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THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.
JESUP COLLECTION.
THE
WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
WITH AN ACCOUNT OF
THEIR STRUCTURE, QUALITIES, AND USES.
WITH
®eograpf)iral antj otjer Noteg upon tfje SEreea
iD!)icf) protiuce t^em.
By C. S. SARGENT.
NEW YORK:
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY,
1, 3, AND 6 Bond Street.
1885.
Copyright, 1885,
By C. S. Sargent.
WinibtrsitQ ?Prc5s:
John Wilson and Son, Cambridge.
INTRODUCTION.
The American Museum of Natural History is indebted to its
enlightened and public-spirited President, Mr. Morris K. Jesup,
for a magnificent collection of woods, which display, for the first
time in a satisfactory manner, the forest wealth of the United States.
The conception of this collection belongs to Mr. Jesup. The forests
of the United States are not surpassed by those of any other coun-
try in the variety and value of the timbers which they produce.
Many of these are little known or appreciated commercially ; and it
was the belief of the founder of this collection that the opportunity
it would afford to engineers, architects, and mechanics to examine
specimens of the material produced by the forests of the whole
country would be of great and immediate practical utility to the
community, and that the presence of such a collection in the
Museum of Natural History would facilitate the scientific and in-
dustrial study of the Sylva of this country, and develop a popular
interest in forests and forest science.
Mr. Jesup's collection is the outgrowth of an investigation of
the forest wealth of this country commenced by me more than five
years ago. The results of that investigation have been published
in Vol. IX. of the final Eeports of the Tenth Census, which this
collection will serve to illustrate.
The trees of the United States are represented in the Museum by
large and characteristic trunk specimens, arranged in the sequence
of their botanical relationship. These specimens are cut in such a
manner as to display the bark, and cross and longitudinal sections
of the wood, both polished and in its natural condition. They
are supplemented, in the case of trees of commercial importance,
vi INTRODUCTION.
by carefully selected planks, or burls, which often show better than
logs the true industrial value of the wood.
Specimens of a few of the arborescent species of the United States
have not yet been secured, and others are still in preparation.
These v/ill be added to the collection as rapidly as possible.
A series of life-size water-colors of the foliage, flowers, and fruit
of each tree represented in the collection by a wood specimen is in
course of preparation. They will be displayed with the collection
as fast as completed. An herbarium of the trees of the United
States, arranged by Mr. C. E. Faxon of the Arnold Arboretum, will
afford special students of dendrology an opportunity of critically
studying the collection.
The following catalogue of the trees of this country will serve
as a guide to the collection ; it is condensed from Vol. IX. of the
Eeports of the Tenth Census, from which are derived the tables
relating to the physical properties of the woods of the United
States. These tables have been prepared for this publication by
Mr. S. P. Sharples, of Cambridge.
C. S. SARGENT.
Arnold Arboretum, Brookline, Mass.,
May, 1885.
CONTENTS.
PASS
Introduction v
Catalogue of the Forest Trees of North America (exclu-
sive OF Mexico) 1
The Physical Properties of the Woods of the United States 141
TABLE I.
Specific Gravity, Percentage of Ash, Relative Approximate Fuel Value,
Coefficient of Elasticity, Modulus of Rupture, Resistance to
Pressure, and Weight per Cubic Foot of the Woods of the United
States 144
TABLE IL
The Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Specific
Gravity of their Dry Woods 153
TABLE IIL
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the
Relative Approximate Fuel Value of their Dry Woods .... 158
TABLE IV.
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of
the Elasticity of their Woods (Coefficient of Elasticity, — Kilogram,
Centimetre) 168
viii CONTENTS.
TABLE V.
PAGE
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of
the Strength of their Woods (Modulus of Rupture, — Kilogram,
Centimetre) 166
TABLE VL
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of
the Power of their Woods to resist Longitudinal Compression . 169
TABLE VIL
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of
the Power of their Woods to resist Indentation to the Depth of
1.27 Millimetres 173
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.
MAGNOLIACEJE.
1. Magnolia grandiflora, L.
Big Laurel, Bull Bay.
Cape Fear River, North Carolina, south, near the coast, to Mosquito
Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida ; along the coast of the Gulf States to
southwestern Arkansas, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas,
extending north in the valley of the Mississippi River to latitude 32° 30'-
A magnificent evergreen tree, 18 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk
0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter; reaching its greatest development on the
" blulf " formations along the eastern bank of the Mississippi River from
Vicksburg to Natchez, and in western Louisiana.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked,
satiny ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color creamy white or
often light brown, the heavier sap-wood nearly white ; little used except
as fuel ; suitable for interior finish, fine cabinet work, etc.
2. Magnolia glauca, L.
Sweet Bay. White Bay. Beaver Tree. White Laurel. Swamp
Laurel.
Cape Ann, Massachusetts; New Jersey, southward, generally near
the coast, to Bay Biscayne and Tampa Bay, Florida ; westward through
the valley of the Mississippi River souih of latitude 35°, and the Gulf
States to southwestern Arkansas and the valley of the Trinity River,
Texas.
A tree 15 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 metres
in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ;
swamps or low wet woods, reaching its greatest development on the rich
hummocks of the interior of the Florida peninsula, and along the low
sandy banks of pine-barren streams in the Gulf States.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
very numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood
1
2 MAGNOLIACEiE. Magnolia.
nearly white ; in the Gulf States sometimes used in the manufacture of
small wooden-ware.
The dried bark, especially of the root, of this species and of M. acumi-
nata and M. Umbrella are included in the American Materia Medica,
furnishing an aromatic tonic and stimulant used in intermittent and remit-
tent fevers.
3. Magnolia acuminata, L.
Cucumber Tree. Mountain Magnolia.
Western New York to southern Illinois ; southward along the Alle-
ghany Mountains, and scattered through eastern and middle Kentucky
and Tennessee, usually on Carboniferous deposits, to southern Alabama
and northeastern Mississippi ; and in northeastern, southern, and south-
western Arkansas.
A large tree, 20 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20
metres in diameter ; rich woods, reaching its greatest development on the
slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains.
Wood durable, light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny ;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; color yellow-brown, the sap-wood lighter,
often nearly white ; used for pump-logs, water-troughs, flooring, cabinet-
making, etc.
4. Magnolia cordata, Michx.
Cucumber Tree.
Southern Alleghany Mountain region, — Georgia to Winston County,
Alabama.
A tree 22 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre
in diameter ; low rich woods ; very rare and local.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
very numerous, thin ; color light brown streaked with yellow, the sap-
wood light yellow.
5. Magnolia macrophylla, Michx.
Large-leaved Cucumber Tree.
Western North Carolina to southeastern Kentucky, southward to
middle and western Florida and southern Alabama, extending west to the
valley of Pearl Eiver, Louisiana ; and in central Arkansas.
A tree 6 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 metre in
diameter ; rich woods, reaching its greatest development in the limestone
valleys of northern Alabama ; rare and local.
Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny ; medullary
rays numerous, thin ; color brown, the sap-wood light yellow.
Liriodendron. MAGNOLIACEiE. o
6. Magnolia Umbrella, Lam.
Umbrella Tree. Elk-wood.
Southeastern Pennsylvania, southward along the Alleghany Mountains
to central Alabama, westward through Kentucky and Tennessee to north-
eastern Mississippi ; and in central and southwestern Arkansas.
A small tree, rarely exceeding 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10
to 0.40 metre in diameter; rich, shady hillsides; most common and
reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the southern
Alleghany Mountains.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays
very numerous, thin ; color brown, the heavier sap-wood nearly white.
7. Magnolia Fraseri, "Walt.
Long-leaved Cucumber Tree.
Alleghany Mountains, from Virginia southward to western Florida
and southern Alabama, extending west to the valley of Pearl River,
Mississippi.
A small tree, 8 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre
in diameter ; rich woods.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
very numerous, thin ; color brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
8. Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.
Tulip Tree. Yellow Poplar. White-wood.
Southwestern Vermont, through western New England, southward to
northern Florida ; west through New York, Ontario, and Michigan to
Lake Michigan, south of latitude 43° 30'; and south to latitude 31° in
the Gulf States east of the Mississippi River ; extending west to south-
eastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas.
A large and valuable tree, 30 to 60 metres in height, with a trunk
2 to 4 metres in diameter ; rich woods and intervale lands, reaching its
greatest development in the valley of the lower Wabash River and along
the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains in Tennessee and North
Carolina.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close straight-grained, com-
pact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, not prominent ; color
light yellow or brown, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufac-
tured into lumber, and used for construction, interior finish, shingles, in
boat-building, and especially in the manufacture of wooden pumps, wooden-
ware, etc. ; varieties varying in color and grain are recognized.
Liriodendrin, a stimulant tonic, with diaphoretic properties, is obtained
by macerating the inner bark, especially of the root.
4 ANON ACE^. — C APPARIDACE J3. Asimina.
ANONACE^.
9. Asimina triloba, Dunal.
Papaw. Custard Apple,
Western New York, Ontario, eastern and central Pennsylvania to
southern Michigan, southern Iowa, and eastern Kansas; south to mid-
dle Florida and the valley of the Sabine River, Texas.
A small tree, sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely
exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter, or often reduced to a slender shrub ;
rich, rather low woods, reaching its greatest development in the lower
Wabash valley and in the valley of the White River, Arkansas.
Wood very light, very soft and weak, coarse-grained, spongy, layers of
annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large ©pen ducts ; color
light yellow shaded with green, the sap-wood lighter ; the large fruit
sweet and edible.
10. Anona laurifolia, Dunal.
Pond Apple.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Malabar to Bay Biscayne, west coast,
Pease Creek to the Caloosa River ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre
in diameter, or toward its northern limits and on the west coast often
reduced to a stout, wide-spreading shrub ; common, and reaching its
greatest development, within the United States, on the low islands and
shores of the Everglades in the neighborhood of Bay Biscayne.
W^ood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact, containing
many scattered open ducts ; color light brown streaked with yellow, the
sap-wood lighter.
The large fruit scarcely edible.
CAPPARIDACE^.
1 1 . Capparis Jamaicensis, Jacq.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; in
the West Indies and southward to Brazil.
A small tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 metre
in diameter, or reduced to a low shrub ; common and reaching its
greatest development, within the United States, on Upper Metacombe and
Umbrella Keys.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing many
evenly distributed large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ;
color yellow tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
Gordonia. CANELLACEiE. — TERNSTRCEMIACEiE.
CANELLACE^.
12. Canella alba, Murr.
White-wood. Cinnamon Bark. Wild Cinnamon.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, often 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.22 metre in
diameter ; not rare.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact ;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark reddish-brown, the sap-wood
light brown or yellow.
The pale inner bark furnishes an aromatic stimulant and tonic, occa-
sionally employed in cases of debility of the digestive organs.
GUTTIFER^.
13. Clusia flava, L.
West Indies ; Key West prior to 1840. Not rediscovered by the
later explorers of the botany of semi-tropical Florida, and probably not
now growing spontaneously within the limits of the United States.
Wood not examined.
TERNSTRCEMIACE^.
14. Gordonia Lasianthiis, L.
Loblolly Bay. Tan Bay.
Southern Virginia, south, near the coast, to Cape Malabar, and Cape
Romano, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Mississippi
River.
A tree 15 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk often 0.45 to 0.50
metre in diameter ; low, sandy swamps.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, not durable ;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light red, the sap-wood lighter ;
specific gravity, 0.4728; ash, 0.76; somewhat employed in cabiuet-
makinof.
15. Gordonia piibescens, L'Her.
Franklinia.
Near Fort Barrington, on the Altamaha River, Georgia.
A small tree, not rediscovered during the present century, and now
only known through cultivated specimens.
Wood not examined.
STERCULTACE^. — TILIACE.E. Fremontia.
STERCULIACE^.
16. Fremontia Californica, Torr.
Slippery Elm,
California, — valley of Pitt River, southward along the western foot-
hills of the Sierra Nevada, and in the Coast Ranges from the Santa Lucia
to the San Jacinto Mountains ; rare at the north, most common and
reaching its greatest development on the southern Sierras and the San
Gabriel and San Bernardino Ranges.
A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, the short trunk often 0.30 to
0.45 metre in diameter, or more often a tall, much branched shrub ; dry,
gravelly soil.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, containing
many groups of small ducts parallel to the thin, conspicuous medullary
rays ; layers of annual growth obscure ; color dark brown tinged with
red, the thick sap-wood lighter.
The mucilaginous inner bark used locally in poultices.
TILIACE^.
17. Tilia Americana, L.
Lime Tree, Basswood. American Linden. Lin. Bee Tree.
Northern New Brunswick, westward in British America to about the
one hundred and second meridian, southward to Virginia and along the
Alleghany Mountains to Georgia and southern Alabama ; extending west,
in the United States, to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas,
the Indian Territory, and the valley of the San Antonio River, Texas.
A large tree, 20 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20
metres in diameter, or, exceptionally, 30 to 45 metres in height, with a
trunk 0.92 to 1.84 metres in diameter; common in all northern forests
on rich soil ; toward its western and southwestern limits only on bottom-
lands. A variety {^T. Americana, var. puhescens, Loud) with thinner
leaves softly pubescent beneath occasionally occurs in swamps and low
ground from North Carolina to western Florida, generally near the
coast.
Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, easily
worked ; medullar}/ rays numerous, rather obscure ; color light brown, or
often slightly tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; largely
used in the manufacture of wooden-ware and cheap furniture, for the
panels and bodies of carriages, the inner soles of shoes, in turnery, and
the manufacture of paper pulp.
The inner bark, macerated, is sometimes manufactured into coarse cord-
age and matting ; the flowers, rich in honey, are highly prized by apiarists.
Guaiacum. MALPIGIIIACE^. — ZYGOPHYLLACEvE. 7
18. Tilia heterophylla, Vent.
White Basswood. Wahoo.
Alleghany Mountains from Pennsylvania, southward to northern Ala-
bama and Florida ; west to middle Tennessee and Kentucky, southern
Indiana, and southern and central Illinois.
A tree 15 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk O.CO to 1.20 metres in
diameter; rich woods and bottom-lands; most common and reaching its
greatest development along the western slopes of the southern Alleghany
Mountains and in middle Tennessee.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked ;
medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood
hardly distinguishable ; generally confounded with that of Tilia Americana,
from which it scarcely differs.
The young branches are often fed to cattle in winter by farmers in the
southern Alleghany Mountains.
MALPIGHIACE^.
19. Byrsonima lucida, HBK.
Tallow Berry. Glamberry.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; through the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to
0.25 metre in diameter, or often shrubby and branching from the ground.
Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numer-
ous, thin ; color light red, the sap-wood a little lighter.
Fruit edible.
ZYGOPHYLLACE^.
20. G-uaiacum sanctum, L.
LignumvitcE .
Keys of semi-tropical Florida, not rare ; in the Bahamas, St. Domingo,
Cuba, Porto Rico, etc.
A low, gnarled tree, not exceeding, within the limits of the United
States, 8 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in di-
ameter.
Wood exceedingly heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, com-
pact, difficult to work, splitting irregularly, containing many evenly dis-
tributed resinous ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color rich
yellow-brown, varying in older specimens to almost black, the sap-wood
light yellow ; used in turnery and for the sheaves of ships' blocks, for
which it is preferred to other woods.
Lignum Guaiaci^ Guaiacum-wood, the heart of this and the allied
G. officinale, formerly largely used in the treatment of syphilis, is now
8 RUTACE^. Porltera.
only retained in the Materia Medica as an ingredient in the compound
decoction of sarsaparilla.
Guaiac, the resinous gum obtained from these species, is a stimulating
diaphoretic and alterative, or in large doses cathartic, and is employed in
cases of chronic rheumatism, gout, etc.
21. Porliera angustifolia, Gray.
Western Texas, — valley of the Colorado River to the Rio Grande,
extending west to the Rio Pecos ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, 8 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre
in diameter, or toward its eastern, northern, and western limits reduced
to a low shrub ; reaching its greatest development, in the United States,
on the hills bordering the valley of the Guadalupe River.
Wood exceedingly heavy, very hard, close-grained, compact, the open
ducts smaller and less regularly distributed than in Guaiacum ; medullary
rays very thin, numerous ; color rich dark brown, turning green with
exposure, the sap-wood bright yellow ; probably possessing medicinal
properties similar to those of lignumvitae.
RUTACE^.
22. Xanthoxylnm Americanum, Mill. ,
Prickly Ash. Toothache Tree.
Eastern Massachusetts, west to northern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska,
and eastern Kansas ; south to the mountains of Virginia, and northern
Missouri.
A small tree, not often 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20
metre in diameter, or, reduced to a shrub, 1.50 to 1.80 metres in height ;
common, and reaching its greatest development in the region of the great
lakes ; rocky hillsides, or more often along streams and rich bottom-lands.
Wood light, soft, coarse-grained ; medullary rays numerous, thin ;
color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
The bark of Xanthoxylum, an active stimulant, is used in decoction to
produce diaphoresis in cases of rheuuiatism, syphilis, etc., and as a popular
remedy for toothache.
23. Xanthoxylnm Clava-Herculis, L.
. Toothache Tree. Prickly Ash. Sea Ash. Pepper-wood. Wild
Orange.
Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to Bay Biscayne and
Tampa Bay, Florida, westward through the Gulf States to northwestern
Louisiana, southern Arkansas, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas.
A small tree, rarely 12 to 14 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre
in diameter ; usually along streams and low, rich bottom-lands, reaching
Ptelea. RUTACE/E. 9
its greatest development in southern Arkansas, Louisiana, and eastern
Texas. A slirubby, or on the coast arborescent, form of western Texas,
with shorter ovate leaves, is yav. fruticosum, ^ray.
AVood light, hard, not strong, soft, coarse-grained, not durable, con-
taining many scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ;
color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
24. Xanthoxylnm CaribaeTim, Lam.
Satin-wood.
Keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.40 metre
in diameter ; not common.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, not strong, brittle, fine-grained,
compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numer-
ous, thin, conspicuous ; color light orange, the sap-wood lighter.
25. Xanthoxylum Pterota, HBK.
Wild Lime,
Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys, and on
the west coast from about latitude 29° to Cape Sable ; southwestern
Texas ; and southward through Mexico to Brazil.
A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely ex-
ceeding 0.15 metre in diameter, or often reduced to a slender shrub. In
Florida common, and reaching its greatest development on the keys of the
west coast ; in Texas not common, but widely distributed as a small shrub,
or, on the shores of Matagorda Bay, west of the Nueces River, and in the
valley of the Rio Grande, a low tree.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, nu-
merous ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood yellow.
26. Ptelea trifoliata, L.
Hop Tree. Shrubby Trefoil. Wafer Ash.
Banks of the Niagara River, and Pennsylvania southward to northern
Florida, west to Minnesota and the Indian Territory ; through western
Texas to New Mexico ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 4 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to
0.20 metre in diameter, or more often reduced to a slender shrub ; shady,
rocky hillsides.
A variety with more or less pubescent leaves, not rare on the south
Atlantic coast, and the common form of western Texas, is var. mollis,
Torr. & Gray.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, layers of annual
growth clearly marked by two or three rows of open ducts ; medullary
rays few, thin ; color yellow-brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable.
10
STMARUBE^. — BURSERACEiE.
Canotia.
The bark of the root possesses tonic properties, and is employed by
herbalists in the form of tinctures and fluid extracts in the treatment of
dyspepsia, debility, etc. ; the bitter fruit is occasionally used domestically
as a substitute for hops.
27. Canotia holacantha, Torr.
Arizona, — White Mountain region, valley of the Gila Eiver, valley of
Bill Williams Fork.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30
metre in diameter, or often a large shrub ; dry, rocky hillsides.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny ; medullary rays
thin, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter
brown.
SIMARUBE^.
28. Simaruba glauca, DC.
Paradise Tree.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; through
the West Indies to Brazil.
A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 metre in
diameter ; within the United States not common, and reaching its greatest
development on the shores of Bay Biscay ne.
Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, containing many large
scattered open ducts ; medullary rays few, thin ; color light brown, the
sap-wood a little darker.
The bark of this species is occasionally used as a substitute for that of
S. officinalis f DC, as an aromatic, bitter tonic.
BURSERACE^.
•
29. Bnrsera gummifera, Jacq.
Gum Elemi. Gumbo Limho. West Indian Birch.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west
coast Caloosa River to Caximbas Bay ; in the West Indies.
A tree often 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.50 to 0.70 metre in
diameter ; one of the largest and most common trees of southern Florida,
of very rapid growth and decay.
Wood very light, exceedingly soft and weak, spongy, containing many
scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown
or gray, quickly discoloring with decay.
The aromatic resin obtained from this species was formerly somewhat
used in various forms, under the name of Caranna, as a remedy for gout ;
and in the West Indies is manufactured into a valuable varnish.
Ximenia. MELIACE.E. — OLACINEiE. 11
30. Amyris sylvatica, Jacq.
Torch-wood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys ; in the
West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.2.5
metre in diameter ; common.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, com-
pact, resinous, exceedingly durable, susceptible of a beautiful polish ;
medullary rays obscure ; color light orange, the sap-wood lighter.
MELIACE^.
31. Swietenia Mahogoni, L.
Mahogany. Madeira.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; rare ; in the West Indies and
Central America.
A large tree, on the Florida keys rarely exceeding 15 metres in
height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 metre in diameter.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, brittle, very close-grained,
compact, very durable, susceptible of a high polish ; medullary rays nu-
merous, obscure ; color rich reddish-brown, turning darker with age, the
thin sap-wood yellow ; varying greatly in quality in different regions ;
largely used and preferred to all other woods for cabinet-making of all
sorts, interior finish, etc. ; formerly somewhat employed in ship-building.
OLACINEJE.
32. Ximenia Americana, L.
Wild Lime. Tallow Nut. Hog Plum. Mountain Plum.
Florida, — east coast Saint John's River to the southern keys, west
coast Caloosa River to Caximbas Bay ; through the West Indies to Brazil,
and on the coast of the Indian Peninsula (introduced ?).
A small, low, wide-spreading tree, rarely exceeding 4 metres in height,
with a trunk 0.15 metre in diameter, or in pine-barren soil and toward its
northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; common and reaching its great-
est development, in Florida on the west coast.
Wood very heavy, tough, hard, close-grained, compact, containing
numerous regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays few, thin ;
color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
Hydrocyanic acid can be obtained from the edible plum-shaped fruit.
12
ILTCINEiE.
Ilex.
ILICINE^.
33. Ilex opaca, Ait.
American Holly.
Quincy, Massachusetts, southward, near the coast, to Mosquito Inlet
and Charlotte Harbor, Florida, through tlie Gulf States to the valley of
the Colorado River, Texas, and extending northward through the Missis-
sippi Valley to Southern Indiana.
An evergreen tree, sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30
to 1.20 metres in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a
shrub ; generally in low, rather moist soil ; most common and reaching
its greatest development in the rich bottom-lands of southern Arkansas
and eastern Texas.
Wood light, soft, not strong, tough, rather hard, close-grained, very
compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, inconspicuous ; color
nearly white, turning to light brown with exposure, the sap-wood still
lighter ; used and admirably adapted for cabinet work, interior finish, and
turnery.
A bitter principle (Ilicin), common to other species of the genus, has
been obtained from the fruit of this tree.
34. Ilex Dahoon, Walt.
Dahoon. Dahoon Nolly.
Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to Mosquito Inlet and
Tampa Bay, Florida, and west along the Gulf coast to the prairie region
of western Louisiana.
A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk from 0.20 to
0.30 metre in diameter ; low, wet soil, or often in cyj^ress swamps and
ponds; not common, and running into numerous forms, — var. angusti-
folia, Torr. & Gray ; var. myrtifolia, Chapm.
AVood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
35. Ilex Cassine, Walt.
Cassena. Taupon. Yopon.
Southern Virginia, southward, near the coast, to Saint John's River
and Cedar Keys, Florida, west along the Gulf coast to southern Arkan-
sas, and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas.
A small tree, G to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre
in diameter, or more often a shrub, sending up many slender stems and
forming dense thickets ; sandy, moist soil, along ponds and streams ; reach-
ing its greatest development on the bottom-lands of eastern Texas.
Cnjlonia. CYRILLACE^. 13
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, liable to check in drying ; medullary
rays numerous, conspicuous ; color nearly white, becoming yellow with
exposure, the sap-wood lighter.
The leaves possess powerful emetic properties.
36. Ilex decidua, Walt.
Southern Virginia, southward, through the middle districts, to western
Florida ; through the Gulf States to the valley of the Colorado River,
Texas, and northward through the Mississippi Valley to southern Illinois.
A small tree, 8 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk O.lo to 0.20 metre
in diameter, or in the Atlantic States a tall, straggling shrub ; low, wet
woods along streams, reaching its greatest development in the Iron Moun-
tain region of Missouri, and in southern Arkansas.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color creamy-white, the sap-wood lighter.
CYRILLACEuE.
37. Cyrilla racemiflora, L.
Iron-wood.
North Carolina, southward, near the coast, to middle Florida, and west,
along the Gulf coast, to the valley of the Pearl River, Mississippi.
A small tree, sometimes 8 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to
0.20 metre in diameter, or often a tall shrub, sending up many stems from
the root ; open swamps, low thickets, or pine-barren pond-holes.
Wood heavy, weak, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin,
not conspicuous ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little
lighter.
38. Cliftonia ligustrina. Banks.
Titi. Iron-wood. Buckwheat Tree.
Valley of the Savannah River, Georgia, south to middle Florida, and
west, along the Gulf coast, to the valley of the Pearl River, Louisiana.
A small tree, sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.40
metre in diameter, or toward its southern limits in Florida reduced to a
shrub ; margins of pine-barren ponds and streams.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color brown tinged witli red, the sap-wood lighter ;
largely used as fuel, burning with a clear flame.
14 CELASTRACEiE. — RHAMNACEiE. Euonymus.
CELASTRACE^.
39. Euonymus atropurpureus, Jacq.
Burning Bush. Wahoo, Spindle Tree. Arrow-wood.
Western New York, west to the valley of the Missouri River, Mon-
tana, southward to northern Florida, southern Arkansas, and eastern
Kansas.
A small tree, rarely 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 metre
in diameter, or more often a shrub 2 to 3 metres in height ; low, rich
woods, reaching its greatest development west of the Mississippi River.
Wood heavy, very close-grained, liable to check badly in seasoning ;
medullary rays hardly distinguishable ; color white tinged with orange.
Wahoo bark, a mild but uncertain purgative, is used by herbalists in
the form of decoctions, tinctures, fluid extracts, etc.
40. Myginda pallens. Smith.
Upper Metacombe Key, Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, rarely exceeding 4 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15
metre in diameter.
Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny ; layers
of annual growth and numerous medullary rays hardly distinguishable ;
color dark brown or nearly black, the thick sap-wood lighter brown tinged
with red.
41. Schsefferia frutescens, Jacq.
Yellowwood. Box-wood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — southern keys from Metacombe Key east-
ward, Caloosa River, and sparingly on the Reef Keys ; in the West
Indies.
A small tree, occasionally 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to
0.20 metre in diameter, generally hollow and defective.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish ;
medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light bright yellow, the sap-wood
a little lighter.
RHAMNACE^.
42. Reynosia latifolia, Griseb.
Red Iron-wood. Darling Plum.
Semi-tropical Florida, — southern keys to Bay Biscayne ; in the West
Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20
metre in diameter.
Rhamnus. RHAMNACE^. 15
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact; med-
ullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown, the saji-wood light
brown.
The fruit edible and of agreeable flavor.
43. Condalia ferrea, Griseb.
Black Iron-wood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to Bay Biscayne, and on the
southern keys ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 11 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.38
metre in diameter, generally hollow and defective ; common.
Wood exceedingly heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, com-
pact, difficult to work ; remarkable for the large percentage of ash ; med-
ullary rays very numerous, thin ; color rich orange-brown, the sap-wood
lighter.
44. Condalia obovata, Hook.
Blue-wood. Logwood. Purple Haw.
Eastern and southwestern Texas, westward through southern New
Mexico to southern Arizona ; probably extending into northern M exico.
A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trUnk 0.15 to 0.20 metre
in diameter, or often a low, much branched shrub ; reaching its greatest
development along the streams of eastern Texas ; one of the common
"chaparral" plants of western Texas, here forming dense, impenetrable
thickets.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, liable to check in seasoning,
containing many groups of large irregularly arranged open ducts ; medul-
lary rays numerous, obscure ; color light red, the sap-wood light yellow.
45. Rhamnus Caroliniana, Walt.
Indian Cherry.
Long Island, New York, w^est along the valley of the Ohio River to
southern Illinois, Missouri south of the Meramec River, eastern Kansas,
and the Indian Territory, south to northern Florida, and through the
Gulf States to eastern Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 metre
in diameter, or in the Atlantic States generally a tall shrub ; rich woods
along streams and bottom-lands ; reaching its greatest development in
southern Arkansas and eastern Texas.
Wobd light, hard, not strong, coarse-grained, compact ; medullary
rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
The fruit sweet and edible.
16 RHAMNACEiE. Rhamnus.
46. Rhamnus Californica, Eschsch.
California, west of the Sierra Nevadas, from the valley of the upper
Sacramento River southward to Santa Barbara and Fort Tejon.
A small tree, rarely 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.37
metre in diameter, or commonly a shrub, along the sea-coast and at high
elevations, often prostrate; common and reaching its greatest development
in the valleys of the Santa Cruz Mountains. A low shrubby form, densely
white-tomentose, especially on the under side of the leaves, of southern
California, Arizona, and New Mexico, is var. tomentella, Brewer Tfe Watson.
Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, checking in drying ; layers of
annual growth marked by many rows of open ducts ; medullary rays
narrow, obscure ; color brown or light yellow, the sap-wood lighter.
47. Rhamnus Purshiana, DC.
Bearherry. Bear -wood. Shittim-wood.
Puget Sound, east along the mountain ranges of northern Washington
to the Bitter Root Mountains, Idaho, and the shores of Flathead Lake,
Montana ; southward through western Washington, Oregon, and northern
California, west of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
A small tree, often 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45
metre in diameter ; depressions and on the sides and bottoms of canons
in the coniferous forests ; reaching its greatest development along the
western slope of the Coast Range of southern Oregon.
Wood light, very hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny ;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with yellow,
the sap-wood somewhat lighter.
The bark, like that of other species of the genus, possesses powerful
cathartic properties, and, under the name of Cascara sagrada, has been
introduced into commerce by herbalists in the form of fluid extracts and
tinctures.
48. Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, Eschsch.
Blue Myrtle.
California, — Coast Ranges, from Mendocino County south to the
valley of the San Luis Rey River.
A small tree, 8 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15
metre in diameter, or toward the southern limits reduced to a low shrub ;
common and reaching its greatest development in the Sequoia forests
near Santa Cruz Bay.
Wood liglit, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very obscure ;
color light brown, the sap-wood darker.
The bark of the root may be expected to possess similar astringent
properties to that of the shrubby C. Americana^ used with advantage in
cases of diarrhoea and dysentery, and as a domestic remedy in the treat-
ment of troubles of the throat.
jEscuIus. SAPINDACP:iE. 17
49. Colubrina reclinata, Brong.
Naked Wood.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
One of the largest trees of the region, deciduous, 12 to 18 metres in
height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.25 metres in diameter; reaching its greatest
development, within the United States, on Umbrella Key, here forming a
dense forest ; not common. ,
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, satiny,
susceptible of a good polish, containing many small open ducts ; medullary
rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown tinged with yellow, the sai>wood
light yellow.
SAPINDACE^.
50. -^scTilus glabra, Willd.
Ohio Buckeye. Fetid Buckeye.
Western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains from Pennsylvania to
northern Alabama, and westward through southern Michigan (rare) to
southern Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory.
A small tree, 8 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.00
metre in diameter ; rich soil along streams and bottom-lands ; reaching its
greatest development in the high valleys of the southern Alleghany
Mountains.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, difficult to split,
often blemished by dark lines of decay ; medullary rays obscure ; color
white, the sap-wood a little darker ; largely used, in common with that of
the other species of the genus, in the manufacture of wooden-ware, artificial
limbs, paper pulp, wooden hats, less commonly for the bearings of shaft-
ing and machinery, and occasionally manufactured into lumber.
The bark of the allied old-world species ^. Hippocastanum has been
found efficacious as a substitute for cinchona bark in the treatment of
intermittent fevers, and similar properties may be looked for in the bark
of the North American species of this genus.
51. -<E senilis flava. Ait.
Sweet Buckeye.
Alleghany Mountains from Pennsylvania to northern Georgia and
Alabama, west to southern Iowa, the Indian Territory, and the valley of
the Brazos River, Texas.
A tree 18 to 28 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0 90 metre in
diameter, or toward its southwestern limits reduced to a shrub ; rich
woods and borders of streams ; reachinij its greatest development on the
slopes of the Alleghany Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.
2
18 SAPINDACEiE. jEscuIus-
A variety with purple or flesh-colored flowers, the leaflets pubescent
beneath, is var. pitrpwascens, Gray.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, diflicult to split; medullary
rays numerous, obscure ; color creamy-white, the sap-wood hardly dis-
tinguishable.
52. -<EscTilus Californica, Nutt.
California Buckeye.
California, — valley of the upper Sacramento River and Mendocino
County, southward in the Coast Ranges to San Luis Obispo, and along
the western foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
A low, widely branching tree, 8 to 12 metres in height, with a short
trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, often greatly expanded at the base,
or more often a much-branched shrub from 3 to 5 metres in height ;
borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in the caiions of the
Coast Ranges north of San Francisco Bay.
Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact ; medullary
rays numerous, obscure ; color white slightly tinged with yellow, the sap-
wood hardly distinguishable.
53. Ungnadia speciosa, Endl.
Spanish Buckeye.
Valley of the Trinity River, Texas, to the canons of the Organ Moun-
tains, New Mexico ; and southward into Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to
0.20 metre in diameter, or towards its eastern and western limits reduced
to a low shrub ; common west of the Colorado River, on bottoms and
rich hillsides, and reaching its greatest development in the valley of the
Guadalupe River, between New Braunfels and the coast.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, contain-
ing numerous evenly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous,
inconspicuous ; color red tinged with brown, the sap-wood lighter,
54. Sapindns marginatus, Willd.
Wild China. Soapberry.
Atlantic coast, — Savannah River to the Saint John's River, Florida ;
Cedar Keys ; valley of the Washita River, Arkansas, through western
Louisiana, and Texas to the mountain valleys of southern New Mexico
and Arizona, and southward into Mexico; in the West Indies.
A tree on the Atlantic coast, sometimes 15 to 18 metres in height,
with a trunk rarely 0.60 metre in diameter, west of the Colorado River
much smaller, rarely 9 metres in height ; borders of streams or toward the
western limits of its distribution, onl}^ in mountain valleys ; reaching its
greatest development on the bottom-lands of eastern Texas.
Hypelate. SAPINDACE^. 19
Wood heavy, strong, hard, close-grained, compact, easily split into thin
strips ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large
open ducts ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color light brown tinged
with yellow, the sap-wood lighter; largely used in Texas in the manu-
facture of cotton-baskets, and in New Mexico for the frames of pack-
saddles.
55. Sapindus Saponaria, L.
Soapberry.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to Caximbas Bay ; in the West
Indies.
A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.38
metre in diameter ; common on Cape Sable, and reaching its greatest
development, within the United States, on the Thousand Islands and
along the shores of Caximbas Bjiy.
Wood heavy, rather hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood
yellow.
The fruit and roots rich in saponin, and used in the West Indies as a
substitute for soap ; the round black seeds for beads, buttons, and small
ornaments.
56. Hypelate paniculata, Cambess.
Ink-wood. Iron-wood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — east coast from Mosquito Inlet to the southern
keys; in the West Indies.
A tree often 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 metre in
diameter.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, sus-
ceptible of a good polish, checking in drying ; medullary rays obscure ;
color bright reddish brown, the sap-wood lighter ; used in ship-building,
for the handles of tools, and wharf piles ; resisting the attacks of the
Teredo,
57. Hypelate trifoliata, Sw.
White Iron-wood.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
A tree sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre
in diameter ; not common.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a fine
polish, durable in contact w^ith the soil ; medullary rays tliiu, obscure ;
color rich light brown, the sap-wood darker ; used in ship-building, for
the handles of tools, posts, etc.
20 SAPINDACE.E. Acer.
58. Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.
Striped Maple. Moose-wood. Striped Dogwood. Goose-foot Maple.
Whistle-wood.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence River to the northern shores of Lake
Ontario, and the islands of Lake Huion, south through the north Atlantic
States, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia ; west
through the lake region to northeastern Minnesota.
A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre
in diameter ; cool ravines and mountain sides.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, satiny ; medullary rays numer-
ous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
59. Acer spicatTim, Lam.
Mountain Maple.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence River, west along the northern shores of
the great lakes to northern Minnesota and the Saskatchewan region,
south through the northern States and along the Alleghany Mountains to
northern Georgia.
A small tree, sometimes 8 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to
0.20 metre in diameter, or often a tall shrub ; cool woods and mountain
ravines ; reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the
Alleghany Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays inconspicu-
ous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
60. Acer macrophyllum, Pursh.
Broad-leaved Maple.
Coast of Alaska, from latitude 55° south along the islands and coast of
British Columbia, through western Washington and Oregon, and along
the California Coast Ranges and western slopes of the Sierra Nevada
to the San Bernardino Mountains and Hot Spring Valley, San Diego
County ; not found above 4,000 feet altitude.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.50 metres in
diameter ; borders of streams ; reaching its greatest development on the
rich bottom-lands of the Coquille and other rivers of southern Oregon.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked,
susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich
light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ;
largely used in Oregon in the manufacture of furniture, for axe and broom
handles, frames of snow-shoes, etc. ; specimens with the grain beautifully
curled and contorted are common.
Acer. SAPINDACE^. 21
61. Acer circinatum, Pursh.
Vine Maple.
Valley of the Fraser River and probably farther north in Britisa
Columbia, southward throu^^h Washington and Oregon, west of the Cas-
cade Mountains to the Mount Shasta region of northern California ;
rarely found above 4,000 feet altitude.
A small tree, sometimes 8 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to
0.30 metre in diameter ; borders of streams ; the stems often prostrate
and forming dense, impenetrable thickets.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color light brown or often nearly white ; the sap-wood
lighter; specific gravity, 0.6660 ; ash, 0.39; used as fuel, by lumbermen
for axe and shovel handles, and by the coast Indians for the bows of
fishing-nets.
62. Acer glabrum, Torr.
Dwarf Maple,
Valley of the Fraser River and probably farther north in British
Columbia, south through AVashington, Oregon, and along the Sierra Ne-
vada Mountains of California to the Yosemite Valley ; east along the
mountain ranges of Idaho and Montana to the eastern base of the Rocky
Mountains, south through Colorado and Utah ; in the east Humboldt
Range, Nevada, and in the mountain ranges of western New Mexico and
eastern Arizona.
A small tree, 8 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30
metre in diameter, or more often reduced to a low shrub 1 to 2 metres in
height ; borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in the
mountain canons of western New Mexico and eastern Arizona.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color light brown, or often nearly white, the sap-wood lighter.
63. Acer grandidentatum, Nutt.
Western Montana, canons of the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, and
south through eastern Arizona to southwestern New Mexico ; and in
Coahuila.
A small tree, rarely exceeding 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20
to 0.25 metre in diameter ; borders of streams ; not common.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous,
thin, distinct ; color light brown, or often nearly white.
64. Acer saccharinum, Wang.
Sugar Maple. Sugar Tree. Hard Maple.
Southern Newfoundland, valleys of the Saint Lawrence and Saguonay
Rivers, shores of Lake Saint John, west along the northern shores of the
22 SAPINDACE^. Acer.
great lakes to Lake of the Woods ; south through the northern States
and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Alabama and western
Florida ; west to Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and
eastern Texas.
A tree of great economic value, 24 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk
0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or towards its southwestern limits greatly
reduced in size ; rich upland woods ; often forming extensive forests, and
reaching its greatest development in the region of the great lakes. A form
with more widely lobed leaves, often downy on the lower side, common
alonsr the borders of streams and on bottom-lands from western Vermont
to southern Missouri, extending south to northern Alabama and south-
western Arkansas, is var. nigrum, Gray.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, compact, susceptible of
a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged
with red, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used in the manufacture of furni-
ture, shoe lasts and pegs, saddle-trees, in turnery, for interior finish and
flooring ; in ship-building for keels, keelsons, shoes, etc., and furnishing
valuable fuel ; " curled " maple and " bird's-eye " maple, accidental forms
in which the grain is beautifully curled and contorted, are common and
highly prized in cabinet-making.
Maple sugar is principally made from this species ; the ashes of the
wood, rich in alkali, yield large quantities of potash.
65. Acer dasycarpum, Ehrh.
Soft Maple. White Maple. Silver Maple.
Valley of the Saint John Biver, New Brunswick, to southern Ontario,
south to western Florida, west to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, the
valley of the Blue River, Kansas, and the Indian Territory.
A large tree, 18 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 metres in height, with a
trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter, borders of streams and intervales,
in rich soil ; most common west of the Alleghany Mountains, and reach-
ing its greatest development in the basin of the lower Ohio River.
Wood light, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, easily worked ;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; somewhat used in the manufacture of
cheap furniture, for flooring, etc. Maple sugar is occasionally made from
this species.
66. Acer rubrum, L.
Hed Maple. Swamp Maple. Soft Maple. Water Maple.
New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario south of latitude 49°, north and
west to the Lake of the Woods, south to Indian and Caloosa Rivers,
Florida ; west to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, the Indian Territory,
and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas.
A large tree, 20 to 30 or, exceptionally, 32 metres in height, with a
trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; borders of streams and low, wet
Negundo. SAPINDACEiE. 23
swamps, reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the lower
\Yabash and Yazoo Rivers. A form common in southern Arkansas, east-
ern Texas, western Louisiana, and sparingly through the Gulf States to
southern Georgia, and well characterized by its obovate or truncate leaves,
densely covered, as well as the petioles and young shoots, with a thick
white tomentum, is var. Drummondii, Sargent.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked ;
medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, often tinged with red,
the sap-wood lighter ; largely used in cabinet-making, turnery, and for
wooden-ware, gunstocks, etc.
67. Negundo aceroides, Moench.
Box Elder. Ash-leaved Maple.
Shores of the Winooski River and Lake Champlain, Vermont, near
Ithaca, New York, eastern Pennsylvania, and south to Hernando County,
Florida ; northwest through the lake region of the United States and
Manitoba to Lake Winnipeg, and along the southern branch of the Sas-
katchewan to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains ; west, in the
United States, to the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Montana,
and the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah ; southwest through the basin of the
Mississippi River, western Texas, and New Mexico to eastern Arizona ;
and southward into Mexico.
A tree 15 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre, or,
exceptionally, 1.20 metres in diameter ; moist soil, borders of streams, etc. ;
in the Rocky Mountain region in high valleys, between 5,000 and 6,000
feet elevation ; one of the most widely distributed trees of the American
forest, reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Wabash and
Cumberland Rivers.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color creamy-white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ;
occasionally used in the interior finish of houses, for wooden-ware, cooper-
age, and paper-pulp.
Small quantities of maple sugar are sometimes obtained from this
species.
68. Negundo Californicum, Torr. & Gray.
Box Elder.
California, — valley of the lower Sacramento River, southward in the
interior valleys of the Coast Ranges to the western slopes of the San Ber-
nardino Mountains.
A small tree, 6 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60
metre in diameter ; borders of streams.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color nearly white, or slightly tinged with yellow ;
occasionally used in the manufacture of cheap furniture.
24
ANACARDIACEiE.
Rhun.
ANACARDIACE^.
69. Rhus cotinoides, Nutt.
Chittam-wood.
Alabama, — southern slopes of the Cumberland Mountains, north of
the Tennessee River ; and doubtfully reported north of the Alabama
line, in Tennessee. Indian Territory, rocky banks of the Grand River
(JVuttall),
In Alabama, a small wide-branching tree, 9 to 10 metres in height,
with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter, on limestone benches
between 700 and 900 feet elevation, in dense forests of oak, ash, maple,
etc. ; local and very rare ; not rediscovered in Arkansas or the Indian
Territory ; in Alabama nearly exterminated.
Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, checking badly in drying, very
durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth marked by sev-
eral rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ;
color bright, clear, rich orange, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely
used locally for fencing, and yielding a clear orange dye.
70. Rhus typhina, L.
Staghorn Sumach.
New Brunswick, west through the valley of the Saint Lawrence River
to southern Ontario and Minnesota, south through the northern States and
along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia, central Alabama
and Mississippi.
A small tree, rarely 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30
metre in diameter, or often a shrub ; dry hillsides, or often along streams
in sandy, moist soil.
Wood light, brittle, soft, coarse-grained, compact, satiny, taking a good
polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by four to six rows of
large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color yellow
streaked with green, the sap-wood nearly white ; occasionally used for
inlaying cabinet work.
Bark and leaves, astringent, and rich in tannin, are somewhat used
locally as a dye and in dressing skins.
71. Rhus copallina, L.
Dwarf Sumach.
Northern New England, south to Manatee and Caximbas Bay, Florida,
west to Missouri, Arkansas, and the valley of the San Antonio River,
Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre
in diameter, or at the north a low shrub 1 to 2 metres in height ; dry hills
Rhus. ANACARDIACE^. 25
and ridges ; reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas and
eastern Texas ; running into various forms (var. lanceolata, Gray ; var.
leucantha^ DC).
Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, satiny, suscep-
tible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several
rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays thin, not prominent ; color
light brown, streaked with green, or often tinged with red ; the sap-wood
lighter.
Leaves and bark astringent, rich in tannin ; the leaves largely collected,
principally in Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and Tennessee, and
ground for tanning and dyeing.
72. Rhus venenata, DC.
Poison Sumach. Poison Elder.
Northern New England, south to northern Georgia, Alabama, and
western Louisiana, west to northern Minnesota, Missouri, and Arkansas.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to
0.20 metre in diameter, or more often a tall shrub ; low, wet swamps, or
more rarely on higher ground.
Wood light, soft, coarse-grained, moderately compact ; layers of annual
growth clearly marked by three or four rows of large open ducts ; medul-
lary rays thin, very obscure ; color light yellow streaked with brown, the
sap-wood lighter.
The whole plant, as well as the allied R. Toxicodendron, is exceedingly
poisonous to most persons, owing to the presence of a volatile principle,
Toxicodendric acid ; the white milky sap, turning black in drying, yields
a valuable lacquer.
73. Rhus Metopium, L.
Poison-wood. Coral Sumach. Mountain Manchineel. Bum-wood.
Hog Plum. Doctor-gum.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; in the
West Indies.
A tree 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre
in diameter, reaching, in the United States, its greatest development on
the shores of Bay Biscayne, near Miami ; one of the most common trees
of the region, the large specimens generally decayed.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, checking badly in drying,
containing many evenly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color rich dark brown streaked with red, the sap-wood light brown
or yellow.
A resinous gum, emetic, purgative, and diuretic, is obtained from incis-
ions made in the bark of this species.
26 LEGUMINOSiE. Pistacia.
74. Pistacia Mexicana, IIBK,
Texas, — valley of the Rio Grande near the mouth of the Pecos River ;
ill northern Mexico.
Wood not examined.
LEGUMINOS^.
75. Eysenhardtia orthocarpa, Watson.
Western Texas, valleys of the upper Guadalupe and Rio Grande, west
to the Santa Rita and Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona ; in northern
Mexico.
A small tree. 5 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.09 to 0.15 metre
in diameter, or more often a low shrub ; dry, gravelly soil, reaching its
greatest known development, in the United States, near the summit of the
Santa Catalina Mountains, at 3,000 feet elevation.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, very compact ; layers of annual growth
clearly defined by numerous rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numer-
ous, thin ; color light reddish-brown, the sap-wood clear yellow.
76. Dalea spinosa, Gray.
Colorado Desert, southern California to the valley of the lower Gila
River, Arizona.
A small tree, sometimes G metres in height, with a short, stout trunk
0.45 to 0.50 metre in diameter, or often a low shrub ; dry, gravelly, rocky
soil.
Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, containing many regularly dis-
tributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color walnut brown,
the sap-wood nearly white.
77. Robinia Pseudacacia, L.
Locust. Black Locust. Yellow Locust,
Alleghany Mountains, from Pennsylvania to northern Georgia ; widely
and generally naturalized throughout the United States east of the Rocky
Mountains, and possibly indigenous in northeastern and western Arkansas,
and on the prairies of eastern Indian Territory.
A tree 22 to 25 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres
in diameter ; west of the Mississippi River much smaller, or often a low
shrub 1.80 to 3 metres in height, reaching its greatest development on the
western slopes of the mountains of West Virginia.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, compact, very
durable in contact with the ground ; layers of annual growth clearly marked
by two or three rows of large open ducts ; color brown or more rarely
light green, the sap-wood yellow ; largely used for treenails, posts of all
sorts, construction, and in turno>ry.
Olneya. LEGUMINOSiE. 27
The bark of the root is tonic, or in large doses purgative and emetic.
The locust was formerly widely planted us a timber tree ; its cultivation
in the United States is now generally abandoned on account of the de-
structive attacks of the locust-borer {Cyllene picta).
78. Robinia viscosa, Vent.
Clammy Locust.
High Alleghan}' Mountains of North Carolina.
A small tree, 9 to 1 2 metres in height, with a trunk not exceeding 0.30
metre in diameter ; very rare and local in a wild state, but now widely
cultivated and occasionally naturalized'in the Atlantic States.
Wood (of a cultivated specimen) heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ;
layers of annual growth clearly marked by many rows of open ducts ;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown, the sap-wood light yellow.
79. Robinia Neo-Mexicana, Gray.
Locust,
Southern Colorado, through western and southwestern New Mexico to
the Santa Catalina and Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, and in southern
Utah.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 metres in height,,with a trunk 0.15
to 0.25 metre in diameter, or toward its upper limits of growth reduced
to a low shrub; reaching its greatest development in the valley of the
Purgatory River, Colorado.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, satiny,
containing many evenly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays thin, con-
spicuous ; color yellow streaked with brown, the sap-wood light yellow.
80. Olneya Tesota, Gray.
Lron-wood. Arbol de Hicrro.
California, valley of the Colorado River south of the Mohave Moun-
tains, valley of the lower Gila River, southwestern Arizona ; southward
in Sonora.
A small tree, in the United States rarely 9 metres in height, with a
trunk sometimes 0.45 metre in diameter; dry arroyos and cailons ; in
Sonora more common and of larger size.
Wood very heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; the
grain generally contorted, difficult to cut and work, susceptible of a high
polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown streaked
with red, the sap-wood clear bright yellow ; occasionally manufactured into
canes and other small objects.
28 LEGUMINOS^. Piscidia.
81. Piscidia Erythrina, L.
Jamaica Dogwood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne and Pease Creek to the south-
ern keys ; in the West Indies and southern Mexico.
A tree 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.75 metre in
diameter.
Wood heavy, very hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible
of a high polish, containing few large scattered open ducts ; medullary
rays thin, not conspicuous ; color yellowish brown, the sap-wood lighter ;
one of the most valuable woods of the region for boat-building, firewood,
and charcoal.
The bark, especially of the root, narcotic, occasionally administered in
the form of tinctures, or used, as well as the young branches and leaves,
to poison or stupefy fish.
82. Cladrastis tinctoria, Raf.
Yellow-wood. Yellow Ash. Gopher-wood.
Central Kentucky, and middle Tennessee to the mountains of East
Tennessee and Cherokee County, North Carolina.
A tree 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 metre,
or exceptionally 1.20 metres, in diameter; rich hillsides; reaching its
greatest development in middle Tennessee ; rare and very local, the large
trees generally hollow or defective.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of
a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows
of open ducts, and containing many evenly distributed similar ducts ;
color bright clear yellow, changing with exposure to light brown, the
sap-wood nearly white ; used for fuel, occasionally for gunstocks, and
yielding a clear yellow dye.
83. Sophora secundiflora, Lagasca.
Frigolito.
Matagorda Bay, Texas, west to the mountains of New Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20
metre in diameter, or often, especially west of the San Antonio River, a
tall shrub rarely exceeding 2 metres in height, and forming dense thickets ;
borders of streams, generally in low, rather moist soil.
Wood ver}^ heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high
polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color orange streaked with red,
the heavier sap-wood brown or yellow ; furnishing valuable fuel.
The seeds contain an exceedingly poisonous alkaloid, Sophoria.
84. Sophora affinis, Torr. & Gray.
Valley of the Arkansas River, Arkansas to the valley of the San
Antonio River, Texas.
Gleditschia. LEGUMINOSiE. 29
A small tree, 5 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to
0.2;") metre in diameter ; borders of streams and prairies.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, coarse-grained, compact ; layers of
annual growth clearly marked with several- rows of large open ducts;
medullary rays thin, conspicuous ; color light red, the sap-wood bright
clear yellow.
85. Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam.
Kentucky Coffee-tree. Coffee-nut.
Southern Pennsylvania (rare) ; western New York (rare) ; west through
southern Ontario and southern Michigan to the valley of the Minnesota
River, Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, southwestern Arkan-
sas, and the Indian Territory, extending south to middle Tennessee.
A tree 25 to 33 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; rich woods and bottom-lands ; not common.
Wood heavy, not hard, strong, coarse-grained, durable in contact with
the ground, liable to check in drying, easily worked, susceptible of a high
polish ; Ifiyers of annual growth clearly marked by one or two rows of
open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light rich brown tinged
with red, the thin sap-wood lighter ; occasionally used in cabinet-making,
for posts, rails, etc.
The fresh leaves, macerated and sweetened, are occasionally used as a
poison for house-flies ; the seeds, formerly as a domestic substitute for coffee.
86. Gleditschia triacanthos, L.
Honey Locust. Black Locust. Three-thorned Acacia. Sweet Locust.
Honey Shucks.
Western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains of Pennsylvania, west
through southern Michigan to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the
Indian Territory ; south to Tampa Bay, Florida (not detected in east
Florida), northern Alabama, northern Mississippi, and the valley of the
Brazos River, Texas.
A tree 25 or 30 metres, or exceptionally 40 metres, in height, with a
trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; low, rich bottom-lands, or more
rarely on dry, sterile hills ; the characteristic tree of the "' barrens " of
middle Kentucky and Tennessee ; reaching its greatest development on the
bottom-lands of the lower Ohio River basin ; widely cultivated for shade
and as a hedge plant, and now somewhat naturalized in the Atlantic States
east of the Alleghany Mountains. A not uncommon form, nearly destitute
of thorns, is var. inermis, Pursh.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, moderately compact, very
durable in contact with the soil, susceptible of a high polish ; layers of
annual growth strongly marked by many rows of open ducts ; medullary
rays numerous, conspicuous ; color bright brown or red, the sap-wood
lighter ; used for fence posts and rails, wagon hubs, construction, etc.
30 LEGUMINOS.E. Gleditschia.
87. Gleditschia monosperma, Walt.
Water Locust.
South Carolina, generally near the coast, to Matanzas Inlet and Tampa
Bay, Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Brazos River,
Texas, and through Arkansas to middle Kentucky and Tennessee, south-
ern Indiana and Illinois.
A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 or,
exceptionally, 0.90 metre in diameter ; deep swamps ; rare in the south
Atlantic and Gulf States ; common and reaching its greatest development
on the bottom-lands of southern Arkansas, Louisiana, and eastern Texas,
here often coverinsr extensive areas.
AYood heavy, very hard, strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, suscep-
tible of a high polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to
three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays thin, conspicuous ; color rich
bright brown tinged with red, the thick heavier sap-wood clear light
yellow.
88. Parkinsonia Torreyana, Watson.
Green-harked Acacia. Palo Verde.
Colorado Desert, southern California to the valley of the lower Gila
River, Arizona.
A low, much-branched tree, 8 to 10 metres in height, the short trunk
sometimes 0.45 to 0.50 metre in diameter ; low canons and depressions in
the sand-hills of the desert ; common and reaching its greatest development
in the valleys of the lower Colorado and Gila Rivers.
Wood heavy, not strong, soft, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible
of a beautiful polish, containing many small, evenly distributed, open ducts;
medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood clear
light yellow.
89. Parkinsonia micropliylla, Torr.
Valleys of the lower Colorado and Bill Williams Rivers, eastward
through southern Arizona.
A small, much-branched tree, 6 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25
to 0.30 metre in diameter ; or often a low shrub, 1 to 3 metres in height.
AVood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, compact, containing numerous large
scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color
dark rich brown streaked with red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow.
90. Parkinsonia aculeata, L.
Corpus Christi, Texas, west along the Mexican boundary to the valley
of the Colorado River, Arizona, and southward into Mexico ; probably of
American origin, but now widely naturalized throughout the tropical and
warmer regions of the globe.
Prosopis. LEGUMINOS.E. 31
A small tree, 6 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30
metre in diameter.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, inclined to check in drying, con-
taining many evenly distributed small open ducts ; medullary rays very
numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color light brown, the very thick sap-wood
lighter, often tinged with yellow.
91. Cercis Canadensis, L.
Red-bud. Judas Tree.
Western Pennsylvania, south to Tampa Bay, Florida, and northern
Alabama and Mississippi, west through southern ^lichigan and Minne-
sota to eastern Nebraska ; southwest through Missouri and Arkansas to
the eastern portions of the Indian Territory, Louisiana, and the valley of
the Brazos River, Texas.
A small tree, 12 to 16 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30
metre in diameter ; rich woods, borders of streams, and swamps ; most
common and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas, the
Indian Territory, and eastern Texas.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, suscep-
tible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to
three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays exceedingly numerous, thin ;
color rich dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
92. Cercis reniformis, Engelm.
Red-bud.
Middle and western Texas west of the Colorado River ; in northern
Mexico.
A small tree, G to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre
in diameter, or often a shrub forming dense thickets ; limestone hills.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth
clearly marked by one to three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays
numerous, not conspicuous ; color brown streaked with yellow, the sap-
wood liffhter.
"O*
93. Prosopis juliflora, DC.
MesquiU Algaroba. Honey Locust. Honey Pod.
Texas, — valley of the Trinity River to the northern and western limits
of the State ; west through New^ Mexico and Arizona to the western
foothills of the San Bernardino Mountains, California^ reaching southern
Colorado, southern Utah, and southern Nevada ; in northern Mexico.
A tree of the first economic value, sometimes 9 to lo metres in height,
with a trunk 0.90 metre in diameter, or much smaller, often reduced to a
low shrub ; dry prairies and high rocky plains, or west of the Rocky
Mountains, along desert streams, here often forming open forests, and
32 LEGUMINOSiE. Prosopis.
reaching its greatest development, within the United States, in the valley
of the Santa Cruz and other stream^ of southern Arizona ; in western
Texas, owing to the annual burning of the prairies, rarely 1 metre in
height, the roots then enormously developed, often weighing several
hundred pounds, and forming, as they are here locally known, " under-
ground forests," furnishing the best and cheapest fuel of the region.
Wood heavy, very hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, difficult to
work, almost indestructible in contact with the soil, containing many
evenly distributed, rather large, open ducts ; medullary rays numerous,
distinct ; color rich dark brown or often red, the sap-wood clear yellow ;
exclusively used for the beams and underi^innings of the adobe houses of
New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico, for posts and fencing, and
occasionally in the manufacture of furniture, the fellies of heavy wheels,
etc. ; the best and often the only fuel of the region, burning slowly with
a clear flame, and producing valuable charcoal, but unsuited for the gen-
eration of steam on account of its destructive action upon boilers.
A gum resembling gum-arabic is yielded by this species ; the unripe
and pulpy pods rich in grape sugar, are edible, furnishing valuable and
important fodder.
94. Prosopis pnbescens, Benth.
Screw Bean. Screw-pod Mesquit. Tornilla.
Valley of the Rio Grande in western Texas, west through New Mex-
ico and Arizona to southern California, southern Utah and southern Ne-
vada ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, rarely 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30
to 0.45 metre in diameter, or often a tall, much-branched shrub; sandy
or gravelly river-bottoms, reaching its greatest development, within the
United States, in the valleys of the lower Colorado and Gila Rivers.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, com-
pact, containing many evenly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood somewhat lighter :
used for fuel and fencing.
The pods used as fodder are sometimes made into flour by the Indians.
95. Leucsena glauca, Benth.
Western Texas, — San Saba to Devil's River ; in northern Mexico ;
semi-tropical Florida (introduced) ; and through the West Indies.
A small tree, 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre
in diameter ; or often a tall or, in Florida, low shrub, sending up many
stems from the ground.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, containing many small
regularly distributed open ducts ; layers of annual growth and medullary
rays hardly distinguishable ; color rich brown streaked with red, the sap-
wood clear yellow.
Acacia. LEGUMIXOSiE. 33
96. Leucaena pulverulenta, Benth.
Southern Texas, — valley of the lower Rio Grande ; in northern
Mexico.
A small tree, G to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre
in diameter, often forming dense thickets ; rich, sandy loam.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, containing many small,
regularly distributed, open ducts ; medullary rays very numerous, thin,
conspicuous ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood clear yellow.
97. Acacia Wrightii, Benth.
Cat's Claw.
Valley of the Guadalupe River, western Texas, west and south to the
valley of the Rio Grande ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, rarely 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes ex-
ceeding 0.30 metre in diameter, or often a low, much-branched shrub.
Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual
growth marked by one or two rows of small open ducts, and containing
many scattered smaller ducts ; medullary rays hardly distinguishable ;
color bright clear brown streaked with red and yellow, the sap-wood
clear yellow.
98. Acacia Q-reggii, Gray.
Cafs Claw.
Valley of the Rio Grande in w^estern Texas, west through south-
ern New Mexico and Arizona to San Diego, California ; in northern
Mexico.
A low, much-branched tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a
trunk rarely 0.45 metre in diameter, or often a shrub ; dry slopes and low
canons ; common, the large specimens generally hollow and defective.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ;
layers of annual growth marked by numerous rows of rather large open
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich brown or red, the sap-
wood light yellow.
A resinous gum resembling gum-arabic is yielded by this species.
99. Acacia Berlandieri, Benth.
Valley of the Nueces to Devil's River, southern Texas, southward
into Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to
0.20 metre in diameter ; or more often a tall shrub, sending up many stems
from the ground.
Wood not examined.
3
34 ROSACEiE. Lysiloma.
100. Lysiloma latisiliqua, Benth.
Wild Tamarind.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre
in diameter.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, tough, close-grained, compact, suscep-
tible of a fine polish, containing many scattered open ducts ; medullary
rays numerous, not conspicuous ; color rich dark brown tinged with red,
the sap-wood white ; somewhat used, locally, in boat and ship building.
