rJiSmm
9(-937/. I A 33
OFFICE OF NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION
DIVISION OF REVIEW
WAGE TRENDS IN PROSPERITY AND DEPRESSION
PRIOR TO NRA
By
J. M. Hunter
(A Section of Part C: Control of 'Wages)
WORK MATERIALS NO. 45
THE LABOR PROGRAM UNDER THE NIRA
/)^t^
Work Materials No. 45 falls into the following parts:
Part A
Part B
Part C
Part D
Part E
Introduction
Control of Hours and Reemployment
Control of Wages
Control of Other Conditions of Employment
Section 7 (a) of the Recovery Act
LABOR STUDIES SECTION
March, 1936
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0""7ICI1 O:? ":-^TIO XL -^.XG' ^:^r.Y ADIillllSTPATIOIT
Division C7 KSVim
"7AC-S T?>E:-DS I" ?-^.0SPi:5ITY ^dTD DEPBESSIOl
P^IO~: TO IT^
J. I-.'. Eunter
LA:Tj?. STUDIES SECTIOi:
;;?rcli, 1936
9851
0. 8. UBR/WY OF OONQRESI
NOV 30l95'a
r 0 :v :^ "■' c :~: D
T^"ie "Stiic'y of ^Irr.e Trencs in ProPT?rity ^nd De-oression Prior
to ITRA" war. -oTeiPre/A 'oy ,Ir. <J. 'i. "imter of t>-e LaL)or Studies Section,
Mr. Solomon Bf.rlcin in ch^.rce. It ir; a. critical svi'aa'-rj^ oased on
secorAcv:/ rr.ther than -orinr.r';'' sources aiid is intended to serve as a,
"bac'c'.TOimd to the extensive and detailed "oresentation of conditions xmder
t-ie I'IRA. in V/orh l>terials To. Nine, "-Tages and T'otirs in American Industrj''"i
Dr ta for the -leriod 1909-1923 are com-oara'ble onlj' in li.nited re-
s-Tectr. v.'ith t'~.ose available for the -ocriod^ 19?9-19"3 so that ChaT)ters I
pnd II rre essenti.^lly inde~)endent studies. In A-opendix II cnich of the
availahle .^aterirl necessrrj'' for a detailed ezaini nation of conditions e".-
isti;. _■ -Tr.-or to the iT"LA are -^resented for the ijur'oose of furnishing a
com-oreh.ensive inde" of conditions as revealed fi'om -ouLlished sources.
At the oach of th.is re-'jort "'ill "be found a hrief statement of
the studies undertaken hy the Division of Review,
L. C. harshall
Director, Division of Heview
March 35, 1956
-1-
Table g? cgptehts
page
CHAPTER I. Wage Movements - 1909 to 1928 1
I . Average Earnings Per Hoiir 3
II. Average Full.1 Time Enrnings Per Week 4
III. Average Annual Enrnings 8
IV, Cost of Living 11
V . Heal Ea rnings 18
CHAPTER II. Wage Movements - 1929 tc 1933 21
I. Average Earnings Per Hour 21
II. Average Earnings Per Week 26
III. Average Earnings Per Year 30
IV. Uneraijloyraent 32
V. Earnings "by Industries, States, and
Classes of La tor 32
APPENDIX I. Metncdology and Additional Research Needed 33
APPENDIX II.— TABLES •. 34
PART I — GENERAL TABLES
Tatle 1 Trend of Average Earnings per Hour, "by Industry
and Sex 35
Table 2 Trend of Average Full-time Earnings per Week, "by
Industry and Sex 38
Ta'ble 3 Trend of Average Actual Earnings per Week, by
Industry and Sex 40
Table 4 Average Annual Earnings of Full-time Workers only:
Retail Trades, by Kind of Business, 1929-1933..,. 42
Table 5 Unskilled Street Labor - Wage Rates per Hour, by
City Number Distribution; October 1928-December,
1932 43
Table 6 Federal and High^vay Projects; Common Labor - Aver-
age Wage Rates per Hour by Region; 1929 to 1931,
and Jamiarir to Qctober, 1932 44
Table 7 Average Entrance Wage Rates per Hour for Adult
Male Common Labor, in 13 Industries; July of each
Year, 1926 to 1933 45
Table 8 Louisiana; Common and Semi-Skilled Labor; Wage
Rates per Day by Class of Labor, 1929 - 1931 46
9851 -ii-
Page
Tatle 9 Minnesota: Average Wages iDer Week, "by Industry;
Years Ending June 3C, 1931 and 1932 47
Ta"ble 10 New York State Factories; Average Earnings xjer
Week; 1929 to 1933 T 49
Table 11 Ohio; Average Annual Earnings of ViTago Earners (a),
by Industries; 1929 to 1932 50
Table 12 Ohio; Average Annual Earnings in 14 Manufacturing
Industries; 1929 to 1932 56
Table 13 Ohio; Average Annual Earnings in Non-Manufacturing
Industries; 1929 to 1933 57
Table 14 Virginia: Q,uarries - Average Wages per Hour, by
Occupation and Hace , 1931 58
Part II- INDUSTRY TABLES 6®
Table 15 Air Transportation Industry - Ground Personnel
Average Earnings by Sex, 1931 - 1933 61
Table 16 Anthracite Coal Mining; Average Earnings, by
Occupation 1924 - 1931 62
Table 17 Autoracbile Tire Industry; Average Annual Earnings;
1929 - 1931 63
Table 18 Bituminous Coal Mining, Allegheny District; Average
Earnings per Half Month, by Occuoation; last half
of May, 1931, and a T:rnical Half Month in 1929 64
Table 19 Bituminous Coal Industry: Trend of Average Earnings
per Hour, by Occupation; 1929-1931-1935 65
Table 20 Bituminous Coal Mining: Earnings per Hour, Miners
and Non-Miners; Nu-nber Distribution; 1929 - 1933.... 66
Table 21 Boot and Shoe Industry; Trend of Average Earnings,
1928-193C-1932 67
Table 22 Bus Transportation Industry; Average Earnings, by
Sex J"uly, 1933 68
Table 23 Cane-Sugar Refining Industry; Earnings per Ho^lr, by
Sex, Percent Distribution, 1930 69
Table 24 Cane Sugar Refining Industry: Average Earnings, by
Sex - 1930 70
Talile 25 Average Earnings Per Hour in New England and South
Atlantic States, by Occupation and Sex - 1928-1930-
1932-July, 1933. Cotton Goods Manufacturing 71
9851
-111-
Page
Table 26 Electric Rail'Tavs nnd Motor Busses; Average Annual
S=?rnings by Cccunations - 1927-1333 72
Table 27 Po^jndries: Averr:?:e Ef^rnin^s, by Sex; 1929-1931-1933. 73
Table 28 P-urniture Industry; Avernp:e Z'^rninfTS, by Sex;
1929-1931 ^ 74
Table 29 Purniture Ma nuf picturing Industry: Distribution of
Earnings per Hour, 7 Occupation, by Sex; 1929-1931... 75
Table 30 Gasoline Filling Station Industry: Average Earnings -
1931 76
Table 31 Glass Industry: Average Earnings, by Department of
Industry, and by Sex, 1932 77
Table 32 Gray Iron Foundry Industry: Average Vifa^e Rates per
Hour by Occupation; February, 193^; August, 193*^;
Febr-'JrTry, 1931; and October, 1931 78
Table 33 High'^ay Construction: Average Wage Rates ner Hour
on Emergency and i\[on- emergency Projects by Occupation
and Geographic Division - August, 1933 79
Table 34 Hosiery Industry: Average Earnings, by Sex; 1930-
1932 83
Table 35 Iron and Steel Industry; Average Earnings, by Depart-
ments: 1929 - 1931 - 1933 84
Table 36 Iron and Steel Industry: Earnings Tjer Hour, Male
Laborers and all Wage-Earners: Number and Per cent
Distribution; 1931 85
Table 37 Laundries: New EaraTJshire: Average Wage Rates and
Earnings of Women and Minors, by type of Laundry,
June, 1933 37
Table 38 Leather Industry; Average Earnings, by Sex; 1932 88
Table 39 Machine Shops; Average Earnings, by Sex; 1929-1931-
1933 89
Table 4'^ Metalliferous Mining Industry: Average Earnings; 1914
- 1931 90
Table 41 Men's Clothing Industry: Average Earnings, by Sex;
1930 _ 1932 91
Table 42 Motor Truck Transportation Industry: Average Earn-
ings by Sex; July, 1933 92
Table 43 Motor Vehicle ManuJ'acturing Industry: Average Earn-
ings, by Sex; 1928 - 1930 - 1932 93
9851 -iv-
Page
Table 44 Motor Vehicle Re-oair Gerf^ge Industry: Average
Eprnin^s, 1931 94
Table 45 pctterj Industry; Aver^^re E'U'ninj;::s -ocr Hf^ur by Sex
and Kind cf W-- re - 1925-1333 95
Table 46 Portlpnd Cement Industry; Avern^e Earnings, by
Sex; 1929 - 1932 96
Table 47 Petroleum Industry, Pipe-Line Branch; Average
Tifage Hates per Hour, liy Occupation; May, 1929 - May,
1933 97
Table 48 Eailroads; Average Annual Earnings of all Enrolcy-
ees, excluding Executives; 1929-1931-1932-1953 98
Table 49 Hailroads; Earnings ner Week up to $21.94 _ Number
Distribution, November, 1933 99
Table 50 Rayon and Other Synthetic Yarn Manufacturing; Aver-
age Earnings , by Sex; 1930-1932 100
Table 51 ShiT)ping, iunerican Steam and Motor Cargo Vessels of
5000 Gross Tons and Over; Average Monthly Wage
Rates, by Position; January 1, 1929 - January 1,
1932-Jsnusry 1 , 1933 101
Table 52 Silk and Rayon Industry: Earnings per Hour, by Sex
and Region; Number Distribution; August, 1933 102
Table 53 Silk and Hayon G-oods Industry; Average Earnings, by
Sex; 1931 - 1933 103
Table 54 Slaughtering and Meat-Packing Industry; Average
Earnings, by Sex; 1929-1931 134
Table 55 Textile Dyeing and Finishing Industry; Average Earn-
ings , by Sex; 1930 - 1932 105
Table 56 Underwear Industry: Average Earnings, by Sex; 1930
- 1932 106
Table 57 Women's Dress Industry; Connecticut; Earnings per
Week; Number and Per cent Distribution; 2 Selected
Weeks, 1933 107
Table 58 Woolen and Worsted Goods Industry; Average Earn-
ings by Sex, 1928 - 1930 - 1932 108
Table 59 Woolen and Worsted C-oods Manufacturing Industry;
Earnings per Hour, by Sex; Number and Per cent
Distribution; 1930 - 1932 109
9851
-v-
page
Tatle 60 Hourly Wage Rntes cf Ferasle Snpiloyees Shortly Before
Addition of Codes Under the Ilational Industrial
Recovery Act in StPte cf Minnesota Ill
Table 61 Hourly Wage Hates of Male Emoloyees Shortly Before
Adoption of Codies Under the Notional Industrial
Recovery Act in State of Minnesota 112
Table 62 Weekly Earnings of ]?emale Em;oloyees Shortly Before
Adcntion of Codes Under the National Industrial
Recovery Act in State of Minnesota 113
Table 63 Weekly Earnings cf Male Employees Shortly Before
Adoption of Codes Under the National Industrial Re-
covery Act in State of Minnesota 114
9851
-VI-
GEL:ti:zi I
■;VAGE I:0V3I.:S:iTS - I909 to 192S
In order to psti;irte tlii^ e:"fects o.: core va^'e provisions and
evaluate the na';;e trends of the code periods, it is necessar;,' first
to r.ra~ as clear a picture as possible of prior rrrfe noycnents, 00th
du.rin;; the depression "ears of 1929, 1930, 1931 » ^932 and 1933 1 ^'■^-
d-urin;; the period of erpansion fror. I909 to 192c. ' It is -dth the
earlier "oeriod that this cha'oter is concernec". .
The picture for this period
nents of avera-':c hourl" earnir.'-G,
.in
viil oe dr:v7n 03^ tracing; the iiove-
., avera::e full-tine -'sehl^r earnin^-s,
and average annual earnin,":s. These fi.-ures of none;/ earnin-s '^ill
then be corrected for chani:;^es in the cost of livin,';, in order to she-.?
changes in the real incone o:"^ lahor andin la-oor's pxirchr.sin-^' po'"'cr.
The ririncinal sou:.ces of the vi^.ta on avera.';;e none;' earnin,, ;? to
'be presented aro "::ieal :Ja-es in the United States, 13v6-lS2b" by Paul
:I, Dou£:laG, (*) anc". ""'he hovoncnt o: hone;" and 2ea.l Ha-rnin^js in the
United States, 192o-2G", by Pa-J.1 ". Dou.'vlas and JTlorence T. Jennison,
The cost of livi-;V inde:: fif.Tiros Uf:-o: for the ^/csx prccedin;;;; 1913 3-re
those of DoU:7las, anc., for subseouent :'oa.rs, those of tne 3u.rea\x of
Lr.bor Statistics, revised aso:^ Se ;-■'••■:: fjer, 1933*
TAILS I
AVE2AG-3 HOUfLY I^AniTIlJGS (a)
or -.IJLOYZI) ^ACrS-EAElJEHS III ALL IlSUSTllT (b)
1903 - 1923
•■■ ■^ • •• —-'
Av
era^e Iloiir]
- .
P.elative
Avera^ye Eourl;-
Re
lative
Sarnin:":s
Ilarninr.'fi
EaaT.in^s
Ee
rnings
irAR
(in dollars")
(1
^]_;j^QO
X iliA. A
(
in
dollars)
(1
91U-IOO
1909
.2S2
gf;
1919
.55s
177
1910
r\rli-
SI
1920
;6ss
21s
1911
.293
>-*
1921
.SI40 -
203
1'12
.302
55
1922
.60G
192
1913
.313
9S
1923
.6S2
209
I91U
,3lo
100 •
r^^2U
:6S3
215
1915
•313
101
19 2 f^
220
1916
.3'4S
110
1926
.6s3(.c)(d)
219(e)
1917
.39^
125
1927
.703(0
225(e)
1^13
. U22
153
in2C
.710(d)
227(e)
(.'■■')', Doa";las' conputations are believed to be bp-3ed upon nore coupre-
hensive data than are any otliers a.va,ilable.
9S5I
(a) As corvDutet". for the -es-i-s ISOC^ to' Iff? ^5, i'lclv-r.ive, 'oy Paul :T.
Dou-las ("Real -.Trees i:i tlic ^'nitec-. States, 1S50-1926" - pa^^e 2O5),
and, for the j^ears ISSS, IS"^'?. ^-i^^'- lS2o, by Paul H. Douglas and.^
ITloronce T. JenniRon ("The hove'icnt of lione"/ anc" SeC-l Larninfjs in
the United Statec, I32S-2C;" pr':e 'jj).
(0) The ter^i "--a-e earners in all inc-rastr;-" as usee", here, includes:
(1) enployees in the follQvin.; nanufa-cturin-; imVo.s trier.: slau^-jh-
tcrin.^- and neat-pachin.;:; Woolen; cott:)n; hosier:'- anc' hnit cook's;
Lien's cDothin;'-; iroii and steel; lu.doer an(, tinoer products (sa\7-
mills anf. planin : riills) ; hootn anc", s:iOGr, ; "booh and job printini^-;
nevrspaper printin,;;; ;:.:ranite and stone; bahin^'-; netal trades; (2)
emplo3^Ges in the buildin-' trades; (3) enrolo-ees In the anthracite
anc" bitu-i incus coal ininin;-: industries; ('l-) unE^-:illed labor in
general; and (5) federal f-overn^ent e-roloyeos (in e::.ecutive de-
• part'tents in Trrshin^itor-, D. C. , and postal -.'orh-ers) .
(c) The a.vera-:e hourl" earnin;-;p :"nr this year ^.7ere oricinall"- .^iven
b;- Dou:;las as $.712 ("heal TTa- es in t"ic United States, 1C;S0-1S26",
paj-^o 205). The difference bet-'een this fiparc and the revision
is explp-ined by Doufias and Jeniii^on an arisin-; fror.i the fact
that the latter T.'as obtained b;" interpolation- -frou the 152?
Census data, ^'hereas the for;:ier rar; constrncted by erctrapolation
fron data collected prior to I525 ("hove:iont of hone'; and Heal
Earnincs in the United States, I52S-2S", paf^je 1, footnote).
(d) Despite the s.pecific stateuont in the T^reface to the article by
Dourjlas and Jennison the.t "the fiijures presentee! here p.re compa-
rable to those in Paul 11. Douylas' booh "P.e.'il 'Jp'^-es in the United
States, lS50-1^2o", there a;opears to be soue possiblity that this
fii':;'are is not strictly conparr.ble -vith the estinates of earnings
given for the years I903 to IS25. In conbininy the average hourly
earnings per '^age-earner in erch of the selected industries and
classes of labor into conpositc averages for each of the years
from lv03 to I32I;, inclusive, -iven in this Table, Douglas '-'eigh-
ted tne earnings in each industry and class according to the
number of employees in ■ each in loSO, but in conpf.ting the a,verage
"for all incustry" for I926, 1527^ and 192o, the -.-eights \7er.e ..
based on 192S emplej^ient. The popsibility of error in the series
as a \7hole resulting froi.i this disparity of method is evident.
(e) It v,'ill be noted that this inderc number (i.7hich is as given by
Doxiglas and Jennison) , surori singly/, is not quite the quotient of
the hourlj- earnin'js :"or the srne :year divided by the hor!.rly eexn-
in:gs for .19"'-'-!-, e-s given in this Table. It is used none the less
for the reason that there is no "yay of kno'iing erzactlj'' ho'.7 the
hourly earnings for 191^ used in this calculation uere not those
of the Table, perhaps being co;iputec', ''o-j use o.~ '7ei"hts based on
152s employ.nent (see footnote (d) above).
A '7ord o"^ '7P.rning is necessary '-'ith re.gard to the reliability of
the statistics presented in this cha,-oter and in all otiiers of this
paper. The basic data used, i.7hile the most accurate obtainable, are
so disconnected and frarcnentary, based on such unre-^resentative sa-.Tol-
9S5I
-3-
iiif] and inconclusive r.ssvi:ptionn am". req-a.irin' such qucstion?."ble splic-
in.;; and interpolation to piece tlie. i tor;atn£i', th?.t allo'jance for error
nust constantly je :irde. Tliir. ir :a;.-ticalarl;,- trae o" cost of livinr^
inde:-es, More especial'.;- prior to 1C13> s.:vl, conser^^uentl;', of data on
real na^ec e.nd e.p.rnin"f. "jaced t'lcreun.
Des-oite thepe statisticrl deficiencies, the conclusions readied
are oelieved to "oe of definite vrlue ar. reflecting the changes in the
wnll-being of Inljor.
I. AvsnA-G-E Eii2iyi::c-s p::::^ ^loun
Ta.hle 1 sho-r'z the p.'.-erar;e hoarl;/ earnings (*) of 'vage earners in
selected ■•nanufactii.rin'': and no n-nanafacturing industries as a 'Thole for
each 2-ear fro.n l^^CJ to IS^E, inclusive. In addition, the inderr nunliers
or" chan'ies in average hoiirl;' ear:"..in .-r- , oa a Ipl'r Ijase, are presented.
Accordin • to thin Ta"jle, the averrge none:/ earnings per hour for
rrage-earnfei'.-s in a representative sa.i.ile of all Industry increased fron
$,2S2 in 130s to O.3I0 in ISl^!-, a gain o;' 12. U^, and tiien more than
doubled durin'.; tne "Jo rid T7ar and the years i i;:ediotel,-r folio-ring, ris-
ing fro-i $.516 in 151>4- to O.SSS in 1:'20, a gain of liy.y^l.
