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The
World
Factbook
Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Five
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I
Contents
Page
Definitions, Abbreviations, and Explanatory Notes
Abu Dhabi (see United Arab Emirates)
Afghanistan
Ajman (see United Arab Emirates)
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Anguilla (formerly St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla)
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Australia 1 1
Austria 1 3
Azores (see Portugal)
Bahamas, The 14
Bahrain 16
Balearic Islands (see Spain)
Bangladesh 17
Barbados _ 18
Belgian Congo (see Zaire)
Belgium 20
Belize (formerly British Honduras) 21
Benin (formerly Dahomey) 23
Bermuda 24
Bjiutan 25
Bioko (see Equatorial Guinea)
Bolivia 26
Bophuthatswana (see South Africa)
Botswana 27_
Bj^zil 29
British Honduras (see Belize)
British Solomon Islands (see Solomon Islands)
Brunei 30
Bulgaria 32
Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) 33
Burma 34
JSurundi^ 36
Cabinda (see Angola)
Cambodia (formerly Kampuchea) 37
Cameroon 38
Canada 40
Canary Islands (see Spain)
Cape Verde 41
Page
Central African Republic 42
Ceylon (see Sri Lanka)
Chad 44
Chile 45
China (Taiwan listed at end of table) 47
Colombia 48
Comoros 50
Congo 51
Cook Islands 52
Costa Rica 53
Cuba 55
Cyprus 56
Czechoslovakia 58
Dahomey (see Benin)
Denmark 59
Djibouti (formerly French Territory of the Afars and Issas) 61
Dominica 62
Dominican Republic 63
Dubai (see United Arab Emirates)
Ecuador 64
Egypt 66
Ellice Islands (see Tuvalu)
El Salvador 67
Equatorial Guinea 69
Ethiopia 70
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 72
Faroe Islands 73
Fernando Po (see Equatorial Guinea)
Fiji 74
Finland 75
France 77
French Guiana 78
French Polynesia 80
French Territory of the Afars and Issas (see Djibouti)
Fujayrah, al (see United Arab Emirates)
Gabon 81
Gambia, The 82
Gaza Strip (see West Bank and Gaza Strip, listed at end of table)
German Democratic Republic 83
Germany, Federal Republic of 85
Ghana 87
Gibraltar 88
Gilbert Islands (see Kiribati)
IV
Page
Greece 89
Greenland 91
Grenada 92
Guadeloupe 93
Guatemala 94
Guinea 96
Guinea-Bissau (formerly Portuguese Guinea) 97
Guyana 99
H Haiti 100
Honduras 101
Hong Kong 103
Hungary^ 104
Iceland 106
India 107
Indonesia 109
Iran 110
Iraq 112
Ireland 113
Israel (West Bank and Gaza Strip listed at end of table) 114
Italy 116
Ivory Coast 118
Jamaica 119
Japan 121
Jordan (West Bank and Gaza Strip listed at end of table) 122
Kampuchea (see Cambodia)
Kenya _ 124
Kiribati (formerly Gilbert Islands) __ 125
126
Korea, South _ _ 127
_____ Kuwait 129
L Laos 130
Lebanon _ 132
Lesotho _ 133
Liberia _ _ 135
Libya 136
Liechtenstein _ 137
____ Luxembourg __ 139
M Macau 140
Madagascar __ 141
Madeira Islands (see Portugal) _
Malagasy Republic (see Madagascar)
Malawi 143
Malaysia 144
Page
Maldives 147
Mali^ 148
Malta 1 49
Martinique 150
Mauritania 152
Mauritius 153
Mexico 1 54
Monaco 156
Mongolia 157
Morocco 158
Mozambique _Jj>P_
Namibia (South- West A_f ri_ca)_ <^ 161
Nauru 162
Nepal 163
Netherlands 165
Netherlands Antilles 166
New Caledonia 168
New Hebrides (see Vanuatu)
New Zealand 169
Nicaragua 170
Niger_ 172
Nigeria 173
Northern Rhodesia (see Zambia)
Norway 1 75
O Oman 176
P Pakistan 178
Panama 179
Papua New Guinea 181
Paraguay 182
Pemba (see Tanzania)
Peru 184
Philippines 185
Poland 186
Portugal 188
Portuguese Guinea (see Guinea-Bissau)
Portuguese Timor (see Indonesia)
Qatar 189
Ra's al-Khaymah (see United Arab Emirates)
Reunion 190
Rhodesia (see Zimbabwe)
Rio Muni (see Equatorial Guinea)
Romania 192
Rwanda 193
VI
____ Page
St. Christopher and Nevis (formerly St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla) ___ 194
195
St. Vincent and the Grenadines 196
Spanish Sahara (see Western Sahara)
Soviet Union 210
Spain 212
Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) 214
Sudan 216
Suriname 217
Swaziland 218
Tanzania 224
Tasmania (see Australia)
Thailand_ 226
Togo 227
Tonga 228
Transkei (see South Africa)
Trinidad and Tobago ___ 229
Tunisia 231
Turkey 232
Turks and Caicos Islands _ 233
Tuvalu (formerly Ellice Islands) 234
u
San Marino 197
Sao Tome and Principe 199
Saudi_Arabia_ 200
Senegal 201
Seychelles^ 202
Sharjah (see^United Arab Emirates)
Sierra Leone 204
Singapore 205
Solomon Islands (formerly British Solomon Islands) 206
Somalia JJ07
South _Africa_ J209
Southern Rhodesia (see Zimbabwe)
South- West Africa (see Namibia)
Sweden
220
Switzerland
221
Syria
223
Tanganyika (see Tanzania)
Umm al-Qaywayn (see United Arab Emirates)
United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, al Fujayrah, 237
Ra's al-Khaymah, Sharjah, Umm al-Qaywayn)
United Arab Republic (see Egypt)
vii
Page
United Kingdom 238
United States 240
Upper Volta (see Burkina Faso)
Uruguay 241
Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides) 243
Vatican City 244
Venezuela 245
Vietnam 246
W Wallis and Futuna 247
Walvis Bay (see South Africa)
Western Sahara (formerly Spanish Sahara) 248
Western Samoa 249
Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) 250
Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of (South Yemen) 25 1
Yugoslavia 252
Zaire 254
Zambia (formerly Northern Rhodesia) 255
Zanzibar (see Tanzania)
Zimbabwe (formerly Southern Rhodesia) 257
Taiwan (China listed alphabetically) 258
West Bank and Gaza Strip 260
Appendixes
A. The United Nations System 262
B. Selected UN Organizations 263
C. Selected International Organizations 26-1
D. Country Membership in Selected Organizations 266
E. Conversion Table 274
Maps
I. The World (Guide to Regional Maps II-XIII)
II. North America
III. Central America and the Caribbean
IV. South America
V. Europe
VI. Middle East
VII. Africa
VIII. Soviet Union, East and South Asia
IX. Southeast Asia
X. Oceania
XI. Arctic Region
XII. Antarctic Region
XIII. Standard Time Zones of the World
Definitions, Abbreviations,
and Explanatory Notes
Fiscal Year: The abbreviation FY stands for fiscal year; all years are
calendar years unless otherwise indicated.
GDP and GNP: GDP is the total market value of all goods and
services produced within the domestic borders of a country over a
particular time period, normally a year. GNP equals GDP plus the
income accruing to domestic residents arising from investment abroad
less income earned in the domestic market accruing to foreigners
abroad.
Imports, Exports, and Aid: Standard abbreviations used in individual
entries throughout this factbook are c.i.f. (cost, insurance, and freight),
f.o.b. (free on board), ODA (official development assistance), and OOF
(other official flows).
Land Utilization: Most of the land utilization percentages are rough
estimates. Figures for "arable" land in some cases reflect the area
under cultivation rather than the total cultivable area.
Maritime Zones: Fishing and economic zones claimed by coastal
states are included only when they differ from territorial sea limits.
Maritime claims do not necessarily represent the position of the
United States Government.
Money: All money figures are in contemporaneous US dollars unless
otherwise indicated.
Oil Terms: Barrel (bbl) and barrels per day (b/d) are used to express
volume of crude oil and refined products; a barrel equals 42.00
gallons, 158.99 liters, 5.61 cubic feet, or 0.16 cubic meters.
Note: Some of the countries and governments included in this
publication are not fully independent, and others are not officially
recognized by the United States Government.
Afghanistan
Sttre|!onilntipVIII
Land
647,497 km2; about the size of Texas; 75%
desert, waste, or urban; 22% arable (12% cul-
tivated, 10% pasture); 3% forest
Land boundaries: 5,510 km
People
Population: 14,792,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 1.7%; these estimates in-
clude an adjustment for emigration to
Pakistan during recent years, but they do not
take into account other demographic conse-
quences of the Soviet intervention in
Afghanistan
Nationality: noun — Afghan(s); adjective —
Afghan
Ethnic divisions: 50% Pashtun, 25% Tajik,
9% Uzbek, 9% Hazara; minor ethnic groups
include Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baluchi,
and others
Religion: 74% Sunni Muslim, 25% Shi'a Mus-
lim, 1% other
Language: 50% Pashtu, 35% Afghan Persian
(Dari), 11% Turkic languages (primarily
Uzbek and Turkmen), 10% thirty minor lan-
guages (primarily Baluchi and Pashai); much
bilingualism
Literacy: 12%
Labor force: 4.98 million (1980 est); 67.8%
agriculture and animal husbandry, 10.2% in-
dustry, 6.3% construction, 5.0% commerce,
7.7% services and other; current figures un-
available because of fighting (1984)
Organized labor: government-controlled
unions are being established
Government
Official name: Democratic Republic of
Afghanistan
Type': Communist regime backed by
multidivisional Soviet force
Capital: Kabul
Political subdivisions: 29 provinces with cen-
trally appointed governors
Legal system: not established; legal educa-
tion at Kabul University; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Revolutionary Council acts as leg-
islature and final court of appeal; President
of Council acts as chief of state; Cabinet and
judiciary responsible to Council; Presidium
chosen by Council has full authority when
Council not in session; Loya Jirga (Grand Na-
tional Assembly) supposed to convene
eventually and approve permanent constitu-
tion
Government leaders: BABRAK Karmal,
President of the Revolutionary Council and
head of the People's Democratic Party of Af-
ghanistan (since December 1979); Soltan Ali
KESHTMAND, Prime Minister (since June
1981)
Suffrage: universal from age 18
Political parties and leaders: the People's
Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) is
the sole legal political party; has two factions;
the Parchami faction has been in power since
December 1979; members of the deposed
Khalqi faction continue to hold some impor-
tant posts; the Sholaye-Jaweid is a much
smaller pro- Beijing group
Communists: the PDPA claims 120,000
members
Other political or pressure groups: the mili-
tary and other branches of internal security
are being rebuilt by the Soviets; insurgency
continues throughout the country; wide-
spread opposition on religious grounds;
widespread anti-Soviet sentiment
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO,
G77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
INTELSAT, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO, WSG;
suspended from OIC in January 1980
Economy
GNP: $2.8 billion (FY79), $163 per capita
(1984); real growth rate 2.5% (1975-79); cur-
rent figures not available (1984)
Agriculture: subsistence farming and animal
husbandry; main crops — wheat, fruits, nuts,
karakul pelts, wool, mutton
Major industries: small-scale production of
textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, and
cement for domestic use; handwoven carpets
for export
Electric power: 465,000 kW capacity (1984);
1.3 billion kWh produced (1984), 96 kWh per
capita
Exports: $680 million (f.o.b., 1984); mostly
fruits and nuts, natural gas, and carpets
Imports: $940 million (c.i.f., 1984); mostly
food supplies and petroleum products
Major trade partners: exports — mostly
USSR and other Eastern bloc countries; im-
ports— mostly USSR and other Eastern bloc
countries
Budget: current expenditure Af22.7 billion,
capital expenditure Af 10.9 billion for FY82
(est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 50.6
afghanis=US$l (official, February 1984)
Fiscal year: 21 March-20 March
Afghanistan (continued)
Albania
Communications
Railroads: 9.6 km (single track) 1.524-meter
gauge, spur of Soviet line from Kushka
(USSR) to Towraghondi and from Termez
(USSR) to Kheyrabad Transhipment Point
(15 km) on south bank Amu Darya (govern-
ment owned)
Highways: 18,752 km total (1978); 2,846 km
hard surface, 14,035 km gravel and improved
earth and unimproved earth and tracks
Inland waterways: total navigability 1,200
km; chiefly Amu Darya, which handles
steamers up to about 500 metric tons
Pipelines: natural gas, 180 km; crude oil, 68
km
Ports: 3 minor river ports; largest Sher Khan
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 41 total, 35 usable; 12 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 8 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 17 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: limited telephone,
telegraph, and radiobroadcast services; tele-
vision introduced in 1980; telephones 31, 200
(0.2 per 100 popl.); 5 AM and no FM stations,
1 TV station, 1 earth satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Armed Forces, Air and Defense
Forces, border guard forces, Defense of the
Revolution Force, National Police Force,
Government Information Service, People's
Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49, about
3,507,000; 1,947,000 fit for military service;
about 143,000 reach military age (22)
annually
Supply: dependent on foreign sources, almost
exclusively the USSR
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 20
March 1984, $210 million, about 63% of cen-
tral government budget
Late Scur
TIRANE
Durres^
Adriatic Set
See regional map V
ta*e Ohrid
Ltke Prespa
Ionian
Sea
Land
28,748 km2; slightly larger than Maryland;
43% forest and wood; 21% arable; 19%
meadows and pasturef5% permanent crop;
5% inland water; 7% other
Land boundaries: 716 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 15 nm
Coastline: 418 km (including Sazan Island)
People
Population: 2,968,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.2%
Nationality: noun — Albanian(s); adjective —
Albanian
Ethnic divisions: 96% Albanian; remaining
4% are Greeks, Vlachs, Gypsies, and
Bulgarians
Religion: Albania claims to be the world's
first atheist state; prewar est. 70% Muslim,
20% Albanian Orthodox, 10% Roman Catho-
lic; observances prohibited
Language: Albanian (Tosk is official dialect),
Greek
Literacy: 75%
Labor force: 584,000 (1978); about 22% agri-
culture, 40% industry and commerce, 38%
other (1978)
Government
Official name: People's Socialist Republic of
Albania
Type: Communist state
Capital: Tirane
Political subdivisions: 26 rrethet (districts)
Legal system: based on constitution adopted
in 1976; judicial review of legislative acts
only in the Presidium of the People's Assem-
bly, which is not a true court; legal education
at University of Tirane; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Liberation Day, 29
November
Branches: legislature (People's Assembly),
Council of Ministers, judiciary
Government leaders: Ramiz ALIA, Chair-
man, Presidium of the People's Assembly
(chief of state; since November 1982); Adil
CARCANI, Chairman, Council of Ministers
(Premier; since November 1982)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: national elections held every four
years; last elections 12 November 1982; 100%
of electorate voted (with one dissenting vote)
Political parties and leaders: Albanian
Workers Party only; First Secretary, Ramiz
Alia (since April 1985)
Communists: 122,600 party members (No-
vember 1981); 4.5% of population
Member of: CEMA, FAO, IAEA, IPU, ITU,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO;
has not participated in CEMA since rift with
USSR in 1961; officially withdrew from War-
saw Pact 13 September 1968
Economy
GNP: $2.15 billion (1979); $820 per capita
(1981)
Algeria
Agriculture: food deficit area; main crops —
corn, wheat, potatoes, tobacco, sugar beets,
cotton
Major industries: agricultural products and
processing, textiles and clothing, lumber, and
extractive industries (chrome and oil)
Shortages: spare parts, machinery and
equipment, wheat
Electric power: 1,390,000 kW capacity
(1984); 4.635 billion kWh produced (1984),
1, 600 kWh per capita
Exports: $151 million (1978); asphalt, bitu-
men, and petroleum products; metals and
metallic ores; agricultural products, includ-
ing vegetables, fruits, and tobacco
Imports: $137 million from OECD countries
(1982); machinery, machine tools, iron and
steel products, textiles, chemicals, pharma-
ceuticals
Major trade partners: exports — Yugoslavia,
Czechoslovakia, Romania, Italy, Poland,
Austria; imports — Yugoslavia, Czechoslo-
vakia, FRG, Poland, Italy, Greece
Budget: (1982 prov.) revenue $1.30 billion,
expenditure $1.29 billion; state investment
$677.3 billion (1984 planned)
Monetary conversion rate: 7. 1328
leks=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic
data reported for calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 228 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, single track, government owned (1980
est); claims over 400 km (1983)
Highways: 4,989 km total; 1,287 km paved,
1,609 km crushed stone and/or gravel, 2,093
km improved or unimproved earth (1975)
Inland waterways: 43 km plus Albanian sec-
tions of Lake Shkoder, Lake Ohrid, and Lake
Prespa(1979)
Pipelines: crude oil, 117 km; refined prod-
ucts, 65 km; natural gas, 64 km
Freight carried: rail — 2.8 million metric
tons, 180 million metric ton/km (1971); high-
ways 39 million metric tons, 900 million
metric ton/km (1971)
Ports: 1 major (Durres), 3 minor (1979)
Civil air: no civil airline
Defense Forces
Branches Albanian People's Army, Frontier
Troops, Interior Troops, Albanian Coastal
Defense Command, Air and Air Defense
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 786,000;
669,000 fit for military service; 32,000 reach
military age (19) annually
Ships: 4 submarines, 2 mine warfare ships, 54
coastal patrol-river/roadstead craft, 6 mine
warfare craft, 2 underway replenishment
ships, 1 other auxiliary
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
endingSl December 1984, 1 billion leks; 11%
of total budget
Mediterranean Sea
See regional map VII
Land
2,381 ,47 1km2; more than three times the size
of Texas; 80% desert, waste, or urban; 16%
pasture and meadows; 3% cultivated; 1%
forest
Land boundaries: 6,260 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 1,183 km
People
Population: 22,025,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 3.1%
Nationality: noun — Algerian(s); adjective —
Algerian
Ethnic divisions: 99% Arab- Berbers, less
than 1% Europeans
Religion: 99% Sunni Muslim (state religion);
1% Christian and Jewish
Language: Arabic (official), French, Berber
dialects
Literacy: 46%
Labor force: 3.7 million (1984); 40% industry
and commerce, 30% agriculture, 17% gov-
ernment, 10% services; at least 11% of urban
labor unemployed
Algeria (continued)
Organized labor: 16-19% of labor force
claimed; General Union of Algerian Workers
(UGTA) is the only labor organization and is
subordinate to the National Liberation Front
Government
Official name: Democratic and Popular
Republic of Algeria
Type: republic
Capital: Algiers
Political subdivisions: 48 wilayas (depart-
ments or provinces); 160 dairat (admin-
istrative districts); 691 communes
Legal system: based on French and Islamic
law, with socialist principles; new constitu-
tion adopted by referendum November
1976; judicial review of legislative acts in ad
hoc Constitutional Council composed of vari-
ous public officials, including several
Supreme Court justices; Supreme Court di-
vided into four chambers; legal education at
Universities of Algiers, Oran, and Constan-
tine; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Revolution Day, 1 Novem-
ber
Branches: executive; unicameral legislature
(National People's Assembly); judiciary
Government leaders: Col. Chadli
BENDJEDID, President (since February
1979); Abdelhanio BRAHIM, Prime Minister
(since January 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 19
Elections (latest): presidential 12 January
1984; departmental assemblies 2 June 1974;
local assemblies 30 March 1975; legislative 5
March 1982
Political parties and leaders: National Liber-
ation Front (FLN), secretary General Chadli
Bendjedid
Communists: 400 (est.); Communist Party
illegal (banned 1962)
Member of: Af DB, AIOEC, Arab League,
ASSIMER, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU,
NAM, OAPEC, OAU, QIC, OPEC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $51.9 billion (1984 est.), $2,430 per
capita; 4.0% real growth in 1984
Agriculture: main crops — wheat, barley,
oats, grapes, olives, citrus fruits, dates, veg-
etables, sheep, cattle, industrial crops
Major industries: petroleum, light indus-
tries, natural gas, mining, petrochemical,
electrical, automotive plants (under con-
struction), and food processing
Crude steel: 842,000 metric tons produced
(1982)
Electric power: 3,113,000 kW capacity
(1984); 12.546 billion kWh produced (1984),
587 kWh per capita
Exports: $12.6 billion (f.o.b., 1984); major
items— petroleum and gas 98.0%; US 39.0%,
France 23.0% (1984)
Imports: $10.0 billion (f.o.b., 1984); major
items — capital goods 35.0%, semifinished
goods 25.0%, foodstuffs 18.0%; France
25.7%, US 6.0%
Major trade partners: US, FRG, France,
Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Canada
Budget: $20 billion revenue, $20 billion
expenditure (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 5.01 Algerian
dinars=US$l (August 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,908 km total; 2,659 km standard
gauge (1.435 m), 1,129 km 1.055-meter
gauge, 120 km 1.000-meter gauge; 302 km
electrified; 193 km double track
Highways: 78,410 km total; 45,070 km con-
crete or bituminous, 33,340 km gravel,
crushed stone, unimproved earth
Pipelines: crude oil, 6,612 km; refined prod-
ucts, 298 km; natural gas, 2,948 km
Ports: 6 major, 6 secondary, 10 minor
Civil air: 30 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 161 total, 153 usable; 55 with per-
manent-surface runways; 28 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 72 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Defense Forces
Branches: Armed Forces, Army, Navy, Air
Force, National Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,722,000;
2,919,000 fit for military service; 239,000
reach military age (19) annually
Andorra
See regional map V
Land
466 km2; half the size of New York City
Land boundaries: 105 km
People
Population: 47,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 5.4%
Nationality: noun — Andorran(s); adjec-
tive— Andorran
Ethnic divisions: Catalan stock; 61 % Spanish,
30% Andorran, 6% French, 3% other
Religion: virtually all Roman Catholic
Language: Catalan (official); many also
speak some French and Castilian
Literacy: 100%
Labor force: unorganized (unions prohib-
ited); largely shepherds and farmers
Government
Official name: Principality of Andorra
Type: unique co-principality under formal
sovereignty of President of France and Span-
ish Bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are
represented locally by officials called
verguers
Capital: Andorra la Vella
Political subdivisions: 7 districts
Legal system: based on French and Spanish
civil codes; Plan of Reform adopted 1866
serves as constitution; no judicial review of
legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: legislative (General Council of the
Valleys) consisting of 28 members; execu-
tive— syndic (manager) and a deputy
subsyndic chosen by General Council; judi-
ciary chosen by Co-princes who appoint two
civil judges, a judge of appeals, and two
batlles (court prosecutors); final appeal to the
Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan,
France, or to the Ecclesiastical Court of the
Bishop of Seo de Urgel, Spain
Government leaders: head of state —
Francois MITTERRAND (President of
France; since 1981) and Juan Marti ALANIS
(Bishop of Seo de Urgel, Spain; since 1971),
Co-Princes; Syndic— Francesc CERQUEDA
Pasquet (since 1982); Subsyndic — Josep
Maria MAS Pons (since 1982); head of gov-
ernment—Oscar RIBAS Reig (Chief
Executive; since 1982)
Suffrage: those of 21 or over who are third
generation Andorrans vote for General
Council members
Elections: General Council chosen every
four years; last election December 1981
Political parties and leaders: political parties
not yet legally recognized; traditionally no
political parties but only partisans for par-
ticular independent candidates for the
General Council, on the basis of competence,
personality, and orientation toward Spain or
France; various small pressure groups devel-
oped in 1972; first formal political party
Andorran Democratic Association — formed
in 1976, reorganized in 1979 as Andorran
Democratic Party
Communists: negligible
Member of: UNESCO
Economy
Agriculture: sheep raising; small quantities
of tobacco, rye, wheat, barley, oats, and some
vegetables (less than 4% of land is arable)
Major industries: tourism (particularly ski-
ing), sheep, timber, tobacco, and smuggling
Electric power: 35,000 kW capacity (1984);
140 million kWh produced (1984), 3,121
kWh per capita; power is mainly exported to
Spain and France
Major trade partners: Spain, France
Monetary conversion rate: 9.375 French
francs=US$l (October 1984); 169.96 Spanish
pesetas=US$l (October 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: about 96 km
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: international landline
circuits to Spain and France; 1 AM station, 1
FM station, 1 TV station; about 12,800 tele-
phones (43.5 per 100 popl.); about 7,000 radio
receivers (1982)
Defense Forces
Andorra has no defense forces; Spain and
France are responsible for protection as
needed
Angola
Sec regional map VII
Land
1,246,700 km2; larger than California and
Texas combined; 44% forest; 22% meadow
and pasture; 1 % cultivated; 33% other (in-
cluding fallow)
Land boundaries: 5,070 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 20 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 1,600km
People
Population: 7,953,000, including Cabinda
(July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.7%;
Cabinda, 129,000(July 1985), average annual
growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun — Angolan(s); adjecti
Angolan
Ethnic divisions: 38% Ovimbundu, 23%
Kimbundu, 13% Bakongo, 2% Mestico, 1%
European
Religion: 68% Roman Catholic, 20% Protes-
tant, about 10% indigenous beliefs
Language: Portuguese (official); various
Bantu dialects '
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: 1,865,000 economically active
(mid-1980 est); 60% agriculture, 15%
industry
Organized labor: approx. 450,695 (1980)
Government
Official name: People's Republic of Angola
Type: people's republic
Capital: Luanda
Political subdivisions: 18 provinces includ-
ing the coastal exclave of Cabinda
Legal system: formerly based on Portuguese
civil law system and customary law; being
modified along "socialist" model
National holiday: Independence Day, 11
November
Branches: the official party is the supreme
political institution; legislative — National
People's Assembly
Government leader: Jose Eduardo dos
SANTOS, President (since September 1979)
Suffrage: to be determined
Elections: none held to date
Political parties and leaders: Popular Move-
ment for the Liberation of Angola-Labor
Party (MPLA-Labor Party), led by dos
Santos, only legal party; National Union for
the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA),
defeated in civil war, carrying out insurgen-
Member of: Af DB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO, INTELSAT,
ITU, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO,
UNICEF, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $4.2 billion (1981 est.), $550 per capita,
0.1% real growth (1981)
Agriculture: cash crops — coffee, sisal, corn,
cotton, sugar, manioc, and tobacco; food
crops — cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains,
bananas, and other local foodstuffs; largely
self-sufficient in food
Fishing: catch 1 12,000 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: mining (oil, diamonds),
fish processing, brewing, tobacco, sugar pro-
cessing, textiles, cement, food processing
plants, building construction
Electric power: 630,000 kW capacity (1984);
1.650 billion kWh produced (1984), 212 kWh
per capita
Exports: est. $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1983); oil,
coffee, diamonds, sisal, fish and fish prod-
ucts, iron ore, timber, corn, and cotton
Imports: est. $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1983); capital
equipment (machinery and electrical equip-
ment), wines, bulk iron and ironwork, steel
and metals, vehicles and spare parts, textiles
and clothing, medicines; military deliveries
partially offset drop in imports in 1975-77
Major trade partners: Cuba, USSR, Portugal,
and US
Budget: (1981) est. reserve $2.0 billion; est.
total expenditures $3.5 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 30.214
kwanza=US$l (December 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,189 km total; 2,879 km 1.067-
meter gauge, 310 km 0.600-meter gauge
Highways: 73,828 km total; 8,577 km bitumi-
nous-surface treatment, 29,350 km crushed
stone, gravel, or improved earth, remainder
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,165 km navigable
Ports: 3 major (Luanda, Lobito, Namibe), 5
minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 179 km
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 354 total, 272 usable; 26 with per-
manent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m, 11 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 68 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Anguilla
Telecommunications: fair system of wire,
radio-relay and troposcatter routes; HF used
extensively for military /Cuban links; 2 At-
lantic Ocean satellite stations; 40,300
telephones (0.7 per lOOpopl.); 16AM, 13 FM,
and 2 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force/Air De-
fense; paramilitary forces — Peoples' Police
Corps, Peoples' Defense Organization, Fron-
tier Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,757,000;
885,000 fit for military service; 74,000 reach
military age (20) annually
Prickly Pear Cays
THE VALLEY
Caribbean Sea
See rpRionil map III
Land
Anguilla, 91 km2; about one-half the size of
Washington, D.C.; Sombrero, 5 km2
People
Population: 7,000 (1982 est.)
Nationality: noun — Anguillan(s); adjec-
tive— Anguillan
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro
descent
Religion: Anglican and Methodist
Language: English (official)
Literacy: 80%
Labor force: 2,000 Anguillans living overseas
send remittances home; high unemployment
(40% in 1977)
Organized labor: none
Government
Official name: Anguilla
Type: British dependent territory
Capital: The Valley
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution came into effect on 1 April 1982
Branches: 11-member House of Assembly,
seven-member Executive Council
Government leaders: Allistair BAILLE,
Governor (since February 1984); Emile
GUMBS, Chief Minister (since March 1984)
Suffrage: native born; resident before sepa-
ration from St. Christopher-Nevis; 15 years
residence for "belonger" status
Elections: general election, March 1984
Political parties and leaders: Anguilla Na-
tional Alliance (ANA), Emile Gumbs;
Anguillan People's Party (APP), Ronald
Webster
Voting strength: ANA, 4 seats; APP, 2 seats; 1
independent
Communists: none
Member of: Commonwealth
Economy
GDP: unknown (January 1985)
Agriculture: pigeon peas, corn, sweet pota-
toes, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, poultry
Fishing: inshore and reef fishing; catch un-
known
Major industries: lobster exports, tourism,
salt
Electric power: 1,500,000 kW capacity
(1984); 2 million kWh produced (1984), 285
kWh per capita
Exports: lobsters
Budget: revenue, EC $9,899,801 (1982); ex-
penditure, EC $10,759,868 (1982); grant-in-
aid, EC $1,081,000 (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean dollars=$USl (February 1984)
Fiscal year: probably calendar
Anguilla (continued)
Antigua and Barbuda
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: approximately 60 km surfaced
Inland waterways: none
Ports: I major (Road Bay), 1 minor (Blowing
Point)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfield: 1 with permanent-surface runways
of 1,100 m at Wallblake Airport
Telecommunications: modem internal tele-
phone system (1,200 telephones est.); 1 radio
broadcasting service
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of UK
Branches: Police
drington
Barbuda
Caribbean Sea
SAINT JOHN'S,
Antigua
tRedonda
See regional mtp III
Land
280 km2; less than two-thirds the size of New
York City; 54% arable; 18% waste and built
on; 14% forest; 9% unused but potentially
productive; 5% pasture; the islands of Re-
donda (less than 2.6 km and uninhabited) and
Barbuda (161 km) are dependencies
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(200 nm economic zone)
Coastline: 153 km
People
Population: 80,000 (July 19&5), average an-
nual growth rate 0%
Nationality: noun — Antiguan(s); adjective —
Antiguan
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely African
Negro
Religion: Anglican (predominant), other
Protestant sects, some Roman Catholic
Language: English
Literacy: about 88%
Organized labor: 18,000, 22-26% unemploy-
ment (1983 est.)
Government
Official name: Antigua and Barbuda
Type: independent state recognizing Eliza-
beth II as Chief of State
Capital: St. John's
Political subdivisions: 6 parishes, 2 depen-
dencies (Barbuda, Redonda)
Legal system: based on English law; British
Caribbean Court of Appeal has exclusive
original jurisdiction and an appellate juris-
diction, consists of Chief Justice and five
justices
Branches: bicameral legislative, 17-member
popularly elected House of Representatives
and 17-member Senate; executive, Prime
Minister and Cabinet
Government leaders: Vere Cornwall BIRD,
Sr., Prime Minister (since 1976); Lester
BIRD, Deputy Prime Minister (since 1976);
Sir Wilfred Elx>nezer JACOBS, Governor
General (since 1967)
Suffrage: universal suffrage age 18 and over
Elections: every five years; last general elec-
tion 17 April 1984
Political parties and leaders: Antigua Labor
Party (ALP), Vere C. Bird, Sr., Lester Bird;
United People's Movement (UPM), George
Herbert Walter; Progressive Labor Move-
ment (PLM), Robert Hall
Voting strength: (1984 election) House of
Representatives — ALP, 16 seats; indepen-
dent, 1 seat
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Antigua
Caribbean Liberation Movement (ACLM), a
small leftist nationalist group led by Leonard
"Tim" Hector
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth,
G-77, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ISO, OAS, UN,
UNESCO
Argentina
Economy
GDP: $129.5 million (1982), $1,682 per
capita
Agriculture: main crop, cotton
Major industries: tourism, cotton production
Electric power: 43,000 kW capacity (1984);
61 million kWh produced (1984), 756 kWh
per capita
Exports: $34.5 million (1985); clothing, rum,
lobsters
Imports: $138.1 million (c.i.f., 1982); fuel,
food, machinery
Major trade partners: 30% UK, 25% US, 18%
Commonwealth Caribbean countries (1975)
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments,
ODA and OOF (1970-80) from Western
(non-US) countries, $20 million; no military
aid
Budget: (current) revenues, $107.5 million
(1983); expenditures, $124.5 million (1983)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean (EC) dollars=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 April-30 March
Communications
Railroads: 64 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge,
13 km 0.610-meter gauge, employed almost
exclusively for handling cane
Highways: 240 km main
Ports: 1 major (St. Johns), 1 minor
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2lo(a\, 1 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m
Telecommunications: automatic telephone
system; 6,700 telephones (9.2 per 100 popl.);
tropospheric scatter links with Saba and Gua-
deloupe; 5 AM and 2 FM stations; 1 TV
station; 1 coaxial submarine cable; about
19,000 radio and 16,000 television receivers
(1982)
Defense Forces
Branches: Antigua and Barbuda Defense
Force, Royal Antigua and Barbuda Police
Force
Major ground units: Defense Force
Aircraft: none
900km
See regional map IV
Land
2,766,889 km2; four times the size of Texas;
57% agricultural (46% natural meadow, 11%
crop, improved pasture, and fallow); 25% for-
est; 18% mountain, urban, or waste
Land boundaries: 9,414 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm (continental shelf, including sovereignty
over superjacent waters)
Coastline: 4,989 km
People
Population: 30,708,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 1.6%
Nationality: noun — Argentine(s); adjec-
tive— Argentine
Ethnic divisions: approximately 85% white,
15% mestizo, Indian, or other non white
groups
Religion: 90% nominally Roman Catholic
(less than 20% practicing), 2% Protestant, 2%
Jewish, 6% other
Language: Spanish (official), English, Italian,
German, French
Literacy: 94%
Argentina (continued)
Labor force: 1 1.2 million (1982 est); 19% ag-
riculture, 25% manufacturing, 20% services,
11% commerce, 6% transport and communi-
cations, 19% o'ther; 6% estimated unem-
ployment (1982 est.)
Organized labor: 25% of labor force (est.)
Government
Official name: Argentine Republic
Type: republic; changed from military to ci-
vilian government in December 1983
Capital: Buenos Aires
Political subdivisions: 22 provinces, 1 district
(Federal Capital), and 1 territory
Legal system: mixture of US and West Euro-
pean legal systems; constitution adopted
1853 is in effect; legal education at University
of Buenos Aires and other public and private
universities; has not accepted compulsory
IOJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
May
Branches: executive (President, Vice Presi-
dent, Cabinet); legislative (National
Congress — Senate, Chamber of Deputies);
national judiciary
Government leaders: Raul ALFONSIN,
President (since December 1983); Victor
MARTINEZ, Vice President (since Decem-
ber 1983)
Elections: general elections held 30 October
1983; next congressional elections scheduled
for 1985
Political parties: operate under statute
passed in 1983 that sets out criteria for par-
ticipation in national elections; Radical Civic
Union (UCR) — moderately left of center;
Justicialist Party (JP) — Peronist umbrella po-
litical organization; Movement for Industrial
Development (MID); Intransigent Party (PI);
several provincial parties
Communists: some 70,000. members in vari-
ous party organizations, including a small
nucleus of activists
Other political or pressure groups: Peronist-
dominated labor movement. General
Economic Confederation (Peronist-leaning
association of small businessmen), Argentine
Industrial Union (manufacturers' associa-
tion), Argentine Rural Society (large
landowners' association), business organiza-
tions, students, the Catholic Church
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB—
Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOOC, ISO, ITU, IWC— Inter-
national Whaling Commission, IWC —
International Wheat Council, LAIA, NAM,
OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $58.2 billion (1982), $1,995 per capita;
80% consumption, 14% investment; 6% net
exports; real GDP growth rate 1983, 3.1%
Agriculture: main products — cereals, oil-
seed, livestock products; major world
exporter of temperate zone foodstuffs
Fishing: catch 475,770 metric tons (1982); ex-
ports $177.3 million (1983 est.)
Major industries: food processing (especially
meat packing), motor vehicles, consumer du-
rables, textiles, chemicals, printing, and
metallurgy
Crude steel: 1.8 thousand metric tons pro-
duced (1984)
Electric power: 13,661,000 kW capacity
(1984); 39.5 billion kWh produced (1984),
1,312 kWh per capita
Exports: $7.8 billion (f.o.b., 1983); meat,
corn, wheat, wool, hides, oilseed
Imports: $4.5 billion (c.i.f., 1983); machin-
ery, lubricating oils, iron and steel,
intermediate industrial products
Major trade partners: (1983) exports — 20%
USSR, 9% Brazil, 9% Netherlands, 9% US, 6%
Italy, 6% FRG, 5% Japan, 2% Spain; im-
ports—22% US, 10% Brazil, 10% FRG, 6%
Japan, 6% Italy, 2% Chile
Budget: (1983) general government revenues
$15.8 billion; expenditures $22.2 billion at
average annual exchange rate
Monetary conversion rate: 104.2 pesos
argentinos=US$l (October 1984); Argentina
redenominated its currency 1 June 1983;
10,000 pesos=l peso argentino
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 35,476 km total; 3,086 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 22,788 km 1.676-
meter broad gauge, 13,461 km 1.000-meter
gauge, 403 km 0.750-meter gauge; of total in
country, 116 km are electrified
Highways: 208, 100 km total, of which 47,550
km paved, 39,500 km gravel, 101 ,000 km im-
proved earth, 20,300 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 11,000km navigable
Pipelines: 4,090 km crude oil; 2,200 km re-
fined products; 9,918 km natural gas
Ports: 7 major, 30 minor
Civil air: 54 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1,840 total, 1,694 usable; 125 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,695 m, 30 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 324 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: extensive modern sys-
tem; telephone network has 3.23 million sets
(10.3 per 100 popl.), radio relay widely used;
2 satellite stations with 3 Atlantic Ocean an-
tennas; 154 AM, 45 FM, and 191 TV stations;
30 station network domestic satellite
10
Australia
Defense Forces
Branches: Argentine Army, Navy of the Ar-
gentine Republic, Argentine Air Force,
National Gendarmerie, Argentine Naval
Prefecture, National Aeronautical Police
Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,601,000;
6,168,000 fit for military service; 251,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: proposed defense budget
for fiscal year ending 31 December 1985,
$2.0 billion; 12.9% of central government
budget
Coral Sea
' Indian Ocean
See regional map X
Bight*', "*^boume
r\^Tasman Sea
Land
7,686,848 km2; almost as large as the
continential US; 58% pasture; 6% arable; 2%
forest; 34% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm; prawn and crayfish on conti-
nental shelf)
Coastline: about 25,760 km
People
Population: 15,658,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 1.3%
Nationality: noun — Australian(s); adjec-
tive— Australian
Ethnic divisions: 99% Caucasian, 1% Asian
and aborigine
Religion: 27.7% Anglican, 25.7% Roman
Catholic, 25.2% other Protestant
Language: English, native languages
Literacy: 98.5%
Labor force: 7.2 million (November 1984);
8.7% unemployment (December 1984)
Organized labor: 57% of total employees
(December 1982)
Government
Official name: Commonwealth of Australia
Type: federal parliamentary state recogniz-
ing Elizabeth II as sovereign or head of state
Capital: Canberra
Political subdivisions: 6 states and 2 territo-
ries— Australian Capital Territory
(Canberra) and Northern Territory
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution adopted 1900; High Court has
jurisdiction over cases involving interpreta-
tion of the constitution; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Australia Day, 26 January
Branches: bicameral legislature (Federal
Parliament — Senate and House of Represen-
tatives); Prime Minister and Cabinet
responsible to House; independent judiciary
Government leaders: Sir Ninian STEPHEN,
Governor General (since July 1982); Robert
HAWKE, Prime Minister (since March 1983)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: held at three-year intervals or
sooner if Parliament is dissolved by Prime
Minister; last election 1 December 1984
Political parties and leaders: government —
Australian Labor Party (Robert Hawke); op-
position— Liberal Party (Andrew Peacock),
National Party (Ian Sinclair), Australian
Democratic Party (Donald L. Chipp), Nu-
clear Disarmament Party (Michael
Denborough)
Voting strength: (1984 parliamentary elec-
tion) House of Representatives — Labor Party
82 seats, Liberal-National coalition 66 seats;
Senate — Labor Party 34 seats, Liberal-Coun-
try coalition 33 seats, Australian Democratic
Party 7 seats, Nuclear Disarmament Party 1
seat, independents 1 seat
Communists: 4,000 members (est.)