101. Pithecolobinm Unguis-cati, Benth.
Cat's Claw.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Caximbas Bay to the southern keys ; in the
West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, with a trunk rarely ex-
ceeding 0.15 metre in diameter, or often throwing out many spreading,
vine-like stems from the ground.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying ;
medullary rays numerous, inconspicuous ; color rich red varying to pur-
ple, the sap-wood clear yellow.
ROSACEA.
102. Chrysobalanus Icaco, L.
Cocoa Plum.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral and Caximbas Bay to the
southern keys ; through the West Indies and tropical America to Brazil.
A small tree, 7 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30
metre in diameter ; or along sandy beaches a low prostrate shrub 1.08 to
2.16 metres in height; reaching its greatest development, within the
United States, on the borders and islands of the Everglades, near Bay
Biscayne.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact, containing few
irregularly distributed, not large, open ducts ; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color light brown often tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
103. Prnnns Americana, Marsh.
Wild Plum. Canada Plum. Horse Plum.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence to the valleys of Rainy and Assinaboine
Rivers and the southern shores of Lake Manitoba ; northern Vermont,
western New England, and southward through the Atlantic States to
western Florida ; west to the valley of the upper Missouri River, Dakota,
Pike's Peak region, Colorado, and the valley of the lower Concho River,
Texas.
Prunus. ROSACEiE. 35
A small tree, 6 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.30 metre in diameter ; rich woods, or along streams and the borders of
ponds and swamps, reaching its greatest development on the bottom-la.^ds
of eastern Texas.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, satiny,
susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color
rich bright brown or often red, the sap-wood lighter ; used for the handles
of tools, etc.
Often cultivated for the yellow, red, or rarely nearly black acid, or
rarely sweet fruit.
104. Prunus angustifolia, Marsh.
Chickasaw Plum. Hog Plum.
Probably native of the eastern slopes of the southern Rocky Moun-
tains, where it is found at an altitude of 7,000 feet, and of the high plateau
east and southeast of them ; now widely naturalized by early cultivation
throughout the Atlantic forests south of Pennsylvania and west of the
Alleghany Mountains, extending as far north as southern Michigan.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre
in diameter, or often a low shrub, generally along streams or borders of
prairies, in rich soil.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood lighter. Often
cultivated for its globose red or yellow fruit.
105. Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.
Wild Red Gherry, Pin Cherry. Pigeon Cherry.
Labrador, shores of Hudson's Bay, and west through the Saskatche-
wan region to the valley of the upper Fraser Piver ; south through the
northern States to Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northern Illinois,
central Iowa, and along the high Alleghany Mountains of North Carolina
and Tennessee, and the Rocky Mountains of Colorado.
A small tree, rarely exceeding 12 metres in height, with a trunk some-
times 0.60 metre in diameter, or in the Rocky IVIountain region reduced
to a low .shrub ; common in all the northern forests, and taking posses-
sion of ground cleared by fire of forest growth.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood clear yellow.
The small acid fruit used domestically and by herbalists in the prepa-
ration of cough mixtures, etc.
106. Prunus umbellata, Ell.
Sloe. Black Sloe.
South Carolina, south near the coast to Mosquito Inlet and Tampa
Bay, Florida, and through central Alabama to eastern Mississippi.
36 ROSACEA. Prunns.
A small tree, 5 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.38 metre
in diameter ; dry, sandy soil.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color dark reddish brown, the sap-wood much lighter.
107. PrunTis emarginata, Walp.
Vancouver's Island and the valley of the lower Fraser River, south
through western Washington and Oregon, and along the western slopes
of the Sierra Nevada and in the Coast Ranges, from San Francisco Bay
to the Santa Lucia Mountains, California ; east to the western slopes of
the Bitter Root Mountains, Idaho, and the valley of the Jocko River,
Montana.
A tree often 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes ex-
ceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; at high elevations and throughout cen-
tral California reduced to a shrub 2 to 3 metres in height, or, in the Santa
Lucia Mountains, 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90
metre in diameter ; generally along streams or in low, rich woods. The
common northern and Idaho form, more or less woolly pubescent, espe-
cially on the under side of the leaves, is var. mollis, Brewer.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary
rays numerous, thin ; color brown streaked with green.
108. Prunus serotina, Ehrh.
Wild Black Cherry. Rum Cherry.
Southern Ontario, southward through the Atlantic forests to Matan-
zas Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida ; west to the valley of the Missouri
River, Dakota, eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and the valley of
the upper San Antonio River, Texas.
A tree 18 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres, or
exceptionally 1.50 metres, in diameter; rich, generally upland woods;
common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of
the Alleghany Mountains from West Virginia southward ; not common
and of small size in the Gulf region and Texas.
Wood light, hard, strong, close, straight -grained, compact, easily
worked ; medullary rays numerous, thin : color light brown or red,
growing darker with exposure, the thin sap-wood yellow ; largely used
and esteemed in cabinet work, interior finish, etc., and now becoming
scarce.
The bark contains a bitter tonic principle, and infused with cold water
generates a small percentage of hydrocyanic acid, and is employed as a
tonic and sedative in cases of pulmonary consumption in the form of cold
infusions, syrups, and fluid extracts ; the bitter fruit used domestically in
the preparation of cherry brandy.
Prunus. llOSACEii:. 37
109. Prunus Capuli, Cav.
Wild Cherry.
Apache and Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, west through southern New
Mexico and Arizona to the southern slopes of the San Francisco Moun-
tains ; in northern New Mexico, and Peru.
A small tree, in the United States rarely 12 metres in height, with a
trunk often 0.30 metre in diameter ; bottoms of canons and mountain
valleys, generally between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation.
Wood heavy, moderately hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
very numerous, thin ; color brown, or often bright clear red, the sap-
wood nearly white.
110. Prunus demissa, Walp.
Wild Cherry.
Vancouver's Island, east to the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains
of Montana, south through the Pacific region ; and in Sonora.
A small tree, sometimes 7 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to
0.45 metre in diameter, or more often a low shrub ; reaching its greatest
development in the rich valleys of southern Oregon and northern Cali-
fornia, near the coast ; in southern California, and east of the Cascade and
Sierra Nevada Ranges, a low shrub confined to high mountain valleys.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
111. Prunus Caroliniana, Ait.
Wild Orange. Mock Orange. Wild Peach.
North Carolina, south, near the coast, to Bay Biscayne, Florida, south-
ern Alabama, and west, along the Gulf coast, to the valley of the Guada-
lupe River, Texas.
A small evergreen tree, 10 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely
exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; common and reaching its greatest de-
velopment in the rich, light, deep soil of the bottom-lands of eastern
Texas.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking badly in drying,
susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light
reddish-brown, or, more rarely, dark rich brown, the sap-wood lighter.
112. Prunus sphaerocarpa, Sw.
Western shores of Bay Biscayne, Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, in Florida not exceeding 6 metres in height, with a trunk
0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter; high rocky woods, or more rarely along
the borders of streams and ponds ; rare and local in the United States.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing
many very small open ducts ; layers of annual growth and medullary rays
obscure ; color light clear red, the sap-wood pale yellow.
38 ROSACEiE. Prunus.
113. Prunus ilicifolia, Walp.
California, — Coast Ranges from San Francisco Bay south to the
southern boundary of the State, extending to the western slopes of the
San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains.
A small evergreen tree, often 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk
0.30 to O.GO metre in diameter, or in the interior often reduced to a low
shrub.
Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking in seasoning,
satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many regularly dis-
tributed, rather small, open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color
bright reddish brown, the sap-wood much lighter ; furnishing valuable
fuel.
114. Yauquelinia Torreyi, Watson.
Arizona, — high mountains of the Gila Valley, summits of the Santa
Catalina Mountains ; in Sonora.
A small tree in the Santa Catalina Mountains, 4 to 6 metres in height,
with a trunk 0.10 to 0.20 metre in diameter; dry slopes and rocky bluffs
between 2,700 and 4,000 feet elevation, in granitic soil; generally hollow
and decayed.
Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a
beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown
streaked with red, the sap-wood yellow.
115. Cercocarpus ledifolius, Nutt.
Mountain Mahogany.
Coeur d'Alene Mountains, Idaho, southward along the western slopes
of the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Wyoming ; eastern extremities
of the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon ; Wahsatch Mountains,
Utah, and west along the mountain ranges of the Great Basin to the west-
ern slope of the Sierra Nevada of California, extending southward into
Arizona and New Mexico.
A small, low tree, rarely 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes
0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or north of Utah and Nevada reduced to
a low shrub ; dry rocky mountain slopes, between 6,000 and 8,000 feet
elevation, reaching its greatest development on the high ranges of central
Nevada.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, brittle, difficult to
work, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays very numerous,
thin ; color bright clear red, or often dark rich brown, the sap-wood
clear yellow ; furnishing the most valuable fuel of the region, and largely
manufactured into charcoal.
Pyrus. ROSACEA. 39
116. Cercocarpus parvifolius, Nutt.
Mountain Mahogany.
California, — valley of the Klamath River, southward through the
Coast liaiiges to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains ; Lower
California ; Rocky Mountains of Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico,
mountains of southern Arizona, and southward into Mexico.
A small tree, rarely G to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes
0.30 metre in diameter, or more often a shrub ; dry, gravelly soil, reacli-
ing its greatest development on the mountains of southern New Mexico
and Arizona at an elevation of 6,000 to 8,000 feet.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, difficult to work, sus-
ceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color
bright reddish brown, the sap-wood light brown; furnishing valuable
fuel.
117. Pyrus coronaria, L.
American Crah. Sweet-scented Crah.
Valley of the Humber River, and shores of Lake Erie, Ontario, south-
ward through western New York and Pennsylvania to the District of
Columbia, and along the Alleghany Mountains to central Alabama and
northern Mississippi ; west to southern Minnesota, Iowa, eastern Kansas,
the Indian Territory, and northern Louisiana.
A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk often 0.30
metre in diameter ; rich, rather low woods, reaching its greatest develop-
ment in the valleys of the lower Ohio region.
Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, very close-grained, checking badly
in drying ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown varying to
light red, the sap-wood yellow ; used for levers, handles of tools, and in
turnery.
118. Pyrus angustifolia. Ait.
American Crab Apple. Southern Crab Apple.
Pennsylvania (?), southern Delaware, and the valley of the lower
Wabash River, Illinois, south to western Florida.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 metre
in diameter ; low, rich woods ; common and reaching its greatest devel-
opment on the bottom-lands of the South Atlantic States ; less common
west of the Alleghany Mountains.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary
rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood
yellow ; used for levers, handles of tools, etc.
40 ROSACEA. Pyrm.
119. Pyrus rivularis, Dougl.
Oregon Crah Apple.
Coast of Alaska, southward along the coast and islands of British
Columbia, through Washington and Oregon, west of the Cascade Moun-
tains, to northern California.
A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45
metre in diameter ; low, rich woods, generally along streams, often form-
ing dense thickets.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, liable to check badly in drying,
susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary raj^s numerous, obscure .;
color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; used for mallets,
mauls, bearings of machinery, etc.
120. Pyrus Americana, DC.
Mountain-ash.
Labrador, Newfoundland, Anticosti Island, and westward along the
southern shore of James Bay to the valley of the Nelson River, south-
ward through all the elevated regions of the northeastern States, and
along the high mountains of Virginia and North Carolina ; in northern
Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and northern Minnesota.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre
in diameter ; borders of swamps and moist, rocky woods, reaching its
greatest development on the northern shores of Lakes Huron and
Superior.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous,
obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
121. Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht.
Mountain-ash.
Labrador to northern New England and the shores of Lake Superior ;
high mountain ranges of the Pacific region from Alaska to southern New
Mexico ; in Kamtschatka.
A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30
metre in diameter, or in the Pacific forests generally reduced to a low
shrub ; cold, wet swamps or borders of streams, reaching its greatest
development in northern New England and Minnesota.
Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays nu-
merous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
The astringent bark and unripe fruit of the American mountain ashes,
like those of the nearly allied P. aucuparia of Europe, are extremely
astringent, and occasionally used, domestically, in infusions, decoctions,
etc., in the treatment of diarrhoea.
CratcBgus. ROSACEA. 41
122. Crataegus rivularis, Nutt.
British Columbia, south through eastern Oregon and Washington, east
and southeast along the mountain ranges of Idaho, Montana, Utah, a id
Colorado to the Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.30 metre in diameter ; or often a tall, much-branched shrub, forming'
dense, impenetrable thickets along borders of streams and swamps.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color bright reddish brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
123. Crataegus Douglasii, Lindl.
British Columbia, south through Washington and Oregon to northern
California, extending east through Idaho and Montana to the western base
of the Rocky Mountains.
A small tree, sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45
metre in diameter, or often a tall shrub throwing up many stems from the
ground and forming impenetrable thickets ; rather wet, sand^ soil along
streams, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys west of the
Cascade Mountains ; toward its eastern limits a low shrub.
Wood heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of
a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color nearly white
tinged with rose, the sap-wood lighter ; used for wedges, mauls, etc.
1 24. Crataegus brachyacantha, Sargent & Engelm.
Hog's Haw.
Western Louisiana and eastern Texas.
A tree 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in
diameter ; borders of streams in low, very rich soil ; the largest North
American representative of the genus ; rare and local.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beau-
tiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light brown
tinged with rose, the sap-wood lighter.
The large fruit blue-black,
125. Crataegus arborescens, Ell.
Yalley of the Savannah River, South Carolina, south to western Flor-
ida ; and from the neighborhood of Saint Louis, Missouri, south and
southwest to western Louisiana, and the valley of the lower Colorado
River, Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.45
to 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and low, wet swamps.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; susceptible of a
beautiful polish ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ; color light
brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
The small globular fruit bright red, or, more rarely, orange.
42 ROSACEiE. Cratcegus.
126. Crataegus Crus-galli, L.
Cochspur Thorn. Newcastle Thorn,
Valley of the Suint Lawrence River, west through southern Ontario
to Manitoba, south, through the Atlantic forests, to western Florida, and
the valley of the Colorado River, Texas.
A small tree, 4 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30
metre in diameter ; varying greatly in the size of the fruit, size and shape
of the leaves, etc.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, suscep-
tible of a fine polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color
brown tinged with red, the sap-wood rather lighter.
127. Cratsegiis coccinea, L.
Scarlet Haw. Red Haw. White Thorn.
West coast of Newfoundland, west along the valley of the Saint Law-
rence River and the northern shores of the great lakes to Manitoba, south
throuirh the Atlantic forests to northern Florida and eastern Texas.
A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre
in diameter ; open upland woods or borders of streams and prairies ; very
common at the North, rare at the South ; running into many forms, vary-
ing in the size and shape of the leaves, size of the fruit, etc.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, very
obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter.
128. CrataegTis subvillosa, Schrad.
Scarlet Haw.
Eastern Massachusetts (possibly introduced) ; central Michigan to
eastern Nebraska, south to middle Tennessee, and southwest through
Missouri, Arkansas, the Indian Territory, and Texas to the valley of the
San Antonio River.
A small tree, 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 metre
in diameter ; rich woods and borders of streams and prairies.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, very obscure ; color light brown or light red, the sap-wood
lighter.
The large red fruit often downy, edible, of agreeable flavor.
129. Cratsegns tomentosa, L.
Black Thorn. Pear Haw.
New Brunswick, west along the valley of the Saint Lawrence River
and the northern shores of the great lakes to the Saskatchewan region,
southward throuo^h the Atlantic forests to western Florida and eastern
Texas, extending west to the mountains of eastern Washington and Ore-
gon, southwestern Colorado, and southwestern New Mexico.
Cralcegus. ROSACKiE. 43
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 metre
in diameter, or often, especially w(.'st of the Rocky MounUiins, reduced
to a low shrub, here forming dense thickets along mountain streams ;
tlie most widely distributed representative of the genus in North America,
and varying greatly in the size, shape, and color of the fruit, form of the
leaves, amount of pubescence, etc.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color bright reddish brown, the sai>wood lighter.
130. Cratsegns cordata, Ait.
Washington Thorn.
Virginia, southward along the Alleghany Mountains to northern
Georgia and Alabama, extending west through middle and eastern Ken-
tucky and Tennessee to southern Illinois.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 metre
in diameter, generally along banks of streams.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous,
obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
131. Crataegus apiifolia, Michx.
Parsley Haw.
Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to about latitude 28°, ex-
tending west through the Gulf States to southern Arkansas and the valley
of the Trinity River, Texas.
A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 metres in height, with a slender stem rarely
exceeding 0.08 to 0.10 metre in diameter, or more often a low, much-
branched shrub ; low, rich soil, reaching its greatest development on the
pine-barren hummocks of central Florida.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beau-
tiful polish ; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color bright brown tinged
with red or rose, the sap-wood much lighter.
132. Crataegus spathulata, Michx.
Small-fruited Haw.
Virginia, southward to western Florida, west through the Gulf Stiites
to the valley of the Washita River, Arkansas, and the Colorado River,
Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre
in diameter, or often reduced to a low shrub ; margins of streams and
prairies, common, and reaching its greatest development on the bottom-
lands of western Louisiana and eastern Texas.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, comi)act ; medidlary rays
very numerous, obscure ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood lighter.
44 ROSACEA. Crafcegus.
1 33. Crataegus berberifolia, Torr. & Gray.
Western Louisiana.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre
in diameter ; borders of prairies, in low ground ; rare, local, and still very
imperfectly known ; the fruit and wood not yet collected.
134. Crataegus aestivalis, Torr. & Gray.
Mai/ Haw. Apple Haw.
South Carolina to northern Florida, and west through the Gulf States
to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Sabine River, Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre
in diameter ; generally in sandy soil along the margins of streams and
ponds ; common and reaching its greatest development on the bottom-
lands of western Louisiana and eastern Texas.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, obscure ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood lighter.
The large, globular, fragrant red fruit possesses an agreeable subacid
flavor, and ripens in May.
135. Crataegus flava, Ait.
Summer Haw. Yellow Haw. Red Haw.
Virginia south^ward, generally near the coast, to Tampa Bay, Florida,
extending west through the Gulf States to eastern Texas and southern
, Arkansas.
A small tree, rarely 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre in
diameter, or reduced to a much-branched shrub 2 to 3 metres in height ;
borders of streams, in low, sandy soil subject to overflow. A variety
distinguished by the pubescence upon the calyx and young branches,
smaller flowers, and larger globular or pear-shaped edible fruit, is var.
pubescens, Gray.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, satiny,
susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ;
color light brown tinged with red or rose, the sap-wood lighter.
Fruit small, red or yellow, acid, or in the variety large and edible.
136. Heteromeles arbutifolia, Roem.
Toy on. Tollon. California Holly,
California, — Coast Ranges, Mendocino to San Diego County, extending
east to the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Mountains.
A small, low-branched evergreen tree, rarely exceeding 9 metres in
height, the short trunk sometimes 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter; or more
often a low, much-branched shrub.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, inclined to check in drying,
satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very
obscure ; color dark reddish-brown, the sap-wood lighter.
Liquldamhar. lIAMAMELACEiE. 45
137. Amelanchier Canadensis, Torr. & Gray.
June-berry. Shad-bush, Service Tree. May Cherry.
Newfoundland and Labrador, west along the southern shores of Hud-
son's Bay to the Saskatchewan region ; south tlirough the Atlantic forests
to northern Florida, southwestern Arkansas, and tlie Indian Territory.
A small tree, 0 to lo metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.4.'' metre
in diameter, or in some forms reduced to a low slirub (vars. rotundifolia
and oligocarpa, Torr. & Gray) ; common at the north, rare at the south,
and reaching its greatest development on the high slopes of the southern
Alleghany Mountains ; varying greatly in the shape of the leaves, size of
the flowers, amount of pubescence on the leaves and young shoots, etc.
(var. oblongifolia, Torr. & Gray).
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, satiny, susceptible of a good
polish ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ; color dark brown often
tinged with red, the sap-wood much lighter.
HAMAMELACE^.
138. Hamamelis "Virginica, L.
Witch-hazel.
Northern New England and southern Ontario to Wisconsin, south to
northern Florida and eastern Texas.
A small tree, exceptionally 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30
to 0.37 metre in diameter, or more often a tall shrub throwing up many
stems from the ground ; common ; rich, rather damp woodlands, reaching
its greatest development upon the southern Alleghany Mountains.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth
hardly distinguishable ; medullary rays numerous, thin, obscure ; color light
brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white.
The bark and leaves rich in tannin, and largely used by herbalists in
the form of fluid extracts, decoctions, etc., in external applications (Pond's
Extract), and as a reputed remedy in hemorrhoidal affections.
139. Liquidambar Styraciflua, L.
Sweet Gum. Liquidamber. Red Gum. Bilsted.
Fairfield County, Connecticut, and southern Indiana and Illinois, south-
ward to Cape Canaveral and Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of tlie
Trinity River, Texas ; in central and southern Mexico.
A large tree, often 30 to 36 metres, or exceptionally 48 metres, in
height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; low, wot soil ; very
common and reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of the
Mississippi Basin, — here, with the cotton-gum, forming a large proportion
of the forest growth.
46 RHIZOPHORACE^. — COMBRETACE^. RJuzophora.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, rather tough, close-grained, compact,
inclined to shrink and warp badly in seasoning, susceptible of a beautiful
polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color bright brown tinged
with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; manufactured into lumber and used
in the construction of buildings for plates, boarding, and clapboards, in
cabinet work as a substitute for black walnut, and for veneering and street
pavements.
The balsamic exudation obtained from this species at the South is col-
lected by herbalists, and sometimes used in the form of a s^'^rup as a sub-
stitute for storax in the treatment of catarrhal affections, or externally
as an ointment.
RHIZOPHORACE-^.
140. Rhizophora Mangle, L.
Mangrove.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet and Cedar Keys to the southern
keys ; Delta of the Mississippi River ; coast of Texas ; West Indies and
tropical America ; and now widely naturalized throughout the tropics of
the Old World.
A tree 12 to 18 metres, or exceptionally 27 metres, in height, with a
trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter, or more commonly not exceeding 4
to 7 metres in height ; low saline shores, reaching, in the United States, its
greatest development on Bay Biscayne and Cape Sable ; south of latitude
29°, bordering with almost impenetrable thickets the coast of the Florida
peninsula, ascending the rivers for many miles, especially those flowing
from the Everglades, and entirely covering many of the southern keys.
Wood exceedingly heavy, hard, and strong, close-grained, checking in
drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many evenly
distributed rather small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ;
color dark reddish brown streaked with lighter brown, the sap-wood
lighter ; used for wharf piles and furnishing valuable fuel.
COMBRETACEuE.
141. Conocarpns erecta, L.
Buttonwood,
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral and Tampa Bay to the south-
ern keys ; through the West Indies to Brazil.
A low tree, often 8 metres, or exceptionally 15 to 18 metres, in height,
with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter : common, and reaching its
greatest development, in the United States, on Lost Man's River, north of
Cape Sable ; or sometimes reduced to a low under-shrub.
Wood very heavy and hard, strong, close-grained, very compact, suscep-
Eugenia. MYRTACE.E. 47
tible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark
yellow-brown, the sap-wood lighter ; burning blowly like charcoal, and
highly valued for fuel.
142. Laguncularia racemosa, Gacrtn. f.
White Buitonwood. White Mangrove.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west
coast. Cedar Keys to Cape Sable ; West Indies and tropical Auierica ;
coast of tropical Africa.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to
0.60 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low
shrub ; very common ; saline shores of lagoons and bays.
"Wood very heavy and hard, strong, close-grained, very compact ; sus-
ceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color
dark yellow-brown, the sap-wood much lighter.
MYRTACE^.
143. Calyptranthes Chytraculia, Sw.
Semi-tropical Florida, — shores of Bay Biscayne, Key Largo; in the
West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to O.lo
metre in diameter.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, containing many evenly
distributed rather large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color
brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter.
144. Eugenia bnxifolia, Willd.
Gurgeon Stopper. Spanish Stopper.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west
coast, Caloosa River to Cape Romano ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes
0.30 metre in diameter, reaching its greatest development, in the United
States, on the rich hummocks of the Everglades.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, very
compact ; medullar}^ rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown shaded with
red, the sap-wood a little lighter ; somewhat used for fuel.
145. Eugenia dichotoma, DC.
Naked-wood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to Cape Canaveral, common,
west coast, Caloosa River to Cape Romano ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely
0.15 metre in diameter.
48 CACTACE^. Eugenia.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numer-
ous, thin ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood yellow.
The small, edible fruit of agreeable aromatic flavor.
146. Eugenia monticola, DC.
Stopper. White Stopper.
Saint John's River to Umbrella Key, Florida, rare ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, rarely 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre in
diameter, or in northern Florida reduced to a low shrub.
Wood very heavy, hard and strong, very close-grained, compact;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown often tinged with red, the
sap-wood darker.
147. Eugenia longipes, Berg.
Stopper.
Semi-tropical Florida, — No Name Key ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, 4 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre
in diameter ; rare.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, con-
taining many evenly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous,
very obscure ; color dark brown or nearly black, the sap-wood brown
tinged with red.
148. Eugenia procera, Poir.
Red Stopper.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; in the
West Indies.
A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in
diameter ; often forming extensive groves, and reaching its greatest de-
velopment, in the United States, in the neighborhood of Miami, Bay
Biscayne.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong and close-grained,
compact ; medullary rays numerous, hardly distinguishable ; color light
yellow-brown, the sap-wood darker.
CACTACE^.
149. Cereus giganteus, Engelm.
Suwarrow. Saguaro. Giant Cactus.
Valley of Bill Williams Fork, Arizona, south and east through central
Arizona to the valley of the San Pedro River ; southward in Sonora.
A tall, columnar tree, 8 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes
0.60 metre in diameter; dry, stony slopes, or low hills rising from the
desert.
Cornus. CORNACEiE. 49
Wood of the large strong ribs very light, soft, ratlier coarse-grained,
solid, satiny, susceptible of a fine polish, almost indestructible in contact
witli the ground ; medullary rays very numerous, broad ; color light Ijrown
tinged with yellow ; used in the region almost exclusively for the rafters
of adobe houses, for fencing, and by the Indians for lances, lx)W3, etc.
The edible fruit is largely collected and dried by the Indians.
CORNACE^.
150. Cornns alternifolia, L. f.
Do(/wood.
New Brunswick, west along the valley of the Saint Lawrence River
to the northern shores of Lake Superior, south through the northern States
and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama.
A small tree, 4 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre
in diameter ; low, rich woods, and borders of streams and swamps.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary
rays numerous, thin; color brown tinged with red, the sap-w^ood light
yellow.
151. Cornus fiorida, L.
Flowering Dogwood. Boxwood.
Southern New England, southern Ontario, southern Minnesota, and
through the Atlantic forests to middle Florida, and the valley of the
Brazos River, Texas.
A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre
in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; rich
woods, common, especially at the south.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, tough, checking badly in dry-
ing, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish , medullary rays numerous,
conspicuous ; color brown, changing in different specimens to shades of
green and red, the sap-wood lighter ; used in turnery, for wood engraving
and the bearings of machinery, hubs of wheels, barrel-hoops, etc.
The bark, especially of the root, in common with that of the other spe-
cies of the genus, possesses bitter tonic properties, and is used in the form
of decoctions, etc., in the treatment of intermittent and malarial fevers.
152. Cornus Nuttallii, Audubon.
Flowering Dogwood.
Vancouver's Island, through western Washinjjton and Orejron, and
southward in California along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada
and through the Coast Ran<2jes to the San Bernardino ]Mountains.
A small, slender tree, sometimes 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk
rarely 0.45 metre in diameter ; reaching in the Cascade Mountains an
50 CORNACE^. Nyssa.
elevation of 3,000 feet, and in the San Bernardino Mountains, of from
4,000 to 5,000 feet ; common ; rich, rather damp soil, generally in the
dense shade of coniferous forests.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, satiny,
susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color
light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; somewhat used in
cabinet-making, for mauls, handles, etc.
153. Nyssa capitata, Walt.
Ogeechee Lime. Sour Tupelo. Gopher Plum.
Valley of the Ogeechee River, Georgia, to western Florida, and in
southern Arkansas.
A tree 9 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; deep swamps and river bottoms ; rare and local.
Wood light, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact,
unwedgeable, containing many regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary
rays numerous, thin ; color white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable.
A conserve, under the name of " Ogeechee limes," is prepared from the
large, acid fruit.
154. Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.
Tupelo. Sour Gum. Pepperidge. Black Gum.
Southern Maine and northern Vermont, west to central Michigan, south
to Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas.
A tree 15 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.50 metres in
diameter, or at the north much smaller ; borders of swamps, or on rather
high, rich hillsides and pine uplands ; at the south often in pine-barren
ponds and deep swamps, the base of the trunk then greatly enlarged and
swollen {N. aquatica, L.).
Wood heavy, rather soft, strong, very tough, unwedgeable, difficult to
work, inclined to check unless carefully seasoned, not durable in contact
with the soil, containing numerous regularly distributed small open ducts ;
medullary rays numerous, thin; color light yellow or often nearly white, the
sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; now largely used for the hubs of wheels,
rollers in glass-factories, ox-yokes, and on the Gulf coast for wharf-piles.
155. Nyssa uniflora, Wang.
Large Tupelo. Cotton-gum. Tupelo-gum.
Southern Virginia, south near the coast to the valley of the Saint
Mary's River, Georgia, through the Gulf States to the valley of the
Neches River, Texas, and through Arkansas and southern and south-
eastern Missouri to southern Illinois.
A large tree, 21 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20
metres in diameter ; deep swamps and bottom-lands subject to frequent
Viburnum. CAPRIFOLI ACE.E. 51
overflow ; one of tlie largest and most common trees of the l)Ottom-lan(l8
of the lower Mississippi River basin, and reaching its greatest develop-
ni(!nt in the cypress swamps of western Louisiana and eastern Texa«, ntur
the coast.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, unwedgeable ;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, or often nearly white ;
used in turnery and largely for wooden-ware ; that of the root for the
floats of nets, etc., as a substitute for cork.
CAPRIFOLIACE^.
156. Sambucus glauca, Nutt.
JtJlder.
Valley of the Fraser River and Vancouver's Island, British Columbia,
south to the Mexican boundary, extending east to the Blue Mountains
of Oreijon and the Wahsatch Ranije, Utah.
A small tree, sometimes 8 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to
0.45 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a larjre
shrub ; mountain valleys, in dry, gravelly soil.
Wood light, soft, weak, coarse-grained, checking in drying; medullary
rays numerous, rather conspicuous ; color yellow tinged with brown, the
sap-wood lighter.
157. Sambucus Mesicana, Presl.
Mder.
Valley of the Nueces River, south through western Texas, west along
the southern boundary of the United States to southern California ; in
northern Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25
metre in diameter ; bottom-lands, in moist, gravelly loam.
Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, compact; medullary rays nu-
merous, thin, conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
158. Viburnum Lentago, L.
Sheep-berry. Nanny-berry.
Southern shores of Hudson Bay, west in British America to about
longitude 102°, south through the northern States to Pennsylvania, south-
ern Indiana, eastern Missouri, and along the Alleghany Mountains to
northern Georgia.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to
0.25 metre in diameter ; rocky ridges and borders of streams and swam})s,
in rich, moist soil; most common and reaching its greatest development
far north.
52 RUBIACE^. Viburnum.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, emitting a disagreeable
odor ; medullary rays thin, barely distinguishable ; color dark orange-
brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
159. VibTirniim prunifolium, L.
Black Haw. Stag-busk.
Southern Connecticut and New York, south to middle Florida and the
valley of the Colorado River, Texas ; west to Missouri, Arkansas, and the
Indian Territory.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely
exceeding 0.15 metre in diameter, or at the north generally reduced to a
low, much-branched shrub ; rocky hillsides in rich soil.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, liable to check
in drying ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color brown tinged
with red, the sap-wood nearly white.
RUBIACE^.
160. Exostema Caribaeuin, Roem. & Schultes.
Keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30
metre in diameter.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, checking in
drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous,
very obscure ; color light brown beautifully streaked with different shades
of yellow and brown, the sap-wood clear rich yellow.
161. Pinckneya pubens, Michx.
Georgia Bark.
South Carolina, near the coast ; basin of the upper Apalachicola River
in Georo;ia and Florida.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 metre
in diameter ; borders of streams and low, sandy swamps ; rare and local.
Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; layers
of annual growth clearly marked by four to six rows of large open ducts ;
medullary rays few, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter.
Infusions of the bark are successfully used in the treatment of inter-
mittent fever, as a substitute for cinchona.
162. Genipa clusiaefolia, Griseb.
Seven-year Apple.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small, much-branched, knotty tree, sometimes 6 metres in height,
Andromeda. ERICACEiE. 63
with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.10 metre in diameter, or in Florida more
often a shrub ; borders of saline shores.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beaa-
tilul polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown shaded
with orange, the sap-wood light yellow.
163. Guettarda elliptica, Sw.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, 4 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.20 metre in diameter.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, checking in drying, satiny,
susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous scattered small
open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged
with red.
ERICACE^.
164. "Vaccinmrn arboreum, Marsh.
JF^arkle-berry,
North Carolina, south near the coast to middle Florida, through the
Gulf States to Matagorda Bay, Texas, and through Arkansas and southern
Missouri to southern Illinois.
A small tree, 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.25 metre
in diameter, or toward its northern limits often reduced to a low shrub ;
very common throughout the pine-belt of the Gulf States, along the larger
ponds and streams, in moist sandy soil, and reaching its greatest develop-
ment in eastern Texas near the coast.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, liable to twist in dry-
ing, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous,
broad, conspicuous ; color light browm tinged with red, the sai)-woo<l
hardly distinguishable ; somewhat used in turnery in the manufacture of
small handles, etc.
165. Andromeda ferruginea, Walt.
South Carolina to northern Florida, near the coast.
A small tree, G to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 metre
in diameter, often crooked or semi-prostrate, rich hummocks ; or, in
sandy pine-barren soil, reduced to a low shrub, 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
height ; the leaves varying greatly in shape, venation, etc.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, checking in drying,
satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin;
color bright brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter.
64 ERICACEAE. Arbutus.
166. Arbutus Menziesii, Pursh.
Madrona.
Islands of British Columbia, southward through Washington and Ore-
gon, near the coast, and through the Coast Ranges of California to the
Santa Lucia Mountains.
A small tree, sometimes 15 to 25 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90
to 1.20 metres in diameter, or rarely much larger ; south of San Francisco
Bay smaller, often reduced to a low shrub ; hillsides in rich soil.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying ; medul-
lary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown shaded with red, the
sap-wood lighter ; largely used in the manufacture of gunpowder, the bark
in tanning.
167. Arbutus Xalapensis, HBK.
Southern Arizona, — Santa Rita Mountains, between 4,500 and 7,000
feet elevation ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre
in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes ; the large specimens generally hollow
and defective.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, checking badly in
drying, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ;
color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
168. Arbutus Texana, Buckley.
Western Texas, Hays and Travis Counties, west to the Guadalupe and
Eagle Mountains, and southward, probably into northern Mexico.
A small tree, 5 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 metre
in diameter ; dry limestone hills and ridges ; rare and local.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous,
obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter, tinged with red ; used in
turnery, the manufacture of mathematical instruments, etc.
169. Oxydendrum arboreum, DC.
Sorrel Tree. Sour-wood.
Western Pennsylvania, south along the Alleghany Mountains to west-
ern Florida and the eastern shores of Mobile Bay, west to middle Ten-
nessee and western Louisiana.
A small tree, 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.35
metre in diameter ; usually in rather dry, gravelly soil.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beau-
tiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown tinged with red,
the sap-wood somewhat lighter ; used for the handles of tools, bearings of
machinery, etc.
Mi/rsine. MYllSIXACEiE. 00
170. Kalmia latifolia, L.
Laurel. Calico-bush. Spoonwood. Ivy,
New Brunswick and the northern shores of Lake Erie, south Ui west-
ern Florida, and through the Gulf States to western Louisiana and the
valley of the Red River, Arkansas.
A small tree, sometimes 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to
O.GO metre in diameter, or more often a low shrub ; rich woodlands ; most
common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany
Mountains, here often forming dense, impenetrable thickets.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; prin<:ipul
medullary rays broad, dark brown, conspicuous ; intermediate rays nu-
merous, thin, inconspicuous ; color brown tinged with red, the sapnwood
somewhat lighter ; used for tool-handles, in turnery, and for fuel.
171. Rhododendron maximum, L.
Great Laurel. Rose Bay.
Nova Scotia and the north shores of Lake Erie, south through New
England, New York, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern
Georgia.
A small tree, sometimes 10 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely
exceeding 0.30 metre in diiwueter, or often a tall, straggling shrub ; at the
North in cold swamps ; rare ; very common and reaching its greatest
development in the southern Alleghany Mountains, on steep, rocky banks
of streams, etc. ; never on limestone.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary
rays numerous, thin ; color light clear brown, the sap-wood lighter ; occa-
sionally used in turnery for the handles of tools, etc. ; a good substitute
for boxwood in engraving.
MYHSINACE^.
172. Myrsine Rapanea, Roem. & Schultes.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Indian River to the southern keys ; througli
the West Indies to Brazil.
A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 8 metres in height, with a
trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or often a shrub; borders of ponds
and fresh-water creeks ; in the West Indies much larger.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, very conspicuous ; color brown tinged with red, antl beauti-
fully striped with the darker medullary rays, the sap-wood hardly distin-
guishable.
56 SAPOTACEiE. Ardisia.
173. Ardisia Pickeringia, Nutt.
Marl-herry. Cherry.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys, west
coast, Caloosa River to Cape Romano ; in the West Indies and southern
Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.15
metre in diameter, or often a shrub ; reaching its greatest development, in
Florida, on the shores of Bay Biscayne.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beau-
tiful polish ; medullary rays very numerous, conspicuous ; color rich
brown, beautifully marked with the darker medullary rays, the sap-wood
a little lighter.
174. Jacquinia armillaris, Jacq.
Joe-wood.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida, rare ; through the West Indies
to Brazil.
A low, rigid tree, rarely exceeding in Florida 4 metres in height, with a
trunk sometimes 0.15 metre in diameter ; in the West Indies much larger.
Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, checking and shrinking badly in
drying, containing many scattered large open ducts ; medullary rays nu-
merous, broad, conspicuous ; color light clear brown tinged with yellow.
The saponaceous leaves are sometimes used as a substitute for soap.
SAPOTACEJE.
175. Chrysophyllum oliviforme, Lam.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west
coast, Caloosa River to Cape Sable ; rare ; through the West Indies to
Brazil.
A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30
metre in diameter.
Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying ;
medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous ; color light brown shaded
with red, the thin sap-wood a little lighter.
176. Sideroxylon Mastichodendron, Jacq.
Mastic.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west
coast, Cape Romano to Cape Sable ; in the West Indies.
A tree often 18 metres in height, with a crunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; the largest and most valuable tree of semi-tropical Florida ;
common.
Bumelia. SAPOTACEiE. 67
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, checking in
drying, containing few scattered small open ducts ; medullary rays nu-
merous, not conspicuous ; color bright orange, the sa|>-wood yellow ;
largely used in ship and boat building.
177. Dipholis salicifolia, A. DC.
Bustic. Cassada.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; through
the West Indies to Brazil.
A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 metre
in diameter ; the large specimens hollow and defective ; rare.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, com-
pact, checking in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing
many scattered large open ducts ; color dark brown or red, the sap-wood
lighter.
178. Bumelia tenax, Willd.
North Carolina, southward near the coast to Cape Canaveral and
Cedar Keys, Florida.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15
metre in diameter ; sandy soil.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible
of a beautiful polish ; well characterized, as in all the North American
species, by large open ducts, defining, with several rows, the rings of
annual growth, connected by conspicuous branching groups of similar
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown streaked with
white, the sap-wood lighter.
179. Bumelia lanuginosa, Pers.
Gum Elastic, Shittim-wood.
Georgia and northern Florida to Mobile Bay, Alabama ; southern Illi-
nois and southern Missouri, through Arkansas to the valley of the Rio
Grande, Texas.
An evergreen tree, sometimes 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.00
metre in diameter, or in the Atlantic States much smaller, rarely exceed-
ing 6 metres in height ; common and reaching its greatest development
on the rich bottom-lands of eastern Texas.
Wood heavy, soft, weak, close-grained, very compact, the open ducts
conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown or yellow,
the sap-wood lighter ; somewhat used in cabinet-making.
180. Bumelia spinosa, A. DC.
Arizona, — Santa Catalina Mountains ; Parras and Saltillo, Mexico.
A small tree, 6 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre
in diameter ; dry, gravelly soil, near water-courses ; rare.
58 EBENACEiE. Bumelia.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, the open ducts con-
spicuous ; medulhiry rays thin, obscure ; color light rich brown or yellow,
the sap-wood lighter.
181. Bumelia lycioides, Gaertn. f.
Iron-wood. Southern Buckthorn.
Coast of Virginia and southern Illinois, south to Mosquito Inlet and
the Caloosa River, Florida, and through southern Missouri, Arkansas, and
Texas to the valley of the Rio Concho.
A small tree, sometimes 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely
exceeding 0.15 metre in diameter ; low, rich soil, or often, in the Atlantic
and Gulf States, a low, semi-prostrate shrub (var. reclinatum, Gray).
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter.
182. Bumelia cuneata, Sw.
Anf s-wood. Downward Plum. Saffron Plum.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Indian River to the southern keys, not rare,
west coast. Cedar Keys to Cape Romano, rare ; rocky shores, and in the
interior of low, barren keys ; Texas, valley of the lower Rio Grande, and
southward into northern Mexico ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, rarely exceeding 4 metres in height, with a trunk some-
times 0.30 metre in diameter.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, satiny,
susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color
light brown or orange, the sap-wood lighter.
183. Mimusops Sieberi, A. DC.
Wild Dilly.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida, common ; in the West Indies.
A small, low, gnarled tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk
0.30 to 0.40 metre in diameter ; generally hollow and defective.
Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, inclined to check in
drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very
obscure ; color rich, very dark brown, the sap-wood lighter.
EBENACE^.
184. Diospyros Virginiana, L.
Persimmon.
Shores of Long Island Sound in Connecticut and New York, and soijth-
ern Ohio southward to Bay Biscayne and the Caloosa River, Florida,
and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, extending to southeastern
Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory.
Symplocos. STYRACACE^. 59
A tree 10 to 20 or, exceptionally, 30 to 35 metres in height, with a
trunk sometimes O.GO metre in diameter ; very common and often entirely
occupying abandoned fields in the middle and lower regions of the south-
ern Atlantic and Gulf States, reaching its greatest development on the
rich bottom-lands of the lower Ohio basin.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of
a high polish, containing few scattered open ducts ; layers of annual
growth marked by one or more rows of similar ducts ; medullary rays
numerous, conspicuous ; color dark brown or often nearly black, the thick
sap-wood light brown, often containing numerous darker spots ; used in
turnery for shoe-lasts, plane-stocks, etc., and preferred for shuttles ; the
dark heart-wood only developed in very old specimens and rarely seen.
The yellow edible fruit is exceedingly austere until after frost, then
becoming sweet and luscious, or in the Gulf States ripening in August
without austerity.
A decoction of the bitter and astringent unripe fruit and inner bark is
occasionally used in the treatment of diarrhoea, sore throat, hemorrhage, etc.
185. Diospyros Texana, Scheele.
Black Persimmon. Mexican Persimmon. Chapote.
Western Texas, — Matagorda Bay to the valley of the Concho River ;
in northern Mexico.
A small tree, 4 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30
metre in diameter, or more often a low shrub ; not rare, and reaching its
greatest development, in Texas, on the bottom-lands of the Guadalupe
River ; borders of prairies, in rich soil ; in Mexico more common and of
larger size.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, taking a beau-
tiful polish, containing few minute scattered open ducts ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color nearly black, often streaked with yellow, the thick
sap-wood clear bright yellow ; used in turnery for the handles of tools,
etc., suitable for wood-engraving, and probably the best substitute among
American woods for boxwood.
The small, black fruit sweet and insipid.
STYRACACE^.
186. Symplocos tinctoria, L'Her.
Horse Sugar. Sweet-leaf.
Southern Delaware, south to middle Florida, and west through the
Gulf States to western Louisiana and southern Arkansas.
A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre
in diameter, or often a low shrub ; borders of cypress swamps or in deep,
damp, shaded woods.
60 OLEACEJE. Halesia.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying ; medul-
lary rays numerous, thin ; color light red or often nearly white, the sap-
wood lighter.
The sweet leaves are greedily eaten by cattle and horses, and yield, as
well as the bark, a yellow dye.
187. Halesia diptera, L.
Snowdrop Tree. Silver-hell Tree.
South Carolina to northern Florida, near the coast, and west through
the lower region of the Gulf States to eastern Texas and central Arkansas.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to
0.20 metre in diameter, or often a shrub sending up many clustered stems
from the root ; borders of swamps in low, wet woods.
Wood light, soft, strong, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
188. Halesia tetraptera, L.
Rattle-box. Snowdrop Tree. Silver-hell Tree. Calico-wood.
Mountains of West Virginia to southern Illinois, south to middle
Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and through Arkansas to west^
ern Louisiana and eastern Texas.
A tree 10 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 metre in
diameter, or often a tall shrub ; generally along streams, in rich soil ;
most common and reaching its greatest development on the southern Alle-
ghany Mountains.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
OLEACEJE.
189. Fraxiniis Greggii, Gray.
Western Texas, — valley of the Rio Grande from the San Pedro to
the Pecos River ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to
0.15 metre in diameter, or often a graceful shrub ; limestone soil.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact; layers of annual
growth and medullary rays obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter.
190. Fraxinus anomala, Torr.
Southwestern Colorado to southern Utah.
A small tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20
metre in diameter ; common on elevated sandstone slopes.
Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, containing many large open scat-
tered ducts ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of similar
Fraxinus. OLEACE/E. 61
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood
lighter.
191. Fraxinus pistaciaefolia, Torr.
Ash.
Mountains of western Texas, southern New Mexico, and southern and
eastern Arizona, to southern Nevada ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, 10 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 metre
in diameter ; generally along borders of streams, in elevated canons, less
commonly in dry soil, the foliage then thick and coriaceous or, more
rarely, velvety tomentose (var. coriacea^ Gray) ; the large specimens
generally hollow and defective.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, thin; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter; occasionally
used in wagon-building, for axe handles, etc.
192. Fraxinus Americana, L.
White Ash.
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southern Ontario to northern Minne-
sota, south to northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and
west to eastern Nebraska, Kansas, the Indian Territory, and the valley
of the Devil's River, Texas.
A large tree of the first economic value, 15 to 30 or, exceptionally, 42
metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; low, rich,
rather moist soil, reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of
the lower Ohio River Basin ; toward its western and southwestern limits
smaller, of less economic value, and generally replaced by the green ash
(^Fraxinus viridis). The form of western Texas (var. Texensis, Gray),
with smaller fruit, and generally 5 short, ovate leaflets, is a small tree,
with harder, heavier, and more compact wood.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, ultimately brittle, coarse-grained, compact ;
layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open
ducts, which in slowly grown specimens occupy nearly the entire width
of the annual rings ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, the
sap-wood much lighter, often nearly white ; largely used in the manufac-
ture of agricultural implements, carriages, handles, oars, and for interior
and cabinet work.
193. Fraxinus pubescens, Lam.
Eed Ash.
New Brunswick to southern Ontario and northern Minnesota, south to
northern Florida and central Alabama.
A tree 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60
metre in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in low ground ; com-
mon and reaching its greatest development in the north Atlantic States ;
62 OLEACE^. Fraxinus.
rare west of the Alleghany Mountains, probably not extending west of the
Mississippi River.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; medullary
rays numerous, thin ; color rich brown, the sap-wood light brown streaked
with yellow ; somewhat used as a substitute for the more valuable white
ash, with which it is often confounded.
1 94. Fraxinus viridis, Michx. f.
Green Ash.
Shores of Lake Champlain, Rhode Island and southward to northern
Florida, west to the valley of the Saskatchewan, the eastern ranges of the
Rocky Mountains of Montana, the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah, and the
ranges of eastern and northern Arizona.
A tree 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60
metre in diameter ; borders of streams or in low, rather moist soil ; at the
West confined to the bottom-lands of the large streams and to high moun-
tain canons. A form with 3 to 5 leaflets, common in Texas west of the
Colorado River and extending into Mexico, is var. Berlandieriana, Torr.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact,
satiny, containing numerous scattered small open ducts, the layers of
annual growth marked b}' several rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays
numerous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter.
195. Fraximis platycarpa, Michx.
Water Ash,
Southeastern Virginia, south near the coast to Cape Canaveral and the
Caloosa River, Florida, west through the Gulf States to the valley of the
Sabine River, Texas, and the Washita River, southwestern Arkansas ; in
the West Indies.
A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.30 metre in diameter ; deep river swamps.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, the
open ducts not conspicuous ; medullary rays few, obscure ; color nearly
white or sometimes tinged with yellow, the sap-wood lighter.
196. Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michx.
Blue Ash.
Southern Michigan to central Minnesota, south to northern Alabama,
and through Iowa and Missouri to northeastern Arkansas.
A tree 18 to 25 or, exceptionally, 37 metres in height, with a trunk
rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter; generally on limestone hills,
rarely extending to bottom-lands, and reaching its greatest development in
the basin of the lower Wabash River.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, satiny ;
layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to three rows of large
Privet. OLEACE.E. 63
open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light yellow
streaked with brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used for liooring, in
carriage-building, etc.
197. Fraxinus Oregana, Nutt.
Oregon Ash.
Shores of Puget Sound, south through Washington and Oregon west of
the eastern valleys of the Cascade Mountains, along the California Coast
Ranges to San Francisco Bay and the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada
to the San Bernardino and Hot Spring Mountains, California.
A tree sometimes 24 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.60 metre in diameter ; moist soil, generally along streams, and reaching
its greatest development on the bottom-lands of southwestern Oregon.
Wood light, hard, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact, contain-
ing many large open scattered ducts, the layers of annual growth strongly
marked with several rows" of similar ducts ; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter ; used in the manufacture of
furniture, for the frames of carriages and wagons, in cooperage, for
fuel, etc.
198. Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lam.
Black Ash. Hoop Ash. Ground Ash.
Southern Newfoundland and northern shores of the Gulf of Saint
Lawrence, southwesterly to the eastern shores of Lake Winnipeg, south
through the northern States to northern Delaware, the mountains of Vir-
ginia, southern Illinois, and northwestern Arkansas.
A tree 25 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in
diameter ; swamps and low river banks.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact,
durable, separating easily into thin layers ; layers of annual growth
strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color dark brown, the sap-wood light brown or often
nearly white ; largely used for interior finish, fencing, barrel-hoops, in
cabinet-making, and the manufacture of baskets.
199. Forestiera acuminata, Poir.
Privet
Southwestern Georgia, western Florida, through the Gulf States to
the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, and northward through Arkansas
to southern Missouri and southwestern Illinois.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.20 metre
in diameter ; borders of swamps and streams, in low, wet soil ; common
in the Gulf region, near the coast, and reaching its greatest development
in southern Arkansas.
64 BORRAGINACEiE.
Chionanthus.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medul-
lary rays numerous, thin, rather conspicuous ; color light yellow streaked
with brown ; the sap-wood lighter.
200. Chionanthus Virginica, L.
Fringe Tree. Old Ifan's Beard.
Southeastern Pennsylvania, south to Tampa Bay, Florida, and through
the Gulf States to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Brazos River,
Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre
in diameter ; generally along streams, in low, rich soil.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth
marked by several rows of large open ducts, connected as in that of Bw
melia by branching groups of similar ducts ; medullary rays numerous,
obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
. A decoction of the tonic and anti-periodic bark of the root is sometimes
employed in the treatment of intermittent fevers.
201. Osmanthus Americanus, Benth. & Hook.
Devil-wood.
Southern Virginia, south to Cape Canaveral a-nd Tampa Bay, Florida,
and through the Gulf States to eastern Louisiana, near the coast.
A small tree, 10 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30
metre in diameter ; borders of streams and pine-barren swamps, in moist,
rich soil.
Wood heavy, very hard and strong, close-grained, unwedgeable, diffi-
cult to work, containing many radiating groups of open cells parallel to
the thin obscure medullary rays ; color dark brown, the thick sap-wood
light brown or yellow.
BOBRAG-INACE^.
202. Cordia Sebestena, L.
Geiger Tree,
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; rare ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.06 to 0.08
metre in diameter ; rich hummock soil.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing few scat-
tered small open ducts ; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspic-
uous ; color dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow.
203. Cordia Boissieri, A. DC.
Texas, — valley of the Rio Grande, westward to New Mexico ; in
northern Mexico.
Catalpa. BIGNOXIACE^. 65
A small tree, rarely 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.12 to O.lo
metre in diameter, or more often reduced to a low shrub.
Wood light, rather soft, close-grained, compact, containing many smaP
scattered open ducts ; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous ;
color dark brown, the sap-wood light brown.
204. Bourreria Havanensis, Miers.
Strong Back,
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, 10 or, exceptionally, 15 metres in height, with a trunk
0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; the large specimens generally hollow and
defective. A form (generally shrubby in Florida) with scabrous or his-
pidulous leaves is var. radula^ Gray.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, suscep-
tible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color
brown streaked with orange, the sap-wood not distinguishable.
205. Ehretia elliptica, DC.
KnacJc-away. Anaqua.
Texas, — Corpus Christi to New Braunfels, and southward to the
valley of the lower Rio Grande.
A tree 10 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.50 metre
in diameter ; borders of streams, in rich loam, and reaching its greatest
development between the Guadalupe and Nueces Rivers.
Wood .heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, unwedge-
able, containing many small open ducts arranged in numerous concentric
rings within the layers of annual growth, these marked by several rows
of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the
sap-wood a little lighter.
BIGNONIACE^.
206. Catalpa bignonioides, Walt.
Oatalpa. Oatawba. Bean Tree. Cigar Tree, Indian Bean.
Southwestern Georgia, western Florida, and through central Alabama
and Mississippi.
A low, much-branched tree, 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk
0.50 to 0.75 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in rich
loam ; rare and local ; long cultivated for ornament, and now extensively
naturalized in the middle and southern Atlantic States.
Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, very durable in
contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by many
rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color
light brown, the thin sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ; used and
highly valued for fence-posts, rails, etc.
6
66 VERBENACE.E. Catalpa.
207. Catalpa speciosa, Warder.
Western Catalpa.
Southern Illinois and Indiana, western Kentucky and Tennessee to
southeastern Missouri and western Arkansas.
A tree 20 to 35 or, exceptionally, 4a metres in hei«^ht, with a trunk
1 to 2 metres in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, on rich bottom-
lands ; common and reaching its greatest development in the valley of the
lower Wabash River ; cultivated and now widely naturalized in southern
Arkansas, western Louisiana, and eastern Texas.
Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, very durable in
contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several
rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color
brown, the thin sap-wood lighter ; largely used for railway-ties, fence-
posts, rails, etc., and adapted for cabinet work and interior finish.
208. Chilopsis saligna, D. Don.
Desert Willow.
Valley of the Eio Grande, Texas, and west through southern New
Mexico and Arizona to southern California ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30
metre in diameter ; slopes and banks of depressions and water-courses in
the desert ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying, con-
taining many scattered small open ducts ; the layers of annual growth
marked by several rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, ob-
scure ; color brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood much lighter.
209. Crescentia cucurbitina, L.
Black Calabash-tree.
Semi-tropical Florida, — near Miami, and on Little River ; in the
West Indies.
A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 6 metres in height, with a
trunk 0.10 to 0.12 metre in diameter.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, containing many small
regularly distributed open ducts; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguish-
able ; color light brown tinged with orange, the sap-wood lighter.
YERBENACE^.
210. Citharexylum villosum, Jacq.
Fiddle-wood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; in the
West Indies and Mexico.
Coccoloba. NYCTAGINACE^. — POLYGON ACE/E. 67
A small tree, rarely exceeding in Florida 0 metres in height, with a
trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or north of Hay Hiscayne reduced
to a low much-branched shrub ; common and reacliing, witiiin the Uniu*d
States, its greatest development on the shores of Bay Biscayne, Lost
Man's River, etc.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, sus-
ceptible of a fine polish, containing numerous small regularly distributed
open ducts; color clear bright red, the sap-wood lighter.
211. Avicennia nitida, Jacq.
Black Mangrove. Black Tree. Black-wood.
Florida coast, — Saint Augustine to the southern keys, and Cedar
Keys to Cape Sable ; deltas of the Mississippi River ; through the West
Indies to Brazil.
A tree 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30 metre in
diameter, or, exceptionally, 20 to 23 metres in height, with a trunk 0.00
metre in diameter ; north of Mosquito Inlet reduced to a low shrub ;
common along saline shores and swamps, throwing up many leafless
corky stems, and forming, with the red mangrove (Rhizophora), impene-
trable thickets, or, more rarely, scattered and round-headed ; reaching its
greatest development, in the United States, on the west coast of Florida,
north of Cape Sable.
AVood very heavy, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact ; the eccentric
layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown or nearly black, the sap-
wood brown.
NYCTAGINACE^.
212. Pisonia obtusata, Sw.
Pigeon-wood. Beef-wood. Cork-wood. Pork-wood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; in the
West Indies.
A tree 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.45 metre in
diameter ; saline shores and beaches.
Wood heavy, rather soft, weak, coarse-grained, compact, containing
nnmerous large open ducts ; layers of annual growth and medullary rays
hardly distinguishable ; color yellow tinged with brown, the sap-wood
darker.
POLYG-ONACE^.
213. Coccoloba Floridana, Meisn.
Pigeon Plum.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, and
from Cape Romano to Cape Sable.
68 LAURACEiE. Coccoloba.
A tree 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in
diameter ; one of the lar<^est and most common trees of the resfion.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, brittle, very close-f^rained
inclined to check in drying, containing few small scattered open ducts ;
layers of annual growth and numerous medullary rays obscure ; color rich
dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; valuable and somewhat
used in cabinet-making.
214. Coccoloba uvifera, Jacq.
Sea Grape.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys, west
coast, Tampa Bay to Cape Sable ; through the West Indies to Brazil.
A low tree, rarely exceeding in Florida 4 metres in height, with a
gnarled, contorted trunk often 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or re-
duced to a low, generally prostrate shrub ; saline shores and beaches ;
common.
Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, inclined to check in dry-
ing, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing few scattered rather small
open ducts ; layers of annual growth and numerous medullary rays hardly
distinguishable ; color rich dark brown or violet, the sap-wood lighter ;
valuable for cabinet-making.
LAURACEJE.
215. Persea Carolinensis, Nees.
Hed Bay,
Virginia south to Bay Biscayne and Cape Romano, Florida, and
through the Gulf States to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Trin-
ity River, Texas, near the coast.
A tree 15 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to (3.90 metre in
diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in low, rich soil. A form
found near the coast from North Carolina to Alabama, well characterized
by its longer flower-stalks densely covered, as well as the young shoots
and under sides of the leaves, with a dense short brown tomentum, the
wood orange-colored streaked with brown, is var. palustris, Chapm.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact,
susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many evenly distributed open
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color bright red, the sap-w^ood
much lighter ; formerly somewhat used in ship-building, interior finish,
and for cabinet work.
216. Nectandra "Willdenoviana, Nees.
Lancewood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral and Cape Romano to the
southern keys ; in the West Indies and Central America.
UmhellulaHa LAU RACEME. 69
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.15 metre in diameter; common and reaching its greatest development,
in Florida, on the shores of Bay Biscayne and in the neighborhood o*"
Cape Romano.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking in drying, containing many
small regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ;
color rich dark brown, the sap-wood bright yellow.
217. Sassafras officinale, Nees.
Sassafras.
Eastern Massachusetts to southwestern Vermont, and west through
southern Ontario and central Michigan to southeastern Iowa, eastern
Kansas, and the Indian Territory ; south to middle Florida, and the val-
ley of the Brazos River, Texas.
A tree 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter, exceptionally, 24 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to
2.25 metres in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a small
tree or shrub; rich, sandy loam, reaching its greatest development in
southwestern Arkansas and the Indian Territory.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, very durable in
contact with the soil, slightly aromatic, checking in drying ; layers of
annual growth clearly marked with three or four rows of large open
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dull orange-brown, the thin
sap-wood light yellow ; used for light skiffs, ox-yokes, etc., and largely
for fence posts and rails, and in cooperage.
The root, and especially its bark, enters into commerce, affording a
powerful aromatic stimulant.
218. Umbellularia Californica, Nutt.
Mountain Laurel. California Laurel. Spice Tree. Cagiput.
California Olive. California Bay-tree.
Southwestern Oregon, south through the California Coast Ranges, and
along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
An evergreen tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to
1.80 metres in diameter, or toward its southern limits and at high eleva-
tions a small tree or shrub ; most common and reaching its greatest devel-
opment in the rich valleys of southwestern Oregon.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a
beautiful polish, containing numerous small regularly distributed open
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich light brown, the sap-
wood lighter ; used on the Oregon coast in ship-building, for jaws, bitts,
cleats, cross-trees, etc., and the most valuable material produced in the
Pacific forests for interior and cabinet work.
70 EUPHORBIACE^. — URTICACE^. Drypetes.
EUPHORBIACE^.
219. Diypetes crocea, Poit.
Guiana Plum. White-wood,
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys; in the
West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.17
metre in diameter. A little-known form (var. latifolia, Mull.) with whit-
ish warty branches, the calyx 5-parted, and more coriaceous leaves, should
perhaps be considered a distinct species {D. glauca, Nutt.).
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, checking in dry-
ing ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood
yellow.
220. Sebastiania lucida, MiilL
Crah-wood. Poison-wood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; common ;
in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20
metre in diameter ; the large specimens generally hollow and decayed.
Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a
beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color rich dark
brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood bright yellow ; now largely
manufactured into canes and furnishing valuable fuel.
221. Hippomane Mancinella, L.
Manchineel.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; common ; in the West Indies
and Central America.
A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 4 metres in height, with a
trunk 0.12 to 0.17 metre in diameter; abounding in white milky ex-
ceedingly caustic poisonous sap.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing numerous evenly
distributed small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color
dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow.
URTICACE^.
222. Ulmus crassifolia, Nutt.
Cedar Elm.
Southern Arkansas, and Texas to the valley of the Rio Grande.
