ARROWHEAD ART

"A few weeks ago a press dispatch, entirely unauthor-
ized, stated that the art of chipping flint arrowpoints and
spears had been lost and that the Rochester Museum was
looking for someone to help the Seneca Indians learn this
their most ancient of trades. The first syndicated account
brought to our attention was in a Batavia paper but later a
great flood of clippings came from all over the United
States. Inquiries were made as to whether we wished to
hire experts to teach the Indians. Samples of arrowpoints
that people had chipped were sent in.

"To counteract the erroneous report the museum took an
employee to a local reservation and had ten or twelve In-
dians demonstrate the art of making chert points. Photo-
graphs were taken by the press and an interview given.
Another press report went all over the United States. Al-
most immediately we were importunted for samples of flint
and finished points. Things went from bad to worse ; if the
papers said we didn't know how, we were swamped with let-
ters from those who did know how; if we said we could
make arrowheads and that a lot of local Indians could do
likewise we were again swamped by those who wanted to
know how. We were 'hanged' if we did and 'hanged' if
we didn't.

"However, the whole matter has resulted happily. Our
museum now possesses the names and addresses of scores
of those who can flake out points by percussion and pres-
sure. We have the samples and the addresses. It is inter-
esting that not one person sending samples said they could
make them by heating the flint. The fact is that no one
can do the trick that way." (Reprinted from Museum Serv-
ice, Bulletin of the Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences,
Rochester, N. Y., Sept. 15, 1935.)

There are at least a half dozen men in Wisconsin who
have mastered the Indian art of arrow making. The best
known of these is the veteran archeological investigator,

The Arrowhead Art

Mr. Halvor L. Skavlem of Carcajou farm, Lake Kosh-
konong, the methods and results of whose work with both
the bone and antler flaking tool and with the stone hand-
hammer have been so fully described by Alonzo Pond, arche-
ologist, in a fine illustrated monograph issued some years
ago by the Logan Museum of Beloit College.

62 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 3

THE AMERICAN GUIDE

Work on The American Guide, a Federal Writers' Proj-
ect, has been begun in Wisconsin by the establishment of a
state office at Madison and a district office at Milwaukee.
The American Guide, to be published in five regional vol-
umes, is designed to meet the need of a comprehensive guide
to the United States arranged by states, cities and counties.
Its purpose is to provide residents of communities, tourists,
students, authors and research workers with an inclusive
picture of the scenic, historical, cultural, recreational, eco-
nomic, aesthetic, commercial and industrial resources of
the country: with (1) information that is not now readily
available or is scattered in various sources; (2) an under-
standing of the native and folk backgrounds of rural lo-
calities; and (3) a convenient and compact series of refer-
ence books, for tours, sight-seeing, and investigation of nota-
ble landmarks, objects of interest, fictional association, or
other data of value to citizens throughout the country.
Since it will not supersede road guides and other private
publications, it is non-competitive and non-commercial.

In its general scope it is intended to be of service to all
private tour agencies, public carriers, local and national as-
sociations having to do with the conservation of historic
monuments, natural beauties, and the like, chambers of
commerce and civic bodies, recreational clubs and societies,
and all enterprises, public and private, which minister to the
varied interests of the general public. As by-products of
the National Guide, material will be deposited in the states
and in local districts for state and local guides.

Mr. Charles E. Brown has been appointed the state direc-
tor of this Federal Writers' Project, the state office of
which will be in the Works Progress Administration build-
ing in Madison, Wisconsin.

Mr. Ben W. Saunders, assistant state director, is now
organizing the American Guide project. Members of the
Wisconsin Archeological Society are invited to assist in the

The American Guide 63

progress of this undertaking by supplying lists and descrip-
tions of interesting scenic landmarks, historic and architec-
turally interesting buildings and monuments, and other
noteworthy features covered by the Guide program in their
home localities and counties. Such information the Madison
office will be grateful for and it will be promptly acknowl-
edged. Local guides, folders, maps and other printed and
manuscript matter will be very acceptable and useful in
making this Wisconsin survey and investigation, the results
of which will be of future educational value to every resi-
dent of Wisconsin. Other Wisconsin organizations will also
assist.

Mr. Victor S. Craun is supervising the work in Milwau-
kee and Milwaukee County, with offices in the County Court
House.

64 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 3

ARCHEOLOGICAL NOTES

MEETINGS

September 16, 1935. President Dr. Alfred L. Kastner conducted
the meeting, Dr. Herbert W. Kuhm acting as secretary. Forty mem-
bers and visitors were in attendance.

The election to membership in The Wisconsin Archeological Society
of F. Bruce Berghoefer, West Allis; W. M. Cunningham, Benton Har-
bor, Michigan; Dr. F. W. Lehman, Hartford; J. C. Householder, Indi-
anapolis, Indiana; L. C. Whiting, Lake Mills; Robert A. Elder, Laona,
and A. H. Kraus and Earl J. Zellmer, Milwaukee, was announced.
Former members rejoining the Society were A. H. Sanford, La Crpsse;
Edward P. Hamilton, Two Rivers, and P. G. Nichols, Ogilvie, Minne-
sota. Treasurer Thome reported on the results of the summer's mem-
bership campaign.

Mr. George A. West reported that President Roosevelt had au-
thorized an allocation of $705,000 to purchase privately owned land
on Isle Royale, as a definite step toward the establishment of this
archeologically rich island as a national park. The movement to pre-
serve this Lake Superior island to the public had received the active
support of the Society. Mr. E. C. Steene spoke of the work accom-
plished by the Madison Transient Bureau Camp under the direction of
Secretary Brown and Professor Longenecker in restoring two groups
of prehistoric Indian mounds located in the University of Wisconsin
Arboretum on the shores of Lake Wingra at Madison. He exhibited
a series of photographs of various Western tribes.

Mr. G. M. Thorne presented a report on the work of the Geist
archeological expedition on St. Lawrence Island in Behring Strait.
This expedition, financed by the University of Alaska, was attempt-
ing to obtain knowledge of aboriginal man's early migration from
Asia to North America and of the possibility of an ancient American
Indian migration to Asia.

Mr. W. C. McKern reported the latest finds of Dr. Roberts of the
so-called Fplsom complex. He discussed the technique of the Indians
in the making of the Folsom-type point.

The chairman of the program committee invited members of the
Society to present short papers at the meetings.

At this meeting exhibits of archeological and ethnological speci-
mens of interest to the members were made by Mr. E. C. Steene, Mr.
H. 0. Zander, Dr. L. S. Buttles, Mr. Paul Scholz, Mr. Paul Joers, Mr.
Charles G. Schoewe and Dr. Herbert W. Kuhm.

October 21, 1935. President Kastner conducted the meeting held
on this date, Dr. Kuhm acting as secretary in the absence of Secre-
tary Brown. Sixty members and visitors were present. Mr. Herman
J. Johnson of Elroy was elected an annual member. The deaths
of Mr. Charles A. Paeschke, Milwaukee; Mr. H. George Schuette,
Manitowoc, and Dr. Otto L. Schmidt, all of them old and valued mem-
bers, were announced. The organization of the Missouri Archeo-
logical Society was made known.

In observance of the centennial of the completion of the first
road in Wisconsin, the "old Military Road" connecting the three Amer-
ican frontier forts — Howard, at Green Bay; Winnebago, at Portage,
and Crawford at Prairie du Chien — The Wisconsin Archeological So-
ciety heard two appropriate papers on this subject. Charles G.

Archeological Notes 65

Schoewe spoke on "Historic Forts of Wisconsin" and G. M. Thome on
"Indian Fortifications." Both were very interesting. George A. West,
Miss Kastner, Paul Joers and W. C. McKern discussed these papers,
presenting additional information.

A display of Folsom points by Joseph Ringeisen, Jr., and H. O.
Zander was made. These were discussed by Mr. West. Dr. L. S. But-
tles exhibited a cache of ten chert scrapers found at Port Arthur,
Canada.

November 18, 1935. Vice-president Dr. L. S. Buttles occupied the
chair in the absence of President Kastner. There was an attend-
ance of seventy-five members and visitors. Secretary Brown an-
nounced the election as annual members at the Board of Directors
meeting of Col. Fain W. King, Wickliffe, Kentucky; Charles W.
Porter, Rockford, Illinois, and John Mueller, West Allis. He informed
the Society of his appointment as state director of the Federal Writ-
ers' Projects — the American Guide and other projects, and asked the
interest and co-operation of the members in these important Govern-
ment undertakings.

The program of this meeting consisted of a paper on "Fraudulent
Aboriginal Pipes" by Mr. George A. West and another by Dr. Herbert
W. Kuhm on "Fraudulent Artifacts." To illustrate these, exhibits of
fraudulent pipes, discoidals, bannerstones, stone axes and flint and
native copper implements, and a huge carved stone likeness of an In-
dian deity were made by the Milwaukee public museum, Mr. H. O.
Zander and Mr. Wilton E. Erdman. Mr. West, Mr. Ringeisen, Mr.
Joers, Mr. Brown, Mr. Zander, Mr. Erdman and other members took
part in discussions of these papers.

It was announced that Wisconsin had been one of the first, if not
actually the first state in the Union, to enact a law prohibiting the
manufacture of fake antiquities. Through the vigilance of its Frauds
committee and other officers and members of the Society many fakers
and dealers in fraudulent artifacts had been brought to book during
the past thirty years.

Mrs. Estelle C. Berghoefer read a fine poem on "Ancient Aztalan,"
her work receiving the applause of the meeting.

The American Anthropological Association, the American Folk-
lore Society and the Society for American Archeology will hold annual
meetings at Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts, December
27-29, 1935. Papers will be presented by members of the three so-
cieties at this meeting.

An opportunity will be given to inspect the archeological collec-
tions assembled here during many years of field work in various
parts of the United States by Professor Warren K. Moorhead, veteran
American archeologist and other investigators.

MEMBERS

During the past year death has claimed a number of prominent
older members of The Wisconsin Archeological Society.

Dr. Otto L. Schmidt died on August 20, 1935, after a long illness.
He was an active member of the Chicago Historical Society since 1894,
serving as its president from 1923 to 1927, and as a member of its
board of trustees for the last thirty-six years. He was "an informed
and active worker in the field of historical research. Hundreds of
pamphlets, books and letters now in the library of the Chicago His-
torical Society were gifts from him." He became a member of The
Wisconsin Archeological Society in about 1914. He was well known

66 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 3

to many of its officers and members. He was one of the men who
encouraged the organization years ago, at Chicago, of the Central
Section of the American Anthropological Association. He encouraged
other men in Illinois and Wisconsin in historical and anthropological
research. The passing of this great citizen constitutes an irreparable
loss to the cause of Chicago and Illinois history. His summer home
was at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin.

Mr. H. George Schuette of Manitowoc, a charter member of the
Society, died on May 16, 1935. He was a member of the Manitowoc
merchant firm of Schuette Bros. His interest in Wisconsin Archeol-
ogy was keen up to the time of his death. He was the owner of a
choice collection of chiefly Manitowoc County artifacts which his rela-
tives are preserving. When this collection was begun in about 1900
he and Henry P. Hamilton, Two Rivers, and Rudolph Kuehne of She-
boygan, were the most prominent and widely known collectors of
archeological material along the Lake Michigan shore north of Mil-
waukee. These men vied with each other in possessing specimens of
rare and unusual interest. Mr. Schuette never contributed any archeo-
logical papers to the Wisconsin Archeologist. He was the author of
at least one book privately printed and distributed. He took pleasure
in attending the field meetings and pilgrimages of the Society and
sometimes spoke at these gatherings. He was a fine, kindly gen-
tleman of the old school. He was 85 years old at the time of his
death.

Mr. Charles A. Paeschke of Milwaukee died on April 28, 1935. He
had been a member of the prominent Milwaukee manufacturing firm
of Gueder & Paeschke and had retired from active work when he be-
came a life member of the Society twenty years ago. He was much
interested in Wisconsin archeology and history and occasionally at-
tended the meetings held at the Milwaukee Museum. He was always
ready to contribute to the Society's undertakings when called upon.
In his personal character he was the same type of friendly man
as was Mr. Schuette. The names of both men will be missed from
our membership roll.

The death of Dr. Orrin Thompson, Neenah, was announced in a
previous issue of The Wisconsin Archeologist.

MUSEUMS AND COLLECTIONS

^Tl_

Members of the Society are cordially invited to visit when in Ken-
tucky the excavations of our brother member, Col. Fain W. King, at
Wickliffe. This aboriginal area, the "Mound Builders' Tomb" em-
braces twenty-five acres in the city limits of Wickliffe, on a, natural
bluff or fortification overlooking the river where the Ohio joins the
Mississippi. Over the excavations in three of the large mounds on
this property Colonel King has erected substantial frame buildings to
which visitors are admitted. In one of these, the Burial Tomb, are
shown in situ more than one hundred and forty burials of three
types, "the prone or extended, the bundle or basket and a crematory
basin containing charred human bones."

Accompanying these ancient interments are plain and effigy type
pottery vessels, chipped flint implements, copper on wood ornaments,
marine shell ornaments and implements, flake mica, fluorspar orna-
ments, and lead and hematite ore. A second building encloses a tem-
ple structure and a third a council house. Excavations in a fourth
mound were progressing during the past autumn. At that time the
skeletons of eighteen children had been exposed in this earthwork.

In the council house mound in wall cases is displayed Colonel
King's magnificent and very extensive collection of Middle Mississippi

Archeological Notes 67

Valley pottery and stone, shell, bone, clay and metal implements, orna-
ments and ceremonials for the instruction of the hundreds of visitors,
many of whom journey for long distances to view this remarkable
archeological monument.

In a recent paper printed in the Journal of the Tennessee Academy
of Sciences, Colonel King says of the archeological excavations at
Wickliffe: "The purpose and intent is for the preservation of these
earthworks, the advancement of science and education. These re-
mains have been willed to the state and will belong to posterity as a
part of the State Park System." No more efficient example of ex-
pert excavating of aboriginal remains is to be seen anywhere than at
Wickliffe, Kentucky. Visitors to this archeological preserve will find
the owner a most interesting and hospitable host.

Two recent newspaper articles have called public attention to the
collections of two members of the Society. On October 5, the Mil-
waukee Journal published an article on the collection of Mr. H. O.
Zander, who joined the Society last year, and the October 6 issue of
the Milwaukee Sentinel dealt with the prehistoric Indian implement
collection of one of the Society's past presidents, Mr. Joseph Rin-
geisen, Jr. Mr. Ringeisen was shown with the only double-crescent
ceremonial axe of native copper ever found in Wisconsin and with
some rare fluted axes and birdstones. Of the collection of the latter
Mr. Ringeisen has made a specialty.

Mr. Alonzo W. Pond, who in our last bulletin contributed a report
on an important archeological discovery at Mammoth Cave, Kentucky,
is now located as an officer of the CCC camp at St. Croix Falls, Wis-
consin. In a recent visit to the State Historical Museum Mr. Pond
brought with him an interesting stone axe of the fine oval type and
an unusual engraved catlinite disk.

PUBLICATIONS

Two issues of American Antiquity, the quarterly review published
by the recently organized Society for American Archeology, have ap-
peared. The July, 1935, issue contains a paper on "Certain Bluff
Mounds of Western Jersey County, Illinios," by P. F. Titherington,
and Part 1 of a report "Archeological Field Work in North America
During 1934." The October, 1935, issue contains papers on "Burial
Customs of the Delamara Peninsula and the Question of Their Chro-
nology," by S. D. Davidson; "Tree Rings— the Archeologist's Time-
piece," by Emil W. Harvey, and "A Brief Metallographic Study of
Primitive Copper Work," by Curtis L. Wilson and Melville Stone.
Part 2 of the report on archeological field work appears in this issue.
It also contains an account of the organization meeting of the Society
for American Archeology, held at Pittsburgh, December 28, 1934.

We have received a reprint of a paper on "Minnesota Prehistory,"
by Albert E. Jenks, published in the Minnesota Historical Quarterly.
The September issue of Arrow Points published by the Alabama
Anthropological Society is devoted to an illustrated paper by Peter
A. Brannon on the history and archeology of Taskigi Town, an early
site of the Tuskegee Indians.

In a recent Utah report Dr. Albert B. Reagan has printed de-
scriptions of pictographs and petro glyphs in a number of different
localities. These are interesting for the wide variety of human, ani-
mal and other figures depicted. They occur on rock ledges and
boulders. Curiously enough some of the boulders had been hauled
away from their original locations by citizens of Cedar Fort for
use in rock gardens. "Wintu Ethnography," by Cora Du Bois, is a
recent monograph of the University of California. The Wintun peo-

68 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 3

pies occupy the Sacramento Valley. The National Museum of Canada
has issued a fine bulletin, "Folk-Songs of Old Quebec," by Marius
Barbeau.

MISCELLANEOUS

Members of The Wisconsin Archeological Society are requested
to assist the Society by securing new members. All citizens of Wis-
consin interested in archeology or Indian history are invited to become
members. Applications for membership may be handed or mailed to
either Treasurer G. M. Thorne or Secretary C. E. Brown.

Sfarnnmn

ROCK RIVER FORDS
PLEASANT LAKE MOUNDS

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

MILWAUKEE

Accepted for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in S«c. 1108
Act. Oct. 3, 1917. Authorized Jan. 28, 1921.

VOLUME 15, No. 4

New Series
1936

PUBLISHED BY THE

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETT
MILWAUKEE

JVtanmmn

Incorporated March 23, 1903, for the purpose of advancing the study
and preservation of Wisconsin antiquities

OFFICERS

PRESIDENT

Dr. A. L. Kastner

VICE-PRESIDENTS

Dr. H. W. Kuhm T. L. Miller H. W. Cornell

Dr. L. S. Buttles W. E. Erdman

Geo. A. West

DIRECTORS

Dr. S. A. Barrett

W. K. Andrews
R. Boettger
Dr. W. H. Brown
Col. Marshall Cousins
Rev. F. S. Dayton
W. S. Dunsmoor
Kermit Freckman
Arthur Gerth
J. G. Gregory
Richard Hallstrom

ADVISORY COUNCIL

0. J. Halvorson
M. F. Hulburt
Paul Joers
A. P. Kannenberg
Dr. Louise P. Kellogg
R. J. Kieckhefer
Mrs. Theo. Koerner
Marie G. Kohler
T. M. N. Lewis
W. C. McKern

A. T. Newman
Dr. E. J. W. Notz
L. P. Pierron
E. F. Richter
M. C. Richter
Jos. Ringeisen, Jr.
C. G. Schoewe
Paul Scholz
Dr. Orrin Thompson
G. R. Zilisch

TREASURER

G. M. Thome
1631 N. Fifty-second Street, Milwaukee, Wis.

SECRETARY

Charles E. Brown
State Historical Museum, Madison, Wis.

COMMITTEES

REGULAR

STATE SURVEY— J. J. Knudsen, M. F. Hulburt, D. A. Blencoe, Ur
L. S. Buttles, Dr. P. H. Nesbitt, G. E. Overton, 0. L. Hollistet,
A. W. Pond, W. E. Erdman, J. P. Schumacher, T. M. N. Lewis,
W. F. Bauchle, V. E. Motschenbacher, Kermit Freckman, G. L.
Pasco, W. S. Dunsmoor.

PUBLIC COLLECTIONS— Dr. S. A. Barrett, C. E. Brown, N. C.
Behncke, H. L. Ward, Rev. F. S. Dayton, Prof. J. B. MacHarg,
Prof. A. H. Sanford, Rev. P. B. Jenkins, W. M. Babcock, H. R.
Holand.

STATE ARCHEOLOGICAL PARKS— R. P. Ferry, Walter Holsten,
D. S. Rowland, M. S. Thomson, Col. J. G. Jackson, Prof. A. H.
Sanford.

PUBLICITY— J. G. Gregory, Dr. H. W. Kuhm, E. R.Guentzel.

SPECIAL

BIOGRAPHY— Rachel M. Campbell, Paul Joers, C. G. Schoewe, Ar-
thur Gerth, Mrs. Theodore Koerner, Dr. E. J. W. Notz.

FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS— Jos. Ringeisen, Jr., E. F. Richter,
G. A. West, N. E. Carter.

PROGRAM— Dr. H. W. Kuhm, W. C. McKern, G. M. Thorne, Dr. L.
S. Buttles, T. L. Miller, Dr. A. G. Jenner.

PUBLICATIONS— C. E. Brown, Dr. H. W. Kuhm, W. E. Erdman.

MARKING MILWAUKEE ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES— M. C. Rich-
ter, L. R. Whitney, R. J. Kieckhefer.

LAPHAM RESEARCH MEDAL— Dr. S. A. Barrett, Dr. A. L. Kast-
ner, M. C. Richter, C. G. Schoewe, G. A. West, C. E. Brown.

MEMBERSHIP FEES

Life Members, $25.00 Endowment Members, $500.00

Sustaining Members, $5.00 Annual Members, $2.00

Institutional Members, $1.50 Junior Members, $ .50

All communications in regard to The Wisconsin Archeological Society should
be addressed to Charles E. Brown, Secretary and Curator, Office, State Historical
Museum, Madison, Wisconsin. Contributions to The Wisconsin Archeologlst should
be addressed to him. Dues should be sent to G. M. Thorne, Treasurer, 1631 N.
52nd Street. Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

CONTENTS

Vol. 15, No. 4, New Series

ARTICLES

Page

Indian Fords of the Rock River,

C. E. Brown___ _ 69

Additional Pleasant Lake Mounds,

Kermit Freckman _ 74

American Indian Exhibit at the California Pacific International

Exposition _ _ _ _. -. 82

Frederick Webb Hodge Anniversary Publication Fund 85

Archeological Notes _ 87

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page
Dr. Alfred L. Kastner, President, The Wisconsin Archeological

Society Frontispiece

North Shore Mound Group 75

Muske Mound Group 78

DR. ALFRED L. KASTNER
President, The Wisconsin Archeological Society

Htsronatn Arrljenlogtat

Published Quarterly by The Wisconsin Archeological Society

MILWAUKEE, WIS., JANUARY, 1936

VOLi. 15 oi .NU. 4

New Series

INDIAN FORDS OF THE ROCK RIVER

Charles E. Brown

A century ago, and, in many parts of Wisconsin, up to
much more recent years, Indian trails or pathways par-
alleled the banks of streams or approached them from
various directions. At various places, or a number of places,
along the shorelines of all of our larger streams in southern
Wisconsin were fords or river crossings by means of which
individual Indians, families or groups of redmen journeying
from one camp or village site or from one hunting ground
or fishing place to another found it desirable or necessary to
pass to the opposite bank of a stream. Such crossings were
made during the warm months of the year, although there
were instances when Indian men waded a stream early in
the spring or late in the autumn or early winter, when the
water was cold. These fords were at the shallow places in
the beds of streams and where there was a gravel or rock
bottom to offer a firm foothold for the feet of the traveler.
If the water flow was rapid or reached to or above the knees
of the traveler, and the footing slippery or the river bed un-
certain, a stout stick was sometimes used as a support. In
years when the water was high or the streams in flood,
Indians often swam the streams at the fords or crossed from
bank to bank on an improvised raft or a floating log. Cross-
ings of streams were negotiated with care and there were
but few accidents.

The purpose of this short paper is to describe a few of
the quite numerous Indian fords or crossings of the Rock

70 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 4

River in southern Wisconsin. One of the best known of these
was the ford at Janesville, known to early white settlers of
Wisconsin as the "Rock Ford." This ford crossed the river
near the site of the present bridge across the Rock on U. S.
Highway 51, leading from Beloit northward to Madison. It
took its name from the huge rock outcrop on Monterey Point
on the north bank of the river. "The rock itself had some
traditional sacred significance for the early Indian inhabi-
tants of this region, the exact nature of which is not
recorded."

At this ford the Indian people have for centuries crossed
the river. When the water was deep (in days of early white
settlement of the state) the crossing was sometimes made
in canoes. Indian trails ran along both banks of the river
and several other trails, coming from the east and the west,
also centered here or near here. A Winnebago village was
then (1829-1832) located on the site of present Janesville,
Jump-ho-ha-ga, Coming Lightning, being its chief in those
years. Many early settlers coming to Wisconsin in the early
thirties crossed the Rock at this ford. Some drove or swam
their horses or drove ox-teams through the water. The local
Indians seem to have been helpful to the white invaders
when their help was desired. The stream was not very
broad at this point and the water generally of only moderate
depth. The sandstone rock served as a guide to white trav-
elers. The Indian name of the Round Rock Winnebago vil-
lage was E-nee-poro-poro. A river crossing of less impor-
tance was at Afton, between Janesville and Beloit.

Another Rock River ford was located at the white settle-
ment of Indian Ford, about six miles north of Janesville.
This was also an old and important river crossing. The
Winnebago designated it as Nee-ru-tcha-ja, river crossing.
By means of this ford Indians coming by trail from the
camps or villages at Lake Koshkonong reached the Winne-
bago Catfish Village at the mouth of the Yahara (also
known as the Catfish River) about half a mile below Indian
Ford. Of this village Little Priest or Little Chief was the
leader in 1829. The Yahara is the outlet stream of the Madi-
son lakes.

Indian Fords of the Rock River 71

Old white settlers of this region remembered hundreds
of Indians, both Winnebago and Potawatomi, crossing the
Rock River at the river ford at Indian Ford. This ford was
just above (north of) the present highway bridge. Men,
women and children followed each other through the water
which was generally rather shallow, some of the women
carrying heavy packs and bundles on their heads and
shoulders. In later years Indian ponies were also led or
ridden across the ford.- There was almost no talking.

Now and then an Indian or a child slipped and went
down in the water. When this happened the one who fell
was helped to his feet and the silent procession moved on.
Sometimes the women gathered up their petticoats before
they entered the water, which might be knee high, but gen-
erally they entered without doing so. Some carried children
in cradles or in a blanket on their backs. The men never
removed any clothing, moccasins or leggings. If the weather
was chilly a fire might be built somewhere down the river
bank where some of the company might pause for a while
to dry or partly dry their wet clothing.

A short distance below the Catfish village there was an-
other ford in some years, which some Indians also used.

Another important old Indian crossing was at the south-
ern end of Lake Koshkonong at the present site of Newville.
This place is about four miles northeast of Indian Ford. At
Newville the Rock River flows out of this lake. At this place
there was an Indian village site on which Indian people have
camped for centuries. This place at the foot of this large
lake was a fine hunting and fishing locality. Large beds of
wild rice were in the lake and stream. Indians coming down
either shore of the lake by trail crossed the river in the
shallow water at this point. According to old settlers of this
region quite a large number of Indians of several tribes
forded the Rock River at Newville. Some brought with them
packs of furs, as there were Indian traders here and at
Beloit, twenty-five miles down the river.

There were other Indian crossing places along the Rock
River between the head of Lake Koshkonong and Jefferson
and this place and Watertown, but none of these were as

72 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 4

important or as much used as those described. In the win-
ter Indians were sometimes seen crossing at these fords on
the ice on their way to some muskrat trapping or spearing
site.

Another widely known early Indian ford of the Rock
River was in the eastern part of the City of Watertown,
where the highway bridge on the river road from this city
to Pipers ville crosses this stream. v Here, according to Mr.
R. L. Thomas, an old resident of Watertown, in past years
hundreds of Indians and numerous white settlers, moving
east or west, forded the river. The Indians were traveling
in groups, on foot and on Indian ponies, such as were a not
uncommon sight in parts of southern Wisconsin fifty years
ago. On the high river bluff overlooking this old ford site
stands the stately and ornate old octagonal house built
eighty-three years ago by John Richards, an early prom-
inent settler of Watertown, and which has itself been a
landmark for many years to persons traveling over the old
road from Madison to Watertown and Milwaukee. Here on
the fields surrounding the octagonal house were formerly to
be seen abundant traces of a former Indian village site.

Another Indian crossing of the Rock was opposite the
J. Perry farm. This crossing was in the river rapids at this
place. A big spring is here on the river bank. This crossing
was to the former Collins (now Kohlhoff ) woodland on the
opposite bank, where there is a small group of a tadpole
shaped and a round and an oval mound.

Other Indian fords are located between this point and
Hustisford and Horicon. These will be described in the re-
port of an archeological survey of the headwaters of the
Rock which has been progressing for several years past.

At Madison a widely known Indian ford was located at
the foot of Lake Monona where the Yahara River, a branch
of the Rock River, flows out of that lake. This was a meet-
ing place of several old Indian trails — one from the site of
present Madison and leading southward toward the Rock,
one from the Lake Koshkonong region and one from the east
leading in a general westerly direction to Lake Wingra and
Madison. This ford is designated on some early maps of

Indian Fords of the Rock River 73

Madison as the "Grand Crossing." Indian camp sites were
on both shores of this stream and the foot of this lake, on
the old Hoyt farm, in Frost's woods and at Belle Isle, and
on the old Griffith's farm, and at Hoboken and Esther Beach
in this vicinity. Forty Winnebago Indians camped on the
Hoyt place and in Frost's woods as late as 1906. Smaller
groups have camped there since then.

This crossing was about on the site of the "old iron
bridge" across the Yahara, now replaced by a new high-
way bridge. The river was not wide here or the water
deep. Old settlers remember many trail-traveling Indians
crossing here in former years. A few would sit on the bank
to remove their moccasins and leggings before entering the
water and replace them when the opposite bank was
reached.

Many other early river fords in other parts of Wisconsin
might be described with interest to readers of The Wis-
consin Archeologist.

74 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 4

ADDITIONAL PLEASANT LAKE MOUNDS

Kermit Freckman

In one of the preceding issues of The Wisconsin Arche-
ologist (Vol. 12, No. 4) was published the first account of
results of archeological investigations conducted by myself
in the Pleasant Lake district of Coloma Township, Wau-
shara County, Wisconsin. In that first report were described
four mound groups known as the South Bay, Chain,
Scheutte, and the Butler groups and a lone linear mound on
the west bay of the lake known as the Hine mound. This
mound, together with the four other groups, comprised a
total of fifty-eight (58) mounds existing on the shores of
Pleasant Lake. As the reader, perhaps, recalls, the mapping
and recording of the antiquities of this lake region was at
the time of the earlier publication still incomplete. I am
now able to offer a complete archeological surface descrip-
tion of Pleasant Lake and also an added account of a group
of mounds located a short distance from the lake to the
southeast.

The remaining mounds on the shores of Pleasant Lake,
in this addition to the survey record, are distributed over
a small area along a portion of the north shore. This area
is included within the distance from 'Touches Point" east-
ward to approximately two hundred and fifty yards (250
yards). There is a narrow sand road that extends east and
west along this shore and is only one half (!/£) mile long.
It bisects the eastern half of Section 33, Coloma Township,
and is used mainly by persons traveling to and from their
cottages. (See map, Vol. 12, No. 4.) The shore along this
section of Pleasant Lake is quite hilly and is heavily for-
ested with oak trees.

There are nine mounds remaining on the shores of this
lake. A detailed description of each follows. It has been my
system to number the mounds on the lake in the order in
which they follow, instead of renumbering in each single
group. Why I have done this, there seems to be no apparent

Additional Pleasant Lake Mounds

reason, but since this minor technicality was performed, I
shall conclude this report in the same manner.

North Shore Mound Group

INUMONM

•Z PANTHER HMOY PARKIN LINEAR

MOUND

»,«'A,NtAOf SICiJ, COt-OMH five,
COUMTY , WI&CONSlN

On the north shore of Pleasant Lake SW 14 of SE 1/4 of
the NE % of Section 33, Coloma Township, Waushara
County, Wisconsin, is a small group of mounds (numbers 58
to 64, inclusive) of which six (6) are conical and one is a
linear mound. A detailed description of each mound follows :

Conical Mound No. 58

The north half of this mound is all that remains since
the other half had been destroyed in the construction of the
road. The portion which still remains indicates that the
original undisturbed tumulus had a diameter of 20 feet. It
is a good two feet high and has a single oak tree growing
on its surface near the eastern edge. Mr. Frank W. Ploetz
reported that some human bones were encountered during
its partial excavation.

