REVISED EDITION.
ANALYSIS
T H E
•.'ILISH- LANGUAGE; i
VTIC DEFINITIONS 0?
I) E R I V A T I V E WOE its
BY PREFIXES AKD SUFF1XFS.
j| 3Y* SALEM TOWN, I. L, D.
JC-NRLF
O R;N & CARTER,
1 & ri ft
IvIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
Mrs. SARAH P. WALSWORTH.
Received October, 1894.
Accessions No. ff73>7 I • Class No.
I \
AN
ANALYSIS
OF
DERIVATIVE WORDS
IN THE
ENGLISH. LANGUAGE,
OR
A KEY TO THEIR PRECISE ANALYTIC DEFINITIONS,
BY PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES :
BY SALEM TOWN, L. L. D.
CAREFULLY REVISED, AND ADAPTED TO HCHOOLS
OF ALJU GRADES,
PORTLAND:
SANBORN & CARTER.
1850.
Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1850, by
SALEM TOWN,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Maine.
.-
PREFACE.
THE first edition of this work was the first effort of the Author, and
it is believed to be the first attempt to present the component parts of
English derivative words, in their distinctive character, and exhibit
their combination in any thing like SYSTEM. The practicability of the
work had been under consideration, and the materials principally
collected, many years before the plan was fully carried out. The first
edition was at length presented, and has fairly SETTLED the question
as to the importance of the plan proposed, and the course to be pursued
in acquiring a knowledge of derivative words.
This revised edition is now submitted to the public, with what are
believed to be valuable improvements. The work has now been in use
in its printed form fifteen years ; and during that period, experience
has suggested the improvements carried out in this revision. The
most important of these, consists in a simplification, better adapted to
the capacities of children. * To accomplish this object, it became
necessary to re-write and re-arrange the whole. The same words,
however, are retained in the body of the work which are found in the
former editions.
The examples accompanying the prefixes and suffixes, are so
multiplied as to give a more enlarged comprehension of the manner of
defining.
The characters showing derivative combinations are mostly changed,
and, it is thought, much for the better.
The prefixes and suffixes, with their significant characters, are so
arranged as to preclude the possibility of mistakes in derivative forma-
tions, unless by inexcusable carelessness on the part of pupils, or
inattention to the rules and directions given.
Nothing can give such force to the significant import of words as their
analysis ; and nothing can relieve the memory from so great a task in
*The author acknowledges some valuable suggestions from Spencer Smith, Esq.,
of St. Louis, Mo., and Prof. Kenyon, of western New York.
acquiring a knowledge of language, as familiarity with those component
parts which are common to so many thousand words, and at the same
time characterize their analytic signification.
It is a development of this principle, with its systematic application,
which has given such celebrity to this little volume. Ihe Author feels
grateful for the liberal patronage the work has hitherto received, and
the numerous commendations of its practical utility from gentlemen of
the highest literary attainments. The fact is well known to classical
scholars, that the primitive words in our language are comparatively
FEW, and of the simplest order, such as almost every child often years
old knows. It is when these simple words grow up into their derivative,
compound and romplex forms, that the child loses sight of their import,
and simply, because he is ignorant of their component parts.
The principles on which this work is executed, are interwoven with,
and fundamental to, a critical knowledge of every language. The
embodying of them is, therefore, only collecting such component parts
of words as have for ages governed language, showing how they have
ever been applied, and then taking advantage of this knowledge to
confer some of the important benefits, which the classical student now
receives almost exclusively, on our common English scholars. It is the
undivided opinion of the most competent judges that an English
scholar, thoroughly versed in this system, will, so far as language is
concerned, secure to himself many important advantages^ which the
classical scholar alone has heretofore enjoyed.
Experiment has satisfactorily settled one important point, that children
undrr this discipline, can actually acquire more knowledge of the
English language in one winter's school of four months, than was ever
acquired in the ordinary way by scholars of the same age, in four times
that number of months, if not in their whole life. Let teachers, there-
fore, make thorough work in the application of the principles of this
book, and they will shortly see their pupils becoming thoroughly versed
in the knowledge of language. Teachers should frequently exercise
small children in the synopsis of the prefixes and suffixes.
It is now sent out with an arrangement so simplified as to render it
doubly beneficial, especially to younger classes of pupils, and at the same
time not less interesting and valuable to those of all ages, who desire a
more critical knowledge of the analysis of words of which our language
is composed.
HISTORY OF THE ANALYSIS.
The Author of the Analysis, has in so many instances been asked by
literary gentlemen, what first led him to examine English words by
prefixes and suffixes, and make a general application of the abstract
signification of those component parts for defining, that he considers a
brief statement of the facts not inappropriate.
As Principal of Granville Academy, he had taught the classics in the
usual mode from 1807 till 1^22; and having witnessed the difficulties
with which scholars meet in the commencement of those studies, in
tracing Latin and Greek derivatives to the radical word, he was
induced to believe some method could be devised for their benefit.
A careful analysis, therefore, of every compound and derivative
word, occurring in the Latin and Greek lessons, was commenced and
continued in the recitations of those classes, by means of which the
students soon became able to distinguish the component parts of such
words, and thereby find the root. This method was attended with a
good degree of success, and found greatly to facilitate scholars in the
acquisition of those languages. Soon, however, it occurred to the
Author, that the same course might, perhaps, be pursued in gaining a
more accurate knowledge of English derivatives.
This suggestion led to an investigation of the subject, and finally
resulted in the effort of collecting and defining what are termed prefixes
and suffixes^ as the modifiers of the significant import of radical words.
The work of collecting materials for a book was pursued at intervals,
between 1822 — 4. The prefixes, being in the main Greek, Latin and
Saxon prepositions, were not difficult to classify and define; but many
of the suffixes required much labor as well as patient examination to
arrive at a common definition which might render them common,
definers.
This was finally accomplished by collating words of the same termi-
nations, frequently amounting to some hundreds in each of t*he more
difficult classes, and then searching for such defining expression or
phrase, as might be applied to all words having a similar termination,
and being a regular suffix.
No treatise on this subject was then known to the Author, nor had
the learned professors in our Colleges, several of whom were consulted,
any knowledge of such a work in the language ; and he had nothing on
whbh to rely, so far as the suffixes wefe concerned, but his owtt
investigations.
These facts are here stated merely to show when and how the work
was commenced, carried forward, tested, and finally brought to its
present state.
Most of the original papers are still in existence, with the prefixes and
suffixes arranged and defined, as they now stand in the first edition*
Moreover, there are a large number of individuals, some of whom are
now gray-headed men, who learned the prefixes and suffixes, with the
mode of defining, from the word Press, copied from the original
manuscript, and pasted on the walls in the recitation rooms of the
Academy j as early as 1825, with a view of testing this mode of defining;
In 1827, the principles and application of the entire system were
made a regular study in Powelton Academy, Georgia, over which the
Author then presided. In 1831, the whole plan, with specimens of its
parts, were communicated to the Rev. Dr. Davis, former President of*
Hamilton College, who caused the same to be read before a State
Convention of Teachers, then assembled at Utica.
The Author had neither seen nor heard of any publication whatever^
involving the essential principles of his plan ; nor at the present time,
does he know of any work approximating it, of an earlier date than
" Butler's Etymological Spelling Book," published in London in 1829,
from which the " Scholar's Companion" was compiled, and published
in Philadelphia, in 1835*
SECTION 1.
Explanation of Primitive and Derivative Words.
PRIMITIVE words are such as can be reduced to no fewer
letters than what are then expressed. Man, Fame, House,
Sense, are primitive words, because they can be reduced to
no fewer letters, and convey a distinct idea of each thing
specified.
But Manly, Defamation, Insensibility and Houseless, are
derivative words, because they can be stripped of all their
letters above Man, Fame, Sense and House, and still leave
a significant word.
A compound word is composed of two or more distinct
words, as Sugar-maple, over-load, Common-place-book.
In this work, all such words of Latin origin, as Abdicate,
Convene, Adhere, &c., so far as our language is concerned,
will be taken as primitives. Yet the classical scholar will
perceive they are not such in the language whence they are
derived. Some other words also will be inserted which are
not primitives.
Those parts which are added to a primitive word, we
shall call prefixes and suffixes ; and as the primitive has at
least one appropriate meaning, all the varieties of significa-
tion which arise from additions in any way made to such
primitive, must depend exclusively on those parts added.
Hence, when all the prefixes and suffixes in the language
are known, nothing remains but to acquire the meaning of
the primitives to understand the whole language, so far as
those component parts are concerned in modifying the
import of words.
8 ANALYSIS OF THfi
SECTION II.
Caution.
IN applying the following rules in this book, it must be
remembered, their application is confined exclusively to
derivative words. When any of those combinations of
letters called prefixes and suffixes, constitute an essential
part of a primitive word, they are in such cases neither
prefixes nor suffixes, and do not come under the rules of
Analysis nor Definition. Such as 'ess,' in Bless, 'ate,' in
Climate, ' ish,' in Lavish, ' ment,' in Torment, &c., 'em,'
in Embers, ' bi,' in Bias, ' un,' in Under, together with
all such primitive words as contain a similar combination of
letters as any of the prefixes and suffixes. To such, the
rules do not apply.
The following explanations ought to be thoroughly
understood, both by teachers and pupils :
1. When the analysis of the word requires it, the entire
prefix, whether consisting of one letter, or one or more
syllables, is separated from the root by a comma ; thus,
Dis, please ; II, legal ; A, vert; Circum,vent.
2. In many instances, by dividing the word into its
proper syllables, the first letter of the root must be joined to
the prefix, in order to complete a syllable, and lead to a
correct accentuation of the word. In such cases the
common character of accentuation marks the letter ; thus,
in Bene,volent, Geo,graphy, Dia, meter, bene, geo and dia
are prefixes ; volent, graphy and meter, are roofs. To speif
those words by syllables, the first letter of each root must
be joined to its prefix, and accented, thus.; Be-nev'olent,
Ge-og'-ra-phy, Di-am'-e-ter ; usually completing the syllable
with the very letter on which the accent must fall.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 11
3. In all similar cases, when one Ot^ apt to.
root must combine with the prefix to foh. ar, to.
to show the accent, it will be found with ^<mo, to take,
accent over such letter, thus ; Bene,v'olent, Geo,t,
Diameter. - ^
NOTE. Teachers are specially requested to confine their
pupils to the prefixes and suffixes, till these component parts
are learned in the most thorough manner. When this
point is gained, the WHOLE WORK is virtually mastered.
Supposing it even take scholars three months, as pursued
in connection with- their other studies, they would then have
acquired the ability of comprehending the import of more
words in the language, than could be gained from studying
and reciting from a dictionary for at least two years.
SECTION III.
Explanation of the Prefixes.
A PREFIX is a letter, syllable, or word, added to the
beginning of some other word, to vary or modify its
primitive signification.
Theist, implies a person who believes in the existence of
a God. Now prefix a, and it becomes Atheist, implying
one who does not believe in the existence of a God.
Again. Possible, means that which can be done. Now
prefix im, and it becomes ^possible, implying what cannot
be done.
Some entire words are occasionally used as prefixes.
The following are the principal prefixes in our language,
influencing the meaning of words.
The analytic definition of the root, with its prefix, is
10 ANALYSIS OF THE
commonly given in such examples as would seem to be of
material benefit to English scholars.
A,^ ab, abs; denote from, away from, separation.
EXAMPLES.
A,vert, to turn from. Derived from Verto, to turn, and
a, from.
Ab,solve, to loose or free from.. Solvo, to loose, ab, from.
Ab,duce, to lead from. Duco, to lead, ab, from.
Ab,scind, to rend off, or from. Scindo, to rend, ab, from.
Abstract, to draw from. Trako, to draw, abs, from.
Abstain, to hold/n>m. Teneo, to hold, abs, from.
Abs,cond, to conceal from. Condo, to conceal, abs, from.f
AD,t implies to, toward, closeness, or union.
Ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, at, imply the same as ad.
Adjoin, to join to. Derived from Jungo, to join, and
ad, to.
Ac, cede, to yield to. Cedo, to yield, ac, to.
Af,fix, to fix to. Figo, to fix, af, to.
Ag,grieve, to give pain or sorrow to.
Al,lude, to refer to. Jjudo, to play, al, to.
An,nex, to tie or link to. Necto, to link, an, to.
* A, serves as a prefix to many English words, having a signification
nearly equivalent to in, on, at ; as afoot, on foot ; abed, in bed; afar,
at a distance, &c.
f The defining phraseology need not be restricted to the word from,
but may vary in any manner which implies separation, or taking
away ; as abbreviate, to shorten* or abridge ; abrasion, the act of
wearing or rubbing off, &c.
JO, is changed for c, f, g, 1, n, p, r, s, or t, before a corresponding
letter, for the sake of euphony and ease of utterance. Instead of saying
adcede, adjix, we say accede, affix, &c*
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 11
Ap,pend, to hang to. Pendeo, to hang, ap, to.
Abrogate, to lay claim to. Rogo, to ask, ar, to.
As,sume, to take to, or upon one's self. Sumo, to take,
as, to.
At,tend, to give the mind to. Tendo, to stretch, at, to.*
AMBI, (from ambo.) Implies both.
Ambi,dexter, using both hands equally well.
AMB, AMPHI — imply, around, or two.
Am'b,ient, surrounding. Derived from Am and iens.
Amb,ig'uous, having two meanings ; doubtful.
Amphitheater, a circular building.
Amphibious, able to live in two elements.
ANTE — denotes before, (in time, place or rank.)
Ante, date, to date before the true time.
Antecedent, going before ; (in time.)
Ante,diluvian, one who lived before the flood.
Ante,chamber, the front or first chamber.
Ante, nuptial, before marriage.
Ante,past, a foretaste.
ANT, ANTI — imply opposite, opposed or against.
Anti, Christ, the great opposer of Christ.
Anti,pode, one on the opposite side of the globe.
Anti,dotal, good against the effects of poison.
Anti,p'athy, opposition in feelings ; dislike.
Anti,th'esis, contrast ; opposition of words.
Antarctic, a circle opposite to the arctic circle.
BENE — implies good or well.
Bene,factor, a doer of good.
* The defining phrase need not include the word to, if couched in
such language as implies addition, corresponding with the sense of the
word to be defined ; as applaud, to praise, which is the same as, to
give praise to.
12 ANALYSIS OF THE
Benevolent, having a disposition to do good. Derived
from VolenSj wishing, and bene, good.
Bene,fit, an act of kindness ; good done.
Bene,diction, a blessing ; speaking good words.
BI, BIS — denote two.
Bi,sect, to cut into two parts. Sectus, cut.
Bi,ennia], happening once in two years.
Bi,g'amy, having two husbands or wives at a time.
Bi,form, having two forms.
Bi,ped, a bird or animal having two feet.
Bis,cuit, cake hard baked. Derived from bis, twice, and
cult, baked.
cis — implies on this side.
Cis,alpine, on this side the Alps. (As from Rome.)
Cis,padane, on this side the Po. (A river in Italy.)
CENTU, CENTI, CENT — imply a hundred.
Centu,plicate, to make a hundred fold. From Plico, to
fold.
Centennial, occurring once in a hundred years.
Centi,folious, having a hundred leaves.
Centi,ped, applied to insects having many feet.
CONTRA, CONTRO, COUNTER — imply opposition to, or against.
Contra,dict, to oppose by words. Dico, to speak, contra,
against.
Contraposition, a placing over against. Pono, to place,
contra, against.
Controversy, opposition by words — a dispute. Versus, a
turning, contro, against.
Counter,attraction, opposite attraction. Traho, to draw,
counter, opposite to.
Counteract, to act in opposition to ; to impede.
Counterbalance, to weigh against with equal weight.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 13
— implies with, joined with, or together.
co, COG, COM, COL, COR, have the same import as con.
Co,hesion, the act of sticking together. Hereo, to stick,
co, together.
Co,operate, to act, or operate jointly with another.
Cog,nate, allied by blood ; related. Natus, born.
Col,lect, to bring together into one body, or place.
Col,late, to lay together, and compare.
Col,lapse, to fall together, as the two sides of a vessel.
Com,bine, to unite, or join things together.
Com,press, to press together by external force.
Con,verse, to come together. Venio, to come, con, to-
gether.
Confederate, to unite in a league, or by treaty.
Cor,rugate, to wrinkle. Rugo, to gather, cor, together.
CIRCUM — implies around, about.
Circumnavigate, to sail around, as by water.
Circum'jacent, lying around ; bordering on.
Circumambient, surrounding, as the air.
Circum,spect, looking around ; prudent.
Circumference, a line that goes round a circle.
DE — denotes from, removing from, depriving of, or down.
De,duce, to draw from, or gather truth. Duco, to draw,
de, from.
De,grade, to reduce from a higher to a lower rank.
De,bark, to land/rom a ship or a boat.
Dejected, cast down, as to the countenance. Jacio, to
cast, de, down.
De,fraud, to deprive of a right ; to cozen or cheat,
De,obstruct, to remove impediments from a passage.
, Departure, the act of going away, removing from.
* Before a vowel or h, n is dropped, as cohere, coalesce.
2
14 ANALYSIS OF THE
De,pose, to reduce from a throne, or deprive of office.
De,volve, to roll down on, or to pass to another.
De,molish, to throw, or pull down ; to destroy.
De, spoil, to take from by force ; to deprive of.
De,fend, to drive from, or thrust back ; to protect.
DI, DIS, DIF — denote separating 'rout of, from, off, or want of.
Di,vide, to part into two or more portions.
Di,vest, to strip off, as clothes, arms, or equipage.
Di,vert, to turn off, from any course ; to amuse.
Disburse, to pay out, as money from a treasury.
Dis,locate, to put out of its proper place, as a joint.
Dis,arm, to deprive of arms, or means of defence.
Dis,miss, to give leave to depart ; to send away.
Dis,able, to deprive of ability, to weaken or impair.
Dis,inter, to take out of a grave, or out of the earth.
Dif,fuse, to pour out and spread, as a fluid.
Dif,fer, to separate, to disagree. Fero, to bear, dif, apart.
DUO, DU — denote double or two.
Duo,decimo,^ a book with twelve pages to a sheet.
Duplicate, a copy ; two of the same kind.
Du,plicity, doubleness of heart, or speech ; deceit.
E, EX, EF, EC — denote out, out of, from, beyond.
E,duce, drawow£; to elicit, or extract. Duco, to draw,
e, out.
Eject, to pick out from among two or more.
E,vade, to escape from; to avoid by dexterity. Vado, to
march, e, from.
E,merge, to rise out of a fluid ; to issue from.
Ex,clude, to thrust out ; to hinder from entering. Claudo,
to shut, ex, out.
Ex,haust, to empty by drawing out the whole.
* Decem, ten ; and duo, two, making twelve.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 15
Ex,cess, superfluity beyond necessary wants.
Ef,flux, the act of flowing out, as in a stream. Fluo, to
flow, ef, out.
Effulgence, a shining forth, as with a flood of light.
Effervesce, to throw off vapor, or gas, as in boiling.
Ec,lectic, a selecting, or choosing from.
Ec,centric, deviating, or departing from the center.
*Es,cort, a guard sent forth to attend an officer, &c.
Es,cape, to flee from and avoid ; to shun or evade.
Es,chew, to Reefrom; to shun or avoid evil.
Bs,trange, to keep at a distance ; to withdraw.
EN,t EM — denote in or upon; (giving intensity.)
Entourage, to inspire with more courage.
En,lighten, to shed light on, to increase the light.
En,velop, to cover by mwrapping, or folding.
En,circle, to inclose, or to go round ; to surround.
Em, body, to form into a body ; to collect.
Em,power, to give legal, or moral power to.
Em,bolden, to give boldness, or courage to.
Em,phatic, uttered with greater force of voice.
EQUI — implies equal.
Equilateral, a figure having equal sides. Lotus, a side.
Equilibrium, equality of weight or force.
Equivalent, equal in value or worth.
Equi,distant, at an equal distance from.
Equi,v'ocal, language equally implying either of two
senses.
EXTRA — denotes beyond, more than, or excess.
*Es, in some cases, has the same import as ex.
t en, is borrowed from the French. It coincides with the Latin, in,
and the Greek, en. N is changed for m, before labials ; as employ . In
some words en and in, are interchangeable, as enclose, inclose.
16 ANALYSIS OF THE
Extra ,v'agant, going beyond due bounds ; excessive.
Vagans, going, extra, beyond.
Extraordinary, beyond the common order.
Extra judicial, out of the proper court.
IN — is used in two senses, 1st. It denotes not, or a nega-
tive sense, when prefixed to adjectives and adverbs.
IM, IG, IL, IR — denote the same, in the same connec-
tion. 2nd. It denotes i?i, on or upon, when
prefixed to verbs or words derived from verbs.)
IM, IG, IL, IR — denote the same as in, when in this case,
also, they are used in the same connection.
1st Import. In, capable, not capable ; wanting capacity.
In,cautious, not cautious ; not circumspect.
In,effably, in a manner not to be uttered.
Impossible, not possible ; that cannot be.
Im,mortal, not mortal ; exempt from death.
Im,mutably, not admitting change.
Ig,noble, not noble ; of low birth or family.
Ig,norant, not knowing ; wanting knowledge.
Il,legal, not legal ; contrary to law ; unlawful.
Illiberal, not liberal ; not free to give.
Illegibly, in a manner not to be/ead.
Irreligious, not religious ; impious ; ungodly.
Ir,regular, not regular ; deviating.
Irrevocably, in a manner not to be recalled.
2nd Import. Incarcerate, to put in prison.
Inaugurate, to invest with an office ; to induct.
Im,mure, to confine within walls.
Im,press, to imprint in or on ; to stamp.
Ig.nite, to kindle, or set on fire ; to take fire,
ll,luminate, to enlighten, to throw light on.
Illustrate, to make tnore clear ; to explain.
•
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 17
Ir,ritate, to make angry, or fretful ; to provoke.
Irrigate, to water ; to moisten ; to bedew.
Inheritable, that may be inherited.
Im,pressive, tending to make an impression.
Ig,nition, the act of setting on fire.
Il,lusory, tending to deceive ; deceitful.
Ir,ritable, susceptible of excitement ; passionate.
INTER — denotes among or between.
Inter, change, a mutual exchange between.
Inter, pose, to place or come in, between.
Intermix, to mix together ; to intermingle.
Interrupt, to stop or hinder, by breaking in, between.
Inter, val, a space between things ; a void space.
INTRO — denotes within, into, or in.
Introspection, a view of the inside, or interior.
Introduce, to conduct in, or make known.
Intro,gression, the act of coming in ; entrance.
Intro,version, the act of turning inward.
INFRA — implies under or below.
Infra,mundane, under the world.
JURIS — denotes legal, or lawful right.
Jurisdiction, legal authority, or control over.
Jurisprudence, the science of law.
JUXTA — denotes near by, or nearness.
Juxtaposition, a being placed in nearness.
MIS — denotes wrong, or erroneous.
Misapply, to apply in a wrong manner.
Misestimate, to estimate erroneously.
Mispronounce, to pronounce wrong.
Mis, place, to put in a wrong place.
Mis,conduct, wrong conduct ; ill behaviour.
MALE, MAL — denote ill, evil, bad.
18 ANALYSIS OF THE
Mal,treat, to treat ill ; to treat roughly ; to abuse.
Malpractice, evil practice ; immoral conduct.
Malevolent, wishing evil to others ; envious.
Male,diction, evil speaking ; cursing.
Male, factor, an evil doer ; one who commits a crime.
MULTI — denotes many.
Multilateral, a figure having many sides.
Multi,form, having many forms.
Multiplicity, the state of being many.
Multiplication, the act of increasing.
Multi,ped, an insect having many feet.
MANU— denotes a hand.
Manuscript, a paper written by hand.
Manufacture, to make by hand.
Manu,mit, to release the hand from bondage.
Manu,al, a small book easily carried by hand.
NON, NE, UN — denote not, when prefixed to adjectives and
adverbs.
Non,sense, void of sense ; not sense.
Non,existence, not having existence.
Ne,uter, not either ; the neuter gender.
Un,true, not true ; contrary to fact.
Un,safe, not safe. Un,sound, not sound, 6rc.
When un is prefixed to verbs and participles, it denotes
undoing what has been done ; as,
Un,lace, to undo the lacing ; to loose the strings.
Un,lading, removing the cargo of a ship.
Un,harnessing, stripping off the harness.
NOCT — implies night.
Noct,ur'nal, pertaining to night ; nightly.
Noct,iv'agant, wandering in the night.
Noct,am'bulist, one walking by night ; (in sleep.)
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 19
OB, oc, OF, OP — denote in front, against, toward, in or on.
Ob,trude, to thrust in, or on, as uninvited.
Obstruct, to block up, as a passage ; putting in the way.
Oc,cur, to meet, as in front ', before the mind, or eye.
Oc,cupant, (in law) one who comes before, or first in
possession.
Of,fer, to bring before, for acceptance, or rejection.
Of,ficious, excessively forward; intermeddling.
Opponent, one who opposes, or sets himself against.
Opposition, a standing over against, or in front of.
OMNI, PANTO, PAN — denote all.
Omni,s'cient, knowing all things, as God does.
Omnipotent, having all power, as God has.
Omnipresent, being present at once, in all places.
Omni,bus, a carriage common for all to ride in,
Pan,theon, a temple dedicated to all the gods.
Pan,tomine, imitating all sorts of actions.
Pan,acea, a remedy for all diseases.
PLENI — denotes full.
Plenipotentiary, an ambassador with full power.
Pleni,tude, fullness ; abundance.
Plenary, full, complete, entire.
Plenum, fullness of matter in space.
PRETER — denotes beyond, past, more than.
Preternatural, beyond what is natural.
. Preter,legal, exceeding the limits of the law.
Preter,it, that which is past ; past tense.
Preter,imperfect, the tense of action not perfectly past.
POST — denotes after.
Postmeridian, after noon ; any time after noon.
Postmortem, after death, as a postmortem examination.
Postdiluvian, a person who lived after the flood.
20 ANALYSIS OF THE
Postpone, to put off till another time ; to defer.
Postscript, a paragraph afterwards added ; an addition.
Posterity, descendants ; those coming after, as children.
PRO — denotes fore, forth, forward, out, oifor.
Probation, /ore-trial; the act of proving; trial.
Pro,duce, to bring forward; to bring forth.
Pro, pel, to drive forward ; to urge on by force. Petto,
to drive, pro, forward.
Pro,pose, to bring forward, or offer for acceptance. Pono,
to place, pro, before.
Pro,m'inent, standing out beyond ; jutting out.
Progression, the act of moving forward.
Prognostic, /oreshowing, as a future event.
Promulgate, to publish, in some way to send forth.
PRE — denotes before, forward, or to surpass , in time 01
rank.
Pre,cede, to go before in the order of time.
Pre,concert, a previous agreement.
Pre,meditate, to consider on beforehand.
Pre,occupy, to take possession before another.
Prejudge, to judge in a cause before it is heard.
Preeminent, surpassing, or superior in excellence.
Pre,face, that which comes before, as introductory.
Pre,pare, to make ready, beforehand; to adjust.
PER — denotes through, by, very, over.
Per?vade, to pass through, or spread through. Vado, to
march, per, through.
Per,ceive, to get impressions through the senses.
Perforate, to bore through, or pierce through.
Per, vert, to turn by, or from a proper purpose.
Per,vious, admitting a passage through.
Per, form, to carry through an undertaking.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 21
Per,petual, continuing through all time.
Per,fect, complete, every thing gone through with.
Per,day, or per,diem, by the day; per,annum, &c.
PRIMO, PRIM — denote first, or original.
Primogenitor, the first father, or forefather.
Prim,or'dial, first in order ; original.
Primitive, an original word ; one not derived.
Prim,ary, first in order of time ; original.
QUAD, TETRA — denote four.
Quad,rate, a figure having four equal sides.
Quadruple, four fold ; four times told.
Quad,ruped, an animal having four feet.
Quad,rant, the quarter, or fourth part of a circle.
Tetra,spermous, having four seeds. (Botany.)
Tetra,syllabic, consisting of four syllables.
^RE — denotes again, back, return, or repetition.
Re,enter, to enter again, or a second time.
Reassign, to assign back, or transfer back.
Re,pay, to pay back, or return, as money.
Re,people, to furnish again with people.
Re,mind, to bring to mind, or notice again.
Re,spect, to look back on, as with esteem.
Repetition, the act of performing again.
Reorganize, to organize again, or anew.
RETRO — denotes backward, or back.
Retrograde, going or moving backward.
Retrospection, the act of looking back, on.
Retro,pulsive, driving, or repelling back.
Retroaction, action turned backward.
SE — denotes separation, or withdrawal.
Se, elude, to separate, as from company.
* In some words, re has lost its original meaning, as in rejoice.
22 ANALYSIS OF THE
Se,cede, to withdraw from fellowship with.
Se,dtice, to draw aside from the path of rectitude.
Se,lect, to choose one or more from a number.
Se,cure, separated, or withdrawn from danger.
Se,crecy, a state of separation ; from public observation.
SUPER, SUPRA, SUR — denote over, over and above, beyond.
Superfine, over and above fine ; very fine.
Superficial, being on, or over the surface ; not deep,
Superstitious, over scrupulous ; over exact.
Supervision, the act of overseeing ; inspection.
Supra,mundane, over or above the world.
Surcharged, overcharged, as clouds with electricity.
Sur,mount, to rise above ; to overcome.
Sur,pass, to go beyond in any thing.
Sur,feit, to be overfed with meat or drink.
SEX, HEX, HEXA — denote six.
Sex,ennial, lasting or happening once in six years.
Sex,tant, an instrument, the sixth part of a circle.
Hexa,gon, a figure of six sides and six angles.
Hexa,m'eter, a verse containing six poetic feet.
Hex,androus, (in botany) having six stamens.
SOLI,MONO — denote one alone.
Soli,tude, the state of being alone ; a lonely life.
Soliloquy, a talking to one's self, or alone.
Mono,theist, a believer in one God only.
Monologue, spoken by one person only.
Mono,p'oly, the sole power of selling certain goods.
^SUB, SUBTER — denote under, below, after.
Sub,due, to bring under, as by conquest.
*b, in sub, is changed for c9f, g, p9 or s, and thus forms sue, suf,
sug, sup and sus, all retaining the same import as sub. This is for
euphony.
ENGLISH LANGVAGB. 23
Submerge, to put under water ; to plunge,
Suc,ceed, to follow in order after ; to come after.
Suc,cumb, to submit, or to sink under, unresistingly.
Suf,fer, to undergo pain of body or mind.
Suf,fix, what is placed after, or at the end of a word.
Sup,port, to hold up, by something underneath.
Sus,tain, to bear up and keep from sinking.
Subter,fluent, flowing underneath.
Subter,fuge, fleeing under, an artifice for concealment.
SEMI, HEMI, DEMI — denote half.
Semicircle, halfa. circle. Semiannual, half yearly.
Semijdiameter. Demi,wolf. Hemisphere.
SINE — denotes without.
Sine,die, adjournment without fixing a day.
Sine,cure, an office of revenue without employ.
TRANS, ULTRA — denote across, beyond, change, through.
Transatlantic, across the Atlantic. (Ocean.)
Ultra,montane, beyond the mountain.
Transparent, capable of being seen through.
Trans,gress, to go across ; to violate a law.
Translate, to render, or change to another language.
Trans,mute, to change from one substance to another.
Transplant, to remove and plant in another place.
TRI — denotes three.
Tri,angle, a figure having three angles.
Triennial, continuing three years.