A tree 18 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter, or toward its southern or southwestern limits much smaller;
Ulmus. URTICACE.E. 71
borders of streams, in rich soil ; one of tlie most common and valuable
timber-trees of Texas west of the Trinity River, and reaching its greatest
development in the valleys of the Guadalupe and Trinity Rivers.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact ;
layers of annual growth and medullary rays obscure ; marked, in common
with that of all the North American species, by concentric circles of irregu-
larly arranged groups of small oj)en ducts ; color light brown tinged with
red, the heavier sap-wood lighter ; used in the manufacture of wagon-
hubs, saddle-trees, chairs, etc., and very largely for fencing.
223. Ulmus falva, Michx.
Red Elm. Slippery Elm. Moose Elm.
Valley of the lower Saint Lawrence River to northern Dakota, south
to northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of
the San Antonio River, Texas.
A tree 15 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre in
diameter ; borders of streams and hillsides in rich soil.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, durable in con-
tact with the ground, splitting readily when green ; layers of annual growth
clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays nu-
merous, thin ; color dark brown or red, the thin sap-wood lighter ; largely
used for wheel-stock, fence-posts, rails, railway-ties, sills, etc.
The inner bark mucilaginous, nutritious, and extensively used in various
medicinal preparations.
224. Ulmus Americana, L.
White Elm. American Elm. Water Elm.
Southern Newfoundland to the northern shores of Lake Superior and
the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, in about latitude 52° N. ; south
to Cape Canaveral and Pease Creek, Florida, extending west in the United
States to the Black Hills of Dakota, central Nebraska, the Indian Territory,
and the valley of the Rio Concho, Texas.
A large tree, 30 to 35 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 2.70 metres
in diameter ; rich, moist soil, borders of streams, etc. ; toward its western
and southwestern limits only on bottom-lands.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, diffi-
cult to split ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of
large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the
sap-wood somewhat lighter; largely used for wheel-stock, saddle-trees,
flooring, in cooperage, and in boat and ship building.
225. Ulmus racemosa, Thomas.
Rock Elm. Cork Elm. Hickory Elm. White Elm. Cliff Elm.
Southwestern Vermont, through western New York, Ontario, and
southern Michigan to northeastern Iowa, and south throuirh Ohio to
central Kentucky.
72 URTICACEiE. Uimus.
A large tree, 20 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90
metre in diameter ; low, wet clay, rich uplands or rocky declivities and
river cliffs ; common and reaching its greatest development in southern
Ontario and the southern peninsula of Michigan.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, tough, very close-grained, compact,
susceptible of a beautiful polish ; layers of annual growth marked with
one or two rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ;
color light clear brown often tinged with red, the thick sap-wood much
lighter ; largely used in the manufacture of heavy agricultural implements,
wheel-stock, and for railway-ties, bridge-timbers, sills, etc.
226. Ulmus alata, Michx.
Wahoo. Winged Elm.
Southern Virginia, south through the middle districts to western
Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Trinity River,
Texas, extending north through the eastern portions of the Indian Terri-
tory, Arkansas, and southern Missouri to southern Indiana and Illinois.
A small tree, 7 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre
in diameter ; generally in dry, gravelly soil, or rarely along the borders of
swamps and bottom-lands ; most common and reaching its greatest devel-
opment in southern Missouri and Arkansas.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, unwedge-
able ; medullary rays distant, not conspicuous ; color brown, the sap-wood
lighter largely used for hubs, blocks, etc.
227. Planera aquatica, Gmel.
Valley of the Cape Fear River, North Carolina, south to western
Florida, and through central Alabama and Mississippi to western Lou-
isiana and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, extending north
through Arkansas and southern Missouri to central Kentucky and
southern Illinois.
A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre
in diameter ; cold, deep, inundated river-swamps ; rare in the Atlantic and
eastern Gulf States ; very common and reaching its greatest development
in western Louisiana and southern Arkansas.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, containing few
scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown,
the sap-wood nearly white.
228. Celtis occidentalis, L.
Sugar-berry. Hachherry.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence River, west to eastern Dakota, south
through the Atlantic region to Bay Biscayne and Cape Romano, Florida,
and the valley of the Devil's River, Texas.
Ficus. URTICACE^. 73
A large tree, 18 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 to 39 metres in height,
with a trunk 0.60 to 1.50 metres in diameter; most common and reaching
its greatest development in tlie Mississippi River basin ; rich bottoms or
dry hillsides; sometimes reduced to a low shrub (CI pumilu), and varying
greatly in the size, shape, and texture of the leaves ( C. Mississippiensis
Icevigata, integrifolia, crassifolia, etc.) ; the extremes connected by innu-
merable intermediate forms, which, thus considered, make one poly-
morphous species of wide geographical range. A form witli small thick
coriaceous leaves with prominent reticulated veins, found from western
Texas to southern California, and through the Rocky Mountains to east-
ern Oregon is var. reticulata, Sargent.
Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, satiny,
susceptible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by
several rows of large open ducts, containing many small groups of smaller
ducts arranged in intermediate concentric rings ; medullary rays numer-
ous, thin; color clear light yellow, the sap-wood lighter; largely used for
fencing and occasionally in the manufacture of cheap furniture.
229. Ficus aurea, Nutt.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Indian River to the southern keys.
A large parasitic tree, germinating on the trunks and branches of other
trees, and sending down to the ground long aerial roots, which gradually
grow together, kill the enclosed tree, and form a trunk sometimes 0.90 to
1.20 metres in diameter.
Wood exceedingly light, soft, very weak, coarse-grained, compact, not
durable ; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable ; color light brown,
the sap-wood lighter.
230. FicTis brevifolia, Nutt.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys.
A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.30 metre in diameter.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing few large open
scattered ducts, and many groups of much smaller ducts arranged in con-
centric circles ; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color light
brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter.
231. Ficus pedunculata, Ait.
Wild Fig. India-rubber Tree.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; in the
West Indies.
A tree sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.50 metre in diameter ; often branched from the ground ; rare.
Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact, containing many large
open scattered ducts, with many groups of small ducts arranged in con-
74 URTICACE.E. Morus.
centric circles ; medulliiry rays numerous, obscure ; color light orange
brown, the sap-wood undistinguishable.
232. Morus rubra, L.
JR,ed Mulberry,
Western New England and Long Island, New York, west through
southern Ontario and central Michigan to the Black Hills of Dakota,
eastern Nebraska and Kansas ; south to Bay Biscay ne and Cape Romano,
Florida, and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas.
A large tree, 18 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20
metres in diameter ; generally on rich bottom-lands ; most common and
reaching its greatest development in the basins of the lower Ohio and the
Mississippi Rivers.
Wood light, soft, not strong, rather tough, coarse-grained, compact,
very durable in contact with the soil, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ;
layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light orange-yellow^, the sap-
wood lighter ; largely used in fencing, cooperage, for snaths, and at the
South in ship and boat building.
The large dark purple fruit sweet and edible.
233. Morus microphylla, Buckley.
Mexican Mulberry.
Valley of the Colorado River, through western Texas to 'the valley of
the Gila River, New Mexico ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 7 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30
metre in diameter, or often reduced to a low shrub ; most common and
reaching its greatest development in the mountain caiions of southern
New Mexico.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth
marked by several rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color orange or, rarely, dark brown, the sap-wood light yellow.
The small acid fruit hardly edible.
234. Madura aurantiaca, Nutt.
Osage Orange. Bois d'Arc.
Southwestern Arkansas, southeastern portions of the Indian Territory,
and southward into northern Texas.
A tree sometimes 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely
exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter; rich bottom-lands ; most common and
reaching its greatest development along the valley of the Red River in
the Indian Territory ; extensively planted for hedges, especially in the
Western States.
Plutanus. PLATANACEiE. 75
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, flexible, close-grained,
compact, very durable in contact with the ground, satiny, susceptible of a
beautiful polish, containing numerous small open ducts ; layers of annual
growth clearly marked witli broad bands of larger ducts ; medullary rays
thin, numerous, conspicuous ; color bright orange, turning brown with
exposure, the sap-wood light yellow ; largely used for fence-posts, paving-
blocks, railway-ties, and wheel-stock.
PLATANACE^.
235. Platanus occidentalis, L.
Sycamore. Buttonwood. Button-ball Tree. Water Beech.
Southern Maine and southeastern New Hampshire to northern Ver-
mont and the northern shores of Lakes Ontario and Erie, west to eastern
Nebraska and Kansas ; south to northern Florida, central Alabama, and
Mississippi, and southwest to the valley of the Devil's River, Texas.
The largest tree of the Atlantic forests, often 30 to 40 metres in height,
with a trunk 2.40 to 4.20 metres in diameter ; borders of streams and
bottom-lands, in rich, moist soil ; very common and reaching its greatest
development in the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers ; the large
specimens generally hollow.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, difficult to
split and work ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by broad bands
of small ducts ; the numerous medullary rays very conspicuous, as in that
of all the North American species ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-
wood lighter ; largely used for tobacco boxes, ox-yokes, butchers' blocks,
and, rarely, in the manufacture of cheap furniture.
236. Platanus racemosa, Nutt.
Sycamore. Buttonwood.
California, — valley of the Sacramento River, south through the in-
terior valleys and Coast Ranges to the southern boundary of the State.
A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20
metres in diameter ; borders of streams, in rich soil.
Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, difficult to
split ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by narrow bands of small
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown tinged
with red, the sap-wood lighter.
237. Platanus Wrightii, Watson.
Sycamore.
Valleys of southwestern New Mexico to the valley of the San Pedro
River, Arizona ; in northern Mexico.
76 JUGLANDACE^. Juglans.
A tree sometimes 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60
metre in diameter ; banks of streams and high mountain canons.
Wood light, soft, weak, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual
growth clearly marked by several rows of open ducts ; medullary rays
numerous, thin, very conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the
sap-wood lighter.
JUGLANDACE-^.
238. Juglans cinerea, L.
Butternut. White Walnut.
Southern New Brunswick, valley of the Saint Lawrence River,
Ontario and southern Michigan to northern Minnesota and central Iowa ;
south to Delaware, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern
Georgia, central Alabama and Mississippi, northern Arkansas, and south-
eastern Kansas.
A tree 18 to 24 or, exceptionally, 30 to 35 metres in height, with a
trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; rich woodlands ; rare at the south ;
most common and reaching its greatest development in the Ohio River
basin.
Wood light, soft, not strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, easily
worked, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous
regularly distributed large open ducts ; medullary rays distant, thin,
obscure ; color bright light brown, turning dark with exjDosure, the sap-
wood lighter ; largely used for interior finish, cabinet work, etc.
The inner bark, especially that of the root, is employed medicinally as
a mild cathartic, and furnishes a yellow dye.
239. Juglans nigra, L.
Black Walnut.
Western Massachusetts, west along the southern shores of Lake Erie
through southern Michigan to southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, and
eastern Kansas, south to western Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi,
and the valley of the San Antonio River, Texas.
A large tree, often 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to
3 metres in diameter ; rich bottom-lands and hillsides ; most common and
reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the southern
Alleghany Mountains and in the rich bottoms of southwestern Arkansas
and the Indian Territory ; less common east of the Alleghany Mountains,
and now everywhere scarce.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather coarse-grained, liable to check if not
carefully seasoned, easily worked, susceptible of a beautiful polish, durable
in contact with the soil, containing numerous large regularly distributed
open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, not conspicuous ; color rich
Carn/a. JUGLANDACE^. 77
(lark brown, the thin sap-wood much lighter ; more generally used in
cabinet-making, interior finish, and for gun-stocks, than that of any other
North American tree.
240. Juglans nipestris, Engelm.
Walnut.
Valley of the upper Colorado River, west through western Texas,
southern New Mexico and Arizona, between 5,000 and 7,000 feet eleva-
tion, and in the California Coast Ran«jes from the San Bernardino Moun-
tains to San Francisco Bay and the valley of the Sacramento River.
A tree rarely 15 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90
metre in diameter, reaching its greatest development near its northern
limits in California ; in Texas generally reduced to a low, much-branched
shrub ; borders of streams and mountain canons, in rich soil.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, coarse-grained, checking in drying, sus-
ceptible of a good polish, containing numerous regularly distributed large
open ducts ; medullary rays distant, thin, obscure ; color rich dark brown,
the sap-wood lighter.
The small nuts sweet and edible.
241. Carya olivoeformis, Nutt.
Pecan. Illinois Nut.
Southeastern Iowa, southern Illinois and Indiana, northwestern Ken-
tuckv, south and southwest throu£rh Missouri and Arkansas to eastern
Kansas, the Indian Territory, western Louisiana, and Texas to the valley
of the Concho River.
A tree 30 to 52 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 metres in
diameter ; borders of streams, in low, rich soil ; very common and reach-
ing its greatest development on the bottom-lands of Arkansas and the
Indian Territory ; the largest species of the genus, and the largest and
most important tree of western Texas.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers
of annual growth marked by one or two rows of large open ducts ;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with red ; the
sap-wood lighter brown ; less valuable than the wood of the other species,
and hardly used except for fuel.
The sweet edible nuts are collected in great quantities, affording an
important article of commerce.
242. Carya alba, Nutt.
Shell-hark Hickory. Shag-hark Hickory.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence River, northern shores of Lakes On-
tario and Erie to southern Michigan and southeastern Minnesota, south
to western Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and west to eastern
Kansas, the Indian Territory, and eastern Texas.
78 JUGLANDACEJE. Carya,
A large tree, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 39 to 45 metres in height,
with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter; rich hillsides and sandy
ridges ; common, and reaching its greatest development west of the
Alleghany Mountains ; varying greatly in the size and shape of the fruit.
A form with small, thin-shelled nuts (C. microcarpa^ Nutt.) is not rare
from Delaware southward, and in Michigan.
Wood heavy, very hard and strong, tough, close-grained, compact,
flexible ; layers of annual growth clearly marked with one to three rows
of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown, the
thin and more valuable sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in the manu-
facture of agricultural implements, carriages, axe-handles, baskets, etc.
The sweet and edible nuts afford an important article of commerce.
243. Carya sulcata, Nutt.
Big Skellrharh. Bottom Shell-hark,
Chester County, Pennsylvania, west to southern Indiana and Illinois,
eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory.
A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 37 metres in height, with a trunk
0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter; bottom-lands, in low, rich soil ; rare and
local ; most common and reaching its greatest development in southern
Arkansas and the Indian Territory.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong and tough, very close-grained, compact,
flexible ; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of large
open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark brown, the
sap-wood nearly white ; used for the same purposes as that of the shell-
bark hickory.
The large nuts sweet and edible.
244. Carya tomentosa, Nutt.
Mocker-nut. Black Hickory. Bull nut. Big-hud Hickory. White-
heart Hickory. King nut.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence River, northern shores of Lakes Ontario
and Erie to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory,
south to Cape Canaveral and Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of the
Brazos River, Texas.
A tree 24 to 33 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in
diameter ; generally on rich hillsides; less commonly on low, river bottom-
lands ; very common in the Gulf States, and the most generally distributed
species of the genus in the South.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, checking in
drying, flexible, containing few large regularly distributed open ducts ;
medullary rays numerous, thin, obscure ; color rich dark brown, the thick
sap-wood nearly white ; used for the same purposes as that of the shell-
bark hickory.
Carya. JUGLANDACEiE. 79
245. Carya porcina, Nutt.
Pig-nut. Brown Hickory. Black Hickory. Switch-hud Hickory.
Southern Maine to southern Ontario, southern Mielii^'an and Miin^e-
sota to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and tlie Indian Territory, soutli
to Cape Canaveral and Pease Creek, Florida, and the valley of the Nueces
River, Texas.
A tree 24 to 40 metres in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 1.50 metres in
diameter ; dry hills and uplands ; common.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong and tough, flexible, close-grained, check-
ing in drying, containing many large open ducts ; color dark or light brown,
the thick sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ; used for the same purposes
as that of the shell-bark hickory.
246. Carya amara, Nutt.
Bitter-nut. Swamp Hickory.
Southern Maine to the valley of the Saint Lawrence River, west
throuirh Ontario, central Michiijan and Minnesota to eastern Nebraska,
eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory, south to western Florida and
the valley of the Trinity River, Texas.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in low ground, or often on dry,
rich uplands.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough, close-grained, checking in dry-
ing ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark brown, the thick
sap-wood light brown, or often nearly white ; largely used for hoops,
ox-yokes, etc.
247. Carya myristicaeformis, Nutt.
Nutmeg Hickory.
South Carolina, near the coast; Arkansas, from the Arkansas River
to the Red River Valley.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; sandy ridges, borders of streams and swamps ; rare and very
local in South Carolina ; more common and reaching its greatest develop-
ment in southern Arkansas.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong and tough, close-grained, compact, con-
taining numerous small open ducts ; layers of annual growth marked by
one or two rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, not
conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
248. Carya aquatica, Nutt.
Water Hickory. Swamp Hickory. Bitter Pecan.
North Carolina, south near the coast to Cape Malabar and the Caloosa
River, Florida (in Florida not detected within 8 to 10 miles of the coast),
80 MYRICACEiE. — CUPULTFER.E. Myrlca.
through the Gulf States to western Louisiana, northeastern Arkansas, and
the valley of the Brazos River, Texas.
A tree 18 to 21 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter, or generally much smaller ; low river swamps ; most common
and reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of the lower
Mississippi and Yazoo Rivers.
Wood heavy, soft, strong, rather brittle, very close-grained, compact,
containing few scattered open ducts ; layers of annual growth less clearly
marked than in the other species of the genus ; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color dark brown, the sap-wood light, often nearly white ; used for
fencing, fuel, etc.
MYRICACE^.
249. Myrica cerifera, L.
Bayherry. Wax Myrtle.
Shores of Lake Erie ; coast of Maine, and south near the coast to the
Florida keys and southern Alabama.
A tree sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre
in diameter, or, except in the Southern States, a low much-branched shrub ;
usually on sandy beaches and dry hillsides, reaching its greatest develop-
ment on the bottoms and rich hummocks of the Georgia and Florida coasts.
Wood light, soft, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact ; medullary
rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown, the sap-wood lighter.
The leaves and stimulant and astringent bark of the roots are some-
times employed by herbalists. The wax which covers the small globular
fruit was formerly largely collected and made into candles, and now,
under the name of myrtle wax, is a popular remedy in the treatment of
dysentery.
250. Myrica Californica, Cham.
Cape Foulweather, Oregon, south near the coast to the Bay of Mon-
terey, California.
A small evergreen tree, rarely exceeding 9 metres in height, with a
trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced
to a low shrub ; sandy beaches and gravelly hillsides.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact ;
medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color light rose, the sap-
wood lighter.
CUPULIFERJE.
251. Quercus alba, L.
White Oah
Northern Maine, valley of the Saint Lawrence River, Ontario, lower
peninsula of Michigan to southeastern Minnesota, south to the Saint
Quercus. CUPULIFERiE. 81
John's River and Tampa Bay, Florida, west to western Missouri, western
Arkansas, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas.
A large tree, 24 to 45 metres in height, witii a trunk 1.20 to 2.40
metres in diameter ; all soils ; very common, and reaching its greatest
development along the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains and
in the valley of the Ohio River and its triljutaries, where it often forms
a large portion of the forest growth.
Wood strong, very heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, liable to check
unless carefully seasoned, durable in contact with the soil ; layers of an-
nual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts ;
medullary rays broad, prominent ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter
brown ; largely used in ship-building, construction of all sorts, cooperage,
in the manufacture of carriages, agricultural implements, and baskets, and
for railway-ties, fencing, interior finish, cabinet-making, fuel, etc.
252. Quercus lobata, Nee.
White Oak. Weeping Oak.
California west of the Sierra Nevadas, from the valley of the upper
Sacramento River, south through the foot-hills and interior valleys to the
San Bernardino Mountains.
The largest of the Pacific oaks, often 30 metres in height, with a trunk
0.90 to 2.40 metres in diameter ; very common through the central part
of the State.
Wood moderately hard, fine-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth
marked by a few large open ducts and containing few smaller ducts ar-
ranged in lines parallel to the broad conspicuous medullary rays ; color
light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; considered of little economic value,
and only used for fuel.
253. Quercus Garryana, Doug.
White Oak.
Vancouver's Island, shores of Puget Sound, south throuijh western
Washington, Oregon, and California to San Francisco Bay ; in Washington
and Oregon extending to the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains.
A tree 21 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 metre in
diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a low shrub ; dry, gravelly soil ;
common.
Wood strong, hard, that of the young trees tough, close-grained, com-
pact ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of open ducts ;
medullary rays, varying greatly in width, often conspicuous ; color light
brown or j^ellow, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ; somewhat used
for carriage and cooperage stock, in cabinet-making, ship-building, and very
largely for fuel ; the best substitute for Eastern white oak produced in the
Pacific forests.
6
82 CUPULIFER.E. Quercus.
254. Quercus obtusiloba, Michx.
Post Oak. Iron Oak.
Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, south to northern Florida, west
through southern Ontario and Michigan to eastern Nebraska, eastern
Kansas, and the Indian Territory, reaching the one hundredth meridian
in central Texas.
A tree rarely exceeding 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50
metres in diameter, or on the Florida coast reduced to a low shrub (var.
parvifoUa, Chapm.) ; dry, gravelly uplands, clay barrens, or in the South-
west on Cretaceous formations ; the most common and widely distributed
oak of the Gulf States west of the Mississippi Eiver.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, checking badly in drying,
very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth marked by
one to three rows of not large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous,
conspicuous ; color dark or light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely
used, especially in the Southwest, for fencing, railway-ties, and fuel, and
somewhat for carriage stock, cooperage, construction, etc.
255. Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii, Engelm.
Scrub Oak.
Mountain region of western Texas and New Mexico to the Santa
Catalina and San Francisco Mountains, Arizona, eastern slopes of the
Rocky Mountains of Colorado north to the valley of the Platte River,
and on the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah.
A small tree, rarely 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60
metre in diameter, or often a low shrub spreading from underground shoots
and forming dense thickets, reaching its greatest development on the high
mountains of southern New Mexico and Arizona ; the large specimens
generally hollow and defective.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, that of young trees quite tough, close-
grained, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by
few not large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color
rich dark brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used for fuel ; and in Utah
the bark in tanning.
The typical Q. undulata, Torr., of the central Rocky Mountain region
does not attain arborescent size and habit.
256. Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.
Bur Oak. Mossy-cup Oak. Over-cup Oak.
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, northern shores of Lake Huron to Lake
Winnipeg, south to the valley of the Penobscot River, Maine, and along
the shores of Lake Champlain and the valley of the Ware River, Massa-
chusetts, to Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, west to the eastern foot-hills
of the Rocky Mountains of Montana, central Nebraska and Kansas, south-
west to the Indian Territory and the valley of the Nueces River, Texas.
Quercus. CUPULTFERiE. 83
A large tree of the first economic value, 24 to 50 metres in height, with
a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 metres in diameter ; rich bottoms and prairies ; in the
prairie region the principal growth of the " oak openings," and extending
farther west and northwest than any oak of the Atlantic forests.
Wood heavy, strong, hard, tough, close-grained, compact, more durable
in contact with the soil than that of other American oaks ; layers of an-
nual growth marked by one to three rows of small open ducts ; medullary
rays often broad and conspicuous ; color dark or rich light brown, the sap-
wood much lighter; generally confounded with white oak {Q. alba), and
employed for the same purposes.
257. Qnercus lyrata, Walt.
Over-cup Oak. Swamp Post Oak. Water White Oak.
North Carolina, south near the coast to western Florida, west through
Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana to the valley of the Trinity River,
Texas, and through Arkansas and southeastern Missouri to middle Ten-
nessee, southern Indiana and Illinois.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; deep, often submerged river-swamps ; rare in the Atlantic
States ; more common and reaching its greatest development in the valley
of the Red River, in Arkansas and Texas.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, very durable in contact with the
ground, close-grained, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual
growth marked by one to three rows of large open ducts ; medullary
rays broad, numerous, conspicuous ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood
much lighter ; used for the same purposes as that of the white oak ( Q.
alba).
258. Qnerciis bicolor, Willd.
Swamp White Oak.
Southern Maine, valley of the upper Saint Lawrence River, Ontario,
southern peninsula of Michigan to southeastern Iowa and western Mis-
souri, south to Delaware, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern
Georgia, northern Kentucky, and northern Arkansas.
A large tree, 24 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 3 metres
in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in deep alluvial soil ; com-
mon and reaching its greatest development in the region south of the
great lakes.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, inclined to check in
seasoning ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of large
open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color light brown, the
sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; used for the same purposes as that of
the white oak (Q. alba).
84 CUPULTFERiE. Quercus.
259. Quercus Michaiixii, Nutt.
Basket Oak. Cow Oak,
Delaware, south through the lower and middle districts to northern
Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Trinity River, Texas,
and through Arkansas and southeastern Missouri to central Tennessee
and Kentucky, and southern Illinois and Indiana.
A tree 24 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 metres in
diameter ; borders of streams and deep, often submerged swamps ; the
common and most valuable white oak of the Gulf States, reaching its
greatest development on the rich bottom-lands of southeastern Arkansas
and Louisiana.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, tough, close-grained, compact, very
durable in contact with the soil, easily split ; layers of annual growth
marked by few rather large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicu-
ous ; color light brown, the sap-wood darker ; largely used in the manu-
facture of agricultural implements, wheel-stock, baskets, for which it is
unsurpassed, for cooperage, fencing, construction, and fuel.
The large sweet edible acorns are eagerly devoured by cattle and other
animals.
260. Quercus Prinus, L.
Chestnut Oak. JRock Chestnut Oa:k.
Eastern Massachusetts, west to the shores of Lake Champlain, shores
of Quinte Bay, Ontario, and the valley of the Genesee River, New York,
south to Delaware, and through the Alleghany Mountain region to north-
ern Alabama, extending west to central Kentucky and Tennessee.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in
diameter ; rocky banks and hillsides ; very common and reaching its great-
est development in the southern Alleghany region, here often forming a
large proportion of the forest growth.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather tough, close-grained, inclined to check
in drying, durable in contact with the soil, containing few open ducts ;
medullary rays very broad, conspicuous ; color dark brown, the sap-wood
lighter ; largely used in fencing, for railway-ties, etc.
The bark, rich in tannin, is largely used in preference to that of the
other white oaks in tanning leather.
261. Quercus prinoides, Willd.
Yellow Oak. Chestnut Oak. CJiinquapin Oak.
Eastern Massachusetts, shores of Lake Champlain, west along the
northern shores of Lakes Ontario and Erie, through southern Michigan
to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory ; south to
Delaware and through the Alleghany region to northern Alabama and
Mississippi, extending southwest to the Guadalupe Mountains, Texas.
Quercus. CUPULIFER^. 86
A tree 24 to 39 metres in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 0.90 metre in
diameter {Q. Muhlenbergii) , or often, especially toward the eastern and
western limits of its range, reduced to a low, slender shrub {Q. prinoides ;
Q. PrinuSj var. humilis, Marsh. ; Q. Prinus, var. Chincapin^ Michx. f.) ;
dry hillsides and low, rich bottoms ; rare, except as a shrub, east of the
Alle<diany Mountains ; very common in the Mississippi River basin, and
reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, close-grained, checking badly in dry-
in"-, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth marked
by rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color
dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter ; used for cooperage, wheel-stock,
fencing, railway-ties, etc.
The small acorns sweet and edible.
262. Quercus Douglasii, Hook. & Am.
^fountain White Oak. Blue Oak.
California, — from about latitude 39°, south along the western foot-
hills of the Sierra Nevadas below 4,000 feet elevation, and through the
Coast Ranges to the San Gabriel Mountains.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk O.CO to 1.20 metres in
diameter ; common on the low foot-hills of the Sierras.
Wood very hard, heavy, strong, brittle, inclined to check in drying ;
layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts, and
containing many scattered groups of smaller ducts ; medullary rays nu-
merous, varying greatly in width ; color dark brown, becoming nearly
black with exposure, the thick sap-wood light brown.
263. Quercus oblonglfolia, Torr.
White Oak.
California, — foot-hills of the San Gabriel Mountains to San Diego
County ; foot-hills of the mountain ranges of southern Arizona and New
Mexico ; in northern Mexico.
A small evergreen tree, 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to
O.GO metre in diameter ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective.
Wood very heavy, hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, checking
badly in drying ; layers of annual growth hardly distinguishable, contain-
ing few small open ducts arranged in many groups parallel to the broad
and very conspicuous medullary rays ; color very dark brown or almost
black, the thick sap-wood brown ; of little economic value except as fuel.
264. Quercus grisea, Liebm.
White Oak.
Southern Colorado, mountains of western Texas, southern New Mexico
and Arizona between 5,000 and 10,000 feet elevation, west to the Colorado
desert of California ; in northern Mexico.
86 CUPULIFER^. Quercus.
A tree 15 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60
metre in diameter, or reduced to a low, much-branched shrub ; a poly-
morphous species, varying greatly in habit and in the shape and texture
of the leaves, but apparently well characterized by its connate cotyledons ;
the large specimens generally hollow and defective.
Wood very heavy, strong, hard, close-grained, checking badly in dry-
ing ; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of small open
ducts, these connected by rows of similar ducts parallel to the numerous
conspicuous medullary rays ; color very dark brown, the thick sap-wood
much lighter.
265. Quercus reticulata, Humb. & Bonp.
Southeastern Arizona, — San Francisco, and Santa Rita Mountains
between 7,000 and 10,000 feet elevation ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre
in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, con-
taining many small scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, very
broad ; color dark brown, the sap-wood lighter.
266. Quercus Durandii, Buckley.
Central Alabama ; western and southern Texas.
A tree 21 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in
diameter ; rich bottom-lands, or dry slopes and limestone hills, then re-
duced to a low shrub forming dense, impenetrable thickets of great
extent ( Q. San-Saheana) ; very rare and local in Alabama ; the common
and most valuable white oak of western Texas.
Wood very heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, inclined to
check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by few large open
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color brown, the sap-wood
lighter ; used for the same purposes as that of the white oak (^Q. alba).
267. Quercus virens, Ait.
Live Oak.
Southern Virginia, south along the coast to Bay Biscayne and Cape
Romano, Florida, along the Gulf Coast to Mexico, extending through
western Texas to the valley of the Red River, the Apache and Guadalupe
Mountains, and the mountains of northern Mexico south of the Rio
Grande, here between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation ; in Costa Rica.
An evergreen tree, 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 1.50 to
2.10 metres in diameter, or in the interior of Texas much smaller and
often shrubby ; on the coast, on rich hummocks and ridges, a few feet
above water-level ; common and reaching its greatest development in the
south Atlantic States.
Quercus. CUPULIFER^. 87
Wood very heavy, hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, compact,
diflicult to work, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; layers of annual growth
obscure, often hardly distinguishable, containing many small open duc*«
arranged in short broken rows parallel to the broad conspicuous medullary
rays ; color light brown or yellow, the sap-wood nearly white ; formerly
very largely and now occasionally used in ship-building.
268. Quercus chrysolepis, Liebm.
Live Oak. Maul Oak. Valparaiso Oak.
Southwestern Oregon, south through the California Coast Ranges
and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino
Mountains between 3,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, and south into Lower
California ; southeastern Arizona, San Francisco and Santa Cataliua
Mountains.
An evergreen tree, 18 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes
1.50 metres in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a low narrow-
leaved shrub (var. vaccinifoHa, Engelm.).
Wood heavy, very strong and hard, tough, close-grained, compact,
difficult to work, containing many rather small open ducts arranged in
wide bands parallel to the broad conspicuous medullary rays ; color light
brown, the sap-wood darker ; somewhat used in the manufacture of agri-
cultural implements, wagons, etc. ; the most valuable oak of the Pacific
forests.
269. Qnercus Emoryi, Torr.
Black Oak.
Western Texas, and through the mountain ranges of southern New
Mexico and eastern and southern Arizona.
A tree 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in
diameter, or toward its eastern limits in Texas reduced to a low shrub ;
common and reaching its greatest development in southwestern New
Mexico and southern Arizona near streams in open caiions between 5,000
and 7,000 feet elevation ; dry, gravelly soil, the large specimens hollow
and defective.
Wood very heavy, not hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ;
layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts,
these connected by narrow groups of similar ducts parallel to the broad
conspicuous medullary rays ; color dark brown or almost black, the thick
sap-wood bright brown tinged with red.
270. Quercus agrifolia, Nee.
Coast Live Oak. Enceno.
California, — Mendocino County, south through the valleys of the
Coast Ranges to Lower California.
88
CUPULIFERiE.
Quercus.
A large evergreen tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20
to 2.10 metres in diameter, or, rarely, reduced to a low shrub {vnr frutes-
cens, Engelm.) ; rare at the North ; common south of San Francisco Bay,
and the largest and most generally distributed oak in the extreme south-
western part of the State ; dry slopes and ridges.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of
annual growth hardly distinguishable, containing many large open ducts
arranged in several rows parallel to the broad conspicuous medullary
rays ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood darker brown ; of little
value except as fuel.
271. Quercus Wislizeni, A. DC.
Live Oak.
California, — Mount Shasta region, south along the western slopes of
the Sierra Nevadas to Tulare County, and in the Coast Ranges south to
the Santa Lucia Mountains.
An evergreen tree, 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to
1.80 metres in diameter, or toward its northeastern limits reduced to a low
shrub (var. frutescens^ Engelm.) ; not common.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, compact, containing
numerous large open ducts arranged in irregular bands parallel to the
broad conspicuous medullary rays ; color light brown tinged with red,
the sap-wood lighter.
272. Quercus rubra, L.
Red Oak. Black Oak.
Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick to eastern Minnesota, western
Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory ; south to northern Florida,
southern Alabama and Mississippi, and the Limpia Mountains, western
Texas.
A large tree, 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10
metres in diameter ; very common in all soils and extending farther north
than any other Atlantic oak. The form of western Texas, with smaller
acorns and deeper cups, and more deeply divided leaves, the wood heavier,
harder, and more compact, is var. Texana^ Buckley.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, inclined to check in drying ;
layers of annual growth marked by several rows of very large open
ducts ; medullary rays few, conspicuous ; color light brown or red, the sap-
wood somewhat darker ; now largely used for clapboards, cooperage, and
somewhat for interior finish, in the manufacture of chairs, etc.
273. Quercus coccinea, Wang.
Scarlet Oak.
Southern Maine to northern New York, Ontario, northern Michigan
and Minnesota, eastern Iowa and northeastern Missouri, south to Delaware
Quercus. CUPULIFERiE. 89
and southern Tennessee, and through the Alleghany region to northern
Florida.
A tree 30 to 54 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.6'>
to 1.20 metres in diameter; at the East, in dry, sandy soil or, less com-
monly, in rich, deep loam ; in the Northwest, with Q. macrocarpa, form-
ing the oak-opening growth ; not common, and reaching its greatest
development in the basin of the lower Ohio River.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained ; layers of annual growth
strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays
thin, conspicuous ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood rather darker ;
if used at all, confounded with that of Q. rubra.
274. QnercTis tinctoria, Bartram.
Black Oak. Yellow-bark Oak. Quercitron Oak. Yellow Oak.
Southern Maine to northern Vermont, Ontario and soutLern Minne-
sota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory, south
to western Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, and eastern Texas.
A large tree, 36 to 48 metres in height, wdth a trunk 0.90 to 1.80
metres in diameter ; generally on dry. or gravelly uplands ; very common.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, not tough, coarse-grained, liable to check
in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of very large
open ducts ; color bright brown tinged with red, the sap-wood much
lighter ; somewhat used in cooperage and for construction, etc.
The bark largely used in tanning ; the intensely bitter inner bark
yields a valuable yellow dye, and is occasionally used medicinally in the
form of decoctions, etc., in the treatment of hemorrhage.
275. Quercus Kelloggii, Newberry.
Black Oak.
Valley of the Mackenzie River, Oregon, south through the Coast
Ranges and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and San
Bernardino Mountains to the southern borders of California.
A large tree, 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20
metres in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a shrub ; the most
common and important oak of the valleys of southwestern Oregon and the
California Sierras.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, very brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers
of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary
rays few, broad, conspicuous ; color light red, the thin sap-wood lighter ;
of little value, except as fuel ; the bark somewhat used in tanning.
276. Quercus nigra, L.
Black Jack. Jack Oak.
Lone Island, New York, west throuijh northern Oliio and Indiana
to southern Wisconsin, southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern
90 CUPULIFERiE. Quercus.
Kansas, and the Indian Territory, south to Matanzas Inlet and Tampa
Bay, Florida, and the valley of the Nueces River, Texas.
A small tree, sometimes 12 or even 18 metres in height, with a trunk
rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter, or more often much smaller;
dry, barren uplands, or often on heavy clay soils ; very common through
the Southern States, and reaching its greatest development in southwestern
Arkansas, the Indian Territory, and eastern Texas, forming, with the post
oak {Q. obtusiloha), the growth. of the Texas cross-timbers.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual
growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays
broad, conspicuous ; color rather dark rich brown, the sap-wood much
lighter; of little value except as fuel.
277. Quercus falcata, Michx.
Spanish Oah. Red Oak.
Long Island, New York, south to middle Florida, through the Gulf
States to the valley of the Brazos River, Texas, and through Arkansas
and southeastern Missouri to central Tennessee and Kentucky, southern
Illinois and Indiana.
A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80
metres in diameter ; dry, gravelly uplands and barrens ; in the North
Atlantic States only near the coast, rare ; most common and reaching its
greatest development in the South Atlantic and Gulf States, where, in the
middle districts, it is the most common forest tree.
Wood heavy, very hard and strong, not durable, coarse-grained, check-
ing badl}'^ in drying ; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several
rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays few, conspicuous ; color light
red, the sap-wood lighter ; somewhat used for cooperage, construction, etc.,
and very largely for fuel.
The bark is rich in tannin.
278. Quercus Catesbsei, Michx.
Turkey Oak. Scrub Oak. Forked-leaf Black Jack. Black Jack.^
North Carolina, south near the coast to Cape Malabar and Pease Creek,
Florida, and along the coast of Alabama and Mississippi.
A small tree, 7 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre
in diameter ; very common in the South Atlantic and east Gulf States
upon barren sandy hills and ridges of the maritime pine-belt ; rare in
Mississippi.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual
growth marked by several rows of large open ducts, and containing many
much smaller ducts arranged in short lines parallel to the broad conspic-
uous medullary rays ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood
somewhat lighter ; largely used for fuel.
Quercus. CUPULIFElliE. 91
279. Quercus palustris, Du Uoi.
Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak. Water Oak.
Valley of the Connecticut River, Massachusetts, to central New York,
south to Delaware and the District of Columbia ; southern Wisconsin to
eastern Kansas, southern Arkansas, and southeastern Tennessee.
A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 3G metres in height, with a trunk
0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter; low, rich soil, generally along the
borders of streams and swamps ; most common and reaching its greatest
development west of the Alleghany Mountains.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, coarse-grained, inclined to check badly
in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open
ducts ; medullary rays broad, numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown,
the sap-wood rather darker ; somewhat used for shingles, claoboards,
construction, and in cooperage.
280. Quercus aquatica, Walt.
Water Oak. Duck Oak. Possum Oak. Punk Oak.
Southern Delaware, south through the coast and middle districts to
Cape Malabar and Tampa Bay, Florida ; tlirough the Gulf States to the
valley of the Colorado River, Texas, and through Arkansas to south-
eastern Missouri, middle Kentucky and Tennessee.
A tree 15 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in
diameter ; generally along streams and bottoms, in heavy, undrained soil,
or, more rarely, upon uplands ; very common and reaching its greatest
development near the larger streams of the maritime pine-belt in the
eastern Gulf States.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, compact ; layers of annual
growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays thin,
conspicuous ; color rather light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; probably
not used except as fuel.
281. Quercus laurifolia, Michx.
Laurel Oak.
North Carolina, south near the coast to Mosquito Inlet and Cape
Romano, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the shores of Mobile
Bay.
A large tree, 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20
metres in diameter ; most common and reaching its greatest development
on the rich hummocks of the Florida coast.
Wood heavy, very strong and hard, coarse-grained, inclined to check
in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of rather
small open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color dark brown
tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
92 CUPULIFERiE.
Quercus,
282. Quercus heterophylla, Michx. f.
BartranCs Oak.
Salem and Cumberland Counties, New Jersey ; North Carolina {M, A.
Curtis) ; and doubtfully from North Carolina and eastern Texas.
A small tree, 12 to45 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre
in diameter ; rare and very local, and often considered a natural hybrid.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, close-grained, compact ; layers of
annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts ; medullary
rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-
wood somewhat darker.
283. Quercus cinerea, Michx.
Upland Willow Oak. Blue Jack. Sand Jack.
North Carolina, south near the coast to Cape Malabar and Pease Creek,
Florida, west along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Brazos River,
Texas, extending north through eastern Texas to about latitude 33°.
A tree 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.20
metre in diameter ; sandy barrens and dry upland ridges.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact; layers of annual
growth marked by several rows of not large open ducts ; medullary rays
distant, thin, conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood
darker.
284. Quercus hypoleuca, Engelm.
Limpia Mountains, Texas, valleys of the high mountain ranges of
southwestern New Mexico, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, above 6,000
feet elevation; in Sonora.
A small evergreen tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk some-
times 0.75 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes and summits, the large
specimens hollow and defective.
Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, compact ; laj^ers of
annual growth marked by few small open ducts ; medullary rays broad,
conspicuous ; color dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter.
285. Quercus imbricaria, Michx.
Shingle Oak. Laurel Oak.
Eastern Pennsylvania, west through southern Michigan, southern Wis-
consin, and southeastern Iowa to southeastern Nebraska and northeast-
ern Kansas, south to northern Georgia and Alabama, middle Tennessee,
and northern Arkansas.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; rich woodlands.
Wood heavy, hard, rather coarse-grained, checking badly in drying ;
layers of annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts ;
Castanopsis. CUPULIFER.E. 98
mcduUiiry rays broad, conspicuous ; color li«^ht brown tinf^ed with red, the
sap-wood much lighter ; occasionally used for clapboards, shingles, etc.
286. Quercus Phellos, L.
Willow Oak. Peach Oak.
Staten Island, New York, south near the coast to northeastern Florida,
through the Gulf States to the valley of the Sabine River, Texas, and
through Arkansas to southeastern Missouri, Tennessee, and southern
Kentucky.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 metre
in diameter ; bottom-lands or rich sandy uplands.
Wood heavy, strong, not hard, rather close-grained, compact ; layers of
annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts; medullary
rays few, distant ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter
red ; somewhat used for fellies of wheels, clapboards, in construction, etc.
287. Quercus densiflora, Hook. & Arn.
Tan-hark Oak. Chestnut Oak. Peach Oak,
Southwestern Oregon, south through the Coast Ranges to the Santa
Lucia Mountains, California.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; rich valleys and banks of streams ; most common and reaching
its greatest development in the redwood forests of the California coast.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, containing
broad bands of small open ducts parallel to the thin dark conspicuous
medullary rays ; color bright reddish-brown, the thick sap-wood darker
brown ; largely used as fuel.
The bark, rich in tannin, is very largely used, and preferred to that of
any other tree of the Pacific forests, for tanning.
288. Castanopsis chrysophylla, A. DC.
Chinquapin.
Cascade Mountains, Oregon, below 4,000 feet elevation, south along
the western slopes of the Sierras, and through the California Coast Ranges
to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains.
A tree 15 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in
diameter, or at high elevations and toward its southern limits reduced to a
low shrub ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the
Coast Range valleys of northern California ; at its southern limits rarely
below 10,000 feet elevation.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual
growth marked by a single row of rather large open ducts ; medullary
rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-
wood lighter ; in southern Oregon occasionally used iu the manufacture
of ploughs and other agricultural implements.
94
CUPULIFER^.
Castanea.
289. Castanea pumila, Mill.
Chinquapin.
Southern Pennsylvania, and the valley of the lower Wabash River,
Indiana, south and southwest to northern Florida and the valley of the
Neches River, Texas.
A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 1.05 metres
in diameter, or often, especially in the Atlantic States, reduced to a low
shrub ; rich hillsides and borders of swamps ; most common and reaching
its greatest development in southern Arkansas.
Wood light, hard, strong, coarse-grained, durable in contact with the
ground, liable to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by
many rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color
dark brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; used for posts, rails,
railway-ties, etc.
The small nuts sweet and edible.
290. Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana, A. DC.
Chestnut.
Southern Maine to northern Vermont, southern Ontario and southern
Michigan, south throuoh the northern States to Delaware and south-
ern Indiana, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Alabama,
extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee.
A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 metres
in diameter ; rich woods and hillsides ; common and reaching its greatest
development on the western slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains.
Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, liable to check and warp
in drying, easily split, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of
annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays
numerous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used in
cabinet-making, for railway-ties, posts, fencing, etc.
The fruit sweet and edible.
291. Fagus ferruginea, Ait.
Beech.
Nova Scotia and the valley of the Restigouche River to the northern
shores of Lake Huron and northern Wisconsin, south to western Florida,
west to eastern Illinois, southeastern Missouri, northeastern Arkansas, and
the Trinity River, Texas.
A large tree, 24 to 34 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20
metres in diameter ; rich woods, or at the South sometimes on bottom-lands
or borders of swamps ; reaching its greatest development upon the " bluflE"
formations of the lower Mississippi basin ; very common.
Wood very hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, not durable in
contact with the soil, inclined to check in drying, difficult to season,
Betula. BETULACE^. 95
susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays broad, very conspicuous;
color, varying greatly with soil and situation, dark or often very light
red, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in the manufacture of chairs,
shoe-lasts, plane-stocks, handles, etc., and for fuel.
292. Ostrya Virginica, Willd.
Hop Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Lever-wood.
Bay of Chaleur, through the valleys of the Saint Lawrence and lower
Ottawa Rivers, northern shore of Lake Huron to northern Minnesota,
south through the Northern States and along the Alleghany Mountains
to western Florida, and through eastern Iowa, southeastern Missouri, and
Arkansas, to eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and eastern Texas.
A small tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to O.GO metre
in diameter ; generally on dry, gravelly hillsides and knolls ; reaching its
greatest development in southern Arkansas ; common.
Wood heavy, very strong and hard, tough, very close-grained, compact,
susceptible of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil ;
medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, or,
like the sap-wood, often nearly white ; used for posts, levers, handles of
tools, etc.
293. Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.
Hornbeam. Blue Beech. Water Beech. Iron-wood,
Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, northern shores of Georirian
Bay, southern peninsula of Michigan to northern Minnesota, south to
Cape Malabar and Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of the Trinity
River, Texas, west to central Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the valley of the
Poteau River, Indian Territory.
A small tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 to
0.90 metre in diameter, or at the North much smaller and often reduced
to a low shrub ; borders of streams and swamps, in moist soil ; most
common and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes
of the southern Alleghany Mountains and in southern Arkansas and
eastern Texas.
Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, inclined to check in
drying ; medullary rays numerous, broad ; color light brown, the thick sap-
wood nearly white ; sometimes used for levers, handles of tools, etc.
BETULACE^.
294. Betnla alba, var. populifolia, Spach.
WJiite Birch. Old-field Birch. Gray Birch.
New Brunswick and the valley of the lower Saint Lawrence River to
the southern shores of Lake Ontario, south, generally near the coast,
to northern Delaware.
96 BETULACE^. Betula.
A small tree, G to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metro
in diameter ; dry, gravelly, barren soil, or borders of swamps.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, liable to check in drying,
not durable ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the
sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in the manufacture of spools, shoe-
pegs, wood-pulp, etc., for hoop-poles and fuel.
The bark and leaves, as well as those of B. papyrifera and B. lenta,
are popularly esteemed as a remedy for various chronic diseases of the
skin, bladder, etc., and in rheumatic and gouty complaints ; the empyreu-
matic oil of birch obtained from the inner bark by distillation is used
externally and internally for the same purposes.
295. Betula papyrifera, Marsh.
Canoe Birch. WJdte Birch. Paper Birch.
Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of
Hudson Bay, and northwest to the Great Bear Lake and the valley of
the Yukon River, Alaska, south, in the Atlantic region to Long Island,
New York, the mountains of northern Pennsylvania, central Michigan,
northeastern Illinois and central Minnesota ; in the Pacific rej'ion south
to the Black Hills of Dakota, the Bitter-root Mountains and Flathead
Lake, Montana, northern Washington, and the valley of the lower Fraser
River, British Columbia.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; rich w^oodlands and banks of streams ; very common in the
northern Atlantic region, and reaching a higher latitude than any deciduous
tree of the American forest.
Wood light, strong, hard, tough, very close-grained, compact ; medullary
rays numerous, obscure ; color brown tinged w ith red, the sap-wood nearly
white ; largely used in the manufacture of spools, shoe lasts and pegs, in
turnery, for fuel, wood-pulp, etc.
The very tough, durable bark, easily separated into thin layers, is
impervious to water, and is largely used in the manufacture of canoes,
tents, etc.
296. Betula occidentalis, Hook.
Black Birch.
British Columbia, south to northern California, and through the
interior ranges and Rocky Mountains to Montana, Utah, and northern
New Mexico.
A small tree, 8 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 to
0.45 metre in diameter ; mountain caiions and borders of streams, in moist
soil, often throwing up several stems from the ground and forming dense
thickets.
Detula. BETULACEiE. 97
Wood soft, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; somewhat
used for fencing, fuel, etc.
297. Betula lutea, Michx. f.
Yellow Birch. Gray Birch.
Newfoundland, northern shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to the
western shores of Lake Superior and Rainy Lake, south through the north-
ern States to Delaware and southern Minnesota, and along the Alleghany
Mountains to the high peaks of North Carolina and Tennessee.
The largest and one of the most valuable deciduous trees of the north-
ern Atlantic forests, often 21 to 29 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to
L20 metres in diameter ; rich woodlands ; common.
Wood heavy, very strong and hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny,
susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color
light brown tinged with red, the heavier sap-wood nearly white ; largely
used for fuel, in the manufacture of furniture, button and tassel moulds,
pill and match boxes, and for the hubs of wheels.
298. Betula nigra, L.
Red Birch. River Birch.
Banks of the Merrimac and Spicket Rivers, Massachusetts, Long
Island, New York, south through the coast and middle districts to western
Florida, west to western Iowa, northwestern Missouri, eastern Kansas,
the Indian Territory, and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.75
metre in diameter ; banks of streams and ponds ; very common and
reaching its greatest development in the South Atlantic and Gulf States.
Wood light, rather hard, strong, close-grained, compact; medullary
rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood much lighter ; used in
the manufacture of furniture, wooden-ware, wooden shoes, ox-yokes, etc.
299. Betula lenta, L.
Cherry Birch. Black Birch. Sioeet Birch. Mahofjnny Birch.
Newfoundland and the valley of the Saguenay River, west through
Ontario to the islands of Lake Huron, south to northern Delaware and
southern Indiana, and along the Alleghany Mountains to western Florida,
extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1..50 metres in
diameter ; rich woods ; very common in all northern forests.
Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, compact, satiny,
susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ;
color dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow ;
now largely used in the manufacture of furniture and for fuel ; in Nova
Scotia and New Brunswick largely in ship-building.
7
98 BETULACE^. Alnus.
300. Alniis maritima, Muhl.
Seaside Alder.
Southern Delaware and eastern Maryland, near the coast ; valley
of the Red River, Indian Territory, in about longitude 96° 30' W. ;
Manchuria and Japan {A. maritima, Japonica, and argiita, Regel).
A small tree, 6 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre
in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, checking badly in drying; medullary
rays broad, conspicuous; color light bright brown, the sap-wood hardly
distinguishable, somewhat lighter.
301. Alnus rubra, Bong.
Alder.
Sitka, south through the islands and Coast Ranges of British Columbia,
western Washington, Oregon, and California to Santa Barbara, extending
east through the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon to northern
Montana.
A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20
metres in diameter, or in British Columbia and the Blue Mountains often
reduced to a low shrub ; bottom-lands and borders of streams ; most
common and reaching its greatest development in western Washington
and Oregon.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, easily
worked, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays distant,
broad; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white;
largely used in Oregon in the manufacture of furniture.
302. Alnus rhombifolia, Nutt.
Alder.
Valley of the lower Fraser River, British Columbia, south through the
Coast Rano-es to southern California, extending east along the ranges of
Washington to Clear Creek, Idaho, and the valley of the Flathead River,
Montana.
A small tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, ^vith a trunk sometimes 0.60 to 0.90
metre in diameter, or toward its northern and eastern limits reduced to a
shrub ; borders of streams ; the common alder of the California valleys.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary
rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter, often
nearly white.
303. Alnus oblongifolia, Torr.
Alder.
San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains, California, through the
ranges of southern Arizona and New Mexico to the valley of the upper
Rio Grande ; in northern Mexico.
Salix. SALICACEiE. 99
A tree 15 to 21 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in
diameter ; borders of streams in d(!ep mountain canons.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, elose-grained, compact; medullary
ravs numerous, very obscure; color light brown tinged with yellow, the
sap-wood nearly wliite.
304. Alnus serrulata, Willd.
Black Alder. Smooth Alder.
Massachusetts, west to southern Missouri, south to northern Florida
and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre
in diameter, or more often a tall, branching shrub forming dense thickets ;
borders of streams and swamps, probably reaching its greatest develop-
ment in southern Arkansas.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous,
conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
A decoction of the bark and leaves, as well as those of A. incana, is a
popular remedy against impurity of the blood and in the treatment of
diarrhoea, hcematuria, etc.
305. Alnus incana, Willd.
Speckled Alder. Hoary Alder. Black Alder.
Newfoundland to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, south to
northern New England, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and eastern Nebraska ; in
Europe.
A small tree, 6 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre
in diameter, or more often a tall, branching shrub ; borders of streams
and swamps. A form with leaves green and glabrous on both sides or
slightly pubescent, extending through the mountain ranges of the Pacific
region from the Saskatchewan and British Columbia to New Mexico and
the southern Sierra Nevadas of California, is var. inrescens, Watson.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, checking in drying ; medullary rays
numerous, broad ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; pre-
ferred and largely used in northern New England in the final baking of
bricks, and occasionally, as well as that of A. serrulata, in the manufacture
of gunpowder.
SALICACE^.
306. Salix nigra, Marsh.
Black Willow.
Southern New Brunswick and the northern shores of Lakes Huron and
Superior southward through the Atlantic region to Bay Biscayne and the
Caloosa River, Florida, and the valley of the Guadalupe River, Texas ;
100 SALICACE^.
Salix.
Pacific region, — valleys of the Sacramento River, California, and the
Colorado River, Arizona.
A small tree, sometimes 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely
0.60 metre in diameter, or in southern Florida reduced to a low shrub ;
banks of streams ; most common in the basin of the Mississippi River, and
reaching its greatest development on the rich bottom-lands of the Colorado
and other rivers of eastern Texas ; varying greatly in the size and shape
of the leaves (vars. angustifolia, longifolia, latifoUa, etc., Anders.), length
and habit of the aments, etc. (vars. marginata and Wrightii, Anders., var.
Wardii, Bebb).
Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; med-
ullary rays obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
The tonic and astringent bark is used domestically as a popular febrifuge,
containing, in common with all the species of the genus, salicylic acid, —
a powerful antipyretic now successfully used in the treatment of acute cases
of gout, rheumatism, typhoid fever, etc.
307. Salix amygdaloides, Anders.
Willow.
Shores of the great lakes (New York and Ohio), west to the valley
of the Saskatchewan, and southward through the Rocky Mountain
region to southern New Mexico ; banks of the lower Columbia River,
Oregon.
A small tree, rarely 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to
0.30 metre in diameter ; borders of streams.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying ; color
light brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
308. Salix laevigata, Bebb.
Willow.
California, — Sierra County and the valley of the Sacramento River
to the southern boundary of the State.
A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre
in diameter ; borders of streams and bottom-lands. Forms varying in the
shape of the leaves, length of aments, etc., are vars. angustifolia and
congesta, Bebb.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary
rays numerous, very thin ; color light brown tinged with red.
309. Salix lasiandra, Benth.
Willow.
British Columbia, south to the valley of the Sacramento River, Cali-
fornia ; mountains of Utah, Colorado to New Mexico (var. Fendleriana).
Salix. SALICACEiE. 101
A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes O.CO metre
in diameter ; banks of streams ; very common ; varying in the shape of
the leaves and character of tlie aments (var. lancifolia and Fandleriana.
Bebb).
Wood li"-ht, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary
rays numerous, very obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter or
often nearly white.
310. Salix longifolia, Muhl.
Sand-bar Willow.
Valley of the Connecticut River and of the Potomac River at Wash-
ington ; west and northwest through the region of the great lakes to the
valley of the Mackenzie River, in latitude G6° N., through the Mississippi
basin, Texas, the Rocky Mountain region, and the Pacific Coast States.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.30 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and river sand-bars, in low,
wet sandy soil, often forming low, dense clumps ; rare east of the Alle-
ghany Mountains ; very common throughout the Mississippi River basin,
and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of Oregon and
northern California.
Forms found from western Texas to Oregon, varying in the shape of
the leaves, aments, nature of pubescence, etc., are var. exigua, Bebb, and
var. argyrophylla, Anders.
Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous,
very obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood brown.
311. Salix sessilifolia, Nutt.
Puget Sound southward, near the coast, and through the California
Coast Ranges.
A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; borders of streams, in low, wet ground.
A form with narrower entire leaves, of the Sacramento Valley and the
California Coast Ranges, is var. Hindsiana, Anders.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin ; color
light red, the sap-wood nearly white.
312. Salix discolor, Muhl.
Glaucous Willow.
Labrador, west to the valleys of the Peace and Athabasca Rivers, south-
ward through the Atlantic resfion to Delaware and southern Missouri.
A small tree, rarely exceeding 6 metres in height, with a trunk some-
times 0.30 metre in diameter, or more often a tall, straggling shrub 3
to 6 metres in height ; borders of streams and swamps, in low, wet soil ;
varying greatly in the form of leaves, aments, and nature of pubescence.
102 SALTCACEiE.
Salix.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, contaiuing many evenly dis-
tributed small open ducts ; medullary rays and layers of annual growth not
obscure ; color brown streaked with orange, the sap-wood light brown.
313. Salix flavescens, Nutt.
Willow.
Rocky Mountains of Idaho and Montana southward to southern New
Mexico; on the Cascade Mountains, Oregon, and the Sierra Nevada,
California.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely
0.30 metre in diameter ; borders of streams, reaching its greatest develop-
ment in the southern Rocky Mountain region. A form found from Alaska
to California upon dry hillsides and slopes near the coast, distinguished by
its broadly obovate leaves, larger size, heavier and harder wood, and dark
sap-wood, is var. Scouleriana, Bebb.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays
numerous, obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly
white.
314. Salix Hookeriana, Barratt.
Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan ; coast of Washington Territory
and Oregon.
A small tree, 8 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 metre
in diameter, or more often a low, straggling shrub with many prostrate
stems ; on the coast generally along the edge of beaches, or in low,
rather moist, sandy soil.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing many minute open
ducts ; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color light brown tinged with
red, the sap-wood nearly white.
315. Salix cordata, var. vestita, Anders.
Diamond Willow.
Valley of the Missouri River and its tributaries, — Fort Osage, Mis-
souri, Iowa, Nebraska, and westward to about the one hundred and tenth
meridian.
A small tree, rarely 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20
metre in diameter, or more often a low, straggling shrub, not exceeding
1.80 to 3 metres in height; bottom-lands, in wet, sandy soil. S. cordata^
Muhl., of wide distribution through the Atlantic region, rarely, if ever,
attains arborescent size or habit.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, reported very durable in con-
tact with the ground ; annual layers of growth clearly defined ; medullary
rays very obscure ; color brown or often tinged with red, the sap-wood
nearly white; used for fence-posts.
Populus. SALIC ACE^. 103
316. Salix lasiolepis, Benth.
Willow
California, — valley of the Klamath River, southward through tho
western portions of the State, reaching in the Sierra iS'evadas an eleva-
tion of 3,500 to 4,000 feet above the sea.
A small tree, sometimes 12 to 18 metres in hei<^ht, with a trunk 0.45
to 0.50 metre in diameter, or northward and at high elevations reduced to
a low shrub ; leaves varying greatly in shape and breadth (vars. anyusti-
folia and latifolia, Anders.), or toward its southern limit often persistent
until spring (iSl Hartwegi, Benth.).
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sup-wood nearly white ; somewhat
used as fuel, especially in the southern part of the State.
317. Salix Sitchensis, Sans.
Silky Willow.
Alaska, southward near the coast to Santa Barbara, California.
A low, much-branched tree, rarely exceeding 8 metises in height, with
a trunk 0.30 to 0,45 metre in diameter, or more often a straggling shrub ;
low, wet soil, borders of streams and ponds. A form with narrow oblau-
ceolate leaves is var. angustifolia^ Bebb.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color light red, the sap-wood nearly white.
318. Populus tremuloides, Michx.
Aspen. Quaking Asp.
Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hud-
son Bay, northwest to the Great Bear Lake, the mouth of the Mackenzie
River, and the valley of the Yukon River, Alaska ; south in the Atlantic
region to the mountains of Pennsylvania, southern Indiana and Illinois,
and northern Kentucky ; in the Pacific region south to the valley of the
Sacramento River, California, and along the Rocky Mountains and in-
terior ranges to southern New Mexico, Arizona, and central Nevada.
A small tree, 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.60 metre in diameter; very common through British America, and
spreading over enormous areas stripped by lire of other trees ; in the
Pacific region very common upon moist mountain slopes and bottoms
between 6,000 and 10,000 feet elevation ; the most widely distributed
North American tree.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, not durable, con-
taining, as does that of the whole genus, numerous minute scattered open
ducts ; medullary rays very thin, hardly distinguishable ; color light brown,
the thick sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufactured into wood-pulp ;
in the Pacific region sometimes used for fuel, flooring, in turnery, etc.
104
SALICACEiE.
Populus.
A bitter principle in the bark causes its occasional use as a tonic in
the treatment of intermittent fevers and cases of debility.
319. Populus grandidentata, Michx.
Poplar.
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and west through Ontario to northern
Minnesota, south through the Northern States and along the Alleghany
Mountains to North Carolina, extending west to middle Kentucky and
Tennessee.
A tree 21 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.50 to 0.75 metre m
diameter ; rich woods and borders of streams and swamps.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
thin, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely
manufactured into wood-pulp and occasionally used in turnery, for
wooden-ware, etc.