Conical Mound No. 59

This mound is in a good state of preservation. It is
twenty-four feet in diameter and is twenty-five inches high.

76 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 4

The mound is 5 degrees West of North from the conical
mound No. 58. From this mound the remainder of the group
lie in almost a straight line that has a trend of N. 2
degrees W.

Linear Mound No. 60

This mound is only thirty-five feet long by twenty feet
wide (35x20). It is in excellent condition and is twenty-
eight inches in height.

Conical Mound No. 61

The dimensions of this mound are twenty feet in diam-
eter by two feet high. It is like the preceding mound in
its state of preservation.

Conical Mound No. 62

This mound was formerly sixteen feet in diameter by
approximately one and one-half feet high. At present it is
a good example of vandalism as the entire mound has been
destroyed. I could find no traces showing whether anything
had been discovered during its excavation. This mound to-
gether with mound No. 64 were evidently destroyed in the
early spring of 1934. No informant could be found to pro-
vide data regarding these two mounds.

Conical Mound No. 63

This mound is situated between the two excavated
mounds and was fortunate enough to escape destruction.
The dimensions are: Twenty-two feet in diameter by two
feet high.

Conical Mound No. 64

As previously mentioned, this mound is completely de-
stroyed. The former dimensions were, however, eighteen
feet in diameter by one foot high.

These seven mounds are all located on a narrow flat top
of a sand knoll that extends north from the road.

Additional Pleasant Lake Mounds 77

Ploetz Panther Effigy

A short distance to the west, to be exact, 387 feet, from
the previous group is a lone panther effigy of noteworthy
dimensions. The head of the effigy begins 50 feet back from
the road (north) and its body and tail extend northward.
The trend of the mound is N. 15° W. Almost the entire for-
ward portion of the body has been removed with the excep-
tion of a very small part of the head and an equal part of
the foreleg. This excavation was done for "filling in" pur-
poses around the side and front of the cottage owned by
Frank W. Ploetz of Coloma. However, in the manner in
which the mound was excavated, one can plainly distinguish
the original outline of the fore part of the effigy. The re-
mainder was left intact.

The dimensions of the mound are as follows : The body
of the mound, from the head to the root of the tail, meas-
ures sixty- three feet. Of this body, twenty-eight feet of the
fore part had been destroyed. The distance from the top of
the shoulder to the bottom of the foreleg measures forty-
five feet. The head is approximately twenty-five feet across,
while the foreleg measures seventeen feet in width. From
the top of the hip to the bottom of the hind leg the distance
is thirty-seven feet. The effigy is almost four feet in height.
The distance from the root of the tail to its extreme north
end is two hundred and thirty-four feet. From this end the
tail curves down, or eastward, in a semi-circle for another
twenty-one feet, thus making the total length of the tail
two hundred and fifty-five feet. The length of the entire
mound, from the head to the tip of the tail, is three hundred
and eighteen feet.

It is most unfortunate that such a beautiful example of
a panther effigy should have been mutilated. It is the only
mound in this vicinity of such tremendous proportions.

Parkin Linear Mound No. 66

A short distance to the southwest of the Ploetz effigy,
near the base of Fouches' Point, is a single short linear
mound. It is forty-three feet long by sixteen feet wide and
is one and one-half feet high. Its axis is N. 85° E., and it is
in a fairly good state of preservation.

78 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST

Vol. 15, No. 4

Muske Mound Group

MOUND GROUP

This group of twenty-four conical mounds lies about
eighty rods southeast of Pleasant Lake in Marquette Coun-
ty. It is in the N ya °f the NE % of the NW 14 of Sec-
tion 3, Springfield Township. My first visit to this group
was quite brief in duration. At that time I estimated that
there were about fourteen or fifteen mounds. In an actual
survey twenty-four mounds were revealed.

The mounds are situated on a high sand bluff, that bor-
ders a pond on the north. This large pond is the source of
Bachelor's Creek, which is a tributary to the Montello ; thus,
a direct connection with the Fox- Wisconsin riverway is evi-
dent. This group was so called the "Muske Group" in honor
of William Muske, living a short distance east of these
mounds, near the creek. The owner of the land upon which
the mounds are is Gust Busse of Westfield, Wisconsin. A
sand road coming from Pleasant Lake cuts almost through
the center of the group and partially destroys eight of the
mounds. The general trend of the mounds is a little south
of east. All of them are conical in shape.

Additional Pleasant Lake Mounds 79

Mound No. 1

This mound is twenty-one feet in diameter and is three
feet in height. It stands just at the entrance to the farm.

Mound No. 2

This mound is twenty-two feet in diameter, one and one-
half feet high, and is situated near the edge of the bluff,
with a ravine to the west.

Unless otherwise mentioned all the mounds are in a fair-
ly good state of preservation. This area on top of the bluff
is treeless.

Mound No. 3

Approximately half of this mound remains, the other
half having been destroyed by the road. The diameter is
twenty feet and the mound is one foot high.

Mound No. 4

About one-third of this mound remains, having a chord
of ten feet and a height of one and one-half feet.

Mound No. 5

This mound has undergone the same mutilation as Nos.
3 and 4. The fragment remaining is fifteen feet long and
one foot high.

Mound No. 6

This mound is twenty-two feet in diameter, two feet
high, and is about ten feet south of the road.

Mound No. 7

This mound is twenty-one feet in diameter, two feet
high, and is closely associated with Nos. 6 and 8.

Mound No. 8

This mound is eighteen feet in diameter and two feet
high.

80 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 4

Mound No. 9

This mound is a very low one, being only six inches high.
The diameter is twenty-two feet.

Mound No. 10

This mound is eighteen feet in diameter and one foot
high. It has a shallow depression near the center.

Mound No. 11

This mound is twenty-six feet in diameter and about two
feet high.

Mound No. 12

About five feet of this mound have been cut away by
the road. The remaining portion is twenty feet in diameter
and one foot high.

Mound No. 13

This mound is thirty feet in diameter and four feet high.

Mound No. 14

This mound is thirty-seven feet in diameter and four and
one-half feet in height. It is a very imposing mound. There
is evidence that it has been trenched at some time.

Mound No. 15

A telephone pole has been placed on this mound. The
mound is thirty feet in diameter and three and one-half
feet high. It has also been trenched.

Mound No. 16

This mound is thirty-one feet in diameter and three feet
high.

Mound No. 17

This mound is also partially destroyed by the road,
it had also been dug into just prior to 1931. Its diameter is
twenty-eight feet, and its height four feet. William Muske
reports that two men from Oshkosh had taken some clay
vessels from this mound.

Additional Pleasant Lake Mounds 81

Mound No. 18

This mound was formerly thirty feet in diameter and
about three feet in height. It is now almost entirely de-
stroyed, the earth being used for grading purposes. When
I first discovered this mound, I saw a few white bleached
bone fragments lying on its floor. By digging in the loose
sand with my hands, I was able to unearth a number of
fragments of jaw bones and skull sherds, these indicating
that at least four individuals had been buried there.

Mound No. 19

This mound is twenty feet in diameter and two and one-
half feet high.

Mound No. 20

This mound is twenty feet in diameter and one and one-
half feet high.

Mound No. 21

A small portion of this mound remains, the rest having
been destroyed by the road. This fragment is twenty feet
in length and about one and one-half feet high.

Mound No. 22

This mound is partially destroyed by a plowed field to
the north. It is eighteen feet in diameter and one foot high.

Mound No. 23

Only half of this mound remains and that has a diameter
of twenty-one feet and is two feet high.

Mound No. 24

This mound is in a very poor state of preservation. It is
very low, perhaps at one time it has been under the plow.
It is nineteen feet in diameter and about one-half foot in
height.

This concludes the survey report on the Pleasant Lake
mounds and other surface indications. The total number of
mounds surveyed is eighty-eight. Much still remains to be
done in this region relative to its Indian history, trails, etc.,
which with other sources of information may help to recon-
struct the interesting life history of the prehistoric and
early aboriginal occupants of Wisconsin.

82 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 4

AMERICAN INDIAN EXHIBIT AT THE CALIFORNIA

PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION,

SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA

This exhibit portrays the life and history of the Ameri-
can Indian, divided into geographical groups, the exhibit
now being enlarged in the Palace of Science at the 1936
California Pacific International Exposition, and is one of the
most comprehensive displays of its kind ever attempted.

Years of patient work and research have gone into as-
sembling the vast collection of material that already has
been gathered. Much material that never before has been
shown, now is being installed in the Palace, all of it is being
re-grouped and at the forthcoming Exposition the visitor
will be able to gain a complete history of the Indians of
Southern and Lower California, of the Southwest, the plains
and northwest plateaus, Alaska and the north Pacific Coast,
the East and Middle West and from South America as well.

The exhibit is the permanent collection from the Museum
of Science and has been assembled under the direction of
Malcolm J. Rogers, director. It includes a vast array of
models, showing the principal types of Indian that have in-
habited the North and South American continents. These
models show the Indians at various ages and portray in
graphic manner the way in which they have adapted them-
selves to climatic and geographical conditions, although all
types retain the same general characteristics of facial and
skeletal features.

In the field of the American Indian the Museum has spe-
cialized on the Archeology of the Southwest and particu-
larly on that of Southern California. In displaying the In-
dian from this section, not only have the characteristics of
the particular tribe been taken into consideration, but also
the wild life, the climatic and geographical aspects of his
existence have been carefully considered and portrayed. In
a series of large glass cases, figures of the Indians in their

American Indian Exhibit at the California Pacific International 83

native habitats and engaged in their characteristic occupa-
tions are shown. These life-size figures show the Indians
hunting, fashioning weapons and utensils from copper found
in the region, making clothing, of which they wore little, pre-
paring food, homes and other needs for their primitive lives.

The assemblage of products and peoples from these
Southwestern tribes is the most complete and authoritative
in existence.

In an adjoining room will be found the highly interest-
ing " village" exhibits of every tribe from Alaska to South
America. Typical Indian settlements, showing figures of the
Indians at work, at rest, at home and in pursuit of food and
game, are portrayed in accurate detail. Ranging from the
homes of the Far North, built of snow and ice, to the tropical
shelters at the equator, one may study for hours the lives
and customs of these original American settlers.

In the Southern California division the utensils, tools,
weapons, and ornaments of the early inhabitants are shown.
Every people known to have inhabited this region is repre-
sented and many of the items on exhibition can be seen no-
where else. Comparative burial methods and skeletal types
are exhibited and a comprehensive basketry exhibit from
Northern California is shown.

One of the most interesting ethnological collections in
the Palace represents the historic tribes of Navajo, Apache,
Pima and the modern Pueblos. Pottery, baskets, utensils
and textiles of the prehistoric peoples of New Mexico, Utah,
Arizona and Chihuahua are included in the southwestern
section.

Utensils, clothing and hunting equipment of the Eskimo
and baskets, utensils and wood carving of the Haida and
Tlingit tribes are included in the Alaska and North Pacific
Coast region, while from the middle west and east compara-
tive collections of Algonkin and Iroquois stone work and pot-
tery and stone work of the Mound Builders are shown.

Middle American Indians apparently reached a higher
artistic state than those from the northern continent, for
in the exhibit from that region replicas of Mayan monu-

84 WISCONSIN ARCHEQLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 4

ments, glyphic inscriptions and temples from Guatemala
and Yucatan predominate and even as far north as Mexico,
up through Central America, pottery, sculpture and imple-
ments of early culture, including Inca bronze, copper and
silver work overshadow the crude but perhaps more practi-
cal objects made by the tribes of North America.

The Indian exhibit is by no means the extent of the
Palace of Science display. Included also are the Polynesian
and Philippine, the Oriental and Asiatic and the Egyptian
and African exhibits. The Polynesian room is being ex-
tended and will include objects from every walk of life of
these Pacific Island peoples. Whole villages, art objects,
boats, weapons, art work and utensils are portrayed. The
Oriental exhibit includes examples of Chinese and Japan-
ese art, Babylonia antiquities and ethnological objects from
Indian, Persia and Armenia.

One of the outstanding exhibits also is the important
collection of antiquities from Tell-el-Amarna, Egypt, and a
new shipment of this material now is being installed in the
Egyptian wing. Implements, weapons, ornaments of Abys-
sinians and other African peoples are included in this large
section of the Palace.

Frederick Webb Hodge Anniversary Publication Fund 85

FREDERICK WEBB HODGE ANNIVERSARY
PUBLICATION FUND

In December of 1886, Dr. Frederick Webb Hodge joined
the Hemenway Southwestern Archaeological expedition to
Arizona, and began a career in anthropology which will
reach its fiftieth anniversary in 1936. The occasion is to be
marked by the creation of the Frederick Webb Hodge Anni-
versary Publication Fund, under the guidance of the follow-
ing Sponsoring Committee: H. B. Alexander, Franz Boas,
Herbert E. Bolton, Fay-Cooper Cole, Carl E. Guthe, E. L.
Hewett, Ales Hrdlicka, A. V. Kidder, Jesse L. Nusbaum,
Bruno Oetteking, Elsie Clews Parsons, Edward Sapir, Frank
G. Speck, A. M. Tozzer, Henry R. Wagner, Clark Wissler.
This Committee will appoint an editorial board, self-per-
petuating, to select works in the field of American anthropol-
ogy for publication by the Fund. Southwest Museum, of
which Dr. Hodge has been Director since 1932, will admin-
ister the Fund as an endowment trust.

All publications will be sold, at approximate cost, the in-
come of the Fund being used as a reserve to meet the heavy
initial cost of printing and to cover possible deficits. Con-
tributors to the Fund who so desire will receive a pro rata
credit on its publications, enabling them eventually to re-
cover in publications the amount of their contribution in
dollars. Contributions should be sent to Hodge Fund, South-
west Museum, Los Angeles, California.

Dr. Hodge is one of the pioneers of American anthropol-
ogy. A founder of the American Anthropological Associa-
tion, he edited its journal, the American Anthropologist,
during its first fifteen years, meeting much of the initial
expense from his own pocket. The Handbook of American
Indians North of Mexico, always the standard work of refer-
ence on this subject, is but one among many of his editorial
and original contributions to the study of aboriginal Ameri-
ca. Dr. Hodge headed the Bureau of American Ethnology
for eight years. His long career has been one of constant
support and encouragement to the study of American pre-

86 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 4

history. The Fund which is to bear his name offers to his
many friends and admirers an opportunity to do him per-
sonal honor, at the same time increasing the meager exist-
ing facilities for publication of research in the important
field of American prehistory.

Archeological Notes 87

ARCHEOLOGICAL NOTES

A new state park has been acquired by the Wisconsin Conservation
Commission. On December 24, the U. S. Emergency Board allotted
the sum of $14,000 to the Commission for the purchase of the Nelson
Dewey estate as a state historical park. The remaining $2,000 of the
purchase price will be furnished by the neighboring village and town
of Cassville. This purchase also preserves two groups of prehistoric
Indian mounds, one group, consisting of more than 25 mounds, on the
flat Mississippi River bottom land, and another group* on the higher
bluff land. This land contains 770 acres. Nelson Dewey was Wiscon-
sin's first governor. The park is a memorial to him.

A new Federal project, the Historical Sources Survey, a Federal
Writers' Project, is being organized in Wisconsin. This survey will
engage in the locating and cataloguing of the historical documents in
public offices in about thirty Wisconsin counties. Another project, a
Museums' Project, encourages the organization and administration of
museums especially in cities and villages where tkere are none at
present.

Mr. Earl H. Bell, of Nebraska University, a member of the Wis-
consin Archeological Society, who received his training in Wisconsin,
spent about three months on Kodiak Island with Dr. Ales Hrdlicka
excavating a stratified refuse heap. E. F. Greenman, for a number
of years with the Ohio State Archeological and Historical Society, has
returned to Ann Arbor to conduct investigations for the University of
Michigan. Mr. Joseph Ringeisen, Jr., reports that he will specialize
in the collection and study of birdstones and fluted stone axes.

Mr. John J. Knudsen, now the supervising architect of a Milwaukee
Federal project, recently favored the editor with drawings of a fine
fluted stone axe found near the village of Maplewood, Door county.
Its blade is ornamented with a series of parallel vertical flutes.

The Louisiana Historical Society celebrated the one hundredth anni-
versary of its organization with a centenary banquet at New Orleans,
January 15, 1936. We offer our congratulations.

The frontispiece illustration of this issue of The Wisconsin Arche-
ologist is a photograph of Dr. Alfred L. Kastner, of Milwaukee, presi-
dent of The Wisconsin Archeological Society. Dr. Kastner has been
for a number of years a very active officer and member of The Wis-
consin Archeological Society. He has frequently contributed talks,
lectures and discussions to its monthly programs. He has given to it
two of the best administrations it has had in recent years.

Present members of The Wisconsin Archeological Society should
bear in mind that it has always a need of new members to replace
those removed by death, removal to other states, and other causes.
Application blanks may be obtained from the secretary, Treasurer
G. M. Thorne or Mr. Paul Joers, the chairman of its membership com-
mittee. Scattered throughout the state are many budding and other
archeologists who should become members.

The recent death of Mr. Fred Vpgel, Jr., of Milwaukee, an old
member of The Wisconsin Archeological Society, is greatly deplored
by its members who knew this sterling citizen personally. Although
he never attended its Milwaukee meetings, he was always deeply
interested in its activities.

88 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 15, No. 4

State archeological societies are in existence in Michigan, Ohio,
Minnesota, Missouri and Kentucky. Others might well be organized in
Illinois, Indiana and Iowa. Many persons interested in archeological
research will not join national or sectional societies but they will
enlist and become active in organizations in their own states.

In this issue of The Wisconsin Archeologist there is printed a paper
by Kermit Freckman, of Milwaukee, one of the younger active mem-
bers of the Society. In the past several years Mr. Freckman has com-
pleted accurate surveys of the Indian mound groups of Pleasant Lake,
in Waushara County, Wisconsin, thus preserving a record of these
earthworks and creating public interest in their educational value and
need of preservation.

•Btermtmn

An Indian Medal

Panther Mounds

Bogus Indian Implements

Missouri Archeology

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

MILWAUKEE

Accepted for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1103
Act, Oct. 3, 1917. Authorized Jan. 28, 1921.

VOLUME 16, No. 1

New Series

1936

PUBLISHED BY THE

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
MILWAUKEE

ArrljroUigtral

Incorporated March 23, 1903, for the purpose of advancing the study
and preservation of Wisconsin antiquities

OFFICERS

PRESIDENT

Dr. A. L. Kastner

VICE-PRESIDENTS

Dr. H. W. Kuhm T. L. Miller H. W. Cornell

Dr. L. S. Buttles W. E. Erdman

Geo. A. West

DIRECTORS

Dr. S. A. Barrett

W. K. Andrews
R. Boettger
Dr. W. H. Brown
Col. Marshall Cousins
Rev. F. S. Dayton
W. S. Dunsmoor
Kermit Freckman
Arthur Gerth
J. G. Gregory
Richard Hallstrom

ADVISORY COUNCIL

0. J. Halvorson
M. F. Hulburt
Paul Joers
A. P. Kannenberg
Dr. Louise P. Kellogg
R. J. Kieckhefer
Mrs. Theo. Koerner
Marie G. Kohler
T. M. N. Lewis
W. C. McKem

A. T. Newman
Dr. E. J. W. Notz
L. P. Pierron
E. F. Richter
M. G. Richter
Jos. Ringeisen, Jr.
C. G. Schoewe
Paul Scholz
Dr. Orrin Thompson
G. R. Zilisch

TREASURER

G. M. Thome
1631 N. Fifty-second Street, Milwaukee, Wis.

SECRETARY

Charles E. Brown
State Historical Museum, Madison, Wis.

COMMITTEES

REGULAR

STATE SURVEY— J. J. Knudsen, M. F. Hulburt, D. A. Blencoe, DT
L. S. Buttles, Dr. P. H. Nesbitt, G. E. Overton, O. L. Hollister,
A. W. Pond, W. E. Erdman, J. P. Schumacher, T. M. N. Lewis,
W. F. Bauchle, V. E. Motschenbacher, Kermit Freckman, G. L.
Pasco, W. S. Dunsmoor.

PUBLIC COLLECTIONS— Dr. S. A. Barrett, C. E. Brown, N. C.
Behncke, H. L. Ward, Rev. F. S. Dayton, Prof. J. B. MacHarg,
Prof. A. H. Sanford, Rev. P. B. Jenkins, W. M. Babcock, H. R.
Holand.

STATE ARCHEOLOGICAL PARKS— R. P. Ferry, Walter Holsten,
D. S. Rowland, M. S. Thomson, Col. J. G. Jackson, Prof. A. H.
Sanford.

PUBLICITY— J. G. Gregory, Dr. H. W. Kuhm, E. R.Guentzel.

SPECIAL

BIOGRAPHY— Rachel M. Campbell, Paul Joers, C. G. Schoewe, Ar-
thur Gerth, Mrs. Theodore Koerner, Dr. E. J. W. Notz.

FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS— Jos. Ringeisen, Jr., E. F. Richter,
G. A. West, N. E. Carter.

PROGRAM— Dr. H. W. Kuhm, W. C. McKern, G. M. Thorne, Dr. L.
S. Buttles, T. L. Miller, Dr. A. G. Jenner.

PUBLICATIONS— C. E. Brown, Dr. H. W. Kuhm, W. E. Erdman.

MARKING MILWAUKEE ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES— M. C. Rich-
ter, L. R. Whitney, R. J. Kieckhefer.

LAPHAM RESEARCH MEDAL— Dr. S. A. Barrett, Dr. A. L. Kast-
ner, M. C. Richter, C. G. Schoewe, G. A. West, C. E. Brown.

MEMBERSHIP FEES

Life Members, $25.00 Endowment Members, $500.00

Sustaining Members, $5.00 Annual Members, $2.00

Institutional Members, $1.50 Junior Members, $ .50

CONTENTS

Vol. 16, No. 1, New Series

ARTICLES

Page

Archeological Activity in Missouri,

J. Brewton Berry 1

King George II Indian Peace Medal,

Lorraine C. Alfred 4

Bogus Indian Relics,

Doris Renault 7

Curve-tailed Panther Mounds,

C. E. Brown 10

Programs of the Past Year,

H. W. Kuhm 16

Archeological Investigations in 1935,

John J. Knudsen 17

Archeological Notes 20

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page
Curve-tailed Panther Mounds _. - 12

UtanwHtn Arrfyenlogtat

Published Quarterly by The Wisconsin Archeological Society

VOL. 16 MILWAUKEE, WIS., APRIL, 1936 No. 1

New Series

ARCHEOLOGICAL ACTIVITY IN MISSOURI

J. Brewton Berry

Secretary, Missouri Archeological Society

Students of archeology have long recognized the fact, not
only that Missouri possesses a wealth of prehistoric re-
mains, but that many important and interesting problems
of American archeology possibly will find solution in this
state. Missouri derives this importance from its central
location and from its two great rivers — the Mississippi and
the Missouri — and their many tributaries. Today Missouri
is an interesting sociological laboratory, a mixture of North
and South, East and West, Democracy and Republicanism,
and its history has continually reflected these conflicting
elements. Likewise, in prehistoric times, Missouri was ap-
parently a marginal area, where diverse cultures met, and
blended or conflicted.

Missouri, however, has received very little archeological
attention. There was a brief flare of interest a generation
or two ago, in the 70's and 80's. Newspapers of the period
gave considerable space to the activities of amateur collec-
tors and excavators. Prof. Broadhead of the state uni-
versity, made some excavations and published a few reports.
The St. Louis Academy of Science sent out expeditions to
dig pottery, and not a few private citizens gathered siz-
able collections of artifacts. These pioneers, however, ac-
complished little to warrant our gratitude, for they kept no
records of what they excavated and seldom recorded the
location from which their collections came.

2 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 1

There have been, however, a few worth-while undertak-
ings. Gerard Fowke did some work in the mounds and
caves of central and southern Missouri, and his reports
were published by the Bureau of American Ethnology, al-
though these reports are not as full as one wishes. There
are several of the annual reports of the B. A. E. which
contain information of value. Some thirty years ago Louis
Houck conducted a superficial survey of the state's arche-
ological remains. Two or three other brief references would
complete the list of significant contributions to Missouri
archeology.

About four years ago Prof. J. E. Wrench and the writer,
members of the University of Missouri faculty, became in-
terested in the problems of the state's prehistory. We began
by instituting a survey of the county in which we lived.
Later we had several projects approved by the relief ad-
ministration, and in one way or another the survey has
continued. To date we have succeeded in gathering a quan-
tity of data, showing the location of approximately 13,000
mounds, 1,000 village sites, 100 inhabited caves, and other
miscellaneous remains. This information, of course, needs
to be checked, for it has come to us from various and sundry
sources. We have gathered surface collections of potsherds
and chert artifacts from more than 300 village sites.

In December, 1934, we called a meeting of all in the
state who were interested in archeology. The meeting re-
sulted in the formation of the State Archeological Society,
organized for the purpose of locating and preserving the
state's prehistoric resources, scientific study of such re-
mains, and the publication of information about these an-
tiquities and the people who left them. The Society has
adopted the policy of holding an annual business meeting
in December of each year and a spring conference devoted
to the discussion of archeological matters. The first con-
ference, held in Columbia on April 12, 1935, was well at-
tended; and the second will be held on April 18, 1936. Four
numbers of The Missouri Archeologist have been published,
and the membership of the Society has been steadily in-
creasing.

Archeological Activity in Missouri

Officers for the first year were the following : President :
J. E. Wrench; Vice Presidents: Henry W. Hamilton, Perry
K. Hurlbut, D. M. Oliver, Chas. A. Shelburne; Trustees:
Thos. P. Bedford, J. B. L. Davis, J. D. Elliff, Mary Folse,
J. J. Sullivan; Secretary: J. Brewton Berry.

The officers serving the present year are : President : J.
E. Wrench; Vice Presidents: H. W. Hamilton, C. A. Shel-
burne, T. P. Bedford, J. B. Butler; Treasurer: J. D. Elliff;
Trustees: R. G. Beezley, A. H. Burress, W. D.. Collier, J. B.
L. Davis, W. R. Denslow, D. K. Greger, C. G. Morrison, C. A.
Noland, H. I. Player, J. J. Sullivan, W. M. Swift, P. F.
Titterington, and M. D. Wheatley; Secretary: J. Brewton
Berry.

The Society attempts to create interest in the fascinat-
ing problems of Missouri prehistory; but it seeks also to
give proper direction to such interest as has already been
created. It encourages amateurs to keep full and accurate
information about the various items in their collections,
and discourages wherever possible the wasteful looting of
ancient sites. In both of these aims visible and tangible
results have been accomplished. It has been attempting to
incorporate several of the more important antiquities into
state parks, or otherwise to preserve them; and some pro-
gress in that direction is observable. It has succeeded in
arousing the interest of University authorities in its pro-
gram, and increasing cooperation may be expected from
that quarter. We have reasonable hopes that within an-
other year we shall have a competent archeologist devoting
his full time to these problems.

Columbia, Missouri, March 19, 1936.

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 1

KING GEORGE II INDIAN PEACE MEDAL

Lorraine C. Alfred

In a recent issue of the Indiana Magazine a description
of an Indian peace medal is given in an article by Dr. Amos
W. Butler of Indianapolis. This medal, he states, is in the
possession of Charles C. Beam of Bluffton, Indiana. He
gives the following description of it:

"The medal is mainly of silver and is one and three-
quarters inches in diameter. On the edge one can make out
thirty-seven notches. Its face shows the profile of George
II, surrounded by the legend, 'GEORGIUS II. DEI. GRA-
TIA.'

"On the reverse side, around the outer rim of the circle,
are the words : 'LET US LOOK TO THE MOST HIGH WHO
BLESSED OUR FATHERS WITH PEACE.' Toward the
center is a white man wearing a hat, seated on a stone
beneath a tree, offering to an Indian seated on the ground
beneath the sun, a pipe of peace towards which the Indian
extends his arm to receive it. Below them, beneath a dou-
ble line, is the date 1757."

Of the finding of this medal Mr. Deam states :

"The medal was found by my uncle Frank Deam (1829-
1907). It was plowed up probably between 1850-1865. My
grandfather Deam came to Wells County in 1837. The
locality where the medal was found is just above the mouth
of John's Creek on the north side of the Wabash River,
about a quarter of a mile east of the corporation limits of
Bluffton."

Dr. Butler says :

"This place is reputed to have been the site of an Indian
village — Miami, Delaware or Potawatomi, probably the last.
A hole approximately an eighth inch in diameter was made
in the object at sometime so it could be worn suspended.
No doubt it was lost by its possessor, probably an Indian

King George II Indian Peace Medal

chief, and remained until discovered in the middle of the
nineteenth century."

In making inquiries concerning the possible history of
this particular medal coinage Dr. Butler learned that Har-
rold E. Gillingham of Philadelphia, treasurer of the Numis-
matic Society of New York, had written two articles, one
on "Indian Silver Ornaments" and one on "Indian and Mili-
tary Medals from Colonial Times to Date," both published
in the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
(1934 and 1927) in which information relative to these
Indian medals was given.

"It was in 1756 that The Friendly Association for re-
gaining and preserving Peace with the Indians by Pacific
Measures' was inaugurated by the most prominent Friends
of Philadelphia and adjacent counties."

Concerning this society, Mr. Gillingham wrote:

"Members of this association attended a meeting with
Indians on April 29, 1756, 'at Fort George in the City of
New York,' where after an address they gave presents to
different Indians, showing they endeavored to extend their
influence to other colonies. They also attended the confer-
ence with the Indians at Easton, Pennsylvania, in 1756."

"The French of Canada seem to have been the first to
have given medals. Those of Louis XV. are mentioned.
Both the English government and the Friendly Association
presented silver medals of King George II. to the Indians
in 1756, and the 'following year the Friendly Association
decided to have a medal of their own, and the minutes of
3 mo, 15 (March 15), 1757' show that a committee was
appointed for that purpose."

The minutes of the next meeting state : "The committee
appointed now produced the Essays (essai, models) of the
Device of a Medal suitable to be Struck, and reported what
they had done towards getting one finished and procuring
the Silver Plates &c to which service they are continued."

"The manufacture of the medal is described in detail,
and pictures of both sides accompany Mr. Gillingham's ar-
ticle, proving it to be a medal struck from the same dies as

6 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 1

was that found by Mr. Beam in Indiana. Edward Duffield
cut the dies, and a member of the Association, Joseph
Richardson (the elder), struck the medals, which were
made of silver, with a little copper and pewter added. They
are believed to be the first Indian Peace Medals made in
the colonies. The white man in the scene, probably the fig-
ure of a Quaker, is "symbolic of the Governor of the Colony
(Pennsylvania) : the Indians called William Penn Onas, and
so styled the succeeding Governors. The tree is likely to
be the Tree of Peace, as the Indians spoke of the friendship
for other nations as being like a great tree, firmly rooted
in the ground, under which they gathered together."

" Another description of the medal is found in a paper
by Henry Phillips, Jr., which he read before the American
Philosophical Society in 1879."

Dr. Butler states that "these medals are rather rare."
He mentions specimens in the collection of the American
Numismatic Society, three in the former collection of the
late W. C. Wilson of Montreal, and restrikes in the collec-
tion of the New York Historical Society, in that of Mr.
Gillingham of Philadelphia and in the collection of the
United States Mint at Philadelphia.

"The medal found in Indiana was probably brought from
Pennsylvania by the Indians, as they were in all probability
only distributed to the Indians in that colony."

"The date of the medal was during the war between the
French and English. Great destruction had been wrought
and many atrocities committed upon the British colonists.
There was evident a general hope that the war would soon
cease as it did in America in 1760, and also that peace
should be made with the Indians. To these ends the Eng-
lish Government and the colonists began to plan."