11
Australia (continued)
Other political or pressure groups: Austra-
lian Democratic Lalxir Party (anti-
Communist Labor Party splinter group)
Member of: ADB, A1OEC, ANZUS, CIPEC
(associate), Colombo Plan, Commonwealth,
DAC, ELDO, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IATP, IBA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International
Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC,
ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Whal-
ing C Commission, IWC — International
Wheat Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GDP: $14-1.1 billion (1983), $9,440 per cap-
ita; 62% private consumption, 17.5%
government expenditure, 21% investment;
2.2% real average annual growth (1976-82)
Agriculture: large areas devoted to grazing;
60% of area used for crops is planted in
wheat; major products — wool, livestock,
wheat, fruits, sugarcane; self-sufficient in
fcxxl
Major industries: mining, industrial and
transportation equipment, food processing,
chemicals
Crude steel: 5.6 million metric tons produced
(1983)
Electric power: 28,950,000 kW capacity
(1984); 107.4 billion kWh produced (1984),
6,950 kWh per capita
Exports: $20.7 billion (f.o.b., 1983); principal
products — coal, wool, wheat, iron ore, beef
Imports: $19.4 billion (f.o.b., 1983); principal
products — manufactured raw materials,
capital equipment, consumer goods
Major trade partners: (1982-83) exports —
26% Japan, 12% US, 6% New Zealand, 4%
North Korea, 4% Singapore, 3% USSR; im-
ports—21 % US, 21% Japan, 6% UK, 6% FRG,
4% New Zealand
Aid: donor — ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-82), $5.7 billion
Budget: (FY83-84) expenditures, A$56.7 bil-
lion; receipts, A$48.3 billion; deficit, A$8.4
billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1.23 Australian
dollar=US$l (1 January 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 42,855 km total (1980); 9,689 km
1.600-meter gauge, 15,783 km 1.435-meter*
standard gauge, 17,383km 1.067-meter
gauge; 900 km electrified (June 1979); gov-
ernment owned (except for a few hundred
kilometers of privately owned track)
Highways: 837,872 km total (1980); 243,750
km paved, 228,396 km gravel, crushed stone,
or stabilized soil surface, 365,726 km unim-
proved earth
Inland waterways: 8,368 km; mainly by
small, shallow-draft craft
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,400 km; refined prod-
ucts, 500 km; natural gas, 5,600 km
Ports: 12 major, numerous minor
Civil air: around 150 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1,067 total, 1,023 usable; 220 with
permanent-surface runways, 2 with runways
over 3,659 m; 18 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 502 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: very good interna-
tional and domestic service; 7.4 million
telephones(52 per 100 popl.); 223 AM, 5 FM,
and 111 TV stations; 3 earth satellite stations;
submarine cables to New Zealand, Papua
New Guinea, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong
Kong, and Guam
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Australian Air Force, Royal
Australian Navy, Australian Army
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,158,000;
3,542,000 fit for military service; 139,000
reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1985, $5.3 billion; about 9.1% of total
central government budget
12
Austria
See r«f ional mip V
Land
83,835 km-; slightly smaller than Maine; 38%
forest; 26% meadow and pasture; 20% culti-
vated; 15% waste or urban; 1% inland water
Land boundaries: 2,582 km
People
Population: 7,540,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 0%
Nationality: noun — Austrian(s); adjective —
Austrian
Ethnic divisions: 99.4% German, 0.3% Cro-
atian, 0.2% Slovene, 0.1% other
Religion: 88% Roman Catholic, 6% Protes-
tant, 6% none or other
Language: German
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 2.9 million (1983); 41.1% indus-
try and crafts, 57.55% services, 1.35%
agriculture and forestry; 4.1% unemployed
(October 1984); an estimated 200,000 Austri-
ans are employed in other European
countries; foreign laborers in Austria number
142,030(1984)
Organized lalxir: 61.4% of wage and salary
workers (1983)
Government
Official name: Republic of Austria
Type: federal republic
Capital: Vienna
Political subdivisions: 9 states (lander) in-
cluding the capital
Legal system: civil law system with Roman
law origin; constitution adopted 1920,
repromulgated 1945; judicial review of legis-
lative actsby a Constitutional Court; separate
administrative and civil/penal supreme
courts; legal education at Universities of Vi-
enna, Graz, Innsbruck, Salzburg, and Linz;
has not accepted compulsory 1C) jurisdiction
National holiday: 26 October
Branches: bicameral legislature (Federal As-
sembly— Federal Council, National
Council), directly elected President whose
functions are largely representational, inde-
pendent federal judiciary
Government leaders: Rudolf KIRCH-
SCHLAGER, President (since July 1974);
Fred SINOWATZ, Chancellor (since May
1983), leads a Socialist/Freedom Party of
Austria coalition
Suffrage: universal over age 19; compulsory
for presidential elections
Elections: presidential, every six years (next
1986); parliamentary, every four years (next
1987)
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party
of Austria (SPO), Fred Sinowatz, chairman;
Austrian People's Party (OVP), Alois Mock,
chairman; Liberal Party (FPO), Norbert
Steger, chairman; Communist Party (KPO),
Franz Muhri, chairman; Alternative List
Austria (ALO), no leader; United Greens
(VGO), Josef Buchner, leader
Voting strength: (1983 election, prelimi-
nary) parliamentary— SPO 47.&5%, OVP
43.22%, FPO 4.98%, VGO 1.93%, ALO
1.26%, KPO 0.66%
Communists: meml>ership 15,000 est.; activ-
ists 7,000-8,000
Other political or pressure groups: Federal
Chamber of Commerce and Industry; Aus-
trian Trade Union Federation (primarily
Socialist); three composite leagues of the Aus-
trian People's Party (OVP) representing
business, lal>or, and farmers; theOVP-
oriented League of Austrian Industrialists;
Roman Catholic Church, including its chief
lay organization, Catholic Action
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC,
ECE, EFTA, EMA, ESRO (observer), FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IDB— Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead
and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, IWC—
International Wheat Council, OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $67.24 billion (1983), $8,904 per cap-
ita; 57% private consumption, 19% public
consumption, 22%- investment; 1983 real
GNP growth rate, 1.9%
Agriculture: livestock, forest products, cere-
als, potatoes, sugar beets; 84% self-sufficient
Major industries: foods, iron and steel, ma-
chinery, textiles, chemicals, electrical, paper
and pulp; beer sales, 7,682,150 hectoliters
(1981)
Crude steel: 4.4 million metric tons produced
(1983)
Electric power: 14,610,000 kW capacity
(1984); 43.750 billion kWh produced (1984),
5,800 kWh per capita
Exports: $15.43 billion (f.o.b., 1983); iron and
steel products, machinery and equipment,
lumber, textiles, paper products, chemicals
Imports: $19.40 billion (c.i.f., 1983); machin-
ery and equipment, chemicals, textiles and
clothing, petroleum, foodstuffs, cars
13
Austria (continued)
The Bahamas
Major trade partners: (1983) imports —
41.5% FRG, 8.9% Italy, 6.2% East Europe
(excluding USSR), 4.8% Switzerland, 4.3%
USSR, 3.4% US, exports— 30.8% FRG, 8.9%
Italy, 8.2% East Europe (excluding USSR),
7.4% OPEC, 6.8% Switzerland
Aid: donor — bilateral economic aid commit-
ments (OD A and OOF), $ 1 . 1 billion ( 1 970-82)
Budget: expenditures, $24.31 billion; reve-
nues, $19.03 billion; deficit, $5.28 billion
(1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 17.96
schillings=US$l (1983 average); 20.50
shillings=US$l (third quarter 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 6,497 km total; 5.857 km govern-
ment owned; 5,403 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge of which 3,017 km electrified and
1,520 km double tracked; 454 km 0.760-
meter narrow gauge of which 91 km electri-
fied; 640 km privately owned 1.435- and
1.000-meter gauge
Highways: 95,412 km total; 34,612 km are
the classified network (including 1,012 km of
autobahn, 10,400 km of federal and 23,200
km of provincial roads); of this number, ap-
proximately 21,812 km are paved and 12,800
km are unpaved; additionally, there are
60,800km of communal roads(mostly gravel,
crushed stone, earth)
Inland waterways: 427 km
Ports: 2 major river (Vienna, Linz)
Pipelines: 554 km crude oil; 2,61 1 km natural
gas; 171 km refined products
Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 55 total, 53 usable; 17 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 5 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed and
efficient; extensive TV and radiobroadcast
systems with 160 AM, 536 FM, and 988 TV
stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT sta-
tion; 3.33 million telephones (44.1 per 100
popl.)
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Flying Division
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,944,000;
1,646,000 fit for military service; 65,000
reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $770 million; about 3.6% of
the proposed federal budget
200km
Great Inagua
See regional mip 111
Land
13,934 km2; about the size of Connecticut;
nation is made up an archipelago of some 700
islands and keys; 29% forest; 1% cultivated;
70% built on, wasteland, and other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 3,542 km (New Providence Island,
76km)
People
Population: 232,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 2.0%
Nationality: noun — Bahamian(s); adjec-
tive— Bahamian
Ethnic divisions: 85% black, 15% white
Religion: Baptist 29%, Anglican 23%, Roman
Catholic 22%, smaller groups of other Protes-
tants, Greek Orthodox, and Jews
Language: English; some Creole among
Haitian immigrants
Literacy: 89%
Labor force: 82,000(1982); 30% government,
25% hotels and restaurants, 10% business ser-
vices, 6% agriculture; 30% unemployment
(1983)
Organized labor: 25% organized
14
Government
Official name: The Commonwealth of The
Bahamas
Type: independent commonwealth rec-
ognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of State
Capital: Nassau (New Providence Island)
Legal system: based on English law
National holiday: Independence Day, 10
July
Branches: bicameral legislature (Parlia-
ment— apppointed Senate, elected House of
Assembly); executive (Prime Minister and
Cabinet); judiciary
Government leaders: Lynden Oscar PIND-
LING, Prime Minister (since 1969); Sir
Gerald C. CASH, Governor General (since
1979)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: House of Assembly (June 1982);
next election due constitutionally in five
years
Political parties and leaders: Progressive
Liberal Party (PLP), predominantly black,
Lynden O. Pindling; Free National Move-
ment (FNM), Kendal Isaacs, Cecil Wallace-
Whitfield
Voting strength: 73,309 registered voters
(July 1977); (1982 election) House of Assem-
bly—PLP (55%) 32 seats, FNM (45%) 11 seats,
others (3%) 0 seats
Communists: none known
Other political or pressure group: Vanguard
Nationalist and Socialist Party (VNSP), a
small leftist party headed by John
McCartney
Member of: CARICOM, CDB, Common-
wealth, FAO, G-77, GATT(de facto), IBRD,
ICAO, IDB — Inter-American Development
Bank, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAS, PAHO, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $1.4 billion (1982), $6,581 per capita;
real growth rate 2% (1982)
Agriculture: food importer; main crops fish,
fruits, vegetables
Major industries: banking, tourism, cement,
oil refining and transhipment, lumber, salt
production, rum, aragonite, pharmaceuti-
cals, spiral weld, and steel pipe
Electric power: 348,000 kW capacity (1984);
880 million kWh produced (1984), 3,860
kWh per capita
Exports: $2.5 billion (f.o.b., 1983); pharma-
ceuticals, cement, rum, crayfish
Imports: $3.0 billion (f.o.b., 1983); food
stuffs, manufactured goods, mineral fuels
Major trade partners: exports— US 90%, UK
10%; imports— Iran 30%, Nigeria 20%, US
10%, EC 10%, Gabon 10% (1981)
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments, in-
cluding Ex-Im (1970-82), from US, $42
million; from other Western countries (1970-
82), $136 million; no military aid
Budget: (1982 actual) revenues, $305 million;
expenditures, $369 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bahamian
dollar=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,400 km total; 1,350 km paved,
1,050 km gravel
Ports: 2 major (Freeport, Nassau), 9 minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 61 total, 56 usable; 29 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 23 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: telecom facilities
highly developed, including 78,150 tele-
phones(35 per lOOpopl.) in totally automatic
system; tropospheric scatter link with Flor-
ida; 3 AM and 2 FM stations; 1 TV station; 3
coaxial submarine cables
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Bahamas Defense Force (a
coast guard element only), Royal Bahamas
Police Force
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1982 $28.7 million, about 7.7% of
the total budget
15
Bahrain
Persian Gull
See regional map VI
Land
676 km- plus group of 32 smaller islands;
smaller (ban New York City; 5% cultivated,
negligible forest; remainder desert, waste, or
urban
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 161 km
People
Population: 427,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 3.8%
Nationality: noun — Bahraini(s); adjective —
Bahraini
Ethnic divisions: 63% Bahrain!, 13% Asian,
10% other Arab, 8% Iranian, 6% other
Religion: Muslim (60% Shi'a, 40% Sunni)
Language: Arabic (official); English also
widely spoken; Farsi, Urdu
Literacy: 40%
Labor force: 140,000(1982); 42% of lalx>r
force is Bahrain!; 85% industry and com-
merce, 5% agriculture, 5% services, 3%
government
Government
Official name: State of Bahrain
Type : traditional monarchy; independent
since 1971
Capital: Manama
Legal system: based on Islamic law and En-
glish common law; constitution went into
effect Decemlxr 1973
National holiday: 16 December
Branches: Amir rules with help of a Cabinet
led by Prime Minister; Amir dissolved the
National Assembly in August 1975 and sus-.
pended the constitutional provision for
election of the Assembly; independent judi-
ciary
Government leader: Isa bin Sulman Al
KHALIFA, Amir (since November 1961)
Suffrage: none
Political parties and pressure groups: politi-
cal parties prohibited; several small,
clandestine leftist and Shi'a fundamentalist
groups are active
Communists: negligible
Memher of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
GATT(de facto), GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDB—
Islamic Development Bank, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, QIC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $4.0 billion at current prices ( 1 982 est. ),
$10,000 per capita; real growth rate 9%
(1981)
Agriculture: not self-sufficient in food pro-
duction; produces some fruit and vegetables;
dairy and poultry farming; shrimping and
fishing
Major industries: petroleum processing and
refining, aluminum smelting, offshore bank-
ing, ship repairing
Electric power: 1,408,000 kW capacity
(1984); 5.952 billion kWh pnxluced (1984),
1 4,480 kWh per capita
•
Exports: $3.2 billion (f.o.b., 1983); nonoil ex-
ports $614 million (1983); oil exports $2.6
billion (1983)
Imports: $3.3 billion (c.i.f., 1983); nonoil im-
ports $1.9 billion (1983); oil imports $1.4
billion (1983)
Major trade partners: Japan, UK, US, Saudi
Arabia
Budget :( 1983) $843 million current expendi-
ture, $691 million capital
Monetary conversion rate: 0.376 Bahrain
dinar=US$l (December 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 225 km bituminous surfaced; un-
determined mileage of natural surface
tracks; 25 km bridge-causeway to Saudi Ara-
bia is under construction with completion
scheduled for January 1986
Ports: 1 major (Bahrain), 1 minor, 1 petro-
leum, oil, and lubricant terminal
Pipelines: crude oil, 56 km'; refined prod-
ucts, 16 km; natural gas, 32 km
Civil air: 3 major transix>rt aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659
in; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent interna-
tional telecommunications; adequate
domestic services; 86,000 telephones (24.4
per 1 00 popl. ); 2 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV stations;
1 AtlanticOcean, 1 Indian Ocean, and 1 Arab
satellite station; tropospheric scatter and mi-
crowave to Oatar, United Arab Emirates,
Saudi Arabia
16
Bangladesh
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Naval Wing, Air Wing
Military manpower: males 15-49, 121,000;
71,000 fit for military service
Supply: from several West European coun-
tries, especially France and UK
Bay of Bengal
See regional map VIII
Land
143,998 km2; slightly smaller than Wisconsin;
66% arable (including cultivated and fallow);
18% uncultivated (not available); 16% forest
Land boundaries: 2,535 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic including fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 580 km
People
Population: 101 ,408,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun — Bangladeshi(s); adjec-
tive— Bangladesh
Ethnic divisions: 98% Bengali; 250,000
"Biharis" and fewer than one million tribals
Religion: 83% Muslim, about 16% Hindu, less
than 1% Buddhist, Christian, and other
Language: Bangla (official), English widely
used
Literacy: 25%
Labor force: 32.4 million (FY83); extensive
export of labor to Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman,
and Kuwait; 74% of labor force is in agricul-
ture, 15% services, 11% industry and
commerce (FY8 1/82)
Government
Official name: People's Republic of Bangla-
desh
Type: republic; under martial law since 24
March 1982
Capital: Dhaka
Political subdivisions: 21 districts, to be re-
vised to approximately 370 thanas (rural
townships), consisting of 4,470 unions (village
groupings)
Legal system: martial law currently prevails
and civilian legal system suspended; tradi-
tionally based on English common law;
constitution adopted December 1972;
amended January 1975 to more authoritar-
ian presidential system; changed by
proclamation in April 1977 to reflect Islamic-
character of nation; further change, by proc-
lamation in December 1978, to provide for
the appointments of the Prime Minister and
the Deputy Prime Minister, as well as other
ministers of Cabinet rank, and to further de-
fine the powers of the President
National holiday: National Day, 26 March
Branches: constitution (currently suspended)
provides for unicameral legislature (Parlia-
ment), strong President; independent
judiciary; President has substantial control
over the judiciary
Government leaders: Lt. Gen. Hussain
Mohammad ERSHAD, President and Chief
Martial Law Administrator (since March
1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: some local elections held in De-
cember 1983; higher local elections
scheduled for December 1984 postponed;
presidential and parliamentary elections
may be held in 1985
Political parties and leaders: Bangladesh Na-
tionalist Party, Begum Ziaur Rahman;
Awami League, Sheikh Hasina Wazed;
United People's Party, Kazi Zafar Ahmed;
17
Bangladesh (continued)
Barbados
Democratic League, Khondakar Mushtaque
Ahmed; Muslim League, Khan A. Sabur;
Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (National Socialist
Party), M. A. Jalil; Bangladesh Communist
Party (pro-Soviet), Mohammad Farhad; nu-
merous small parties; political activity
banned following March 1982 coup; ban
lifted in March 1984
Communists: 2,500 members (est.)
Member of: ADB, Afro- Asian People's Soli-
darity Organization, Colombo Plan,
Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB—
Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IOC, IRC, ITU, NAM, QIC, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WFTU, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GNP: $11.6 billion (FY83, current prices),
$121 per capita; real growth, 5.1% (FY83)
Agriculture: large-scale subsistence farming,
heavily dependent on monsoon rainfall;
main crops are jute and rice; shortages grain,
cotton, and oilseed
Fishing: catch 426,000 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: jute manufactures, food
processing, and cotton textiles
Electric power: 1,025,000 kW capacity
(1984); 3.86 billion kWh produced (1984), 39
kWh per capita
Exports: $650 million (f.o.b., FY83); raw and
manufactured jute, leather, tea
Imports: $2.3 billion (c.i.f., FY83); food-
grains, fuels, raw cotton, fertilizer, manu-
factured products
Major trade partners: exports — US 10%, Mo-
zambique 7%, Iran 6.1%, Pakistan 5%, Sudan
5%; imports — Western Europe 16%, Japan
12%, US 6% (FY83)
Budget: (FY83) current expenditures, $800
million; capital expenditures, $1.1 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 25.65
takas= US$1 (October 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 4,085 km total (1980); 2,198 km
1.000-meter gauge, 1,852km 1.676-meter
broad gauge, 35 km 0.762-meter narrow
gauge, 300 km double track; government
owned
Highways: 45,633 km total; 4,076 km paved,
2,693 km gravel, 38,864 km earth
•
Inland waterways: 7,000 km; river steamers
navigate main waterways
Ports: 1 major (Chittagong), 2 minor
Pipelines: 610 km natural gas
Civil air: 15 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 18 total, 13 usable; 14 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 4 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate interna-
tional radio communications and landline
service; fair domestic wire and microwave
service; fair broadcast service; 100,000 (est.)
telephones (0. 1 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, 6 FM, 7
TV stations, and 1 ground satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force; paramili-
tary forces — Bangladesh Rifles, Bangladesh
Ansars, Armed Police Reserve, Coastal Police
Military manpower: males 15-49,
23,961,000; 14,738,000 fit for military ser-
vice
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1985, $279 million; about 10% of central
government budget
North
Atlantic
Ocean
5 fcm
The Crane
See regional map III
Land
430 km2; about half the size of New Yojk
City; 60% crop; 30% unused, built on, or
waste; 10% meadow
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic including fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 97 km
People
Population: 252,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 0.3%
Nationality: noun — Barbadian(s); adjec-
tive— Barbadian
Ethnic divisions: 80% African, 16% mixed,
4% European
Religion: 70% Anglican, 9% Methodist, 4%
Roman Catholic, 17% other, including Mora-
vian
Language: English
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 103,900(1982); 65.6% services
and government, 24.6% industry and com-
merce, 9.8% agriculture; 11% unemploy-
ment (1979)
Organized labor: 32%
18
Government
Official name: Barbados
Type: independent sovereign state within the
Commonwealth recognizing Elizabeth II as
Chief of State
Capital: Bridgetown
Political subdivisions: 1 1 parishes and city of
Bridgetown
Legal system: English common law; con-
stitution came into effect upon indepen-
dence in 1966; no judicial review of
legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 30
November
Branches: bicameral legislature (Parlia-
ment— 21-member appointed Senate and
27-member elected House of Assembly);
Cabinet headed by Prime Minister
Government leaders: Bernard St. John, Act-
ing Prime Minister; Sir Hugh SPRINGER,
Governor General (since 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: House of Assembly members have
terms no longer than five years; last general
election held 18 June 1981
Political parties and leaders: Barbados La-
bor Party (BLP; leader not yet named
[former leader was Prime Minister Tom Ad-
ams, who died in March 1985]); Democratic
Labor Party (DLP), Errol Barrow
Voting strength: (1981 election) BLP, 52.4%;
DLP, 46.8%; independent, negligible; House
of Assembly seats— BLP 17, DLP 10
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Move-
ment for National Liberation (MONALI),
Ricky Parris; People's Progressive Move-
ment, Bobby Clarke; People's Pressure
Movement, Eric Sealy
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth,
FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO,
IDB — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, IWC— International
Wheat Council, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $997.5 million (1982), $3,977 per cap-
ita; real GDP growth rate -2.7% (1982)
Agriculture: main products — -sugarcane,
subsistence foods
Major industries: tourism, sugar milling,
light manufacturing, component assembly
for export
Electric power: 146,000 kW capacity (1984);
339 million kWh produced (1984), 1,345
kWh per capita
Exports: $358.7 million (f.o.b., 1983); sugar
and sugarcane byproducts, electrical parts,
clothing
Imports: $572 million (f.o.b., 1983); food
stuffs, consumer durables, machinery, fuels
Major trade partners: exports — 36% US,
27% CARICOM, UK; imports— 34% US, 18%
CARICOM, UK, Canada (1980)
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments, in-
cluding Ex-Im (FY70-82), from US, $10
million; ODA and OOF commitments from
other Western countries (1970-82), $84 mil-
lion; no military aid
Budget: (1983) revenues, $242 million; ex-
penditures, $247.3 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.989 Barbados
dollars=US$l (November 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 1 ,533 km total; 1 ,476 km paved, 7
km unpaved, 3 km four-lane highways under
construction, 96 km gravel and earth
Ports: 1 major (Bridgetown), 2 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runways
2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: islandwide automatic
telephone system with 72,850 telephones
(27.9 per 100 popl.); tropospheric scatter link
to Trinidad and St. Lucia; UHF/VHF links
to St. Vincent and St. Lucia; 2 AM stations, 1
FM station, 1 TV station; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Barbados Defense Force, Royal
Barbados Police Force
Major ground units: Defense Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 67,000;
48,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
19
Belgium
See regional map V
Land
30,540 km2; slightly larger than Maryland;
28% cultivated; 24% meadow and pasture;
20% forest; 28% waste, urban, or other
Land boundaries: 1,377 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 64 km
People
Population: 9,856,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 0%
Nationality: noun — Belgian(s); adjective —
Belgian
Ethnic divisions: 55% Fleming, 33% Wal-
loon, 12% mixed or other
Religion: 75% Roman Catholic, remainder
Protestant, none, or other
Language: 56% Flemish (Dutch), 32%
French, 1% German; 11% legally bilingual;
divided along ethnic lines
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 4 million (1983); 36% transporta-
tion, 33% industry and commerce, 21%
public services, 2.3% agriculture; 11% unem-
ployed (1983)
Organized labor: 70% of labor force
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Belgium
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Brussels
Political subdivisions: nine provinces; as of 1
October 1980, Wallonia and Flanders have
regional "subgovernments ' with elected re-
gional councils and executive officials; those
regional authorities have limited powers over
revenues and certain areas of economic, ur-
ban, environmental, and housing policy; the
authority of the regional subgovernments
will increase over a five-year period;
Wallonia also has a separate Walloon Cul-
tural Council
Legal system: civil law system influenced by
English constitutional theory; constitution
adopted 1831, since amended; judicial re-
view of legislative acts; legal education at
four law schools; accepts compulsory ICJ ju-
risdiction, with reservations
National holiday: National Day, 21 July
Branches: executive branch consists of King
and Cabinet; Cabinet responsible to bicam-
eral parliament (Senate and Chamber of
Representatives); independent judiciary; co-
alition governments are usual
Government leaders: BAUDOUIN I, King
(since August 1950); Wilfried MARTENS,
Prime Minister (since 1981)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: held at least once every four years;
last held 8 November 1981
Political parties and leaders: Flemish Social
Christian (CVP), Frank Swaelen, president;
Walloon Social Christian (PSC), Gerard
Deprez, president; Flemish Socialist (SP),
Karel van Miert, president; Walloon Socialist
(PS), Guy Spitaels, president; Flemish Liberal
(PVV), Guy Verhofstadt, president; Walloon
Liberal (PRL), Louis Michel, president;
Francophone Democratic Front (FDF),
Georges Clerfayt, president; Volksunie(VU),
Vic Anciaux, president; Communist Party
(PCB), Louis van Geyt, president; Walkxm
Rally (RW), Fernand Massart; Ecologist
Party (ECOLO-AGALEV), loosely orga-
nized, has no president; Anti-Tax Party
(UDRT-RAD), Robert Hendrickand Thomas
Delahaye, presidents; Vlaams Blok (VB),
president unknown
Voting strength: (1981 election) Chamber of
Representatives — CVP 43 seats, PS 35 seats,
PVV 28 seats, SP 26 seats, PRL 24 seats, VU
20 seats, PSC 18 seats, FDF and RW 7 seats,
ECOLO-AGALEV 4 seats, UDRT-RAD 3
seats, PCB 2 seats, VB 1 seat
Communists: 10,000 members (est, October
1981)
Other political or pressure groups: Christian
and Socialist Trade Unions; Federation of
Belgian Industries; numerous other associa-
tions representing bankers, manufacturers,
middle-class artisans, and the legal and medi-
cal professions; various organizations
represent the cultural interests of Flanders
and Wallonia; various peace groups such as
Flemish Action Committee Against Nuclear
Weapons and Pax Christi
Member of: ADB, Benelux, BLEU, Council
of Europe, DAC, EC, ECE, ECOSOC, EIB,
ELDO, EMS, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA,
IDB — Inter-American Development Bank,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead
and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITC,
ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $81.24 billion (1983), $8,243 per cap-
ita; 66% consumption, 16% investment, 18%
government consumption, 0.0% net foreign
balance (1982); 0.3% real growth rate in 1983
Agriculture: livestock production predomi-
nates; main crops — grains, sugar beets, flax,
potatoes, other vegetables, fruits
20
Belize
(formerly British Honduras)
Fishing: catch 40,580 metric tons (1983); ex-
ports $29,991 million, imports $25,787
million
Major industries: engineering and metal
products, processed food and beverages,
chemicals, basic metals, textiles, glass, and
petroleum
Crude steel: 17.9 million metric tons capac-
ity (December 1981); 10 million metric tons
produced, 1,015 kg per capita (1983)
Electric power: 14,941,000 kW capacity
(1984); 54.198 billion kWh produced (1984),
5,490 kWh per capita
Exports: (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic
Union) $51.7 billion (f.o.b., 1983); iron and
steel products (cars), petroleum products,
precious stones
Imports: (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic
Union) $53.7 billion (c.i.f., 1983); motor vehi-
cles, chemicals, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: (Belgium-Luxem-
bourg Economic Union, 1983) exports — 70%
EC (21. 3% ERG, 18.3% France, 14.3% Neth-
erlands, 9.8% UK), 5.1% US, 2.6%
Communist; imports— 68% EC (21.1% FRG,
18.7% Netherlands, 14.5% France, 8.7% UK),
6.6% US, 3.1% Communist
Aid: donor — bilateral economic aid commit-
ments(ODA and OOF), $3.3billion (1970-82)
Budget: (1983) revenues, $24.5 billion; ex-
penditures, $35.7 billion; deficit, $11.2
billion
Monetary conversion rate: 62.0 Belgian
francs=US$l (December 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 4,111 km total; 3,920 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, government owned;
2,563 km double track; 1,763 km electrified;
191 km 1.000-meter gauge, government
owned, electrified
Highways: 103,396 km total; approximately
1,317 km limited access, divided autoroute;
1 1,717 km national highway; 1,362 km pro-
vincial road; approximately 38,000 km other
paved; approximately 51,000 km unpaved
Inland waterways: 2,043 km, of which 1,528
km are in regular use by commercial trans-
port
Ports: 5 major, 1 minor
Pipelines: refined products, 1,115 km; crude,
161 km; natural gas, 3,218 km
Civil air: 47 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 46 total, 45 usable; 25 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 14 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic
and international telephone and telegraph
facilities; 3.96 million telephones (47.0 per
100 popl.); 6 AM, 36 FM, 32 TV stations; 5
submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,497,000;
2,112,000 fit for military service; 80,000
reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $2.7 billion; 8.0% of the cen-
tral government budget
70 km
* / »,;'
8ELMOPANV
• Caribbean Sea
unta Gorda
Srf regional map HI
Land
22,963 km2; slightly larger than Massachu-
setts; 46% exploitable forest, 38% agricultural
(5% cultivated); 16% urban, waste, water, off-
shore islands, or other
Land boundaries: 515 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 386 km
People
Population: 161,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 2.3%
Nationality: noun — Belizean(s); adjective —
Belizean
Ethnic divisions: 51% black, 22% mestizo,
19% Amerindian, 8% other
Religion: 50% Roman Catholic; Anglican,
Seventh-Day Adventist, Methodist, Baptist,
Jehovah's Witnesses, Mennonite
Language: English (official), Spanish Maya,
Carib
Literacy: over 80%
Labor force: 51,500(1984); 30% agriculture.
16% services, 15. 4% government, 11. 2% com-
merce, 10.3% manufacturing; shortage of
skilled labor and all types of technical person-
nel; over 14% are unemployed
21
Belize (continued)
Organized labor: 15% of labor force
Government
Official name: Belize
Type: parliamentary; independent state; a
member of the Commonwealth
Capital: Belmopan
Legal system: English law
Branches: bicameral legislature (National As-
sembly— electoral redistricting in October
1984 expanded House of Representatives
from 18 to 28 seats; eight-member appointed
Senate; either house may choose its speaker or
president, respectively, from outside its
membership); Cabinet; judiciary
Government leaders: Manuel ESQUIVEL,
Prime Minister (since December 1984); Dr.
Elmira Minita GORDON, Governor General
(since December 1981)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Elections: parliamentary elections held De-
cember 1984
Political parties and leaders: United Demo-
cratic Party (UDP), Manuel Esquivel, Curl
Thompson, Dean Lindo; People's United
Party (PUP), George Price
Voting strength: (December 1984) National
Assembly— UDP 21 seats (25,785—54.1%),
PUP 7 seats (20,971—44.0%); before re-
districting, PUP held 13 seats, UDP 4 seats,
and independents 1 seat
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: United
Workers Union, which is connected with
PUP
Member of: CARICOM, CDB, Common-
wealth, GATT, IBRD, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF,
G-77, NAM, ISO, ITU, UN, UNESCO
Economy
GDP: $176 million (1983), $1,143 per capita
(1983); real growth rate 2% (1983)
Agriculture: main products — sugarcane, cit-
rus fruits, corn, molasses, rice, beans,
bananas, livestock products, honey; net im-
porter of food
Fishing: catch 1,349 metric tons (1980)
Major industries: sugar refining, garments,
timber and forest products, furniture, rum,
soap, beverages, cigarettes
Electric power: 23,000 kW capacity (1984);
57 million kWh produced (1984), 360 kWh
per capita
•
Exports: $78 million (f.o.b., 1983); sugar, gar-
ments, fish, molasses, citrus fruits, wood and
wood products
Imports: $113 million (c.i.f., 1983); machin-
ery and transportation equipment, food,
manufactured goods, fuels
Major trade partners: exports— US 36%, UK
22%, Trinidad and Tobago 11%, Canada
10%; imports— US 55%, UK 17%, Nether-
lands Antilles 8%, Mexico 7% (1983)
Aid: economic — authorized from US, includ-
ing Ex-Im (FY70-83), $25 million; bilateral
ODA and OOF commitments from Western
(non-US) countries (1970-82), $110 million
Budget: revenues, $50 million; expenditures,
$64 million (budget for April 1983 through
March 1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 2 Belize
dollars=US$l (19 January 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,575 km total; 340 km paved,
1,190 km gravel, 735 km improved earth and
310 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 825 km river network
used by shallow-draft craft; seasonally navi-
gable
Ports: 2 major (Belize City, Belize City South-
west), 5 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 41 total, 37 usable; 4 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 3 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: 8,650 telephones; (4.5
per 100 popl.); above average system based
on radio-relay; 5 AM stations and 1 FM sta-
tion; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station
Defense Forces
Branches: British Forces Belize, Belize De-
fense Force, Police Department
Military manpower: males 15-49, 39,000;
24,000 fit for military service; 1,700 reach
military age (18) annually; the nucleus of the
Belize Defense Force (BDF) is the former
Special Force of the Belize Police, which was
transferred intact to the new organization;
the bulk of the early recruits were drawn
from the Belize Volunteer Guard, a home
guard force that had previously acted as a
police reserve; currently, the BDF consists of
full-time soldiers referred to as the
"Regulars" and an essentially reserve group,
which has maintained the "Volunteer
Guard" name; recruitment is voluntary and
the terms of service vary
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1984, $3.6 million; 7.1% of central
government budget
22
Benin
(formerly Dahomey)
Set regional map VII
PORTO NOVO
Land
112,622 km2; slightly smaller than Pennsyl-
vania; southern third of country is most
fertile; 80% arable land (11% actually culti-
vated); 19% forest and game preserves; 1%
nonarable
Land boundaries: 1,963 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm (100 nm mineral exploitation limit)
Coastline: 121 km
People
Population: 4,015,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 3.1%
Nationality: noun — Beninese (sing., pi.); ad-
jective— Beninese
Ethnic divisions: 99% African (42 ethnic
groups, most important being Fon, Adja,
Yoruba, Bariba); 5,500 Europeans
Religion: 70% animist, 15% Muslim, 15%
Christian
Language: French (official); Fon and Yoruba
most common vernaculars in south; at least
six major tribal languages in north
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: 1.5 million (1982); 70% of labor
force employed in agriculture; less than 2% of
the labor force work in the industrial sector,
and the remainder are employed in trans-
port, commerce, and public services
Organized labor: approximately 75% of
wage earners, divided among two major and
several minor unions
Government
Official name: People's Republic of Benin
Type: Soviet-modeled civilian government
Capital: Porto-Novo (official), Cotonou (de
facto)
Political subdivisions: 6 provinces, 46
districts
Legal system: based on French civil law and
customary law; legal education generally ob-
tained in France; has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 30 November
Branches: Revolutionary National Assembly,
National Executive Council
Government leader: Brig. Gen. Mathieu
KEREKOU, President and Chief of State
(since 1972)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: National Assembly elections were
held in November 1979; Assembly then for-
mally elected Kerekou President in February
1980
Political parties: People's Revolutionary
Party of Benin (PRPB) is sole party
Communists: PRPB espouses Marxism-
Leninism
Member of: Af DB, CEAO, EAMA, ECA,
ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, Niger River
Commission, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $1.1 billion (1982), $310 per capita
(1982); 4.2% nominal growth during 1982
Agriculture: major cash crop is oil palms;
peanuts, cotton, coffee, sheanuts, and to-
bacco also produced commercially; main
food crops — corn, cassava, yams, rice, sor-
ghum, millet; livestock, fish
Fishing: catch 24,000 metric tons (1982 est.)
Major industries: palm oil and palm kernel
oil processing, textiles, beverages
Electric power: 21,000 kW capacity (1984);
27 million kWh produced (1984), 7 kWh per
capita
Exports: $304.3 million (f.o.b., 1982); palm
products, cotton, other agricultural products
Imports: $590.3 million (f.o.b. 1982); thread,
cloth, clothing and other consumer goods,
construction materials, iron, steel, fuels,
foodstuffs, machinery, and transport equip-
ment
Major trade partners: France, EC, franc
zone; preferential tariffs to EC and franc
zone countries
Budget: (1982) revenues $168.2 million; cur-
rent expenditures, $103.3 million;
development expenditures, $83.7 million
Monetary conversion rate: 397.45
Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (October 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 580 km, all 1.000-meter gauge
Highways: 8,550 km total; 828 km paved,
5,722 km improved earth
23
Benin (continued)
Bermuda
Inland waterways: small sections, only im-
portant locally
Ports: 1 major (Cotonou)
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 9 total, 8 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runways; 4 with runways 1 ,220-2,439
Telecommunications: fair system of open
wire and radio relay; 16,200 telephones (0.5
per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM stations; 1 TV
station; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground sta-
tion under construction
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: eligible 15-49,
1,759,000; of the 867,000 males 15-49,
439,000 are fit for military service; of the
892,000 females 15-49, 451,000 are fit for
military service; about 40,000 males and
41,000 females reach military age (18) annu-
ally; both sexes are liable for military service
North Atlantic Ocean
North At/antic Ocean
See regional map [I
Land
53.3 km2; about one-third the size of Wash-
ington, D.C.; consists of about 360 small coral
islands; 60% forest; 21% built on, waste land,
and other; 1 1 % leased for air and naval bases;
8% arable
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 103 km
People
Population: 58,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 0.5%
Nationality: noun — Bermudian(s); adjec-
tive—Bermudian
Ethnic divisions: 61% black, 39% white and
other
Religion: 37% Anglican, 21% other Protes-
tant, 28% Catholic, 28% Black Muslim and
other
Language: English
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 29,669 employed (1980); 25%
clerical, 22% services, 22% laborers, 13% pro-
fessional and technical, 9% administrative
and managerial, 7% sales, 2% agriculture and
fishing
Government
Official name: Bermuda
Type: British dependent territory
Capital: Hamilton
Political subdivisions: 9 parishes
Legal system: English law
Branches: Executive Council (cabinet) ap-
pointed by governor, led by government
leader; bicameral legislature with an ap-
pointed Senate and a 40-member directly
elected House of Assembly; Supreme Court
Government leaders: John W. DUNROSSIL,
Governor (since 1983); John William David
SWAN, Premier (since 1982)
Suffrage: universal adult over age 21
Elections: at least once every five years; last
general election February 1983
Political parties and leaders: United Ber-
muda Party (UBP), John W. D. Swan;
Progressive Labor Party (PLP), Lois Browne-
Evans
Voting strength: 1983 elections— UBP
65.1%, PLP 35%; UBP holds 26 House of As-
sembly seats; PLP, 14
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Bermuda
Industrial Union (BIU), headed by Ottiwell
Simmons
Member of: INTERPOL, WHO
Economy
CJVP: $810 million (FY81/82), $12,400 per
capita (FY81/82); real growth rate 4.4%
(FY81/82)
Agriculture: main products — bananas, veg-
etables, Easter lilies, dairy products, citrus
fruits
Major industries: tourism, finance, struc-
tural concrete products, paints, perfumes,
furniture
24
Bhutan
Electric power: 110,000 kW capacity (1984);
350 million kWh produced (1984), 6,034
kWh per capita
Exports: $17 million (1982); semitropical pro-
duce, light manufactures
Imports: $348 million ( 1 982); fuel, foodstuffs,
machinery
Major trade partners: 54% US, 16% Carib-
bean countries, 10% UK, 6% Canada, 14%
other; tourists, 90% US
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments, in-
cluding Ex-lm (FY70-81), from US $34
million; from Western (non-US) countries,
ODA and OOF (1970-82), $252 million; no
military aid
Budget: revenues, $159 million; expendi-
tures, $143 million (FY82/83)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bermuda
dollar=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 209 km public roads, all paved
(approximately 400 km of private roads)
Ports: 3 major (Hamilton, St. George, Free-
port)
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runways
2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: modern telecom sys-
tem, includes fully automatic telephone
system with 46,290 sets (84.6 per 100 popl.); 4
AM, 2 FM, 2 TV stations; 3 submarine cables;
1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
External defense is the responsibility of
United Kingdom
Branches: The Bermuda Regiment
S« rfgiima! map Mil
Land
46,620 km2; the size of Vermont and New
Hampshire combined; 70% forest; 15% agri-
cultural; 15% desert, waste, urban
Land boundaries: about 870 km
People
Population: 1,4 17,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun — Bhutanese (sing., pi.);
adjective — Bhutanese
Ethnic divisions: 60% Bhote, 25% ethnic
Nepalese, 15% indigenous or migrant tribes
Religion: 75% Lamaistic Buddhism, 25%
Buddhist-influenced Hinduism
Language: Bhotes speak various Tibetan dia-
lects— most widely spoken dialect is
Dzongkha (official); Nepalese speak various
Nepalese dialects
Literacy: 5%
Labor force: 95% agriculture, 1% industry
and commerce (1983); massive lack of skilled
labor
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Bhutan
Type: monarchy; special treaty relationship
with India
Capital: Thimphu
Political subdivisions: 4 regions (east, central,
west, south), further divided into 17 districts
Legal system: based on Indian law and En-
glish common law; in 1964 the monarch
assumed full power — no constitution existed
beforehand; a Supreme Court hears appeals
from district administrators; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 17 December
Branches: appointed ministersand indirectly
elected National Assembly consisting of vil-
lage elders, monastic representatives, and all
district and senior government adminis-
trators
Government leader: Jigme Singye
WANGCHUCK, King (since 1972)
Suffrage: each family has one vote
Elections: popular elections on village level
held every three years
Political parties: no legal parties
Communists: no overt Communist presence
Other political or pressure groups: Buddhist
clergy, Indian merchant community, ethnic
Nepalese organizations
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO,
G-77, IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IMF, NAM,
UNESCO, UPU, UN, WHO
Economy
GDP: $150 million (FY82/83), $1 10 per cap-
ita; 1.4% real growth in FY82/83
Agriculture: rice, corn, barley, wheat, pota-
toes, fruit, spices
Major industries: cement, chemical prod-
ucts, mining, distilling, food processing,
handicrafts
Electric power: 15,700 kW capacity (1984); 9
million kWh produced (1984), 6 kWh per
capita
25
Bhutan (continued)
Bolivia
Exports: $16.7 million (FY82/83); agricul-
tural and forestry products, coal
Imports: total imports $58.5 million
(FY82/83); imports from India $45.2 million
(FY82/83); textiles, cereals, vehicles, fuels,
machinery
Major trade partner: India
Budget: total receipts, $53.6 million; expen-
ditures, $63.9 million (FY83/84 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: both ngultrums
and Indian rupees are legal tender; 12.092
ngultrums=12.092 Indian rupees=US$l
(October 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Highways: 1,304 km total; 418 km surfaced,
515 km improved, 371 km unimproved earth
Freight carried: not available, very light traf-
fic
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total; 1 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities inadequate;
1,300 telephones (0.1 per lOOpopl.); 11,000
est. radio sets; no TV sets; 20 AM stations; no
TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Bhutan Army
Military manpower: males 15-49, 350,000;
188,000 fit for military service; about 17,000
reach military age (18) annually
Supply: dependent on India
See rrgmnil map IV
Land
1,098,581 km2; the size of Texas and Califor-
nia combined; 45% urban, desert, waste, or
other; 40% forest; 11% pasture and meadow;
2% cultivated and fallow; 2% inland water
Land boundaries: 6,083 km
People
Population: 6, 195,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun — Bolivian(s); adjective
Bolivian
Ethnic divisions: 30% Quechua, 25% Ay-
mara, 25-30% mixed, 5-15% European
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic; active Prot-
estant minority, especially Methodist
Language: Spanish, Quechua, and Aymara
(all official)
Literacy: est. 75%
Labor force: 1.7 million (1983); 47% agricul-
ture, 23% services, 19% industry and
commerce, 11% government
Organized labor: 150,000-200,000, concen-
trated in mining, industry, construction, and
transportation
Government
Official name: Republic of Bolivia
Type: republic
Capital: La Paz (seat of government); Sucre
(legal capital and seat of judiciary)
Political subdivisions: nine departments
with limited autonomy
Legal system: based on Spanish law and
Code Napoleon; constitution adopted 1967;
constitution in force except where contrary
to dispositions dictated by governments since
1969; legal education at University of San
Andres and several others; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 6 Au-
gust
Branches: executive; bicameral legislature
(National Congress — Senate and Chamber of
Deputies); Congress began meeting again in
October 1982; judiciary
Government leader: Hernan SILES Zuazo,
President (since October 1982)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
if married, 21 if single
Elections: presidential elections on 29 June
1980 were won by the UDP coalition candi-
date, Hernan Siles Zuazo; however, before
the planned August inauguration, the gov-
ernment was overthrown by the military; a
series of military leaders followed; in Sep-
tember 1982 the military moved to return the
government to civilian rule; the 1980-elected
congress met on 1 October and selected the
winner of the 1980 presidential election,
Hernan Siles Zuazo, to head the government;
Siles was inaugurated on 10 October 1982
Political parties and leaders: all major par-
ties have experienced problems with internal
divisions but are now trying to prepare for
the June 1985 elections. Nationalist Revolu-
tionary Movement of the Left (MNRI),
Hernan Siles Zuazo; Nationalist Revolution-
ary Movement (MNR), Victor Paz
Estenssoro; Movement of the Revolutionary
Left (MIR), Jaime Paz Zamora; Bolivian
26
Botswana
Communist Revolutionary Party (PRIN),
Juan Lechin Oquendo; National Democratic
Action (ADN), Hugo Banzer Suarez; Bolivian
Socialist Falange (FSB)
Voting strength: (1980 elections) UDP Dem-
ocratic Popular Unity Front, a coalition of
the MNRI, MIR, and PCB 38.5%; MNR
20.5%; ADN 16.8%
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IATP,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB— Inter-Ameri-
can Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO, ITC,
ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council,
LAIA and Andean Sub-Regional Group (cre-
ated in May 1969 within LAIA, formerly
LAFTA), NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $4.9 billion (1983 est.), $833 per capita;
80% private consumption, 12% public con-
sumption, 8% gross domestic investment,
—2.4% current account balance; 1983 est.
growth, —12%
Agriculture: main crops — potatoes, corn,
rice, sugarcane, coca, yucca, bananas, coffee;
imports significant quantities of wheat
Major industries: mining, smelting, petro-
leum refining, food processing, textiles, and
clothing
Electric power: 490,000 kW capacity (1984);
1.9 billion kWh produced (1984), 315 kWh
per capita
Exports: $778 million (f.o.b., 1983); natural
gas, tin, silver, tungsten, zinc, antimony, lead,
bismuth, gold, coffee, sugar, cotton
Imports: $503 million (c.i.f., 1983); food-
stuffs, chemicals, capital goods, pharma-
ceuticals, transportation
Major trade partners: exports — Argentina
48%, US 21%, EC 17%, Communist bloc 8%;
imports— US 31%, EC 19%, Argentina 12%,
Japan 11%, Brazil 10%, Communist bloc 10%
(1983 prelim.)