320. Populus heterophylla, L.
River Cottonwood. Swamp Cottonwood.
Connecticut, Northport, Long Island, south, generally near the coast,
to southern Georgia, through the Gulf States to western Louisiana, and
through Arkansas to central Tennessee and Kentucky, southern Illinois
and Indiana.
A tree 24 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.75 metre in
diameter ; borders of river swamps ; most common and reaching its great-
est development in the basin of the lower Ohio River ; rare and local.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
thin, very obscure ; color dull brown, the thick sap-wood lighter brown.
321. Populus balsamifera, L.
Balsam, Tacamahac. Balm of Gilead.
Straits of Belle Isle to the shores of Hudson Bay, northwest to the
shores of the Great Bear Lake and the valley of the Yukon River, Alaska,
south to northern New England, central Michigan and Minnesota, the
Rocky Mountains and interior ranges of Montana and Idaho, Washington,
and British Columbia.
A large tree, 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 1.50 to 2.10
metres in diameter ; very common on all islands and shores of the north-
ern rivers ; in British Columbia generally confounded with the allied
P. trichocarpa^ the range of the two species here still uncertain. A form
with broader heart-shaped leaves, white on the under side, rare or un-
known in a wild state, very common in cultivation, is var. candicans^
Gray.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary
rays numerous, very obscure ; color brown, the thick sap-wood nearly
white.
Populus. SALICACEiE. 105
The buds, as well as those of several other species, are covered with
a resinous exudation, which is occasionally used medicinally as a substitute
for turpentine and other bulms.
322. Populus angustifolia, James.
Mack Cottonwood.
Black Hills of Dakota, eastern and southwestern Montana, east Hum-
boldt and Shoshone Mountains, Nevada, Rocky Mountains of Colorado,
and on the ranges of southwestern New Mexico and eastern Arizona.
A small tree, 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.60 metre in diameter; borders of streams, between G,000 and 10,000
feet elevation.
Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays nu-
merous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
323. Populus trichocarpa, Torr. & Gray.
Black Cottonwood. Balsam Cottonwood.
Valley of the Fraser River, British Columbia, and probably much
farther north, east to the eastern base of the Bitter Root Mountains,
Montana, south through Wasliington, western Oregon and California to
the southern borders of the State.
A large tree, 24 to GO metres m height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10
metres in diameter ; banks of streams and bottom-lands below 6,000 feet
elevation ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the val-
leys of the lower Columbia River and the streams flowing into Puget
Sound, here the largest deciduous tree of the forest.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact ;
medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable ; color light dull brown, the
sap-wood lighter, nearly white ; in Oregon and Washington largely
manufactured into staves of sugar-barrels, wooden-ware, etc.
324. Populus monilifera, Ait.
Cottonwood. Necklace Poplar. Carolina Poplar. Big Cotton-
wood.
Shores of Lake Champlain, Vermont, south through western New
England to western Florida, west to the eastern base of the Rocky
Mountains of Montana, Colorado, and New Mexico.
A large tree, 24 to 51 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.40
metres in diameter ; low, moist soil ; the common Cottonwood of Texas
and the western plains, bordering all streams flowing east from the Rocky
Mountains.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, liable to warp
in drying, difficult to season ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color
dark brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in the manu-
facture of paper-pulp, for light packing-cases, fence-boards, and fuel.
106 CONIFERiE. ' Populus.
325. Populiis Fremontii, Watson.
Cottonwood,
California, valley of the upper Sacramento River, south to San Ber-
nardino County, extending eastward in Nevada and Utah. A form dis-
tinguished by its sharply acuminate leaves, truncate at the base (var.
Wislizenl, Watson), is common along all the larger streams from southern
California, through Arizona and New Mexico, to western Texas and
southern Colorado.
A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80
metres in diameter ; borders of streams ; the common cottonwood of the
valleys of central California.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, liable to warp in
drying, difficult to season ; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color
light brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
CONIFERS.
326. Libocedrns decnrrens, Torr.
White Cedar, bastard Cedar. Post Cedar. Incense Cedar,
Oregon, south along the western slopes of the Cascade and Sierra
Nevada Mountains between 3,000 and 8,500 feet elevation, and through
the California Coast Ranges to the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca
Mountains.
A large tree, 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10
metres in diameter ; slopes and valleys ; common.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, very
durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin,
dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; the thin
sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for fencing and in the construction
of water-flumes, and for interior finish, furniture, laths, shingles, etc. ;
often injured by a species of dry rot (Dcedalia vorax), rendering it unfit
for lumber.
327. Thuya occidentalis, L.
White Cedar. Arhor-vitce.
New Brunswick, valley of the Saint Lawrence River to the southern
shores of James Bay and southeast to Lake Winnipeg, south through the
Northern States to central New York, northern Pennsylvania, central
Michigan, northern Illinois, central Minnesota, and along the Alleghany
Mountains to the high peaks of North Carolina.
A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 to 1.50
metres in diameter ; cold, wet swamps, and rocky banks of streams; very
common at the North, often covering great areas of swamp.
ChamcBcyparis. CONIFER.E. 107
Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, com-
pact, very durable in contact with the soil ; the bands of small summer
cells very thin, dark-colored ; medullary rays numerous, indistinct ; color
li<dit brown, turning darker with exposure, the thin sap-wood nearly
white ; largely used for posts, fencing, railway-ties, and shingles.
The distilled oil and a tincture of the leaves of Thuya have been found
useful in the treatment of pulmonary and uterine complaints.
328. Thuya gigantea, Nutt.
Red Cedar. Canoe Cedar,
Alaska, south along the Coast Ranges and islands of British Co-
lumbia, through western Washington and Oregon and the Coast Ranges
of northern California, extending east along the mountains of Washing-
ton to the Ca3ur d'Alene, Bitter Root, and Salmon River Mountains
of Idaho and the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of northern
Montana.
A large tree, 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 3.60
metres in diameter ; low, rich woods and swamps, less commonly on dry
ridges and slopes below 5,200 feet devotion ; common and reaching its
greatest development in western Washington and Oregon ; the large
specimens generally hollow.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, com-
pact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small
summer cells thin, dark-colored, distinct ; medullary rays numerous, ob-
scure ; color dull brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood nearly white ;
largely used for interior finish, fencing, shingles, in cabinet-making and
cooperage, and by the Indians of the northwest coast in the manufacture
of their canoes.
329. Chamsecyparis sphaeroidea, Spach.
White Cedar.
Southern Maine, south near the coast to northern Florida, and along
the Gulf Coast to the valley of the Pearl River, Mississippi.
A tree 24 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in
diameter ; deep, cold swamps ; rare in the Gulf States, west of the Bay
of Mobile.
Wood very light and soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily
worked, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer
cells thin, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, ob-
scure ; color light brown tinged with red, growing darker with exposure,
the sap-w"ood lighter ; largely used in boat-building, for wooden-ware,
cooperage, shingles, interior finish, telegraph and fence posts, railway-
ties, etc.
108 CONlFERiE. Chamcecijparis.
330. Chamaecyparis Nutkaensis, Spach. ' .
Yellow Cypress, Sitka Cypress.
Sitka, south along the islands and Coast Ranges of British Columbia
and the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon to the valley of
the Santian River, Oregon.
A large tree of great economic value, 30 to 38 metres in height, with a
trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter, or toward its southern limits and
at high elevations much smaller ; common along the coast at the sea-level
to about latitude 49° 30', then less common and only at higher elevations ;
within the United States hardly below 5,000 feet elevation and very rare
and local ; the most valuable timber tree of Alaska.
Wood light, hard, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, very
durable in contact with the soil, easily worked, satiny, susceptible of a
beautiful polish, possessing an agreeable resinous odor ; bands of small
summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; medullary rays thin, numerous, hardly
distinguishable ; color bright light clear yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly
white ; somewhat used in boat and ship building, for furniture, interior
finish, etc.
331. Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana, Pari.
Port Orford Cedar. Oregon Cedar. White Cedar. LawsorCs
Cypress. Ginger Pine.
Oregon, — Coos Bay, south to the valley of the Rogue River, not ex-
tending more than thirty miles from the coast ; California, — valley of
the upper Sacramento River (shores of Castle and Soda Lakes, Shasta
County).
A large tree of the first economic value, 45 to 61 metres in height,
with a trunk 1.80 to 4 metres in diameter ; rich woods, in low, moist soil,
interspersed among the red fir and hemlock j most common and reaching
its greatest development along the Oregon coast ; local ; in California very
rare and local.
Wood light, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, easily worked,
very durable in contact with the ground, abounding in odoriferous resin,
satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; layers of small summer cells thin,
not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light
yellow or almost white, the thin sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; largely
manufactured into lumber and used for interior finish, flooring, railway-
ties, fence-posts, matches, and in ship and boat building ; the resin strongly
diuretic and a powerful insecticide.
332. Cupressus macrocarpa, Hart.
Monterey Cypress.
California, — Cypress Point, Pescadero Ranch, and Carmelo Point,
near Monterey.
Juniperus. CONIFERS. 109
A tree 15 to 21 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in
diameter ; on granite rocks immediately upon the sea-coast ; very local.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather brittle, very close-grained, compac*,
easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil, satiny, susceptible of
a beautiful polish, odorous ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored,
conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, hardly distinguishable ; color clear
bright brown streaked with red and yellow, the thin sap-wood light yellow.
333. Cupressus Goveniana, Gord.
Humboldt County, California, south along the coast and through the
Coast Ranges into lower California.
A small tree, sometimes 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60
to 0.90 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and mountain slopes, in
rather rich soil, or often a low shrub, occupying extensive tracts of sandy
barrens or thin, rocky soil, 1 to 5 miles inland from the coast ; widely but
not generally distributed.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; bands of
small summer cells broad, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays tliin,
obscure ; color light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white.
334. Cupressus Macnabiana, Murr.
California, — mountains south of Clear Lake, Lake County.
A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45
metre in diameter, or more often a tall shrub branching from the ground j
very rare and local.
Wood not collected.
335. Cupressus Guadalupensis, Watson.
San Francisco Mountains of New Mexico and eastern Arizona, Santa
Catalina and Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona ; Sierra Madre, near Saltillo,
and Guadalupe Island, Mexico.
A tree 18 to 21 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter; rocky canions and ridges; forming on the New Mexico and
Arizona Mountains extensive forests between 5,000 and 8,000 feet eleva-
tion, generally on northern slopes ; local.
Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, suscep-
tible of a good polish ; bands of small summer cells broad, conspicuous ;
medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color gray, often faintly streaked
with yellow, the thick sap-wood light yellow.
336. Juniperus Californica, Carr.
Juniper.
California, — valley of the Sacramento River south through the Coast
Ranges to lower California.
110 CONIFERS. Juniperus.
A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60
metre in diameter, or more often a tall shrub, sending up many stems from
the ground ; sandy barrens and dry, rocky soil.
A form (var. Utahensis, Engelm.) with more slender branchlets and
smaller globose fruit found from the western base of the Wahsatch Moun-
tains, Utah, to eastern California, and south through the Great Basin to
southeastern California and the San Francisco Mountains, eastern Arizona,
is ver}' common in the elevated valleys and along the lower slopes of all
the ranges of central and southern Utah and Nevada, and is the most
generally distributed arborescent spiecies of the region.
Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, very durahle in con-
tact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored, not
conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light brown
slightly tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; in southern California
largely used for fencing and fuel.
337, Juniperus pachyphlcBa, Torr.
Juniper,
Mountains of western Texas, southern New Mexico and Arizona south
of latitude 34° ; in northern Mexico.
A tree 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in
diameter ; dry, stony slopes and ridges, generally between 2,000 and 3,000
feet elevation ; the prevailing and largest juniper of the mountains of
western Texas.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, sus-
ceptible of a fine polish; bands of small summer cells very thin, dark-
colored, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color clear
light red, often streaked with yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly white.
338. Juniperus occidentalism Hook.
Juniper.
Blue Mountains and high prairies of eastern Washington and Oregon,
Cascade Mountains of Oregon, valley of the Klamath River, California,
and south alonsr the hiirh ridires of the Sierra Nevada, between 7,000 and
10,000 feet elevation, to the San Bernardino Mountains.
A tree 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 metres in
diameter, or often a low, much-branched shrub ; dry, rocky ridges and
prairies, reaching its greatest development in the California Sierras.
Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact
with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; medul-
lary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light red or brown, the sap-wood
nearly white ; largely used for fencing and fuel.
A variety (var. monosperma, Engelm.) with smaller, generally 1-seeded
berries, extends from the eastern base of Pike's Peak, Colorado, to the
Juniperus. CONIFERiE. Ill
mountains of western Texas, and through New Mexico and southern
Arizona to southern California.
A smail, stunted tree, G to i) metres in height, with a trunk sometimes
O.GO metro in diameter, or often branching from the ground with many-
stout, contorted stems ; dry, gravelly slopes between 3,500 and 7,000 feet
elevation.
Wood heavier than that of the type, the layers of annual growth often
eccentric ; largely used for fuel and fencing.
A variety (var. conjugens, iingelm.) with slender branchlets and 4
ranked, closely appressed denticulate leaves and globose 1-2-seeded fruit,
extends from the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, west and north.
A tree 11 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre
in diameter, covering with extensive forests the limestone hills of western
Texas ; its range not yet satisfactorily determined.
Wood light, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, very durable
in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored,
conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color brown often
streaked with red, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for fencing,
fuel, telegraph-poles, railway-ties, etc.
339. Juniperus Virginiana, L.
Red Cedar. Savin.
Southern New Brunswick, shores of Georgian Bay, northern Michigan,
northern Wisconsin and Minnesota, south to Cape Malabar and Tampa
Ba}^, Florida, and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, west to eastern
Nebraska, Kansas, and the Indian Territory to about the one hundredth
parallel of west longitude ; in the Pacific region, Rocky Mountains of
Colorado to Vancouver's Island, British Columbia; not extending to
western Texas, California, or Oregon; in Utah, Nevada, and Arizona
rare and local.
The most widely distributed of North American Coniferce, a tree 24
to 30 metres' in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.35 metres in diameter, or
toward its northern and western limits much smaller, often reduced to a
low shrub ; dry, gravelly ridges, and limestone hills, or in the Gulf States,
especially, near the coast, in deep swamps ; common and reaching its
greatest development in the valley of the Red River, Texas.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close- and straight-grained,
compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil, odorous ;
bands of small summer cells rather broad, conspicuous ; medullary rays
numerous, very obscure ; color dull red, the thm sap-wood nearly white ;
largely used for posts, sills, railway-ties, interior finish, cabinet-making,
and lead-pencils.
A decoction of the leaves is occasionally used as a substitute for savine
cerete, and an infusion of the berries as a diuretic.
112 CONIFER.E. Taxodium.
340. Taxodinm distichum, Rich.
Bald Cypress. Black Cypress. Red Cypress. White Cypress.
Deciduous Cypress.
Soutliern Delaware, south near the coast to Mosquito Inlet and Cape
Romano, Florida, west through the Gulf States to the valley of the Nueces
River, Texas, and through Arkansas to western Tennessee, western and
northern Kentucky, southeastern Missouri, and southern Illinois and
Indiana.
A large tree, 24 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 metres
in diameter ; deep, submerged swamps, river bottom-lands, and pine-barren
ponds ; common and occupying extensive tracts in the South Atlantic and
Gulf States in the neighborhood of the coast.
Wood light, soft, close, straight-grained, not strong, compact, easily
worked, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer
cells broad, resinous, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ;
color light or dark brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufac-
tured into lumber and used for construction, cooperage, railway-ties, posts,
fencing, etc., often injured, especially west of the Mississippi River, by a
species of Dcedalia^ rendering it unfit for lumber.
Two varieties of cypress, black and white, are recognized by lumber-
men, the w^ood of the former heavier than water when green, rather harder
and considered more durable than the other ; the unseasoned wood of the
latter lighter than water, and rather lighter colored than black cypress.
341. Sequoia gigantea, Decsn.
Big Tree,
California, — western slopes of the Sierra Nevada from Placer County
(Calaveras Grove) south to the southern borders of Tulare County.
A tree 76 to 119 metres in height, with a trunk 6 to 11 metres in
diameter ; valleys and moist swales or hollows between 4,000 and 6,000
feet elevation, growing in small, isolated groves, except toward its south-
ern limits, here mixed with the sugar pine and red and white firs, occu-
pying areas often several hundred acres in extent.
Wood very light, soft, weak, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact,
remarkably durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells
thin, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color
bright clear red, turning much darker with exposure, the thin sap-wood
white ; formerly somewhat manufactured into lumber, and locally used for
fencing, shingles, construction, etc.
342. Sequoia sempervirens, Endl.
Redwood.
California, — from the northern boundary of the State, south in the
Coast Ranges to the southern border of Monterey County.
Taxus. COXIFERiE. 113
A large tree, 61 to 92 metres in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 7 metres
in diameter; sides of eanoiis and valleys in low, wel situations, borders of
streams, etc. ; not appearing on dry hillsides ; generally confined to slopes
facing the ocean, and nowhere extending far from the coast ; most gen-
erally multiplied and reaching its greatest average density north of Cape
Mendocino.
Wood light, soft, not strong, very brittle, rather coarse-grained, com-
pact, susceptible of a good polish, easily split and worked, very durable in
contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored, con-
spicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color clear light red,
the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely sawed into lumber ; the prevail-
ing and most valuable building material of the Pacific coast, and in Cali-
fornia almost exclusively used for shingles, fence-posts, telegraph-poles,
railway-ties, wine-butts, tanning- and water-tanks, coffins, etc. ; forms
with curled or contorted grain are highly ornamental.
343. Taxus brevifolia, Nutt.
Yew.
Islands and Coast Ranges of British Columbia, through western and
the mountain ranches of eastern Washinofton and Oreijon to the western
slopes of the Rocky Mountains of northern Montana ; through the Cali-
fornia Coast Ranges to the Bay of Monterey and along the western
slopes of the Sierra Nevadas.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter, or toward its eastern limits in Idaho and Montana much smaller,
often reduced to a low shrub ; rare ; low, rich woods and borders of
streams, reaching its greatest development in western Oregon, Washing-
ton, and British Columbia.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, suscep-
tible of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of
small summer cells thin, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays thin,
numerous, very obscure ; color light bright red, the thin sap-wood light
yellow ; used for fence-posts and by the Indians of the northwest coast
for paddles, spear-handles, bows, fish-hooks, etc.
344. Taxus Floridana, Nutt.
Yew.
Western Florida, — banks of the Apalachicola River from Bristol to
Aspalaga.
A small tree, 3 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 metre
in diameter ; rare and very local.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; bands of small sum-
mer cells very thin, dark-colored, not conspicuous ; medullary rays nu-
merous, obscure ; color dark brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood
nearly white.
8
114 CONIFERS. Torreya.
345. Torreya taxifolia, Am.
. Stinking Cedar. Savin.
Western Florida, — eastern bank of the Apalachicola River from
Chattahoochee to the neighborhood of Bristol.
A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; borders of swamps on caloareous soil ; very rare and local.
Wood light, rather hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact,
susceptible of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil ;
bands of small summer cells very thin, not conspicuous ; medullary rays
numerous, obscure ; color clear bright yellow, the thin sap-wood much
lighter ; largely used locally for fence-posts, etc.
346. Torreya Californica, Torr.
California Nutmeg. Stinking Cedar.
California, — Mendocino County, and along the western slope of the
Sierra Nevada to Tulare County, between 3,000 and 5,000 feet elevation.
A tree 15 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; borders of streams, in moist soil ; rare.
Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of
a fine polish, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small sum-
mer cells broad, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure;
color clear light yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly white.
347. Pinus Strobus, L.
White Pine. Weymouth Pine.
Newfoundland, northern shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to Lake
Nipigon and the valley of the Winnipeg River, south through the North-
ern States to Pennsylvania, the southern shores of Lake Michigan ;
" Starving rock," near La Salle, Illinois, near Davenport, Iowa (very
rare and local) ; and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia.
A large tree, 24 to 52 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 3.50
metres in diameter ; sandy loam, forming extensive forests, or in the
reo-ion of the great lakes often in small bodies scattered through the hard-
wood forests, here reaching its greatest development; north of latitude
47° and south of Pennsylvania, central Michigan, and Minnesota much
smaller, less common and valuable.
Wood light, soft, not strong, very close, straight-grained, compact,
easily worked, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; bands of small summer
cells thin, not conspicuous ; resin passages small, not numerous nor con-
spicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, often slightly
tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; more largely manufactured
into lumber, shingles, laths, etc., than that of any other North American
tree ; the common and most valuable building material of the Northern
States ; largely used in cabinet-making, for interior finish, and in the
manufacture of matches, wooden-ware, and for many domestic purposes.
Pinus. CONIFERiE. 115
348. Finns monticola, Dougl.
White Pine.
Vancouver's Island, Coast and Gold Ranges of southern British Colunn-
bia, cast along the mountains of northern Wasliington, through tlie CVjcur
d'Alene and Bitter Root Mountains of Idaho to the valley of the Flathead
River, Montana ; south along the Cascade Mountains of Washington and
Oregon and the California Sierras to Calaveras County.
A large tree, 30 to 4G metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1..0O
metres in diameter ; most common and reaching its greatest development
in the Pend d'Oreille and Clark's Fork regions of Idaho, here a valuable
and important timber tree ; in British Columbia generally below '3,000 feet,
and in California between 7,000 and 10,000 feet elevation, not common.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact;
bands of small summer cells thin, resinous, not conspicuous ; resin passages
numerous, not large, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ;
color light brown or red, the sap-wood nearly white ; inferior in quality,
although resembling that of the Eastern white pine (P. Strohus) ; in
Idaho and Montana somewhat manufactured into lumber.
349. Pinus Lambertiana, Dougl.
Sugar Pine.
Oregon, — Cascade and Coast Ranges, from the head of Mackenzie
River and the valley of the Rogue River, south ; California, — western
flank of the Sierra Nevada, through the Coast Ranges to the Santa Lucia
Mountains, and in the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains.
A large tree, 46 to 92 metres in height, with a trunk 3 to 7 metres in
diameter ; most common and reaching its greatest development upon the
Sierras of central and northern California between 4,000 and 8,000 feet
elevation ; in the Oregon Coast Ranges descending to 1,000 feet above
sea-level.
Wood very light, soft, coarse, straight-grained, compact, satiny, easily
worked ; bands of small summer cells thin, resinous, conspicuous ; resin
passages numerous, very large and conspicuous; medullary rays numer-
ous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; now largely
manufactured into lumber and used for interior finish, door-blinds, sashes,
etc., and for cooperage and wooden-ware ; less valuable and less easily
worked than that of the Eastern white pine {Pinus Strohus) ; its quality
injured by the larger and more numerous resin passages.
A saccharine exudation from the stumps of cut or partially burned
trees is sometimes used as a substitute for sugar.
350. Finns flexilis, James.
White Pine.
Eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, Montana, and probably farther
north, south to New Mexico, Guadalupe and Limpia Mountains, western
116 CONIFERS. Pinus.
Texas, high mountain ranges of Utah, Nevada, and northern Arizona,
Inyo Mountains and Mount Silliman, California.
A tree 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in
diameter; dry, gravelly slopes and ridges between 4,000 and 10,000 feet
elevation ; common along the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of
northern Montana, forming open, scattered forests, and the prevailing forest
tree ; in central Nevada the most valuable timber tree of the region.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells
narrow, not conspicuous ; resin passages numerous, large ; medullary rays
numerous, conspicuous ; color light clear yellow, turning red with expo-
sure, the sap-wood nearly white ; in northern Montana, Nevada and
Utah sometimes sawed into inferior lumber and used in construction
and for various domestic purposes.
351. Pinus albicanlis, Engelm.
Coast Ranges of British Columbia, south along the Cascade and Blue
Mountains of Washington and Oregon ; California, — Scott Mountains,
Mount Shasta, and along the high peaks of the Sierra Nevada to Mount
San Bernardino ; extending east along the high ranges of northern Wash-
ington to the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains of northern Montana.
A small alpine tree, 6 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60
metre in diameter, or at its highest elevation reduced to a low, prostrate
shrub ; dry, gravelly ridges at the extreme limit of tree growth, reaching
in the San Bernardino Mountains an elevation of 10,500 feet.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; bands of
small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; resin passages numerous, not
large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood
nearly white.
352. Pinus reflexa, Engelm.
White Pine.
Hi^h mountains of southwestern New Mexico to the Santa Rita and
Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes exceeding
0.60 metre in diameter ; rocky ridges and slopes of almost inaccessible
cafions between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation.
Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; bands of small
summer cells thin, resinous, not conspicuous ; resin passages few, large ;
medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light red, the sap-wood nearly
white.
353. Pinus Parryana, Engelm.
Pinon. Nut Pine.
California, — Larkin's Station, 20 miles southeast of Campo, San
Diego County, and in lower California.
rinus. CONIFElliE. 117
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre
in diameter ; very rare within the limits of the United States ; south of
the boundary forming in lower California extensive open forests upon
high ridges and slopes.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells
thin, not conspicuous ; resin passages very numerous, large, conspicuous ;
medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown or yellow, the
sap-wood much lighter, nearly white.
The large seeds edible.
354. Pinus cembroides, Zucc.
Pinon. Nut Pine.
Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, in Arizona 6 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk hardly
exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; dry ridges and slopes at 3,500 feet
elevation.
Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer
cells thin, not conspicuous ; resin passages few, small ; medullary rays
numerous, obscure ; color light clear yellow, the sap-wood nearly white.
The seeds edible.
355. Pinus edulis, Engelm.
Pinon. Nut Pine.
Eastern base of Pike's Peak, Colorado, south through New Mexico
to the mountains of western Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90
metre in diameter ; dry slopes, generally on lime or sandstone, reaching
in Colorado an elevation of 9,000 feet.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, durable in
contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ;
resin passages few, small ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light
brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for fuel, charcoal, fen-
cing, etc., and in western Texas occasionally manufactured into inferior
lumber.
The larsre seeds edible.
'»'
356. Pinus monophylla, Torr. & Frem.
Pinon. Nut Pine.
Western base of the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, to the eastern foot-hills
of the California Sierras, south along the mountain ranges of the Great
Basin to the San Francisco Mountains of eastern Arizona.
A small, bushy tree, 4 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes
1 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes between 3,000 and 6,000 feet
elevation.
118 CONIFERiE. Pinus.
Wood light, soft, weak, brittle, close-grained, compact ; bands of small
summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; resin passages few, not large ; medul-
lary rays numerous, obscure ; color yellow or light brown, the sap-wood
nearly white ; largely used for fuel and charcoal.
The large edible seeds furnish the principal food of the Indians of the
Great Basin.
357. Pinus Balfouriana, Murr.
Foxtail Pine. Hickory Pine.
California, — Scott Mountains, Mount Whitney, and about the head-
waters of King and Kern Rivers. A form (var. aristata, Engelm.),
common on the mountains of southeastern California, through Nevada,
northern Arizona, and southern Utah to Colorado, above 7,500 feet, and
in Colorado reaching 12,000 feet elevation, is distinguished by its ovate
cones, with thinner scales and shorter recurved awn-like prickles.
A small tree, 15 to 19 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90
metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes and ridges, forming upon Scott
Mountains a broad belt of forest growth between 5,000 and 8,000 feet
elevation.
Wood light, soft, weak, brittle, very close-grained, compact, satiny,
susceptible of a good polish ; bands of small summer cells very nar-
row, dark-colored ; resin passages few, not conspicuous ; medullary rays
numerous, obscure.
358. Pinus resinosa, Ait.
lied Pine. Norway Pine,
Newfoundland, northern shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and
Lake Nipigon to the valley of the Winnipeg River, south through the
Northern States to eastern Massachusetts, the mountains of northern
Pennsylvania, central Michigan and Minnesota.
A large tree, 24 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.37
metres in diameter ; light sandy loam or dry rocky ridges, forming scat-
tered groves rarely exceeding a few hundred acres in extent ; common and
reaching its greatest development through northern Wisconsin and
Minnesota.
Wood light, not strong, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact ; bands of
small summer cells broad, dark-colored, very resinous ; resin passages few,
small, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light red,
the sap-wood yellow or often almost white ; largely manufactured into
lumber and used for all purposes of construction, flooring, piles, etc.
359. Pinus Torreyana, Parry.
California, — mouth of the Soledad River, San Diego County.
A low, short-lived, gnarled, crooked tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with
Pinus.
COI^IFER^. 119
a trunk 0.23 to 0.33 metre in diameter ; crests of sandy bluffs immediately
upon the sea-coast ; very local and fast disappearing.
Wood li^-ht, soft, not strong, brittle, rather close-grained, compact;
bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous; resin passi't^es
small few ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light red, the sap-
wood yellow or nearly white ; locally used for fuel.
360. Pinus Arizonica, Engelm.
Yellow Pine.
Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Catalina Mountains, and probably upon
other ranges of southern Arizona.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 metre in
diameter; high rocky ridges between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, and
forming extensive forests near the summits of the Santa Catalina
Mountains.
Wood light, soft, not strong, rather brittle, close-grained, compact;
bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin pas-
sages numerous, large ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color light red or
often yellow, the sap-wood lighter yellow or white ; sometimes sawed into
inferior lumber.
361. Pinus ponderosa, Dougl.
Yellow Pine. Bull Pine.
Interior of British Columbia, south of latitude 51°, south and east
along the mountain ranges of the Pacific Region to Mexico, the Black
Hills of Dakota, Colorado, and western Texas ; not detected in central or
southern Nevada.
A large tree, 61 to 91 metres in height, with a trunk 3.60 to 4.57
metres in diameter, or throughout the Rocky Mountain region much
smaller, rarely exceeding 30 metres in height (var. scopulorum) ; dry,
rocky ridges and prairies, or in northern California rarely in cold, wet
swamps, reaching its greatest development along the western slope of the
Sierras of northern and central California ; in western Washington and
Oregon, rare and local ; next to Pseudotsuga Douglasii the most generally
distributed and valuable timber tree of the Pacific forests, furnishing the
principal lumber of eastern Washington and Oregon, western Montana,
Idaho, the Black Hills of Dakota, western Texas, New Mexico, and
Arizona.
Wood varying greatly in quality and value, heavy, hard, strong, brittle,
not coarse-grained nor durable, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad
or narrow, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages few, small ; medul-
lary rays numerous, obscure; color light red, the very thick sap-wood
almost white ; largely manufactured into lumber, and used for railway-
ties, fuel, etc.
120 CONIF|;RiE. Pinus.
362. Pinus Jeflfreyi, Murr.
£uU Pine. Mack Pine,
Ciiliforiiia, — Scott Mountains, south along the Sierra Nevada to the
San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains.
A large tree, oO to 31 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 4 metres
in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation ;
most common and reaching its greatest development on the eastern slope
of the Sierra Nevada.
Wood light, strong, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact; bands of
small summer cells not broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages
few, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light red, the
sap-wood pale yellow or nearly white ; largely manufactured into coarse
lumber.
Abietine, a volatile carbo-hydrogen possessing powerful anaesthetic
properties, is obtained by distilling the resinous exudation of this species.
363. Pinus Chihuahuana, Engelm.
Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, San Francisco Mountains, southwest-
ern New Mexico and Arizona ; in Chihuahua.
A small tree, 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60
metre in diameter ; dry, rocky ridges and slopes between 5,000 and 7,000
feet elevation ; not common.
Wood light, soft, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; bands of small
summer cells not broad, resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages few, rather
large, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color clear light
orange, the thick sap-wood lighter.
364. Pinus contorta, Dougl.
Scrub Pine.
Alaska, south along the coast to Mendocino County, California, ex-
tending inland to the western slopes of the Coast Ranges.
A small, stunted tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to
0.50 metre in diameter ; sandy dunes and exposed rocky points.
Wood light, hard, strong, brittle, coarse-grained ; bands of small summer
cells very broad, resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages numerous, not large ;
medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the
thick sap-wood nearly white.
365. Pinus Murrayana, Balfour.
Tamarack. Black Pine. Lodge-pole Pine. Spruce Pine.
Valley of the Yukon River, Alaska, south through the interior of
British Columbia, along the mountain ranges of Washington and Oregon
and the Sierra Nevada of California to Mount San Jacinto ; on the high
plateau east of the Rocky Mountains in about latitude 56°, and south
Pinus. CONIFERS. 121
throu<rh the mountains of Iduho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and
Utah to New Mexico and northern Arizona.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 1.20 metres in
diameter ; reaching its greatest development in the California Sierras ; in
the interior regions in dry, gravelly soil, here the prevailing tree, cover-
ing immense areas, and generally rejilacing other species destroyed by
fire ; western Washington and southward only along the borders of moist
alpine meadows between 6,000 and 9,000 feet elevation.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, easily worked, com-
pact, not durable ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous ;
resin passages few, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color
light yellow or nearly white, the thin sap-wood lighter; occasionally
manufactured into lumber, and used for fuel, railway-ties, etc.
366. Pinus Sabiniana, Dougl.
Digger Pine. Bull Pine.
California, — Shasta County, south along the foot-hills of the Coast
Ranges and the western slope of the Sierra Nevada below 4,000 feet
elevation.
A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk O.GO to 1.20
metres in diameter ; very common through all the foot-hills region.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, compact, not
durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous ;
resin passages few, large, prominent ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ;
color light brown or red, the thick sap-wood yellow or nearly white ;
largely used for fuel.
The large seeds edible.
367. Pinus Coulteri, D. Don.
California, — Monte Diablo, south through the Coast Ranges to the
Cuyamaca Mountaiiis.
A tree 24 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 metres in
diameter ; dry ridges and slopes between 3,000 and 6,000 feet elevation ;
most common and reaching its greatest development in the San Jacinto
Mountains.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained ; bands of small
summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages few, large ;
medullary rays numerous, prominent ; color light red, the thick sap-wood
nearly white.
368. Pinus insignis, Dougl.
Monterey Pine.
California, — Pescadero to Monterey and San Simeon Bay.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in di-
ameter ; sandy soil, in immediate proximity to the sea-coast ; rare and local.
122 CONlFERiE. Pinus.
AVood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; bands of
small summer cells not broad, resinous, conspicuous ; color light brown,
the very thick sap-wood nearly white ; locally somewhat used for fuel.
369. Pinus tuberculata, Gord.
Knob-cone Pine,
Valley of the Mackenzie River, Oregon, south along the western slope
of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains, and in the California Coast
Ranges from the Santa Cruz to the San Jacinto Mountains.
A tree 18 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter, or, rarely, reduced to a low shrub ; dry, gravelly ridges and
slopes from 2,500 (San Bernardino Mountains) to 5,500 (Mount Shasta)
feet elevation ; net common.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of
small summer cells very broad, not conspicuous ; resin passages numerous,
large, prominent ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the
thick sap-wood nearly white or slightly tinged with red.
370. Pinus Tseda, L.
LoUolly Pine. Old-Jield Pine. Rosemary Pine,
Southern Delaware, south to Cape Malabar and Tampa Bay, Florida,
generally near the coast, through the Gulf States to the valley of the
Colorado River, Texas, and extending north to the valley of the Arkansas
River.
A tree 24 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in
diameter ; low, wet clay or dry, sandy soil ; springing up on all aban-
doned lands from Virginia southward, and now often reiolacing in the
Southern pine-belt the original forests of Pinus palustris ; in eastern
North Carolina rarely on low, rich swamp ridges, here known as rose-
mary pine and attaining its greatest development and value.
Wood light, not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, not durable ; bands
of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages
few, not prominent ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown,
the very thick sap-wood orange, or often nearly white ; largely used for
fuel and manufactured into lumber of inferior quality.
371. Pinus rigida. Mill.
Pitch Pine.
New Brunswick to the northern shores of Lake Ontario, south through
the Atlantic States to northern Georgia, extending to the western slope of
the Alleghany Mountains in West Virginia and Kentucky.
A tree 12 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; dry, sandy, barren soil, or less commonly in deep, cold swamps ;
very common.
Pinus. CONIFERiE. 123
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of
small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages nu-
merous, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown
or red, the thick sap-wood yellow or often nearly white ; largely used for
fuel, charcoal, and occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber.
372. Pinus serotina, Michx.
Pond Pine.
North Carolina, south near the coast to the head of the Saint John's
River, Florida.
A tree 12 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; inundated borders of streams and ponds in low, peaty soil ; not
common.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; bands
of small summer cells broad, very resinous, dark-colored, conspicuous ; resin
passages few, large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark
orange, the thick sap-wood pale yellow.
373. Pinus inops, Ait.
Jersey Pine. Scrub Pine,
Long Island and Staten Island, New York, south, generally near the
coast, to the valley of the Savannah River, South Carolina, and through
eastern and middle Kentucky to southeastern Indiana.
A tree 24 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter, or in the Atlantic States generally much smaller ; sandy, gen-
erally barren soil, reaching its greatest development west of the Alleghany
Mountains.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, dur-
able ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin
passages few, not prominent ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light
orange, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for fuel, and in
Kentucky and Indiana preferred for and largely manufactured into water-
pipes and pump-logs.
374. Pinus clausa, Vasey.
Sand Pine. Scrub Pine. Spruce Pine.
Florida, — shores of Pensacola Bay, south, generally within 30 miles
of the coast, to Pease Creek, and occupying a narrow ridge along the east
coast south of Saint Augustine.
A tree 21 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.75 metre in
diameter, or on the west coast rarely 6 to 9 metres in height ; barren,
sandy dunes and ridges ; most common and reaching its greatest develop-
ment about the head of Halifax Bay.
124 CONIFERiE. Pinus.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle ; bands of small summer cells broad,
very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages numerous, prominent ; medullary
rays numerous, thin ; color light orange or yellow, the thick sap-wood
nearly white.
375. Pinus pungens, Michx. f.
Ihhle-mountain Pine. Hickory Pine.
Alleghany Mountains, Pennsylvania to Tennessee.
A tree 9 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.05 metres in
diameter ; most common and reaching its greatest development upon the
high mountains of East Tennessee, here often forming extensive forests.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of
small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages numerous,
large ; medullary rays numerous, prominent ; color light brown, the thick
sap-wood nearly white ; in Pexmsylvania largely manufactured into
charcoal.
376. Pinus muricata, D. Don.
Obispo Pine. Bishop's Pine.
California, — Mendocino County south through the Coast Ranges to
San Luis Obispo County.
A tree 24 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in
diameter, or more often not exceeding 15 metres in height ; cold peat-bogs
or barren, sandy gravel ; always in situations exposed to the winds and
fogs of the ocean, and not found above 2,000 feet elevation, reaching its
greatest development in Mendocino County ; rare and local.
Wood light, very strong and hard, rather coarse-grained, compact ;
bands of small summer cells broad, resinous ; resin passages few, not promi-
nent ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the thick sap-
wood nearly white.
377. Pinus mitis, Michx.
Yellow Pine. Short-leaved Pine. Spruce Pine. Bull Pine.
Staten Island, New York, south to western Florida, through the Gulf
States to Tennessee and eastern Texas, and through Arkansas to the
Indian Territory, southeastern Kansas, southern Missouri and southern
Illinois.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.35 metres in
diameter ; light, sandy soil or, less commonly, along the low borders of
swamps ; forming, west of the Mississippi River, mixed with oaks and
other deciduous trees, extensive forests ; the only species of northern
Arkansas, Kansas, and Missouri, and reaching its greatest development
in western Louisiana, southern Arkansas and eastern Texas.
Pinus. CONIFERiE. 125
Wood varying greatly in quality and amount of sap, heavy, hard,
strong, generally course-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells
broad, very resinous ; resin passages numerous, large ; medullary rays
numerous, conspicuous ; color orange, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely
manufactured into lumber, especially in the States west of the Mississippi
River.
378. Pinus glabra, Walt.
Cedar Pine. Spruce Pine. White Pine.
South Carolina, south to middle Florida, generally near the coast, and
through the Gulf States south of latitude 32° 30' to the valley of the Pearl
River, Louisiana.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 1.20 metres in
diameter ; rich bottom-lands and hummocks in dense forests of hard-wood
trees, reaching its greatest development in Alabama and Mississippi ; not
common and very local.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, not durable ;
bands of small summer cells broad, not resinous ; resin passages few, not
large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood
nearly white.
379. Finns Banksiana, Lamb.
Gray Pine. Scrub Pine. Prince's Pine.
Bay of Chaleur to the southern shores of Hudson Bay, northwest to
the Great Bear Lake, the valley of the Mackenzie River, and the eastern
slope of the Rocky Mountains ; south to northern Maine, northern Ver-
mont, the southern shores of Lake Michigan and central Minnesota.
A small tree, 9 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.75 metre in diameter ; barren, sandy soil or, less commonly, in rich
loam; most common north of the boundary of the United States, and
reaching its greatest development in the region north of Lake Superior,
here often forming considerable forests ; toward its extreme western limits
associated and often confounded with the closely allied P. contorta and
P. Murrayana of the Pacific region.
Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact; bands of
small summer cells not broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages
few, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color clear light brown
or, rarely, orange, the thick sap-wood almost white ; largely used for fuel,
railway-ties, etc.
380. Finns palnstris, Mill.
Long-leaved Pine. Southern Pine. Georgia Pine, Yellow Pine.
Hard Pine.
Southeastern Virginia, south to Cape Canaveral and Tampa Bay,
Florida, and through the Gulf States to the valley of the Red River,
126 CONIFERiE. Pinm.
Louisiana, and the Trinity River, Texas, rarely extending beyond 150
miles from the coast.
A tree 18 to 29 metres in height, with a trunk O.GO to 1.20 metres in
diameter ; dry, sandy loam of the maritime plaiij ; forming extensive
forests almost to the exclusion of other species, or toward its extreme
interior range, especially in the Gulf States, occupying rolling hills, here
mixed with oaks and various deciduous trees ; rarely along the borders of
swamps in low, wet soil.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, tough, coarse-grained,
compact, durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, dark-
colored ; resin passages few, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous,
conspicuous ; color light red or orange, the thin sap-wood nearly white ;
largely manufactured into lumber and used in construction of all sorts, for
ship-building, fencing, railway-ties, etc.
The turpentine, tar, pitch, rosin, and spirits of turpentine manufac-
tured in the United States are almost exclusively produced by this
species.
381. Pinns Cubensis, Griseb.
Slash Pine. Swamp Pine. Bastard Pine. Meadow Pine.
South Carolina, south near the coast to the southern keys of Florida,
west along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Pearl River, Louisiana, not
extending beyond 50 or 60 miles inland ; in the West Indies.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; light, sandy soil along the dunes and marshes of the coast, or
wet, clay borders of ponds, abandoned fields, etc., and now rapidly taking
possession of ground from which the forests of P. palustris have been
removed ; the only species of Florida south of Cape Canaveral and Bay
Biscayne.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, tough, coarse-grained,
compact, durable ; bands of small summer cells very broad and resinous,
conspicuous : resin passages few, not large ; medullary rays numerous,
rather prominent; color rich dark orange, the sap-wood lighter, often
nearly white ; hardly inferior in value to that of P. palustris, although
rarely manufactured into lumber.
Turpentine is occasionally manufactured in southern Florida from
this species.
382. Picea nigra, Link.
Black Spruce.
Newfoundland, northern Labrador to Ungava Bay, Nastapokee Sound
and Cape Churchill, Hudson Bay, and northwest to the mouth of the
Mackenzie River and the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains ; south
through the Northern States to Pennsylvania, central Michigan, central
Picea. CONIFERiE. 127
Wisconsin and Minnesota, and along the Alleghany Mountains to the
high peaks of North Carolina.
A tree 15 to 21 metres in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; light, dry, rocky soil, forming, especially north of latitude 50*^,
extensive forests on the water-sheds of the principal streams or in cold,
wet swamps; then small, stunted, and of little value {P. rubra).
Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ;
bands of small summer cells thin, resinous ; resin passages few, minute ;
medullary rays few, conspicuous ; color light red or often nearly white,
the sap-wood lighter ; largely manufactured into lumber, and used in
construction, for ship-building, piles, posts, railway-ties, etc.
383. Picea alba, Link.
White Spruce.
Newfoundland, northern shore of Labrador to Ungava Bay, Cape
Churchill, and northwestward to the mouth of the Mackenzie River and
the valley of the Yukon River, Alaska ; south to northern Maine, north-
eastern Vermont, northern Michigan and Minnesota, the Black Hills of
Dakota, the Rocky Mountains of northern Montana, Sitka, and British
Columbia.
A tree 15 to 50 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; low, rather wet soil, borders of ponds and swamps ; most com-
mon north of the boundary of the United States, and reaching its greatest
development along the streams and lakes of the Flathead region of north-
ern Montana at an elevation of 2,500 to 3,500 feet; the most important
timber tree of the American subarctic forests north of latitude 60^ ; its dis-
tribution southward in British Columbia not yet satisfactorily determined.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ;
bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; resin passages few,
minute; medullary rays numerous, prominent; color light yellow, the
sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; largely manufactured into lumber,
although not distinguished in commerce- from that of the black spruce
(P. nigra).
884. Picea Engelmanni, Engelm.
White Spruce.
Peace River Plateau, in latitude 55° 46', through the interior of
British Columbia and alons: the Cascade Mountains of Washinj^ton and
Oregon to the valley of the Mackenzie River ; on the principal ranges of
the Rocky and Wahsatch Mountains to the San Francisco Mountains,
Sierra Blanco, and Mount Graham, Arizona.
A large tree, 24 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20
metres in diameter, or at its extreme elevation reduced to a low, prostrate
shrub; dry, gravelly slopes and ridges between 5,000 and 11.500 feet
elevation ; the most valuable timber tree of the central Rocky Mountain
128 CONIFERiE. Picea.
region, here forming extensive forests, generally above 8,500 feet eleva-
tion ; rare and of small size in the mountains of Washington, Oreiron,
and Montana.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, very close, straight-grained, compact,
satiny ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous ; resin pas-
sages few, minute ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color pale
yellow tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; in Colorado
manufactured into lumber and largely used for fuel, charcoal, etc.
The bark, rich in tannin, is sometimes used in Utah in tanning
leather.
385. Picea pungens, Engelm.
White Sp'^uce, Blue Spruce.
Valley of the Wind River, south in the mountain ranges of Wyoming,
Colorado, and Utah.
A tree 30 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; borders of streams, in damp or wet soil, generally between
6,000 and 9,000 feet elevation, never forming forests ; rare and local.
Wood very light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of
small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous ; resin passages few, small ;
medullary rays numerous, prominent ; color very light brown or often
nearly white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable.
386. Picea Sitchensis, Carr.
Tide-land Spruce.
Alaska, south to Mendocino County, California, not extending more
than 50 miles inland from the coast.
A large tree of great economic value, 46 to 61 metres in height, with
a trunk 2.40 to 5.19 metres in diameter; gravelly ridges and swamps,
reaching its greatest development in Washington and Oregon near the
mouth of the Columbia River, here forming a belt of nearly continuous
forest growth, from 10 to 50 miles in width.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ;
bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous ; resin passages few,
obscure ; medullary rays numerous, rather prominent ; color light brown
tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufactured into
lumber and used for construction, interior finish, fencing, boat-building,
the dunnage of vessels, cooperage, wooden-ware, etc.
386 a. Picea species.
Alpine slopes of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon {Thomas Howell,
June, 1884) ; probably very rare and local.
A tree sometimes exceeding 30 metres in height, with a trunk often 1
metre in diameter ; the botanical characters not yet published ; easily dis-
Tsvga. CONIFERiE. 129
tinguished by its long pendulous branchlets, flat or slightly rounded leaves,
and large cones with broad, spreading, very thin, entire scales.
Wood not collected.
387. Tsuga Canadensis, Carr.
Hemlock.
Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, valley of the Saint Lawrence
River to the shores of Lake Temiscaming, and southwest to the western
borders of northern Wisconsin ; south through the Northern States to
northern Delaware, southeastern Michigan, central Wisconsin, and along
the Alleghany Mountains to northern Alabama.
A tree 21 to 33 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.15 metres in
diameter ; dry, rocky ridges, generally facing the north and often forming
extensive forests almost to the exclusion of other species, or, less com-
monly, borders of swamps in deep, rich soil ; most common at the North,
and reaching its greatest individual development in the high mountains of
North Carolina and Tennessee.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse, crooked-grained, difficult
to work, liable to wind-shake and splinter, not durable ; bands of small
summer cells rather broad, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ;
color light brown tinged with red or often nearly white, the sap-wood
somewhat darker ; largely manufactured into coarse lumber and used in
construction for outside finish, railway-ties, etc. ; two varieties, red and
white, produced apparently under precisely similar conditions of growth,
are recognized by lumbermen.
The bark, rich in tannin, is the principal material used in the North-
ern States in tanning leather, and yields a fluid extract sometimes used
medicinally as a powerful astringent.
388. Tsuga Caroliniana, Engelm.
Hemlock.
Southern Alleghany region, North and South Carolina.
A small tree, 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.75
metre in diameter ; dry, rocky ridges between 4,000 and 5,000 feet eleva-
tion ; rare and local.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained ; bands of small
summer cells narrow, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ;
color light brown tinged with red, the sap-w^ood nearly white.
389. Tsuga Mertensiana, Carr.
Hemlock.
Alaska, south along the islands and coast of British Columbia, and
through the Selkirk, Gold, and other interior ranges to the Bitter Root
Mountains of Idaho, and the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of
0
130 CONIFERiE. Tsuga.
Montana, extending south along the Cascade Mountains to southern Ore-
gon and in the Coast Ranges between 1,000 and 4,000 feet elevation, to
northern California.
A large tree, oO to 61 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 3 metres
in diameter ; low, moist bottoms or rocky ridges ; very common and
reaching its greatest development in western Oregon and Washington,
often forming extensive forests, especially along the western base of the
Cascade Mountains.
Wood light, hard, not strong, rather close-grained ; bands of smaH
summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, promi-
nent ; color light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood nearly white ;
occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber.
The bark, rich in tannin, is the principal material used on the north-
west coast in tanning leather.
390. Tsuga Pattoniana, Engelm.
British Columbia, south along the Cascade Mountains and the Califor-
nia Sierras to the headwaters of the San Joaquin Kiver, extending east
along the high mountains of northern Washington to the western slopes
and summits of the Coeur d'Alene and Bitter Root Mountains of Idaho,
and to northern Montana.
An alpine tree, rarely 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.50 to 2.10
metres in diameter ; dry slopes and ridges near the limits of tree growth,
ranging from an elevation of 2,700 feet in British Columbia to 10,000
feet on the Sierras of central California.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, satiny, susceptible of a
good polish; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous; medul-
lary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood
nearly white.
391. PsendotsTiga Dotiglasii, Carr.
Red Fir. Yellow Fir. Oregon Pine. Douglas Fir.
Coast Ranges and interior plateau of British Columbia south of lati-
tude 55° N., east to the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains in lati-
tude 51° N. ; south along the mountain ranges of Washington, Oregon,
the California Coast Ranges, and the western slope of the Sierra Nevada,
on the mountain ranges east to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and the
Guadalupe Mountains of Texas ; in the Wahsatch and Uintah Moun-
tains, the ranges of northern and eastern Arizona ; in northern Mexico ;
not detected in the interior region between the Sierra Nevada and the
Wahsatch Mountains, south of the Blue Mountains of Oregon, and north
of Arizona.
A large tree, 61 to 92 metres in height, with a trunk 0.83 to 3.66
metres in diameter, or in the Rocky Mountains much smaller, here rarely
Abies. CONIFERiE. 131
30 metres in height ; the most generally distributed and valuable timber
tree of the Pacific region, growing from the sea-level to an elevation in
Colorado of nearly 10,000 feet; often forming extensive forests, almost
to the exclusion of other species, and reaching in western Oregon ai:d
Washington Territory its greatest development and value. A form with
larger cones and narrower acutish leaves (var. macrocarpa, Engelm.) occurs
in the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains of southern California,
— a small tree with darker-colored, lighter, and less valuable wood.
Wood hard, strong, varying greatly with age and conditions of growth
in density, quality, and amount of sap ; difficult to work, durable ; bands of
small summer cells broad, occupying fully one half the width of the annual
growth, dark-colored, conspicuous, soon becoming flinty and difficult to
cut ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color varying from light red to
yellow, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufactured into lumber and
used for all kinds of construction, railway-ties, piles, fuel, etc. Two va-
rieties, red and yellow fir, distinguished by lumbermen, are dependent
probably upon the age of the tree ; the former coarse-grained, darker-
colored, and considered less valuable than yellow fir.
The bark has proved valuable in tanning leather.
392. Abies Fraseri, Lindl.
Balsam. She Balsam.
High Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre
in diameter; moist slopes between 5,000 and 6,500 feet elevation, often
forming considerable forests ; very local.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of
small summer cells rather broad, light-colored, not conspicuous ; medul-
lary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter, nearly
white.
393. Abies balsamea, Mill.
Balsam Mr. Balm-of- Gilead Fir.
Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hud-
son Bay ; northwest to the Great Bear Lake and the eastern base of the
Rocky Mountains ; south through the Northern States to Pennsylvania,
central Michigan and Minnesota, and along the Alleghany mountains to
the high peaks of Virginia.
A tree 21 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60
metre in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a low, prostrate shrub
{A. Hudsonica, Hort.) ; damp woods and mountain swamps.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, not durable ;
bands of small summer cells not broad, resinous, conspicuous ; medullary
rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, often streaked with yellow,
the sap-wood lighter.
132 CONIFERS. Abies.
Canadian balsam or balm of fir, an aromatic liquid oleo-resin obtained
from this and other species of Abies by puncturing the vesicles formed
under the bark of the stem and branches, is used medicinally, chiefly in
the treatment of chronic catarrhal affections, and in the arts.
394. Abies subalpina, Engelm.
,JBalsam.
Alaska, south through British Columbia and along the Cascade Moun-
tains to northern Oregon ; Blue Mountains of Oregon and on the ranges
of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado.
A tree 24 to 40 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60
metre in diameter ; mountain slopes and canons between 4,000 (British
Columbia) and 12,000 (Colorado) feet elevation; generally scattered and
rarely forming the prevailing forest growth.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact ; bands
of small summer cells very narrow, not conspicuous ; medullary rays
numerous, obscure ; color light brown or nearly white, the sap-wood
lighter.
395. Abies grandis, Lindl.
White Fir.
Vancouver's Island, south to northern California, near the coast ; in-
terior valleys of western Washington and Oregon south to the Umpqua
River; Cascade Mountains below 4,000 feet elevation. Blue Mountains
of Oregon to the eastern slop^ of the Coeur dAlene and Bitter Root
Mountains, Idaho, and the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of
northern Montana.
A large tree, 61 to 92 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50
metres in diameter ; most common and reaching its greatest development
on the bottom-lands of western Washington and Oregon in rich, moist
soil or on moist mountain slopes ; then much smaller, rarely exceeding
30 metres in height.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of
small summer cells broader than in other American species, dark-colored,
resinous, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light
brown, the sap-wood rather lighter ; in western Oregon manufactured into
lumber and used for interior finish, packing-cases, cooperage, etc.
396. Abies concolor, Lindl. & Gord.
White Fir, Balsam Fir.
Northern slopes of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon, south along the
western slope of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino and San Ja-
cinto Mountains, California ; high mountains of northern Arizona to the
Abies. CONIFERS. 133
Mogollon Range, New Mexico, northward to the Pike's Peak region of
Colorado, and in the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah.
A large tree, 30 to 40 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.^0
metres in diameter ; moist slopes and cafions between o,000 and 0,000 feet
elevation, reaching its greatest development in the California Sierras,
varying greatly in the color and length of leaves, habit, etc., and perhaps
only a southern form of the too nearly allied A. grandis, from which it
cannot be always readily distinguished.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of
small summer cells narrow, resinous, not conspicuous ; medullary rays
numerous, obscure ; color very light brown or nearly white, the sap-wood
somewhat darker ; occasionally manufactured into lumber and used for
packing-cases, butter-tubs, and other domestic purposes.
397. Abies bracteata, Nutt.
California, — Santa Lucia Mountains.
A tree 46 to 61 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in
diameter ; moist, cold soil, occupying 4 or 5 carions between 3,000 and
6,000 feet elevation, west of the summit of the range.
Wood heavy, not hard, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer
cells broad, resinous, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ;
color light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood not seen.
398. Abies amabilis, Forbes.
Valley of the Fraser River, British Columbia, south along the Cascade
Mountains of Washington and Oregon.
A tree 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 metres
in diameter, forming extensive forests on the mountains of British Colum-
bia between 3,500 and 5,000 feet, and upon the mountains south of the
Columbia River between 3,000 and 4,000 feet elevation, here reaching its
greatest development ; its northern range not yet determined.
Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; bands of small
summer cells broad, resinous, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
399. Abies nobilis, Lindl.
Red Fir,
Oregon, — Cascade Mountains from the Columbia River south to the
valley of the upper Rogue River, summits of the Coast Range from the
Columbia to the Nestucca River.
A large tree, 61 to 92 metres in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 3 metres
in diameter, forming, with A. amabilis, extensive forests along the
slopes of the Cascade Range, between 3,000 and 4,000 feet elevation ;
less multiplied in the Coast Ranges, but here reaching its greatest indi-
vidual development.
134 CONlFERiE. Abies.
Wood light, hard, strong, rather close-grained, compact; bands of
small summer cells broad, resinous, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary
rays thin, hardly distinguishable ; color light brown streaked with red,
the sap-wood a little darker.
400. Abies magnifica, Murr.
Bed Fir,
California, — Mount Shasta, south along the western slope of the
Sierra Nevada to Kern County.
A large tree, 61 to 76 metres in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 3 metres
in diameter, forming about the base of Mount Shasta extensive forests
between 4,900 and 8,000 feet elevation ; in the southern sierras less
common, here reaching an extreme elevation of 10,000 feet.
Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact, satiny,
durable in contact with the soil, liable to twist and warp in seasoning ;
bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, dark-colored, conspicuous ;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light red, the sap-wood somewhat
darker ; largely used for fuel and occasionally manufactured into coarse
lumber.
401. Larix Americana, Michx.
Larch. Black Larch. Tamarack. Hachmcdack.
Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the eastern shores of Hudson
Bay, Cape Churchill, and northwest to the northern shores of the Great
Bear Lake and the valley of the Mackenzie River within the Arctic
Circle ; south through the Northern States to northern Pennsylvania,
northern Indiana and Illinois, and central Minnesota.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; moist uplands and intervale lands, or, south of the boundary of
the United States, in cold, wet swamps, often covering extensive areas,
here much smaller and less valuable.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, durable
in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous,
dark-colored, conspicuous ; resin passages few, obscure ; medullary rays
numerous, hardly distinguishable ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly
white ; preferred and largely used for the upper knees of vessels, for ship-
timbers, fence-posts, telegraph-poles, railway-ties, etc.
402. Larix occidentalis, Nutt.
Tamarack.
British Columbia, Selkirk and Gold Ranges, south of latitude 53°, south
along the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains to the Columbia River,
through the mountain ranges of northern Washington Territory to the
western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Montana ; Blue Mountains of
Washington and Oregon.
Washingtonia. PALM^. 135
A large tree, 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50
metres in diameter ; moist mountain slopes and benches between 2,500
and 5,000 feet elevation ; scattered among other trees and never exclu-
sively forming forests ; very common and perhaps reaching its greatest
development in the region north of the Big lilackfoot River and in the
valley of the Flathead River, Montana ; the largest and most valuable
timber tree of the Columbian basin.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, rather coarse-grained, com-
pact, satiny, susceptible of a fine polish, very durable in contact with the
soil ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, dark-colored,
conspicuous ; resin passages few, obscure ; medullary rays numerous, thin ;
color light bright red, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; occasionally
manufactured into lumber, but principally used for fuel, posts, railway-
ties, etc.
403. Larix Lyallii, Pari.
Eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains of northern Washington, east
along the boundary of the United States to northern Montana.
A low, much-branched, straggling, alpine tree, rarely exceeding 15
metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.50 metres in diameter; dry,
rocky soil, generally upon northern exposures, and associated with Pinus
alhicaulis and Tsuga Pattoniana along the upper limits of tree growth
between 5,500 and 7,000 feet elevation.
404. Sabal Palmetto, Lodd.
Cabbage Tree. Cabbage Palmetto.
North Carolina, south along the coast to Key Largo, Florida, extend-
ing along the Gulf coast to the Apalachicola River.
A tree 7 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; sandy maritime shores ; very common and reaching its greatest
development upon the west coast of the Florida peninsula south of Cedar
Keys.
Wood light, soft ; fibro-vascular bundles hard, difficult to work, dark-
colored ; color light brown ; impervious to the attacks of the Teredo, and
largely used for wharf-piles, etc.
405. Washingtonia filifera. Wend.
Fan-leaf Palm.
California, — from the eastern base of the San Bernardino Mountains
to the valley of the Colorado River.
A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.05 metres in
diameter, forming groves of 250 to 500 plants in the depressions of the
136 LILIACEiE. Thrinax.
desert, in moist alkaline soil, or solitary and scattered near the heads of
small ravines formed by watercourses ; often stunted and greatly injured
by fire.
AVood light, soft ; fibro-vascular bundles hard, difficult to cut, dark-
colored, conspicuous.
406. Thrinax parviflora, Sw.
Silk-top Palmetto.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.10 metre in diameter, or in pine-barren soil often low and stemless
(P. Garheri, Chapm.).
Wood light, soft ; fibro-vascular bundles small, hard, not conspicuous ;
color light brown ; the trunk used in making sponge- and turtle-crawls.
407. Thrinax argentea, Lodd.
Silver-top Palmetto, Brickley Thatch, Brittle Thatch.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre
in diameter.
Wood light, soft ; fibro-vascular bundles small, very numerous ; interior
of the trunk spongy, much lighter than the exterior ; used for piles, the
foliage in the manufacture of ropes, for thatch, etc.
408. Oreodoxa regia, HBK.
Royal Palm,
Semi-tropical Florida, — hummocks near Cape Romano to the south-
ern keys ; in the West Indies.
A tree 18 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 metre in diameter ;
rich hummocks, often forming extensive groves; in Florida rare and
local.
Wood heavy, hard ; fibro-vascular bundles large, very dark, conspicu-
ous ; interior of the trunk spongy, much lighter than the exterior ; color
brown.
LILIACE^.
409. Yucca canaliculata, Hook.
Spanish Bayonet,
Texas, — Matagorda Bay, and from the Brazos and Guadalupe Rivers
to the Rio Grande ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, 5 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.75 metre
in diameter ; dry, gravelly, arid soil.