This advance -.'ap, hrdted raoncntarily "r- the I32I depression,
hourly earnings frllinj off slightly fr;a the 1520 high, to $.60S in
1922, a loss of 11.6;i. After 1922, the ac':vance \fas resuned ?.nd conti-
nued steadily to 15-'-"» thoU; ;h at a noderrte pace. The total gain for
this -oeriod, fron the O.'oOS firure in 1^22 to $.710 in 1922, nas lo.y^
Co'nsidering the oerioc. of e;:pa-nsioh as a v;hole, it is found that
avera.ge co.rniugs per hor.r of ■'.:.ra,-e~earners in I32S vere over tv70 and
one-half tir.ics as great as they -Tcre in 1905' " a total gain of 151.S^.
( ¥**'^ ■ . . ■
Before acce'cting tliese conclusio'ns, the critic;is:is levelled at
thci "b;- Leo w'olijan (****) shoiild he- e:va;;iinsd.
Wolman suggests, among other th.i-ng?. , that e::aggerated -reight has
"been atte,ch-Gd hy Douglas to unio'n '.'age rates in the ccaputation of
average earnings in manufacturing industries, thus shoeing such earn-
ings aliove their tm.e levels and conceaJ.ing the a.ct-aal nagnitude of
their novenents.
(*) j?or the nost pr.rt the drta avrilahle are in the forri of hourlj''
earnings rather than ho^arly •vage rrtes.
(**) Atte-ntion is called to th.e use- of slightlj;' different nethods in
compiitin^; the I909-I925 fifTires and those for 192o (see foot-note (d)
to Tahle l).
(***) See footnote inuediately preceding.
(****) See his "Anerican 7ages" in the "Q^arterl"- Journal of EconB- .
nics"", .•'5'c'brar.ry, 1932.
gg^i
-4-
The validitj- of this critici:'.u r.ia^ je tested Iv' conparing the
computations of averaj-je earni^-^is per hour in all Industries for the
year I92I to I52S nade ''D^^olnan -ith those of Do-aG'las. These are
presented in Ta^ole II. So far as levels of average earniiY;s per hour
are concerned, Dou::las' averc;:^-es are sonchat hi.-;]',er tha»n 'Tolnan' s, liut,
vith respect to the- nr^^ni'tude of the novener.ts of these levels, the
difference intae inde:: mr.foei-s of chr.n;^:e frou 1?21 to I92S, as estima-
ted "by these t-'o authorities, is relatively ne.';li."-i Jle, onlj' 1.3 points.
II. AVSSAG2 FULL TIiII] SAIIrlllTaS PZ2 I7EEI;
Taole III fjives the avera2,'e full tine earninfjs per -^eelc of •aa-rje-
-earners in selected nanufacturinfj and non-r.ianuf£i.ctii.rin;'y industries as
a vhole (*), for each year f ron iQCg to 1925, inclusive, and shows in ad-
dition, the percentage changes from a 191H "base in index num"bers.
coi.iPAiiiso:: o's ^''iiSAZ-i: EAiJiiirG-s pes houz data
01 DOUGLAS A; ID UOLiA.::;
1921 - 152s
•
YEAR
Douglas (a)
VJolnan Co)
Douglas 1
i T/olman
1921
$.6Uo •
$. oOS
100.0 :
100.0
1922
.60s
. 5S2
SKC :
35-1
1923 ■
.662
.62^
103. U :
102.6
I92U
.683
.6UG
106.7 :
106.6
1925
.696
.652
lOS.S :
107.2
1925
.686
.660
107.2 :
■ 10S.6
1927
.703
.669
109. U :
110.0
1922
,710
.5g2
110.9 :
112.2
(a) Talien fron Ta"ble I.
("b) Ta]:en fron Leo Uolnan's report to the liay, 1930 Conference on
Iternational \7age Conparisons at Geneva, contained in "Interna-
tional 'Jage Coiiparisons, " 3u.lletin IJo. 22 of the Social Science
Research Council, June, 1932, pages 2Ul ~ 262.
(*) This sa.iple of all Indus try, ht?>s a "broader scope fnan that used
in determining average hourly earnings, since it includes fam la"bor,
seamen, rail^a-'- employees, puolic school tea,chers, and Cohgregational
and I.;etho6.ist ministers.
JS51
-5-
Tliese avera^^es are weighted combinations of avera^-e hourly earn-
ings in 25 manufacturing industries coral) ined (National Industrial
Conference Board: "Wages in the United States"), average hourly
earnings in Class I, steam railroads (Computations of National
Industrial Conference Board, based on the montlily reports of the
Interstate Conunerce Commission: "Wage Statistics of Class I
Steam Eoads in the United States"), avei'age wage rates per hour
in 17 building trades in 23 cities (National Industrial Conference
Board: "Wages in the United States", based on rates published
monthly by "The Merican Contractor"), and average hourly earnings
in bitiuainous coal mines (United States Department of Labor Bureau
of Labor Statistics: "Special Bulletins" and "Monthly Labor Re-
view" - September, 1929).
TAoLE III
AVERAr^E FLTLL.TIMS WEEICLY EAPJTTITOS (a)
OF EMPLOYED 7AaE-E;j&IZRS IN ALL INDUSTRY (b);
1909 - 1928
Average Weekly
Relative
>
Averag
e Weekly
Relative
EaiTiings
Earnings
I
Earn
ingu
Earn ing s
YEAR
(In dollars)
(1914-100)
: YEAR
(In dollars)
(1914-100)
1909
13.41
90
1919
26.29
176
1910
13.68
92
19;-jO
• 31.67
212
1911
13.89
93
1931
,28.63
192
1912
14.34
96
: 19 22
28.07
188
1913
14.79
99
• 1925
30.39
: 204
1914
14.91
100
1924
30.96
208
1915
15.14
.102 •
1925
31,72
213
1915
16.45
110 ■
1926
31.38
(c) (d)
210
1917
18.78
125
1927
32.10
(d)
215
1910
23.13
155
: 1928
32.45
(d)
218
(a) As computed for the years 1908 to 1925, inclusive, 'oj Paul H.
Dotiglas ("Real Wsges in the United States, 1890-1926", page 2ll),
and, for the years 1926, 1927, and 1928, by Paul K. Douglas and
Florence T. Jennison, ("Kie Movement of Money and Real Earnings in
the United States, 1926-28," page 44).
(b) The term "wage earners in all industry" as used here, includes:
(l) employees in the foUowinv; manufacturing industries; slaugh-
tering and meat-packing; woolen; cotton; hosiery and loiit goods;
men's clothing; iron and steel; lumber and timber products
(sawmills and planing mills); boots tmd shoes; book and job print-
ing; newspaper printing; granite and stone; balcing; and metal
trades; (2) employees in the building trades; (3) employees in the
9851
-e-
These averages are weighted combinations of average hourly earnings
in 25 manufacturing industries combined (National Industrial Conference
Board: "Wages in the United States"), avera.^e hourly earnings in
Class I, steam railroads (Computations of National Industrial Con-
ference Board, "based on the monthly reports of the Interstate Com-
merce Commission: "Wage Statistics of Class I Steam Roads in the
United States"), average wage rates per hour in 17 "building trades
in 23 cities (National Industrial Confer, once Board: "Wages in the
United States", "based on rates pu"blish8d nonthly ty "The American
Contractor"), and average hourly earnings in "bituminous coal mines
(United States Department of La"bor, Bureau of La"bor Statistics;
"Special Bulletins" and "Monthly Later Review" - September, 1929).
TABLE III
AVERAGE FULL - TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS (a)
OF EIvEPLOYED WAGS-EARNERS IN ALL INDUSTRY (b);
1909 - 1928
Average Weekly
Relative
Average Weekly
Relative
Earnings
Earnings
Earnings
Earnings
YEAR
(in dollars)
(1914=100)
YEAR
(in dollars)
(1914-100)
19C9
13.41
90
1919
26.29
176
1910
13.68
92
1920
31.67
212
1911
13.89
93
1921
28.63
192
1912
14.34
■ 96
1922
28. C7
188
1913
14.79
' 99
1923
3C.39
204
1914
14.91
100
1924
30.96
200
1915
15.14
102 :
1925
31.72
213
1916
16.46
110 :
1926
31.38(c)(d)
210
1917
18.78
126
1927
32.10(d)
215
1918
23.13
155 :
1928
32.45(d)
218
(a) As computed for the years 1908 to 1925, inclusive, by Paul H.
Douglas ("Real Wages in the United States, 1890-1926", page
211), and, for the years 1926, 1927, and 1928, by Paul H.
Douglas and Florence T. Jennison, ("The Movement of Honey and
Real Earnings in the United States, 1926-28," page 44).
(b) The terra "wage earners in all industry" as used here, ' includes:
(1) employees in the following manufacturing industries:
slaughtering and meat-packing; woolen; cotton; hosiery and
knit goods; men's clothing; iron and steel; lumber and timber-
products (sawmills and pinning mills); boots and shoes; book
and job printing; newspaner printing; granite and stone; baking;
and metal trades; (2) employees in the building trades; (3) em-
ployees in the
9851
-7r- •
antl.racite and DituainouG coal uinin,':- inciustries; (U) unskilled
laDor in -eneral; (r) federal r"overnnent employees in the execu-
tive departments in ■Jasliin/;'-ton, D. C, and postal rrorkei-s; (6)
tro.nsportation ''or'-.ers (seanen a-nd vsAVne-y employees); (7) fam
latior; (S) puolic school teachers; and (9) ninisters (Congrega-
tional and Ilethodist).
(c) The averap^e full-tine T/eekl;- earnini^-s for this year nere origina-
lly given Ly Douglas as $32.39 ("Heal Wages in the United States,
1230-1326", page 211). The difference "oet^veen this figare and
the revision is explained lij Douglas and Jennison as arising from
the fact that the latter v/as Detained "by interpolation fron the
1327 Census data, -jherea-s the foruer ras constructed liy extrapo-
lation fron data collected prior to 132b ("iiovenent of Honey and
Heal Earnings in t"ie United States, I326-2S" - page 1, footnote).
(d) Despite the specific statement in the preface to the article "oy
Douglas anc'- Jennison that "tlie figures presented here . . . are
couparalile to those in Paul H, Dougla--,' "book, "Real 'Jages in the
United States, IS3O-I32S," there aopears to "be sone pos5i"bility
that this figure is not strictly co"ros.ra"ble ^-dth the estimates
of earnings given for the ye?.rs I303 to 132 5. In conliining the
average full-tine \7eekly earnings per v:age-carner in each of the
selected industries and classes of la"bor into the co-'iposite aver-
ages for eacn of the yearc froia I303 to I325, incl^^^,ive, given in
this Tr"ble, Douglas y;eig"-ited the earnings in each industry and
class according to the n"cj!i"bsr of enplo3''ees in each in each year,
"but in conpuitin-; the averages for "all industry" for I926, 1927»
and 132s, the weights -'ere "based on I52S enploTtient. This dis-
parity of method is not so great as that involved in the deter,.ii-
nation of the relative importance of industries and cls.sses of
la"bor during the I309 - I325 period "by the use of IS90 emplo^Tnent
veights (see footnote (d) to Ta"blc l), for the reason- that there
rras less- shifting of employees fron inrustr'r to industry and
class during the three year pcriof from 1325 to 1928 than during
the thirty-eight year perioc frO;! iSqO to I32S.
According to thii-, Ta"ble, average, full-tine 'Teekl' earninr';s in-
creased 11.2fj fron 1903 to ISlU (fron $13. Ul to $li:-.5l) and 112. Uf^ from
131U to 1320 (fron $lU.Sl to $31.67), decreased 11.^)^ fron I32O to 1322
(fron $31.67 to $2o.07), and, finally, increased I3.65J fron I922 to the
end of the perioc- (fron. $2G.07 to $32. U5). So far as the period as a
v'hole is concerned, the total gain fron I5O3 to 132o vras lUl.9/0.
In each perioc., tlie i'lcrease in average full-tine 'jeekl;' earnings
Tra.s slightly sms-ller tha/n the corresponding increa..se in average hourly
earnings. (*) Other things "being erual, this is e:jgpla-ined loy the rapid
driinutio;! in the period as a ^7:'iole in tlxe a,verage length of file
full-time i/orking v/eek fron 3U.3 hovirs in I909 to U5.2 hours in I92S -
a reduction of 9.3^. (**)
(*) See Tal)le V.
(**) See Douglas' "Real Wages in the United States, IS3O-IS26",
page 20s.
)251
III. AVEEAGE AlfimAL EAHi^INGS
Taole IV presents a third measure of changes in the material
rrealfare of labor, average earnin,-js per uace-ea-rner in selected uanu-
facturin./y and non-nantifacturin;; industries as a whole, (*) for each
T.OLElj/.
A7S3ilG-E AiCIUAL EARiTIHGS (a)
OE Ei-IPLOYED iTAGE-EAIffiEllS IJT ALL liSUSTSY ("b)
I9O9-I92S
Jiveragc Annu.al
EelPtive
Average Annual
Helative
Earnin'i;s
Earn in.-
;s
Earnings
Earnings
YEAR
(in dollars)
(1Q1U;=]
.00)
YIAR
(in dollars)
(191U.^100
1303
5^3
S7
1313
1201
192
1510 .
57U
9?
1320
1U07
22U
1311
575
32
1921
1233
197
1312
592
9U
1922
1201
192
1313
621 ■
99
1923
1239
207
I31U
627
100
IS2U
1303
20 s
1315
633
101
1925
1336
215
1916
70s
■113
1326
1375(c) (r)
219
1.917
• S30
132
1527
1375(d)
213
I5ig
10U7
157
1325
lU05(d)
22U
(a) As computed for the years I903 to 1925, inclusive, . 1)7 Paul H.
Dou-glas, ("IlGal T7ages in the United States, IG3O-I920", page
332), and for the years I92S, 1927, and 1S2S, li:,- Peul 11. Doxiglas
and Elorence T, Jennison^ ("The Ilovciient of Ilonej'' and ?ueal Earn-
ings in the United States, 132o - 132o", pa/;e 27).
(h) The term "\7age- earners in all industry", as used here, includes:
(1) employees ,in the follo^7ing manufacturing industries: confec-
tionery; "bread and ot>-er l)ahery products; 'dairy prodtict::; ('outter,
cheese, and condensed milk); fxn:.it and vegetarole canning and pre-
serving; slaughtering and neat-pac]:ihg; '-'ooleii and rrorsted; cot-
ton; silh; hosiery and hnit goof^s; men's clothing; shirts; '-/omen'f
clothing; iron and steel ("blast furnaces, steel -jorlts, rolling
mills, foundries, pjid machine shope) ; fo.rm ec_uipment; electrical
machinery; "brass, "bronze, and copper; silver ano -olated r;are;
lum"b5r and tim"bcr products (sa^-Tiiils and planing mills) ;_ f'Arni-
ture; ta.nned, curried and finished leather; "boots and shoes;
tr-gjilcs and valises; saddler"'- and harness; 'oa-oer and -qixI-q; pa-oer
(*)This sample of all industr-r is a :-.uch more representative one than
that used in determininf; averr,;e fall-time -jeehl;'- earnings, due to
inclusion of en-oloyccs in many more industries. (See footnote (o)
to Ta-cle IV).
9S5I
-9-.
lio::es; 1:ool: r.nd jjo") printin,;;; ne-vspapei' and periodical printing;
petrole\r.i refinin^:;; dr^ij'j^jiats' preoarations (patent nedicines,
perx\iier-..', cos/ieticr,, and toilet preparations) ; r'a.l)l)er fjoods;
r.iarl.)le cnc. stone; clay pr;;cuctG; -^'lass; oevera,-;es ("beer and soft
drinl:?.) ; tolDacco (cigars and cii'arets) ; ca,rria;'jes, na::ons and
nrterials; railroad rollin;; stocl:; notor vehicles, (oodios and
pprts); and (2) enployeen in the follovin'; p-a'olic utilities indus-
tries: steaii railroads; street raili./ays, telephone, telei^raph,
f'p.s, electricit;'; (3) '".'orh'err;, in the anthracite and hit"Lininov.s
coal ninin/j industries; (U) salaried employees in inanufactixring
and clevhs in rail'.-ays; (5) federal ;'^;overnr.ient enployees (in the
executive departnents in TTashin^ton, 3. C, , a.nd nosta.1 norkers) ;
(5) puolic. school teachers; (7) ninisters (liethodists and Con-yre-
f-ational) ; and (c) fam lajor,
(c) Avers.--e annual earnings for thi;' year -.Tere originally given hy
Dour;las as $l,37b ("Heal Ua-es in. the United States, IS3O-IQ261',
page 3S2). The difference liet-een t'lis fi::u.re and the revision
is erplained lay I)ou/rlas and Jennison as a-risinr; from the fact that
the latter ^7as oltained hy interpolation fron the 1527 Census da,ta,
\7hereaE the former ra.s constructed "by c::trrpolation frci data
collected prior to I92G ("i.Iovencnt of Honey and Real Earniiv:s in
the United St.atcc, 1526-?u52S", pace 1, footnote).
(d) Unlike the firurc for this year on avera^-e hourly carnin(-;s (see
Trole I, footnote (d) and avei-a-ie full-tiue ueekly earnincr. (See
Tahle III, footnote (d), this fi-urc does appear to he cornparahle
vith the estiraates .::iven for the yearc VyO'y to I925. In conhin-
ing the rverp.ge ennual er,rnin";s per vjaje-carner in each of the
selected industries anf classes of laoor into the conposite
averages for each of the years "ron 1S'09 to 132S, inclusive,
given in this Tahle, the earniii,';s in each industry and class in
each year, the sa.je method thus hein- used throughout. This uiii-
fomity of method materially/ reduces any possioility of error in
the series a.s a 'jhole.
9251
-IfU
TA3LE V.
CIlAiTGES IK HOUriY, rJLL-TIIH; ITEEIILY,
AED ANITUAL lAIillUGS, C0iPA3I2);
I9OS-I32S
Percentage GhanQe Perceruage Change Percentage Change
Period in Average in Average in Average
Hourly Earnings Fall-Tine Ueel;!^- Annual Earnings
(a) Earnings ("b) (c)
1303-14
lSlU-20
1320-22
1S22-2S
1999-28
-11.60
-11, u^:
/lUi.qf.
-15. 5f^
/12U.U0
-lU. Gfi
/17.O0.
/I59.lf^
(a) Conputed from Taljle I.
(b) Conputed fron Talile III,
(c) Conputed fron Taole IV.
9S5I
-11-
yee-r fron 1SQ9 to lS2o, inclxisivG, r.nc slio''r>, in arV-ition, the "oercenta,ge
changes frou a 191^+ jone, in incler: nii!i"oers. Tliene •■fi/p.irep. are as detemin-
ec. V-- Paul H. DoT.V;:las for the I'ears ISO5 to 1525> inclv.sive, and "by the
s',:ie r.iithority, in collaLoiT tion "ith li^^oroncc T. Jonnison, for the years
lS2o to 192s, inclusive.
The increases in annual earnin;-;s sho"/n "by this Table -'ere in each
case greater than the corresponding increases in "both hotirlj' earnings and
full-tine 'jeekly earnings. (*) It is found that average annual earnings
per ■vage-earnor increased steadily fro'i $5'''"3 i^ IS^S to $6^7 in 191^ (a
gain of 13. ^-f), to $1,U07 in I92O (a gain of 12^1.1+',:; over 191U) , and,
after a decrease of lU.o^j to yi,20l in I922, to Ol.'lO^ in l^ZE (a gain of
17',: over 1522).
Looking at the period as a "jhole, it is seen that average actual
annual earnings -per rra.ge-earner in Industry as a whole increased 159*^^
fro-J 1909 to 192s.
IV. COST or LIVIITG
iiOvenents of noney earnings curing this period of "business expansion
and increasing prosperity are sho^n in suiaary forrl in Taole V, rrhich
'.ial-:e3 it clear that the noveient is ;:eneral and whether .measured "by
changes in average ho'o.rl:'', avcra,ge full-tine 'jeehly, or average annual
earnings per wage-earner, was one of trei'icndous increase. Ho\;ever, due
to changes in the purchasing po-:;er of the foliar, this increa.se in money
wages and earnings cannot be considered as accuratel;'' reflecting the
material progress of enployed labor. To avrive a.t a true appraisal,
none3'- wages and earnings n\ist be defla-ted into dolla.rs of a constant p\ir-
chasing power by the application of indez: n^jiibers representing changes in
cost of living as neasured by retail p rices of consuners' goods.