Budget: $284 million revenues, $965 million
expenditures (1983 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 9,000
pesos=US$l (December 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,675 km total; 3,538 km meter
gauge (1.000 m) and 32 km 0.760-meter
gauge, all government owned, single track;
105 km meter gauge (1.000 m) privately
owned
Highways: 38,830 km total; 1,300 km paved,
6,700 km gravel, 30,836 km improved and
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: officially estimated to be
10,000 km of commercially navigable water-
ways
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,670 km; refined prod-
ucts, 1,495 km; natural gas, 580 km
Ports: none (Bolivian cargo moved through
Arica and Antofagasta, Chile, and Matarani,
Peru)
Civil air: 56 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 485 total, 427 usable; 9 with per-
manent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m, 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m,
119 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: radio-relay system
being expanded; improved international ser-
vices; 144,300 telephones (2.6 per 100 pop!.);
143 AM, 29 FM, 43 TV stations; 1 Atlantic
Ocean INTELSAT station
Defense Forces
Branches: Bolivian Army, Bolivian Navy,
Bolivian Air Force (literally, the Army of the
Nation, the Navy of the Nation, the Air Force
of the Nation)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,380,000;
903,000 fit for military service; 63,000 reach
military age (19) annually
Military budget: estimated for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1982, $76.0 million;
12.3% of central government budget
> iep'ese"ta!<on is
Tshabong
See regional map VII
Land
600,372 km2; slightly smaller than Texas;
about 6% arable; less than 1% cultivated;
mostly desert
Land boundaries: 3,774 km
People
Population: 1,068,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 3.3%
Nationality: noun — Motswana (sing.),
Batswana (pi.); adjective — Botswana
Ethnic divisions: 94% Tswana, 5% Bushmen,
1% European
Religion: 40% indigenous beliefs, 15% Chris-
tian
Language: English (official), Setswana
vernacular
Literacy: about 24% in English; about 35% in
Tswana; less than 1% secondary school grad-
uates
Labor force: about 400,000 total; 1 03,600 for-
mal sector employees (1980-81); most others
are engaged in cattle raising and subsistence
agriculture; 40,000 formal sector employees
spend at least six to nine months per year as
wage earners in South Africa (1980); 12% un-
employment (1983)
Organized labor: 16 trade unions organized
27
Botswana (continued)
Government
Official name: Republic of Botswana
Type: parliamentary republic; independent
member of Commonwealth
Capital: Gaborone
Political subdivisions: 12 administrative dis-
tricts
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law
and local customary law; constitution came
into effect 1966; judicial review limited to
matters of interpretation; legal education at
University of Botswana and Swaziland (two
and one-half years) and University of Edin-
burgh (two years); has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 30
September
Branches: executive- — President appoints
and presides over the Cabinet, which is re-
sponsible to National Assembly; bicameral
legislature (National Assembly with 34 popu-
larly elected members and four members
elected by the 34 representatives; House of
Chiefs with deliberative powers only); judi-
cial— local courts administer customary law,
High Court and subordinate courts have
criminal jurisdiction over all residents, Court
of Appeal has appellate jurisdiction
Government leader: Dr. Quett K. J.
MASIRE, President (since July 1980)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 21
Elections: general elections held 8 Septem-
ber 1984
Political parties and leaders: Botswana
Democratic Party (BDP), Quett Masire;
Botswana National Front (BNF), Kenneth
Koma; Botswana People's Party (BPP);
Botswana Independence Party (BIP),
Motsamai Mpho
Voting strength: (September 1984 election)
Legislative Assembly— BDP, 28 seats; BNF,
5 seats; BPP, 1 seat
Communists: no known Communist orga-
nization; Koma of BNF has long history of
Communist contacts
Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $722 million (1982); average annual
real growth, 9.7% during 1976-82, 0% in
FY81/82
•
Agriculture: principal crops are corn, sor-
ghum, millet, cowpeas; livestock raised and
exported; heavy dependence on imported
food
Major industries: livestock processing; min-
ing of diamonds, copper, nickel, coal, salt,
soda ash, potash; tourism
Electric power: 105,000 kW capacity (1984);
651 million kWh produced (1984), 627 kWh
per capita
Exports: $640 million (f.o.b. 1983); dia-
monds, cattle, animal products, copper,
nickel
Imports: $740 million (c.i.f., 1983); food-
stuffs, vehicles, textiles, petroleum products
Major trade partners: Switzerland, US, UK,
other EC members of Southern African Cus-
toms Union
Budget: (FY83/84 est.) revenues $420 mil-
lion, expenditures $460 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.39 pula=US$l
(5 September 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 726 km 1.067-meter gauge
Highways: 1 1,500 km total; 1,600 km paved;
1,700 km crushed stone or gravel; 5,177 km
improved earth and 3,037 km unimproved
earth
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 103 total, 95 usable; 9 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 24 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: the small system is a
combination of open-wire lines, radio-relay
links, and a few radiocommunication sta-
tions; 16,700 telephones (1.8 per 100 popl.); 3
AM, 2 FM, 2 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean
satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Wing, Botswana Police
Military manpower: males 15-49, 204,000;
108,000 fit for military service; 12,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1982, $26.6 million; 5% of central gov-
ernment budget
28
Brazil
1000km
South Atlantic
Ocean
See regional m»p IV
Land
8,512,100 k2m; larger than contiguous US;
60% forest; 23% built-on area, waste, and
other; 13% pasture; 4% cultivated
Land boundaries: 13,076 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 7,491 km
People
Population: 137,502,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.3%
Nationality: noun — Brazilian(s); adjective —
Brazilian
Ethnic divisions: Portuguese, Italian, Ger-
man, Japanese, black, Amerindian; 55%
white, 38% mixed, 6% black, 1% other
Religion: (1980) 89% Roman Catholic (nomi-
nal)
Language: Portuguese (official)
Literacy: 74%
Labor force: about 50 million in 1982, 29.9%
agriculture, livestock, forestry, and fishing;
24.4% industry; 20.3% services, transporta-
tion, and communication; 9.4% commerce;
7.0% social activities; 4.1% public adminis-
tration; 2.9% other; significant
underemployment and unemployment
Organized labor: about 6 million (1982)
Government
Official name: Federative Republic of Brazil
Type: federal republic; military-backed
presidential regime since April 1964
Capital: Brasilia
Political subdivisions: 23 states, 3 territories,
federal district (Brasilia)
Legal system: based on Latin codes; dual sys-
tem of courts, state and federal; constitution
adopted 1967 and extensively amended in
1969; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris-
diction
National holiday: Independence Day, 7 Sep-
tember
Branches: strong executive with very broad
powers; bicameral legislature (National Con-
gress— Senate, Chamber of Deputies; powers
of the two bodies have been sharply reduced);
11 -man Supreme Court
Government leader: Jose SARNEY, Presi-
dent (since April 1985)
Suffrage: compulsory over age 18, except il-
literates; approximately 58,200,000 eligible
to vote in 1982
Elections: Tancredo Neves indirectly elected
by an electoral college composed of members
of congress and delegates from the state legis-
latures, ending 20 years of military rule; died
before assuming office
Political parties and leaders: progovernment
before 15 March 1985 election — Democratic
Social Party (PDS); Brazilian Democratic
Movement Party (PMDB), Ulysses
Guimaraes, president; four smaller parties
are Workers Party (PT), Brazilian Labor
Party (PTB), Democratic Labor Party (PDT),
and Liberal Front Party (PFL)
Voting strength: (November 1982 federal
and state elections) 37% then progovernment
29
PDS; 63% divided among four opposition
parties (PMDB, PT, PTB, and PDT)
Communists: 6,000, less than 1,000 militants
Other political or pressure groups: liberal
wing of the Catholic Church has been critical
of military government's social and eco-
nomic policies in recent years
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDE — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC—
International Wheat Council, OAS, PAHO,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP. $21 1 billion, $1,607 per capita (1983
est.); 15% gross investment, 83% consump-
tion, 2% net foreign balance (1983 est.); real
growth rate -3.3% (1983 est.)
Agriculture: main products — coffee, rice,
corn, sugarcane, soybeans, cotton, manioc,
oranges; nearly self-sufficient
Fishing: catch 828,656 metric tons(1981); ex-
ports, $162 million (f.o.b., 1982); imports, $80
million (f.o.b., 1982)
Major industries: textiles and other con-
sumer goods, chemicals, cement, lumber,
steel, motor vehicles, other metalworking in-
dustries, capital goods
Crude steel: 20.0 million metric tons capac-
ity; 14.7 million metric tons produced (1983
est.)
Electric power: 41,300,000 kW capacity
(1984); 160 billion kWh produced (1984),
1,191 kWh per capita
Exports; $21. 9 billion (f.o.b., 1983); soybeans,
coffee, transport equipment, iron ore, steel
products, chemicals, machinery, orange
juice, shoes, sugar
Imports: $15.4 billion (f.o.b., 1983); petro-
leum, machinery, chemicals, fertilizers,
wheat, copper
Brazil (continued)
Brunei
Major trade partners: exports— 23% US, 7%
Japan, 6% Netherlands, 5% FRG, 5% Italy,
4% France (1983 est); imports— 16% US,
14% Saudi Arabia, 13% Iraq, 5% Mexico, 5%
FRG, 4% Venezuela, 4% Japan (1983)
Budget: (1983 est.) revenues, $19.6 billion;
expenditures, $19.6 billion (Treasury budget
only)
Monetary conversion rate: 2622
cruzeiros=US$l (31 October 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 24,600 km total; 22,450 km 1.000-
meter gauge, 1,750km 1.600-meter gauge
(890 km Carajasore line to open in 1985), 200
km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 200 km
0.760-meter gauge; 879 km electrified
Highways: 1,399,440 km total; 83,965 km
paved, 1,315,475 km gravel or earth
Inland waterways: 50,000 km navigable
Ports: 8 major, 23 significant minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,000 km; refined prod-
ucts, 465 km; natural gas, 257 km
Civil air: 176 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3,975 total, 2,989 usable; 300 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m; 22 with runways 2,440-3,659
m; 410 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good telecom system;
extensive radio relay facilities; 2 Atlantic
Ocean INTELSAT stations with total of 3 an-
tennas; 60 domestic satellite stations; 8.54
million telephones (6.3 per 100 popl.); 1,485
AM, 150 FM, 200 TV stations; 3 coaxial sub-
marine cables
Defense Forces
Branches: Brazilian Army, Navy of Brazil,
Brazilian Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
34,539,000; 23,363,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 1,465,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: estimated for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1985, $3.5 billion; 8.5%
of central government budget
• See regional mip IX
Land
5,765 km2; slightly larger than Delaware;
75% forest; 22% industry, waste, urban, or
other; 3% cultivable (of which only 10% is
cultivated)
Land boundaries: 381 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(200 nm fishing zone)
Coastline: 161 km
People
Population: 221,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 3.3%
Nationality: noun — Bruneian(s); adjective —
Bruneian
Ethnic divisions: 70% Malay, 25% Chinese,
5% other
Religion: 60% Muslim (Islam official reli-
gion); 8% Christian; 32% other (Buddhist and
animist)
Language: Malay official; English and Chi-
nese
Literacy: 45%
Labor force: 68, 1 28 (includes members of the
Army); 63% trade and services; 23% manu-
facturing and construction; 11% agriculture,
forestry, fishing, and mining (1981)
30
Organized labor: 2% of labor force
Government
Official name: State of Brunei Darussalam
Type: became independent 1 January 1984;
constitutional sultanate
Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan
National holiday: National Day, 23
February
Political subdivisions: four administrative
districts
Legal system: based on Islamic law; constitu-
tion promulgated by the Sultan in 1959
Branches: chief of state is Sultan (advised by
appointed Privy Council), who appoints Ex-
ecutive Council and Legislative Council
Government leader: Sir HASSANAL
Bolkiah, Sultan (since August 1968)
Suffrage: universal age 21 and over; three-
tiered system of indirect elections; popular
vote cast for lowest level (district councilors)
Elections: last elections — March 1965; fur-
ther elections postponed indefinitely
Political parties and leaders: antigov-
ernment, exiled Brunei People's Party, A. M
N. Azahari, chairman
Communists: information not available (Jan-
uary 1985)
Exports: $18.6 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est); 95%
crude oil, liquefied natural gas, and petro-
leum products
Imports: $2.7 billion (c.i.f., 1981 est.); in-
cludes machinery and transport equipment,
manufactured goods, food, chemicals, bever-
ages and tobacco, mineral fuels and
lubricants, rice and other agricultural goods
Major trade partners: exports of crude petro-
leum and liquefied natural gas to Japan;
imports from Japan 30%, US 24%, UK 15%,
Singapore 9%
Budget: (1979) revenues $883 million, expen-
ditures $500 million, surplus $383 million;
35% defense
Monetary conversion rate: 2.163 Brunei
dollars=US$ 1 (Setember 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 13 km 0.610-meter narrow gauge
private line
Highways: 1,090 km total; 370 km paved (bi-
tuminous treated), with another 52 km under
construction, 720 km gravel or unimproved
Inland waterways: 209 km; navigable by
craft drawing less than 1.2 meters
Ports: 1 major (Muara), 4 minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 135 km; refined prod-
ucts, 418 km; natural gas, 920 km
Member of: ASEAN, INTERPOL, QIC, UN Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Economy
GDP: $4.3 billion (1981 est.), $21,625 per
capita (1981)
Agriculture: main crops — rice, pepper; must
import most food
Major industry: crude petroleum, liquefied
natural gas, construction
Electric power: 153,000 kW capacity (1984);
470 million kWh produced (1984), 2,156
kWh per capita
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659
m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: service throughout
country is adequate for present needs; inter-
national service good to adjacent Sabah and
Sarawak; radiobroadcast coverage good;
17,930 telephones (8.0 per 100 popl.); Radio
Brunei broadcasts from 6 AM/FM stations
and 1 TV station; 32,000 radio receivers; 1
satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Brunei Armed Forces, in-
cluding air wing, navy, and ground forces;
British Gurkha Battalion; Royal Brunei Po-
lice; Gurkha Reserve Unit
Military manpower: males 15-49, 56,000;
34,000 fit for military service; about 3,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $161 million; about 13.1%
of central government budget
31
Bulgaria
Set rrgionil map V
Land
1 10,912 km2; slightly larger than Ohio; 41%
arable; 33% forest; 15% other; 11% other agri-
cultural
Land boundaries: 1,883km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 354 km
People
Population: 8,980,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 0.2%
Nationality: noun — Bulgarian(s); adjec-
tive— Bulgarian
Ethnic divisions: 85.3% Bulgarian, 8.5%
Turk, 2.6% Gypsy, 2.5% Macedonian, 0.3%
Armenian, 0.2% Russian, 0.6% other
Religion: regime promotes atheism; religious
background of population is 85% Bulgarian
Orthodox, 13% Muslim, 0.8% Jewish, 0.7%
Roman Catholic, 0.5% Protestant, Grego-
rian-Armenian and other
Language: Bulgarian; secondary languages
closely correspond to ethnic breakdown
Literacy: 95% (est.)
Labor force: 3,997,615(1983); 42.6% indus-
try and commerce, 23.3% agriculture, 1.5%
government, 32.6% other
Government
Official name: People's Republic of Bulgaria
Type: Communist state
Capital: Sofia
Political subdivisions: 27 okrugs (districts);
capital city of Sofia has equivalent status
Legal system: based on civil la w system, with
Soviet law influence; new constitution
adopted in 1971 Judicial review of legislative
acts in the State Council; legal education at
University of Sofia; has accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Liberation Day,
9 September
Branches: legislative (National Assembly); ju-
diciary, Supreme Court
Government leaders: Todor ZHIVKOV,
Chairman, State Council (President and
Chief of State; since July 1971); Georgi
(Grisha) Stanchev F1LIPOV, Chairman,
Council of Ministers (Premier; since June
1981)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: held every five years for National
Assembly; last election held on 7 June 1981;
99.96% of the electorate voted
Political parties and leaders: Bulgarian
Communist Party, Todor Zhivkov, General
Secretary; Bulgarian National Agrarian
Union, a puppet party, Petur Tanchev, secre-
tary of Permanent Board
Communists: 825,81 1 party members (April
1981)
Mass organizations and front groups: Fa-
therland Front, Dimitrov Communist Youth
Union, Central Council of Trade Unions, Na-
tional Committee for Defense of Peace,
Union of Fighters Against Fascism and Cap-
italism, Committee of Bulgarian Women,
All-National Committee for Bulgarian-
Soviet Friendship
Member of: CEMA, FAO, IAEA, ICAO,
ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study
Group, IMO, IPU, 1TC, ITU, IWC— Interna-
tional Wheat Council, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO; War-
saw Pact, International Organization of
Journalists, International Medical Associa-
tion, International Radio and Television
Organization
Economy
GNP: $35.4 billion, 1983 (1981 dollars),
$3,977 per capita; 1983 real growth rate,
0.1%
Agriculture: mainly self-sufficient; main
crops — grain, tobacco, fruits, vegetables,
sheep, hogs, poultry, cheese, sunflower seeds
Fishing: catch 140,000 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: food processing, machine
building, chemicals, metallurgical products,
electronics, textiles and clothing
Shortages: some raw materials, metal prod-
ucts
Crude steel: 2.8 million metric tons produced
(1983), 313 kg per capita
Electric power: 9,524,000 kW capacity
(1984); 43.899 billion kWh produced (1984),
4,900 kWh per capita
Exports: $11.9 billion (f.o.b., 1983); 48% ma-
chinery and equipment; 17% agricultural
products; 11% fuels, mineral raw materials,
and metals; 10% manufactured consumer
goods; 14% other
Imports: $1 1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1983); 46% fuels
and minerals, 34% machinery and equip-
ment, 5% chemicals, 4% manufactured
consumer goods, 11% other (1982)
Major trade partners: $23.3 billion in 1983;
57% with USSR, 21% with other Communist
countries, 22% with non-Communist coun-
tries
Monetary conversion rate: 1.03 leva=US$l
(June 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
32
Burkina Faso
(formerly Upper Volta)
Communications
Railroads: 4,267 km total; all government
owned (1980); about 4,022 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 245 km narrow gauge; 654
km double track; 1,730 km electrified
Highways: 36,058 km total; 2,910 km trunk
roads, 3,833 km class I concrete, asphalt,
stone block; 5,910 km class II asphalt treated,
gravel, crushed stone; 19,701 km class III
earth; 3,704 km other (1983)
Inland waterways: 471 km (1981)
Pipelines: crude, 193 km; refined product,
418 km; natural gas, 1,120 km
Freight carried: rail — 82.6 million metric
tons, 1 8. 1 billion metric ton/km ( 1 983); high-
way— 930 million metric tons, 16.0 billion
metric ton/km (1983); waterway — 4.8 mil-
lion metric tons, 2.3 billion metric ton/km
(excluding international transit traffic; 1983)
Ports: 3 major (Varna, Varna West, Burgas), 6
minor (1981); principal river ports are Ruse
and Lorn (1981)
Defense Forces
Branches: Bulgarian People's Army, Frontier
Troops, Air and Air Defense Forces, Bulgar-
ian Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,156,000;
1,809,000 fit for military service; 64,000
reach military age (19) annually
Ships: 2 submarines, 2 principal surface com-
batants, 3 patrol combatants, 2 mine warfare
ships, 16 coastal patrol-river/roadstead craft,
25 amphibious warfare craft, 20 mine war-
fare craft, 1 underway replenishment ship, 1
fleet support ship, 2 other auxiliaries
Military budget: est. for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, 1.1 billion leva; 6.2% of total
budget
See regional map VI]
Land
240,200 km2; the size of Colorado; 50% pas-
ture, 21% fallow, 10% cultivated, 9% forest
and scrub, 10% waste and other
Land boundaries: 3,307 km
People
Population: 6,907,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun — Burkinabe; adjective —
Burkinan
Ethnic divisions: more than 50 tribes; princi-
pal tribe is Mossi (about 2.5 million); other
important groups are Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi,
Bobo, Mande, and Fulani
Religion: 65% indigenous beliefs, about 25%
Muslim, 10% Christian (mainly Catholic)
Language: French (official); tribal languages
belong to Sudanic family, spoken by 50% of
the population
Literacy: 7%
Labor force: 90% agriculture; 10% industry,
commerce, services, and government; about
30,000 are wage earners; about 20% of male
labor force migrates annually to neighboring
countries for seasonal employment
Organized labor: four principal trade union
groups represent less than 1% of population
Government
Official name: Burkina Faso
Type: military; established by coup on 4 Au-
gust 1983
Capital: Ouagadougou
Political subdivisions: 30 provinces, 250 de-
partments
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem and customary law
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 Au-
gust
Branches: President is an army officer; mili-
tary council of unknown number; 21-
member military and civilian Cabinet;
judiciary
Government leaders: Capt. Thomas
SANKARA, President (since August 1983)
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: political process suspended; no
talk of returning to constitutional rule
Political parties and leaders: all political par-
ties banned following November 1980 coup
Communists: small Communist party front
group; some sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: commit-
tees for the defense of the revolution,
watchdog/political action groups established
by current regime throughout the country in
both organizations and communities
Member of: Af DB, CEAO, KAMA, EGA,
FIB (associate), Entente, FAO, GATT, G-77,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB— Islamic Develop-
ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU,
NAM, Niger River Commission, OAU,
OCAM, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WCL,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $66 million (1984), $157 per capita
(1984); real growth, - 1.3% (1983)
33
Burkina Faso (continued)
Burma
Agriculture: cash crops — peanuts, shea nuts,
sesame, cotton; food crops — sorghum, millet,
corn, rice; livestock; food deficiency
Fishing: catch 7,000 metric tons (1982 est.)
Major industries: agricultural processing
plants, brewery, bottling, and brick plants; a
few other light industries
Electric power: 55,000 kW capacity (1984);
134 million kWh produced (1984), 19 kWh
per capita
Exports: $110 million (f.o.b., 1983); livestock
(on the hoof), peanuts, shea nut products, cot-
ton, sesame
Imports: $230 million (f.o.b., 1983); textiles,
food, and other consumer goods, transport
equipment, machinery, fuels
Major trade partners: Ivory Coast and
Ghana; overseas trade mainly with France
and other EC countries; preferential tariff to
EC and franc zone countries
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-
82), $1.5 billion; US authorized including Ex-
Im (FY70-83) $178 million; Communist
countries (1970-83), $54 million
Budget: (1983) revenue $220 million, current
expenditures $148 million, development ex-
penditures $161 million
Monetary conversion rate: about 479.87
Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (December 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,173 km Ouagadougou to Abi-
djan (Ivory Coast line); 516 km meter gauge
(1.00 m), single track in Burkina Faso
Highways: 16,500 km total; 967 km paved,
7,733 km improved, 7,800 km unimproved
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 54 total, 52 usable; 2 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: all services only fair;
radio relay, wire, radio communication sta-
tions in use; 8,600 telephones (under 0. 14 per
100 popl.); 2 AM stations, 1 FM station, 1 TV
station; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force
•
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,540,000;
776,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Supply: mainly dependent on France, FRG,
and UK
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $26.9 million; about 18.1%
of central government budget
Andaman Sea
See refionil map VIII ind IX
Land
676,552 km2; nearly as large as Texas; 62%
forest; 28% arable, of which 12% is culti-
vated; 10% urban and other
Land boundaries: 5,850 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(24 nm security zone and 200 nm economic,
including fishing, zone)
Coastline: 3,060 km
People
Population: 36,919,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.0%
Nationality: noun — Burmese; adjective —
Burmese
Ethnic divisions: 72% Burman, 7% Karen,
6% Shan, 6% Indian, 3% Chinese, 2% Kachin,
2% Chin, 2% other
Religion: 85% Buddhist, 15% indigenous be-
liefs, Christian, or other
Language: Burmese; minority ethnic groups
have their own languages
Literacy: 78%
Labor force: 14.19 million (1982/83); 63.6%
agriculture, 12% government, 9.5% trade,
9.4% industry, 5.5% other
34
Organized labor: Workers' Asiayone or
"association" (1.56 million members) and
Peasants' Asiayone (7.83 million members)
integrated into the country's sole political
party
Government
Official name: Socialist Republic of the
Union of Burma
Type: republic under 1974 constitution
Capital: Rangoon
Political subdivisions: seven divisions (pre-
dominantly Burman population) and seven
states (based on ethnic minorities), subdi-
vided into townships, village-tracts (rural),
and wards (urban)
Legal system: People's Justice system and
People's Courts instituted under 1974 con-
stitution; legal education at Universities of
Rangoon and Mandalay; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 Jan-
uary
Branches: Council of State rules through a
Council of Ministers, National Assembly
(Pyithu Hluttaw or People's Congress) has
legislative power
Government leader: U SAN YU, President
and Chairman of Council of State (since No-
vember 1981)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: National Assembly and local
People's Councils elected in 1981
Political parties and leaders: government-
sponsored Burma Socialist Program Party
only legal party; U Ne Win, party chairman
Communisms: est. 15,000 (primarily as an in-
surgent group on the northeast frontier)
Other political or pressure groups: Kachin
Independence Army; Karen Nationalist
Union, several Shan factions (all insurgent
groups)
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC,
IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IRC,
ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $5.9 billion (1982/83, in current
prices), $166 per capita; real growth rate 6.5%
(1982/83)
Agriculture: accounts for 64% of total em-
ployment and abouf29% of GDP; main
crops — paddy, pulses, sugarcane, beans, pea-
nuts; almost 100% self-sufficient; most rice
grown in deltaic land
Fishing: catch 594,540 metric tons (1981)
Major industries: agricultural processing;
textiles and footwear; wood and wood prod-
ucts; petroleum refining
Electric power: 818,000 kW capacity (1984);
1.7 billion kWh produced (1984), 47 kWh per
capita
Exports: $378.9 million (f.o.b., 1983); rice,
teak, hardwoods, base metals, ores
Imports: $735.5 million (f.o.b., 1983); ma-
chinery and transportation equipment,
building materials, oil industry equipment
Major trade partners: exports — Singapore,
Western Europe, China, UK, Japan; im-
ports— Japan, Western Europe, Singapore,
UK
Budget: (1982/83) $4.7 billion est. revenues,
$5.3 billion expenditures, $600 million
deficit
Monetary conversion rate: 8.6052
kyats=US$l (September 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 4,353 km total; all government
owned; 3,878 km 1.000-meter gauge, 1 13 km
narrow-gauge industrial lines; 362 km double
track
Highways: 27,000 km total; 3,200 km bitumi-
nous, 17,700 km improved earth or gravel,
6,100 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 12,800 km, 3,200 km
navigable by large commercial vessels
Pipelines: crude, 530 km
Ports: 4 major, 6 minor
Civil air: about 17 major transport aircraft
(including 3 helicopters)
Airfields: 89 total, 86 usable; 24 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 39 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: provide minimum re-
quirements for local and intercity service;
international service is good; radiobroadcast
coverage is limited to the most populous ar-
eas; 49,597 telephones (1982/83; 1 per 1,000
popl.); 1 AM station, no FM stations, 2 TV
stations (December 1982); 1 ground satellite
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: eligible 15-49,
17,072,000; of the 8,515,000 males 15-49,
4,713,000 are fit for military service; of the
8,557,000 females 15-49, 4,722,000 are fit for
military service; about 403,000 males and
393,000 females reach military age (18) annu-
ally; both sexes are liable for military service
35
Burundi
60km
Srr regional map VII
Land
27,834 km2; the size of Maryland; about 37%
arable (about 66% cultivated); 23% pasture;
10% scrub and forest; 30% other
Land boundaries: 974 km
People
Population: 4,788,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun — Burundian(s); adjec-
tive— Burundi
Ethnic divisions: Africans— 85% Hutu
(Bantu), 14% Tutsi (Hamitic), 1% Twa
(Pygmy); other Africans include around
7(),(XX) refugees, mostly Rwandans and Zair-
ians; non-Africans include about 3,000
Europeans and 2,000 South Asians
Religion: about 67% Christian (62% Roman
Catholic, 5% Protestant), 32% indigenous be-
liefs, alxnit 1% Muslim
Language: Kirundi and French (official);
Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the
Bujumbura area)
Literacy: 25%
Lalwr force: about 1.9 million (1983); 93%
agriculture, 4% government, 1.5% industry
and commerce, 1.5% services
Organized labor: sole group is the Union of
Burundi Workers (UTB); by charter, mem-
bership is extended to all Burundi workers
(informally); figures denoting "active
membership" have been unobtainable
Government
Official name: Republic of Burundi
Type: republic; presidential system; previous
military government overthrown in military
coup in 1976
Capital: Bujumbura
Political subdivisions: 15 provinces, subdi-
vided into arrondissements and communes
according to a 1982 redistricting
Legal system: based on German and French
civil codes and customary law; has not ac-
cepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Economy
GDP: about $1.12 billion (1983), $247 per
capita; 3% real growth rate (1983)
Agriculture: major cash crops — coffee, cot-
ton, tea; main food crops — manioc, yams,
peas, corn, sorghum, bananas, haricot beans
Major industries: light consumer goods such
as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly of imports;
public works construction; fcxxl processing
Electric power: 20,000 kW capacity (1984);
17 million kWh produced (1984), 3 kWh per
capita
Exports: $79 million (f.o.b., 1983); coffee
(87%), tea, cotton, hides, skins
Imports: $198 million (c.i.f., 1983); textiles,
foodstuffs, transport equipment, petroleum
products
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July Major trade partners: US, EC countries
Branches: executive (President and Cabinet);
judicial; legislature (National Assembly) re-
established in 1982
Government leader: Col. Jean-Baptiste
BAGAZA, President and Head of State (since
1976)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: new constitution approved by na-
tional referendum in November 1981;
election to National Assembly held iu Octo-
l>er 1982
Political parties and leaders: National Party
of Unity and Progress (UPRON A), a Tutsi-led
party, declared sole legitimate party in 1966;
second national party congress held in 1984;
Col. Jean-Baptiste Bagaza confirmed as party
president for five-year term
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: Af DB, EAMA, EGA, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAU, UN, UNE SCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Budget: (1983) revenue $121.4 million, ex-
penditure $146.4 million
Monetary conversion rate: 120 Burundi
francs=US$ 1 (October 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,950 km total; 2,500 km gravel or
laterite; 3,000 km improved or unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: Lake Tanganyika naviga-
ble for lake steamers and barges; 1 lake port at
Bujumbura
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 8 total, 7 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m
36
Cambodia
(formerly Kampuchea)
Telecommunications: sparse system of wire
and low-capacity radio-relay links; about
6,000 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 2
FM, no TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite
ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army (including naval and air
units); paramilitary Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,091,000;
567,000 fit for military service; 53,000 reach
military age (16) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $32.8 million; about 18.6%
of central government budget
. Stoeng Tr«no
SiSmre.b •
BMdimbino iJ.
Gulf at
Thailand
See regional mtp IX
Land
181,035 km2; the size of Missouri; 74% forest;
16% cultivated; 10% built on, waste, and
other
Land boundaries: 2,438 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: about 443 km
People
Population: 6,249,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun — Cambodian(s); adjec-
tive— Cambodian
Ethnic divisions: 90% Khmer (Cambodian),
5% Chinese, 5% other minorities
Religion: 95% Theravada Buddhism, 5%
other
Language: Khmer (official), French
Literacy: 48%
Government
Official name: Coalition Government of
Democratic Cambodia (CGDK; composed of
three resistance groups deployed along the
Thai border); People's Republic of Cambodia
(PRK; pro-Vietnamese, in Phnom Penh)
Type: CGDK is nationalist coalition of one
Communist and two non-Communist fac-
tions; PRK is Communist
Capital: Phnom Penh
Political subdivisions: 19 provinces
Legal system: Judicial Committee chosen by
People's Representative Assembly in Demo-
cratic Cambodia; no information for PRK
National holiday: 17 April for both regimes
Branches: Cabinet, State Presidium, and
some form of People's Representative Assem-
bly in Democratic Cambodia; People's
Revolutionary Council, various ministries,
and a "National Congress" held in early 1979
and a second time in September 1979 in PRK
Government leaders: CGDK — Prince
NORODOM SIHANOUK, President (since
June 1982); SON SANN, Prime Minister;
KHIEU SAMPHAN, Vice President (since
December 1979); PRK— HENG SAMRIN,
President (since January 1979); HUN SEN,
Foreign Minister (since January 1979)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Political parties and leaders: CGDK — Dem-
ocratic Cambodia Khmer Communist Party
disbanded December 1981, though chief po-
litical figure still former party chairman Pol
Pot, Khmer People's National Liberation
Front (KPNLF) under Son Sann, and Na-
tional United Front for an Independent,
Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambo-
dia under Prince Norodom Sihanouk; PRK —
Cambodian Peoples Revolutionary Party,
the Communist party installed by Vietnam in
1979, and Cambodian United Front for Na-
tional Construction and Defense (KUFNCD)
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL,
IRC, ITU, Mekong Committee (inactive),
NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WTO for CGDK; none for PRK
37
Cambodia (continued)
Cameroon
Economy
GNP: no aggregate information available
(January 1985)
Agriculture: mainly subsistence except for
rubber plantations; main crops — rice, rub-
ber, corn; food shortages — rice, meat,
vegetables, dairy products, sugar, flour
Major industries: rice milling, fishing, wood
and wood products
Shortages: fossil fuels
Electric power: 120,000 kW capacity (1984);
144 million kWh produced (1984), 23 kWh
per capita
Exports: probably less than $10 million est.