Yucca, LILIACEiE. 137
Wood, like that of the whole genus, showing distinct marks of con-
centric arrangement, fibrous, spongy, heavy, difficult to cut and work ;
color li^ht brown.
The bitter, sweetish fruit is cooked and eaten by the Mexicans ; the
root stock, as in the whole genus, is saponaceous and largely used by
the Mexicans as a substitute for soap.
410. Yucca brevifolia, Engelm.
The Joshua. Joshua Tree.
Southwestern Utah, northwestern Arizona to southern Nevada, and the
valley of the Mohave River, California.
A tree 6 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; dry, gravelly soil ; forming upon the Mohave Desert, at 2,500
feet elevation, an open, straggling forest.
Wood light, soft, spongy, difficult to work ; color very light brown or
nearly white ; sometimes manufactured into paper-pulp.
411. Yucca elata, Engelm.
Western Texas to southern Arizona and Utah ; southward into Mexico.
A small tree, 3 to 5 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre
in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes.
Wood light, soft, spongy ; color light brown or yellow.
412. Yucca baccata, Torr.
Spanish Bayonet. Mexican Banana.
Western Texas, south of latitude 32° N., west through New Mexico
to southern Colorado and southern California ; in northern Mexico.
A tree 7 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 metre in diameter, or
often much smaller, and toward the northern limits of its range stem-
less ; forming upon the plains of Presidio County, Texas, extensive open
forests.
Wood light, soft, spongy, difficult to work ; color light brown.
The large juicy edible fruit is an important article of food to Mexicans
and Indians ; a strong coarse fibre, prepared by macerating the leaves in
water, is manufactured into rope in Mexico.
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF THE
WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
OF THE UNITED STATES.
The various processes by which the physical properties of the woods of
the United States were determined by Mr. Sharpies, in connection with
the Census investigation, are fully set forth in Vol. IX. of the final
Reports of the Tenth Census. This volume may not be accessible to all
persons who may have occasion to use the following tables, and the
methods therefore adopted in attaining these results are here briefly
described.
The specific gravity, ash, and fuel value of the wood of every indige-
nous arborescent species of the United States, with seven unimportant
exceptions, were determined. The specific gravity was obtained by
weighing carefully measured specimens, 100 millimetres long and about
35 millimetres square, previously subjected to a temperature of 100° C.
until their weight became constant. The ash is given in percentages of
the dry wood, and was determined by burning small blocks of the wood
in a muffle furnace at a low temperature.
The relative approximate fuel value of any wood is obtained by
deducting its percentage of ash from its specific gravity ; and the cor-
rectness of the result thus obtained is based upon the hypothesis first
proposed by Count Rumford, that the value of equal weights of all
woods for fuel is the same. It would be more correct, however, to say
that the fuel value of the organic matter in all woods is approximately
the same.
Wood is made up of two factors, — organic matter, composed of car-
bon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a small amount of nitrogen, and a still
smaller amount of sulphur; and inorganic or mineral matter, —ash, as it
is generally called, — without value as fuel. The specific gravity represents
the weight of equal volumes of wood ; and if from the specific gravity the
weight of the ash, which varies greatly in different species, is deducted,
142 THE rilYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
the relative fuel value will be obtained. A wood free from ash, there-
fore, having the specific gravity of 1.000, would represent the unit of fuel
value, the specimens being free from hygroscopic water.
If the values thus obtained are multiplied by 4,000, the results will
give very nearly, except in the case of some of the resinous woods, the
number of units of heat which a cubic decimetre of the wood is capable
of yielding, — a unit of heat being the amount required to raise one kilo-
gramme of water one degree Centigrade. The fuel value of any wood is
often modified by other conditions than its weight and percentage of ash.
Perfect combustion is rarely attainable. Resinous woods, especially, are
seldom perfectly consumed, much carbon escaping in the form of smoke.
The moisture which always occurs in the firewood of commerce must also
be considered. Wood when first cut often contains as much as 50 per cent
of its weight of water, and air-dried wood may generally be expected to
contain at least 20 per cent. The heat necessary to distil this is, of course,
lost in combustion.
The strength and power to resist compression of the principal timbers
produced in the forests of the United States were determined by Mr.
Sharpies in the course of the Census investigation.
A stick being supported at each end and weights being applied to it,
it is bent or deflected in proportion to each addition of weight within a
certain limit, which differs in different species of wood. This limit is
called the elastic limit of the wood. When the elastic limit is exceeded,
the ratio of deflection is in excess of that previously produced by the addi-
tion of similar weight. If the elasticity of a given stick under weights
which do not strain it beyond this limit is known, the deflection of any
other stick, of the same wood, may be calculated by means of the following
formula : —
E =
4LAbd^'
E is the coefficient of elasticity ; P, the weight applied in kilogrammes ;
/, the length of the stick in centimetres ; J, the width of the stick in cen-
timetres ; d, the depth of the stick in centimetres ; A, its deflection in
centimetres.
Any five of these being known, the value of the sixth may be calcu-
lated. E has been determined for many woods, and its value is given
in the fourth column of Table I.
If the deflection of a stick under a given weight is required, it can be
obtained by using the formula
OF THE UNITED STATES. 143
It is often desirable to know what is the ultimate strength of a given
stick. This is obtained by the following formula : —
p_3PZ
in which P, I, b, and d have the same value as in the preceding formulas.
B is given in the fifth column of Table I. as the Modulus of Rupture.
In this formula P will most generally be the unknown quantity, and can
be obtained by using this formula, —
2hd^R
bz *
Wood may be compressed in a direction either parallel or perpendicu-
lar to its fibres. The latter is known as indentation. When a stick is
compressed in the direction parallel to its fibres, if its length does not ex-
ceed ten or twelve times its diameter, it generally fails by the crushing of
the fibres ; and the force necessary to produce such crushing is propor-
tionate to the area of the cross-section of the stick. The figures in the
sixth column of Table I. give the weight in kilogrammes necessary to
produce such crushing in sticks of the different species one centimetre
square. In order to find the weight any given stick will support, the
number in the column should be multiplied by the number of square cen-
timetres in the end of the stick. The force necessary to sink a punch
one centimetre square to the depth of 1.27 millimetres perpendicular to
the fibre of the wood of the different species, is given in the seventh col-
umn of Table I. The force necessary to produce indentation is propor-
tionate to the surface of the punch or the surface exposed to its action.
For further information in regard to the formulas relating to the
physical properties of wood, the reader is referred to : —
The Materials of Engineering. Part I. pp. 37-153. Robert H.
Thurston. New York, 1883.
Treatise on the Resistance of Materials. De Volson Wood. New
York, 1871.
144
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
TABLE I.
Specijic Gravity, Percentage of Ash, Relative Approximate Fuel Value, Coefficient
of Elasticity, Modulus of Rupture, Resistance to Pressure, and Weight per
Cubic Foot of the Woods of the United States.
1
2
3
4
5
6
I
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
171
18
19
20
21
22
23
231
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
8ii
Species.
Magnolia grandiflora
Magnolia glauca
Magnolia acuminata
Magnolia cordata .......
Magnolia macrophylla
Magnolia Umbrella
Magnolia Fraseri
Liriodendron Tulipifera
Asimina triloba
Anona laurifolia
Capparis Jamaicensis
Canella alba
Clusia flava
Gordonia Lasianthus ......
Gordonia pubescens
Fremontia Californica
Tilia Americana
Tilia Americana, var. pubescens . .
Tilia beteropbylla
Byrsonirna lucida
Guaiacum sanctum .......
Porliera angustifolia
Xanthoxylum Americanum . . .
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis . . .
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, var.
fruticosura
Xanthoxylum Caribaeuni . . . .
Xanthoxylum Pterota
Ptelea trifoliata
Canotia holacantha
Simaruba glauca
Bursera gummifera
Amyris sylvatica
Swietenia Mahogoni
Ximenia Americana
Ilex opaca
Ilex Dahoon
Ilex Dahoon, var. myrtifolia . . .
o
0.6360
0.5035
0.4690
0.4139
0.5309
0.4487
0.5003
0.4230
0 3969
0.5053
0.6971
0.9893
0.4728
0.7142
0.4525
0.4074
0.4253
0.5888
1.1432
1.1101
0.5654
0.5056
0.5967
0 9002
0.7444
0.8319
0.6885
0.4136
0.3003
1 .0459
0.7282
0.9196
0.6818
0.4806
0.6873
0.53
0.47
0.29
0.32
0.35
0.20
0.28
0.23
0.21
4.86
4.76
1.75
0.76
1.69
0.55
0.65
0.62
2.46
0.82
0.51
0.67
0.82
0.76
2.02
0.78
0.30
5.33
0.93
2.04
0.69
1.09
0.73
0.76
0.91
0.90
fii a
0.6326
0.6011
0.4676
0.4126
0.6290
0.4478
0.4989
0.4220
0.3961
0.4807
0.6639
0.9720
0.4692
0.7021
0.4600
0.4048
0.4227
0.6743
1.1338
1.1044
0.5622
0.5016
0.5922
0.8820
0.7386
0.8294
0.6518
0.40U8
0.2942
1.0397
0.7203
0.9129
0.6774
0.4762
0.5820
a, .^
90330
91299
92817
94073
'116854
74365
94462
92667
48179
60113
111698
79414
84010
81111
84659
52603
86324
72577
Pi
792
.736
671
600
696
683
707
657
391
607
1026
670
689
560
577
424
787
•5
a: C
II
482
424
415
410
489
366
418
372
212
302
782
387
86765
93217
41694
108507
106272
64317
64192
640
754
564 426
148
1305
1003
348
405
394
391
737
197
102
107
89
130
84
123
82
69
127
573
99
63
59
68
210
793
449
686
686
572
165
748
666
159
373
86
47
650
309
419 176
349 113
C3 C
P
39.64
31.38
29.23
25.78
33.09
27.96
31.18
26 36
24.73
31.49
43.44
61.65
29.46
44.50
28.20
26.39
26.50
36.69
7124
69.18
35.24
81.51
31.19
66.09
46.39
61.84
42.91
25.78
18.71
65.18
45.38
67.31
36.26
29.95
36.60
OF THE UNITED STATES.
145
Species.
Ilex Cassine
Ilex (lecidua
Cyrilla racemiflora
(Miftonia ligustrina ....
Euonymus atropurpureus .
My<jfin(la pallens
Scliajfferia frutescens ....
Keynosia latifolia
Condalia ferrea
Condalia obovata
Rhaninus Caroliniana
Rliamnus Californica ....
Rlianinus Pursliiaiia ....
Ceanotlius thyrsiflorus .
Colubrina reclinata ....
^sculus glabra
.^sculus flava
il^^sculus Californica ....
Ungnadia speciosa
Sapindus marginatus ....
Sapindus Saponaria ....
Hypelate paniculata ....
Hypelate trifoliata
Acer Pcniisylvanicuin . . .
Acer spicatum
Acer macrophylluni ....
Acer circinatum
Acer glabrum
Acer grandidentatum ....
Acer saccharinum
Acer saccharinum, var. nigrum
Acer dasycarpum
Acer rubrum . . ... . .
Acer rubrum, var. Drummondii
Negundo aceroides
Negundo Californicum . . .
Rims cotinoides . . . . . .
Rhus typhina ......
Rhus copallina
Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata
Rhus venenata
Rhus Metopium
Pistacia Mexicana
Eysenhardtia orthocarpa . .
Dalea spinosa
Robinia Pseudacacia ....
Robinia viscosa
Robinia Neo- Mexicana . . .
Olnoya Tesota
Piscidia Erythrina
Cladrastis tinctoria ....
Sophora secundiflora ....
Sopliora afRnis
Gyninocladus Canadensis . .
Gleditschia triacanthos . . .
o
0.7270
0.7420
0.0784
0.0249
0.6592
0.9048
0.7745
1.0715
1.3020
1.1999
0.5462
O.COOO
0.5672
0.5750
0.8208
0.4542
0.4274
0.4980
0.6332
0.8126
0 8307
0.95^^3
0.9102
0.5299
0.5330
0.4909
0.6660
0.6028
0.6902
0.6912
0.6915
0.5269
0.6178
0.5459
0.4328
0.4821
0.6425
0 4357
0.5273
0.5184
0.4382
0.7917
0.8740
0.5536
0.7333
0.8094
0.8034
1.0602
0 8734
0.6278
0.9842
0.8500
0.6934
0.6740
0.87
0.70
0.42
042
0.58
3.42
2.54
3.20
8.31
7.03
0.64
0.58
0.67
0.69
1 75
0.86
100
0.70
1.17
1 50
4.34
1.25
1.38
0.36
0.43
0.54
0.39
0.30
0.64
0.54
0.71
0.33
0.37
0.34
1.07
0.54
0.50
0.50
0.60
0.85
0.64
2.39
1.28
4.04
0.51
0.20
0.60
2.29
3.38
0.28
159
0.78
067
0.80
0.7207
0.7368
0.6756
0.6223
0.6554
0.8739
0.7548
1.0372
1.1938
1.1155
0.6427
0.5965
0.5634
0.5710
0.8064
0.4503
0.4231
0.4945
0.6258
0.8004
0.8004
0.9414
0.8976
0.5280
0.5307
0.4882
0.6634
0.6010
0.6858
0.6875
0.6866
05252
0.6155
0.5440
0.4282
0.4795
06393
0.4835
0.5241
0.5140
0.4354
0.7728
0.8628
0.5312
0.7296
0 8078
0.7986
1.0359
0.8439
0.6260
0 9680
0.8443
0.6888
0.6680
48828
78250
105005
114316
74084
91268
07656
64438
68216
83681
lil*144
78032
71810
146108
102726
110973
94284
68156
94532
73647
10500";
129238 1273
314
526
820
904
f67
750
1216
494
6
:jJj
843
119*0
684
766
1149
962
1019
811
629
796
663
656
114889
86822
85079
100226
97694
104822
108579
909
750
752
902
^i^
C'Cm
c _
371
839
803
444
621
313
355
394
470
666
439
381
459
619
660
.482
463
822
442
377
479
633
I 5
147
6.39
649
136
192
71
108
149
272
384
162
200
267
262
181
176
111
107
109
126
2
3 .
e: <=)
3
«- O
■% a
209
694
811
771
923
683
366
697
634
670
400
600
258
271
655
337
183
334
160
168
4.5.31
46 24
43.28
38.95
41.08
66.39
48.27
66.78
81.14
74.78
34.04
37.39
35.85
35.8.3
61.15
28.31
26.64
31.04
39.46
60.64
52.14
59.41
56.72
.33.02
33.22
80.59
41.61
37.67
43.01
43.08
43.09
82.84
38 60
34.02
26.97
30.04
40.04
27.15
32.86
32.31
27.31
49.34
54.47
34.50
46.70
60.44
60.07
66.07
64.43
39.12
61.34
63.03
43 21
42.00
10
146
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
Species.
Gleditschia monosperma . . .
Parkinsonia Torreyana ....
Parkinsonia micropliylla . . . .
Parkinsonia aculeata
Cercis Canadensis
Cercis reniforniia
Prosopis juliflora
Prosopis pubescens .....
Leucajna glauca
Leucaena pulverulenta ....
Acacia Wrightii
Acacia Greggii
Acacia Berlaiidieri
Lysiloma latisiliqua
Pithecolobium Unguis-cati , . .
Chrysobalanus Icaco
Prunus Americana
Primus angustifolia
Prunus Pennsylvanica ....
Prunus umbellata . . . . . .
Prunus emarginata, var. mollis .
Prunus serotina
Prunus Capuli
Prunus demissa
Prunus Caroliniana
Prunus sphserocarpa
Prunus ilicifolia
Vanquelinia Torreyi
Cercocarpus ledifolius ....
Cercocarpus parvifolius ....
Pyrus coronaria
Pyrus angustifolia
Pyrus rivularis
Pyrus Americana
Pyrus sambuci folia
Crataegus rivularis
Crataegus Douglasii
Crataegus brachyacantha . . .
Crataegus arborescens
Crataegus Crus galli
Cratsegus coccinea
Crataegus subvillosa
Crataegus tomentosa
Crataegus tomentosa, var. punctata
Crataegus cordata
Crataegus apiifolia
Crataegus spatliulata
Crataegus be rberi folia ....
Crataegus eestivalis
Crataegus flava
Crataegus flava, var. pubescens .
Heteromeles arbutifolia ....
Amelanchier Canadensis . . .
Hamamelis Virginica
Liquidambar Styraciflua . . .
0.7342
0.6531
0.7449
0.6116
0.6363
0.7513
0.7652
0.7609
0 9235
0 6732
0.9392
0.8550
0.6418
0.9049
0.7709
0.7215
0.6884
0.5023
0.8202
0.4502
0.5822
0.7879
0 6951
0.8688
0.8998
0 9803
1.1374
1.0731
0.9365
0.7048
0.6895
0.8316
0.5451
0.5928
0.7703
0.6950
0.6793
0.6491
0.7194
0.8618
0.7953
0.7585
0.7681
0.7293
0.7453
0.7159
0.73
1 12
3.64
2.32
0.72
0.77
2.18
O.J 5
3.29
1 01
0 03
0.91
0.6564
0.7809
0.7683
0.9326
0 7838
0.6856
0.5909
212
2.40
0.87
0.18
0.28
0.40
0.12
0.21
0.15
0.20
0.50
0.41
0.87
0.78
1.45
1.04
0.45
0.52
0.33
041
0 83
0.35
0.35
0.33
0.42
0.56
0.56
0,38
0.69
0.52
0.47
0.46
0.97
0.66
S^
.tf^
K S
0.7288
0.6458
0.7178
0.5974
0.6317
0.7455
0.7485
0.7537
0.8931
0.6664
0.9333
0.8472
0.57
0.79
0.91
0.54
0.55
037
0.61
0.6282
0.8826
0.7642
0.7202
0.6865
0 5003
0.8192
0.4493
0.5813
0.7863
0.6916
0.8652
0.8920
0,9727
1.1209
1 0619
0.9323
0.7011
0.6872
0.8282
0.5406
0.5908
0.7676
0.6927
0.6764
0.6454
0.7154
0.8585
0.7898
0.7546
0.7645
0.7259
0.7381
0.7112
116991
55839
68798
58297
82424
1027
546
726
108507
0.6527
0 7747
0.7613
0.9276
0.7795
0.6831
0.5873
46064
110973
82609
60281
86055
85833
76*895
93727
73201
64241
485
894
792
653
961
864
468
679
829
691
928
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584
417
469
588
671
743
481
588
402
407
498
460
547
538
510
562
782 544 305
485
62600
78837
66J36
90*023
73160
67349
59185
70765
11*9677
445
621
653
73*8
709
506
712
86388
724
1132
276
226
182
343
329
171
221
213
133
103
842
80
204
272
246
318
655
419
380
383
498
430
538
445
455
445
651
527
670
480
2*50
117
107
184
210
2*68
240
218
224
319
280
466
132
OF THE UNITED STATES.
147
Species.
"Rliizophora Mangle
Conocari)U3 erecia ,
Laguncularia racernosa
Calyptrantlie.s Cliytraculia . . . ' .
Eugenia huxifolia
Eugenia dicliotoma
Eugenia inonticola. . . . .
Eugenia longipes
Eugenia procera
Cereus giganteus
Cornus alternifolia
Cornus florida
Cornus Nuttallii
Nyssa capitata
Nyssa sylvatica
Nyssa unittora
Sarnbucus glauca
Sambucus Mexicana
Viburnum Lentago
Viburnum prunifoliuin
Exostema Caribasuni
Pinckneya pubens
Genipa clusiyefolia
Guettarda elliptica .
Vacciniuui arboreum
Andromeda ferruginea
Arbutus Menziesii
Arbutus Xalapensis
Arbutus Texana
Oxydendrum arboreum . . . . .
Kalmia latifoiia
Rliododendron maximum ...
Myrsine Rapanea
Ardisia Fickeringia ,
Jacquinia armillaris
Chrysopbyllum oliviforme . . . ,
Sideroxylon Mastichodendron . ,
Dipbolis salicitblia
Bumelia tenax
Bumelia lanuginosa ,
Bumelia spinosa
Bumelia lycioides ,
Bumelia caneata
Mimusops Sieberi
Diospyros Virginiana ....
Diospyros Texana
Symplocos tinctoria
Halesia diptera
Halesia tetraptera
Fraxinus Greggii
Fraxinus anomala
Fraxinus pistaciaefolia ....
Fraxinus Americana
Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis
Fraxinus pubescens
o
1.1617
0.9900
0.711:57
0.8992
0.93()0
0.8988
0.9156
1.1235
0.9453
0.3188
0.66:)6
0.8153
0.7481
0.4613
0.6356
0.5194
0.5087
0.4G14
0.7303
0.8332
0.9310
0.5350
1.0316
0.8337
0.7610
0.7500
0.7052
0.7099
0.7500
0 7458
0.7160
0.6303
0.8341
0.8602
0.6948
0.9360
1.0109
0.9316
0.7293
0.6544
0.6603
0.7467
0.7959
1.0838
0.7908
0.8460
0.5325
0.5705
0.5628
0.7904
0.6597
0.6810
0.6543
0.7636
0.6251
1.82
0.32
1.62
3.32
1.50
0.74
1 89
348
2.62
3.45
0.41
0.07
0.50
0.34
0.52
0.70
1.57
2.00
0.29
0.52
0.23
0.41
1.06
1.05
0.39
046
0.40
0.26
0.51
0.37
0.41
0.36
0.81
1.84
3.45
124
5.14
0 32
0.78
1.23
1.24
0.81
1.90
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0.96
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0.68
0.42
0.40
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7021
8693
9220
0.8917
0.8983
1.0844
0.9205
0.3078
0.6669
0.8098
0.7444
0.4597
0.6323
0.5158
0.5007
0.4522
0.7282
0.8289
0.9289
0.5328
10207
0.8250
0.7580
0.7465
0.7024
0.7081
0.7462
0.7430
0.7131
0.6280
0.8271
0.8444
0.6708
0.9244
0.9689
0.9286
0.7236
0.6464
0.6521
0.7407
0.7808
1.0555
0.7832
0.8178
0.5289
0.5681
0.5605
0.7830
0.6541
0.6768
0.6516
0 7583
0.6235
H
165567
102411
72396
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108507
1*19111
82112
10S081
68083
81832
51678
30517
90654
119357
68291
81380
83834
61577
88851
58484
64578
112424
109948
133593
75120
48334
78125
60281
100226
78234
62202
68321
60119
101668
108174
81222
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518
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1172
1176
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830
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870
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907
618
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751
272
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601
430
439
698
650
730
452
362
489
478
460
503
384
434
385
463
641
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462
370
149
896
408
444
305
242
166
196
161
138
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481
105
279
225
207
247
201
262
191
382
355
274
181
160
220
286
375
324
159
197
210
171
198
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435 204
72.40
61.70
44.48
66.04
58.33
55.97
57.06
70.02
58.91
19.87
41.73
60.81
46.62
28.75
39.61
32 37
31.70
28.75
45.61
51.93
58.02
33.34
64.29
51.96
47.48
46.74
43.96
44.24
46.74
46.48
44.62
39 28
61.98
63.61
43.30
58.33
63.00
68.06
4545
40.78
41.15
46.63
49.60
67.54
49.28
62.72
33.19
35.55
35.07
49.26
41.11
42.44
40.78
47 59
88.96
148
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
Species.
GJ
Fraximis viridis 0.7117
Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlandieriana 0.5780
Fraximis platycarpa 0.8541
Fraxinus quadrangulata 0.7184
Fraxinus Oregana 05731
Fraxinus sanibucifolia 0.6318
Forestiera acuminata 0 6:-!45
Ciiionantluis Virginica 0.6372
Osmantlius Americaaus .... 0.8111
Cordia Sebestena 0 7108
Cordia Bojssieri 0.6700
Bourreria Havanensis 0.8078
Ehretia elliptica 0.0440
Catalpa bignonioides 0.4474
Catalpa speciosa 0.4165
Chilopsis saligna ^ 0.5002
Crescentia cucurbitina 0.6310
Citharexylum villosum 0.8710
Avieennia nitida 0.0138
Pisonia obtnsata j 0.6529
Coccoloba Floridana I 0.9835
Coccoloba uvifera | 0.9685
0 6429
0.0396
0.7093
0.5042
0.6517
0.9209
0.0346
1.0905
0.5772
0.7245
0.0056
0.6506
0.7263
0.7401
0.5294
0.7287
0.7275
0.2616
0.6898
0.4739
0 5898
0.7715
0.7736
0.5678
0.4880
0.4736
0.4086
0.6115
0.6554
0.7180
0.8372
0.8108
0.8218
Persea Carol inensis
Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris
Nectandra Willdenoviana . . .
Sassafras officinale
Umbellularia Californica . . .
Dry petes crocea
Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia. .
Sebastiania lucida
Hippomane Mancinella ....
Uln)us crassifolia
Ulnius fulva
Ulmus Americana
Ulmus racemosa
Ulmus alata
Planera siquatica
Celtis occidentalis
Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata
Ficus aurea
Ficus brevitblia
Ficus pedunculata
Morus rubra
Morns microphylla
Madura aurantiaca
Platanus occidentalis
Platauus racemosa
Platanus Wrightii
Juglans cinerea
Juglans nigra
Juglans rupestris
Carya olivjeformis
Carya alba
Carya sulcata
Carya tomentosa
0.65
0.54
0.73
0.78
0.34
0.72
0.72
0.51
0.46
4,22
3.53
279
1.32
0.38
0.39
0.37
1.35
0.52
2.51
7.62
5.03
1.37
0.76
0.37
0.60
0.10
0 39
6.14
8.29
2.78
5.16
1.20
0.83
0.80
0.60
0.99
0.45
1.09
1.22
5.08
4.86
4.92
0.71
068
0.68
0.46
1.11
1.35
0.51
0.79
1.01
1.13
0.73
0.90
1.06
e..;
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PS 3
0.7071
0.5749
0.3515
0.7128
0.5712
0.6273
0.6299
0.6340
0.8074
0.6808
0 6550
0.7848
0.6355
0.4457
0.4149
0.5880
0.6234
0.8665
0.8909
0.6031
0.9340
0.9503
0.0380
0.6372
0.7647
0.5037
0 6492
0.8644
0.8571
1.0602
0.5474
0.7158
0.6898
0.6454
0.7219
0.7417
0.5270
0.7208
0.7186
0.2484
0.6119
0.4506
0.5856
0.7663
0.7683
0.5652
0.4826
0.4672
0.4065
0.6067
0.6488
0.7099
08311
0.8035
0.8131
H
90313
47637
77439
84818
87185
70282
123133
99649
39697
68161
82156
54421
125717
46503
113538
83900
84918
51910
106766
103890
83619
895
536
811
665
806
717
1051
70399
95274
74742
109628
52323
55167
68527
86805
25699
40690
82377
944
721
590
685
578
O [?
482
251
499
520
423
401
220
138
222
166
194
170
547
247
937
297
918
902
820
(502
806
796
707
94373
86402
62401
45644
81253
109200
72632
66646
138839
103S84
114995
iio
869
852
1066
724
621
789
805
289
230
775
575
387
364
407
297
294
229
77
86
144
689
31*0
771
258
573
867
382
568
650
520
308
108
394
199
192
1*34
199
362
407
1131
635
562
428
597
856
600
578
1200
1083
1129
453
589
446
592
449
394
421
487
162
28*1
420
255
150
170
205
255
146
217
273
61
11*9
178
809
450
324
327
392
583
437
484
625
559
593
363
165
93
117
90
196
182
232
271
288
277
^ H
O P*
44.35
36.02
22.07
44.77
35.72
39.37
39.54
39.71
50.55
44.30
42.32
50.31
40.13
27.88
25.96
36.78
39.38
54.28
56.95
40.69
61.29
60.05
40.07
39.86
47.94
31.42
40.61
57.39
58.24
67.96
35.97
45.15
43.35
40.55
45.26
46.68
32.99
45.41
45.34
16.30
39.87
29.53
36 76
48.08
48.21
35.39
30.41
29.51
25.46
38 11
40.84
44.75
52.17
50.53
51.21
OF THE UNITED STATES.
149
Species.
Gary a porcina
Carya amara
Carya inyristiriaeforinis ....
Carya aquatica .
Myrica cerifcra
Myrica Califoniica
Quercus alba
Quercus lobata
Quercus Garryaiia
Quercus obtusiloba
Quercus uiidulata, var. Gainbellii
Quercus macrocarpa
Quercus lyrata
Quercus bicolor
Quercus Michauxii
Quercus Prinus
Quercus priuoides
Quercus Douj^lasii
Quercus oblongifolia
Quercus grisea
Quercus reticulata
Quercus Durandii
Quercus virens
Quercus clirysolepis
Quercus Emoryi
Quercus agrifolia
Quercus VVeslizeni
Quercus rubra
Quercus rul)ra, var Texana . .
Quercus cocci nea
Quercus tinctorla
Quercus Kelloggii
Quercus nigra
Quercus falcata
Quercus Catesbaei
Quercus palustris
Quercus aquatica
Quercus laurifolia
Quercus lieteropliylla
Quercus cinerea
Quercus liypoleuca
Quercus iinbricaria
Quercus Piiellos
Quercus densiflora
Castanopsis chrysophylla . . .
Castanea pumila
Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana
Fagus ferruginea
Ostrya Virgin ica
Carpinus Caroiiniana
Betula alba, var. populifolia
Betula papyrifera
Betula occidentalis
Betula lutea
Betula nigra
0.8217
0.7552
0.8016
0.7407
0.5687
0.6703
0.7470
0.7409
0.7453
0.8367
0.8407
0.7453
0.8318
0.7662
0.8039
0.7499
0.8005
0.8928
0.9441
1.0092
0.0479
0.9507
0.9501
0.8493
0.9263
0.8253
0.7855
0.6540
0.9080
0.7405
0.7045
0.6435
0.7324
0.6928
0.7294
0.6938
0.7244
0.7673
0.6834
0 6420
0.8009
0.7529
0.7472
0.6827
0.5574
0.5887
0.4504
0.6883
0.8284
0.7286
0.5760
0 5955
0 6030
0.6553
0.5762
U)
3
0.99
1.03
1.06
1.27
0.51
0.33
0.41
0.30
0.39
0.79
0.90
0.71
0.65
0.58
0.45
0.77
1.14
0.84
2.61
1.82
0.52
1.78
1.14
0.60
2.36
1.28
1.02
0.26
0.85
019
0.28
0.26
1.16
0.25
0.87
0.81
0.51
0.82
0.17
1.21
1.34
0.43
0.50
1.49
0.35
0.12
0.18
0.51
0.50
0.83
0.29
0.25
0.30
0.31
0.35
0.8136
0.7474
0.7931
0.7313
0.5608
0.6681
0.7439
0.7387
0.7424
0.8301
0.8324
0.7400
0.8259
0.7618
0.8003
0.7441
0.8507
0.8853
0.9195
0.9908
0.9430
0 9338
0.9393
0.8442
0.9044
0.8147
0.7775
0.6523
0.9003
0.7391
0.7025
0.6418
0.7239
0.6911
0.7231
0.6882
0.7207
0.7610
0.6822
0.6342
0.7902
0.7497
0.7435
0.6725
0.5554
0.5880
0.4496
0.6848
0.8243
0.7226
0.5743
0 5i»40
0.6012
0.(5533
0.5742
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1046
301
102986
1101
522
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146484
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6:i8
315
101261
884
486
274
88778
815
445
144
99161
1036
532
188
97089
905
511
213
71664
864
424
188
81109
879
505
240
83257
872
487
276
57162
680
417
255
92929
982
491
233
133438
1025
492
252
90636
909
490
221
96373
1118
482
233
125473
1031
538
2.30
112461
1288
575
264
77166
993
557
374
85739
719
434
439
73982
937
,479
364
83766
093
534
308
113627
1017
547
324
119810
1268
545
317
63828
703
422
415
95276
935
463
285
86055
818
533
272
112798
990
511
177
103843
1024
582
291
108507
1054
504
202
103427
1041
501
202
74488
768
449
174
97656
1043
497
286
140151
1193
596
201
103468
1046
457
228
112296
1090
491
190
122657
1052
501
198
125916
1181
526
253
122494
1073
412
182
75120
993
448
201
94409
1113
293
272
119357
1218
552
226
78440
989
390
216
96347
946
475
224
101195
741
435
119
114108
991
495
118
85621
696
381
106
120996
1148
478
196
137276
1134
542
231
114881
1149
498
213
72970
778
348
129
130557
1065
487
126
92424
806
391
127
161723
1248
619
161
111322
972
438
132
u
51.21
47.06
49.96
46.16
35.13
41.77
46.35
40.17
46.45
52.14
52.39
46.45
51.81
47.75
50.10
46.73
53.63
55.64
58.84
62.89
59.07
59.25
59.21
52.93
57.73
51.43
48.95
40.70
56.59
46.15
48.90
40.10
45.64
43.18
45.46
43.24
45.14
47.82
42.59
40.01
49.91
46.92
46.57
42.55
34.74
3609
28.07
42.89
51.63
45.41
35.90
37.11
37.58
40.84
35.91
150
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
305^
30t>
307
308
309
30iP
309^
310
310^
310-^
311
3111
312
313
3131
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
321
322
323
324
325
3251
326
327
328
329
330
831
332
333
334
335
336
3361
337
338
3381
3382
339
340
Species.
Betula lenta
Alnus maritima
Aliius rubra
Alnus rlioiubifolia ,
Alnus oblont^ifolia .......
Alnus serriilata
Alnus inoana
Alnus incana, van virescens . . .
Salix nigra
Salix aniygdaloides
Salix lasvigata
Salix lasiandra
Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia . .
Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana. .
Salix Jongifolia
Salix longifolia, var. exigua . .
Salix longifolia, var. argyrophylia .
Salix sessilit'olia
Salix sessilifolia, var. Hindsiana .
Salix discolor
Salix flavescens
Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana .
Salix Hookeriana
Salix cordata, var. vestita . . . .
Salix lasiolepis
Salix Sitcliensis
Populus tremuloides
Populus grandidentata
Populus heteropliylla
Populus balsam ifera
Populus balsannifera, var. candicans .
Populus angustifolia
Populus trichocarpa
Populus nionilifera
Populus Eremontii
I'opulus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni .
Libocedrus decurrens
Thuya occidentalis
Thuya gigantea
Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea . . . .
Chamaecyparis Nutkaensis ....
Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana ....
Cupressus macrocarpa
Cupressus Goveniana
Cupressus Macnabiana
Cupressus Guadalupensis ....
Juniperus Californica
Juniperus Californica, var. Utahensis
Juniperus pachyphlcea
Juniperus occidentalis
Juniperus occidentalis, var. mono-
sperma , . . .
Juniperus occidentalis, var. conjugens
Juniperus Virginiana
Taxodium distichum
S,
0.7617
0.4996
0.4813
0.4127
0.3981
0.4666
0.4607
0.4456
0.4509
0.4872
0.4756
0.4547
0.4598
0.4930
0.5342
o!4397
0.26
0.39
0 42
0.31
0.42
0.38
0.42
K S
0.4261
0.4969
0.5412
0.5350
0.6069
0.5587
0.5072
0.4032
0.4632
0.4089
0.3635
0.4161
0.3912
0.3814
0..S889
0.4914
0.4621
0 4017
0.3164
0.3796
0..S822
0.4782
0.4021
0.6261
0.4689
0.70
0.92
0.58
0.60
0.79
0.56
0.48
1.06
6.50
0.7597
0.4977
0.4793
0.4104
0.3964
0.4648
0.4588
0.4843
0.6282
0.5522
0.5829
0.5765
0.7118
0.6907
0.4926
0.4543
0.43
0.61
0.39
0.32
0 59
0.98
0.59
0.55
0.45
0.81
066
0.46
0 79
1.27
0.96
0.77
1.13
0.08
0.37
0.17
0.33
0.34
0.10
0.57
0.45
0.4425
0.4468
0.4844
0.4727
0.4411
0.4572
0.4906
0.5285
0^4375
141398
106046
84580
76937
108507
39062
50144
48828
1216
811
682
686
820
0.44
0.75
0.49
0.11
0.12
0.78
0.46
0.13
0.42
0.4243
0.4939
0.5391
0.5333
0.6033
0.5532
0.5042
0.4010
0.4611
0.4056
0.3611
0.4142
0.3881
0.3766
0.3852
0.4876
0.4569
0.4014
0.3152
0.3790
0.3311
0.4766
0.4616
0.6225
0 4668
87935
30517
0.4822
0.6235
0.5495
0.5823
0.5758
0.7062
0.6875
0.4920
0.4524
108507
126216
88778
81441
96827
72338
85690
73024
45847
111694
99417
]05116
84317
84729
53311
103372
40410
102881
121772
107327
49941
424
550
644
5 es
v. □
II
619
415
356
278
289
675
469
808
909
813
61275
73426
66992
103206
677
721
642
550
609
400
665
770
698
691
682
512
749
456
801
888
1045
539
213
264
319
341
286
408
468
427
385
226
129
117
78
74
93
81
118
87
82
761
468
740
682
330
358
283
320
276
271
390
353
378
372
403
306
450
259
455
466
359
98
126
111
140
532
416
423
80
62
86
75
64
76
63
83
86
100
98
60
70
67
101
82
237
178
186
286
148
81
03 S
c a-
AIM
31.14
29.99
25.72
24 81
29.08
28.71
27.77
28.10
30.36
29.64
28.34
28.65
30.72
33.29
27.40
26.55
30.97
33.73
33.34
37.82
34.82
31.61
25.13
28.87
25.48
22.65
25.93
24.38
23.77
24.24
30.62
28.80
25.03
19 72
23.66
20.70
29.80
28.80
39.02
29.22
30.18
39.15
34.41
36.32
35.93
44 36
43.04
30.70
28.31
OF THE
UNITED STATES.
161
a
i^
J3
n
<
i
1
0.
3
d
%
a
0
V
5-rt
^o
(4
0 <?
0
ce a
s
Speciea.
0
s>
<z
a
0
«
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9
ea
5
g
1
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tf a
.0
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"3
2
a
388
a
Ja-
il
£5
341
Sequoia gigantca
0 2882
0.50
0.2868
45140
459
08
17.96
342
Sequoia seiiipervirens
0.4208
0.14
0.4202
07040
597
410
77
26.22
343
Taxus brevifolia
00:391
0.22
0.6377
76133
1078
483
204
39.83
344
Taxus Floridana
10.0340
0.21
0 0327
• • •
, ,
, ,
. .
39.51
345
Torreya taxifolia
0.5145
0.73
0.5107
82833
887
400
158
32.00
340
Torreya Californica
0.4760
1.34
04090
40140
583
351
122
29 66
347
Pinus Strobus
0 3854
0.19
0.23
0.22
0..3847
0.3899
0..3076
85093
95068
79375
020
609
597
339
334
330
74
67
78
24.02
348
I'inus monticola
0.3908
24.36
340
Pinus Lambertiana
0.8084
22.96
350
Pinus flexilis
0.4358
0.28
0.4346
07531
624
349
108
27.16
851
Pinus albicaulis
0.4105
0.27
0.4154
.38147
581
331
107
25.96
35^
Pinus reflexa
0.4877
0.20
0.54
0.90
0.4804
0.5044
0.0453
91287
37783
770
426
489
339
128
195
30.39
353
Pinus Parrjana
0.5675
35.37
354
Pinus cembroides
0.6512
40.58
355
Pinus edulis
0.0388
0.02
0.0348
42094
447
349
2V2
39.81
356
Pinus monophylla
0 5058
0.68
0.5620
43488
288
274
169
35.26
357
Pinus Balfouriana
0.5434
0.40
0.5412
59380
424
337
147
33.86
3571
Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata . .
0.5572
0.30
0.5555
71482
653
325
134
34.72
3;-8
Pinus resinosa
0.4854
0.27
0.35
0.4841
0,4802
113210
54213
800
750
455
290
85
147
30.25
359
Pinus Torreyana
0.4879
30.41
mo
Pinus Arizonica
0.5038
0.20
0.35
0.5028
0.4098
82370
88731
653
720
381
381
105
107
31.40
361
Pinus ponderosa
0.4715
29.38
362
Pinus Jeffrey i
0.5206
0.26
0.5192
92777
744
417
110
32.44
363
Pinus Chihuahuana ......
0.5457
0.39
0.5436
72575
832
337
154
34.01
364
Pinus contorta
0.5815
0.19
0.32
0.5804
0.4083
158533
77113
993
564
554
383
149
86
36.24
305
Pinus Murrayana
0.4096
25.58
360
Pinus Sabiniana .......
0.4840
0.40
0.4821
58517
779
387
138
30.16
367
Pinus Coulteri
0.4133
0.37
0.4118
114108
761
367
92
25.76
368
Pinus insignis ........
0.4574
0.80
0.4560
97850
740
417
105
28.51
309
Pinus tuberculata
0.3499
0.33
0.3487
42870
409
203
86
21.81
370
Pinus Taeda
0.5441
0.20
0.23
0.17
0.30
0.31
0.27
0.26
0.5427
0.5139
0.7928
0.5293
0.5559
0.4922
0.4929
112847
68127
116957
54295
54295
80330
119357
883
739
1164
658
502
726
1031
427
355
505
360
377
354
509
107
133
290
156
131
115
122
83.91
371
Pinus rigida . ...
0.5151
32.10
372
Pinus serotina
0.7942
49.49
378
Pinus inops
0.5309
33.09
374
Pinus clausa
0.5576
34.75
375
Pinus pungens
0.4935
30.75
370
Pinus muricata
0.4942
30.80
377
Pinus niitis
00104
0.29
0.6080
137495
1038
477
129
38.04
378
Pinus glabra
0.3931
0.45
0.3913
44750
496
288
106
24.50
379
Pinus Banksiana '. .
0.4761
0.23
0.4750
94231
652
396
101
29.67
380
Pinus palustris
0.0999
0.25
0.20
0.27
0.32
0.32
0.0982
0.7484
0.4572
0.4038
0.34.38
148733
157747
109987
102280
80791
1152
1172
747
747
574
029
664
407
342
207
153
180
77
74
76
43.62
381
Pinus Cubensis
0.7504
46.76
382
Picea nigra
0 4584
28.57
383
Picea alba
0.4051
25.25
384
Picea Engelinanni .
0.3449
21.49
385
Picea pungens
0 3740
0.38
0.3720
65300
464
258
79
23.31
380
Picea Sitchensis
0.4287
0.17
0.4280
99001
649
353
73
26.72
387
Tsuga Canadensis
0.4239
0.40
0.4220
89970
736
384
82
26.42
388
Tsuga Caroliniana
0 4275
040
0.42
0.4258
0.5160
71282
137483
401
909
403
547
125
26.64
389
Tsuga Mertensiana
0.5182
101 32.29
390
Tsuga Pattoniana
0.4454
0.44
0.4434
77524
719
379
104 27.76
391
Pseudotsuga Douglasii
0.5157
0.08
0.5153
128297
881
519
100
32.14
3911
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. macro-
carpa
0.4563
0.08
0.54
0.4559
0.3546
105007
97170
846
639
463
347
102
65
28.44
392
Abies Fraseri . .
0 3505
22.22
152
THE PHYSICAL rPvOPERTIES OF THE WOODS
i
B
3
1
Species.
1
o
4)
si
a
1|
If
O 3
» a
OQ
o
"5
.a
IP .t;
o o
3
3
Pi
o
S3
1
'3)
k5
a
0)
a
l-H
O
Si
u
g .
"S 3
11
75
64
51
78
*64
120
96
112
139
'2 .
a 3
V. O
"^ a
393
804
Abies balsamea
Abies subalpina
0.3819
0 347G
0.45
0.44
0.49
0.85
2.04
0.23
0.34
0.30
0.33
0.09
0.3802
0.3461
0.3528
0.3607
0.6645
0.4218
0.4545
0.4687
0.6215
0.7400
81924
76199
95838
90889
126013
127660
66220
126126
165810
515
473
494
703
792
862
701
901
1227
365
302
391
390
467
453
435
536
689
23.80
21 66
895
Abies grandis
0 3545
22 09
896
Abies concolor .... ...
0 3638
22 67
397
89H
Abies bracteata
Abies amabilis
0.0783
0.4228
4227
26.35
399
Abies nobilis
0.4561
28 42
400
401
402
403
Abies magnifica
Larix Americana
Larix occidentalis
Larix Lyallii
0.4701
0.6236
0.7407
29.30
38.86
46.16
404
Sabal Pahnetto
0.4404
7M
1.89
3.99
3.01
2.21
6.27
4.00
9.28
8.94
0.4067
0.5075
0.5752
0.6956
0.5901
0.6258
0.3588
0.4055
0.2480
56346
429
2:27
66
27.45
405
406
407
Washingtonia filifera
Tiirinax parvitiora
Tbrinax argentea
0.5173
0.5991
0 7172
32.24
37.34
44.70
408
Oreodoxa reo^ia ... . . .
0 6034
37 60
409
410
411
Yucca canaliculata
Yucca brevifolia
Yucca elata
0.6677
0.8737
0 4470
41.61
23.29
27.b6
41^
Yucca baccata
0 2724
16.98
Specific Gravity. ~\
OF THE UNITED STATES.
1^3
TABLE 11.
The Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Specific Gravity of their
Dry Woods.
Species.
on
Condalia ferrea . .
Coiidalia obovata
Rliizophora Mangle .
Guaiacum sanctum .
Vauquelinia Torreyi
Eugonia longipes . .
Porliera angustifolia ,
Sebastiania lucida
Mimusops Sieberi
Cercocarpus letlifoliu
Keynosia latiiblia . .
Ohieya Tesota . . .
Amyris sylvatica . .
Genipa clusiaefolia
Sideroxylon Masticliodend
Quercus grisea . .
Conocarpns erecta
Canella alba . . .
Sophora secundiflora
Coccoloba Floridana .
Primus ilicifolia . .
Coccoloba uvifera
Hypelate paniculata .
Quercus Durandii
Quercus virens . .
Quercus reticulata
Eugenia procera . .
Quercus oblongifolia
Acacia Wrigbtii . .
Cercocarpus parvifolius
Eugenia buxifolia ". .
Chrysophyllum olivi forme
Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia
Heteromeles arbutifolia
Dipholis salicifolia .
Exostema Caribasum
Quercus Emory i . .
Leucaena glauca . .
Drypetes crocea . .
Ximenia Americana .
o
1.3020
1.1999
1.1617
1.1432
1.1374
1.1235
1.1101
1.090-5
1.0838
1.0731
1.0715
1.0602
1.0459
1.0316
1.0109
1.0092
0.9900
0.9893
0.9842
0.9835
0.9803
0.9635
0.9533
0.9507
09501
0.9479
0 9458
0.9441
0.9392
0.9365
o.Osno
0.9360
0.9346
0.9326
0.9316
0.9310
0.9263
0 9235
0.9209
0.9196
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
(53
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
Species.
Eugenia monticola
Avicennia nitida
Hypelate trifoliata
Quercus rubra, var. Texan a . .
Pithecolobium Unguis-cati . .
Myginda pallens
Xanthoxylum Caribaeum . . .
Prunus spliaerocarpa
Calyptranthes Cbytraculia . .
Eugenia dicbotoma
Quercus Douglasii
Eysenbardtia ortbocarpa . . .
Piscidia Erytbrina
Citbarexylum villosum . . . .
Prunus Caroliniana
Crataegus coccinea
Quercus prinoides
Ardisia Pickeringia
Acacia Greggii
Sopbora affinis
Quercus cbrysolepis
Diospyros Tex ana
Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii
Carya alba
Sapindus Saponari;i
Quercus obtusiloba
Myrsine Rapanea . . . • . . .
Guettarda elliptica
Viburnum prunifolium ....
Ptelia trifoliata
Pyrus rivularis
Quercus lyrata
Ostrya Virginica
Quercus agrifolia
Carya toinentosa
Carya porcina
Colubrina reclinata
Prunus umbellata
Cornus florida
Sapindus marginatus ....
o
0.9156
0.9138
0.9102
09080
0.9049
0.9048
0.!i002
0.8998
0.8992
0.8983
0.8928
0.8740
0.8734
0.8710
0.8688
0.8618
0 8t)05
0.8602
0.8550
0.8509
0.8493
0.8460
0.8407
0.8372
0.8367
08367
0.8341
0.8337
0.8:3:32
0.8319
0.8316
0.8313
0.8284
0.8253
0.8218
08217
0.8208
0 8202
0.8153
0.8126
154
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Specific Gravity.
Species.
Osmanthus Americanus . . .
Ciirvii sulcata
Kobinia viscosa
Bourreria Havanensis ....
Quercus Micliauxii
Kobinia Neo-Mexicana ....
Carya myristicaeformis . . ' . ,
Quercus lijpoleuca
Bunielia cuneata
CratjEgus subvillosa . . '. .
Pin us serotina
Rhus Metopium
Dlospyros Virginiana ....
Fraxinus Greggii
Prunus Cnpuli
Quercus Wislizeni
Amelancliier Canadensis . . .
Crataegus flava
Scliseft'eria frutescens ....
Madura aurantiaca
Morus niicropliylla . . . . .
Chrysobalanus Icaco ....
Crataegus rivularis
Nectandra Willdenoviana . . .
Crataegus flava var. pubescens .
Quercus laurifolia
Quercus bicolor
Prosopis juliflora
Fraxinus Americana, var.Texensis
Betula Icnta
Vaccinium arboreum ....
Prosopis pubescens
Cratasgus tomentosa
Carya amara
Quercus imbricaria
Cercis reniformis
Pinus Cubensis
Arbutus Texana ......
Andromeda ferruginea ....
Quercus Prinus
Ulmus alata
Cornus Nuttallii
Quercus Phellos
Quercus alba
Bumelia lycioides
Oxydendrum arboreum . . .
Crataegus apiifolia
Quercus macrocarpa
Quercus Garryana
Parkinsonia micropliylla . . .
Xanthoxylum Pterota ....
Ilex decidua
Quercus lobata
Carya aquatica
Larix occidentalis
o
8111
8108
8094
8073
8039
8034
8016.
8009
7959
7953
7942
7917
7908
7904
7879
7855
7838
7809
7745
7736
7715
7709
7703
7693
7683
7673
7662
7652
7636
7617
7610
7(509
7585
7552
7529
7513
7504
7500
7500
7499
7491
7481
7472
7470
7467
7458
7453
7453
7449
.7449
7444
7420
7409
7407
7407
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
Species.
Quercus coccinea
Gleditschia monosperma . . .
Kobinia Pseudacacia ....
Quercus nigra
Viburnum Lentago
Quercus Catesbaei
Bumelia tenax
Crataegus cordata
Celtis occidentalffe
Carpinus Caroliniana ....
Swietenia Mahogoni
Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata
Ilex Cassine
Ulmus racemosa
Ulmus crassifolia
Quercus aquatica
Prunus Americana
Crataegus Crus-galli
Fraxinus quadrangulata . . .
Carya olivaeformis
Thrinax argentea
Kalmia latifolia
Crataegus spatlmlata
Fremontia Californica ....
Laguncularia racemosa . . .
Juniperus occidentalis, var. mono-
sperma
Fraxinus viridis
Cordia Sebestena
Arbutus Xalapensis
Arbutus Menziesii
Pyrus coronaria
Quercus tinctoria
Pinus palustris
Capparis Jamaicensis ....
Ulmus fulva
Prunus demissa
Crataegus Douglasii
Jacquinia armillaris
Quercus palustris
Gymnocladus Canadensis . . .
Quercus falcata
Acer saccliarinum, var. nigrum .
Acer saccliarinum
Juniperus occidentalis, var. con-
jugens
Acer grandidentatum . . . .
Pyrus angustifolia
Canotia holocantlia
Prunus angustifolia
Fagus ferruginea
Hamamelis Virgiuica . . . .
Quercus lieteropliylla . . . .
Quercus densiflora
Fraxinus pistaciaefolia ....
0.7405
0.7342
0 7333
0.7324
0.7303
0.7294
0.7293
0.7293
0.7287
0.7286
0.7282
0 7275
0.7270
0.7263
0.7245
0.7244
0 7215
0.7194
0.7184
0.7180
0.7172
0.7160
0.7159
0.7142
0.7137
0.7118
0 7117
0.7108
0.7099
0.7052
0.7048
0.7045
0.6999
0 6971
0.6956
0 6951
0.6950
0.6948
0.6938
0 6934
0.6928
0.6915
0.6912
0.6907
0.6902
0.6895
0-6885
0.6884
0.6883
0.6856
0.6834
0.6827
0.6810
Specific Gravity.']
OF THE UNITED STATES.
155
Species.
us
Cratjegns bracliyacantha
Cordia Boissieri . .
Cyrilla raceniiilora .
Abies bractoata . .
Gleditscliia triacunthos
Leuca9na pulverulenta
Myrica Calif ornica .
Cornus alternifolia .
Yucca canaliculata .
Acer circinatum . .
Bumelia splnosa . ' .
Fraxinus anoniala
Euonymus atropurpure
Crataegus aestivalis .
Juglans rupestris . .
Betula lutca . . .
Bumelia lanuginosa .
Fraxinus Americana .
Quercus rubra . . .
Parkinson ia Torreyana
Pisonia obtusata • .
Umbellularia Californica
Pinus cembroides . .
Ulnms Americana
Crataegus arborescens
Eliretia elliptica . .
Quercus Kelloggii
Persea Carolinensis .
Rhus cotinoides . .
Quercus cinerea . .
Lysiloma latisiliqua .
Ficus brevifolia . .
Persea Carolinensis, var
Taxus brevifolia . .
Pinus edulis ....
Chionanthus Virginica
Cercis Canadensis
Magnolia grandiflora
Nyssa sylvatica . .
Forestiera acuminata
Taxus Floridana . .
Ungnadia speciosa .
Crescentia cucurbitina
Fraxinus sambucifolia
Rhododendron maximum
Juniperus Californica
Cladrastis tinctoria .
Cupressus macrocarpa
Fraxinus pubescens .
Cliftonia ligustrina .
Larix Americana . .
Acer rubrum . . .
Parkinsonia aculeata
Juglans nigra . . .
Pinus mitis ....
palustris
0.6793
0.0790
0.^784
0 6783
0.6740
0.6732
0.G703
0.G696
0.0677
0,6600
0.6603
0.0597
0.6592
0.0564
0.0554
0.6553
0.0544
0.6543
0.6540
0.6531
0.0529
0.0517
0.0512
0.0506
0.6401
0.0440
0.0435
0.6429
0.6425
0.0420
0.0418
0.0398
0.6396
0.6391
0.6388
0.6372
0.6363
0.6360
0.6356
0.6345
0.6340
0.6332
0.6319
0.6318
0.6303
0 0282
0.6278
0.6261
0.6251
0.6249
0.6236
0.6178
0.6116
0.6115
0.0104
244
245
240
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
250
257
258
259
200
261
262
263
264
265
200
267
208
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
280
287
288
280
290
291
292
293
204
295
Species.
Salix cordata, var. vestita . . .
Oreoiloxa regia
Betula occidentalis
Acer giabruni
Rhamnus Californica . . . .
Tiirinax parviflora
Xanthoxylum C'lava - Herculis,
var. fruticosum
Betula papyrifera
Pyrus sambucifolia
Liquidambar Styraciflua . . .
Chilopsis saligna
Morus rubra
Byrsonima lucida
Castanea pumila ......
Ilex Dahoon, var. myrtifolia . .
Juniperus pachyphlcea . . . .
Prunus serotina
Ilex opaca
Pinus contorta
Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlan-
dieriana
Hippomane Mancinella . . . .
Juniperus occidentalis . . . .
Betula nigra
Betula alba, var. populifolia . .
Ceanothus tliyrsiflorus . . . .
Fraxinus Oregana
Halesia diptera
Platanus occidentalis . . . .
Pinus Parryana
Rhamnus Purshiana
Pinus monophylla
Xanthoxylum Americanum . .
Myrica cerifera
Halesia tetraptera
Salix lasiolepis
Pinus clausa
Castanopsis chrysophylla . . .
Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata .
Dalea spinosa
Juniperus Californica, var. Uta-
hensis
Rhamnus Carolinian a ....
Acer rubrum, var. Drummondii
Pinus Chihuahuana
P.vrus Americana
Pinus Taeda
Pinus Balfouriana
Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana
Pinckneya pubens
Salix Hookeriana
Salix longifolia, var. cxigua . .
Acer spicatum
Sj'mplocos tinctoria
0.6069
0.6034
0.6030
0.6028
0.6000
0.5990
0.5967
0.5955
0.5928
0.5909
0.5902
0.5898
0.5888
0.5887
0.5873
0.5829
0.5822
0.5818
0.5815
0.5780
0.5772
0.5766
0.5762
0.5760
0.5750
0.5731
0.5705
0.5678
0.5075
0.5672
0.5658
0.5654
0.5637
0.5628
0.5587
0.5576
0.5574
0.5572
0.5536
0.5522
0.5462
0.5459
05457
0 5451
0.5441
0.5434
0.5412
0 5350
0.5350
0.5342
0.5330
0.5325
156
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Specific Gravity.
Species.
Magnolia macropliylla . . .
Piiius inops .......
Acer Peniisylvanicuin . .
Planera aquatica . . . . .
Rims copallina
Acer dasycarpuni
Pinus Jeffreyi
Nyssa uniflora
Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata
Tsuga Mertensiana ....
Wasliingtonia filit'era . . .
Pseudotsuga Douglasii . . .
Pinus rigida
Torreya taxifolia
Sambucus glauca
Salix Sitclicnsis
Xanthoxyluni Clava-Herculis
Anona laurifolia
Sassafras officinale ....
Pinus Arizonica
Magnolia glauca . . . . .
Prunus Pennsylvanica . . .
Magnolia Fraseri
Alnus maritima
^sculus Californica ....
Salix flavGScens
Pinus muricata
Pinus pungens
Salix longifolia
Juniperus Virginiana . . .
Populus Fremontii ....
Acer macrophyllum ....
Platanus racemosa ....
Pinus Torreyana
Pinus reflexa
Salix lasvigata
Pinus resinosa
Cupressus Guadalupensis . .
Pinus Sabiniana
Negundo Californicum . .
Alnus rubra
Ilex Daboon
Cbamaecyparis Nutkaensis . .
Pinus Banksiana
Torreya Californica ....
Salix lasiandra
Ficus pedunculata ....
Platanus Wriglitii ....
Gordonia Lasiantlius . . .
Pinus ponderosa
Abies magnifica
Magnolia acuminata ....
Cupressus Goveniana . . .
Alnus serrulata
Populus grandidentata . . .
0.5309
0.5309
0.5299
0.5294
0.5273
0.5260
0.520G
0.5194
0 5184
0.5182
0.5173
0.5157
0.5151
0.5145
0.5087
0.5072
0.5050
0.5053
0.5042
0.5088
0.5035
0.5023
0.5003
0.4996
0.4980
0.4969
0.4042
0.4935
0 4930
0.4926
0.4914
0.4909
0.4880
0.4879
0.4877
0.4872
0.4854
0.4843
0.4840
0.4821
0.4813
0.4806
0.4782
0.4761
0.4760
0.4756
0.4739
0.4736
0.4728
0.4715
0.4701
0.4690
0.4689
0.4666
0.4632
351
352
353
354
355
35G
357
358
359
360
36 1
362
303
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
Species.
Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizenii
Cbamaecyparis I.awsoniana . .
Sambucus Mexicana
Nyssa capitata
Alnus incana
Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana
Picea nigra
Pinus insignis
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. ma-
crocarpa
Abies nobilis
Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia .
Taxodium disticbum ....
^sculus glabra
Tilia Americana
Salix amygdaloides
Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana
Prunus emarginata, var. mollis
Magnolia Umbrella ....
Catalpa bignonioides . . .
Yucca elata
Salix nigra
Tsuga Pattoninna ....
Sabal Palmetto
Salix sessilifolia
llbus venenata
Pinus flexilis
Rhus typhina
Negundo aceroides ....
Picea Sitcbensis
Tsuga Caroliniana ....
-3Csculus flava
Salix discolor
Tilia beteropbylla ....
Tsuga Canadensis ....
Liriodendron Tulipifera . .
Abies amabilis
Sequoia sempervirens . . .
Catalpa speciosa
Pinus albicaulis
Populus balsam if era,var.candicans
Magnolia cordata
Simaruba glauca
Pinus Coulteri
Alnus rhombifolia ....
Pinus Murrayana
Populus heterophylla ....
Juglans cinerea
Tilia Americana, var. pubesceins
Picea alba
Populus tremuloides ....
Libocedrus decurrens ....
Alnus oblongifolia
Asimina triloba
Pinus glabra
o
0.4621
0.4621
04614
0.4613
0.4607
0.4598
04584
0.4574
0.4563
0.4561
0.4547
0.4543
0.4542
0.4525
0.4509
0.4504
0.4502
0.4487
0.4474
0.4470
0.4456
0.4454
0.4404
0.4397
0.4382
0.4358
0.4357
0.4328
0.4287
0.4275
0.4274
0.4261
0.4253
0.4239
0.4230
0.4228
0.4208
0.4165
0.4165
0.4161
0.4139
0.4136
0.4133
0.4127
0.4096
0.4089
0.4086
0.4074
0.4051
0.4032
0.4017
0.3981
0.3969
0.3931
Spec'tjic Gravity. '\
OF THE UNITED STATES.
157
^
405
400
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
41(5
417
Species.
Populus angustifolia
Pinus monticola . .
Populus monilifera ,
Pill us Strobus . . ,
Abies balsauiea . .
Populus tricliocarpa .
Thuya gigantea . ,
Picea pungens . . ,
Yucca brevi folia . .
Pinus Lanibertiaua
Abies concolor . . .
Po[)ulus balsamifera.
Abies Fraserl . . .
0.3012
0.3008
0.3889
0.^854
0 3819
0.3814
0.8796
0 3740
0.3737
0.3G84
0.3G38
0.3035
0.3565
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
Species.
Abies grandis ....
Fraxinus platycarpa . .
Pinus tuberculata . .
Abies subalpina . . .
Picea Engelmanni . .
Cliama?cyparis spliseroidea
Cereus giganteus . . .
Thuya occidentalis . .
Bursera gunimilera . ,
Sequoia gigantea . . .
Yucca baccata ....
Ficus aurea
c
en
0.3545
0.3541
0.3409
0.3476
0.3449
0 3322
0.3188
0.3164
0.3008
0.2882
0.2724
0.2616
158
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
[Fuel.
TABLE III.
T/ie Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Relative
Approximate Fuel Value of their Dry Woods.