Tri,florous, bearing three flowers.
Tri,colored, having three colors ; as the French flag.
UNI — denotes one.
Uni,form, having one, or the same form.
Uni,v'ocal, having one meaning, only; (one voice.)
Uni,ty, the state of being one ; sameness.
24 ANALYSIS OF THE
Uni,verse, the entire creation as one whole.
NOTE. The Greek word constituting the prefix, is given in Roman
letters, inclosed with parenthesis. The Greek prepositions are not
inclosed.
A — denotes privation, destitute of, or without.
A,ch'romatic, destitute of color. (Applied to a telescope.)
A,theism, disbelief of the existence of a God.
A,nonymous, without a name ; nameless.
A,cephalous, without a head ; headless.
ANA — denotes, again, against, back. (Various senses.)
Ana,baptist, one who re-baptizes, or baptizes again.
Analysis, resolving a thing back to its elements.
Ana,t'omy, a cutting through, or dissecting.
ARCH — (arche) denotes chief; (beginning.)
Arch,bishop, chief bishop, or principal.
Arch,fiend, the chief fiend, or foe .
Arch,deacon, the chief, or principal deacon.
ASTRO — (aster, astron) denotes star.
Astro ,n'omy, the science of the stars.
Astrology, dividing or foretelling by the stars.
Astrog/raphy, a treatise on the stars.
AUTO — (autos) denotes one's self.
Auto,graph, aAperson's own hand writing.
Auto,crat, a man who, by himself, governs a nation.
Auto,m'aton, a machine seeming to move itself.
Auto,p'sy, personal observation ; occular view.
APO, APH — denote from.
Apo,gee, the moon's greatest distance from the earth.
Apo,s'tasy, a departure from the faith.
Apo,s'tle, one sent forth; a disciple of Christ.
Aph,erion, a planet's greatest distance from the sun.
ARISTO — (aristos) denotes the best ; that is, Noble or Nobles
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 25
Aristocracy a government by the Nobility.
BIO — (bios), denotes life.
Bio,g'raphy, the written life of a person.
BIBLIO — (biblion) denotes book.
Biblio,g'raphy, a history or description of books.
Biblio,thecal, belonging to a library,
CATA — against or down. It has various meanings.
Cata,baptist, one who opposes baptism.
Cata,ract, a dashing down ; a waterfall.
Cata,phonics, the doctrine of reflected sounds.
Cata,s'trophe, an overthrow ; a final event.
CHORO — (choros) denotes & place, or country.
Choro,g'raphy, the art of making maps.
CHIRO — (cheir), denotes a hand.
Chiro,g'raphy, writing with one's own hand.
CHRONO — (chronos) denotes time.
Chrono,m'eter, an instrument to measure time,
Chronology, the science of time.
Chron,icle, a record of facts in the order of time.
Chro,nic, a disease of long continuance.
COSMO — (cosmos) denotes the world.
Cosmography, a description of the world.
Cosmo,g'ony, a treatise on the creation.
Cosmo,p'olite, a citizen of the world.
DIA — denotes through.
Dia,m'eter, a right line through the center of a circle.
Diagonal, a line drawn through, from angle to angle.
Pia,phoretic, promoting perspiration ; through the pores
of the skin.
DYS — denotes bad, or difficult.
Dys,pensy, difficulty of digestion.
Dys,phony, difficulty of speaking.
3
26 ANALYSIS OF THE
Dys,orexyv oad or depraved appetite.
DECA, DEC — (deka) and latin, decem — ten.
Deca,gon, a figure having ten angles,
Deca,logue, the ten commandments.
Decimal, a fraction numbering by tentJis*
Deca,pod, an animal having ten feet.
EU — implies good, well, or praise.
Eu,peptic, having good digestion.
Eu,phony, a smooth agreeable sound.
Eu,pathyr a state of right feeling.
Eu,logize, to praise, or give commendation.
EPI — denotes in, on, or upon.
Epidemic, some general disease on the people.
Epi,lepsy, seizing on suddenly, as a fit.
Epi,taph, an inscription on a tombstone.
ENTOMO — (entoma) denotes an insect.
Entomology, a treatise describing insects.
Entomo,lite, a petrified insect.
GEO — (ge) denotes the earth.
Geo,g'raphy, a written description of the earth.
Geo,l'ogy, the science which treats of the structure of
the earth — its minerals, &c.
Geometry, the measurement of the globe by lines, &c.
HOMO — (homos) denotes like, or similar.
Homogeneous, the same kind of qualities.
Homologous, sides or angles of the same ratio.
HETERO — (heteros) denotes unlike^ or different.
Heterogeneous, unlike in kind or nature.
Hetero,dox, unlike scripture doctrines ; heresy.
HEPTA — (latin, septem) denotes seven.
Hepta,gon, a figure having seven angles.
Septennial, occurring once in seven years.
EN'GLlSH LANGUAGE. 27
denotes the sun.
Heliocentric, position of a body as seen from the center
of the sun.
Helio,m'eter, a solar instrument ; a micrometer.
HYDRO — (hudor) denotes water.
Hydrojogy, science of the laws of water, &c.
Hydro,phobia, dread of water ; canine madness,
Hydro,p'athy, water cure.
Hy'dr,ant, a pipe for conveying water.
Hydrostatics, the science of fluids at rest.
Hydra, a water serpent ; a monster.
HYPER — (huper) denotes over, excess, beyond.
Hypercritical, critical beyond use, or reason.
Hyper,bole, an exaggerated expression.
Hyper,oxyd, that which has an excess of oxygen.
HYPO — (hupo) denotes under, (figuratively.)
Hypo,crite, one under disguised sentiments.
Hypo,thvesis, a supposition under consideration.
Hypo,condrk, a being under dejection of spirits.
ICHTHYO — (ichthus) denotes a fish.
Ichthyology, the science which treats of fishes.
LEXICO — (lexikon) denotes a dictionary.
Lexicographer, a writer of dictionaries.
LITHO — (lithos) denotes stone.
Litho,g'raphy, the art of engraving on stone.
LithoJ'ogy, the natural history of stones.
Litho,graph, a print from a drawing on stone.
<META — denotes change, beyond.
Meta,morphose, to change into another form,
Meta,b'asis, a passing from one thing to another.
Meta,physics, a science above, or beyond physics.
-MYTEO — (muthos) denotes fable.
28 A NALYSISOFTH£
Mytho,rogist, a writer of fables.
Mythology, a system of fables.
MISO, MIS — (misos) denote hatred.
Misanthropy, hatred, or dislike to mankind
Miso,g'amistj a hater of marriage.
OSTEO — (osteon) denotes bone.
OsteoJ'ogy, a description of bones.
Osteo,g'eny, the growth or formation of bories^
ORTHO — (orthos) denotes right, correct.
Ortho,g'raphy, the writing of words correctly.
Ortho,dox, correct, or sound in the faith.
Ortho,epy, correct pronunciation of words.
Ortho,l'ogy, the right description of things.
ORNITHO— (ornis, ornithos) denotes a bird, or fowl.
Ornitho,l'ogy, the science of birds.
octo, OCTA, OCT— (okto) denote eight.
Octa,gon, a figure having eight angles.
Octa,vo, a book, each sheet making eight leaves .<
Octo, her, the eighth month of the Roman year.
Oct,ant, the eighth part of a circle.
Octo ,n ocular,^ having eight eyes.
PARA — denotes contrary, beyond, by the side of.
Para-dox, a tenet contrary to received opinions.
Parallel, equidistant ; lying side by side.
Para,gon, a model of excellencies ; a pattern,
Para,mount, beyond or superior to all others.
PROTO— (protos) denotes first, or chief.
Proto,martyr, thsjirst martyr.
Prototype; an original, or chief model.
Protocol, the original copy of any writing.
PENTA— (pente) denotes five.
• * n is inserted for euphony.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 29
1?enta,g<sn, a figure having five angles.
Penta,chord, five strings ; an instrument of music.
Penta,teuch, the five books of Moses,
Pentameter, a verse having five poetic feet.
•PHYSICO, PHYSIO— (phusis, phusicos) nature, natural.
Physico,logic, logic illustrated by natural philosophy.
Physio,g'nomy, discerning the character of the mind by
the natural features of the face.
PYRO — (pur) denotes fire,
Pyrotechnics, the art of making fire-works.
Pyro,l'ogy, a treatise on heat.
£YLO — (pohas) denotes many.
Polysyllable, a word of many syllables.
Poly,glot, a book containing words in many languages.
Poly,pode, an animal having many feet.
Polytechnic, comprehending many arts*
PHILO, PHIL — (philos) denote a friend, love, or lover.
Philo,s'opher, a lover of wisdom.
Philo,l'ogy, a love of words or of language.
Philo,math, a lover of learning.
Philanthropist, a lover of mankind.
PERI — denotes around, near or nearest.
Peri,ph'ery, a line passing round, as of a circle.
Peri,od, a circuit, or revolution, as of time,
Peri,gee; the moon's orbital point nearest the earth.
Peri,helion, an orbital point nearest the sun.
SYN, SYL, SYM, SY — (sun) denote with, together with.
Synthesis, a putting of things together.
Syllable, letters put together for utterance.
Syn,agogue, a house ; an assembly of Jews met to
worship.
Sympathy, accordance in feeling uritk others.
36 ANALYSlSOFTHfi
Sys,tem, a scheme of connected parts, arranged
Syn,opsis, a collection of things viewed at once,
STENO — (stenos) denotes narrow, brief, short.
Stenographer, one who writes short hand.
STEREO — (stereos) denotes solid, firm.
Stereotype, solid or fixed types in plates.
Stereo, m'etry, the art of measuring solid bodies.
TOPO — (topos) denotes a place.
Topography, description of sorne country, or place,
THEO — (Theos) denotes God.
Theology, science of God and divine things.
Theo,c'rasy, a government specially under God.
TYPO — (tupos) denotes type.
Typographic, pertaining to printing.
zoo — (zoVn) denotes an animal, or beast.
zo-Ojl'ogy, natural history of animals.
PREFIXES OF SAXON ORIGI$.
ALL — denotes most, wholly, or in the highest degree.
All-cheering, most cheering. All-cheering news.
All-abandoned, wholly abandoned ; forsaken.
All-important, important in the highest degree.
AFTER— denotes later, or following.
After-noon, the part of the day which follows noon*
After-part, the latter part, as of the day or night,
BE— denotes nearness. It adds intensity.
Be-siege, to lay siege to, with armed force.
Be-deck, to adorn, or make mere beautiful
Be-times, seasonably ; in good season.
Be-witch, to fascinate by charms.
iY— denotes near, aside.
LANGUAGE.
jfey-stander, one who stands near by.
By-path, an obscure way; aside ; a private path*
By-passage, a passage one-side ; private.
£ ORE— denotes before, or in front.
Fore-tell, to tell beforehand ; to predict.
Fore-show, to show beforehand ; to foretell.
Fore-side, the front part, or side.
OUT — denotes beyond, excess.
Out-reach, to extend, or reach beyond.
Out-number, to number more ; to exceed.
Out-run, to exceed in running j to run faster.
OVER— denotes excess, or above; (in place or rank.)
Over-anxious, too much anxiety, or excess.
Over-balance, excess of weight or value.
Over-load, td load too heavily ; to over-burden.
UP — denotes rising, sustaining.
Up-lift, to raise, or elevate. Up,root, to tear up.
Up-hold, to keep up, by sustaining. Up,cast, &c*
UNDER — denotes below, beneath, subordinate.
Under-current, a current beneath the surface.
Under-agent, a subordinate agent.
Under-let f to lease or let below the value*
Under-officer, one subordinate in rank.
WITH — denotes opposing, or restraining.
With-stand, to oppose, or to resist.
Withhold, to keep back, to restrain.
31
3S AN A LYSIS OF THE
SECTION IV.
Synopsis of Prefixes.
a ab abs. Most; .wholly; iu the highest degree,
ad ac af ag al an ap ) TQ . toward dosencsg or uniom
ar as at. )
ambi. Both.
\
amb amphi. Around or two.
ante. ' Before.
ant anti. Opposite ; against.
bene. Good or well.
bi bis. Two.
cis. On this side.
centu centi cent. A hundred.
contra contro counter. Against ; opposition to.
con co cog com col cor. With ; joined with ; or together.
circum. Around ; about.
de. From; depriving of; down.
di dis dif. Separating; out of ; from.
duo du. Two; double.
e exefec. Out; out of ; from; beyond.
en em. In, or upon.
equi. Equal.
extra. Beyond ; more than ; excess.
Not ; (with adj. and adv.)
in im ig il ir. Jn . imo . ^ ( With
inter. Between ; among,
intro. Within; into; unto,
infra. Under; below;
juris. Legal; lawful; right.
juxta. Near by ; nearness,
mis. Wrong; erroneous.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
33
inale rtial. Ill ; evil ; bad.
multi, Many,
tnanu. A hand.
Not. (With adj. and adv.) Un-
doing. (With verbs.)
nock . Night.
oh oc of op. In front ; against ; toward ; in, or on^
omni panto part. All.
pleni. Full,
preter. Beyond; past; more than,
post. After. %
pro. Fore ; forth ; forward ; out, or for^
pre. Before ; forward ; to surpass*]
per. Through ; by ; very ; over;
primo prim. First; original,
quad tetra. Four;
re. Again ; back ; return,
retro. Backward ; back,
se. Separation ; withdrawal*
super supra sur. Over and above ; beyond
sex hex hexa. Six.
soli mono. One ; alone*
sub subter. Under ; below ; after,
semi demi hemi. Half,
sine. Without,
trans ultra. Across ; beyorid ; change,
tri. Three.
unL One.
ANALYSIS OF THE
GREEK PREFIXES.
When the prefix is from a Greek word, such word is
given by Roman letters, enclosed in parenthesis.
Privation; destitute of ; without
Again ; against ; back.
Chief; beginning.
A star.
One's self.
From.
The best, viz., Noble or Nobles.
a.
ana.
arch, (arche)
astro, (aster, astron)
auto, (autos)
apo aph.
aristo, (aristos)
bio. (bios)
biblio. (biblion)
cata.
choro. (chores.
chiro. (cheir)
chrono. (chronos)
tosmo. (cosmos)
dia.
dys.
deca dec. (deka)
eu.
epi.
entomo. (entoma)
geo. (ge')
homo, (homos)
Life.
A book.
Against; down.
A place, or country.
A hand.
Time.
The world.
Through.
Bad; difficult.
Ten.
Good ; well ; praise.
In ; on ; upon.
An insect.
The earth.
Like; similar.
Unlike; dissimilar.
hetero. (heteros)
hepta. (Latin Septem.) Seven.
helio. (helios) The sun.
hydro, (hudor) Water.
hyper, (huper) Over ; excess ; beyond*
hypo, (hupo) Under.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 35
ichthyo. (ichthus) A fish.
lexico. (lexikon) A dictionary.
litho, (lithos) Stone.
meta. Change ; beyond.
mytho. (muthos) A fable.
miso mis. (misos) Hatred.
osteo. (osteon) Bone.
ortho. (orthos) Eight ; correct.
ornitho. (ornithos) A bird ; a fowl.
octo octa oct. (okto) Eight.
para. Contrary; beyond.
proto. (protos) First; chief.
penta. (pente) Five.
physico physio, (phusis) Nature ; natural.
pyro. (pur) Fire.
poly, (polus) Many.
philo phil. (philos) Friend ; love ; lover.
peri. Around ; near.
syn syl sym sy. (sun) With ; together with.
steno. (stenos) Narrow; brief; short.
stereo, (stereos) Solid; firm.
topo. (topos) A place.
theo. (theos) God.
typo, (tupos) Type.
zoV (zoon) An animal ; a beast.
PREFIXES OF SAXON ORIGIN.
all. Most; wholly; in the highest degree,
after. . Later ; following,
be. Nearness. (Adding intensity.)
by. Near; aside.
36 ANALYSIS OF TH 5
fore. Before ; in front,
out. Beyond ; excess.
over. Excess; above.
up. Rising; sustaining,
under. Below; beneath,
with. Opposing; retaining.
SECTION V.
Classification of Prefixes.
In the subjoined section the Prefixes are thus arranged
expressly for the convenience of such teachers as may wish
their class to answer them in concert.
The teacher will pronounce each prefix ; and the class, in
concert, will define it.
ambi, both. manu, the hand,
bio, life. meta, a change,
chrono, time. multi, many,
duo, two. poly, many,
dia, through. post, after,
deca, ten. pre, before.
Jiepta, seven. steno, short,
mni, all. zoo', a beast,
octo, eight. biblio, a book,
pleni, full. helio, the sun.
penta, five. ichthyo, a fish,
proto, first. osteo, a bone,
pyro, fire, ornitho, a fowl,
tetra, four. physico, nature.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
37
uni, one.
Theo, God.
ad, to.
noct, night,
quod, four,
sex, six.
tri, three,
ante, before,
astro, a star,
auto, one's self,
amphi, around,
bene; good, well,
chiro, the hand,
choro, some place,
cosmo, the world,
contra, against,
circum. around,
extra, beyond,
equi, equal,
geo, the earth,
hydro, water,
hyper, over,
intro, within,
inter, between,
infra, below,
juxta, near to.
juris, legal,
litho, a stone,
stereo, solid,
mytho, a fable.
entomo, an insect.
lexico, dictionary.
genea, lineage.
homo, same kind.
hetero, different kinds.
epi ; in, or on.
soli, alone.
mono ; one, alone.
ortho ; right, correct.
preter ; past, beyond.
super; over, above.
centu ; a hundred.
counter, opposite.
se, separation.
typo ; type, figure.
peri ; near, under, about.
ana ; again, back.
aristo, the Nobles.
anti, ant ; against.
bis, hi ; two parts.
hexa, hex ; six.
miso, mis ; hatred.
male, mal; bad, evil.
philo, phil ; a friend, lover.
panto, pan ; all.
trans, ultra ; a cross.
apo, aph ; from, away from.
non, ne, nn ; not.
di, dis ; separation, not.
ob ; in front, before.
38 AN A LYSIS OF THE
SECTION VI.
Explanation of the, Suffixes.
ALTHOUGH the Suffixes will not admit of as precise
definitions as the Prefixes, yet they can be classed so as to
answer the general purposes of defining words.
A Suffix is a letter or letters, a syllable or syllables,
appended to the end of a word, to add force, vary or modify
its signification.
The word act means something done, or to do something.
Now add or, and it becomes actor, and means the person
who does something.
»" Imprison means to confine in some place. Now add
ment, and it becomes imprisonment, and implies the act of-
confining in some place. Such terminations, we denomi-
nate Suffixes. The following are the principal in our
language, classified and defined, according to their general
import.
ABLE, IBLE — imply that may be, can be, capable of being,
fit or worthy to be.
. EXAMPLES.
Audible, that may be heard, or can be heard.
Payable, that may be paid, or can be paid.
Movable, that may be moved, or can be moved.
Tamable, that may be tamed, or capable of being.
Flexible, that may be bent, or can be bent.
iiegible, that may be read, or can be read.
Illegible, fit to be chosen, or worthy to be chosen.
ABILITY, IBILITY, ABLENESS, JBLENESS — imply the property, or
quality, capable of being ; the state ; the capacity of,
or the susceptibility of being.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 39
Compressibility, the quality of being compressed.
Divisibility, the quality of being divisible.
Inft&mmableness, the capacity of taking fire.
Desirableness, the quality of being desirable.
M.}serableness, the sto£e of being miserable.
M.utability, susceptibility of change.
Durability, the property capable of lasting.
Phiableness, state deserving of compassion,
ANCE, ANCY, ENCE, ENCY, ION, MENT — imply the act of, the
result of, the state, the state of being, the thing, or
. that which.
Dependence, ) a state of hanging down from a supporter ;
Dependency, ) reliance; trust.
Emergence, 7 the act of rising out of, as out of water ;
Emergency, i an occurrence not expected.
Contrivance, the act of planning ; the thing planned.
Compliance, the act of complying, or willingness.
Navigation, the act of sailing, or state fit for.
Union, the act of joining ; or state of being joined.
Progression, the act of -moving forward ; an advance.
Immersion, the act of plunging into, or state.
Concession, the act of yielding; the thing yielded.
Confinement, the state of being confined.
Debasement, The act of debasing, or a state, &c.
Excitement, the act of, the state, or that which excites.
Consignment, the act of consigning, or thing consigned.
Amusement, that which or the thing which amuses.
ANT, ENT — (when the word is a noun) imply the person
who, or the thing which.
ANT, BNT — (when the word is an adjective) require the
defining word to end in ing, or a present participle.
40 ANALYSIS OF THE
NOUNS.
Defendant, the person who defends.
President, the man who presides over.
Deponed, the person who makes a deposition.
Combated, one who contends with another.
Delinquent, one who fails to do his duty.
Suppliant, one who entreats submissively.
[ Expectant, one who waits in expectation of.
Inhabit<m£, one who has a fixed residence in;
ADJECTIVES.
Refulgent, shining, or castmg- a light.
Cohered, sticking, or cleaving together,
Co-incide^, falling, or meeting on ths same point.
Circumfluent, Rowing around ; surroundm^.
Co-existed, existmg- at the same time.
Evanesced, vanishm^; passing away.
Indulged, yielding to the wishes of others.
Kelucta?^, striving slightly against ; unwilling.
AC, ic, AL, ARY — denote pertaining to, belonging to, relating
to, or consisting of.
Demoniac, pertaining to demons, or evil spirits.
Elegiac, belonging to elegy. (A mournful poem.)
Orgamc, pertaining to an organ or organs,
Domestic, belonging to the house, or home.
Romantic, pertaining to romance ; fanciful.
Acadermc, belonging to an Academy.
ArteriaZ, pertaining to an artery or arteries.
Imperial, pertaining to an Empire or Emperor.
NominaZ, pertaining to a name or names.
PatrimoniaZ, pertaining to a patrimony.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 41
Provincial, pertaining to a province.
Material, consisting of matter ; not spiritual.
Planetary, pertaining to the planets.
Literary, pertaining to letters, or literature.
Numerar?/, belonging to a certain number.
Perusa/, ^ the ac£ of perusing or reading with care.
Refusal, the act of refusing, or denying.
Removal, the act Amoving to another place.
KenewaZ, the act of renewing or forming anew.
ATE — This Suffix requires the particle to, to be prefixed to
the definer, thus :
Illustrate, to make clear ; to explain.
Tolerate, to suffer to be ; to allow ; to permit.
Cultivate, to till ; to manure ; to improve.
Vindicate, to defend; to justify; to avenge.
Exterminate, to destroy utterly ; to root out.
Obliterate, t to efface ; to expunge ; to blot out,
DOM, RIC — imply jurisdiction, or possession.
DakeoWz, the possessions of a Duke.
Kingdom, the territory subject to a king.
Bishopric, the jurisdiction of a Bishop.
KN — 1st. Denotes made of, (when suffixed to nouns.)
2nd. It denotes to make, (when suffixed to adjectives.)
1st. Birchen, made of birch ; or consisting of birch.
* When al is suffixed to a word which, before its addition, was a
verb, it denotes the act of.
t Most words ending in ate are verbs, and may very generally be
denned (like the above) by a synonymous verb in the infinitive mode.
The few" of that termination which are adjectives, commonly denote
quality, or state ; as Effeminate, having the qualities of the female
sex. Illiterate, the state of being unlearned. Some few are nouns,
as Candidate.
4*
42 ANALYSIS OF THE
Earths, made of earth, or clay.
Flaxen, made of flax; resembling flax.
Golden, made, or consisting of gold ; like gold.
Hempen, made of, or consisting of hemp.
Waxen, made of, or consisting of wax.
2ndJ Brighter, to make bright, or brighter.
Soften, to make soft, or softer.
Sharpen, to make sharp, or sharper.
Weaken, to make weak, or weaker.
Strengthen, to make strong, or stronger.
Lengthen, to make longer ; to extend.
FUL, OSE — imply full of, or abounding with.
Care/z/Z, full of care ; giving good heed.
Fruit/wZ, abounding with fruit ; productive.
Verbose, abounding with words ; wordy,
Playful, hopeful, spiteful, distrustful, operose, &c.
HOOD, SHIP — denote state, office, or quality.
ManAocd, the state of being a man.
Woman/wo^, the state, or qualities of a woman.
Childhood, the state of being a child.
Priesthood, the office of a priest.
Professors/^, the office of a professor.
Lordship, the state or quality of being a lord.
~Partership, a state of connection in business.
Hardihood, the quality of being bold,
IZE, FY, FIT, FIC, FERGUS — imply to make, or to become-
producing, or causing
Equalize, to make lawful, to authorize.
LegaKze, to make equal, or produce equality.
Tranquilzze, to make calm, or peaceful.
Crystalzze, to cause to form crystals.
Sanctify, to make pure, or holy.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 43
Simpli/y, to make simple, or plain.
Beauti/?/, to make happy, or cause to be happy.
Solidify, to make solid, or compact.
Terri/£c, causing terror, fear, or dread.
Somni/£c, producing sleep.
Caloric, the quality of producing heat.
Floriferous, producing flowers.
Melliferous, producing honey.
'Ba.ccrferous, producing berries.
ITY, CY — imply the state of lei?ig, quality, or power.
Steril^?/, the state of being unproductive.
Tranquil^, the state of being calm ; composed.
Secure^, a state of being secure ; in a safe state.
Hostility, the state of war ; or private enmity.
Celibacy, a state of single life ; unmarried.
Supremacy, the state of being supreme.
Intimacy, the state of being familiar with.
Elastic!^, the power of springing back.^
ISH — implies like or similar to, (when suffixed to nouns ;)
but suffixed to adjectives, it is equivalent to some-
what, implying, in some degree.
TO NOUNS.
Childish, like a child, or similar to a child.
Foolish, like a fool, or similar to a fool.
Brutish, like a brute, or similar to a brute.
Clownish, like a clown, or similar to a clown.
Boyish, like a boy, or similar to a boy.
Mulish, like a mule ; sullen ; stubborn.
* Words ending in ity, may be well defined by suffixing ness, to a
synonymous definer. Thus, concavity, hollowness ; celerity, quick-
Tim ; velocity, swiftness ; temerity, rashness ; acidity, sourness ;
edacity, greediness ; audacity, boldness, &c.
44 ANALYSIS OF THE
TO ADJECTIVES.
Dampish, somewhat damp,
Coolish, somewhat cool ; or in some degree.
Greenish, somewhat green ; or in some degree.
SourM, somewhat sour ; or in some degree.
DarkisA, somewhat dark ; dusky.
Redish,* somewhat red ; or in some degree.
IVE — implies tending to, or the power of; relating to, or the
nature of; sometimes containing, or quality.
Delusive, tending to deceive ; deceptive.
Impressive, tending to make an impression.
Preventive, tending to hinder ; hindering.
Dissuasive, tending to dissuade, or turn from.
Subversive, tending to subvert, or overthrow.
Creative, having power to create, or make.
Productz'z;e, having the power of producing.
Compulsi?;e, having power to compel.
Diffusive, having the quality of diffusing.
Attractive, having the quality of attracting.
Destructive, causi?ig destruction.
Exhortative, containing exhortation.
Defective,! containing defects ; wanting,
ics — implies the science, doctrine, or art of.
Acoustics, the science of sounds, teaching their cause.
Optics, the science which treats of light.
Ethics, the doctrine of morality ; moral science.
Technics, the doctrine of arts in general.
* In a few instances, ish denotes Nationality ; as English, Spanish,
Danish, Turkish, Jewish, &c.
t In some few cases, ive denotes a person ; as Executive, the man
who administers the Government. Representative, one who acts as
an agent.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. % 45
Pneumatics, the science of elastic fluids ; as air.
ILE — implies pertaining or belonging to ; easily.
Puerile, pertaining to boys, or youth.
Juvenile, pertaining, or suited to youth.
Mercantz'Ze, pertaining to commerce.
InfantzZe, pertaining to infancy, or an infant.
Docile, easily instructed; teachable.
Fragife, easily broken ; liable to fail ; brittle.
Flexile, easily bent ; or that can be bent.
ISM — implies doctrines, principles , or state ; opinions, prac-
tice, or peculiar to.
Calvinism, the doctrines of Calvin.
Materialism, the doctrine of materialists.
Puritanism, the principles of the puritans.
Deism, the doctrine or creed of a Deist.
Fatalism, the doctrine of fate, or necessity.
Heathenism, the state of being ignorant of God.
Modernisms, modern practices ; recent.
Gallicism, peculiar to the French language.
Anglicism, peculiar to the English language.
LESS. — denotes without, or destitute of.
Hopeless, without hope, or destitute of hope.
Fearte, without fear, or destitute of fear.
Motionless, without motion ; at rest.
Comfortless, without comfort ; miserable.
Sleepless, without sleep ; having no sleep.
LY — denotes like, or similar to, when suffixed to a noun.
It denotes somewhat, when suffixed to an adjective.
46 ANALYSIS OF THE
FIRST. TO NOUNS.
Saintly, like a saint. •
ManZ?/, like a man. PrinceZ?/, like a prince.
FriendZ?/, like a friend ; similar to a friend.
CowardZ?/, Zf&e a coward; timid; fearful.
Neighbor^, like a neighbor ; kind ; civil.
SECOND. — TO ADJECTIVES.
Blind/?/, in a blind manner.
Proud Zy, in a proud manner ; haughtily.
SoberZ?/, in a sober manner ; seriously.
PrudentZ//, in a prudent manner.
GracefulZy, in a graceful manner.
Quietly, in a quiet manner ; calmly.
DiscreetZ?/, in a discreet manner ; prudently.
Modest/?/, in a modest manner ; decently.
NESS — denotes an abstract quality* or a state.
Softness, the quality of easily yielding to pressure.
Limberaess, the quality of being easily bent.
Manli?zm, the qualities of a man ; dignity.
M.e\lowness, the quality of being soft ; softness.
Bitterness, the quality which excites a biting sense.
Redness, the quality of being red ; blood color.
Brightness, the quality of being bright.
Goodness, the quality of being good.
Sound/iess, the state of being sound.
FaintTzess, the state of being faint.
Lameness, the state of being lame.
* Round, is having the form of a circle ; and roundness, is the
abstract quality of such a figure, without reference to any th'ing to
which it applies, whether a wheel, a globe, an apple, or whatever may
have that form.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 47
Remoteness, state of being remote ; far off.
ORY — denotes containing, tending to, a place, power of,
Mandatory, containing a command.
Explanatory, containing explanation.
Promissory, containing a promise.
Admonitory, containing admonition.
Inflammatory, tending to inflammation.
Consolatory, tending to give comfort.
Derogatory, tending to lessen in reputation.
Observatory, a place for observation.
Laboratory, a place for chemical experiments.
Depository, a place where deposits are made.
Compulsory, having power to compel. ^
ous — implies containing, partaking of, consisting of, full of^
or relating to.
Slandero&s, containing slander; reproachful.
Humorous, containing humor ; exciting laughter.
Villaino&s, partaking of villany ; very vile.
Kesinows, partaking of resin ; like resin.
Invidious, partaking of envy ; provoking envy.
Amphibious, partaking of two natures.
Ponderous, partaking of weight ; very heavy.
Murderous, consisting in murder ; cruel.
Numerous, consisting of numbers ; many.
'Bilious, consisting of bile ; partaking of bile.
Miscellaneous, consisting of various topics.
Clamoro&s, full of noise ; vociferous ; noisy.