(1983); natural rubber, rice, pepper, wood
Imports: probably less than $30 million
(1983); international food aid; Soviet bloc
economic development aid — value unknown
(post- 1979)
Trade partners: Vietnam and USSR
Aid: economic commitments — US (FY70-
82), $709 million; other Western (1970-82),
$227 million; military (FY70-82)— US,
$1,260 million; Communist data not avail-
able
Budget: no budget data available since Com-
munists took over government
Monetary conversion rate: 4 riels=US$l
(1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 612 km 1.000-meter gauge; gov-
ernment owned
Highways: 13,351 km total; 2,622 km bitumi-
nous, 7,105 km crushed stone, gravel, or
improved earth; and 3,624 km unimproved
earth; some roads in disrepair
Inland waterways: 3,700 km navigable all
year to craft drawing 0.6 meters; 282 km
navigable to craft drawing 1.8 meters
Ports: 2 major, 5 minor
Airfields: 34 total, 14 usable; 7 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: service barely ade-
quate for government requirements and
virtually nonexistent for general public; in-
ternational service limited to Vietnam and
other adjacent countries; radiobroadcasts
limited to 1 station; 1 TV station
Defense Forces
Branches: CGDK consists of National Army
of Democratic Cambodia, Khmer Peoples
National Liberation Front, and Sihanoukist
National Army; PRK — People's Republic of
Cambodia Armed Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,711,000;
919,000 fit for military service; about 80,000
reach military age (18) annually
300 km
.Lake Chad
ff
Gulf of Gutne
See region*! map VII
Land
475,439 km2; somewhat larger than Califor-
nia;50% forest; 18% meadow; 13% fallow; 4%
cultivated; 15% other
Land boundaries: 4,554 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 nm
Coastline: 402 km
People
Population: 9,77 1,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun — Cameroonian(s); adjec-
tive— Cameroonian
Ethnic divisions: over 200 tribes of widely
differing background; 31% Cameroon High-
landers, 19% Equatorial Bantu, 11% Kirdi,
10% Fulani, 8% Northwestern Bantu, 7%
Eastern Nigritic, 13% other African, less than
1% non- African
Religion: over one-half indigenous beliefs,
one-third Christian, one-sixth Muslim
Language: English and French (official), 24
major African language groups
Literacy: 65%
Labor force: (1983) 74.4% agriculture, 11.4%
industry and transport, 9.7% other services
38
Organized labor: under 45% of wage labor
force
Government
Official name: United Republic of Came-
Type: unitary republic; one-party presiden-
tial regime
Capital: Yaounde
Political subdivisions: 10 provinces further
divided into departments, arrondissements,
districts
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem, with common law influence; unitary
constitution adopted 1972; judicial review in
Supreme Court, when a question of constitu-
tionality is referred to it by the President of
the Republic; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Day, 20 May
Branches: executive (President), legislative
(National Assembly), and judicial (Supreme
Court)
Government leader: Paul BIYA, President
(since November 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: parliamentary elections held May
1983; presidential elections held January
1984
Political parties and leaders: single party,
Cameroon National Union (UNC), instituted
in 1966, Paul Biya, president
Communists: no Communist party or signifi-
cant number of sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Came-
roon People's Union (UPC), remains an
illegal group with its factional leaders in exile
Member of: Af BD, KAMA, EGA, EIB (asso-
ciate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO,
ITU, Lake ('had Basin Commission, NAM,
Niger River Commission, OAU, OIC,
UDEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $6.7 billion (1983), about $724 per cap-
ita; real annual growth rate, 5.0% (1983)
Agriculture: commercial and food crops —
coffee, cocoa, timber, cotton, rubber, ba-
nanas, peanuts, palm oil and palm kernels;
root starches, livestock, millet, sorghum, and
Fishing: 23,000 metric tons (1982/83)
Major industries: crude oil; small aluminum
plant, food processing, and light consumer
goods industries; sawmills
Electric power: 569,000 kW capacity (1984);
1.793 billion kWh produced (1984), 188 kWh
per capita
Exports: $1.904 billion (f.o.b., 1983); crude
oil, cocoa, coffee, timber, aluminum, cotton,
natural rubber, bananas, peanuts, tobacco,
and tea
Imports: $1.100 billion (f.o.b., 1982); con-
sumer goods, machinery, transport
equipment, alumina for refining, petroleum
products, food and beverages
Major trade partners: most trade with
France, other EC countries, and the US
Budget: (1984 est.) revenues $1,777 million,
current expenditures $1,696 million
Monetary conversion rate: 417.4
Communaute Financiere Africaine
francs=US$l (October 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 1,173 km total; 858 km 1.000-
meter gauge, 145 km 0.600-meter gauge
Highways: approximately 65,000 km total;
including 2,500 km bituminous, 7,000 km
gravel and earth, 7,400 km improved earth,
28,000 km unimproved
Inland waterways: 2,090 km; of decreasing
importance
Ports: 1 major (Douala), 3 minor
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 58 total, 54 usable; 7 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 4 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good system of open
wire and radio relay; 30,000 telephones (0.3
per 100 popl.); 10 AM, 1 FM, no TV stations; 1
Atlantic Ocean satellite station; planned TV
network
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force; paramili-
tary Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,170,000;
1,092,000 fit for military service; about
90,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1984, $85.4 million; 10.7% of central
government budget
39
Canada
S** regional map II
Land
9,976,139 km2; slightly larger than the US;
44% forest; 42% waste or urban; 8% inland
water; 4% cultivated; 2% meadow and pas-
ture
Land boundaries: 9,010 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 90,908 km
People
Population: 25,399,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 1.0%
Nationality: noun — Canadian(s); adjec-
tive— Canadian
Ethnic divisions: 45% British Isles origin,
29% French origin, 23% other European,
1.5% indigenous Indian and Eskimo
Religion: 46% Roman Catholic, 18% United
Church, 12% Anglican
Language: English and French official
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 12.2 million (December 1983);
68% services (37% government, 23% trade
and finance, 8% transportation), 18% manu-
facturing, 6% construction, 4% agriculture,
5% other; 11.9% unemployment (1983 aver-
age); 11.1% unemployment (December 1983)
Organized labor: 33% of labor force
Government
Official name: Canada
Type: federal state recognizing Elizabeth II
as sovereign
Capital: Ottawa
Political subdivisions: 10 provinces and 2 ter-
ritories
Legal system: based on English common law,
except in Quebec, where civil law system "
based on French law prevails; constitution as
of 1982 (formerly British North America Act
of 1867 and various amendments); accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva-
tions
National holiday: Canada Day, 1 July
Branches: federal executive power vested in
cabinet collectively responsible to House of
Commons, and headed by Prime Minister;
federal legislative authority resides in Parlia-
ment (282 seats) consisting of Queen
represented by Governor General, Senate,
and House of Commons; judges appointed by
Governor General on the advice of the gov-
ernment; Supreme Court is highest tribunal
Government leaders: Brian MULRONEY,
Prime Minister (since September 1984);
Jeanne SAUVE, Governor General (since
May 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: legal limit of five years; but in
practice usually held within four years; last
election September 1984; voter turnout, 72%
Political parties and leaders: Liberal, John
Turner; Progressive Conservative, Brian
Mulroney; New Democratic, Edward
Broadbent
Voting strength: (1984 election) Progressive
Conservative, 50%; Liberal, 28%; New Dem-
ocratic Party, 19%; parliamentary seats as of
December 1984 — Progressive Conservative
(121), Liberal (40), New Democratic Party
(30), independent (1)
40
Communists: approx. 2,000
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Common-
wealth, DAC, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICES, ICO, ICRC, IDA, IDB— Inter-
American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC—
International Whaling Commission, IWC —
International Wheat Council, NATO, OAS
(observer), OECD, PAHO, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $313.6 billion (1983), $12,592 per cap-
ita (1983); 58.7% consumption, 19.9%
investment, 21.5% government, 0.2% net for-
eign trade; —.3% change in inventories; real
growth rate 3.2% (1976-83)
Agriculture: main products — livestock,
grains (principally wheat), dairy products,
feedgrains, oilseeds, tobacco; food short-
ages— fresh fruits and vegetables
Fishing: catch 1.39 million metric tons (1982)
Major industries: processed and unprocessed
minerals, food products, wood and paper
products, transportation equipment, chemi-
cals, fish products, petroleum and natural gas
Shortages: rubber, rolled steel, fruits, preci-
sion instruments
Crude steel: 12.7 million metric tons pro-
duced (1983)
Electric power: 92,725,000 kW capacity
(1984); 419. 118 billion kWh produced (1984),
16,670 kWh per capita
Exports: $82.835 billion (f.o.b., 1983; princi-
pal items transportation equipment, wood
and wood products including paper, ferrous
and nonferrous ores, crude petroleum,
wheat; Canada is a major food exporter
Imports: $72.267 billion (f.o.b., 1983); princi-
pal items transportation equipment,
machinery, crude petroleum, communica-
tion equipment, textiles, steel, fabricated
metals, office machines, fruits and vegetables
Cape Verde
Major trade partners: imports — 71.6% US,
5.9% Japan, 2.4% UK; exports— 72.7% US,
5.0% Japan, 2.7% UK, 2.0% USSR (1983)
Aid: economic — (received US, $1.8 billion
Ex-Im Bank, FY70-81); Canada commit-
ments to LDCs, bilateral ODA and OOF,
$14. 2 billion (1970-82)
Budget: total revenues $61. 68 billion; current
expenditures $80.82 billion; budget deficit
$19.14 billion (1983)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.322 C$=US$1
(2 January 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 66,372 km total; 65,096 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 63 km electrified;
1,131 km 1.067-meter gauge (in Newfound-
land); 145 km 0.914-meter gauge
Highways: 884,272 km total; 712,936 km sur-
faced (250,023 km paved), 171,336 km earth
Inland waterways: 3,000 km
Pipelines: oil, 23,564 km total crude and re-
fined; natural gas, 74,980 km
Ports: 13 major, numerous minor
Civil air: 636 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1,557 total, 1,328 usable; 395 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways
over 3,659 m, 30 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 323 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent service pro-
vided by modern telecom media; 16.2
million telephones (67. 1 per 100 popl.); coun-
trywide AM, FM, and TV coverage,
including 630 AM, 80 FM, 500 TV stations; 6
coaxial submarine cables; 3 satellite stations
with total of 5 antennas and 1 00 domestic sat-
ellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Mobile Command, Maritime
Command, Air Command, Communications
Command, Canadian Forces Europe, Train-
ing Command
Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,028,000;
6,014,000 fit for military service; 197,000
reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1983 the defense budget was $6.6 bil-
lion; about 9.7% of central government
budget
Santo Antao
^nd.,o Xc
,,Sa° * . ,-N~_ "-^
Vicente
Sao Nicolau
North Atlantic Ocean
70km
Sal
Boa Vista
b
OFogo
do i0ir JWa/o
Sao Tiago
See regional map VII
Land
4,040 km2, divided among 1 0 islands and sev-
eral islets; slightly larger than Rhode Island
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (eco-
nomic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 965 km
People
Population: 315,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 2.0%
Nationality: noun — Cape Verdean(s); adjec-
tive— Cape Verdean
Ethnic divisions: about 71% Creole (mu-
latto); 28% African; 1% European
Religion: Catholicism, fused with local su-
perstitions
Language: Portuguese and Crioulo, a blend
of Portuguese and West African words
Literacy: 37%
Labor force: bulk of population engaged in
subsistence agriculture
Government
Official name: Republic of Cape Verde
Type: republic
Capital: Praia
41
Cape Verde (continued)
Central African Republic
Political subdivisions: 10 islands
Legal system: based on constitution
National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July
Branches: National People's Assembly, 56
members; the official party is the supreme
political institution
Government leaders: Aristides PEREIRA,
President (since July 1975); Pedro PIRES,
Prime Minister (since July 1975)
Suffrage: universal over age 15
Elections: National Assembly election held
December 1980, the first since independence
Political parties and leaders: only legal
party, African Party for Independence of
Cape Verde (PAICV), led by Aristides
Pereira, secretary general; PAICV estab-
lished in January 1981 to replace the former
ruling party in both Cape Verde and Guinea
Bissau, the African Party for the Indepen-
dence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde
(PAIGC), in protest of the November 1980
coup in Guinea-Bissau
Communists: a few Communists, some sym-
pathizers
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $106 million (1982 prov.); $353 per
capita GNP (1982); 0% growth rate (1978)
Agriculture: main crops — corn, beans, man-
ioc, sweet potatoes; barely self-sufficient in
food
Fishing: catch 10,381 metric tons (1982);
largely undeveloped but provides major
source of export earnings
Major industries: salt mining
Electric power: 14,000 kW capacity (1984);
15 million kWh produced (1984); 50 k Wh per
capita
Exports: $1.6 million (f.o.b., 1983); fish, ba-
nanas, salt, flour
Imports: $68.1 million (c.i.f., 1983); petro-
leum products, corn, rice, machinery, textiles
Major trade partners: Portugal, UK, Japan,
African neighbors
Budget: $20.4 million public revenue, $26.7
million current expenditures (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 89.27
escudos=US$l (November 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Ports: 2 major (Mindelo and Praia), 2 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 4 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: interisland radio-
relay system, HF radio to mainland Portugal
and Guinea-Bissau, about 1,740 telephones
(0.6 per 100 popl.); 2 FM 2 AM stations; 1
small TV station; 2 coaxial submarine cables;
1 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: People's Revolutionary Armed
Forces (FARP); Army, Navy, and Air Force
are separate components of FARP
Military manpower: males 15-49, 86,000;
50,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1980, $15 million; about 5% of
central government budget
See regioni) map VII
Land
622,984 km2; slightly smaller than Texas; 80-
85% meadow, fallow, vacant arable land,
urban, or waste; 10-15% cultivated; 5% dense
forest
Land boundaries: 4,981 km
People
Population: 2,667,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun — Central African(s); ad-
jective— Central African
Ethnic divisions: approximately 80 ethnic
groups, the majority of which have related
ethnic and linguistic characteristics; 34%
Baya, 28% Banda, 10% Sara, 9% Mandjia, 9%
Mboum, 7% M'Baka; 6,500 Europeans, of
whom 3,600 are French
Religion: 25% Protestant, 25% Roman Cath-
olic, 24% indigenous beliefs, 10% Muslim;
animistic beliefs and practices strongly influ-
ence the Christian majority
Language: French (official); Sangho, lingua
franca and national language
Literacy: est. 33%
Labor force: 1,320,000(1983); 88% agricul-
ture, 4% industry and commerce, 4%
services, 4% government; approximately
64,000 salaried workers
Organized labor: 1 % of labor force
Government
Official name: Central African Republic
Type: republic, under military rule since
September 1981
Capital: Bangui
Political subdivisions: 14 prefectures, 47
subprefectures
Legal system: based on French law; constitu-
tion, which was approved in February 1981
referendum, was suspended after September
1981 military takeover; judiciary, Supreme
Court, court of appeals, criminal court, and
numerous lower courts
National holiday: Independence Day, 13
August; National Day, 1 December
Branches: Gen. Andre- Dieudonne Kolingba
is Chief of State and President of the Military
Committee for National Recovery, which re-
placed the Council of Ministers; no legis-
lature; separate judiciary
Government leader: Gen. Andre-Dieudonne
KOLINGBA, Chief of State and President of
the Military Committee for National Recov-
ery (since September 1981)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: none scheduled
Political parties and leaders: political parties
were banned in September 1981
Communists: no Communist party; small
number of Communist sympathizers
Member of: Af DB, Conference of East and
Central African States, KAMA, EGA, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UDEAC, UEAC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $616 million (1983), $244 per capita,
-2.3% real growth (1983)
Agriculture: commercial — cotton, coffee,
peanuts, sesame, wood; main food crops
manioc, corn, peanuts, rice, potatoes
Major industries: sawmills, brewery, dia-
mond mining and splitting
Electric power: 46,000 kW capacity (1984);
80 million kWh produced (1984), 30 kWh per
capita
Exports: $113.6 million (f.o.b., 1983); cotton,
coffee, diamonds, timber
Imports: $136.5 million (f.o.b., 1983 est); tex-
tiles, petroleum products, machinery,
electrical equipment, motor vehicles, chemi-
cals, Pharmaceuticals
Major trade partners: exports'—France, Bel-
gium, Japan, US; imports — France and other
EC countries, Japan, Algeria, Yugoslavia
Budget: (1983) revenues $95.3 million; cur-
rent expenditures $113.7 million; official
foreign debt $268.1 million (1983)
Monetary conversion rate: 422.25
Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 20,560 km total; 454 km bitumi-
nous, 10,196 km improved earth, 12,690 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 7,000 km; traditional
trade carried on by means of shallow-draft
dugouts on the extensive system of rivers and
streams
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 67 total, 59 usable; 4 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 21 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities are meager;
network is composed of low-capacity, low-
powered radiocommunication stations and
radio-relay links; 6,000 telephones (0.2 per
100 popl.); 1 AM station, 1 FM station, 1 TV
station; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 586,000;
303,000 fit for military service
Supply: mainly dependent on France, but
has received equipment from Israel, Italy,
USSR, FRG, South Korea, and PRC
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983; $12.2 million; about 14.5%
of central government budget
43
Chad
See regional map VII
Land
1,284,000 km2; four-fifths the size of Alaska;
35% pasture; 17% arable; 2% forest and scrub;
46% other use and waste
Land boundaries: 5,987 km
People
Population: 5,246,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun — Chadian(s); adjective —
Chadian
Ethnic divisions: some 200 distinct ethnic
groups, including Muslims (Arabs, Toubou,
Fulani, Kotoko, Hausa, Kanembou,
Baguirmi, Boulala, and Maba) in the north
and center and non-Muslims (Sara, Mayo-
Kebbi, and Chari) in the south; some 150,000
nonindigenous, 3,000 of them French
Religion: 52% Muslim, 43% indigenous be-
liefs, 5% Christian
Language: French official; Chadian Arabic
is lingua franca in north, Sara and Sangho in
south; more than 100 different languages and
dialects are spoken
Literacy: about 20%
Labor force: 85% agriculture (engaged in un-
paid subsistence farming, herding, and
fishing)
Organized labor: about 20% of wage labor
force
Government
Official name: Republic of Chad
Type: republic
Capital: N'Djamena
Political subdivisions: 14 prefectures
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem and Chadian customary law;
constitution adopted 1962; constitution sus-
pended and National Assembly dissolved
April 1975; Fundamental Act, a quasi-con-
stitution decreed in October 1982, provides
juridical framework whereby decrees are
promulgated by the president; judicial re-
view of legislative acts in theory a power of
the Supreme Court; has not accepted com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 13 April
Branches: presidency; Council of Ministers;
National Consultative Council
Government leaders: Hissein HABRE, Presi-
dent (since June 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: none planned
Political parties and leaders: National Union
for Independence and Revolution (UNIR) es-
tablished June 1984 with Habre as president;
numerous dissident groups
Communists: no front organizations or un-
derground party; probably a few
Communists and some sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: the devel-
opment of a stable government continues to
be hampered by prolonged tribal and re-
gional antagonisms; ex-President Goukouni
Weddeye heads a rebel government, with
Libyan backing, that has driven Habre's
forces out of the northern third of Chad
Member of: AfDB, CEAO, Conference of
East and Central African States, EAMA,
ECA, EEC (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB— Islamic
44
Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, Lake Chad
Basin Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM,
QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO
Economy
During the last decade droughts and plagues
of locusts have caused widespread food short-
ages, and years of civil war have devasted the
economy; reliable current economic data are
unavailable
GDP: $500 million (1980), $110 per capita
(1980); estimated real annual growth rate
0.6% (1971-81)
Agriculture: commercial — cotton, gum ara-
bic, livestock, peanuts, fish; food crops —
millet, sorghum, rice, sweet potatoes, yams,
cassava, dates; imports food
Fishing: catch 1 15,000 metric tons(1982 est.)
Major industries: agricultural and livestock
processing plants (cotton textile mill, slaugh-
terhouses, brewery), natron
Electric power: 25,000 kW capacity (1984);
43 million kWh produced (1984), 8 kWh per
capita
Exports: $45.8 million (1983); cotton 75%,
meat, fish, animal products
Imports: $84.0 million (1983); cement, petro-
leum, flour, sugar, tea, machinery, textiles,
motor vehicles
Major trade partners: imports — 50% Nige-
ria, 13% Netherlands Antilles, 8% France, 7%
Cameroon, 5% Gabon; exports — 37% Nige-
ria, 10% Portugal, 9% France, 8% FRG, 6%
Cameroon
Budget: (1978 est.) public revenue $67.4 mil-
lion, current revenue $89.0 million
Monetary conversion rate: 422.25
Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Chile
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 27,505 km total; 242 km bitumi-
nous, 4,385 km gravel and laterite, and
remainder unimproved
Inland waterways: approximately 2,000 km
navigable
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 73 total, 66 usable; 5 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 30 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Language: French (official); Sangho, lingua
franca and national language
Telecommunications: fair system of
radiocommunication stations for intercity
links; satellite ground station; 5,000 tele-
phones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 1 FM, 3 AM
stations; many facilities inoperative
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, paramilitary
Gendarmerie, Presidential Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,197,000;
618,000 fit for military service; about 49,000
reach military age (20) annually
Supply: primarily dependent on France
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $8.7 million; about 25% of
total budget
Antofagasta/
SANTIAGO
South Pacific Ocean
Punta Arenas*
See regional map IV
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authonlativ
Land
756,945 km2; larger than Texas; 47% barren
mountain, desert, and urban; 29% forest; 15%
permanent pasture, meadow; 7% other ara-
ble; 2% cultivated
Land boundaries: 6,325 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 6,435 km
People
Population: 11, 882,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 1.5%
Nationality: noun— Chilean(s); adjective —
Chilean
Ethnic divisions: 95% European and Euro-
pean-Indian, 3% Indian, 2% other
Religion: 89% Roman Catholic, 11% Protes-
tant
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 90% (1978)
Labor force: 3.0 million total employment
(1982); 33% industry and commerce; 31 % ser-
vices; 9% agriculture, forestry, and fishing;
9% mining; 5% construction
Organized labor: 12% of labor force orga-
nized into labor unions (1982)
Government
Official name: Republic of Chile
Type: republic
Capital: Santiago
Political subdivisions: 12 regions plus one
metropolitan district, 41 provincial subdi-
Legal system: based on Code 1857 derived
from Spanish law and subsequent codes in-
fluenced by French and Austrian law;
current constitution came into effect in
March 1981; the constitution provides for
continued direct rule until 1989, with a
phased return to full civilian rule by 1997;
judicial review of legislative acts in the Su-
preme Court; legal education at University of
Chile, Catholic University, and several oth-
ers; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 18
September
Branches: four-man Military-Police Junta,
which exercises constituent and legislative
powers and has delegated executive powers
to President of Junta; the President has an-
nounced a plan for transition from military to
civilian rule by 1989; National Congress (Sen-
ate, House of Representatives) dissolved;
civilian judiciary remains
Government leaders: Gen. Augusto PINO-
CHET Ugarte, President (since September
1973); Adm. Jose Toribio MERINO Castro
(since September 1973), Air Force Maj. Gen.
Fernando MATTHEI Aubel (since July
1978), Carabinero Gen. Cesar MENDOZA
Duran (since September 1973), Army Lt.
Gen. Cesar BENAVIDES Escobar (since
March 1981), Junta members
Suffrage: none
Elections: prohibited by decree; all electoral
registers were destroyed in 1974
45
Chile (continued)
Political parties and leaders: all political par-
ties are officially recessed or outlawed, but
they have been allowed to function on a very
limited basis since 1982; National Party (PN),
Patricio Philips; Independent Democratic
Union (UDI), Sergio Fernandez; National
Unity Movement (MUN), Andres Allamand;
Movement of National Action (MAN),
Federico Willoughby; Radical Party (PR),
Enrique Silva Cimma; Social Democratic
Party (PSD), Luis Bossay; Christian Demo-
cratic Party (PDC), Gabriel Valdes;
Republican Right, Hugo Zepeda; Socialist
Party, Ramon Silva Ulloa and Julio Stuardo
(the PR, PSD, PDC, Republican Right, and
some elements of the Socialist Party form the
Democratic Alliance [AD]); Movement of
Unitary Popular Action (MAPU); Movement
of Unitary Popular Action — Workers/
Peasants (MAPU-OC), Bias Tomic and Oscar
Garreton Purcell; Christian Left (1C), Luis
Maira; Communist Party of Chile (PCCh),
Luis Corvalan Lepe (in exile); Socialist
Party — Almeyda faction (PSCh/Alm),
Clodomiro Almeyda (in exile); Socialist
Party— Altamirano faction (PSCh/Alt),
Carlos Altamirano (in exile); Movement of
the Revolutionary Left (MIR), Andres Pascal
Allende (in exile); the MIR, PSCh/Alm, and
PCCh form the leftist Popular Democratic
Movement (MDP)
Voting strength: (1970 presidential election)
36.6% Popular Unity coalition, 35.3% conser-
vative independent, 28.1% Christian
Democrat; (1973 congressional election) 44%
Popular Unity coalition, 56% Democratic
Confederation (PDC and PN)
Communists: 248,000 when PCCh was legal
in 1973; active militants now estimated at
about 20,000
Other political or pressure groups: United
Democratic Command (CUD), a social
grouping of 300 labor organizations and other
groups, dominated by the PCCh; labor-
National Workers Command (CNT), in-
cludes trade unionists from the country's five
largest labor confederations; Roman Catholic
Church
Member of: CIPEC, ECOSOC, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IDB — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, LAIA,
OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GDP: $23.6 billion (1982), $2,178.1 per cap-
ita; 77% private consumption, 14.8%
government consumption; 9.9% gross invest-
ment, 1.7% net foreign balance; real growth
rate 14.3% (1982)
Agriculture: main crops — wheat, potatoes,
corn, sugar beets, onions, beans, fruits; net ag-
ricultural importer
Fishing: catch 4 million metric tons (1982);
exports $307.1 million (1983)
Major industries: copper, other minerals,
foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel,
pulp, paper, and forestry products
Crude steel: 765.0 billion metric tons capac-
ity (1980); 715,600 metric tons produced
(1980)
Electric power: 3,250,000 kW capacity
(1984); 12.5 billion kWh produced (1984),
l,072kWh per capita
Exports: $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1983); copper,
molybdenum, iron ore, paper products,
fishmeal, fruits, wood products
Imports: $2.7 billion (f.o.b., 1983); petro-
leum, sugar, wheat, capital goods, vehicles
Major trade partners: exports — 28% US,
13% FRG, 9% Japan, 5% UK, 4% Brazil
(1983); imports— 24% US, 6% Brazil, 6%
FRG, 5% Japan, 2% Venezuela (1983)
Budget: revenues, $4. 1 billion; expenditures,
$4.4 billion (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 128 pesos=US$l
(January 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 8,478 km total; 4,257 km 1.676-
meter gauge, 135km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, 4,221 km 1.000-meter gauge; elec-
trification, 1,503 km, 1.676-meter gauge, 79
km 1.000-meter gauge
Highways: 78,025 km total; 9,365 km paved,
37,700 km gravel, 32,000 km improved and
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 725 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 755 km; refined prod-
ucts, 785 km; natural gas, 320 km
Ports: 10 major, 13 minor
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 359 total, 320 usable; 46 with per-
manent-surface runways; 13 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 51 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern telephone
system based on extensive radio-relay facili-
ties; 595,100 telephones (5.0 per 100 popl.); 2
Atlantic Ocean satellite stations; 2 domestic
satellite stations; 151 AM, 81 FM, 122 TV sta-
tions
Defense Forces
Branches: Army of the Nation, National
Navy, Air Force of the Nation, Carabineros
of Chile
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,149,000;
2,369,000 fit for military service; about
119,000 reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $776 million; 14.6% of cen-
tral government budget
46
China
(Taiwan listed
at end of table)
See refionit map VIII
Land
9.6 million km2; slightly larger than US;
74.3% desert, waste, or urban (32% of this
area consists largely of denuded wasteland,
plains, rolling hills, and basins from which
about 3% could be reclaimed); 11% culti-
vated (sown area extended by multi-
cropping); 12.7% forest and woodland; 2-3%
inland water
Land boundaries: 24,000 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 14,500km
People
Population: 1,041,346,000 (July 1985), aver-
age annual growth rate 0.9%
Nationality: noun — Chinese (sing., pi.); ad-
jective— Chinese
Ethnic divisions: 93.3% Han Chinese; 6.7%
Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao,
Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and numer-
ous lesser nationalities
Religion: officially atheist; most people, even
before 1949, have been pragmatic and eclec-
tic, not seriously religious; most important
elements of religion are Confucianism, Tao-
ism, Buddhism, ancestor worship; about 2-
3% Muslim, 1% Christian
Language: Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or
Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect); also
Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei
(Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese),
Xiang, Can, Hakka dialects, and minority
languages (see ethnic divisions)
Literacy: over 75%
Labor force: est. 447.1 million (December
1983J; 74.4% agriculture, 15% industry and
commerce^ 10.6% Other
Government
Official name: People's Republic of China
Type: Communist state; real authority lies
with Communist Party's Polituro; the Na-
tional People's Congress, in theory the
highest organ of government, usually ratifies
the party's programs; the State Council actu-
ally directs the government
Capital: Beijing (Peking)
Political subdivisions: 21 provinces, 3 cen-
trally governed municipalities, 5
autonomous regions
Legal system: a complex amalgam of custom
and statute, largely criminal; little ostensible
development of uniform code of adminis-
trative and civil law; highest judicial organ is
Supreme People's Court, which reviews
lower court decisions; laws and legal proce-
dure subordinate to priorities of party policy;
regime has attempted to write civil and Com-
munist codes; new legal codes in effect 1
January 1980; party and state constitutions
revised in September and November 1982,
respectively; continuing efforts are being
made to improve civil and commercial law
National holiday: National Day, 1 October
Branches: control is exercised by Chinese
Communist Party, through State Council,
which supervises ministries, commissions,
bureaus, etc., all technically under the Stand-
ing Committee of the National People's
Congress
Government leaders: ZHAO Ziyang, Pre-
mier of State Council (since September 1 980);
LI Xiannian, President (since June 1983);
PENG Zhen, Chairman of NPC Standing
Committee (since June 1983)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections held for People's Con-
gress representatives at county level
Political parties and leaders: Chinese Com-
munist Party (CCP), headed by Hu Yaobang
as General Secretary of Central Committee
Communists: about 39 million party mem-
bers in 1981
Other political or pressure groups: such op-
position as exists consists of loose coalitions
that vary by issue rather than organized
groups; the People's Liberation Army has
conventionally been seen as a major force,
but its political influence has been much re-
duced over the past few years
Member of: FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, ITU, Multifiber Arrangement,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO
Economy
GNP: $309 billion (1984 est.), $300 per capita
Agriculture: main crops — rice, wheat, other
grains, oilseed, cotton; agriculture mainly
subsistence; grain imports 12.7 million met-
ric tons in 1983
Major industries: iron, steel, coal, machine
building, armaments, textiles, petroleum
Shortages: complex machinery and equip-
ment, highly skilled scientists and
technicians, energy, and transport
Crude steel: 43.7 million metric tons pro-
duced, 42 kg per capita (1984)
Electric power: 79,200,000 kW capacity
(1984); 360 billion kWh produced (1984), 346
kWh per capita
47
China (continued)
Colombia
Exports: $23.7 billion (f.o.b., 1983); manufac-
tured goods, agricultural products, oil,
minerals
Imports: $18.3 billion (f.o.b., 1983); grain,
chemical fertilizer, steel, industrial raw ma-
terials, machinery, equipment
Major trade partners: Japan, Hong Kong,
US, FRG, Jordan, Canada, Brazil, Singapore
(1983)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.64 renminbi
yuan=US$l (31 October 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: networks total about 52,500 route
km common carrier lines; about 600 km
1.000-meter gauge; rest 1.435-meter stan-
dard gauge; all single track except
approximately 9,500 km double track on
standard gauge lines; approximately 3,000
km electrified; about 10,000 km industrial
lines (gauges range from 0.762 to 1.067 me-
ters)
Highways: about 1,001,000 km all types
roads; about 260,000 km unimproved natural
earth roads and tracks; about 581 ,000 km im-
proved earth roads; about 190,000 km paved
roads
Inland waterways: 138,600 km; about
108,900 km navigable
Pipelines: crude, 6,000 km; refined products,
1,100 km; natural gas, 3,600 km
Ports: 15 major, approximately 180 minor
Airfields: 322 total; 263 with permanent-sur-
face runways; 13 with runways 3,500 m and
over; 66 with runways 2,500 to 3,499 m; 221
with runways 1,200 to 2,499 m; 26 with run-
ways less than 1,200 m; 2 seaplane stations; 7
heliports, 7 airfields under construction
Telecommunications: fair to good domestic
and international services exist primarily for
official purposes; unevenly distributed inter-
nal system serves principal cities, industrial
centers, and most townships; 29,092 long-dis-
tance telephone exchange lines with direct,
automatic service to 26 cities; 5. 15 million di-
rect line telephones (3-5 telephones per 100
popl. in large cities, 1 telephone per 200popl.
national average); local public nets are 65%
automatic; 40,000 post and telegraph offices
with about 700 main telegraph centers capa-
ble of general message service at the county
level and above; subscriber teleprinter ex-
change (telex) and facsimile available in 14
main metropolitan areas; unknown number
of data information transfer points; domestic
audio radio broadcast coverage to 64.5% of •
the population; 122 main AM and 630 trans-
mitter and relay stations; unknown number
of FM radio and wired rebroadcast stations
with 215 million receivers; TV coverage to
60% of the population; 52 TV centers; about
400 local and network TV relay transmitter
stations; 7,000 low-power recorder and re-
distribution facilities; 36 million mono-
chrome and color TV receiver sets; 2 major
international switching centers and 1 re-
gional outlet, satellite communications and
long-haul point-to-point radio circuits, re-
gional cable and wire landlines, directional
radio-relay, and sealed coaxial telephone ca-
ble (damaged) permit linkage with most
countries; direct voice and message commu-
nications with 46 countries and regions; TV
exchange to major cities on 5 continents
through INTELSAT Pacific and Indian.
Ocean earth satellite; AM radio broadcasts in
38 languages to 140 countries and regions
Defense Forces
Branches: Chinese People's Liberation Army
(CPLA), CPLA Navy (including Marines),
CPLA Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
285,513,000; 159,299,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 13,080,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Caribbean Sea .
Barranquilla
Sec regional map IV
48
Land
1,138,914 km2; about the size of Texas and
New Mexico combined; 72% unsettled
(mostly forest and savannah); 28% settled
(consisting of 5% crop and fallow; 14% pas-
ture, 6% forest, swamp, and water; 3% urban
and other)
Land boundaries: 6,035 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 2,414 km
People
Population: 29,506,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun — Colombian(s); adjec-
tive— Colombian
Ethnic divisions: 58% mestizo, 20% Cauca-
sian, 14% mulatto, 4% black, 3% mixed black-
Indian, 1% Indian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 81%
Labor force: 9 million (1982); 53% services,
26% agriculture, 21% industry (1980); 14%
official unemployment (1984)
Organized labor: 1,418,321 members (1982)
Government
Official name: Republic of Colombia
Type: republic; executive branch dominates
government structure
Capital: Bogota
Political subdivisions: 22 departments, 3
intendancies, 5 commissariats, Bogota Spe-
cial District
Legal system: based on Spanish law; religious
courts regulate marriage and divorce; con-
stitution decreed in 1886, amendments
codified in 1946 and 1968; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva-
tions
National holiday: Independence Day, 30
July
Branches: President, bicameral legislature
(Parliament — Senate, House of Represen-
tatives), judiciary
Government leader: Belisario BETANCUR
Cuartas, President (since August 1982)
Suffrage: age 18 and over
Elections: every fourth year; last presidential
election held in May 1982; last congressional
election March 1982; municipal and depart-
mental elections every two years, last held in
March 1984
Political parties and leaders: Liberal
Party — leadership currently undergoing
changes, with eight congressmen sharing plu-
ral leadership; main dissident faction is
headed by Luis Carlos Galan; Conservative
Party — Alvaro Gomez Hurtado and Misael
Pastrana Borrero head the two principal
wings united behind current President
Belisario Betancur, who leads a small faction;
Communist Party (PCC), Gilberto Vieira
White; Communist Party/Marxist-Leninist
(PCC/ML), Maoist orientation
Voting strength: (1982 presidential election)
Belisario Betancur 46.8%, Alfonso Lopez
Michelsen 40.7%, Luis Carlos Galan 11.1%,
Gerardo Molina 1.2%, other 1.2%; 49% ab-
stention
Communists: 10,000-12,000 members est.
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDB— Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC,.IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU,
LAIA and Andean Sub-Regional Group,
NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO,
UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $48 billion (1984 est).; $1,660 per cap-
ita (1984); 69% private consumption, 26%
gross investment, 9% public consumption
(1982); growth rate 1.5% (1984)
Agriculture: main crops — coffee, rice, corn,
sugarcane, marijuana, coca, plantains, ba-
nanas, cotton, tobacco
Fishing: catch 71,381 metric tons 1982
Major industries: textiles, food processing,
clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals,
metal products, and cement
Crude steel: 391,000 metric tons produced
(1980/81 est.), 14 kg per capita
Electric power: 8,350,000 kW capacity
(1984); 26 billion kWh produced (1984), 920
kWh per capita
Exports: $3.0 billion (f.o.b., 1983); coffee,
fuel oil, cotton, tobacco, sugar, textiles, cattle
and hides, bananas, fresh cut flowers
Imports: $5.0 billion (c.i.f., 1983); transporta-
tion equipment, machinery, industrial
metals and raw materials, chemicals and
Pharmaceuticals, fuels, fertilizers, paper and
paper products, foodstuffs and beverages
Major trade partners: exports — 29% US,
18% FRG, 7% Venezuela, 5% Italy, 4.5% Ja-
pan; imports— 35% US, 11% Japan, 7%
Venezuela, 6% FRG, 3% France, 2.5% Spain,
1% Ecuador (1983)
Budget: (1983) revenues, $3.9 billion; expen-
ditures, $5.3 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 108.129
pesos=US$l (31 October 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,563 km, all 0.914-meter gauge,
single track
Highways: 75,450 km total; 9,350 km paved,
66,100 km earth and gravel surfaces
Inland waterways: 14,300 km, navigable by
river boats
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,585 km; refined prod-
ucts, 1,350 km; natural gas, 830 km; natural
gas liquids, 125 km
Ports: 6 major (Barranquilla, Buenaventura,
Cartagena, San Andres, Santa Marta,
Tumaco)
Civil air: 106 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 621 total, 608 usable; 61 with per-
manent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,660 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 91 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: nationwide radio-
relay system; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite sta-
tion with 2 antennas and 8 domestic satellite
stations; 1.75 million telephones (6.0 per 100
popl.); 375 AM, 130 FM, 85 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army of Colombia, Colombian
Air Force, National Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,646,000;
5,421,000 fit for military service; about
356,000 reach military age (18) annually
49
Comoros
iMORor
[MORONI
C \Grande Comore
Moheli
50km
Indian
Ocean
Anjouan
Mayotte
(administered by France,
claimed bv Comoros!
Sttrrtionil mip VII
Land
2,171 km2; half the size of Delaware; 4 main
islands; 48% cultivated, 29% uncultivated,
16% forest, 7% pasture
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 340 km
People
Population: 469,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 2.9%
Nationality: noun — Comoran(s); adjective —
Comoran
Ethnic divisions: Antalote, Cafre, Makoa,
Oimatsaha, Sakalava
Religion: 86% Sunni Muslim, 14% Roman
Catholic
Language: Shaafi Islam (a Swahili dialect),
Malagasy, French
Literacy: 15%
Labor force: 140,000(1982); 87% agriculture,
3% government; significant unemployment
Government
Official name: Federal Islamic Republic of
the Comoros
Type: three of the four islands compose an
independent republic, following local
government's unilateral declaration of inde-
pendence from France in July 1975; the other
island, Mayotte, disallowed declaration and
is now a French territorial community but is
claimed by the Comoros
Capital: Moroni
Political subdivisions: the three islands are
organized into seven regions
Legal system: French and Muslim law in a
new consolidated code
1
Branches: presidency; 38-member legisla-
ture (Federal Assembly)
Government leader: Ahmed ABDALLAH
ABDEREMANE, President (since October
1978)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: Abdallah Abderemane won 1984
presidential election with 99% majority; Fed-
eral Assembly elected in March 1982
Political party: sole legal political party is
Comoran Union for Progress (UCP)
Voting strength: UCP holds 37 seats in the
Federal Assembly
Communists: information not available
Member of: AfDB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA,
IDB — Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $107 million (1982), about $330 per
capita
Agriculture: food crops — rice, manioc,
maize, fruits, vegetables, coconuts, cinna-
mon, yams; export crops — essential oils for
perfumes (mainly ylang-ylang), vanilla, co-
pra, cloves
Major industry: perfume distillation
Electric power: 5,000 kW capacity (1984); 5
million kWh produced (1984), 10 kWh per
capita
50
Exports: $18 million (f.o.b., 1982); perfume
oils, vanilla, copra, cloves
Imports: $19 million (f.o.b., 1982); rice and
other foodstuffs, cement, fuels, chemicals,
textiles
Major trade partners: France, Madagascar,
FRG
Budget: (1982) domestic revenue, $6 million;
foreign revenue, $20 million; current expen-
ditures, $10 million; development
expenditures, $3 million; extrabudgetary ex-
penditures, $31 million
Monetary conversion rate: 468.75
Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (31 October 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,110 km total; approximately
406 km bituminous, remainder crushed stone
or gravel
Ports: 1 major (Mutsamudu on Anjouan Is-
land); 2 minor
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable; 4 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: sparse system of
radio-relay and HF radio communication
stations for interisland and external commu-
nications to Madagascar and Reunion; 1,800
telephones (0.4 per 100 popl.); 2 AM stations,
1 FM station, no TV station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 104,000;
61,000 fit for military service
Ships: 1 landing craft
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1981, $2.9 million; about 16% of
the central government budget
Congo
225km
See rfgional map VI]
Land
342,000 km2; slightly smaller than Montana;
63% dense forest or wood, 31% meadow, 4%
urban or waste, 2% cultivated (est.)
Land boundaries: 4,514 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
Coastline: 169 km
People
Population: 1,798,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun — Congolese (sing., pi.);
adjective — Congolese or Congo
Ethnic divisions: about 15 ethnic groups di-
vided into some 75 tribes, almost all Bantu;
most important ethnic groups are Kongo
(48%) in south, Sangha (20%) and M'Bochi
(12%) in north, Teke (17%) in center; about
8,500 Europeans, mostly French
Religion: 48% animist, 47% Christian, 2%
Muslim
Language: French (official); many African
languages with Lingala and Kikongo most
widely used
Literacy: over 50%
Labor force: about 40% of population eco-
nomically active (1983); 75% agriculture,
25% commerce, industry, government;
79,100 wage earners; 40,000-60,000 unem-
ployed
Organized labor: 20% of total labor force
(1979 est.)
Government
Official name: People's Republic of the
Congo
Type: republic; military regime established
September 1968
Capital: Brazzaville
Political subdivisions: nine regions divided
into districts
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem and customary law; constitution adopted
1973
National holiday: National Day, 15 August
Branches: presidential executive, Council of
State; judiciary; all policy made by Congolese
Workers Party Central Committee and Polit-
buro
Government leaders: Col. Denis SASSOU-
NGUESSO, President (since 1979); Ange
Edouard POUNGU1, Prime Minister (since
July 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections for local and regional or-
gans and the National Assembly were held in
July 1979— the first elections since June 1973
Political parties and leaders: Congolese
Workers Party (PCT) is only legal party
Communists: unknown number of Commu-
nists and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Union of
Congolese Socialist Youth (UJSC), Congolese
Trade Union Congress (CSC), Revolutionary
Union of Congolese Women (URFC), Gen-
eral Union of Congolese Pupils and Students
(UGEEC)
Member of: Af DB, Conference of East and
Central African States, EAMA, EGA, EIB (as-
sociate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO,
ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU,
UDEAC, UEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GDP: about $1.8 billion (1984 est.), $1,332
per capita; real growth rate 3.1% per year
(1984)
Agriculture: cash crops — sugarcane, wood,
coffee, cocoa, palm kernels, peanuts, to-
bacco; food crops — root crops, rice, corn,
bananas, manioc, fish
Fishing: catch 18,934 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: crude oil, cement, saw-
mills, brewery, cigarettes, sugar mill, soap
Electric power: 175,000 kW capacity (1984);
268 million kWh produced (1984), 153 kWh
per capita
Exports: $997.4 billion (f .o.b., 1983); oil, lum-
ber, tobacco, veneer, plywood, coffee, cocoa
Imports: $607.6 million (f.o.b., 1983); ma-
chinery, transport equipment, manu-
factured consumer goods, iron and steel,
foodstuffs, chemical products, sugar
Major trade partners: France, other EC
countries, US
Budget: (1983) revenues, $717 million; cur-
rent expenditures, $477 million;
development expenditures, $420 million
Monetary conversion rate: 443.15
Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (August 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
51
Congo (continued)
Cook Islands
Communications
Railroads: 727 km, 1 .067-meter gauge, single
track
Highways: 11,970 km total; 555 km bitumi-
nous surface treated; 848 km gravel, laterite,
5,347 km improved earth, and 5,220 km un-
improved roads
Inland waterways: 6,485 km navigable
Pipelines: crude oil 25 km
Ports: 1 major (Pointe-Noire)
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 48 total, 43 usable; 5 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: services adequate for
government use; primary network is com-
posed of radio-relay routes and coaxial
cables; key centers are Brazzaville, Pointe-
Noire, and Loubomo; 17,300 telephones (1.1
per 100 popl.); 3 AM stations, 1 FM station, 4
TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramili-
tary National People's Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49, 398,000;
200,000 fit for military service; about 18,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $51.5 million; about 5% of
central government budget
South Pacific Ocean
375km
Sec regional map X
-*AVARUA
Land
About 240 km2
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm
Coastline: about 120 km
People
Population: 17,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate —0.7%
Nationality: noun — Cook Islander(s); adjec-
tive— Cook Islander
Ethnic divisions: 81.3% Polynesian (full
blood), 7.7% Polynesian and European, 7.7%
Polynesian and other, 2.4% European, 0.9%
other
Religion: Christian, majority of populace
members of Cook Islands Christian Church
Government
Official name: Cook Islands
Type: self-governing in "free association"
with New Zealand; Cook Islands Govern-
ment fully responsible for internal affairs and
has right at any time to move to full indepen-
dence by unilateral action; New Zealand
retains responsibility for external affairs, in
consultation with Cook Islands Government
Capital: Avarua, located on Rarotonga
Branches: New Zealand Governor General
appoints Representative to Cook Islands, who
represents the Queen and the New Zealand
Government; Representative appoints the
Prime Minister; Parliament of 24 members,
popularly elected; House of Arikis (chiefs), 15
members, appointed by Representative, an
advisory body only
Government leader: Sir Thomas DAVIS,
Prime Minister (since July 1978)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every five years, latest in Novem-
ber 1983
Political parties and leaders: Cook Islands
Party, Geoffrey Henry; Democratic Party,
Thomas Davis
Voting strength: (1983) Parliament— Cook
Islands Party, 11 seats; Democratic Party, 13
seats
Member of: ADB, IDA, IFC, IMF
Economy
GDP: $15.4 million (1977), $860 per capita
(1978)
Agriculture: export crops include copra, cit-
rus fruits, pineapples, tomatoes, and bananas,
with subsistence crops of yams and taro
Major industry: fruit processing
Electric power: 4,750 kW capacity (1984); 15
million kWh produced (1984), 880 kWh per
capita
Exports: $3.0 million (1977); copra, fresh and
canned fruit
Imports: $16.8 million (1977); foodstuffs, tex-
tiles, fuels
Major trade partners: (1970) exports— 98%
New Zealand; imports — 76% New Zealand,
7% Japan
Aid: Australia (1980-83), $2.0 million; Aus-
tralia and New Zealand (1977), $6.5 million
52
Costa Rica
Government budget: $121 million (1977)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.533 New
Zealand$=US$l (February 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 187 km total (1980); 35 km paved,
35 km gravel, 84 km improved earth, 33 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 6 total, 5 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: 6 AM, no FM, no TV
stations; 7,000 radio receivers; 1,186 tele-
phones (1.3 per 100 popl.)