Studies of changes in the cost of living having been nade by several
agencies a.nd indivicxials, it is necessary to ezcolain the choice as the
basis for this conputation for tiie ;-ears after 1913> of the revised series
of cost of living incex nuibers recently released by the Bureau q f Labor
Statistics of the United States Depart lent .of Labor (**) and for the
period froi'-i I9O9 to I913 of a series conpiled ''oy Paul H, Douglas.
So fa.r a.3 choice of a. series for the 3-ears after I913 is concerned,
the findings of Paul 11. Douglas vrere used to narrow the field to sone
e::tent. (**♦) Doiiglac f.iscardcd the series prepared b;r the llassachusetts
Co/Viiiission on the I):ecesr,arie5 of Life as too local in chara,cter and as
possibly based on too lo\7 an estinate of prevailing prices, (****) and the
(*) See Table V.
(**) See publication of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, United. States
Departnent of LCobor, entitled "P.evision of Inde:: of Cost of Goods
Purcha,sed by ITa.ge- Earners anf. Lower-Salaried TJorkers," or a,rticle
i-'ith sane title in the "Ilonthly Lcabor Peview", Septeuber, 1935*
(***) See pages U£-R9, "Peal ",7ag;es in the United States, Ig90-192G. "
(****) Ibid, page 50.
-12-
series determined "by the National Inc.ustrial Conference Hoard as suscept-
Vole to error because "based on: (l) oata secured "bj the questionnaire
netliod.; (2) orice' qixotations on too few articles in the clothing and mis-
cellaneous groups; (3) reports ftpn different cities in differ jnt years;
and (U) pre-nar'Mdgets (*). He chose the series of the Ihirea,u of Labor
Statistics in preference to these series stating; that it "is pro'ba'bl;r the
best for our purposes of any nou bein;;,' coupiled",
Honever, Doiiglas recognized several deficiencies and ^leaJmesses in
this seriep. He pointed out: (l) that the basic statistics nerc gathered
fron comparatively fei7 cities; (2) that the, sundries index nas not based
on direct quotations; (3) that the clothing index vras not deteniined'by
use of r/eights based on actual exoenditiires; (U) that it 'jould be :.iore
accurate to find the all-iten indexes for the country as a xrhole by com-
bining the all-item indexes for each cit'/, than to do so by deter.iining
indexes^ for ea.ch connodity group for the country as a v/hole and then
combining these indexes, the method follced hj the 3u.reau; s-nd ([5) that
it would certainly be better to combine the indexes for each city by
v^eighting them according to the relative population of the cities, than
to combine then arith.ietice-lly, as the I>.ircau did (**).
The last t'TO of these flavs in t]ie !3u.resu'n series arisiiiiT; merely
in the methods in vhich collected material had. been -ased, DotLglas -ujider-
took to compute a series of his o\7n, based on that of the Sareau, but
avoiding these t\7o errors. The resixlt v/as a series of cost of living
index numbers (***) of i^hich most -yero found, vspoh reduction of the tvro
series to a common' base jes.r, to be froLi fovir to six points higher than
those of the Bureau. This' relation of the tvro series is sho^jn by Table
VI.
This series of Douglo-s has been improved iijDon, in turn, by a recent
revision by the j>areau of Labor Statistics of its series, nhic.i introduces
not only the refinements made by Douglas ov-t others as Tell.
As in Douglas' series, the relative exoendlture upon each of the
major groups of cojin.odities in different cities is' tai:en into account
and the budget experience of each city is weighted according to relative
population (****) ^ /q^^ ^.^ addition, the food cost inciexes have been
(*) Ibid,, pages 52 and |53
(**) Ibid., pages 52 rnd 3^4
(***) Ibid, page 37 - ,
(****) Sen publication of ISureau of Later Statistics, United
States Department of La")or, entitled "Prevision of Index
of Cost of Goods Purchased by Tfage Earners and Lower-
Salaried ITorkers", pages 2, ,10, and 12, or article with
same title in the ":ionthly Labor ?:cvie\7i', September, 1335,
3S5I
. -13-
greatly improved, chiefly 'o.y inclusion of additional foods (84 after
1920 and 104 tefore), (*) pnd the all-item indexes have "been consider-
ably tettered by computation (**) of the percentage distribution of ex-
penditures for the various budgetary items in 1913, the base year, and
the use of weights based on this distribution rather than that of
1917-19, the quantity bud:';^etary period used (***).
The effect of these last two improvements is a series more closely
in accord with the original Bureau series than is that of Douglas.
T;Ihereas, most of Douglas' indexes were from 4 to 6 points higher than
those of the original Bureau series, as has been seen, the numbers re-
vised by the Bureau are somewhat lower during the years prior to 1921
and only about 1 to 3 points higher after that year. The relation of
the two Bureau series is shown by Table VII, and that of the revised
Bureau series and the Douglas series by Table VI.-
It is obvious from these Tables that use of -the Douglas cost of
living index numbers in coiirputing real vrages and earnings would consid-
erably underestimate the gains in purchasing power during the period
from 1915 to 1928, just as use of the original Bureau series would over-
estima.te such gains after 1320 and u.ndcrestimate them from 1914 to 1920,
Unfortunately, the Bureau's revised series does xiot cover the years
from 1909 to 1913, necessitating use of some ctner, and possibly less
accurate, series for this period. However, the one- chosen, that con-
structed by Douglas from Bureau of Labor Statistics indexes of the move-
ment of wholesale prices of the various main groups of commodities, ex-
cept rents, weighted according to 1901 relative expenditures, (****)
is believed to be more accurate than any other now available.
The indexes given by the Bureau of Labor Statistics for the years
1913 to 1934 represent the cost of living in particular months of those
years (usually June and December), while Douglas' indexes for the years
1909 to 1912 indicates the average cost of living throughout each of
those years. It is obvious that indexes of the latter type are preferable
for use in translating yearly average money earnings into yearly average
real earnings. For this reason, cost of living indexes for each month of
each year from 1913 to 1934 have been computed by straight-line inter-
polation from the series of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and an aver-
age found for each year. The results, combined v;ith Douglas' 1909 to
1912 series, are given in Table VIII.
(*) Ibid, pages 2-7. This correction involves a highly complicated and
interesting computation, made necessary by the fact tliat data on
purchases of the additional foods were available only in terms of
quantities, not of expenditures. In brief, all 126 foods were ar-
ranged in groups according to similarity of price movement, average
ejcpenditures for the 84 or 1''14 being estimated from average prices
determined by the office of Home Economics of the United States
Department of Agriculture, and from total food expenditures orig-
inally calculated by the Bureau. Food cost indexes were then com-
puted by weighting expenditures for these groups of foods rather
than expenditures for the 42 to 22 specific foods priced.
(**) From the distribution in 1917-19 and changes in costs of equivalent
goods between 1913 and that period. Ibid, page 8.
(***) Ibid, page 7-9.
(****) gee "Real Wages in the United States, 1890-1926", Chapter II.
9851
-14-
TABLE VI
COLIPARISONSOF VAEIATIOIIS PHOM ORIGIUJUL
BUPJSAU OF LABOR STATISTICS COST OF LIVIITG I1€)EX NUTfflEES
OF DOUG-LAS' DATA A2'D OF 313HEATJ OF LA:30H STATISTICS REVISION:
1915-1926
Helation of B.L^S. Relation of Doia('2;las '
u'ontli and Yes^v revised series to series to 3LS oririnal
3. L. S. original series (!in Toints) (l:)
, . __j__ series (in -points) (a) __j_ . ._
Decem'ber,
1915
.11
1916
II
1917
II '
1913
II
1919
■ ti
1920
II
1921
II
1922
It
1923
II
1924
11 .
1925
-0.4-, -0.5
■-1.7 -1.0
'"-4.1 ^4,5
-7,5 . H.3,6
-7.9 "-1.4,4
-4.8 -*3.8
■-^0.5. H-5,2
•+0.8 .• 45.4
-♦•I. 5 • -»5.8
.. -tl-.S . ■ t6.1
■ ■t3.4 ' -r6.6
1926 .■ -,:].7 '46.5
(a) Ta:cen from Ta"ble VII. . '. ■
(b). Ta::en from Tatle XI, -oage 55, "Fieal Wa,-es in tlie United States 1890-
1926" - '07j Paul i:. Do-uglaS'.
9851
Month f.ncl Yer.r
1913, (r.verai^e)
December, 1914
" 1915
1916
1917
1918
1919^
1920,
1921*
1922
1923
1934
1925
1925
1927
1928
-15-
TJ1J3LE VII
coapARisoii OF origi:tal a.:d iCAnsED
3irJEAi; 0? LOO?. STATISTICS COST OF LIVIITG II3EX ilUIIBIRS;
1913-1928
Ori^^'inr.l Series
Ci913-10a)_lal
r.eviped Series
(19135100) Co)
100.0
100,0
103.0 '■
102,7
. 105.1 :
104,7
. 113.3 :
. 116,:5
142.4 :
133,3
174,4 ;
165, .9
■ 199,3 -.
. 191,4
' 200.4 :
• • . 195,5
' 174,3 .
174.3
^169.5 :
170.3
. 173.2 ■■
174.7
172.5 ■■
174.3
■ 177.9 ;
■ 181.3
175.5 ;
17G.3
172.0
.171.3
175.1
173.3
..rielation of Revised
to Ori.?inal Series
;^ cc:! .
-0,3
-0,4
-1,7
-4,1
-7,5
-7,9
-4,3
-^0,5
+0.8
-^1.5
-fl.8
-t.3.4
+2.7
+3.1
42.0
(a) "riontlily La-Qor Review", Aiigrast, 1934.
(b) "iiontlily Labor Review", September, 1335, or the excerpt therefrom entitled
"Revision of Index of Cost of Goods Purchaced by
salrricd ^orlcers".
Wage-Earners and Lo^Ter-
(c) Difference between original series colTX':;m and revised series col"'ji:m.
9351
-16-
TABLE VIII
COST OF LIVIHG- 1S09 to 1938 BY MONTHS
1909
Cost of
Cost 0-'
Cost of
Month
Living
: Month
Living
: Month
Living
and
Indexes
: and
Indexes
a,nd
Indexes
Yf?ar
1913-100
: Year
1913-100
Year
1913-100
. (a)
(a)
(a) •
1909
88.0
1916
111.2
1919
176.2
1910
93,0
Jan.
105.7
Jan.
167.6
1911
96.0
Fe"b.
106.7
Fe-b.
168.3
1912 ■
97.0
Mar.
107.7
Mar.
169.0
1913 *
100.0
Apr.
108.7
Apr.
169.7
■ July
100.0
May
109.7
May
170.4
Aug.
100.2
June
110.7
June *
171.1
Sept.
100.3
July
111,6
July
174.5
Oct.
100.5
Aug.
112.6
Aug.
177.9
Nov.
1*0.6
Sq-nt.
113.6
Sept.
181.3
Dec.
100.8
Oct.
114.6
Oct.
184.6
1914
101.8
Nov,
115.6 :
Nov.
188.0
Jan.
101.0
Dec..*
116.6
Dec. *
191.4
PelD.
101.1
1917
128.4
1920
202. 6
Mar.
101.3
Jan.
118.4
Jan.
iri.7
Apr.
101.4
Pel).
12C.2
Fet.
1C8.0
May
101.6
Mar.
1S2.0
Mar.
201.4
June
101.8
Apr.
123.8
Apr,
204,7
July
101.9
May
125.6
May
208.0
Aug.
102.1
June
127,4
June *
211.3
Se-pt.
102.2
July
129.3
July
208.7
Oct.
102.4
Aug.
131.1
Aug.
206.1
Nov.
102,5
Sept.
132.9
Se-nt.
203.5
Dec. *
102.7
Oct.
134.7
Oct.
200.0
1915
10-^,8
Nov.
136.5
Nov.
198.2
Jan.
102.9
Dec.t
138.3 :
Dec. *
195.6
Pet.
103.0
1918
153.0 :
1921
180.6
Mar.
103.2
Jan.
140,7
Jan.
192.3
Apr.
103.4
Fet.
143,1
Fel).
189.0
May
103.5
Mar.
145.5
Mar.
185.7
June
103.7
Apr.
147.0
Apr.
182.4
July
103,9
May
150.2
May *
179.1
Aug.
104.0
June
152.6
June
178,6
Sept.
104.2
July
155.0
July
178.2
Oct.
104.4
Aug.
157.4
Aug.
177.7
Nov.
104.5
Sept.
159.8
Sept. *
177.2
Dec. *
104.7
Oct.
162.1
Oct.
176.4
Nov.
164.5
Nov.
175.6
Dec.
* 166.9
Dec. *
174,8
9851
-17-
Cost of
Cost of
Cost of
Month
Living
' Month
Living
Month
Living
and
Indexes
and
Indexes
: and
Indexes
Year
1913-100
Year
1913-100
Year
1913-100
(a)
: . (a)
(a)
1922
169.4
"May
172.4
Oct.
178.4
Jan.
172.8
June *
172.3
Nov.
178.4
Pe-b. „
170.8
J-aly
172.5
: Dec. *
178.3
Ubt. *
168.8
Aug. ■
172.7
: 1927
177.1
Aiir.
168.9
: Sept. *
172.9
: Jan.
178.2
May
168.9
Oct. ■
173.4
: Pet.
178.1
June *
169.0
Nov.
173.8
: Mar.
178.0
July
168.7
Dec. *
174.3 ■
: Apr.
177.9
Aug.
168.3
1925
177.5
: May
177.8 ■
Sept,*-*
168.0
Jan.
174.7
June *
177.7
Oct.
168.8
Pet.
175.1-
July
177.3
Nov.
169.5 •
Mar.
175.5
Aug.
176.8
Dec.'y
170.3'
Ai^r.
175.9
Sepf.
176.4
1923
172.4
May
176.3
Oct.
176.0
Jan.
170.2
June *
176.7
: Nov.
1.75.5
Feb.
170.1
July
177.5
Dec. *
175.1
Mar. *
170.0
Aug.
178.2
1928
173.5
AiDr,
170.6
Se-nt.
179.0
Jan.
174.7
May
171.2
Oct.
179.8
Fet.
174.4
June *
171.8
■ Nov.
■180.5
Mar.
174.0
July
172.7
Dec*
181.3
Apr.
173.6
Aug.
173.6
1926
179.1
May
173.3
Sept. *
174.5
Jan.
180.9
June *
172.9
Oct.
174.6 ■
Fe-b.
180.4 '
July ■■
173.0
Nov.
174.6
Mar.
180.0
Aug.
173.0
nec.l^
174.7
Anr.
• 179.6
Sept.
173.1
1924
173.0
May
179.1
Oct.
173.2
Jan.
174.0
June *■
178.7
Nov.
173.2
FrId.
173.2
July
178.6
Dec. *
173.3
Mar. *
172.5
Aug.
170. 6
Apr.
172.4
Sept.
178.5
(a) Data for the years 1909 to 1912 are taken fro'n Paul H. Douglas
"Real V/ages in the United States, 189'^-1926," page 60, transferred
fron a 1914 to a 1913 tase; the data for the months and years marked *
are from the Septen"ber, 1935, "Monthly Lalior Review" of the Bureau
of Lator Statistics; and all other data are computed from the in-
dexes of the Bureau of Lator Statistics hy means of straight-line
interpolation, as exiilained in the t'^xt, the index for July, 1913
"being assumed to he the same as tha.t for the vear, 1913.
9851
-IB-
While it is highly irrroro"ba"ble that changes in the cost of living
Tuyere evenly distrit-ated over the months intervening "between measurements,
the assuirrotion that the rate of change was constant is "believed justified
for this coraoutatinn of yearly averages. Douglas' cost of living series,
which he hased on the assumption tliat the series' of the Bureau of Lahor
Statistics, if extended to cover missing months, -would "foll'-w the same
■general relative movement" -as the monthly series' of the Masr.achusetts
Commission on the Necessaries of Life and of the ITationa.1 Industrial
Conference Board, sho'^^s a variation of more than ^ t'-ro 170 ints "between the
average index numh^sr for each year and the index, num'ber for July of the
corresponding j'-^ar, in only one instance, (*) . , .
The varia.tion in this instance the year 19P0, was only six -ooints,
resulting from a sharp: increase of the cost of living to the raidAle of
the year and a QOrres'oonding decrease thereafter.
The conclusion to: "be dra.wn from this correspondence of yearly a.ve-
rage and July ind.ex^'s, ; since such indexes if o"btained iDy- straight-line
interoolation for the months ^"tween December and Decemter of the fol-
lowing year must closely corresiDond, is that th^. latter method will give
sufficiently accurate yearly average cost_.of living indexes. So' far as
1920 is concerned, there is no necessity to interr-.olate for the J\ily
iijdexm this ■bei:fig one of the indexes given in the series of the Bureau
of Lahor S-t;atis};ics. : , ;
Before -oroceeding: to the _ measurement of real earnings, a word of
caution should, again he given_mth regard to.- the. use of cost of living
indexes (**). .Those used here, while themost accurate available, are
fpr a number of reasons unjdoubtedly f ar^ f rom Torecise.
As Alvin H. Hansen has saidj , r . " , -
"If someone should discover tomorrow the materials from which
a really accurate cost of living index; could be constructed
. . for 189.0 to 1914, it would be a .miracle if it did not vary con-
siderably from the Douglas index."' (**f).
This unreliability also ao-olies, thoxigh -orobably to less degree, to
the indexes of . the Bureau of Labor Statistics. . ' •■ ' '
V. EEAL EAENINaS ] ■] ' '. ' ' .
Using the cost of living index nupiber series given in Table VIII, the
average money earnings r^er hour, full-time week, and year, shown in Tables
(*) See Pau] K. Douglas' "Real Wages in .the United States, 1890 - 1926"
- pages 56 and 57. • . . ... \ .
(**) See.-nagel of this Cha-oter^
(***) See Hansen's review of Pa\il H, Douglas' "Real 7ages in the United
States, 1890-19?6," in the December, 1930 issue of "The American
Economic Review, nage 749,
9851
-19-
I, III, and IV, have liep.n trnnslsted into 1913 dollars, or real earnings,
thus providing a measure of the material orogress of lalDor during the
period of exoansion, in t-^rms of gains and losses in ^ourchasing power.
Such real earnings are rresented in Tahla IX.
TABJZ IX
AVEMGE HEAL EARRINGS OP EirFLOYED T7AGE-EABNERS
IN ALL IIIDrSTEY; 1909-19P8
Average Real
Average
Real
Average
R-al
Full- Tine
Annual
Hourly Earnings W
In dollars Hate of
eelclv EarninfTs
In dollars Rate of
Earninss
In doll
ars
Ra.te of
of 1913
Change
of 1913
Change
of 1913
Change
Year
Purchasing
( 1909-100 ■)
Furchssing
(1909-
Purchasing
(1909-100)
Power (a)
Po'-'er (h)
lOO)
Power (
c)
1909
.320
100,0
15. 24
100.0
617
100.0
1910
.310
96.9
14.71
96.5
617
100.0
1911
.305
35,3
14.46
94.9
599
97,1
1912
.311
97,2
14.78
97.0
610
90.9
1913
.313
97.9
14.79
97.0
621
100.6
1914
.310
96.9
14.65
96.1
616
99.8
1915
.307
95.9
14. 59
'95.7
610
98.9
1916
.313
97.8
14.80
97.1
637
103.2
1917
.307
95.9
14.63
96.0
646
104.7
1918
.313
97.8
15.04
98.7
68]
110.4
1919
.317
99.1
14.92
97.9
662
110.5
1920
.340
106.3
15.63
102.6
694
112,5
1921
.354
110.6
15.85
104.0
683
110.7
1922
.359
112.2
16.57
108.7
709
114.9
1923
.384
120.0
17.63
115.7
753
122.0
1924
.395
123.4
17.90
117.5
753
122.0
1925
.392
122.5
17.87
117.3
753
122.0
1926
.383
119.7
17,52
115.0
768
124.5
1927
.397
124.1
18.13
119.0
776
125.8
1920
.409
127. P
18.70
122.7
810
131.3
(a,) Cormuted from Tatles I and VIII
(t) Comr)uted from Tahles III and VIII
(c) Comouted from Tahles IV and VIII
9851
-20-
The cost of living increp,s<?d t'^tween 1909 pind 1917 at stic.h a rapid
rate that the -Durchasing loowqr of an hour' s earnings and that of a fiill-
tine-'Wf?'=?k' s earnings act-aally decreased sonex'what, while the -nurchasing
yovrer of a year's actual earnings gained slightly. Average real earnings
■oer hour decreased 4.1^, and^'tine earnings -oer week 4,0f^. On the oth^r
hand purdiasing rjower, in terns of average real annual earnings, increased
4.7^/
From 1917 on, however, the gains in money earnings outstriuried the
adr-ance in the cost of living, considerahly irxrea.sing nurchasing "oower.