The Beam medal was presented by Mr. and Mrs. Charles
C. Beam to the William Henry Smith Memorial Library of
Indianapolis.

Many British and American Indian medals have been
found in Wisconsin and some are still in the possession of
Indian families. There is of course no possibility of an
example of this particular medal ever being recovered in
this state.

Bogus Indian Relics

BOGUS INDIAN RELICS

Doris Renault

To the March, 1936, issue of Hobbies, Prof. Warren K.
Moorehead has contributed an article, "Concerning Bogus
Indian Relics."

In it he mentions, though not by name, a Flag Pond,
Virginia, family, whom most old collectors remember very
well as being notorious offenders in the nineties of the past
century. They advertised in collector's magazines and also
occasionally issued circulars to prospective customers. One
of these, which Secretary Brown once chanced to see in a
small job printing office in Cleveland, Wisconsin, contained
the names of collectors in a considerable number of states
and which were offered as references to the reliable nature
of the Indian relic makers specimens. Among these was
the name of a Wisconsin collector of prominence. This col-
lector happened to be with Mr. Brown at the time of this
visit. He denied having ever made any purchases from
the Flag Pond "factory." His name and reputation was
being used as a lure, and wholly without his permission, to
catch possible victims in Wisconsin. From the number of
bogus relics which were in those years and later encoun-
tered in Wisconsin collections, and even in one or two
museums, we know that these sly Virginians sold a good
many of their products in this state. Even at this late date
a few of them occasionally turn up in collections made
years ago.

One dear old lady, who, because of her interest in
archeology, once invited Mr. Brown to her home to see her
collection. Some of the specimens so neatly displayed in
her cabinet were axes, celts and arrowpoints which had
been collected by herself from a small tract of land which
her husband once owned and were genuine pieces, but all
of the others, pipes, gorgets, pendants, bannerstones, dis-
coidals, beads, etc., were frauds and unmistakable products
of the Flag Pond locality. It was indeed hard to have to

8 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 1

inform this dear old friend, for she cherished them, that
all of these prize pieces were spurious. The story she then
told of the manner in which she had acquired them was a
pitiful one. Somewhere she had seen an advertisement of
these wares and thereafter made a purchase from the fakers.
She was pleased with her purchases and bought more and
more of their offerings from time to time, as she could
afford to do so. She corresponded with the Virginians and
they came to know her well as a regular customer. To
keep her interested they sent her occasional gifts of speci-
mens, and especially at Christmas time always remembered
"Grandma D" with a pipe or some other article of home
make. No one will ever know how many bright dollars
these wily frauds robbed this dear unsuspecting old lady of
in the course of years of trading.

Dr. Moorehead tells of the expose of the practices of the
Flag Pond natives in the 1898 issues of the American
Archeologist by its then editor, Dr. J. F. Snyder of Illinois,
with the assistance of the late Dr. W. H. Holmes of the
Smithsonian Institution, Major J. W. Powell, Mr. H. C. Mer-
cer of Pennsylvania and others. This onslaught of Amer-
ican archeologists on these fakers undoubtedly saved many
other collectors from being victimized.

Members of the Flag Pond family when cornered, and
also at other times, always contended that the relics which
they sold "were made by Indians." As they were said to
have some Indian blood in their veins this statement was
at least partly truthful.

Many of their specimens were made of soapstone
(steatite), a material probably abundant somewhere near
their home, and not difficult to cut, carve, perforate and
polish. Flag Pond must have been a busy place to furnish
all of the large number of specimens which were traced
back to that evil source. When the country was warned
their lucrative business was gone. However, in years fol-
lowing some new fraud of Flag Pond relationship now and
then reappeared on the scene in an effort to re-establish
the fake relic business there, or in some nearby town.

Bogus Indian Relics 9

The Robinettes disposed of, the equally notorious group
of Detroit Frauds appeared to vex and victimize collectors
with their inscribed coppers, ornaments, tablets and caskets.
These malicious offenders and their wily leader were
brought to book by the Wisconsin Archeological Society and
others with the assistance of the Detroit Free Press and
the Detroit News and have not been heard of since. Hardly
had these been disposed of than a Tennessee vender of
fraudulent discoidals, pipes, etc., began to take advantage
of Wisconsin and other collectors. Soon the nature of the
man and his wares became known and he was taboo in this
state.

In recent years a group at Cumberland, Kentucky, en-
gaged in the manufacture of fake pipes, birdstones, banner-
stones, boatstones, etc. They and their agents in surround-
ing states soon became very troublesome. Collectors were
better informed and on the alert, but many beginners and
others were victimized. The Committee on State Arche-
ological Surveys of the National Research Council was final-
ly induced to take the matter in hand and upon investiga-
tion by U. S. post office officials the use of the mails was
denied to these fakers.

For years the Wisconsin Archeological Society has
taken a very prominent part in the suppression of frauds
and continues to do so. Specimens, the genuine Indian
character of which is in question, may always be referred
to the committee on fraudulent implements on which sev-
eral of its members have served for some years past.

10 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 1

CURVE-TAILED PANTHER MOUNDS

Chartes E. Brown

A very common and widely distributed form of effigy
mound in southern Wisconsin is the so-named panther or
water spirit type. The best examples of these animal-
shaped mounds have comparatively short bodies, stout
limbs, a rather erect head and a long tapering tail. A small
number have a small upturned or downturned projection or
ball at the extremity of the tail. A few others have the tip
of the tail curved upward or downward. A small number
have the tail slightly raised or slightly depressed instead
of straight.

The most striking of all these variations of the normal
panther mound form are a very few which have tails which
curve upward from the body, the tip of the tail in several
examples, after describing a large curve, reaching to oppo-
site or nearly opposite the head of the animal. Not more
than half a dozen specimens of these curve-tailed panthers
have been found in Wisconsin mound groups. In only one
known example the tail curved beneath the body instead
of over it.

Dr. Increase A. Lapham was the first Wisconsin
archeologist to depict one of these curve-tailed panther
mounds. It was in a mound group at Lake Ripley, near
Cambridge, Wisconsin, of which he made a survey in 1850.
This group he briefly described in his book, The Antiquities
of Wisconsin, and illustrated in one of its beautifully en-
graved plates (Plate XXIX). In this plate a curve-tailed
panther is shown as located at the western end of a line
of mounds consisting of two other panther effigies of the
normal straight, tapering-tailed form, a parallel-sided
linear mound, a long-tailed turtle effigy, another linear
mound of the same shape as its predecessor, and a small
round mound. The curve-tailed panther has a tail which
rises in a curve which extends to about opposite the middle
of the animal's back. This mound is shown as facing

Curve-Tailed Panther Mounds 11

toward the lake, the bank of which is only a short distance
away. Unfortunately Lapham's plate is not accompanied
by a scale, nor does he furnish a detailed engraving of this
particular mound. Judging by the size of a turtle effigy
in this same group, and of which he gives a detail drawing,
this panther must have been three hundred or more feet
long. A short distance beyond the eastern end of this line
of mounds there was another group of three mounds con-
sisting of a bird effigy with curved wings, a club-shaped
mound and a short parallel-sided linear mound. (Figure 1.)

In Plate LV of his book Lapham illustrates another
curve-tailed panther mound. The illustration bears the
legend: "One of a Group of Mounds — Near the Wisconsin
River— S. W. % of Sec. 4, Tp. 10 R 7 E.— Surveyed in 1852
by Wm. H. Canfield. Mr. Canfield, a surveyor, was the
pioneer antiquarian of Sauk County, Wisconsin. He co-
operated with Dr. Lapham in his archeological investiga-
tions, surveying quite a number of Sauk County mound
groups.

The form of this panther is shown in the copy of
Lapham's illustration, reproduced in Figure 2. The long
tapering tail curves for a distance from the body of the
animal, then runs in a straight line for a longer distance,
and curves again near its extremity.

The length of its body (chest of the animal to its rump),
according to the scale of this illustration, is 53 feet. The
length of its tail is about 98 feet.

Mr. A. B. Stout, who made an archeological survey of
the eastern townships of Sauk County for The Wisconsin
Archeological Society, states in his published report, that
this mound, one of the mounds of the "River Bank Group,"
is incorrectly located in Lapham's book. It was located in
Fractional Section 9 of Merrimack Township. This location
is about two miles west of the town of Merrimack on the
bank of the Wisconsin River. He states that this mound
was one of a group of eight mounds. Only two of these
remained when he made his report, in 1906. These two
were a bear effigy 90 feet long and a panther effigy with a
depressed tapering tail. The curve-tailed panther had been
destroyed with other mounds of this group.

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST

Vol. 16, No. 1

Lapham describes and figures a third curve-tailed pan-
ther (Plate XIV, No. 1). This he locates as in the S. W.
corner of the N. W. %, of Sec. 26, T. 2, R. 19, five miles south
of Burlington, Racine County. The location places it in
Kenosha County. The tail of this mound rose in a long
sweeping curve, according to his illustration, and terminated
in a circular knob. The latter is a feature which none of
the other curve-tailed mounds possessed. It occurs occa-
sionally in panther mounds of the straight, tapering-tailed
form.

The length of this mound, according to the scale given
in Lapham's plate, was 221 feet, the length of its body
40 feet, and the diameter of the knob at the tip of the tail
12 feet. Lapham says of this mound : "It is a solitary ani-
mal mound with a curved tail, and enlarged at the extrem-
ity, as shown in the figure. It is situated on a gently slop-
ing hillside, and the road [to Burlington] passes directly

Curve-tailed Panther Mounds

Curve-tailed Panther Mounds 13

over it [the tail]. It is an unusual circumstance to find
such a mound disconnected from other works ; but we could
find no others in the vicinity." It was then (1850) in a
woodland, and overlooked the Pishtaka (Fox) River several
hundred feet away. (Figure 3.)

On June 27, 1927, C. W. Beemer of Kenosha, a member
of The Wisconsin Archeological Society, took an airplane
photograph of this mound, this being the first such picture
to be taken from the air of any Wisconsin mound. A re-
production of it appears as the frontispiece of The Wis-
consin Archeologist issue of September, 1927 (v. 6, no. 4).
In writing of this undertaking Mr. Beemer said: "A com-
parison of Dr. Lapham's plat with the bird's-eye view re-
veals several minor differences. It will be noted that the
line from the head to the end of the fore legs of the effigy
is concave in the photograph but straight in the plat, the
hind legs are more rounded, the angle at the junction of
head and back more acute, and the ball at the end of the
tail of a different shape. The effigy is evidently intended
to represent the panther (water spirit). The road curve in
the photograph is due to the hill on which the mound lies."

Each summer for the past twenty or more years hun-
dreds of University of Wisconsin Summer Session students
and a quite large number of other visitors have journeyed
to the State Hospital grounds, on the north shore of Lake
Mendota, at Madison, to view the fine collection of pre-
historic effigy mounds preserved on the beautiful lake lawn
of that institution. Among the effigies located there one
of the most attractive to visitors is a large curve-tailed pan-
ther mound. This mound lies on a gentle slope with feet
down the slope. Trees surround it. The lake shore, toward
which it faces, is about 40 rods to the south. The public
drive from the hospital towards Governors Island passes
within a few feet of the tips of the limbs. Head, legs and
body are well preserved with abrupt slopes along the sides.
The body is about 5 feet high. The tail gradually slopes
off to a height of nearly two feet at the highest point where
the cultivated field, into which it extends, begins. Beyond
this point the tail, which curves to opposite the head, has
suffered much. The length of the body of this mound is

14 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 1

90 feet; its limbs are 30 feet long and its tail now 210 feet
long. A portion of the latter has been removed in the cul-
tivated field.

Dr. Stephen D. Peet referred to and illustrated this
mound in the American Antiquarian and in his book, Pre-
historic America, Vol. II. He called it a "squirrel" mound.
Messrs. A. B. Stout and Emil Artzburger made a survey of
this mound on July 29, 1906. The illustration (Figure 4)
is from this survey.

A fine specimen of the curve-tailed panther effigy is in
the so-named Kennedy Pond Group on the old Kennedy farm
north of Fox Bluff and the Lake Mendota road, at Madison.
It is in a group which consists of this mound, two panther
effigies with long tapering tails, two bird effigies, a taper-
ing linear mound and a parallel-sided linear mound — seven
mounds in all. All were near the shores of a pretty wood-
land pond, some of them among trees and some in a small
clearing.

The curve-tailed panther was at the eastern end of this
group, the two panthers with tapering tails being near it.
The heads of all of these panthers were to the southeast,
toward Lake Mendota. A survey of this group was made
by the writer with the assistance of Prof. Albert S. Flint
and Dr. J. J. Davis, members of The Wisconsin Archeological
Society, on September 26, 1911. This particular effigy has
a long tapering tail which curves behind it and above its
back and head in a large oval. Its body is 73 feet long and
its tail 245 feet long. The tail is 10 feet wide where it
joins the body and about 2 feet wide near its pointed ex-
tremity. The height of its body is about 2y% feet. The
distance between the top of the animal's head and the tip
of the tail is about 42 feet. The distance across the widest
part of the oval described by the curved tail is 102 feet.
(Figure 5.)

Dr. Lapham found panther effigies in a number of the
mound groups which he located and surveyed at Milwaukee,
during the years 1836-1852. A count shows 25 of these.
He referred to them as "lizard" mounds, a designation which
modern archeologists have changed. All but one of his

Curve-tailed Panther Mounds 15

panther mounds was of the common form with a long taper-
ing tail. This effigy, located on Block 33, Shermans Addi-
tion, had a tail with a downward curve. One panther in a
group in the then First Ward, near the intersection of Main
(Broadway) and Johnson streets, had a small downward-
pointed projection at the extremity of its tail. In a group
at Indian Prairie, on the Milwaukee River, north of the city,
there were four intaglio panther effigies — mound forms ex-
cavated out of the soil instead of built upon it. Dr.
Lapham also found panther type effigies at Sheboygan,
Waukesha, Fort Atkinson, Pewaukee, Madison, Cambridge,
Hartford, Horicon, Mayville, and Lake Winnebago.

No explanation is offered for the occurrence of the curve-
tailed and other uncommon forms of panther mounds. If
all of the known specimens were in one locality or near
each other one might believe them to be the products of
the art of some progressive prehistoric effigy mound en-
gineer or designer. But most of them are separated from
each other by long distances. It has been shown that some
of them occur in mound groups where specimens of the
common normal form are also found. The curve-tailed pan-
ther mounds must have had some special significance for
their aboriginal builders.

16 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 1

PROGRAMS OF THE PAST YEAR

Herbert W. Kuhm

Chairman, Program Committee

During the past year the program committee of The
Wisconsin Archeological Society adhered to its policy, form-
ulated two years ago, of limiting its program topics as
closely to archeological subjects as possible.

The opening meeting of September 16, 1935, after the
summer recess, was given over to reports of summer field
work and the discussion of specimens collected.

On October 21, Mr. Charles G. Schoewe spoke on "His-
toric Wisconsin Forts," and Mr. G. M. Thorne, treasurer of
the Society, on ' 'Indian Fortifications."

On November 18, Mr. George A. West read a paper on
"Fraudulent Pipes" and Dr. H. W. Kuhm discussed "Fraud-
ulent Artifacts."

The December 16 meeting featured a talk by Secretary
Charles E. Brown, of Madison, on "Archeological Reminis-
cences."

On January 20, Mr. Erwin Wood, of the Milwaukee Pub-
lic Museum, presented an illustrated report on "Recent
Archeological Work in Northwestern Wisconsin."

The February 17 meeting program consisted of an ad-
dress by President Dr. A. L. Kastner, on "Trepination—
Ancient and Modern," supplemented by a talk on "Diseases
of the American Indian," by Dr. A. K. Fisher.

"Ancient Camp Sites of Sheboygan County" was the title
of a joint paper given by Messrs. H. S. Thomson and R. S.
Van Handel, of Sheboygan, at the annual meeting of the
Society, on March 16.

The program committee wishes to assure the members
of the Society that short papers on any archeological subject
are equally as welcome as those of major proportions. In
fact, an entire program of several short papers and the dis-
cussion of these should prove of exceeding interest.

Archeological Investigations in Wisconsin 17

ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN WISCONSIN

IN 1935

John J. Knudsen
Chairman, State Survey Committee

The Wisconsin Archeological Society has been continuing
from year to year an archeological survey of the state
which it began in 1911. Although no state funds have been
available for surveys and investigations for several years
past its work in this field of its labors for the Wisconsin
commonwealth has been continued, almost wholly through
the personal contributions of its members and other co-
workers.

The annual report of the survey which has just been
prepared by Mr. Charles E. Brown, secretary of the Society,
shows that a large or a small amount of field work was ac-
complished in thirty-five counties. This consisted in the
mapping of lake and river regions, the excavating of Indian
mounds, village and camp sites and burial places, the ex-
amination of caves and rock ledges, the preparation of casts
and photographs of pictograph rocks, the examination of
pipestone and quartzite sources, the restoration and mark-
ing of mound groups injured in past years by relic hunters,
the tracing of trails, the collection of local Indian history
and legends and a considerable variety of other desirable
and necessary work.

In the course of this research work there have been lo-
cated 25 additional mound groups and some solitary mounds
(a total of 300 mounds), 123 village and camp sites, 12
burial places, and a considerable number of such features as
planting grounds, caves, pictographs, pipestone and quart-
zite sources, implement caches, sugar bushes, refuse pits
and other features of archeological interest, none of which
have been previously reported.

About fifty members and co-workers of the Society have
assisted in this work, the most noteworthy contributions to
which have been made by the Rev. Chr. Hjermstad, New

18 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 1

Lisbon; V. E. Motschenbacher, Sparta; D. A. Blencoe, Alma
Center; Bert Gearhart, Medford; Chas. Bachhuber and
F. M. Neu, Madison; H. F. Feldman, Wauzeka; A. P. Kan-
nenberg, Oshkosh ; P. B. Fisher, Fort Atkinson ; L. L. Whit-
ing, Lake Mills; A. W. English, Portage; J. J. Knudsen,
Milwaukee; and M. B. Henn, Union Grove.

Others who contributed the results of field work or in-
formation were: W. M. Ward, Soldiers' Grove; Paul Paul-
son, Janesville; S. S. Morse, Oshkosh; Walter Bubbert, Mil-
waukee; John English, Madison; Phillip Ferry, Lake Mills;
J. E. Spangberg, Siren; Dr. H. W. Kuhm, Milwaukee; L. J.
Daugherty, Steuben; T. J. Hobbs, Madison; R. A. Amund-
sen, Madison; A. B. Anderson, Medford; Dr. Aldo Leopold,
Madison; M. 0. Lipke, Wisconsin Rapids; S. A. Williams,
Madison; G. W. Foehringer, Cassville; Milo Hosely, New
Glarus ; Mrs. Nettie Smith, Madison ; W. C. Jones, Waupun ;
A. C. Thalacker, Westfield; Earle S. Holman, Antigo; J. L.
Grindell, Platteville; V. E. Taylor, Lake Mills; and R. R.
Jones, Wild Rose.

An archeological survey of the Rock River region, be-
gun in 1928 at Beloit and continued from year to year, was
during the past summer extended from Watertown to
Pipersville and resulted in the location of a number of vil-
lage and camp sites and of several mound groups and soli-
tary earthworks which were previously unrecorded. Some
field work was also done along the Catfish River, a branch
of the Rock. Mr. Harold Feldman located and mapped the
archeological features of the Wisconsin River region about
the mouth of the Kickapoo River. A report on additional
sites in Jefferson County was furnished by Mr. Paul B.
Fisher.

A burial site at Algoma, in Kewaunee County, has been
excavated by the chairman of the survey committee, who
also engaged in the examination of several village sites at
Jacksonport and Heins Creek in Door County.

At Lake Mills and at Annaton, in Grant County, hoards
or deposits of flint implements have been found. Several
caves inhabited at a remote period by Indians have been
located and will be further examined. One of these bears

Archeological Investigations in Wisconsin 19

on its sandstone walls pictorial representations of thunder-
birds and animals. Several burial mounds in the Four Lakes
region at Madison and elsewhere were excavated with inter-
esting results. Sources of pipestone in Burnett and Chip-
pewa counties were inspected. Collections were made from
village sites in Green, Dane, Adams, Juneau, Wood, Portage,
Kewaunee, Door, Jefferson and Dodge counties.

A site at Butte des Morts, in Winnebago County, was
examined by A. P. Kannenberg and others and with very
interesting results in stone, bone, antler, shell, metal and
other implements. Here evidences of early Indian cannibal-
istic feasts were found in refuse pits and fireplaces.

With the help of county surveyors and others, old trails
in Taylor and Washburn counties were re-located.

In several recent issues of The Wisconsin Archeologist,
descriptions and plats of the mound groups at Pleasant
Lake, Waushara County, prepared by Mr. Kermit Freckman,
and descriptions of the Indian fords of the Rock River be-
tween Beloit and Watertown have been published.

20 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST . Vol. 16, No. 1

ARCHEOLOGICAL NOTES

Meetings

November 18, 1935. Vice-president Dr. L. S. Buttles presiding. There
were seventy-five members and visitors in attendance. Secretary C. E.
Brown reported on the meeting of the Board of Directors held earlier
in the evening. New annual members elected were: Col. Fain W.
King, Wickliffe, Kentucky; Charles W. Porter, Rockford, Illinois, and
John Mueller, West Allis. The program of the meeting consisted of
a paper on "Fraudulent Aboriginal Pipes," by Mr. George A. West,
and one on "Fraudulent Artifacts," read by Dr. Herbert W. Kuhm.
Following these interesting papers a display of fraudulent imple-
ments of many kinds was made. Most of these were shown through
the courtesy of the Milwaukee Public Museum, some were exhibited by
members of the Society. A lengthy discussion of notorious American
fakers and of dealers in spurious Indian relics was participated by
the Messrs. Joseph Ringeisen, Jr., Paul Joers, H. 0. Zander, W. E.
Erdman, Secretary Brown and others. It was shown that Wisconsin
was the first state in the Middle West to cause the passage of a state
law protecting collectors against the wiles of fakers and dealers in
fraudulent Indian artifacts.

Mrs. Estelle C. Berghoefer read a scholarly poem on "Ancient
Aztalan," being a real contribution to a fine program. It was an-
nounced that Mr. B. Knobloch of La Grange, Illinois, was preparing a
book on bannerstones and that members of the Society and Wisconsin
museums were assisting him with photographs and information. At
the close of the meeting exhibits of interesting Indian implements re-
cently collected were made by H. O. Zander, W. E. Erdman and other
members.

December 16, 1935. Dr. H. W. Kuhm conducted the meeting. Fifty-
eight members and visitors attended. The election to membership of
John B. Hansen, H. S. Roswell and A. M. Bauer, Mauston; Miss
Elizabeth Allerding, Milwaukee; Paul B. Fisher, Ft. Atkinson, and
Wm. H. Jensen, Browns Valley, Minnesota, was announced.

The recent deaths of two old members, Louis Allerding and Miss
Alice B. Chapman, Milwaukee, were reported. A letter from the secre-
tary of the newly organized Minnesota Archeological Society was
read. Other matters of interest to the members — the organization of
the Missouri Archeological Society, the contents of the forthcoming
issue of The Wisconsin Archeologist and the addition, through a gift,
of three hundred additional acres to the University of Wisconsin
Arboretum were reported on.

Secretary Brown gave a talk on "Archeological Reminiscences," in
which he told many interesting stories of the organization of the
Society, its archeological surveys and other investigations, and of the
old members of the Society. After his talk, Mr. George A. West,
Mr. Paul Joers, Mr. Joseph Ringeisen, Jr., Mr. Lee R. Whitney, Mr.
E. F. Richter, Mr. Charles G. Schoewe and other old members present
added other stories and information to the great interest and enjoy-
ment of the audience.

Archeological Notes 21

After the meeting exhibits of stone and copper implements were
made by several members.

January 20, 1936. President Dr. Alfred L. Kastner presided at this
meeting, Dr. Herbert W. Kuhm acting as secretary.

Dr. Kuhm gave a brief account of the business conducted at the
Directors' meeting. He announced the death of Mr. Fred Vogel, Jr.,
Milwaukee, a life member of the Society. It had been decided not to
participate in this year's meeting of the Wisconsin Academy of Sci-
ences. The purchase by the U. S. Government and the city and town-
ship of Cassville of the Governor Nelson Dewey homestead located near
the Mississippi River near Cassville, was announced. By this purchase
two large groups of Indian effigy and other mounds had also been pre-
served. This was a matter for congratulation. The Society was giving
its hearty support to the proposal to acquire at Milwaukee, through
Federal auspices, a large tract of land for a nature sanctuary and
other uses. This project, if successful, would probably also preserve
some Indian sites.

Mr. Erwin Wood gave an interesting talk on the results of last
summer's joint University of Wisconsin and Milwaukee Museum in-
vestigations in Burnett County, Wisconsin. He mentioned some birch-
bark containers of food and bones found in a mound and also the
vari-colored earths used in the mound construction.

Paul W. Hoffman exhibited a Hopi vessel with an effigy handle
and Milton F. Hulburt a copper spearpoint and several stone imple-
ments.

February 17, 1936. Vice-president Kuhm in the chair, Dr. Buttles
acting as secretary. The election to membership of John Egan, Mani-
towoc, and Claude U. Stone, Peoria, Illinois, was announced.

Dr. Alton K. Fisher presented an illustrated talk on the "Diseases
of the Prehistoric American Indian." He showed from exhumed speci-
mens of human bones the various afflictions of the aborigines.

Dr. A. L. Kastner presented a talk on "Trepination — Ancient and
Modern," not only tracing this ancient practice to the earliest origins,
but demonstrating on specimens the entire procedure of trephining.

It was a very interesting and instructive meeting. Forty-odd
members were present.

At the conclusion of Dr. Kastner's talk Mr, George A. West pre-
sented him with an old treatise on medical science, in token of his
services as president of the Society. This gift and Mr. West's remarks
in presenting it were warmly applauded.

The chair appointed a nominating committee, consisting of the
Messrs. West, McKern and Schoewe, to nominate officers for the
ensuing year at the annual meeting of the Society in March.

22 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 1

Mr. West explained that he had undertaken a project of preparing
a re-classification of Indian stone artifacts. He was hopeful that this
new venture would bear useful fruit.

March 16, 1936. Dr. A. L. Kastner presided at the annual meeting of
the Society. Dr. L. S. Buttles acted as secretary in the absence of
Secretary Brown.

After reading the Secretary's announcements, Dr. Kuhm presented
his report as chairman of the program committee. Chairman Ringei-
sen, of the Committee on Fraudulent Implements, stated that he would
present his report at the April meeting.

Announcement was made of the coming meetings of the Central
Section, American Anthropological Society, and the Society for Ameri-
can Archeology, both to be held at Northwestern University, at Evans-
ton, Illinois.

It was decided to invite these organizations to hold their 1937
meeting at Milwaukee, The Wisconsin Archeological Society to be the
official host.

Mr. West, as chairman of the nominating committee, presented his
report.

On the motion of Mr. Ringeisen and the second of Mr. E. F. Richter
the nominees proposed were declared elected.

President— Dr. H. W. Kuhm.

Vice-Presidents— Dr. L. S. Buttles, T. L. Miller, W. E. Erdman,
H. W. Cornell, Kermit Freckman.

Directors— Geo. A. West, Dr. S. A. Barrett.
Secretary — Charles E. Brown.
Treasurer— G. M. Thome.

Advisory Council — W. K. Andrews, Dr. W. H. Brown, Col. Marshall
Cousins, Rev. F. S. Dayton, W. S. Dunsmoor, Arthur Gerth, J. G.
Gregory, 0. J. Halvorson, P. W. Hoffman, M. F. Hulburt, Paul Joers,
A. P. Kannenberg, Dr. A. L. Kastner, Dr. Louise P. Kellogg, R. J.
Kieckhefer, Mrs. Theo. Koerner, Marie G. Kohler, W. C. McKern,
Dr. E. J. W. Notz, L. P. Pierron, Milo C. Richter, Jos. Ringeisen, Jr.,
Paul Scholz, E. C. Steene, M. S. Thomson, R. S. Van Handel, G. R.
Zilisch.

Dr. Kastner, in turning over the office of president to president-
elect Dr. H. W. Kuhm, expressed his appreciation of the co-operation
of the officers and members of the Society during his term. He
expressed his commendation of the services of Dr. Kuhm as chairman
of the program committee. On motion of Mr. West the retiring presi-
dent was given a vote of thanks for his services as president of the
Society.

Dr. Kuhm, on assuming his office, stated that he hoped to serve the
Society as earnestly and successfully as his predecessor. He offered
various suggestions of interest for the conduct of the meetings and
programs during his term of office.

Archeological Notes 23

He requested the support of the members in volunteering to appear
on the Society's programs and in preparing papers for The Wisconsin
Archeologist.

Mr. M. S. Thomson, of Sheboygan, presented a talk on "Ancient
Camp Sites in Sheboygan County." He exhibited many specimens
which he had collected during the course of his researches, including
five restored pottery vessels and some native copper and stone imple-
ments. Following this interesting talk, Mr. R. S. Van Handel, of She-
boygan, exhibited an artistic illuminated archeological and historical
map of Sheboygan County. This was greatly admired by the mem-
bers present.

Mr. E. F. Richter and Mr. H. W. Cornell were appointed an audit-
ing committee to audit the books of the treasurer.

*"•»

Fluorspar Ornaments

Outdoor Museum
Chippewa Autobiography

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

MILWAUKEE

Accepted for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Sec. 110S
Act, Oct. 3, 1917. Authorized Jan. 28, 1921.

WtBrmmfn

VOLUME 16, No. 2

New Series

1936

PUBLISHED BY THE

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGICAL, SOCIETY
MILWAUKEE

$H0r0tt0ut

, WtarattBtn

Incorporated March 23, 1903, for the purpose of advancing the study
and preservation of Wisconsin antiquities

OFFICERS

PRESIDENT

Dr. H. W. Kuhm

VICE-PRESIDENTS

Dr. L. S. Buttles T. L. Miller Kermit Freckman

H. W. Cornell W. E. Erdman

DIRECTORS

Geo. A. West Dr. S. A. Barrett

W. K. Andrews
Dr. W. H. Brown
Col. Marshall Cousins
Rev. F. S. Dayton
W. S. Dunsmoor
Arthur Gerth
J. G. Gregory
O. J. Halvorsen
P. W. Hoffman

ADVISORY COUNCIL

M. F. Hulburt
Paul Joers
A. P. Kannenberg
Dr. A. L. Kastner
Dr. Louise P. Kellogg
R. J. Kieckhefer
Mrs. Theodore Koerner
Marie G. Kohler
W. C. McKern

Dr. E. J. W. Notz
Louis Pierron
M. C. Richter
Jos. Ringeisen, Jr.
Paul Scholz
E. E. Steene
M. S. Thomson
R. S. Van Handel
G. R. Zilisch

TREASURER

G. M. Thome
1631 N. Fifty-second Street, Milwaukee, Wis.

SECRETARY

Charles E. Brown
State Historical Museum, Madison, Wis.

COMMITTEES

REGULAR

STATE SURVEY— Robert R. Jones, J. J. Knudsen, A. P. Kannenberg,
M. F. Hulburt, W. E. Erdman, D. A. Blencoe, Kermit Freckman,
V. E. Motschenbacher, G. E. Overton, 0. L. Hollister, J. P.
Schumacher, Rev. Chr. Hjermstad, F. M. Neu, M. P. Henn, H. F.
Feldman, P. B. Fisher, L. L. Whiting.

MOUND PRESERVATION— C. G. Schoewe, Dr. Louise P. Kellogg,
T. L. Miller, Dr. E. G. Bruder, Mrs. W. J. Devine, R. B. Halpin, Dr.
L. V. Sprague, Mrs. H. A. Olson, Prof. R. S. Owen, A. H. Griffith,
A. W. Pond, R. S. Van Handel, G. L. Pasco, W. S. Dunsmoor.