Nafth Pacific Ocean
See regional mtp III
Land
50,700 km2; smaller than West Virginia; 60%
forest; 30% agricultural (22% meadow and
pasture, 8% cultivated); 10% waste, urban,
and other
Land boundaries: 670 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; specialized competence over
living resources to 200 nm)
Coastline: 1,290km
People
Population: 2,655,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun — Costa Rican(s); adjec-
tive— Costa Rican
Ethnic divisions: 96% white (including mes-
tizo), 3% black, 1% Indian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish (official), with Jamaican
dialect of English spoken around Puerto
Limon
Literacy: 93%
La bor force: 891,000(1982 est.); 40.4% indus-
try and commerce, 32.6% agriculture, 25%
government and services, 2% other; 9.5% un-
employment (1984 official); 15% unem-
ployment (1984 unofficial)
Organized labor: about 13.8% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Costa Rica
Type: democratic republic
Capital: San Jose
Political subdivisions: 7 provinces divided
into 80 cantons and districts
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law sys-
tem; constitution adopted 1949; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme
Court; legal education at University of Costa
Rica; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris-
diction
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
September
Branches: executive — President (head of
government and chief of state), elected for a
single four-year term; two vice presidents;
legislative — 57-delegate unicameral Legisla-
tive Assembly elected at four-year intervals;
judiciary — Supreme Court of Justice (17
magistrates elected by Legislative Assembly
at eight-year intervals)
Government leader: Luis Alberto MONGE
Alvarez, President (since May 1982)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory age 18
and over
Elections: every four years; last, February
1982
Political parties and leaders: National Liber-
ation Party (PLN), Luis Alberto Monge,
Daniel Oduber, Jose "Pepe" Figueres; Na-
tional Movement (MN), Mario Echandi; new
United Social Christian Party (PUSC) com-
prised of the four Unity Coalition (UNIDAD)
parties — Democratic Renovation Party
(PRO), Oscar Aguilar Bulgarelli; Christian
53
Costa Rica (continued)
Democratic Party (PDC), Rafael Grille Ri-
vera; Republican Calderonista Party (PRC),
Rafael Angel Calderon Fournier; Popular
Union Party (PUP), Cristian Tallenbach
Iglesias; three Marxist parties plus another
nonregistered leftist party — Popular Van-
guard Party (PVP), Humberto Vargas
Carbonell; New Republic Movement (MNR),
Sergio Erick Ardon; Socialist Party (PS),
Alvaro Montero Mejia; Peoples' Party of
Costa Rica (PPC), Manuel Mora Valverde;
others — National Defense Party, J. Francisco
Herrera Romero; National Republican
Party, Ronaldo Rodriguez Varela; Radical
Democratic Party (PRD), Juan Jose Echever-
ria Brealey
Voting strength: (1982 election) PLN, 33
seats; UNIDAD, 18 seats; PVP, 2 seats; PS, 1
seat; MNR, 1 seat; MN, 1 seat; other, 1 seat
Communists: 10,000 members and sym-
pathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Costa Ri-
can Confederation of Democratic Workers
(CCTD; Liberation Party affiliate), Confed-
erated Union of Workers (CUT; Communist
Party affiliate), Chamber of Coffee Growers,
National Association for Economic Develop-
ment (ANFE), Free Costa Rica Movement
(MCRL; rightwing militants), National Asso-
ciation of Educators (ANDE)
Member of: CACM, Central American Dem-
ocratic Community, FAO, G-77, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB— Inter-
American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, ITU, IWC— International Wheat
Council, NAMUCAR (Caribbean Multina-
tional Shipping Line — Naviera Multi-
nacional del Caribe), OAS, ODECA, PAHO,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $3.3 billion (1983 est.), $1,308 per cap-
ita; 65% private consumption, 15% public
consumption, 23% gross domestic invest-
ment, 4% net foreign balance (1981); 0% real
growth rate (1983 est.)
Agriculture: main products — coffee, ba-
nanas, sugarcane, rice, corn, cocoa, livestock
products
Fishing: catch 10,902 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: food processing, textiles
and clothing, construction materials, fertil-
Electric power: 820,000 kW capacity (1984);
2.7 billion kWh produced (1984), 1,040 kWh
per capita .
Exports: $900 million (f.o.b., 1984 est.); cof-
fee, bananas, beef, sugar, cacao
Imports: $900 million (c.i.f., 1984 est.);
manufactured products, machinery, trans-
portation equipment, chemicals, fuels,
foodstuffs, fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports — 35% US,
27% CACM, 10% FRG; imports— 36% US,
17% CACM, 12% Japan, 4% FRG (1980)
Aid: economic bilateral commitments — US
authorized (FY70-83), including Ex-Im, $430
million, other Western countries ODA and
OOF (1970-82) $241 million, Communist
countries (1971-83) $27 million; military
commitments— US (FY70-83), $12 million
Budget: (1983) $321 million total revenues,
$321 million; total expenditures including
debt amortization, $544 million
Monetary conversion rate: 44.25
colones=US$l (November 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 700 km total, all 1.067-meter
gauge; 243 km electrified
Highways: 15,400 km total; 7,030 km paved,
7,010 km gravel, 1,360 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: about 730 km, seasonally
navigable
Pipelines: refined products, 176 km
Ports: 1 major (Limon), 4 secondary (Caldera,
Golfito, Moin, Puntarenas)
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 230 total, 224 usable; 27 with per-
manent-surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: very good domestic
telephone service; 265, 900 telephones (11 per
100 pop!.); connection intoCentral American
microwave net; 55 AM, 46 FM, 14 TV sta-
tions; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Civil Guard, Rural Assistance
Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 711,000;
483,000 fit for military service; about 32,000
reach military age (18) annually
Supply: dependent on imports from US
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $18. 3 million for Ministry of
Public Security, including the Civil Guard;
about 2.8% of total central government bud-
get; $18.8 million for Ministry of Govern-
ment; 2.9% of total central government
budget
54
Cuba
Straits of Florida
HAVANA
Caribbean Sea
Stt regional map III
Land
1 14,471 km2; nearly as large as Pennsylvania;
35% cultivated; 30% meadow and pasture;
20% waste, urban, or other; 15% forest
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 3,735 km
People
Population: 10,105,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 1.1%
Nationality, noun — Cuban(s); adjective —
Cuban
Ethnic divisions: 51% mulatto, 37% white,
11% black, 1% Chinese
Religion: at least 85% nominally Roman
Catholic before Castro assumed power
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 96%
Labor force: 3.0 million in 1982; 28% ser-
vices, 21% industry, 20% agriculture, 11%
commerce, 9% construction, 7% transporta-
tion and communication, 4% other
Government
Official name: Republic of Cuba
Type: Communist state
Capital: Havana
Political subdivisions: 14 provinces and 169
municipalities
Legal system: based on Spanish and Ameri-
can law, with large elements of Communist
legal theory; Fundamental Law of 1959 re-
placed constitution of 1940; a new
constitution was approved at the Cuban
Communist Party's First Party Congress in
December 1975 and by a popular referen-
dum, which took place on 15 February 1976;
portions of the new constitution were put into
effect on 24 February 1976, by means of a
Constitutional Transition Law, and the en-
tire constitution became effective on 2
December 1976; legal education at Universi-
ties of Havana, Oriente, and Las Villas; does
not accept compulsory 1CJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Anniversary of the Revo-
lution, 1 January
Branches: executive; legislature (National
Assembly of the People's Power); controlled
judiciary
Government leader: Fidel CASTRO Ruz,
President (since January 1959)
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory,
over age 16
Elections: National People's Assembly (indi-
rect election) every five years; election held
November 1981
Political parties and leaders: Cuban Com-
munist Party (PCC), First Secretary Fidel
Castro Ruz, Second Secretary Raul Castro
Ruz
Communists: approx. 400,000 party mem-
bers
Member of: CEMA, ECLA, FAO, G-77,
CATT, lADB(nonparticipant), IAFA, ICAO,
IFAD, ICO, IHO, ILO, IMO, IRC, ISO, ITU,
I WC — International Wheat Council, NAM,
NAMUCAR (Caribbean Multinational Ship-
ping Line — Naviera Multinacional del
Caribe), OAS (nonparticipant), PAHO, Per-
manent Court of Arbitration, Postal Union of
the Americas and Spain, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $14.9 billion in 1974 dollars (1982 est);
$1,534 per capita in 1974 dollars (1982 est.);
real growth rate 1.4% (1982 est.)
Agriculture: main crops — sugar, tobacco,
rice, potatoes, tul>er.s, citrus fruits, coffee
Fishing: catch 195,000 metric tons (1982); ex-
ports $122 million (1983 est.)
Major industries: sugar milling, i>etroleum
refining, food and tobacco processing, tex-
tiles, chemicals, paper and wood products,
metals, cement
Shortages: spare parts for transportation and
industrial machinery, consumer goods
Crude steel: 363,700 metric tons produced
(1983); 37 kg per capita
Electric power: 3,360,000 kW capacity
(1984); 10.42 billion kWh produced (1984),
1, 043 kWh per capita
Exports: $6.4 billion (f.o.b., 1983); sugar,
nickel, shellfish, tobacco, coffee
Imports: $7.2 billion (c.i.f., 1983); capital
goods, industrial raw materials, food, petro-
leum
Major trade partners: exports — 70% USSR,
16% other Communist countries; imports
68% USSR, 19% other Communist countries
(1983)
Aid: from US (FY46-61 ), $4 1 .5 million (loans
$37. 5 million, grants $4.0 million); economic
aid (1960-78) from USSR, $5.7 billion in eco-
nomic credit and $1 1.0 billion in subsidies;
military assistance from the USSR (1959-78),
$1.6 billion
Budget: $11.9 billion (1983)
Monetary conversion rate: 0.8772
peso=US$l (30 June 1984)
55
Cuba (continued)
Cyprus
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 14,925 km total; Cuba National
Railways operates 5,295 km of 1.435-meter
gauge track; 199 km electrified; 9,630 km of
sugar plantation lines of 0.914-1.435-meter
gauge
Highways: approximately 21,000 km total;
9,000 km paved, 12,000 km gravel and earth
surfaced
Inland waterways: 240 km
Pipelines: natural gas, 80 km
Ports: 8 major (including US Naval Base at
Guantanamo), 40 minor
Civil air: 47 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 204 total, 195 usable; 64 with per-
manent-surface runways; 2 with runways
over 3,659 m, 10 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 21 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Defense Forces
Branches: Revolutionary Armed Forces,
Ground Forces, Revolutionary Navy, Air and
Air Defense Force, Ministry of Interior Spe-
cial Troops, Border Guard Troops
Military manpower: eligible 15-49,
5,517,000; of the 2,765,000 males 15-49,
1,737,000 are fit for military service; of the
2,752,000 females 15-49, 1 ,705,000 are fit for
military service; 117,000 males and 114,000
females reach military age (17) annually
50km
Mediterranean Sea
United Nitionil
Butf»rZon« ) Kyrsni
(Limassol
Mediterranean Sea
Set rr|lim»l mip VI
Land
9,251 km2; smaller than Connecticut; 60% ar-
able (including permanent crop); 25% waste,
urban areas, and other; 15% forest pasture
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 1 2 nm
Coastline: approximately 648 km
People
Population: 670,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 1.3%
Nationality: noun — Cypriot(s); adjective —
Cypriot
Ethnic divisions: 78% Greek; 18% Turkish;
4% Armenian, Maronite, and other
Religion: 78% Greek Orthodox; 18% Muslim;
4% Maronite, Armenian, Apostolic, and other
Language: Greek, Turkish, English
Literacy: about 89%
Creek Sector labor force: 240,900 ( 1 982); 42%
services, 33% industry, 22% agriculture; 3. 1 %
unemployed
Government
Official name: Republic of Cyprus
Type: republic; a disaggregation of the two
ethnic communities inhabiting the island be-
gan after the outbreak of communal strife in
1963; this separation was further solidified
following the Turkish invasion of the island
in July 1974, which gave the Turkish Cypri-
ots de facto control over the northern 37
percent of the republic; Greek Cypriots con-
trol the only internationally recognized
government; on 15 November 1983, Turkish
Cypriot "President" Rauf Denktash declared
independence and the formation of a "Turk-
ish Republic of Northern Cyprus," which has
been recognized only by Turkey; both sides
publicly call for the resolution of inter-
communal differences and creation of a new
federal system of government
Capital: Nicosia
Political subdivisions: 6 administrative dis-
tricts
Legal system: based on common law, with
civil law modifications; negotiations to create
the basis for a new or revised constitution to
govern the island and relations between
Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held
intermittently
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 Oc-
tober
Branches: currently the Government of Cy-
prus has effective authority over only the
Greek Cypriot community; headed by Presi-
dent of the Republic and comprising Council
of Ministers, House of Representatives, and
Supreme Court; Turkish Cypriots declared
their own "constitution" and governing bod-
ies within the Turkish Federated State of
Cyprus" in 1975; "state" renamed "Turkish
Republic of Northern Cyprus" in 1983; the
Turkish Cypriots are drafting a new constitu-
tion for the Turkish sector and preparing for
elections for a new executive and legislature
Government leaders: Spyros KYPRIANOU,
President (since August 1977); Turkish Sec-
tor—Rauf DENKTASH, "President" (since
February 1975)
Suffrage: universal age 21 and over
.56
Elections: officially every five years (last
presidential election held in February 1983);
parliamentary elections held in May 1981;
Turkish sector "presidential" elections last
held in June 1981; "Constituent Assembly"
appointed in late 1983
Political parties and leaders: Greek Cyp-
riot — Progressive Party of the Working
People (AKEL; Communist Party), Ezekias
Papaioannou; Democratic Rally (DESY),
Glaf kos Clerides; Democratic Party (DEKO),
Spyros Kyprianou; United Democratic
Union of the Center (EDEK), Vassos
Lyssarides; Turkish sector — National Unity
Party (NUP), Dervis Eroglu; Communal Lib-
eration Party (CLP), Ismail Bozkurt;
Republican Turkish Party (RTP), Ozker
Ozgur; other minor parties
Voting strength: in the 1983 presidential
election, incumbent Spyros Kyprianou re-
tained his position by winning 56% of the
vote; in the 1981 parliamentary election, the
pro- Western Democratic Rally and Commu-
nist AKEL each received 12 of the 35 seats;
Kyprianou 's center-right Democratic Party
received eight seats; and socialist EDEK won
three seats; in 1981 "presidential" elections
in the Turkish Cypriot sector, Rauf Denktash
won with 52 percent of the vote
Communists: about 12,000
Other political or pressure groups: United
Democratic Youth Organization (EDON;
Communist controlled); Union of Cyprus
Farmers (EKA; Communist controlled); Cy-
prus Farmers Union (PEK; pro- West); Pan-
Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO;
Communist controlled); Confederation of
Cypriot Workers (SEK; pro- West); Federa-
tion of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions (Turk-
Sen); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor
Unions (Dev-Is)
Member of: Commonwealth, Council of Eu-
rope, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
WTO; Turkish Federated State of Cyprus
OIC (observer)
Economy
GDP: $2.1 billion (1983), $3,213 per capita;
1983 est. real growth rate 2.6%
Turkish Sector GDP: $206.3 million (1982
est.), $1,361 per capita
Agriculture: main crops — potatoes and other
vegetables, grapes, citrus fruit, wheat, carob
beans, olives
Major industries: mining (iron pyrites, gyp-
sum, asbestos), manufactures principally for
local consumption — beverages, footwear,
clothing, cement
Electric power: 620,000 kW capacity (1984);
1.415 billion kWh produced (1984), 2,137
kWh per capita
Exports: $495.4 million (f.o.b., 1983); princi-
pal items — food and beverages, including
citrus, raisins, potatoes, wine; also cement
and clothing
Turkish Sector exports: $39.5 million (f.o.b.,
1982); principal items — citrus fruits, pota-
toes, metal pipes, pyrites
Imports: $1.221 billion (c.i.f., 1983); princi-
pal items manufactured goods, machinery
and transport equipment, fuels, food
Turkish Sector imports: $1 19.9 million (c.i.f.,
1982); principal items — foodstuffs, raw ma-
terials, fuels, machinery
Major trade partners: imports (1983) —
13.6% UK, 10.9% Japan, 9.7% Italy, 8.1%
FRG, 6.5% Iraq; exports (1983)— 16.4% UK,
13.7% Saudi Arabia, 8.4% Syria, 5.3% Libya,
4.0% USSR
Turkish Sector major trade partners: im-
ports (1982)— 42% EC, 41% Turkey, 4%
Japan, 1% US; exports (1982)— 67% EC, 18%
Turkey, 5% Syria, 3% UAE, 3% Saudi Arabia
Budget: (1983) revenues, $491.3 million; ex-
penditures, $645.4 million; deficit, $154.1
million
Turkish Sector budget: (1982) revenues,
$49.2 million; expenditures, $63.9 million;
deficit, $14.7 million
Monetary conversion rate: .63 Cyprus
pound=US$l (October 1984)
Turkish Sector monetary conversion rate:
225.46 Turkish liras=US$l (1983 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 10,778 km total; 5, 169 km bitumi-
nous surface treated; 5,609 km gravel,
crushed stone, and earth
Ports: 3 major (Famagusta, Larnaca,
Limassol), 1 secondary (Vasilikos) under con-
struction, 6 minor; Famagusta under Turkish
Cypriot control
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 14 total, 13 usable; 9 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 6 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: moderately good tele-
communication system in both Greek
Turkish sectors; 150,000 telephones (20 per
100 popl.); 10 AM, 6 FM, and 30 TV stations;
tropospheric scatter circuits to Greece and
Turkey; 3 submarine coaxial cables; 1 Atlan-
tic Ocean satellite antenna and 1 Indian
Ocean antenna
Defense Forces
Branches: Cyprus National Guard; Turkish
sector — Turkish Cypriot Security Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 181,000;
126,000 fit for military service; about 5,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $66 million; about 10.4% of
central government budget
57
Czechoslovakia
175km
See regional map V
Land
127,870 km2; the size of New York; 60% ara-
ble, 35% forest, 14% other agricultural, 9%
other
Land boundaries: 3,540 km
People
Population: 15,503,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 0.3%
Nationality: noun — Czechoslovak(s); adjec-
t i ve — Czechoslo va k
Ethnic divisions: 64.3% Czech, 30.5% Slo-
vak, 3.8% Hungarian, 0.4% German, 0.4%
Polish, 0.3% Ukrainian, 0.1% Russian, 0.2%
other (Jewish, Gypsy)
Religion: 77% Roman Catholic, 20% Protes-
tant, 2% Orthodox, 1% other
Language: Czech and Slovak (official), Hun-
garian
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 7.8 million; 38.1% industry;
12.5% agriculture; 49.4% construction, com-
munications, and other (1982)
Government
Official name: Czechoslovak Socialist Re-
public (CSSR)
Type: Communist state
Capital: Prague
Political subdivisions: 2 ostensibly separate
and nominally autonomous republics (Czech
Socialist Republic and Slovak Socialist Re-
public); 7 regions (kraj) in Czech lands, 3
regions in Slovakia; republic capitals of
Prague and Bratislava have regional status
Legal system: civil law system based on Aus-
trian-Hungarian codes, modified by
Communist legal theory; revised constitution
adopted 1960, amended in 1968 and 1970; no
judicial review of legislative acts; legal educa-
tion at Charles University School of Law; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Liberation Day, 9 May
Branches: executive — President (elected by
Federal Assembly), Cabinet (appointed by
President); legislative (Federal Assembly;
elected directly — House of Nations, House of
the People), Czech and Slovak National
Councils (also elected directly) legislate on
limited area of regional matters; judiciary,
Supreme Court (elected by Federal Assem-
bly); entire governmental structure
dominated by Communist Party
Government leaders: Gustav HUSAK, Presi-
dent (since 1975); Lubomir STROUGAL,
Premier (since 1970)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: governmental bodies and presi-
dent every five years (last election June 1981)
Dominant political party and leader: Com-
munist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSC),
Gustav Husak, General Secretary (since
1969); Communist Party of Slovakia (KSS) has
status of "provincial KSC organization"
Voting strength: (1981 election) 99.96% for
Communist-sponsored single slate
Communists: 1.6 million party members and
candidate members (August 1984)
Other political groups: puppet parties —
Czechoslovak Socialist Party, Czechoslovak
People's Party, Slovak Freedom Party, Slo-
vak Revival Party
Member of: CEMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
ICAO, ICO, ILO, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, IMO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
CNP: $147.1 billion in 1982 (in 1982 dollars),
$9,550 per capita; 1982 real growth rate 0.5%
Agriculture: diversified agriculture; main
crops — wheat, rye, oats, corn, barley, pota-
toes, sugar beets, hogs, cattle, horses; net food
importer — meat, wheat, vegetable oils, fresh
fruits and vegetables
Major industries: iron and steel, machinery
and equipment, cement, sheet glass, motor
vehicles, armaments, chemicals, ceramics,
wood, paper products
Shortages: ores, crude oil
Crude steel: 15.0 million metric tons pro-
duced (1983), 974 kg per capita
Electric power: 19,800,000 kW capacity
(1984); 78.578 billion kWh produced (1984),
5,080 kWh per capita
Exports.- $16.265 billion (f.o.b., 1982); 54%
machinery, equipment; 17% manufactured
consumer goods; 15% fuels, raw materials,
metals; 7% foods, food products, live animals,
forestry (1982)
Imports: $16.219 billion (f.o.b., 1982); 39%
fuels, raw materials, metals; 33% machinery,
equipment; 14% foods, food products, live
animals, forestry; 5% manufactured con-
sumer goods (1980)
Major trade partners: USSR, GDR, Poland,
Hungary, FRG, Yugoslavia, Austria, Bul-
garia, Romania; $32,484 million (1982); 71%
with Communist countries, 29% with non-
Communist countries (1982)
58
Denmark
Monetary conversion rate: 6.45
koronas=US$l (October 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
NOTE: foreign trade figures were converted
at the rate of 6.9 koronas=US$l (January
1982)
Communications
Railroads: 13,142 km total; 12,883 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 102 km 1.524-meter
broad gauge, 157 km 0.750- and 0.760-meter
narrow gauge; 2,866 km double track; 3,171
km electrified; government owned (1982)
Highways: 73,881 km total; 60,582 km con-
crete, asphalt, stone block; 13,299 km gravel,
crushed stone (1982)
Inland waterways: 475 km (1982)
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,448 km; refined prod-
ucts, 1,500 km; natural gas, 7,000 km
Freight carried: rail — 288.7 million metric
tons, 71.6 billion metric ton/km (1982); high-
way 1,281.2 million metric tons, 20.9 billion
metric ton/km (1982); waterway 11. 4 million
metric tons, 3.8 billion metric ton/km (ex-
cluding international transit traffic) (1982)
Ports: no maritime ports; outlets are Gdynia,
Gdansk, and Szczecin in Poland; Rijeka and
Koper in Yugoslavia; Hamburg, FRG; Ros-
tock, GDR; principal river ports are Prague,
Decin, Komarno, Bratislava (1979)
Defense Forces
Branches: Czechoslovak People's Army,
Frontier Guard, Air and Air Defense Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,798,000;
2,924,000 fit for military service; 110,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1984, 24.6 billion
koronas, 7.6% of total budget
100km
Skagerrak
COPENHAGEN
"*• — i .^ Bornholml
Baltic Sea
See regional map V
Land
43,076 km2 (exclusive of Greenland and
Faroe Islands); the size of Massachusetts and
New Hampshire combined; 64% arable, 11%
forest, 8% meadow and pasture, 17% other
Land boundaries: 68 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 3,379 km
People
Population: 5,109,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate —0.1%
Nationality: noun — Dane(s); adjective —
Danish
Ethnic divisions: Scandinavian, Eskimo,
Faroese, German
Religion: 97% Evangelical Lutheran, 2%
other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 1%
other
Language: Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an
Eskimo dialect); small German-speaking mi-
nority
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 2,700,000 (1983 average); 34. 1 %
social services; 21% manufacturing; 13.3%
commerce; 8.2% agriculture, forestry, and
fishing; 7.9% construction; 7.0% banking and
business services; 6.8% transportation; 9.2%
unemployment rate
Organized labor: 65% of labor force
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Denmark
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Copenhagen
Political subdivisions: 14 counties, 277 com-
munes, 88 towns
Legal system: civil law system; constitution
adopted 1953; judicial review of legislative
acts; legal education at Universities of Co-
penhagen and Arhus; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: birthday of the Queen, 16
April
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly
with Crown and parliament (Folketing); ex-
ecutive power vested in Crown but exercised
by Cabinet responsible to parliament; Su-
preme Court, 2 superior courts, 106 lower
courts
Government leaders: MARGRETHE II,
Queen (since January 1972); Poul
SCHLUTER, Prime Minister (since Septem-
ber 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: on call of prime minister but at
least every four years (last election lOJanuary
1984)
Political parties and leaders: Social Demo-
cratic, Anker J0rgensen; Liberal, Uffe
Ellemann-Jensen; Conservative, Poul
Schliiter; Radical Liberal, Niels Helveg
Petersen; Socialist People's, Gert Petersen;
Communist, Jorgen Jensen; Left Socialist,
Preben Wilnjelm; Center Democratic, Er-
hard Jakobsen; Christian People's, Christian
Christensen; Justice, Poul Gerhard
Kristiansen; Trade and Industry Party, Asger
J. Lindinger; Progress Party also known now
59
Denmark (continued)
as Free Democratic Party, Mogens Glistrup);
Socialist Workers Party, no chairman; Com-
munist Workers' Party (KAP), Benito
Scocozza
Voting strength: ( 1 984 election) 31 .6% Social
Democratic, 23.4% Conservative, 12. 1% Lib-
eral, 11.5% Socialist People's, 5.5% Radical
Liberal, 4.6% Center Democratic, 3.6%
Progress, 2.7% Christian People's, 2.6% Left
Socialist, 1.5% Justice, 0.7% Communist,
0.2% others
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC,
EC, ELDO (observer), EMS, ESRO, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES,
ICO, IDA, IDB, Inter-American Develop-
ment Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO,
International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU,
ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat
Council, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG
Economy
GNP: $56.4 billion (1983), $1 1,026 per cap-
ita; 56% private consumption, 12.4% private
investment, 28% government consumption,
3% government investment; 0.6% net exports
of goods and services; 1983 growth rate, 2.5%
Agriculture: highly intensive, specializes in
dairying and animal husbandry; main
crops — cereals, root crops; food imports —
oilseed, grain, animal feedstuffs
Fishing: catch 1.93 million metric tons
(1982), exports $750 million, imports $295
million (1981)
Major industries: food processing, machin-
ery and equipment, textiles and clothing,
chemical products, electronics, transport
equipment, metal products, bricks and mor-
tar, furniture and other wood products
Crude steel: 0.6 million metric tons produced
(1981), 117 kg per capita
Electric power: 9,1 19,000 kW capacity
(1984); 21.873 billion kWh produced (1984),
4,279 kWh per capita
Exports: $16.0 billion (f.o.b., 1983); principal
items — meat, dairy products, industrial ma-
chinery and equipment, textiles and
clothing, chemical products, transport equip-
ment, fish, furs, furniture
Imports: $16.3 billion (c.i.f., 1983); principal
items — industrial machinery, transport
equipment, petroleum, textile fibers and
yarns, iron and steel products, chemicals,
grain and feedstuffs, wood and paper
•
Major trade partners: 1982 exports— 47.7%
EC, 17.4% FRG, 14.1% UK, 10.9% Sweden,
6.5% Norway, 6% US
Aid: donor — economic aid commitments
(ODA and OOF) $2.7 billion (1970-82)
Budget: (1984) expenditures, $24.8 billion;
revenues, $18.5 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 10.8
kroner=US$l (November 1984 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year, beginning 1 Janu-
ary
Communications
Railroads: 2,770 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge; Danish State Railways (DSB) operate
2,120 km (1,999 km rail line and 121 km rail
ferry services); 97 km electrified, 730 km
double tracked; 650 km of standard gauge
lines are privately owned and operated
Highways: approximately 66,482 km total;
64,551 km concrete, bitumen, or stone block;
1,931 km gravel, crushed stone, improved
earth
Inland waterways: 417 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 110 km; refined prod-
ucts, 418 km; natural gas, 421 km
Ports: 10 major, 50 minor
Civil air: 58 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 132 total, 117 usable; 24 with per-
manent-surface runways; 9 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent telephone,
telegraph, and broadcast services; 3.59 mil-
lion telephones (70.6 per 1 00 popl. ); 2 AM, 46
FM, 38 TV stations; 14 submarine coaxial ca-
bles; satellite earth station for domestic
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish
Navy, Royal Danish Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,315,000;
1,108,000 fit for military service; 41,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $1.4 billion; 6.8% of central
government budget
60
Djibouti
See regional map VII
Land
22,000 km2; about the size of New Hamp-
shire; 89% desert waste, 10% permanent
pasture, less than 1% cultivated
Land boundaries: 517 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 314 km (includes offshore islands)
People
Population: 297,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun — Djiboutian(s); adjec-
tive— Djiboutian
Ethnic divisions: 60% Somali (Issa); 35%
Afar, 5% French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Ital-
ian
Religion: 94% Muslim, 6% Christian
Language: French (official), Somali and Afar
widely used
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: a small number of semiskilled
laborers at port
Organized labor: some 3,000 railway work-
ers organized
Government
Official name: Republic of Djibouti
National holiday: 27 June
Type: republic
Capital: Djibouti
Political subdivisions: 5 cercles (districts)
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem, traditional practices, and Islamic law;
partial constitution ratified January 1981 by
National Assembly
Branches: legislative — 65-member parlia-
ment (National Assembly), executive,
judiciary
Government leader: HASSAN Gouled
Aptidon, President (since June 1977)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: Parliament elected May 1982
Political parties and leaders: Peoples
Progress Assembly (RPP), Hassan Gouled
Aptidon
Communists: possibly a few sympathizers
Member of: AfDB, Arab League, FAO, G-77,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Develop-
ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC, UN,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $369 million (1983); per capita income
$1,168(1983)
Agriculture: livestock; limited commercial
crops, including fruit and vegetables
Major industries: transit trade, port, railway,
services; live cattle and sheep exports to Saudi
Arabia; secondary services to French mili-
tary
Electric power: 50,000 kW capacity (1984);
88 million kWh produced (1984), 304 kWh
per capita
Exports: $108 million (f .o.b., 1983); hides and
skins and transit of coffee; a large portion
consists of reexports to foreign residents of
Djibouti
Imports: $179 million (f .o.b., 1983); almost all
domestically needed goods — foods, machin-
ery, transport equipment
Budget: (1983) revenues, $118 million;
grants, $27 million; current expenditures,
$120 million; development expenditures, $32
million; extrabudgetary expenditures, $21
million
Monetary conversion rate: 177.67 Djibouti
francs=US$l (October 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: the Ethiopian-Djibouti railroad
extends for 97 km through Djibouti
Highways: 2,800 km total; 279 km bitumi-
nous surface, 229 km improved earth, 2,292
km unimproved earth
Ports: 1 major (Djibouti)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 12 total, 11 usable; 1 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of urban
facilities in Djibouti and radio-relay stations
at outlying places; 6,400 telephones (1.8 per
100 popl.); 2 AM stations, 1 FM station, 1 TV
station; 1 Indian Ocean satellite ground sta-
tion
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force; paramili-
tary National Security Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, about
64,000; about 38,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $27.8 million; about 22% of
central government budget
61
Dominica
Caribbean Sea
See regional map HI
North
Atlantic
Ocean
Land
752.7 km2; about one-fourth the size of
Rhode Island; 67% forest; 24% arable; 2%
pasture; 7% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm fishing zone; 20 nm economic zone)
Coastline: 148 km
People
Population: 74,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate —0.2%
Nationality: noun — Dominican(s); adjec-
tive— Dominican
Ethnic divisions: mostly black; some Carib-
Indians
Religion: 80% Roman Catholic; Anglican,
Methodist
Language: English (official); French patois
widely spoken
Literacy: about 95%
Labor force: 23,000; 40% agriculture, 32% in-
dustry and commerce, 28% services; 15-20%
unemployment
Organized labor: 25% of the labor force
Government
Official name: Commonwealth of Dominica
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of
State
Capital: Roseau
Political subdivisions: 10 parishes
Legal system: based on English common law;
three local magistrate courts and the British
Caribbean Court of Appeals
•
Branches: legislative, 11-member popularly
elected unicameral House of Assembly; exec-
utive, Cabinet headed by Prime Minister;
judicial, magistrate's courts and regional
court of appeals
Government leader: (Mary) Eugenia
CHARLES, Prime Minister (since July 1980);
Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET, President
(since December 1983)
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage at age 18
Elections: every five years; most recent 21
July 1980
Political parties and leaders: Labor Party of
Dominica (LPD), Michael Douglas; Domi-
nica Freedom Party (DFP), (Mary) Eugenia
Charles
Voting strength: (1980 election) House of
Assembly seats— DFP 17, LPD 2, indepen-
dent 2
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Dominica
Liberation Movement (DLM), a small leftist
group
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth,
FAO, GATT (de facto), G-77, IBRD, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL,
OAS, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $56.4 million (1983), $762 per capita;
1981 real growth rate, 8%
Agriculture: bananas, citrus, coconuts, cocoa,
essential oils
Major industries: agricultural processing,
tourism, soap and other coconut-based prod-
ucts, cigars
Electric power: 7,000 kW capacity (1984); 16
million kWh produced (1984), 216 kWh per
capita
Exports: $24.7 million (1982); bananas, coco-
nuts, lime juice and oil, cocoa, reexports
Imports: $48.5 million (1982); machinery
and equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured
articles, cement
Major trade partners: exports — US, UK,
other EC, other CARICOM countries
Aid: economic — bilateral ODA and OOF
(1970-80), from Western (non-US) countries,
$22.6 million; no military aid
Budget: revenues, $32 million; expenditures,
$40 million (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean dollars=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 750 km total; 370 km paved, 380
km gravel and earth
Ports: 1 major (Roseau), 1 minor (Portsmouth)
Civil air: unknown number of major trans-
port aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: 4,600 telephones in
fully automatic network (5.6 per 100 popl.);
VHP and UHF link to St. Lucia; new SHF
links to Martinique and Guadeloupe; 3 AM
stations, 1 FM station, 1 TV station
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Dominica Police Force
62
Dominican Republic
100 km
North Atlantic Ocean
^Puerto Plata
ahia de Samana
Caribbean Sea
See region*! map III
Land
48,734 km2; the size of New Hampshire and
Vermont combined; 45% forest, 20% built on
or waste, 17% meadow and pasture, 14% cul-
tivated, 4% fallow
Land boundaries: 361 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 1,288 km
People
Population: 6,588,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun — Dominican(s); adjec-
tive— Dominican
Ethnic divisions: 73% mixed, 16% white,
11% black
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 68%
Labor force: 1.2 million; 47% agriculture,
23% industry and commerce, 16% govern-
ment, 14% services
Organized labor: 12% of labor force
Government
Official name: Dominican Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Santo Domingo
Political subdivisions: 26 provinces and the
National District
Legal system: based on French civil codes;
1966 constitution
National holiday: Independence Day, 27
February
Branches: President popularly elected for a
four-year term; bicameral legislature (Na-
tional Congress — 27-seat Senate and 120-seat
Chamber of Deputies elected for four-year
terms); Supreme Court
Government leader: Salvador JORGE
Blanco, President (since May 1982)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory, over
age 18 or married, except members of the
armed forces and police, who cannot vote
Elections: last national election May 1982;
next election May 1986
Political parties and leaders: Dominican
Revolutionary Party (PRD), Jose Francisco
Pena Gomez; Reformist Social Christian
Party (PRSC), Joaquin Balaguer (formed in
1984 by merger of Reformist Party and
Revolutionary Social Christian Party);
Dominican Liberation Party (PLD), Juan
Bosch; Democratic Quisqueyan Party (POD),
Elias Wessin y Wessin; Movement of Na-
tional Conciliation (MCN), Jaime Manuel
Fernandez Gonzalez; Antireelection Move-
ment of Democratic Integration (MIDA),
Francisco Augusto Lora; National Civic
Union (UCN), Guillermo Delmonte Urraca;
National Salvation Movement (MSN), Luis
Julian Perez; Popular Democratic Party
(PDP), Luis Homero Lajara Burgos; Domini-
can Communist Party (PCD), Narciso Isa
Conde, central committee, legalized in 1978;
Dominican Popular Movement (MPD), ille-
gal; 12th of January National Liberation
Movement (ML-12E), Plinio Mates Moquete,
illegal; Communist Party of the Dominican
Republic (PACOREDO), Luis Montas Gon-
zalez, illegal; Popular Socialist Party (PSP),
illegal; Anti-Imperialist Patriotic Union
(UPA), Ivan Rodriguez; Democratic Union
(UD), Ramon Antonio Flores; Revolutionary
League of Workers (LRT), Claudio Tavarez;
in 1983 several leftist parties, including the
Communists, joined to form the Dominican
Leftist Front (FID); however, they still retain
individual party structures
Voting strength: (1982 election) 74% voter
turnout; 46.76% PRD, 39.14% PR, 9.69%
PLD; 4.41% minor parties
Communists: an estimated 7,000 to 9,000
members in several legal and illegal factions;
effectiveness limited by ideological differ-
ences and organizational inadequacies
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB—
Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOOC, IRC, ISO, ITU, OAS,
PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $7.6 billion (1982), $1,400 per capita;
real GDP growth - 1.0% (1982)
Agriculture: main crops — sugarcane, coffee,
cocoa, tobacco, rice, corn
Major industries: tourism, sugar processing,
nickel mining, gold mining, textiles, cement
Electric power: 1,360,000 kW capacity
(1984); 3.1 billion kWh produced (1984), 483
kWh per capita
Exports: $781.7 million (f.o.b., 1983); sugar,
nickel, coffee, tobacco, cocoa
Imports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1983); foodstuffs,
petroleum, industrial raw materials, capital
equipment
Major trade partners: exports — 46% US, in-
cluding Puerto Rico (1980); imports— 45%
US, including Puerto Rico (1980)
63
Dominican Republic
(continued)
Ecuador
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments, in-
cluding Ex-Im (FY70-83), from US, $599
million; ODA and OOF from other Western
countries (1970-82), $210 million; military
authorized from US (1970-83), $33 million
Budget: revenues, $1.1 billion; expenditures,
$1.0 million (1983)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 peso=US$l
(December 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 375 km total of 1.435-meter
gauge, privately owned
Highways: 12,000 km total; 5,800 km paved,
5,600 km gravel and improved earth, 600 km
unimproved
Pipelines: refined products, 69 km
Ports: 4 major (Santo Domingo, Haina, San
Pedro de Macoris, Puerto Plata), 17 minor
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 47 total, 34 usable; 14 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: relatively efficient
domestic system based on islandwide radio-
relay network; 175,100 telephones (3 per 100
popl.); 122 AM, 62 FM, 37 TV stations; 1 co-
axial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,637,000;
1,080,000 fit for military service; 82,000
reach military age (18) annually
175 km
Boundary representation is
nol necessarily authoritative
See regional map I \
Galapagos Islands
Land
283,561 km2 (including Galapagos Islands);
the size of Colorado; 55% forest; 11% culti-
vated, 8% meadow and pasture; 26% waste,
urban, or other (excludes the Oriente and the
Galapagos Islands, for which information is
not available)
Land boundaries: 1,931 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 2,237 km (includes Galapagos
Islands)
People
Population: 8,884,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun — Ecuadorean(s); adjec-
tive— Ecuadorean
Ethnic divisions: 55% mestizo (mixed Indian
and Spanish), 25% Indian, 10% Spanish, 10%
black
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (majority
nonpracticing)
Language: Spanish (official); Indian dialects,
especially Quechua
Literacy: 84%
Labor force: (1983) 2.8 million; 52% agricul-
ture, 13% manufacturing, 7% commerce, 4%
construction, 4% public administration, 16%
other services and activities
Organized labor: less than 15% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Ecuador
National holiday: Independence Day, 10
August
Type: republic
Capital: Quito
Political subdivisions: 20 provinces includ-
ing Galapagos Islands
Legal system: based on civil law system; pro-
gressive new constitution passed in January
1978 referendum; came into effect following
the installation of a new civilian government
in August 1979; legal education at four state
and two private universities; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive; unicameral legislature
(Chamber of Representatives); independent
judiciary
Government leader: Leon FEBRES-
CORDERO Ribadeneyra, President (since
August 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18; compulsory
for literates
Elections: parliamentary and presidential
elections held January 1984; second-stage
presidential election held May 1984; govern-
ment and legislature took office in August
1984; an amendment to the constitution in
August 1983 changed the term of office for
the president from 5 to 4 years; the 59 depu-
ties elected by the provinces serve for 2 years;
the 12 at-large deputies serve for 4 years
Political parties and leaders: Social Christian
Party (PSC, the party of President Leon
Febres-Cordero), center-right; Popular De-
mocracy (DP), Osvaldo Hurtado; Christian
Democratic, Julio Cesar Trujillo; Democratic
64
Left (ID); Social Democratic, Rodrigo Borja;
Radical Alfarist Front (FRA), Cecilia Calde-
ron de Castro, populist; Democratic Party
(PD), Francisco Huerta, center-left; Radical
Liberal Party, Blasco Penaherrera, center-
right; Conservative Party, Jose Teran, center-
right; Concentration of Popular Forces
(CFP), Averroes Bucaram, populist; People,
Change, and Democracy (PCD), Aquiles
Rigail, center-left; Ecuadorean Roldocist
Party (PRE), Abdala Bucaram, populist;
Democratic Popular Movement (MPD),
Jaime Hurtado, Communist; Revolutionary
Nationalist Party (PNR), Carlos Julio
Arosemena, center-right; Democratic Insti-
tutionalist Coalition, Otto Arosemena,
center-right; Broad Leftist Front (FADI),
Rene Mauge, pro-Moscow Communist
Voting strength: results of May 1984 presi-
dential runoff election — Leon Febres-
Cordero of the Social Christian Party, who
headed the coalition National Reconstruc-
tion Front, 52%; Rodrigo Borja of the
Democratic Left, 48%
Communists: Communist Party of Ecuador
(PCE, pro-Moscow, Rene Mauge — secretary
general), 6,000 members; Communist Party
of Ecuador/Marxist Leninist (PCMLE, inde-
pendent), 6,000 members; Revolutionary
Socialist Party of Ecuador (PSRE, pro-Cuba),
100 members plus an estimated 5,000 sym-
pathizers
Member of: Andean Pact, ECOSOC, FAO,
G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDE — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, LAIA,
NAM, OAS, OPEC, PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $1 1.3 billion (1983), $1,343 per capita;
61% private consumption, 15% public con-
sumption, 26% gross investment, 2% foreign
(1982); growth rate -3.3% (1983)
Agriculture: main crops — bananas, coffee,
cocoa, sugarcane, corn, potatoes, rice
Fishing: catch 636,532 metric tons (1982); ex-
ports $210 million (1982), imports negligible
Major industries: food processing, textiles,
chemicals, fishing, petroleum
Electric power: 1,716,000 kW capacity
(1984); 3.4 billion kWh produced (1984), 390
kWh per capita
Exports: $2,365 million (f.o.b., 1983); petro-
leum exports $1 ,750 million; bananas, coffee,
cocoa, fish products
Imports: $1,408 million (c.i.f., 1983); agricul-
tural and industrial machinery, industrial
raw materials, building supplies, chemical
products, transportation and communication
equipment
Major trade partners: exports (1982) — 52%
US, 25% Latin America and Caribbean, 1%
Japan, 1% Italy, 1% FRG; imports (1982) 45%
US, 15% Latin America and Caribbean, 12%
Japan (1982)
Aid: economic — other Western countries
(1970-82), $498 million; US (FY70-83), $250;
Communist countries (1970-83), $46 million;
military— US (FY70-83) $57 million
Budget: (1982) revenues, $1,424 million; ex-
penditures, $2,155 million
Monetary conversion rate: official, 67.18
sucres=US$l; floating, 1 19.50 sucres=US$l
(January 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,930 km total; all 1.067- meter
gauge single track
Highways: 69,280 km total; 11,925 km
paved, 24,400 km gravel, 32,955 km earth
roads and tracks
Inland waterways: 1,500 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 800 km; refined prod-
ucts, 1,358 km
Ports: 3 major (Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto Bo-
livar, Esmeraldas), 6 minor
Civil air: 44 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 167 total, 166 usable; 23 with per-
manent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m, 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m,
22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: domestic facilities