* Words ending in ory as a svffix^ may be very well defined by
joining ing to that form of the word which remains after dropping ory,
with those changes of letters required by that termination. Thus :
Prohibitory, prohibit^ ng ; Declaratory, declaring; Explanatory, ex-
plaining ; Promissory, promising, &c.
48 ANALYSIS OF THE
Mischievous, full of mischief; inclined to injure.
Tutnultuows, full of tumult ; disorderly.
Populous, full of people ; abounding with people,
pip — implies resembling.
Varioloid, a disease resembling small pox.
Asterozd, resembling a star ; (a small planet.)
Sphenoid, resembling a wedge, as to form.
Typhoid, a fever resembling typhus fever.
SOME— denotes possessing a degree of, quality of, or causing.
Handsome, possessing a degree of beauty.
Gladsome, causing a degree of joy ; joyful.
Troublesome, causing something of trouble.
Burdensome, causing uneasiness, or fatigue.
Wholesome, possessing a healthful quality.
Wearisome, causing weariness, or fatigue.
ED — Is a verbal and participial termination, implying past
time of action. It expresses its own meaning, yet
may sometimes be made more explicit by adding
was or did, to the past tense of the verb ; as
I walked, meaning I did walk.
ING — Is a participial termination implying a time of pro-
gressive action, and may be rendered with direct
reference to that time, continuing to.
ING. — Is frequently used to express some article, or thing ; as
Clothmo-, Shipping.
AST, ER, ESS, El, EER, IAN, 1ST, ITE, IX, OR, RESS, SAN, ZEN.
These terminations indicate a person or thing, when used
as suffixes ; er, however, has many exceptions, as occurring
in the comparison of adjectives. Some of the others, also,
have a few exceptions ; ess and ix, always denote the
feminine gender.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 49
Baker, one whose occupation is to take.
Enthusks£, a person of ardent zeal in some cause.
Auctioneer, the person who sells at auction.
Historic, a writer, or compiler of history.
Poetess, trustee, morale's?, paras^e, executra, instructor,
seamstress, artis^m, denizen, &c,, denote persons.
NOTE. AR, ARD, ADO, STEja, ATE, and oso, in some few cases,
denote a person ; as
Beggar, drunkard, bravado, teamster, candidate, virtuoso, &c.,
imply persons.
CLE, ET, KIN, LING, LET, and TILE, in many cases, imply —
little, or young ; as in
VersicZe, a little verse ; turret, a little tower ; lambkin, a
little lamb; duckling, a little duck; Wet, a little band;
globwZe, a little globe, &c.
ERY — (as a suffix) frequently implies ;
1st. An art, or practice ; as in
Cookery, quackery, witchery, surgery, gunnery, &c.
2nd. A place where something is made, or done ; as
Brewery, fishery, tannery, grocery, nursery, &c.
y — (as a suffix) to monosyllables, denotes some, or abund-
ance of; as in
Kainy, some rain, or abundance of rain, &c.
Grassy, hilly, sandy, shady, frosty, marshy, dewy, fleshy,
slimy, faulty, spicy, curly, shaggy, &c.
It must be remembered, that the foregoing definitions ^o
the Suffixes, cannot be expected precisely to meet every case
in the language ; but from careful examination of some
thousands of words, it is believed they ivill answer all the
common purposes of defining, and, generally, enable the
pupil dearly to perceive the several modifications of import,
produced by their combinations with the primitive word.
5
ANALYSIS OF THE
able ible.
ability ibility ,
ableness ibleness. '
ar^ce ancy ion )
ence ency ment. $
ant ent.
ac ical ary.
dom ric.
en,
ful ose,
hood ship.
ize fy fit fie ferous.
ity cy.
ish ly.
ive.
ics.
ile.
less.
ness.
ory.
ous.
s<£ne.
ast er ess ee eer )
ian ist ite ix or V
ress san zen. J
ar ard ado ster ate )
oso. )
kin et ling let ule.
SECTION VH.
Synopsis of Suffixes.
That may be ; that can be, &c.
7 The property or quality capable of be-<
\ ing ; the state or susceptibility of being.
The act of ; the state ; the state of
being, or the thing.
The person who, or thing which.
Pertaining to ; relating to ;
consisting of, &c.
Jurisdiction ; possession.
Made of, or to make.
Full of; abounding with.
State ; office ; quality.
To make, or become.
The state of being ; quality ; power.
Like ; similar to ; somewhat.
Tending to ; relating to ; power of.
The science, doctrine, or art of.
Pertaining to ; easily.
Without ; destitute of,
The abstract quality, or state.
Containing; tending to; place.
Containing; partaking of ; full of.
Possessing a degree of; causing.
Commonly imply the person, or thing.
Sometimes denote a person.
Little, or young.
feNGLISH LANGUAGE. 51
SECTION VIII.
AN exercise to test the knowledge of pupils, in giving and applying
<a correct definition to the foregoing prefixes.
1. Let the teacher pronounce the word to which the prefix is to be
joined, and give its signification.
2. Let him next pronounce the word with its prefix joined, and ask
the pupil what it now means.
3. The scholar is then to give the definition. This he will readily
do, if he knows the true meaning of the prefix.
EXAMPLE.
Teacher. Potent implies having power. What does
Plenipotent mean ?
Pupil. Having full power.
Teacher. Why ?
Pupil. Because pleni, means full, and potent, having
power.
Teacher. What does Omnipotent mean ?
Pupil. Having all power.
Teacher. Why ?
Pupil. Because omni means all.
Teacher. What does Impotent mean ?
Pupil. Not having power.
Teacher. Why ?
Pupil. Because im, prefixed to adjectives and ad-
verbs, means not.
Frequently exercising the pupils on the following Words,
according to the above example, will render them familiar
with the common import of the prefixes, and prompt in
their just application.
EXERCISE.
im omni pleni. Potent, having power,
mis pre re* Judge, to form an opinion,
52 ANALYSIS OF THE
ante mis post. Date, to note time.
af pre post. Fix, to set or place.
ad con re. Join, to unite.
eireum subter. Fluent, a flowing.
dis en un. Able, having power to d6.
cb non un. Essential, necessary.
ec geo helio. Centric, pertaining to the center.
col ob sub. Ligation, the act of binding.
bi equi multi. Lateral, pertaining to the side.
derai hemi. Sphere, a globe or ball.
Syllable, a combination of letters, to
dis mono poly. be uttered by one impulse of the
voice.
auto bio geo. Graphic, a writing or describing.
a pan tri. Theist, a believer in one God.
over sur un. Charged, loaded,
ab dis e. Ruption, a bursting ; a breach,
eireum per. Ambulate, to walk,
ep juxta. Position, situation, attitude.
Petalous, having petals. (Flower
leaves.)
trans ultra. Marine, pertaining to the sea,
semidia dia. Meter, a measure,
bi mal unr. Form, shape, figure,
mis self un. Taught, instructed,
iride de pro. Pendent, hanging from,
chrono hydro. Meter, a measure,
com de sup. Press, to squeeze, or urge by force',
deca hexa tetra. ' Chord, string of a harp, &c.
did en re. Close, to shut,
mis pre self. Opinion, a judgment formed,
bene male. Factor, an agent or doer^
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. £3
SECTION IX.
Rules for Forming Derivative Words,
RULE 1. Final e must be dropped before the addition
t)f a syllable, or suffix beginning with a vowel ; as,
blame guide recite globe
blamable guidance recital globular
Exception. Words ending in ge, or ce, commonly retain
€ final, before able and ous ; as,
peace charge change notice
peaceable chargeable changetz^e noticec3Ze
RULE 2. Final e is retained before ly, l&ss, ness, ful>
and some ; and generally before ment ; as,
wise hope base peace
wisely hopeful "baseness peaceless
state blithe noise grace
statement \Aithesome noiseZess graceful
Exception. Awe, argue, due, true, lodge, judge, abridge,
whole, and acknowledge, do not retain e, as,
awe due argue awe
awful duly argument awless
RULE 3. When the letter y terminates a primitive
word, or occurs as the final letter in any of the derivative
forms, and in either case another letter or suffix is added,
y is commonly changed into i, except before ing ; as,
comely fury merry
comeliTzew furious merriment
mercy jolly holy
merciful jollity holiness
Exception 1. y is sometimes changed into e; as,
duty beauty » pity plenty
\>eauteous
54 ANALYSIS OT THE
Exception 2. When y is preceded by a vowel in the
same syllable, (except in lay, say, pay,) it remains un-
changed, as,
boy betray annoy
boyish betrayed annoyance
play delay convey
playing delay ing convey able
RULE 4. y is never changed when followed by ing ; as,
fly try deny comply
ftying trying denying complying
RULE 5. Verbs ending in ie, change those letters into y
before ing; as,
die tie vie belie
dying tying #2/ing belling ,
KULE 6. Monosyllables, and words accented on the last
syllable, ending with a single consonant, preceded by a
short vowel, double that consonant before an additional
syllable, beginning with a vowel ; as,
gun pet rob snap
gunWr petted robber snappish
RULE 7. Monosyllables ending with a single consonant,
preceded by a digraph, or dipthong, do not double the
consonant in their derivatives ; as,
chief clear aid ail
chiefZy clearZy aiding ailment
Exception. If, in forming the derivatives, one letter of
the digraph is dropped, the consonant is sometimes doubled ;
as, appeal, appellant ; fail, fallible.
NOTE. The verbs befall, install* miscall, recall, forestall, in-
thr all, foretell, distill, instill, fulfill, retain both consonants. Such
words as end in dd,ff, ss, also retain both in their derivatives ; as, odd,
oddwess; stiff, stift%; bliss, blissful ; hiss,
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 65
RULE 8. When t, or s, precedes e final, in such words
as admit ion, e is dropped and ion added ; as,
legate promote dilate diffuse
legation promotion dilation diffusion
NOTE. Many words in ate, drop te, and either take ble, or cy • aSj
estimate agitate accurate delicate
estimate agitable accuracy delicacy
RULE 9. y, before the suffixes ous, al, and able, is
changed to i, and commonly retained ; as,
rely Deny injury
reliable Denial injurioi&s
NOTE. The exceptions are few, and rarely increase the number of
syllables in the word, as mutiny, mutinous.
Rule 10. Most words ending infy change y into i, and
take cation ; as,
deify, dislocation fortify, fortification
Exceptions. A few words ending infy, drop y, and take
action ; as,
stupefy, stupefaction tumefy, tumefaction
RULE 11» Many words ending in ize, drop et and take
ation ; as,
legalize civilize generalize
legalization civilization generalization
Some few words also not ending in ize, take ation ; as,
sense form inflame
sensation formation inflammation
56 ANALYSIS OF THE
SECTION X.
The following exercises are specimens of the manner in
which derivatives are formed. The hyphen ( - ) shows that
each suffix, consecutively, one by one, is to be united with
its primitive, or the word thus used> thereby forming the
several derivatives ; thus,
Help-ed-er-ing-fuWess
Mix-ed-er-ing
And, when combined, they form the words,
Helped; Helper. Helping. Helpful. Helpless.
Mixed. Mixer. Mixing.
f NOTE. The termination ed, in the past tense and participles of
Verbs, retains the vowel e, in this work, for the sake of showing the
orthography ; but in customary pronunciation, this vowel is omitted*
except after d, and t ; as in mixed> wished, loved, pronounced, mixt,
wisht, lovd.
1. Exercise in forming derivatives.
Mix-ed-er-ing. Talk-ed-er-ing.
Wis-ed-er-ing. Nail-ed-er-ing.
2. Exercise. See Rules 1st and 2nd with their exceptions*
Bake-ed-er-ing. Skate-ed-er-ing.
Trade-ed-ering. Taste-ed-er-ing.
3. Exercise. See Rule 1st.
Ad mire-able-ability. Diffuse-able-ibility.
4. Exercise. See exception 2nd under Rule 3rd.
Obey-ed-ing. Annoy-ed-ing.
Delay-ed-ihg. Destroy-ed-ing.
5. Exercise. Apply Rule 3rd.
Glory-ous-ously. Melody-ous-ously.
Envy-ous-ously. Penury-ous-ously*
6. Exercise. See 1st exception under Rule 3rd.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
Duty, duteous. Pity, piteous.
Beauty, beauteous. Plenty, plenteous,
7. Exercise. See Rule 4tn.
Try-ing. Fly-ing. Testify-ing.
Cry-ing. Fry-ing. Satisfy-ing.
8. Exercise. See Rule 6th.
Skim-mer-med. Refer-red-ring.
Rob-ber-bed-bing. Concur-rent-rence,
9. Exercise. See Rule 7th.
Chain-ed-ing. Load-ed-ing.
Rain-ed-ing. Nail-ed-ing.
10. Exercise. See Rule 8th.
Educate-ion. Diffuse-ion^
Obligate-ion. Confuse-ion,
11. Exercise. See note under Rule 8th.
Separate-ble-bility. Confederate-cy.
Imitate-ble-bility. Intimate-cy.
12. Exercise. See Rule 9th.
Rely. Deny. Injury.
Reliable. Denial. Injurious,
13. Exercise. See Rule 10th and its exception.
Purify-ed-cation. Stupefy-action.
Edify-ed-cation. Putrefy-action.
14. Exercise. See Rule llth.
Moralize-ation. Legalize-ation-
Civilize-ation. Realize-ation.
See under Rule 11th.
Sense-ation. Form-ation.
Inflame-mation, Condemn-ation.
58 ANALYSIS OF Tttfe
SECTION XL
Classification of Suffixes.
The Suffixes of our language are, to a great extent,
grouped together in classes of similar formations. All
Words, however, do not embrace the whole family, as given
below ; but such as are taken, are members of it.
A few exercises, under each of the following examples in
carrying out the subjoined words, will aid scholars in the
general formation of derivatives.
Fid takes some, or all of those Suffixes following it, as
shown by No. 1; and the same is true of other classes.
1 . Ful-fully-f ulness-less-lessly-lessness.
2. ish-ishly-ishness. 11. ize-ized-ization.
3. ic-ical-ically. 12. ate-ated-ating-ation.
4. able-ably-ableness. 13. ed-edly-edness.
5. ible-ibleness-ibility. 14. fy-fied-fying-fication.
6. ous-ously-ousness. 15. ion-al-ality.
7. ive-ively-iveness. 16. ory-orily.
8. ence-ent-ently. 17. some-somely.
9. ed-er-ing. 18. ist-ism.
10. ment-al-ary. 19. en-ened-ening.
EXAMPLES.
1. Hope-ful-fully-f ulness-less-lessly-lessness.
Faith, Health, Art, Care, &c., are formed like Hope.
2. Child-ish-ishly-ishness.
Fool, Slave, Brute, Clown, &c., are formed like
Child.
3. Method-ic-ical-ically.
Poet, Angel, Alphabet &c. the same as Method
4. Change-able-ably-ableness-ability.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 5
Accept, Commute, Corrupt &c. same as Change.
5. Kesist-ible-ibly-ibility.
Compress, Defense, contract &c. same as Resist.
6. Danger-ous-ously-ousness.
Glory, Slander, Ruin &c. same as Danger.
7. Attract-ive-ively-iveness.
Diffuse, Oppress, Coerce &c. same as Attract.
8. Depend-ence-ent-ently.
Indulge, Confide, Differ Src. sa.me as Depend.
9. Muffle-ed-er-ing.
Ramble, Swindle, Grumble &c. same as Muffle.
10. Aliment-al-ary.
Element, Supplement &c. same as Aliment.
11. Real-ize-ized-izing-ization.
Civil, Human, Moral &c. same as Real.
12. Obligate-ed-ing-ion.
Indicate, Accelerate &c. same as Obligate.
13. Confuse-ed-edly.
Conceit, Content, Refine &c. same as Confuse.
14. Clarify-ed-ing-cation.
Gratify, Modify, Sanctify &c. same as Clarify.
}5. Nation-al-ality.
Constitution-al-ality.
16. Contradict-ory-orily.
Compel, Derogate &c. same as Contradict.
17. Trouble-some-somely-someness.
Delight, Loathe, Toil &c. same as Trouble.
18. Method-ist-ism.
Federal, Formal, Roman &c. same as Method.
19. Sharp-en-ened-ening.
Sweet, Soft, Hard, Quick &c. same as Sharp.
60 ANALYS1SOFTHE
SECTION XII.
Special Rules for the Prefixes, which must "be distinctly
understood, both by the Teacher and the Student.
MANY words, so far as respects the English language,
are primitives ; yet in that language from which they are
derived, they are either compound, or derivative words.
Such, especially, are words of Greek and Latin origin.
For example, Abscond, so far as our language alone is
concerned, is a primitive word, because we have no such
English word as scond. But in the Latin, from which it
is derived, the word is a compound, from the preposition
abs, con and do. Also Advert, in English, is primitive, but
in Latin, from which it is derived, it is compounded of ad^
meaning to, and Verto, to turn. Hence Advert signifies
to turn to. Suppose the word to stand thus : a-re-Ad,vert.
Now take away ad, and substitute a, which is another Latin
preposition, and it becomes J.,vert, and literally means to
turn away. Again drop a, and substitute re in its place,
and it becomes -Re,vert, signifying to turn back, Hence it
must not be forgotten by the student, that in all cases, when
one prefix is to be dropped and another substituted in its
place, the primitive words will be printed thus : Con,vert,
Ac,cord, Exclude, De,flect; and that part of the word
which precedes the comma must be dropped, when another
prefix is to be used.
EXAMPLE.
AT-DIS-DE-RE-PRO. CoN,TRACT, TO DRAW TOGETHER.
Now drop con, and substitute pro, and it becomes- Pro-
tract, to draw out. Again drpp pro, and substitute re, and
it forms jRetract, to draw back. In the same manner, de
ENGLISH LANG IT AGE. 61
forms .Detract, to draw away from. Also, dis makes De-
tract, to draw apart, or separate ; and at forms J^tract, to
draw to, or unite.
When no part of the primitive word is separated by a
comma, the combination is simply to drop one prefix, and
join another.
SECTION XIII.
Manner of Defining.
WE will now endeavor to explain, in a familiar way, the
manner of defining words by their prefixes and suffixes.
And it is simply to speak out the primitive signification in
connection with the separate import of such prefixes and
suffixes as constitute the whole word. Take flame, which
is the primitive, and means fire. Now in, as a prefix, makes
/aflame, and increases the import of the primitive word,
and literally means to put fire in, or to set on fire. Again,
Inflammable — able, means capable of, or capable of being ;
hence join capable of being, to the meaning of in and
flame, and the whole spoken out is, capable of being set on
fire. Now let it stand Inflammability, ability means the
quality capable of being. This expression being joined in
like manner to what Inflame means, will be Iraflamma-
bility, the quality capable of being set on fire. Next add
the second prefix and let it be uninflammable, and speak
out the meaning of un with what Inflammable means, and
the whole expression will be, Uninflammable, not capable
of being set on fire. Again, take Uninflammableness ;
ableness means the property capable of being. Now pro-
6
62 ANALYSIS OF THE
nounce the whole import, and Uninn&mmableness literally
signifies, the property not capable of being set on fire.
Take Delude, signifying to deceive, and it forms,
Deluder, the person who deceives.
Delusion, the act of deceiving.
Delusive, tending to deceive.
Redeem signifies to ransom, ir means not, and able,
capable of being. Then Irredeemable means not capable
of being ransomed.
Join is a primitive word, and signifies to unite. Let it
stand thus with its prefixes :
ad-con-re-un-dis-sub-mis-se-inter-Join.
ad means to ; con, with, together with ; re, again ; un,
not ; dis, parting ; mis, wrong ; se, separation ; sub, under ;
inter, between. Then, Adjoin, is joining to. Conjunction,
is the act of joining with. Reconjunction, the act of joining
with again. Unconjoined, not joined with or together. Re-
joined, was joined again. Unjoined, was not joined. Dis-
join, parting what was joined. Subjoin, to join under.
Misjoin, to join wrong. Sejoined, separated. Interjoin-
ing, continuing to join between.
'Hope implies expectation, then Hope/?/Z, full of expecta-
tion. Hopeless, without hope or expectation.
The primitive word must in all_ cases be learned ; then
speak out this primitive signification in connection with
what all its component parts mean, and you have the pre-
cise analytic import of the entire word. A little care-
ful exercise will render it perfectly familiar, and give the
student an entire and ready command of language, and
an instantaneous mental perception of the true import of
words, written or spoken.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 63
SECTION XIV.
Different import of certain prefixes.
Most of the prefixes are uniform in their distinctive
character of import, while a few are used in two or more
senses, widely different ; such are im, in, it, ir, &c.
These prefixes, more generally, when united to verbs,
increase or strengthen the original meaning of the primitive
words; as Im press, In fold, 11 luminate, Irradiate. In
each case additional force is given .to press, fold, luminate
and radiate, by prefixing im, in, il and ir. But when the
same prefixes are united to adjectives, and occasionally to
some other parts of speech, they entirely reverse or change
the primitive signification, as Im possible, In sensible, Il-
legible, Ir rational. The words now mean the same as
not possible, not sensible, not legible, and not rational.
As this work is specially designed to aid English schol-
ars who have no knowledge of the classics, and consequent-
ly could not trace out very remote derivations, it was
thought advisable, for their benefit, to accomodate the ar-
rangement in this respect, to their understandings, by giving
those words whose signification is greatly expanded, under
different heads, or repeating -the root, in connection with
such prefixes, as in each case would best correspond with
the several primitive meanings.
For example : An,nounce signifies to publish or declare
to, and in natural connection is pi'ouoimce. But Re,nounce,
means to disown, or reject, and in accordance with this, is
denounce; yet both words have the same root. Also
instruct, to teach, construe, to translate, structure, a build-
ing, obstruct, to block up, and destroy, to pull down, are
64 ANALYSIS OF THE
from the same root, struo, to build. All these words have
corresponding prefixes, and when relatively arranged, the
whole becomes perfectly intelligible to the English scholar.
The scholar must remember that some of the prefixes,
and especially un, rarely combine with the primitive word
till it has assumed some of its derivative forms ; as Faith
cannot be zmfaith, but unfaithful.
A little observation will afford the best guide on this
point. Re and un are prefixed to adjectives and participles
almost at pleasure ; and are not always inserted in this work
where they might be used with propriety.
It is now thought the Prefixes have been explained so
clearly, that no scholar, who wishes to understand and
apply them correctly, need mistake, although he may not be
under the care of any teacher.
Scholars will derive much benefit in defining words by
understanding the parts of speech. These may generally
be known by the termination or suffix, thus :
Verbs are indicated by — fy, ize.
Verbs, participles or adjectives by — ate, ed, en.
Participles, adjectives or nouns by — ing.
Nouns or adjectives by — ant, ent, ory, er.
Nouns by — ableness, ibleness, ability, ibility, ance, ancy,
ence, ency, ion, ity, ism, age, dom, hood, ric, ship, cy, i.st,
ics, ment, ure, ness.
Adjectives by — able, ible, ac, al, ful, ic, ive, ish, ile, less,
lar, ous, fie.
Adverbs by — ably, ibly, antly, ently, ately, ally, fully,
ively, ingly, edly, ishly, lessly, ously, somely, urely, orily.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 65
SECTION XV.
An Exercise in Combining Prefixes.
Directions. When no separation of any part of the word
to be defined is made by a comma, each prefix, one by one,
is to be joined to the entire word ; and when such word has
been defined by one prefix, drop that and take another ;
thus,
mal-mis. Formation, the act of forming.
JkZwformation, a wrong formation,
information, a bad formation.
Let the pupil read the following words with their several
definitions, then join the several prefixes, and give the
import, as thus modified.
mis re. Apply, To lay on ; to fit ; to be busy,
mis re. Alledge, To declare, affirm, or assert,
dis re. Appear, To come in sight ; obvious to the mind,
mis re. Call, To name or summon,
octa hexa. Chord, String of a musical instrument,
in over. Elegant, Polished ; polite ; refined,
pre re. Engage, To promise to do.
co un. Equal, Of similar dimensions,
bene male. Factor, A doer of something ; an agent,
il over. Liberal, Of a free heart ; generous,
im over. Modest; Sense of propriety ; not bold,
ante post. Position, A place or situation,
over re. Supply, To furnish what is wanted*
dis re. Unite, To join or put together,
en un. Sure, Certain, firm, infallible,
66 ANALYSISOFTHE
SECTION XVI.
THE following explanation of the arrangement in subse-
quent sections, indicating derivative formations by prefixes
and suffixes, should be made perfectly familiar.
1. The prefixes are placed in the margin, or in a line from
the margin on the left of the words with which they
are to combine ; thus,
re- Appear, to come in sight, or be visible ; or thus,
com-de-ex-im-op-Position, place or station.
2. After the definition is given, the word is commonly
repeated with some, or all of its suffixes, separated
from each other by hyphens ; thus,
re-Appear, to come in sight, or be visible.
Appear-ed-ing-ance.
3. After the last suffix following the word, is a period,
showing the end of the foregoing formations ; then
follows the word again, (if necessary to be repeated,)
with its prefix italicised, and its suffixes subjoined as
above; thus,
re-Appear, to be in sight, cf-c.
Appear-ed-ing-ance. reappear-ed-ing-ance.
4. When the word is not repeated, the prefix is italicised
and followed by a caret. If a period follow the caret,
thus, reA. the caret shows the place of the word to
which the prefix is to be added, and the period shows
that no suffix is to be used ; thus,
re-Appear-ed-ing-ance. reA. meaning, reappear.
5. A suffix after the caret; thus, reAed, denotes the forma-
tion to be reappeared.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 67
6. If a period follow the caret, and a hyphen follow the
period, thus, reA.-ed, it shows the first formation to be
reappear ; and the second^ reappeared.
Examples, illustrating the combinations indicated by the several
characters used in this work.
ARRANGEMENT AND CHARACTERS.
1. re. Appear-ed-ance.
2. re. Appear-ed-ance. reA.
3. re. Appear-ed-ance. reAed.
4. re. Appear-ed-ance. reAed-ance.
5. re. Appear-ed-ance. reA.-ed.
6. re. Appear-ed-ance. reA.-ed-ance.
COMBINED THUS :
1. Appear, appeared, appearance.
.Reappear, reappeared, reappearance.
2. Appear, appeared, appearance, reappear.
3. Appear, appeared, appearance, reappeared.
4. Appear, appeared, appearance, reappeared, reappearance,
5. Appear, appeared, appearance, reappear, reappeared.
6. Appear, appeared, appearance, reappear, reappeared,
reappearance.
ante-post-mis-re-Date-ed. reA. misA. postA. anteA.
COMBINED.
Date, dated, redate, misdate, postdate, antedate.
Compress, The act of pressing together.-ed-ing-ion.
Implies, Compress-ec! -ing-ion.
A correct understanding of what is indicated by reA. and
reA.-ed is indispensably necessary.
With the above word, reA. denotes reappear; and
reA.-ed, reappear, reappeared.
>* 0* THF *£^
68 ANALYSIS OF THE
SECTION XVII.
An exercise in forming derivations without defining,
un. Blind, Destitute of the sense of seeing.
COMPONENT PAETS.
Blind-ed-ing-ly-ness. un± ed.
COMBINED.
Blinded, Blindmo-, Blincl^, Bl'md?iess.
Unhliuded.
un. Bless, To express a desire to make happy.
Bless-ed-edly-edness. un,, ed.
Blessed, Blessedly, Blessedness, Unblessed-
un. Class, An order, or rank of persons ; a number of
students; a scientific division.
Class-ic-ical-ify-ified^-ification. unA ed-ical.
Classic, Classical, Classify, Classified, Classification.
Unclassed, Unclassical. (^See Rule 9.)
un. Doubt, To waver in opinion ; to hesitate.
Doubt-ed-ful-fully-fullness-less. un^ ed-edly.
Doubted, Doubtful, Doubtfully, Doubtfulness.
Undoubted, Undoubtedly, Undoubting.
in. Fail, To become deficient; to decay; to desert.
Fail-ed-ing-ure, unA ing.
Failed, Failing, Failure, Unfailing.
un. Faith, Belief ; trust ; assent of the mind.
Faith-ful-fully-fulness-less. unA ful-fulness.
Faithful, Faithfully, Faithfulness, Unfaithful.
re. Fund, Stock or capital ; increase ; money,
Fund-ed-less. reA ed-ing.
Funded, Fundte, Refunded, Refunding.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 69
SECTION XVIII.
Form, but not define; such formations as are not carried out on this
page, the scholar must supply.
un. Harm, To damage or injure, Damage.
Harm-ful-fully-less-lessly-lessness. zmAed.
Harm/kZ, Harm/kZZy, HarmZm, Unharmed.
un. Health, That state in which, all parts of a living body
Health-y-ily-iness-less-ful-fully-fulness. [are sound.
&?zAy-ily-iness-ful-fully-fulness.
Healthy, Healthily,^ Healthiness, Unhealthy,
un, Heed, To mind; to regard with care.
Heed-ed-ful-fully-fulness-less-lessly. zmAed-ing.
Heeded, Heedful, Heedless, Unheeded, Unheeding.
un. Learn, To gain knowledge ; to acquire skill.
Learn-ed-er-ing-edly. unA ed-edly.
Learned, Learner, Learnm^, Unlearned.
un. Need, Want ; necessity for something.
Need-y-ily-less-lessly-ful-fully. unA ed-ful.
Needy, Needilyj* Needless, Unneeded, Unneedful.
un. Pain, Any uneasy sensation ; disquietude.
Pain-ful-fully-fulness-ed. unA ed-ful.
Pain/^Z, Painfully, Unpaired, Unp&mful.
un. Skill, Familiar knowledge of any Art or Science,
united with dexterity in its application.
Sldll-ful-fully-fulness. unA ed-ful-fully.
Skill>Z, Skil\fulness, Unskilled, Unskillful.
un. Scorn, Extreme contempt ; to despise.
Scorn-ed-er-ful-fully-fulness-ing. unA ed.
Scorned, Scorner, Scornm^, Unscomed.
* See Rule 3.
70 AN A LYSIS OF THE
SPECIAL DIRECTION.
In some few instances, the first hyphen cuts off certain letters which
are essential to the formation of a legitimate word ; thus, Digni-ty.
Legi-ble. Palp-able.
This division is made simply for convenience in forming other
derivatives. By preserving such letters only as undergo no change in
the radical part, other suffixes can he added in the uniform manner.
Hence, it must be distinctly recollected, that when a word is so
divided by a hyphen, as to be incomplete without adding that part so
cut off, the first letter of such part, is a small capital ; thus, Digni-Ty ;
Legi-sle ; Palp-Able ; showing that, xy, file, and Able, must, in
each case, be added to the radical part to form a legitimate word ;
thus,Digni-TY-fy-fied-fication; forming Dignity, Dignify, Dignified, &c.
SECTION XIX.
Forming Derivatives and defining them.
EXAMPLE.
un. Alarm, To arouse by fear ; an out-cry.
COMPONENT PARTS.
Alarm-ed-ing-ingly-ist. unA ed.
COMBINED AND DEFINED.
Alarmed, Avas alarmed, or aroused.
AlarrmV^, causing alarm.
A]arminglyt in an alarming manner.
Unclaimed, was not alarmed.
un. Blame, To censure ; to find fault with.
Blame^-ed-er-ful-less lessly-able. unAed.
Blamed, did blame or was blamed.
Blamer, one who blames, or finds fault.
Blame/wZ, full of blame ; faulty.
*See Rule 1st.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 71
Blamete, without blame or fault.
Blamelessfy, in a blameless manner.
~B\a.melessness, the state of being blameless.
Blam#3Ze, that may be blamed.
in. Dignity, True honor, nobleness ; rank.