The gains in average real earnings ner hour, per full-time weeV, anfl ner
yes.T, from 1917 to 1928, were, resnectively, 33.2:^, 27.8, and 25. 4^^.
9851
-21-
c;iAP?]-it II
WAGI! MO"l~:ML"i'TS - 19.39 to 1933
Tl:^ et-tif tic .1 'm t>_,'-i .1 \v il "blc- for use in this ctepter in
tr cin^":, g-cxicr'.l vr-rc r.ioveuicnts ^':\Tov^'a the depression yc .rs of the pre-
codc -nerioG is even more me .,r;rc nd hetGro.:renous th .n th .t used in Clia'oter
I in j ,j- rjurint'^ trcncU- c.-uring the "leriod of ciq?Mision, In this jieriod
the d-,t re liiP.ited for the most iTrt to m^nrf ctin-ing industries. Trends
in '11 incA^stry nust he in p,u-t esbira^tel. Attention is "g-,in (*) directed
to thv f ct tii'.t conclusions regardirig w\g trends must he intoi'^reted
vatn duo reg'.rc to th: g ,ps in- the evidence -.nd to th, errors in the
m- tc ri .is.
I. MZ'TJ.Gn LAEillllGS Fill. AdUR ■ ■
Tulc I,:h ,sed on 0 -.'i, of the Lure u of L hor St.tistics, rroscnts
the onlv :.i tcri d availahlc on -.vcr ge c •-■nings-pcr hoiir in Industry ,s
". whol^ c-urizg the ycarr, 19.39 to 193o. It indic.tcs the trend of -.verge
money., ndrc. Ic rnings..''er hour i:i 1 rge s'-m-^le of .11 Industry, incl"ading
m-ny innuf cturizig, miiiipg, ]uiu'lic utility, service, "id other industries,
rilro fs, nS. vi'holcs-.lc nd ret .il tr de
This iiiaterial is net .■■:. vhol-.y s.'.tisf-i.ctory measure of the trends
during the de-oression. Since hn.sed jn the yearly averages for 1929 and 1933,
this :C.'^,sure lessens tlie sharpness of the flucti,-,ation v^hich is revealed "by
a cor.iparison hetveen the highest point reached in 1929 and the lov/est point
reachc;.. in 1933. The c.'tent of this source of error c-n he illustrated
.ty data based on aver'.ge e rnings in iur.nufacturing inr'ustries sho;™ in Tahle
III,, This i.ief,su;i--e is valiiahle as s ;->oiMt of reference for iise in con-
juact.'.on •■,itli the tatc. given in the A ■ endix for aver\ge annual earnin's
and trends i.r indiviniv.l inJustrios , -class -s for- labor, and States,
So far as all Indii.stry. is c?-ncerned, average no-ney earnin s "Ter hoiu'
decreased 23.&/} from the 19 '2 avera^^e to blia.t of 1933, -v^/hile the purchasing
jjov/er "f such e-.:rnings or s.ver;;-;e i-cal earnings per hovr, act^a-l-j'' go.i'ned
4,6;.j thro'-Lg^'h 1931, decreased sl-:£i.r-:>l-" then, iai 1933, S.l^o, and finally rose
slightl; to ,a 13Z3 level O.S-' above t'.iat of 1929, T'ne disparity between
these -p.ovements of money and real earnings is e:q-ilained by the 23. S^ fall
in the cost of living dirring the s;--me -eriod, also shomi in Table I,
111 coi.rparison with the trejid of average earnings per hour in ma.nu-
factxir-ng industries, based on dat.. derive-.' from a. different source, this
decrease ^.n the trerid in al . Industry a"o-'ears subst3.ntially greater th?xi in
maui-uf '.cturi-.v; alone. Average earnings "-)or hoi;.r in manufact-uring a.lo-ne , as
determined by the national Industrial Confe ence Boarc, , shown in T .ble III,
fell Q-ii 16, o [.:> fror.i 1929 to 195;^,Y;hlle average re".l earnings per hoi-jr in
man-Lif.actiiri-.ig ap- sa-e-'. aC'-.-..a.lly to have i/.creased 9.4 i c.-uxirg the same
period.
In considering the validity of the corr.iarison of these tv.'o sets of
data .as p(,irtraying the r. •" roxinate diflc ence bet-«veen v/age movements in
(*) See Cha-ter I, page 1 .
9851
-22-
. TiGLS i
AVEHAGH EAB^TINGS P::]R HOUR 0? Ei.'IPLOYIinS liT ALL IlirUSTRY (a);
1929 - 33
■ Year
1929
Index numbers ( average 1929 - 100 )
Average
Money Earnings
Vp.v TTrmr Ch"!
Average
Real Larnings
> Ppt- Kmir (r. )
Cost
of living
10 1.00
100.00
100.0
1930
98.28
10^.7
97.6
1931
93.13 !
104.6
89.0
1932
79.82 ' !
99.3
80.4
1933
76.39 :
100.3
76.2
(a) Including wage -earners in a.ll rn,?.n-uf?.ct-aring, anthracite and
■bit-urninoiis coal mining, metalliferous mining, qiaarrying,
crnc.e petroleum refining, public utilities (telephone, tole-
grapn , electric light and power, --.nd electric and motor "bus
transportation), Class I steam railro-ds, vmole'sale and re-
tail trade, laundries, dyeing and cleaning", and hotels,
union la"bor in the building and printing trades, and union
c"na,uff e\irs, teamsters, and longshoremen,
(b) Prom the "Monthly Labor Review",. A-og-ust, 1935. TransiTorod from
a 1913 base.
(c) The quotients of the m^ney earnings indexes given in column 2
divided by the cost of living inc".exes shovm in column 4.
(d) Constructed from the indexes given in Ta^'^le II by reduction
from a 1913 to a ig.ig base.
9851
-23-
TA"E LT II
COST OIT LIVi:'G-; 1939 to 193:, BY ir^-T-iS AlID QUAliTEl^S. .
Year ,
Month,
and
Quarter
COSt of ;
living
indexes .
(1?13~1C'0
Lai
Year,
l.Ioiith,
o.nd
Quiirter
^st o'f
-ivm;'
(191[
-lO:)
Ye-.-r,
Month,
and
Q,i.iarter
Cost of
living?;
indexes
(1913-100)
(a)
1929 !
175.2
: 1931
154.3 :
1933
132.0
Ist. Q,ii£i,rter '
: 173.1
:1st Quarter •
: 160.4
January
: 132.9
Jan-uu;.ry
: 173.3
. : Jantiary
152.0 :
Pebruary
132.3
Pebi-aar2^
: 175.1
. : Febr-.t-ry ,
150.4
March
131.7
llarch
: 175.1
: ",;irch ,
158.8 .
A-ril
: 131.0
.2n<i '[iuc-rtci-
: 172.9
. :2nd Qiip-i^tcr
155.5 :
: ay
130.4
April
: 173.0
' : April
1 157.1' •
Juiie *
129. E
Hay
: 172.9
'.: rl;y
155.5- !
Jtiiy
130. 6
Jimc *
: 172.3
. : J\-oie *
1 --7 O ■ .
Aw^i-i-s t
131.4
3rd iQiicirter
: 173.1
,:Srd Qur.rter ^
;. 15:;.l ■ :
Septei-iber
: 132. 2
July
: 173.0
'.: July
153.0 ■■ !
October
: 133. 0
Au^;ust
:■ 173.1
.; Au^^us t
152.1 •
Nove::iber
! . 133.8. •
v'Jept ember
: 173.3
.: Septer.ibe.r
151.2 •
Decem'oer*
: " 134.6
4th Q,uo.rter
:■ 173.6
:4th Quarter
:• 149.3 .
Octo"ber
•■ 173.4
: October
150.2 •;
Kovember
:• 173.6
: ITovember-
149.3 "•;
December*
: • 173.7
: December*
148.4 *:
1930
■ 169.1
1 o-?-)
159.3 •;
Ist Q,uarter
: 172.6
:1st Qmirtcr
■ 145.-; •:
January
:■ 173.1
: Jan'Lk'.ry
. 146.8 ':
Fe^r-uary
: • 172.6
: 5'ebruary
145.2 ':
I.iarch
: '172.0
: . March
143.7 ■;
2nd quarter
: "170.9
:2nd Quarter
• 140.5 ■;
'
April
: 171.4
; ■. April
145.1 :
May
: 170.9
: : ifey
• 140 . 5 :
Juiie *
: 170.3
: . June *
• irfi . 9 :
3rd Q, loarter
: 168.1
:3rd Qiji£i.rtHr
• 137.1 :
,
July
: 169.1'
: July
• 138.0 !
■
Au;;uGt
: 168.1
: Aiv'^ast
■ 137.1 :
September
: 167.0
: Septem.ber
155.2
4th Q,-U3.rter
: 164.7
:4th Que.rter
■ 134.4 :
October
: 165.9
: October
135.3 :
iTovember
: 164.7
: ilovembfi-r
134.4 !
December*
: 163.5
: Dece'-iber*
133.5 •
(a) The do.ta for the months mar'-ed :* a.rc from the September, 1935, "Monthly
Labor 2eview" of the Bureau of Labor St j^isfcics , the indexe^: for inter-
venin;;^ months beini^, constructep-there from by straight-line interpolation.
In cOi.vputing the indexes .for the -first five months of 1929 , the index
used in connection iilth tliat for June, 1929, v/as that for Decem"foer, 1928.
shovm in Table VIII of Chapter I. The yearly and quarterly index numbers
were obt/.ined by averaL;ini2, the liionthly data.
^851
:r.-";LE III
.^EfT-AGE E.JJ^IHGS PER HOUR OE SViPLOYSES lU .OLL
:::AFUEACTU}"JiMa (a); 1939 - 1933
Avera,i:e r
■ Average
Money Earnings :
Real
Earnings
■ Date
, ;
:Per Hour Co) '■ :
■ P
3r ?Iour
:
' • ■
■(1913 = 100) (c)
Aveiati-e, 1989
.539 ■ : •
.340
1st Quarter,
1929
.586 •■ : •
.339
2nd Q;aarter,
1929 • :
.589 ■ : ■
.341
3rd Quarter,
19 '9 ■ :
.590 : •
. 341
4th Quarter,
1929
.592 • : •
.341
Avera^je, 195C
I
.589 ■ ■ : •
.348
1st Quarter,
1930
.591 •■ : •
.3-i2
2nd Quarter,
1930
.592 • : ■
.3^.6 ■ .
3rd QMa/rter,
1950
.591 ' : •
.352-
4th Quarter,
193Q
.o82 ■ ■ : ■
.353
Average, 1931
.565 : •
.366
1st Quarter,
1931
.575 ■ : -
.359
2nd Quarter,
1931
.571 ■ : •
. 567
3rd Quarter,
1951
.
,555 ■
.372
4th Quarter,
1931
. L)^i 6 :
.366
average, 1932
: .496 ■■ :
.355
1st Quarter,
1932
: ,526 ■■ :
.362
2nd Quarter,
1952
; .505 : :
.360
3rd Q\aarter,
1932
.48^-: :
.353
^th Qu?orter,
1932
.469 :
,349
Average, 1933
\ ,
: .491 :
.372
Jaxmary, 1933
;
: .465 :
.351
February, 1933
: ■ .462 :
.349
March, 1935
•
: : .459 ' :
.349
April, 1955
: .460 :
.351
May, 19o3
•
: ■• .453 :
.347
June, 1953
.451 :
.348
(a) 24 industries are included in 1929 and 1930, and after that, ^5
industries.
(■b) These d^.ta are from ouhlicitions of the i'ational Industrial Con-
ference Board. The data for 1929 and 1930 are from "Wages in the
United States, 1914-1930", tot 4-i, 47 , -^nd o4, the 1931 data from
"Wages in the United States in 1931", -i 52, the 1932 data from the
Su^oleraent to the "Conference Board Service Letter" of Anril , 1933,
.ind the 1935 data from the Supplement to the "Conference Board
Service Letter" of l-iay, 1934.
(c) Obtained 'oy dividing the money earnings figures appearing in the
Preceding coliunn by the corresponding cost of living index l"os. givaa
9851 in T-ble II.
-25-
TASLE III
AFfJRilGS Siffill'GS PSn H0U11 OP ZLPLC'reES 17 ALL
iArUi'ACTURirG (a); IJ'29 - 1933
Date
Average, 19 29
1st Q-ua.rt-cr, 1929
2nd Qxiarter, 1929
3rd CiV£>.rter, 1929
4tli Q:i'.arter, 1929
Averr;;e, 1930
1st Quarter, 1930
2nd Quarter, 1930
3rd Qiiarter, 193(»
4th Qus-rter,. 1930
Avera-e, 1931
1st Quarter, 1931
2nd Quarter, 1931
3rd Quarter, 1931
4th Qiiarter, 1931
Average, 1932
1st QvLarter, 1932
2nd Quarter, 1932
3rd Quarter, 1932
4th Quarter, 1932
Averr^e, 1S33
Januar-/, 1933
Pebri.ia.r^'-, 1933
March, 1933
April,. 1933
Llajr, 1933
Jime, 1933
Average
Honey Sarnings
Per Hour (b)
Average
Real Earnings
Per HoT-T-r
(1913=100) (c)
.340
.339
. :341
. 341
. 341
.348
.342
. 346
.3b2
.353
.367
.572
.356
.356
.362
.36<!
r-T rr r2
.349
.372
.351
.349
.349
.351
.347
.348
(a) 24 industries a.re included in 1929 and 1930, and after that, 25 indus-
tries
(b) Hiese data are from publications of tlie I>.tional Industrial Conference
Board. The data for 1929 and 1930 are from ":;a,?es in the United Stctes,
1914-1930"-, r/o 44, 47, and 54, the 1931 data from "Wages in the United
States in 1931", p 32, the 1932 data from t}ie Sui^plement to the "Coii-
ference Board Service Letter" of A"oril, 1933, and t/ie 1933 data from
the Sup'olement to the "Conference Board Sei'vice Letter" of ha"', 1934,
(c) Obtained by dividing the none-'- earnings figxires apTea.ri:ig in the pre-
ceding column by the corresponding cost of living index numbers given
in Table II.
9851
-.16-
me:anif.:ctv.Tin..^ anc in nanufrcciiri: ^j r,nd non-.:u.nuf,\ctui"i:-ie combined, tie
clifier.3nce i:'- tne sovj-ces shoilc. •'be .ta^-e:i iato o.ccoimo. One ii.Tiortant
difference ■.nd'-op.-i'i^ility of error arisep f -'O/- the f?,ct th .t ;lie volun-
tary qufistion/i.c.ire nethod of coriecting dat ■ 'as used "by the National
Industrial Conference loard anc the fieldsurvey rriethoc, 'by the Bureau
of Labor Sv^ati sties.
Inasauch as concerns -^ayinfj-very lov; \-'a.;^e rates rnirht presuriialily be
disinclined to reveal their ;^ayroll statistics, use of the latter u.ethod
undoubtecly [p^re lo-'er levels of earnings in nianuf act tiring as a whole than
did the former, (*) anC may jiave resulted in some variance in the .nove-
rnents of the levels. ; '
So i:.,r as hourly earninf;s 'ire c:)ncerned, • Table III shoves that the
average morey earnin^^s v.er hour of employees in inR-nufacturinif. , accor'.-ing
to the Hati onal -In'ustrial Conference Ba^ re , were reduced from $.j90 in
the third quarter of 1?29 to $.':-L)9 in March l9Z:i , a recuotion of 22.2^.
On the other liaad, avera.ge real earnings r^er ho\ir in manufacturing, as a
resixlt of ^:ains-due to the lowering?; of the cost of living, act3.Tal'.y rose
9.1-^ fron the third quarter of 1929 to " the third ourarterof 1931, falling
only 6./; '^0 thereai'ter, to tferch, 1933, The level at this date was,
ciccor:.ingly, 3.3'''' higher thaii the mid- 1939 level,
II. A'\r:HAGr EAHlIIilGS ?TS. W"£,K ' ' ]
Li; ht can 'be throvrn on the depression trends of avercage money and
real earnin s j:>er week in all Industry frop data available for manvi-
facturing onlj'* (**) This .nate rial titlien fron National Industrial TSor.-
ference Board so-.ices, is the most inclxisive available on v/ee2rly e'.rhings
during the depressiin period. It is presented 'in Table •I"' ,
Proju S33.63 in the third quiirter'of 193S , 'the average money earnings
(*) A coi.iparison of I'ationsJ industrial Conference Board, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, and Census Bureau average hourly v/age rates in the
Boot a,ndShoe Industry shows the' following resultsfor January 1935,
.51,1 for the National Industrial Conference Board, .504 for the
Bureau of the Census Se'iorts. The first mentioned v/as based on
a CO. iparatively small proportion of the 'industry, the second on a
sajaple of ap;-iroximatel7 50 per 'cent, whxle the Census reports were
ba.sed 3n a coverage . of -qiwards ' of 90 per cent. See ?inal Report,
Survey Committee on. the O;oera.tion of the Code for the Boot and
Shoe Manufacturing Industry, (July 15, 1935) p. 63, IIRA. Division
of Hevic?/, . ■ ■
(**) It should be notec that these r.ieasurements a,re of average earnings
per average v/eeh actually wor!':er , whereas, in Ciiopter I, the nearest
comparable jiayrol.l period used was the average nonnal full-ti.ne weeh
Por trii- reason, the two series are unfortunatel." not comparable.
9851
per v/eel: of emploj^ees in na-.iufactm-i:ig incustries dropped 49.3':. to $14.53
in Harch 1933. (*) Average reo,l earnings per wee]: (in 1913 dollars),
or porchasini^: pov;er, on the otiier mnd, diminished 35.3^3 fr'->ni the third
qu.:irter of 1929 to March, 193: ,
Comparing thi3se trends rith those of average money and real earnin s
per hour in manufacturing shova ahove, the loss in the purchasing povrer
of a week's earnin^ s, exioerienced by employed lahor in m^mufacturing
during the depression, was princi ■ally due to shortening of the time vrorhed
-per v/e ;h. Table V furnishes grapnic evidence th.-.'.t ohe decrea--.e in the
cost of living of employees in manufactu:''ing from the micdle of 1929 to
March, 1933, v;hile cufficient approxiraatel''' to of set hourl;^" vrage cuts,
was far outv/eighed hy reduction of the nuiiher of hours v.'02'j:ed per week.
The decline of tne cost of living during the depression, 23. 9^^
was pr<:.ctically the same -as the 22. 2p drop in average money earnings per
ho'jj: in rruiniifacturing, one of the two facto-'-s in the determination of .
avera. :g money earnings per weeh. This left the rcraainin factor, average
hoursper weel':, as practically the sole cauje of c'nange in the level of the
purchasing -oower of average money earningr:- r)Srv;eek in manufacturing. The
33,8,0 redxiction of rverage hours ;ier vTeel: was almost exactly equal to
the 33,3^ decline in average real earnings per v/ech,
(*) These points of measurement are" the thir'.'. quiirter of 1929, raariting
the heginning of steady recession of average earnings, per weeh in
manul ^'.cturing, a,nd March, 1933, mar]:ing the lowest point reached
hy such avera^.e e.; rnin^js per we'ek, Letv/een Lia,rch andjune 19^:.3 a
suhstantial incre;~se took place, ov/ing lo.rgei}> to the pre-H?Jl
industrial "boom crused 'by iia-iending cost .',nd: prion increases un'ler
HEA. Average hours --'eT week in man^jfacturing, according to the May,
1934 "Sup-donent to Conference 'Bor-.-c Letter" of the llational
Industrial Conference 3oar;:' , increased 29.3'^j from 52.1 hours in March
to 41.5 hoLirs in Juiie.