generally adequate; 1 Atlantic Ocean satel-
lite station; 290,200 telephones (3.3 per 100
pop!.); 260 AM, 38 FM, 23 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Ecuadorean Army, Ecuadorean
Air Force, Ecuadorean Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,029,000;
1,379,000 fit for military service; 93,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: estimated for the fiscal year
ending 31 December 1985, $136.2 million;
about 7.3% of the central government budget
65
Egypt
Mediterranean Sea
, Alexandria
See regional map VI and VII
Land
1,001,449 km2; the size of Texas and Oregon
combined; 96.5% desert, waste, or urban;
2.8% cultivated (of which about 70% is multi-
ple crop); 0.7% inland water
Land boundaries: approximately 2,580 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 2,450 km (1967)
People
Population: 48,305,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun — Egyptian(s); adjective —
Egyptian or Arab Republic of Egypt
Ethnic divisions :90% Eastern Hamitic stock;
10% Greek, Italian, Syro- Lebanese
Religion: (official estimate) 94% Muslim
(mostly Sunni), 6% Coptic Christian and
other
Language: Arabic (official); English and
French widely understood by educated
classes
Literacy: 40%
Labor force: 13.4 million; 45-50% agricul-
ture, 13% industry, 11% trade and finance,
26% services and other; shortage of skilled la-
bor; unemployment about 7%
Organized labor: 1 to 3 million
Government
Official name: Arab Republic of Egypt
Type: republic
Capital: Cairo
•
Political subdivisions: 26 governorates
Legal system: based on English common law,
Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; perma-
nent constitution written in 1971; judicial
review of limited nature in Supreme Court,
also in Council of State, which oversees valid-
ity of administrative decisions; legal
education at Cairo University; accepts com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: National Day, 23 July
Branches: executive power vested in Presi-
dent, who appoints Cabinet; People's
Assembly is principal legislative body, with
Shura Council having consultative role; inde-
pendent judiciary administered by Minister
of Justice
Government leaders: Mohammed Hosni
MUBARAK, President (since 1981); Kamal
Hasan 'A LI, Prime Minister (since 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: regular elections to People's As-
sembly every five years (most recent May
1984); two-thirds of Shura Council is elected
for six-year term (first elections were in Sep-
tember 1980) with remaining members
appointed by President; presidential election
every six years; last held October 1981
Political parties and leaders: formation of
political parties must be approved by govern-
ment; National Democratic Party, led by
Mubarak, is the dominant party; legal opposi-
tion parties are Socialist Liberal Party, Kamal
Murad; Socialist Labor Party, Ibrahim
Shukri; National Progressive Unionist
Grouping, Khalid Muhyi-al-Din; Umma
Party, Ahmad al-Sabahi; and New Wafd
Party, Fu'ad Siraj al-Din
Communists: approximately 500 party
members
Other political or pressure groups: Islamic
groups are illegal, but the largest one, the
Muslim Brotherhood, is tolerated by the gov-
ernment; trade unions and professional
associations are officially sanctioned
Member of: AAPSO, Af DB, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA,
IDE— Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ITU, IWC—
International Wheat Council, NAM, OAU,
QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WPC, WSG, WTO; Egypt suspended
from Arab League and OAPEC in April 1979
Economy
GNP: $20.0 billion (1983; based on market
exchange rate of 1.23 Egyptian pounds=
US$1), $437 per capita; real growth of 6% in
1982
Agriculture: main cash crop — cotton; other
crops — rice, onions, beans, citrus fruit,
wheat, corn, barley; not self-sufficient in
food
Major industries: textiles, food processing,
chemicals, petroleum, construction, cement
Electric power: 6,836,000 kW capacity
(1984); 35.931 billion kWh produced (1984),
763 kWh per capita
Exports: $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1984 est.J; crude
petroleum, raw cotton, cotton yarn and fab-
ric
Imports: $9.4 billion (c.i.f., 1984 est); food-
stuffs, machinery and equipment, fertilizers,
woods
Major trade partners: US, EC countries
66
El Salvador
Monetary conversion rate: official rate 0.70
Egyptian pound=US$l; official "incentive"
rate 0.84 Egyptian pound=US$l; parallel or
"own" exchange market rate 1.23 Egyptian
pounds=US$l (October 1983)
Fiscal year: July through June
Communications
Railroads: 4,857 km total; 951 km double
track; 25 km electrified; 4,510 km 1,435-
meter standard gauge, 347 km 0.750-meter
gauge
Highways: 47,025 km total; 12,300 km
paved, 2,500 km gravel and crushed stone,
14,200 km improved earth, 18,025 km unim-
proved earth
Inland waterways: 3,360 km; Suez Canal,
195 km long, used by oceangoing vessels
drawing up to 16.1 meters of water; Alexan-
dria-Cairo waterway navigable by barges of
550-metric ton capacity; Nile and large ca-
nals by barges of 420-metric-ton capacity;
Ismailia Canal by barges of 200- to 300-
metric-ton capacity; secondary canals by
sailing craft of 10- to 70-metric-ton capacity
Freight carried: Suez Canal (1983) 257 mil-
lion metric tons, of which 98 million metric
tons were petroleums, oils, and lubricants
Pipelines: crude oil, 930 km; refined prod-
ucts, 596 km; natural gas, 460 km
Ports: 4 major (Alexandria, Port Said, Suez,
Safaja); 15 minor; 8 petroleum, oil, and lubri-
cant terminals
Civil air: 46 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 95 total, 77 usable; 63 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 2 with runways over
3,659 m, 44 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 21
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system is large but still
inadequate for needs; principal centers are
Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia,
and Tanta; intercity connections by coaxial
cable and microwave; extensive upgrading in
progress; est. 600,000 telephones (1.3 per 100
popl.); 25 AM, 5 FM, 47 TV stations; 1 Atlan-
tic Ocean satellite station; 1 Indian Ocean
satellite station; 3 submarine coaxial cables;
troposheric scatter to Sudan; radio-relay to
Libya
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air De-
fense Command
Military manpower: males 15-49,
12,035,000; 7,848,000 fit for military service;
about 495,000 reach military age (20) annu-
ally
not necessarily authontativ
60km
North Pacific Ocean
See regional map III
Land
21,041 km2; the size of Massachusetts; 32%
crop (9% corn, 7% coffee, 5% cotton, 11%
other), 31% nonagricultural, 26% meadow
and pasture, 1 1 % forest
Land boundaries: 515 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 307 km
People
Population: 5,072,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun — Salvadoran(s); adjec-
tive— Salvadoran
Ethnic divisions: 89% mestizo, 10% Indian,
1% white
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
(probably 97-98%), with activity by Protes-
tant groups throughout the country
Language: Spanish, Nahua (among some In-
dians)
Literacy: 65%
Labor force: 1.7 million (est. 1982); 25% agri-
culture, 16% manufacturing, 16%
commerce, 13% government, 9% financial
67
El Salvador (continued)
services, 6% transportation, 15% other (1984
est); shortage of skilled labor and large pool
of unskilled labor, but manpower training
programs improving situation; significant
unemployment
Organized labor: 8% total labor force; 10%
agricultural labor force; 7% urban labor force
(1982)
Government
Official name: Republic of El Salvador
Type: republic
Capital: San Salvador
Political subdivisions: 14 departments
Legal system: based on Spanish law, with
traces of common law; new constitution en-
acted in December 1983; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal
education at University of El Salvador; ac-
cepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
September
Branches: Legislative Assembly (60 seats),
Executive, Supreme Court
Government leaders: Jose Napoleon
DUARTE, President (since June 1984);
Rodolfo CASTILLO Claramount Vice Presi-
dent (since June 1984); Abraham
RODRIGUEZ, First Presidential Designate
(since September 1984); Rene FORTIN,
Magana, Second Presidential Designate
(since September 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: Legislative Assembly (formerly
Constituent Assembly), 28 March 1982;
presidential election, 25 March 1984; presi-
dential runoff election, 6 May 1984 (next
scheduled for 1989); Legislative Assembly
election scheduled for 31 March 1985
Political parties and leaders: Christian Dem-
ocratic Party (PDC), Jose Napoleon Duarte;
National Conciliation Party (PCN), Raul Mo-
lina; Democratic Action (AD), Rene Fortin
Magana; Salvadoran Popular Party (PPS),
Francisco Quinonez; National Republican
Alliance (ARENA), Maj. (Ret.) Roberto
D'Aubuisson; Salvadoran Authentic Institu-
tional Party (PAISA), Roberto Escobar
Garcia
Voting strength: Legislative Assembly —
PDC, 24 seats; ARENA, 19 seats; PAISA, 9
seats; PCN, 5 seats; AD, 2 seats; PPJ>, 1 seat
Other political or pressure groups: leftist
revolutionary movement — Unified Revolu-
tionary Directorate (DRU) and Farabundo
Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN),
leadership bodies of the insurgency; Popular
Liberation Forces (FPL), Armed Forces of
the National Resistance (FARN), People's
Revolutionary Army (ERP), Salvadoran
Communist Party/Armed Forces of Libera-
tion (PCS/FAL), and Central American
Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRTC)/ Pop-
ular Liberation Revolutionary Armed Forces
(FARLP); militant front organizations —
Revolutionary Coordinator of Masses (CRM;
alliance of front groups), Popular Revolution-
ary Bloc (BPR), Unified Popular Action
Front (FAPU), Popular Leagues of 28 Febru-
ary (LP-28), National Democratic Union
(UDN), and Popular Liberation Movement
(MLP); Revolutionary Democratic Front
(FDR), coalition of CRM and Democratic
Front (FD), controlled by DRU; FD consists
of moderate leftist groups — Independent
Movement of Professionals and Technicians
of El Salvador (MIPTES), National Revolu-
tionary Move ment (MNR), and Popular
Social Christian Movement (MPSC); extreme
rightist vigilante organizations or death
squads — Secret Anti-Communist Army
(ESA); Maximiliano Hernandez Brigade;
Organization for Liberation From Commu-
nism (OLC)
Labor organizations: Federation of Con-
struction and Transport Workers Unions
(FESINCONSTRANS), independent; Salva-
doran Communal Union (UCS), peasant
association; General Confederation of Trade
Unions (CGS); United Confederation of
Workers (CUT), leftist; Popular Democratic
Unity (UPD), moderate labor coalition which
includes FESINCONSTRANS, UCS, and
other democratic labor organizations
Business organizations: National Associa-
tion of Private Enterprise (ANEP),
conservative; Productive Alliance (AP), con-
servative; National Federation of Salvadoran
Small Businessmen (FENAPES), conserva-
tive
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB— Inter-Ameri-
can Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
IWC — International Wheat Council, OAS,
ODECA, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $4.3 billion (1984 est.), $872 per capita
Agriculture: main crops — coffee, cotton,
corn, sugar, beans, rice
Fishing: catch 12,897 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: food processing, textiles,
clothing, petroleum products
Electric power: 700,000 kW capacity (1984);
1.7 billion kWh produced (1984), 340 kWh
per capita
Exports: $737 million (f.o.b., 1983); coffee,
cotton, sugar
Imports: $892 million (c.i.f., 1983); machin-
ery, intermediate goods, petroleum,
construction materials, fertilizers, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports — 33% US,
15% FRG, 12% Guatemala; imports— 39%
US, 18% Guatemala, 9% Mexico
Aid: economic — authorized from US, includ-
ing Ex-Im (FY70-83), $690 million; ODA and
OOF committed by other Western countries
(1970-82), $95 million; military— from US
(FY70-83), $215 million
Budget: (1983) government revenues, $502
million; expenditures, $582 million
68
Equatorial Guinea
Monetary conversion rate: 2.5
colones=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 602 km 0.914-meter gauge, single
track
Highways: 10,000 km total; 1,500 km paved,
4, 100 km gravel, 4,400 km improved and un-
improved earth
Inland waterways: Lempa River partially
navigable
Ports: 2 major (Acajutla, La Union), 1 minor
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 156 total, 128 usable; 5 with per-
manent-surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: nationwide trunk
radio-relay system; connection into Central
American microwave net; 100,000 tele-
phones (2 per 100 popl.); 76 AM, 9 FM, 9 TV
stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean Satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National
Guard, National Police, Treasury Police
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,154,000;
733,000 fit for military service; 60,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: estimated for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1985, $208 million;
about 21.4% of the central government
budget
MALABO
80km
Fernando Po
Gulf of Guinea
Island nol
shown in true
geographical
position
Annobon ,
See regioni! map VII
Land
28,051 km2; the size of Maryland; Rio Muni,
about 25,900 km2, largely forest; Bioko (for-
merly known as Fernando Po), about 2,072
km
Land boundaries: 539 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 296 km
People
Population: 282,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 2.5% Rio Muni— 212,000
(July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.5%;
Fernando Po— 71,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun — Equatorial Guinean(s);
adjective — Equatorial Guinean
Ethnic divisions: indigenous population of
Bioko, primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos; of
Rio Muni, primarily Fang; less than 1,000
Europeans, primarily Spanish
Religion: natives all nominally Christian and
predominantly Roman Catholic; some pagan
practices retained
Language: Spanish (official); pidgin English,
Fang
Literacy: 55%
Labor force: most Equatorial Guineans in-
volved in subsistence agriculture; labor
shortages on plantations
Government
Official name: Republic of Equatorial
Guinea
Type: republic
Capital: Malabo
Political subdivisions: 3 regions; 7 provinces
with appointed governors
Legal system: in transition; constitution ap-
proved 15 August 1982 by popular
referendum; in part based on Spanish civil
law and custom
National holiday: 12 October
Branches: constitution provides for president
with broad powers, prime minister, unicam-
eral legislature (Chamber of Representatives
of the People) and free judiciary
Government leader: Col. Teodoro OBIANG
NGUEMA MBASOGO, President (since Au-
gust 1979)
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: parliamentary elections held Oc-
tober 1983
Political parties and leaders: political parties
suspended; before coup of 3 August 1979,
National Unity Party of Workers (PUNT)
was the sole legal party
Communists: no significant number of Com-
munists but some sympathizers
Member of: AfDB, Conference of East and
Central African States, EGA, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM,
OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
Economy
GNP: $75 million (1983); $417 per capita
(Note: economy destroyed during regime of
former President Masie Nguema)
69
Equatorial Guinea
(continued)
Ethiopia
Agriculture: major cash crops — Rio Muni,
timber, coffee; Bioko, cocoa; main food prod-
ucts— rice, yams, cassava, bananas, oil palm
nuts, manioc, livestock
Major industries: fishing, sawmilling
Electric power: 10,000 kW capacity (1984);
17 million kWh produced (1984), 61 kWh per
capita
Exports: $16.9 million (1982 est); cocoa, cof-
fee, wood
Imports: $41.5 million (1982 est.); foodstuffs,
chemicals and chemical products, textiles
Major trade partner: Spain
Budget: (1976) receipts, $2.8 million
Monetary conversion rate: ekuele replaced
by Communaute Financiere Africaine franc
(CFA) in 1985; 479.875 CFA francs=US$l
(December 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: Rio Muni — 2,460 km, including
approx. 185 km bituminous, remainder
gravel and earth; Bioko — 300 km, including
146 km bituminous, remainder gravel and
earth
Inland waterways: no significant waterways
Ports: 1 major (Malalx>), 3 minor
Civil air: 1 major transix>rt aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3, 659
m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: poor system with ade-
quate government services; international
communications Irom Bata and Malabo to
African and European countries; 2,000 tele-
phones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 2 AM stations, no
FM stations, 1 TV station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 62,000;
31,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1981, $6.2 million; 21% of central
government budget
Set regional map V II
Land
1,221,900 km2; four-fifths the size of Alaska;
55% meadow and natural pasture; 10% crop
and orchard; 6% forest and wood; 29% waste-
land, urban, or other
Land boundaries: 5,198 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm;
for sedentary fisheries, territorial sea extends
to limit of fisheries
Coastline: 1,094 km (includes offshore is-
lands)
People
Population: 42,289,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 0.7%
Nationality: noun — Ethiopian(s); adjec-
tive— Ethiopian
Ethnic divisions: 40% Oromo, 32% Amhara
and Tigrean, 9% Sidamo, 6% ShankeHa, 6%
Somali, 4% Afar, 2% Gurage, 1% other
Religion: 40-45% Muslim, .35-40% Ethiopian
Orthodox, 15-20% animist, 5% other
Language: Amharic (official), Tigrinya,
Orominga, Arabic, English (major foreign
language taught in schools)
Literacy: about 15%
70
Labor force: 90% agriculture and animal hus-
bandry; 10% government, military, and
quasi-government
Organized labor: All Ethiopian Trade Union
formed by the government in January 1977
to represent 273,000 registered trade union
members
Government
Official name: Socialist Ethiopia
Type: under military rule since September
1974; monarchy abolished in March 1975,
but republic not yet declared
Capital: Addis Ababa
Political subdivisions: 14 provinces (also re-
ferred to as regional administrations)
Legal system: complex structure with civil,
Islamic, common, and customary law influ-
ences; constitution suspended September
1974; military leaders have promised a new
constitution but established no time frame
for its adoption; legal education at Addis
Ababa University; has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Popular Revolution Com-
memoration Day, 12 September
Branches: executive power exercised by the
Provisional Military Administrative Council
(PMAC), dominated by its chairman and
small circle of associates; predominantly ci-
vilian Cabinet holds office at sufferance of
military; legislature dissolved September
1974; judiciary at higher levels based on
Western pattern, at lower levels on tradi-
tional pattern, without jury system in either
Government leader: Lt. Col. MENGISTU
Haile-Mariam, Chairman of the Provisional
Military Administrative Council (since Feb-
ruary 1977)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: none (January 1985)
Political parties and leaders: Ethiopian
Workers Party (WPE) founded in September
1984; headed by Mengistu Haile-Mariam
Communists: government is officially Marx-
ist-Leninist
Other political or pressure groups: impor-
tant dissident groups include Eritrean
Liberation Front (ELF), Eritrean People's
Liberation Front (EPLF), and Eritrean Lib-
eration Front/Popular Liberation Forces in
Eritrea; Tigrean People's Liberation Front
(TPLF) in Tigray Province; Western Somali
Liberation Front (WSLF) in the Ogaden re-
gion
Member of: AfDB, EGA, FAO, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICO, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU,
ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $5.0 billion (1983/84 est), $119 per
capita; real growth rate 3.7% (1983/84)
Agriculture: main crop — coffee; also grain
Major industries: cement, sugar refining,
cotton textiles, food processing, oil refinery
Electric power: 412,000 kW capacity (1984);
902 million kWh produced (1984), 26 kWh
per capita
Exports: $403 million (f.o.b., 1983/84 est);
61% coffee, 10% hides and skins
Imports: $906 million (c.i.f., 1983/84)
Major trade partners: exports — US, FRG,
Djibouti, Japan, Saudi Arabia, France, Italy;
imports— USSR, Italy, FRG, Japan, UK, US
Budget: revenues and cash grants, $1.1 bil-
lion; current expenditures, $1.0 billion;
development expenditures, $467 million
(1983/84)
External debt: $1.0 billion, 1981/82; debt
service payment, $1.3 billion outstanding
(1983/84); 11.0% of exports of goods and
nonfactor services (1982/83)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.07 Ethiopian
birr=US$l (31 October 1983)
Fiscal year: 8 July-7 July
Communications
Railroads: 1,089 km total; 782 km 1.000-
meter gauge, of which 97 km are in Djibouti;
307 km 0.950-meter gauge
Highways: 44,300 km total; 3,888 km bitumi-
nous, 8,344 km gravel, 2,456 km improved
earth, 29,612 km unimproved earth
Ports: 2 major (Aseb, Massawa)
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 170 total, 136 usable; 7 with per-
manent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m, 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m,
45 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air De-
fense; paramilitary Emergency Strike Force
Police
Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,580,000;
5,146,000 fit for military service; 489,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 7 July
1984, $420.1 million; 25.1% of central gov-
ernment budget
71
Falkland Islands
(Islas Malvinas)
South Atlantic Ocean
West
Falkland
East Falkland
(administered by U K
claimed by Argentina)
Sec regional map IV
NOTE: The possession of the Falkland Is-
lands has been disputed by the UK and
Argentina (which refers to them as the Islas
Malvinas) since 1833.
Land
Colony — 16,654 km2; about the size of
Connecticut; area consists of some 200 small
islands and two principal islands, East Falk-
land (6,680 km2) and West Falkland (5,276
km2); dependencies — South Sandwich Is-
lands, South Georgia, and the Shag and
Clerke Rocks
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 1,288km
People
Population: 2,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 0%
Nationality: noun — Falkland Islander(s); ad-
jective— Falkland Island
Ethnic divisions: almost totally British
Religion: predominantly Anglican
Language: English
Literacy: compulsory education up to age 14
Labor force: l,100(est); est. over 95% in agri-
culture, mostly sheepherding
Government
Official name: Colony of the Falkland Is-
lands
Type: British dependent territory
Capital: Stanley
Political subdivisions: local government is
confined to capital
Legal system: English common law
Branches: Civil Commissioner (replaced gov-
ernors in post — Falklands war period); shares
power with local garrison commander
Government leaders: Rex M. HUNT, Civil
Commissioner (since June 1982); Maj. Peter
DE LA BILLIERE, Military Commissioner
and Commander in Chief Land Forces (since
June 1984)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Economy
Agriculture: predominantly sheep farming
Major industry: wool processing
Electric power: 1,250 kW capacity (1984); 2
million kWh produced (1984), l.lOOkWhper
capita
Exports: to UK, $5.2 million (1982); wool,
hides and skins, and other
Imports: from UK, $8.2 million (1982); food,
clothing, fuels, and machinery
Major trade partners: nearly all exports to
the UK, also some to the Netherlands and to
Japan; imports from Curacao, Japan, and the
UK
Aid: economic commitments — (1970-79)
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF,
$24 million
Budget: revenues, $5 million (1982); expendi-
tures, $4.8 million (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: .833 Falkland Is-
land pound=.833 pounds sterling=US$l
(December 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 510 km total; 30 km paved, 80 km
gravel, and 400 km unimproved earth
Ports: 1 major (Port Stanley), 4 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 5 total, 4 usable, 1 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 1,200-2,439
m; 1 new airfield with permanent surface
runway under construction
Telecommunications: government-oper-
ated radiotelephone networks providing
effective service to almost all points on both
islands; approximately 590 telephones (est.
30 per 100 popl.); 1 AM station; satellite sta-
tion under construction
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom
72
Faroe Islands
North Atlantic Ocean
See regional map V
Land
1,340 km2; slightly larger than Rhode Island;
less than 5% arable, of which only a fraction
cultivated; archipelago consisting of 18 in-
habited islands and a few uninhabited islets
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm;
fishing 200 nm
Coastline: 764 km
People
Population: 46,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 1.0%
Nationality: noun — Faroese (sing., pi.); ad-
jective— Faroese
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white popu-
lation
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran
Language: Faroese (derived from Old
Norse), Danish
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 17,585; largely engaged in fish-
ing, manufacturing, transportation, and
commerce
Government
Official name: Faroe Islands
Type: self-governing province within the
Kingdom of Denmark; 2 representatives in
Danish parliament
Capital: Torshavn on the island of Streymoy
Political subdivisions: 7 districts, 49 com-
munes, 1 town
Legal system: based on Danish law; Home
Rule Act enacted 1948
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly
with Crown, acting through appointed High
Commissioner, and 32-member provincial
parliament (Lagting) in matters of strictly
Faroese concern; executive power vested in
Crown, acting through High Commissioner,
but exercised by provincial cabinet responsi-
ble to provincial parliament
Government leaders: MARGRETHE II,
Queen (since January 1972); Atli DAM,
Lagmand, Prime Minister (since December
1984); Niels BENTSEN, Danish Governor
(since 1981)
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory,
over age 21
Elections: held every four years; most recent,
8 November 1984
Political parties and leaders: four-party rul-
ing coalition — Social Democratic, Atli Dam;
Republican, Erlendur Patursson; Home
Rule, Tobjwrn Poulsen; Peoples, Jogvan
Sundstein
Voting strength: (January 1985) four-party
coalition — 17 of 32 seats
Communists: insignificant number
Member of: Nordic Council
Economy
GDP: $369.3 million (1980), about $8,799 per
capita
Agriculture: sheep and cattle grazing
Fishing: catch 248,705 metric tons (1982); ex-
ports, $162.3 million (1980)
Major industry: fishing
Electric power: 66,600 kW capacity (1984);
205 million kWh produced (1984), 4,556
kWh per capita
Exports: $178.7 million (f.o.b., 1980); mostly
fish and fish products
Imports: $222.1 million (c.i.f., 1980); ma-
chinery and transport equipment, petroleum
and petroleum products, food products
Major trade partners: exports 21.3% Den-
mark, 13.4% UK, 12.4% FRG, 11.7% US
(1980)
Budget: (FY81) expenditures, $98.8 million,
revenues, $98.8 million
Monetary conversion rate: 10.80 Danish
kroner=US$l (November 1984 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 200 km
Ports: 2 major, 8 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international
communications; fair domestic facilities;
20,400 telephones (46.3 per lOOpopl.); 1 AM,
3 FM stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of Denmark
Military manpower: males 15-49 included
with Denmark
73
Fiji
••• Rotuma
South Pacific Ocean
Vanua Levu
Viti Levi
Kandavu
225km
Ceva /-fla
Srf regional map X
Land
1 8,376 km2; the size of Massachusetts; consists
of more than 300 islands and many more
coral atolls and cays; the larger islands — Viti
Levu, Taveuni, and Kandavu — are moun-
tainous and volcanic in origin, with peaks
rising over 1,210 meters; land ownership —
83.6% Fijians, 7.2% European, 6.4% govern-
ment, 1.7% Indians, 1.1% other; about 30% of
land area is suitable for farming
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 1,129 km
People
Population: 700,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 2. 1 %
Nationality: noun — Fijian(s); adjective —
Fijian
Ethnic divisions: 50% Indian, 45% Fijian; 5%
European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas
Chinese, and others
Religion: Fijians are mainly Christian, Indi-
ans are Hindu with a Muslim minority
Language: English (official), Fijian, Hindu-
stani spoken among Indians
Literacy: 80%
Labor force. 176,000(1979); 43.8% agricul-
ture, 15.6% industry
Organized labor: about 50% of labor force
organized into about 60 unions; unions orga-
nized along lines of work and ethnic origin
Government
Official name: Fiji
Type: independent parliamentary state
within Commonwealth; Elizabeth II recog-
nized as chief of state
Capital: Suva, located on the south coast of
the island of Viti Levu
Political subdivisions: 14 provinces
Legal system: based on British system
National holiday: Fiji Day, 10 October
Branches: executive — Prime Minister and
Cabinet; legislative — 52-member House of
Representatives; 22-member appointed Sen-
ate; judicial — Supreme Court, Court of
Appeal, Magistrate's Courts
Government leader: Ratu Sir Kamisese
MARA, Prime Minister (since 1966 [as Chief
Minister during preindependence days])
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every five years unless House dis-
solves earlier; last held July 1982
Political parties: Alliance, primarily Fijian,
headed by Ratu Mara; National Federation,
primarily Indian, headed by Siddiq Koya;
Western United Front, Fijian, Ratu Osea
Gauidi
Voting strength: (July 1982) House of Repre-
sentatives— (Alliance Party 28 seats; National
Federation Party/Western United Front co-
alition 24 seats
Communists: few, no figures available (Janu-
ary 1985)
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Common-
wealth, EC (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU,
UN, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $1.85 billion (1982), $1,852 per capita;
annual growth rate, 0.5% (1979-82)
Agriculture: main crops — sugar, copra,
ginger, rice; major deficiency, grains
Major industries: sugar refining, tourism,
gold, lumber, small industries
Electric power: 210,000 kW capacity (1984);
223 million kWh produced (1984), 325 kWh
per capita
Exports: $280 million (f.o.b., 1981); 70%
sugar; also copra
Imports: $562 million (c.i.f., 1981); 24% man-
ufactured goods, 20.0% machinery, 16.3%
foodstuffs, 16% fuels
Major trade partners: Australia, New Zea-
land, Japan, UK, Singapore, US
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries (1980-82), $438 million
Budget: (1981 est.) revenues, $259 million;
expenditures, $239 million
Monetary conversion rate: .9612 Fiji
dollar=US$l (30 November 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 644 km 0.610-meter narrow
gauge; owned by Fiji Sugar Corp., Ltd.
Highways: 2,960 km total (1981); 390 km
paved, 2,150 km gravel, crushed stone, or sta-
bilized soil surface; 420 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 203 km; 122 km naviga-
ble by motorized craft and 200- metric-ton
barges
74
Finland
Ports: I major, 6 minor
Civil air: 1 DC-3 and 1 light aircraft
Airfields: 28 total, 27 usable; 3 with perma-
nent-surface runways, 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern local,
interisland, and international (wire/radio in-
tegrated) public and special-purpose
telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter facili-
ties; regional radio center; important
COMPAC cable link between US/Canada
and New Zealand/Australia; 37,515 tele-
phones (6.0 per 100 popl.); 7 AM, 2 FM , no
TV stations; 1 ground satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: integrated ground and naval
forces
Military manpower: males 15-49, 183,000;
101,000 fit for military service; 7,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: military budget for 1982,
$17.0 million; 5% of central government
budget
Gulf of Bothnia
Aland
Islands
See regional map V
FLSINKI
Land
337,113 km2; slightly smaller than Montana;
58% forest, 34% other, 8% arable
Land boundaries: 2,534 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 nm;
fishing 12 nm; Aland Islands, 3 nm
Coastline: 1,126 km (approx.) excludes is-
lands and coastal indentations
People
Population: 4,894,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 0.4%
Nationality: noun — Finn(s); adjective —
Finnish
Ethnic divisions: Finn, Swede, Lapp, Gypsy,
Tatar
Religion: 97% Evangelical Lutheran, 1.2%
Greek Orthodox, 1.8% other
Language: 93.5% Finnish, 6.3% Swedish
(both official); small Lapp- and Russian-
speaking minorities
Literacy: almost 100%
Labor force: 2.546 million; 23.8% mining and
manufacturing; 25.4% services; 18.5% com-
merce; 11.9% agriculture, forestry, and
fishing; 7.2% construction; 7.0% transporta-
tion and communications; 6.1% unemployed
(1983 average)
Organized labor: 80% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Finland
Type: republic
Capital: Helsinki
Political subdivisions: 12 provinces, 443
communes, 78 towns
Legal system: civil law system based on
Swedish law; constitution adopted 1919; Su-
preme Court may request legislation
interpreting or modifying laws; legal educa-
tion at Universities of Helsinki and Turku;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 6 De-
cember
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly
with President and unicameral legislature
(Eduskunta); executive power vested in Presi-
dent and exercised through coalition Cabinet
responsible to parliament; Supreme court,
four superior courts, 193 lower courts
Government leaders: Dr. Mauno
KOIVISTO, President (since January 1982);
Kalevi SORSA, Prime Minister (since Febru-
ary 1982)
Suffrage: universal, 18 years and over; not
compulsory
Elections: parliamentary, every four years
(last in 1983); presidential, every six years
Political parties and leaders: Social Demo-
cratic Party, Kalevi Sorsa; Center Party,
Paavo Va'yrynen; People's Democratic
League (Communist front), Kalevi Kivisto;
Conservative Party, Illka Suominen; Liberal
Party, Kyosti Lallukka; Swedish Peoples
Party, Par Stenback; Rural Party, Pekka
Vennamo; Finnish Communist Party, Arvo
75
Finland (continued)
Aalto; Finnish Christian League, Esko
Almgren; Constitutional People's Party,
Georg Ehrnrooth; League for Citizen Power,
Kaarlo Pitsinki
Voting strength: (1983 parliamentary elec-
tion) 26% Social Democratic, 22.1%
Conservative, 17.6% Center-Liberal, 14.0%
People's Democratic League, 9.7% Rural,
4.9% Swedish Peoples, 3.0% Christian
League, 1.5% Greens, 0.4% Constitutional
People's, 0. 1 % League for Citizen Power
Communists: 28,000 registered members; an
additional 45,000 persons belong to People's
Democratic League
Member of: ADB, CEMA (special coopera-
tion agreement), DAC, EC (free trade
agreement), EFTA (associate), FAO, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA,
IDE — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead
and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC— International
Wheat Council, Nordic Council, OECD,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG
Economy
GNP: $49.4 billion (1983), $10,186 per cap-
ita; 54.2% consumption, 21.2% investment,
22.8% government; 0.4% net exports of goods
and services; 1982 growth rate 2.9% (1980
prices)
Agriculture: animal husbandry, especially
dairying, predominates; forestry important
secondary occupation for rural population;
main crops — cereals, sugar beets, potatoes;
85% self-sufficient; shortages — food and fod-
der grains
Fishing: catch 145,600 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: include metal manufac-
turing and shipbuilding, forestry and wood
processing (pulp, paper), copper refining,
foodstuffs, textiles and clothing
Shortages: fossil fuels; industrial raw materi-
als, except wood, and iron ore
Crudesteel: 2.4 million metric tons produced
(1983), 496 kg per capita
Electric power: 11,859,000 kW capacity
(1984); 43.390 billion kWh produced (1984),
8,905 kWh per capita
Exports: $12.5 billion (f.o.b., 1983); timber,
paper and pulp, ships, machinery, iron and
steel, clothing and footwear
Imports: $12.8 billion (c.i.f., 1983); food-
stuffs, petroleum and petroleum products,
chemicals, transport equipment, iron and
steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics
Major trade partners: (1983) exports— 35.4%
EC (9.5% FRG; 10.2% UK), 26.1% USSR,
12.4% Sweden, 4.1% US
Aid: donor — bilateral economic aid commit-
ments (ODA), $652 million (1970-82)
Budget: (1983) expenditures, $13.5 billion,
revenues, $11.9 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 6.6140Finnmark
(Fim)=US$l (2 January 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 6,071 km total; Finnish State Rail-
ways (VR) operate a total of 6,043 km 1.524-
meter gauge, 477 km multiple track, and 608
km electrified; 22 km 0.750-meter gauge and
6 km 1.524-meter gauge are privately owned
Highways: about 74,960 km total in national
classified network, including 31,000 km
paved (bituminous, concrete, bituminous-
treated surface) and 42,552 km unpaved
(stabilized gravel, gravel, earth); additional
29,440 km of private (state subsidized) roads
Inland waterways: 6,675 km total (including
Saimaa Canal); 3,700 km suitable for steam-
Pipelines: natural gas, 161 km
Ports: 1 1 major, 34 minor
Civil air: 39 major transport
Airfields: 163 total, 160 usable; 47 with per-
manent-surface runways; 20 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: good telecom service
from cable and radio-relay network; 2.7 mil-
lion telephones (53 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 90
FM, 200 TV stations; 3 submarine cables
Pefense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,319,000;
1,014,000 fit for military service; 35,000
reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1985, $810 million;
about 5.1% of proposed central government
budget
76
France
English Channel
Sterrgionil map V
Land
547,026 km2; four-fifths the size of Texas;
34% cultivated; 24% meadow and pasture;
27% forest; 15% waste, urban, or other
Land boundaries: 2,888 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 3,427 km (includes Corsica, 644
km)
People
Population: 55,094,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 0.4%
Nationality: noun — Frenchman (men); ad-
jective— French
Ethnic divisions: Celtic and Latin with Teu-
tonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese,
and Basque minorities
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic, 2% Protes-
tant, 1% Jewish, 1% Muslim (North African
workers), 6% unaffiliated
Language: French (100% of population); rap-
idly declining regional patois — Provencal,
Breton, Germanic, Corsican, Catalan,
Basque, Flemish
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 23.4 million (1983); 54.5% ser-
vices, 29.5% industry, 8.5% agriculture; 8.5%
unemployed
Organized labor: approximately 20% of la-
bor force
Government
Official name: French Republic
Type: republic, with President having wide
powers
Capital: Paris
Political subdivisions: 22 regions with 96
metropolitan departments
Legal system: civil law system with indige-
nous concepts; new constitution adopted
1958, amended concerning election of Presi-
dent in 1962; judicial review of administra-
tive but not legislative acts; legal education at
over 25 schools of law
National holiday: National Day, 14 July
Branches: presidentially appointed Prime
Minister heads Council of Ministers, which is
formally responsible to National Assembly;
bicameral legislature — National Assembly
(491 members), Senate (304 members) —
restricted to a delaying action; judiciary inde-
pendent in principle
Government leader: Francois
MITTERRAND, President (since May 1981)
Suffrage: universal over age 18; not compul-
sory
Elections: National Assembly — every five
years, last election June 1981, direct universal
suffrage, two ballots; Senate — indirect colle-
giate system for nine years, renewable by
one-third every three years, last election Sep-
tember 1983; President, direct, universal
suffrage every seven years, two ballots, last
election May 1981
Political parties and leaders: majority coali-
tion— Socialist Party (PS), Lionel Jospin;
Communist Party (PCF), Georges Marchais;
Left Radical Movement (MRG), Francois
public (RPR, formerly UDR), Jacques
Chirac; Union for French Democracy (fed-
eration of PR, CDS, and RAD), Jean
Lecanuet; Republicans (PR), Francois Leo-
tard; Center for Social Democrats (CDS),
Pierre Mehaignerie; Radical (RAD), Andre
Rossinot
Voting strength: (first ballot, 1981 election)
diverse left, Socialist 36.12%; RPR, 20.8%;
UDF, 19.2%; Communist, 16.17%; Left Rad-
ical, 1.39%; diverse right, 2.8%; diverse left,
2.05%; other 1.47%
Communists: 600,000 claimed; Communist
voters, 4 million in 1981 elections
Other political or pressure groups: Commu-
nist-controlled labor union (Confederation
Generate du Travail) nearly 2.4 million
members (claimed); Socialist-leaning labor
union (Confederation Francaise
Democratique du Travail — CFDT) about
800,000 members est; independent labor
union (Force Ouvriere) about 1,000,000
members est.; independent white collar
union (Confederation Generale des Cadres)
340,000 members (claimed); National Coun-
cil of French Employers (Conseil National du
Patronat Francais— CNPF or Patronat)
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC,
EC, EIB, ELDO, EMA, EMS, ESRO, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICES, ICO, IDA, IDE— Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO,
International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IOOC, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC—
International Whaling Commission, NATO
(signatory), OAS (observer), OECD, South
Pacific Commission, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG,
WTO
Economy
GDP: $518 billion (1983), $9,478 per capita;
66% private consumption, 16.4% govern-
ment consumption, 16% investment
(including government); 1981 real growth
rate, .7%; average annual growth rate (1973-
83), 2.3%
Agriculture: Western Europe's foremost pro-
ducer; main products — beef, dairy products,
77
France (continued)
French Guiana
cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes;
self-sufficient for most temperate zone food-
stuffs; food shortages — fats and oils, tropical
produce
Fishing: catch 7 1 3,530 metric tons ( 1 982); ex-
ports (includes shellfish, etc.) $316 million,
imports $1,045 million (1983)
Major industries: steel, machinery and
equipment, textiles and clothing, chemicals,
automobiles, food processing, metallurgy,
aircraft, electronics
Shortages: crude oil, natural gas, textile fi-
bers, most nonferrous ores, coking coal, fats
and oils
Crude steel: 17.6 million metric tons pro-
duced (1983), 322 kg per capita
Electric power: 88,446,000 kW capacity
(1984); 320.035 billion kWh produced (1984),
5,832 kWh per capita
Exports: $89.9 billion (f.o.b., 1983); principal
items — machinery and transportation equip-
ment, foodstuffs, agricultural products, iron
and steel products, textiles and clothing,
chemicals
Imports: $97.9 billion (f.o.b., 1983); principal
items — crude petroleum, machinery and
equipment, chemicals, iron and steel prod-
ucts, foodstuffs, agricultural products
Major trade partners: (1983) imports— 49%
EC, 13% petroleum exporting countries,
7.7% US, 2.7% USSR, 2.6% Japan, 1.6% other
Communist countries; exports — 50% EC,
25.3% petroleum exporting countries, 6.0%
US, 2.4% USSR, 1.7% other Communist
countries, 1% Japan
Aid: donor — bilateral economic aid commit-
ments (ODA and OOF), $29.7 billion (1970-
82)
Budget: (proposed for 1985) expenditures,
995 billion francs; revenues, 857 billion
francs; deficit, 138 billion francs
Monetary conversion rate: 8.40 French
francs=US$l (4 January 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: French National Rail ways (SNCF)
operates 34,599 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge; 10,660 km electrified, 15, 132 km dou-
ble or multiple track; 2,138 km of various
gauges (1.000-meter to 1.440-meter), pri-
vately owned and operated
Highways: 1,533,940 km total; 33,400 km na-
tional highway; 347,000 km departmental
highway; 421,000 km community roads;
750,000 km rural roads; 5,209 km of con-
trolled-access divided "autoroutes"; approx.
803,000 km paved
Inland waterways: 14,932 km; 6,969 km
heavily traveled
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,458 km; refined prod-
ucts, 4,344 km; natural gas, 24,746 km
Ports: 8 major, 16 secondary
Civil air: 355 major transport aircraft (1982)
Airfields: 465 total, 451 usable; 244 with per-
manent-surface runways; 3 with runways
over 3,659 m, 34 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 128 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed sys-
tem provides satisfactory telephone,
telegraph, and radio and TV broadcast ser-
vices; 29.37 million telephones (54.2 per 100
popl.); 58 AM, 323 FM, 396 TV stations; 21
submarine coaxial cables; 2 communication
satellite ground stations with total of 7 anten-
Defense Forces
Branches: Army of the Ground, Navy, Army
of the Air, National Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49,
13,997,000; fit for military service
11,864,000; 430,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1984, $20 billion; about
18.1% of proposed central government bud-
get
North
Atlantic
Ocean
Sctrtflonil map IV
Land
90,909 km2; slightly smaller than Maine; 90%
forest; 10% waste, built on, inland water, and
other, of which .05% is cultivated and pasture
Land boundaries: 1,183 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 378 km
People
Population: 82,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 2.9%
Nationality: noun — French Guianese (sing.,
pi.); adjective — French Guiana
Ethnic divisions: 66% black or mulatto; 12%
Caucasian; 12% East Indian, Chinese, Amer-
indian; 10% other
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: French
Literacy: 73%
Labor force: 23,265 (1980); services, govern-
ment, and commerce 60.6%; industry 21.2%;
agriculture 18.2%; information on unem-
ployment unavailable
Organized labor: 7% of labor force
78
Government
Official name: Department of French Gui-
Type: overseas department and region of
France; represented by one deputy in French
National Assembly and one senator in French
Senate
Capital: Cayenne
Political subdivisions: 2 arrondissements, 19
communes each with a locally elected munic-
ipal council
Legal system: French legal system; highest
court is Court of Appeals based in Martinique
with jurisdiction over Martinique, Guade-
loupe, and French Guiana
Branches: executive: Prefect appointed by
Paris; legislative — popularly elected 16-
member General Council and a Regional
Council composed of members of the local
General Council and of the locally elected
deputy and senator to the French parlia-
ment; judicial, under jurisdiction of French
judicial system
Government leader: Bernard COURTOIS,
Prefect of the Republic (since 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: General Council elections nor-
mally are held every five years; last election
February 1983
Political parties and leaders: Guianese So-
cialist Party (PSG), Raymond Tarcy (senator),
Leopold Helder; Union of the Guianese Peo-
ple (UPG), weak leftist party allied with, but
also reported to have been absorbed by, the
PSG; Rally for the Republic (RPR), Hector
Rivierez
Communists: Communist party member-
ship negligible
Member of: WFTU
Economy
GNP: $120 million (1976), $1,935 per capita
Agriculture: limited vegetables for local con-
sumption; rice, corn, manioc, cocoa, bananas,
sugar
Fishing: catch 1,450 metric tons (1982 est.)