Digni-xy-fy-fied^-fication. in^ty. unjied.
Dignify, to make honorable ; to honor,
Dignified, was made honorable.
Dignification, the act of making honorable.
Indignity, treating with dishonor.
Undignified, was not dignified,
im. Method, A suitable arrangement ; order.
Method-ic-ical-ist-ism. i?nAco.l-
Methodic, pertaining to method.
Method^coZ, pertaining to method.
Method^w, the doctrines of Methodists.
Method^, a professor of Methodism.
Immethodical, not having method*
in. Opulent, Wealthy, rich.
Opul-Ent-ence. inAent-
Opulence, wealth, riches.
Inopulent, not wealthy ; not rich,
in. Approach, To draw near ; to advance.
Approach-ed-ing-able- z'^Aable. unAed-
Approached, did approach, or draw near.
Approachmg-, continuing to draw near,
that may be approached.
, that may not be approached.
U^approachec?, was not approached.
* See Rule 10.
72 ANALYS1SOFTHE
SECTION XX.
il Legal, According to law ; lawful.
Legal-ly-ity-ize-ized-izing. ttjty.
Legally, in a legal manner ; lawfully.
"Legality, lawfulness ; state of being lawful.
* Legalize, to make lawful.
Legalized, was made lawful.
Legalizing, making lawful.
IZlegal, not lawful.
Illegality, unlawfulness,
il. Legible, That may or can be read.
Legi-Ble-bly-bility. a7Able-bly.
Legibly, in a legible manner.
'Legibility ', The state or quality of being- legible.
Illegible, not legible ; that cannot be read.
Illegibility, the quality of being z'Zlegible.
im. Palpable, Perceptible by the touch.
Palp-Ably-ability-ableness. imAably.
Palpa^Zy, in a manner perceptible by touch.
Palpability, the quality of being perceptible.
Impalpably, not to be perceived by touch.
un. .Real, Actual existence ; true, genuine.
Real-ity-ize-ized-ization. unjzed-
Reality, the state of being real.
Realize, to make real, or effective.
Realized, was made real.
Realization, the act of making real.
Unrealized, was not realized,
un. Subdue, To conquer by force ; to overcome.
Subdue-ed-ing. unAed-
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 73
SECTION XXI.
PRESS A primitive word ; signifies to press or
urge by weight. From Premo,
pressum, to press.
Press er the person who presses.
Press ure the result of pressing.
Press ed did press or was pressed.
Press ing continuing to press.
Press ion the act of pressing.
Press ing ly in a pressing manner.
Over press to press too much.
Counterpress ure opposite pressure.
Com press to press together.
Com press ed was pressed together.
Com press ion the act of pressing together.
Com press ing continuing to press together.
Com press ible capable of being pressed together.
Com press ure the result of being pressed together.
Com press ibil ity the quality capable of being pressed
together, or the capacity.
Com press ible ness the property or quality capable of be-
ing pressed together.
Un com press ed was not pressed together.
Un com press ible not capable of being pressed together.
In com press ibil ity the quality not capable of being press-
ed together.
Re press to press again, put down, or subdue.
Re press ed was pressed again, or, &c.
Re press ion the act of pressing again, &c.
Re press ive tending to press again, &c.
Re press ing continuing to press again, &c.
/4 ANALYSISOFTHE
Re press er the person who presses again, &c.
Re press ive ly in a repressive manner.
Ir re press ible not capable of being pressed again, &c.
De press to press down, or bear down.
De press ed-7 was pressed down.
De press ion the act of pressing down.
De press or the person who presses down.
De press ible capable of being pressed down.
De press ing continuing to press down.
Ex press to press out, or utter by words.
Ex press ed was uttered by words, or, &c.
Ex press ion the act of uttering by words, &c.
Ex press ible capable of being uttered by words.
Ex press ive tending to utter by words, &c.
Ex press ing continuing to utter by words, &c.
Ex press ly in an express manner.
Ex press ive ly in an expressive manner.
Ex press ive ness the property or quality capable of be-
ing uttered in words.
In ex press ible not capable of being uttered by words.
In ex press ive not tending to utter by words, &c.
In ex press ibly in an inexpressible manner.
In ex press ibility the quality not capable of being ut-
tered by words.
Un ex press ed was not uttered by words.
Un ex press ible not capable of being uttered by words.
Tin ex press ive not tending to express by words.
Im press to press in, or imprint.
Im press ed was pressed in, &c.
Im press ion the act of pressing in.
Im press ing continuing to press in, &c.
Im press ive tending to press in.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 75
Im press ure the result of pressing in.
Im press ible capable of being pressed in.
Im press ment the act of pressing in.
Im press ive ly in an impressive manner.
Im press ive ness the property capable of being pressed
in, or capacity, &c.
Im press ibil ity the quality capable of being pressed in,
He im press to press in again, &c.
Re im press ed was pressed in again.
Re im press ion the act of pressing in again-,
Re im press ing continuing to press in again,
Un im press ive not tending to press in.
Op press to press against, to bear down.
Op press ed was pressed against, or, &c.
Op press ion the act of pressing against, &C-.
Op press or the person who presses against, &c.
Op press ing continuing to press against, &c.
Op press ive tending to press against, &c.
Op press ive ly in an oppressive manner.
Op press ive ness the quality of pressing against, &c.
In op press ive not tending to press against, &c.
Sup press to press under or to bring under.
Sup press ed was pressed under, &c.
Sup press ion the act of pressing under.
Sup press or the person who presses under.
Sup press ing continuing to press under.
Sup press ive tending to press under.
In sup press ion not pressing under.
In sup press ible not capable of being pressed under,
Un sup press ed was not pressed under.
76 ANALYSIS OF THE
SECTION XXII.
Form and Define the Derivative Words.
EXAMPLE.
un. Mild, Soft, gentle, moderate, calm.
Mild-ly-ness. zmA.-ness.
Mild, soft, gentle, calm.
MildZ?/, in a mild manner.
Mildness, the quality of being mild.
tfomild, not mild.
Urimildness, the qualify of being unmild,
tfn. Bleach, To whiten or make white.
Bleach-ed-er-ing. nnAed.
tin. Blush, To redden in the cheeks.
Blush-ed-ing. zmjng.
un. Blend, To mix, or mingle together.
Blend-ed-er-ing. un^ed.
wn, Bail, To set free from arrest ; to dip out water,
Bail-ed-er-able. un^ed.
un. Blight, To blast ; a disease of plants,
Blight-ed-ing. unAed.
un. Clasp, To close in the hand.
Clasp*ed-er-ing. ?^?^Aed.
un. Coil, To gather in a circle, as a rope,
Coil-ed-ing. un^-ed.
un. Curb, To restrain ; the fence of a well.
Curb-ed-ing. zmA.ed.
sub. Chant, To sing; to celebrate in song.
Chant-ed-er-ing. sub^er.
un. Furl, To draw up, or contract ; as sails.
Furl-ed-er-ing. ^^A.-ed-ing.
un, Foil, To frustrate ; to defeat ; to render vain,
Foil-ed-er-ing. un^A.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 77
out. Frown, To knit the brow ; to repel by a stern look.
Frown-ed-ing-ingly. out^
un. Grunt, To allow ; to yield ; to give ; to concede.
Grant-ed-ing-or. un&ed*
un. Greet, To salute ; to address with kind wishes,
Greet-ed-ing. un^ed.
mis. Lead, To guide by the hand ; to induce.
Lead-er-ing. mis^-ing.
re. Loan, The act of lending ; that which is lent.
Loan-ed-ing, reA.-ed-ing.
un. Maim, To disable ; to injure ; to make a cripple.
Maim-ed-ing, unAed.
un. Quench, To extinguish ; to put out.
Quench-ed-ing. zmAable-ably.
un. Quell, To subdue ; to quiet or restore peace.
Quell-ed-er-ing. un^ed.
un. Screen, To shelter; to sift or riddle; a riddle.
Screen-ed-ing. un^ed.
un. Shield. To cover ; to secure ; defensive armor.
Shield-ed-ing. un^ed.
un. Shrink, To shrivel ; to draw back ; to recoil.
Shrink-ing. unjng.
mis. Spend, To layout; to dispose of, or waste.
Spend-ing. missing.
un. Saint, A holy person ; a Christian.
Saint-ly-like-ship.
un. Smooth, Glossy; having an even surface.
Smooth-ly-ness-ed-er. un^
un. Spoil, To ruin; to corrupt; to plunder.
Spoil-ed-er-ing. un^d.
un. Stain, To discolor ; to blot or spot ; to make foul.
Stain-ed-ing-less. zmAed.
78 ANALYSIS OF TH£
SECTION XXIII
See Rules 1st and 2nd for final e.
EXAMPLE,
un. Safe, Secure from danger.
Safe-ly-ty. un^Ay.
Safe, secure from danger.
Safe/y, in a safe manner.
Safety, in a state, secure from danger.
Unsafe, not safe.
Unsafely, in an unsafe manner.
un, Bribe, To offer a reward to pervert judgment,
Brib-ed-er. unAed.
tin. Fade, To lose color ; to decay ; to vanish.
Fade-ed-ing. zmAed-ing.
Tin. Prune, To trim ; to lop off useless branches.
Prune-ed-er-ing. un^ed.
im. Pure, Genuine ; free from mixture.
Pure-ly*ness-ity. mA.-ity.
mis. Rate, To tax. A tax or price fixed.
Rat-ed-able. misled..
un. Tame, To make gentle ; to domesticate.
Tame-ed-ing-able-ableness. un^ed.
un. Trade, To barter ; to buy and sell.
Trade-ed-er-ing. unjng.
un. Urge, To press ; to press by motives ; to importune.
Urge-ed-ing-ent-ently-ency. unAed.
Crime, An offense ; a violation of law.
Criminal, partaking of crime.
Crime-ful-less-inal-inally-inality.
Crude, Raw ; in a natural state ; rough.
Crude-ly-ness-ity.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 79
un. Fruit, Productions of the earth ; as grain, &c.
Fruit-ful-fully -fulness-less. unjul.
un. Fright, Sudden fear or alarm.
Fright-ful-fully-fulness-less. untried.
re. New, Lately made ; recent; not old,
.Renew, To make new or improve.
New-ly-ness-ish. reA.-ed-ing*-al.
un. Thought, An idea formed in the mind.
Thought-ful-fully-fulness-less-lessly.
un. Till, To cultivate the ground.
Till-ed-ing-able. w?zAed.
un. Tax, To assess a tax ; to charge. A rate.
Tax-ed-er-ing-able-ation. un^ed.
over. Whelm, To cover with water; to overburden.
Whelm-ed-ing. 0z;erA.-ed-ing.
un. Wrap, To wind or fold together ; to mvolve.
Wrap-ped-per-ping. Rule 6.
be. Wail, To lament ; to express sorrow audibly.
Wail-ed-ing. .Zfewail, to bemoan. -ed-ing.
un. Chaste, Pure ; uncorrupted. See Rule 1st.
Chaste-ly-ity. un^. injty.
un. Curve, To bend in a circular form. Rule 1.
Curve-ed-ing-ity-ature. un^ed.
in. Cure, To heal as a disease.
Cure-ed-able. mAable-ability. unAed.
over. Drive, To impel ; to urge forward by force.
Drive-ing-er. over^. un^en.
be. Guile, Craft; cunning; artifice.
Beguile, to impose on by artifice.
Guile-ful-fully-fulness-less. £eA.-ed.
Grieve, To mourn ; to give pain of mind to.
Grieve-ed-ing-ingly-ous-ously-ousness.
80 ANALYSIS OF THE
SECTION XXIV.
un. Accost, To address ; to speak to, face to face.
Accost-ed-ing-able. unAQd.
Accosted, did address, or was addressed.
Accostmg', continuing to address.
AccostaJZe, that may be addressed.
Un&ccosted, was not addressed,
un. Affirm, To assert positively ; to declare.
Affirm-ed-ing-ance-ation-ative. un^ed.
un. Arrest, To take a person with a warrant ; to stop.
Arrest-ed-ing-ment. unAed.
un. Complain, To murmur, or find fault.
Complain-ed-ing-ant. unjng.
dis. Content, To satisfy; quiet; easy; satisfied.
Content-ed-edly-edness-ment. disced.
un. Defend, To vindicate ; to drive "back ; to repel.
Defend-ed-er-ing-ant. unAed.
un. Delight, A high degree of pleasure ; to please.
Delight-ful-fully-fulness-some-someness.
pre- Design, To plan; to project; to delineate a figure.
Design-ed-ing-less. preA.-ed-ing.
un. Exert, To put forth power of body or mind,
Exert-ed-ing-ion. unAed.
un. Instruct, To teach ; to impart knowledge.
Instruct-ed-ing-or-ion-ive. unAed.
un. Impeach, To accuse or censure.
Impeach-ed-ing-ment. z^Aed-able.
un. Molest, To trouble, or disturb.
Molest-ed-er-ing-ation. unAed.
self. Neglect, To omit by carelessness, or design.
Neglect-ed-ful-fully-ing. self^
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 81
un. Adapt, To make suitable to the use. Apto, to fit.
Adapt ed-edness-ation. un^ed.
un. Addict, To apply one's self habitually to.
Addict-ed-ing. un^ed. Dico, to dedicate,
un. Arraign, To call to the bar as a prisoner.
Arraign-ed-ing. un^ed'
un. Assail, To attack ; to fall upon by violence.
Assail-ed-ing. un^d. Salio, to leap,
un. Blemish, To injure; a mark of deformity.
Blemish-ed-ing-less. unAed.
un. Cancel, To blot out, cross out or annul.
Cancel-ed-lation. Cancello^ to cut cross-wise,
un. Counsel, To give advice ; To recommend.
Counsel-ed-ing-or-orship. un^ed.
mis. Demean, To behave, either well or ill.
Demean-ed-ing. misled.
un. Except, To leave out ; to exclude ; to object to.
Except-ed-ing-ion-ionable. Capio, to take,
un. Expand, to enlarge ; to spread.
Expand-ed. Expan-sion-sive-sibility.
un. Extol, To praise ; to eulogize ; to raise in words,
Extol-led-ling. Eule 6. Tollo, to lift up.
un. Hallow, To make holy ; to consecrate.
Hallow-ed-ing. u?iAed.
un. Tarnish, To sully; to soil; to become dulL
Tarnish-ed-ing. unA<ed.
in. Valid, Having sufficient strength or power.
Invalidate, to weaken, or make weaker.
Valid-ly-ity. mA.-hy-ate-ating.
un. Vital, Pertaining to life. Vita, life.
Vitalize, to give life.
Vital-ly-ity-ize-ization.
82 AN A LYSIS OF THE
all. Abhor, To hate extremely ; to loathe or detest*
Abhor-red-rence-rent. alljed. Rule 6.
anti. Asthma, Difficulty of breathing.
Asthma-tic, antijic. Appendix, No. 5, Rule 8.
ant. Arctic, Northern constellation, called the bear.
Antarctic, opposite to the Arctic.
un. Benign or Benignant, Kind disposition ; favorable*
Benig-Nant-nantly-nity. unj\.
over. Clamor, A great outcry or noise.
Ckmor-ous-ously-ousness. over^ous.
un. Canvass, To examine returns of votes ; to debate.
Canvass-ed-er-ing. unAed.
over. Captious, Disposed to find fault ; apt to cavil.
Captious-ly-ness> overA. Capio, to take,
un. Comfort, Ease ; relief from pain ; rest.
Comfort-less-ably-ableness. zmAable.
un. Contemn. To despise or reject with disdain.
Con tern n-ed-ing. zmAed. Temno, to despise,
un. Discard, To dismiss, cast off or reject.
Discard-ed-ing. unAe&.
un, Distrain, To seize or take for debt.
Distrain-ed-or-ing. Stringo, to touch lightly.
un. Endow, To furnish with money or goods ; to enrich ;
Endow-ed-ment. zmAed. [to settle on.
un. Escort, To guard on a journey. An escort to guard.
Escort-ed-ing. unAed.
un. Exempt, To free from ; or to be free from.
Exempt-ed-ing-ion. unAed. Emo, to buy.
un. Expect, To wait for ; to look for either good or evil.
Expect-ant-ancy-ation. z^Aed. Specio, to see.
re. Echo, To resound ; or reflected sound.
Echo-ed-ing. reA.ed.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 83
un. Forbear, To abstain from ; to delay or cease.
Forbear-ance-ing. unjng.
un. Forfeit, To lose by some fault, offense or crime.
Forfeit-ed-ing-ure. zmAed.
ef. Florid, Abounding with flowers ; flusbed with red.
Florid-ity-ly-ness. Flos, a flower.
un. Genteel, Polite, well bred ; easy in manner.
Genteel-ly-ness. unA.-ly.
un. Hazard, To expose to chance or peril. Chance.
Hazard-ed-er-ing-ous-ously-able. zmAed.
dis. Honest, Just; fair in dealing; frank; sincere.
Honest-ly. dis Ay. Honor, honor,
un. Harbor, To shelter ; a port for a ship ; a place of safety.
Harbor-ed-er-ing-less. imAed.
un. Infest, To trouble greatly ; to disturb, or harass.
Infest-ed-er-ing. zmAed.
un. Insult, To abuse ; abuse ; insolence. Salio, to leap.
Insult-ed-er-ing, un^ed.
un. Invent, To find out something new; to contrive.
Invent-ed-or-ion-ive. Venio, to come,
over. Jealous, Fearing rivalship.
Jealous-ly-ness. over^. un^
un. Lament, To mourn, grieve or bewail ; to regret.
Lament-ed-iag-able-ably-ation. zmAed.
self. Murder, To kill a human being unlawfully.
Murder-er-ess-ed-ing-ous-ously. self^.
re." Murmur, To complain; to grumble ; a low sound.
Murmur-ed-er-ing, wftAed-ing.
re- Model, To shape ; a pattern of something to be made.
Model-ed-er-ing. reAed-ing, Modus, a measure,
un. Perform, To accomplish ; to do ; to fulfill.
Perform-ed-er-ing-ance. zmAed.
84 ANALYS1SOFTHE
SECTION XXV.
un. Abash, To confuse ; to make ashamed.
Abash-ed-ing-ment. un^ed.
un. Appall, To depress with fear; dismayed.
Appall-ed-ing-ment. unAed..
un. Condemn, To pronounce guilty or wrong.
Condemn-ed-ation-atory-able. unAe&.
un. Candid, Open ; frank ; impartial ; free from bias.
Candid-ly-ness. un^. Candeo to be white.
un. Despair, Without hope ; a hopeless state.
Despair-ing-ingly. unA'mg. de, without, spes, hope,
in. Desert, To forsake, or deserving good or evil.
Desert-ed-ing-ion. zmAed.
in. Decent, Becoming in words, behavior, or dress.
Decent-ly-ness. in^Ay. Decet, it becomes.
dis. Embroil, To involve in troubles ; to perplex.
Embroil-ed-ing. disced.
im. Partial, Biased ; showing favor without a reason.
Partial-ly-ity. mA.-ly-ity.
im. Precise, Exact ; nice ; formal.
Precise-ly-ness-ion. i?nA\on. un&.
un. Renown, To make famous. Fame, celebrity.
Renown-ed-edly-edness- unAe&.
un. Request, To petition. An expression of desire.
Request-ed-ing. unAed. Quaero, to ask.
un. Supplant, To undermine by stratagem.
Supplant-ed-er-ing-ation. un^ed.
un. Tenable, That may be held or maintained.
Ten-Able-ability-ableness. w?zAable.
in. Tranquil, Calm ; peaceful.
Tranquil-ly-ity. mAity.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
mis. Avouch, To declare ; to witness to.
Avouch-ed-er-ing. mis^.
un. Bewitch, To fascinate ; to charm.
Bewitch-ed-er-ing-ment. unAQ&.
dis. Entomb, To deposk in a tomb.
Entomb-ed-ing. unAed. disA.
un. Ferment, To heat or work ; to set in motion,
Ferment-ed-ation-able. zmAed,
pre. Omen, A sign or indication oL
Omen-ous-ously. preA.
un. Eelent, To soften in temper.
Relent-ed-ing. w^Aing.
un. Refract, To break the course in rays of light.
Refract-ed-ion-ive, zmAed. Fractus, broken,
un. .Resent, To take ill : to be offended.
Kesent-ed-ing-ment.
un. Reveal, To disclose, or make known.
Reveal-ed-ing-able. Revalation.
un. Sustain To bear, uphold or support.
Sustained-er-ing-able. linked.
un. Sophist, A false reasoner. Sophia, wisdom.
Sophisticate, to use Sophistry.
Sophist-ical-icate-ication. zw&Jcal.
e. Special, Particular. Especial, very particular.
Speeial-ly. eA.-ly.
un. System, An assemblage of principles, or things.
Systematize, to reduce to system.
System-atic-atical-atize-atized. &TZAatic.
in. Timid, Fearful. Intimidate, to make afraid.
Timid-ly-ity-ness. tnAate-ated-ation.
all. Triumph, To obtain a victory.
Triumph-ed-ing-ant-antly. «ZZAmg.
8
ot> A N A L Y S I S O F T K E
un. Answer, To speak in return ; to reply.
Answer-ed-ing-able. ?,mAed-able-ably.
super. Angel, A spirit; a celestial being.
Angcl-ic-ical-ically. super^ic.
in. Differ, To disagree ; to be unlike.
Differ-ent-ently-enee. mAent-ently.
en. Danger, Peril, risk ; exposure to injury.
Endanger, To expose to injury.
Danger-ous-ously-ousness. ewA.-ed-ing-
ian. Drama, A composition representing a picture of
human life.
Drama-tic-tist. unjic.
unv Emblem, Representation by similar qualities.
Emblem -atic-atical-atically. z^Aatie.
un. Harass, To tease ; to perplex ; to molest ,*: to weary..
Harass-ed-ing. &%Aed.
dis. Honor, To revere;, esteem due to worth ; dignity.
Honor-ed-ing-able-a;bly. ^'v-able-ably-
im. Moral, Relating to virtuous conduct-
Moralize, To make moral-
Moral-ize-ized-ization- im^
un. Profit, Gain or advantage ; to improve.
Profit^less-able-ably-ableness. 2mAable,
co. Partner, One who shares with another.
Partnership. coA.-ship.
im. Peril, Danger; risk; hazard; jeopardy.
Peril-ous-ously-ousness.
un. Question, To interrogate ; the subject of dispute-
Question-ed-er^ing-able. wAed-able.
un. Symbol, A sign of any mqral thing by images.
Symbolize, To represent by symbols,
Symbol-ic-ically-ke-ized-izing.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 87
post Nuptial, Pertaining to marriage.
.Postnuptial, after marriage. Nubo, to marry,
un. Pardon, To forgive an offense ; to remit a penalty.
Pardon-ed-ing-able. w?tAed-able-ably.
im. Pious, Godly ; religious ; respect for parents.
Pious-ly. mA.-ly. Pietas, piety,
im. Proper, Fit ; -particularly suited to ; just.
Proper-ly. imA.-\y. Prope.near.
un. Punish, To affect with pain ; to chastise.
Punish-ed-er-ing-able. smAed.
*in. Pension, Annual allowance of money by Government.
Pension-er-ary, One who receives a pension,
ante. Penult, or penultimate, The last syllable of a word
except one.
Penult-imate. antej.ma.te. Ultimus, last,
•antu Poison, To infect with poison; a substance which,
taken into the stomach, destroys life ; infectious,
Poison-ed-ing-ous-ously-able. antiA.
'com. Pupil, A scholar; the apple of the eye.
Pupil-age-ary. corapupil, a fellow pupil,
un. Ransack, To search thoroughly ; to pillage,
Ransack-ed-ing. zmAed.
•co. Regent, One ruling or governing.
Reg-Ent-ency-entship. COA. Rex, a king,
un. Regret, To grieve ; grief; sorrow of mind.
Regret-ted-ting-ful. united.. Rule 6.
*m. Repeat, To do again ; to utter again.
Repeat-ed-ing. &^Aed. Peto, to ask or seek,
arch. Rebel, To revolt from Gov. One who revolts.
Rebel-led-lion-lious. arch^ Bellum, war.
<un. Righteous, Just according to the Divine law,
Righ-teous-ly-ness, w^.A.-ly-ness.
ANALYSIS 0 7 THE
SECTION XXVI.
See Rules 1st and 2nd for this and the five next pages,
mn. Dilate, To expand ; to enlarge : to widen.
Dilate-ed-ing-ion. unAed.
Dilated, was expanded.
iftlating, continuing to expand.
Dilution, the act of expanding.
Undiluted, was not expanded,
nn. Attire, To dress; ornamental clothes.
Attire-ed-ing. unAed,
mn. Corrode, To rust ; to eat away by degrees.
Corrode-ed-i'ng-ible-ibility. un'Aed.
Tin. Deserve, To merit; to be worthy of good or evil
Deserve-ed-edly-ing-ingly. nnAed-edly.
un. Defense, Any thing that secures protection.
Defense-ive-ively-less-lessness- unlive.
un. Desire, To wish for the possession of.
Desire-ed-rng-ous-ously-able. &%Aed-abIe*
in. Docile, Teachable ; ready to leara.
Docile-ity. w^.-ity.
nn. Expense, Cost ; charge ; price, &c.
Expense-ful-fully-fulness-ive-ively. unAive.
un. Endure, To last ; to undergo. Durus, hard.
Endure-ed-ing-ance. unAir\g.
en. Feeble, Weak ; infirm. .Enfeeble, to make feeble.
Feeble-ness. eftA.-ed-ing.
•an. Humble, To abase. Meek, lowly.
Humble-ed-ing-ness. mi^ed.
cnv Rapture, Transport of joy. Enrapture, to give j,oy to,
Rapture-ous-ously. e^A.-ed-ing.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 89
un. Achieve, To perform, execute, finish or gain.
Achieve-ed-ment-ance-able. w?tAed-able.
in. Coerce, To restrain by force ; to compel.
Coerce-ed-ion-ible-ive, injble.
UR. Confine, To limit or bound ; a border or edge.
Confine-ed-ing-ment. &ftAed-able. Finis, end,
mn. Contrite, Broken-hearted for sin ; penitent.
Contrite-ly-ness-ion. Tritum, to rub.
pre. Decease, To die ; departure from this life.
Decease-ed. preyed. Cedo, to yield,
un. Explore, To search for, or view with care.
Explore-ed-er-ing-ation. zmAed-able.
un. Invite, To ask ; to request ; to allure.
Invite-ed-ing-ingly-ation. w^Aed.
un. Licence, To grant or give permission ; leave.
Licence-ed-ing. zmAed>
im. Passive, Suffering, not acting ; not opposing.
Passive-ly-ness-ity. imA. Patior, to suffer,
de. Picture, A painting ; a likeness drawn in colors.
Depict, To form a likeness. Depict-ed-ing.
un. Profane, To pollute ; irreverence to sacred things.
Profane-ed-ing-ity-ation-ly. Fanumy a temple,
un. Repine, To murmur ; to feel discontent.
Repine-ed-ing-ingly. zmAing-ingly.
un. Rebuke, To chide, reprove, or punish.
Rebuke-ed-ing-ful-able. zmAed-able.
un. Restore, To give back, or replace ; to heal.
Restore-ed-ing-able-ation-ative. un^ed.
un, Vitiate, To injure the substance of any thing; to
make impure, Vitiate-ed. un^fr.
in. Urbane, Civil ; courteous in manners.
Urbane-ity. injity. Urbs, a city.
8*
90 ANALYSISOFTHS
tin. Amuse, To entertain the mind agreeably.
Amuse-ed-ing-ment-ive. ?^Aed.
nn. Allure, To entice, decoy or tempt.
Allure-ed-er-ing-ment. w^Aed.
tin. Abridge, To make shorter; to lessen. Brevis, short,
Abridge-ed-ing-ment. zmAed.
un. Appease, To make quiet ; to calm or pacify,
Appease-ed-ing-able. z^Aed. Pax, peace.
tin. Apprise, To give notice to; to inform,
Apprise-ed-er. zmA.ed.
tin. Censure, To blame ; the act of blaming.
Censure-ed-able-ableness. zmAed-able.
un. Despise, To scorn ; to have the lowest opinion o£
Despise-ed-ing-able-ableness. zmAed.
un. Divulge, To make public ; to disclose or tell.
Divulge-cd-ing-er. z^Aed.
un. Deprave, To make bad; to corrupt; to impair.
Deprave-ed-ing-ity-ation. unAed.
un. Divorce, To dissolve the marriage covenant.
Divorce-ed-er-ing-ment. un^ed.
un. Elate, To raise, as the mind or spirits ; to puff up,
Elate-ed -ing-ion, un&ed.
un. Injure* To hurt or wound. Injury, damage.
Injure-ed-er-ing-y-ious-iously. unAed. .Rule 3.
un. Imbibe, To drink in ; to absorb. Bibo, to drink.
Imbibe-ed-ing. &rcAed.
un. Torture, To inflict pain on body or mind.
Torture-ed-er-ing. un^ed.
un. Trouble, To agitate or disturb. Affliction.
Trouble-ed-some-somely-someness.
un. Virtue, Moral goodness or excellence.
Virtue-ous-ously-less-al-ally. imAous.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 91
mis. Behave, To conduct well or ill ; to act-
Behavior, manner of behaving.
Behave-ed-ior. ?rzzsA-ed-ior.
un. Chastise, To punish ; to correct. Castigo, to beat-
Chastise-ed-able-ment. unAed.
in. Commute, To exchange one thing for another.
Commute-ed-ation-ative-able-ability. mAable-ably-
ability. unAed. Muto, to change,
un. Comprise, To contain or include.
Comprise-ed-ing-al. un^ed.
en. Circle, A curve line bending round till both ends meet.
Encircle, To inclose in a circle. e^Aed-ing.
re. Double, To fold; twice the sum ; twice as much.
Double-ed-ness. reA.-ed-ing. Duo, two.
un. Dilute, To make thin or weak; to render more liquid.
Dilute-ed -ing-ion. z^Aed.
dis. Entrance, To put in a trance ; to enrapture.
Entrance-ed-ing. feA.-ed-ing.
un. Expunge, To blot out as with a pen ; to erase.*
Expunge-ed-ing. un^ed. Pungo, to prick,
un. Enhance, To increase, raise or aggravate.
Enhance-ed-ing-ment zmAed.
un. Excise, An inland duty on goods.
Excise-man. An excise officer,
un. Exile, To banish ; one sent into banishment.
Exile-ed-ing-ment. zmAed.
un. Infringe, To break, as a contract ; to transgress.
Infringe-ed-ing-ment. zmAed. Frango, to break,
self. Indulge, To permit to be ; to suffer ; not to check.
Indulge-ed-ent-ently-ence. self^ence. [nounced.
Lecture, To discourse ; a discourse read or pro-
Lecture-ed-er-ing-ship. Lego, to read or choose,
y* ANALYSIS OF THE
inter. Meddle, To have to do with ; to handle or touch,
Meddle-er-some-someness. inter A.-ed-ing.
un. Muffle, To cover from the weather; to blindfold.
Muffle-ed-er-ing. unAed. [remark
un. Notice, To observe; observation by the senses; a
Notice-ed-ing-able. ?^Aed. Nosco, to know,
un. Nurture, To nourish ; to bring up or educate,
Nurture-ed-ing. z^Aed. Nutrio, to nurse,
un. Pollute, To defile ; to profane or violate.
Pollute-ed-ing-ion. ?mAed. Polluo, to pollute,
un. Provoke, To make angry ; to offend. Foco, to call.