9851
-,-ib-
TA3LL IV
i^raHAG-z SAprji:"G-s pzr '.'jIe:: o? e-ployses
li: ALL ilAruTACTinilllff (a); 19 2*^- 19 33
Date
r.onei'' Earnings
Per '.."ee]: (b)
Real' Earnings
Per 'feek
(1913«100) (c)
• Average^ 1939
1st Quarter, 1929
2nd Q;aarter, 1929
3rd Quarter, 1929
4th Qaarter, 1929
Average, 1930
1st Quarter, 1930
2nd Quarter, 1930
3rd Quarter, 1930'
4-th Quarter, 1930
Average i 1931
1st Quarter, 1931
2nd iTuarter, 1931
3rd Quarter, 1931
4th Quarter, 1931
Average, 1932
1st Quarter, 1932
2nd Quarter, 1932
3rd Quarter, 1932
4th Quarter, 1952
January, 1933 ■
Fetruary, 1933
i.iarch, 1933
A-oril, 1933
Ha7, 1933
June, 1933
Average, 1933
28.52
23.58
28.70
28.53
28.06
25.34
27.39
26.71
25.07
24.17
22. 64
23. 83
23. 33
22:23
20, 68
17.07
19.05
15,38
15.69
IS. 67
16.22
16,23
14.53
15.49
XU. -JO
IC.GO
17.71
15.47
15.57
15.60
16.54
16.16
15.28
15. 87
IT r '~'
J. CO
14.91
14. 57
14.86
15.33
14.62
13.85
12.25
15.12
12.01
11.44
12.40
12.21
12.27
11.03
11.82
12,91
14.33
13.42
(a) See footnote (a) to Tatile III.
(h) See footnote (b) to Table III.
(c) See footnote (c) to Table III,
9851
-29-
TA3LZ V
CO'TAHISO," Cr C:i41'53S DmirG TK2 DEPPJISSIOi:
Hi THE LEI/ELS O:'' A'/EHAC-E i:0:.!EY AltD
ZEAL EAPiTI^GS PEP HOUH AID PSH
'.TEEK HI ALL ; .'AlTUPACTirpJl'G
Cost
of
Average
Hotirs
Avera.ge
V.onej
Average
Heal
Average'
; :onei-
Average
Heal
Living :
(1913=100)'
: (a) :
Per
T/eek
(^)
Earnings
Per I'oiir
(c)
Earnings
Per Hour
(1913=100)'
(c)
Earnings
Per T'eel:
(d)
Earnings
Per '..'eek
•(1913=100)
(d)
Third
Quarter, 1929
173.1
48.5
■ .590
.341
20,63
15.54
I.Iarch, 1933
131,7
32.1
.459
.349
14. 53
11.03
Percent
Chaj.i:Se
-23.9
-55. C
""'O o
42,4
-49.3
r7 r? (-7
(a) Erora Talile II.
(b) 1929 data fro'.n "Uagos in the United Str.tes, 1914-1930%
national Industrial Confere'ice Board, -oage 44; 1953 data
fron "Sup-oleinent to Conference Board Service Letter",
national Industrial Conference Board,- l.;a/', 1934,
(c) Eron Taole III.
(d) Erom Table Iv.
9351
-SO-
UL- aVEEAGE Ma^HL EaRIIIKGS PEE EiviPLOYED WOEKEE
The average amounts actually earned per year ty vage earners since
the de-oression are not knovrn. Some approximation to the ;-novement of an-
nual earnings may "be obtained for manufacturing industry by dividing the
total nages paid by the average number of errployed y^age earners, as shoi.m
by the Census of hanuf acttires. The results of such divirions, as pre-
sented by the Bureau of Labor Statistic, ai'e f-iven in Table VI for the
years 1929, 1931 and 1S32. It is iripor tant to note that these results
measure the average araounts received by those Fc;.ge earners T'ho vers em-
ployed for the average length of time rhich ^'as Forked 'hy those whose
names appeared on the oayrolls. The annual earnings given in Table VI
are not coi-roarable vith those described in Chapter I for tv-o reasons:
(1) The figures available since 1929 apply onlv to manufacturing
industry.
(2) llo a.ccount is taken of loss of earnings by reason of unemploy-
ment, except such tmemolo5''ment as is re'oresented by the pay-
rolls. The annual earnings given for the nre-depression per-
iod had been oeflated to take a.ccount of all unemployment.
On the other hand, these census results fall to measure the annual
earnings of rull-time i-'orkers. Just because they do include loss of earn-
ings of v'orkers vhose neames appear on the payroll but ^'ho have left em-'.
plo;;'ment before the end of the payroll period r'hich is taken. (*)
In spite of all their defects, there figures on annual ea.rnings are
north some notice, since they furnish a measure of the decline in earn-
ings of the average employed I'orker. As a result of the depression, the
annual earnings, even of these employed i/orkers, declined by "'3,9}^ from
$1315 in 1929 to $869 in 1933. Table VI also shov/s a decline of 13.3^-
vhen these annual earnings of average ennloyed vorkers are computed in
dollars of constaiit Durchaising pover.
(*) Co-mprre Douglas, "Beal T/ages in the United States", p. 218 and
■j.ionthly labor Eeview, Aagu.st 1935, p. 431.
9851
-31-- ■
TJfflLS VI
AVEIUGE E.JlillNGS PER YEiiT: OF E1.TL0YEES Hi ALL
HiinjE ACCUSING; 1929 - 1931 - 1953
Avcra,:;o
Average
Year
inoney
Real Earnirii^'s
• Earnineis Per
• Per Yeex-
Ye;ir (a)
(1913=100 (1))
1929
:i;l,31.5
$759
1921
1,110
719
1933
869
— — ■
658
(a) Eroia trie "Monthly Later Heview" , August, 1935, op 431-432.
(b) For uethod of conoutetion see footnote (c) to T; "ble III.
9851
-32-
IV. Ul":EiEPLOyi>jiEHT
In order that a proper perspective may "be kept on the effect of the
doTDression on lahor, its effects on eimoloyed la'oor noted in this Chapter
mutt 'oe considered in connection v-ith the tremendous increase in unem-
plojTment during the period. (*)
Kot only vas there a 35 l/3^J decrea.Ee in the -ourchasing povfer of the
average earnings per week of employees in manufacturing (**) hut also the
numher of employees in manufacturing, receiving the earnings indicated,
ras over 4-',- million less in March 1933, than in the third quarter of
1929. {***) So far as all Industry, raanuf,?cturing and non-manufacturing,
is concerned, the numher of employed decreased 43.1;1, from an estimated
47,749,000 to 34,716,000 during the same period.
V. EARNINGS BY INDUSTEIES, STATES, AMD CLASSES OE LAPOR
The movements of earnings during the depression in specific indus-
tries, certain classes of lahor, anc individual . states, shc^vn in the ap-
pendix tables, while ^"idely varying, in the main hear out the conclusions
reached ahove as to trends in all Industry end. in all manufacturing.
These tahles may he grouped by subject matter, as follows: (l)
average eprnings in individual industries in more than one yesr; (2)
average earnings in individual industries in a single year; (3) actual
earnings in individual industries in more than one ye.nr, showing the
"frequency" oistribution of employees receiving classified amounts; (4)
actual .eaxnings in individual industries in a single year, shovring the
"frecuency" disuribution of employees receiving classified, amounts (****);
(5) average erjrnings in individual states in more than one year, by in-
dustries; (6) average earnings in individu.al states in a single year, by
industries; (7) actual earnings in individual states in more than one
year (freqtiency distributions); (8) actual ecxnings in individual states
in a ringle j^^ear (freauency distributions); (9) average earnings, mis-
cellaneous, in more thgji one year; (lO) average earnings, miscellaneous,
in 8, single yeax] and (ll) actual earnings, miscellaneous, in more than
one year (frequency distributions).
(*) This is treated at length in the study "Unem-oloyment and Reem-
plojTnent, 1909 to 1935", now being 7-)re-oared by Anne Page of the
Reemployment Unit, Labor Studies Section.
(**) see Table V
(***) All data on employment are from the stud^r, "UnemolojTnent rjid
Heemplojonent, 1909 to 1935" by Anne Page of the ReemiDloyraent
Unit, Labor Studies Section, and arc based on estimates made
by the President's Committee on Economic Security. They reiD-
rcsent the number of individuals eraplo3^ed ra.ther than the num-
ber of mcUi-hours worked.
(****) Freqtiency c ir-tributions are given not only to show trends of
earnings, but to show the actual low levels to ^^'hich such earn-
ings descended.
9851
-33^
APPMDIX I.
I. METHODOLOG-Y
The methods used in the present report are limited "by reason of
lack of time and money to an eiculorption of already existing materials.
It has been possible, however, to bring new recent data on cost of liv-
ing to bear upon the subject of chnn!^'Gs in real wages. For the second
chapter dealing with wages during- depression, time has been lacking even
for a comprehensive survey of existing materials available in scattered
reports of federal ;ind state bureaus.
II. ADDITIOiiAL ESSSARCH HEEDED
Additional analysis is required for a full treatment of the course
of wages during the period of prosperity to show the trends in wage rates
for particular industries, occupations, and other significant subdivisions.
Additional data needed for Chapter II are as follows:
(1) Analysis of the trends of wages and earnings
according to industry, occupation, sex, race, geography-
ical area, and unionization,
(2) A discussion of the effect of unemployment
on average annual earnings, based on Chapter 26 of
Douglas' "Real Wages in the United States, 1890-1926",
and other sources.
(3) A summary of additions to working-class
incomes other than increased real earnings. This
would be based on Douglas' "Real Wages in the United
States, 1890-1926", Chapter 27, in which it is esti-
mated that the total gain in the purchasing power of
the employed vvorker from 189C-99 to 1926 was 55fo, made
up of gains of Z5fo in real earnings, Sfo due to de-
creased unemployment, 5fj from a decrease in the number
of dependents, and 7)j in free income from additional
social services provided by State and local govern-
ments, increased charitable and private donations,
and added benefits from welfare work, pensions, and
workman's compensation (minus a possible increased
cost of urban life and greater use of public services
by the middle class).
(4) A comparison of Douglas' coniputations of average
annual earnings with those of Paul E. Brissenden,
contained in his "The Earnings of Factory Workers",
a Census Monograph, based on Appendix A to Douglas'
"Real Wages in the United States, 1890-1926".
(5) A comparison of money and real earnings, per hour,
full time week, and year, in index numbers.
9851
-34-
APPH'inx II
PART I
C-ZIT':PAL T.-.7L3S
^;85i
-35-
Tgble I
Trend of fversx'f e? rnin^r-- vct Iiour,
by iiicufctry e.ncl sex.
Industry Aver^te e- ruin£,s r.er hour
and sex
T^efore i9''9 lsT:> 1930 1931 19rs2 1953
Zoots c: Shoas
ii?les & i'cmales
.530
(192B)
.510
. 41 3
-•'-?. les
.625
(192^)
.604
.493
1 Females
.■^-7
(1:^2^^)
.332
.308
Coal i.'ining-, &ntiiT?cite
liinsi's & ininei's'
laborers, irf les
1.063
(1924) a
.924
a
2 All othars, m-"-los
. 637
(1924)
.660
Coal minin^, ■citvjninou&
fiiners c: I'jao.ers,
males
.687 a
.599
n
.395 a
3 All others, males
. 605
.5 -'5
—
Ll'Z
Cotton ^oods
nales c: Females
.334
(l..;8)
. '"^^.j5
.266
iviales
. 345
(1928)
. "46
.284
4 Feap.les
. S ?6
(1930)
.293
— -
. 234
Textile dyein,- e; finisix-
ing
L.a les ^ Tomales
.452
.400
iviales
.473
.418
5 FenB.les
. 335
.291
Joiinarios
kales i-. Females
. 624 -
.600
.482
;..al;3S
.625 ■
.601
.483
6 J emales
.451
.422
.314
Furni ture
iv.ales ic Females
■
.■490
.411
i:aies
.499
.
.416
7 Females'
.
.345
.314
Ho s i e ry
iv.ales ci; Females
.438
(1928)
.497
."76
kales
. 724
(1928)
. 707
. 494
8 Females
.360
(1928)
.366
O To
Iron ci Steel
Males
. 674
.663
9
9851
-3C-
efore 19^:9 195S 1930 19^1 19^2 1933
Midline Shops
iiales & lomalos
f..==les
10 Ter-iales •
. 638
.641
.393
. 634 :.
. 637
.408
. ^^1-0
■ . 545
.351
iv.en'f Clothiiig
Lsles i: Fcinalor.
.731
(1928)
__.:.
.701
. jQ&
i.iales
.924
(1928)
. 385
.641
11 Females
.534
(1928)
.->04
— — _
.351
Motalliferous mining
12 Males
.059
(1914)
. 'jS-
Motor Vehicles
Males ■& Fcmelos
.7o0
(19 28)
.7 34
. 628
Males
. 756
(1-28)
. 733
.638
13 Females
.437
(1C2S)
.^-^s
. 361
Portland Cement
ii.ales & Females
. —
...IV
.4('i]
.ales
—
.ul8
.401
14 Females
—
. 3' ::
.386
Pottery
Semi-vitreo\is
iVales t- Females.
.596
(19:>.)
—
. 4.;.0
Males
.VOo
(1^'^-)
—
...''D
Fema.les
. 38-i
(19 ^L,)
—
. 2'-' 2
Vitreous
-
iwales Hz Females
. J U
(19J.0
—
. 438
Males
.638
(1925)
—
. ".)46
lo Females
. "29
(192.)
—
. ":64
E?yon & Syntnetic Yarn
Males- & Females
—
. 441
. 359
i, tales
—
...04
.408
16 Females
—
. "4-1:
-1 .r*
SaFmills-
.
17 Males
.371
(1 28)
—
. ■ -J •
. 256
Slau^ i.terini- i-, meat-
-■:ac".ine
jiales &. Femples
. o04
.449
iv;ales
. 9-;5
. 470
18 Femiales
. r-69
-. —
.321
9851
-37-
seiT'i'e
1"'29 lc.7-0 19?!
Undorvear, knitted
Hales & Females
i.ftlep
19 Females
."54 (1P23)
.<5:'. (1938)
.339 (1928)
.r,57
. 458
. "TO
1932 1933
. 292
.403
.260
YjoGlen cc VJcrsl"ed &oods
kales f'^ Femeiss
..ales
20 Females
, -:60
51^^
.."94
. '.-47
."27
Air Transport:
Ground. Fersor/iel:
Males o; Feinalos
kales
21 Females
.640
. 645
.4'."7
.608
.613
.457
"koiithly Labor Feviev:" (J.uiy, l'- 3) of tna -'ureau of Labor
Statistics, U. S- i,GO'~it„ent of Labor.
a Fascd on ir^oure.at i^ ce or i s- - of coal in mine, mciuoin^ timo
for. lunch. .
'851
Trend of avei
per wee^c,
■ -38-
Tatle II
'age full-time
If;- indur.trv
earning
FJid sex.
3
Indaistr]/-
and. sex
Average £■' 11-
time earnings ]
)er v/eek
Before 1929
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1
25.02
30.63
19.53
(1928)
(1928)
(1928)
24.94
29 , 48
18.38
20.15
24.11
15.05
4
17.30
13.60
15.66
(1928)
(1928)
(1928)
17.35
13.53
15.50
14.20
15.25
12.40
5
23.01
24.12
16.92
20.52
21.49
14. JO
6
31.32
31.88
22.41
30.13
30.23
20. 35
23.31
23.86
15.17
7
25.43
25.00
17.42
21.29
21.59
15.64
8
25.42
37.94
18.68
(1928)
(1928)
(1928)
25.94
37.05
19.07
19.51
25.79
15.10
9
35.48
34.53
— «
10
32.09
32.24
19.67
31.57
31.72
20.07
25.19
25.43
15.64
11
32.16
40.75
23.44
(1928)
(1923)
(1923)
31.05
39.21
22.28
22.47
28.40
16.06
12
29.63
(1924)
28.34
IS
37.05
37.35
24.50
(1928)
(1928)
(1928)
35.70
22.06
30.40
30.82
18.23
9851
-39- ..
Talsle II (Coiitiimed)
Trend of average full-time eaTningi?
-oer '"^eek, 07 irdii^.ti-" and sex.
Industry Average full-time earnins:s per veel:
0.110. se::
Before 1929 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933
31.43 CS.Go
14 31.49 23.70
20.23 13.76
32.14 17.30
IS 2^3.75 19.83
15. 8G 13.47
17 21.00 (1928) 20.28 14.28
• • . . 24.80 22.09
18 25.88 23.12
18.04 15.70
17.70 (1928) 17.96 14.80
19 • 22.92 (1923) 23.31 20.85
16.33 (1928) 16.57 13.16
22.82 19.82
20 ■• ■■ ■ 25.65 22.62
19.40 16.35
■ 31.56 30.25
21 31.89 30.35
23.05 21.39
"llonthl:" Labor Review" (July, 1933) of the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
U. S. Ee-partment of La,bor.
a Srr.ed on hours at face or zean of coal in mine, including time for lunch.
9851
-Aru
Table III
Trend of average actual earnings
per week, by industry and sex.
Industry
and sex
Avera,ge
actual earnings per
wee?:
Before 1929
1929
1930
1951
1932 _
1933
1
23.75
28.14
17.64
(1928) ■
(1928) •
(1928) •
21.62
25.79
16,04
16.62
19.73
12.58
2
81.82
67.23
(I924)a
(19 24) a
73.57a
66.02a
3
49.85a
52.57a
33.82a
41.58 a
4
13.56
14.76
11.99
(1928)
(19 28)
(1928)
13.83
15.19
11.98
11.78
12,91
9.87
5
22.29
23.99
14.20
19.99
21.37
12.65
6
'30.39
30,50
19.08
20.05
20.13
12.40
14.25
14.28
9.51
7
24.52
25.12
16.03
16.88
17.22
11.40
8
23.01
36.28
• 16.46
(1928)
(1928)
(1928)
32.06
32.30
18.41
20.83
31.85
14.66
15.53
21.80
11.54
10
24.22
24. 3S
15.85
18.71
13.87
11.93
11
29.64
38.51
2107
(19 28)
(1928)
(1928)
26.48 •
34.84
18.24
18.87
24.75
13. 01
9851
-41-
"Before 1929 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933
35.14 (1923) 25.01 20.00
13 35.56 (1923) 25.40 — 20.36
20.04 (1923) 13,86 11.09
29.25 18.35
14 29.33 18.39
18.12 10.52
43.27 (I925)b 25.93t
52.44 (I925)b 31.741)
15 26.54 (I925)b — 15.9513
42.23 (1925)1) 19.15b
53.25 (I925)b 25.03b
25.47 (I925)b 10. 72b
19.76 16.64
16 23.53 19.51
14. 55 12.55
17 19.03 (1928) 17.46 10.25
24.18 20.38
18 25.45 21.57
15.54 13.61
15.36 (1928) 14.50 11.08
19 21.76 (1928) 20.65 17.72
13.89 (19 23) 13. C4 9.56
18.73 16.13
20 21.97 19.26
15 . 19 12.59
31.05 30.25
21 31.89 30.55
23.85 21.48
Source: Ibed
a) Per half month rather than one week.
b) Per two weeks rather than one week.
9851
TABLE 4
UTAIL lERAIB: AVERAGE AITNUAL EA51TINGS OF FDLL-TIME TORKERS ONLY
By Kind of Business - 1929 1933.