Major industries: construction, shrimp pro-
cessing, forestry products, rum, gold mining
Electric power: 31,000 kW capacity (1984);
138 million kWh produced (1984), 1,725
kWh per capita
Exports: $35.4 million (1981); shrimp, tim-
ber, rum, rosewood essence
Imports: $245.9 million (1981); food (grains,
processed meat), other consumer goods, pro-
ducer goods, and petroleum
Major trade partners: exports — 54% US,
17% Japan, 15% France, 5% Martinique; im-
ports— 53% France, 15% Trinidad and
Tobago, 10% US (1981)
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments,
ODA and OOF (FY70-79), from Western
(non-US) countries, $700 million, no military
aid
Budget: $101 million (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 9.65 French
francs=US$l (January 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 680 km total; 510 km paved, 170
km improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 460 km, navigable by
small oceangoing vessels and river and coastal
steamers; 3,300 km possibly navigable by na-
tive craft
Ports: 1 major (Cayenne), 7 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 1 total, 1 1 usable; 5 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: fair open- wire and ra-
dio-relay system with about 18,100
telephones(25.9 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM, 2
TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of France
Military manpower: males 15-49, 20,000;
14,000 fit for military service
79
French Polynesia
South Pacific Ocean
lies Marquises
%
"'^•i .PAPEETE 4'v -£,
* j> Tahiti ... **%.
Set regional map X
Land
About 4,000 km2; larger than Rhode Island
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (fishing
200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: about 2,525 km
People
Population: 166,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 2.3%
Nationality: noun — French Polynesian(s);
adjective — French Polynesian
Ethnic divisions: 78% Polynesian, 12% Chi-
nese, 6% local French, 4% metropolitan
French
Religion: mainly Christian; 55% Protestant,
32% Catholic
Government
Official name: Territory of French Polyne-
sia
Type: overseas territory of France
Capital: Papeete
Political subdivisions: five districts
Legal system: based on French; lower and
higher courts
Branches: 30-member Territorial Assembly,
popularly elected; 5-member Council of
Government, elected by Assembly; popular
election of two deputies to National Assem-
bly and one senator to Senate in Paris
Government leader: Alain OHREL, High
Commissioner and President of the Council
of Government (since 1983), appointed by
French Government; Gaston FLOSSE, Vice
President of the Council of Government
(since May 1982; highest elected official in
the territory)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every five years, last in May 1982
Political parties and leaders: Tahoeraa
Huiraatira (Gaullist), Gaston Flosse; Ai'a Api
(New Country Party), Emile Vernaudon;
Here Ai'a; la Mana (Socialist)
Voting strength: (1982 election) Tahoeraa
Huiraatira, 13 seats; Ai'a Api, 3 seats; Here
Ai'a, 6 seats; la Mana, 3 seats; Independents, 4
seats; Te E'a Api, 1 seat
Economy
GDP: A$931.3 million (1980), US$6,400 per
capita (1980)
Agriculture: main crop — coconuts
Major industries: maintenance of French
nuclear test base, tourism
Electric power: 71,000 kW capacity (1984);
263 million kWh produced (1984), 1,610
kWh per capita
Exports: $21 million (1977); principal prod-
ucts— coconut products (79%), mother-of-
pearl (14%), vanilla (1971)
Imports: $419 million (1977); principal
items — fuels, foodstuffs, equipment
Major trade partners: imports — 59%
France, 14% US; exports— 86% France
Aid: France $91 million (1978)
Budget: $180million in 1979; ODA and OOF
commitments from Western (non-US coun-
tries)
Monetary conversion rate: 127.05 Colonial
Francs Pacifique (CFP)=$US1 (February
1984)
Communications
High'ways. 3,700 km, all types
Ports: 1 major, 6 minor
Airfields: 38 total, 38 usable; 14 with perma-
nent-surface runways, 2 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 14 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Civil air: about 6 major transport aircraft
Telecommunications: 17,302 telephones
(12.9 per 100 popl.); 72,000 radio and 14,000
TV sets; 5 AM, 2 FM, 6 TV stations; 1 ground
satellite station
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of France
80
Gabon
See ref ton*! map VII
Land
267,667 km2; the size of Colorado; 75% forest,
15% savanna, 9% urban and waste, less than
1% cultivated
Land boundaries: 2,422 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 100
HIM: fishing, 150 nm
Coastline: 885 km
People
Population: 988,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 3.1%
Nationality: noun — Gabonese(sing., pi.); ad-
ject i ve — Gabonese
Ethnic divisions: about 40 Bantu tribes, in-
cluding 4 major tribal groupings (Fang,
Eshira, Bapounou, Bateke); about 100,000ex-
patriate Africans and Europeans, including
35,000 French
Religion: 55-75% Christian, less than 1%
Muslim, remainder animist
Language: French (official); Fang, Myene,
Bateke
Literacy: 65%
Labor force: 120,000 salaried (1983); 65% ag-
riculture, 30% industry and commerce, 2.5%
services, 2.5% government
Organized labor: there are 38,000 members
of the national trade union, the Gabonese
Trade Union Confederation (COSYGA)
Government
Official name: Gabonese Republic
Type: republic; one-party presidential re-
gime since 1964
Capital: Libreville
Political subdivisions: nine provinces subdi-
vided into 36 prefectures
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem and customary law; constitution adopted
1961; judicial review of legislative acts in
Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme
Court; legal education at Center of Higher
and Legal Studies at Libreville; compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction not accepted
National holidays: Renovation Day, 12
March; Independence Day, 17 August; major
Islamic and Christian holidays
Branches: power centralized in President,
elected by universal suffrage for seven-year
term; unicameral legislature (93-member
National Assembly, including nine members
chosen by Omar Bongo) has limited powers;
constitution amended in 1979 so that Assem-
bly deputies will serve five-year terms;
independent judiciary
Government leader: El Hadj Omar BONGO,
President (since December 1967)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: presidential election last held De-
cember 1979, next scheduled for 1986;
parliamentary election last held February
1980, next scheduled for 1985; constitutional
change separates dates for presidential and
parliamentary elections
Political parties and leaders: Gabonese
Democratic Party (PDG) led by President
Bongo is only legal party
Communist*: no organized party; probably
some Communist sympathizers
Member of: Af DB, African Wood Organiza-
tion, Conference of East and Central African
States, BDECA (Central African Develop-
ment Bank), EAMA, EIB (associate), FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCO,
ICO, IDA, IDB— Islamic Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM,
OAU, QIC, OPEC, UDEAC, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $3.4 billion (1983), $3,692 per capita;
0.7% annual growth rate (1981)
Agriculture: commercial — cocoa, coffee,
wood, palm oil, rice; main food crops — pine-
apples, bananas, manioc, peanuts, root crops;
imports food
Fishing: catch 52,638 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: petroleum production,
sawmills, petroleum refinery, food and bev-
erage processing; mining of increasing
importance; major minerals — manganese,
uranium, iron (not produced)
Electric power: 280,000 kW capacity (1984);
735 million kWh produced (1984), 767 kWh
per capita
Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1982); crude pe-
troleum, wood and wood products, minerals
(manganese, uranium concentrates, gold)
Imports: $0.7 billion (f.o.b., 1982); mining,
roadbuilding machinery, electrical equip-
ment, transport vehicles, foodstuffs, textiles
Major trade partners: France, US, FRG, Cu-
racao
Budget: (1982) revenues, $1.4 billion; current
expenditures, $0.5 billion; capital expendi-
tures, $0.6 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 479.875
Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (December 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
81
Gabon (continued)
The Gambia
Communications
Railroads: 970 km 1.437-meter standard
gauge under construction; 180 km are com-
pleted
Highways: 7,393 km total; 300 km paved,
3,493 km gravel and improved and 3,600 km
unimproved
Inland waterways: approximately 1,600 km
perennially navigable
Pipelines: crude oil, 270 km
Ports: 2 major (Owendo and Port-Gentil), 3
minor
Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 78 total, 76 usable; 8 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate system of
open-wire, radio-relay, tropospheric scatter
links and radiocommunication stations; 2 At-
lantic Ocean satellite stations; 6 AM, 6 FM, 8
TV stations; 11,600 telephones (1.2 per 100
popl.)
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramili-
tary Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 234,000;
121,000 fit for military service; 7,000 reach
military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $73.4 million; 4.9% of cen-
tral government budget
70km
Sec regional m*p VII
Land
11,295 kmz; twice the size of Delaware; 55%
upland cultivable, built on, and other; 25%
uncultivated savanna; 16% swamp; 4% forest
park
Land boundaries: 740 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 80 km
People
Population: 751,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 3.5%
Nationality: noun — Gambian(s); adjective —
Gambian
Ethnic divisions: 90% African (37.7%
Mandinka 16.2% Fula, 14% Wolof, 8.5% Jola,
7.8% Serahuli, 5.3% other); 10.5% non-Gam-
bian
Religion: 85% Muslim, 14% Christian, 1% in-
digenous beliefs
Language: English (official); Mandinka, Wo-
lof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars
Literacy: about 15%
Labor force: 378,850(1980 est); 75% agricul-
ture; 18.9% industry, commerce, and
services; 6.1% government
Organized labor: 25-30% of wage labor force
at most
Government
Official name: Republic of The Gambia
Type: republic; independent since February
1965 (The Gambia and Senegal in early 1982
formed a loose confederation named Sene-
gambia, which calls for the integration of
their armed forces, economies and monetary
systems, and foreign policies)
Capital: Banjul
Political subdivisions: Banjul and five divi-
sions
Legal system: based on English common law
and customary law; constitution came into
force upon independence in 1965, new re-
publican constitution adopted in April 1970;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 18
February
Branches: Cabinet of 13 members; unicam-
eral legislative (43-member House of
Representatives), in which four seats are re-
served for tribal chiefs, four seats are
government appointed, 35 are filled by elec-
tion for five-year terms, a Speaker is elected
by the House, and the Attorney General is an
appointed member; independent judiciary
Government leader: Sir Dawda Kairaba
JAWARA, President (since February 1965)
Political parties and leaders: People's Pro-
gressive Party (PPP), secretary general,
Dawda K. Jawara; National Convention
Party (NCP), Sheriff Dibba
Suffrage: universal adult over 21
Elections: general election held May 1982;
PPP 37 seats, NCP 3 seats, independents 2
seats
Communists: no Communist party
82
German Democratic
Republic
Member of: Af BD, APC, Commonwealth,
ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IDE— Inter-American Develop-
ment Bank, IFAD, IMF, IMO, IRC, ITU,
NAM, OAU, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP. $138 million (1984), about $190 per
capita; real growth rate 13.4% (FY83)
Agriculture: main crops — groundnuts, mil-
let, sorghum, rice, maize, palm kernels,
cotton
Fishing: catch 9,704 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: peanut processing, brew-
ing, soft drinks, agricultural machinery
assembly, small woodworking and metal-
working, clothing
Electric power: 30,000 kW capacity (1984);
64 million kWh produced (1984), 88 kWh per
capita
Exports: $66 million (f.o.b., FY84 est.) pea-
nuts and peanut products, fish, palm kernels
Imports: $87 million (f.o.b., FY84 est.); tex-
tiles, foodstuffs, tobacco, machinery,
petroleum products, chemicals
Major trade partners: exports — mainly EC,
Africa; imports — EC, Africa
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-
82), $200 million; US (FY70-83), $42 million
Budget: (1982-83 est.) revenues $44.2 mil-
lion, current expenditures $34.90 million,
development expenditures $19.7 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1
dalasi=US$4.28 (December 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 3,083 km total; 431 km paved,
501 km gravel/laterite, and 2,151 km unim-
proved earth
Inland waterways: 400 km
Ports: 1 major (Banjul)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface
runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: adequate network of
radio relay and wire; 3,500 telephones (0.5
per 100 poph); 2 FM, 3 AM , no TV stations; 1
Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, paramilitary Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 167,000;
85,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1981, $2.4 million; 6.2% of central gov-
ernment budget; includes fire and police
expenditures
Baltic Set
The final borders of
Germany have not
been established
Seerefionil map V
Land
108,178 km2; the size of Virginia; 43% arable,
27% forest, 15% meadow and pasture, 15%
other
Land boundaries: 2,309 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(200 nm fishing zone)
Coastline: 901 km (including islands)
People
Population: 16,701,000, including East Ber-
lin (July 1985), average annual growth rate
0.0%
Nationality: noun — German(s); adjective —
German
Ethnic divisions: 99.7% German, 0.3% Slavic
and other
Religion: 47% Protestant, 7% Roman Catho-
lic, 46% unaffiliated or other; less than 5% of
Protestants and about 25% of Roman Catho-
lics active participants
Language: German, small Sorb (West Slavic)
minority
Literacy: 99%
83
German Democratic
Republic (continued)
Labor force: 8.87 million; 37.9% industry,
20.7% services, 10.7% commerce, 10. 1% agri-
culture, 7.4% transport and communications,
6.9% construction, 3.1% handicrafts, 3.2%
other (1983)
Organized labor: 87.7% of total labor force
Government
Official name: German Democratic Repub-
lic
Type: Communist state
Capital: East Berlin (not officially recog-
nized by US, UK, and France, which together
with the USSR have special rights and
responsibilities in Berlin)
Political subdivisions: (excluding East Ber-
lin) 14 districts (Bezirke), 218 counties
(Kreise), 7,600 communities (Gemeinden)
Legal system: civil law system modified by
Communist legal theory; new constitution
adopted 1974; court system parallels admin-
istrative divisions; no judicial review of
legislative acts; legal education at Universi-
ties of Berlin, Leipzig, Halle, and Jena; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction;
more stringent penal code adopted 1968,
amended in 1974 and 1979
National holiday: Foundation of German
Democratic Republic, 7 October
Branches: unicameral legislature (People's
Chamber — Volkskammer, elected directly);
executive (Council of State, Council of Minis-
ters); judiciary (Supreme Court); entire
structure dominated by Socialist Unity
(Communist) Party
Government leaders: Erich HONECKER,
Chairman, Council of State (Head of State;
since October 1976); Willi STOPH, Chair-
man, Council of Ministers (Premier; since
October 1976)
Suffrage: all citizens age 18 and over
Elections: national every five years; pre-
pared by an electoral commission of the
National Front; ballot supposed to be secret
and voters permitted to strike names off bal-
lot; more candidates than offices available;
parliamentary election held 14 June 1981,
and local elections held 6 May 1984
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Unity
(Communist) Party of Germany (SED),
headed by General Secretary Erich
Honecker, dominates the regime; four token
parties (Christian Democratic Union, Na- '
tional Democratic Party, Liberal
Democratic Party, and Democratic Peasants'
Party) and an amalgam of special interest
organizations participate with the SED in
National Front
Voting strength: 1984 parliamentary elec-
tions and 1979 local elections; over 99% voted
the regime slate
Communists.- 2. 1 million party members
Other special interest groups: Free German
Youth, Free German Trade Union Federa-
tion, Democratic Women's Federation of
Germany, German Cultural Federation (all
Communist dominated)
Member of: CEMA, IAEA, ICES, ILO, IMO,
IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw
Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $154.8 billion (1983), $9,270 per cap-
ita; 1983 growth rate 2.0%
Agriculture: food deficit area; main crops —
potatoes, rye, wheat, barley, oats
Fishing: catch 265,015 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: metal fabrication, chemi-
cals, light industry, brown coal, shipbuilding
Shortages: grain, vegetables, vegetable oil,
beef, coking coal, coke, crude oil, rolled steel
products, nonferrous metals
Crude steel: 7.2 million metric tons produced
(1983), approx. 432 kg per capita
Electric power: 23,010,000 kW capacity
(1984); 113.568 billion kWh produced (1984),
6,793 kWh per capita
Exports: $31.5 billion, est. (f.o.b., 1983)
Imports: $30.2 billion, est. (f.o.b., 1983)
Major trade partners: 65.2% Socialist coun-
tries, 29.4% developed West, 5.4% less
developed countries
Monetary conversion rate: 2.60
ostmarks=US$l (June 1984)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 14,226 km total; 13,933 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 293 km 1.000-meter
or other narrow gauge, 3,830 (est.) km 1.435-
meter double track standard gauge; 2,096 km
overhead electrified (1983)
Highways: 120,455 km total; 47,455 km con-
crete, asphalt, stone block, of which 1,887 km
are autobahn and limited access roads; over
73,000 km asphalt treated, gravel, crushed
stone, and earth (1982)
Inland waterways: 2,319 km (1983)
Freight carried: rail — 325.6 million metric
tons, 54.9 billion metric ton/km (1983); high-
way— 584.1 million metric tons, 15.4 billion
metric ton/km (1983); waterway — 17.5 mil-
lion metric tons, 2.4 billion metric ton/km
(excluding international transit traffic) (1983)
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,200 km; refined prod-
ucts, 500 km; natural gas 1,500 km
Ports: 4 major (Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund,
Sassnitz), 13 minor; principal inland water-
way ports are E. Berlin, Riesa, Magdeburg,
and Eisenhuttenstadt
Telecommunications: 3.441 million tele-
phones in use (1983)
84
Germany, Federal
Republic of
Defense Forces
Branches: National People's Army, Border
Troops, Ministry of State Security Guard
Regiment, Air and Air Defense Command,
People's Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,318,000;
3,460,000 fit for military service; 121,000
reach military age (18) annually
Ships: 12 principal surface combatants, 6 pa-
trol combatants, 12 amphibious warfare
ships, 82 coastal patrol river/roadstead craft,
30 mine warfare craft, 6 underway replen-
ishment ships, 2 fleet support ships, 30 other
auxiliaries
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1984, 12.2 billion
marks; 5.8% of total budget
200km
Baltic Set
The final borders ol
Germany have not
been established
S«« ref lonil map V
Land
248,577 km2 (including West Berlin); the size
of Wyoming; 33% cultivated, 29% forest,
23% meadow and pasture, 13% waste or ur-
ban, 2% inland water
Land boundaries: 4,232 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 1,488 km (approx.)
People
Population: 61,132,000, including West Ber-
lin (July 1985), average annual growth
rate-0.2%
Nationality: noun— German(s); adjective —
German
Ethnic divisions: primarily German; Danish
minority
Religion: 45% Roman Catholic, 44% Protes-
tant, 11% other
Language: German
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 25.668 million (1982); 33.8%
manufacturing, 29.2% services, 16.8% gov-
ernment, 5.9% construction, 5.4%
agriculture, 1.7% other; 9.2% unemployed
(February 1985)
Organized labor: 37% of total labor force;
46.4% of wage and salary earners (1982)
Government
Official name: Federal Republic of Ger-
many
Type: federal republic
Capital: Bonn
Political subdivisions: 10 Lander (states);
Western sectors of Berlin are ultimately con-
trolled by US, UK, and France, which,
together with the USSR, have special rights
and responsibilities in Berlin
Legal system: civil law system with indige-
nous concepts; constitution adopted 1949;
judicial review of legislative acts in the Su-
preme Federal Constitutional Court; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: bicameral parliament — Bundes-
rat (Federal Council, upper house),
Bundestag (National Assembly, lower house);
President (titular head of state), Chancellor
(executive head of government); indepen-
dent judiciary
Government leaders: Richard von
WEIZSACKER, President (since July 1984);
Dr. Helmut KOHL, Chancellor (since Octo-
ber 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: national election generally held
every four years; last held on 6 March 1983
Political parties and leaders: Christian Dem-
ocratic Union (CDU), Helmut Kohl, Gerhard
Stoltenberg, Ernst Albrecht, Alfred Dregger,
Lother Spaeth; Christian Social Union (CSU),
Franz Josef Strauss, Edmund Stoiber,
Friedrich Zimmermann, Theo Waigel; Free
Democratic Party (FDP), Martin Banqe-
Mann, Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Wolfgang
Mischnick; Social Democratic Party (SPD),
Willy Brandt, Hans-Jochen Vogel, Johannes
Rau, Hans Apel, Horst Ehmke; National
85
Germany, Federal
Republic of (continued)
Democratic Party (NPD), Martin Mussgnug;
Communist Party (DKP), Herbert Mies;
Green Party (Greens), Petra Kelly, Otto
Schily, Roland Vogt
Voting strength: (1983 election) 48.8%
CDU/CSU (CDU 38.2%, CSU 10.6%), 38.2%
SPD, 6.9% FDP, 5.6% Greens, .5% other
Communists: about 40,000 members and
supporters
Other political or pressure groups: expellee,
refugee, and veterans groups
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC,
EC, EIB, ELDO, EMS, ESRO, FAO, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA,
IDB — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International
Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU,
NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
CNP: $655.5 billion (1983), $10,672 per cap-
ita (1982); 56.3% private consumption, 20.4%
public consumption, 17.5% private invest-
ment, 30% public investment, 0.4%
inventory change, 2.4% net foreign balance;
growth rate 1.1% (1982, at 1976 prices);
growth rate 1.3% (1983, at 1976 prices)
Agriculture: main crops — grains, potatoes,
sugar beets; 75% self-sufficient
Fishing: catch 274,000 metric tons, $126.9
million (1983); exports $228.9 million, im-
ports $625.9 million (1982)
Major industries: among world's largest pro-
ducers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals,
machinery, ships, vehicles, machine tools
Shortages: fats and oils, pulses, tropical prod-
ucts, sugar, cotton, wool, rubber, petroleum,
iron ore, bauxite, nonferrous metals, sulfur
Crude steel: 50-60 million metric tons capac-
ity; 35.7 million metric tons produced (1983),
580 kg per capita
Electric power: 93,095,000 kW capacity
(1984); 394. 1 15 billion kWh produced (1984),
6,420 kWh per capita
Exports: $168.7 billion (f.o.b., 1983); manu-
factures 84.7% (including machines and
machine tools, chemicals, motor vehicles,
iron and steel products), agricultural prod-
ucts 5.5%, fuels 3.3%, raw materials 2.8%,
other 3.7%
Imports: $152.0 billion (c.i.f., 1983); manu-
factures 55.4%, fuels 21.3%, agricultural
products 12.4%, raw materials 8.2%, other
2.6%
Major trade partners: (1983) EC 47.1%
(France 12.9%, Netherlands 8.8%, UK 8.1%,
Italy 7.5%, Belgium-Luxembourg 7.3%,),
other Europe 19.1%, US 7.6%, OPEC 7.2%,
Communist 5.3%
Aid: donor — bilateral economic aid commit-
ments (ODA and OOF), $39.2 billion (1970-
82)
Budget: (1983) federal government expendi-
tures, $97.4 billion; revenues, $84.9 billion;
deficit, $12.5 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 3.07
marks=US$l (October 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 32,555 km total; 28,5&3 km 1.435-
meter government owned, standard gauge,
12,491 km double track; 11,140km electri-
fied; 4,022 km nongovernment owned; 3,598
km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 214 km
electrified, 424 km 1.000-meter gauge; 186
km electrified
Highways: 466,305 km total; 169,568 km
classified, includes 6,435 km autobahn,
32,460 km national highways
(Bundesstrassen), 65,425 km state highways
(Landesstrassen), 65,248 km county roads
(Kreisstrassen), and 296,737 km of unclassi-
fied communal roads (Gemeindestrassen)
Inland waterways: 5,222 km, of which al-
most 70% usable by craft of 990 metric ton
capacity or larger
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,343 km; refined prod-
ucts, 3,389 km; natural gas, 95,414 km
Ports: 10 major, 11 minor
Civil air: 194 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 479 total, 442 usable; 232 with per-
manent-surface runways; 3 with runways
over 3,659 m, 33 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 42 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed,
modern telecommunication service to all
parts of the country; fully adequate in all re-
spects; 31.37 million telephones (51 per 100
popl.); 77 AM, 392 FM, and 6,030 TV sta-
tions; 6 submarine coaxial cables; 2 satellite
stations with total of 7 antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
16,595,000; 13,858,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 525,000 reach military age ( 1 8) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $22.1 billion; almost 22.9%
of the proposed central government budget
86
Ghana
Takortdi
See regional mip VII
Gulf of Guinea
Land
238,538 km2; slightly smaller than Oregon;
60% forest and brush, 19% agricultural, 21%
other
Land boundaries: 2,285 km
Water
Coastline: 539 km
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
People
Population: 13,197,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun — Ghanaian(s); adjec-
tive— Ghanaian
Ethnic divisions: 99.8% black African (major
tribes Akan, Ewe, Ga), 0.2% European and
other
Religion: 42% Christian, 38% indigenous be-
liefs, 12% Muslim, 7% other
Language: English (official); African lan-
guages include 44% Akan, 16% Mole-
Dagbani, 13% Ewe, and 8% Ga-Adangbe
Literacy: 30%
Labor force: 3.7 million; 54.7% agriculture
and fishing; 18.7% industry; 15.2% sales and
clerical; 7.7% services, transportation, and
communications; 3.7% professional; 400,000
unemployed
Organized labor: 467,000 or approximately
13% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Ghana
Type: republic; 31 December 1981 coup
ended two- year-old civilian government and
suspended constitution and political activity
Capital: Accra
Political subdivisions: 8 administrative re-
gions and separate Greater Accra Area;
regions subdivided into 58 districts and 267
local administrative districts
Legal system: based on English common law
and customary law; legal education at Uni-
versity of Ghana (Legon); has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 6
March
Branches: executive authority vested in
seven-member Provisional National Defense
Council (PNDC); on 21 January 1982 PNDC
appointed secretaries to head most ministries
Government leader: Fit. Lt. (Ret.) Jerry John
RA WLINGS, Chairman of PNDC (since De-
cember 1981)
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: elections held in June 1979 for par-
liament and president; presidential runoff
election held in July; none scheduled since
1981 coup
Political parties and leaders: political parties
outlawed after 31 December 1981 coup
Communists: a small number of Commu-
nists and sympathizers
Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, EGA,
ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC,
ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
World Confederation of Labor, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
CNP: $10.5 billion(1982est.)real growth rate
-7.2% (1982 est.)
Agriculture: main crop — cocoa; other crops
include root crops, corn, sorghum, millet,
coffee, peanuts; not self-sufficient but can
become so
Fishing: catch 230,593 metric tons (1981)
Major industries: mining, lumbering, light
manufacturing, fishing, aluminum
Electric power: 1,200,000 kW capacity
(1984); 2.102 billion kWh produced (1984),
152 kWh per capita
Exports: $856.9 million (f.o.b., 1982); cocoa
(about 45%), wood, gold, diamonds, manga-
nese, bauxite, aluminum (aluminum
regularly excluded from balance-of-
payments data)
Imports: $668.7 million (f.o.b., 1982); textiles
and other manufactured goods, food, fuels,
transport equipment
Major trade partners: UK, EC, US
Budget: revenues, $1.8 billion; expenditures
and net lending, $3.5 billion (1981/82)
Monetary conversion rate: 50 cedi=US$l
(December 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 953 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 32
km double track; diesel locomotives gradu-
ally replacing steam engines
Highways: 32,250 km total; 6,084 km con-
crete or bituminous surface, 26,166 km
gravel or laterite
Inland waterways: Volta, Arikobra, and
Tano rivers provide 168 km of perennial
87
Ghana (continued)
Gibraltar
navigation for launches and lighters; Lake
Volta reservoir provides 1,125 km of arterial
and feeder waterways
Pipelines: refined products, 3 km
Ports: 2 major (Tema, Takoradi)
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 11 total, 10 usable; 5 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of open-
wire and cable, radio-relay links; 68,900
telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 9 TV
stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground sta-
tion
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramili-
tary Palace Guard, paramilitary People's
Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,841,000;
1,581,000 fit for military service; 136,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1984, $75.8 million; 5.5% of central gov-
ernment budget
Mediterranean
See
Strait ol Gibraltar
Sec regioni! map V
Lighthouse
Land
6.5 km2; smaller than Washington, D.C.
Land boundaries: 1.6 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 12 km
People
Population: 31,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 0.9%
Nationality: noun — Gibraltarian; adjec-
tive— Gibraltar
Ethnic divisions: mostly Italian, English,
Maltese, Portuguese, and Spanish descent
Religion: 75% Roman Catholic, 8% Church
of England, 2.25% Jewish
Language: English and Spanish are primary
languages; Italian, Portuguese, and Russian
also spoken; English used in the schools and
for all official purposes
Literacy: illiteracy is negligible
Labor force: approx. 14,800, including non-
Gibraltar laborers
Organized labor: over 6,000
Government
Official name: Gibraltar
Type: British colony
Capital: none
Legal system: English law; constitutional
talks in July 1968; new system effected in
1969 after electoral inquiry
Branches: parliamentary system comprising
the Gibraltar House of the Assembly (15
elected members and 3 ex officio members),
the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief
Minister, and the Gibraltar Council; the Gov-
ernor is appointed by the Crown
Government leaders: Adm. Sir David W.
WILLIAMS, Governor and Commander in
Chief (since 1982); Sir Joshua A. HASSAN,
Chief Minister (1964-69 and since 1972)
Suffrage: all adult Gibraltarians, plus other
UK subjects resident six months or more
Elections: every four years; last held in Janu-
ary 1984
Political parties and leaders: Gibraltar La-
bor Party/Association for the Advancement
of Civil Rights (GCL/AACR), Sir Joshua
Hassan; Democratic Party of British Gibral-
tar (DPBG), Peter Isola; Socialist Labor Party,
Joe Bossano
Voting strength: (January 1984) House of the
Assembly— GCL/AACR, 8 seats; Socialist
Labor, 7 seats
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: House-
wives Association, Chamber of Commerce,
Gibraltar Representatives Organization
Economy
Economic activity in Gibraltar centers on
commerce and large British naval and air
bases; nearly all trade in the well-developed
port is transit trade and port serves also as
important supply depot for fuel, water, and
ships,' wares; recently built dockyards and
machine shops provide maintenance and re-
pair services to 3,500-4,000 vessels that call at
Gibraltar each year; UK military establish-
ments and civil government employ nearly
half the insured labor force and a recently
88
Greece
announced decision to close the Royal Navy
dockyard will significantly add to unemploy-
ment; local industry is confined to manu-
facture of tobacco, roasted coffee, ice,
mineral waters, candy, beer, and canned fish;
some factories for manufacture of clothing
are being developed; a small segment of local
population makes its livelihood by fishing; in
recent years tourism has increased in impor-
tance
Electric power: 59,600 kW capacity (1984);
210 million kWh produced (1984), 7,000
kWh per capita
Exports: $47.8 million (1983); principally re-
exports of tobacco, petroleum, and wine
Imports: $136.8million (1983); principally
manufactured goods, fuels, and foodstuffs;
65% from UK
Major trade partners: UK, Morocco, Portu-
gal, Netherlands
Budget: (FY82) revenues, $89 million; expen-
diture, $84.2 million
Monetary conversion rate: .833 Gibraltar
pound=.833 pound sterling=US$l (Decem-
ber 1984)
Communications
Railroads: 1.000-meter gauge system in
dockyard area only
Highways: 56 km, mostly paved
Ports: 1 major (Gibraltar)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate interna-
tional radiocommunication facilities;
automatic telephone system serving 9,400
telephones(31.5 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, 6 FM, 4
TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of United Kingdom
Branches: Gibraltar Regiment
See regional map V
Land
131,944 km2; the size of New York; 40%
meadow and pasture; 29% arable and perma-
nent crop; 20% forest; 11% waste, urban, and
other
Land boundaries: 1,191 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
Coastline: 13,676 km
People
Population: 9,966,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 0.6%
Nationality: noun — Greek(s); adjective —
Greek
Ethnic divisions: 97.7% Greek, 1.3% Turk-
ish; 1.0% Vlach, Slav, Albanian, Pomach
Note: The Greek Government states that
there are no ethnic minorities in Greece
Religion: 98% Greek Orthodox, 1.3% Mus-
lim, 0.7% other
Language: Greek (official); English and
French widely understood
Literacy: 95%
Labor force: 3.7 million (1981 census); ap-
proximately 39% services, 31% agriculture,
30% industry; urban unemployment is esti-
mated at 10%; substantial unreported unem-
ployment exists in agriculture
Organized labor: 10-15% of total labor force,
20-25% of urban labor force
Government
Official name: Hellenic Republic
Type: presidential parliamentary govern-
ment; monarchy rejected by referendum 8
December 1974
Capital: Athens
Political subdivisions: 51 departments
(nomoi) constitute basic administrative units
for country; each nomos headed by officials
appointed by central government and policy
and programs tend to be formulated by cen-
tral ministries; degree of flexibility each
nomos may have in altering or avoiding pro-
grams imposed by Athens depends upon
tradition and influence that prominent local
leaders and citizens may exercise vis-a-vis
key figures in central government; the de-
partments of Macedonia and Thrace exercise
some degree of autonomy from Athens since
they are governed through the Ministry of
Northern Greece
Legal system: new constitution enacted in
June 1975
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
March
Branches: executive consisting of a President,
elected by the Vouli (Parliament), a Prime
Minister, and a Cabinet; unicameral legisla-
ture consisting of the 300-member Vouli; and
an independent judiciary
Government leaders: Dr. Andreas
PAPANDREOU, Prime Minister (since Oc-
tober 1981); Christos SARTZETAKIS,
President
Suffrage: universal age 18 and over
Elections: every four years; Papandreou's
Panhellenic Socialist Movement defeated the
incumbent New Democracy government of
Greece (continued)
George Rallis in elections held on 18 October
1981; presidential election 17 March 1985
Political parties and leaders: Panhellenic So-
cialist Movement (PASOK), Andreas
Papandreou; New Democracy (ND), Con-
stantine Mitsotakis; Communist Party-
Exterior (KKE-Ext), Kharilaos Florakis;
Communist Party-Interior (KKE-Int),
Giannis Banias; United Democratic Left
(EDA), Ilias Iliou; National Political Union,
George Popadopoulos
Voting strength: Parliament — Panhellenic
Socialist Movement, 165 seats; New Democ-
racy, 109 seats; Communists (Exterior), 12
seats; independents and minor parties, 14
seats
Communist: an estimated 25,000-30,000
members and sympathizers
Member of: EC, EIB (associate), EMA, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU, IWC— Interna-
tional Wheat Council, NATO, OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $34.9 billion (1983), $3,544 per capita;
real growth rate 0.8% (1983)
Agriculture: main crops — wheat, olives, to-
bacco, cotton, raisins; nearly self-sufficient;
food shortages — livestock products
Major industries: food and tobacco process-
ing, textiles, chemicals, metal products
Crude steel: 1.3 million metric tons produced
(1983 est), 132 kg per capita
Electric power: 9,928,000 kW capacity
(1984); 24.613 billion kWh produced (1984),
2,485 kWh per capita
Exports: $4.41 billion (f.o.b., 1983); principal
items — tobacco, minerals, fruits, textiles
Imports: $9.5 billion (c.i.f., 1983); principal
items — machinery and automotive equip-
ment, petroleum and petroleum products,
manufactured consumer goods, chemicals,
meat and live animals
Major trade partners: (1983 est.) imports —
17.3% FRG, 12.4% Saudi Arabia, 8.9% Italy,
6.8% Japan, 6.8% France; exports— 20. 1 %
FRG, 13.5% Italy, 7.4% France, 7.3% Saudi
Arabia, 6.3% US
Aid: economic commitments — US, including
Ex-Im, $525 million (FY70-82); other West-
ern bilateral (ODA and OOF), $1 billion
(1970-82); Communist countries (1970-83),
$360 million; military— US, $2.1 billion
(FY70-83)
Budget: (1983) central government revenues
$9.4 billion, expenditures $13.3 billion, $3.9
billion deficit
Monetary conversion rate: 124.40 Greek
drachmas=US$l (October 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 2,479 km total; 1,565 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, of which 36 km
electrified and 100 km double track, 889 km
1.000-meter gauge; 22 km 0.750-meter nar-
row gauge; all government owned
Highways: 38,938 km total; 16,090 km
paved, 13,676 km crushed stone and gravel,
5,632 km improved earth, 3,540 km unim-
proved earth
Inland waterways: system consists of three
coastal canals and three unconnected rivers,
which provide navigable length of just under
80km
Pipelines: crude oil, 26 km; refined products,
547km
Ports: 2 major, 12 secondary, 37 minor
Civil air: 39 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 81 total, 78 usable; 55 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 1 with runways over
3,659 m, 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 21
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate, modern
networks reach all areas on mainland islands;
3.11 million telephones (31. 6 per 100 popl.);
28 AM, 37 FM, and 195 TV stations; 5 subma-
rine cables; 1 satellite station with 2 Atlantic
Ocean antennas and 1 Indian Ocean antenna
Defense Forces
Branches: Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy,
Hellenic Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,360,000;
1,908,000 fit for military service; about
77,000 reach military age (21) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $2.2 billion; about 17.5% of
central government budget
90
Greenland
675km
Arctic Ocean
Denmark Strait
See regional map II
Qaqort
Land
2,175,600 km2; larger than contiguous US;
84% permanent ice and snow, less than 1%
arable (of which only a fraction cultivated),
15% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: approx. 44,087 km (includes
minor islands)
People
Population: 54,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 1.2%
Nationality: noun — Greenlander(s); adjec-
tive— Greenlandic
Ethnic divisions: 86% Greenlander (Eskimos
and Greenland-born whites), 14% Danish
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran
Language: Danish, Eskimo dialects
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 21,378; largely engaged in fish-
ing, hunting, and sheep breeding
Government
Official name: Greenland
Type: self-governing province of Kingdom of
Denmark; two representatives in Danish par-
liament; separate Minister for Greenland in
the Danish Cabinet
Capital: Godthab (Nuuk)
Political subdivisions: 3 counties, 19 com-
munes
Legal system: Danish law; transformed from
colony to province in 1953; limited home rule
began in spring 1979
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly
with the elected 26-seat Landsting and Dan-
ish parliament; executive power vested in
Premier and four-person council; 19 lower
courts
Government leaders: MARGRETHE II,
Queen (since January 1972); Jonathan
MOTZFELDT, Prime Minister (since May
1979)
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory,
over age 21
Elections: held every four years; most recent,
6 June 1984
Political parties: Siumut, 11 seats (moderate
socialist, advocating more distinct Greenland
identity and greater autonomy from Den-
mark); Atassut Party, 1 1 seats (more
conservative, favors continuing close rela-
tions with Denmark); Inuit Ataqatigiit, 3
seats (Marxist-Leninist party favoring com-
plete independence from Denmark rather
than home rule)
Economy
GNP: included in that of Denmark
Agriculture: arable areas largely in hay;
sheep grazing; garden produce
Fishing: catch 105,830 tons (1982); exports
$108.6 million (1980)
Major industries: mining, fishing, sealing
Electric power: 80,000 kW capacity (1984);
168 million kWh produced (1984), 3,170
kWh per capita
Exports: $168.4 million (f .o.b., 1980); fish and
fish products, metallic ores and concentrates
Imports: $259.4 million (c.i.f., 1980); petro-
leum and petroleum products, machinery
and transport equipment, food products
Major trade partners: (1980) Denmark
49.4%, Finland 9.5%, FRG 8.1%, US 6.3%,
UK 2.9%
Monetary conversion rate: 10.80 Danish
Kroner=US$l (November 1984 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 80 km
Ports: 1 major, 16 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 10 total, 7 usable; 5 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate domestic
and international service provided by cables
and radio relay; 15,300 telephones (30.9 per
100 popl.); 9 AM, 13 FM, 4 TV stations; 2
coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of Denmark
Military manpower: included with Den-
mark
91
Grenada
Caribbean Sea
North
Atlantic
Ocean
> SAINT GEORGE'S
''Grenada
Sec regional map III
Land
344 km2 (Grenada and southern Grenadines);
twice the size of Washington, D.C.; 44% cul-
tivated; 17% unused but potentially
productive; 12% forest; 4% pasture; 23% built
on, waste, and other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 121 km
People
Population: 88,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate —0.4%
Nationality: noun — Grenadian(s); adjec-
tive— Grenadian
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro
descent
Religion: largely Roman Catholic; Anglican;
other Protestant sects
Language: English (official); some French
patois
Literacy: unknown
Labor force: 38,000 (1980 est.); 38% services,
20% agriculture, 11% construction, 4% man-
ufacturing; 27% unemployment
Organized labor: 80% of labor force
Government
Official name: Grenada
Type: independent state; recognizes Eliza-
beth II as Chief of State
Capital: St. George's •
Political subdivisions: 6 parishes
Legal system: based on English common law
National holiday: Independence Day, 7 Feb-
ruary
Branches: bicameral legislature (15-member
elected House of Representatives and 13-
member appointed Senate; executive is
Cabinet led by the Prime Minister; judiciary
consists of Grenada Supreme Court, com-
posed of the High Court of Justice and two-
tier Court of Appeals
Government leaders: Sir Paul SCOON, Gov-
ernor General (since 1978); Herbert BLAIZE,
Prime Minister (since December 1984)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: last general election held 3 De-
cember 1984
Political parties and leaders: the New Na-
tional Party (NNP) is the ruling party and is a
three-party centrist coalition composed of
the Grenada National Party (GNP), the Na-
tional Democratic Party (NDP), and the
Grenada Democratic Movement (GDM); for-
mer Prime Minister Eric Gairy revived his
Grenada United Labor Party (GULP) in
1984; the Maurice Bishop Patriotic Move-
ment (MBPM) was formed in May 1984 and is
composed of pro-Cuban Socialists; the New
Jewel Movement (NJM) consists of supporters
of Bernard Coard and other hardliners ac-
cused of killing Bishop in 1983
Voting strength: (1984 election) NNP 59%,
GULP 36%, MBPM 5%; parliamentary
seats— NNP, 14; GULP, 1
Communists: the New Jewel Movement,
which is currently trying to revitalize, and
the less hardline Maurice Bishop Patriotic
Movement
Member of: CARICOM, FAO, G-77, GATT
(de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO
Economy
GDP: $119 million (1983), $1,337 per capita;
real growth rate 2.6% (1983 est.)