Provoke-ed-ing-able. unAed-ing.
un. Refute, To disprove by argument. Refuto.
Refute-ed-ing-al-ation-able. zmAed.
un. Reprieve, To respite after sentence of death.
Reprieve-ed-ing. w?iAed-able,
un. Revile, To reproach with opprobrious language.
Revile-ed-er-ing. 2mAed.
tin. Ifescue, To deliver or save from, as danger.
Rescue-ed-er-ing. unAed.
un. Reserve, To keep in store ; to hold back in the mind.
Reserve-ed-edly*edness-ation. unAed-
un. Relieve, To free from, or remove in part.
Relieve-ed-ing-able. zmAed-able.
in. Sincere, Real; unfeigned-ly-ness-ity. wejty.
un. Succinct, Brief ; short or compressed.
Succinct-ly-ness. Cinctus, a girdle.
over. Sedate, Settled, composed, calm.
Sedate-ly-ness-ive. overA.
un. Surprise, To come, or fall upon suddenly.
Surprise-ed-ing-ingly-al ?^Aed,
Tragedy, A dramatic poem. Trag-ic-ical-ically.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 93
un. Expose, To lay open ; to make liable ; to offer.
Expose-ed-ure-ition-able. un^ed.
un. Erase. To rub or scrape out, as letters.
Erase-ed-ure-ion-ment, Eado, to scrape,
un. Enlarge, To make greater ; to extend.
Enlarge-ed-ing-ment. 2mAed.
vn. Obscure, To darken ; not intelligent.
Obscure-ed-ity-ation. un^ed.
dis. Oblige, To constrain to do ; to do a favor to.
Oblige-ed-ing-ation-atory. disced.
im. Provide, To procure beforehand ; to foresee,
Provide-ed-ent-ence. ^??2Aent. zmAed,
un. Prepare, To fit, adapt or make ready.
Prepare* ed-ing-ation-ative. unAed.
ir. Ketrieve, To recover again ; to repair.
Retrieve-ed-able. ^rAable-ably. un&ed.
ir. Revere, To regard with fear, mingled with respect,
Re vere-ed-ende-ential . zrAent-ence .
un. Salute, To greet with kind wishes ; to hail.
Salute-ed-ation-atory. un^ed.
dis. Concert, To contrive, arrange or adjust.
Disconcert, To frustrate, or derange.
Concert-ed-ing. disced.
re. Splendor, Great brightness. Splendid, showy.
Resplendent, Very bright ; brilliant.
Splend-or-id-idly. reAent-ently-ency,
un. Season, To give relish to ; part of the year.
Seasonal, timely, or in time.
Season-able-ably-ableness. z^able.
un. Spirit, The soul; breath, air, &c.
Spiritualize, to make or become spiritual.
Spirit-ual-ually-uality-ualize-ualization,
94 ANALYSIS OF THE
SECTION XXVII.
Pay particular attention to the 2nd exception under
Eule 3rd, as applied to the following words,
un. Annoy, To molest, disturb, or incommode.
Annoy-ed-er-ing-ance. unAed.
dis. Array, To deck or dress ; the order of troops.
Array-ed-ing. dis^.-ed-mg. zmAed-
un. Betray, To deliver up by treachery ; to mislead.
Betray-ed-er-ing-al. un^d.
un. Convey, To carry or transport ; to transfer,
Convey-ed-er-ing-ance-ancer-able.
un. Defray, To pay expenses ; to discharge.
Defray-ed-ing-er. unAed.
un. Delay, To linger, stay or postpone.
Delay-ed-ing-er. un^ed-ing.
un. Essay, To try or attempt. A trial.
Essay-ed-ing-er. zmAed.
mis. Employ, To occupy the time.
Employ-ed-er-ing-ment. mis^-ed-ing.
un. Money, Coin ; stamped metal, as silver.
Money-less-bag-box, un^ed.
dis. Obey, To comply with ; to yield to.
Obey-ed-ing. feA.-ed-ing. un^d.
un. Portray, To paint or draw a likeness of.
Portray-ed-ing-er. un^ed.
re, Survey, To take a view of; to measure.
Survey-ed-or-ing, reA,-ed. z^Aed.
un, Waylay, To watch with evil intent.
Waylay-ed-ing. &^Aed,
$in. Dismay, To deprive of firmness of mind.
Dismay-ed-ing. un^ed.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 95
SECTION XXVIII.
all. Abandon, To desert ; to forsake utterly.
Abandon-ed-ing-ment. aZZAed.
un. Abolish, To make void; to destroy.
Abolish-ed-ing-ment. w^Aed.
Aboli-Tion-tionist. Aboleo, to abolish.
un. Ambition, A desire to excel.
Amb-itious-itiously. zmAitious.
un. Benefit, To profit. An act of kindness.
Bene-Fitrfited-ficial. WTiAfited.
un. Condition, The particular state of a thing.
Condition-al-ally-ali ty . unA al,
un. Demolish, To destroy; to lay in ruins.
Demolish-ed-er-ing. zmAed.
Endeavor, To attempt ; to try to do.
Endeavor-ed-ing.
un. Execute, To perform ; to effect or do something.
Execu-Tion-tive-tor-trix. united.
ab. Origin, The beginning of any thing : source.
Originate, To bring into existence.
Origin-al-ally-ality-ate-ated-ation.
un. Kelinquish, To withdraw from ; to quit.
Kelinquish-ed-ing-ment. unAed.
un. Sanction, To ratify or confirm.
Sanction-ed-er-ing. un^ed.
un. Supersede, To make void by superior power ; to
come in the room of another.
Supersede-ed-ure. Sedeo, to sit.
Timorous, Fearful of danger ; timid.
Timorous-ly-ness. Timor, fear,
over. Tedious, Tiresome; fatiguing; tardy. ly-ness.
96 ANALYSIS OF THE
un. Accomplish, To complete, or finish ; to gain,
Accomplish-ed-ing-ment. zmAed. Pleo, to fill,
un. Counterfeit, To forge or imitate ; to dissemble.
Counterfeit-ed-er-ing. w^Aed.
un. Comely, Becoming ; graceful ; handsome.
Comely-ness. z^A.-ness. Rule 3.
un. Decipher, To explain ; to unravel ; to unfold.
Decipher-ed-er-able. zmAed.
un. Diploma, A writing giving authority, or honor.
Diplomacy, the customs of embassadors.
Diploma-cy-tic. unjic. Appendix, No, 5, Rule 8.
over. Difficult, Hard to be made, or done.
Difficult-y. overA. Dis, not, Facilis, easy.
un. Elicit, To draw out, or bring to light ; to deduce.
Elicit-ed-ing-ation. zmAed.
un. Encounter, To meet face to face ; a fight.
Encounter-ed-ing. unAed.
un. Embellish, To adorn, beautify or decorate.
Embellish-ed-ing-ment. unAed.
un. Embroider, To adorn with needlework.
Embroider-ed-er-ing. zmAed.
un. Entertain, To receive and treat with hospitality.
Entertain-ed-ing-ment. unAed.
anti. Fanatic, Wild and extravagant in opinions.
Fanatic-al-ally-ism. anti^. Fanum a temple.
mis. Interpret, To explain words as to the sense.
Interpret-ed-er-ing-ation. mis^.-ed.
un. Interrupt, To hinder by breaking in upon ; to impede
motion. Ru?npo, to break.
Interrupt-ed-ing-ion. zmAed.
un. Intercept, To seize on by the way, or to stop.
Intercept-ed-ing-ion. zmAed. Capio, to take.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 97
SECTION XXIX.
re. Assemble, To collect in numbers.
Assemble-ed-ing. reA.-ed. un^ed.
dis. Advantage, Benefit ; promotion of interest.
Advantage-ously. <#&Aous-ously-ousness. (Excep-
ception under Rule 1.)
in. Audible, That may be heard. Audio, to hear,
Aud-ible-ibly-ience-itory. mAible-ibly.
un. Analyze, To resolve a body into its elements.
Analyze-ed-er-ing-ation. un^d.
un. Beguile, To delude ; to deceive by craft.
Beguile-ed-er-ing-ment. un^ed.
in. Credulous, Apt to believe without evidence.
Credul-ous-ously-ity. mAous-ously-ity.
un. Betoken, To indicate ; to show by signs.
Betoken-ed-ing. un^ed.
un. Discipline, Education; correction; government
Discipline-ary-arian-able. un^ed.
un. Dissemble, To disguise ; to deceive.
Dissemble-ed-er. Dis, not, similis, like,
in. Evident, Plain ; clear ; obvious ; manifest.
Evid-Ent-ence-ential-entially. mAent.
un. Institute, To appoint ; to establish ; to enact.
Institute-ed-ion-ional. un^ed.
un. Persecute, To pursue to injure ; to harass.
Persecute-ed-or-ion. Seqiwr, to follow,
im. Placable, That may be appeased. Placo.
Plac-Able-ability. mAable-ability-ably.
ir. Resolute, Firm; Bold.-ly-ion. irA.-ly-ion.
un. Ridicule, To mock or laugh at in contempt.
Ridicule-ed-ous-ously-ousness. unAed.
98 ANALYSISOFTHE
un. Analogy, A likeness to, in some respects.
Anal-ogy-ogous-ogical. unAogous.
un. Distinguish, To discern a difference.
Distinguish-ed-able-er. zmAable.
un. Interest, To concern or affect. A concern.
Interest-ed-ing. w^Aed-ing.
im. Manacle, A handcuff. Immanacle, to put on hand-
cuffs; to enslave,
un. Patriot, A lover of his country,
Patriot-ic-ism. unjc.
!un. Petition, To make a request ; to ask from.
Petition-ed-er-ing. un^ed. Peto, to ask,
im. Penitent, One who repents of his sins.
Penit-Ent-ence-ency, mAent-ence.
un. Popular, Pertaining to the common people ; beloved
by the people.-ity.
im. Polity, The form of civil government.
Poli-Ty-cy-tic-tical. im^tic. Polls > a city,
im. Probity, Tried virtue; integrity.
Improbity, want of integrity.
ir. .Regular, Uniformly the same. Rego, to rule.
Regular-ly-ity. «VA.-ity.
un. Repugnant, Opposed; contrary to.
Repug-Nant-nance. Pugno, to fight,
un. Extinguish, To put out, quench or destroy.
Extinguish-ed-er-ing-able. w^Aed-able.
un. Important, Of great consequence ; weighty.
Important-ly. alls. un^
in. Feasible, That may be done ; practicable.
Feas-ible-ibility. mobility,
un. Solicit, To ask for, to seek by petition.
Solicit-ed-or-ous-ously-ude-ation. w?iAed-ous.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 99
«
dis. Continue, To remain in any place ; to extend. Con-
tinual and continuous, mean continuing.
Continue-ed-ous-ously-€il-ally-ance-ation. disced-
ance-ation. Teneo, to hold.
Tenacious, Adhesive; holding fast. Tewo^ to hold.,,
Tenacious-ly-ness. Tenacity,
un. Eepresent, To show, exhibit or describe.
Represent-ed-ing-ation-ative. misled.
un. Discomfit, To rout, defeat or scatter in flight.
Discomfit-ed-ing-ure. un^ed..
un. Domestic, Belonging to the house; tame.
Domesticate, to make tame.
Domestic-ate-ated-ation- zmAated.
un. Ornament, To adorn ; that which adorns.
Ornament-ed-ing-al zmAed-al.
im, Plausible, That may be applauded. Plaudo.
Plaus-ible-ibly-ibility-ibleness. im.flAe.
im. Parallel, Running in accordance with ; or lying side
by side, as lines,
anti. Puritan, A dissenter from the Church of England.
Puritan-ic-ical-ism. anti^.
im. Pregnable, That may be taken by force.
Impregnable, That cannot be taken,
ua. Reprimand, To reprove severely. A reproof.
Reprimand-ed-ing. un^ed.
un. Replenish, To fill ; to furnish ; to complete.
Replenish-ed-ing. un^ed. Plenus, full.
Irrigate, To water; to moisten.-ed-ing-ion.
Romantic, Pertaining to romance ; wild, fancifu
Romantic-al-ally-ness.
Sedition, Rebellion against law or government.
Sedit-ion-ionary-ious-iously.
100 ANALYSIS OF THE
SECTION XXX.
un. Affable, Easy of conversation and manners,
Aff-Able-ably-ability-ableness. unable.
in. Congruous, Suitable; consistent; fit.
Congru-ous-ously-ity. mAous-ity.
u#n. Contagious, Generating contagion ; catching.
Contag-ious-iously-iousness. wwco&Jous.
in. Contiguous, Touching; meeting; joining.
Contigu-ous-ously-ity. enAous-ously.
in. Corrigible, That may be set right, or corrected.
Corrig-ible. mAible-ibly-ibility-ibleness.
semi. Deist, One who denies Kevelation.
De-ist-istic-istical-ism. semi-isticol.
de. Predal, Pertaining to prey or plunder.
Depredate, to plunder or rob.
Pred-Al-acious-aciously. efeAate-ation.
im. Probable, likely to be ; that may be-
Prob-Able-ably-ability. mAable- ability.
a.tfti. Paralysis, Palsy. Paralyze, to afflict with palsy.
Paraly-sis-tic-ze-zed. antijic.
un. Sagacious, Acuteness of discernment.
Saga-cious-ciously-city. wftAcious.
in, Scrutable, Discoverable by examination.
Scrut-Able. mAable-ably. Scrutor, to search,
in. Tangible, That may be touched. Tango, to touch.
Tang-ible-ibly-ibility-ent. Sw£Aent.
7^Aible-ib]y-ibility-ibleness.
e. Vacant, Empty ; void ; not filled.
Vacate, to make empty. Evacuate^ to leave.
Vac-Ant-ancy-ate-ated-atin^-ation.
e4uate-uated-uation.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 1Q1
in. Artificial, Made by art ; feigned.
Artificial-ly. mA.-ly. un^.
un. Assiduous, Diligent; persevering.
Assidu-ous-ously-ity. unions.
semi, Barbarian, A man in a savage state.
Barbarous^ cruel; inhuman; brutal.
Barbar-ous-ously-ity-ism. semi^ous.
in. Corporeal, or Corporeous, Having a body.
Corpo-neal-reous-really. mjeal.
mis. Conjecture, to surmise, or guess.
Conjecture-ed-al. mis,,. Jacio, to cast,
in. Discover. To find out ; to lay open to view.
Discover-ed-ing-able. mAable. zmAed.
in. Ebriety, Drunkenness. Ebrietas.
Inebriate-ion, To make drunk,
in. Experience, To try by use ; a series of trials.
Experience-ed-ing. zmAed. in^.
in, Felicity, Happiness. Felix, happy.
Felicitate, to wish joy to.
Felicit-ous-ously-ate-ation. mAous.
in. Exorable, That may be moved by entreaty.
Exora-Ble-bly. mAble-bly. Oro, to entreat,
in. Evitable, That may be shunned.
Evita-Ble. zXble-bly. Vito, to shun,
un. Invidious, Envious; malignant.,
Invidious-ly-ness. unA.
un. Manufacture, To make by hand or art.
Manufacture-ed-ing-or. zmAed.
non. Resemble, To bear the likeness of.
Resemble-ed-ance. non^nce.
in. Susceptible, Capable of something more.
Suscept-ible-ibility. mobility.
102 ANALYSIS OF THE
in, Clement, Mild in disposition ; gentle, kind.
Clem-Ent-ently-ency. mAent-ently-ency.
im. Patient, Enduring evils without murmuring.
Pati-Ent-ently-ence. mAent-ently-ence.
im. Prudent, Careful of consequences; cautious,
Prud-Ent-ently-ence-ential-entially.
JwAent-ently-ence.
un. Pliant, That may be easily bent ; flexible.
PI i-Ant-able-abil ity-ableness.
in. Competent, Sufficient for ; adequate.
Compet-Ent-ence-ency. zViAent-ence.
im. Pertinent, Relating to the matter in hand,
Pertin-Ent-ence-ency. mAent-ence.
im. Permanent, Remaining unchanged.
„, Perman-Ent-ently-ence. 2??zAent-ently.
un. Prominent, Standing out ; jutting.
Promin-Ent-ently-ence-ency. unAent.
in. Nutriment, That which nourishes ; food.
N utri-Ment-mental-tion-tious-tive .
lttAtious-tive-tion.
in. Expedient, Suitable for the purpose ; useful.
Expedi-Ent-ently-ence-ency . mAent-ence .
Expedite, To hasten ; to quicken ; to dispatch,
Expedite-ed-ing-ion-ious-iously.
In. Experiment, A trial ; to make trial.
Experi-Ment-mental-mentally.
in. Deficient, Wanting in something ; not sufficient.
Defici-Ent-ently-ence-ency. indent.
Incipient, Beginning ; commencing.
Incipi-Ent-ently-ency.
Transparent, Admitting a passage for light,
Transpar-Ent-ency. semi^ut.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 103
SECTION XXXI.
Rule 1st with the 8th, and note under it, must be strictly observed in
forming words on this, and the next three pages,
un. Actuate, To incite or move ; to put in action.
Actuate-ed-ing. un^ed. Actum, done,
in. Accurate, In exact conformity to truth.
Acc«rate-ly-ness-cy. ^V^A• (Note to rule 8.)
un. Conjugate, To give the inflections of a verb.
Conjugate-ed-ing-ion. jungo, to join,
un. Consummate, To end, finish or complete.
Consummate-ed-ing-ion. unAe&.
un. Confiscate, To adjudge to be forfeited to the State
treasury. Fiscus,v. money-bag,
un. Dedicate, To set apart to a sacred use.
Dedicate-ed-ing-ion-ory. wrcAed.
un. Emulate, To strive to equal or excel.
Emulate-ed-ing-or-ion. unjng.
Emanate, To issue from ; to flow from.
Emanate-ed-ing-ion.
re. Iterate, To repeat, or do a second time.
Iterate-ed-ion. w?£Aed. Iterum, again,
un. Illustrate, To make clear; to explain.
lllustrate-ed-ing-ion-ive. un^ed.
re. Ingratiate, To commend one's self to another's good
will or kindness. -ed. reA.-ed.
pre. Intimate, To hint at. Familiar.
Intimate-ed-ion-ly-cy. prejon.
ex. Legislate, To enact laws. Lex, a law.
Legislate-ed-ion-or-ure-ive. e#Aor.
re, Masticate, To chew or grind with the teeth.
Masticate-ed-ing-ion. re^
104 ANALYSIS OF THE
Same directions as on the last page-
in. Adequate, Equal to ; fully sufficient. Aequus.
Adequately. ^A.-cy. .(Note to Rule 8.)
in. Delicate, Nice; feeble; of a fine texture.
un. Dissipate, To scatter, or drive asunder.
Dissipate-ed-ing-ion. unAed.
pre. Dominate*, To rule. Predominate, to rule over.
Dominate-ed. _pr£?A.-ed-ing-ion.
un. Estimate. To value; to seta value on.
Estimate-ed-ing-ion. un^ed. in^ble.
un. Extirpate, To pluck up by the roots.
Extirpate-ed-ing-ion. unAed.
un. Fabricate, To construct ; to manufacture.
Fabricate-ed-ing-or. unAed.
un. Congratulate, To wish joy to another.
Congratulate-ed-ing-ion-ory. unAed .
un. Insulate, To place in detached situations.
Insulate-ed-ing. un^ed. Insula> an island-
un. Initiate, To introduce ; to instruct in first principles.
Initiate-ed-ien-ory. un^ed. Eo, to go ; mt in.
im. Maculate, To spot or stain. Macula, a stain.
Maculate-ion. w»A.-ion.
un. Mutilate, To cut or break off; to mar.
Mutilate-ed-ing-ion. Mutilo, to lop off.
in. Numerate, To number. Numero, to number.
Numer-Mff-ated-ation-able-ator.
mAable-ably. unin^ted.
ap. Proximate, Nearest ; Approximate, to come near.
Proximate-ion. #pA.-ed-ion.
un. Stipulate, To bargain, contract or settle.
Stipulate-ed-ing-ion-or. zmAed,
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 105
un, Abbreviate, To shorten. Brevis, short.
Abbreviate-ed-ing-ion-or-ory. zmAed.
un- Affiliate, to adopt as a son. Filius, a son.
Affiliate-ed-ion. zmAed.
un. Ameliorate, To make better. Melior, better.
Ameliorate-ed-ing-ion. zmAed.
re. Capitulate, To surrender an army; to repeat the
heads of a discourse.
Capitulate-ed. reA.-ed-ion. Caput, the head,
un. Expatriate, To banish ; to quit one's country.
Expatriate-ed-ion. Patria, a country.
Expostulate, To reason earnestly.
Expostulate-ed-ing-ion. Postulo, to ask.
un. Emancipate, To free from servitude.
Emancipate-ed-or-ion. w?zAed.
un. Exaggerate, To enlarge on beyond truth.
Exaggerate-ed-ing-ion. zmAed.
dis. Incarcerate, To put in prison. Career, a prison.
Incarcerate-ed-ion. disced.
un. Incorporate, To form into a legal body; to mix.
Incorporate-ed-ing-ion. Corpus, a body,
un. Incarnate, To be embodied in flesh.
Incarnate-ed-ion. Carnis, flesh,
il. Legitimate, Lawful; to make lawful.
Legitimate-ly-cy. z7A.-cy. (Rule 8.)
com. Peregrinate, To travel from place to place.
Peregrinate-ed-ing-ion. ccwzjon.
un. Remunerate, To recompense or repay.
Remunerate-ed-ion. Munus, a gift,
un. Retaliate, To return like for like ; to repay by an act
of the same kind,
Retaliate-ed-ion-ory. Tails, such like.
106 ANALYSIS OF THE
un. Adulterate, To pollute ; to debase by mixture,
Adulterate-ed-ing-ion. zmAed. Adultero.
UR. Alleviate^ To make light ; to remove in part.
Alleviate-ed-ing-ion. unAed. Levis, light.
un. Ambiguous, Doubtful ; having two or more meanings.
Ambig-uous-uously-uity. zmAuous. [am, round,
co. Belligerent, Gerens, Bellum, waging war. Ago, to go,
in. Commensurate, Reducible to the same measure.
Commen3«rate-ion-bility-bleness, Rule 8.
un. Commisserate, To pity or feel sorrow for.
Commisserate-ed-ing-ion. zmAed. Miscereor, to pity.
in. Combustion, A burning; a tumult or uproar.
Combust-ion-ible-ibleness. mAible-ibility.
in. Compatible, Consistent; suitable; agreeable.
Compat-iUe-ibility. mAible*ibly-ibility.
Contumacious, Stubbornness; obstinacy.
Contuma-cious-cy-ciousness.
Coagulate, To curdle ; to congeal. Coagulo.
Coagulate-ed-ion-ble-bility. Rule 8.
in. Discriminate, To distinguish the difference.
Discriminate-ed-ly-ion. e'^.-ly-ion.
Ejaculate, To throw out.-ed-ing-ion-ory.
un. Equivocate, To use words of a doubtful meaning.
Equiro-caite-cation-cal-cally. %?*Acal.
un. Exhilarate, To make merry; to enliven ; to cheer.
Exhilarate^d-ing-ion. unAed. Hilaris, merry,
un. Perforate, To bore or make holes through.
Perforate-ed-ing-ion. w?iAed.
un. Palliate, To coyer with excuse; to lessen.
Palliate-ed-ion-ive. Pattwn, a cloak,
un. Ruminate, To muse ; to meditate,
Ruminate-ed-ing-ion, w?zAed.
ENGLISH LANGWAGE. 107
SECTION XXXII.
Examine Rule 3rd with its first exception, and Rule 4th and 9th,
before forming the following words.
un. Deny, To contradict ; to refuse or disown.
Deny^-ed-ing-al-able. w?zAed-able-ably.
nn. Envy, To repine at another's prosperity.
Envy^-ed-ing-ous-ously-able. zmAed-ous.
un. Equity, Strict justice; right.
Equitable, according to equal rights.
Equit-Able-ably-ableness. zmAable.
in. Efficacy, Power to produce effects.
Effica-cy-cious-ciously. mAcious-ciously.
Gratuity, A free gift. Gratuit-ous-ously.
over. Industry, Habitual diligence.
Industry^-ous-ously. over^ous.-
Luxury, Undue indulgence of the appetite.
Luxury^-ous-ously-ousness.
un. Mercy, Favor ; kindness ; mildness,
Mercy^-ful-fully-fulness-less. unj\i\.
im- Melody, Agreeable succession of sounds.
Melody^-ous-ously. fwAous. unions.
un. Pity, Sympathetic feelings ; tender feelings.
Pity^-ful-fully-less-able-ably-ableness. un^ed.
Pite-ous-ously. (See exception first, under Rule 3.)
un. Perfidy, Treacherous ; a violation of faith.
Perfidy^-ous-ously-ousness. un^ous.
ir. Remedy, That which cures a disease or counteracts
evil. Remedy^-less. Irremediable,
un. Symmetry, A due proportion of parts,
Symmetry^-cal-cally. wwAcal.
* y, is exchanged for i, and retained before the suffixes.
108 ANALYSIS OF THE
See Rule 9th and its exception ; also Rule 4th.
Beautify, To make beautiful — Beauti-Fy-fied-ful-less-
ous^-ously-ousness.
un. Clarify, To make clear. Clarus, clear.
Clarify-ed-ing-cation. w^Aed.
un. Defy, To dare to combat ; to challenge,
Defy-ed-ing-er-ance. zmAed.
un. Edify, To improve the mind in knowledge.
Edify-ed-ing-ingly • cation. zmAed.
un. Fortify, To strengthen, as by forts or otherwise.
Fortify-ed-ing-er-cation. zmAed.
un. Mortify, To destroy vital functions ; to humble.
Mortify-ed-ing-cation. wraAed.
un. Notify, To publish ; to make known.
Notify-ed-er-ing-cation. w^Aed.
un. Ossify, To become bone ; to form bone.
Ossify-ed-ing-cation. wraAed.
semi. Petrify, To convert to stone ; to make callous.
Petri-ry-ied-ing-factiont. se;?zAified.
un. Kectify, To make right ; to correct.
Rectify-ed-er-ing-cation. w?iAed.
un- Karefy, To make thin or less dense.
Rare-Fy-fied-factiont-fiable. zmAfied.
un- Ramify, To divide into branches.
Ramify-ed-ing-cation. zmAed,
dis. Satisfy, To gratify the wants or desires.
Satis-Fy-fied-fying-factiont. zmAfied.
ob. Stupefy, To make stupid ; to blunt.
Stupe-Fy-fied-factiont, ^faction,
un. Vitrify, To become, or form glass.
Vitri-Fy-fied-factiont-fiable . zm.fied.
* Exception under Rule 3. t Exception under Rule 10.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
109
SECTION XXXII.
ON this page and the next, the student may first define the given
word, then combine its prefixes and define it in such connection. Most
of the words here used are found in other parts of the book, with their
derivatives.
The exercise is merely to render the prefixes more familiar, and may
be often repeated, singly or in concert.
over un. Anxious, Greatly concerned ; solicitous,
mis re. Choose, To pick out ; to select or prefer,
super sub. Celestial, Relating to heaven. Ccelum, heaven,
over in. Curious, Strong desire for novelty ; nice,
dis un. Courteous, Polite ; well-bred ; civil,
in over. Diligent, Steady in application ; not idle,
in mis. Direct, To point or aim ; straight ; right,
demi equi. Distance, Remoteness ; reserved,
in un. Discreet, Prudent ; cautious ; not rash,
bi un. Fold, To double ; an enclosure .
mis re. Judge, To hear and determine a case,
re con. Join, To unite; to connect,
counter equi. Poise, To balance in weight-
preter im. Perfect, Finished ; complete,
non in. Sane, Sound; healthy; having reason,
counter pre. Signal, A sign given; memorable,
mis un. Sent, Dispatched ; thrown or cast,
anti un, Scriptural, According to Scripture,
con sub. Sequence, That which follows,
re un. Tempted, Inticed ; allured,
mis un. Taught, Instructed.
ante proto, Type, An emblem ; a model ; to prefigure,
con inter. Texture, The act of weaving ; a web.
pyro poly. Technics, Doctrine of arts in general.
10
110
ANALYSIS OF THE
under co. Agent, An actor ; an active cause.
over super. Abound, To possess much of; prevalent.
un in. Arable, Fit for plowing. Aro, to plow.
dis un. Belief, An assent of the mind to,
after mis. Conduct, Good or bad action; behavior.
over mis, Carry, To bear, convey or transport.
mono a, Chromatic, Relating to color.
ante post. Diluvian, Pertaining to the flood.
geo helio. Centric, Pertaining to the center.
be de. Charm, To control by incantation.
over il. Liberal, Of a free heart ; generous .
preter il. Legal, According to law. Lex, law.
inter. Mediate, To interpose to effect a union.
unim im. Mortal, Subject to death ; deadly.
im un. Malleable, That may be drawn out by ham-
mering.
im un. Polite, Courteous ; refined. Polis, a city.
dys eu. Peptic, Promoting digestion. [edge.
non im. Proficiency, Improvement ; progress in knowl-
re un. Pack, To put together in order ; a bundle.
re over. Pay, To remunerate ; to discharge as a debt.
re pre. Possess, To have ; to hold or occupy.
im re. Plant, To put in the ground, as seed,
re dis. People, The inhabitants of any place.
un re. Traced, Marked out; delineated.
mis dis. Trust, To place confidence in.
super. Vision, Sight ; the faculty of seeing.
in un. Tractable, Easily led or taught.
dis re. Union, A joining ; a junction.
in inter. Weave, To unite threads in making cloth;
to insert.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Ill
SECTION XXXIIL
Defining by two Prefixes.
in unin. Debt, What is owing from one to another.
Debt-or. mAed-edness. unin^d.
Debtor, the person who owes.
Indebted, being in debt or was in debt.
Indebtedness , the state of being in debt.
Unindebted, was not indebted. .
in un. Apt, Fit ; suitable. Aptitude, fitness.
Apt-ly-ness-itude. injtu.de. unAly.
mis un. Aim, To point at ; to try to accomplish.
Aim-ed-ing. ?nisA. un^ed.
super un. Add, To put together ; to unite.
Add-ed-ition-itional. un^ed. super^
in un. Art, Skill ; cunning. Artificial, made by art.
Art-ful-fully-fulness-less-lessness-ificial-isan-ist. mAificial
out un. Boast, To brag in speech ; to exalt one's self,
Boast-ed-er-ing-ful-fully. unAiug. outA.
all un. Dread, Great fear; apprehension of evil.
Dread-ful-fully-fulness-less. unAed.
be un. Deck, or Bedeck, To adorn, embellish or clothe,
Deck-ed-ing. unAed. beA.
re un. Draft, To delineate ; to draw the outline.
Drafted, reA.-ed-ing. unAed.
re un, Gain, To obtain; to win; to acquire.
Gain-ed-er-ing. reA.-ed. un^ed.
ap il. Laud, To praise in words. Laus, praise.
Applause, to give praise to.
Laud-able -ableness-atory. ap^ #Aable, *
re un. Mind, To obey ; to fix the thoughts. Intellect.
Mind-ful-fully-less. zm/ul-fully. reA.
112 ANALYSIS OF THE
re un. Adorn, To deck or ornament. Orno, to deck.
Adorn-ed-ing-ment. reA.-ed. wrcAed.
mis un. Accept, To receive what is offered; to agree.
Accept-ed-ing-ance-alion-able-ably-ability.
re un. Adjust, To put in order ; to settle. Jus, right.