Kind of Business
J Average annual
i earnings of fioll-
J time employees
Percent of Change
1933
1929
UNITED STATES {,
Food group
Grocery stores
Combination stores
Meat markets
Candy & confectionery stores
Dairy products stores
(including milk dealers)
Bottled Beer & liquor stores
Otner food stores
Resta'uraaty& eating places
Eating places
Drinking places
Farmers Suj^lies & country gen'l stores
Country general stores
Fanners' supply stores
General uerenandise group
Dept. stores, including laail order
Dry-goods stores
Variety stores, S^lO'ts'l. 00 stores
Other gen'l, merciiandise stores
Apparel Groxtp
Men's stores
Wo.-.en's ready-to-wear spec. stores
Fani'iv clotning stores
Snoe sLnres
Acc«ssorlt^ 0 „4. ,^«„„„i _i
Automotive group
Motor-venicle dealers
Accessories tire, battery dealer:
Filling stations
Gai-ages & repair shops
Other automotive stores
Furniture & Household Group
Furniture stores
iiousehoJ^ >-^<i appliance stores
Hadio stores
Other furniture & h.hold stores
Limber, Suildinie: & hardware ^roup
iiusber dealers
Hardware stores, incl.fara "implemsiits
Heating & Plunbing stores
Other building
(paint. glass, & electric) stores
Cigar stores
Coal A Wood yards
^ru^ stores
Jevfelry stores
Nev.-sdealers
Other Retail Storer
Second-hand stores
$986
1,074
1,019
1,035
1,133
748
1,478
984
944
573
669
781
846
788
978
935
990
383
750
894
1,10.4
1,291
991
1,141
1,188
1,011
1,041
1,113
990
936
1,070
1,152
1 223
l,'o65
1,107
1,1C6
1,143 .
1,19C
1,068
1.125
1,156
873
1,130
985
1,576
678
1,200
896
t $1.312
1,284
1,197
1,250
1,440
895
1,804
1,189
909
909
1,089
1,025
1,235
1,126
1,243
1,078
706
1,092
1,480
1,769
1,293
1,450
1,595
1 ,. AfSO
1,461
1,585
1,471
1,208
1,354
1,408
1,593
1,531
1,526
1,559
1,513
1,579
1,623
1,430
1,696
1,370
1,181
1,463
1,260
1,783
342
1,562
1,303
-25
-16
-15
-17
-21
-16
-18
-21
-26
-26
-22
-23
-21
-17
-20
-18
+8
-18
-25
-27
-23
-21
-26
-as
-31
-34
-24
-18
-31
-24
-27
-25
-30
-29
•>C8
-28
-26
-25
-34
•*36
-26
-23
-22
-23
-19
-23
-31
SOURCE: Monthly Labor Review, U.S.B.L.S., April. 1935.
9851
TA"3LS 5
LuvTSKILLED ST-JIS? LOOP.
TTa:;:e ^vates Per :Iour, 'oy City;
IT'Uin'bei- Distrittition; October,
19^8 - DeceulDer, 19G2
CITIES
''.''r'. ",'e ^.iptes Per IxOu.r
Tot:a
Uno e r 1Z(}:
15^ end under 20 ip
20(f; and undf; r 35^
.35^ and unr!' er 30r'' ,
30'i} and iinder Z-^:':
o5'h r nd tine' er 40.^
40-^ r nd under 45c'
■l-S-^ iv^d. r.nder "Oc:
50-!^ rndv ■uuid er 55f*.
5Zi ; nd under 60 }
50i^ and vnd er 70rf
70^ -nd imr''=r 80-^
■30^ and v--it'er C5;}
Octooer
1938
.1.
54
119
195
301
313
fv93
193
353
134
194
35
Dec ember
1932
8,733
156
133
123
346
365
389
485
193
406
90
135
13
1
;:or--tal7 Labor 3eview L. S. V'iS. Jul:,.', 1933
■.51
_A4._
TA.1LE 5
C0~" or LA-30P.
AveiVTe ".'c'"'.~e Hates Per '^oiir
l3j^ ~e:jio.n; 1929 to 19.:;.l,r.nd
J-imx".ry to Octqosr, 1933
Year am? Tng-
/ionth l•^nd
1929
1930
1931
1933:
yj
::id-
die
At-
Lfvntic: tral:
?",: s t :
"ortli:
Gen- :
43
37
36
'■'est : So\.it:i :I!-st
"ort:.: At- : Soutli
CeM-: l:>ntic: Cen-
tral: :trfil
37
37
?;j
.36
24
■.20
Test : Hotm-: ?p,C'
SoutlT : tain : if-
Cen- : : : ic-
trnl : :
31 47
23 ■ 47
■13
/!
6o
.>•■
51
39
39
36'
Janua,ry 41
Pe"jru/-r.3'' .'.-o
I.'iarca -.'/■;
April
Hay
Jime
July
Aii.:::us t
Sentemoer
Octoaer
39
34
37
40
33
40
36
35
34
34
3/.
40
40
40
37
36
36
42
37
31
31
31
13
21
19
20
20
20
13
18
19
19
19
24
■ '45
17
23 •
'44
16
27
' 45
19 ■
,24'
44
19
'25
'44
19
25
/'.*''.
19
26
44
19
2S
■ 43
1^
26
44
19
27
■^■4
50
49
47
42
47
47
46
47
47
AT
33
32
32
SCU2CL: :;o-;it:ily Lc-Tjor ?.evie',7 U. S. ':-LS. ::a::cn, 1933
9351
AV:^TAC-S EiTT?u4 'C", V'AGE TATES ?EH "01-?. 1^03 ADjI^T :iALE
CO:.iMO'/ LA30?., Ill J3 ICTUST'^JES;
JULY OF EACH YEAR, 19^?6 to 1933
Avera 'e entrance ;7a:-'e rate -per hour (in cent5)_
Indus tr 3'
1925 1937 1923 1929 1930 1931 1933 1933
All Indus triee 4-2.3 .^!:?.6 <■•:!-. 9 43.7 43.1 41.2 38.1 35.0
Autonooile 46.1 .45.5,, 57.2. 49.9 48.2 37.7 62.0 46.5
3riclc, tile and •• •• , , .
terracotta 40.7 42.2 39.4 57.8 58.0 33.9 23. 9 24.7
Cement , 40.1 39.2 37.2 37.8 ^7.9 57.2 30. S 39.5
Electrical machinery ._..
aToaratus, and su-'^plies43.1 .44.2 ,45.0 . 45.9 44.3 42.9 39.5 '37.1
Eoundr:/ and machine- . . . ...
shor) -oroducts.... , 37,1 37.8 38.4 39.8 39,0 53,2 34.3 31,3
Iron and Steel .•^^2.7 43,2 42,5 42.5 42,1 41,8 31,3 33,6
Le.ather , 40,9 41,4 42,3 42.2 41,9 39,1 33,9 31,5
Lwaber (sa-nills 33,6 33.2 31,7 32,0 31,6 27.7 31,5 30,8
SOU.iCE: ""ionthly Laoor "eview", U. S. :3.L.S. Dece.mher, 1934
Pa.-oer Tid pulTi ,,....42,3 42,5 44,3 44,0 43,2 37,2 35,5 53,6
Petroleun refining 47.9 -A.O 45.4 45.7 48.1 47.5 43.1 40.7
Slsxi^htering and
meat-T5Scl;ing 41,5 41.7 42,2 ^:3.0 41.8 41,7 34,5 32.3
Puhlic utilities.. ., '':3.0 59.3 43.9 42,8 44.5 44,6 41.5 :.C.7
Creneral contracting'; 47.1 43.2 47.4 43.3 47.0 42.6 39.9 33. 3
)851
ta;3LE d
lot: IS I A" 'A: JO' -.or a.:d sz::i-3iaLLro laioi:
Wa^e "" tes Per Dp,y
3y Clans of Lc.iDor
1?39 - 1931
Class of Lr'jor
Builri.iiiv L.-^oorers
Canners ' ■
Clotxiinj-frctoi-y v.'or :ers
ComiTion la"bor.
Cottonseed— -^roc"^iict i-'orlcers
Ice, li:\ t, rnc' liottlin:; workers
Liimljerin:- nlant ^^orkers
ilaval s bore'^ vorlrers
Oil f iel'.' "'orkers.
Pace ;;ill -'orkers
Soj-ar can flelr' and far'n laljoj;
S"ugar mill ^ orlrers
Wage Hate
Per day
IS 39
l.?5
1.2b _
2,25'
1.50
1,75
1,75
^^.00
1,15
2.dO
1951
1.00
1.00
1,50
2,00
1,25
1,50
1,50
o •-.; ■", •
-,' • -J
1,50'
1.00
*-> r\~\
. ours
Per Day
1929
1951
10
10
10
10 "
- -
' 10 " ■
12 . ^
• I?-. . .
10 . . .
■ ■ . .lO
10
10
10
10
1'-^
. . 10
•13 .
. 12
12 .
12
12 .
. 12
Scru.rce: "Monthly Labor "^.eview"U. S. BL3 Seite.ioer, 1932
9851
-47-
TAZnS 9
::ii:_i:soTA
Avero.fe Wages Per TTeek, "by
Industry; 'ler^rs Ending Jvne
,30, 1931 and 1932
Ind^istr;/
Avera.je Wages Per
■ • • -iTeek
Year Ending Year
• ■ ■ Jime 30, Ending:
1931 ■ June 30,
• .
1932
..■.■-• '' ■^.7.ni ■; J5.D1
.•.'..•...
. .. ■ 'll.7>7 13-69
M-..07 23.06
All In(i".s try.
Earnin;'; ,
Operating p.^ricriltiir^l .nacliinery.. . . .
liininj. , ; '. ' oOi'il
Qaarryin:; , 28. 50
Stone Products ; ■ ■ ■29.34
Clay Prof nets. . . , i • "';.50
Brick r,nd tile ; . . . . i ' 2:3.34-
■^-lass -iroriicts. . . . < i . . . ' 31; S5
Ore reduction ?n6 sivielting .■ • . ; . ■ ■ 27.60
'iiollin ; nills f~nd steel works. .■..•....•.:.••• 30,94
Stractui-'l iron rnd steel ...•..■•' ' ' 30.44
HetPl -^rocucts ■ ■■■ 27,33
Eoundr i e s ■ . . ' ' 28 , 49 "
i.iacl'.inery end instr'onents •■ •....•....■. ' 23,4-3
Agriculturol mackiner;'' and irroleraents 23,19
Vehicles 22,03
Loggir-. 17,99
Sa-.iT!ills, . . 24,59
Plaiviiiv: rnd lath nills , 25.91
Toodirrorkinj 25. 'il
Leatker and fur 25,59
Boots and s2.oes 22.28
Puo'jer anc" conr^osition (]:oods ""5.35
Chemicals rnc allied -nrodv.cts 26.07
Paper and "oaper ;nroducts 34.52
Printin,-: ard -nuoliskin^ 28,33
Textiles ' 22.31
Clotliin:, and f-arnishings 24, 14
laundering, cleaning, and dj/eing 24.28
Floii-r and grist mills 23.75
Bakeries 25. 54
Dairy Prodi^cts 50. 22
Sla,uglitering and ine^ t ■■oacking -25. 79
Brov-ing and "bottling o6. 51
Other food products 24. 30
I'iiscellaneoiis aanuf acturing 26. 87
Wrecking and moving 22.95
G-radin ,, excavating, f ounda.tions 26.05
^5.70
^5.61
23.27
26.20
29.53
•■:'2,77
33. 77
32.36
25,86
26,68
27.22'
■^5.43
27,^.1
20I43
-^3.75
23.03
25.04
19.51
24.51
24,17
23.37
25,11
19.40
21.15
22,15
25.48
23. "^7
23.53
23.98
25.56
33.95
27.16
2'^. 55
25.06
9851
_4!j-
MIKTESOTA (-?)
InrtLstry
AverFi--:e '>.ges Per
'.Teek
Year Ilndin;
Jiine 30,
1931
Year Ending
J-une 30,
1932
Erecting .') "i. 29
PinisMa: , eaui-yoinj, and installing 36.73
Electric r^il'v^ys..^ ] 35.11
Bus and truck lines 35. 36
Garages :39 . 63
Grain elevators 30.47
Carta.ge and storage , • ■ ^5.67
Stockyards , 34 . 14
Teler)none rud telegratik. , ^e. 18
Trans-oortrtion Id-^^ -"jTater. , 31.00 ■
Pulilic utilities , 33^34-
Offices - "0.43 ■
Stores , '=3.56
Yards not otkei'-rise classified ,?6.74
Lunber vg^rds 3!^. 69
Salesmen and outcide agents ■ ■ 31 .-78
Domestic service...., 31.69
Personal service ,. . . , •. . . 21.16
Professional service. .■. . . . 23.98
liuiiicioal anc" "oublic service 39.96
;.ii seel lane o\is in^'ustries 30. 30
Avirtion . . 3C.41
iiOiirce:
30,23
26,10
29.56
27.36
27.56
23.55
37.92
27.04'
27.60
31.28
25.36
23.34
25.72
27.22
37.39
19'. 60
22, 6 8'
22.11
23 . 55
27.21
31.70
"■'ontkl^'- Labor ^.eview" U. 3. 'ZLS. August, 1933
9851
-49-
ta:^^le 10
:nEW YOEIi STATE JACTCHIES: AVZRAC-E EAHITIiTCr-' S
PER ^•'EE!^; 1-.929 to 1933
Year
1929
1930
1951
1932
1933
Average
Earnings
Per Ueek
(a)
$ 29.99
28»81
26»42
22,73
21.53
Source: "I'lontlily Ija"bor ^evieyr'S U.. S. -B.-L.S. liarch,- -1934.
(0 JTor all eiiroloj'-eBS in -ootj cJffic^ and slio-o, in re-oresent-'-tive
Hew York St-te ■fact.or.ics. : • • • •
-50-
Taole II
Oiiio
Average annutxl errnia^s of vfa,3e-eprners (a),
by industries; 1929 to 197)2
I n cur. try
1929 1930 1931 1932
All m:'.nu.facturing industries
Leather c" Leather Products
Boots, shoes, cut stock lc findiiig
Tanned, curried & finished leathe
Other leather & leather products
Liquors c: Beverages
Distilled liquors
Llalt liquors
Soda c, mineral waters. . . .
Other liquors & bevera-;es
i.Ietal c; Jietal Products
(errcept iron Ez steel)
Brass, hron^ie £z aluminum products
Clocks, rratches c: ras.terialB
Copper, tin 2c sheet-iron products
Furniture cj office fixtures
G-as c: electric fixtures & lamps &
reflectors
Jer/elry (including reducing &
refining
Other metals cS: metal products....
Paper J. printing....
Paper hags
Pane;- fj paper bone
Envelopes
Lr.bels 8z tags. ....
Paper, including stationery.
Photo-eng^-aving
Printing & publidiing
Stereot-'-ping &. electrotyping
Other paper & printing
Rubber jjroducts
Druggists' sundries & toj'-s
Tires ci tubes
Other rubber products
Stone, Cla;^ &. Glass Products
Cla.7, brick & tile
Cement
Concrete -oroducts
Glass
s, & arimcmg cup
Marble c: stone work, stone yards.
Pottery, terra cotta & fire-cla'"-
■oro ducts.
■ ••••<
7all "olastcr, including h^'drated li
Otner stone, clay & glass' products.
,499
1,096
1,050
1,430
1,132
1.275
1,456
1,559
1 , 434
1,564
1,535
1 , 401
1,535
1,247
1 , 507
1,518
1,153
1,111
1,237
1,035
1,147
1,386
2, SIO
1,522
2,001
1.331
1,552
1 , 215
1,600
1,306
1 , 319
1,291
1,739
1,333
1,346
1,953
1,365
922
859
1,344
1,022
1,178
1,227:
1,527:
1,332:
434
654
355
456
470
239
330
336
482
376
151
099
149
061
16V
384:
530
915
431
450
101
492
152
137
154
620
225
190:
838
035
443
293
1,185
854
816
1 , 242
882
1 , 047
1,365
1 , 521
1,155
1,258
1,305
1,058
1,200
1,232
1,212
1,270
1,160
1,038
1,103
1,011
1,317
1,240
2,158
1,436
2,000:
1,338:
1,254
968
1,294
973
1,096
947
1,455:
1,©61:
1,109:
1,536:
•
1,123:
1,302:
1,092:
960
690
650
999
177
834
1,151
1,331
973
997
1,113
906
956
1,095
1,079
1,049
1,139
874
900
907
1,204
1,027
1,950
1,289
1,730
1,018
1,011
308
1,040
801
908
693
1,136
916
959
1,335
734
901
776
9851
-51-
Table II (Cont'd)
Ohi 0
Aver?.is;e annual ea-rnings of rrage-earners(a) ,
■b" industries; 1929 to 1952
Indixsti^A
1929 1030 1931 1932
Vehiclef^ ■ *
Aii^:)lpnes and part.s ,
Automobiles and parts «
Children' s carriages &. sleds
Carriages, wagons, & materials, &
repairing
Steam and street railroe.d ccrs...
Ship and boat building
Other vehicles ; •■
Iron i: Steel an,d their prouucts....
Blast furnace products.
Boilers & tajijis. ...:....
Bolts, nuts, washers, & rivet.s.. . . ■
Calcula,ting machines. . .
Cutlery cb tools
Door cj sluitters (steel)
Forgings
Foimdrj- c: machine shop -iroducts.
G-as engines & tractors.
Ptiraps C-. windmills
Safes & 'yatiltg
Steel works c"; '.rolling mil
Stoves & furna^ces. . .,. . .
Tin plate & turn plate.
TJire. . . . '.
TTire v.'orlc, including wire, rope c;
cabl?
Other iron & steel & .their pro-
diict S.J..... ■
Chemicals & Allied Products.
Chemicals, " E.cids & wood dis:til^„a-
tion ■
Fertilizers, tanka.je.
Paint €: vf mi sh. ..-....,.
Patent medicines & driag compoiands
Petroleum refining .;.....
Salt
Soap, candles, grea,se & tallow...
Other chemicals & allied ijroducts
L'^junber and Lumber Products.
Boxes & packing 'crates. . .
504:1
621:1
272:1
236:1
725:1
628:1
58^:1
7'^'5
804
639-
336'
569
451
651
635
598
548
455
602
928
463
876
525
442
475
595
291
486
090
548
236
401
411
■275:
104:
331:
1,
174:
718:
1,
751:
309:
1.
153:
133:
1.
143:
144:
943:
605:
1,
254:
549:
1,
305:
344:
1,
282:
541:
1,
250:
•940:
1,
855:
514:
1.
329:
160:
947:
531.
1>
197:
133
924:
422
1
312:
401
993:
599
1
15n:
585'
1
532:
415
1
204:
345
1
155:
762
r
395:
291
1
094:
G08
1
501:
595
:1
549:
558
!l
165:
,359
; 1
104:
,462
:1
370:
,553
:1
,577:
,268
:1
,089:
,445
:1
,350:
,114
:1
,119:
,533
:1
,401:
, 422
.'1
,453:
,415
:1
,323:
,391
:1
,290:
•173:1,047:
052: 957:
934
1,527
916
845
759
1,076
1,2-0
981
959
1,297
1,068
693
954
556
795
819
895
1,044
899
855
1,088
877
1,223
1,142
1,340
904
1,220
1,433
929
1,175
971
1,315
1,359
1,131
1,130
834
743
9851
"52-
Table II (Cont'd)
OIilo
Average annual errnin,5s of i.-'r^-ge-earners (a),
"b^r industries; 1939 to 1932
Industr-/
1929 1930 1931 1932
Coffins c: underta';ers' suoplies ■
Cooperr/je &. related j<;oods. . . ;'
Furnitu.re, including upholstering;.'.
l'!atc-.ies ■•
Sax/mill & planing mill prodnqts. . . . .
TJood bending, turning & carving. ... .
Other l-ui-n'oer ci lumber produc.ts. .:."..
Pood (T-. r.indred Products ■. •
Bal'er " product s
Cani'.ing & preserving ;' . .
Coffee, spices Z^ peanuts (roasting &
grinding) '. . .'
Confectioner:/ , . . .
Dair"- products c?: ice cream .' . . .
Plour-nill & grist-mill products....
Food preparations
Slaiv'htering & meat-paclcing
Other food & Idndred oroducts
Tobacco
CheT'ing & smoking tobacco & snuff.
Cigars & cigarettes
Tobo.cco rehandlers .'
Teirtiles '
Av/inings, tents, sails & aufo ifabric
Cordage, tr/ine, jute Cc linen goods..
Custom tailoring ;
Flags, banners & regalia. '.
Cloth f:love s '. ._.
I-Iosier''" Cc l:nit goods '
Mattresses, pillov:'s, & cotton felts.