Species.
Condalia ferrea
Rhizopliora Mangle ....
Guaiacuni sanctum ....
Vauquelinia Torreyi . . .
Condalia obovata
Porliera angustifolia . . . .
Eugenia longipes
Cercocarpus led i foil us . . .
Sebastiania lucida ....
Mimusops Sieberi
Amyris sylvatica
lieynosia latifolia
Olneya Tesota
Genipa clusiaefolia . . . .
Quercus grisea
Conocarpus erecta ....
Prunus iiicifolia
Canella alba
Sophora secundiflora . . .
Sideroxylon Mastichodendron
Coccoloba uvifera . . . .
Quercus reticulata . . . .
Hypelate paniculata . . . .
Quercus virens
Coccoloba Floridana . . . .
Quercus Durandii
Acacia Wrighlii
Cercocarpus parvifolins . .
Exostema Caribseum . . .
Dipholis salicifolia
Heteromeles arbuti folia . .
Chrysophyllum oliviforme . .
Eugenia buxifolia
Eugenia procera
Quercus oblongifolia. . . .
Ximenia Americana . . . .
Quercus Emory i
Quercus rubra, var. Texana .
Eugenia monticola . . . .
Hypelate trifoliata . . . .
li
tf 3
1.19:]8
1.1406
1.1338
1.1209
1.1155
1.1044
1.0844
1.0619
1.0602
1.0555
1.0397
1.0372
1.0359
1.0207
0.9908
0.9868
0.9727
0.9720
0.9686
0 9589
0.9503
0.9430
0.9414
0.9393
0.9340
0.9338
0.9333
0.9323
0.9289
0.9286
0.9276
0.9244
0.9220
0.9205
0.9195
0.9129
0.9044
0.9003
0.8983
0.8976
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
62
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
Species.
Leucsena glauca
Prunus sphserocarpa ....
Eugenia dicliotoma
Avicennia nitida
Quercus Douglasii
Pitliecolobium Unguis-cati . .
Xanthoxylum Caribceum . . .
Myginda pallens
Calyptranthes Cliytraculia . .
Citiiarexylum villosum ....
Prunus Caroliniana
Dry petes crocea
Eysenhardtia orthocarpa . . .
Crataegus coccinea
Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia
Quercus prinoides
Acacia Greggii
Sophora affinis
Quercus chrysolepis
Ardisia Pickeringia
Piscidia Erythrina
Quercus undulata, var. Gambellii
Carya alba
Quercus obtusiloba
Ptelea trifoliata
Viburnum prunifolium . . . .
Pyrus rivularis
Myrsine Rapanea
Quercus lyrata
Guettarda elliptica
Ostrya Virginica
Prunus umbellata
Diospyros Texana
Quercus agrifolia
Carya porcina
Carya tomentosa
Corn us florida
Robinia viscosa
Osmnnthus Americanus . . .
Colubrina reclinata
II
01 s
0.8931
0 8920
0.8917
0.8909
0.8853
0.8826
0.8820
0.8739
0.8693
0.8665
0.8652
0 8644
0 8628
0.8585
0.8571
0.8507
0.8472
0.8443
0.8442
0.8444
0.8439
0.8324
0.8311
0.8301
0.8294
0.8289
0.8282
0.8271
0.8269
0.8250
0.8243
0.8192
0.8178
0.8147
0.8136
0.8131
0.8098
0.8078
0.8074
0.8064
Fuel.]
OF THE UNIIT.D STATES.
159
Species.
Carya sulcata . . .
Sapindus inarginatiis
Sapindua iSapuiiaria .
Qiiercus Michauxii .
Rohiiiia Neo-Mexicana
Carya myristicajtbrmis
Pinus serotina . . .
Quercus liypoleuoa .
Cratfegiis subvillosa .
Prunus Capuli . . .
Bourreria llavanensis
Diospyros Virgiiiiana
Fraxirius Greggii . .
Bumelia cuneata . .
Amelancliier Canadensis
Quercus Wislizeni
Crataegus flava . . .
Rhus Me topi um . .
Madura aurantiaca .
Cratasgiis rivularis .
Morns microphylla .
Nectandra Wildenovian
Crataegus tomentosa.var
Ciirysobalanus Icaco
Quercus bicolor .
Crataegus flava, var. pub
Quercus laurifolia
Betula lenta . . .
Fraxinus Americana, var
Vaccinium arboreum
Scbaefferia frutescens
Crataegus tomentosa .
Prosopis pubescens .
Quercus imbricaria .
Prosopis juliflora . .
Pinus Cubensis . .
Carya amara . . .
Andromeda ferruginea
Arbutus Texana . .
Cercis renil'ormis , .
Cornus Nuttallii . .
Quercus Prinus . .
Quercus alba . . .
Quercus Pbellos .
Oxydendrum arboreum
Quercus Garry ana .
Ulnuis alata . . .
Bumelia lycioides . .
Quercus macrocarpa
Larix occiden talis . .
Quercus cocci nea . .
Quercus lobata . .
Xanthoxylum Pterota
Crataegus apiifolia
Ilex decidua . . .
esc
nctata
en
Te
xensis
5 -
0.8085
0 8004
0 8004
0.8003
0.7986
0 V3dl
0.7928
0.7902
0.7898
0.786.J
0.7848
0.7882
0 7830
0.7808
0.7795
0.7775
0.7748
0.7728
0.7683
0.7676
0.7663
0 7647
0.7645
0.7642
07618
0.7613
0.7610
0.7597
0.7583
0.7580
0.7548
0.7546
0.7537
0.7497
0.7485
0.7484
0.7474
0.7465
0.7462
0.7455
0 7444
0.7441
0 7439
0.7435
0.7430
0.7424
0 7417
0.7407
0.7-100
0.7400
0.7391
0.7387
0.7386
0.7381
0.7368
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
Species.
Carya aquatica
Kobinia I^seudacacia . . . .
Gleditecliia ni()no>perma .
Viburnum Lentago
CratiBgus cordata
Quercus nigra
Bumelia tenax
Quercus C^ate-sbaei
Carpinus Caroliniana ....
Ulmus racemosa
Celtis occidentaiis
Ilex Cassine
Quercus aquatica
Swietenia Maliogoni
Prunus Americana
Celtis occidentaiis, var reticulata
Parkinsonia micropbylla . . .
Ulmus crassifolia
Crataegus Crus-galli
Kalmia latifolia
Fraxinus quadrangulata . . .
Crataegus spatliulata
Carya olivreformis
Arbutus Xalapensis
Fraxinus viridis
Juniperus occidentaiis, var. mono-
sperma
Quercus tinctoria
Arbutus Menziesii
Fremontia Calitbrnica ....
Laguncularia racemosa ....
Pyrus coronaria
Pitms palustris
Thrinax argentea
Crataegus Douglasii
Prunus demissa
Quercus falcata
Ulmus fulva
Gymnocladus Canadensis . . .
Quercus palustris . ......
Acer saccliarinum
Juniperus occidentaiis, var. con-
jiigens
Pyrus angustifolia
Acer saccliarinum, var. nigrum .
Prunus angustifolia
Acer grandidentatum ....
Fagus ferruginea
Hamamelis Virginica ....
Quercus lieteropliylla » . . .
Cordia Sebestena
Fraxinus pistaciasfolia ....
Crataegus brachyacantha . . .
Cyrilla racemi flora
Quercus densiflora
0.731.3
0.7296
0.7288
0.7282
0.7259
0.7239
0.72:^
0.7231
0.7226
0.7219
0.7208
0.7207
0 7207
0.7203
0.7202
0.7186
0.7178
0.7158
0.7154
0.7131
0.7128
0.7112
0.7099
0.7081
0.7071
0.7062
0.7025
0.7024
0.7021
0.7021
0.7011
0 6982
0.6956
0.0927
0.6916
0.6D11
0.6898
0.6888
0.6882
0.6875
0.6875
0.6872
0.6866
0.6865
0.6858
0.6848
0.6831
0.6822
0.6808
0 6768
0.6764
0.6756
0.672^3
160
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
[Fuel.
Species.
Jaoqninia annill.iris .
GlcHlitsc'liiu tria(!antlios
Myrica Calitoniica .
C'orniis alternii'olia .
Leucffiiia pulverulenta
Abies bracteata . .
Capparis Jamaicensis
Acer circinatum .
Euonynius atropurpureus
Cordia Boissieri . ,
Fraximis anomala
Re tula lutea . .
Crata^jj^us aestivalis
Querciis rubra . . ,
Bunielia spinosa .
Canotia liolacantha
Fraxinus Americana
Umbellularia Californica
Juglans rupestris . .
Bunielia lanuginosa .
Parkinsonia Torreyana
Crataegus arborescens
Ulmus Americana
Pinus cembroides . .
Quercus Kelloggii
l^hus cotinoides . .
Persea Carolinensis .
Taxus brevifolia . .
Persea Carolinensis, var.
Eluetia elliptica . .
Pinus edulis . ...
Quercus cinerea . .
Ciiionantlius Virginica
Taxus Floridana . .
Magnolia grandiflora
Nyssa sylvatica . .
Cercis Canadensis
Forestiera acuminata
Lysiloma latisiliqua ,
Rhododendron maximum
Fraxinus sambucifolia
Cladrastis tinctoria .
Ungnadia speciosa .
Yucca canaliculata .
Fraxinus pubescens .
Juniperus Californica
Crescentia cucurbitina
Cupressus macrQcarpa
Cliftonia ligustrina .
Larix Americana . .
Acer rubrum . . .
Ficus brevifolia . .
Pinus mitis ....
Juglans nigra . . .
Salix cordata, var. vestita
pal
tris
p^ a
0 6708
0.GG86
0 GOBI
O.GOGl)
0.GGG4
0.6G45
0.6G39
0.6634
0.6554
0.6550
0.6541
0.6533
0.G527
0.6523
0.6521
0.6518
0.6516
0.6492
0.6488
06464
0.0458
0.6155
0.6454
0.6453
0.6418
0.6393
0.6380
0 6377
06372
0.6355
0.6348
0.G342
0.6340
0.6327
0.6326
0.0323
0.G317
0.6209
0.6282
0.6280
0.6273
0.6260
0.6258
0.6258
0.6235
0.6235
0.6234
0.6225
0.6223
0.6215
0.6155
0.6119
0.G086
0.6067
0 6033
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
Species.
Pisonia obtusata
Betula occidentalis
Acer glabrum
Parkinsonia aculeata ....
Rliamnus Californica . . . .
Betula papyrifera
Xantlioxylum Clava-Horculis, var
fruticosuni
Pyrus sambucifolia
Oreodoxa regia
Castanea pumila
Cbilopsis saligna
Liquidambar Styraciflua . . .
Morus rubra
Juniperus pacbyphloea ....
Ilex Dalioon, var. myrtifolia. .
Prunus serotina
Pinus contorta
Ilex opaca
Juniperus occidentalis ....
Thrinax parviflora
Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlandie-
riana
Betula alba, var. populifolia . .
Byrsonima lucida
Betula nigra
Fraxinus Oregana
Ceanotbus tliyrsiflorus ....
Halesia diptera
Platanus occidentalis . . . .
Pinus I'arryana
Rliamnus Pursbiana
Xantlioxylum Americanum . .
Pinus monopbylla
Myrica cerifera
Halesia tetraptera
Pinus clausa
Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristala .
Castanopsis chrysopliylla . . .
Salix lasiolepis
Juniperus Californica, var. Uta-
beusis
Hippomane Mancinella ....
Acer rubrum, var. Drummondii .
Pinus Cliibuabuana
Pinus Taeda
Rliamnus Caroliniana . . . .
Pinus Balfouriana
Pyrus Americana
Salix flavescens. var. Scouleriana
Salix Honkeriana
Pinckneya pubens
Da lea spinosa
Acer spicatum
Pinus inops
I!
w
0.6031
0.6012
0.6010
0.5974
0.5965
0.5940
0.5922
0.5908
0.5901
0.5880
0.5880
0.5873
0.5856
0.5823
0.6820
05813
0.5804
0.5774
0.5758
0.5752
0.5749
0.5748
0.5743
0.5742
0.5712
0.5710
0.5681
0.5652
0.5644
0.5634
0.5622
0.5620
0.5608
0.5605
0.5559
0.5555
0.5554
0.5532
0.5495
0.5474
0.5440
0.6436
0.5427
0.6427
0.5412
0 5406
0.5391
0.6333
0 6328
0.5312
0.5307
0 5293
Fuel]
OF THE UNITED STATES.
1^1
Species.
Magnolia macrophylla . . .
Symplocos tinctoria ....
Salix longifolia, var. exigua .
Acer Pennsylvauicum . . .
Planera aquatioa
Acer dasycarpum
Rhus copallina
Pinus Jeffrey!
Tsuga Mertensiana ....
Nyssa uniflora
Pseudotsuga Douglasii . . .
Riius copallina, var. lanceolata
Pinus rigida
Torreya taxifolia
Washingtonia filifera . . .
Salix Sitchensis
Sassafras officinale ....
Pinus Arizonica
Xantlioxylum Clava-Herculis
Magnolia glauca
Sambucus glauca
Prunus Pennsylvanica . . .
Magnolia Fraseri
Alnus maritinia
iEsculus Californica ....
Salix flavescens
Pinus muricata
Pinus pungens
Juniperus Virginiana . . .
Salix longifolia
Acer macrophyllum ....
Populus Fremontii ....
Pinus reflexa
Pinus Torreyana
Salix laevigata
Pinus resinosa
Platanus racemosa ....
Cupressus Guadalupensis . .
Pinus Sabiniana
Anona laurifolia
Nc'gundo Californicum . . ,
Alnus rubra
Chamaecyparis Nutkaensis
Ilex Dalioon ......
Pinus Banksiana
Salix lasiandra
Pinus ponderosa
Torreya Californica ....
Gordonia Lasiantlius . . .
Abies magnifica
Magnolia acuminata ....
Platanus Wrightii ....
Cupressus Ooveniana . . .
Alnus serrulata
Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana .
9> a
ta a
0..5290
0.5289
0.5285
0.5280
0.5270
0.5252
0.5241
0.5192
0.51G0
0.5158
0.5153
0.5140
0.5139
0.5107
0.5075
0.5042
0.5037
0.5028
0.5015
0.5011
0.5007
0.5003
0.4989
0.4977
0.4945
0.4939
0.4929
0.4922
0.4920
0.4906
0.4882
0.4876
0.4864
0.4862
0.4844
0.4841
0.4826
0.4822
0.4821
0.4807
0.4795
0.4793
0.4766
0.4762
0.4750
0.4727
0.4698
0.4696
0.4692
0.4687
0.4676
0.4672
0.4668
0.4648
0.4616
^
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
Species.
Populus grandidentata ....
Nyssa capiiata
Alnus incana
Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana
Picea nigra
Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni
Pinus insignis
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. ma-
crocarpa
Abies nobilis
Taxodium distichum ....
Sambucus Mexicana ....
Ficus pedunculata
-^sculus glabra
Tilia Americana
Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana
Prunus emarginata, var. mollis
Magnolia Umbrella ....
Salix amygdaloides ....
Catalpa bignonioides . . .
Tsuga Pattoniana
Salix nigra
Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia
Salix sessilifolia
Rhus venenata
Pinus flexilis
Rhus typhina
Negundo aceroides ....
Picea Sitchensis
Tsuga Caroliniana ....
Salix discolor
-/Esculus flava
Tilia heterophylla ....
Liriodendron Tulipifera . .
Tsuga Canadensis ....
Abies amabilis
Sequoia sempervirens . . .
Pinus albicaulis
Catalpa speciosa
Populus balsamifera,var.candicans
Magnolia cordata
Pinus Coulteri
Alnus rhombifolia
Simaruba glauca
Pinus Murrayana
Sabal Palmetto
Juglans cinerea
Populus heterophylla ....
Yucca alata
Tilia Americana, var. pubescens
Picea alba
Libocedrus decurrens ....
Populus tremuloldes
Alnus oblongifolia
Asimina triloba
gi
I?
O 3
«2
0.4611
0.4597
0.4588
0.4572
0.4572
0.4509
0.4560
0.4559
0.4545
0.4524
0.4522
0.4506
0.4503
0.4500
0.4496
0.4493
0.4478
0.4468
0.4457
0.4434
0.4425
0.4411
0.4375
0.4354
0.4346
0.4335
0.4282
0.4280
0.4258
0.4243
0.4231
0.4227
0.4220
0.4220
0.4218
0.4202
0.4154
0.4149
0.4142
0.4126
0.4118
0.4104
0.4098
0.4083
0.4067
0.4065
0.4056
0.4055
0.4048
0.4038
0.4014
0.4010
0.3964
0.3961
11
162
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
[Fuel.
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
Species.
Pinus glabra . .
Pinus monticola .
Populus angustifolia
Populus monilifera
Pinus Strobus . . ,
Abies balsamea
Thuya gigantea .
Populus trichocarpa
Picea pungens . •
Pinus Lambertiana
Populus balsamifera
Abies concolor . .
Yucca brevifolia .
(i a
0.3913
0.3899
0.3881
0.3852
0.3847
0.3802
0.3790
0.3766
0.3726
0.3676
0.3611
0.3607
0.3588
P3
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
Species.
Abies Fraseri
Abies grandis
Fraxinus platycarpa . . .
Pinus tuberculata . . .
Abies subalpina . . . .
Picea Engelmanni . . .
Chamagcyparis sphaeroidea
Thuya occidentalis . . .
Cereus giganteus . . . .
Bursera guramifera . . .
Sequoia gigantea . . . .
Ficus aurea
Yucca baccata
^ a
0.3546
0.3528
0.3515
0.3487
0.3461
0.3338
0.3311
0.3152
0.3078
0.2942
0.2868
0.2484
0.2480
Elasticity.']
OF THE UNITED STATES.
163
TABLE IV.
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Elasticity of
their Woods (^Coefficient of Elasticity, — Kilogram, Centimetre).
Species.
Larix occidentalis
Rhizophora Mangle
Betula lutea
Pinus contorta
Pinus Cubensis
Eugenia buxifolia
Pinus palustris
Carya myristicaeformis . . .
Acer saccharinum
Betula lenta
Quercus falcata
Carya alba
Pinus mitis
Tsuga Mertensiana
Ostrya Virginica
Dipliolis salicifolia
Quercus lyrata
Betula papyrifera
Robinia Pseudacacia ....
Pseudotsuga Douglasii ....
Abies nobilis
Salixflavescens, var.Scouleriana
Larix Americana
Abies amabilis
Quercus laurifolia
Citliarexylum villosum . . .
Quercus Prinus
Osnianthus Americanus . . .
Quercus aquatica
Quercus beterophylla ....
Chamascyparis Lawsoniana . ,
Fagus ferruginea
Quercus chrysolepis . . . .
Amelanchier Canadensis . . .
Exostema Caribaeum ....
Quercus inibricaria
Pinus muricata
Eugenia procera
Gleditschia monosperma . . .
Pinus serotina
Magnolia macrophylla . . . .
Carya tomentosa
Robinia Neo-Mexicana. . . .
Carpinus Caroliniana . . . .
Condalia ferrea
Pinus Coulteri
.2
o «
165810
165567
161723
158588
157747
157510
148733
146484
146108
141398
140151
138839
137495
137483
137276
133593
133438
130557
129238
128297
127660
126216
126126
126013
125916
125717
125473
123133
122657
122494
121772
120996
119810
119677
119357
119357
119357
119111
110991
116957
116854
114995
114889
114881
114316
114108
47
48
49
50
51
52
63
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
Species.
Castanea pumila
Quercus virens
Coccoloba Floridana . . . .
Pinus resinosa
Pinus Tasda
Quercus rubra
Quercus prinoides
Chrysopbyllum oliviforme . .
Quercus palustris
Canella alba
Populus trichocarpa . . . .
Betula nigra
Hypelate paniculata . . . .
Acer dasycarpum
Chrysobalanus Icaco . . . .
Picea nigra
Sideroxylon Mastichodendron .
Ulrnus racemosa
Juglans nigra
Gleditschia triacanthos . . .
Arayris sylvatica ......
Acacia Greggii
Eugenia monticola
Quercus coccinea
Alnus incana
Salix flavescens
Fraxinus Americana, var. Tex-
ensis
Cupressus macrocarpa . . . .
Umbellularia Californica . . .
Swietenia Mahogoni . . . .
Alnus rubra
Populus Fremontii
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. ma-
crocarpa
Rhus Metopium
Reynosia latitblia
Gymnocladus Canadensis . .
Drypetes crocea
Carya sulcata
Quercus Catcsbaei
Quercus tinctoria
Thuya gigantea
Quercus rubra, var. Texana . .
Carya porcina
Taxodiura distichura . . . .
6 >«
o u
U3
114108
113627
113538
113216
112847
112798
112461
112424
112296
111698
111694
111322
111144
110973
110973
109987
109948
109628
109200
108579
108507
108507
108507
108507
108507
108507
108174
107327
100766
106272
106046
105116
105007
105007
105005
104822
103890
103884
103468
103427
10B372
103343
103300
103206
1G4
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Elasticity.
I
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
Species.
Cornus Nuttallii
Carya aniara
Clmnuiscjparis Nutkaensis . .
Acer saccharinum, var. nigrum
Conocarpus erecta
Picea alba
Fraxinus Americana . . . .
Carya aquatica
Castanopsis clirysophylla . . .
Mimusops Sieberi
Cladrastis tinctoria
Bourreria Ilavanensis . . . .
Populus monilifera
Myrica Calif ornica
Picea Sitcliensis
Pinus insignis
Sophora affinis
Colubrina reclinata
Quercus nigra
Abies Fraseri
Quercus alba
Quercus Michauxii
Quercus densiflora
Populus grandidentata . . . .
Abies grandis
Quercus agrifolia
UlmuG fulva
Pinus monticola
Negundo Californicum . . . .
Magnolia Fraseri
Quercus hypoleuca
Madura aurantiaca
Acer rubrum
Pinus Banksiana
Magnolia cordata
Prunus Caroliniana
Simaruba glauca
Quercus macrocarpa . . . .
Magnolia acuminata . . . .
Pinus Jeffreyi
Liriodendron Tulipifera . . .
Betula occidentalis
Magnolia glauca
Pinus reflexa
Rliamnus Purshiana . . . .
Abies concolor
Viburnum prunifolium . . .
Quercus bicolor
Magnolia grandiflora ....
Fraxinus viridis
Crataegus subvillosa
Tsuga Canadensis
Oxydendrum arboreum . . .
jy[yrica cerifera
Salix lasiolepis
Pinus ponderosa
»
e >>
u:c
103081
102986
102881
102720
102411
102280
101668
101201
101195
100226
100226
99649
99417
991G1
99001
97850
97694
97656
97656
97170
97089
96373
96347
96327
95838
95276
95274
95068
94532
94462
94409
94373
94284
94231
94073
93727
93217
92929
92817
92777
92667
92424
91299
91287
91268
90889
90654
90636
90330
90313
90023
89970
88851
88778
88778
88731
rt
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
106
197
198
199
200
201
Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia .
Fraxinus sambucifolia ....
Olneya Tesota
Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata
Xanthoxylum Caribaeum . . .
Platanus occidentalis ....
Liquidambar Styraciflua . . .
Guaiacum sanctum
Prunus emarginata, var. mollis .
Quercus Wislizeni
Prunus scroti na
Quercus oblongifolia ....
Populus balsamifera ....
Castanea vulgaris, var. Ameri-
cana
Pinus Strobus
Piscidia Erythrina
Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris
Fraxinus Oregana ....
Libocedrus decurrens . . .
Tilia heterophylla ....
Alnus rhombifolia ....
Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni
Tilia Americana
Persea Carolinensis
Arbutus Menziesii
Quercus Durandii
Sapindus marginatus ....
Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia .
Quercus obtusiloba
Torreya taxifolia
Prunus Americana
Prosopis pubescens
Morus rubra
Pinus Arizonica
Catalpa speciosa
Cornus florida
Abies balsamea
Nyssa sylvatica
Populus treniuloides ....
Andromeda ferruginea ....
Juglans cinerea
Fraxinus pubescens
Tilia Americana, var. pubescens
Quercus Garryana
Picea Engelmanni
Pinus pungens
Gordonia Lasianthus ....
Pinus Lambertiana
Crataegus arborcscens ....
Quercus Phellos
Cliftonia ligustrina
Diospyros Virginiana . . . .
Bumelia lycioides
Acer macropliyllum
Tsuga Pattoniana
87935
87185
86822
86805
86755
86402
86388
86324
86055
86055
85833
85739
85690
85621
85093
85079
84918
84818
84729
84659
84580
84317
84010
83900
83834
83766
83681
83619
83257
82833
82659
82424
82877
82370
82156
82112
81924
81832
81441
81380
81253
81i^22
81111
81109
80791
80330
79414
79375
78837
78440
78250
78234
78125
78032
77524
Elasticity.']
OF THE UNITED STATES.
165
Speciea
Fraxinus quadrangulata . . .
Quercus Douglasii
Pinus Murrayana
Alnus oblongifolia
Tninus demissa
Abies subalpina
Taxus brevifolia
Bumelia tenax
Quercus cinerea
Ulmus Americana
Quercus Kelloggii
Magnolia Umbrella
Rhamnus Caroliniana . . . .
Quercus grisea
Rhus copallina
Juniperus occidentalis, var. con-
jugens.
Prunus ilicifolia
Crataegus tomentosa ....
Populus balsamifera, var. can-
dicans
Betula alba, var. populifolia. .
Juglans rupestris
Xantlioxylum Clava-Herculis .
Pinus Chiiiuahuana
Laguncularia racemosa . . .
Populus heterophylla ....
Acer circinatura
Quercus lobata
Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata
Tsuga Caroliniana
Crataegus flava, var. pubescens .
Ulmus crassifolia
Forestiera acuminata ....
Cercis Canadensis
Celtis occidentalis
Hales ia diptera
Pinckneya pubens
-^sculus Californica ....
Catalpa bignonioides ....
Nyssa capitata
Sequoia sempervirens ....
Pinus flexilis
Crataegus spathulata ....
Juniperus Virginiana ....
Gary a olivseformis
Crataegus Crus-galli
Abies magnifica
Rhododendron maximum . . .
iEsculus glabra
Ilex opaca
Pyrus coronaria
Ilex Dahoon
Quercus Emoryi
Pyrus sambucifolia
Platanus racemosa
S-3
77439
77166
77113
76937
76895
76199
76133
75120
75120
74742
74488
74365
74084
73982
73647
73426
73201
73160
73024
72970
72632
72577
72575
72396
72338
71810
71664
71482
'71282
70765
70399
70282
68798
68527
68.321
68291
68216
68161
68083
67646
67531
67349
66992
66646
66436
6()220
64578
64438
64317
64241
64192
63828
62600
62401
256
257
258
259
260
261
2B2
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
Species.
Symplocos tinctoria .
Arbutus Xalapensis .
Juniperus pachypliloea
Prunus anguslitblia .
Bumelia cuneata . .
Fraxinus pistaciaefolia
Pinus Balfouriana .
Crataegus aestivalis .
Pinus Sabiniana . .
Kalmia latifolia . .
Prosopis juliflora . .
Negundo aceroides .
Pinus rigida . . .
Quercus undulata, var. Gambellii
Washingtonia filifera
Parkinsonia Torreyana
Picea pungens . .
Planera aquatica .
Chilopsis saligna .
Pinus clausa . .
Pinus inops . . .
Pinus Torreyana .
Thuya occidentalis
Byrsonima lucida
Ulmus alata . .
Sassafras ofBchiale
Nyssa uniflora . .
Salix amygdaloides
Anona laurifolia .
Cupressus Goveniana
Cyrilla racemifolia
Salix laevigata
Bumelia lanuginosa
Asimina triloba .
Fraxinus platycarpa
Pisonia obtusata .
Lysiloma latisiliqua
Populus angustifolia
Platanus Wrightii
Sequoia gigantea .
Pinus glabra . .
Pinus monophylla
Pinus tuberculata
Pinus edulis ". .
Bursera gummifera
Ficus pedunculata
Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea
Torreya Californica
Ehretia elliptica .
Salix nigra .
Pinus albicaulis .
Pinus Parryana .
Sambucus glauca
Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana
Ficus aurea . .
o o
62202
61577
61275
00281
60281
60119
59386
59185
58517
58484
68297
58156
58127
57162
56346
55839
55360
55167
54421
54295
54295
54213
53311
52503
52323
51910
51678
50144
50113
49941
48828
48828
48334
48179
47637
45503
46064
45847
45644
45146
44750
43488
42870
42094
41694
40GiK)
40410
40146
.3<)697
39062
38147
37783
30517
30517
25699
166
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Strength.
TABLE V.
TTie Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Strength of
their Woods {Modulus of Rupture, — Kilogram, Centimetre).
Species.
Carya myristicaeformis ....
Amyris sylvatioa
Robinia Pseudacacia
Quercus chrysolepis
Betula Intea
Quercus prinoides
Larix occidentalis
Quercus imbricaria
Colubrina reclinata . , . . .
Betula lenta
Khizophora Mangle
Carya alba .
Quercus falcata
Hypelate paniculata
Quercus laurifolia
Eugenia procera
Eugenia monticola
Pinus Cubensis
Pinus serotina
Pinus palustris
Acer saccharinum
Carpinus Caroliniana
Dipholis salicifolia
Fagus ferruginea
Ostrj'a Virginica
Amelanchier Canadensis . . .
Madura aurantiaca
Carya tomentosa
Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis
Quercus Michauxii
Quercus hypoleuca
Carya amara
Quercus palustris
Carya sulcata
Taxus brevifolia
Quercus heterophylla
Ulmus racemosa
Betula papyrifera
Eugenia buxifolia
Quercus cocci nea
Quercus aquatica
Osmantlius Americanus ....
Quercus Catesbsei
Carya porcina
1394
1305
1273
1268
1248
1238
1227
1218
1216
1216
1207
1200
1193
1190
1181
1176
1172
1172
1164
1152
1149
1149
1148
1148
1134
1132
1131
1129
1125
1118
1113
1101
1090
1083
1078
1073
1066
1065
1055
1054
1052
1051
1046
1046
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
5H
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
Species.
Cupressus macrocarpa . . .
Quercus nigra
Quercus tinctoria
Pinus mitis
Myrica Californica
Quercus Prinus
Pinus inuricata
Gleditschia monosperma . . .
Canella alba
Quercus lyrata
Quercus rubra, var. Texana
Acer dasycarpum
Quercus virens
Exostema Caribseuni ....
Swietenia Mahogoni ....
Quercus Douglasii
Quercus Durandii
Quercus cinerea
Pinus contorta
Cornus Nuttallii
Castanea pumila
Quercus rubra
Quercus Phellos
Quercus macrocarpa ....
Betula nigra
Sideroxylon Mastichodendron .
Acer saccharinum, var. nigrum
Chrysobalanus Icaco . . . . ,
Viburnum prunifolium . . . ,
Quercus densiflora
Bourreria Havanensis
Conocarpus erecta
Citliarexylum villosum . . . ,
Quercus grisea
Quercus agrifolia
Prunus Caroliniana
Gleditschia triacanthos . . . .
Mimusops Sieberi
Coccoloba Floridana
Robinia Neo-Mexicana . . . .
Quercus bicolor
Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana
Tsuga Mertensiana
Arbutus Menziesii
Strength.']
OF THE UNITED STATES.
167
Specie&
ma-
Quercus alba
Condalia ferrea
Cornus florida
Cladrastis tinctoria ....
Persea Carolinensis . . .
Larix Americana ....
Fraxiiuis viridis
Prosopis pubescens . .
Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana .
Torreya taxifolia ....
Carya aquatica
Pin us Taeda
Pseudotsuga Douglasii . .
Diospyros Virginiana . . .
Quercus Garryana ....
Quercus obtusiloba . . .
Fraxinus pubescens . . .
Ulmus fulva
Prunus Americana ....
Quercus lobata
Abies nobilis
Fraxinus Americana . . .
Chrysopliyllum oliviforme .
Plalesia diptera
Juglans nigra
Ulmus Americana ....
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var.
crocarpa
Sapindus marginatus
Pinus Chihualiuana
Nyssa sylvatica
Prunus serotina
Reynosia latifolia
Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris
Alnus incana
Quercus Wislizeni
Myrica cerifera
Salix lasiolepis
Acer rubrum
Sophora afRnis
Fraxinus quadrangulata ....
Alnus rubra
Salix flavescens
Fraxinus sambucifolia
Umbellularia Californica . . .
Betula occidentalis
Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata
Chamaecyparis Nutkaensis . . .
Pinus resinosa
Negundo Californicum . . . .
Drypetes crocea
Magnolia grandiflora
Acacia Greggii
Abies amabilis
Celtis occidentalis
Guaiacum sanctum
905
904
904
902
902
901
895
894
888
887
884
883
881
879
879
872
869
869
864
864
862
861
857
857
856
852
846
843
832
830
829
820
820
820
818
815
813
811
811
811
811
808
806
806
806
805
801
800
796
796
792
792
792
789
787
^
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
3
Species.
Prunus ilicifolia
Pinus Sabiniana
Betula alba, var. populifolia . .
Morus rubra
Ulmus crassifolia
Gymnocladus Canadensis . . .
Populus monilifera
Pinus reflexa
Quercus Kelloggii
Acer circinatum
Juniperus pacliyphloea ....
Pinus Coulteri
Pinus Torreyana
Xanthoxylum Caribaeum . . .
Piscidia Erytlirina
Rhamnus Purshiana
Olneya Tesota
Thuya gigantea
Picea nigra
Picea alba
Pinus Jeffreyi
Castanopsis chrysophylla . . .
Juniperus Virginiana
Pinus insignis
Pinus rigida
Crataegus subvillosa
Magnolia glauca
Tsuga Canadensis
Oxydendrum arboreum ....
Cercis Canadensis
Pinus pungens
Crataegus flava, var. pubescens
Ulmus alata
Ehretia elliptica
Populus grandidentata ....
Pinus ponderosa
Quercus oblongifolia
Tsuga Pattoniana
Forestiera acuminata
Crataegus aestivalis
Crataegus tomentosa
Magnolia Fraseri
Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia . .
Abies concolor .
Quercus Emory i
Abies magnifica
Populus Fremontii
Magnolia macropliylla ....
Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana
Prunus demissa ........
Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni
Ilex opaca
Alnus oblongifolia
Acer macrophyllum
Nyssa capitata
Alnus rhombifolia
782
779
778
775
773
771
770
770
768
766
761
761
756
754
752
750
750
749
747
747
744
741
740
740
739
738
736
736
728
726
726
724
724
721
721
720
719
719
717
712
709
707
707
703
703
701
698
696
696
691
691
686
686
684
682
682
168
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
[Strength.
o
I
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
228
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
282
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
216
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
Species.
Liboeedrus decurrens
Taxodiiun distichum
Quercus undulata, var. Gambellii .
Prunus eniarginata, var. mollis .
Andromeda ferruginea ....
Populus tremuloides
Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia . •
Bumelia tenax
Magnolia acuminata
Gordonia Lasianthus
Fraxinus Oregana
Populus trichocarpa
Rhus copallina
Rhododendron maximum . . .
Pinus inops
Liriodendron Tulipifera ....
Rhus Metopium
Nyssa uniflora
Crataegus Crus-galli
Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata .
Pinus Arizonica .
Pinus Banksiana
Liquidambar Styraciflua ....
Picea Sitchensis
Salix laevigata
Populus heterophylla
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis . .
Kalmia latifolia
Abies Fraseri
JEsculus Californica
Catalpa speciosa
Platan us occidentalis
Pinus Strobus
Pinus flexilis
Fraxinus pistaciaefolia ....
Crataegus arborescens
Planera aquatica
Symplocos tinctoria
Arbutus Xalapensis
Pinus monticola
Populus balsamifera, var. candicans
Anona laurifolia
Sassafras officinale
Magnolia cordata
Juglans rupestris
Juglans cinerea
Sequoia sempervirens
Pinus Lambertiana
Catalpa bignonioides
Tilia Americana
Magnolia Umbrella
Torreya Californica
Pinus albicaulis
Chilopsis saligna •
Carya olivaeformis
Tilia heterophylla
682
682
680
679
679
677
675
673
671
670
665
665
668
663
658
657
656
655
653
653
653
652
651
649
644
642
640
689
639
635
635
635
626
624
622
621
621
619
618
609
609
607
602
600
600
597
597
597
590
589
583
583
581
578
578
577
M
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
Species.
Picea Engelmanni
Ilex Dahoon
Rhamnus Caroliniana
Simaruba glauca
Pinus Murrayana
Bumelia lycioides
Platanus racemosa
Tilia Americana, var. pubescens .
Lysiloma latisiliqua
Salix amygdaloides
Populus balsamifera
Parkinsonia Torreyana . . . .
Cupressus Goveniana
Fraxinus platycarpa
Negundo aceroides
Cliftonia ligustrina
Laguncularia racemosa . . . .
Bumelia cuneata
Abies balsamea
Thuya occidentalis
Crataegus spathulata
Pinus clausa
Pinus glabra
iEsculus glabra
Abies grandis
Prosopis juliflora
Pyrus coronaria
Abies subalpina
Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana .
Prunus angustifolia
Juniperus occidentalis, var. con-
jugens
Tsuga Caroliniana
Sequoia gigantea
Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea . . .
Picea pungens
Pinus edulis
Pyrus sambucifolia
Washingtonia filifera . . . . .
Platanus Wrightii
Pinus Parryana
Byrsonima lucida
Salix nigra
Pinus Balfouriana
Pinus tubercnlata
Pinckneya pubens
Populus angustifolia
Asimina triloba
Bumelia lanuginosa
Sambucus glauca
Cyrilla racemiflora
Pisonia obtusata
Pinus monophylla
Ficus aurea
Ficus pedunculata
Bursera gummifera
OF THE UNITED STATES.
169
TABLE VI.
Tlie Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Power of
their Woods to resist Longitudinal Compression.
Species.
rt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
in
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
81
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Eugenia buxifolia
Rhizophora Mangle . . . .
Keynosia latifolia
Macliira aurantiaca . . . .
Condalia ferrea
Canella alba
'Coccoloba Floridana . . . .
Exostema Caribseum. . . .
Amyris sylvatica
Acacia Greggii
Guaiacum sanctum . . . .
Dipholis salicifolia . . . .
Robinia Pseutlacacia. . . .
Citliarexylum villosura . . .
Larix occidentalis
Xantiioxylum Caribreum . .
Robinia Neo-Mexicana . . .
Eugenia procera
Prosopis pubescens . . . .
Anielancbier Canadensis .
Hypelate paniculata . . . .
Swietenia Mahogoni . . . .
Pinus Cubensis .'....
Cornus Nuttallii
Cercocarpus led i foil us . . .
Sideroxylon Mastichodendron
Drypetes crocea
Carya myristica3formis . . .
Pinus palustris
Carya alba
Rliamnus Purshiana . . . .
Acer saccliarinura
Betula lutea
Betula lenta .......
Conocarpus erecta . . . .
Clirysopbyllum oliviforme . .
Piscidia Erytbrina . . . .
Quercus falcata
■a
I
bO
a
1
2
1
3
887
39
860
40
839
41
809
i 42
803
i43
782
44
771
45
751
46
748
i 47
743
1 48
737
49
730
50
694
51
689
52
689
53
685
54
683
55
672
56
671
67
670
58
666
69
666
60
664
61
663
62
655
63
650
64
650
65
638
m
629
67
625
68
621
69
619
70
610 1
71
610
72
590
73
598
74
597
75
596
76
Species.
Carya tomentosa
Viburnum prunifolium
Ulmus racemosa
Prosopis juliflora
Prunus Americana
Gleditschia monosperma . . . .
Juglans nigra
Quercus rubra, var. Texana . . .
Carya porcina
Bourreria Havanensis
Quercus prinoides
Persea Carolinensis
Sophora aflSnis
Umbellularia Californica . . . .
Prunus Caroliniana
Carya sulcata
Quercus Douglasii
Viburnum Lentago
Pinus contorta *. .
Eugenia monticola
Quercus imbricaria
Acer saccliarinum, var. nigrum . .
Prunus serotina
Osmantlius Americanus . . . .
Quercus virens
Tsuga Mertensiana
Quercus cbrysolepis
Prunus ilicifolia
Ostrya Virginica
Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis
Ulmus fulva . .
Prunus Capuli
Crataggus subvillosa
Quercus Prinus
Larix Americana
Cladrastis tinctoria
Cornus florida
Quercus Durandii
593
692
692
688
688
584
683
582
677
675
575
673
670
668
662
559
557
665
554
553
652
550
547
647
647
547
545
544
542
541
539
538
638
638
536
534
634
634
170
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
Species.
Rhus Metopium
Quercus Wislizenii
Myrica Californica
Juiiiperus occidentalis.var.conjugens
Cratasgus flava, var. pubescens . .
Quercus laurifolia
Carya amara
Fraxinus Oregana
Drypetes crocea, vaT*. latifolia .
Pseudotsuga Douglasii ....
Quercus alba
Quercus rubra
Prunus demissa
Pinus muricata
Quercus Garryana
Pinus serotina .
Quercus coccinea
Diospyros Virginiana .....
Arbutus Menziesii
Oxydendrum arboreum ....
Quercus tinctoria ......
Quercus aquatica
Gleditschia triacanthos ....
Fraxinus quadrangulata . . .
Prunus umbellata
Crataegus arborescens ....
Carpinus Caroliniana ....
Quercus nigra
Castanea pumila
Quercus lyrata
Quercus macrocarpa
Quercus palustris
Quercus bicolor
Magnolia macrophylla ....
Bumelia lycioides
Pinus reflexa
Andromeda ferruginea . . . •
Quercus obtusiloba . . . .
Betula papyrifera
Carya aquatica
Taxus brevifolia
Magnolia grandiflora ....
Acer dasycarpum
Fraxinus viridis
Quercus Michauxii
Lysiloma latisiliqua
Rhus copallina, var. Isnceolata .
Quercus grisea
Bumelia cuneata
Fagus ferruginea
Pinus mitis
Quercus densiflora
Sapindus marginatus ....
Cercis Canadensis
Nyssa sylvatica
533
533
532
532
527
526
522
520
520
519
511
511
510
509
505
505
504
503
502
501
501
501
500
499
498
498
498
407
495
492
491
491
490
489
489
489
487
487
487
486
483
482
482
482
482
481
479
479
478
478
477
475
470
469
468
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana .
Abies amabilis
Liquidambar Styraciflua . . . .
Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana . . .
Acer rubrum
Fraxinus Americana
Quercus agrifolia
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. macro-
carpa
Prunus emarginata, var. mollis
Mimusops Sieberi
Torreya taxifolia
Acer circinatum
Quercus Catesbaii
Cratsegus spathuiata
Charagecyparis Nutkaensis . . . .
Pinus resinosa
Ulmus crassifolia
Abies nobilis
Bumelia tenax
Platanus occidentalis
Thuya gigantea
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis . .
Laguncularia racemosa
Ulmus alata
Quercus Kelloggii
Quercus cinerea
Ulmus Americana
Cratasgus tomentosa
Crataegus aestivalis
Myrica cerifera
Rhamnus Caroliniana
Negundo Californicum
Hj'pelate trifoliata
Rhododendron maximum . . . .
Betula nigra
Juglans rupestris
Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata .
Fraxinus pubescens
Castanopsis chrysoph3'lla . . . .
Abies magnifica
Halesia diptera
Carya olivaeformis
Quercus oblongifolia
^(yssa capitata
Crataegus Crus-galli
Kalmia latifolia
Salix Hookeriana
Pinus Taeda . .,
Simaruba glauca
Magnolia glauca
Quercus lobata •
Fraxinus sambucifolia
Taxodium disticlmm
Quercus Emoryi
OF THE UNITED STATES.
171
Species.
Celtis occidentalis
Morus rubra
Ilex opaca
Pyrus coronaria
Magnolia Fraseri
Parkiiisonia Torreyana
Quercus undulata, var. Gambellii .
Pinus Jeffrey!
Piniis insignis
Juniperus Virginiana
Sequoia sempervirens
Magnolia acuminata
Alnus rubra
Quercus lieterophylla
Magnolia cordata
Salix flavescens
Prunus Pennsylvanica
Catalpa speciosa
Picea nigra
Tilia Americana, var. pubescens
Libocedrus decurrens
Tsuga Caroliniana
Prunus angustifolia
Arbutus Xalapensis
Forestiera acuminata
Gymnocladus Canadensis . . . .
Vaccinium arboreum ....
Pinus Banksiana
Tilia lieterophylla
Ungnadia speciosa . . . . .
Planera aquatica
Juglans cinerea
Byrsonima lucida
Betula occidentalis
Abies grand is
Quercus Phellos
Populus tricliocarpa
Abies concolor
Sequoia gigantea
Gordonia Lasianthus
Eliretia elliptica
Fraxinus pistaciajfolia ....
Salix lasiolepis
Symplocos tinctoria
Tsuga Canadensis
Pyrus sambucifolia
Sassafras officinale
Acer macrophyilum
Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana
Pinus Arizonica
Pinus ponderosa
Pyrus Americana
Tsuga Pattoniana
Populus Fremontii
Rhus copallina
421
420
419
419
418
417
417
417
417
416
416
415
415
412
410
408
407
407
407
405
403
403
402
401
401
400
399
396
394
394
394
392
391
391
391
390
390
390
388
387
387
385
385
384
384
383
382
381
381
381
381
380
379
378
377
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
2Sl
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
Species.
Pinus clausa
Liriodendron Tulipifera . . .
Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni
Cliftonia ligustrina
Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris
Pinus Coulteri
Magnolia Umbrella
Olneya Tesota
Nyssa uniflora
Abies balsamea
Catalpa bignonioides
Bumelia lanuginosa
Pinus inops
Cupressus Goveniana ....
Populus grandidentata ....
Alnus rhombifolia
iEsculus Californica
Pinus rigida
Pinus pungens
Populus monilifera
Picea Sitchensis
Torreya Californica
Ilex Dahoon
Pinus flexilis
Pinus edulis
Tilia Americana
Betula alba, var. populifolia . .
Abies Fraseri
Picea alba
Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia .
Pinus Strobus
Pinus Parryana
Pinus Balfouriana
Pinus Chihuahuana
Pinus Sabiniana
Pinus Lambertiana
Pinus monticola
Pinus Murrayana
Pinus albicaulis
Populus tremuloides
Platanus Wrightii
Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata .
Platanus racemosa
Negundo aceroides
Poi)ulus balsamifera
Salix laevigata
-^sculus glabra
Pisonia obtusata
Thuya occidentalis
Anona laurifolia
Abies subalpina
Chilopsis saligna
Quercus hypoleuca
Pinus Torreyana
Alnus incana
172
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
206
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
Species.
Finns glabra
Salix lasiandra, var. Fendieriana .
Populus heteropliylla
Ficus peJunculata
Alniis oblongifolia
Populus balsamifera, var. candicans
Sambucus glauca
Pinus inonophylla
Pinckneya pubens
Populus angustifolia
Picea Engelmanni
J3
_bp
'55
to
B
•s
a
u
O
l-i
O
1
288
307
286
308
283
309
281
310
278
311
276
312
275
313
274
314
272
315
271
316
267
317
Species.
Salix amygdaloides . .
Pinus tuberculata ...
Chamaecyparis sphseroidea
Picea pungens ....
Coccoloba uvifera ...
Fraxinus plat^'carpa . .
Washingtonia filifera . ,
Salix nigra ,
Asimina triloba . . . .
Ficus aurea
Bursera gummifera . .
264
263
259
258
258
251
227
213
212
162
155
OF THE UNITED STATES.
173
TABLE VII.
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Power
of their Woods to resist Indentation to the Depth of 1.21 Millimetres.
S
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Species.
Guaiacum sanctum ....
Olneya Tesota
Condalia ferrea
Reynosia latifolia
Canella alba
Amyris sylvatica
Exostema Caribaeum. . . .
Cercocarpus ledifolius . . .
Rhizophora Mangle ....
Eugenia procera
Quercus oblongifolia ....
Quercus Emoryi
Eugenia monticola ....
Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia
Eugenia buxifolia
Coccoloba Floridana ....
Hj'pelate trifoliata ....
Chrysophyllum oliviforme. .
Mimusops Sieberi
Quercus Douglasii ....
Xanthoxylum Caribseura . .
Conocarpus erecta ....
Quercus grisea
Madura aurantiaca ....
Drypetes crocea
Sideroxylon Mastichodendron
Prosopis juliflora
Prunus unibellata
Piscidia Erythrina ....
Sophora affinis
Prosopis pubescens ....
Diospyros Virginiana . . .
Quercus virens
Crataegus flava, var. pubescens
Prunus Caroliniana ....
Quercus chrysolepis ....
Carya myristicaeformis . . .
Viburnum prunifolium . . .
793
665
649
639
573
550
481
480
462
444
439
415
408
407
396
394
384
382
375
374
373
370
364
363
362
355
343
342
337
334
329
324
324
319
318
317
315
313
eA
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
65
66
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
6()
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
Species.
Swietenia Mahogoni . . .
Citliarexylum villosum . .
Quercus Durandii ....
Prunus ilicifolia ....
Cornus florida
Carya porcina
Pinus serotina
Bourreria Havanensis . .
Quercus rubra, var. Texana
Carya sulcata
Bumelia cuneata ....
Quercus nigra
Juniperus occiden talis, var.
jugens
Amelanchier Canadensis . . .
Vacciniuni arboreum ....
Carya tomentosa
Gleditschia monosperma - . .
Quercus obtusiloba
Dipholis salicifolia
Carya aquatica
Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata
Sapindus marginatus ....
Prunus Capuli
Quercus Wislizeni
Quercus hypoleuca
Robinia Neo-Mexicana ....
Carya alba
Quercus prinoides
Taxus brevifolia
Crataegus subvillosa
Kalmia latifolia
Robinia Pseudacacia
Acer saccliarinuni
Ulinus crassitolia
Ulnius alata
Quercus undulata, var. Gambellii
Quercus laurifolia
con-
174
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE! WOODS
Species.
Acer saccharinum, var. nigrum . .
Quercus lyrata
Pyrus coronaria
Arbutus Xalapensis
Osmanthus Aniericanus . . . .
Prunus demissa
Cornus Nuttallii
Carya amara
Crataegus tomentosa
Quercus Garryana
Cupressus macrocarpa
Quercus agrifolia
Quercus macrocarpa
Quercus Michauxii
Carya olivaeformis
Ostrya Virginica
Quercus Prinus
Ehretia elliptica
Quercus Catesbaei
Parkinsonia Torreyana
Quercus imbricaria
Betula lenta
Andromeda ferruginea . . . . .
Crataegus aestivalis
Quercus densiflora
Fraxinus quadrangulata . . . .
Chrysobalanus Icaco
Quercus bicolor
Bumelia lycioides
Fraxinus viridis
Crataegus spathulata
Celtis occidentalis
Quercus Phellos .
Quercus alba '. .
Carpinus Caroliniana
Prunus Americana
Pinus edulis
Byrsonima lucida
Cratsegus Crus-galli
Fraxinus pistaciaefolia
Rhus Metopium
Arbutus Menziesii
Ulmus racemosa
Prunus serotina
Fraxinus pubescens
Quercus coccinea
Quercus tinctoria
Oxydendrum arboreum
Quercus falcata
Quercus cinerea
Acer circinatura
Persea Carolinensis
Umbellularia Californica ....
Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis
Quercus aquatica
252
252
250
247
247
246
242
242
240
240
237
235
233
233
232
231
230
229
228
226
226
226
225
224
224
222
221
221
220
220
218
217
216
213
213
213
212
210
210
210
209
207
205
204
204
202
202
201
201
201
200
199
199
198
198
Pi
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
Magnolia grandiflora ....
Halesia diptera
Nyssa sylvatica
Juglans nigra
Fagus ferruginea
Pinus Parryana
Fraxinus sambucifolia ....
Rhamnus Purshiana
Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris
Rhododendron maximum . . .
Quercus palustris
Myrica Californica
Quercus lobata
Juniperus occidentalis ....
Pinus Cubensis
Crataegus arborescens ....
Cladrastis tinctoria
Cercis Canadensis
Juglans rupestris
Quercus heterophylla ....
Acer dasycarpum
Bumelia tenax
Morus rubra
Cupressus Goveniana ....
Quercus rubra
Ilex opaca
Acer rubrum
Quercus Kelloggii
Lysiloma latisiliqua
Fraxinus Americana
Forestiera acuminata ....
Ulmus Americana
Pinus monophylla
Gleditschia triacanthos ....
Fraxinus Oregana
Platanus occidentalis ....
Acer macrophyllum
Nyssa uniflora
Betula lutea
Gymnocladus Canadensis . . .
Bumelia lanuginosa
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis
Symplocos tinctoria
Torreya taxifolia
Pinus inops
Nyssa capitata
Pinus Chihuahuana
Pinus palustris
Ulmus fulva
Ungnadia speciosa
Laguncularia racemosa ....
Pinus contorta
Juniperus Virginiana ....
Cliftonia ligustrina
Pinus Balfouriana
OF THE UNITED STATES.
175
Species.
Pinus Torreyana
l^lanera aquatica ..;...
Chilopsis maligna ,
Myrica cerifcra ,
Salix lasiolepis ,
Larix occidentalis ,
Sambucus glauca ,
Fraxinus platycarpa ,
Pinus Sabiniana ,
Rhamnus Caroliniana
Sassafras officinale
Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata . .
Prunus angustifolia
Pinus rigida
Liquidambar Styraciflua . . . ,
Betula nigra ,
Pinus clausa
Betula alba, var. populifolia . . .
Pinus mitis
Pinus reflexa
Anona laurifolia
Betula occidentalis
Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata . .
Betula papyrifera
Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana .
Tsuga Caroliniana
Magnolia Fraseri
Torreya Californica
Pinus muricata
Abies nobilis
Ficus pedunculata
Castanopsis chrysophylla . . . .
Castanea pumila
Salix laevigata
Pyrus Americana
Platanus Wrightii
Alnus rubra
Pinus Jeifreyi
Pinus pungens
Ilex Dahoon
Larix Americana
Negundo aceroides
Salix Hookeriana
Rhus copallina .
-liEsculus Californica
Pisonia obtusata
Pinus flexilis
Magnolia acuminata
Negundo Californicum
Pyrus sambucifolia
Pinus albicaulis
Pinus ponderosa
Pinus Taeda
Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana
Pinus glabra
147
146
144
144
140
189
138
138
138
136
134
134
133
133
132
132
131
129
129
128
127
127
126
126
126
125
123
122
122
120
119
119
118
118
117
117
117
116
115
113
112
111
111
109
108
108
108
107
107
107
107
107
107
106
106
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
Species.
Pinckneya pubens
Pinus Arizonica
Pinus insignis
Tsuga Pattoniana
Prunus Pennsylvanica
Magnolia glauca
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. macro-
carpa
Chamajcyparis Nutkaensis . . . .
Tsuga Mertensiana
Pinus Banksiana
Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni .
Pseudotsuga Douglasii
Gordonia Lasianthus
Salix flavescens
Libocedrus decurrens
Abies magnifica
Platanus racemosa
Salix nigra
Pinus Coulteri
Juglans cinerea
Magnolia cordata
Magnolia macrophylla
Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia . .
Simaruba glauca
Catalpa speciosa
Populus Fremontii
Populus heterophylla
Pinus Murrayana
Pinus tuberculata
Pinus resinosa
Magnolia Umbrella
Populus monilifera
Liriodendron Tulipifera . . . .
Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana .
Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana . . .
Tsuga Canadensis
Salix amygdaloides
Taxodium distichum
Prunus emarginata, var. mollis . .
Populus tremuloides
Picea pungens
Alnus rhombifolia
Pinus Lambertiana
Abies concolor
Catalpa bignonioides
Picea nigra
Sequoia sempervirens
Populus angustifolia
Picea Engelmanni
Populus balsamifera
Abies balsamea
Alnus oblongifolia
Pinus Strobus
Picea alba
176
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS, Etc.
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
Species.
Picea Sitchensis .
-<Esc'ulus glabra
Tlmya gigantea
Asimina triloba
Tilia heterophylla
Sequoia gigantea .
Cliamgecyparis sphaeroidea
Pinus monticola . . .
Washingtonia filifem
Populus balsamifera, var. candicans
ja
w)
u
V
01
^
-H
to
o
a
a>
A
>
9
«
72
305
71
306
70
307
69
308
68
309
68
310
67
311
67
312
66
313
64
314
Species.
^
Abies subalpina
Abies amabilis
Tilia Americana
Populus trichocarpa
Populus grandidentata . . . .
Ficus aurea
Tlmya occidentalis
Tilia Americana, var. pubescens
Abies grandis
Bursera gummifera
64
64
63
63
62
61
60
59
51
47
INDEX.
Abies amaeilis, 133; tables (398) 152, (380)
156, (385) 161, (24) 1G3, (141) 167, (133)
170, (306) 176.
Abies balsamea, 131; tables (395) 152, (409)
157, (410) 162, (183) 164, (274) 168, (250)
171, (291) 175.
Abies bracteata, 133 ; tables (397) 152, (192)
155, (194) 160.
Abies concolor, 132 ; tables (396) 152, (415)
157, (416) 162, (136) 164, (187) 167, (223)
171, (204) 175.
Abies Fraseri, 131 ; tables (392) 151, (417) 157,
(418) 162, (110) 164, (228) 168, (268)
171.
Abies ffrandis, 132, 133; tables (395) 152,
(418) 157, (419) 162, (115) 164, (280) 168,
(220) 171, (313) 176.
Abies Iludsonicn, 131.
Abies ma gnifica, 134; tables (400) 152, (346;
156, (345)161, (247) 165, (189) 167, (171)
170, (256) 175.
Abies nobilis, 133; tables (399) 152, (360) 156,
(359) 161, (21) 163, (109) 167, (149) 170,
(215) 175.
Abies subalpina, 132; tables (394) 152, (421)
157, (422) 162, (207) 165, (283) 168, (291)
171, (305) 176.
Abietine, 120.
Acacia Berlandieri, 33; table (99) 146.
Acacia, Green-barked, 30.
Acacia Greggii, 33; tables (98) 146, (59) 153,
(57) 158, (68) 163, (140) 167, (10) 169.
Acacia, Three-thorned, 29.
Acacia Wriyhlii, 33; tables (97) 146, (29)
153, (27) 158.
Acer circinatum, 21; tables (61) 145, (198)
155, (196) 160, (227) 165, (153) 167, (143)
170, (126) 174.
Acer dasycarpum, 22; tables (05) 145, (301)
156, (301)161, (60) 163, (56) 166, (119) 170,
(151) 174.
Acer glabrum, 21; tables (62) 145, (247) 155,
(246) 160.
Acer grandidentatum, 21; tables (63) 145,
(180) 154, (180) 159.
Acer macrophyllum, 20; tables (60) 145, (327)
156, (326) 161, (200) 164, (197) 167, (233)
171, (167) 174.
Acer Pennsyhanicum, 20; tables (58) 145,
(298) 156, (299) 161.
Acer rubruTn,22; tables (66) 145, (240) 155,
(239) 160, (123) 164, (126) 167, (136) 170,
(157) 174.
Acer rubrum, var. Drummondii, 23 ; tables
(66^) 145, (285) 155, (284) 160.
Acer saccharinurn, 21; tables (64) 145, (178)
154, (175) 159, (9) 163, (21) 106, (32) 169,
(71) 173.
Acer saccharinurn, var. nigrum, 22; tables
(641) 145, (177) 154, (178) 159, (94) 164, (71)
166, (60) 109, (70) 174.
Acer spicatum, 20; tables (59) 145, (294)155,
(294) 160.
Acids, 35.
Acorns, edible, 84, 85.
Adobe houses, 32, 49.
jEsculus Calif ornica, 18; tables (52) 145,
(320) 156, (238) 161, (320) 165, (229) 168,
(257) 171, (230) 175.
^sculus Jlava, 17; tables (51) 145, (381) 156,
(381) 161.
jEsculus glabra, 17; tables (50) 145, (363)
156, (363) 161, (249) 165, (279) 168, (287)
171, (296) 176.
jEsculus llippocastanum, 17.
Africa, 47.
Agricultural implements, 61, 72, 78, 81, 84,
87, 93.
Alabama, 2, 3, 6, 7, 17, 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 35,
37, 39, 43, 49, 57, 60-62, 65, 68, 71, 72, 75-
77, 80, 83, 84, 86, 88-90, 92, 94, 125, 129.
Alaska, 20, 40, 96, 102-104, 107, 108, 120,127-
129, 132.
Alder, 98.
Alder, Black, 99.
Alder, Hoary, 99.
Alder, Seaside. 98.
Alder, Smooth, 99.
Alder, Speckled, 99.
Algaroba, 31.
Alkali, 22.
Alkaloid, 28.
Alleghany Mountains, 2, 3, 6, 7, 17, 20, 22,
24, 26, 27, 29, 35, 36, 39, 43, 45, 49, 51, 54,
55, 60, 62, 76, 78, 81, 83, 84, 91, 94, 95, 97,
101, 104, 106, 114, 122-124, 127, 129, 131.
12
178
INDEX.
Alleghany Region, 89, 129.
Alnus argitta, 1)8.
Alnus incana, 99; tables (305) 150, (355) 156,
(353) IGl, (71) 163, (122) 167, (295) 171.
Alnus incana, var. virescens, 99; tables (305^)
150.
Alnus Japonica, 98.
Alnus moritima, 98; tables (300) 150, (319)
156, (319) 161.
Alnns oblongifolia, 98; tables (303) 150, (402)
156, (403) 161, (205) 165, (196) 167, (300)
172, (292) 175.
Alnus rhombifoUa, 98; tables (302) 150, (394)
156, (392) 161, (167) 164, (199) 167, (256)
171, (282) 175.
Alnus rubra, 98; tables (301) 150, (336) 156,
(337) 161, (77) 163, (129) 167, (198) 171,
(222) 175.
Alnus serrulata, 99; tables (304) 150, (349)
156, (349) 161.
Alpine slopes, 128.
Altamaha River, 5.
Amelanchier Canadensis, 45; tables (137)
146, (97) 154, (95) 159, (34) 163. (26) 166,
(20) 169, (52) 173.
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongifolia,
45.
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oligocarpa, 45.
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. rotundifolia ,
45.
America: original trees, 30; tropical, 34, 46,
47, 96.
American Crab, 39.
American Crab Apple, 39.
American Elm, 71.
American Holly, 12.
American Linden, 6.
American Musemn of Natural History, viii.