Adjust-ed-ing-ment. reA.-ed. un^ed..
dis un. Allow, To grant ; admit ; afford.
Allow-ed-ance-able. dwAed-able. un^ed-
pre un. Acquaint,, To make fully known ; to inform.
Acquaint-ed-ance. ^?reAance. z^ed.
self un. Deceit, Fallacy ; fraud ; cheat ; double dealing.
Deceit-ful-fully -fulness-less. un£v\.
all un. Devour, To eat with greediness ; to destroy.
Devour-ed-ing. zmAed. ailing. Voro.
in un. Discern, To distinguish by the eye.
Discern-ed-ible. un^ed- foible. Cerno, to see.
re un. Discuss, To debate. Quatio, to shake, dis, apart.
Discuss-ed-ion. un^ed. reA.
super self. Exalt, To raise high ; to elevate. Altus, high,
Exalt-ed-ation. ^Z/^ation. super^tion.
in un. Exhaust, To draw out; to drain.
Exhaust-ed-ion. injble. Haurio, to draw,
in un. Explain, To make plain ; to expound.
Explain-ed-able. Explan-Ation-atory.
over re. Flourish, To grow luxuriantly ; to thrive.
Flourish-ed-ing. Flos, a flower.
in un. Fracture, or Infraction, A breach; a rupture,
Fract-ure-ion-ional. w^ured.
re un, Install, To induct or place in office-
Install-ed-ation. zmAed. reA.-ed.
il un. Limit, To bound or set bounds to-
Limit-ed-ati on-less. ^Aable. un^ed.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 113
re un. Adjourn, To defer till another time.
Adjourn-ed-ment. r£A.-ed. un^ed.
re un. Adopt, To take a child as an heir; to select and
take ; to take as one's own.
Adopt-ed-ion. ?^zAed. Opto, to choose,
dis un. Anoint, To pour oil on ; to besmear with oil.
Anoint-ed-ing. un^ed.
re un. Assault, To attack with violence .
Assault-ed-ing. zmAed. reA.
self un. Banish, To condemn to exile.
Banish-ed-inent. zmAed. self-ment.
mis un. Bestow, To give ; to impart to, or confer.
Bestow-ed-ing-al-ment. misAed.
de inter. Nation, People under one government.
Nation-al-ally-ality. internal.
im un. Perish, To die ; in a state of decay.
Perish-ed-able- unjng. mAable.
im un. Prosper, To render successful ; to thrive.
Prosper-ed-ous-ously-ity. imjty. un^ovts.
re un. Publish, To make public ; to utter or print.
Publish -ed-ing-ment. un^d. reA.
ir un. Redeem, To ransom or purchase back.
Redeem-ed-er-ing. zVAable. 2^Aed.
dis un, Regard, To observe ; to look towards.
Regard-ed-ful-fully-less. un^d. dis^
ir un. Reproach, To censure, or treat with scorn.
Reproach-ed-ful-fully-able. z>Aable. un^ed.
inun. Support, To bear; uphold; maintain.
Support-ed-able. in^abie. ^^?^Aed.
re un. Summon, To notify by authority to appear at some
place ; to call up.
Summon-ed. unAQd. reA.
10*
114 ANALYSIS OF THE
in un. Alter, To make some change in. Alter, another.
Alter-ed-ing-ation-able-ability. mAable-ably. zmAed.
in un. Contest, To dispute or strive. A strife.
Contest-ed-ing-able. ?mAed-able. mAable-ably. Testis,
a witness,
self un. Convict, To prove guilty. Vinco, to conquer.
Convict-ed-ing-ion, scZ/^ed, w^Aed.
unac ac. Custom, Frequent or common use.
Accustom, To make familiar by use.
Custom-ary-arily. #cA,-ed. w^#cAed.
dis un. Enchant, To practice sorcery ; to delight.
Enchant-ed-ment. disced. ?mAed.
in un. Expert, Skillful ; experienced ; prompt.
Expert-ly-ness. inA. Perior, to try.
super un. Intend, To mean or design. Tendo, to stretch.
Superintend, To extend over ; to oversee.
Intend-ed-ing. super ±.~ent. w^Aed.
un. Invert, To turn upside down. Verto, to turn.
Invert-ed-ing. wwAed
un re. Polish, To make smooth ; refinement.
Polish-ed-ing-er-able. reA. zmAed.
dis un. Sever, or Dissever; To separate by violence.
Sever-ed-ing-ance. feAed-ance.
in un. Suffer, To feel what is painful ; to undergo.
Suffer-ed-ing-er-ance-able. mAable.
in un. Temper, Disposition ; mood ; humor.
Temperate, Moderate ; abstemious.
Temper-ate-ance. mAate-ance.
rein in. Vigor, Energy ; active strength.
Invigorate, To make vigorous.
Vigor-ous-ously. mAate-ated-ating. mraAate-ated, Vigor.
strength.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 115
re un. Assert, To affirm or aver ; To affirm.
Assert-ed-ing-ion-or. reA.-ed-ion. un^ed.
re un. Attack, To assail by force or words.
Attack-ed-ing. re^.-ed. un^d.
dis un. Avow, To declare openly. Voveo, to vow.
Avow-ed-al. feA--ed-al. un^ed.
in un. Civil, Relating to policy; sober; well-bred.
Civilize, to reclaim from a savage state.
Civil-ly-ity-ize-ized-ization. injiyt un^.
in un. Congeal, To become thick or stiff. Gelu, frost.
Congeal-ed-ation. in^ible. ?mAed.
in un. Control, To govern ; to keep under check.
Control-led-ler-lable. invisible. Rule 6.
in un. Corrupt, To vitiate or make worse.
Corrupt-ed-ing-er-ion-ible. mAible.
dis un. Inthrall or Enthrall, To enslave.
Inthrall-ed-ing-ment. disced, un^ed.
re un. Foment, To bathe with warm liquors.
Foment-ed-ing-ation. reAed, un^ed,
dis un. Favor, To befriend ; resemblance ; kind regard-
Favor-ed-able-ableness. w?zAable. dis^
in un. Frugal, sparing ; a prudent use of.
Frugal-ly-ity. injty. un^.
in un. Grateful, Thankful ; a sense of benefits.
Grateful-ly-ness. w7iA.ly-ness.
un. Record, To register; to write in ; a register of facts
Record-ed-er. un^ed.
dis un. Relish, To please the taste ; a pleasing taste.
Relish-ed-ing-able. dis&. tmted.
in un. Utter, To speak or pronounce words.
Utter-ed-ing-ance. mAable. unAed.
e. Vanish, To disappear.-ed-ing. Evanescent.
116 ANALYSTS OF THE
SECTION XXXIV.
in un. Diminish, To lessen ; to impajr. Minus, less.
Diminish-ed-ing-able. zXable- w?zAed.
re un. Deliver, To free ; to surrender ; to utter a speech-
Deliver-ed-er-ance-able. reA. un^ed..
dis un. Embarrass, To perplex ; to render intricate-
Ernbarrass-ed-ing-ment. dis^. ?^Aed,
in non. Elastic, Springing back ; rebounding,
super un. Excel, To go beyond ; to surpass. Celsus, lofty.
Excellent, better than common.
Excel-lent-lence. super &\eut-lence.
re'en en. Joy, Gladness ; mirth; hilarity.
Joy-ful-fully-less-ous. Exception 2d under Eule 3.
.Ercjoy, To take pleasure in. reen^
dis un. Order, To direct; regular arrangement.
Disorder, to put out of order.
Order-ed-ing-ly. disced. «?zAly-
unem em. Power, Force ; ability to do or cause.
Power-ful-fully-fulness-less-lessness.
.Empower, to give power to.-ed-ing.
ap over. Prize, or Apprize, To set value on ; to value.
Prize-ed. 0pA-ed-al-ment. overfed.
dis un- Serve, To work for ; to wait on. Service, labor.
Serviceable, that does service. Servile, slavish.
Serve-ice-ieeable-iceably-iceableness-
ant-ile-ility-ileness-itude. zmAiceable.
dis m,is. Trust, To confide in ; confidence.
Trust-ed-ful. mis^.-ed- disced-
n un. Vary, To alter in any manner; to differ.
Vary-ed-ing. mAable-ably. Kule 3.
* Mistrust, implies suspicion ; Distrust, want of confidence.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 117
SECTION XXXV.
Words arranged like the following, are combined as below,
pre super. Eminent, High; exalted in rank.
3 2 1
Pre-super-Einin-Ent-ently-ence-
1. Eminent, eminently, eminence.
2. Stiperem'ment, supereminently, supereminence.
3. Pre-eminent, pre-eminently, pre-eminence,
dis in. Obedient, submissive to authority.
dis-in-Obedi-Ent-ently-enee.
Obedient, obediently, obedience.
jfoobedient, inobediently, inobedience.
Disobedient, disobediently, disobedience,
ar de. Range, To set in a row ; to rove.
ar-de-Range-ed-ing. dement, arjnent.
disen en. Cumber, or .Encumber, To load or burden.
C umber-ed-ing-some-someness.
.Ewcum-Ber-bering-brance. disenjber.
out en. Compass, To stretch around ; to encompass,
Compass-ed-ing. .E^compass-ed-ing.
unpre pre. Destine, To ordain or appoint ; to doom.
Destine-ed-ing-y-ation. zmAed.
Predestinate-ed-ion. unpre^ed-
re un. Importune, To request with urgency.
Importunate, urgent in request,
Importune-ed-ing-ate-ately-ity. zmAed.
re. Suscitate, To rouse ; to call into life or action.
Suscitate-ed-ing-ion. reA.-ed-ion.
dis as. Similar, Resembling ; like. Similis, like.
.Assimilate, to make or cause to be like.
Simil-Ar-arity. ^'sA£ir-arity. asAate-ated-ation.
} 18 ANALYSIS OF THE.
SECTION XXXVI.
See Rule 1st and 2nd for this and the next two pages.
con ex. Cave, or Cavern, A hollow place in the earth.
Concave, hollowing inwardly. Excavate, to dig out.
Cave-ern-ity. co^A.-ity. e£Aate-ated-ation.
de in. Fame, Public report; rumor; renown.
Fame-ous-ously. mAous-ously-y.
Defame, to slander, ed-ing-ation-atory.
in unin. Flame, A blaze ; fire. Inflame, to set on fire.
Flame-less. mA--ed-ing. unin^ed.
Jftflam-Mable-mability-mableness-matory.
be un. Grudge, or Begrudge, To envy or murmur.
Grudge-ed-ing-ingly. be^ed. unbend.
mis un. Guide, To direct. A conductor.
Guide-ed-ance. mi$A-ance. un^ed.
un. Hope, To cherish a desire of some good.
Hope-ed-ful-fully-fulness-less. unjul-
inter un. Pledge, To pawn something as security ; to
engage to fulfill a promise.
Pledge-ed-or-ee. inter ^ unAed.
dis un. Please, To excite agreeable emotion.
Please-ed-ing-ure-urable. dis^.-ed-ure.
re un. Seize, To lay hold on suddenly ; to take.
Seize-ed-ing-ure. rcAure. un^ed.
non in. Sense, reason. The faculty by which external
objects are perceived.
Sense-less-lessly-ible-ibly-ibility-ableness-ation. zXible-
ibly-ibility. nonA.
un. Shame-ful-fully-fulness-less-lessly-lessness.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 119
all un. Atone, To expiate an offence; to make amends.
Atone-ed-ing-ment. unAed. aZZJng.
all un. Admire, To regard with wonder.
Admire-ed-ing-er-ation-able-ably-ability. &ftAed-ing. all^
ing. Miro?', to wonder,
all un. Adore, To worship ; to pay Divine honor to.
Adore-ed-ing-ation-able. unAed.
in un. Converse, To talk. Conversable, free in discourse.
Converse-ed-able-ation. injible. zmAable.
mis un. Contrive, To invent, devise or plan.
Contrive-ed-ance-er. mis^ unAed.
in un. Conclude, To decide ; to finish ; to infer.
Conclude-ed-ing. unAe&.
Conclus-ion-ive-ively. eXive-ively.
ex inter. Commune, To converse ; to confer.
Communicate, To impart to another.
.Excommunicate, To cut off communion.
Commune-ed-ion-icate-ication-icative-icant-icable.
&EAicate-ication, interjection. z'?zAicable.
in un. Decide, To determine ; to end ; to fix,
Decide-ed-ing-er. unAed.
Decis-ion-i ve-ively . injou-ive .
in un. Define, To explain ; to mark the limits.
Define-ed-er-ition-able. mAable, un^ed,
in un. Dispute, To contend in argument, Strife.
Dispute-ed-ation-able. ^Xable. un^ed.
pre un, Declare, To tell explicitly ; to make plain.
Declare-ed-ation-ative-atory. pre^tion.
mis un. Fortune, success ; good luck ; wealth.
Fortunate, successful ; lucky.
Fortune-ate-ately. zm^te ately. mis^
120 ANALYSIS OF THE
dis un. Agree, To assent; to be of one mind. Rule 1.
Agreeable, pleasing. Disagreeable, not pleasing.
Agree-ed-ing-ment-able-ably-ableness.
d&A.-ed-ing-able-ably-ableness. un^ed.
dis un. Abuse, To use or treat ill. Rule 1.
Disabuse, to free from mistake.
Abuse-ed-ive-ively. feA«-ed-ing. &wAed.
re un. Compile, To collect matter for a book.
Compile-ed-er-ing-ation. zmAed. r<?A.
in un. Compare, To liken one thing to another.
Compare-ed-ison-able-ative. inAMe.
mis un. Construe, To translate ; to interpret.
Construe-ed. misled, un^ed.
semi un. Calcine, To reduce to fineness by heat.
Calcine-ed-ation. semi^ed. un^ed.
mis un. Derive, To draw or receive as from a source.
Derive-ed-ation-ative-able. zmAed.
in re. Flexile, Easily bent ; pliant. Flecto, to bend.
Flex-ile-ible-ibility. wijble-ibility. reAity.
in un. Fertile, Fruitful ; rich ; inventive.
Fertile-ity-ize-ization. injty. un^.
mis un. Improve, To make better in any sense.
Improve-ed-ment-able. un^ed. mis^.
mis un. Manage, To conduct. Rule 2, Exception Rule 1.
Manage -ed-able-ably-ableness-ment. misA.
non un. Observe, To notice with attention.
Observe-ed-ation-able-ance-atory.
im un. Perceive, To observe ; to understand.
Perceive-able. Percep-xion-tive-tible. mAtible.
self un. Preserve, To save ; to keep safe from injury.
Preserve-er-ation-ative-able. seZ/^ation.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 121
SECTION XXXVIII.
re un, Compensate, To make amends ; to give an equiva-
lent; to remunerate. Compenso.
Compensate-ed-ing-ion-ory. ?^A.-ed. un^ed.
re un. Celebrate, To praise or make famous.
Celebrate-ed-ing-ion. un^ed. reA.
all un. Devastate, To lay waste ; to ravage or destroy.
Devastate-ed-ing-ion. un^ed. #ZZAing.
self un. Educate, To instruct ; to bring up, as children.
Educate- ed-or-ion-ional. self^ed. un^d.
in un. Expiate, To atone for ; to make reparation.
Expiate-ed-ion-ory. un^ed. mAble. Rule 8.
contra sub. Indicate, To point out or show.
Indicate-ed-ion-ive. eoTtfroJon,
in un. Imitate, To copy after ; to counterfeit.
Imitate-ed-or-ion-ble. mAble. unAed.
im un. Mitigate, To alleviate ; to abate. Mitis, mild.
Mitigate-ed-ing-ion. zmAed.
in un. Separate, To divide or part; disunion.
Separate-ed-ion-ble-bility. i?iA\Ae. unAed.
in un. Articulate, To utter words distinctly.
Articulate-ed-ion. unAed. in^.-ion.
re un. Accelerate, To quicken, as motion ; to hasten.
Accelerate-ed-ing-ion-ory . un^ed .
irre re. Conciliate, To reconcile; to gain the affect ions.
Conciliate-ed-ing-ory. unAed.
.Zfeconcile-ed-iation-ing. 2?T£Aable.
re un. Interrogate, To question. Rogo, to ask.
Interrogate-ed-ion-ive-ory. ^?zAed. reA.
mis un. Translate, To interpret ; to transfer.
Translate-ed-ion. w&A.-ed. nn^d.
322 ANALYSIS OF THE
in un. Access, A coming to ; a near approach.
Access-ion-ible-ibility. mAible-ibility. unable.
un. Amiable, Lovely, Ami-Able-ably-ability. w7
Applicable, That may be applied ; suitable ; fit.
Applica-sle-bly-bility. wzAble-bility.
in. Capable, Having sufficient capacity for.
Capacitate, to make capable of. Capio, to take,
Cap-Able-abiiity-acitate-acious-acity.
mAable-ability-acitate-acitated.
un. Determine, To decide.-ed-ing-ation. un^ed.
Demonstrate, to prove beyond a doubt.
Demonstrate-ed-or-ion-ble-bly.
in. Eligible, Fit or worthy to be chosen. Eligo, to choose.
Elig-ible-ibly-ibility. mAible-ibility.
un. Hesitate, To be in doubt. Hesitate-ed-ing-ion.
un. Illuminate, To enlighten. -ed-ing-ion.
Negotiate, To transact business.-ed-ion-ble-or.
Precarious, Uncertain.-ly-ness.
un. Propitiate, To conciliate or reconcile.
Impropitious, unfavorable. Propitio.
Propiti-Ate-ated-ating-ation-ator-atory.
?'#iAous-ously. unAous.
in. Subordinate, Inferior in order, rank, &c.
Subordinate-ly-ion. Ordo, order,
in. Salubrious, Favorable to health. Solus t safety.
Salubri-ous-ously-ty. ^Aous-ty.
Vincible, That may be overcome. Vinco.
J/ivinci-Ble-bly-bility-bleness.
in. Violate, To break as a law.-ed-ion-ble-or.
re un. Capture, To take or seize as a prisoner.
Capt-ure-or-ured-uring. reAure. unAured.
mis over. Kule, To govern.-ed-er-ing. mis^. overA.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 123
SECTION XXXIX,
Defining ly the use of three Prefixes.
im re un. Bound, To limit; to leap. A limit-
Bound-ed-ary-less. wftAed. re^ im^
Bounded, did bound or limit.
Boundary, that which bounds.
BoundZm, without bounds.
Unbounded, was not bounded,
.Kebound, to bound back.
/rabound, to bound in or inclose,
ab in un. Err, To go astray ; to do wrong,
.Serration, a wandering from.
Err-ed-ing-or-atic-able-ableness,
Ration. mAable. &wjng-ingly-able.
arch co un. Found, To lay the basis ; to begin.
Found-ed-er-ation-ationless. archer, un^ed*
dis un. Grace, Favor ; good will ; to adorn.
Grace-ful-f ully-less-ious . disj ul.
dis re un. Joint, The joining, or place of joining,
Joint-ed-less. disced, un^ed.
dis en un. Robe, or Enrobe, To put on a robe-
an de un. Note, To notice ; to mark ; a short letter,
.^notation, a remark, or note.
Denote, to mark out ; to signify.
Note-ed-ation. Cation. deA.-ed.
dis mis un. Place, To set. or put in some place.
Place-ed-ing. misled, disced.
dis self un. Praise, To commend.
Praise-ed-worthy. selfA. un^ed.
dis im un. Plume, A feather; token of honor.
Plume-less-let, ^,-ed. mAous.
J24 ANALYSIS OF THE
fore mis un. Advise, To give counsel to. Video, to see.
Advise-ed-er-ing-able-ory. ?nisA.-ed. un^ed.
ab in un. Alien, A foreigner. Alienus, foreign.
Alienate, to transfer to another.
Alien-ate-ated-ation-able. injMe* Ration,
dis mis un. Belief, Persuasion of truth ; assent of the
mind. Believe, to give credit to.
Believe-ed-er-ing. dis-mis-un-Belief.
unas as un. Certain, sure ; undoubted. Certus, sure.
Certain-ly-ty. Ascertain, to make sure*
^Iscertain-ed-ing. unasked.
in re un. Combine, To unite ; to link together.
Combine-ed-ation. relation. mAable. un^d.
dis re un. Commend, To praise ; to applaud.
Commend-ed-ing*ation-atory. reA. dis#
all in un. Consume, To destroy ; to waste away.
Consume-ed-er-ing. mAable-ably. ailing.
in mis un. Correct, Right, or to make right.
Correct-ed-ing-ion-ive. Rectus, right,
Correct-ly-ness. in^ mis^d. un^d.
in re un. Consider, To think ; to fix the mind on.
Consider-ed-ation. reA.-ed-ation.
Considerate, Thoughtful. inA Ay -Ion-ness.
anti pre un. Constitute, To fix, establish or make.
Constitute-ed-ion-ional. preAed. anti,iona\.
fore pre un. Design, To plan ; to intend. A scheme.
Design-ed-er-ing-ation. preyed. ?mAed.
in self un. Destroy, To demolish, or lay waste ; to ruin.
Destroy-ed-er-ing. self^er. Exception Rule 3.
Destruct-ion-ive-ively-ible. 2»Aible. selfjon.
reim im re. Print, To impress letters or figures on paper
or other substances.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
dis in un. Console, To comfort or alleviate grief.
Console-ed-ing-able-ation-atory-ator.
'mAable-ably-ation-ateness. zmAed.
in sub un. Divide, To separate ; to make partition.
sub-Divide-ed-ing. un^ed.
Divis-ion-ible-ibility. wjble-ibility,
all im pre. Mature, To ripen ; to perfect. Ripe.
Mature-ed-ity-ness. preA. im^
under re un. Purchase, to buy as property.
Purchase-ed-er. under^r. reA.
in unob ob. Noxious, Hurtful ; poisonous.
Obnoxious, liable or exposed to.
Noxious -ly. 0#A.-ly, unobK.
over in un. Offend, To displease. Offense, displeasure,
Offend-ed-ing-or. unAe&. overfed.
Offense-ive-ively-iveness. inj.ve.
pre re un. Obtain, To get or gain ; to succeed in.
Obtain-ed-able. wraAed-able.
?-eAed -ing-able. Teneo, to hold.
dis mis un. Profess, To make open declaration ; to avow ;
to acknowledge ; to declare.
Profess-ed-ion-ional. disA, ?nis^.
after ir un. Repent, To feel sorrow for what was wrong ;
to change the mind.
Repent-ed-ance. afterjunce. ?mAing.
mis out un. Reckon, To count, compute or estimate.
Reckon-ed-ing. mwA. outA. un^ed.
cor out un. Rival, To strive for an object in opposition to
some other person.
Rival-ed-ing. zmAed. cut^: COA.
all re un. Search, To seek for ; to explore.
Search-ed-ing-ingly. alljng. re^. unable,
126 ANALYSIS OF THE
in non un. Attend, To wait on; to go with ; to listen to.
Attend-ed-ing-ant-ance. nonjmce.
Attent-ive-ively-ion. ^Jve-ively-ion.
dis ex un. Author, The writer of; the first mover of*
Authorize, to give power to ; to empower.
Author-ess-ship-ize-ized. disjze. unsized.
all re un. Conquer, To subdue or gain by force.
Conquer-ed-ing-or-able, #ZZAing.
?£ftAed-able-ableness. reA.-ed.
mis pre self. Conceit, To imagine. A notion or fancy,
Conceit-ed-edly-ful-less. self^. unAed.
pre re un. Consult, To seek the opinion of others,
Consult-ed-ation. pre^tion. mi^ed.
in re un. Digest, To concoct food ; to arrange.
Digest-ed-ion-ive. t?zAable. un^ed.
dis mis self. Esteem, To prize ; to set value on.
Esteem-ed-ing. selfA. dis&. misA.
mis self un. Govern, To direct by authority.
Govern-or-ment. selfjnent. misA.
in re un. Gather, To collect ; to bring together.
Gather-ed-ing. ^*?^A. Te^. un^ed.
in self un. Glory, Brightness ; lusture ; splendor.
Glorify, to Make glorious, or give glory to.
Glory-ous-ously. z'?zAous-ously. self^.
Glori-Fy-fied-fying-fication. Rule 10.
super in un. Human, Having the qualities of men.
Human-ity. injty. super ^ in±.
mis pre un. Instruct, To teach, educate or inform.
Instruct-ed-ion-or-ive. preyed, mis^.
anti de irn. Moral, relating to good conduct.
MoraMy-ity-ist- imjty. antijst.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 127
in mis mi. Appropriate, To set apart ; suitable.
Appropriate-ed-ing-ion. inA. misj.ou.
in mis un. Calculate, To compute ; to reckon.
Calculate-ed-ing-ion-ble. ?^Aed.
msA.-ed-ion. mAble-bly.
in re un. Deliberate, To ponder; to consider.
Deliberate-ed-ion-ive-ly-ness.
un. Eradicate, To uproot or destroy.-ed-ion- unh*
pre unpre. Meditate, To contemplate ; to muse.
Meditate-ed-ion-ing-ive,
j!?reA.-ed-ing-ion. unpreAed.
e une un. Narrate, To tell, rehearse or relate.
Narrate-ed-ing-ion-ive.
circum. Navigate, To sail on water in ships.
Navigate-or-ion-ble.^ im^ed-ble.
circum^.-iou. Navigo, to sail,
all im un. Penetrate, To pierce ; to enter.
Penetrate-ed-ion-ble.^ ?mAed,
zmAble-bly-bility. #ZZAing.
ir e une. Radiate, Eradiate or Irradiate, To issue in rays
of light. .Radius, a ray or spoke,
Radiate-ed-ing-ion. eAate-ion. z>Aate-ion.
super over. Saturate, To supply to fullness.
Saturate-ion, super Jon. un^ed.
in un. Stimulate, To excite to action.
Stimulate-ed-ion. zmAed.
re un. Vindicate, To defend; to justify; to
avenge. Vi?idex, A punisher.
Vindicate-ed-ing-ion reA. un^ed.
Stipulate, To make an agreement; to bargain.
Stipulate-ed-ing-or-ion. ?mAed.
* See Rule 8, and Note.
128 ANALYSIS OF THE
SECTION XL.
Special directions for combining suffixes on this page and the four
following.
When the prefixes are separated from the Word, and from each
other, by a hyphen, each prefix, one by one, is to combine with the
word, as it takes its several suffixes, onward to the period following. If
two or more words follow each other, separated by a comma, the
several prefixes unite with each of those words. If the word is after-
wards repeated with prefixes and suffixes, or either, it combines as
above, unless otherwise shown by the caret.
COMPONENT PARTS.
54321 6
be-in-over-un-Cloud-ed. Cloud-y-less.
COMBINED-
1. Cloud, Clouded. 2. Uncloud, Unclouded- 3. Overcloud,
Overclouded. 4. Incloud, Inclouded. 5. Becloud, Be-
clouded- 6. Cloud, Cloudy, Cloudless.
COMPONENT PARTS.
65432 1
im-irre-unre-re-un-Movable, Movably.
COMBINED.
1. Movable, Movably. 2. Unmovable, Unmovably. 3.
Removable, Removably. 4. Unremovable, Unremovably.
5. Irremovable, Irremovably. 6. Immovable, Immovably.
EXERCISE.
Cloud, To obscure by mist ; to darken.
be-in-over-un-Cloud-ed. Cloud-y-less.
Date, To note the time when.
ante-post-mis-re-Date-ed. unAed.
Count, To number ;. to reckon.
mis-over-re-Count-ed.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 129
Close, To shut ; to make fast ; to finish ; to unite.
dis-en-fore-in-re-un-Close-ed.
Chord, A string of a musical instrument ; a right line,
being the arc of a circle.
deca-hexa-mono-poly-tetra-Chord.
Centric, Pertaining to the center ; in a central position,
CWcentric, Tending to the center.
con-ec-geo-helio-sub-Centric.
Change, To alter in any manner ; to give one thing for
another. Alteration.
inter-re-re'ex-ex-Change-ed. alljng. u?iAed.
Charge, To load, as a gun ; to assault, or attack ; to accuse,
Expense. Surcharge, to overcharge.
dis-mis-over-sur-Charge-ed. unAed-
Knowledge, A clear perception of truth, or any
fact ; learning ; acquaintance. Nosco, To know.
Acknowledge, to admit to be true ; to own.
disac-ac-fore-self-Knowledge.
Motion, A moving ; a change of local position.
Locomotion, the act of moving from place to place.
Emotion, a moving of the mind.
com-counter-e-loco-Motion .
im-irre-unre-re-un-Movable, or Movably.
Mundane, Belonging, or pertaining to the world. Mundus,
the world.
ante-infra-inter-super-supra-Mundane.
Natural, Pertaining to nature ; produced by nature ; unaf-
fected, Natura, nature-
Connatural, connected by nature.
con-counter-preter-un-Natural.
Syllable, Letters uttered at a single impulse of voice.
dis-mono-octo-poly-tri-Sy liable.
130 ANALYSIS OF THE
Dense, Compact. Dense-ly-ity-ness.
Condense, to make more dense or compact.
re-Condense-ed-ation. unAe&. z'?zAable-ability.
Graft, To insert or join on.
in-re-Graft-ed-ing. z^Aed.
Grade, A degree, rank or order ; to level a road.
de-retro-Grade-ation. wnAed. undeAed.
Line, Length without breadth or thickness.
Delineate, to mark out as with lines.
inter-Line^-ation. Delineate-ed-ing-ion.
Love, To be pleased with ; affection ; good will.
Love-ly-liness-ing- zmjy-liness. £eAed.
Mount, To rise aloft ; to leap upon. A mountain.
Surmount, to rise above. Dismount, to get off-
dis-sur-Mount-ed-ing. insur^viblQ. U7isw\ed.
Mode, Method ; form ; manner of existing.
t Modify, to alter ; to vary the form.
Mode-ify-ifying-ifier-ified-ification. WTiJfied.
Plot, To form a scheme of mischief.
coml-Plot-ted-ting, counter-under- Plot.
Poise, To weigh or Balance. A weight.
counter-equi-over-Poise.
Sure, Certain ; firm. Assure, to make certain.
Insure, to make sure, or secure.
reas-as-rein-in-Sure. united,
Taught, Instructed, in art or science.
mis-self-un-Taught.
Veil, To cover or hide ; a covering.
over-Veil-ed-ing. zmAed.
Vigilant, Watchful. Vigil-Ant-antly-ance.
*e, final, is retained in lineation. fRule 10.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 131
Ambulate, To walk from place to place.
circum-noct-pre-per-Ambulate-ion.
Appoint, To fix or settle ; to allot ; to ordain.
Disappoint, To defeat what was expected.
dis-fore-re-Appoint-ment. un^ed.
Account, To render an account of, or to.
Account-ed-ing-able-ableness-ably-ability-ant.
&ttAed-able-ableness-ably-ability.
Generate, To propagate ; to cause to bring into life.
Regenerate, to renew. Degenerate, to grow worse.
de-re-Generate-ed-ion. unread. U7ideAed.
Minister, To afford supplies ; service in office.
Administer, to help, or give aid to.
mal-pread-ad-Ministration-
Mutable, Subject to change. Muto, to change.
Transmute, to change the nature.
Commute, to exchange one for another.
com-im-trans-Mut-Able-ability.
Ordain, To appoint, or decree; to establish.
fore-pre-re-Ordain, or Ordination.
Pendent, Hanging or jutting over.
Append, to hang to, Append-ed-ant-age,
Impend, to hang over. Impend-ent-ing-ency.
Depend, to hang down from, for support.
Depend-ent-ently-ence-ency. indeAent.