Lien's clothing, including shirts....
ililliner'"" C- lace goods, including ar
cial flov/ors &.f eathars. .
Silk & silk goods, inG?-Uding thro\vin.
TTomen' s clothing, including corset
TToolen, worsted & wool-felt goodsj i
ing fur and felt hats
Other textiles
Miscellaneous Manufacturing. .
Agricultural implements....
■ci
■&»
nc
u
1,369
1,195
1,290
1,195
1,311
1,X51
1,272
1,331'
1,509
'839
1,041-
o93
1,617
1,323
1,418
1,480
1,270
360
987
617
530
1,026
1,203
■ 862
1, 335
1,037
642
886
1,144
995
1,018
1,;:^6
1,091
1,013
1,110
1,379
1,358
:1,343:
1,271:
:1,095.
928:
: 1 , 149 :
1,013:
: 1', 146
1,171:
: 1,231
1,070:
:' 1,052
923:
:l;r54
1,017:
:lV3-53
1,212:
: 1 , 380
1,216:
:• 699
527:
J 1-110
. 924:
:• 380
797:
: 1,335
1,461:
: 1,309
1,159:
1 1 , 336
1,290:
: 1,491
1,340:
: 1,294
:1,057:
: 327
599:
: 1,011
1,003:
: 579
: 518:
: 519
: . 573:
: 954
• 355:
: 1,106
: 950:
: 856
: 807:
:1,081
• 985:
: 963
: . 894:
: 545
469:
:■ 900
• 755:
: 1,133
■ 979:
: 925
- ,870:
: 994
• . 936:
: 1,193
•1,027:
: 1,010
, 368:
: 919
792:
:1,070
• 987:
: 1,235
!l,196:
: 1,275
•1,150:
1,054
759
753
987
855
602
343
1,057
1,095
494
957
' '3^1
1, 266
1,153
777
1,139
1,073
507
811
■ 413
493
705
769
841
824
599
346
382
798
537
7r-tr7
OO
905
753
' ' 544
854
940
079
9851
-53-
Table II (Cont'd)
Ohio
Average annual e3,rninjs of -jage-earners (a),
V industries; 1329 to IS 32
I.-dlk^tr-:
1929
1930
1951 1952 _
;tor?^e "batteries.
Dr^"-
Coke
Dentists' supplies
Electrical machinery'-, apparatus &. supplies
House furnishings, miscellaneous..
Manufactured ice. . .■ .'
Llodels 1?: patterns (otner than pape
i.iuni ti oh s . . . •
Musical' insti-uments(9xcept pianos •
Pianos, organs & materials
Hadi 0 s <?; part s. •.
Hoofing materials ■ ■.'....
Signs €z advertising novelties.....
Sporting & athletic goods.;.......
To5'-s Cz games. . .'•'• • •
Other miscellaneous manTifacturing.
organs
Construction
Brich, stone & c.cment r-or':. .'
Electrical' contr^-cting-. '
Erecting- (f; installing machiner;'''. . .
G-eneral contrg-cting, including rrecking
Oil, gas a: vrater,. drillin," or producing
Painting & decorating. .■.........".......
Plastering (including lathing c:; stucco '
Plumbing & steam fitting ; . . .
Sand ti gravel excavating _. . .
Slieet metal work &. roofing....'...
Street, road' & scr/er contracting.
Ventilating & heating.
Other construction '. .
70
Service industries.
Advert i sing. .... .
3ah::s .' . . •
Barbers & hair dressers...'..
Bowling alley's' & parks
Churches
Clubs (ccontr-j'-, golf, D.thletic & yacht
Garages (including auto repairing)....
Hospitals c; sanitariums
Hotels •
Laundries, dry cleaners & renovators. .
Of f i c e s' ,•.;..... \
Office ■buildings( including windovir cleaning)
rk
504
864
338
552
633
539
111
789
558
877
855:
247
297
065
308
568
571
941
727
'242
825
895
051
425
557
543
-^57
402
ICO
306
008
336
045
928
067
532
904
818
1,066
2, 4P4
l,lr4
333
979
213
257
493
515
592
513:
241
928
516
239
268
990
207
545
499
739
055
625
252
?52
951
795
339
559
258
804
5'r^l
123
192
054
135
977
874
114
502
909
858
016
742
119
183
537
379
147
382
613
720
459
109
855
540
073
034
879
082
328
306
700
,:910
375
058
518
533
5.20
105
448
010
567
320
066
050
942
059
855
024
025
280
859
779
934
1,708
1,071
992
1,504
1,205
870
1,004
1,407
1,253
382
702
744
1,115
895
930
592
881
932
936
1,335
1,509
1,008
917
1,111
1,154
1,067
905
942
356
1,026
328
959
• '844
924
877
307
948
822
1,014
810
584
773
1,659
936
9851
-54-
Table II (Cont'd)
Ohio
Avero.3e n/i-mial' ea.rnings of v/af;G-eo.rners (a),
b^ incVj." tries; 1029 to 1932
Industry
1929
1930 1931 1932
Eestsxirants. . . •■ '. . .;.
Schoo-ls c: aollegete. . . . .'. • . /
Servants in- priv'rte homes'.'.
Social agencies '. . • .
■Ehea.ters. , .\ . . ,
TuCA <;. TiJCA-.
Otlier • service. . .
Tjiolese.le and.-retail tr:;de,
Txioleqale .£; .retail store's. .'.■..
Iiwabcr, coal & scrap yards.". ■..'
5.e,ti?-i:l; delivery (milk, ice fj vjatcr)
Tra3}.R;;^:)or;t:ati.on-..& Public Utilities
Drr^yage & storage.....
Electrcic light & pfcwer
Electric railroads:...
l^iatiiral gas. ...... . '. . . .
Pipe lines (petroloi^in)
T8;::i co.Ta & "bus servi c e .
Tel e/jrajoh £, ■ t el epho-ii e .
Tr.a;ns;oD;rtatiQh b;-. 'Tater (-includinf;
■%7'(i :: "' . 'Stevedoring)-. .■.-.■
Othe-r^ •t:r?'nsp'o:rtc(.tion & public utilities
Agrieultiire.
876
1,655
1,].14
1,026
1,605
938
1,277
1,281
1,258
1,274
1,050
1,406
1,407
1,589
1,589
1,338
1,255
i,'354
1,195
All industries (manufacturing-, • construction,
service industries, .■'.•/holesale'and retail
trade, tr^'.nsportation, public utilities, and
agri culture) . . . ; .■...;.....,
;,93i
1,710
957
: 842
. .. .920.:
:1,773
-1,745;
: 1,107
1,051:
:1,087
1,073:
:1,:.30
1,593:
: 327
792:
: 1,382
1,167:
: 1 , 259
1,217:
: 1,216
1,217:
: 1,418
1,053:
: 1,782
1,528:
: 1., 402
1,343:
: 1,506
1,365:
: 1,380
1,538:
: 1 , 600
1,498:
: 1 , 307
.1,358:
: 1,501
1,518:
:1,072
1,057:
: 1,206
1,194:
: 1,855
1,527:
: 1,551
1,500:
1,457
937
1,343
804
1,137
. 555
1,57'S
893
967
1,345
738
1,040
1,054
1,077
852
1,410
1,199
1,190
1,413
1,344
1,159
1,595:
760
1,114
1,256
1,213
550
978
(a) rot including bocJldneepers, -gtenographers,' "office clerks, salespeople,
superintendents, and. managers. ' '
Sources:
A]-l .industries:" lionthly Labor '?-eviev..-, U. S. 3LS., J.-ariuarj'-, 1934 and
A-.jril, 1935.' : ' ' '
All r.ian-ofacturing: .!'Ibid-. '', May, 1935.
Leather,, liquors & m.etal_s;_ "Ibid. '", December, 1934.
Paper^ rubber, . stone. i?/ vehicles: "Ibid.'", iviovember, 1934,'
Iron: "ibid. ", 4,pi-ii, 1934; •'•
Chemicals: '"Ibid, ",j Se]5tcmbbr, ' 1934. - '
(Footnote' continued oh ne:;t page.)
9851
-DD-
(Footnote continued from -orevio".s 'oa;;;e)
Limber: "Ibic.. ", Aivtirrb, :'PC4.
Food: "Ibid.", J'Uie, 19o4.
Tobacco, textiles, J; mi-ri^'.lr-.riGO'i!": "Ibid.", Janur.r", 1935.
Service ind-urtries: "Ibid.", October, 1934.
Trade: "Ibid.", ir.y, 1'3'i.
Trrnsportrtion: "Ibici. ", ; ovenoer, 1934.
Construction: "Ibid.", Octobar, 1935,
Agriculture: "Ibid.", April, 1955.
(i'ote - 1P33 crta cliould. be striven for some of these industries v/here marhed
II-- ir")
5851
-56-
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9851
la u
II
t
rH H •
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4 41 i> PirH CO..
iHrH • 0 m -ta -f ■** a S
(•■d«ar-ia,04>«>o°>>H^
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CM
CM
5 3
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to
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CTi o H
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9851
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-58-
TISLE 14
viiaiuiA: qjj^^iazs
Averfu.e H 'iv.ts V'-.r r-Iour,
By Occa^a'oion iiia S.n.ce^
1951
Occu-oation
Stone Quarries:
Blacksmiths
Carpenters
Crusuer plant Cien
Drillers
Drivers
Electricians
Engineers, firemen, brakefflen,
motormen, cranemen, shovel c
operators
Foremen
Laborers ,
Mechanics and machinists ....
Pov/dor irfnn
Power plant men
iiope men and signal hoys
Other occu'oations
Slate Quarries:
Blacksmiths
Carpenters
Crusher plant men
•iJrillers
Engineers, firemen, hrakemen,
motormen, cranemen, shovel
operators
Eoremen
Laborers . . . . ,
Machinists and mechanics ....
Powder men
Power "olcint men
Rope men and signal boys
Other occu-'?ations
Sand and gravel:
Blacksmiths ..,«.^
Carpent ers
Crusher plant men
Drillers
Average Vvage, Per Hour
$0A7
.46
• oo
.36
.29
.47
.44
.58
.29
.51
.40
.34
.50
.o4
.30
.35
.35
.45
.50
.25
.45
.35
.50
.20
.30
.57
.50
.29
.26
Colored
$0.31
.28
.32
.34
,45
.29
.54
.55
.50
.28
.25
.23
.25
.23
.20
.40
.35
.39
9851
-59-
ir,^;ini ■
■'^■
^■6'
'UP.ri-ies
(2)
Aver.«;ie 'i'--.^,e Per Hour
Occupation
Colored
Engineers, firemen, braic^.men,
Motormeii, cranernen, shovel operators
Foremen
Laborers
MachiuistB. and mechanics
Powd;-r .nen
Cth^'r occupations
.35
.31
.50
.30
Source: iionthly Labor Heview, U.S. August, 1933
9851
-60-
PA3T II
i::dustt: tabljs
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TJffiLE 17
AUT OiXB ILE TIPJ: ItlDUSTRY
Average Aimtial Earnings; 1929 - 1931
Average
Year Annual T.'age-e?rners EGtablinhraent:
Earnings
1929 $1,526 83,263 91
1931 1,290 48,341 54
SOURCx.: "■.-onthly Lator Review", Bureau pf La.oor Stati^.tics, U. S.
Department of Labor, December 1932.
9851
_:34-
TiiBLE 18
BITUHINOUS COAL HIUIHG-, iLLEGIIEFi DISTRICT:
Average Earnings Per Half-llonth.,
"by Occupation; last Half of Hay,
1931, and a Tj'pical Half-Lionth
in 1929.
Typical Last
Occupation half-'ionth half Percent
in Ma;^, Decrease
1939 1931
Pick i;ining $52.91 $ 34.39 34.1
Cutting <3: Scraping 87.67 58.08 22.3
Lotoruen 65.79' 50.25 : 23.6
Traclrla-^ers 52.92 44.29 29.5
Drivers 57.89 42.22 27.1
Timberiien 64.66 42.39 34.4
La'borors, inside mine 51.56 35.91 30.4
Carpenters aiid car repairmen 59.10 43.25 26,3
Laborers, outside mine 45.95 29.92 35,3
Source: "Iionthly Labor Review", U. S. B.L.S., December, 1931.
9851
-65-
TiBLE 19
EITUIvilKOUS COAL INDUSTRY
Trend of Average Earnings Per Hour,
bv OccOTc-tion; 1929-1931-1933
Year Lines t'a^;;e
Earners
Liiners and Loaders
V/age Earners Other Than
Miners ajid Loaders
AvergrTG Earninfi's yer Hour
Based on Based on Wo^e Average
Time Time Earners Earnings
at Pace in Mine Per Hour
1929 535 99,405
1931 469 90,063
1933 444 78,695
.687
.599
.395
.626
53,806
.605
.546
47,725
.595
i357
41,438
.439
Source: Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S, Departnent
of La'bor, Septeinter, 1933.
9851
-66-
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9851
-57-
TA3LE 21
Boot & Shoe Indu'.try:
Trend of average earnings;
1928 - 1930 - 1932
Average
Year earnings
per hour
Average
full-time
earnings
per week
Wage-Earners
Estatlish-
ments
1928 .530
1929 .510
1930 .412
26.02 48,658
24.94 55,158
20.15 49,666
157
161
164
9851
-OS-
TABLE 22
BUS TPAxISPOl'TATIQi: IlIDUSTRY
Average E-srnings, 'b;'- Se::
J-uly 1933
SEX
Average
Earnings
Per Hour
Cn Eaty
Average
Ac tiial
Earnings
Per T7eek
Males and
Females $ .533
Males .541
Females 379
$ 25.72
8,911
27.25
8,349
17.20
562
SOUHCS: Monthly Laoor Review U. S. ELS. J'one , 1934.
9351
-69-
TABLE 2?
CAIIS-SUGAR SEFirirC- IlIDUSTRY
Earnings Per Hour, b^ Sex;
Percent Distribution; 19o0
Percent Distribution
Earnings Per Hour
Hale
and
Penal e
Male
Feraale
9851
Total 100 100 100
8 and under 9 cents * *
11 and under 12 cents * •* -^
12 and •'onder 13 cents * *
13 and under 14 cents 1 ^ '''
14 and under 15 cents * * ~
15 and under 16 cents 2 3
16 and under 17 cents 1 1 ^
17 and under 18 cents 1 1 "
18 and under 19 cents 2 2
19 and under 2C cents * * ^
20 and under 21 cents 1 1 ^
21 and -ander 22 cents 1 1
22 and un.der 23 cents 2 1 13
23 3n.d -onder 24 cents * *
24 and under 25 cents * * 5
25 and under 27-g- cents 2 1 ^
27-g- and under 30 cents 2 2 9
30 and under 32^ cents 5 4 12
32-|- and under 35 cents 3 3 7
35 and under 37t cents 4 4 5
37|- and under 40 cents 3 3 7
40 and under 42|- cents 5 6 3
42-|- and under 45 cents 3 3 4
45 ajid -onder 47-| cents 7 8 4
47^ and under 50 cents 5 5 3
50 and under 55 cents 25 27
55 and under 60 cents 7 8
60 and under 65 cents 7 7
65 and under 70 cents 3 3 -
70 and under 75 cents 2 2
75 and under 80 cents 1 1 "
80 and under 85 cents 2 2 "
85 and under 90 cents 1 1 "*
90 end -under 95 cents * * "
95 and under 100 cents * *
100 and under 110 censt * *
110 ajid under 120 cents * *
140 and under 150 cents * *
170 and under 180 cents !l! * 1
* Less tlian 1 percent. Source: Monthly Labor I^eview U.S. BLS
February, 1931
-70-
TAELH: 24
CAKE SUa.AI. "SFirilTG Il'DUS^i
Avorage Zarnin;:s, dy Se:: - 1930
Avcra.'^e
Sarnin.'Ts.
Ili,les
p.nd'
JTerndes
Avera.-^e EarningE
Per II our
Averai^;e .i\ill-
Time t/eekljr
Earni/ir:s
Ullage-Earners
$ .1-51
27 .06
11,890
Male 3
07. no
Female s
$ .472 $ .289
11,027
14*38
863
Estal)lishiiients
21
•21
Source: I.Ionthly Labor Heviev; U. S. liLS.',' Fetriaary, 1931
19
9851
-71-
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TA^iLE 30
C:i.SOhiZ :?1LL1W'- ST..TIOH INDUSTZ:::
A"\r:aiiC^E EAJllv I NG S ;
Bulletin iJo . 573, U.S. 3LS.
AvBTS-.'^e Earnings per liov.r -393
Averr.iS'e full-time enrninf.'c :ocr 'jeel: ....." 23,^2
Average Actual epminijjc per '.vecl: 23-39
T7age Earners 296O
Establishments 73^
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TA3LS 32
G-P.AY-IRON FOUNDRY INDUSTRY
Avsrcge Va^e Rates Per Hoiir,
0" Occupation; Februar;, lS3'^i
iU:v-ct, 1930, Fcoruary, I93I oiid.
October, 1931
Occupation
February
1930
AUfiast
1930
October
1931
iiolders:
Bench
Floor
Loam
I.Iachine
Coreraalcer
Men
TJomen
Patternmal
^ood.
Iletal
Chipper s
Com-non laborers
0.79^
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.6U2
.b92
.U2I
,752
,690
.511
.U57
Source: Monthly Lrbo:: Rcvie'v, December, 1931, U.S. IjLS..
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-85-
TASLS -5
IP.OII ALTD STZI3L DIDUST'^.Y
i;arnin:;s Per Knur, Lialo
Latorers and all Wagc-
Sarncrs: ITv.n'b'-.r and Per-
cent Distribution; ISS""
: Male La-'oorcrs
Earnings Per
: v-ranbcr
Percent
DiTti-iort:'
All le-^c Eai^ers
ITiirfjcr
Percent
Distribution
13 under
14
cents .
14 under
15
cents .
- -
15 under
IS
cents .
_ „
17 under
18
cents ■
2
18 \indcr
19
cents
17
19 under
20
cents .
1
20 under
21
cents
2
21 liiider
22
cents
22 under
23
cents
2
23 \\nder
24
cents
35
24 under
^5
cents
148
25 uider
27
l/2cen1
;s.
41
27 1/2 unc^.ei
• 30 cci
-its
75
30 under
32
1/2 cei
its
158
32 1/2 under 35 coi
its
73
35 under
371
./2 ceni
ts.
252
37 1/2 undei
■ 40 COT
its
87
40 under
42
l/2ceni
tsjl
,154
42 1/2 Uiidci
' 45con^
b.s„l
,561
47
1/2 cei
Its
149
47 1/2 under 50 cc;
its
154
50 under
O J
cents
...1
,160
55 under
60
cents
- ■
60 under
65
cents
- -
65 under
70
cents
70 under
75
cents
- -
75 under
80
cents
_ _
80 under
85
cent s
85 undL,r
90
cents
c -
90 mndcr
95
cents
95 Li.ndcr
$1
•
$1 under
$1
.10
$1.10 under
$1.20
- -
$1.20 under
$1.30
_ _
$1.30 \\nder
$1.40
$1.40 -under
$1.50
«>• •-*
ICf^
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
1
3
1
1
rt
1
5
2
23
31
3
3
23
> I 3oo
1
1
8
31'
12
22
OQ
19
112
20C
288
337
555
5G4
720
1,034
2,818
3,201
2,875
2,443
10,957
7,206
5,219
5,CS3
4, 273
3, 501
2,754
2,15G
1, 5'';G
1, 226
2,110
1,385
803
525
386
100
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
1
1
1
2
4
5
4
4
15
11
9
8
6
5
4
3
2
2
3
2
1
1
1
9851
-86-
i.,a,
If; Laborer:
Al]. "Ta.?- J Earners
Eamin.'^s Per
Hour
: ITum'bor
Percent
Distribution
ITunTDor
Percent
DiGtribntion
$1,50 under $1.60
$1.60 under $1.70
$1.70 rjidcr $1.00
$1.80 mder *1.S0
$1.90 under $2 . . .
$2 under $2.25 ..
$2.25 under $2.50
$2.50 rndcr $2.75
$2.75 under $3 . . .
$3 . iindcr $3.25 .
$3.50 under $3.75
$3.75 under $4 . . .