American Oaks, 83,
Amyvis sylvatica, 11; tables (30) 144, (13)
153, (11) 158, (67) 163, (2) 166, (9) 169, (6)
173.
Anacai-diacece, 24, 25.
An£ES(lietics, 320.
Anaqua, 65.
Andromeda ferrurjinen, 53; tables (165) 147,
(119) ]54,' (J18) 359, (186) 164, (204) 168,
(U3) 370, (98) 174.
Ann, Cape, 1.
Anonacece,, 4.
Anona laurifoUa, 4; tables (10) 144, (313)
156, (335) 161, (284) 165, (241) 168, (290)
171, (206) 175.
Anticosti Island, 40.
Anti-periodic bark, 64.
Antipyretic, 100.
Ant's-wood, 58.
Apache Mountains, 37, 86.
Apalachicola River, 52, 113, 114, 135.
Apple, American Crab, 39.
Apple, Custard, 4.
Apple, Oregon Crab, 40.
Apple, Pond, 4.
Apple, Haw, 44.
Apple, Seven-3'ear, 52.
Apple, Southern Crab, 39.
Arbol de Hierro, 27.
Arbor-vita?, 106.
Arbutus Menziesii, 54; tables (166) 147, (165)
154, (163) 159, (171) 164, (88) 166, (95)170,
(117) 174.
Arbutus Texana, 54; tables (168) 147, (118)
154, (119) 159.
Arbutus Xalapensis, 54 ; tables (167) 147,
(164) 154, (159) 159, (257) 165, (238) 168,
(209) 171, (79) 174.
Arctic Circle, 134.
Ardisia Picheringia, 56; tables (173) 147,
(58) 153, (60) 158.
Arizona, 10, 15, 16, 18, 21, 23, 26, 27, 30-33,
37-39, 48, 54, 57, 61, 62, 66, 75, 77, 82, 85-
87, 92, 98, 100, 103, 105, 106, 109-111, 116-
121, 127, 130, 132, 137.
Arizona Mountains, 109, 120.
Arkansas, 1-4, 8, 9, 12-15, 18, 23-26, 28-31,
42-45, 50, 52, 53, 55, 57-60, 62, 64, 66, 68-
70, 72, 74, 76-81, 83-85, 90-95, 99, 104, 112,
124.
Arkansas River, 28, 79, 122.
Arnold Arboretum, viii.
Aromatics, 48, 69, 132.
Arrow- wood, 14.
Arroyos, 27.
Arts, 132.
Ash, 61.
Ash, Black, 63.
Ash, Blue, 62.
Ash, Green, 62.
Ash, Ground, 63.
Ash, Hoop, 63.
Ash-leaved Maple, 23.
Ash, Mountain, 40.
Ash, Oregon, 63.
Ash, Prickly, 8.
Ash, Red, 61.
Ash, Sea, 8.
Ash, Wafer, 9.
Ash, Water, 62.
Ash, White, 61.
Ash, Yellow, 28.
Asimina triloba, 4; tables (9) 144, (403) 156,
(404) 161, (289) 165, (302) 168, (315) 172,
(298) 176.
Aspalaga, Fla., 113.
Aspen, 103.
Aspen, Quaking, 103.
Assinaboine River, 34.
Astringents. 24, 25, 40, 59, 129.
Athabasca River, 101.
Atlantic forests, 35, 36, 42, 45, 49, 75, 83,
97.
Atlantic oaks, 88.
INDEX.
179
Atlantic Region, 72, 96, 99, 101-103.
Atlantic States, 1, 9, 13, 15, 18, 20, 27, 29, 30,
34, 57-59, 61, 05, 72, 83, 80, 90, 94, 97, 112,
122, 123.
Avicennid nitlda, 67 ; (Rlnzophora, 07); tables
(211) 148, (42) 153, (44) 158.
Axe-hanclles, 20, 21, 61, 78.
Back, Strong, 65.
Bahamas, 7.
Bald Cypress, 112.
Balms, 105.
Balm of Gilead, 104.
Balm-of-Gilead Fir, 131.
Balm of fir, 132.
Balsams, 40.
Balsam, 104, 131, 132.
Balsam Cottonwood, 105.
Balsam Fir, 131, 132.
Balsam, She, 131.
Banana, Mexican, 137.
Bark, Cinnamon, 5.
Bark, Georgia, 52.
Barrel-hoops, 49, 63.
Barrels, 105.
Barrington, Fort, 5.
Bartram's Oak, 92.
Basket Oak, 84.
Baskets, 19, 63, 78, 81, 84,
Basswood, 6.
Basswood, White, 7.
Bastard Cedar, 106.
Bastard Pine, 126.
Bayberry, 80.
Bay, Bull, 1.
Bay, Loblolly, 5.
Bay, Red, 08.
Bay, Rose, 55.
Bay, Sweet, 1.
Bay, Tan, 5.
Bav-tree, California, 69.
Bay, White, 1.
Bayonet, Spanish, 136, 137.
Beads, 19.
Beams, 32.
Bean, Indian, 65.
Bean, Screw, 32.
Bean Tree, 05.
Bearberry, 16.
Beard, Okl jMun's, 64,
Bear-wood, 16.
Beaver Tree, 1.
Beech, 94.
Beech, Blue, 95.
Beech, Water, 75, 95.
Beef- wood, 67.
Bee Tree, 6.
Belle Isle, Straits of, 104.
Berry, Tallow, 7.
Betulacex^ 95-99.
Betula alhn, var. popuUfoHa, 95; tables (294)
149, (267) 155, (265) 160, (221) 165, (146)
167, (267) 171, (203) 175.
Betula lentn, 96, 97; tables (299) 150, (110)
154, (108) 159, (10) 163, (10) 166, (34) 169,
(97) 174.
Betula lutea, 97; tables (297) 149, (204) 155,
(200) 160, (3) 163, (5) 100, (33) 169, (169)
174.
Betula nigra, 97; tables (298) 149, (266) 155,
(267) 160, (58) 163, (69) 166, (166) 170,
(201) 175.
Betula occidentalism 96; tables (296) 149, (246)
155, (245) 160, (132) 164, (133) 167, (219)
171, (207) 175.
Betula papyrifern, 96; tables (205) 140, (251)
155, (249) 160, (18) 163, (38) 166, (115; 170,
(200) 175.
Big Blackfoot River, 135.
Big-bud Hickory, 78.
Big Cottonwood, 105.
Big Laurel, 1.
Big Shell-bark, 78.
Big Tree, 112.
Big Williams Fork, 10, 48.
Bifjnoniaceae, 65, 66.
Bill Williams River, 30.
Bilsted, 45,
Birch, Black, 96, 97.
Birch, Canoe, 96.
Birch, Cherry, 97.
Birch, Gray,' 95, 97.
Birch, Mahogany, 97.
Birch, oil of, 96,
Birch, Old-field, 95.
Birch, Paper, 96.
Birch, Red, 97.
Birch, River, 97.
Birch, Sweet, 97.
Birch, West Indian, 10.
Birch, White, 95, 96.
Birch, Yellow, 97.
Bird's-eve Maple, 22.
Biscavne, Bav, 1, 4, 8, 10, 14, 15, 19, 25, 28,
34, "37, 46-48, 56-58, 67-70, 72-74, 86, 99,
126.
Bishop's Pine, 124.
Bitter-nut, 79.
Bitter Pecan, 79.
Bitter Root Mountains, 16, 36, 96, 105, 107,
115, 129, 130, 132.
Bitts, 69.
Black Alder, 99.
Black Ash, 63.
Black Birch, 96, 97.
Black Calabash-tree, 66.
Black Cherry, Wild, 36.
Black Cottonwood, 105,
Black Cypress, 112.
Black Gum, 50.
Black Haw, 52.
180
INDEX.
Black Hickory, 78, 79.
Black Hills, 71, 74, 96, 105, 119, 127.
Black Iron-wood, 15.
Black Jack, 80, 90.
Black Jack, Forked-leaf, 90.
Black Larch, 134.
Black Locust, 26, 29.
Black Mangrove, 67,
Black Oak, 87-89.
Black Persimmon, 59.
Black Pine, 120.
Black Sloe, 35.
Black Spruce, 126, 127.
Black Thorn, 42.
Black Tree, 67.
Black AValnut, 46, 76.
Black AYillow, 99.
Black-wood, 67.
Bladder-diseases, 96.
Blinds, 115.
Blocks, 72, 75.
Blood-impurities, 99.
Blue Ash, 62.
Blue Beech, 95.
Blue Jack, 92.
Blue Mountains, 38, 51, 98, 110, 116, 130, 132,
134.
Blue Myrtle, 16.
Blue Oak, 85.
Blue Ri^•er, 22.
Blue Spruce, 128.
Blue -wood, 15.
Boarding, 46.
Boat-buijding, 3, 28, 34, 57, 71, 74, 107, 108,
128.
Boilers, 32,
Bo is d'Arc, 74.
Books referred to, 143.
Borraginacece, 64, 65.
Bottom Shell-bark, 78.
Bourreria Bavanensis, 65 ; tables (204) 148,
(84) 154, (91) 159, (102) 164, (75) 166, (48)
169, (46) 173.
Bourreria Bavanensis, var. radula, 65.
BoA\-s, Indian, 49, 113.
Box Elder, 23.
Boxwood, 14, 49 ; substitute for, 55, 59.
Brazil, 4, 9, 10, 11, 34, 46, 55-57, 67, 68.
Brazos River, 1, 8, 17, 29-31, 49, 50, 64, 69,
78, 80, 81, 90, 92, 136.
Brick-baking, 99.
Brickley Thatch, 136.
Bridge-timbers, 72.
Bristol, Fla., 113, 114
British America, 6, 51, 103.
British Columbia, 20, 21, 40, 41, 51, 54, 96,
98-100, 104, 105, 107, 108, 111, 113, 115,
116, 119, 127, 129, 130, 132-134.
Brittle Thatch, 136.
Broad-leaved Maple, 20.
Brooms, 20.
Brown Hickory, 79.
Buckeye, California, 18.
Buckeye, Fetid, 17.
Buckeye, Ohio, 17.
Buckeye, Spanish, 18.
Buckeye, Sweet, 17.
Buckthorn, Southern, 58.
Buckwheat Tree, 13.
Bull Bay, 1.
Bull-nut. 78.
Bull Pine, 119-121, 124.
Bumelia cuneata, 58; tables (182) 147, (89)
154, (94) 159, (260) 165, (273) 168, (125)
170, (49) 173.
Bumelia lanuginosa, hi; tables (179) 147,
(205) 155, (208) 160, (288) 165, (303) 168,
(252) 171, (171) 174.
Bumelia hjcioides, 58; tables (181) 147, (125)
154, (128) 159, (199) 164, (261) 168, (111)
170, (104) 174.
Bumelia hjcioides, var. reclinatum, 58.
Bumelia spinosa, 57; tables (180) 147, (199)
155, (203) 160.
Bumelia tenax, 57; tables (178) 147, (142)
154, (142) 159, (209) 165, (207) 168, (150)
170, (152) 174.
Bum-wood, 25.
Burning Bush, 14.
Bur Oak, 82.
Burseracece, 10, 11.
Bursera qummifera, 10; tables (29) 144,
(426) 157, (427) 1G2, (300) 165, (310) 168,
(317) 172, (314) 176.
Bush, Burning, 14.
Bustic, 57.
Butchers' blocks, 75.
Butter-tubs, 133.
Butternut, 76.
Button-ball Tree, 75.
Button-moulds, 97.
Buttons, 19.
Buttonwood, 46, 75.
Buttonwood, White, 47.
Byrsonima lucida, 7; tables (19) 144, (256)
155, (266) 160, (279) 165, (296) 168, (218)
171, (113) 174.
Cabbage Palmetto, 135.
Cabbage Tree, 135.
Cabinet-work, 1, 2, 11, 12, 22-24, 29, 36, 46,
50, 57, 61, 63, 66, 68, 69, 76, 77, 81, 94, 107,
111, 114.
Cactacece, 48, 49.
Cactus, Giant, 48.
Cagiput, 69.
Calabash-tree, Black, 66.
CalaA^eras County, 115.
Calaveras Grove, 112.
Calico-bush, 55.
Calico-wood, 60.
i
INDEX.
181
California, 6. 16, 18, 20, 21, 23, 26, 27, 30-33,
30-41, 44, 49, 51, 54, 03, 00, 09, 73, 75, 77,
80, 81, 80, 87-89, 93, 90, 98-103, 105-122,
124, 128, 130-135, 137. (Often indicating
limit of distribution.)
California Bay-tree, 69.
California Buckeye, 18.
California Coast, 93.
California Holly, 44.
California laurel, 69.
California Nutmeg, 114.
California Olive, 09.
California Sierras, 89, 110, 115, 117, 121, 130.
Caloosa Kiver, 4, 10, 11, 14, 22, 47, 50, 58,
62, 79, 99.
Cahjptranthes CJnjtrnculia, 47; tables (143)
147, (49) 153, (49) 158.
Campo, 116.
Canada Plum, 34.
Canadian Balsam, 132.
Canaveral, Cane, 4, 10, 15, 34, 45-47, 56, 57,
62, 64, 60-08, 71, 78, 79, 125, 126.
Candles, 80.
CcinellacevR^ 5.
Canella alba, 5; tables (12) 144, (18) 153,
(18) 158, (56) 163, (53) 166, (6) 169, (5) 173.
Canes, 27, 70.
Canoe Cedar, 107.
Canoe Birch, 96.
Canoes, 96, 107.
Canons, 27.
Canotia holocantha, 10; tables (27) 144, (182)
154, (204) 100.
Cape Fear River, 1, 72.
Capparidacece, 4.
Capparis Jamnicensis, 4; tables (11) 144,
(169) 154, (195) 160.
Caprifoliacece, 51, 52.
Caranna, remedy, 10.
Carbo-hydrogen, 120.
Carmelo Point, 108.
Carolina Poplar, 105.
Carpinus Caroliniana, 95; tables (293^ 14D,
(144) 159, (44) 163, (22) 160, (103) 170,
(110) 174.
Carriages, 6, 61, 63, 78, 81, 82.
Carya alba, 77; tables (242) 148, (64) 153, (63)
158, (12) 163, (12) 166, (30) 169, (65) 173.
Carya alba, var. microcarpa, 78.
Carya amarn, 79; tables (246) 149, (114) 154,
(117) 159, (92) 164, (32) 166, (83) 170, (83)
174.
Carya aquatica, 79; tables (248) 149, (134)
154, (136) 159, (98) 164, (99) 167, (116) 170,
(58) 173.
Carya myristicceformis, 79; tables (247) 149,
(87) 154, (80) 159, (8) 163, (1) 166, (28) 169,
(37) 173.
Carya ollvceformis, 77; tables (241) 148, (155)
154, (158) 159, (245) 165, (254) 108, (173)
170, (90) 174.
Carya porcina, 79; tables (245) 149, (76) 15.1,
(75) 158,(89) 163,(44) im, (47) 169, (44) 173.
Carya sulcata, 78; tables (243) 148, (82) 154,
(81) 159, (84) 163, (34) 166, (54) 169, (48>
173.
Carya tomentosa, 78; tables (244) 148, (75/
153, (76) 158, (42) 163, (28) 166, (39) 169,
(54) 173.
Cascade Mountains, 21, 37, 40, 41, 49, 63, 81,
93, 102, 100, 108, 110, 115, 110, 122, 127,
130, 132-135. (Often indicating limit of
distribution.)
Cascara sagrada, 16.
Cassada, 57.
Cassena, 12.
Custanta pumila, 94; tables (289) 149, (57)
155, (253) 100, (47) 103, (05) 100, (105) 170,
(218) 175.
Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana, 94 ; tables
(290) 149, (300) 150, (305) 101, (160) 164.
(192) 187, (34) 171, (239) 174.
Casianojisis chrysophylh, 93; tables (288) 149,
(280) 155, (280) 100, (99) 164, (105) 167,
(170) 170, (217)175.
Castle, Lake, 108.
Catalpa, 05. .
Cat'ilpa bignonioides, 65; tables (206) 148,
(309) 150, (309) 161, (239) 165, (248) 168,
(251) 171, (285) 175.
Catalpa speciosn, 06; tables (207) 148, (388)
156, (388) 161, (181) 164, (230) 168, (203)
171, (265) 175.
Catalpa, Western, 66.
Catarrh, 46, 132.
Catawba, 65.
Cathartics, 8, 14, 76.
Cat's Claw, 33, 34.
Cattle, food for, 7.
Caximbas Bay, 10, 11, 19, 24, 34.
Ceanothus Americano, 10.
Ceanothus thyrsi florus, 16; tables (48) 145,
(268) 155, (209) 100.
Cedar, Bastard, 106.
Cedar, Canoe, 107.
Cedar Elm, 70.
Cedar, Incense, 106.
Cedar Keys, 12, 18, 46, 47, 57, 58, 67, 135.
Cedar, Oregon, 108.
Cedar Pine, 125.
Cedar, Port Orford, 108.
Cedar, Post, 106.
Cedar, Red, 107, 111.
Cedar, Stinking, 114.
Cedar, White, 106-108.
Celastracece, 14.
Celtis Mississippiensis, var. crassifolia, 73.
Celtis Mississippierisis, var. integrifolia, 73.
Celtis Mississippiensi^, var. Icevigata, 73.
Celtis occidentalis, 72; tables (228) 148, (144)
154, (140) 159, (235) 105, (142) 167, (180)
171, (107) 174.
182
INDEX.
Celtis occidentaUs, var. retlculatay 73 ; tables
(2281) 148, (U7) 154, (151) 159, (150) 1G4,
<134) 167, (1G8) 170, (59) 173.
Census, Vol. IX., 141-U3.
Central America, 11, 68, 70.
Cercis Canadensis, 31; tables (91) 146, (225)
155, (225) 160, (234) 165, (173) 167, (130)
170, (148) 174.
Cercis renifovmis, 31; tables (92) 146, (116)
154, (120) 159.
Cercocarpus ledifoUus, 38; tables (115) 146,
(10) 153, (8) 158, (25) 169, (8) 173.
Co-cocarpus parviJ'oUus, 39 ; tables (116) 146,
(30) 153, (28) 158.
Cereus giganieus, 48 ; tables (149) 147, (424)
157, (426) 162.
Chairs, 71, 88, 95.
Clialeur, Bay of, 95.
GhamoiCjjparis Laivsoniana, 108; tables (331)
150, (352) 156, (350) 161, (31) 163, (97) 167,
(135) 170, (275) 175.
Chamcecgparis Nutkaensis, 108; tables (330)
150, (338) 156, (338) 161, (93) 164, (135)
167, (146) 170, (248) 175.
Chamcecijparis sphceroidea, 108; tables (329)
150, (423) 157, (424) 162, (302) 165, (289)
168, (309)172, (301) 176.
Champlain, Lake, 23, 62, 82, 84, 105.
Chaparral, 15.
Chapote, 59.
Charcoal, 28, 32, 38, 47, 117, 118, 123, 124, 128.
Charlotte Harbor, 12.
Chattahoochee, 114.
Cherokee County, N. C, 28.
Cherry, 5G.
Cherry Birch, 97.
Cherry brandy, 36.
Cherry, Indian, 15.
Cherry, May, 45.
Cherr}', Pigeon, 35.
Cherry, Pin, 35.
Cherry, Rum, 36.
Cherry, Wild, 37.
CherrV, Wild Black, 36.
Cherry, Wild Red, 35.
Chester County, Pa., 78.
Chestnut, 94. '
Che.stnut Oak, 84, 93.
Chestnut Onk, Rock, 84.
Celfisjmmilrf, 73.
Chickasaw Plum, 35.
Chihuahua, 120.
Chilopsis saJigna, 66; tables (208) 148, (254)
155, (254) 160, (274) 165, (253) 168, (292)
171, (188) 175.
China, Wild, 18.
Chincapin, 85.
Chinquapin, 93, 94.
Chinquapin *Oak, 84.
Chionanthus Virfjinica, 64; tables (200) 148,
(224) 155, (221) 160.
Chittam-wood, 24.
Chrysobalanus Icaco, 34; tables (102) 146,
(102) 154, (104) 159, (61) 103, (72) 166,
(102) 174.
Chrysojihyllum oUviforme, 56; tables (175)
147, (32) 153, (32) 158, (54) 1G3, (111) 167,
(36)169, (18)173.
Churchill, Cape, 126, 127, 134.
Cigar Tree, 65.
Cinchona Bark, 17, 52.
Cinnamon bark, 5.
Cinnamon, Wild, 5.
Citharexylum villosum. 66; tables (210) 148,
(54) 153, (50) 158, (26) 163, (77) 166, (14)
169, (40) 173.
Cladrastis iinctoria, 28; tables (82) 145, (235)
155, (230) 160, (101) 164, (92) 167, (74) 169,
(147) 174.
Clammy Locust, 27.
Clapboards, 46, 88, 91, 93.
Clark's Fork, 115.
Claw, Cat's, 33, 34.
Clear Creek, 98.
Clear Lake, 109.
Cleats, 69.
Cliff Elm, 71.
CliJ'tonia ligustnna, 13; tables (38) 145, (238)
155, (237) 160, (197) 164, (271) 168, (244)
171, (184) 174.
Clusiajiava, 5; table (13) 144.
Coahuila, 21.
Coast Live Oak, 87.
Coast Ranges, 16, 18, 23, 36, 38, 39. 44, 49,
54, 63, 69, 75, 77, 85, 87-89, 93, 98, 101,
106-109, 112, 113, 115, 116, 120-122, 124,
130, 133. (Often indicating limit of dis-
tribution.)
Coccoloba Floridana, 67; tables (213) 148,
(20) 153, (25) 158, (49) 163, (83) 166, (7)
169, (16) 173.
Coccoloba urifera, 68; tables (214) 148, (22)
153, (21) 158, (311) 172.
Cock spur Thorn, 42.
Cocoa Plum, 34.
Cceurd'Alene Mountains, 38,107, 115,130,132.
Coffee, substitute for, 29.
Coffee-nut, 29.
Coffee-tree, Kentucky, 29.
Coffins, 113.
Colorado, 21, 27, 31, 34, 35, 39, 41, 58, 60, 82,
85, 100, 105, 106, 110, 111, 117-119, 121,
128, 130-133, 137.
Colorado Desert, 26, 30.
Colorado River, 12, 13, 18, 27, 30-32, 41-43,
52, 62, 63, 74, 77, 91, 100, 111, 122, 135.
(Often indicating limit of distribution.)
Colubrina reclinata, 17; tables (49) 145, (77)
153, (80) 158, (108) 164, (9) 166.
Columbia, District of, 39.
Columbian Basin, 135.
Columbia River, 100, 105, 128, 133, 134.
INDEX.
183
Combretacece, 46, 47.
Commerce, G'J, 77, 78.
Compression, longitudinal, 169-172.
Concho River, 34, 59, 77.
Condalla/errea, L5; tables (43) 145, (1) 153,
(1) 158, (45) 163, (90) 167, (5) 169, (;J)
173.
Condalia obovata, 15; tables (44) 145, (2) 153,
(5) 158.
Coniferce, 106-134.
Co7iife>-ce, North American, 111.
Connecticut, 45, 52, 58, 104.
Connecticut River, 91, 101.
Conocarpus erecta, 46; tables (141) 147, (17)
153, (16) 158, (95) 164, (76) 166, (35) 169,
(22) 173.
Construction, 26, 29, 46, 81, 82, 84,90, 91,93,
112, 118, 127, 128, 131.
Cooperage, 23, 63, 69, 71, 74, 81, 82, 84, 85,
88, 90, 91, 107, 112, 115, 128, 132.
Coos Bay, 108.
Coquille River, 20.
Coral Sumach, 25.
Cordage, 6.
Cordia Boissieri, 64; tables (203) 148, (190)
155, (198) 160.
Cordia Sebestena, 64 ; tables (202) 148, (163)
154, (184) 159.
Cork Elm, 71.
Cork, substitute for, 51.
Cork-wood, 67.
Cornacece, 49-51.
Cornus alternifoUa, 49; tables (150) 147,
(196) 155, (192) 160.
Cornus fiorida, 49; tables (151) 147, (79) 153,
(77) 158, (182) 164, (91) 167, (75) 169, (43)
173.
Cornus Nuttallii, 49; tables (152) 147, (122)
154, (121) 159, (91) 164, (64) 166, (24) 169,
(82) 174.
Corpus Christi, 65.
Corpus Christi River, 30.
Costa Rica, 86.
Cotton-gum, 45, 50.
Cottonwood, 105, 106.
Cottonwood, Balsam, 105.
Cottonwood, Big, 105.
Cottonwood, Black, 104, 105.
Cottonwood, River, 104.
Cottonwood, Swamp, 104.
Cough-mixtures, 35.
Cow Oak, 84.
Crab, American, 39.
Crab Apple, American, 39.
Crab Apple, Oregon, 40.
Crab Apple, Southern, 39.
Crab, Sweet-scented, 39.
Crab-wood, 70.
Cratcegus cestimUs, 44; tables (134) 146, (205)
155, (201) 100, (263) 165, (183) 167, (160)
170, (99) 174.
Cratcerjys npitfolia, 43; tables (131) 146, (127)
154, (134) 159.
Crat(Bfjus arborescens, 41; tables (125) 146,
(213) 155, (210) 160, (195) 164, (235) 168,
(102) 170, (146) 174.
Cratcegus berberif (Ala, 44; table (133) 140.
Cratcegus brack ijacanthn, 41; tables (124)
146, (189) 155, (186) 159.
Cratcegus coccinea, 42; tables (127) 146, (56)
153, (54) 158.
Cratcegus cordata, 43; tables (130) 140, (143)
154, (140) 159.
Cratcegus Crus-galli, 42; tables (120) 146,
(153) 154, (154) 159, (240) 165, (218) 168,
(176) 170, (114) 174.
Cratcegus Douglasil, 41; tables (123) 146,
(172) 154, (169) 159.
Cratcegus flava, 44; tables (135) 146, (98) 154,
(97) 159.
Cratcegus flava, var. pubescens, 44; tables
(1351) 146, (105) 154, (106) 159, (231) 165,
(175) 167, (81) 170, (34) 173.
Cratcegus rivularis, 41; tables (122) 146. (103)
154," (100) 159.
Cratcegus sjxithulata, 43; tables (132) 146,
(158) 154, (157) 159, (243) 165, (276) 168,
(145) 170, (106) 174.
Cratcegus subvillosa, 42 ; tables (128) 146, (90)
154,' (89) 159, (141) 164, (169) 167, (71) 169,
(68) 173.
Cratcegus tomentosa, 42; tables (129) 146,
(113) 154, (112) 159, (219) 165, (184) 167,
(159) 170, (84) 174.
Cratcegus tomentosa, var. punctata^ tables
(1291) 146, (103) 159.
Crescentia cucurbitina, GQ; tables (209)148,
(231) 155, (235) 160.
Cretaceous formations, 82.
Cross-trees, 69.
Cuba, 7.
Cucumber Tree, 2.
Cucumber Tree, Large-leaved, 2.
Cucumber Tree, Long-leaved, 3.
Cumberland County, X. J., 92.
Cumberland Mountains, 24.
Cumberland River, 23.
Cupressus Goveniana, 109; tables (333) 150,
(348) 150, (348) 161, (285) 165, (268) 168,
(254) 171, (154) 174.
Cupressus Guadalupensls, 109; tables (335)
150, (333) 156, (333) 161.
Cupressus Macnabiana, 109; table (334) 150.
Cupressus macrocarjia, 108 ; tables (332) 150,
(236) 155, (236) 160, (74) 163, (45) 166, (86)
174.
Cupuliferoi, 80-95.
Curled Maple, 22.
Custard Apple, 4.
Cuyamaca Mountains, 98, 106, 115, 121, 131.
Cyllene picta (locust-borer), 27.
Cypress, Bald, 112.
184
INDEX.
Cypress, Black, 112.
Cypress, Deciduous, 112.
Cj'press, Lawson's, 108.
Cypress, Monterey, 108.
Cypress Point, 108.
C3'press, Red, 112.
Cypress, Sitka, 108.
Cypress swamps, 59.
Cypi'ess, White, 112.
Cypress, Yellow, 108.
Cyrilla rncemi/lora, 13; tables (37) 145, (191)
155, (187) 159, (286) 165, (305) 168.
CyrillacecB, 13.
D^DALIA, 112.
DcBclalla vorax, 106.
Dahoon, 12.
Dahoon Hollv, 12.
Dakota, 6, 22, 34, 36, 71, 72, 74, 96, 105, 119,
127.
Dalea spijiosa, 26; tables (76) 145, (282) 155,
(293) 160.
Darling Plum, 14.
Davenport, Iowa, 114.
Debility, 104.
Deciduous Cypress, 112.
Decoctions, 40, 45, 49, 64, 89, 111.
Delaware, 39, 59, 63, 76, 78, 83, 84, 88, 91,
94, 95, 97, 98, 101, 112, 122, 129.
Desert Willow, 66.
Devil's River, 32, 33, 61, 72, 75.
Devil-wood, 64.
Diamond Willow, 102.
Diarrhoea, 16, 40, -59, 99.
Digger Pine, 121.
Dilly, Wild, 58.
Diospyros Texana, 59; tables (185) 147, (62)
153, (73) 158.
Diospyros Virglniana, 58; tables (184) 147,
(93) 154, (92) 159, (198) 164, (102) 167, (94)
170, (32) 173.
DlphoUs salicifolia, 57; tables (177) 147, (35)
153, (30) 158, (16) 163, (23) 166, (12) 169,
(57) 173.
District of Columbia, 39, 91.
Diuretics, 25, 108, 111.
Doctor-gum. 25.
Dogwood, 49.
Dogwood, Flowering, 49.
Dogwood, Jamaica, 28.
Dogwood, Striped, 20.
Door-blinds, 115.
Douglas Fir, 130.
Downward Plum, 58.
Drypetes crocea, 70; tables (219) 148, (39)
153, (52) 158, (83) 163, (138) 167, (27) 169,
(25) 173.
Drypetes crocea, var. Intifolia, 70 ; tables
(2191) 148, (33) 153, (55) 158, (174) 164,
(186) 167, (85)170, (14) 173.
Drypetes (/lauca, 70.
Dry rot, 106.
Duck Oak, 91.
Dunnage of vessels, 128.
Dwarf Maple, 21.
Dwarf Sumach, 24.
Dyes, 24, 25, 28, 60, 76, 89.
Dysentery, 80.
Dyspepsia, 10, 16.
Eagle Mountains, 54.
Eastern States, 89.
Eastern White Oak, 81.
Eastern White Pine, 115.
EbenacecB, 58, 59.
Edible seeds, 117, 118, 121.
Ehrelica elUptica, 65; tables (205) 148, (214)
155, (218) 160, (304) 165, (177) 167, (226)
171, (93) 174.
Elastic, Gum, 57.
Elasticity, tables, 163-165.
Elder, 51.
Elder, Box, 23.
Elder, Poison, 25.
Elemi, Gum, 10.
Elk-wood, 3.
Elm, American, 71.
Elm, Cedar, 70.
Elm, Cliff, 71.
Elm, Cork, 71.
Elm, Hickory, 71.
Elm, Moose, 71.
Elm, Red, 71.
Elm, Rock, 71.
Elm, Slippery, 6, 71.
Elm, Water, 71.
Elm, White, 71.
Elm, Winged, 71.
Emetics, 13, 25, 27.
Empyreumatic oil, 96.
Enceno, 87.
Engravhig, 55. (See Wood-engraving.)
Ericacem, 53-55.
Erie, Lake, 39, 55, 75-78, 80, 84.
Eugenia buxifoUa, 47; tables (144) 147, (31)
153, (6) 163, (33) 158, (39) 166, (1) 169, (15)
173.
Eugenia dichpioma, 47; tables (145) 147, (50)
153, (43) 158.
Eugenia longipes, 48; tables (147) 147, (6)
153, (7) 158.
Eugenia monticola, 48 : tables (146) 147, (41)
153, (39) 158, (69) 163, (17) 166, (58) 169,
(13) 173.
Euf/enia procera, 48; tables (148) 147, (27)
153, (38) 163, (16) 166, (18) 169, (10) 173,
(34) 158.
Euonymus atropurpureus, 14 ; tables (39) 145,
(201) 155, (197) 160.
Euphorbiacece, 70.
INDEX.
185
Europe, 99. '
Everglades, 4, 34, 4G, 47.
Extracts, 45.
Exosttma Caribctum, 52; tables (IGO) 147,
(36) 153, (29) 158, (35) 103, (58) IGG, (8)
109, (7) 173.
Eystnhardtia orthocarpa, 26 ; tables (75) 145,
(52) 153, (53) 158.
Facjus fkhkuginea, 94; tables (291) 149,
(184) 154, (181) 159, (32) 1G3, (24) 1G6,
(120) 170, (135) 174.
Fairlield County, Conn., 45.
Fan-loaf Palm, 135.
Farkle-berry, 53.
Faxon, C E., viii.
Febrifuges, 100. (See Fevers.)
Fellies, for wheels, 32, 93.
Fence-boards, 105.
Fence-posts, 29, 05, GO, 69, 75, 102, 108, 113,
114, 134.
Fencing, 32, 49, 03. 71, 73, 74, 81, 82, 84, 85,
94, 97, 107, 110-112, 117, 120, 128.
Fetid Buckeye, 17.
Fevers, 17, 49, 52, 04, 104.
Ficusaurea, 73; tables (229) 148, (429) 157,
(429) 162, (310) 105, (308) 108, (310) 172,
(310) 170.
Ficus brev'i folia, 73; tables (230) 148, (220)
155, (210) 175, (240) 100.
Ficus pedunculaia, 73; tables (231) 148, (342)
150, (362) 101, (301) 165, (309) 108, (299) 172.
Fiddle-wood, 00.
Fig, Wild, 73.
Fir, Balm-of-Gilead, 131.
Fir, Balsam, 131, 132.
Fir, Douglas, 130.
Fir, Red, 130, 133, 134.
Fir, White, 132.
Fir, Yellow, 130, 131.
Fishes, poison for, 28.
Fish-hooks, 113.
Fishing-nets, 21.
Flathead Lake, 16, 96.
Flathead Region, 127.
Flathead River, 98, 115, 135.
Floats, 51.
Floornig. 2, 22, 63, 71, 103, 108. 118.
Florida, 1, 3-15, 17-19,22-25, 28-32, 34-37,
39, 41-50, 52-84, 80, 88-95, 97, 99, 100, 105,
107, 111-114, 123-120, 135, 136. (Mostly
relating to limit of distribution.)
Florida Coast, 80.
Florida Keys, 80.
Flour, 32.
Flowering Dogwood, 49.
Fodder, 32.
Forestiera acuminata, 63; tables (199) 148,
(228) 155. (226) 160, (233)105, (182)107,
(210) 171, (101) 174.
Fork-leaved Black Jack, 90.
Foulweather, Cape, 80.
Foxtail Pine, 118.
Franklinia, 5.
Fraser River, 21, 35, 36, 51, 96, 98, 105, 133.
Fruxinus Americana, 61; tables (192) li"',
(200) 155, (205) 100, (97) 164, (110) 167,
(68) 169, (137) 170, (160) 174.
Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis, 61 ;
tables (192) 147, (109) 154, (109) 159, (73)
163, (29) 166, (129) 174.
Fraxinus anomala, GO; tables (190) 147, (200)
155, (199) 160.
Fraxinus Greijijii, 60; tables (189) 147, (94)
154, (93) 159.
Fraxinus Orcf/ana, 63; tables (197) 148, (269)
155, (268) 160, (164) 164, (210) 1G8, (84)
170, (165) 174.
Fraxinus pistacicefolia, 61; tables (191) 147,
(188) 154, (419) 157, (185) 159, (261) 165,
(234) 168, (227) 171, (115) 174.
Fraxinus ijistacicefolia, var. coriacea, 61.
Fraxinus platycarpa, 62; tables (195) 148,
(420) 102, (290) 105, (209) 168, (312) 172,
(193) 175.
Fraxinus pubescens, 61; tables (193) 147,
(237) 155, (233) 160, (188) 164, (105) 167,
(169) 170, (120) 174.
Fraxinus quadrangulata, 62; tables (19G)
148, (154) 154, (156) 159, (202) 105, (128)
107, (100) 170, (101) 174.
Fraxinus sambucifolia, 03; tables (198) 148,
(232) 155, (229) IGO, (148) 164, (131) 167,
(183) 170, (137)174.
Fraxinus viridis, 61, 62; tables (194) 148,
(162) 154, (160) 159, (40) 164, (95) 167,
(120) 170, (105) 174.
Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlandieriana, 62;
tables (194) 148, (263) 155, (264) 160.
Frigolito, 28.
Fringe Tree, 64.
Fuel, 13, 22, 28, 32, 38, 39, 46, 47, 55, G3, 70,
77, 81, 82. 84, 85, 88-91. 95-97, 103, 105,
110, 111, 117-119, 121-123, 125, 128, 131,
134, 135.
Fuel value, 141-143, 158-102.
Furniture, 0, 20, 22, 23, 32, 63, 73, 75, 97,98,
106, 108.
Geiger Tree, 64.
Genesee River, 84.
Genipa clusioe folia, 52; tables (162) 147, (14)
153, (14) 158.
Georgia, 2, 5, 6, 13, 17, 20, 23-26, 43, 49-52,
55, 57, 63,65, 76, 80, 83, 92, 104, 114, 122.
(Relating generall_v to limit of distribution.)
Georgia Bark, 52.
Georgian Bay, 95, 111.
Georgia Pine, 125.
Giant Cactus, 48
186
INDEX.
Gila River, 10, 26, 27, 30, 32, 38, 74.
Gilead, Balm of, 104, 131.
Ginger Pine, 108.
Glambevrv, 7.
Glass-factories, 50.
Glaucous "Willow, 101.
Gleditschia imwosperma, 30; tables (87) 146,
(137) 154, (138) 159, (39) 163, (52) 160, (44)
169, (55) 173.
Gleditschia triacanthos, 29; tables (86) 145,
(193) 155. (190) 160, (66) 163, (81) 166,
(99) 170, (164) 174.
Gleditschia triacanthos, var. inermis, 29.
Gold Range, 115, 129, 134.
Goose-foot Maple, 20.
Gopher Plum, 50.
Gopher-wood, 28.
Gordonia Lasianthus, 5: tables (14) 144,
(344) 150, (193) 164, (344) 161, (209) 168,
(225) 171, (253) 175.
Gordonia pubescens, 5; table (15) 144.
Gout, 8, 10, 96, 100.
Graham, Mount, 127.
Grand Rapids, 102.
Grand River, 24.
Grape, Sea, 68.
Grape sugar, 32.
Gray Birch, 95, 97.
Gray Pine, 125.
Great Basin, 38, 110, 117, 118.
Great Bear Lake, 96, 103, 104, 125, 131, 134.
Great Laurel, 55.
Green Ash, 62.
Green-barked Acacia, 30.
Ground Ash, 63.
Guadalupe Island, 109.
Guadalupe Mountains, 37, 54, 84, 86, 115, 130.
Guadalupe River, 8, 18, 26, 33, 37, 59, 65, 71,
99, 136.
Guaiac, 8.
Guaiacum officinale, 7.
Guaiacum sanctum, 7; tables (20) 144, (4) 153.
(3) 158, (154) 164, (143) 167, (11) 1.69, (1)
173.
Guaiacum-wood, 7, 8.
Guettarda elliptica, 53; tables (163) 147, (68)
153, (70) 158.
Guiana Plum, 70.
Gulf Coast, 37, 50, 86, 92, 107, 126, 135.
Gulf States, 1, 3, 8, 12, 13, 15, 23, 30, 36, 43,
44, 50, 53, 58-00, 62-64. 68, 72, 78, 80, 84,
90, 91, 93, 97, 104, 107, 111, 112, 122, 124-
126. (Often marking limit of distribution.)
Gums, 25, 50.
Gum-arabic, 32, 33.
Gum, Black, 50.
Gumbo Limbo, 10.
Gum Cotton, 50.
Gum Elastic, 57.
Gum Elemi, 10.
Gum, Red, 45.
Gum, Sour, 50.
Gum, Sweet, 45.
Gum, Tupelo, 50.
Gunpowder, 54, 99.
Gunstocks, 23, 28, 77.
Gurgeon Stopper, 47. ,
Guttiferce, 5.
Gymnocladus Canadensis, 29; tables (85) 145,
(175) 154, (173) 159, (82) 163, (149) 167,
(211) 171, (170) 174.
Hackberry, 72.
Hackmatack, 134.
linematuria, 99.
Halesia diptera, 00; tables (187) 147, (270)
155, (270) 160, (236) 165, (112) 167, (172)
170, (132) 174.
Halesia tetraptera, 60; tables (188) 147, (277)
155, (277) 160.
Halifax Bay, 123.
Ilamamelacece, 45, 46.
Hamamelis Vinjinica, 45; tables (138) 146,
(185) 154, (182) 159.
Handles, 19--21, 39, 50, 53, 54, 59, 61, 62, 95.
H ird Maple, 21.
Hard Pine, 125.
Hats, wooden, 17.
Haw, Apple, 44.
Haw, Black, 52.
Haw, Hog's, 41.
Haw, May, 44.
Haw, Parsley, 43.
Haw, Pear, 42.
Haw, Purple, 15.
Haw, Red, 42, 44.
Haw, Scarlet, 42.
Haw, Small-fruited, 43.
Haw, Summer, 44.
Haw, Yellow, 44.
Hays County, Texas, 54.
Hazel, Witch, 45. "
Heart-wood, 59.
Hedges, 74.
Hemlock, 129.
Hemorrhage, 59, 89.
Hernando County, Fla., 23.
Heteromeles arhutifolia, 44; tables (136) 146,
(34) 153, (31) 158.
Hickory, Big-bud, 78.
Hickory, Black, 78, 79.
Hickory, Brown, 79.
Hickory Elm, 71. "
Hickory, Nutmeg, 79.
Hickory, Pine, 118, 124.
Hickory, Shag-bark, 77.
Hickory, Shell-bark, 77.
Hickory, Swamp, 79.
Hickory, Switch-bud, 79.
Hickory, Water, 79.
Hickory, White-heart, 78.
INDEX.
187
ffierro, Arbol de, 27.
High Mountains, 131.
Jlippomane Mancinella, 70; tables (221) U8,
(2G4) 155, (283) IGO.
Iloaiv Alder, 99.
Hog Plum, 11, 25, 35.
Hog's Haw, 41.
Holly, American, 12.
Holly, California, 44.
Holly, Dahoon, 12.
Honey, 6.
Honey Locust, 29, 31.
Honey Pod, 31.
Honey Shucks, 29.
Hoop Ash, 63.
Hoop-poles, 9G.
Hoops, 49, 03, 79.
Hop Hornbeam, 95.
Hops, substitute for, 10.
Hop Tree, 9.
Hornbeam, 95.
Hornbeam, Hop, 95.
Horse Plum, 34.
Horse Sugar, 59.
Hot Spring jMountains, 63.
Hot Spring Valley, 20.
House-flies, poison for, 29.
Hubs, 49, 50, 71, 72, 97.
Hudson's Bay (Hudson Bav), 35, 45, 51, 96,
103, 104, 125, 120, 131, 134'. (Often marking
limit of distribution.)
Hupiber River, 39.
Humboldt County. Cal., 109.
Humboldt Range, 21.
Hummocks, 47, 53, 80, 91, 125.
Huron, Lake, 20, 40. 82, 94, 95, 97, 99.
Hydrocyanic acid, 11, 30.
Hypdate. panicidoin, 19; tables (50) 145,
(23) 153, (23) 158, (59) 103, (14) 100, (21)
109.
Hypelate trifoUata, 19; tables (57) 145, (43)
153, (40) 158, (104) 170, (17) 173.
Idaho, 10, 21, 36, 38, 41, 98, 102, 104, 107,
113, 115, 119, 121, 129, 130, 132.
Ilex Casslne, 12; tables (35) 145, (148) 154,
(47) 159.
Jlex Dahoon, 12; tables (34) 144, (337)
156, (339) 161, (257) 168, (263) 171, (225)
175.
JJex Dahoon, var. anejusti folia, 12.
Jlex Dahoon, var. mi/rtifolla, 12; tables (34)
144. (258) 155, (258) 100, (252) 105.
Jlex decniua, 13; tables (36) 145, (132) 154,
(135) 159,
Jlex opaca, 12; tables (33) 144, (201) 155,
(15G) 174, (2G1) 100, (250) 105, (195) 107,
(188) 171.
Jlirin, 12.
Jlicinece, 12, 13.
niinois, 2, 7, 13, 15, 30, 35, 39, 43, 4.5, 50,63,
57, 58, GO, 03, 06, 72, 77, 78, 83, 84, 90, 94,
90, 103, 104, lOG, 112, 114, 124, 134. (Often
indicating limit of distribution.)
Illinois Nut, 77.
Indentation, power to resist, 173-176.
Lidiana, 7, 12, 30, 45, 51, 00, 72, 77, 78, 83,
84, 89, 90, 94, 97, 104, 112, 123, 134. (Often
indicating limit of distribution.)
Indian Bean, 05.
Indian Cherry, 15.
Indian Peninsula. 11.
Indian River, 22, 5.5-58, 73.
India-rubber Tree, 73.
Indians: Coast, 21; tlour, 32; dried fruit, 49;
manufactures, 113; canoes, 107; food, 118.
Indian Territory, 0, 9, 15, 17, 22, 24, 2G, 29,
31, 30, 39, 42,^45, 52, 58, 01, 09, 71, 72, 74,
76-79, 82, 84, 88-90, 95, 97, 98, 103, 111, 124.
(Often indicating limit of distribution.)
Infusions, 36, 40, 52.
Ink-wood, 19.
Inlaying, 24,
Insecticide, 108.
Interior finish, 23, 36, 61, 63, 66, 68, 69, 76,
77, 81, 88, 100-108, 111, 114, 115, 128, 1-32.
Intermittent fever, 49, 52, 04, 104. (See
Fevers.)
Invo Mountains, 116.
Iowa, 4, 17, 35, 39, 58, 62, 69, 71, 76, 77, 83,
88, 95, 97, 102, 114.
Ithaca, N. Y., 23.
Iron Mountain, 13.
Iron Oak, 82.
Iron-wood, 13, 19, 27, 58.
Iron-wood, Black, 15.
Iron-wood, Red, 14.
Iron-wood, White, 19, 95.
Islav, 38.
Ivy] 55.
Jack, Black, 89, 90.
Jack, Blue, 92.
Jack, Fork-leaved Black, 90.
Jack Oak, 89.
Jack, Sand, 92.
Jacquinia n7'mUla7'is, 56; tables (174) 147,
(173) 154, (189) 160.
Jamaica Dogwood, 28.
Jiimes Bay, 40, 106.
Japan, 98.
Jaws, for ships, 69.
Jersey Pine, 123.
Jcsup, Morris K., vii, viii.
Jocko River, 36.
Joe-wood, 56.
Joshua, The, 137.
Joshua Tree, 137.
Judas Tree, 31.
Juglandacece, 76-89.
188
INDEX.
Juglans cinerea, 7G; tables (238) 148, (397)
150, (3'JG) IGl, (187) 1G4, (215) 1G8, (217)
171, (2G0) 175.
Juglans nigra, 76; tables (239) 148, (242)
155, (242) IGO, (G5) 1G3, (113) 167, (45) 169,
(134) 174.
Juglans rupestvis, 11 ; tables (240) 148, (203)
155, (207) 160, (222) 165, (244) 168, (167)
170, (149) 174.
June-berry, 45.
Juniper, 109, 110.
Junlperus Californica, 109; tables (336) 150,
(234) 155, (234) 160.
Juniperus Californica, var. Ufahensis, 110;
tables (3361) 150, (283) 155, (282) 160.
Juniperus occidentalism 110; tables (338) 150,
(265) 155, (262) 160, (144) 173.
Juniperus occidentalis, var. conjugens, 111 ;
tables (338^) 150, (179) 154, (176) 159, (217)
165, (286) 168, (80) 170, (51) 173.
Juniperus occidentalis, var. monosperma, 110;
tables (3381) 150, (IGI) 154, (161) 159.
Juniperus Pachyphlcea, 110; tables (337) 150,
(259) 155, (252) 160, (258) 165, (154) 167.
Juniperus Virginiana, 111; tables (339) 150,
(325) 156, (324) 161, (244) 165, (166) 167,
(195) 171, (183) 174.
Kalmia latifolta, 55; tables (170) 147,
(157) 154, (155) 159, (265) 165, (227) 168,
(177) 170, (69) 173.
Kamtschatka, 40.
Kansas, 4, 8, 14, 15, 17, 21, 29, 36, 39, 58, 61,
69, 74-79, 82, 84, 88-92, 95, 97, 111, 124.
(Often indicating the limit of distribution.)
Kentucky, 2, 3, 7, 28-30, 66, 71, 72, 77. 83, 84,
90, 91,^93, 94, 97, 103, 104, 112, 122, 123.
(Often indicating the limit of distribution.)
Kentucky Coffee-tree, 29.
Kern County, Cal., 134.
Kern River, 118.
Key Largo, 47, 135.
Ke^- West, 5.
King Nut, 78.
King River, 118.
Klamath River, 39, 103, 110.
Knack-away, 65.
Knees, of vessels, 134.
Knob-cone Pine, 122.
Labuador, 35, 40, 45, 96, 101, 103, 126, 127,
131, 134. (Often' indicating the limit of
distribution.)
Lacquer, 25.
Laguncularia racemosa, 47; tables (142) 147,
(160) 154, (165) 159, (225) 165, (272) 168,
(154) 170, (181) 174.
Lake County, Cal., 109.
Lancaster County, Pa., 82.
Lances, Indian, 49.
Lancewood, 69.
Larch, 134.
Larch, Black, 134.
Large-leaved Cucumber Tree, 2.
Large Tupelo, 50.
Largo, Key, 47. (See Key Largo.)
I.arix Americana, 134; tables (401)152, (239)
155, (238) 160, (23) 103, (94) 167, (73) 109,
(226) 175.
Larix LyalUi, 135; table (403) 152.
Larix occidentalis, 134; tables (402) 152,
(135) 154, (130) 159, (1) 163, (7) 166, (15)
169, (191)174.
Larkin's Station, 116.
La Salle, 111., 114.
Lasts, 57. .
Laths, 106.
Lauracece, 68, 69.
Laurel, Big, 1.
Laurel, California, 69.
Laurel, Great, 55.
Laurel, Mountain, 69.
Laurel Oak, 91, 92.
Laurel, Swamp, 1.
Laurel, Sweet, 1.
Laurel, White, 1.
Lawson's Cypress, 108.
Lead-pencils, 111.
Leather, 84, 128-131.
Leguminosce, 26-34.
LeuccBna glauca, 32; tables (95) 146, (38) 153,
(41) 158.
Leuccena puherulenfa, 33; tables (96) 146,
(194) 155, (193) 160.
Levers, 39, 95.
Lever-wood, 95.
Libocedrus decurrens, 106; tables (326) 150,
(401) 156, (401) 161, (165) 164, (200) 168,
(206) 171, (255) 175.
Lignum-vitce, 7, 8.
Lignum Guaiaci, 1.
LiliacrcE, 136, 137.
Limbo, Gumbo, 10.
Limbs, artificial, 17.
Lime, Ogeechee, 50.
Lime Tree, 6.
Lime, Wild, 9, 10.
Limestone Hills, 111.
Limpia Mountains, 88, 92, 115.
Lin, 6.
Linden, American, 6.
Liquidamhar Styraciflua, 45; tables (139)
146, (253) 155,' (255) 160, (153) 164, (222)
168, (134) 170, (200) 175.
Liquidamber, 45.
Liriodendrin, a tonic, 3.
lAriodendron, 3.
Liriodendron Tulipifera, 3; tables (8) 144,
(385) 156, (283) 1(51, (131) 164, (215) 168,
(2421 171, (273) 175.
INDEX.
189
Little River, 66.
Live Oak, 8G-88.
Live Oak, Coast, 87.
Loblollv Bay, 5.
Loblolly Pine, 122.
Locust, 26, 27.
Locust, Black, 20, 29.
Locust-borer, 27.
Locust, Clammy, 27.
Locust, Honey, 2!), 31.
Locust, Sweet, 29.
Locust, Water, 30.
Locust, Yellow, 26.
Lodge-pole Pine, 120.
Logwood, 15.
Long Island, 15, 74, 80, 90, 96, 97, 104, 123.
Long Island Sound, 58.
Long-leaved Cucumber Tree, 3.
Long-leaved Pine, 125.
Lost Man's River, 46, 07.
Louisiana, 1, 2, 8, 9, 12, 13, 18, 23, 25, 30, 31,
39, 41, 43, 44, 51, 54, 55, 59, 00, 64, 66, 72,
77, 80, 83, 84, 104, 124-126. (Often indi-
cating the limit of distribution.)
Lumber, 46, 106, 108, 112, 115-123, 125-128,
130, 132-135.
Lumbermen, 129. 131.
LysUoma latisiliquri, 34; tables (100) 146,
(219) 155, (222) 100, (292) 165, (264) 168,
(122) 170, (159) 174.
Machinery, bearings, 17, 40, 49, 54.
Mackenzie River, 89, 101, 103, 115, 121, 125-
127, 134.
Madura aurantiaca, 74; tables (234) 148,
(100) 154, (99) 159, (122) 164, (27) 166, (4)
169, (24) 173.
Madeira-wood, 11.
Madrona, 54.
Magnolia, 1, 2.
Magnolincece, 1-3.
Magnolia aciiminata, 2; tables (3) 144, (347)
156, (346) 161, (129) 164, (208) 168, (197)
171„(233) 175.
Magnolia cordata, 2; tables (4) 144, (391)
156, (390) 161, (125) 164, (243) 168, (200>
171, (261) 175.
Magnolia Fraseri, 3 ; tables (7) 144, (318) 156,
(318) 161, (120) 104, (185) 167, (190) 171,
(212) 175.
Magnolia glaiica, 1; tables (2)144, (316) 156,
(315) 161, (133) 164, (170) 167, (181) 170,
(246) 175.
Magnolia grandijlora, 1 ; tables (1) 144, (226)
155, (223) 160,(139) 164, (139) 167, (118)
170, (131) 174.
Magnolia macrophylla, 2; tables (5) 144,
(296) 156, (290) 161, (41) 163, (191) 167,
(110) 170, (262) 175.
Magnolia, Mountain, 2.
Magnolia Umbrella, 2, 3; tables (6) 144, (.368)
156, (367) 161, (213) 105, (250) 168, (247)
171, (271) 175.
Mahogany, 11.
Mahogany Birch 97.
Mahogany, Mountain, 38, 39.
Maine, 50", 75, 79. 80, 82, 83, 88, 89, 94, 107,
125, 127. (Often indicating the limit of
production.)
Malabar, Cape, 4, 5, 79, 90, 91, 92, 95, 111, 122.
(Often indicating the limit of distribution.)
Malarial fever, 49. (See Fevers.)
Mallets, 40.
Malpighiacecs, 7.
Manatee, 24.
Manchineel, 70.
Manchineel, Mountain, 25.
Manchuria, 98.
Mangrove, 46, 47.
Mangrove, Black, 67.
Mangrove, Red, 07.
Mangrove, White, 47.
Manitoba, 23, 42.
Manitoba, Lake, 34.
Maple, Ash-leaved, 23.
Maple, Bird's-eye, 22.
Maple, Broad-leaved, 20.
Maple, Curled, 22.
Maple, Dwarf, 21.
Maple, Goose-foot, 20.
Maple, Hard, 21.
Maple, Mountain, 20.
Maple, Red, 22.
Maple, Silver, 22.
Maple, Soft, 22.
Maple, Striped, 20.
Maple, Sugar, 21.
Maple, Swamp, 22.
Maple, Vine, 21.
Maple, Water, 22.
Maple, White, 22.
Maple-sugar, 22, 23.
Marl-berry, 50.
Martha's Vineyard, Mass., 82.
Maryland, 25, 98.
Massachusetts, 1, 8, 12, 42, 09, 76, 82, 84, 91,
97, 99, 118. (Often indicating the limit of
distribution.)
Mastic, 56.
Matagorda Bay, 9, 28, 53, 59, 136.
Matanzas Inlet, 30, 36, 90.
Match-boxes, 97.
Matches, 114, 108.
Mate7'ia Meclica, American, 2.
^fathematical instruments, 54.
Matting, 6.
Maul Oak, 87.
Mauls, 40, 41, 50.
jVIay Cherry, 45.
May Haw, 44.
Meadow Pine, 126.
190
INDEX.
Medicine, 2, 3, 5, 14, 16, 71.
Meliacecc, 11.
Mendocino, Cape, 113.
Mendocino County, 16, 18, 41, 87, 114, 120,
124, 128. (Often indicating the limit of
distribution.)
Meramcc River, 15.
Merrimac Kiver, 97.
Mesquit, 31.
Mesquit, Screw-pod, 32.
Metacombe Key, 4, 14.
Mexican Banana, 137.
^Mexican Mulberry, 74.
Mexican Persimmon, 59.
Mexicans, 137.
Mexico, 8, 9, 15, 18, 23, 26, 30-33, 39, 45, 51,
54, 56-62, 64, 66, 74, 75, 85, 86, 98, lOsJ,
110, 117, 119, 130, 136, 137. (Often indi-
cating line or limit of distribution.)
Miami, Fla., 25, 48, 66.
Michigan, 3, 4, 17, 29, 35, 40, 42, 50, 62, 69,
71, 72, 74, 76-80, 82-84, 88, 92, 94-96, 104,
106, 111, 114, 118, 126, 127, 129, 131. (Often
indicating line or limit of distribution.)
Michigan, Lake, 3, 114, 125.
Mlmusops Sieberi, 58; tables (183) 147, (9)
153, (10) 158, (100) 164, (82) 166, (141) 170,
(19) 173.
Minnesota, 8, 9, 20, 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 39, 40,
49, 61, 62, 76, 77, 79, 80, 88, 89, 95-97, 99,
104, 106, 111, 114, 118, 125, 127, 131, 134.
(Often indicating line or limit of distribu-
tion.)
Minnesota River, 29.
Mississippi, 2, 3, 13, 24, 29, 31, 35, 39, 60, 61,
65, 71, 72, 75-77, 83, 84, 88-90, 107, 125.
(Often indicating line or limit of distribu-
tion.)
Mississippi Basin, 45, 51, 94, 101, 112.
Mississippi Delta, 46.
Mississippi River, 1, 3, 5, 14, 23, 26, 62, 67,
73-75, 80, 82, 85, 101, 121, 125. (Often in-
dicating line or limit of distribution.)
Mississippi Valley, 12, 13.
Missouri, 3, 8. 13, 15, 22, 24, 25, 31, 41, 42,
50-53, 58, 62, 63, 66, 72, 77, 81, 83, 84, 88,
90, 91, 93-95, 97, 99, 101, 112, 124. (Often
indicating line or limit of distribution.)
Missouri Rh-er, 14, 34, 36, 102.
Mobile Bay, 54, 57, 91, 107.
Mocker-nut. 78.
Mock Orange, 37.
Mogoilon Range, 133.
Mohave Desert, 137.
Llohave Mountains, 27.
Mohave River, 137.
Montana, 14, 16, 21, 23, 35, 37, 38, 41, 62, 82,
96, 98, 102, 104, 105, 107, 113, 115, 116, 119,
121, 127, 128, 130, 132, 134, 135. (Often
indicating line or limit of distribution.)
Monte Diablo, 121.
Monterey, 108, 121.
Monterey Bay, 80, 113.
Monterey County, 112.
Monterey Cypress, 108.
Monterey Pine, 121.
Moose Elm, 71.
Moose-wood, 20.
Morns microphylla, 74; tables (233) 148, (101)
154, (101) 159.
Morus rubra, 74; tables (232) 148, (255) 155,
(256) 160, (179) 164, (147) 167, (187) 171,
(153) 174.
Mosquito Inlet, 1, 9, 11, 12, 19, 35, 46, 47, 56,
58, 67, 68, 91, 112. (Limit of distribution.)
Mossy-cup Oak, 82.
Moulds, 97.
Mountain Ash, 40.
Mountain Laurel, 69.
Mountain Magnolia, 2.
Mountain Mahogany, 38, 39.
Mountain Manchineel, 25.
Mountain Maple, 20.
Mountain Plum, 11.
Mountain White Oak, 85.
Mulberry, Mexican, 74.
Mulberry, Red, 74.
Mycjinda pallens, 14; tables (40) 145, (46)
153, (48) 158.
Myricacece, 80.
Myrica Calif ornica, 80; tables (250) 149,
(195) 155, (191) 100, (104) 164, (49) 166,
(79) 170, (142) 174.
Myrica cerifera, 80; tables (249) 149, (276)
155, (276) 160, (144) 164, (124) 167, (161)
170, (189) 175.
MyrsinacecB, 55, 56.
Myrsine liapanea, 55; tables (172) 147, (67)
153, (68) 158.
Myrtaceoe, 47, 48.
Myrtle, Blue, 16.
Myrtle, ^Yax, 80.
Naked Wood, 17, 47.
Nanny-berr}', 51.
Narcotics, 28.
Nastapohee Sound, 126.
Natchez, Miss., 1.
Nebraska, 6, 8, 22, 29, 31, 42, 61, 71, 74-76,
78, 79, 81, 84, 89, 92, 99, 102, 111. (Often
indicating line or limit of distribution.)
Neches River, 50, 94.
Necklace Poplar, 105.
Nectandra Willdenoviana, 68; tables (216)
148, (104) 154, (102) 159.
Nefjundo aceroides, 23; tables (67) 145, (378)
156, (377) 161, (267) 165, (270) 168, (284)
171, (284) 175.
Negundo Californicum, 23; tables (68) 145,
(335) 156, (336) 161, (119) 164, (137) 167,
(163) 170, (234) 175.
INDEX.
191
Nelson River, 40.
Nestucca Kiver, 133.
Net-floats, 51.
Nevada, 21, 31, 32, 38, 61, 103, 105, 106, 110,
111, 116, 118, 119, 137. (Often indicating
line or limit of distribution.)
New Braunfels, 18, 65.
New Brunswick, 6, 22, 24, 42, 49, 55, 61, 76,
82, 88, 95, 97, 99, 104, 10(;, 111, 122, 129.
(Often indicating line or limit of distribu-
tion.)
Newcastle Thorn, 42.
New England, 3, 24, 25. 34, 40, 45, 49, 55,
74, 99, 104. 105. (Oiien Indicating line or
limit of distribution.)