Cumbent or Decumbent, Lying down. Recumbent, re-
clining or leaning back. Procumbent, leaning for
ward. Incumbent, leaning or lying on.
de-pro-re-superin-in-Cumbent.
Success, Favorable result of any purpose.
Success-ful-fully-fulness. ?m/ul-fully.
132 ANALYSIS OF THE
Angular, Having an angle or angles.
mult-oct-tri-un-Angular.
Enforce, To give force to; to put in execution.
re-Enforce-ed-ing-ment. unAed.
Establish, To fix firmly; to confirm.
pre-re-Establish-ed-ing-ment. comment.
Examine, To inspect carefully.
pre-re-Examine-ed-ing-ation. self Cation.
Locution, A discourse ; manner of speaking.
e-circum-inter-Locution. Loquor, to speak.
Probation, Foretrial ; the act of proving,
Approbation, expressing satisfaction.
Probation-er-ary. disapprobation.
Remember, To call back an idea to mind.
mis-Remember-ed. disA.
Respond, To answer to. Response, an answer.
Correspond, To agree with ; to hold intercourse.
cor-Respond-ed-ing-ent-ence-ency.
Response-ible-ibly-ibility-ibleness-ive-ively.
Secure, Free from danger ; to make safe.
in Secure-ly-ity. Secure-ed-ing. zmAed.
Structure, A building of any kind. Struo, to build.
Construct, To build, or fabricate.
6'cwstruct-ed-ion-ive. sub-super-Structure.
Vision, Sight ; something imagined. Video, to see,
re-super- Vision. Visible, that may be seen.
in-Vis-ible-ibly-ibility-ibleness.
Vex, To irritate by little provocation ; to fret.
Vex-ed-er-ing-ation-atious-atiously. ^7?.Aed.
Warn, To caution of approaching danger.
fore-Warn-ed-ing. un^di- unfore^d.
Waste, To squander. Waste-ful-fully-fulness.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 133
SECTION XLI.
When a part of the word from which derivatives are to be formed,
is cut off by a comma, thus ; Exportation, that part preceding the
comma, being a prefix, must be dropped before any other prefix can be
added, thus :
e-de-pro. Kejected. Drop re, and
join pro, and it forms Projected. Drop pro, and
join de, and it becomes Dejected. Drop de, and
join e, and it forms Ejected.
Each prefix modifies the signification of the root so as to
accord with its peculiar import, thus :
Kejected, thrown back, or cast off.
Projected, thrown or cast forward. .
Dejected, cast down, down cast.
Ejected, cast out, thrown out.
The pupil may now read each of the following words with its defi-
nition, then join the several prefixes, and define the word in such cjon-
nection. Omit the derivative formations.
re de ex. Contract, To draw together,
pro re ex. Im,pel, To force, or urge on.
cent sept. . Bi,ennial, Once in two years,
de e con. In,volve, To roll in, or envelop,
contro di. Con, vert, To turn with ; to change,
contra super. Con,vene, To come together,
circum retro. Inspection, A looking into,
abs con re. Sus,tain, To hold up ; to bear up.
trans con e. Di,gress, To go aside ; to depart from,
aristo theo. Democracy, Government by the people,
as discon con. Dis,sent, To disagree in opinion,
reexexreim. Im,port, To bring in, as goods from abroad.
ex pre re. Pro,ceed, To go forward ; to advance.
12
134 ANALYSIS OF THE
SECTION XLII.
This page and the next three, may be frequently taken up as a
suitable exercise to test the ability of the pupils, in giving the appro-
priate signification of the several roots, as differently modified by
prefixes.
Commence the combinations with the prefix immediately preceding
the word ; take each one in retrogade order, according to the example.
Take the word, Abstract, as an example.
98765432 1
at-con-de-dis-ex-pro-re-sub-Abs,tract-ed-ing-ion.
COMBINED THUS:
1st. Abstract, Abstracted, Abstracting, Abstraction.
2d. Subtract, subtracted, subtracting, subtraction,
3d. re- 4th. pro-. 5th. ex-. 6th. dis- 7th/ de-.
8th. con- 9th. at.
Abstract, To draw from ; to take from. A summary. Traho,
to draw or take ; abs, from.
Dis,tract, To draw apart, or derange the mind.
COMBINED AS ABOVE.
at-con-de-dis-ex-pro-re-sub-Abs,tract-ed-ing-ion.
Ad,duce, To lead or conduct to ; to bring forward ; to offer,
or present. Duco, to lead or draw ; ad, to.
Con,duce, to lead or tend to some end or object.
ab-con-de-pro-re-e-se-sub- 1
. , i Ad,duce, or Ad.duction.
intro-repro-superm-m- \
de-in-recon-miscon-con-sub-Ab,duct-ed.
be-mis-re-par-over-under-Take-ing.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 135
Affect, To act upon ; to produce some change. Facio,
to make.
Effect, to accomplish. In,fect, to pollute1 or poison.
disin-m-imper-per-ef-disaf-Af,fect-ed-ion.
unper-unef-unin-rein-misaf-Unaf,fected.
unef-unde-inde-De,fective. Faulty.
Bi,ennial, Talcing place once in two years. Annus,
a year.
cent-dec-oct-per-tri-sex-Bi,ennial .
At,tain, To gain ; to arrive at- Teneo, to hold.
Per,tain, to belong. Appertain, to belong to.
Sus,tain, to hold up. De,tain, to hold from.
Obtain, to acquire. Contain, to hold as a vessel.
abs-apper-per-con-de-sus-ob-re-At,tain-ed-ing.
con-unre-re-unsus-sus-unob-ob-Unat,tainable.
Di,vert, To turn off from ; to turn aside ; to amuse. Vertot
to turn ; di, from, or aside from,
Con,vert, to turn with or change. A,vert, to turn away.
Per, vert, to turn by, or from right.
a-ad-con-contro-in-intro-per-re-sub-DijVert-ed.
a-recon-con-in-per-retro-re-sub-trans-Di,version.
uncontro-unsub-una-unper-uncon-Undi,verted.
Af,firm, To assert positively. Con,firm, to ratify.
recon-con-reaf-misaf-Af,firm-ed-ation.
Migrate, To remove from one country or place to another.
Migro, to remove.
com-re-im-inter-re-trans-Migrate-ion.
Throne, A royal seat. Enthrone, to put on a throne.
de-disen-reen-en-Throne-ed.
ANALYSIS OF THE
Ad,mit, To give leave to enter; to allow ; to- grant.
Mittoy to send or let go. Missus, sent.
Com,mit, to give in trust. E,mit, to send forth.
Per,mit, to allow. Inter,mit, to cease for a time.
Re,mit, to abate or lessen. Trans,mit, to send off to.
com-e-inter-o-per-re-manu-
trans-recom-read-
r Ad,mit-ted, Ad,mission.
Com,mand, To bid or direct. Mando, to bid.
De,mand, to claim. Re,mand, to call back.
Countermand, to give a contrary order.
counter-re-rede-de-Com,mand-ed-ing.
Diction, A speaking ; expressing ideas by words ; style or
manner. Dico, to speak.
bene-contra-inter-male-pre-vale-Diction.
Dexvious, Going or departing from the right or common
way. de, from ; via, the way.
Per,vious, passing through. Ob,vious, evident.
t
unob-ob-imper-per-pre-De,vious.
Ex,ist, To have actual existence. Sis to, to stand.
coex-pre'e'x-Ex,ist-ent-ence . nonex-selfex-Ex,istence.
Eject, To choose out of. Lectus, chosen; e, out of.
Se,lect, to choose from. Collect, to bring together.
recol-col-preV-re'e'-se-E,lect-ed-ing-ion,
Pass, To go by ; to go from place to place.
Surpass, to go beyond. Compass, to go around,
com-over-sur-re-I/ass-ed-ing. mAable,
Jacent, Lying at length. Jacens.
ad-circum-inter-sub-Jacent.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 137
In,spect, To look into. Specio, spectum^ to see.
Ke,spect, to look back on with pleasure.
Circumspect, to look around ; prudent.
Sus,pect, to mistrust ; a looking under.
circum-intro-retro-rein-superin-In,spect-ion.
as-in-pro-disre-uncircum-Sus,pect.
Lateral, Pertaining to the side. Latus, a side.
bi-col-equi-multi-tri-uni-Lateral.
Petalous, Having petals. Flower leaves.
a-bi-mono-penta-poly-tetra-tri-Petalous.
Portion, A part or share* Proportion, a just share.
Apportion, to assign a just share to.
reap-ap-dispro-overpro-mispro -pro-Portion.
Complicate, To fold together ; to be complex, entangled.
Implicate, to mfold or involve, as in crime.
Explicate, to zmfold, or explain.
ex-im-tri-condu-redu-du-Com,plicate-ion.
Project, To cast forward ; to shoot forward ; to jut out.
Jacio, to throw or cast ; pro, forward.
ab-de-in-inter-ob-sub-e-re-Pro,ject-ion.
unde-unob-unre-unsub-une-unin-Unpro,jected.
Attenuate, To make thin, or less viscid.
Ex,tenuate, to lessen, as the guilt of a crime.
ex-At,tenuate-ed-ing-ion.
12*
I
138 ANALYSIS OF THE
SECTION XLIII.
Confluence, A flowing together; the junction of rivers.
Fluo, to flow ; con, together.
Affluent, a flowing to, as in wealth.
af-re-circum-Con,fluence, Con,fluent,
De,spond, To be cast down.-ing-ingly-ent-ence-ency.
Dialogue, A conversation, or a piece spoken by two or
more persons. Prorogue, spoken ' before, and
Epi-logue, after a drama, or play.
Deca,logue, the ten commandments.
deca-epi-mono-pro-Dia,logue. Loquor, to speak.
Dis,pel, To scatter by force. Pello, Pulsum, to drive.
Com,pel, to force, or constrain.
com-ex-pro-re-Dis,pel, Dis,pulsion, Dis,pulsiye.
Ex,clude, To shut out. Claudo, to shut ; ex, out from.
Conclude, to infer from ; to determine ; to finish.
Se,clude, to separate from. Preclude, to debar.
con-in-pre-se-Ex,clude, Ex,clusion, Exclusive.
Ex.tort, To wrest from by force. Torqueo, to twist; ex, from.
Dis,tort, to twist out of shape. Con,tort, to writhe.
con-dis-Ex,tort-ed-ion. imexAed. undisAed.
Inscribe, To write in or on. Scribo, Scriptum, to write,
Prescribe, to direct Describe, to represent.
A,scribe, to impute to. Transcribe, to copy out.
circum-de-pre-sub-a-inter- } _
> In,scnbe-ed, Inscription,
super-tran- )
post-tran-Manu,script.
In,voke, To call upon ; to implore. Voco, to call.
Re,voke, to call back; to annul. Pro,voke, to call
forth, as anger. Con,voke, to call together.
con-pro-re-In,voke-ed-ation. unpro^d.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 139
As,sign, To sign over to ; to transfer to another.
, Con,sign, to give in charge to another.
re-recon-precon-con-As,sign-ed.
unas-misas-under-un-Signed.
Con,vene, To come together. Venio, to come.
contra-inter-super-Con,vene, Contention.
De,cline, To lean downward ; tendency to decay. Clino, to
lean ; de, down.
In,cline, to lean towards. Re,cline, to lean back.
disin-in-re-De,cline-ed-ing-ation.
De,bark, To go from on board a ship or boat.
Em,bark, to go on board.
re'e'm-disem-em-De,bark-ed-ation,
Ex,hibit, To present to view. Habeo, to hold ; ex, out.
In,hibit, to hold in, or restrain.
Pro,hibit, to hold before, or prevent.
pro-in-Ex-hibit-ed-ing-ion. unexAed.
In, spire, To draw in the breath ; to infuse into the mind.
spiro, to breathe.
Ex,pire, to breathe out, or to die.
Ke,spire, to inhale air into the lungs.
ex-re-rein-In,spire-ed-ing-ation. unin^ti .
Per,spire, To sweat ; to emit fluids of the body through the
pores of the skin. Spiro.
Con,spire, to breathe together, or unite in a plot.
As,pire, to aim at, or desire. Tran,spire, to happen.
as-tran-con-Per,spire-ed-ing-ation.
Pre,vent, To come before ; to hinder. Venio, to come.
In,vent, a coming into the mind; to find out.
in-Pre,vent-ed-ing-ive-ion.
Im,port, To bring in, as goods from another country.
re'e'x-ex-trans-Im,port-ed-ation.
140 ANALYSIS OF THE
Ap,peal, To refer to the decision of another.
Re,peal, to revoke, annul or abrogate.
re-Appeal-ed-er-ing^able. unreAed. irr enable.
Ac,cident, Falling to ; happening by chance.
Incident, Falling in ; casual. Cado, to fall. *
in-Ac-cident-al-ally. coin^. incoin^
A,scend, To go up. Descend, to go down. Scando.
Condescend, To stoop to one of lower rank.
conde-de-reas-A,scend-ed-ing. conde-rea-A,scension.
As,sume, To take upon one's self. Sumo, to take.
Re,sume, to take back. Pre,sume, to suppose.
pre-re-reas-As-sume-ed-ing,As,sumption.
Conspicuous, Clearly seen. Specio, to see.
Perspicuous, clear to the understanding.
imper-per-incon-Con,spicuous-ly.
Democracy, A government by the people. Cratos, power,
Demos, the people.
auto-aristo-theo-Demo,c'racy, Demo,cratic-al.
De-trude, To thrust down. Trudo, to thrust ; de, down.
Pro,trude, to thrust forth. Ob,trude, to thrust on.
ex-in-ob-pro-De,trude-ed-ing,De,trusion.
In,here, To stick in ; to be fixed in. Haereo, to stick.
co-ad-In,here-ent-ence-ency,In,hesion.
inco-co-inad-ad-In,hesive-ly.
lm,pulse, Force impressed ; sudden effort. Pello, to drive.
Re,pulse, to drive back, Ap,pulse, to drive against.
ap-pro-re-retro-Im,pulsion,Impulsive.
Implicate, To blame. Sup,plicate, to implore.
Explicate, to unfold. Complicate, to involve. Plico,
to fold ; to wind or roll together.
com-du-ex-sup-Im,plicate-ed-ion.
In,flate, To swell with air.-ed-ing-ion. unin^ed.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 141
SECTION XLIV.
Charm or Becharm, To fascinate ; secret influence.
De, charm, to remove the charm.
counter-de-be-Charm-ed-ing. zmAed.
Compact, Closely united ; an agreement.
Compact-ly-ness. ^7^A.
Criminate, To charge with crime. Crimen, crime.
Ee,criminate, to charge back with crime.
re-Criminate-ed-ing-ion. w?iAed
Engage, To promise or bind one's self.
dis-pre-re-Engage-ed-ing-ment. zmAed.
Habitation, A residence ; place of abode.
Co,habit, to live together. In,habit, to dwell' in.
Habit- Ation-able . C ohabit-ed -ing-ation .
Inhabit-ed-ing-able-ant-ance. reAed. wrcAed.
Monition, A warning. Moneo, to warn.
pread-ad-pre-Monition , Monitory.
Opinion, Judgment formed by the mind.
mis-pre-self-Opinion. Opinor, to think.
Possess, To have just title to hold, or occupy.
dis-pre-re-Possess-ed-ing-ion.
Prison, A place in which to confine criminals,
Imprison, to put in prison.
re-Imprison-ed-ing-ment. zmAed,
Sphere, An orb or globe ; circuit of motion.
semi-hemi-sphere-ic-ical.
Science, Knowledge. Scio, to know.
pre-omni-Science.
Venture, or Adventure, To risk or hazard.
ad-Venture-ed-ing-some-someness-ous-ously-ousness.
ANALYSIS OF THE
Ab,scind, To tear or rend off. Scindo, to tear.
Ex,scind, and Inter,scind, to cut off.
ex-inter- Ab,scind-ed-ing. ?m&EAed.
A,sperse, To bespatter with false charges ; to slander.
Intersperse, to scatter among,
dis-inter-A,sperse-ed-ing-ion.
Associate, To unite in company. Socio, to unite,
Con,sociate, to unite together, Dissociate, to part.
con-dis-disas-As,sociate-ed-ion.
Ac,claim, A shout of joy. CZamo, to cry out.
Ex,claim, to cry out. Proclaim, to utter openly.
De,claim, to speak an oration. Disclaim, to deny.
Ke,claim, to call back, as from error.
de-dis-ex-pro-re- Ac, claim, Acclamation.
Bi,sect, To cut into two parts. Secto, to cut.
dis-inter-Bi,sect-ed-ing-ion.
Con, cur, To agree ; to run together. Curro, to run.
Re,cur, to return, as thought to the mind.
re-Con, cur-rent-rence-rency-ring. Rule 6.
Con,vulse, To shake ; to agitate. Velio, to pull
Con,vulse-ed-ive-ively-ion. uncon^d.
Com,pose, To place together. Pono, to place.
Ex,pose, to lay open. De,pose, to put down.
de-ex-Com,pose-ed-er-ing-ition-itor.
Dis,pose, To place or put in order ; to incline. Pono.
Im,pose, to place on. Op,pose, to stand against.
im-op-Dis,pose-ed-er-ing-ition.
Pro,pose, To place before ; to offer. Re,pose, to lie at rest,
Sup,pose, to place under consideration.
re-sup-Pro,pose-ed-er-ing-al-ition.
Re,spect, Esteem ; due attention. Specio, to look.
Respect-ful-fully-able-ability-ably-less.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 143
Act, To put forth power ; to demean or behave ; any thing
done. Ago, Actum, to do, or set in motion,
Enact, to make, as laws. Transact, to do business.
counter-over-re' e'n-en-trans-Act-ed-ing-ion.
retro-sub- Action. Inact-ive-ively-iveness-ion.
Cede, To yield ; to give up. Cedo, to give place.
Proceed, to move forward. Swcceed, to move after.
Concede, to admit. Intercede, to mediate,
Accede, to agree to. Secede, to withdraw.
con-inter-re-ac-se-Cede-ed-ing, Cession.
Form, External shape; to shape. Forma, form.
bi-equi-mal-multi-omni-uni. Form,
Conform, to make like. Transform, to change.
re-trans-mis,Con,form-ation.
Fix, To make stable ; to put in order. Fixum, fixed.
Affix, to fix to. Infix, to fix in. Transfix, to pierce.
af-in-post-pre-suf-trans-un-Fix-ed.
Join, To connect; to combine. Jungo, to join.
mis-re-recon-con-read-ad-Join-ed-ing.
con-ad-dis-inter-sub-join, junction.
Judge, To examine and decide. Judex, a Judge.
ad-mis-fore-pre-Judge-ed-ing-ment-
Mix, To mingle together. Misceo, to mingle.
com-inter-Mix-ture. uninter-un-Mixed-
Prove, To try any thing ; to experience.
Approve, to commend. .Reprove, to rebuke.
Improve, to make^better. Improve, to refute.
disap-ap-dis-im-re-Prove-ed-ing.
unap-unim-unre-un-Proved.
Solve, To explain ; to loosen. Dissolve, to melt.
Absblve, to free from. .Resolve, to determine,
ab-dis-re-Solve«ed,Solution.
144 ANALYSIS OF THE
Efficient, Causing effects. Sufficient, enough.
De,ficient, wanting. Pro,ficient, progressing.
de-ef-pro-insuf-selfsuf-Suf,ficient, sufficiency.
External, outvvard.-ly. Internal, inward.-ly.
In,gress, A going in. Trans,gress, to cross or break a law.
Ag,gress, to go against first ; to attack or assail.
ag-di-e-pro-re-trans-In,gress-ion.
In,volve, To roll in, or envelop ; to imply, or comprise ; to
blend or mingle. Volvo, to roll.
con-circum-e-de-re-In,volve, involution.
Per,sist, To stand through, or to persevere. Sto, to stand.
Sub,sist, to stand under, or support ; to live.
sub-Per,sist-ed-ent-ence-ency.
Re,sist, to stand against. As,sist, to stand to ; to aid.
as-Re,sist-ed-ing-ant-ance.
Per,suade, To prevail on ; to influence by argument, or
entreaty. Stcadeo, to persuade.
mis-over-Persuade, Persuasion.
Perspective, Looking through. Specio, to see ; per, through.
pro-retro-Per,spective- ly.
Supervise, To oversee. Video, to see ; super, over.
Re,vise, To review; to re'e'xamine.
re-Super-vise-ed-ing-ion. unread.
Soliyagant, Wandering alone. Vagans, wandering.
extra-multi-noct-Soli,v'agant.
Sym,pathy, Pity ; fellow feeling ; compassion.
Pathos, feeling ; sym, for su?i, with.
a-anti-mono-eu-Sym,pathy.
Sym, phony, Harmony of sounds
eu-Sym,phony-ous-ously, Rule 3.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 145
Announce, To publish or proclaim to.
Pro,nounce, to utter words. Denounce, to threaten.
de-pro-An,nounce-ed. de-pro-An,nunciation.
BeneXolent, Kindness ; wishing well. Volo, to will.
male-Beney ol-Ent-ently-ence .
Com,placent, Civil ; softness of manners.
com,plac-Ent-ently-ency. Dis,placency, incivility,
De,plore, To lament Implore, to entreat.
im-De,plore-ed-ing-ingly. De,plore-able-ably.
Dis,till, To fall in drops ; to extract by heat.
Dis,till-ed-ing-ery-ation. Ex,till-ed-ation.
Ex,plode, To burst with force ; to reject.
Dis,plode, to burst asunder with force.
dis-Ex,plode-ed-ing. dis-Ex,plos-ion-ive.
Ex,pound, To explain. Profound, to propose.
pro-Ex,pound-ed-er-ing. imex^ed.
En,velop, To in wrap ; to cover. De,velop, to unc<
de-En,velop-ed-ing-ment,
Ef,face, To blot out, or impair an impression.
De,face, to mar the face, or surface.
de-Ef,face-ed-ing-ment, unefAed. undeAed.
Pre,varicate, To quibble, evade, or pervert.
Divaricate, to part into two branches.
di-Pre,varicate-ed-ing-ion.
Re,n'ovate, To renew. In,novate, to make changes.
in-Re,ri'ovate-ed-ing-ion-or. Novus, new.
Subsequent, Following in time or order. Sequor.
Consequent, following as a natural effect.
con-Sub,sequ-Ent-ently-ence.
Survive, To outlive. Ee,vive, to return to life.
re-Sur,vive-ed-ing-al. Vivo, to live.
Surplus, An excess of any thing. Overplus.
13
146 ANALYSIS OF THE
Abrogate, To claim to one's self. Rogo, to ask ; ar, to,
De,r'ogate, to take from. Abrogate, to repeal,
ab de-Ar,rogate-ed-ing-ion. De,rogatory-ly.
Ac,cord, To agree to. Con,cord, to agree with.
con dis-Ac,cord-ant-ance. Cor, the heart.
€on,fess, To acknowledge. Pro,fess, to avow openly.
pro-Con,fess-ed-ing-ion. Dispro,fess.
Constant, Fixed ; steady. Sto, to stand ; con, with.
Circumstances, Condition ; state of things.
De,test, To abhor. Protest, to declare against.
pro-De,test-ed-ing-ation. unde^ed. unproved*
De,tect, To uncover, or find out. Project, to defend,
pro-De,tect-ed-or-ion. undeAed. unproved.
Dif,fident, Wanting confidence; bashful.
Confident, having full belief ; bold.
con-Dif,fid-Ent-ently-ence. Over confident.
Im,pugn, To blame, Op,pugn, to oppose.
op-Im,pugn-ed-er-ing. unim^d.
In,flict, To lay on as a punishment. Fligo, to beat.
Af,flict, to put to pain. Con,flict, a striking ; a comba'
af-In,flict-ed-ing-ion-ive. unaf^ed.
In,sert, To set in among. Sero, to sow or plant
inter rein-Insert-ed-ing-ion. united.
Intricate, Entangled ; involved ; perplexed.
Ex,tricate, to disentangle ; to free from.
In^ricate-ly-cy.^ Ex,tricate-ed-ing-ble-ion,
Pre,side, To be set over. Re,side, to abide, or dwell.
re-Pre,side-ed-ing-ent-ericy. Nonresident.
Ke,strict, To confine within bounds ; to limit.
Con,steict, to bind together. Stringo, to bind.
con-Re, strict-ed-ing- ion, unread.
* Note under Rule 8.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 147
SECTION XLV.
Ally, To unite by treaty ; to form a union.
mis-Ally-ed-ing-ance. WTiAed. Kule 3.
Caution, To warn ; to give notice of danger.
pre-Cau-xion-tioned-tionary-tious-tiously.
mAtious-tiously. zmAtious. overjious.
Distinct, A marked difference in things.
in-Distinct-ly-ness-ion. contrajion.
Honor, To revere or esteem ; dignity.
dis-Honor-ed-able-ably. un^ed. undis^.
Noble, Great ; exalted ; generous. Nobttis, noble.
Ennoble, to make noble.
Noble-y-ness. ' disen-en-ig-Noble.
Office, A charge; a particular duty or business.
Officious, intermeddling with.
Officiate, to perform the duties of.
Office-er-ial-ially-iate-ious-iously.
Organ, That through which something is done.
Organize, to adapt parts to each other.
. Disorganize, to derange the parts.
dis-re-Organize-ed-er-ing-ation. WTiAed.
Promise, To pledge one's self. A pledge.
Compromise, a mutual promise of parties.
Promise-ed-ing-or-ee. un-comAed.
Ponder, To muse, or weigh in the mind.
Ponderous, weighty ; heavy.
Ponder-ed-ous-ously-osity. over^pus.
Preponderate, To outweigh. -ed-ing-ance-ancy.
Solid, Hard ; firm ; sound ; substantial.
Consolidate, to make or become solid.
solid-ness-ity. cowAate-ated-ation.
148 ANALYSIS OF THE
Al,lude, To refer to. Col,lude, to conspire in a fraud.
De,lude, To deceive. E,lude, to evade. Illude, to mock-
col-de-e-il-Al-lude-ed-ing. col-de-e-il-Al,lus-ion-ive.
Agent, An actor ; that which has power to produce effects.
Ago, to do; Actum, done.
co-sub-under- Agent.
Ex,it, a going out ; departure. Eo, to go ; ex, out.
circu-preter-Ex,it.
Ex,tend, To stretch in any direction ; to expand ; to spread.
Tendo, to stretch.
Ex,tend-ed-ing. Ex,ten-sive-sively-siveness-tion.
Dis,tendy To dilate or spread-ed-ing.
At, tend, To direct the mind to.-ed-ant-ance.
Con, tend, To strive against. -ed-er-ing.
De,fer, To put off ; to postpone. Fero, to bear ; de, from.
De,fer-red-rer-ring. See Rule 6.
Re,fer, To appeal to.-red-ring-able-ence.^
In,fer, to draw from. Con,fer, to consult-
con-in-Re^er-red-ring-ence.^
Pif,fer, To disagree. -ed-ing-ent-ence-entia!.
Of,fer, to bring before.-ed-ing.
Prof,fer, to offer for acceptance. -ed-ing.
Suf,fer, to undergo, as pain,-ed-er-ance-able.
Pre,fer, To regard first, as more worthy, or better.
Pre,fer-red-ring-ence^-ment-able-ably.
Apprehend, To take or seize ; to understand ; to fear.
Apprehen-red-sive-sively-siveness-sion-sible.
Comprehend, To contain ; to include.
Comprehen-Ded-sive-sively-siveness-sion-sible.
Exterminate, To put an end to ; to destroy.
Exterminate-ed-ing-ion-or. unAed.
* When the place of accent changes, the consonant is not doubled.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 149
Appreciate, To set value on. De,preciate, to lessen value.
de-Ap,preciate-ed -ing-ion, unap^ed.. unde^ed.
Anticipate, To take before ; to forestall. Capio, to take.
Participate, To share with others.
parti- Anti,c'ipate-ed- ing- ion. unanti^ed.
Apo,gee, That point of a planet's orbit farthest from the
earth. Peri,gee, that point nearest, &c.
De,precate, To regret, to pray against. Precor, to pray.
Im,precate, to pray for evil on ; to invoke evil.
im-De,precate-ed-ing-ion. unde^ed.
De,mise, To convey by will. Mitto, to send, det down.
Ke,mise, to give back, by deed ; to release.
De,s'ultory, Leaping or passing from topic to topic.
Ke,sult, to leap back ; to ensue. Salio, to leap.
Ke,sult-ed-ing. De,sultory-ly.
E,vince, To prove in a clear manner.
Con,vince, to satisfy the mind by evidence.
Con,vict, to prove guilty. Vinco, to overcome,
con-Evince-ed-ible. Con,vict-ed-ing-ion.
Epidemic, A general disease on the people.
En,demic, a disease in certain places.
Ex,ecrate, To curse, or denounce evil against.
De,s'ecrate, to divert from a sacred purpose.
Con,secrate, to devote to a sacred purpose. Sacer, holy.
de-con-Ex,ecrate-ed-ing-ion.
Proli,f ic, Producing ; productive. Omni,fic,
producing all things. Facio, to make.
Ke,p'rehend, To chide, reprove or blame.
Re,prehend-ed. Re,prehen-sive-sion. frreAsible.
Suc,cinct, Brief; compressed. Cingo, to gird.
Suc,cinct-ly-ness. Pre,cinct, the limit or bounds.
Ex,trinsic, External. Intrinsic, internal.
150 ANALYSIS OF THE
Ac,cuse, To blame, or charge with an offence.
Ac,cuse-ed-er-ing-ation-atory. unac^di.
Ex,cuse, to free from blame. -ed-ing-able.
A, vail, To effect the object. Valeo, to be strong.
A,vail-ed-ing-able-ably-ability. unajng,
Prevail, to overcome.-ed-ing-ingly. unprejng*
As, sent, To agree to. Sentio, to think.
Dissent, not to agree ; to disagree.
As,sent-ed-ing. Dis,sent-ed-ing-er.
At,test-ed-ing-or-ation. unatAed.
Congest, to strive with.-ed-ing-able.
Com,plex, Difficult ; composed of parts.
Com,ple*-ity-ly-ness. Plexus, twisted.
Per,plex, to puzzle ; to confuse. -ed-ing-ity.
Complete, To finish, or finished. Pleo, to fill.
jRe,plete, full, or filled.-ion-ive.
De,plete, to empty.-ed-ing-ion-ory. mAed.
De,flect, To turn from a right line. Flecto, to bend
De,flect-ed-ing-ion. Ke,flect-ed-ion.
Tn,flect, to bend in.-ed-ion-ive.
Ac,quire, To obtain or gain. Queer o, to seek.
Ac,quire-ed-ing-ment Acquisition.
Re,quire, to ask for ; to exact.-ed-ment.
ln,quire, to ask about.-ed-ing-ingly.
In,fuse, To pour in ; to instill, as principles.
In,fuse-ed-ing-ion-ible-ibility. united..
Con,fuse, to blend things; to derange.-ed-ion.
Pro,fuse, lavish. -ly-ness-ion.
Af,fusion, a pouring on. Ef,fusion, a pouring out.
Diffuse, to pour out and spread. -ion-ive.
LEARN the meaning of, Grapho, Logos, Metrum and
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 151
Bio,g'raphy, The history of the life and character of any
particular person. Grapko, to write, to describe, or
to engrave. Bio, for bios, life ; hence the common
definer, The writing of, or describing, joined with
the import of each prefix,
biblio-chrono-cosmo-geo- 1 „
hydro-choro-topo-zoo'- J Bio.g raphy-or-ic-jcal.