PUBLIC COLLECTIONS— Dr. S. A. Barrett, C. E. Brown, N. C.
Behncke, H. L. Ward, Rev. F. S. Dayton, Prof. J. B. MacHarg,
Prof. A. H. Sanford, Rev. P. B. Jenkins, W. M. Babcock, H. R.
Holand, Miss Marie G. Kohler, Rev. A. J. Muench, Dr. P.
H. Nesbitt.

MEMBERSHIP— G. M. Thome, Paul Joers, N. E. Carter, Dr. W. H.
Brown, H. A. Zander, Louis Pierron, Paul Scholz, W. K. Andrew,
Paul W. Hoffmann, A. W. Buttles, Clarence Harris, A. E. Koerner,
Carl Baur, W. Van Beckum, Karl Aichelen, Dr. C. J. Heagle, Paul
Boehland, E. R. Guentzel.

STATE ARCHEOLOGICAL PARKS— Geo. A. West, R. P. Ferry, Wal-
ter Holsten, D. S. Howland, M. S. Thomson, Col. J. G. Jackson,
Prof. A. H. Sanford.

PUBLICITY— W. C. McKern, M. C. Richter, Victor S. Craun.

SPECIAL

BIOGRAPHY— Rachel M. Campbell, Dr. E. J. W. Notz, E. F. Richter,
G. R. Zilisch, Paul Joers, Arthur Gerth.

FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS— Jos. Ringeisen, Jr., Geo. A. West,
E. F. Richter, W. C. McKern.

PROGRAM— Dr. L. S. Buttles, H. W. Cornell, Mrs. Theo. Koerner,
E. E. Steene.

PUBLICATIONS— C. E. Brown, Dr. A. K. Fisher, W. E. Erdman.

MARKING MILWAUKEE ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES— Dr. A. L.
Kastner, R. J. Kieckhefer, L. R. Whitney, J. G. Gregory.

LAPHAM RESEARCH MEDAL— Dr. S. A. Barrett, Geo. A. West,
Dr. A. L. Kastner, C. E. Brown, C. G. Schoewe, M. C. Richter.

MEMBERSHIP FEES

Life Members, $25.00 Endowment Members, $500.00

Sustaining Members, $5.00 Annual Members, $2.00

Institutional Members, $1.50 Junior Members, $ .50

All communications in regard to The Wisconsin Archeological Society should
be addressed to Charles E. Brown, Secretary and Curator, Office, State Historical
Museum, Madison, Wisconsin. Contributions to The Wisconsin Archeologist should
be addressed to him. Dues should be sent to G. M. Thome, Treasurer, 1631 N.
52nd Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

CONTENTS

Vol. 16, No. 2, New Series

ARTICLES

Page

Fluorspar Ornaments in the King Collection,

Blanche Busey King 25

An Outdoor Museum,

Mary A. Rice 28

The Lapham- Wisconsin Centennial,

Lewis S. Buttles 30

Analysis of Native Copper Artifacts 31

In the Early Days of Wisconsin,

Sister M.Inez Hilger, O. S. B 32

Archeological Notes _ 50

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page
Fluorspar Ornaments, King Collection 26

Published Quarterly by The Wisconsin Archeological Society

VOL. 16 MILWAUKEE, WIS., JUNE, 1936 No. 2

New Series

FLUORSPAR ORNAMENTS IN THE KING COLLECTION

Blanche Busey King

Prehistoric people had great admiration for beauty and,
being an ingenious people, utilized everything within their
reach to create beautiful objects. Fortunate for Archeology
two of the largest fluorspar deposits in the world are located
in the Mississippi Valley, one at Rosiclare, Illinois, and the
other at Marion, Kentucky. By being near these deposits
the prehistoric people learned of the great beauty in quality
and color of this material and mined, shaped and carved it
into handsome ornaments, which we of this generation have
been fortunate to find, otherwise prehistoric fluorspar orna-
ments would be unknown as these veins of deposits are the
only ones found in the Mississippi Valley.

The finest fluorspar ornaments known may be seen in the
King collection at the* King Mounds, better known as the
Ancient Buried City, at Wickliffe, Kentucky.

Notwithstanding beads, earbobs, pendants and gorgets
have been covered for centuries in graves, fire pits and
kitchen middens, subjected to the elements, as some are
found buried near the surface, they still show beauty in
color and design.

The pendants are unusually interesting, one exquisitely
carved squirrel about an inch in length is a translucent ame-
thyst in color, and has a bushy tail curved over the back.
This was located on the Cumberland River near Eddyville,
Kentucky. Also near Eddyville was found a pendant of a
deep purple color, showing an excellent attempt on the part
of the artisan to depict a human face. The profile shows a
long, well accentuated nose, high cheek bones and slit eyes,
with the hair looped over the forehead — but no mouth. There
is a hole in the top for suspension around the neck. This

26 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST

Vol. 16, No. 2

Fluorspar Ornaments
Fain W. King Collection

Fluorspar Ornaments in the King Collection 27

figurine is similar to the one found at Tulu, Kentucky, which
is illustrated in Funkhouser and Webb's Archaeological Sur-
vey in Kentucky, Vol. 1-1932.

At the Kincaid Mounds on the Ohio River near Union-
ville, Illinois, ten miles from Paducah, Kentucky, were found
several fluorspar ornaments. One, a large figurine, grayish
pink in color, has no fractures in it. The fluorspar being the
same grade now utilized in laboratories for scientific lenses.
A hole for suspension has been drilled through the entire
figure. This is an exceptionally fine specimen because of the
size, workmanship and beauty of the crystal. The delicacy
of the carving denotes a skilled artisan. Several lavender
earbobs, a bead of white fluorspar and a small yellow and
pink pendant, shaped like a teardrop, were also found. Near
Hickman, Kentucky, at the Green Adams mounds, a small
yellow pear-shaped pendant was upturned by the plow.

At Wickliffe, Kentucky, in the King Mounds, were found
two pendants, an unfinished round, white bead and a pol-
ished, rectangular piece shading from palest lavender to
deep purple in color. One of the pendants is an excellently
well-carved face scarcely an inch in length, of translucent
shades of amethyst. The delicate carving on one side has a
slight mar caused, no doubt, from the elements or from de-
fective material. It has a hole for suspension. This was
found near the skull, the mandible inverted, in a bundle bur-
ial. Another piece is dark blue and pointed in shape.

In the Beckwith Collection at Cape Girardeau, Missouri,
there is a beautifully wrought owl, while in Carlisle County,
Kentucky, there is almost an exact duplicate in size, color-
ing and workmanship of the one uncovered with the bundle
burial at Wickliffe.

In the newly .excavated fourth mound at Wickliffe, dur-
ing the summer of 1935, a very unusual and large pendant
of white fluorspar, rectangular in shape, with rounded cor-
ners showing evidences of having been surrounded by cop-
per, was unearthed. Because of the fragility of this mate-
rial, the artist showed great skill in his carving. This is the
largest and finest specimen that has been discovered.

These artifacts all represent infinite care and patience
as well as great skill and love for beauty on the part of the
prehistoric people.

28 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 2

AN OUTDOOR MUSEUM
Mary A. Rice

In Central Park at Clintonville, in Waupaca County, Wis-
consin, a rather unusual outdoor museum is in existence. Its
sponsor is Mr. Walter A. Olen, president of The Four Wheel
Drive Auto Co. of that city. In recent years Mr. Olen has
encouraged the representatives of the company in America
and in foreign lands to secure for this museum objects of
geological and historical interest. These he has caused to be
mounted and labeled. They make an exhibit which is very
interesting to visitors to this lovely park. Mr. Olen has fur-
nished a description of these specimens :

"The first monument is a section of the Wall of China,
which was obtained during the life and the influence of Sun
Yat Sen. It contains every kind of material used in the
famous Wall.

"The second stone is a section of a petrified pine tree
from the petrified forests of Arizona.

"The third is an obsidian rock from the Yellowstone Na-
tional Park.

"The fourth exhibit is the grinding stones used in the
first grist mill in Clintonville.

"The fifth stone is from King Solomon's Quarries in Jeru-
salem and was found in one of the older chambers or pockets
and the chisel marks identify it as being of about the time
of the building of King Solomon's Temple.

"The sixth exhibit is a stone that was taken from about
half way up the Mount of Olives. It was located close to the
path or road. From this road one can look into the Garden
of Gethsemane; also see Stephen's Gate and the Temple
grounds. Christ or His disciples may have sat on this stone.

"The seventh are cannonball stones from the Cannon
Ball Canyon in South Dakota.

"The eighth is a collection of molten rock from the vol-
canoes of the Hawaiian Islands.

An Outdoor Museum 29

"The ninth is a corner or marker of a building in the
ancient city of Babylon erected by Nebuchadnezzar in mem-
ory of his father and is so labeled.

"The tenth is an old survey section corner showing all
of the original surveyor's marks.

"The eleventh is a Sun Dial inscribed, 'I Count Only
Sunny Hours.'

"The twelfth is a gun mount with a flag pole on which
is erected an American eagle worked out by one of the gun-
ners of the 'Big Bertha during the World War'."

To these interesting specimens Mr. Olen expects to make
additions as opportunities offer.

Rexford Collection

In the Clintonville Public Library there is a collection of
material commemorating the life and works of Eben E. Rex-
ford. This contains the original manuscripts, documents and
furniture from the study room of his former home at Shi-
octon and other interesting belongings of this famous
writer and song composer. These were obtained and pre-
sented by Mr. Olen.

Clintonville

"In 1855 Norman C. Clinton and son, U. P. Clinton, came
to this region and founded a community known as The
Pigeon. In 1858 a post office was established and the name
was changed to Clintonville. Founded as a small lumbering
center, it later developed into a great dairy section and
cheese center and these in turn brought industry. This
prosperous and progressive city now has a population of
3,600 and a valuation of over $4,300,000.00."

At a locality known as Leeman on the Wolf River is a
site interesting to Wisconsin archeologists because of the
Indian village site, enclosure, garden beds and corn hills lo-
cated there. This is believed to have been the site of the
early "Lost City" of the Fox Indians and the Mission of St.
Marc. This site is twelve miles from Clintonville. A descrip-
tion of this site was published by Mr. George R. Fox in The
Wisconsin Archeologist in March, 1916. He suggested that
this might be the site of the old Outagami Indian town.

30 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 2

THE LAPHAM-WISCONSIN CENTENNIAL

Lewis S. Buttles
Chairman, Program Committee

Approved by the directors and the advisory board, the
program committee of The Wisconsin Archeological Society
is planning the observance of the hundredth anniversary of
the coming of Dr. Increase A. Lapham to Wisconsin in 1836.

The Lapham-Wisconsin Centennial observance will be
held early this fall, with an appropriate program. Dr. E. F.
Bean, Chief State Geologist of Wisconsin; Mr. George A.
West, founder of the society ; Dr. S. A. Barrett, director of
the Milwaukee Public Museum, and Mr. Charles E. Brown,
director of the State Historical Museum, at Madison, will be
invited to participate.

President Dr. H. W. Kuhm extended an invitation to the
members of the Milwaukee County Historical Society to at-
tend the Lapham celebration as our guests. This invitation
was accepted in the name of the society by its president,
Col. Frederick Best.

An invitation to attend the Lapham observance will also
be tendered the new Geological Society of Milwaukee,
through its secretary, H. 0. Zander, who is also active in
our society, for Dr. Lapham and Wisconsin geology are
synonymous.

Mrs. Laura Lapham Lindow, granddaughter of Dr. Lap-
ham, has been invited to attend as the society's guest of
honor, and has graciously accepted.

In connection with the Lapham-Wisconsin Centennial ob-
servance there will be an exhibit of Laphamana such as a
bust of Dr. Lapham, many Lapham papers and letters from
the State Historical Museum, various Lapham publications,
including his celebrated "The Antiquities of Wisconsin,"
and like articles pertaining to this noted pioneer Wisconsin
scientist.

Analysis of Native Copper Artifacts 31

ANALYSIS OF NATIVE COPPER ARTIFACTS

Circular Series No. 21, Committee on State Archeological Surveys,
Division of Anthropology and Psychology, National Research Council.

Melville Sayre, archaeologist, and Curtis Wilson, metal-
lurgist, members of the staff of the University of Montana
School of Mines, Butte, Montana, have for the past year been
carrying on joint research in the metallography of primitive
American copper artifacts. First results are published in
"American Antiquity," Vol. 1, No. 2, October, 1935. Further
material is needed in order to carry on the work.

In order to be suitable for metallographic analysis, com-
plete artifacts are not needed. Any copper objects or frag-
ments of copper objects, odd pieces which are not highly
valuable either to individuals or museums, are useful in this
work. A polished section, %" to i/£" in diameter, is usually
sufficient for the determinations.

The exact locality from which the object came is im-
portant, but artifacts merely from a definite region are also
very valuable.

These are polished, etched, examined under the micro-
scope, photographed, and filed. Then a laboratory assistant,
using Lake Superior copper, attempts to duplicate the con-
ditions under which each artifact was made. The laboratory
product is then photographed and filed with the original.

If individuals and museums will be willing to cooperate
in this work by sending specimens from their collections,
a comprehensive study of primitive metal-working tech-
niques in North America can be made.

Dr. Wilson and Professor Sayre will be glad to answer
questions in regard to this work and to furnish reports to
anyone sending material for analysis. Correspondence
should be addressed to them at the University of Montana
School of Mines, Butte, Montana.

The State Historical Museum and several members of
The Wisconsin Archeological Society have given specimens
for this investigation and we trust that others will do so.

32 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 2

IN THE EARLY DAYS OF WISCONSIN
An Amalgamation of Chippewa and European Cultures

Sister M. Inez Hilger, O. S. B.

St. Mary's Academy, Altoona, Wisconsin

The following autobiography of Frank Thayer, of New
Post, Lac Courte Orielle Reservation, Wisconsin, is part of
an ethnological study of the Chippewa Indians of Minnesota,
Wisconsin, and Michigan.

Mr. Thayer's father was a white man; his mother, a
full-blooded Chippewa. His life, therefore, may well portray
the amalgamation of cultures in early northern Wisconsin
life, where manners, customs, and beliefs of Chippewa life
met European civilization at the hearth.

The autobiography was dictated in the summer of 1935
and is here reported for the most part in the words of Mr.
Thayer. Mr. Billie De Brot, a relative, and Mr. George
Fleming, a friend, both of Chippewa origin, corroborated
Mr. Thayer's account. His statement follows:

I was born on Rice Lake in Burnett County. There were
eleven in our family. One sister, Belle, died young. A
neighbor named Chisholm lived about a quarter of a mile
from us. Mother had Belle on her lap when this neighbor's
wife came in. The woman took the baby and sat on a chair.
Suddenly she said, "Ah ! there is something the matter with
this baby." The child was dying. We didn't know what
caused its death. Father made a coffin out of lumber and
buried Belle on the homestead. I was about seven or eight
years old then. I was the oldest in the family. Now only
three of the eleven children are living.

We lived on a farm when I was young. My mother's
people lived far away, and the Indian side of my life was not
well developed. There was no ceremony when I was given
my name. Usually when a child is born an old woman says
to the parents, "Give me the child for my namesake."
Another will say, "Let it be my namesake." A namesake

In the Early Days of Wisconsin 33

for a boy or a girl may be either a man or a woman. I have
a namesake, Frank Denasha, who is twenty-three years old.
One can give the child any name. Neither did they put
charcoal on my face. After small children reported a good
dream, it was customary to blacken their faces with char-
coal before breakfast, and they were not given anything to
eat until noon.

The first bird I shot was a wild goose. I shot it through
the head with a bow and arrow. It flopped about for a long
time, but finally I secured it. I was then about six years old.
No feast was given for me. Among many Indians, a feast
is given when a boy shoots his first bird or catches his first
fish. The bird or fish which he has obtained is part of a dish
served to everybody who comes to the feast. All the village
is invited. This is done at New Post today.

In a large family father and mother have a particular
liking for one of their children. I was my mother's pet. I
ascertained that fact when she was sick. She sent for me
and I then heard that she had told people that she preferred
to have me present rather than any others. But she loved
all her children. When I did something wrong, she reported
this to father. She tried to bring me up right. I obeyed
her as best I could. Although I was the oldest of eleven
children, I had no special privileges, except that the others
must obey me.

We children were told what to do and what not to do.
We were told not to stare at any one. We were told to say
good-bye. My mother never called us all together to in-
struct us, but my father did.

One day, at the township school, I got into trouble. I
didn't mean any harm; it was through a girl, — a cousin.
We were playing during recess. I held a limber willow in
my hand and was swishing it through the air as though
I were whipping the ground. The children ran away from
me. We were only playing. The girl fell, and as I passed
her, I accidentally struck her on the head. A fight began.
The boys attacked me and I had to defend myself.

After recess there was an inquiry. I was not asked
what happened, but those who fought me were and they

34 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 2

lied. They said I struck the girl deliberately. My side was
not questioned. The teacher struck my hands with a ruler,
— a ruler that I had made. It was twelve inches long and
two fingers wide. I took the punishment without complain-
ing. The teacher asked me : "Why did you do that?" "It
was an accident." I explained to the teacher how it hap-
pened. She pointed to individuals in the opposite group and
said, "Didn't you say so, and you, and you?" When the mat-
ter had been cleared up, those who had lied were whipped.
I thought that was nice. When I arrived home my brothers
and sisters had told about it. Father was in the garden.
"You were fighting!" he said. "I had to defend myself,"
said I. I had to explain the incident to him for if we were
punished at school, we were again punished at home.

We boys had pals, such as one finds among Whites. We
cliqued together, mostly for fighting; for example, the Cor-
bines against the Shogys.

Among the old pagans when a boy was ten or twelve
years old, his father said to him, "Tonight I want you to
remember your dream." Next morning his father would ask
him whether he had had a dream. If he had not dreamed,
his father would tell him the next night to dream. When,
finally, he had a dream which satisfied the father, the father
took charcoal from the fire, rubbed it between the palms of
his hands, then rubbed the face of the boy, blackening it,
and saying to the boy, "No breakfast this day." He is
going to make something out of the boy through his dreams.
He may abstain from food, though not from water, for five
to ten days. I have known boys to fast until they could
scarcely stand. Later in life they may exercise their dream
power by finding something which is lost. One might dream
one night, and the next day find the lost article. If a man's
dream comes true, he is a person of importance among his
people ; if he lies, he is nothing.

My father was a homesteader. Chisholm, as I have said,
lived about a quarter of a mile from us. He was my father's
chum. Three miles the other side of us, at Ridge, MacMillan
settled. The latter owned a pair of oxen. In a store at
St. Croix Falls he had gotten some contrivance to fasten
bolts of the yoke. It had two keys with which the bolts on

In the Early Days of Wisconsin 35

the yoke were locked to keep the yoke together. When I was
very young I saw those keys and thought they would make
good revolvers. How I wished for them ! One day I stayed
around until noon. But they didn't unyoke the cattle to
graze. I went behind the barn, picked up a stick, and ran
toward the oxen. I pulled out a key and put the stick in its
place. Then I ran home three miles through the woods. My
conscience must have bothered me, for I did not take the key
home but buried it thirty rods from home. I did not want
to bring it home; the incident troubled me. Every little
while I would go back to the hiding place and play with it.
I pretended I had a pistol. After a while I got used to it, and
took it home. When I came into the house mother said,
"What is that?" "A gun." "Where did you get it?" "At
MacMillan's." "Wait till father gets home." She hung it up
high. When father came home he questioned me. I had to
describe exactly how I had taken it. Father went out and
told me to come. He had a stick and gave me a thrashing.
"Take that key and give it to Mr. MacMillan. Put it in his
hand." I hated to have to give it to him! But I went. I
hesitated a long time in the back yard. But I had to do it ;
I would be whipped again if I did not. MacMillan said, "Hello,
son, you've been crying! What is the matter?" I did not
reply to this question, but pulled the key from my pocket
and said, "This belongs to you." MacMillan said, "I knew
you had it. I won't scold you, but never do that again. That
is a hard start. Never take anything, but always ask for
it." I never forgot that. He had not said anything to my
father about the key.

I have lived seventy-five years, but I can not remember
that far back. One thing I remember well. I ran away
from home to get an education. The circumstances which
led to this were the following: — In the morning my father
would say, "Frank, here is some work you must do today.
Work hard, and tomorrow you may go to school." But the
next day the same happened. So I had very little chance
to get an education. There was a school in the district, but
I could not go to school more than two or three days a week.
The teacher was kind to me. It was easy for me to learn.
At school, I studied. When I raised my hand, the teacher
would say, "Well, Frank, what is it?" "Teacher, I know my

36 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 2

lesson now." "Then come up here and recite." And that is
how I secured a little education. I always wanted to learn.
It was easy for me. Finally, I ran away to get an education
and was gone for three years.

The night I was going to run away, I told my mother
about it. I did not tell my father. He would not have allowed
it. Mother did not like the plan. "You should not do that,
son," she said. But she understood me. Father had a little
money; mother did not have much. She gave me seventy-
five cents and packed a lunch for me. It went against the
grain to have me do that. When she had gone to bed, and
my father was sound asleep, I took the lunch, and, with the
seventy-five cents in my pocket, sneaked out, about eleven
o'clock. I had with me only the clothes which I wore. Mother
did not reveal my plans. I ran most of the way. I was going
to St. Croix Falls, now in Polk County. I knew how to get
there, but had never been farther. I paid five cents toll to
cross a bridge over the St. Croix River at a place fifty miles
north of Hudson. I then had seventy cents.

I went about seventy-five miles that night and was
within eight miles of St. Croix Falls by morning. I was
worried, too. I had a feeling all the time that the old man
was behind me. I stopped at a farm house in the morning
to get a drink. It was a real nice family. The man asked
me where I was going. "Are you in a hurry?" "In a way,
I am. In a way, I'm not." "I have a certain amount of work
I'd like to have done. If you stop to help me today, I'll take
you to St. Croix Falls in the morning."

I didn't know how far I was from home. I was always
thinking that my father might come and take me back. I
must have shown by my actions that I was uneasy. The
man said, "Are you expecting someone?" I did not answer
him. "I believe you are running away." I made no re-
sponse. Next morning, before he was up, I fed the horses.
I knew how to do that, for I had seen him do it the day
before. I curried them also. About the other chores, I
knew nothing. He did them. He paid me for the work I
had done, and gave me my meals.

Yes, he gave me one silver dollar! I now had a dollar
and seventy cents. It was the first dollar I earned. After

In the Early Days of Wisconsin 37

breakfast, he hitched up the horses and we went to some
place unknown to me. There he talked to a man. This man
questioned me, but I gave him no information. He said,
"Where are you going ? Where will you stay?" I told him
nothing and walked away. I did not know who either of
these men was, and I did not want my father's friends to
learn my whereabouts.

I went down the main road toward Stillwater, took a
branch road west, and walked all day. When evening came
I stopped at a farm house where I expected to pay for my
lodging. The man said, "I have no sleeping room, but I can
feed you." The next farm house had a sleeping room. I
stopped there. This man wanted to hire me, but I wouldn't
take a job. I was going farther. On the road I met a young
man going to St. Croix Falls, and accompanied him. He
said he too was looking for work. I felt better satisfied
now. We continually made inquiries but secured no work.
No one was willing to hire youngsters. We were each about
fourteen years old. He was the kind who does all the talk-
ing. So when we came to a certain farm house he said,
"You wait here and I'll look around." He left, and came
back with a man — one of two who were standing in the yard
talking. He said, "I think this man has a job on his farm
for both of us." The man looked at me and said, "Are you
really looking for work ? What farm work can you do ? Do
you come from a farm?" "Yes, but it isn't like this coun-
try." The young man I was travelling with was a great
talker. He was constantly interrupting. He said, "Let us
go see the other man and ask if we can get a job at his
place." By that time the other farmer walked up to us.
My chum did all the talking. Finally this farmer called me
aside and asked, "Would it make any difference to you, if
you and your partner parted and you came with me?" We
agreed, and in an hour we were ready to go. On the way
out to his farm he told me that I would work with six farm
hands. He wanted to know whether I got along well with
people. "I think so; I have never had any experience in
that line," I said. "How much farm work do you know?"
I answered that I could do some things, and could learn
others quickly. We rode in a spring wagon. I spoke to the
farmer about my wages. I thought we should agree on the

38 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 2

wage before I started work. The farmer said: "I don't
know what you are worth, but I'll put you on trial; and
then I'll pay you what you are worth. Is that satisfactory ?"
He wanted me to work under these conditions for four
weeks. But I said: "I think you will know in two days
whether I satisfy you or not. But I'll stay for two weeks
and at the end of that time, you can pay me what I have
been worth to you and tell me whether you want me to stay
longer." With this understanding I accompanied him.

We drove right on and stopped in front of his house.
Then the women started coming out — one, and another, and
another ; and they kept coming out ! They all busied them-
selves taking things out of the wagon. "Here, girls, I have
brought a playmate!" I did not like that expression. That
was the bunch I was to work with — six girls, the youngest
being thirteen years of age. The oldest was the foreman —
the boss.

I was shown my room. I should be able to hold my own
with these girls, I thought. The one in authority was a
good boss. You could not beat that girl in working! She
was a worker! How she had the strength, I don't know.
She pitched bundles, and did as well as any man. We got
along nicely. Next day, toward evening, my chum came
along the fence to tell me that he had left his job. Later
I learned that he had been fired.

I stayed all fall. I could have stayed all winter. At
supper table one day the farmer said : "How long have you
been here?" I said: "Two weeks tomorrow." "Well, young
man," the farmer said, "as far as I am concerned you may
remain; but you have not proven satisfactory to the boss!"
"Well," I said, "I agreed with you that if my work was not
satisfactory, I would go." The boss jumped up and said:
"Pa, that isn't true. I never said that." So I stayed. My
pay was increased and later I was promoted and made the
boss. I did not want to be the boss, but the girl insisted.
"It is more natural for a man to be the boss than a woman,"
she said. When the work was done in the fall, I wanted to
go to the lumber camps. The farmer wanted me to stay
with him. But since I persisted in my desire to go to the
camps, he consented, but wanted me to come back in the
spring. I did not go back.

In the Early Days of Wisconsin 39

I accordingly went to the lumber camps. First to one
in Wisconsin; and then in the spring, I went to Marine
Mills, Minnesota. Here I attended school. I worked for my
board and room Saturdays, and, on other days, in the morn-
ing and evening. The remainder of the time, I went to
school. The hotel proprietor's son, who was also at the
lumber camp, told me where I could find a place to board.
In this school, I finished the Fourth Reader, and learned
arithmetic and writing. I liked school but had never had
a good chance to go to one before. We had to furnish books
and writing materials. It was three years before I returned
home. In the meantime, I had written home. Father came
to get me. He said nothing about my having run away.

We were still living on the old homestead in Burnett
County. One afternoon about three o'clock, one of my
brothers — I can't remember whether it was John or
George — came running up the road. He said that while they
were playing at the corner of the farm, they saw a man
wearing a dress, and that he had a long beard, too. That
was Father Oderic. He looked at the children and said,
'These are Indians ! These are Indians ! And that is what
I am looking for!" He had two big satchels. We boys took
them, and brought him up to our home. That was the first
stop he had made since leaving the railroad eight miles
away. He always came to us after that. He gave us in-
structions and then baptized us all, including mother, who
was a pagan. When he would leave us, he would go to
Danberry. I would hitch up the team to the lumber wagon
and take him as far as my horses would go, to the lake
called Rice Lake (not the town Rice Lake), Wisconsin.

On one of the first trips I made with him, I took him to
my grandmother across the lake. She lived alone and had
no near neighbors. I told him she might be queer; for she
was a thorough pagan. Her name was Little Porcupine.
She ordered him out of the house. He used to laugh about
this. It amused him to think that an old lady had ordered
him out of the house. If she had lived two more weeks, she
would have been baptized. She and he became good friends.

One time an old medicineman was sick. Everybody
thought he was going to die. I told Father Oderic about

40 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 2

him. Father said, "Take me to him tomorrow morning." I
took him, but Father Oderic could not do anything with
him. In a few days, the man died ; but he wasn't converted.
I met Father Oderic when I was seventeen or eighteen years
old, after I came back from school.

One time at Long Lake many Indians were gathering
rice. They were camping across the bay. They had a drum.
We used to go over at night to watch them, and to dance.
Old Omazig was their speaker. He was a brave. He made a
speech. A girl was sick and was getting worse. This old
speaker said, "We are going to kill the cause of the disease
which troubles her." He gave no explanation of how he was
going to do this. He simply said, "In the morning you will
know." Early next morning at sunrise — it was foggy — we
heard a big noise across the bay ; then a gun shot. We won-
dered if there was some truth in what the old man had said.
Someone said that the people had fashioned bullrushes into
the shape of a person. Then they attributed the sickness,
as it were, to the statue. The noise we heard was made by
the women, who, with hatchets, were attacking the statue.
The old speaker had shot at it with the gun but missed it,
and everybody laughed about it. The women chopped the
statue into pieces. The old fellow predicted the girl would
get better, and she did. I was twenty -five years old at that
time. Yes, the old fellow missed that statue, and with a
shot gun at that! The shot scattered a considerable dis-
tance, and yet he missed the figure! The man may have
had poor eyesight, or perhaps the fog obscured the target.

My step-grandmother must have had many deaths in her
family, for I never saw her unless she was carrying a baby-
like form or bundle. In the bundle was a dish. When anyone
died she was asked if she wanted to do this. If she did not
she was released. If she said yes, she carried the bundle
with her for a year. When visiting, she set the bundle
down, opened it, took out the dish, and ate from it. This
was a tin dish. Besides the tin dish the bundle contained
something that the dead person had liked, such as a pair of
moccasins. A year after the death, everything that the
dead person had owned was given away. This was done
for deceased near relatives including grandchildren. The
pagans still do this.

In the Early Days of Wisconsin 41

I liked horses. I joined the cowboys in Montana one
season. I liked the life of the cowboys but I didn't like the
character of the boys. They were great drinkers. They
would say, "Let's go to town and paint it red!" When they
were nearly drunk, they would pick out some of the boys
and order them to dance the clog dance. They did not have
any music, so they simply clapped their hands for music.
If you did not dance to suit them or if you stopped jigging,
they would shoot right between your feet with their re-
volvers, so that the splinters would fly. It was pretty dan-
gerous, for they might wreck your ankles. In the beginning
I could not catch any animals with the lasso, but later on
I did.

And now I want to tell you about our organizations. My
father was a white man and therefore did not belong to any
clan. Clan members are as brothers and sisters. Long ago
all clans must have been blood relatives and, therefore, all
clan members must have blood relationship today. Any
member of the Wolf Clan, for instance, in any one of the
bands today, must be related to all members of the Wolf
Clan in all the Chippewa tribe. Today when two meet, and
they discover that they are members of the same clan, they
grab each other by the arms and say, "Oh ! you are my rela-
tive." Animals represented in these totems or clans, such
as the Bear Clan, Wolf Clan, etc., are not considered sacred.
They are killed and eaten as are other animals.

In old days the Lac Courte Orielle band had a head chief.
He had two names, Bagowas, which means "patch," like
patch on a pants, and Aquewanse, which means "old man."
When Bagowas died his son, Gengwawa, became chief.
After Gengwawa died, his sister's child, Peter Wolf, became
chief. A son of Peter Wolf, Mike Wolf, is now the recog-
nized chief. Since Mike is not on this reservation, — he is
in the Indian service in one of the Dakotas, — one of the
sub-chiefs, Anaquat, of the Chief Lake group, is acting as
head chief. His duty is to represent the Lac Courte Orielle
Chippewa if anything tribal turns up. If any such business
turns up, a meeting is held to which all are invited, and
whatever is decided upon there, Peter Anaquat will present
to the agent or whoever is concerned. The tribe will uphold
him in these decisions.