357
284
218
153
129
215
72
37
15-
13-
2
1
1
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1) Less than 1 oer cent.
Source : Bulletin Ho. 567, U. S. Bureaii of Lator Statir.itcs
SO 51
-37-
T.OL": 'i'l
LATJ:TD?J]]S:
HEW EAiPS--I2E :
Average Wage Hates and
3-' rninss of TJonen and
Minors, lay t^'pe of Laundry
Jiane, 1SG3
Average
Av'.rp.{.;e
: Av -ra,50
Type
of Laujitiry
Ua,go a-ates
f-u.ll-timc
• Actual
PL:r ""otir
Earnings
Fcr "Tccli
: Earnings
: Per 7ock
Conr.icrcial
General
TJet Wash and roT-u";!! dry ....
Mi sccllaneous ( ia cliidin;'',
. . hand, and hovjc latuidrics) .
$ ,?6?
11.41
.:^so
ir^.ic
.285
9.50
.230 •
7.66
0 8,93
'.93
5.41
Institutional ( including
hospitals, school?, and
endoncd honor,)
. 23:-J
8.9?
9.33
Source: lionthly Lahor pLevien U. S. PLS. Jl"t.w,1934.
-8R-
TA3LL 3S
Average Earnings, 0^ Sex; 1?32
Sc::
s-r
Avcrarr^c Averag-c
Average Full-time Actua.l
Earnings Earnings Earnings
Per Hour Per Mesk Per Week
Wage
Earners EstaliliGhmonts
Males and
Eeinalos
.471
Mai e s
.493
Eeinales
.303
23.74 .15.74 21,399
24.85 .-30.78 IP, 7^5
15.15 12.41 2,644
114
114
57
Source: Bulletin llo. 589, Burcpu of L-bor Statistics, U.S.
Depart nont of L-^'bor.
^851
-89-
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TABLE 40
liETlXLIFIlROUS Mill DIG- niDUSTHY:
AVEMGE ZAEinTC-S; 1SS4 -1931
1924
IP 31
Averaf^G earnings ^Tcr Yiovr
.55S
.553
Average full-time comings per xroc]-.
20.53
28.84
Wage earners
38,155
32,155
nines
1'57
139
Source : Bulletin ITo. 573 - U.S. E.L.S.
985}
-91-
OJ
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-32-
!10T0H T^.'^CK TRM3P0RTATI0N INDUSTRY:
Average Eprnin.^s, by Sex;
Julv, 1933
SEX
Average
Earnings
Per Hoar
On Put/
Average
Actual
Earnings
Per ''eelc
Wage EaTners
''^ales
aiicV Females.
Males
Females
$ .U52
■■ 2?. 73
7,129
.U57
2"';. 16
6,729
.367 ■
16.1+3
Uoo
SOURCE: "1 onthly Labor Heviev" Bm-oaiA 0." Lr-bo.' Statistics, U. S.
Department of Labor, June, 1934.
9351
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9851
-94-
MOTOP VEHICLE HEPAK GA'UGE INDUSTHY
AVERAGE EAR IJGS;
1931
Average earninfs tdgt hour 579
Average full-time e-^.rnings per wee'v 30.3?
Average actual earnings Der week ..... 23.56
Wage earners 6,053
Gpj-ages , 3UU
Bulletin No. 573 - U.S. 3.L.S.
9S5I
-95-
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1ABLZ 46
PORTLAM) CEMSIJT'IMSUSTHY; AVERAGE
EAHITINGS, BY SEX; 1929 - 1932
Average
Earnings
Males and
Females
Females
1929 1952 1929 1932 1929
1932
Average earnings
per hour
Average full-time
earnings per week
Average actual
earnings per week
Wage earners
Establishments
.517
.4'U -.518 .401 .389
.386
31.-43 23.66 51.49 23.70 20.23 18.76
29.25 18.35 29.33 18.59 18.12 10.52
20,701 13,677 20,544 13,609 157 68
102 103 1(^2 103 , 28 18
"Monthly Labor Review", U. S. B. L. S., March 1933.
9851
r,-u;>
.E 47
hiay, 1929 - Lqy, 1933
Occu-oation
Average Vifafce rates
per houi^
Engineers . . . ,
Fireman
Gagers .
Laborers
Line liVp,ll:ers ,
Oilers ,
Roustabouts . ,
Telegrapliers ,
Truck drivers
May, 1929
I'Aay, 1933
.7-^2
.693
.697
.618
.701
.581
.418 ■
.390
.ol'^v
.509
.3dS
.652
.588
' .505
.710
.590
.563
.608
Source: "I-iontlily Labor Review", U.S. 3.L.S. Se-)tember, 1935
9851
TABLE 48
'■ RAILI.O.JS
Average Annual Earnings of All Employees,
excluding executives; 1929-1931-1932"19o3
Year
1929
1931
1932
1933
AV
■irage Annual
Earnings
¥
1
,627
1
,575
1
,470
1
,245
SOURCE: "Monthly L?bor Heview, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department
of Labor, July, 1935.
9851
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E-:rniii:::^5 P;)r .fee^: "i-> to $21,94 -
."■urn'oer Distrieution, rovember 1933
dr.i-i lings Pei-
Em'olovees
C-uinula.tive Percent
7eek
of Total
Emplojmient
Total
154,692
15.3
$6.48 and trnder
8,758
0.9
Over $6.48, to $3.64
20,415
2.9
Over $8.64, to $10.30
34,831
6.4
Over $10.80, to $12.96
50,306
11.4
Over $12.96, to $15.12
35,774
14.9
Over $15.12, to $21.94
4,553
15.3
Source: "iionthl^'- Labor Eevi en", U. S. BLS. , Ss-ptem"ber, 1935.
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T.MT::; 59
siLi; AIT :u";"- .-^'os i:T)iJS"^:t:
Avern.^e lllar-^i-rv"«, Id-'- -Se-x; 1931-1935
' I 'al e s
■and ■ •
Averrge Scj-riiiigs females i.!ales Jsmales
1D31 1933 1931 1933' 1931 1933
Avera-^e Errnixv;s per
Hour ' .406 .269 .485 .319 .335 .221
Avera.^e ZT'-xll-time Errn-
iiijs Per ^.eelc 20.53.. . 13,6.9 . . .54... 9.8 . 16.46 15.75 11.09
Avera<'\e Actual Sara-
ingr, per "eel- 18.47 11.35 23.45 14,82 14.46 9.24
TTs^e-errners 49,036 ' ■-41,71o ' ■21,885 19,500 27,151 . 22,213
Sstaolisiiments 340 . 291 340 291 340 291
SOUHCS: "L.'onthly Labor lleviev/", Bu.reau of Labor Statistics, U. S.
Depa.rtment of Labor, ITovenber, .1935.
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QR514
OFFICE OF THE NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION
THE DIVISION OF REVIEW
THE WORK OF THE DIVISION OF REVIEW
Executive Order No. 7075, dated June 15, 1935, established the Division of Revie* of the
National Recovery Administration. The pertinent part of the Executive Order reads thus:
The Division of Review shall assemble, analyze, and report upon the statistical
information and records of experience of the operations of the various trades and
industries heretofore subject to codes of fair competition, shall study the ef-
fects of such codes upon trade, industrial and labor conditions in general, and
other related matters, shall make available for the protection and promotion of
the public interest an adequate reviev/ of the effects of the Administration of
Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act, and the principles and policies
put into effect thereunder, and shall otherwise aid the President in carrying out
his functions under the said Title. I hereby appoint Leon C. Marshall, Director of
the Division of Review.
The study sections set up in the Division of Review covered these areas; industry
studies, foreign trade studies, labor studies, trade practice studies, statistical studies,
legal studies, administration studies, miscellaneous studies, and the writing of code his-
tories. The materials which were produced by these sections are indicated below.
Except for the Code Histories, all items mentioned below are scheduled to be in mimeo-
graphed form by April 1, 1936.
THE CODE HISTORIES
The Code Histories are documented accounts of the formation and administration of the
codes. They contain the definition of the industry and the principal products thereof; the
classes of members in the industry; the history of code formation including an account of the
sponsoring organizations, the conferences, negotiations and hearings which were held, and
the activities in connection with obtaining approval of the code; the history of the ad-
ministration of the code, covering the organization and operation of the code authority,
the difficulties encountered in administration, the extent of compliance or non-compliance,
and the general success or lack of success of the code; and an analysis of the operation of
code provisions dealing with wages, hours, trade practices, and other provisions. These
and other matters are canvassed not only in terms of the materials to be found in the files,
but also in terms of the experiences of the deputies and others concerned with code formation
and administration.
The Code Histories, (including histories of certain NRA units or agencies) are not
mimeographed. They are to be turned over to the Department of Commerce in typewritten form.
All told, approximately eight hundred and fifty (850) histories will be completed. This
number includes all of the approved codes and some of the unapproved codes. (In Work Mate-
rials No^ 1§, Contents of Code Histories . will be found the outline which governed the
preparation of Code Histories.)
(In the case of all approved codes and also in the case of some codes not carried to
final approval, there are in NRA files further materials on industries. Particularly worthy
of mention are the Volumes I, II and III which constitute the material officially submitted
to the President in support of the recommendation for approval of each code. These volumes
9768 — 1 .
-ii -
set forth the origination of the codes, the sponsoring group, the evidence advanced to sup-
port the proposal, the report of the Division of Research and Plannin? on the industry, the
recommendations of the various Advisory Boards, certain types of official correspondince,
the transcript of the formal hearing, and other pertinent matter. There is also much offi-
cial information relating to amendments, interpretations, exemptions, and other rulings. The
materials mentioned in this paragraph were of course not a part of the work of the Division
of Review, )
THE WORK MATERIALS SERIES
In the work of the Division of Review a considerable number of studies and compilations
of ..ata (other than those noted below an the Evidence Studies Series and the Statistical
Material Series) have been made. These are listed below, grouped according to the char-
acter of the material. (In Work Materials No. 17. Tentative Outlines and Summaries of
Studies in Process, the materials are fully described).
Industry Studies
Automobile Industry, An Economic Survey of
Bituminciis Coal Industry under Free Competition and Code Regulation, Ecnomic Survey of
Electrical Manufacturing Industry, The
Fertilizer Industry, The
Fishery Industry and the Fishery Codes
Fishermen and Fishing Craft, Earnings of
Foreign Trade under the National Industrial Recovery Act
Part A - Competitive Position of the United States in International Trade 1927-29 through
1934.
Part B - Section 3 (e) of NIRA and its administration.
Part C - Imports and Importing under NRA Codes.
Part D - Exports and Exporting under NRA Codes.
Forest Products Industries, Foreign Trade Study of the
Iron and Steel Industry, The
Knitting Industries, The
Leather and Shoe Industries, The
Lumber and Timber Products Industry, Economic Problems of the
Men's Clothing Industry, The
Millinery Industry, The
Motion Picture Industry, The
Migration of Industry, The: The Shift of Twenty-Five Needle Trades From New York State,
1926 to 1934
National Labor Income by Months, 1929-35
Paper Industry, The
Production, Prices, Employment and Payrolls in Industry, Agriculture and Railway Trans-
portation, January 1923, to date
Retail Trades Study, The
Rubber Industry Study. The
Textile Industry in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, and Japan
Textile Yarns and Fabrics
Tobacco Industry, The
Wholesale Trades Study, The
Women's Neckwear and Scarf Industry, Financial and Labor Data on
9768—2
- iit -
t? omen's Apparel Industry, Some Aspects of the
Trade Practice Studies
Commodities, Information Concerning: A Study of NRA and Related Experiences in Control
Distribution, Manufacturers' Control of: Trade Practice Provisions in Selected NRA Codes
Distributive Relations in the Asbestos Industry
Design Piracy: The Problem and Its Treatment Under NRA Codes
Electrical Mfg. Industry: Price Filing Study
Fertilizer Industry: Price Filing Study
Geographical Price Relations Under Codes of Fair Competition, Control of
Minimum Price Regulation Under Codes of Fair Competition
Multiple Basing Point System in the Lime Industry: Operation of the
Price Control in the Coffee Industry
Price Filing Under NRA Codes
Production Control in the Ice Industry
Production Control, Case Studies in
Resale Price Maintenance Legislation in the United States
Retail Price Cutting, Restriction of, with special Emphasis on The Drug Industry.
Trade Practice Rules of The Federal Trade Commission (1914-1936) : A classificaticn for
comparision with Trade Practice Provisions of NRA Codes.
Labor Studies
Cap and Cloth Hat Industry, Commission Report on Wage Differentials in
Earnings in Selected Manufacturing Industries, by States, 1933-35
Employment, Payrolls, Hours, and Wages in 115 Selected Code Industries 1933-35
Fur Manufacturing, Commission Report on Wages and Hours in
Hours and Wages in American Industry
Labor Program Under the National Industrial Recovery Act, The
Part A. Introduction
Part B. Control of Hours and Reemployment
Part C. Control of Wages
Part D. Control of Other Conditions of Employment
Part E. Section 7(a) of the Recovery Act
Materials in the Field of Industrie:! Relations
PRA Census of Employment, June, October, 1933
Puerto Rico Needlework, Homeworkers Survey
Administrative Studies
Administrative and Legal Aspects of Stays, Exemptions and Exceptions, Code Amendments, Con-
ditional Orders of Approval
Administrative Interpretations of NRA Codes
Administrative Law and Procedure under the NIRA
Agreements Under Sections 4(a) and 7(b) of the NIRA
Approved Codes in Industry Groups, Classification of
Basic Code, the — (Administrative Order X-61)
Code Authorities and Their part in the Administration of the NIRA
Part A. Introduction
Part B. Nature, Composition and Organization of Code Authorities
9768—3 .
- iv -
Part C. Activities of the Code Authorities
Part D. Code Authority Finances
Part E. Summary and Evaluation
Cjde Compliance Activities of the NRA
Code Making Program of the NRA in the Territories, The
Code Provisions and Related Subjects, Policy Statements Concerning
Content of NIRA Administrative Legislation
Part A. Executive and Administrative Orders
Part B. Labor Provisions in the Codes
Part C. Trade Practice Provisions in the Codes
Part D. Administrative Provisions in the Codes
Part E. Agreements under Sections 4(a) and 7(b)
Part F. A Type Case: The Cotton Textile Code
Labels Under NRA, A Study of
Model Code and Model Provisions for Codes, Development of
National Recovery Administration, The.: A Review of its Organization and Activities
NRA Insignia
President's Reemployment Agreement, The
President's Reemployment Agreement, Substitutions in Connection with the
Prison Labor Problem under NRA and the Prison Compact, The
Problems of Administration in the Overlapping of Code Definitions of Industries and Trades.
Multiple Code Coverage, Classifying Individual Members of Industries and Trades
Relationship of NRA to Government Contracts and Contracts Involving the Use of Government
Funds
Relationship of NRA with States and Municipalities
Sheltsred Workshops Under NRA
Uncodified Industries: A Study of Factors Limiting the Code Making Program
Legal Studies
Anti-Trust Laws and Unfair Competition
Collective Bargaining Agreements, the Right of Individual Employees to Enforce
Commerce Clause, Federal Regulation of the Employer-Employee Relationship Under the
Delegation of Power, Certain Phases of the Principle of, with Reference to Federal Industrial
Regulatory Legislation
Enforcement, Extra-Judicial Methods of
Federal Regulation through the Joint Employment of the Power of Taxation and the Spending
Power
Government Contract Provisions as a Means of Establishing Proper Economic Standards, Legal
Memorandum on Possibility of
Industrial Relations in Australia, Regulation of
Intrastate Activities Which so Affect Interstate Commerce as to Bring them Under the Com-
merce Clause, Cases on
Legislative Possibilities of the State Constitutions
Post Office and Post Road Power — Can it be Used as a Means of Federal Industrial Regula-
tion?
State Recovery Legislation in Aid of Federal Recovery Legislation History and Analysis
Tariff Rates to Secure Proper Standards of Wages and Hours, the Possibility of Variation in
Trade Practices and the Anti-Trust Laws
Treaty Making Power of the United States
War Power, Can it be Used as a Means of Federal Regulation of Child Labor?
9768—4.
THE EVIDENCE STUDIES SERIES
The Evidence Studies were originally undertaken to gather material for pending court
cases. After the Schechter decision the project was continued in order to assemble data for
use in connection with the studies of the Division of Review. The data are particularly
concerned with the nature, size and operations of the industry; and with the relation of the
industry to interstate commerce. The industries covered by the Evidence Studies account for
more than one-half of the total number of workers under codes. The list of those studies
follows:
Automobile Manufacturing Industry
Automotive Parts and Equipment Industry
Baking Industry
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing Industry
Bottled Soft Drink Industry
Builders' Supplies Industry
Canning Industry
Chemical Manufacturing Industry
Cigar Manufacturing Industry
Coat and Suit Industry
Construction Industry
Cotton Garment Industry
Dress Manufacturing Industry
Electrical Contracting Industry
Electrical Manufacturing Industry
Fabricated Metal Products Mfg. and Metal Fin-
ishing and Metal Coating Industry
Fishery Industry
Furniture Manufacturing Industry
General Contractors Industry
Graphic Arts Industry
Gray Iron Foundry Industry
Hosiery Industry
Infant's and Children's Wear Industry
Iron and Steel Industry
Leather Industry
Lumber and Timber Products Industry
Mason Contractors Industry
Men's Clothing Industry
Motion Picture Industry
Motor Vehicle Retailing Trade
Needlework Industry of Puerto Rico
Painting and Paperhanging Industry
Photo Engraving Industry
Plumbing Contracting Industry
Retail Lumber Industry
Retail Trade Industry
Retail Tire and Battery Trade Industry
Rubber Manufacturing Industry
Rubber Tire Manufacturing Industry
Shipbuilding Industry
Silk Textile Industry
Structural Clay Products Industry
Throwing Industry
Trucking Industry
Waste Materials Industry
Wholesale and Retail Food Industry
Wholesale Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Indus-
try
Wool Textile Industry
THE STATISTICAL MATERIALS SERIES
This series is supplementary to the Evidence Studies Series. The reports include data
on establishments, firms, employment, payrolls, wages, hours, production capacities, ship-
ments, sales, consumption, stocks, prices, material costs, failures, exports and imports.
They also include notes on the principal qaalifications that should be observed in using the
data, the technical methods employed, and the applicability of the material to the study of
the industries concerned. The following numbers appear in the series:
9768—5.
- VI -
Asphalt Shingle and Roofing Industry Fertilizer Industry
Business Furniture Funeral Supply Industry
Candy Manufacturing Industry Glass Container Industry
Carpet and Rug Industry Ice Manufacturing Industry
Cement Industry Knitted Outerwear Industry
Cleaning and Dyeing Trade Paint, Varnish, ana Lacquer, Mfg. Industry
Coffee Industry Plumbing Fixtures Industry
Copper and Brass Mill Products Industry Rayon and Synthetic Yarn Producing Industry
Cotton Textile Industry Salt Producing Industry
Electrical Manufacturing Industry
THE COVERAGE
The original, and approved, plan of the Division of Review contemplated resources suf-
ficient (a) to prepare some 1200 histories of codes and N'RA units or agencies, (b) to con-
solidate and index the NRA files containing some 40,000,000 pieces, (c) to engage in ex-
tensive field work, (d) to secure much aid from established statistical agencies of govern-
ment, (e) to assemble a considerable number of experts in various fields, (f) to conduct
approximately 25% more studies than are listed above, and (g) to prepare a comprehensive
summary report.
Because of reductions made in personnel and in use of outside experts, limitation of
access to field work and research agencies, and lack of jurisdiction over files, the pro-
jected plan was necessarily curtailed. The most serious curtailments were the omission of
the comprehensive summary report; the dropping of certain studies and the reduction in the
coverage of other studies; and the abandonment of the consolidation and indexing of the
files. Fortunately, there is reason to hop© that the files may yet be carec for under other
auspices.
Notwithstanding these limitations, if the files are ultimately consolidated and in-
dexed the exploration of the NRA materials will have been sufficient to make them accessible
and highly useful. They constitute the largest and richest single body of information
concerning the problems and operations of industry ever assembled in any nation.
L. C. Marshall,
Director, Division of Review.
9768—6 .
1
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