Steno,g'raphy, The Art of writing short hand. The art of.
chiro-ortho-typo. Steno,g'raphy-er-ic.
Astro,!' ogy, The science which teaches to judge of the
influence of the stars, and foretell future events.
Logos, a word or discourse, and aster, a star, or
astron, a constellation of stars. Hence the common
definer, The science of, or the discoursing of.
chrono-cosmo-geo. Astro,logy-ist.
chiro-entomo-mytho-pyro-hydro- 1
osteo-physio-zoo-theo- \ OniithoJ'ogy-irt.
Chrono,m'eter, An instrument that measures time, as a clock
or watch. Metrum, a measure, and ckrono, time.
Hence with each prefix the common definer is, An
instrument for measuring , (what the prefix denotes.)
hydro-helio-pyro-stereo-thermo-Chrono,m'eter.
Tri,g'on,om'etry, The measuring of angles. Geo.
Homicide, The slaying or killing of one man by another.
Ccedo, to slay or kill. Homo, a man. Hence each
prefix denotes what is slain.
^ dei-fratri-infanti-matri-parri- 3
sorori-sui-tyranni-regi- \ Ho™o,cide.
* Dei, implies a god. Fratri, a brother. Infanti, an infant. Matri,
a mother. Parri, a parent. Regi, a king. Sui, one's self. Sorori, a
sister. Tiranni, a tyrant.
APPENDIX.
No. I.
Origin of some of the Prefixes and Suffixes.
THE greater part of the prefixes in the English language, come to us
from the Latin and Greek. In those languages, they are separable, or
inseparable prepositions. Very little difference exists in their inde-
pendent signification, or conjunct influence, as used in our language, or
in those languages whence they are derived. Their extent of applica-
tion gives them a commanding influence. Hence the importance of a
distinct understanding of all those small words, so extensively inter-
woven in the formation of our derivative words.
The suffixes are of a more doubtful origin , yet their common import,
as appended to words, can be obtained with sufficient precision, to
answer the more important purposes of this work. Nor is it very
material in this case, whether we can or cannot decide unequivocally
on their origin, provided we can be satisfied how their application does
change, alter, or modify the import of words, according to established
usage. Although such inquiry is not necessarily connected with this
work, yet we will give some general view, both as to fact and proba-
bility, of their derivations.
ER. When it signifies a .person, as in Lover, Farmer, &c., IB
considered to be a contraction of the Saxon wer, which signifies,
a Man. Hence, Lover implies a Man, or person who loves.
OR. Is derived from the Latin. Er and or, go far in distinguishing
Saxon and Latin derivations*
ESS. Is probably of Hebrew origin, yet many derivatives in or
from Latin, take ess, to distinguish the gender, as Actor, Actress,
generally dropping the Towel which precedes r.
154 APPENDIX.
Y. When the final letter is thought to be the equivalent of the
German ei9 and gives at least three different senses to words.
1. It expresses a condition, as Slave, Slaver, Slavery.
2. A place where something is done or kept, as Factor, Factory,
Armor, Armory.
3. The possession of something, as weal, wealth, wealthy.
LY. Is a contraction of like, derived from the German « Zzc/t.' We
say either death4ifce, or deathZy. God-fo'/ce, or GodZy, but always
goodZy, and always war-ZtVce.
TY. Is derived from Lat. as Pietas, whence Piety, Levitas, Levity,
Serenitas, Serenity, Civilitas.
FY, FIT, FIC. Have a, common origin, which is the contraction of
Facio, or Fio, to make or become. Fructify is a contraction of
Fructus and Facio, to make fruitful — Deify, &c. Deus and Facio.
ABLE and *BLE. Home Tooke thinks are taken from the Gothic
word 6 abal,' implying power, strength, or ability.
JLlle. and ible, are also common in Latin.
TIVE. Is borrowed from the Lat. Tivus — as Navitus, Native,
Nominativus, Nominative, Genitivus.
ic. Is a contraction, as it is thought, from the Greek ikos, as
Kritikos, Critic. Some however are from Lat. and French.
TION, SIGN. Are derived from Lat. and in many instances differ in
signification very little from ' ing,9 as in Education, or Educating*.
When the Latin Supine, whence they are borrowed, ends in turn, we
spell tion, but when the Supine is sum, we spell sion.
Lat. Motum, Conventum, Formatum, Collectum.
En. Motion, Convention, Formation, Collection.
Lat. Aversum, Submersum, Incursum, Adhesum.
En. Aversion, Submersion, Incursion, Adhesion.
Others are formed from Lat. nouns, by the addition of n to the nom.
case, as Nalio, Statio — Nation, Station.
ANCE. 1 These six terminations have evidently grown out of the
ENCE. pres. part. nom. case of Lat. verbs, because the spelling
ANCY. of each, agrees with the four conjugations. The first,
ENCY. J with few exceptions, has ance. The second and third,
ANT. ence, and the fourth, ience. Lat. first. Conj. Affirm-
ENT. J am, Accordans, Circumstons. En. Affirmance, Accord-
ance, Circumstance.
APPENDIX. 155
Second and third conj. Tenders, Agens, Ardens, Insolvens. En.
Tendency, Agency, Ardency, Insolvency.
Fourth ronj. Audieras, Convemens, Obediens, Experiens. En.
Audience, Convenience, Obedience, Experience.
Lat. Dissonance, Dependeras, Delinquews, Expediens.
En. Dissonant, Dependent, Delinquent, Expedient
This f&ct, if duly regarded by the classical scholar, would prevent
any mistakes in spelling words of this description.
ME NT. } Are admitted to be of French origin. Ment, is exten-
AGE. 5 sively used.
ATE. There is a numerous class of words having this termination,
which hi form exactly agrees with the Imp. mode of Lat* verbs second
person, plural, and the Lat. perf. part, vocative case; yet in significa-
tion, there is little or no analogy. It is now an English termination,
common to words of Lat. derivation, as Accelerate, Obliterate, Deliber-
ate, Demonstrate, Accommodate, &c.
D. In such words as Multiplicand, Dividend, Subtrahend, Legend,
Reverend, &c. is evidently a contraction, of the Lat. dus, or dum, as
Legend! for LegenoVs, &c,
ABLE. Is derived from the Latin habilis, and sometimes spelled,
ible.
EN. Is derived from the Saxon an, through the German, en, and
was originally equivalent to our particle to, of the Infinitive mode.
Amongst the Saxons, en and n, were used in common with ed, as par-
ticipial terminations, as Craven, Heaven, Barren, for Craved, Heaved,
Barrel ; both are retained by established usage. We now say given
instead of gived; or we make use of either, as Engraven, or engraveo1;
yet by far the most numerous class of words retain ed exclusively.
T is often used like en for ed, as buiU for buildec?.
me. Is derived from German, and implies possession, as Bishopric.
POM. Is from the German thum, implying a collection of things.
ING. Is taken from the German ung.
LING and KIN. Are also borrowed from the German, and are com-
monly used as diminutives, as Duckling, a little Duck. Lamb&in,
a little Lamb.
HOOD. Is also borrowed from German, as Boyhood, Priesthood,
expressing a state or condition.
ISH. Is the substitute for the German, isch.
156 APPENDIX.
SOME. Probably may have come from the German sam.
FUL. Is derived from the German voll.
LESS. Is also from the German los.
ED. While a great portion of our verbs derived from the Saxon, are
very irregular, as drink, swim, fling, &c., those of Latin origin are
pretty uniformly marked by the regular [addition of ed, to their imper-
fect, and participle.
SHIP. Seems to be borrowed from some word, implying to shape, or
do something, as Friendship, Fellows/itp, &c.
NESS. Is doubtless from the German Tim.
AL. May be considered of Latin origin.
AR, and ORY. Are also derived from the Latin.
IZE, IST, ISM. Are of Greek derivation.
URE. Is from the Latin.
UDE, TUBE. Are also from the Latin.
OID. Is derived from the Greek, eidos.
ous. Is taken from the Latin.
There can be little doubt, that most, if not all, the important termina-
tions in our language, were once significant words, or a contraction of
such words. Could this be precisely ascertained, it would furnish a
most perfect development of the true genius of our language.
No. II.
A FEW words analyzed more particularly, which may excite the
scholar to a further examination into the structure of words in general.
Anniversary, is from annus, a year, and versus, a turning or returning.
Hence the import, returning with the year, or a yearly celebration.
Animadvert, is from vertus, turning, animus, the mind, .ad, to.
Whence comes the meaning to consider, &c.
Apostate, gr., is Apo, from or off, and stas, standing. Hence one who
has departed from.
Atmosphere, gr. Atmos, vapor, and sphaira, round or sphere.
Alphabet. The first two Greek letters, alpha, beta.
Agriculture. Ager agri, a field, and cultura, tillage.
Apode, gr. j3, privative, meaning without, and pous, a foot. Whence
apode is without feet, like a fish. Po/ypode, an/ipodes.
APPENDIX. 157
Apology, gr. Jlpo, from or off, and logos, a word. Hence excusing.
Blaspheme, gr. Blax, nefarious or impious, and phemi, to speak.
Conjugal. Con, with or together, and jugum, a yoke, meaning yoked
together, or married.
Constant, distant, circumstance. Con, means together or with, di,
separated or apart, and circum, around. Stans, is standing ;
whence constant, is standing together, or fixed, firm, steady, &c.
Distant, standing apart ; whence it implies remote, reserved, &c.
So good circumstances is being surrounded by every thing needful.
Consequences, subsequent. Con, with, sub, under or after. Sequens,
following. Then, consequences are what follow in connection
with, but si^sequent is what follows after.
Cataract, gr. Kata, against, and rasso, to dash.
Confident, diffident, infidel, and perfidy, all from^cfes orfidens, mean-
ing faith, trust, &c., modified by the prefixes, con, dif, in, and per.
Concomitant, is from comes, a companion, and comes is from COTI and
co, to go with; con, repeated, implies a repetition of meaning, as
going and coming together, or a continued union.
Disease. From dis and ease, a deprivation of ease.
Dismal. Mains, evil, dies, day, hence dire, horrid, gloomy.
Despise. Specio, to look, de, down, as with contempt.
Decapolis. Deca, ten, polis, a city.
Desultory, insult, exult, result. De, down or from, in, in or on,
ex, out, re, again or back, and salio, to leap. Then desultory, is
leaping or passing abruptly from one subject to another. Insult,
leaping on, or gross abuse. JEomlt, leaping out, or excessive joy ;
and result, leaping back, or a consequence following.
Devious, previous, pervious. De, from, via, the way; whence, out
of the way, wandering. So pre, before, and per, by or through,
give the different imports.
Divide. From the obsolete word, viduo, to separate, di, apart. Then
individual is one undivided person or thing.
Disaster. Dis, separation, astron, from his star. The ancients sup-
posed the star under which a person was born governed his desti-
ny ; hence, disaster comes to mean ill-luck, misfortune.
Democrat, gr. Demos, the people, and Kratos, power ; whence a
popular government.
14
158 APPENDIX.
Discrepancy. Crepo, to crackle or jingle, dis, asunder ; hence the im-
port, disagreement of parts, like jingling asunder.
Expedite. Ex, and pes pedis, a foot. To facilitate, &c.
Epilepsy, gr. Epi, upon, and lambano, to leap, as a fit.
Equivocate. Equus, alike or equal, and vocatus, called ; whence the
meaning becomes doubtful, uncertain.
Evidence. Video, to see or discover, e, out, or elucidate.
Epidemic, gr. Epi, upon, Demos, the people.
Fluent, affluent, superfluous, and influence, are all from fiuo, to flow,
modified by their prefixes.
Geography, gr. Ge, the earth, and grapho, to write.
Geometry, gr. Ge and metreo, to measure.
Infant. -For, to speak, makes fans, speaking ; in means not, then an
infant, is one not able to speak or use language.
Metropolis, gr. Meter, a mother, and polls, a city.
Monotony, gr. Monos, one or alone, and tonos, a tone or sound.
Manage. Manus, the hand, and age, from ago, to do.
Monopolize, gr. Monos, alone, and^o/eo, to buy.
Monarch, gr. Monos and archos, a chief.
Mancipate, to enslave. Manus, the hand, and capio, to take.
Orb, from or bis, a spherical body ; orbit, the curve line in which it
moves. Then exorbitant, is departing from the usual track or
course.
Order, from ordo, makes extraordinary.
Prophet, gr. Pro, before, and phemi, to speak.
Period, gr. Peri, around, and odos, a way or road. Then a periodi-
cal, is what goes the rounds at stated times.
Providence. Pro, and videns, seeing before.
Peregrinate. Ager, agri, a field, and hence peregrinate, to travel
through the country.
Pennsylvania. Penn, the name of the founder, and sylva, a wood.
Pedagogue, gr. Pais, a child, and agogos, a leader.
Preposterous. Posterus, from post, after, and pre, before ; hence, it
means putting that first which should be last, or absurd.
Repugnant. Pugnans, fighting, re, back ; or opposite, contrary.
Roborant, strengthening, from robur, oak of the hardest kind, and cor
for eon, makes corroborate, to confirm.
APPENDIX. 159
Sympathy, gr. Syn, for sun, means with, and pathos, suffering, then
it means suffering with, or fellow feeling. Apathy, without feel-
ing. JL wfa'pathy, opposition of feelings.
Synod, gr, Syn, for sun, and odos, a way or road.
Synopsis, gr. Syn and opsis, the sight ; whence one view.
Supercilious. Super, above, cilium, the eye-brow, or haughty.
Sincere. Sine, without, cera, wax ; whence, unmixed, pure.
Universe. Versus, a turning, unus, into one ; a collective whole.
Vague. Vagus, wandering, extra, beyond, making eatfra-vagant.
No. III.
IMPORTANCE of knowing Latin words, or of understanding that
language.
From the vast number of Latin words which have either in whole or
in parts become incorporated with the English language, much benefit
is derived from a knowledge of their primitive import. In most cases
they give that turn to the English signification, which accords with their
original meaning. Hence, the primary signification of such Latin roots
as are extensively involved in the composition of our language, must
necessarily furnish an important auxiliary in determining the true im-
port of all such English words.
For instance, the verb/acio, with its supine factum, whose simple
primitive meaning is to do, to make, or to cause, enters in some form
into the composition of more than 500 of our English words ; and in ev-
ery case imparts more or less of its original signification. A knowledge,
therefore, of the meaning of that verb and its supine, with the ability to
distinguish its combination in any word, must of necessity aid the schol-
ar in a more perfect comprehension of the true import of all English
words, of which this is a component part.
This is a consideration fully equivalent for learning the primitive
meaning of facio, factum. The same is true to a very great extent in a
vast multitude of Latin primitives. Much would be gained by commit-
ting Latin primitives as they occur.
Words of Greek origin, while they furnish a fruitful source of deriva-
tion, are by no means as numerous or important as those of Latin.
160 APPENDIX.
We will subjoin a few of the most prominent words in Greek and
Latin, with something near the number of their several combinations in
the formation of English words, viz :
Facio, Factum, 500 ; Pono, Positum, 250 ; Plico, 200 ; Fero, La-
tum, 198 ; Specie 177 ; Mitto, Missum, 174 ; Teneo, Tentum, 168 ;
Capio, Captum, 197 ; Tendo, Tensum, Tentum, 162 ; Duco, Ductum,
156 ; Logos, gr. 156 ; Grapho, gr. 152. These twelve words enter in
some shape into the composition of nearly 2500 English words.
From 154 Greek and Latin primitives which have been examinedj in
reference to this point, it is found that not far from 13,000 English
words receive more or less of their component parts, characterizing the
English signification to a greater or less extent.
No. IV.
A few Greek compounds analysed.
Astronomy is composed of nomos, a law, and astron, a star.
Analysis is composed oflusis, a loosing, ana, again.
Antipode is composed of anti, opposite to, pous, a foot.
Anatomy is composed of tome, cutting, ana, through.
Chronology : logos, a word or discourse, chronos, time.
Democracy : kratos, the power, demos, the people.
Euphony : eu, good or agreeable, phone, sound.
Epitaph : epi, upon, taphos, a tomb.
Geography : grapho, describing, ge, the Earth.
Monarch : arche, a chief, monos, alone.
Oxygen : gennao, to produce, oxus, acid.
Philanthropy : philos, a lover, anthropos, of man.
Polytechnics : poly, many, techne, Art.
Phrenology : logos, a discoursing, phren, the mind.
Syllable : lambano, taken, sun, together.
Synthesis : tithe-mi, to put or place, sun, together.
Sympathy : pathos, feeling or suffering, sun, with.
Thermometer : metron, a measure, and thermos, warmth.
Telescope : skopeo, to spy, telos, the end.
Epidemic : epi, upon, demos, the people.
Orthography : grapho, writing, orthos, right.
APPENDIX. 161
Apogee : apo, from, ge, the Earth.
Aphelion : a, from helios, the sun.
Hydraulics : hudor, water, and aulus, a pipe.-
Hydrophobia : phobeo, fear, hudor, water.
Polyglot : poly, many, glotta, tongue or language.
Asteroid : eidos, like, astron, a star.
Archipelago : arche, chief, pelagos, sea.
Amphibious : amphi, about or both, bios, life.
Prognostic : gnoo, to know, pro, before.
Diagonal : dia, through, gonia, the angle.
Trigonometry : metreo, to measure, treis, three, gonia, angles.
Isosceles : isos, equal, skelos, legs.
Apostacy : istemi, to stand, apo, from .
Rhinoceros : keras, a horn, rhin, nose.
Autocrat : kratos, power, autos, one's self.
Monk : monos, one alone.
Polynesia : polus, many, and nesos, an isle.
No. V.
GENERAL AND SPECIAL RULES
FOR
PRONOUNCING THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,
Deduced from the composition of the words themselves, and in most cases, giving
an infallible Rule by which to determine on what syllable the MAIN accent
should fall. This point being settled, the places of the semi-accents cannot be
mistaken.
EXPLANATIONS.
By the root of a word, we mean that part which belongs exclusively
to the primitive form, and is not combined with any other word, sylla-
ble, or letter ; as press.
By a separable prefix, we mean that part which may be taken from
the primitive root, and leave a significant English word ; as from
impress, im may be thus taken.
162 APPENDIX.
By an inseperable prefix, is meant, such combination of a word, syl-
lable, or letter, with the root, that as an English word, a separation of
the parts would destroy the English signification of both ; as depute,
which, in Latin, is composed of de, and puto, but in English they may
not be separated.
The classical scholar will readily distinguish what are prefixes, at
sight ; and the English scholar, by a little attention, can do the same.
Penult, means the last syllable but one.
Antepenult, is the last syllable but two.
It is believed that the following Rules will not only contribute to
uniformity in pronunciation, but aid in settling the disputed accent of
many words.
I. General Rule. Words of two syllables, the first of which is a
separable, or inseparable prefix, commonly take the accent on the
second : as de-b'ase, pro-claim ; but if the first syllable partakes of
the root, the accent generally falls on the first ; as u'r-gent, t'al-ent*
NOTE. — This rule has an extensive application, and the main exceptions a»e
found in those words which may be used either as nouns or verbs. When used
as nouns, the accent, in most cases, rests on the first syllable 5 as, an e'x-tract,
his c'on-duct; but when used as verbs, the accent commonly falls on the second-,
as, to ex-tr'act, to con-d'uct.
1st Rule. All words of one syllable, becoming words of two sylla-
bles, by adding the following single suffixes, as seen italicised in the
examples, invariably retain the accent on the first syllable, viz:
art-ist fear-ful just-zee serv-ant
boy-hood form-al learn-eo* solv-ent
clear-ance fool-ish mass-ive tru-zsm
class-ic frai\-ty peer-age town-ship
duke-rfom farm-er pomp-ows tire-sowe
drunk-arc? flux-iora pave-ment team-ster
dark-era good-wess press-wre walk-ing
beast-Zi/ hope-Zess penn-afe
2d Rule. All words of one syllable, becoming words of three or
four syllables, by the addition of the following combined suffixes, as
italicised, always retain the main accent on the first syllable, viz :
act-ively faith-fulness just-ify shame-lessness
act-uate fals-ifiable \earn-edly shagg-edness
act-iveness fawn-ingly \ove-liness scar-ifying
A PP EN DIX ,
163
brut-alize fix-edness loath-someness sweet-ening
cure-lessly fault-% loue-somely sens-itively
clown-ishly fat-alism lax-ative san-ativeness
chi\d-ishness form-alist pay-able sens~ibly
charm-ingness fruit-ery rjeace-ably teud-ency
class-ically \\ard-ened pomp-ously verb-ally
change-ableness joy-fully pomp-owswm dust-mess
3d Rule. All words of three or more syllables, ending in ability,
ibility, ical, ity or ety, have the main accent, invariably, on the
antepenult ; as sensibility, economical, curiosity.
NOTE. — When two vowels come together in words ending in ity, the one
under accent is always long, as De'ity. \fone consonant intervene, all are short
except u; as 1'evity. If two consonants intervene, u is short ; as cu'rvity.
4th Rule. All that numerous class of words consisting of no more
than three syllables, the last letter of which is y, not preceded by a
vowel, as in attorney, nor mute e before ly, as in profusely, are very
uniformly accented on the first syllable, asfexlony, a'rtery.
5th Rule. All words ending in tion, sion, ion, cious, tious, ciate,
tiate, cient, tient, tial, tia, cian, cial, cia, ceous, geous, gious, andgeon,
when pronounced in one syllable, invariably take the main accent on
the syllable preceding those terminations ; as confederation. Nothing
but ity after al, in words in ion, ever removes the accent ; as na'tion,
national , nationality.
NOTE. — When the above terminations are preceded by a vowel, it is very
uniformly long} as -loqua'cious, unless it be z, which is as uniformly short ; as
ambition.
6th Rule. — All words of three or more syllables, having the following
terminations, viz. cracy, gamy, graphy, logy, machy, metry, nomy,
phony, pathy, tomy, thropy, lysis, ferous, gerous, vorous, always take
the accent on the antepenult, as :
ana'tomy geo'graphy theoxlogy armrgerous
antipathy democracy polyxgamy pestixferous
astroxnomy geoxmetry philanthropy carnixvorous
analysis theoxmachy symxphony
NOTE. — No change in the above terminations, as astronomy into astronomer,
&c.$ nor any addition of prefixes or suffixes, except cian, ial, and ic, ever
changes Ihe place of accent.
164 APPENDIX.
7th Rule. All words ending in ics, (politics excepted,) are accented
on the penult ; as op'tics, mechanics.
8th Rule. Words ending in ic when a suffix, and with few excep-
tions when otherwise, are accented on the penult ; as dram'atic,
alphabetic.
NOTE. — The suffix ic, when added to words of more than one syllable, always
changes the place of accent-, as m'ethod, meth'odic; except in six cases, as
ch'oleric.
9th Rule. All words of two syllables, ending in le, including no
other vowel in the same syllable, are always accented on the first, as
c'ircle ; but if the word consist of more than two syllables, the accent,
with few exceptions, falls on the antepenult; as a'rticle.
NOTE. — The suffixes able and ible never fall under this rule, except the word
a'-ble. Words of two syllables frequently add r, as c'obbler; but never change
the accent.
10th Rule. Words of three or more syllables, ending in ate, with a
single consonant between the vowel of the penult syllable and ate,
(including cr and tr,) or with no consonant intervening, take the
accent on the antepenult; as fab-ri-cate, re-t'al-i-ate, c'on-se-crate.
But if two consonants, other than cr and tr intervene, the accent is on
the penult; as in-c'ar-nate.
NOTE. — The exceptions are, magistrate, 1'egislate, p'otentate, p'eregrinate,
and a few words always known by the doubling of I.
REMARK. This is evidence that contemplate, compensate, and
such words of disputed accent, should come under the rule of double
consonants. Words in ate often drop e, and take ion, adding a sylla-
ble, and changing the accent; as e'm-u-late, em-u-1'a-tion. Rule 5.
llth Rule. Words in ment of three or more syllables, ending the
penult in ize, uh, or a vowel, take the accent on the antepenult, as
banishment; but if the penult end with a consonant, mute e, or a
dipthong, the accent rests on the penult, as department, confinement,
enj'oyment.
NOTE. — The exceptions are but few, and easily distinguished. Al, ary, and
ative, always bring the accent to ment, as a'liment, al-ary, argument.
12th Rule. All words of three syllables in able, ible, ably, ibly,
and all words of four syllables, in ableness, ibleness, are accented on
the first, as m'ovable, bl'amableness.
13th Rule. All words in tive, preceded by a single consonant, mp
or nc, and all words in ive, preceded by s or c, (except substantive
APPENDIX. 165
and adjective,) are accented on the penult; as illusive, retentive,
comprehensive.
14th Rule. All words of three syllables in ary and ory, Cexcept
can'ary and vagary,) ar accented on the first, as s'alary, m'emory.
NOTE. — Canary and vagary ought not to be exceptions.
15th Rule. Jill words in ary and ory , preceded by s, or in which
tary and tory are preceded by p or c, are accented on the antepenult;
as persu'asory, peremptory. The only exceptions are adversary,
with five others, doubling s; as promissory. But all other words of
four syllables only, in this class, are accented on the first, as m'onitory.
II. General Rule. Two methods for finding the accented syllable
in all words of more than three syllables, in ive or able, and of more
than four in ary and ory. 1st. The accent, very uniformly, rests on
the first syllable of the root, as conformable. If a single letter of the
root unites with a prefix, or that letter is doubled for euphony, it usually
carries the accent; as pr'edicable. 2d. When the words of these ter-
minations are accurately divided into their proper syllables, according
to the established rules of syllabication, the accent, with very few ex-
ceptions, falls on the first syllable ending with a consonant, and preced-
ing those terminations, as cot'ernporary.
NOTE.— Nearly all the exceptions to this second method are words in which
the antepenult syllable ends in on, or, it, er, or merit; as p'ardonable, h'abitable,
confederative, ^c.
16th Rule. All words of more than two syllables in fy, invariably
take the accent on the antepenult ; as gl'orify, pers'onify.
17th Rule. Words of three or more syllables in ous, having a sin-
gle consonant between the vowel of the penult syllable and ous, or
with 720 consonant intervening, are accented on the antepenult; as par-
sirn'onious. But if two consonants intervene, the accent is on the
penult ; as tremendous.
NOTE. — The exceptions do not exceed twelve words, two of which, can'orous
and son'orous, ought not to be included.
18th Rule. As, es, is or os, preceding ent or ence, as the last sylla-
ble, are always under accent; as convalescent.
19th Rule. Words of three or more syllables in ant, ent, ance, and
ence, when a single consonant comes between the vowel of the penult
syllable and the vowel in the final syllable, or when no consonant inter-
venes, are accented on the antepenult, as equivalent; but if two con-
166 APPENDIX.
sonants intervene, or the final syllable or penult contains a dipthong, the
accent falls on the penult ; as refulgent, achi'evance, convenient.
NOTE. — The exceptions in this numerous class of words are but few. Under
\hefirst clause of the rule, they may commonly be known by u, v, r, or », before
ant or ent ; and in the second clause by s, *£, or II, before ant or ent. Al and ial
always bring the accent to ent ; as p'arent, par'ental, consequent, consequential.
REMARK. Most words in cy are derived from those ending in ant,
ent, ance, ence, or ate, by dropping t and e final, and adding y or cy;
as u'rgent, urgency, delicate, d'elicacy. Cy always adds a syllable,
but never changes the accent.
III. General Rule. Words of more than two syllables, the last two
letters of which are al, an, ar, or um, having but one consonant (and
oftentimes none) between the vowel of the penult syllable and those
terminations, are very generally accented on the antepenult, as ma-t'e-
ri-al; but if two consonants intervene, the accent commonly falls on
the penult; as di'urnal.
NOTE. — The terminations orial and lar uniformly accent the antepenult The
tnain exceptions to the rule are, when v, s, or e precede those terminations, when
it usually falls on the penult ; as id'eal.
20th Rule. Words of three syllables in ize, ist, ism, are uniformly
accented on the first; as 1'egalize. But if the word consist of four or
more syllables, the accent, with very few exceptions, is on the pre-
antepenult; as particularize, presbyt'eiianism.
NOTE. — The exceptions are among such words as have prefixes; as ext'empo-
rize, mon'opolize, marking the root by accent.
21st Rule. Words of more than two syllables in ude, are accented
on the antepenult; as latitude, decrepitude.
22d Rule. Words of three syllables, the first two of which are
prefixes, and words ending in ade, are very uniformly accented on the
last; as intercede, lemon'ade.
23d Rule. Words ending in ure, with few exceptions, take the
accent on the first syllable of the root; as figure, literature; pro-c'me,
eft-cl'osure.
OBSERVATION. After the place of accent has been found in the
several classes of words, according to the above Rules, thousands of
other words are, by prefixes and suffixes, afterwards formed from them.
The accent, however, as first found, is seldom changed by any suf-
fixes subsequently added, except by such as come under Special Rules.
APPENDIX.
167
For a single example of this, take a word in ate, coming under Rule
10, as :
Communicate, ed, ing, ble, bleness, ive, ively, iveness, ory, ion,
bility. Here the accent remains unchanged, till ion and bility are
added, when it is removed, as per Rules 5th and 3d.
In a few instances, the adding of a prefix or suffix throws back the
first letter of the root to the prefix, and with it the accent; as pr'o-bate,
r'ep-ro-bate, pre-fer, pr'ef-er-ence. No suffixes move the accent after
fixed by ic or ous ; as dr'a-ma, dra-m'at-ic, al, ally, m'el-o-dy, me-l'o-
di-ous, ously, ousness.
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WELD'S ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
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ever examines it, will detect in it, marks of an original thinker and of a skillful teacher.
The method b strictly inductive ; and as a model of teaching, rs one of the best specimens I
in our language. It is calculated to do in Grammar, what Colburn's works have done in '
Arithmetic. The author is himself pre-eminen; acher, !
and has adopted in this English Gramma ;
and Reader," a work which has been very exter
cal schools.
From Rev. S. H. Shepley, Principal of North. ~Yar*
Messrs. SANBORN & CARTER, — Gentlemen : — Weic
have just published, (2d edition) more than meets my p
boars the distinct impress of its studious author's method of teaching^ Commencing
with simple elements, it guides the interested !•• K-nca! an "analytical pro-
cesses into a thorough knowledge of the science,
ers have pursued similar methods of instruction \r\practice. In th-
performing for schools at large, especially for common school .
would perform for a
thod here unfoUled, I am free to say. that in my jdttgment, the study
would become far less tedious than it htas i
From Henry B. Mo..
Chairman
Messrs. SANEOUN & CARTER, — In <ny
a am rnar m*\v
.nstimte a fo,
these cannot fail to render
'he attfBtioM
teach-
t,hor is i
From the S nr>l Commit; ••
The superintend in
to declare their conviction that t!
n the mode of studying the English Langnase;
i with which we are acquainted, it is suned t->
all that is desirable in Grammar^
ii the snme time, urtn
new terms where the old are as good as those for which they m
the aid of this Grammar, the teacher must he i,
to pupils more than a mechanical knowledge of the elou
tongue.
From the Christian Mirror.
It seems impossible that a pupil should be taken the;
e of even an ordinary teicher, without acqnirh
h language; for this, with .
.fattaimnenis.
.;r,g manner, ;i
of our mother
; fail
to do.
Botcdoin College.
MR. A. H.
have
I could reserve from pressing calls, I
fd with it.
As my studs.-
iniU to pronounce
upon ^vich w<
it 1 regard
your
calculated
to facilitate t:
'
L=si_
THOMAS C. UPHAM.
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