42 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 2

Sub-chieftainship is also inherited. There are three sub-
chiefs on the Reservation today. Peter Anaquat is sub-chief
of Paquawang, which includes Chief Lake on the Chippewa
River. Mose Bluesky, Oshawashgogesik, is sub-chief of the
Couderay band that lives on the Chippewa River, now called
New Post. Joe White, Ashquagabow, is the sub-chief at
Reserve. His grandfather is one of the chiefs who signed
the Treaty of September 30, 1854, at La Pointe.

All the Indians on this Reservation belong to the Lac
Courte Orielle Band. The Indians at Odanah, in Ashland
County, are of the Chippewa tribe, but of a different band.
The Chippewa at Redcliff are called the Redcliff Band or
John Buffalo's Band. John Buffalo is now dead. Another
band of Chippewa live at Lac du Flambeau.

There are other Chippewa in this state. When the Chip-
pewa were placed on reservations in Wisconsin, some of
them would not leave the places in which they were then
living. Today the descendants of these are called the Lost
Tribes. There are some four hundred of these Indians in
the counties of Loraine, Barron, Polk, and Burnett. They
are called Lost Tribes because they are scattered around and
never had their names recorded on the tribal roll-call which
was kept by the Government, at the sub-agency at Reserve.
Some seven or eight years ago ninety-four out of ninety-
six persons of the Lost Tribes were given a settlement by
the United States Government. The following year other
members of the Lost Tribes sent representatives to a coun-
cil held in Spooner, having hired an attorney from St. Paul
to arrange for a settlement with the United States
Government.

Three years ago our men made a study to discover the
sub-chiefs in order to make up a delegation which was to go
to Washington to request the records of the treaty of Sep-
tember 30, 1854. A treaty was drawn up on that date be-
tween the seven bands of the Chippewa Indians — the bands
of Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota — and the United
States Government. Forty chiefs and sub-chiefs signed this
Treaty of 18541.

lrThe Treaty of September 30, 1854, was made at La Pointe, Wisconsin, between
the seven bands of the Lake Superior Chippewa and the Mississippi Bands, on
one side, and the United States Government on the other. The signers of the

In the Early Days of Wisconsin 43

After the terms of the treaty had been drawn up and
signed, the Indians said, "We move around so much, gather-
ing wild rice and making sugar, etc., that we can't very well
preserve the records. Therefore, let us leave them in the
President's hand with the understanding that he hold the
records until such time as the seven bands reunite and sit
before him and demand the records." Only at such a time
were they to be given up to any of the Indians. Time and
time again since then, representatives of one or two bands
have gone to Washington, but always they are told to go
home because things are not ready yet. They will not be
ready until all of the seven bands are represented.

Never were the seven bands able to get together until
three years ago. They met at Lac du Flambeau. The idea
was to get together so that they could go to Washington and
ask for the records of the Treaty of 1854. Since no one of
today knows the agreement found in these records, no one
knows what was decided by the chiefs and to what condi-
tions they bound the Indians. At the Lac du Flambeau meet-
ing it was decided that a delegation would go to Washington
to demand the records in order that the Chippewa might
establish their claims as agreed to in 1854.

The principal speaker of this meeting was Anamasung, a
Minnesota Chippewa of Cloquet, who said he had promises
of money from two sources for expenses of the trip to Wash-
ington ; and, if these failed him, he had sufficient money in
Washington upon which to draw. He had been to Washing-
ton five different times. Just as he was about ready to go,
while setting traps on this Reservation, he dropped dead.
He probably had a stroke.

On some reservations the Indians now have business
committees who act in place of the old tribal sub-chiefs. Lac
du Flambeau and this Reservation each have one.

In old days women sometimes came to council meetings,
but they were only witnesses, not members. A woman might

Lake Superior Chippewa are grouped under the following- bands: La Pointe,
L'Anse, Grand Portage, Fond du Lac, Lac Courte Orielle, Lac du Flambeau,
and Bois Forte. Of these bands twelve first chiefs, twenty-four second chiefs,
and thirty-four headmen signed the treaty. Signers of the Mississippi bands
were one head chief, one first chief, eight second chiefs, and five headmen.
(Treaty with the Chippewa, 1854, Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. II,
Senate Document No. 319, 58th Congress, 2nd Session, pp. 648-652.) (Government
Printing Office, Washington, 1904.)

44 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 2

also be called on for information; for instance, the wife of
a chief. But the Chippewa never had women chiefs ; at least
I never heard of any.

And now to get back to our story. If you want to tattoo,
in order to cure a sickness, take a small piece of wood, split
one end of it and tie a few needles into this end. Mark off
the space that is to be tattooed, an area about one inch
square, dip needles into medicine, and with them prick the
marked area. I broke my hip some years ago and used to
have great pains driving a lumber wagon. I drove this
wagon practically every day, hauling lumber to build a new
house. I had a spot tattooed on my hip. I found great relief
but after having it done so many times, I no longer found
that it helped any. After it was pricked, I was supposed to
rest. Once I felt that the whole thing was taking too much
of my time, so I took the needles and instead of pricking my
hip continuously for a long time, I drove the needles down
deeper. But this made my hip very sore. After each prick-
ing, the pricked part oozed blood. It was covered with the
down of any bird. The down sticks to the wound until it is
healed.

In '81 I saw an old woman on the Reservation who had
tattooing in the form of a cross on her forehead. The parts
of the cross were all equal. They were made up of four one-
half inch squares. The color was a deep blue. The design,
so far as I know, didn't mean anything. This woman had
merely been treated and cured of some trouble.

When I was a little boy, I saw an old man preparing
medicine in a corner of a house. He had a wooden vessel in
which there was water. The old fellow said, "You watch
when I sing. I am going to throw some of this into the
water. I'll sing of a star. Watch now when I throw this into
the water." A star formed. It was wonderful to see! In
early days, when the old fellows made medicines, they sang
songs. Old Martin Shogy used to sing. Mrs. Fleming doesn't
sing when she prepares her medicines.

My grandfather knew roots and herbs that could be used
as medicine. Sometimes those that know the value of herbs
sell this information, but you have to pay a good price to
buy it. Indians who know the medicinal value of plant life

In the Early Days of Wisconsin 45

consider this knowledge personal. That is why you have to
pay a big price for it. They brew medicines from herbs and
give you the brew, and you pay them for this. That is pay-
ing for medical service. If you want the knowledge of how
and where to collect the plants, you have to pay well for that,
too. When the old fellows or some women go out to gather
these plants, they cut tobacco into small pieces and place
them in the ground, as offerings, wherever they dig up a
root or gather an herb. Their belief is that the more you
pay, the better the medicine will be.

Sick people are bled by being cut at the temples with a
flint stone. Small gashes are made and the end of a horn of
any critter is used to draw the blood by sucking with the
mouth at the narrow end. Blood often runs down the side
of the face. This is used as a cure for headaches.

Sometimes bleeding is done on the arm — the inside of
the arm. A small knife blade is used for this. A string of
some kind is wrapped tightly around the blade nearly to the
very end. The point is not wrapped. You must leave just
enough to cut as deep as you want to cut. Then, with one
hand, you hold the point right over a vein and, with the
other hand, you tap it so that gashes are made. You don't
have to suck the blood from this for it will flow a plenty by
itself. There are people today who cure sicknesses by both
sucking blood and bleeding the vein.

Indians can do good to each other but they can do each
other great harm also. They have a way of doing away
with each other. They have bad medicines — bad powers —
from the effect of which people die.

My grandfather was a medicineman. Once, before they
had a medicine dance, they had initiation songs four suc-
cessive nights. I saw my grandfather go to his bundle and
take out a roll of birch bark. He opened the roll and looked
at it. There was no writing on it to indicate its meaning;
only animals and birds were on it. He looked it over, and
picked out some songs and hymns. I looked at it, too, and
asked how he could read it. He said, "I know what it means.
I can read it."

Suppose there is something wrong in the chest or some
part of the body. You call in the medicineman. He has

46 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 2

bones of a bird, for example, a goose, the largest ones of
which are probably two inches long. He will have two or
three of these bones, cleaned and smoothed. When he is
ready to perform on the patient, he puts the bones into a
dish of clean water. One by one, he puts them into his
mouth and swallows them. He then puts his mouth on the
chest, or on the bare skin of the sick part, and one by one
he will cough up the bones. He sucks the sick part through
the bones, and sometimes worms or whatever causes the
sickness, appear.

My grandfather's brother was a fake medicineman. He
was asked to discover whether a sick child was going to live
or die. His sons and nephews were told to build a tipi; we
built a regular one of light poles seven feet high and four
feet in diameter. We tied the poles together and covered
the tipi with blankets. Some twelve feet from the tipi was
a bonfire. Some men sat near it and beat the drum. Half
way between, the acting medicineman — in this case my
grandfather's brother — sat down and smoked his long pipe.
He sat on the ground with the bowl of his pipe resting on
the ground. His hands clutched the pipe stem, his arms
rested on his bent knees. He continued smoking his pipe
and staring before him at the ground, continually staring,
while the others beat the drum. Finally he said, "Every-
thing is all right!" meaning, he was ready to go into the
small tipi. He goes in, and in a few minutes things begin to
rattle. Often there are bells at the top of the tipi, and these
begin to rattle. My great uncle went in and, as soon as
things began to shake, the tipi went to pieces. We had pur-
posely constructed it carelessly, so as to annoy the old man.
He was cross and said, "Come, now, make a good one." Next
day we built one of poles so strong that we were hardly able
to bend the poles in order to tie them together. Now the old
fellow couldn't make things go; things only quivered. He
came out and said, "Spirits won't come." So another man
who sat nearby was asked to go in. He didn't want to, but
finally he did; he was middle-aged. He made the thing go
because he was a powerful medicineman. He nearly shook
it to the ground. I knew that fellow; he wasn't so strong
physically that he could shake that tipi! We fellows who
had made it, tried our level best to make it shake, but

In the Early Days of Wisconsin 47

couldn't move it. This fellow made it shake! My grand-
father's brother had failed, for he was a fake. This fellow
said the girl would live, and in two days she was up and
around.

Another time I saw a medicineman work. Two medicine
tipis were built not far apart. The same strong man that
acted in the case of the sick girl was to occupy one, and
another man, the other. The first one refused to act. The
second man came and said he would try. They beat the
drum, and he smoked, and thought, and studied, gazing on
the ground. Then, raising himself up, "It is all right; we
can start." He crept on hands and feet for five feet to
the tipis. He took off his shirt, tucked it in one tipi, and
he went into the other. Both tipis began to shake and sway
from side to side. The purpose was to find out whether a
certain person was going to live or die, and what medicine
should be used.

If any one was sick in camp everyone knew it. It wasn't
announced by smoke signalling or gunshot. But if one died
in camp, a gun was shot three times. At Odanah guns were
shot five and six times. This idea had its origin with the
Chippewa. They didn't get it from the White people. I
never heard of the Chippewa using smoke signalling. We
did not signal in any way when leaving camp. Anybody who
came could see that we had left. The way we went was
pointed out by broken twigs which extended in the direction
in which we travelled. Today we sometimes mark our trail
by driving sticks into the ground and tying a rag to the
upper end of each.

After a person in this village dies, people fast four days.
If a husband dies, his wife must stay single for a year and
continue living in her home as if her husband were still
living there. At the end of the year, the woman is dressed
up and painted. The medicineman comes and so do the dead
husband's parents and relatives. One of two conditions will
be placed before the woman: First, her husband's parents,
or, if these are dead, his nearest relatives may accept the
presents the woman offers them. If they accept them, she
is released and is free to marry any one of her own choice.
Or, secondly, the parents or relatives may present her with

48 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 2

a husband right there, and she must accept him. Her hus-
band's relatives have that right. Should the widow marry
before this ceremony, or be seen with a man, her relatives
will violently upbraid her. A certain woman here had one
braid cut on one side to remind her that she had done some-
thing wrong. One woman had a gash cut in her throat.
Another had a gash cut in her face. Men fall under the
same restrictions laid down for women.

The general custom is that when a woman dies all the
things she has used on her person are placed in a box. A
year after her death, they are distributed to her children,
near women relatives, and very near friends.

There are no written wills; but a woman may state be-
fore she dies that her clothes and personal belongings should
go to designated persons. The wigwam belongs to the whole
family. The woman does not claim it as her possession al-
though she has built it.

On the first of May, some years ago, we were clearing a
piece of land for the people of the village. It was to be a
sort of community farm, and I was appointed foreman on
the job. The winter before, someone went out there and
measured off ten acres. I don't know who did the measur-
ing. When I went out with a crew and the superintendent,
they said that all but two acres had been brushed, chopped
and cleared. I looked at the piece of land and thought,
"That cannot be ten acres." I did not say anything until
the next day, when I said to the superintendent, "We are
going to run out of work with these twenty-four men. We
have just that little corner left. Do you consider that piece
to be ten acres?" "No." "Weren't we supposed to clear ten
acres? I am sure this isn't more than five acres. Have you
a surveyor's chain to measure it off ?" "Yes," he said. But
we didn't have any compass. He said, "How are you going
to tell directions?" I said, "I can tell directions; I use a
watch compass." I pulled out my watch and showed him.
This is how it is done. Set the hour hand in line with the
sun. Then the mid point between the hour hand and twelve
o'clock is south. To use your watch as a compass you must,
of course, have sunshine. I set the stakes and showed him.
That was a new one for him. They had measured off exactly
ten acres.

In the Early Days of Wisconsin 49

Shabagizig tells about this. In old days in the spring
of the year — take a warm day in spring — some fellow would
wear snowshoes and go in the direction of a bear lair. He'd
beat the snow down with his snowshoes, the snow after
freezing making a trail. After dark, this person would get
ready, put on his coat, take his hatchet and strike out on
the trail. He might go several miles perhaps. It is night.
Here is how he told it. This fellow would go along and
stand and listen, and stand and listen, and stand and listen.
Pretty soon he would hear something. He would hear bear
yaps. Sometimes they came from the ground; sometimes,
from hollow trees. When he would hear the sound, he would
take his hatchet, cut a stick, and place it into the snow so
that it would point in the direction from which the yaps
had come. The next day he and some others would go out
and find the bears there!

I have always tried to do my best whenever there was
anything to be done. I held various offices. I held all the
town offices: I was policeman, sheriff, school director, land
surveyor, foreman; but I don't like to tell about these be-
cause it sounds too much like praising myself.

I am not allowed to work on any public works now on
account of my age. I have no money. I am ready to die
any time God calls me. I work in my garden every day and
it is a fine garden.

Mr. Thayer's garden was a fine garden. As he stood in
it pointing out with just pride its beauties and with fond
interest its merits, one could not help but think with
Shakespeare : There are no gentlemen but gardeners.

50 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 2

ARCHEOLOGICAL NOTES

MEETINGS

April 20, 1936. President-elect Dr. Herbert W. Kuhm conducted the
meeting. There were 80 members and visitors present. He gave a
short talk in which he promised to devote his full attention to forward-
ing the best interests of the Society in its various activities and asked
the cooperation of all of its members.

He read a list of the standing and special committees appointed
to serve during the ensuing year. These had been approved by the
Board of Directors. Secretary Brown announced the election of Mr.
Daniel Strampe, Reedsburg, as an annual member and of the State
Teachers College, Superior, as an institutional member. The deaths
of two members, Dr. A. F. Heising, Menomonie, and Dr. W. G.
McLachlan, McFarland, were made known. The auditing committee
had reported the account books of Treasurer Thorne in good order.
At the Society's request Dr. Barrett had extended invitations to Cen-
tral Section, American Anthropological Association and the Society
for American Archeology to hold their 1937 meetings at Milwaukee.

Mr. Schoewe announced a centennial celebration to be held at Osh-
kosh, July 19 to 25. Mr. Herbert W. Cornell gave an illustrated lecture
on "Archaeology and the Stars." This was undoubtedly one of the
finest lectures given to members of the Society during the year past.
At the end of the meeting, exhibits were made by various members,
all of them giving brief talks about the materials shown.

May 18, 1936. President Kuhm presiding. There were seventy mem-
bers in attendance. Secretary Brown announced the election to mem-
bership in the Society of Gerald C. Stowe, West Depere; Victor S.
Taylor, Lake Mills, and Martin 0. Lipke, Wisconsin Rapids. Dr. Lewis
S. Buttles made a tentative announcement of the programs proposed
for the ensuing year. Mr. H. 0. Zander announced that he would speak
before the Milwaukee Hobby Council on Indian implements in June.

In the annual "Archeological Clinic" which formed the program
for the evening, Mr. Schoewe spoke on "The Technique of Surface
Research," Dr. Buttles on "Photographing Archeological Specimens,"
Mr. H. 0. Zander on "Collecting Indian Implements," Mr. W. C.
McKern on "Collecting Pottery," Mr. Brown on "Archeological Rec-
ords" and Mr. West on "Archeological Exploration." All of these talks
were discussed by the members. Mr. Paul Scholz and other members
exhibited noteworthy specimens which they described to the members.
Mr. Buttles suggested that one of the autumn or winter meetings be
held among the collections in the Milwaukee Museum.

The Central Section, American Anthropological Association, held
its fifteenth annual meeting at Harris Hall, Northwestern University,
Evanston, Illinois, on April 10 and 11, 1936. The Wisconsin Academy
of Sciences, Arts and Letters held its annual meeting at the Memorial
Union building at Madison on April 17 and 18. The American Asso-
ciation of Museums met in New York City on May 11 to 13. Members
of the Wisconsin Archeological Society attended all of these meetings.

Miscellaneous

Dr. Joseph F. Quin, of Milwaukee, an old member of the Wisconsin
Society, died on February 11. Robert A. Elder, of Laona, a University

Archeological Notes 51

of Wisconsin graduate, has been awarded a fellowship at the Brooklyn
Museum. He took the museum courses in 1935 and 1936. Mr. Walter
Bubbert has been employed in the Resettlement work, WPA, at
Black River Falls. He and Mr. A. P. Jones have made a survey and
prepared a report on a mound group located at City Point. Mr. Geo.
A. West is preparing a monograph on flint implements. This promises
to be helpful to Wisconsin and other students.

The recent death at his fruit ranch at Hermiston, Oregon, of Mr.
Harry H. Willard, a former resident of Wisconsin and a charter mem-
ber of the Society, is reported. Prof. Ethel T. Rockwell wrote and
staged the Wisconsin Centennial Cavalcade pageant given at Madison
during the week of the State celebration, June 27 to July 5. This was
the finest Wisconsin pageant which she has ever produced. Mr. Albert
O. Barton was the chairman of the historical committee which arranged
the street show window exhibits. Chief Yellow Thunder led the Wis-
consin Indians in the daily parades. The State Historical Museum
made extensive Territorial history exhibits.

Attention is called to the standing and special committees appointed
by President Herbert W. Kuhm. These appear on one of the beginning
pages of this issue. All members of the Society who engage in any
field work during the summer are requested to prepare reports of the
same for the Society's records. Printed report blanks may be obtained
from Secretary Brown.

Mr. Robert R. Jones is conducting the Historical Records Survey
work for the Federal Writers' Projects in Waushara County. Mr. C.
E. Brown, State director of these Federal projects, has approved the
appointment of Mr. Jesse 0. Boell to succeed Miss Alice E. Smith as
assistant state supervisor of the Wisconsin Historical Records Survey.
Mr. Brown has been reappointed to membership in the Committee on
State Archeological Surveys of the National Research Council, Wash-
ington, D. C.

Hoi. 10 **pfcmter, 103H

NEW SERIES

Wisconsin Indian Land Cessions
xtension of the loway Focus
Corner-Tang Flint Artifacts

American Buffalo in Wisconsin
Artistic Ability of the Indian

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

MILWAUKEE

Accepted for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1103
Act, Oct. 3, 1917. Authorized Jan. 28, 1921.

VOLUME 16, No. 3

New Series

1936

PUBLISHED BY THE

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
MILWAUKEE

Incorporated March 23, 1903, for the purpose of advancing the study
and preservation of Wisconsin antiquities

OFFICERS

PRESIDENT

Dr. H. W. Kuhm

VICE-PRESIDENTS

Dr. L. S. Buttles T. L. Miller Kermit Freckman

H. W. Cornell W. E. Erdman

DIRECTORS

Geo. A. West Dr. S. A. Barrett

W. K. Andrews
Dr. W. H. Brown
Col. Marshall Cousins
Rev. F. S. Dayton
W. S. Dunsmoor
Arthur Gerth
J. G. Gregory
O. J. Halvorsen
P. W. Hoffman
J. J. Knudsen

ADVISORY COUNCIL

M. F. Hulburt Dr. E. J. W. Notz

Paul Joers

A. P. Kannenberg

Dr. A. L. Kastner

Louis Pierron
M. C. Richter
Jos. Ringeisen, Jr.

Dr. Louise P. Kellogg Paul Scholz
R. J. Kieckhefer E. E. Steene

Mrs. Theodore Koerner M. S. Thomson
Marie G. Kohler R. S. Van Handel

W. C. McKern G. R. Zilisch

C. G. Schoewe E. F. Richter

TREASURER

G. M. Thorne

1631 N. Fifty-second Street, Milwaukee, Wis.

SECRETARY

Charles E. Brown
State Historical Museum, Madison, Wis.

COMMITTEES

REGULAR

STATE SURVEY— Robert R. Jones, J. J. Knudsen, A. P. Kannenberg,
M. F. Hulburt, W. E. Erdman, D. A. Blencoe, Kermit Freckman,
V. E. Motschenbacher, G. E. Overton, O. L. Hollister, J. P.
Schumacher, Rev. Chr. Hjermstad, F. M. Neu, M. P. Henn, H. F.
Feldman, P. B. Fisher, V. S. Taylor.

PUBLIC COLLECTIONS— Dr. S. A. Barrett, C. E. Brown, N. C.
Behncke, H. L. Ward, Rev. F. S. Dayton, Prof. J. B. MacHarg,
Prof. A. H. Sanford, Rev. P. B. Jenkins, W. M. Babcock, H. R.
Roland. Miss Marie G. Kohler, Rev. A. J. Muench, Dr. P.
H. Nesbitt.

STATE ARCHEOLOGICAL PARKS— Geo. A. West, R. P. Ferry, Wal-
ter Holsten, D. S. Rowland, M. S. Thomson, Col. J. G. Jackson,
Prof. A. H. Sanford.

PUBLICITY— W. C. McKern, M. C. Richter, Victor S. Craun.

SPECIAL

BIOGRAPHY— Rachel M. Campbell, Dr. E. J. W. Notz, E. F. Richter,
G. R. Zilisch, Paul Joers, Arthur Gerth.

FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS— Jos. Ringeisen, Jr., Geo. A. West,
E. F. Richter, W. C. McKern.

PROGRAM— Dr. L. S. Buttles, H. W. Cornell, Mrs. Theo. Koerner,
E. E. Steene.

PUBLICATIONS— C. E. Brown, Dr. A. K. Fisher, W. E. Erdman.

MARKING MILWAUKEE ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES— Dr. A. L.
Kastner, R. J. Kieckhefer, L. R. Whitney, J. G. Gregory.

LAPHAM RESEARCH MEDAL— Dr. S. A. Barrett, Geo. A. West,
Dr. A. L. Kastner, C. E. Brown, C. G. Schoewe, M. C. Richter.

MEMBERSHIP FEES

Life Members, $25.00 Endowment Members, $500.00

Sustaining Members, $5.00 Annual Members, $2.00

Institutional Members, $1.50 Junior Members, $ .50

All communications in regard to The Wisconsin Archeological Society should
be addressed to Charles E. Brown, Secretary and Curator, Office, State Historical
Museum, Madison, Wisconsin. Contributions to The Wisconsin Archeologist should
be addressed to him. Dues should be sent to G. M. Thome, Treasurer, 1631 N.
52nd Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

CONTENTS

Vol. 16, No. 3, New Series

ARTICLES

Page
Wisconsin Indian Land Cessions,

Taggart Brown 53

Extension of the loway Focus,

Robert A. Elder, Jr 60

Corner-tang Flint Artifacts,

Charles E. Brown 62

The Buffalo In Wisconsin,

Myra E. Burt 70

The Artistic Ability of the Indian 72

Projects for the Restoration of Sites and Structures of Historical

or Archeological Importance 74

Archeological Notes 77

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

Figures 1 — Pottery Vessel, loway Focus 60

2 — Corner-tang Artifacts ___ 64

Utanwmn

Published Quarterly by The Wisconsin Archeological Society

VOL. 16 MILWAUKEE, WIS., SEPTEMBER, 1936 No. 3

New Series

WISCONSIN INDIAN LAND CESSIONS

Taggart Brown

Only a few years after the Americans took over from
the British the lands embraced in the present State of Wis-
consin, after the close of the War of 1812-15, and had con-
structed a chain of frontier forts across the state — Fort
Howard at Green Bay, 1816; Fort Crawford at Prairie du
Chien, 1816, and Fort Winnebago at Portage, 1828— the
Wisconsin Indians began to part with their lands to the
United States.

The earliest of these Indian land cessions to the govern-
ment was brought about by the settlement (1822-1830) of
Americans in the lead mining region in southwestern Wis-
consin. These mines had long been known to the Indians
and the French, and the latter had already worked them to
great profit. To avoid trouble with the aboriginal claimants
of these lands, the Chippewa, Ottawa and Potawatomi In-
dians were in the year 1829 induced by the United States
to cede these mineral lands in Wisconsin and Illinois. The
Wisconsin tract, in the southwest corner of the state, in-
cluded all but a small part of the present Grant County (an
area bordering on the Wisconsin River not being included),
the western part of La Fayette County and southwestern
corner of Iowa County. This was accomplished at a treaty
held with representatives of these tribes at Prairie du
Chien, July 29, 1829. This land cession formed a part of
an earlier southern Wisconsin cession made to the govern-
ment by the Sauk and Fox Indians on November 3, 1804,
and which extended over the country from Lake Michigan
to the Mississippi River, and north to the Wisconsin River.

54 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 3

This land had been retroceded by the government to the
Chippewa, Ottawa and Potawatomi on August 24, 1816.

Winnebago Cession

On August 1, 1829, the Winnebago Indians at Prairie du
Chien ceded to the United States a much larger land area
in southwestern Wisconsin. This adjoined the Chippewa,
Ottawa and Potawatomi cession on the east and extended
(in Wisconsin) from the Illinois boundary northward to the
Wisconsin River, and from the Sugar River and the Madison
lakes westward to the above-mentioned boundary. White
settlements of lead miners had already sprung up in this
region, at Mineral Point, Dodgeville, Shullsburg and else-
where.

Included in this land cession were the western part of
present Dane County and Columbia County, the greater part
of Green, Iowa and La Fayette counties and an area south
of the Wisconsin River in northern Grant County.

Menomini Cession

At a treaty held at Washington on February 8, 1831,
the Menomini Indians ceded a tract of land along the Lake
Michigan shore, described as extending from the south end
of Lake Winnebago to the mouth of the Milwaukee River,
thence along the shore of Lake Michigan to the end of the
Door County peninsula (and including the islands at the
tip of the peninsula). From the shore of Lake Michigan
it extended west to the Fox River and the eastern shore
of Lake Winnebago. In this tract were included the north-
eastern part of present Milwaukee County, a part of the
eastern part of Ozaukee County and of the eastern part
of Fond du Lac County, the eastern half of Brown County,
and the entire present counties of Sheboygan, Manitowoc,
Calumet, Kewaunee and Door.

The right of the Menomini to transfer the land in the
Lake Michigan shore counties to the government has been
questioned, since it appears that the Potawatomi Indians
had a prior claim to those lands. In these lake shore coun-
ties Potawatomi villages were located at Milwaukee, Sauk-

Wisconsin Indian Land Cessions 55

ville, Sheboygan, Manitowoc Rapids, Mishicott, Kewaunee,
in Door County and other localities in 1831.

In the Fox River region (west bank) near present Kau-
kauna and extending north along the Green Bay shore to
the Oconto River, a tract of land was set apart for the
occupation of the New York Indians. At this time the
Menomini also ceded a large tract of land in northeastern
and northern Wisconsin, described as follows:

"Beginning at the mouth of Fox River; thence down
the east shore of Green Bay and across its mouth, so as to
include all the islands of the 'Grand Traverse,' thence
westerly along the highlands between Lake Superior and
Green Bay to the upper forks of the Menomini River;
thence to the Plover portage of the Wisconsin River;
thence up the Wisconsin to the Soft Maple River; thence
west to the Plume River, which falls into the Chip-
pewa River; thence down said Plume River to the mouth;
thence down the Chippewa River 30 miles; thence easterly
to the forks of the Manoy River, which falls into the Wis-
consin River; thence down the said Manoy River to its
mouth; then down the Wisconsin River to the Wisconsin
portage, thence across the said portage to the Fox River;
thence down Fox River to its mouth at Green Bay, or the
place of beginning."*

In this large cession is a large area to which the Chip-
pewa Indians may be thought to have had an equal, if not
a prior, claim.

Winnebago Cession

In 1832 the Winnebago were induced to part with an-
other large tract of their holdings, this ceded region extend-
ing from the Illinois line north to the site of the present
city of Oshkosh and the Wolf River, and from the Rock
River and Lake Winnebago west to the Fox and Wiscon-
sin rivers. This cession, which was made at a treaty held
at Fort Armstrong, at Rock Island in Illinois, September 15,
1832, also included lands in that state.

Included in the cession was the western half of present
Rock County, the western half of Jefferson County, the

* 19 Ann. Kept., B. A. E.

56 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 3

eastern half of Dane County, the eastern two-thirds of Co-
lumbia County, the western half of Dodge County, the
western half of Fond du Lac County, and the southern part
of Winnebago County.

In this region in 1832 were important Winnebago vil-
lages at Fond du Lac, Rush Lake, Green Lake, Portage, the
Madison lakes, Lake Koshkonong, Fox Lake and elsewhere.

Potawatomi Cession

In 1833, the Potawatomi, Ottawa and Chippewa ceded
to the government a territory extending from Gross Point,
twelve miles north of Chicago, to the foot of Lake Win-
nebago, and from Lake Michigan and the Milwaukee River
west to the Rock River.

Thus this nation parted, at a treaty held at Chicago,
September 26, 1833, with the last of their lands in Wis-
consin.

Included in this cession were prairie and forest lands
now forming Kenosha and Racine counties, the eastern half
of Jefferson County, the eastern part of Dodge County, all
but the northeastern corner of Washington County, the
southern part of Fond du Lac County, the eastern half of
Rock County and entire Wai worth and Waukesha counties.
It is estimated that by the terms of this treaty the Pota-
watomi parted with about 5,000,000 acres of land in north-
ern Illinois, southern Wisconsin and Michigan. In this
region they had villages at Milwaukee, the Muskego lakes,
Waukesha, Racine, Lake Geneva and elsewhere.

This treaty, approved on February 21, 1835, was in-
tended to remove all of the Potawatomi west of the Mis-
sissippi, but many fled to Canada. Some remained in Wis-
consin, and about 700 settled on the large tract of land
provided for them on the Missouri River, near Council
Bluffs in Iowa. In 1846, the influx of settlers caused their
removal to a reservation in Kansas.*

Chippewa Cessions

At a treaty held at St. Peters on the Mississippi River,

* P. V. Lawson, The Potawatomi— Wis. Archeologist, V. 19, No. 2.

Wisconsin Indian Land Cessions 57

July 29, 1837, the Chippewa parted with a vast territory
held by them in northern Wisconsin.

The very large area covered by this land cession ex-
tended from the St. Croix River eastward to the present
locations of the cities of Crandon, Antigo and Stevens Point,
and from the vicinity of Stevens Point north to Rhinelander,
and from Osceola and Eau Claire north to Lake St. Croix.
Within this once great pine forest region are the head-
waters of the Wisconsin River and large parts of the Chip-
pewa, Flambeau, Namekagon, Black and Yellow rivers.