Newfoundland, 21, 40, 42, 63, 71, 96, 97, 99,
103, 112, 118, 126, 127, 131, 134. (Often
indicating line or limit of distribution.)
New Hampshire, 75.
New Jersey, 1, 92.
New Mexico, 9, 15, 16. 18. 19, 21, 23, 27, 28,
31-33, 37-42, 61, 64, 66, 74, 75, 77, 82, 85,
87, 92, 96, 98-100, 102, 103, 105, 106, 109-
lil, 115-117, 119-121, 133, 137. (Often
indicating line or limit of distribution.)
New York, 2-4, 14, 15, 23, 29, 39, 51, 55, 58,
71, 74, 84, 88-91, 96, 97, 100, 106, 123, 124.
(Often indicating line or limit of distribu-
tion.)
Niagara River, 9.
Nipigon, Lake, 114, 118.
No Name Key, 48.
North America, 17, 41, 43, 57, 71, 75, 77, 103,
114.
North Atlantic States, 90.
North Carolina, 1-3, 6, 17, 20, 27, 28, 35, 37,
40, 53, 57, 68, 72, 79, 83, 90-92, 97, 104,
106, 122, 12.3, 127, 129, 131, 135. (Often
indicating line or limit of distribution.)
Northeastern States, 40.
Northern States, 20, 24, 42, 49, 51, 55, 63, 95,
97, 104, 106, 114, 118, 126, 129, 131, 134.
(Often indicating line or limit of distribu-
tion.)
Northport, L. L, 104.
North, the, 88, 106.
Northwest, the, 89.
Norway Pine, 118.
Nova Scotia, 55, 61, 82, 88, 94, 95, 97, 104,
129. (Often indicating line or limit of dis-
tribution.)
Nueces River, 9, 33, 51, 65, 79, 82, 90, 112.
(Often indicating line or limit of distribu-
tion.)
Nutmeg, California, 114.
Nutmeg, Hickory, 79.
Nut, Illinois, 77.
Nut Pine, 116, 117.
Nuts, 77, 78, 94.
Nut, Tallow, 11.
Nyctaginacece, 67.
Nyssa aquaticn, 50.
Nyssa cnpitata, 50; tables (153) 147, (354)
156, (3.52) 161, (240) 165, (198) 167, (175)
170, (176) 174.
Nyssa sylvaticM, .50; tables (154) 147, (2<?7)
155, (224) 160, (184) 164, (118) 167, (131)
170, (133) 174.
Nyssa unijiora, 50; tables (155) 147, (303)
156, (305) 161, (282) 165, (217) 168, (249)
171, (168) 174.
Oaks, American, 83.
Oak, Bartram's, 92.
Oak, Basket, 84.
Oak, Black, 87-89.
Oak, Blue, 85.
Oak, Bur, 82.
Oak, Chestnut. 84, 93.
Oak, Chinquapin, 84.
Oak, Coast Live, 87.
Oak, Cow, 84.
Oak, Duck, 91.
Oak, Iron, 82.
Oak, Jack, 89.
Oak, Laurel, 91, 92.
Oak, Live, 86-88.
Oak, Maul, 87.
Oak, Mossy-cup, 82.
Oak, Mountain White, 85.
Oak openings, 83.
Oak, Over-cup, 82, 83.
Oak, Peach, 93.
Oak, Pin, 91.
Oak, Possum, 91.
Oak, Post, 82.
Oak, Punk, 91.
Oak, Quercitron, 89.
Oak, Red, 88, 90.
Oak, Rock Chestnut, 84.
Oak, Scarlet, 88.
Oak, Scrub, 82, 90.
Oak, Shingle, 92.
Oak, Spanish, 90.
Oak, Swamp Post, 83.
Oak, Swamp Spanish, 91.
Oak, Swamp White, 83.
Oak, Tan-bark, 93.
Oak, Turkey, 90.
Oak, Upland Willow, 92.
Oak, Valparaiso, 87.
Oak, Water, 91.
Oak, Water White, 83.
Oak, Weeping, 81.
Oak, White, 80, 81, 83-85.
Oak, Willow, 93.
Oak, Yellow, 84, 89.
Oak, Yellow-bark, 89.
Oars, 61.
Obispo Pine, 124.
Ogeechee Lime, 50.
192
INDEX.
Ogeechee River, 50.
Ohio, 39, 58, 71, 89, 100. (Often indicating
line or limit of distribution.)
Ohio Basin, 59, 61.
Ohio Buckeve, 17.
Ohio River,' 15, 22, 29, 74, 75, 81, 89, 104.
Ointment, 40.
Olacinece. 11.
Old-tield Birch, 95.
Old-field Pine, 122.
Old Man's Beard, 64.
Old World, 46.
Oleacece, 60-64.
Olive, California, 69.
Olneya Tesotn, 27; tables (80) 145, (12) 153,
(13) 158, (149) 164, (160) 107, (248) 171,
(2) 173.
Ontario, Canada, 3, 4, 22, 24, 29, 36, 39, 42,
45. 49, 61, 69, 71, 72, 74-76, 79, 80, 82-84,
88, 89, 94, 97, 104. (Often indicating line
or limit of distribution.)
Ontarig, Lake, 20, 75, 77, 78, 84, 95, 122.
Orange, Mock, 37.
Orange, Osage, 74.
Orange, Wild, 8, 37.
Oregon, 16, 20, 21, 36-38, 40-42, 49, 51, 54,
63, 69, 73, 80, 81, 87, 89, 93, 98, 100-102,
105-108, 110-112, 115, 116, 119, 120, 122,
127, 128, 130-134. (Often indicating line
or limit of distribution.)
Oregon Ash, 63.
Oregon Cedar, 108.
Oregon Coast, 69, 107.
Oregon Crab Apple, 40.
Oregon Pine, 130.
Oreodoxaregia, 136; tables (408) 152, (245)
155, (252) 160.
Orford, Port, Cedar, 108.
Organ Mountains, 18.
Osage, Fort, 102.
Osage Orange, 74.
Osmanthus Americanus, 64; tables (201) 148,
(81) 154, (79) 158, (28) 163, (42) 166, (62)
169, (80) 174.
Ostrija Virginica, 95; tables (292) 149,(73) 153,
(71) 158, (15) 163, (25) 166, (67) 169,(91) 174.
Ottawa River, 95.
Outside finish, 129. (See Inside finish.)
Over-cnp Oak, 82, 83.
Oxydendrum arboreum, 54; tables (169) 147,
(126) 154, (125) 159, (143) 164, (172) 167,
(96) 170, (123) 174.
Ox-yokes, 50, 69, 75, 79, 97.
Pacific Coast States, 101.
Pacific forests, 40, 69, 87, 119.
Pacific oaks, 81.
Pacific Region, 37, 40, 96, 99, 100, 103, 119.
Packing-cases, 105, 132, 133.
Paddles, 113.
Pidmoi, 135, 136.
Palma Garberi, 136.
Palmetto, Cabbage, 135.
Palmetto, Silk-top, 136.
Palmetto, Silver-top, 136.
Palm, Fan-leaf, 135.
Palm, Royal, 136.
Paolo Verde, 30.
Papaw, 4.
Paper Birch, 96.
Paper-pulp, 6, 17, 23, 105, 137.
Paradise Tree, 10.
Parasitic tree, 73.
Parkinsonia nculeata, 30; tables (90) 146,
(241) 155, (247) 100.
Parkinsonia 77iicroj)hijlla, 30; tables (89) 146,
(130) 154, (152) 159.
ParJcinsonia Torreyana, 30; tables (88) 146,
(208) 155, (209) 100, (271) 165, (267) 168,
(191) 171,(95) 174.
Parras, Mexico, 57.
Parsley Haw, 43.
Pavements, 46.
Paving-blocks, 75.
Peace River, 101, 127.
Peach Oak, 93.
Peach, Wild, 37.
Pear Haw, 42.
Pearl River, 2, 3, 13, 107, 125, 126.
Pease Creek, 4, 28, 71, 79, 90, 92, 123.
Pecan, 77.
Pecan Butter, 79.
Pecos River, 26, 60.
Pegs, 22, 96.
Pencils, 111.
Pend d'Oreille Region, 115.
Pennsylvania, 3, 4, 7, 9, 17, 23, 26, 29, 31,
35, e39, 51, 54, 64, 78, 82, 92, 94, 96, 103,
106, 114, 118, 124, 126, 131, 134. (Often
indicating line or limit of distribution.)
Penobscot River, 82.
Pensacola Ba}', 123.
Pepppridge, 50.
Pepper-wood, 8.
Persea Carolincnsls, 68; tables (215) 148,
(216) 155, (215) 160, (170) 164, (93) 167,
(50) 169, (127) 174.
Persea Carolinensis, xar. palustris, 68; tables
(2151)148, (221) 155, (217)160, (163)164,
(121) 167, (245) 171, (139) 174.
Persimmon, 58.
Persimmon, Black, 59.
Persimmon, Mexican, 59.
Peru, 37.
Pescadero Bay, 123.
Picea alba, 127; tables (383) 151, (399) 156,
(400) 161, (96) 164, (163) 167, (209) 171,
(294) 175.
Picea Enr/elmanm, 127; tables (384) 151,
(422) 157, (423) 162, (191) 164, (256) 168,
(306) 172, (289) 175.
INDEX.
193
Picea nigra, 126, 127; tables (382) 151,
150, (.155) IGl, (02) 10;J, (102) 107,
171, (280) 175.
Picea punf/ens, 128; tables ('j85) 151,
157, (413) 102, (272) 105, (2'JO) 108,
172, (281) 175.
Picea rubra, 127.
Picea Sitchensis, 128; tables (380) 151,
150, (378) 101, (105) 104, (223) 168,
171, (2i)5) 176.
Picea species, 128.
Pigeon Cherry, 35.
Pip^eon Plum, 67.
Pigeon-wood, 67.
Pig-nut, 79.
Pike's Peak, 34, 110, 117, 133.
Piles, 118, 127, 130. (See Wharf -piles.
Pill-boxes, 97.
Pinckneya pubens, 52; tables (101) 147,
155, (292) 100, (237) 165, (300) 168,
172, (241) 175.
Pine, Bastard, 126.
Pine, Bishop's, 124.
• Pine, Black, 120.
Pine, Bull, 119-121, 124.
Pine, Cedar, 125.
Pine, Digger, 121.
Pine, Eastern white, 115.
Pine, Foxtail, 118.
Pine, Georgia, 125.
Pine, Ginger, 108.
Pine, Gray, 125.
Pine, Hard, 125.
Pine, Hickory, 118, 124.
Pine, Jersey, 123.
Pine, Knob-cone, 122.
Pine, Loblolly, 122.
Pine, Lodge-pole, 120.
Pine, Long-leaved, 125.
Pine, Meadow, 126.
Pine, Monterey, 121.
Pine, Norway, 118.
Pine, Nut, lie, 117.
Pine, Obispo, 124.
Pine, Old-field, 122.
Pine, Oregon, 130.
Pine, Pitch, 122.
Pine, Pond, 123.
Pine, Prince's, 125.
Pine, Ked, 118.
Pine, Rosemary, 122.
Pine, Sand, 123.
Pine, Scrub, 120, 123.
Pine, Short-leaved, 124.
Pine, Slash, 126.
Pine, Southern, 125.
Pine, Spruce, 120, 123-125.
Pine, Sugar, 115.
Pine, Swamp, 126.
Pine, Table-mountain, 124.
Pine, Weymouth, 114.
(357) Pine, White, 114-116, 125.
(204) Pine, Yellow, lllj, 124, 12.j.
: Pin Oak, 91.
(412) ! Pinon, 116, 117.
(310) Pinos Altos Mountains, 41.
Pinus albicaulis, 116, 135; tables (351) 151,
(389) 156, (387) 101, (300) lO.J, (252) 168,
(379) (279) 171, (236) 175.
(261) Ptniis Arizonim, 119; tabh.-s (300) 151, (315)
156, (313) 101, (180) 164, (220) 168, (235)
171, (242) 175.
Pimis BaJfouriana, 118; tables (357) 151,
(289) 155, (288) 100, (202) 105, (298) 108,
(273) 171, (185) 174.
Pinus BulJ'ourinna, var. aristata, 118; tables
(3571) 151, (281) 155, (279) 100, (229) 165,
) (219) 108, (282) 171, (197) 175.
Pinus Banksiana, 12'); tables (379) 151, (3-39)
(291) 150, (340) 161, (124) 164, (221) 108, (213)
(304) 171, (250) 175.
Pinus cembruicles, 117; tables (354) 151, (211)
155, (212)100.
Pinus Chihuahuana, 120; tables (303) 151,
(286) 155, (285) 160, (224) 105, (117) 167,
(274) 171, (177) 174.
Pinus clausa, 123; tables (374) 151, (279) 155,
(278) 160, (275) 165, (277) 168, (241) 171,
(202) 175.
Pinus contorta, 120, 125; tables (364) 151,
(262) 155, (260) 160, (4) 163, (63) 166, (57)
169, (182) 174.
Pmus CouUeri, 121; tables (367) 151, (393)
156, (391) 161, (46) 163, (155) 167, (246)
171, (2.59) 175.
Ptnus Cubensis, 126; tables (381) 151, (117)
154, (110) 159, (5) 103, (18 1 100, (23) 169,
(145) 174.
Pinus edulis, 117, tables (.355) 151, (223) 155,
(219) 100, (299) 105, (291) 168, (265) 171,
(112) 174.
Pinus Jiexilis, 115; tables (350)151, (376) 156,
(375) 161, (242) 167, (233) 168, (265) 171,
(232) 175.
Pinus (jlabra, 125; tables (.378) 151, (104) 156,
(405) 162, (296) 165, (278) 168, (296) 172,
(240) 175.
Pinus inops, 123; tables (373) 151, (297) 156,
(295) 160, (276) 265, (214) 168, (253) 171,
(175) 174.
Pinus insif/nis, 121; tables (368) 151, (358)
156, (357) 161, (106) 164, (167) 167, (194)
171, (308) 172, (243) 175.
Pinus Jeffreyi, 120; tables (362) 151, (302)
156, (303) 'l61, (130) 164, (164) 167, (193)
171, (223) 175.
Pinus Lambcrtiana, 115; tables (349) 151,
(414) 157, (414) 162, (194) 104, (247) 168,
(276) 171, (283) 175.
Pmus mttis, 124; tables (377) 151, (243) 155,
(241) 160, (13) 163, (48) 166, (127) 170,
(204) 175.
13
194
INDEX.
Finns monophylh, 117; tables (35G) 151, (274)
155, (275) IGO, (2t)7) 1U5, (307) 1G8, (WS)
172, (103) 174.
Pinus ntonticola, 115; tables (348) 151, (400)
157, (40()) 102, (118) 104, (239) 108, (277)
171, (302) 176.
Pinus miiricata, 124; tables (370) 151, (322)
150, (322) 101, (37) 103, (51) 100, (90) 170,
(214) 175.
Pinus Murraynna, 120, 125; tables (305) 151,
(395) 150, (394) 101, (204) 105, (200) 108,
(278) 171, (208) 175.
Pinus palnstris, 122, 125, 120; tables (380)
151, (108) 154, (107) 159, (7) 103, (20) 100,
(29) 109, (178) 174.
Pinus Pa rryana, 110; tables (353) 151, (272)
155, (272) 100, (307) 105, (295) 108, (272)
171, (130) 174.
Pimis ponderosa, 119; tables (301) 151, (345)
150. (342) 101, (140) 104, (179) 107, (230)
171, (237) 175.
Pinus ponderosa, var. scopulorum, 119.
Pinus pun (/ens, 124; tables (375) 151, (323)
150, (323) 101, (192) 104, (174) 107, (259)
171, (224) 175.
Pi7ius rejlexa, 110; tables (352) 151, (330)
150, (.328) 101, (134) 104, (151) 105, (112)
170, (205) 175.
Pinus resinosa. 118; tables (358) 151, (332)
150, (331). 101, (50) 103, (130) 107, (147)
170, (270) 175.
Pinus rir/ida, 122; tables (371) 151, (308) 150,
(308) 101, (208) 105, (108) 107, (258) 171,
(199) 175.
Pinus Sabiniana, 121; tables (300) 151, (334)
150, (334) 101, (204) 105, (145) 107, (275)
171, (194) 175.
Pinus sevotina, 123; tables (372) 151, (91) 154,
(87) 159, (40) 103, (19) 100, (92) 170, (45)
173.
Pimis Strobus, 114, 115; tables (347) 151,
(408) 157, (409) 102, (101) KM, (232) 108,
(271) 171, (293) 175.
Pinus Tceda, 122; tables (-370) 151, (288) 155,
(280) 100, (51) 103, (100) 167, (179) 170,
(238) 175.
Pinus Torreyana. 118; tables (359) 151, (329)
150, (323) 101, (277) 105, (150) 167, (294)
171, (180) 175.
Pinus tuberculata, 122; tables (309) 151, (420)
1.57, (421) 102, (298) 105, (299) 108, (209)
175.
Piscidia Errjthrina, 28; tables (81) 145, (53)
153, (01) 158, (102) 164, (158) 107, (37) 109,
(29) 173.
Pisonia obtusata, 07; tables (212) 148, (209)
155, (244) 100. (291) 105, (300) 108, (288)
171, (231) 175.
Pistacia Mexicana, 26; table (74) 145.
Pitch, 126.
Pitch Pine, 122.
Pithecolobium Unguis-cati, 34; tables (101)
140, (45) 153, (40) 158.
Placer County, Cal., 112.
Planera aquatica, 72; tables (227) 148, (299)
150, (300) 101, (273) 105, (230) 168, (216)
171, (187) 175.
Plane-stocks, 59^ 95.
Plntanaceoi, 75, 76.
Flatanus occidentalism 75; tables (235) 148,
(271) 155, (271) 100, (152) 104, (231) 108,
(151) 170, (160) 174.
Plntanusracemosa, 75; tables (2-36) 148, (328)
150, (332) 101, (255) 105, (202) 108, (283)
171, (257) 175.
Platanus Wrightii, 75; tables (237) 148, (343)
150, (347) 101, (294) 165, (294) 168, (281)
171, (221) 175.
Plates, 46.
Platte River, 82.
Ploughs, 93.
Plum, Canada, 34.
Plum. Chickasaw, 35.
Plum, Cocoa, 34.
Plum, Darling, 14.
Plum, DownAvard, 58.
Plum, Gopher, 50.
Plum, Guiana, 70.
Plum, Hog, 11, 25, 35.
Plum, Horse, 34.
Plum, Mountain, 11.
Plum, Pigeon, 67.
Plum, Saffron, 58.
Plum, Wild, 34.
Pod, Honey, 31.
Pods, 32.
Poison Elder, 25.
Poison, for fish, 28, 29.
Poison Sumach, 25.
Poison-wood, 25, 70.
Polygonacew, 67, 68.
Pond Apple, 4.
Pond Pine, 123.
Pond'b Extract, 45.
Poplar, 104.
Poplar, Carolina, 105.
Poplar, Necklace, 105.
Poplar, Yellow, 3.
Populus an;justifolia, 105 ; tables (322) 150,
(405) 157, (407) 102, (293) 165, (301) 168,
(305) 172, (288) 175.
Pvpulus balsamifera, 104; tables (321) 150,
(416) 157, (415) 102, (159) 104, (266) 168,
(285) 171, (290) 175.
Populus balsamifera, var. candicnns, 104;
tables (.3211) 150, (390) 156, (389) 161,
(220) 105, (240) 168, (301) 172, (304)
176.
Populus Fremontii, 106; tables (325) 150,
(320) 150, (327) 101, (78) 103, (190) 167,
(239). 171, (200) 175.
Pojmlus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni, 106; tables
INDEX.
195
(3251) 150, (351) 156, (356) 161, (108) 164,
(194) 167, (24;J) 171, (251) 175.
Populus (frandidtntata^ 104; tables (319) 150,
(350) 150, (351) 101, (114) 104, (178) 167,
(255) 171, (309) 170.
Populus heterophylla, 104; tables (320) 150,
(390) 150, (397) 101, (220) 105, (225) 108,
(298) 172, (207) 175.
Populus monilij'era, 105; tables (324) 150,
(407) 157, (408) 102, (103) 104, (150) 107,
(200) 171, (272) 175.
Populus tremuloldes, 103; tables (318) 150,
(400) 150, (402) 101, (185) 104, (205) 108,
(280) 171, (280) 175.
Populus tnchocarpa, 104, 105; tables (323)
156, (410) 157, (412) 102, (57) 163, (211)
168, (222) 171, (308) 176.
Pork-wood, 67.
Porliera anfjustifoUa, 8; tables (21) 144, (7)
153, (6) 158.
Port Orford Cedar, 108.
Porto Rico, 7.
Possum Oak, 91.
Post Cedar, 106.
Post Oak, 82.
Post Oak, Swamp, 83.
Posts, 19, 26, 29, 32, 65, 94, 95, 107, 108, 111,
112, 127, 135.
Potash, 22.
Poteau River, 95.
Potomac River, 101.
Poultices, 6.
Prickly Ash, 8.
Prince's Pine, 125.
Privet, 63.
Prosopis julijlora, 31; tables (93) 146, (108)
154, (115) 159, (266) 165, (281) 168, (42)
169, (27) 173.
Prosopis pubescens, 32; tables (94) 146, (112)
154, (113) 159, (178) 164, (96) 167, (19) 169,
(31) 173.
Prunus Americana, 34 ; tables (103) 146, (152)
154, (150) 159, (177) 164, (107) 167, (43) 109,
(111) 174.
Prunus angustifoUa, 35; tables (104) 140,
(183) 154, (179) 159, (259) 165, (285) 168,
(208) 171, (198) 175.
Prunus Cnpuli, 37; tables (109) 146, (95) 154,
(90) 159, (70) 169, (61) 173.
Prunus Caroliniana, 37; tables (111) 146,
(55) 153, (51) 158, (126) 164, (80) 166, (53)
169, (35) 173.
Prunus demissa, 37; tables (110) 146, (171)
154, (170) 159, (206) 165, (193) 167, (89)
170, (81) 174.
Prunus emarginata, 36.
Prunus emarginata, var. molUs, S6; tables
(107) 146, (367) 156, (366) 161, (155) 164,
(203) 168, (140) 170, (279) 175.
Prunus ilicifolia, 38; tables (113) 146,(21) 153,
(17) 158,(218)165, (141)167,(66)169,(42)173.
Prunus Pennsylvanica, 35; tables (105) 146,
(317) 156, (317) 101, (202) 171, (245) 175.
Prunus serotinn, ,30; tables (108) 146, (260)
155, (259) 1,09, (1,07) 104, (119) 107, (01) 109,
(119) 174.
Prunus sphcerocarpa^ 37; tables (112) 146,
(48) 153, (42> 1.08.
Prunus umhellata, 35; tables (100) 146, (78)
153, (72) 1,08, (101) 170, (28) 173.
Pseudotsuga Douglasli, 119, 130; tables (391)
151, (307) 156,' (,300) 101, (20) 103, (101)
107, (80) 170, (252) 175.
Pseudotsuga Douglusii, var. macrocarpa, 131 ;
tables (3911) J5i^ (359) 150, (;j.08) 161, (79)
163, (115) 107, (139) 170, (247) 175.
Pttlia trifoUata, 9; tables (26) 144, (70) 153,
(05) 158.
Puget Sound, 10, 63, 81, 101, 105.
Pulmonary consumption, 30, 107. (SeeTAroaf.)
Pump-logs, 123. (See Water-pi^jts.)
Pumps, 2, 3.
Punk Oak, 91.
Purgatives, 25, 27. (See Diuretics.)
Purgatory River, 27.
Purple Haw, 15.
Pyrus Americana, iO; tables (120) 146, (287)
155, (289) 100, (237) 171, (220) 175.
Pyrus angustifoUa, 39; tables (118) 146, (181)
154, (177) 159.
Pyrus aucuparia, 40.
Pyrus coronaria, 39; tables (117) 146, (166)
154, (166) 159, (251) 165, (282) 108, (189)
171, (78) 174.
Pyrus rivularis, 40; tables (119) 146, (71) 153,
(67) 158.
Pyrus samhucifolia, 40; tables (121) 146,
(252) 155, (251) 100. (254) 165, (292) 168,
(231)171, (235) 175.
QuERCus AGRiFOLTA, 87; tables (270) 149,
(74) 153, (74) 158, (110) 164, (79) 166, (138)
170, (87) 174.
Quercus alba, 80, 83, 80; tables (251) 149,
(124) 154, (123) 159, (111) 164, (89) 167,
(87) 170, (109) 174.
Quercus aquatica, 91 ; tables (280) 149, (151)
154, (148) 159, (29) 163, (41) 166, (98) 170,
(130) 174.
Quercus bicolor, 83; tables (258) 149, (107)
154, (105) 159, (138) 164, (85) 166, (109)
170, (103) 174.
Quercus Catesbcni, 90; tables (278) 149, (141)
154, (143) 159, (85) 163, (43) 166, (144) 170,
(94) 174.
Quercus chrysolepis, 87; tables (268) 149, (61)
153, (59) 158, (33) 163, (4) 166, (65) 169,
(36) 173.
Quercus chrysolepis, var. vaccinifoUa, 87.
Quercus cinerea, 92; tables (283) 149, (218)
155, (220) 160, (210) 165, (62) 166, (157)
170, (125) 174.
196
INDEX.
Qftercus coccinea, 88; tables (273) 149, (13G)
Ibi, (131) 159, (70) 1G3, (40) IGG, (93) 170,
(121) 174.
Quercus deimfiora, 93; tables (287) 149, (187)
154, (188) 159, (113) 164, (74) IGG, (128) 170,
(100) 174.
Quercus Douglasii, 85; tables (262) 149, (51)
153, (45) 158, (203) 165, (60) 1G6, (55) 169,
(20) 173.
Quercus Durandu, 86 ; tables (266) 149, (24)
153, (26) 158, (172) 164, (61) 166, (76) 169,
(41) 173.
Quercus Emoryi, 87; tables (269) 149, (37)
153, (37) 158, (253) 165, (188) 167, (185)
170, (12) 173.
Quercus falcata, 90; tables (277) 149, (176)
154, (171) 159, (11) 163, (13) 166, (38) 169,
(124) 174.
Quercus Garryana, 81; tables (253)149, (129)
154, (126) 159, (190) 164, (103) 167, (91)
170, (85) 174.
Quercus grisea, 85; tables (264) 149, (16)
153, (15) 158, (215) 165, (78)166, (124) 170,
(23) 173.
Quercus heterophylla, 92; tables (282) 149,
(186) 154, (183) 159, (30) 163, (36) 166,
(199) 171, (150) 174.
Quercus hypoleuca, 92; tables (284) 149, (88)
154, (88) 159, (121) 164, (31) 166, (293) 171,
(63) 173.
Quercus imbricaria, 92; tables (285) 149, (115)
154, (114) 159, (33) 163, (8) 166, (59) 169,
(96) 174.
Quercus Kelloggii, 89; tables (275) 149, (215)
155, (213) 160, (212) 165, (152) 167, (156)
170, (158) 174.
Quercus laurifolia, 91; tables (281) 149, (100)
154, (107) 159, (25) 163, (15) 166, (82) 170,
(75) 173.
Quercus lobata, 81; tables (252) 149, (133)
154, (132) 159, (228) 165, (108) 167, (182)
170, (143) 174.
Quercus lyrata, 83; tables (57) 149, (72) 153,
(69) 158, (17) 163, (54) 166, (106) 170, (77)
174.
Quercus macrocarpa, 82, 89 ; tables (256) 149,
(128) 154, (129) 159, (128) 164, (68) 166,
(107) 170, (88) 174.
Quercus Michauxii, 84; tables (259) 149, (85)
154, (84) 159, (112) 164, (30) 166, (121) 170,
(89) 174.
Quercus Muhlenbergii, 85.
Quercus nigra, 89; tables (276) 149, (139) 154,
(141) 159, (109) 164, (46) 16G, (104) 170,
(50) 173.
Quercus oblongifoUa, 85; tables (263) 149,
(28) 153, (35) 158, (158) 164, (180) 167, (174)
170, (11) 173.
Quercus obtus'doba, 82, 90 ; tables (254) 149'
(66) 153, (64) 158, (175) 164, (104) 167, (114)
170, (56) 173.
Quercus obtusiloba, var. parvlfolia, 82.
Quercus palustris, 91; tables (279) 149, (174)
154, (174) 159, (55) 163, (33) 166, (108) 170,
(141) 174.
Quercus Phellos, 93; tables (286) 149, (123)
154, (124) 159, (196) 164, (67) 166, (221)
171, (108) 174.
Quei'cus prinoides, 84, 85; tables (261) 149,
(57) 153, (56)158, (53) 163, (6) 166, (49)
169, (66) 173.
Quercus Prinus, 84, 85; tables (260) 149,
(120) 154, (122) 159, (27) 163, (50) 166, (72)
169, (92) 174.
Quercus Prinus, var. Chincapin, 85.
Quercus Prinus, var. Inimilis, 85.
Quercus reticulata, 86; tables (265) 149, (26)
153, (22) 158.
Quercus rubra, 88, 89 ; tables (272) 149, (207)
155, (202) 160, (52) 163, (66) 166, (88) 170,
(155) 174.
Quercus rubra, var. Texana, 88; tables (272)
149, (44) 153, (38) 158, (88) 163, (55) 166,
(47) 173, (46) 169.
Quercus San-Sabeana, 86.
Quercus tinctoria, 89; tables (274) 149, (167)
154, (162) 159, (86) 163, (47) 166, (97) 170,
(122) 174.
Quercus undulala, var. Gambelii, 82; tables
(255) 149, (63) 153, (62) 158, (269) 165,
(202) 168, (192) 171, (74) 173.
Quercus rirens, 86; tables (267) 149. (25) 153,
(24) 158, (43) 163, (57) 366, (63) 169, (33)
173.
Quercus Wislizeni, 88; tables (271) 149, (96)
154, (95) 159, (156) 164, (123) 167, (78) 170,
(62) 173.
Quercus Wislizeni, \ax.frutescens, 88.
Quincy, Mas;=., 12.
Quinte Bay, 84.
Rafters, 49.
Rails, 29, 65, 66, 69, 71, 94.
Railway-ties, 66, 71, 72, 75, 81, 84, 85, 94,
107, 108, 111-113, 119, 121, 125-127, 129,
131, 134, 135.
Rainy Lake, 97.
Rain}' River, 34.
Rattle-box, 60.
Red Ash, 61.
Red Bay, 68.
Red Biirch, 97.
Red-bud, 31.
Red Cedar, 107, 111.
Red Cherry, Wild, 35.
Red Cvpress, 112.
Red Elm, 71.
Red Fir, 130, 133, 134.
Red Gum, 45.
Red Haw, 42, 44.
Red Iron-wood, 14.
INDEX.
197
Red Mangrove, 07.
Red Maple, 22.
Red Mulberry, 74.
Red Oak, 88, 90.
Red Pine, 118.
Red River, 55, 74, 80, 98, 111, 125.
Red River Valley, 79, 83.
Red Stopper, 48.
Redwood, 112.
Reef Keys, 14.
Restigouche River, 94.
Reynosia lutifoUa, 14; tables (42) 145, (11)
153, (12) 158, (81) 103, (120) 107, (3) 109,
(4) 173.
Rhamnacece, 14-10.
Rhnmnus Calif ornica, 10; tables (40) 145,
(248) 155, (218) 100.
Rhamnus Californica, var. tomentella, 10.
Rhamnus CaroUniana, 15; tables (45) 145,
(284) 155, (214) 105, (258) 108, (102) 170,
(195) 175.
Rhamnus Purshlana,lG ; tables (47) 145, (273)
155, (273) 100, (135) 104, (159) 107, (31)
109, (138) 174.
Rheumatism, 8, 90, 100.
Rhizophora, 07.
Rhizophoracece, 40.
Rhizophora Mangle, 40; tables (140) 147,
(3) 153, (2) 158,' (2) 103, (11) 100, (2) 109,
(9) 173.
Rhode Island, 02.
Rhododendron maximum^ 55; tables (171) 147,
(233) 155, (228) 100, (248) 105, (213) 108,
(105) 170, (140) 174.
Rhus copallina, 24 ; tables (71 ) 145, (300) 150,
(302) 101, (210) 105, (212) 108, (229) 175,
(240) 171, (229) 175.
Rhus copallina,va.r. lanceolata,25; tables (71^)
145, (304) 150, (307) 101, (123) 170, (208)
175.
Rhus copallina, var. leucantha, 25.
Rhus cotinoides, 24; tables (09) 145, (217)
155, (214) 100.
Rhus Mttopium, 25; tables (73) 145. (92) 154,
(98) 159, (80) 103, (210) 108, (77) 170, (110)
174.
Rhus Toxicodendron, 25.
Rhus typhina, 24; tables (70) 145. (377) 150,
(370) 101.
Rhus venenata, 25; tables (72) 145, (375) 150,
(374) 101.
Rio Concho, 58, 71.
Rio Grande, 8, 9, 20, 32, 33, 57, 58, GO. 04-00,
70, 80, 98, 130. (Range and limit of dis-
tribution.)
Rio Pecos, 8.
River Birch, 97.
River Cottonwood, 104.
Robinia Neo-Mexicann, 27; tables (79) 145,
(80) 154, (85) 159, (43) 103, (84) 100, (17)
109, (04) 173.
Robinia Fseudacacia, 26; tables (77) 145,
(138) 1.54, (J37) 159, (19) 103, (3) 166, (13)
109, (70) 173.
Robinia viscosa, 27; tables (78) 145, (83) 154,
(78) 158.
Rock Chestnut Oak, 84.
Rockv Mountains, 21, 23, 20, 31, 35, 37-39.
41, '43, 02, 71, 73, 82, 90, 99, 100, 102-10.5,
107, 111, 115, 110, 119, 120, 12.5-127, 129-
132, 134. (Range and limit of distribution.)
Rocky Mountain region, 101, 102, 113.
Rock Elm, 71.
Rogue River, 108, 115, 133.
Romano, Cape, 5, 47, 50, 58, 07-09, 72, 73, 80,
91, 112, 136. (Range and limit of distribu-
tion.)
Roots, large, 32.
Ropes, 130, 137.
Rosacew, 34-44.
Rose Bay, 55.
Rosemary Pine, 122.
Rosin, 120.
Royal Palm, 130.
Rubiacece, 52, 53.
Rum Cherry, 30.
Rumford, Count, 141.
RtUacece, 8-10.
Sab AL Palmetto, 135; tables (404) 152, (373)
150, (395) 101.
Sabine River, 4, 44, 62, 93.
Sable, Cape, 9, 19, 40, 47, 50, 07, 08.
Sacramento River, 10, 18, 23, 75, 77, 81, 100,
103, 100, 108, 109. (Range and limit of
distribution.)
Sacramento Valley, 101.
Saddle-trees, 19, 22, 71.
Saffron Plum, 58.
Saguaro, 48.
Saguenay River, 21, 97.
Saint Augustine, Fla., 07, 123.
Saint Domingo, 7.
Saint John T.ake, 21.
Saint John River, 22.
Saint John's River, 11, 12, 18, 48, 80,81, 123.
Saint Lawrence, Gulf, 03, 97. 114.
Saint Lawrence River, 20, 21, 24, 34, 42, 49,
71, 72, 70-80, 83, 95, 100, 118, 129. (Range
and limit of distribution.)
Saint Louis, Mo., 41.
Saint Mary's River, 50.
Salem County, N. J., 92.
Salix amygllaloides, 100; tables (307) 150,
(305) 156, (308) 161, (283) 165, (265) 168,
•(307) 172, (277) 175.
Salix cordata, 102.
Salix cordata, var. vestita, 102; tables (315)
150, (244) 155, (243) 160.
Salix discolor, 101; tables (312) 150, (382)
156, (380) 161.
198
INDEX.
Salix Jlavescens, 102; tables (313) 150, (321)
15G, (321) 161, (72) 163, (130) 167, (201)
171, (254) 175.
Salix Jlavtscens,\Sii' . Scoulenana, 102; tables
(3131) 150, (290) 155, (2t)0) 160, (22) 163,
(86) 166, (132) 170, (210) 175.
Salix Harticegi, 103.
Salix Ilookeriana, 102; tables (3U) 150,
(292) 155, (291) 160, (178) 170, (228) 175.
Salix Icevlf/ata, 100; tables (308) 150, (331)
156, (33()) 161, (287) 165, (221) 168, (286)
171, (219) 175.
Salix Iceviyata, var. angustifolia, 100.
Salix Icevigata, var. congesta, 100.
Salix lasiandra, 100; tables (309) 150, (341)
156, (341) 161.
Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana, 100, 101;
tables (309-^) 150, (-^SG) 156, (354) 161, (309)
165, (284) 168, (297) 172, (274) 175.
Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia, 101 ; tables
(3091) 150, (361) 156, (372) 161, (147) 164,
(206) 168, (270) 171, (263) 175.
Salix lasiolepis, 103; tables (316) 150, (278)
155, (281) 160, (145) 164,(125) 167, (190) 175.
Salix lasiolepis, var. angustij'ulia, 103.
Salix lasiolepis, var. latifoUa, 103; table (228)
171.
Salix longifolia, 100, 101; tables (310) 150,
(324) 156, (325) 161.
Salix longifolia, var. argyrophylla, 101;
table (3102) 150.
Salix longifolia, var. exigua, 101; tables
(3101) 150, (293) 155, (298) 161.
Salix nigra, 99; tables (306) 150, (371) 156,
(371) 161, (305) 165, (297) 168, (314) 172,
(258) 175.
Salix nigra, var. angustifolia, 100.
Salix nigra, var. latifolia, 100.
Salix nigra, var, longifolia, 100.
Salix nigra, var. marginata, 100.
Salix nigra, vai'. Wardii, 100.
Salix nigra, var Wrightii, 100.
Salix sessitifolia, 101 ; tables (311) 150, (374)
156.
Salix sessilifolia, var. Hindsiana, 101; tables
(.3111) 150, (373) 161.
Salix Sitchensis, 103; tables (317) 150, (311)
156. (311) 161.
Salix Sitchensis, var. angustifolia, 103.
Salmon Eiver Mountains, 107.
Saltillo, Mex., 57, 109.
Sambucus glauca, 51; tables (156) 147, (310)
156, (316) 161, (308) 165, (304) 168, (302)
172, (192) 175.
Sambucus Mexicnna, 51; tables (157) 147,
(353) 156, (361) 161.
Sand-bar Willow, 101.
Sand Jack, 92.
Sand Pine, 123.
San Antonio Eiver, 6, 24, 28, 36, 42, 71, 76.
San Bernardino County, Oal., 106.
San Bernardino Mount, 110.
San Bernardino Range, 6, 20, 23, 31, 38, 39,
44, 49, 63, 73, 81, 87, 89, 93, 98, 106, 110,
115, 116, 120, 122, 131, 132, 136. (Range
and limit of distribution.)
San Diego Countv, Cal., 20, 33, 44, 85, 116,
118.
San Francisco Bay, 18, 36, 38, 54, 63, 77, 81, 88.
San Francisco Mountains, 37, 82, 86, 87, 109,
110, 117, 127. (Range and limit of dis-
tribution.)
San Gabriel Range, 6, 85.
San Jacinto, Mount, 120.
San Jacinto Mountains, 6, 38, 39, 93, 120-
122, 132. (Range and limit of distribution.)
San Joaquin River, 130.
San Luis Obispo, Cal., 18.
San Luis Obispo County, Cal., 124.
San Luis Re}' River, 16.
San Pedro River, 48, 60, 75.
San Saba, Texas, 32.
San Simeon Bay. 121.
Santa Barbara, Cal., 16, 98, 103.
Santa Catalina Mountains, 26, 27, 38, 57, 82,
87, 109, 116, 117, 119. (Range and limit of
distribution.)
Santa Cruz Bay, 16.
Santa Cruz Mountains, 16, 122.
Santa Cruz River, 32.
Santa Lucia Mountains, 6, 36, 54, 88, 103,
115, 133. (Range and limit of distribution.)
Santa Rita Mountains, 27, 54, 86, 92, 109,
116, 119, 120. (Range and limit of dis-
tribution.)
Santian River, 108.
Sapindaceai, 17-23.
Sapindus marginitus, 18; tables (54) 145,
(80) 153, (82) 159, (173) 164, (116) 167,
(129) 170, (60) 173.
Sapindus Sapnnaria, 19 ; tables (55) 145, (65)
153, (83) 159.
Saponin, 19.
Sapotacece, 56-58.
Sarsaparilla, 8.
Sasbes, 115.
Saskatchewan River, 20, 23, 42, 45, 62, 99,
100, 102. (Range and limit of distribution.)
Sassafras, 69.
Sassafras officinale, 69; tables (217) 148,
(314) 156, (312) 161, (281) 165, (242) 168,
(232) 171, (196) 175.
Satin-Avood, 9.
Savannah River, 13, 18, 41, 123.
Savin, 111, 114.
Savine cerete. 111.
Scarlet Haw, 42.
Scarlet Oak, 88.
ScJmferiafrutescens, 14; tables (41) 145, (99)
154, (111) 159.
Scott Mountains, 116, 118, 120.
Screw Bean, 32.
INDEX.
199
Screw-pod Mesquit, 32.
Scrub Oak, 82, 'JO.
Scrub Pine, 120, 123, 125.
Sea Ash, 8.
Sea Grape, 68.
Seaside Alder, 98.
Sebastiania lucida, 70; tables (220) 148, (8)
153, (9) 158.
Sedatives, 36.
Seeds: manufacturing uses, 19; edible, 117.
118, 121.
Selkirk Ilange, 129, 134.
Sequoia forests, 16.
Sequoia gic/antea, 112; tables (341) 151, (-127)
157, (428) 162, (295) 165, (288) 168, (224)
171, (300) 176.
Sequoia sempervircns, 112; tables (342) 151,
(387) 156, (386) 161, (241) 165, (246) 168,
(196) 171, (287) 175.
Service Tree, 45.
Seven-year Apple, 52.
Shad-bush, 45.
Shag-bark, 77.
Sharpies, S. P., viii, 141-143.
Shasta Couutv, Cal., 108. 121.
Shasta, Mount, 21, 68, 116, 122, 134.
She Balsam, 131.
Sheep-berr\', 51.
Shell-bark," Big, 78.
Shell-bark, Bottom, 78.
Shell-bark, Hickor}', 77.
Shingle Oak, 92.
Shingles, 3, 91, 93, 106, 107, 112, 113.
Ship-building, 11, 19, 22, 34, 57, 68, 69, 71,
74, 81, 87, 97, 108, 126, 127, 134. (See
Boat-building^ Skiffs.)
Shittini-wood, 10, 57.
Shoes: soles, 6; lasts, 22, 59, 95, 96; pegs,
22; wooden, 97.
Short-leaved Pine, 124.
Shoshone Mountains, 105.
Sliovel-handles, 21.
Shrubby Trefoil, 9.
Shucks, Honey, 29.
Shuttles, 59.
Slderoxylon Masticliodendron, 56; tables
(176) 147, (15) 153, (20) 158, (63) 163, (70)
166, (26) 169, (2G) 173.
Sierra Blanco, 127.
Sierra County, Cal., 100.
Sierra Madre, 109.
Sierra Nevada, 6, 10, 18, 20, 21, 30-38, 44, 49,
50, 03, 69, 81, 85, 87-89, 99, 102, 103, 110,
112-116, 120, 122, 130, 132, 134. (Range
and limit of distribution.)
Silk-top Palmetto, 136.
Silky Willow, 103.
Silliman, Mount, 116.
Sills, 71, 72, 111.
Silver-beli Tree, 60.
Silver Maple, 22.
Silver top Palmetto, 1-36.
SimarubeoB, 10.
Simaruba glauca, 10; tables (28) 144, (392)
156, (393) 161, (127) 164, (259) 168, (180)
170, (264) 175.
Simaruba officinalis, 10.
Siskiyou Mountains, 128, 132.
Sitka', 127.
Sitka Cypress, 108.
Skiffs, 69. {'i^at Boat-building, Ship-building.)
Skin-diseases, 96.
Slash Pine, 126.
Slippery Elm, 6, 71.
Sloe, 35.
Sloe, Black, 35.
Small-fruited Haw, 43.
Smooth Alder, 101.
Snaths, 74.
Snowdrop Tree, 60.
Snow-shoes, 20.
Soap, 19, 56, 137.
Soapberry, 18, 19.
Soda Lake, 108.
Soft Maple, 22.
Soledad River, 118.
Sonora, Cal., 27, 37, 38, 48, 92.
Sophora offinls. 28; tables (84) 145, (60) 153,
(58) 158, (107) 164, (127) 167, (51) 169,
(30) 173.
Sophora secundijlora, 28; tables (83) 145,
(19) 153, (19) 158.
Sophoria, 28.
Sore throat, 59. (See Throat.)
Sorrel Tree, 54.
Sour Gum, 50.
Sour Tupelo, 50.
Sour-wood, 54.
South Atlantic States, 39, 90, 112.
South Carolina, 30, 35, 41, 44, 52, 53, 60, 79,
123, 125, 129. (Range and limit of dis-
tribution.)
Southern Buckthorn, 58.
Southern Crab Apple, 39.
Southern Pine, 125.
Southern States, 42, 80, 90.
South, the, 78, 94.
Southwest, the, 82.
Spanish Bayonet, 136, 137.
Spanish Buckeye, 18.
Spanish Oak, 90.
Spanish Oak, Swamp, 91.
Spanish Stopper, 47.
Spear-handles, 113.
Specific gravity, tables, 153-157.
Speckled Alder, 99.
Spicket River, 97.
Spice Tree, 69.
Spindle Tree, 14.
Spirits of Turpentine, 126. (See Turpentine.)
Sponge-crawls, 136.
Spoois, 96.
200
INDEX.
Spoonvvood, 55.
Spruce, Black, 126.
Spruce, Blue, 128.
Spruce Pine, 120, 123-125.
Spruce, Tide-land, 128.
Spruce, White, 127, 128.
Stag-bush, 52.
Staghorn Sumach, 24.
Starving Kock, 114.
Staten Island, 93, 123, 124.
Staves, 105.
Steam, 32.
Sierculiacece, 6.
Stinking Cedar, 114.
Stopper, 48.
Stopper, Gurgeon, 47.
Stopper, Red, 48.
Stopper, Spanish, 47.
Stopper, White, 48.
Storax, 46.
Strength, tables, 166-1G8.
Striped Dogwood, 20.
Striped Maple, 20.
Strong Back, 65.
Sty)'acace<e, 59, 60.
Sugar-barrels, 105.
Sugar-berry, 72.
Sugar, Horse, 59.
Sugar Maple, 21.
Sugar Pine, 115.
Sugar Tree, 21.
Sumach, Coral, 25.
Sumach, Dwarf, 24.
Sumach, Poison, 25.
Sumach, Staghorn, 24.
Summer Haw, 44.
Superior, Lake, 40, 49, 71, 97, 99, 125.
Suwarrow, 48.
Swamp Cottonwood, 104.
Swamp Hickory, 79.
Swamp Laurel, 1.
Swamp Maple, 22.
Swamp Pine, 126.
Swamp Post Oak, 83.
Swamp Spanish Oak, 101.
Swamp White Oak, 83.
Sweet Ba}', 1.
Sweet Birch, 97.
Sweet Buckeye, 17.
Sweet Gum, 45.
Sweet-leaf, 59.
Sweet Locust, 29.
Sweet-scented Crab, 39.
Sioietenia Mahoffoni, 11 ; tables (31) 144,
(146) 154, (149) 159, (76) 163, (59) 166, (22)
169, (39) 173.
Switch-bud Hickorj-, 79.
Sycamore, 75.
Symplocos tinctoria, 59; tables (186) 147,
(295) 155, (297) 161, (256) 165, (237) 168,
(229) 171, (173) 174.
Syphilis, 7, 8.
Syrups, 36, 46.
Table-mountain Pine, 124.
Tacamahac, 104.
Tallow Berry, 7.
Tallow Nut, 11.
Tamarack, 120, 134.
Tamarind, Wild, 34.
Tampa Bny, 1, 8, 12, 29-31, 35, 36, 44-46, 50,
64, 68, 78, 81, 90, 91, 95, 122, 125. (Range
and limit of distribution.)
Tan-bark Oak, 93.
Tan Bay, 5.
Tannin,' 24, 25, 45, 84, 89, 90, 93, 128-131.
Tanning, 54, 82, 84, 89, 90, 93, 128-131.
Tar, 126.
Tassel-moulds, 97.
Taxod'lum distlchum, 112; tables (340) 150,
(362) 156, (360) 161, (90) 163, (201) 168,
(184) 170, (278) 175.
Taxus brevifolia, 113; tables (343) 151, (222)
155, (216) 160, (208) 165, (35) 166, (117)
170, (67) 173.
Taxus Floridana, 113; tables (344) 151, (229)
155, (222) 160.
Tejon, Fort, 16.
Telegraph-poles, 107, 111, 113, 134.
Temiscaming, Lake, 129.
Tennessee, 2, 3, 7, 17, 20, 24, 25, 28-30, 35,
42, 43, 54, 66, 84, 89-94, 97, 104, 112, 124,
129, 131.
Tennessee River, 24.
Tents, 96.
Teredo, attacks of, 19, 135.
Ternstrcemiacece, 5.
Texas, 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 17-19, 22-26,
28, 30-37, 41-46, 49-54, 57-66, 68-95, 97,
99-101, 105, 106, 110-112, 116, 117, 119, 122,
124, 126, 130, 136, 137. (Range and limit
of distribution.)
Thatch, Brickley, 136.
Thatch, Brittle, 'l36.
Thatch, house, 136.
The Joshua, 137.
Thorn, Black, 42.
Thorn, Cockspur, 42.
Thorn, Washington, 43.
Thorn, White, 42.
Thousand Islands, 19.
Three-thorned Acacia, 29.
Thrinax argentea, 136; tables (407) 152,
(156) 154, (168) 159.
Thrinax parviflova, 136; tables (406) 152,
(249) 155, (263) 160.
Throat ailments, 16. (See Sore throat.)
Thuya, 107.
Thuya gigantea, 107; tables (328) 150, (411)
157, (411) 162, (87) 163, (161) 167, (152)
170, (297) 176.
INDEX.
201
Thuya occidentalls, 106; tables (327) 150,
(425) 157, (425) 102, (278) 1G5, (275) 168,
(289) 171, (311) 176.
Tide-land Spruce, 128.
Tiliacece, 6, 7.
Tilia Americana, 6. 7; tables (17) 144, (361)
156, (364) 161, (169) 164, (249) 168, (307)
176.
Tilia Americann, var. pubescens, 6; tables
(171) 144, (398) 156, (399) 161, (189) 164,
(263) 168, (205) 171, (266) 171, (312)
176.
Tilia hetcrophylla, 7; tables (18) 144, (383)
156, (382) 161, (166) 164, (255) 168, (214)
171, (299) 176.
Tinctures, 28, 107.
Titi, 13.
Tobacco-boxes, 75.
Tollon, 44.
Tonics, 2, 10, 27, 36, 49, 64, 104.
Tool-handles, 19, 39, 54, 55, 59, 95.
Toothache Tree, 8.
Torch-wood, 11.
Tornilla, 32.
Torreya Calijornica, 114; tables (346) 151,
(340) 150, (343) 161, (303) 165, (251) 168,
(262) 171, (213) 175.
Torreya taxifolia, 114 ; tables (345) 151, (309)
156, (309) 161, (176) 164, (98) 167, (142)
170, (174) 174.
Toxicodcndric acid, 25.
Toyon, 44.
Travis County, 54.
Tree, Bean, 65.
Tree, Beaver, 1.
Tree, Bee, 6.
Tree, Black, 67.
Tree, B]g, 112.
Tree, Buckwheat, 13.
Tree, Cabbage, 135.
Tree, Cigar, 65.
Tree, Cucumber, 2, 3.
Tree, Fringe, 64.
Tree, Geiger, 64.
Tree, Hop, 9.
Tree, India-rubber, 73.
Tree, Joshua, 137.
Tree, Judas, 31.
Tree, Lime, 6.
Tree, Paradise, 10.
Tree, Service, 45.
Tree, Silver-bell, 60.
Tree, Snowdrop, 60.
Tree, Sorrel, 54.
Tree, Spice, 69.
Tree, Spindle, 14.
Tree, Sugar, 21.
Tree, Toothache, 8.
Tree, Tulip, 3.
Tree, Umbrella, 2, 3.
Treenails, 26.
Trefoil, Shrubby, 9.
Trinity River, 1, 18, 22, 31, 43, 45, 68, 71, 72,
79, 83, 84, 94, 95, 97, 99, 126. (Course and
limit of distribution.)
Tsufja Canadensis, 129; tables (387) 151,
(384) 156, (384) 161, (142) 164, (171) 167,
(230) 171, (276) 175.
Tsuf/a Caroliniana, 129; tables (388) 151,
(380) 156, (379) 161, (230) 165, (287) 168,
(207) 171, (211) 175.
Tsufja Mertensiann, 129; tables (389) 151,
(305) 156, (304) 161, (14) 163, (87) 166, (64)
169, (249) 175.
Tsufja Pattnniana, 130, 135; tables (390)151,
(372) 156, (370) 161, (201) 164, (181) 167,
(238) 171, (244) 175.
Tulare County, Cal., 88, 112, 114.
Tulip Tree, 3.
Tupelo, 50.
Tupelo-gum, 50.
Tupelo, Large, 50.
Tupelo, Sour, 50.
Turkey Oak, 90.
Turnery, 6, 7, 12, 22, 23, 26, 39, 49, 51, 53-55,
59, 96, 103, 104.
Turpentine, 105, 126. (See Spirits.)
Turtle-crawl, 136.
Typhoid fever, 100.
Uintah Mountains, 130.
Ulmus alata, 72; tables (226) 148, (121)
154, (127) 159, (280) 165, (155) 170, (73)
173.
Ulmus Americana, 71; tables (224) 148, (212)
155, (211) 160, (211) 165, (114) 167, (158)
170, (162) 174.
Ulmus crassifolia, 70; tables (222) 148, (150)
154, (153) 159, (232) 165, (148) 167, (148)
170, (72) 173.
Ulmus fulva, 71; tables (223) 148, (170) 154,
(172) 159, (117) 164, (106) 167, (69) 169,
(179) 174.
Ulmus racemosa, 71; tables (225) 148, (149)
154, (145) 159, (64) 163, (37) 166, (41) 169,
(118) 174.
Umbdlularia Calif ornica, 69; tables (218)
148, (210) 155, (206) 160, (75) 163, -(132)
167, (52) 169, (128) 174.
Umbrella Keys, 4, 48.
Umbrella Tree, 2, 3, 17.
Umpqua River, 132.
Underpinning, of houses, 32.
Ungava Bay, 126, 127.
Unynadia speciosa, 18; tables (53) 145, (230)
155, (231) 160, (215) 171, (180) 174.
United States, 4-8, 10, 17, 19, 23, 25-27, 32,
34, 37, 46-48, 51, 67, 71, 108, 117, 125-127,
134, 135. (Special references.)
Upland Willow Oak, 92.
Urticacece, 70-76.
202
INDEX.
Utah, 21, 23, 27, 31, 32, 38, 41, 51, GO, 62,
82, 96, 100, 106, 110, 111, 116-118, 121,
128, 132, 133, 137. (Course and limit of
distribution.)
Uterine complaints, 107.
Vaccinium Arboreum, 53 ; tables (164) 147,
(HI) 154, (110) 159, (212) 171, (53) 173.
Valparaiso Oak, 87.
Vancouver's Island, 36, 37, 49, 51, 81, 111,
115, 132.
VauqucUnia Torreyi, 38; tables (114) 146, (5)
153, (4) 158.
Veneering, 46.
Verbenacece, 66, 67.
Verde Paolo, 30.
Vermont, 3, 22, 23, 34, 50, 69, 71, 89, 94, 105,
125, 127. (Course and limit of distribution.)
Vihuimum Lenta (/a, 51; tables (158) 147,
(140) 154, (139) 159, (56) 169.
Viburnum prunij'olium, 52; tables (159) 147,
(69) 153, (66) 158, (137) 164, (73) 166, (40)
169, (38) 173.
Vicksburg, Miss., 1.
Vine Maple, 21.
Virginia, 3, 5, 6, 8, 12, 25, 40, 43, 44, 50, 58,
62-64, 68, 72, 86, 131. (Course and limit
of distribution.)
Wabash River, 3, 4, 23, 39, 62, 66, 94 .
Wabash Valley, 4.
Wafer Ash, 9.
Wagon-hubs, 29. (See Hubs, IVJieels.)
Wagons, 61, 63, 87.
Wahoo, 7, 14, 72.
Wahsatch Mountains, 21, 23, 38, 51, 62, 82,
110, 117, 127, 130, 133. (Course and limit
of distribution.)
Walnut, 77.
Walnut, Black, 46, 76.
Walnut, White, 76.
Ware River, 82.
Washingtonia JiUfera, 135; tables (405) 152,
(306) 156, (310) 161, (270) 165, (293) 168,
(313) 172, (303) 176.
Wnshington Territory, 16, 20, 21, 36, 38, 41,
42, 49, 54, 63, 81, 96, 98, 102, 104, 105,
107, 108, 110, 113, 115, 116, 119-121, 127,
128, 130-135. (Course and limit of dis-
tribution.)
Washington Thorn, 43.
Washita River, 18, 43, 62.
Water Ash, 62.
Water Beech, 75, 95.
Water Elm, 71.
Water-flumes, 106.
Water Hickor}', 79.
Water Locust, 30.
Water Maple, 22.
Water Oak, 91.
Water White Oak, 83.
Water-pipes, 123. (See Pumps.)
Water-tanks, 113.
Wax Myrtle, 80.
Wedges, 41.
Weeping Oak, 81.
Western Catalpa, 66.
West Indian Birch, 10.
West Indies, 4, 5, 7, 9-11, 14, 15, 17-19, 25,
28, 32, 34, 37, 46-48, 52, 53, 55-58, 62, 60-
68, 70, 73, 126, 136. (Trees.)
Western States, 74.
West, the, 62.
West Virginia, 25, 26, 36, 60, 122.
Weymouth Pine, 114.
Wharf-piles, 19, 40, 50, 135. (See Piles.)
Wheel-hubs, 97. (See Wagons.)
Wheels, 32, 49, 50, 93.
Wheel-stock, 71, 72, 75, 84, 85.
Whistle-wood, 20.
White Ash, 61.
White Bass-wood, 7.
White Bay, 1.
White Birch, 95, 96.
White Buttonwood, 47.
White Cedar, 100-108.
White Cypress, 112.
White Elm, 71.
White Fir, 132.
White-heart Hickory, 78.
White Iron-wood, 19.
White Laurel, 1.
White Mangrove, 47.
White Maple, 22.
White Mountain region, Arizona, 10.
AVhite Oak, 80, 81, 83-86.
White Oak, Mountain, 85.
White Oak, Swamp, 83.
White Oak, Water, 83.
White Pine, 114-116, 125.
White River, 4.
White Spruce, 127, 128.
White Stopper, 48.
White Thorn, 42.
White Walnut, 76.
White-wood, 3, 5, 70.
Whitney, Mount, 118.
Willow^! 100, 102, 103.
Willow, Black, 99.
Willow, Desert, 66.
Willow, Diamond, 102.
Willow, Glaucous, 101.
Willow Oak, 93.
Willow Oak, Upland, 92.
Willow, Sand-bar, 101.
Willow, Silkv, 103.
Wild Black Cherry, 36.
Wild Cherry, 37.
Wild China, 18. '
Wild Cinnamon, 5.
JNDEX.
203
Wild Dilly, 58.
Wild V]<r, 73.
Wild Lime, 9, 11.
Wild Orau^^e, 8, 37.
Wild Peach, 37.
Wild Plum, 34.
Wild Red Clierry, 35.
Wild Tamarind, 34.
Wind River, 128.
Wine-butts, 113.
Winged Elm, 72.
Winnipeg, Lake, 23; 63, 82, 106.
Winnipeg River, 114, 118.
Winooski River, 23.
Wisconsin, 40, 45, 89, 91, 92, 94, 99, 118, 129.
(Course and limit of distribution.)
Witch-hazel, 45.
Wood: properties, 141-143; (tables) qualities,
144-152; specific gravity, 153-157; fuel
value, 158-102; elasticity, 103-108; longi-
tudinal compression, 109-172; resistance of
indentation, 173-170.
Wood-engraving, 49, 59. (See Engraving.)
Wooden slioes, 97. (See Shoes.)
Wooden ware, 3, 0, 17, 23, 51, 97, 104, 105,
107, 114, 115, 128.
Woods, Lake of the, 22.
Wood, Naked, 17, 47.
Wood-pulp, 90, 103, 104. (See Paper-pulp.)
Wyoming, 38, 30, 121, 128. 130, 132. (Course
and limit of distribution.)
Xanthoxylum Americana, 8; tables (22)
144, (275) 155, (274) 160.
Xanthoxylum Caribaium, 9; tables (24) 144,
(47) 153, (47) 158, (151) 164, (157) 167, (16)
169, (21) 173.
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, 8; tables (23)
144, (312) 150, (314) 101, (22.3) 165, (226)
108, (153) 170, (172; 174.
Xanthoxylum Clava-JIerculis, var. frulico-
sum, 9; tables (231) 344^ (250 ) 155, (250)
100.
Xanthoxylum Pterota, 0; tables (25) 144,
(131) 1.54, (133) 109.
Ximenia Americana^ 11; tables (32) 144, (40)
153, (30) 158.
Yaupon, 12.
Yazoo River, 23, 80.
Yellow Ash, 28.
Yellow-bark Oak, 89.
Yellow Birch, 97.
Yellow Cypress, 108.
Yellow Fir, 130, 131.
Yellow Haw, 44.
Yellow Locust, 26.
Yellow Oak, 84, 89.
Yellow Pine, 119, 125.
Yellow Poplar, 3.
Yellow-wood, 14, 28.
Yew, 113.
Yopon, 12.
Yosemite Valley, 21.
Yucca baccata] 137; tables (412) 152, (428)
157, (430) 162.
Yucca brevl/olia, 137; tables (410) 152, (413)
157.
Yucca canaliculata, 136; tables (409) 152,
(197) 155, (232) 100.
Yucca data, 137; tables (411) 152, (370) 156,
(398) 101.
Yukon River, 96, 103, 104, 127.
Zygojjhyllacece, 7, 8.
University Press, Cambridge: John Wilson and Son.
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