On October 4, 1840, the Chippewa ceded to the govern-
ment the remainder of their lands in Wisconsin — another
extensive region extending from the north line of the fore-
going cession north to the shores of Lake Superior and the
Wisconsin-Northern Michigan boundary.

Within these two extensive cessions lies the present
"Vacation Land" of thousands of residents of southern
Wisconsin and of visitors from other states.

Dakota Cession

Adjoining the Chippewa land cession of 1837 on the
south was a large territory ceded by the Dakota (Sioux).
This extended from the Black River west to the Mississippi
and from the Black River north to the boundary of the
Chippewa cession of the same year. This tract was ceded
by them at Washington, D. C., on September 29, 1837.

It included "all of their lands east of the Mississippi
River and all their islands in said river." The present Mis-
sissippi River counties of Pierce, Pepin, Buffalo, Trempea-
leau, and parts of St. Croix, Dunn, Eau Claire, Clark and
Jackson, were in the area ceded to the United States.

Winnebago Cession

At a meeting held at Washington, D. C., on November
1, 1837, the Winnebago tribe parted with the last of its
lands in Wisconsin. They ceded at this time a large area
extending from the Wisconsin River westward to the Black
and Mississippi rivers, and northward to just beyond Neills-
ville and Marshfield.

58 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 3

Present La Crosse, Monroe, Juneau, Vernon, Crawford,
Richland, Sauk, and parts of Clark, Jackson and Columbia
counties are in this ceded area. Within this region, near
Black River Falls, Sparta, Portage and elsewhere, reside
most of the about 2,200 descendants of this once powerful
Wisconsin tribe.

At the meeting held at Washington on November 1,
1837, the Winnebago agreed to remove from Wisconsin to
a tract of land in northeastern Iowa, known as the Neutral
Ground, set aside for them in a previous treaty made on
September 15, 1832.

"This treaty of 1837 was loudly proclaimed by the tribe
to be a fraud. It is stated that the delegation which visited
Washington in that year had no authority to execute such
an instrument, Chief Yellow Thunder and others, who were
of this party, so declared. The first attempt to remove
them from Wisconsin to the west side of the Mississippi
was made in 1840, when a considerable number were in-
duced to move to the Turkey River, to the Neutral Ground.
A portion of the Fifth and Eighth regiments of U. S. In-
fantry came to Portage to conduct their removal. Two
large boats were provided to transport them down the Wis-
consin River to Prairie du Chien."*

Up to 1846 there remained considerable bands of Win-
nebago in the picturesque valleys of the Wisconsin, Fox,
Kickapoo, Black and Lemonweir rivers in Wisconsin. Many
of these were induced to go to La Crosse for shipment by
boat to St. Paul, whence they were conveyed in wagons to
a reservation selected for them in this year at Long Prairie
on the Mississippi River above St. Cloud in Minnesota.
About thirteen hundred Indians were removed at this time.
In 1873, a last attempt was made to remove the balance of
these Indians remaining in Wisconsin, several hundred be-
ing removed to a new reservation in northeastern Nebraska.
Many, however, remained and others returned to Wiscon-
sin. The Winnebago in Wisconsin today live chiefly in Jack-
son, Adams, Marathon and Shawano counties. Most have
been provided with homesteads.

* P. V. Lawson, The Winnebago Tribe — Wis. Archeologist, Vol. 6, Xo. 3.

Wisconsin Indian Land Cessions 59

Menomini Cession

The Menomini cession, made at Lake Poygan, October
18, 1848, ceded to the United States all of their remaining
lands in Wisconsin. This large land tract in central Wis-
consin adjoined on the west their cession of 1836. It ex-
tended from the Wolf and Fox rivers westward to the Wis-
consin River and from Fort Winnebago at Portage north-
ward to the northern waters of the Wolf River beyond
Keshena.

In this cession are included Adams and Waushara coun-
ties, all but the southeastern corner of Waupaca County,
the eastern half of Portage County, the northwest corner
of Green Lake County, the greater part of Marquette
County, the northwest corner of Columbia County, the
northeast corner of Sauk County and a small part of west-
ern Winnebago County.

As the Menomini had been in the service of the British
in past years, and in the War of 1812-15 and were still
true to their old allies, it became necessary to establish a
treaty of peace between the United States and the tribe.
This occurred on March 30, 1817.

At a treaty made between the United States and the
Chippewa, Menomini and Winnebago tribes at Butte des
Morts in 1827 the southern boundary of the Chippewa coun-
try left undefined by the treaty concluded at Prairie du
Chien, August 18, 1825, was agreed upon.

By a treaty made October 18, 1848, between the United
States and the Menomini, the latter agreed to cede, sell and
relinquish to the United States "all their lands in the State
of Wisconsin, wherever situated." The United States gave
them for a home the tract of country lying upon the Wolf
River, their present reservation. This treaty was assented
to by Oshkosh and Keshena, and was proclaimed on August
2, 1852. In October, 1852, the Indians removed to their
present home. "Under treaties with the United States, the
Menomini, Oneida, Stockbridge and Munsee have each their
respective reservations. The Oneida have a reservation near
Green Bay and the Stockbridge and Munsee occupy one
southwest of the Menomini."*

* 12th Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, pp. 20-32.

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST

Vol. 16, No. 3

EXTENSION OF THE IOWAY FOCUS

Robert A. Elder, Jr.

In ancient time, during the Upper Mississippi stage of
culture in the prehistory of Wisconsin, there were cultural
influences that filtered in from the territory to the south-
west of the state. One of these specific influences is illus-
trated in the loway focus of the Upper Mississippi culture.
This focus, though well known from Wisconsin, has only
been found on sites from which the Mississippi River is
visible and south of about the latitude of Trempeleau
County. Thus, as known, it has been a very localized in-
fluence.

fcPottery Bowl of the loway Focus

In the latter part of 1936, on the property (SE 14 of
NE 14 of sec. 15, T. 37 R. 12 E. town of Hiles) of E. L.
Cornell, on the east shore of Pine Lake, near Hiles, Forest
County, Wisconsin, there was found in association with a
burial, a pottery bowl, which has been definitely identified
by W. C. McKern as belonging to the loway focus.

The vessel is a round bowl-shaped pot almost seven
inches across the mouth, slightly larger across the body

Extension of loway Focus 61

which rounds down into a flat bottom. It stands five and
one-eighth inches high, has on opposite sides two strap
handles one and one-eighth inches wide ; and has, beginning
one and one-eighth inches down from the rim and extend-
ing over the body bulge, a two inch wide band of vertically
incised lines. These lines are shallow and one-eighth inch
broad, and give the appearance of having been done with
a broad blunt point of some kind. The walls average one-
quarter inch in thickness, are made of coarsely shell-tem-
pered, blackish clay, and show rather poor technique of
manufacture.

The location of this loway piece, so far from its before
known range, is a very valuable addition to the information
concerning Wisconsin prehistoric cultures. Determination
of its true significance awaits further archeological work in
central and northern Wisconsin, but the results will be the
corroboration of one of the three following possibilities :

1. The actual extension of the culture of which this pot-
tery is characteristic, into Forest County, some two to
three hundred miles northwest.

2. The diffusion of the particular technique of this pottery's
manufacture without the people who actually carried it
having migrated into the county.

3. That the piece found in Forest County is an isolated
occurrence that can only be explained in that it was
traded over this relatively long distance of two to three
hundred miles.

Through the administrations of the writer this vessel
was presented by its owner to the Milwaukee Museum.
A figure of it accompanies this paper.

62 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 3

CORNER-TANG FLINT ARTIFACTS

Charles E. Brown

A bulletin issued by the University of Texas is devoted
to a description of "The Corner-tang Flint Artifacts of
Texas," written by G. T. Patterson, professor of zoology
in that institution.* In introducing this monograph Profes-
sor G. E. Pearce, of the same University, says in part:

"Dr. Patterson's high abilities as a research worker in
his own field of biology assures one of exhaustive scientific
treatment of any theme with which he attempts to deal.
This study represents a profound interest on his part in a
field that is to him a second love; namely archeology. He
had accumulated a considerable number of specimens of
this very interesting and elsewhere unknown implement
before he decided to undertake to delimit the area in which
it is found and get definite information about as many as
possible of the specimens now in the hands of collectors.
To this end he has devoted, as his map will show, no small
amount of energy and time.

"As a consequence this paper represents the last word
upon this implement and the area in which it is found, ex-
cept as the area itself may be extended to the south by
further investigation and perhaps to the levels in which the
knives may be found within the Central Texas field. As to
the matter of the culture levels to which this knife belongs,
any information that I have at the present time would in-
dicate that his conclusions are correct.

"The relative scarcity of the blades, together with the
variety of forms found among them, would indicate two
facts ; one, that they belong to a relatively early period and
had once been more numerous than their presence in the
middens and on the surface would now imply ; and, too, that
they had been picked up by later people who did not make
them but who retouched them, transformed them into drills
and otherwise used them up to such an extent as to account
for their relative scarcity."

* Anthropological Papers, Vol. I, No. 4.

Corner Tang Flint Artifacts

For the information of Wisconsin archeologists and of
archeological investigators in other states we take the lib-
erty of presenting a brief review of Professor Patterson's
exhaustive and well illustrated monograph.

Roughly described, these "corner-tang" knives are flint
knife forms in which the tang or stem at the base of the
implement is at one side of rather than directly at the base
of the blade as is the case in most types of aboriginal
stemmed chipped flint, quartzite, quartz, chalcedony or rhyo-
lite artifacts. The several outline drawings accompanying
this paper and which are copied from the eleven plates il-
lustrating Professor Patterson's monograph will serve to
clarify the above brief description of them.

"The striking characteristics of these stone objects at-
tracted attention from the time of their first discovery, and
gave rise to a number of questions which have not been
satisfactorily answered. While the main object of this paper
is to describe and to illustrate the several types of corner-
tang pieces and to indicate their general distribution in
Texas, yet an effort will be made to answer some of the
questions which were raised by their discovery.

"For the past four years the writer has been interested
in accumulating information on the occurrence of these arti-
facts in Texas. A large number of collections in the state
have been examined and records made of all corner-tang
pieces found.

"In addition to these, many other records have been ob-
tained by sending letters to collectors living in different
parts of the state, and asking them to report any corner-
tang pieces in their possession. They were also requested
to give the source of each piece, accompanied by an outline
tracing made by drawing a line around the specimen.

"As a result of these efforts, a total of 533 authentic
records of corner-tang pieces has been obtained. The county
source of only seven of these is unknown. Of the total of
533, 383 have been seen and examined, and 118 others are
represented by outline tracings, leaving thirty- two known
only from reports from reliable persons. The writer has
heard of several other specimens but has not been able to
trace them to the point where it seemed safe to include

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST

Vol. 16, No. 3

Corner-Tang Flint Artifacts
Figure 2

Corner Tang Flint Artifacts 65

them among the authentic records. All specimens that were
open to the suspicion of being spurious are likewise not
considered.

"Eighty-five of the 533 pieces are broken. Since many
collectors discard broken or badly injured pieces, it is evi-
dent that were this not the case, the number of records
would have been much higher.

"Fully half of the other flint artifacts found on the camp
sites and in the mounds are broken or injured, and the
corner-tang pieces should show the same proportions be-
tween broken and perfect specimens. For the study of dis-
tribution and for the determination of the percentages of
the different types of corner-tang artifacts broken speci-
mens are fully as important as perfect ones."

Types

As a result of his investigations Professor Patterson
recognizes "at least six types or varieties" of corner-tang
pieces. These he classifies as:

(1) the base corner-tang.

(2) the diagonal corner-tang.

(3) the back corner-tang.

(4) the mid-back tang.

(5) bifurcated and two-tang pieces.

(6) the re-worked pieces, usually in the form of drills.

He gives a full definition of each type. These can be
recognized in the accompanying plate and are not therefore
quoted at length.

Of the base corner-tang knife he says, "It gives a pos-
sible clue as to how the corner-tang pieces could have arisen
among the Indian artisans. Since the presence of a tang
on any flint implement presupposes that the piece in use
was fastened to a shaft as handle, the corner-tang knives
must represent handled knives, as Moorehead (1910) first
pointed out.

66 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 3

"It is well established that the American aborigines used
the shafted spearhead as a two-edged knife (Wilson, 1907;
Willoughby, 1902). It is reasonable to assume that the
corner-tang knife evolved from the spearhead type and must
have reached its final form through a series of modifications.
If this is so, it should be possible to detect among tang-bear-
ing flint knives some of the modified forms, which may be
regarded as prototypes."

The spearhead type of knife, with the tang located in
the middle of the base end, is not a convenient implement
for certain types of work, such as skinning.

The inherent difficulty in using the spearhead type -is
in part obviated by the use of the curved knife. It is there-
fore not surprising that many tang-bearing flint knives are
either curved, or else have the main cutting edge convex."

Of the reworked pieces he says, "Drills with corner-
tangs are rather common among corner-tang pieces. They
are interpreted as representing re-works, that is pieces that
have been made by rechipping corner-tang knives. The evi-
dence for this interpretation is convincing. In the first place
there is no conceivable advantage in having a corner-tang
on a drill. They have such tangs for the same reason that
many ordinary stone drills show arrowpoint or spearhead
tangs and barbs, because they have been fashioned out of
specimens which originally bore such parts. In the second
place, the character of the chipping shows that the pile of
the drill is the product of secondary chipping."

By means of a text map Professor Patterson shows the
geographic distribution of corner-tang pieces to be largely
confined, as his present records show, to Central Texas.
Here they have been found in an area extending from the
Rio Grande River northward to near the northern boundary
of the state. In this area over fifty counties have produced
specimens, some as many as 61, 40, 43, 34 and 31. Outside
of this large central area specimens have also come from
a smaller area (eleven counties) in western Texas. Only
two counties (widely separated from each other) in eastern
Texas have each yielded a single specimen. Altogether 533
corner-tang specimens have come from seventy counties.

Corner Tang Flint Artifacts 67

In concluding the part of his treatise on the geographi-
cal distribution of corner-tang pieces Professor Patterson
says, "Finally, it must be kept in mind that we are dealing
with the distribution of an artifact that is by no means
common, even in the region where it is most numerous."

The corner-tang blades were probably provided with
short wooden handles lashed in place with rawhide thongs
and strips of sinew. The manner of their hafting is illus-
trated in a text figure.

Their Use

On the subject of when the corner-tang blades were de-
veloped and used the author says :

"We may be expected to say something about the prob-
able 'age' of the corner-tang pieces. In the present state of
knowledge concerning central Texas archeology it is impos-
sible to give a definite answer to this question.

"Any attempt to determine the age of the central Texas
flint artifacts is met with almost insurmountable difficul-
ties. As Thomas has stated, the heavy rainfall over this
region, coupled with the open and exposed condition of the
camp sites and mounds, has resulted in the loss of prac-
tically all associated objects of a perishable character.

"Such wooden objects as posts and beams are entirely
gone and consequently the tree ring method for determin-
ing archeological dates cannot be employed.

"The burnt rock mounds, or kitchen middens of central
Texas offer evidence worth considering. While most of the
corner-tang artifacts have been found on the surface of
camp sites located in cultivated fields, yet a number of them
have been obtained from excavations of the kitchen
middens."

Some of these latter occurred "at a considerable depth
and unassociated with white artifacts." The "possible as-
sociations of these artifacts with definite tribes would seem
to be unprofitable."

In a summary of the data presented and conclusions
Professor Patterson says:

68 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 3

"In approaching the problem of the origin of the corner-
tang knives one may assume that these artifacts did not
spring into existence with the suddenness of a biological
mutation, but, like all human implements, were gradually
developed from some basic tool, which in turn had been
perfected throughout the ages of man's history.

"A study of these artifacts supports this assumption,
and indicates that the basic implement from which they
were developed was the common spearhead type of knife.

"The corner-tang pieces must have arisen during pre-
historic times in response to a desire to have a more con-
venient knife. They were doubtless used for more than a
single purpose, just as any modern tool is employed for
several different functions.

"These knives could scarcely have been developed by an
agricultural people, but must have originated among tribes
who lived mainly by hunting. In brief, the corner-tang arti-
facts represent implements associated with the chase.

"In 1907, Thomas Wilson in his paper on 'Arrowpoints,
Spearheads and Knives of Prehistoric Times,' illustrated by
a photograph a corner-tang knife from San Saba County,
Texas. In 1910, W. K. Moorehead figured and briefly de-
scribed a broken specimen found in a collection in Colorado.

"The piece described by Moorehead had a very weak
tang, this led him to suggest that the hafted knife must
have been used for cutting soft meat, like that of fish. This
suggestion undoubtedly constitutes the source of the term
'fish knife,' which is one of the common names applied to
these pieces."

Dr. P. F. Titherington called the attention of the author
to the occurrence of five of these artifacts in Cedar County,
Missouri.

In Wisconsin

Of the type of corner-tang artifacts described by Profes-
sor Patterson as a "simple tanged knife" a number of speci-
mens have been found in Wisconsin. No study of their dis-
tribution has as yet been made so that it is not possible at

Corner Tang Flint Artifacts 69

this time to state just how common or how rare they are.
This type of assymetric harpoon-shaped point is the one
generally referred to by local collectors as a "fish-knife."
Of the scrapers or knives described by Professor Patterson
as "back corner-tang" knives at least one specimen has been
recovered in Wisconsin.

The writer thinks it very likely that some of the other
forms of corner-tang blades have also been found in this
state.

Wisconsin collectors are requested to examine their col-
lections and to report to the writer on any examples of these
corner-tang blades which they possess. Outline drawings
of these should be sent.

We would not be at all surprised to learn that specimens
of these curious corner-tang blades of Texas have been
found in nearly all of the Mississippi Valley states from
Texas to Minnesota. Archeologists will remember how wide-
ly distributed the Folsom and Yuma points were found to
be in the United States after they were once described from
a Western state.*

* See "The Folsom Phenomena As Seen From Ohio," H. C. Shetrone, Ohio State
Archaeological and Historical Society Quarterly, July, 1936.

70 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 3

THE BUFFALO IN WISCONSIN

Myra E. Burt

The first European to gain any authentic knowledge of
the bison, or American buffalo, as far as historians have
been able to learn, was Ilvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, who
saw them about 1530 and described them as living in free-
dom on the plains of Texas.

At that time the herds ranged from below the Rio
Grande in Mexico northwest through what is now New
Mexico, Utah, Oregon, Washington and British Columbia;
then crossing the mountains to Great Slave Lake they
roamed in the valleys of the Saskatchewan and Red rivers,
keeping to the west of Lake Winnipeg and Lake Superior
and south of Lake Michigan and Lake Erie to the vicinity
of Niagara; there turning southward to Western Pennsyl-
vania and crossing the Alleghenies, they spread over the
western portion of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina,
South Carolina, Georgia, Northern Mississippi and
Louisiana.

There is some evidence that the buffalo in those days
came almost to the Atlantic coast in Georgia. There is also
evidence they once went as far east as Cavetown, Md.

A straight line drawn from the foot of Lake Michigan
to the foot of Lake Superior (Fond du Lac) marks the east-
ern boundary of the bison country in Wisconsin. Near Mad-
ison the boundary line bends slightly west of a straight
line, while farther north it bends to the east so as virtually
to cover the headwaters of the St. Croix and Chippewa
rivers.

During the French regime in Wisconsin (1671-1760) a
buffalo hunting ground of the Indians was the prairie lands
on the Sauk County side of the Wisconsin River, especially in
the region west and north of present Sauk City and Prairie
du Sac. At Richland City the buried skeleton of a buffalo
was recovered in the nineties. From a mound excavated at
Eagle Corners, Richland County, a notched buffalo rib
rattle was obtained.

The Buffalo In Wisconsin 71

Two Wisconsin geological features, Buffalo Lake in Mar-
quette County (Cha dah nee) and the Pistaka (Buffalo)
River (better known as the Fox River), and which has its
source near Brookfield, in Waukesha County, and flows south-
ward through Racine and Kenosha counties and into Illinois,
bear names commemorating the former presence of the
American bison in Wisconsin. A western Wisconsin county,
Buffalo County, does the same. A noted early Chippewa chief
of the Lake Superior shore bore the name Tagwane, The Buf-
falo. His council pipe, the stem of the catlinite pipe-bowl
bearing the carved effigy of a buffalo, is preserved in the
State Historical Museum.

72 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 3

THE ARTISTIC ABILITY OF THE INDIAN

The American Indian has a culture all his own and has
produced some real artistic creations not only in pottery
and basket weaving but in architecture. Some interesting
examples of this art are given in the current issue of the
National Republic by M. W. Stirling, Chief of the Bureau
of American Ethnology. Writing under the title "The In-
dian as an Artist," Mr. Stirling says, in part:

"As a weaver the Indian has produced in certain areas
of America the finest basketry the world has known, and
in other regions textile fabrics which will stand inspection
beside the best which the Old World can offer. Basket mak-
ing reaches its greatest advancement in a region where pot-
tery is absent. It is in central California that we find the
highest development of the basket maker's art. Two fun-
damental techniques are employed in basket making, weav-
ing and coiling. In the former, innumerable variations are
employed in intertwining the warp and weft elements, each
method giving its characteristic effect. They are subject
to almost as many variations. The coiling process in partic-
ular lends itself to the application of exterior embellish-
ments. The making of the basket is interesting as an art,
not only because of the great variety of complex and taste-
ful techniques employed in its fabrication but because of
the artistic taste employed in shaping and ornamentation.
As a general rule the basket is decorated either by skillful
use of different colored materials which make up the ele-
ments of the weave, or by means of applique or the addition
of such embellishments as shells or feathers. The beauti-
ful feather baskets of the Porno Indians of California are
world famous. The red crest of the woodpecker, green
feathers from mallard or teal ducks, quail plumes, are taste-
fully applied by the California basket maker. Colorful
pendants or abalone shell and beads are added in many in-
stances for further adornment.

"The skill of the Indian in weaving textile fabrics is well
known. The finest examples of prehistoric textiles come
from Peru, where the art had reached a very high stage of

The Artistic Ability of the Indian 73

development. It is probable that fabrics of equal merit
were woven in Mexico and Central America at the time of
the Spanish conquest. Unfortunately climatic conditions in
this region are not such as to favor the preservation of
perishable articles, so that archeological specimens of tex-
tiles are almost entirely absent. However, early travelers
have left us descriptions, while representations of fabrics
on ancient pottery and stone give us an impression of the
designs in vogue.

"As with basketry, the nature of the artistic medium
brings about the formation of angular designs. Among
Indian tribes with whom the art survived to later days, the
Indians of the Southwest, particularly the Navajo, and cer-
tain tribes of the Northwest Coast, have been most skillful
as blanket makers." — Banner- Journal, Black River Falls.

74 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 3

PROJECTS FOR RESTORATION OF SITES AND

STRUCTURES OF HISTORICAL OR

ARCHEOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE

Section 1. Supervision — Projects for the excavation,
restoration, or rehabilitation of historic areas or structures ;
for the excavation or restoration of areas of archeological
importance; for the erection of commemorating markers,
tablets, or memorials; prosecuted by the Works Progress
Administration, shall be subject to the written approval of
the National Park Service of the Department of Interior
and the technical supervision of that Agency, unless the
National Park Service waives jurisdiction for supervision
of the project or area in which the work is contemplated.
Projects shall not be conducted as local WPA projects in
state programs under this Operating Procedure, when they
are eligible for prosecution as project units under WPA-
sponsored Federal Project No. 2, Historical American
Buildings' Survey, National Park Service, Department of
Interior, Cooperating Sponsor.

The services of the regional officers of the National Park
Service will be available to sponsors of projects of the type
described herein and to the staffs of the Works Progress
Administration in planning, developing, and executing these
projects. A list of the regional and district offices, their
addresses, and the states under their respective jurisdic-
tion is given in Appendix A attached hereto.

Section 2. Sponsors — For prosecution in State Works
Progress Administration programs, projects requiring the
supervision of the National Park Service may be sponsored
only by state public agencies such as Conservation Com-
missions, Park Departments, State Universities, Research
Laboratories, or similar institutions. Other projects of the
type described herein may be sponsored by local public
agencies only when jurisdiction over them has been waived
by the National Park Service.

Section 3. Plans and Proposals — Project proposals and
applications for such projects will be prepared and handled

Projects or the Restoration of Sites and Structures 75

in exactly the same manner as for other types of projects,
except that the State Works Progress Administration
shall, before submitting the application to the Project Con-
trol Division in Washington, obtain clearance with the
proper regional officer of the National Park Service, pro-
viding him with a sufficient number of copies of the project
proposal, project application, and supplementary data. The
State Works Progress Administration, after having obtained
clearance with the regional officer of the National Park
Service in writing, shall insert one of the following state-
ments in the application:

a. "This project has received written approval of
the regional officer of the National Park Serv-
ice;" or

b. "This project has been released by the regional
officer of the National Park Service as being be-
yond its jurisdiction."

An extra copy of the project proposal, WPA Form 301,
and its supplementing data shall be forwarded to the Fed-
eral Project Control Division with the project application.

Section 4. Working Procedure — The actual operation of
projects described herein shall be carried on by the Works
Progress Administration under the general consulting su-
pervision of the regional officers of the National Park
Service. Accordingly, it will be necessary that the proper
regional officer be given sufficient notice of the expected
commencement of a project, and that he be informed of any
contemplated changes in the status of a working project.
In cases where, in the judgment of the State Works Prog-
ress Administrator, it is necessary to suspend or cease work
on a project of this type, because of a decrease in the avail-
able supply (or quota) of labor in the state, or for any
other reason, the representative of the National Park
Service shall be so informed and the State Works Progress
Administrator shall arrange, if possible, to do whatever
additional work the regional officer considers essential to
the protection of the property or objects of historical or
archeological value.

Section 5. Adjustments — In the event that disagree-
ments arise with respect to project promotion, approval, se-

76 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 3

lection, or prosecution that cannot be satisfactorily settled
in the field by representatives of the Works Progress Ad-
ministration and of the National Park Service, a report con-
taining all necessary facts, pertinent data, and recommen-
dations shall be prepared and forwarded without delay to
Washington to the Works Progress Administration (for the
attention of the Chief Engineer) and to the Department of
Interior, National Park Service (for the attention of the
Director) . Upon final determination of the points at issue,
the State Works Progress Administrator and the regional
officer of the National Park Service will be notified by their
respective authorities of the decision reached, and they
shall be governed accordingly. (Works Progress Admin-
istration, Washington, D. C.)

Archeological Notes 77

ARCHEOLOGICAL NOTES

MEETINGS

May 18, 1936. Meeting of The Wisconsin Archeological Society held
at the Milwaukee Public Museum, Dr. Herbert W. Kuhm presiding.
One hundred members and guests were present. Secretary Brown
announced the election as annual members of Gerald C. Stowe, Osh-
kosh, Victor S. Taylor, Lake Mills, and Martin 0. Lipke, Wisconsin
Rapids. Dr. L. S. Buttles, chairman of the program committee, re-
ported on the proposed programs for the ensuing year. Mr. H. O.
Zander announced that he would speak at a coming meeting of the
Milwaukee Hobby Council and that this would give him an oppor-
tunity to interest some citizens in Wisconsin archeology.

The program of the meeting consisted of an "archeological clinic,"
a kind of instructional program for the benefit of members, which the
society has held annually for several years past. The speakers and
their subjects were:

Technique of Surface Research Charles G. Schoewe

Photographing Archeological Specimens .... Dr. L. S. Buttles

Collecting Herman 0. Zander

Collecting Pottery W. C. McKern

Keeping Archeological Records Charles E. Brown

Excavations of Archeological Sites George A. West

All of these talks were discussed by the members present. Mr.
Brown expressed a hope that all active members of the Society would
engage in some archeological survey or exploration work during the
summer months and report the results to the society during or at
the season's close. He pointed out some neglected areas in Wisconsin
in which survey work could be conducted, he thought, with profit.
Mr. Robert R. Jones, a trained archeologist, had been appointed chair-
man of the State Survey Committee. Some extracts from the annual
Survey report of Mr. John J. Knudsen, the 1935-36 chairman, were
read. Mr. West was engaged in preparing a monograph of Amer-
ican flint implements. Mr. Paul Scholz exhibited an interesting
handled stone pipe found at Horicon. Exhibits of an interesting na-
ture were also made by other members.

Members of the Door County Historical Society and their friends
were present at a meeting of the society held on Sunday, August 9th,
at Rock Island, at the head of the Door County peninsula, on the
estate of C. H. Thordarson, Chicago manufacturer.

In observance of the 100th anniversary of the first settlers of
Rock Island, a program consisting of talks by H. R. Holand, president
of the Door County Historical Society, Charles E. Brown, director of
the State Historical Museum, and Albert Fuller, curator of Botany
of the Milwaukee Public Museum, was given during the meeting. Mr.
Holand presented the interesting story of the early settlers of the
island, Mr. Brown told of its Indian history and archeology and Mr.
Fuller explained the types of flora native there.

Those attending inspected the interesting stone, log and other
buildings, erected on this scenic and historic island by the owner, Mr.
Thordarson. Mr. Fuller conducted a tour of the island forest pre-
serve and Mr. Brown and another group visited the archeological
sites. Over one hundred residents of Door and other counties partic-
ipated in this historic steamboat excursion.

78 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16. No. 3

The Congress Prehistorique of France will be held at Toulouse
Foix on September 15 to 20. A fine program of papers, lectures, and
pilgrimages to archeological sites and monuments has been arranged.
American archeologists have been invited to attend and participate
in the Congress.

OTHER NOTES

At Kenosha a municipal museum has been organized in the old
post office building under the auspices of the Kenosha County His-
torical Society. This society has for some years past had a historical
museum in several rooms in the basement of the County Court House.
Among the most generous givers to this museum, it may be remem-
bered, were the family of Mr. Frank H. Lyman of Kenosha, and Mr.
Lyman was an early active member of The Wisconsin Archeological
Society. William E. Dickenson, a former member of the staff of the
Milwaukee Public Museum, has been appointed director of the munici-
pal museum. The museum will exhibit collections illustrating the
history, flora and fauna and the industries of Kenosha.

Dr. Paul E. Jenkins of Williams Bay, Wisconsin, died August 5,
1936. His death is greatly regretted by those who knew him. He
was an honorary life member of the Wisconsin Archeological Society,
and co-author, with Charles E. Brown, of an Indian history and
archeological survey of Lake Geneva. Greatly interested in the col-
lecting and preserving of the history of the Lake Geneva area, Dr.
Jenkins was the author of a book on the history of the lake, one
of the organizers of the Lake Geneva Historical Society, and the
father of a movement for the organization of a historical museum at
Williams Bay. He was a nationally known authority on guns and
gunnery and was the honorary curator of the firearms collection in
the Milwaukee Public Museum. His private collection of guns was
an excellent one.

During the month of August Mr. H. C. Shetrone, director of the
Ohio Archeological and Historical Museum, Columbus, and several
members of the museum staff, visited the State Historical Museum
at Madison and the Milwaukee Public Museum. One of the fine In-
dian effigy mound groups preserved at Madison was viewed by the
party.

Assisting in the celebration of the Centennial of Wisconsin Terri-
tory (1836-1936) occupied much of the attention of Dr. Louise E.
Kellogg, Charles E. Brown, Albert 0. Barton, Victor S. Taylor, and
other members of The Wisconsin Archeological Society during the
months of June and July, at Madison. Celebrations were also held
at Beloit, Watertown, Lake Mills, Fort Atkinson and other Wiscon-
sin cities.

Excavation of the remains of a "forgotten city" built by prehis-
toric American Indians has been completed by the Bureau of Amer-
ican Ethnology of the Smithsonian institution.

The ancient town, once known as the "capital of the kingdom of
Anilco," may have been one of the largest settlements east of the
Mississippi river at the time Columbus discovered America, the
institute reports.

Winslow M. Walker, who began the excavation as a staff member
of the bureau, said the "city" near the modern town of Troyville,
Louisiana, was at the height of its prosperity in 1542 when it was
seen by Hernando De Soto.

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MILWAUKEE

Accepted for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1103
Act, Oct. 3, 1917. Authorized Jan. 28, 1921.

VOLUME 16, No. 4

New Series

1936

PUBLISHED BY THE

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
MILWAUKEE

$H0r0n0tn

Incorporated March 23, 1903, for the purpose of advancing the study
and preservation of Wisconsin antiquities

OFFICERS

PRESIDENT

Dr. H. W. Kuhm

VICE-PRESIDENTS

Dr. L. S. Buttles T. L. Miller Kermit Freckman

H. W. Cornell W. E. Erdman

DIRECTORS

Geo. A. West Dr. S. A. Barrett

W. K. Andrews
Dr. W. H. Brown
Col. Marshall Cousins
Rev. F. S. Dayton
W. S. Dunsmoor
Arthur Gerth
J. G. Gregory
O. J. Halvorson
P. W. Hoffman
J. J. Knudsen

ADVISORY COUNCIL

M. F. Hulburt Dr. E. J. W. Notz

Paul Joers

A. P. Kannenberg

Dr. A. L. Kastner

Louis Pierron
M. C. Richter
Jos. Ringeisen, Jr.

Dr. Louise P. Kellogg Paul Scholz
R. J. Kieckhefer E. E. Steene

Mrs. Theodore Koerner M. S. Thomson
Marie G. Kohler R. S. Van Handel

W. C. McKern G. R. Zilisch

C. G. Schoewe E. F. Richter

TREASURER

G. M. Thome
917 N. Forty-ninth Street, Milwaukee, Wis.

SECRETARY

Charles E. Brown
State Historical Museum, Madison, Wis.

COMMITTEES

REGULAR

STATE ARCHEOLOGICAL PARKS— Geo. A. West, R. P. Ferry, Wal-
ter Holsten, D. S. Rowland, M. S. Thomson, Col. J. W. Jackson,
Prof. A. H. Sanford.

PUBLICITY— W. C. McKern, M. C. Richter, Victor S. Craun.

SPECIAL

BIOGRAPHY— Rachel M. Campbell, Dr. E. J. W. Notz, E. F. Richter,
G. R. Zilisch, Paul Joers, Arthur Gerth.

FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS— Jos. Ringeisen, Jr., Geo. A. West,
E. F. Richter, W. C. McKern.

PROGRAM— Dr. L. S. Buttles, H. W. Cornell, Mrs. Theo. Koerner,
E. E. Steene.

PUBLICATIONS— C. E. Brown, Dr. A. K. Fisher, W. E. Erdman.

MARKING MILWAUKEE ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES— Dr. A. L.
Kastner, R. J. Kieckhefer, L. R. Whitney, J. G. Gregory.

LAPHAM RESEARCH MEDAL— Dr. S. A. Barrett, Geo. A. West,
Dr. A. L. Kastner, C. E. Brown, C. G. Schoewe, M. C. Richter.

MEMBERSHIP FEES

Life Members, $25.00 Endowment Members, $500.00

Sustaining Members, $5.00 Annual Members, $2.00

Institutional Members, $1.50 Junior Members, $ .50

All communications in regard to The Wisconsin Archeological Society should
be addressed to Charles E. Brown, Secretary and Curator, Office, State Historical
Museum, Madison, Wisconsin. Contributions to The Wisconsin Archeologist should
be addressed to him. Dues should be sent to G. M. Thome, Treasurer, 917 N.
49th Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

CONTENTS

Vol. 16, No. 4, New Series

ARTICLES

Pa«e
Increase A. Laphara, Geologist,

E. F. Bean. _ 79

Some Lapham Letters,

Charles E. Brown _ _ 85

Indian Medals in the Oshkosh Museum,

A. P. Kannenberg __ 97

Reginald Oshkosh,

Phebe J. Lookaround__ 100

A Menominee Indian Concept of Conservation,

Phebe J. Lookaround 105

Archeological Notes 108

ILLUSTRATIONS
Indian Medals in the Oshkosh Public Museum Frontispiece

Figure— Page
I. Abraham Lincoln Indian Medal, Oshkosh Public Museum 97

INDIAN MEDALS
OSHKOSH PUBLIC MUSEUM

UtBrnnain Ardjeolngtat

Published Quarterly by The Wisconsin Archeologioal Society

MILWAUKEE, WIS., NOVEMBER, 1936
VOL. 16 No. 4

New Series

INCREASE A. LAPHAM, GEOLOGIST

E. F. Bean, State Geologist

Lecture given at a meeting of The Wisconsin Archeological Society, at
Milwaukee, October 19, 1936.

Increase A. Lapham, from the time of his arrival in
Milwaukee on July 1, 1836, until his death on September 14,
1875, was the leading spirit of science in the state. He took
an active part in all movements aimed to advance science
and education in the state. T. C. Chamberlin states: "By
profession a civil engineer, he became at an early day a
faithful collector, observer, and recorder of natural phe-
nomena in nearly all leading lines from bed rock to sky. He
was at once a botanist, a zoologist, an archeologist, a geol-
ogist, and a meteorologist. He was a distinguished example
of the best order of the old school of all-round students of
natural science. Probably we owe to Dr. Lapham, more than
to any other single individual, the establishment of our
Weather Service." a

"Lapham, perhaps even more than others of his time,
was an all-round naturalist — a type not possible in this day
and generation. Beginning life as a stonecutter and after-
ward a civil engineer, he yet found time to study and ob-
serve in nearly all branches of the sciences, and this, too,
with remarkable accuracy." :

He did not have the advantage of a formal college edu-
cation. Instead he gained his knowledge by observation, by
reading, and by contact with scientists through corre-
spondence and attendance at scientific meetings. In a letter
to L. C. Draper dated May 16, 1859, Lapham says : "It wr.s

1 T. C. Chamberlin. Science. Vol. 52, p. 5, 1920.

2 Merrill, G. P. The First One Hundred Years of Geology, p. 485, 1924.

80 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 4

at the latter place (Lockport, N. Y.) in 1825 that I com-
menced the business of engineering by carrying the meas-
uring rod for my older brother Darius. It was also among
the rocks of the "Mountain Ridge that I acquired my first
lesson in Mineralogy and Geology, not from books but from
observation."

In evaluating Lapham's geological contributions, it must
be recalled that he spent the major part of his life in allied
sciences. His reputation as archeologist, botanist, zoologist,
and meteorologist had long been established when he be-
came state geologist.

Lapham, the Geologist

The appended list of his geological publications, while
probably incomplete, indicates the breadth of his geologic
interest. It begins with a paper written in 1827 when he
was sixteen years of age and ends two years after his death,
thus covering a period of 49 years. The "Geographical and
Topographical Description of Wisconsin" was published in
1844. A revision prepared in 1855 was never printed. With-
out question, this reliable handbook had an important in-
fluence in directing settlers to the state. The geology is
satisfactorily described in simple terms. "Lacustrine De-
posits in the Vicinity of the Great Lakes," in 1847, makes a
distinction between the stratified fine clays and the under-
lying pebbly clays or till. He properly attributes these finely
laminated clays to deposition in the lakes at a higher level.
In 1849 his recommendation of a quarry site near Waterloo
as "the most eligible location" for a state penitentiary was
quoted in Governor Dewey's message.

His discussion of the general geology of the Penokie
Iron Range is quite adequate, when the date of the report
(1859) is considered. Little was known of the softer ores,
and the furnaces at that time were operating upon mag-
netic ores. He, therefore, stressed the economic value of the
hard, magnetic part of the range.

The "Report on the Disastrous Effect of Destruction of
Forest Trees" is a remarkable document reflecting his broad
scientific background. Much of it would be considered up-
to-date at the present time. He discusses the need for re-

Increase A. Lapham, Geologist 81

tention of cover on slopes if soil erosion is to be prevented.
Windbreaks are being planted today in the sandy area of
central Wisconsin. He called attention to the need for such
shelter belts in 1867. He stressed the need for establishing
nurseries to produce trees in large quantities.

In 1853, James Hall, one of the leading paleontologists
of the country, agreed to prepare a work called " American
Paleontology" based upon manuscript placed in his hands by
said Lapham (which manuscript embraces descriptions of
about 2,000 species). Nothing seems to have come of this
contract. In a letter to Hall dated May 19, 1856, pleasure is
expressed that the matter "was not forgotten but only de-
layed for good cause." In 1857 Lapham wrote suggesting
that the expense of publication might be reduced by omit-
ting descriptions and figures, and on January 31, 1860, he
asks for the return of his "tin box of 'American Paleontol-
ogy' that has been cumbering your premises so long."

Lapham, State Geologist

As counselor and friend he was very helpful to the
earlier state geologists during the period from 1853 to 1862.
It is quite certain that he had an important part in the
movements to establish these earlier surveys. His lectures
and newspaper articles did much to create public interest in
geology. We know that Lapham prepared the second report
of Percival for the printer. On April 19, 1873, he was ap-
pointed state geologist, after the adjournment of the legis-
lature. Through some oversight, his name was not sent to
the senate during the 1874 session. In 1875, Gov. Wm. R.
Taylor sent the name of 0. W. Wight to the senate, who, as
Wight reports, "confirmed the appointment with singular
unanimity." The assistants of Dr. Lapham tendered their
resignations and sent him the following letter:

"I. A. Lapham, LL.D.

Dear Sir: We trust that the intercourse of the last
two years, during which we have acted as members of
the geological corps under your direction, has not left
you without unmistakable evidences of the confidence we
have reposed in you as a man, a scientist, and as our
official superior; and we hope that, even now, it is not

82 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 18, No. 4

necessary that we should add to these evidences. But
we, nevertheless, desire to express individually, and col-
lectively, and in this explicit manner, our high apprecia-
tion of the very great efficiency of your administration
of the survey and of the valuable assistance you have
rendered us in the discharge of our duties ; of the many
facilities you have placed in our possession, which have
added largely to the work accomplished; of that vast
fund of knowledge collected by your industry, during
thirty years, or more, of active study of the resources
of the state, which has ever been freely at our com-
mand, and which has been so generously mingled with
our own accumulations; of that promptness which has
never caused a delay for want of material, or instruction ;
of that exactness which has never left room for hesi-
tancy or doubt, and of that prudence and discretion that
have so conspicuously marked your administration.
More than we can readily estimate of those results that
bear our names are due to the contributions that you
have continually poured into them.

Knowing that time, which proves all things, will do
ample justice, and feeling most strongly the irreparable
loss the State has sustained in the disseverment of your
connection with the Survey, we remain, with most sin-
cere respect, your obedient servants,

ROLAND D. IRVING,
T. C. CHAMBERLIN,

MOSES STRONG,

Assistant Geologists.

W. W. DANIELS,

Chemist to the Survey."

R. D. Irving said: "No one else could have started our
survey as Lapham did. He did none of the field work, but
the previously-done work of his enabled him to start the
rest of us about where another man would have brought us
in several years' time."

During the short regime of Lapham, much was accom-
plished. The assistants chosen were R. D. Irving, T. C.
Chamberlin, and Moses Strong. One hundred detailed col-
ored geological and topographic maps were produced. Cham-
berlin and his assistants during the years 1876-1882 com-
pleted the field work and published the four volume Geology
of Wisconsin, which is still in constant use as a valuable

Increase A. Lapham, Geologist

reference. In the prefatory note to Volume II, Chamberlin
expresses his appreciation of the service of Dr. Lapham as
follows :

"The revisal of the reports of Dr. Lapham was very
kindly undertaken by his son, Mr. S. G. Lapham, and
they appear as they left his hands, with a few trivial
changes made at his request. It should be considered by
all, that these annual reports made thus early in the his-
tory of the work, and merely intended to show the prog-
ress and results of the survey, in accordance with legal
requirements, cannot do full justice to their distin-
guished author, but it is hoped that they will indicate
the work accomplished under his administration, and if
there be anything meritorious in the final results of the
survey, a just and generous public will award a due
measure of honor to the hand that organized and gave
it direction at its inception."

Lapham, the Citizen

A great service of Lapham to the state was his day by
day contribution through lectures, newspaper articles, cor-
respondence, and conference. Unofficially and without com-
pensation, he performed many duties of a state geologist.
He did much more than this because, as other speakers have
indicated, he was a consultant in many sciences.

In 1891, the State Agricultural Society authorized the
offer of a premium to the lady naming the most distin-
guished citizen (deceased) of the state, presenting a sketch
of his life. Nineteen papers were entered, of which five
named Dr. Lapham. The judges awarded the premium to
Mrs. Amelia M. Bate, of Milwaukee, author of one of the
five papers. N. H. Winchell, State Geologist of Minnesota,
closes his account of the life and work of Dr. Lapham as
follows :

"The value of Dr. Lapham's services to Wisconsin
will grow in the estimation of competent judges as time
passes by. When we are near the light we are not so
able to judge of its brightness as when we are far re-
moved that we can compare it with other lights or with
surrounding objects. In the distant future Lapham's
name will appear brighter in Wisconsin because of its
shining almost alone and in an epoch when such lights
were few, and generally faint."

1 Amer. Geol. Vol. 13, p. 34, 1894.

84 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 4

A LIST OF DR. LAPHAM'S GEOLOGICAL
PUBLICATIONS

1828. Notice of the Louisville and Shippingsport Canal, and of the
Geology of the vicinity, with maps and illustrations. American
Jour. Science, Vol. 14, pp. 65-69.

1832. Facts and Observations respecting the Primitive Boulders of
Ohio. Ditto. Vol. 22, pp. 300-303.

1836. Miscellaneous Observations on the Geology of Ohio, State Doc.
of Ohio for 1837, p. 31.

1844. Statement of Elevations in Wisconsin. Amer. Jour. Science,
Vol. 46, pp. 258-260.

1844. A Geographical and Topographical Description of Wisconsin.
Published by P. C. Hale, Milwaukee. 250 pp., 12 mo.

1846. Second edition of same, enlarged.

1847. On the existence of certain Lacustrine Deposits in the vicinity
of the Great Lakes, usually confounded with the Drift. Amer.
Jour. Science, 2d Series, Vol. 3, pp. 90-94.

1848. Communication to Gov. Dewey, on subject of the State Peni-
tentiary. State Doc. 1848.

1851. Geological Formations of Wisconsin. Trans. Wis. State Agr.
Soc., Vol. 1, pp. 122-128.

1851. The Geology of Southeastern Wisconsin. Foster and Whitney's
Rep. on Geol. of Lake Superior, part 2, pp. 167-171.

1855. Geological Map of Wisconsin.

1859. The Penokie Iron Range. Trans. Wis. Agr. Soc., Vol. 5, pp.
391-400.

1859. Wisconsin. Appleton's American Encyclopedia, 1st ed.

1860. Discovery of Devonian rocks and fossils in Wisconsin. Amer.
Jour. Science. 2nd series. Vol. 29, p. 145.

1867. Report on the Disastrous Effects of the Destruction of Forest
Trees. Legislative Doc., 8 vo., 104 pp.

1869. New Geological Map of Wisconsin.

1874. On the Relations of the Geological Survey to Agriculture.
Trans. Wis. Agr. Soc., Vol. 12, pp. 207-210.

1876. Geology (of Wisconsin). Waiting's Atlas of Wisconsin, pp.
16-19.

1877. Annual Report for 1873. Geology of Wisconsin. Vol. II, pp.
5-44.

1877. Annual Report for 1874. Geology of Wisconsin. Vol. II, pp.
45-66.

Some Lapham Letters 85

SOME LAPHAM LETTERS

Charles E. Brown

Selected from a number of letters written by and to Dr. Increase Allen Lapham,
pioneer Wisconsin archeologist.

Milwaukee, Dec. 26, 1849
Dear Sir

I have your favor of the 7th. inst. requesting me to
make an estimate of the probable cost of an examination
and survey of the Ancient Mounds in the State of Wiscon-
sin. It would be difficult to do so with much certainty with-
out knowing to what extent and degree of minuteness the
investigations are to be made.

It would be best to employ a horse and light wagon, with
a boy for an assistant, — the daily expense of which includ-
ing tavern charges while traveling about the state, would
be about four dollars. If three months are consumed, (say
ninety days) and an addition for laborers to open 20 or 30
of the mounds, and another for the purchase of such articles
as have already been dug out, it will be safe to estimate the
expense at about five hundred dollars.

For this sum a large amount of accurate data may be
collected, and perhaps as much as is desirable.

In my notebook there are over fifty localities mentioned
where these works are now known to exist, extending over
twelve counties. I am not able to say whether they extend
to the northern and more unsettled portions of our state,
but presume they do not.

Very truly yours,

I. A. Lapham

Saml. F. Haven, Esq.

Lib. A. A. S. (American Antiquarian Society, Worcester,
Mass.)

86 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 4

Milwaukee, March 12, 1850
Dear Sir

I am grateful for your kindness, and for the liberality
of the American Antiquarian Society in the matter referred
to in my former letters, and will endeavor to render full
satisfaction.

It will be advisable to commence operations as soon as
the roads are settled in the spring, say in May or by the
first of June.

I should like to have one or two of the last volumes of
your "Transactions" which you may send to me by express.
It would be gratifying also to me to be admitted as a mem-
ber of your society. I have a "diploma" from the "Royal
Society of Northern Antiquaries" at Copenhagen.

The most convenient way to transmit the funds is to
send a draft or certificate of deposit, payable to my order
in Boston or New York. If on New York it can be sold
here at a small premium. You will of course deduct the
cost of the 2 volumes and of membership.

I have applied to the Smithsonian Institution for the
use of a pair of mountain barometers, so as to enable me to
ascertain the elevation of these "high places" above the
lower regions around and above Lake Michigan as a basis.

Yours truly,
Increase A. Lapham

Madison, July 7, 1850
My Dear Wife

It is now three whole days since I have indulged myself
in writing to you and a whole week since the date of your
last. I certainly felt much disappointed that the mail of
yesterday (it now comes through in one day) did not bring
a line in reply to my last letter from Aztalan, and the Tele-
graphic dispatch from Jefferson. Tomorrow I must pass
along on my journey, so that your epistle, if indeed you

Some Lapham Letters 87

concluded to write one, must be thrown among dead letters.
I have, however, requested the P. M. here to forward to
Mineral Point anything that may arrive within 3 or 4 days.

Tomorrow we go to Baraboo, in Sauk County, where we
will stop with Mr. Locke. There I must search out three
quarter sections of land on which to locate some land war-
rants. The next move will be for Mineral Point where is
situated the Land Office. From Mineral Point perhaps I
shall go to Grant County and sell some of William's lands.

We remained at Aztalan until evening of the third, then
went to Jefferson where I telegraphed to my wife, and re-
mained until after dinner on the fourth. We then took our
course due west to Cambridge where there was a very
pretty exhibition of fireworks, considering the newness of
the country and the smallness of the place. The landlord
had "sent 15 miles for a roast pig" and then no guests
honored him with their patronage !

"However," said he, "a number have called for supper
and I guess it will be eaten before it spoils." — We had some
of it for supper after 9 o'clock and in the morning the same
table pig constituted the breakfast. Some folks are too
economical of time to clear off a table and set it again in
the morning! July 5 we went south two miles to Clinton
and there being no ancient works along the valley of the
Koshkonong and no shoe on the "off hind foot" of Billy he
was left at the blacksmiths while I examined the "outcrop"
of sandstone and limestone at that place. Their junction
could not be seen — and the thin layer of "Blue Limestone"
(like the Cincinnati rocks) which belongs between the two
could not be found.

We stopped on the evening of the fourth at Ripley Lake
and went around to the other side of it through 4 gates
to "see an elephant," but he was not to be seen, unless he
is among these. (Marginal sketch of the group of five
mounds illustrated in The Antiquities of Wisconsin)
Among these we could not recognize the real critter. We
were assured positively however by two persons that one
of the mounds represents an elephant!

From Clinton we came here and I have seen some per-
sons here I wanted to see. Saw Mr. Thompson (of whom

88 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 4

you wrote) last evening — gave him an order on you for a
mortgage vs Wm Payne which you will find among the
files in the safe. I cannot now say which file but you will
soon find it by looking where it ought to be. If you had
adopted this principle in looking for the gage stick you
would have found it, just under the edge of the boards. You
cannot look at the gage from below without seeing the
stick.

Saw Mr and Mrs Conover last evening — But you make
me feel so bad about my old cloths that I do not seek so-
ciety but rather avoid it. I have been in my room all day
to-day writing and drawing and reading — rather than to ex-
pose my un-respectable habiliments. By the by the people
here do not seem to act upon your doctrine about fine cloths
and respectability. Some very respectable gentlemen here-
such as Judges of the Supreme Court Chancellor of the
University - - United States Marshall, Secretary of State,
have shaken me by the hand and treated me very respect-
ably, even without that new coat which you seem to think
constitutes my claim to that distinction !

John has been enjoying himself in the society of an old
companion Master Robt Ream.

Goodbye

I. A. Lapham

AnnN L

x Capt. Cotton was my room mate,
he left last evening for home.

Racine, January 10th, 1851
Mr. Lapham Esq.

Dear

Sir

I have just received a

letter from Samuel George Morton of Philadelphia in which
he states he has sent a catalogue of his Crania to you.
Please forward the same the first opportunity.

Some Lapham Letters 89

I have had the good luck to obtain two vases of pottery
from one of the mounds you visited last summer — they were
in the gravel pit 2% ft. below the original surface of the
ground in immediate contact with the fragments of two
skeletons much decayed. I send you a rough drawing of
the vases — Pots more properly — No. 1 is made of cream
colored clay and white sand, quite similar to the composi-
tion of our pale brick. It is about 1/5 inch thick, nearly
uniform and originally quite smooth and hard. I have so
far restored it as to be a good specimen — it would hold about
5 quarts being 7 inches in diameter at the mouth and ll1/^
inches high — No. 2 is of a red brick color one half as large,
much thicker and coarser and crumbled considerably on
handling. A considerable portion of gravel was used in con-
nection with the clay in its manufacture.

Some Irishmen in digging a ditch through a peat swamp
near Racine found a deposit of disks of hornstone some 30
in number. They were immediately on the clay at the bot-
tom of the peat some 21/2 feet below the surface. Some of
the disks were quite regular varying in size from 1/2 to 1 Ib.
in weight. I give you an outline drawing of a medium sized
one.

If you have not completed your new edition of "Wis-
consin" you may add to your list of birds the "Tengmalm
Owl" and Hutchison's barnicle goose. Please answer —

Yours truly,

P. R. Hoy

Menasha, June 16, 1851
Mr. Editor

Among the towns rapidly springing into existence along
the Neenah (usually called Fox) river, there are but few
that have made more rapid progress, or exhibited a more
indomitable spirit of enterprise and perseverance than the
one from which I now write. Within two years quite a
large and thriving village has been built up showing every
sign of future greatness. A steamboat is now nearly ready

90 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 4

to run from here to be called the "Menasha," a beautiful
Indian name. Already a daily line runs the whole length
of Lake Winnebago.

One of the most profitable investments being made here
is the plank road from this place, the end of Lake Naviga-
tion to the foot of the principal rapids of the river. It is
quite clear that the state must collect a pretty heavy toll
upon the business of the "Improvement" to keep it in re-
pair, and pay salaries of officers (including stealings of
course) ; and as the distance across is but little more than
half the distance around by water, it is certain that a large
proportion of the business will be thrown upon this road.
The boats suitable for navigating Lake Winnebago are not
well adapted to the river and they will prefer to keep within
their own proper sphere. It will be more to their advantage
to make a trip upon the lake than to spend their time in
winding about the rivers, and passing through the tedious
process of locking down some 160 to 170 feet. The sum the
state must charge would pay pretty well for transhipment
and tolls on the plank road. Besides it may be some years
before the improvement is completed. Upon the whole
there is no doubt but that this plank road will be one of the
best paying roads in the state.

Another plank road is in progress to connect this place
with Manitowoc, thus accommodating the emigration from
the eastern world, and save the necessity of the trip to
Green Bay. Emigrants intended for the Neenah and Wolf
Rivers will by taking a Milwaukee and Chicago boat have
the benefit of a greater competition.

Menasha only wants one more road to secure her per-
manent prosperity — one running directly west through the
fine and thickly settled farming district on and about Bald
Prairie. This she will soon doubtless have.

Lake Winnebago is now about two feet above its ordinary
level, having been swollen by the late excessive rains. But
little progress is now being made on the public roads owing
to the constant rains and consequent high water.

One mile below Menasha is the lake Butte des Morts or
Mound of the Dead, so named from a quite large and con-
spicuous mound situated on the west bank and formerly

Some Lapham Letters 91

used as a burial place -by the Indians. It is said to have been
built at the time of the battle with the French about 150
years ago, the Indians having collected their dead into a
heap and covered them with earth. But this is probably
a mistake. It stands upon a sloping bank with a forest in
the background and presents quite a striking appearance
well calculated to arrest the attention of the passing traveler
and excites thoughts of the spirit land. It is to be hoped
that this mound will be forever preserved to continue its
silent and solemn admonition to a different race of men.
Milwaukee Sentinel

To Prof. Henry

Milwaukee, November 1st, 1857
Dear Sir

I am not at all sorry to hear that the results of my anti-
quarian researches in Wisconsin are to be offered to you
for publication, provided they withstand the severe ordeal
through which they must previously pass. My work is yet
in the form of notes, sketches, and memoranda made on the
ground, and if you have any important suggestion to make
in regard to their preparation for the press please inform
me. I have your first volume, a good model, which I hope
not to fall behind. I want your second volume very much.
Please inform me where and at what price I can obtain a
copy. Squier's An. Monuments of New York promised me
some time ago I have never received ; if it was sent it must
have miscarried.

Since the arrival of the two barometers I have made
five or six short tours in the interior with the siphon, where
296 observations have been made at 159 different places.
Mrs. Lapham has in my absence made 113 observations
here.

To reduce these observations I use the Tables of M.
Oltmanns, as given in De La Beche's Geological Manual
(Pha. 1832) and copied into Jackson's Final report Geol. of
N. Hamp. (Concord 1844)

92 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 4

I hope to induce some of our railroad companies' inspec-
tors to give me and my siphon barometer employment in
making some of their preliminary explorations. I could at
least save them a great deal in making more expensive
surveys on impracticable routes, and they would be aiding
me in making a complete general topographical survey.

My work has not been completed as yet as was intended
last spring. The excessive rains of the early part of the
season made the roads in much of our new country almost
impassible; and when I was about ready to commence an
extended tour, sickness in my family prevented it. I have
however a large amount of material on hand which I pro-
pose to "work up" with a view of adding to it hereafter or
having it published without addition as may be deemed best.
There is yet $200 at my disposal to meet personal expenses
— you are probably aware that expenses only are paid by the
Ant. Soc.

Prof. Henry

Royal Society of Antiquaries,

Copenhagen, Denmark

Milwaukee, Wisconsin
June 2, 1863

Dear Sir

It is only now, after a lapse of five years that I have
received your letter of September 3, 1858, through the Astor
Library in the City of New York, together with the valu-
able and interesting books and documents you have so kindly
sent with the same.

You will find the results of my extended investigation of
the antiquities of the state (Wisconsin) in one of the vol-
umes of the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, which
has been, no doubt, sent to your Society by that Institution.
The Memoirs was published in 1855 with 55 quarto plates.
Since then a remarkable man-shaped mound has been dis-
covered of which I send herein an outline figure made from
a careful survey. Some light has recently been thrown upon
the question of the meaning of the strange forms of these

Some Lapham Letters 93

large ancient earthworks by the discovery in Ohio of stones
on which are inscribed characters of similar forms. Can it
be that our earthworks are the written record in some un-
known language of the events of ancient times?

An effort is about to be made by the Chicago Historical
Society to secure a similar investigation of the ancient
works of the State of Illinois which lies next south of Wis-
consin, and must have been densely populated in the days
of the "mound builders." Should this project be carried
into effect we may expect some important results.

I shall be happy to hear from you again, and to receive
the more recent publications of the Royal Society of North-
ern Antiquaries.

C. C. Rafn
Copenhagen

Very truly yours,

LA. Lapham

^Milwaukee, April 14, 1873
Dear Sir:

The governor having sent me a commission as "Chief
Geologist," I am now prepared to answer your letter of the
22nd. March requesting a position for your son as an as-
sistant on the geological survey of the state. If he has made
good use of his opportunities as you have stated them, I
presume he is qualified to fill the place.

The law requires the survey to be begun on the 1st of
June in Ashland County — would he be willing to take charge
of a party there?

Perhaps he can make it convenient to come to Milwau-
kee this week, when I shall be glad to confer with him upon
the subject. Professor Irving of the State University will
probably be another assistant, and he proposes to come
here on Saturday next ; I should be glad to see your son on
or before that time.

Please let me hear from you (or him) on the subject.

To Moses Strong

94 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16 No. 4

International Exhibition, 1876

Board on Behalf of U. S. Executive Departments

National Museum : Smithsonian Institution

Woods Hole, Aug. 16, 1875
Barnstable, Mass.
Dear Dr. Lapham:

Would it be possible to secure your assistance in mak-
ing a series of models, in relief, of some of the more inter-
esting animal mounds of Wisconsin to be exhibited in con-
nection with our ethnological display at the Centennial?
The table on which they will be exhibited might be about
six feet by four divided into sections with several represen-
tations on each section of the more remarkable of those de-
scribed by you in the antiquities of Wisconsin.

Yours truly,

Spencer V. Baird

Milwaukee, Wisconsin
August 21st, 1875
Dear Sir:

Your favor of the 16th. respecting a model in relief of
some of the more interesting animal mounds of Wisconsin
was duly received, and I have consulted with a skillful
carver in wood, who will do the work as soon as I can pre-
pare the proper designs. We adopt the size you suggest

Some Lapham Letters 95

(4 feet by 6) but find it hardly desirable to divide the table
into sections, as you will see by the accompanying sketch.
I presume it to be the intention of the Commission to pay
for this work — I shall want the privilege of exhibiting it
here, and perhaps of making a few copies for sale.

I have collected a few more shells to be sent early in
the season.

The small lakes about Oconomowoc have been an object
of study with a view to their capabilities for fish produc-
tion. Would you like to have a brief paper on the subject?
I have sent to Mr. S. I. Smith some of the invertebrates
for examination and hope he will find time to examine them.

Yours truly,

I. A. Lapham
Prof. S. V. Baird
Comm. of Fishes

Wood's Hole, Mass.
Sept. 23, 1875
Dear Sir:

I was greatly pained at hearing of the sudden and un-
expected death of your father, with whom I have been on
terms of intimate association for so many years. I had not
known previously anything of the particulars of his death,
and thank you for furnishing them.

I am gratified to learn that you will carry out the ar-
rangements between your father and myself as to the exhi-
bition of the animal mounds of Wisconsin and shall be glad
to hear that you have accomplished satisfactorily the con-
struction of the remainder of the series.

Seneca G. Lapham, Esq.
Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Very respectfully,

Spencer V. Baird

96 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 4

The Lapham Archeological Society of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wis. April 11, 1877

Miss Mary Lapham
Miss Julia Lapham

Oconomowoc,

Wisconsin

Ladies,

I had the pleasure of proposing your names as the first
honorary members of this Society, and it becomes my duty
as corresponding secretary to announce to you the fact that
you were duly elected.

In conveying to you this intelligence — not very important
in itself perhaps — you will permit me to remark that I find
each day such reminders of those labors and good deeds
of your Father as impress me with a profound sense of
their value to humanity. His work was a noble one. We
have named this little Society after him and shall, all of us,
as members endeavor to carry out the principle which he
invariably upheld, that of simply searching for fact and
truth.

Trusting that you may — if it be convenient — attend our
meetings, I am

Yours very sincerely,

C. T. Hawley

Indian Medals in the Oshkosh Public Museum

INDIAN MEDALS IN THE OSHKOSH PUBLIC MUSEUM

Arthur P. Kannenberg

Among the notable specimens relating to Wisconsin
Indian history now on display in the Oshkosh Public Museum
are eight medals once belonging to prominent Indians.
Seven of these were all obtained from the Menomini Indian
Reservation at Keshena by the writer and R. N. Bucks taff,
while the eighth was found by the writer at Butte des
Morts in 1935.

In this group is a silver peace medal with the bust of
Abraham Lincoln and the wording, "Abraham Lincoln,
President of the United States, 1862." It once belonged to
Phillip Nacootie, a member of the South Branch settlement
of Menomini, and was purchased by the Oshkosh Public
Museum from another Menomini, Peter La Mottc. This
medal weighs 6 ounces, measures 3 inches in diameter and
is three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness.

ABRAHAM LINCOLN INDIAN MEDAL

Collection of the Oshkosh Public Museum

Figure I

98 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 4

There are two silver peace medals which once belonged
to the noted Menomini, Chief Oshkosh. One of these was
given to the chief at the treaty held at Butte des Morts in
1848, and was issued by President James K. Polk in 1845.
It weighs 3 ounces, is 2 inches in diameter and is three-six-
teenths of an inch in thickness. The other is a silver peace
medal given to this noted Menomini chief at the treaty of
Prairie du Chien in 1828. It was issued by President John
Quincy Adams in 1825, and weighs four ounces, is two and
three-eighths inches in diameter and is one-eighth inch in
thickness. Both of these historic peace medals were ob-
tained from Reginald Oshkosh by R. N. Buckstaff, and are
now a part of the latter's extensive collection of specimens
relating to Chief Oshkosh, now housed in the Oshkosh Pub-
lic Museum.

The writer obtained three silver presidential peace medals
from Frank Keshena, who was a grandson of old Chief
Carron, noted Menomini leader. One of these was given to
Chief Carron at the treaty of Butte des Morts in 1828, and
was struck by order of President James Madison in 1809.
It bears a bust of this president with the legend, "James
Madison, President of the United States, A. D. 1809," and
has the usual crossed tomahawk and peace pipe with the
legend, "Peace and Friendship" on its reverse side. This
medal weighs 6 ounces, is 3 inches in diameter and is three-
sixteenths of an inch in thickness. A second medal was
issued to Chief Carron when he was yet a sub-chief, and is
somewhat smaller. It was given to him at the treaty of the
Cedars (near Kimberly on the Fox River) in 1832. It is a
James K. Polk medal, and was struck in 1845. It bears a
bust of this president, with the legend, "James K. Polk,
President of the United States, 1845," on its face and the
crossed tomahawk and pipe, clasped hands, and the legend,
"Peace and Friendship" on its reverse. A third of this
group, obtained from Frank Keshena, was given to Chief
Keshena, another noted Menomini leader, at the treaty of
the Cedars, and is exactly the same as the James K. Polk
medal given to Chief Carron at the same treaty, only dif-
fering in that it is larger. It weighs 6 ounces, is 3 inches in
diameter and is three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness.

Indian Medals in the Oshkosh Public Museum 99

From Reginald Oshkosh, descendant of old Chief Osh-
kosh, the writer obtained a silver medal suspended from a
silver link chain, which was given to this well-known Menom-
ini Indian by Rodman Wanamaker in 1913. It is one of a
number of medals of this type issued to each attending
Indian who participated at the ''Memorial of the First Act
by the President of the United States in the National Trib-
ute to the North American Indian at Fort Wadsworth,
Washington's Birthday, 1913." This medal is three and one-
quarter inches in diameter, weighs, together with its chain,
just eight ounces, and is one-eighth inch in thickness.

An oval-shaped brass medal, issued by the Catholic
Church through its early-day missionaries to converted In-
dians, was found at a depth of three feet under the surface
of the ground at Butte des Morts by the writer in 1935.
The face of this medal bears a likeness of the Virgin Mary,
with the legend, "Holy Mary Ever Virgin And Conceived
Without Sin Pray For Us Who Implore Thy Aid," and the
date 1830. Several other small round and oval religious
medallions were found at Butte des Morts during this period
of research and excavation work, but these had become so
badly corroded through the action of the soil that it is now
impossible to identify them.

100 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 4

REGINALD OSHKOSH

Phebe J. Lookaround

Reginald Oshkosh, last nominal chief of the Menominees,
who died in February, 1931, at the age of sixty-seven, was a
vivid and picturesque personality. For those so unfortunate
as to have never known him in life, the all-but-breathing
figure that stands in the entrance to the Department of
Anthropology of the Milwaukee Public Museum will serve
to give an inkling of what sort of man was this Chief Osh-
kosh. So true to life is this figure, clad in tribal regalia of
buckskin and splendid war bonnet, poised in that attitude of
welcome so characteristic of Chief Reginald, and wearing
the expression of kindliness and humor so familiar to his
friends, that it brings tears to the eyes of those who knew
him. Spare, of medium height was Reginald, with brilliant,
extremely expressive eyes, an aquiline nose, wide humorous
mouth, and the truly copper-colored skin which has earned
the Indian the name of Red Man.

The last of a notable line of chiefs, Reginald, and his
brother Ernest, were educated at Carlisle Indian School,
"because," as he was wont to say, "our father thought that
although we were to be chiefs no longer, we still were lead-
ers, and we must be prepared to assist our people to under-
stand the whites and be understood by them." He was a
gifted orator, possessing a fine voice and good presence,
and having through study equipped himself with an ade-
quate and colorful vocabulary in English, while having at
hand full understanding of his own Menominee tongue. On
an occasion when he had been complimented for making a
fine speech, he said: "Thank you. One time when I was
in the East on tribal business, a newspaper reporter took
me to see the Brooklyn bridge and said to me, 'Look, see-um
big water, see-um big bridge!' I looked and I said, 'Mag-
nificent, stupendous!' The reporter, like you, was sur-
prised." Reginald Oshkosh often represented his tribe in
Washington, and was the official interpreter.

Genial, sardonic, sagacious, Reginald was a keen student
of human nature. One could easily imagine him a wise and

Reginald Oshkosh 101

powerful chief in the days when chiefs were chiefs. There
was a fiery spirit in him which flared on occasion. Someone
said of him when questioning him on the Indian idea of
life after death: "His thin frame sprang suddenly into a
posture as vibrantly alert as an arrow taut in the bow.
About his head I seemed to see a chief's resplendent head-
dress with red-tipped eagle feathers quivering. Deep lines
sharpened his face. From between his narrowed eyelids his
eyes were like beacon fires. His mouth was a hard bitter
line, and through his tight-set teeth came the words, The
only hell the Indian knows is living under Indian Bureau
control!' So he sat for several minutes, oblivious to every-
thing around him, seeing into a far country. Then turning,
the fire gone from his glance, an infinite sadness in his face,
the garment of frailty like a blanket upon him, he said,
We have come a long way. Our moccasins are bloody.
They said we must give allegiance to the flag and it would
protect us. But it has not wrapped us round. They have
driven us ahead of it — 'til now our backs are against the
wall, and there we must drop in our blood. Some day, those
who brought us to this end will know what anguish means.' '

It was Reginald's lot to endure the racial humiliation of
lost sovereignty, but to accept with stoic dignity the in-
evitable irruption of white invasion. There is no doubt but
what, in his heart, he hated fiercely the white race, while
making strategic concessions to it. His courtly manner
savored not a little of noblesse oblige. His bland suavity
often cloaked contempt of white ways, and his courtesy
ridicule and even pity. It is difficult for white people to
comprehend the fact that Indians do not admire white peo-
ple, and feel their own race superior. This was markedly
true of Chief Reginald. However, he did not permit his
racial antipathy to extend to individuals. He was a sincere
friend to many white people who held him in mutual esteem.

Versed in the lore of his race, Reginald was the source
of much data recorded about the Menominees by field repre-
sentatives of the Smithsonian Institution. He was, as well,
an authentic story teller. If you read Menominee Indian
legends and history, you can pretty well depend upon it,
also, that Reginald Oshkosh is the authority quoted, al-
though other Menominees have interpreted the lore for per-

102 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 4

manent record. Reginald was the interpreter for Dr. Wil-
liam Hoffman, who collected much material for the U. S.
Bureau of Ethnology.

For many years previous to his death, Reginald lived
at Keshena Falls, where he operated a curio, lunch stand,
and filling station, and provided picnic conveniences for
tourists. This place was called Chief Oshkosh's Camp.
From this vantage point he viewed the steady encroach-
ment of white customs. People came from great distances
to see and converse with him. He was quick to detect in-
sincerity and vulgar curiosity. Coming in contact with a
great many tourists yearly, he was frequently amazed at
the average tourist's ignorance of present day Indian life.
He was often tempted to exploit this ignorance, and while
this scarcely contributed to the tourist's store of accurate
knowledge, it afforded Oshkosh no little amusement. A
friend, inadvertently overhearing Oshkosh yarning to a
wide-eyed tourist on matters relative to scalping, warpaths,
and the Indian runners of the present day, who ran regu-
larly to Milwaukee and other points south, could not re-
frain from asking Oshkosh afterward why he told such
"big ones." Reginald replied: "Anyone so dumb should be
strung along. Besides, — I like to see their eyes get big."
He laughed in remembrance. He joyed in "slipping one
over" on the white man, but he did it without acidity.
People seldom knew when he was laughing at them. One
time a tourist was examining buckskin gloves to purchase
from the Chief, and said, "Why is it that Indian made
gloves are better than the ones we make?" "Oh," replied
Reginald, "the Indian uses brains — and the white man
doesn't use any brains." But the enquirer did not know
that, really, deer brains are used in the curing of deer
hides. The following incident will throw additional light
on Reginald's opinion of the average white tourist: Each
Spring he prepared his picnic grounds with care, anticipat-
ing the coming vacation season, and, among other things,
provided large chicken wire receptacles for refuse. One
day in the summer he was watching from the porch of his
little house a group of picnickers, preparing to leave, and
observed that they took no pains to clean up the place, but
left papers and boxes scattered around. He called across to

Reginald Oshkosh 103

his niece at the stand, "Tell those tourists to use those
garbage baskets." Then turning, he said to a companion,
"In the Spring I made several of those containers, but they
have all disappeared but two. I suppose tourists take them
home and put them on their pianos and say, 'See our sou-
venir? Chief Oshkosh made it.' '

While Oshkosh was widely known as a "real Indian," and
was in demand for public appearances, he was also respected
for his wisdom in his contacts with white people. When the
matter of running state and federal highways through the
Menominee Reservation came up some years ago, many of
the tribe opposed it, but Oshkosh expressed himself thus:
"It will be a good thing. We shall all understand each other
better then. Now whites think all Indians savages, and
Indians think all white people are crooks. That way we
will get better acquainted and find we aren't much different
from each other after all." Similarly, later when the mat-
ter of building dams on the Wolf river within the Reserva-
tion to produce electric power for a large utility was before
the public, and councils with the Menominees and confer-
ences with the utilities representatives were numerous,
Oshkosh took a definite stand. Asked to address an organ-
ization meeting where many people were present who had
as their slogan "Save the Wolf for Our Children," and were
interested in saving the beauty spots on the famous river
from exploitation, he surprised many by saying that he be-
lieved the Menominees should be the ones to decide. He
also remarked that the whites had been willing to place a
commercial value upon all other beauty spots in Wisconsin
and profited financially by so doing and that the Wolf should
be saved for the Menominee children to the extent of selling
that power for their benefit if need be. He advocated sell-
ing the power rights if the money would be given the In-
dians, instead of being put in trust for them in Washington.
The Wolf remains undammed on the Reservation today.

For a number of years before his death, Chief Reginald
was very frail. It was a sorrow to him that he could not
be active in the efforts being put forth by the tribe toward
self-government. However, the younger men came to him
for advice. On occasion, when he was able, he would go to
make a speech in behalf of his people. He was fearless in

104 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 4

stating the case, and did so with fire and clarity, but these
excursions tired him greatly. Proud, he did not like to
acknowledge his failing health. He carried a cane, but did
not like to use it. On being reminded to do so, he replied:
"It gives the appearance of age." And made an effort to
walk with his usual vigor.

During his lifetime, Reginald had to make many conces-
sions to expediency. He accepted the necessity for this
with uncomplaining fatalism. He took the wounds of indi-
rect warfare like a true warrior of old. How deeply he was
hurt, for his own sake and for that of his people, no one
will ever know. He was clever and kind enough to make
the best of a difficult situation utterly beyond his control.
Indianhood had in Reginald Oshkosh an honorable repre-
sentative, making an adjustment as well as he could be-
tween the old and the new. In his last days he wished to re-
main in his little home near the roaring Keshena Falls,
and on a bleak February night, with those "talking waters"
speaking their counsel to him, he passed over to the Happy
Hunting Ground. Imbued with the native religion, versed
in its lore, baptized a Catholic, and reared as one by the
zealous Franciscan missionaries, in his death he was sur-
rounded by the ritual of both religions, for beside his bier
mourned seven Indian women chanting the ancient death
songs of the Medicine Lodge, while above his head a cru-
cifix hung, and holy candles burned. So passed Chief Reg-
inald Oshkosh, last chief of the Menominees.

A Menominee Indian Concspt of Conservation 105

A MENOMINEE INDIAN CONCEPT OF CONSERVATION

Mrs. Phebe J. Lookaround

A Menominee Indian of the present generation, a man
well educated and equipped to understand the viewpoint of
white people, yet well versed in the traditions of his own
race, voices in this wise the general Indian concept of, and
attitude toward, game conservation:

" Animal life, as well as human life, is the creation of
the Great Spirit. We do not consider that the human has
any right to take the life of wild creatures, except when
those creatures are a menace to human safety, or when he
needs to do so for food. Village and clan life was so or-
ganized among the Indians that the old were provided for
by the young. When the hunters went out for food, they
took enough for their families and for the old people, so
that none would be in want. The process of killing was not
pleasant to the Indian. The strictly religious Indian always
said, and does to this day, a special ritual when hunting,
and regards his kill with a mingling of regret and esteem,
believing that his 'little brother' — deer or bear, etc., — has
been willing to give his life so that the higher form of life,
the human, can exist. The flesh was looked upon as 'medi-
cine' as well as food. It was against the rules and customs
to 'hog' any game.

"Today, as formerly, it is usual for Indians to hunt deer
in groups. The one who shoots the animal is entitled to
the hide and the head, for brains are used in curing the
hide, and the loin. He selects someone to butcher the deer
and divide the meat. This task is a time-honored one. The
meat is apportioned among the hunters. Each hunter in
turn shares his portion with whomever he deems most in
need of it. Regardless of the number in the hunting party,
and the size of the animal, this principle is adhered to. A
solitary hunter, fortunate to shoot a deer, would not think
of keeping the meat for himself, but felt beholden to
share it.

1C6 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 4

"Every part of the animal was used, if at all possible.
As for cooking, this was done so as to avoid waste, as wast-
ing such 'gifts' was thought wrong and meant a lessening
of such animals to be had. Of the meat, the loin is the
choicest part. This averages about twenty-four inches in
length, and the chops are about the size of large pork
chops. The loin should be cut across about three-quarters
of an inch thick, put on a meat block, well salted and pep-
pered, and pounded firmly and gently with a smooth stone
about the size of a man's fist until about one quarter of an
inch thick, then put on a hot griddle which has been gen-
erously greased with pork fat, seared about one-half minute
on each side, and cooked to taste, 'rare, medium, or well
done.' The loin will gradually resume its original thickness
when done. When serving this delicacy, the rest of the din-
ner should be ready and the diners waiting. The hot veni-
son steak should be taken from the griddle and placed at
once on individual plates. It is both delicious and nutritious.
Other parts are used for soups and stews, and the tallow
for salves and cooking fats.

"The white man has been extremely slow to take up
the Indian's idea of conservation. He appears to us to be
savage and bloodthirsty. Nowadays people organize clubs
so that, at their convenience, they can murder this game
with high-powered rifles, and they call themselves sports-
men. It is against the law in this country to have game
cock fighting, where a fowl will fight until dead. One liv-
ing thing should not be preserved to satisfy the bloodlust
of some individual. The days of throwing live creatures
into a den of hungry lions is over."

The Indian has always viewed with amazement, and
often with contempt, some of the practices which are con-
sidered "civilized" by the white man. So he views with
contempt today the attitude which condones the wholesale
slaughter which takes place in Wisconsin during the deer
hunting season, and does not consider it praiseworthy that
dead deer tied to the running boards and across the ra-
diators of automobiles have been counted to the number
of 620 as being carried past a given highway point in Wis-
consin on any one day in the hunting season. He well
knows that amount of venison is not needed for either food

A Menominee Indian Concept of Conservation 107

or "medicine." The Indian idea of hunting and of conserva-
tion of wild life is not compatible with the white man's
idea, but it is consistent with traditional Indian ethics.
Among the young Indian's earliest instructions, taught him
by example and precept and through the tales told around
the lodge fire, was the proper attitude toward the rest of
the Great Spirit's creation.

108 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 4

ARCHEOLOGICAL NOTES

Meetings

September 21, 1936. President Dr. Herbert W. Kuhm conducted
the meeting. Sixty members and guests were present. Secretary
Brown announced the election as annual members of the Society of
John A. Brechlin, Oshkosh; Victor G. Pope, Milwaukee; Jens Jacob-
son, Washington Island, and E. B. Trimpey, Baraboo. Mr. Frederic
Heath, Milwaukee, had been elected a life member. The death of
Dr. Paul B. Jenkins, Williams Bay, an honorary life member, was
reported.

Dr. Samuel A. Barrett, director of the Milwaukee Public Museum,
spoke of the great desirability of securing, with the possible assistance
of the Works Progress Administration or the National Parks Service,
the purchase and preservation of the site of the famous prehistoric
Indian enclosure at Aztalan. His proposal was discussed by Mr. Vic-
tor S. Taylor, Mr. Herman 0. Zander, Mr. Walter Bubbert, Mr.
Charles E. Brown, and other members, who favored the State or
Federal acquisition of this ancient site.

Mr. John J. Knudsen, a member of the Society, delivered an address
on "The Recording and Care of An Archeological Collection," and
which he illustrated with mounted specimens and file cards. His
methods received the approval of the Society, the Messrs. Kuhm,
Brown, Schoewe and others discussing the fine talk which he gave.

Mr. John Peter Knudsen, a junior member of the Society, in re-
sponse to an invitation given by President Kuhm, gave a short talk
on the subject of his personal experiences in collecting Indian imple-
ments when accompanying his father in his field investigations. His
talk was received with great applause.

The matter of marking the courses of early Milwaukee County
Indian trails was introduced in a brief talk by Mr. Frederic Heath.
Dr. Barrett, Dr. Kuhm, Mr. Schoewe and other members took part
in the discussion which followed.

Dr. L. S. Buttles stated that Mr. George A. West and Miss Grace
West had consented to give a joint illustrated lecture on Mexico at
the November meeting. He exhibited a series of photographs made
by himself of Indian mounds in the Lower Mississippi Valley and told
of their interest. Mr. Paul Joers discussed the making of such photo-
graphs. He exhibited an interesting tomahawk pipe with a lead or-
namented blade and a series of choice chert arrowpoints. The pro-
posed restoration of some Indian mounds located on the old Bender's
Mill site on the Upper Milwaukee River, and the preservation of the
so-called Teller Mounds in the northern part of the city by the Mil-
waukee County Park Commission, was announced by Mr. Victor S.
Craun. Mr. Schoewe told of the protest made by himself to the
State Fair Board on the neglected and injured condition of the two
Indian mounds in State Fair Park. A motion was made and carried
seconding his protest.

Mr. W. C. McKern presented a report on the archeological investi-
gations carried on during the summer months by a University of
Wisconsin and Milwaukee Public Museum field party in Burnett and
Barren Counties.

Archeological Notes 109

Secretary Brown reported on a meeting held by the Door County
Historical Society on August 9 at Rock Island, Door County.

Mr. H. O. Zander exhibited a fraudulent copper implement, and
Mr. Joseph Ringeisen, Jr., warned the members of the manufacture
in Michigan of some fraudulent double-barbed axes.

September 19, 1936. Lapham Centennial Anniversary meeting.
Dr. Kuhm presiding. Attendance, 80 members and guests. The Pres-
ident welcomed the members of the Milwaukee Geological Society and
of the Milwaukee County Historical Society who were in attendance
to assist the Society in honoring the memory and achievements of
Wisconsin's distinguished scientist and educator, Dr. Increase Allen
Lapham.

The speaker of the evening was Dr. E. F. Bean, State Geologist,
who gave a very interesting lecture on "Increase A. Lapham, Geolo-
gist" (printed elsewhere in this issue of The Wisconsin Archeologist) .
This lecture was received with great appreciation by the audience.
Other speakers who contributed to the interest and success of the
Lapham program were Mr. George A. West, who met Dr. Lapham
during the later years of his life, Mr. Charles G. Schoewe, who gave
the history of the founding of the Lapham Medal, Mrs. Laura Lapham
Lindow, who told some stories of her grandfather, and Mr. John G.
Gregory, who spoke of Dr. Lapham's life in early Milwaukee. Sec-
retary Brown read some letters written by Dr. Lapham and others
addressed to him by prominent scientists of his day. He also ex-
hibited some field notebooks, drawings and maps of Dr. Lapham's,
prepared during the years before 1855, when engaged in his arche-
ological survey of the state.

Mr. Frederic Heath spoke of the intention to mark, with the aid
of a local Works Progress Administration art project, the course of
the Indian trails entering Milwaukee during the time of Lapham's
coming to the city in 1836.

Dr. Buttles, chairman of the Program Committee, announced the
plans for future programs. Among these it was proposed to hold an
archeological seminar among the collections of the Milwaukee Public
Museum.

At the close of the meeting exhibits of Indian implements were
made by some of the members. Mr. Paul Scholz displayed a series
of diorite points from Crawfish River sites.

November 16, 1936. President Kuhm presiding. Due to the over-
flow audience the meeting adjourned to the lecture hall of the Mil-
waukee Public Museum, where Miss Grace West gave a most inter-
esting and instructive talk on her recent trip to Mexico, illustrated
with a large collection of colored lantern slides. Miss West added
to the interest of her talk by appearing in the native Mexican cos-
tume. At the conclusion of her address, her father, Mr. George A. West,
supplemented her talk with a brief description of ancient archeological
sites and ruins in Mexico. It was a most enjoyable evening with an
audience that was most gratifying to the speakers and to the Society.

At the Directors' meeting held at the Aberdeen Hotel earlier in
the evening, a report of the Secretary was read informing the Di-
rectors that he had made a visit to Aztalan on November 5th with
Mr. Thomas M. Pitkin, historian of the U. S. Forest Service, to
urge the preservation and restoration of the famous site. The two
men had also called upon Mr. Robert P. Ferry at his Lake Mills
home, in this connection.

110 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 4

Dr. Barrett reported that on November 9th he had also visited
the site of Aztalan with Mr. Pitkin, and acquainted him with the
possibilities of its restoration, and furnished him with an estimate of
the cost of the purchase of the land, and of the cost of restoring
the ancient stockade-protected enclosure.

Mr. Brown's report on a list of Wisconsin mounds which had
been recommended to Dr. Clark Wissler, chairman of the Division of
Anthropology of the National Research Council, for recognition as
"National Monuments" was also read. Included in this list were
mound groups and mounds at Aztalan, Pistaka, Indian Ford, Green
Lake, Eastman, Big Bend, Barton, Madison, Devils Lake, Baraboo,
Wisconsin Dells, Fort Atkinson and Wyalusing. Owing to the im-
pending death of Mrs. Brown, the Secretary was unable to come to
Milwaukee for the meeting.

The American Anthropological Association, American Folk-Lore
Society and Society for American Archeology will meet at the Charl-
ton Hotel, Washington, D. C., on December 27-29, 1936.

MEMBERSHIP

Mr. Alonzo W. Pond, the widely known archeologist and conser-
vationist, now residing at St. Croix Falls, gave an illustrated lecture
on Mammoth Cave Man before the members of the Technical Club
of Madison and their ladies on November 3rd. It was an excep-
tionally interesting lecture and was greatly appreciated by the large
audience. Mr. Pond has been until recently an officer of the C.C.C.
Camp in Interstate Park.

Rev. Christian Hjermstad of New Lisbon was the only member
of the Society to respond to a request which appeared in the Septem-
ber issue of The Wisconsin Archeologist for data concerning Wiscon-
sin corner-tang flint artifacts. He sent for examination a specimen
of a knife which may be considered as of this class, which was found
near Sparta, Monroe County. This flake knife, 31! inches long and
lx/4 inches wide at its widest part, is made of light brown quartzite.
It is flaked along both edges.

Mr. Enos Kiethly of Dixon, Illinois, has a very well made stone
gouge which was found on a site on the banks of Bullhead Creek,
a tributary of the Rock River, at Grand Detour, Illinois. It is a well
made gouge and is 4% inches in length. It is grooved for the at-
tachment of a handle. This was no doubt the tool of some prehistoric
canoe maker or woodworker of this region.

Mr. Frederic Heath, a member of the Milwaukee County Board
of Supervisors, is sponsoring the placing of markers along the courses
of some of the old Indian trails formerly entering the City of Mil-
waukee. The first of these former aboriginal travelways to be thus
marked will be the so-called Old Sauk or Lake Michigan shore trail
which entered the city from the north and passed through its East
Side to present East Wisconsin Avenue. These trail markers are
being designed by the Art Project, Works Progress Administration.

Mr. Robert A. Elder, Jr., formerly of Argonne, Wisconsin, is tak-
ing an advanced course in museum administration at the Brooklyn
Museum, Brooklyn, New York. When a student at the University of
Wisconsin Mr. Elder was selected for a fellowship at Brooklyn.

Archeological Notes 111

Rev. White Eagle, a Wisconsin Indian missionary, is in charge of
the Indian Church at Neopit on the Menomini Indian Reservation.
He was a recent visitor at the State Historical Museum at Madison.

Dr. Albert F. Heising, a recently deceased life member of the
Society, bequeathed his collection of Indian implements to the State
Historical Museum. This collection consists of numerous stone arrow
and spearpoints, knives, perforators, scrapers, hoes, axes, celts, ham-
mers and other stone implements; copper spearpoints, stone pipes and
ornaments, potsherds and other Indian implements largely collected
from Indian sites at Menominee and elsewhere in Dunn County,
Wisconsin.

Mr. John P. Schumacher of Green Bay, one of the oldest mem-
bers of the Wisconsin Archeological Society, has been engaged dur-
ing the past season in making an archeological survey of the Indian
village and camp sites, mounds, planting grounds and burial grounds
in Brown County and the surrounding Green Bay region. This work
he did under the auspices of the Neville Public Museum with WPA
and other assistance. He has also conducted some researches along
the Oconto River. Mr. Schumacher sent the editor a drawing of a
large native copper chisel which he had added to his collection. This
very fine specimen of prehistoric Indian metallic art is 13% inches
in length and weighs 2% pounds. It is about IVz inches wide at its
rounded cutting edge and % of an inch wide at its squared poll. It
was found at Ford River, Michigan. A fine oval bannerstone with
pointed wings is made of slate, and was found in Suamico Township,
Brown County. Mr. Schumacher also secured some large and very
well made copper spearpoints and flint spearpoints and knives.

PUBLICATIONS

The Indian Council Fire, Chicago, Marion E. Gridley, Secretary,
has published a book, The Indians of Today. It contains biographies
of five well known Wisconsin Indians, among others. It is a volume
of great interest. The foreword is written by Hon. Charles Curtis.
Cost $2.50.

Charles C. Willoughby, Director Emeritus of the Peabody Mu-
seum, Cambridge, Massachusetts, is the author of a new book, An-
tiquities of the New England Indians, with Notes on the Ancient Cul-
tures of the Adjacent Territory. Here is a story of primitive man
in New England, as told by the ancient stone implements and other
remains, supplemented by notes and comments by early voyagers and
colonists who came in contact with the proto-historic tribes. Cost
$4.75, Peabody Museum, Cambridge.

The Andover Press, Andover, Massachusetts, announces that it
will print a report on The Susquehanna Expedition of 1916, a joint
archeological survey conducted with funds provided by the Museum
of the American Indian (Heye Foundation), Phillips Academy and
Dr. Warren K. Moorehead, provided sufficient encouragement is re-
ceived from libraries, students, scientists and others..

The September, 1936, Bulletin of the Texas Archeological and
Paleontological Society contains a fine illustrated paper by Harry
J. Lemley on Discoveries Indicating a Pre-Caddo Culture on Red
River in Arkansas. It presents an account of the excavation of a
number of mounds on the Crenshaw Place, on Red River, in Miller
County, Arkansas. The pottery vessels obtained are particularly in-
teresting. Four plates of these are illustrated.

112 WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGIST Vol. 16, No. 4

OTHER ITEMS

Marking of the historic portage from the headwaters of the Brule
River to St. Croix Lake at Solon Springs was completed on October
3, 1936, by the Superior Garden Club, which started the project three
years ago. Boulders with bronze tablets describing the history of
the portage have been placed at each end of the two mile trail, and
markers have been placed along the path. WPA workers have cleared
the trail for hiking. The Indian portage was first used by a white
man — Greysolon Sieur Du Luth — in 1680. It was later used by nu-
merous explorers, missionaries and fur traders.

A valuable and permanent accompaniment of the recent Nicolet
celebrations in the upper peninsula of Michigan has been the estab-
lishment of historical museums at Sault Ste. Marie and Mackinac
Island.

The citizens of St. Ignace, another community with an outstand-
ing historical background, are preparing to build a museum there
which will be the basis of a local history exhibit. The initiative has
been taken by the chamber of commerce and the move has met with
general approval.

The St. Ignace Chamber of Commerce Program for next season
will have as a leading feature the rebuilding of Fort De Buade, at
the northwestern edge of the city. The fort was built by the French
in the seventeenth century, when St. Ignace had a population of
8,000 Indians and whites.

The barbecue is an old American institution — possibly going back
to the ice ages. Dr. Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr., Smithsonian Institu-
tion archeologist, this summer uncovered two large sites littered
thickly with the split and charred bones of an extinct variety of
bison. They can be explained most plausibly, he said, as the re-
mains of gluttonous feasts of Folsom men, the earliest inhabitants
of North America of whom authenticated archeological traces have
been found.

These ancient barbecue remains were uncovered on the Linden-
meier site in northeastern Colorado, a place which appears to have been
a semi-permanent hunting camp of the Folsom men, who were fol-
lowing on the heels of bison herds that browsed in the meadows
just behind the retreating ice sheets. At one of the areas — about 30
feet square — was a mass of smashed bones around traces of an an-
cient bonfire.

Amidst the bones was a fine assortment of the characteristic
Folsom points, stone knives and scrapers. Some of the points are
burned, as if they had been in the flesh when large chunks of bison
were roasted over the open fire. Several new varieties of Folsom
implements were found.

The graveyard of one of the chief aboriginal trading centers of
eastern North America before the arrival of Europeans may have
been uncovered by a steam shovel engaged in the construction of an
army flying field near Washington.

Smithsonian Institute archeologists, after examination of the
scores of skulls and bundles of other human bones found a few inches
below the surface, tentatively assign them to the inhabitants of the
large town of Nacotchtank, described by Captain John Smith in the
account of his memorable voyage up the Potomac River in 1609.

WISCONSIN ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
PUBLICATIONS

Of the 36 volumes of The Wisconsin Archeologist, 20 volumes were
published in the old series and 16 in the new series. Most of the
quarterly numbers are in print and may be secured by addressing
Charles E. Brown, Secretary, State Historical Museum, Madison, Wis-
consin. Price, 50 cents each.

A table of contents of all publications to and including Volume 7,
New Series, may be obtained from the secretary. A list of publications
for the last eight years, Volumes 8-15, New Series, can also be ob-
tained from him.

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