Agriculture: main crops — cocoa, nutmeg,
mace, and bananas
Electric power: 12,000 kW capacity (1984);
26 million kWh produced (1984), 300 kWh
per capita
Exports: $19.1 million (f.o.b., 1983 prelim.);
cocoa beans, nutmeg, bananas, mace
Imports: $56.2 million (c.i.f., 1983 prelim.);
food, machinery and transport equipment,
oil, building materials
Major trade partners: exports — 32% UK,
10% FRG, 10% Netherlands (1982); im-
ports—20% US, 19% Trinidad and Tobago,
15% UK (1982)
Budget: (prelim. 1982) revenues, $27 million;
expenditures, $62 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean dollars=US$l (December 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,000 km total; 600 km paved,
300 km otherwise improved; 100 km unim-
proved
Ports: 1 major (St. George's), 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways, 1 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
92
Guadeloupe
Telecommunications: automatic, island-
wide telephone system with 5,650 telephones
(5.4 per 100 popl.); new SHF links to Trinidad
and St. Vincent; VHP and UHF links to Trin-
idad and Carriacou; 2 AM stations, 1 TV
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Grenada Police Force
20krr
Caribbean Sea
See regional map III
Land
1,779 km2; more than twice the size of New
York City; area consists of two islands; 47%
waste and built on, 24% crop, 16% forest, 9%
pasture, 4% potential crop
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200
nm)
Coastline: 306 km
People
Population: 333,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 0.4%
Nationality: noun — Guadeloupian(s); adjec-
tive— Guadeloupe
Ethnic divisions: 90% black or mulatto; 5%
Caucasian; less than 5% East Indian, Leba-
nese, Chinese
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu
and pagan African
Language: French, Creole patois
Literacy: over 70%
Labor force: 120,000; services, government,
and commerce 53%; industry 25.8%; agricul-
ture 21.2%; significant unemployment
Organized labor: 11% of labor force
Government
Official name: Department of Guadeloupe
Type: overseas department and region of
France; represented by three deputies in the
French National Assembly and two senators
in the Senate; last Assembly election, 21 June
1981
Capital: Basse-Terre
Political subdivisions: 3 arrondissements; 34
communes, each with a locally elected
municipal council
Legal system: French legal system; highest
court is a court of appeal based in Martinique
with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe, French
Guiana, and Martinique
Branches: executive, Prefect appointed by
Paris; legislative, popularly elected General
Council of 36 members and a Regional Coun-
cil composed of members of the local General
Council and the locally elected deputies and
senators to the French parliament; judicial,
under jurisdiction of French judicial system
Government leader: Maurice SABORIN,
Prefect of the Republic (since 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: General Council elections are nor-
mally held every five years; last General
Council election took place in June 1981; re-
gional assembly elections held February
1983
Political parties and leaders: Rally for the
Republic (RPR), Gabriel Lisette; Communist
Party of Guadeloupe (PCG), Henri Bangou;
Socialist Party (MSG), leader unknown; Pro-
gressive Party of Guadeloupe (PPG), Henri
Rodes; Independent Republicans; Federa-
tion of the Left; Union for French
Democracy (UDF); Union for a New Major-
ity (UNM)
Voting strength: (1981 election) French Na-
tional Assembly— MSG, 1 seat; PCG, 1 seat;
UDF, 1 seat
Communists: 3,000 est.
93
Guadeloupe (continued)
Guatemala
Other political or pressure groups: Guade-
loupe Liberation Army (GLA), Caribbean
Revolutionary Alliance (ARC), Popular
Movement for Independent Guadeloupe
(MPGI)
Member of: WFTU
Economy
GDP: $1.18 billion (1980), $3,765 per capita;
real growth rate 15.7% (1979-80 average)
Agriculture: sugarcane, bananas, pineapples,
vegetables
Major industries: construction, cement,
rum, light industry, tourism
Electric power: 80,000 kW capacity (1984);
273 million kWh produced (1984), 822 kWh
per capita
Exports: $89.2 million (1981); bananas, sugar,
rum
Imports: $560 million (1981); vehicles, food-
stuffs, clothing and other consumer goods,
construction materials, petroleum products
Major trade partners: exports — 88% franc
zone; imports — 73% franc zone, 3% Italy
(1981)
Aid: economic— bilateral ODA and OOF
commitments (1970-79) from Western (non-
US) countries, $2.4 billion; no military aid
Budget: $198 million (1981)
Monetary conversion rate: 9.65 French
francs=US$l (January 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: privately owned, narrow-gauge
plantation lines
Highways: 1,954 km total; 1,600 km paved,
340 km gravel and earth
Ports: 1 major (Pointe-a-Pitre), 3 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 9 total, 9 usable, 8 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659m
Telecommunications: domestic facilities in-
adequate; 50,200 telephones (15.7 per 100
popl.); interisland radio-relay to Antigua,
Dominica, and Martinique; 2 AM, 3 FM, 9
TV stations
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of France
Military manpower: males 15-49, 89,000
110km
See regional map III
Land
108,780 km2; the size of Tennessee; 57% for-
est; 14% cultivated; 10% pasture; 19% other
Land boundaries: 1,625 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 1 2 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 400 km
People
Population: 8,335,000 (July 19&5), average
annual growth rate 3.1%
Nationality: noun — Guatemalan(s); adjec-
tive— Guatemalan
Ethnic divisions: 58.6% Ladino (mestizo and
westernized Indian), 41.4% Indian
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic;
also Protestant, traditional Mayan
Language: Spanish, but over 40% of the
population speaks an Indian language as a
primary tongue ( 1 8 Indian dialects, including
Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi)
Literacy: 50%
Labor force (1984): 2.5 million; 57.0% agri-
culture, 14.0% manufacturing, 13.0%
services, 7.0% commerce, 4.0% construction,
3.0% transport, 0.8% utilities, 0.4% mining;
unemployment 33%
94
Organized labor: 10% of labor force (1984)
Government
Official name: Republic of Guatemala
Type: republic
Capital: Guatemala
Political subdivisions: 22 departments
Legal system: civil law system; constitution
came into effect 1966 but suspended follow-
ing March 1982 coup; Constituent Assembly
elected in July 1984 currently drafting new
constitution and other electoral laws in
anticipation of national elections later this
year; judicial review of legislative acts; legal
education at University of San Carlos of Gua-
temala; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
September
Branches: traditionally dominant executive;
unicameral legislature (National Congress)
abolished 23 March 1982; power vested in
Office of President; seven-member (mini-
mum) Supreme Court
Government leader: Maj. Gen. Oscar
Humberto MEJIA Victores, Chief of State
(since August 1983)
Suffrage: universal over age 18, compulsory
for literates, optional for illiterates
Elections: last election (Constituent Assem-
bly) held 1 July 1984; Presidential and
Congressional elections held 7 March 1982
Political parties and leaders: 20 political
groups participated in elections for an 88-
member Constituent Assembly in July 1984;
national elections tentatively scheduled dur-
ing 1985; Democratic Institutional Party
(PID), Oscar Humberto Rivas Garcia; Revo-
lutionary Party (PR), Napoleon Alfaro;
National Liberation Movement (MLN),
Mario Sandoval Alarcon; Guatemalan Chris-
tian Democratic Party (DCG), Vinicio
Cerezo Arevalo; Nationalist Authentic Cen-
tral (CAN), Mario Roberto Aguilar Arroyo;
National United Front (FUN), Gabriel Giron
Ortiz; Nationalist Renovator Party (PNR),
Alejandro Maldonado Aguirre; United Revo-
lutionary Party (FUR), Edmundo Lopez
Duran; National Centrist Union (UCN),
Jorge Carpio Nicolle
Voting strength: (July 1984) Constituent As-
sembly—DCG 318,300 (16%), UCN 269,500
(13%), MLN/CAN 245,500(12%); PR
142,600 (7%)i PNR 129,700 (6%); PID
102,800(5%).
Communists: Guatemalan Labor Party
(PGT); main radical left guerrilla groups —
Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP), Revolu-
tionary Organization of the People in Arms
(ORPA), Rebel Armed Forces (FAR), and
PGT Dissidents
Other political or pressure groups: Feder-
ated Chambers of Commerce and Industry
(CACIF)
Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB,
IAEA, IHRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDB — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC— Interna-
tional Wheat Council, OAS, ODECA,
PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $8.9 billion (1983), $1,136 per capita;
26% commerce, 25% agriculture, 9% finan-
cial services, 7% transportation and
communication, 6% government, 11% other;
average annual real growth rate (1975-80),
5.7%; real growth rate 1983, -5.4%
Agriculture: main products — coffee, cotton,
corn, beans, sugarcane, bananas, livestock
Fishing: catch 4,898 metric tons (1980)
Major industries: food processing, textiles
and clothing, furniture, chemicals, non-
metallic minerals, metals
Electric power: 655,000 kW capacity (1983);
1.8 billion kWh produced (1983), 235 kWh
per capita
Exports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1983); coffee, cot-
ton, sugar, bananas, meat
Imports: $1.12 billion (c.i.f., 1983); manufac-
tured products, machinery, transportation
equipment, chemicals, fuels
Major trade partners: exports (1983) — 30%
US, 17% El Salvador, 6% Honduras, 5% Costa
Rica; imports(1983)— 33% US, 10% El Salva-
dor, 8% Netherland Antilles, 7% Mexico, 7%
Venezuela
Aid: economic commitments — US, including
Ex-Im (FY70-83), $305 million; from other
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF
(1970-82), $5.8 billion; military— assistance
from US (FY70-79), $22 million
Central government budget: (1983 est.) ex-
penditures, $1.03 billion; revenues, $704
million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 quetzal=US$l
(official; February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 870 km 0.914-meter gauge, single
track; 780 km government owned, 90 km pri-
vately owned
Highways: 26,429 km total; 2,851 km paved,
1 1,438 km gravel, and 12,140 km unimproved
Inland waterways: 260 km navigable year
round; additional 730 km navigable during
high-water season
Pipelines: crude oil, 48 km
Ports: 2 major (Puerto Ouezal, formerly
known as San Jose, and Santo Tomas de Casti-
lla), 3 minor
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 498 total, 451 usable; 11 with per-
manent-surface runways; 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 20 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
95
Guatemala (continued)
Guinea
Telecommunications: fairly modern
telecom network centered on Guatemala
City; 97,670 telephones (1.6 per 100 popl.); 98
AM, 20 FM, 25 TV stations; connection into
Central American microwave net; 1 Atlantic
Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,979,000;
1,343,000 fit for military service; about
77,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1984, $179.8 million;
14.9% of central government budget
CONAKRV
North
Atlantic
Ocean
See regional mip VII
Land
245,957 km2; slightly smaller than Oregon;
10% forest, 3% crop
Land boundaries: 3,476 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 346 km
People
Population: 5,734,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun — Guinean(s); adjective —
Guinean
Ethnic divisions: Fulani, Malinke, Sousou, 15
smaller tribes
Religion: 75% Muslim, 24% indigenous be-
liefs, 1% Christian
Language: French (official); each tribe has
own language
Literacy: 20% in French; 48% in local lan-
guages
Labor force: 2.4 million (1983); 82% agricul-
ture, 11% industry and commerce, 5.4%
services, 1.6% government
Organized labor: virtually 100% of wage la-
bor force loosely affiliated with the National
Confederation of Guinean Workers
Government
Official name: Republic of Guinea
Type: republic
Capital: Conakry
Political subdivisions: 8 provinces, divided
into 36 prefectures
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem, customary law, and decree; 1958
constitution suspended after military coup on
3 April 1984; legal codes currently being re-
vised; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 2 Oc-
tober; Anniversity of Committee for
National Redressment, 3 April
Branches: coup on 3 April 1984 established
the 25-member (currently 20 members) Mili-
tary Committee for National Redressment to
determine government policy; the highest
ranking CMRN member became President,
with other CMRN assuming most Cabinet
portfolios; precoup unicameral legislature
has been abolished
Government leaders: Col. Lansana CONTE,
Head of Government (since April 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: none scheduled but CMRN has
promised to create a true and viable democ-
racy
Political parties and leaders: following 3
April 1984 coup all political activity banned
and only party, Democratic Party of Guinea
(PDG), dissolved
Communists: no Communist party, although
there are some sympathizers
Guinea-Bissau
(formerly Portuguese Guinea)
Member of: AfDB, EGA, ECOWAS, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDE— Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
ITU, Mano River Union, Niger River Com-
mission, NAM, OAU, OATUU, QIC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $1.51 billion (1983 est), $278 per cap-
ita; real growth rate 1.3% (1984 est.)
Agriculture: cash crops — coffee, bananas,
palm products, peanuts, citrus fruits, pineap-
ples; staple food crops — cassava, rice, millet,
corn, sweet potatoes; livestock raised in some
areas
Major industries: bauxite mining, alumina,
diamond mining, light manufacturing and
processing industries
Electric power: 100,000 kW capacity (1984);
264 million kWh produced (1984), 47 kWh
per capita
Exports: $537 million (f.o.b., 1984 est.); baux-
ite, alumina, diamonds, coffee, pineapples,
bananas, palm kernels
Imports: $403 million (f.o.b., 1984 est.); pe-
troleum products, metals, machinery and
transport equipment, foodstuffs, textiles
Major trade partners: imports — France,
USSR, US; exports— US, USSR, France,
Spain
Budget:(198S) public revenues, $444 million;
current expenditures, $330 million; develop-
ment expenditures, $104 million
Monetary conversion rate: 25.1 sylis=US$l
(December 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,045 km; 806 km 1.000-meter
gauge, 239 km 1.435-meter standard gauge
Highways: 30,000 km total; 1,087 km paved,
13,013 km gravel or laterite, 16,000 km un-
improved earth
Inland waterways: 1,295 km navigable by
shallow-draft native craft
Ports: 1 major (Conakry), 2 minor
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 17 total, 17 usable; 5 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Defense Forcjes
Branches: Army (ground forces), Navy (acts
primarily as a coast guard), Air Force, para-
military National Gendaramerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,282,000;
645,000 fit for military service
80 km
North At/antic Ocean
See regional map VII
Land
36,260 km2 (includes Bijagos archipelago);
about the size of New Hampshire and
Connecticut combined
Land boundaries: 740 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 1 2 nm
(economic, including, fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 274 km
People
Population: 858,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 1.9%
Nationality: noun — Guinea-Bissauan(s); ad-
jective— Guinea-Bissauan
Ethnic divisions: about 99% African (30%
Balanta, 20% Fula, 14% Manjaca, 13%
Mandinga, 7% Papel); less than 1% European
and mulatto
Religion: 65% indigenous beliefs, 30% Mus-
lim, 5% Christian
Language: Portuguese (official); Criolo and
numerous African languages
Literacy: 9%
Labor force: 90% agriculture; 5% industry,
services, and commerce; 5% government
97
Guinea-Bissau
(continued)
Government
Official name: Republic of Guinea-Bissau
Type: republic; highly centralized one party
regime since September 1974
Capital: Bissau
Political subdivisions: 9 municipalities, 3
circumscriptions (predominantly indigenous
population)
Legal system: new constitution approved
May 1984
National holiday: Independence Day, 24
September
Branches: president and cabinet; 150-mem-
ber National Popular Assembly, overseen by
15-member Council of State
Government leaders: Brig. Gen. Joao
Bernardo VIEIRA, President, Council of
State (since November 1980); Paulo
CORREIA, First Vice President, Council of
State (since May 1984); lafai CAMARA, Sec-
ond Vice President, Council of State (since
May 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 15
Elections: legislative elections held March
1984
Political parties and leaders: African Party
for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and
Cape Verde (PAIGC), led by President
Vieira, only legal party; Guinea-Bissau de-
cided to retain the binational party title
despite its formal break with Cape Verde
Communists: a few Communists, some sym-
pathizers
Member of: Af DB, CEAO, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDB— Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, ISCON, ITU, NAM,
OAU, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $154 million (FY83), $182 per capita,
real growth rate -5.1% (1983)
Agriculture: main crops — rice, palm prod-
ucts, root crops, coconuts, peanuts, wood
Fishing: catch 6,000 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: agricultural processing,
beer, soft drinks
Electric power: 20,000 kW capacity (1984);
26 million kWh produced (1984), 30 kWh per
capita
Exports: $8.6 million (1983); principally pea-
nuts; also palm kernels, shrimp, fish, lumber
Imports: $57.1 million (1983); foodstuffs,
manufactured goods, fuels, transport equip-
ment
Major trade partners: mostly Portugal,
Spain, and other European countries
Budget: (1983 est.) revenues, $12.2 million;
current expenditures, $27.4 million; invest-
ment expenditures, $27.9 million
Monetary conversion rate: 83.528 Guinea
Bissauan pesos=US$l (November 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: approx. 3,218 km (418 km bitu-
minous, remainder earth)
Inland waterways: scattered stretches are
important to coastal commerce
Ports: 1 major (Bissau)
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 56 total, 50 usable; 5 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: limited system of
open-wire lines, radio-relay links, and
radiocommunication stations; 3,000 tele-
phones(0.5per lOOpopl.); 1 AM station, 1 FM
station, no TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: People's Revolutionary Armed
Force (FARP); Army, Navy, and Air Force
are separate components
Military manpower: males 15-49, 197,000;
1 15,000 fit for military service
Ships: no combat ships
Guyana
North Atlantic Ocean
GEORGETOWN
||
NewAmsterdt
SterttionilmipIV
Land
214,970 km2; the size of Idaho; 66% forest;
22% water, urban, and waste; 8% savanna; 3%
pasture; 1% cropland
Land boundaries: 2,575 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 459 km
People
Population: 798,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 0.4%
Nationality: noun — Guyanese (sing., pi.); ad-
jective— Guyanese
Ethnic divisions: 51% East Indian, 43% black
and mixed, 4% Amerindian, 2% European
and Chinese
Religion: 57% Christian, 33% Hindu, 9%
Muslim, 1% other
Language: English, Amerindian dialects
Literacy: 85%
Labor force: 200,000 (1982); 44.5% industry
and commerce, 33.8% agriculture, 21.7% ser-
vices; 64% public sector employment;
approximately 21% unemployed
Organized labor: 34% of labor force
Government
Official name: Cooperative Republic of
Guyana
Type: republic within Commonwealth
Capital: Georgetown
Political subdivisions: 10 government dis-
tricts
Legal system": based on English common law
with certain admixtures of Roman-Dutch
law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris-
diction
National holiday: Republic Day, 23 Febru-
ary
Branches: Executive President, who appoints
and heads a cabinet; unicameral legislature
(53-member National Assembly) elected by
proportional representation every five years
Government leader: Linden Forbes Samp-
son BURNHAM, Executive President (since
1964; elected in 1980 under new constitution)
Suffrage: universal adult over age 18
Elections: last held in December 1980
Political parties and leaders: People's Na-
tional Congress (PNC), Forbes Burnham;
People's Progressive Party (PPP), Cheddi
Jagan; Working People's Alliance (WPA),
Rupert Roopnarine, Clive Thomas, Walter
Omawale, Eusi Kwayana, Moses Bhagwan,
Kenneth Persand; United Force (UF),
Feilden Singh; Vanguard for Liberation and
Democracy (VLD; also known as Liberator
Party), Ganraj Kumar, Dr. J. K. Makepeace
Richmond; Democratic Labor Movement,
Dr. Paul Tennassee
Voting strength: (1980 election, unofficial
returns) 77% PNC (41 seats), 19% PPP (10
seats), 4% UF (2 seats)
Communisms.- est. 100 hardcore within PPP;
top echelons of PPP and PYO (Progressive
Youth Organization, militant wing of the
PPP) include many Communists, but rank
and file is conservative and non-Communist;
small but unknown number of orthodox
Marxist-Leninists within PNC, some of
whom are PPP turncoats
Other political or pressure groups: Trades
Union Congress (TUC); Working People's
Vanguard Party (WP VP); Guyana Council of
Indian Organizations (GCIO); Civil Liberties
Action Committee (CLAC); the latter two
organizations are small and active but not
well organized
Member of: CARICOM, CDB, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IADB, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IDE — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL,
IRC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer),
PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $430 million (1982), $539 per capita;
real growth - 10% (1982)
Agriculture: main crops — sugarcane, rice,
other food crops; food shortages — wheat
flour, cooking oil, processed meat, dairy
products
Major industries: bauxite mining, sugar and
rice milling, timber fishing (shrimp), textiles,
gold mining
Electric power: 200,000 kW capacity (1984);
266 million kWh produced (1984), 335 kWh
per capita
Exports: $241 million (c.i.f., 1982); bauxite,
sugar, rice, shrimp, molasses, timber, rum
Imports: $283 million (c.i.f., 1982); manufac-
tures, machinery, food, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports — 28% UK,
21% US, 14% CARICOM, 6% Canada; im-
ports—35% CARICOM, 23% UK, 22% US,
4% Canada (1980)
Budget: est. revenue, $200 million; expendi-
ture $381 million (1983)
Monetary conversion rate: G$4.25=US$1
(December 1984)
Guyana (continued)
Haiti
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 185km total, allsingle track 1.435-
meter gauge
Highways: 7,650 km total; 550 km paved,
5,000 km gravel, 1,525 km earth, 575 km un-
improved
Inland waterways: 6,000 km total of naviga-
ble waterways; Berbice, Demerara, and
Essequibo Rivers are navigable by oceango-
ing vessels for 150 km, 100 km, and 80 km,
respectively
Ports: 1 major (Georgetown), 6 minor
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 86 total, 85 usable; 6 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 11 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair telecom system
with radio-relay network and over 27,000
telephones (3.3 per 100 popl.); tropospheric
scatter link to Trinidad; 3 AM, 3 FM, no TV
stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Guyana Defense Force (including
Maritime Corps and Air Corps), Guyana Po-
lice Force, Guyana People's Milita, Guyana
National Service
Military manpower: males 15-49, 206,000;
164,000 fit for military service
70 tm North Atlantic Ocean
Caribbean Sea
See region*! map HI
Land
27,749 km2; the size of Maryland; 44% unpro-
ductive, 31% cultivated, 18% rough pasture,
7% forest
Land boundary '.-361 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 1,771 km
People
Population: 5,762,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 1.9%
Nationality: noun — Haitian(s); adjective —
Haitian
Ethnic divisions: 95% black, 5% mulatto and
European
Religion: 75-80% Roman Catholic (of which
an overwhelming majority also practice Voo-
doo), 10% Protestant
Language: French (official) spoken by only
10% of population; all speak Creole
Literacy: 23%
Labor force: 2.3 million (est. 1975); 79% agri-
culture, 14% services, 7% industry;
significant unemployment; shortage of
skilled labor; unskilled labor abundant
Organized labor: less than 1% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Haiti
Type: republic
Capital: Port-au-Prince
Political subdivisions: five departments de-
spite constitutional provision for nine)
Legal system: based on Roman civil law sys-
tem; constitution adopted 1964 and amended
1971 and 1983; legal education at State Uni-
versity in Port-au-Prince and private law
colleges in Cap-Haitien, Les Cayes,
Gonai'ves, and Jeremie; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 Jan-
uary
Branches: lifetime President; unicameral
legislature (59-member National Assembly)
has very limited powers; judiciary appointed
by President
Government leader: Jean-Claude DUVA-
LIER, President for Life (since 1971)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: constitution as amended in 1983
named Duvalier President for Life and
granted him authority to name his successor;
most recent legislative election held Febru-
ary 1984
Political parties and leaders: National Unity
Party, inactive government party; Haitian
Christian Democratic Party, Sylvio Claude
(inactive); Haitian Christian Socialist Party,
Gregoire Eugene (inactive)
Voting strength: (1984 legislative elections)
Assembly comprised of regime loyalists
Communists: United Haitian Communist
Party (PUCH), illegal and in exile; domestic
strength unknown; party leaders in exile
Other political or pressure groups: none
100
Honduras
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE—
Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, OAS, PAHO, SELA,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
CNP:$1.5billion(1982), $300 per capita; real
growth rate 1982, -1%
Agriculture: main crops — coffee, sugarcane,
rice, corn, sorghum
Major industries: sugar refining, textiles,
flour milling, cement manufacturing, baux-
ite mining, tourism, light assembly industries
Electric power: 184,000 kW capacity (1984);
314 million kWh produced (1984), 54 kWh
per capita
Exports: $167.6 million (f.o.b., 1983); coffee,
light industrial products, bauxite, essential
oils, sisal
Imports: $284 million (f.o.b., 1982); con-
sumer durables, foodstuffs, industrial
equipment, petroleum products, construc-
tion materials
Major trade partners: exports — 59% US; im-
ports—45% US (1978)
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments, in-
cluding Ex-Im (FY70-83), from US, $317
million; ODA and OOF from other Western
countries (1970-82), $296 million; military
US (FY70-83), $3 million
Budget: (1982) revenues, $176 million; ex-
penditures, $366 million
Monetary conversion rate: 4.94
gourdes=US$l (November 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
Communications
Railroads: 80 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge,
single-track, privately owned industrial line
Highways: 3,975 km total; 950 km paved,
900 km otherwise improved, 2,125 km unim-
proved
Inland waterways: negligible; less than 100
km navigable
Ports: 2 major (Port-au-Prince, Cap Haitien),
12 minor
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 15 total, 12 usable; 3 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: domestic facilities
barely adequate, international facilities
slightly better; 40,000 telephones (0.8 per 100
popl.); 34 AM, 1 1 FM, 2 TV stations; 1 Atlan-
tic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Corps, Volun-
teers for National Security
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,293,000;
720,000 fit for military service; about 62,000
reach military age (18) annually
Caribbean Sea
Puerto Cones
Boundary
not necessarily authoritative
Sec riflonil imp III
Land
112,088 km2; slightly larger than Tennessee;
36% waste and built on; 30% pasture; 27%
forest; 7% crop
Land boundaries: 1,530 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 820 km
People
Population: 4,394,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 3.4%
Nationality: noun — Honduran(s); adjec-
tive— Honduran
Ethnic divisions: 90% mestizo (mixed Indian
and European), 7% Indian, 2% black, 1%
white
Religion: about 97% Roman Catholic; small
Protestant minority
Language: Spanish, Indian dialects
Literacy: 56%
Labor force: 1.2 million (1984); 54% agricul-
ture, 28% services, 13% manufacturing, 4%
construction, 1% other; 30% unemployed;
60% underemployed
Organized labor: 40% of urban labor force,
20% of rural work force (1981)
101
Honduras (continued)
Government
Official name: Republic of Honduras
Type: republic
Capital: Tegucigalpa
Political subdivisions: 18 departments
Legal system: rooted in Roman and Spanish
civil law; some influence of English common
law; new constitution became effective in
January 1982; the nine Supreme Court jus-
tices are appointed by Congress; legal
education at University of Honduras in Te-
gucigalpa; accepts ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
September
Branches: constitution provides for elected
President, unicamera! legislature (82-mem-
ber National Congress), and national judicial
branch
Government leader: Dr. Roberto SUAZO
Cordova, President (since January 1982)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: national election for president and
legislature held every four years; next elec-
tion scheduled for 25 November 1985;
legislature chosen by proportional represen-
tation; 282 county councils
Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party
(PLH) — party president, Romualdo Bueso
Penalba; faction leaders, Roberto Suazo Cor-
dova (Rodista faction), Jose Azcona del Hoyo
(Azconista subfaction), Jorge Bueso Arias
(ALIPO faction), Jorge Arturo Reina (M-
Lider faction); National Party (PNH) — party
president, Juan Pablo Urrutia (leader of
MUC faction); leaders are Ricardo Ziifiiga
Augustinus (Officialista faction), Mario Ri-
vera Lopez (Riverista subfaction), and Rafael
Leonardo Callejas (MONARCA faction); Na-
tional Innovation and Unity Party (PINU) —
Miguel Andonie Fernandez; Christian Dem-
ocratic Party (PDCH)— Ef rain Diaz
Arivillaga
Voting strength: (1981 election) 1.2 million
out of 1.5 million eligible voters cast ballots;
PLH 52%, PNH 41%, PINU 2.4%, PDCH
1.6%, legislative seats— PLH 44, PNH 34,
PINU 3, PDCH 1
*
Communists: up to 1,500; Honduran- leftist
groups — Communist Party of Honduras
(PCH), Communist Party of Honduras/
Marxist-Leninist (PCH/ML), Morazanist
Front for the Liberation of Honduras
(FMLH), People's Revolutionary Union/
Popular Liberation Movement (URP/MPL),
Popular Revolutionary Forces-Lorenzo
Zelaya (FPR), Socialist Party of Honduras
(PASO), and Central American Workers
Revolutionary Party (PRTC)
Other political or pressure groups: National
Association of Honduran Campesinos
(ANACH), Honduran Council of Private En-
terprise (COHEP), Confederation of
Honduran Workers (CTH), National Union
of Campesinos (UNC), General Workers
Confederation (CGT), United Federation of
Honduran Workers (FUTH)
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB— Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU,
OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $3.2 billion (1984), $753 per capita; real
growth rate average —3.1% (1980-83); real
growth rate 2.8% (1984)
Agriculture: main crops — bananas, coffee,
corn, beans, sugarcane, rice, tobacco
Fishing: catch 5,023 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: agricultural processing,
textiles, clothing, wood products
Electric power: 255,000 kW capacity (1984);
1.1 billion kWh produced (1984), 250 kWh
per capita
Exports: $675 million (f.o.b., 1983); bananas,
coffee, lumber, meat, petroleum products
Imports: $705 million (f.o.b., 1983); manu-
factured products, machinery, transpor-
tation equipment, chemicals, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports — 54% US, 8%
CACM, 6% Japan, 5% FRG (1983); imports—
47% US, 11% CACM, 6% Japan, 5% Trinidad
and Tobago (1983)
Aid: economic commitments — US, including
Ex-Im (FY70-83), $485 million loans; other
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and ODF
(1970-82), $333 million; military— assistance
from US (FY79-83), $112 million
Budget: (1983) revenues, $389 million; ex-
penditures, $605 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2 lempiras=US$l
(4 January 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,207 km total; 444 km 1.067-
meter gauge, 763 km 0.914-meter gauge
Highways: 8,950 km total; 1,700 km paved,
5,000 km otherwise improved, 2,250 km un-
improved earth
Inland waterways: 730 km navigable by
small craft
Ports: 1 major (Puerto Cortes), 4 minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 200 total, 182 usable; 7 with per-
manent-surface runways; 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 9 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: improved, but still in-
adequate; connection into Central American
microwave net; 33,700 telephones (1.0 per
100 popl.); 129 AM, 32 FM, 7 TV stations; 2
Atlantic Ocean satellite ground stations
102
Hong Kong
Defense Forces
Branches: Armed Forces, Naval Forces, Air
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 965,000;
575,000 fit for military service; about 48,000
reach military age (18) annually
J> Shan
South China Sea
StercgionilmipVIII
Hong Kong
i -Is/and
Land
1,064 km2; about one and one-third times the
size of New York City; 14% arable, 10% for-
est, 76% other (mainly grass, shrub, steep hill
country)
Land boundaries: 24 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 733 km
People
Population: 5,491,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 1.6%
Nationality: adjective — Hong Kong
Ethnic divisions: 98% Chinese, 2% other
Religion: 90% eclectic mixture of local reli-
gions, 10% Christian
Language: Chinese (Cantonese), English
Literacy: 75%
Labor force: (June 1984) 2.52 million; 37.3%
manufacturing; 22.1% commerce; 18.4% ser-
vices; 7.6% construction; 7.6% transport and
communications; 5.4% financing, insurance,
and real estate; 1.2% agriculture, fishing,
mining, and quarrying; 0.4% other; unem-
ployment (seasonally adjusted) 3.6%
Organized labor: 15.2% of 1984 labor force
Government
Official name: Hong Kong
Type: British dependent territory; scheduled
to revert to China in 1997
Capital: none
Political subdivisions: Hong Kong, Kowloon,
and New Territories
Legal system: English common law
Branches: Governor assisted by advisory Ex-
ecutive Council, legislates with advice and
consent of Legislative Council; Executive
Council composed of governor, five senior of-
ficials, and 12 unofficial members;
Legislative Council composed of governor,
three ex-officio members, 16 official mem-
bers, and 27 unofficial members; Urban
Council, which alone includes elected repre-
sentatives, responsible for health, recreation,
and resettlement; independent judiciary
Government leader: Sir Edward YOUDE,
Governor and Commander in Chief (since
May 1982)
Suffrage: limited to 200,000 to 300,000 pro-
fessional or skilled persons
Elections: every two years to select half of
elected membership of Urban Council; other
Urban Council members appointed by the
Governor
Political parties: no significant parties
Communists: an estimated 2,000 cadres
affiliated with Communist Party of China
Other political or pressure groups: Federa-
tion of Trade Unions (Communist
controlled), Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade
Union Council (Nationalist Chinese domi-
nated), Hong Kong General Chamber of
Commerce, Chinese General Chamber of
Commerce (Communist controlled), Federa-
tion of Hong Kong Industries, Chinese
Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong
Member of: ADB, IMO, INTERPOL,
Multiflber Arrangement, WMO
103
Hong Kong (continued)
Hungary
Economy
GDP: (1984 est.) $31.5 billion, $5,830 per
capita; real growth, 8.5%
Agriculture: agriculture occupies a minor
position in the economy; main products rice,
vegetables, dairy products; less than 20% self-
sufficient; shortages — rice, wheat, water
Major industries: textiles and clothing, tour-
ism, electronics, plastics, toys, watches, and
clocks
Shortages: industrial raw materials
Electric power: 5,512,000 kW capacity
(1984); 16.870 billion kWh produced (1984),
3, 1 27 kWh per capita
Exports: $22.1 billion (f.o.b., 1983), including
$7.7 billion reexports; principal products —
clothing, plastic articles, textiles, electrical
goods, wigs, footwear, light metal manufac-
tures
7mpor«s.-$24.1 billion (c.i.f., 1983)
Major trade partners: (1983) exports— 32%
US, 11% China, 5% UK, 5% FRG; imports—
24% China, 23% Japan, 11% US.
Budget: (1983/84) $4.5 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 7.798 Hong Kong
dollars=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 35 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, government owned
Highways: 1,160 km total; 794 km paved,
306 km gravel, crushed stone, or earth
Ports: 1 major (Hong Kong)
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total; 2 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659m
Telecommunications: modern facilities pro-
vide excellent domestic and international
services; 62 telephone exchanges, 1.5 million
telephones; 5 AM and 9 FM radiobroadcast
stations with 1 1 transmitters; 5 TV stations;
2.5 million radio and 1.1 million TV receiv-
ers; 10,100 Telex subscriber lines with.direct
connections to 47 countries; 2 INTELSAT
ground stations with access to Pacific and In-
dian Ocean satellites; coaxial cable to
Guangzhou (Canton), China; 3 international
submarine cables; troposcatter to Taiwan
available but inactive
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of United King-
dom
Branches: Headquarters of British Forces,
Gurkha Field Forces, Royal Navy, Royal Air
Force, Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air
Force, Royal Hong Kong Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,628,000;
1,280,000 fit for military service; about
53,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: est. for fiscal year ending 30
June 1984, $195.3 million; about 4.3% of cen-
tral government budget and 1% of GDP
120km
Sec ref lonal map V
Land
92,980 km2; slightly smaller than Indiana;
70.9% cultivated, 54.0% arable, 16% forest,
14% agricultural, 10% other
Land boundaries: 2,245 km
People
Population: 10,645,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate —0.2%
Nationality: noun — Hungarian(s); adjec-
tive— Hungarian
Ethnic divisions: 92.4% Hungarian, 3.3%
Gypsy, 2.5% German, 0.7% Jewish, 1.1%
other
Religion: 67.5% Roman Catholic, 20.0% Cal-
vinist, 5.0% Lutheran, 7.5% atheist and other
Language: 98.2% Hungarian, 1.8% other
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 4,970,100(1983); 32% industry;
22% agriculture; 46% services, trade, govern-
ment, and other
Government
Official name: Hungarian People's Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Budapest
104
Political subdivisions: 19 megyes (counties),
5 autonomous cities in county status
Legal system: based on Communist legal the-
ory, with both civil law system (civil code of
1960) and common law elements; constitu-
tion adopted 1949 amended 1972; Supreme
Court renders decisions of principle that
sometimes have the effect of declaring legis-
lative acts unconstitutional; legal education
at Lorand Eotvos University Faculty of Law
in Budapest and two other schools of law; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Liberation Day, 4 April
Branches: executive — Presidential Council
(elected by parliament); unicameral legisla-
ture— National Assembly (elected by direct
suffrage); judicial — Supreme Court (elected
by parliament)
Government leaders: Pal LOSONCZI, Presi-
dent, Presidential Council (since April 1967);
Gyorgy LAZAR, Premier, Council of Minis-
ters (since May 1975)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: every five years (last election June
1980); national and local elections are held
separately
Political parties and leaders: Hungarian So-
cialist (Communist) Workers' Party
(MSZMP), sole party; Janos Kadar, First Sec-
retary (since November 1956)
Voting strength: (1980 election) 7,809,000
(99.3%) for Communist-approved candi-
dates; 97% of electorate eligible to vote did so
Communists: about 820,000 party members
(June 1982)
Member of: CEMA, Danube Commission,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study
Group, IMF, IMO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $68.8 billion in 1983 (at 1982 US dol-
lars), $6,439 per capita; 1983 growth rate,
-0.5%
Agriculture: normally self-sufficient; main
crops — corn, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets,
wine grapes
Major industries: mining, metallurgy, engi-
neering industries, processed foods, textiles,
chemicals (especially Pharmaceuticals)
Shortages: metallic ores (except bauxite),
copper, high grade coal, forest products,
crude oil
Crude steel: 3.6 million metric tons produced
(1983), 338 kg per capita
Electric power: 6,530,000 kW capacity
(1984); 26.709 billion kWh produced (1984),
2,513 kWh per capita
Exports: $14.7 billion (f.o.b., 1983); 37% fu-
els, raw materials, and semifinished
products; 26% machinery and equipment;
23% agricultural and forestry products; 14%
manufactured consumer goods
/mpor<s; $13.8billion(c.i.f., 1983); 67% fuels,
raw materials, and semifinished products;
17% machinery and equipment; 9% manu-
factured consumer goods; 7% agricultural
and forestry products
Major trade partners: 30% USSR, 9% FRG
(1983)
Monetary conversion rate: 50.721
forints=US$l (October 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 8,039 km total; 7,790 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 214 km narrow gauge
(mostly 0.760-meter), 35 km 1.524-meter
broad gauge, 1,174 km double track, 1,488
km electrified; government owned (1981)
Highways: 29,805 km total; 24,848 km con-
crete, asphalt, stone block; 4,255 km asphalt
treated, gravel, crushed stone; 702 km earth
(1981)
Inland waterways: 1,688 km (1980)
Pipelines: crude oil, 850 km; refined prod-
ucts, 1,050 km; natural gas, 3,800 km
Freight carried: rail — 129.8 million metric
tons, 24.4 billion metric ton/km (1980); high-
way— 231.7 million metric tons, 5.9 billion
metric ton/km (1980); waterway — est. 4.1
million metric tons, 7. 9 billion metric ton/km
(excluding international transit traffic)
River ports: 2 principal (Budapest,
Dunaujvaros); no maritime ports; outlets are
Rostock, GDR; Gdansk, Gdynia, and Szcze-
cin in Poland; and Galati and Braila in
Romania (1978)
Defense Forces
Branches: Hungarian People's Army, Fron-
tier Guard, Air and Air Defense Command
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,589,000;
2,076,000 fit for military service; about
74,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1984, 21.9 billion
forints; 3.9% of total budget
105
Iceland
120km
Greenland Sea
North Atlantic Ocean
See regional map V
Land
102,845 km2; the size of Virginia; arable and
forest negligible, 22% meadow and pasture,
78% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 4,988 km
People
Population: 24 1,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 1.0%
Nationality: noun — Icelanders); adjective —
Icelandic
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous mixture of
descendants of Norwegians and Celts
Religion: 95% Evangelical Lutheran, 3%
other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 2% no
affiliation
Language: Icelandic
Literacy: 99.9%
Labor force: 105,000; 18.6% commerce, fi-
nance, and services; 1 2.2% construction; 9.0%
agriculture; 6.3% transportation and commu-
nications; 5.4% fishing; 8.0% fish processing;
16.8% other manufacturing; 23.7% other;
1.0% unemployment (1983 average)
Organized labor: 60% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Iceland
Type: republic
•
Capital: Reykjavik
Political subdivisions: 23 rural districts, 215
parishes, 14 incorporated towns
Legal system: civil law system based on Dan-
ish law; constitution adopted 1944; legal
education at University of Iceland; does not
accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Anniversary of the Estab-
lishment of the Republic, 17 June
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly
with President and parliament (Althing); ex-
ecutive power vested in President but
exercised by Cabinet responsible to parlia-
ment; Supreme Court and 29 lower courts
Government leaders: Vigdis FINN-
BOGADOTTIR, President; Steingrimur
HERMANNSSON, Prime Minister (since
May 1983)
Suffrage: universal, over age 20; not compul-
sory
Elections: parliamentary every four years,
last 23 April 1983; presidential, every four
years, last August 1984
Political parties and leaders: Independence
(conservative), Thorsteinn Palsson; Progres-
sive, Steingrimur Hermannsson; Social
Democratic, Kjartan Johannsson; People's
Alliance (leftist front), Svavar Gestsson
Voting strength: (1983 election) 38.7% Inde-
pendence, 19.5% Progressive, 17.3% People's
Alliance, 11.7% Social Democratic, 12.8%
other
Communists: est. 2,200, many of whom par-
ticipate in the People's Alliance, which drew
22,489 votes in the 1983 parliamentary elec-
tions
Member of: Council of Europe, EC (free
trade agreement pending resolution of fish-
ing limits issue), EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICES, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU,
ITU, IWC— International Whaling Com-
mission, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG
Economy
CNP: $2.1 billion (1983), $8,898 per capita;
64.7% private consumption, 16.2% private
investment, 24% government (1981); —4.9%
net export of goods and services (1981);
growth rate -5.5% (1983)
Agriculture: cattle, sheep, dairying, hay, po-
tatoes, turnips
Fishing: catch, 788,000 (1982) metric tons;
marine product exports, $699.7 million
(1981)
Major industries: fish processing, aluminum
smelting, diatomite production, hydroelec-
tricity
Shortages: grains, sugar, vegetables and veg-
etable fibers, fuel, wood, minerals
Electric power: 913,000 kW capacity (1984);
4.226 billion kWh produced (1984), 17,682
kWh per capita
Exports: $677.2 million (f.o.b., 1982); fish and
fish products, animal products, aluminum,
diatomite
Imports: $92.7 million (c.i.f., 1982); machin-
ery and transportation equipment,
petroleum, foodstuffs, textiles
Major trade partners: (1982) exports — EC
31.6% (UK 13.2%, FRG 7.1%), US 25.8%,
CEMA 8.5%
Aid: economic authorizations, including Ex-
Im from US, $19.1 million (FY70-81)
Budget: (1984) expenditures $619.3 million,
revenues $619.6 million
106
India
Monetary conversion rate: 36.36
kronur=US$l (November 1984 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 12,343 km total; 166 km bitumen
and concrete; 1,284 km bituminous treated
and gravel; 10,893 km earth
Ports: 1 major (Reykjavik), 3 secondary
(Akureyri, Hafnarfjordhur,
Seydhisfjordhur), and about 50 minor
Civil air: 20 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 101 total, 92 usable; 3 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate domestic
service, wire and radio communication sys-
tem; 1 16,900 telephones (49.7 per 100 popl.);
4 AM, 33 FM, and 96 TV stations; 2 subma-
rine cables; 1 satellite station with Atlantic
Ocean antenna
Defense Forces
Branches: Police, Coast Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 63,000;
54,000 fit for military service (Iceland has no
conscription or compulsory military service)
800km
Chinese line
of control
Laccadive Sea
See region*! mip VIM
Land
3,287,590 km2 (includes Jammu and Kash-
mir, the Indian-annexed part of the former
state of Jammu and Kashmir); one-third the
size of the US; 50% arable; 22% forest; 20%
desert, waste, or urban; 5% permanent
meadow and pasture; 3% inland water
Land boundaries: 12,700 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; additional 100 nm is fisher-
ies conservation zone, December 1968;
archipelago concept baselines); 200 nm ex-
clusive economic zone
Coastline: 7,000 km (includes offshore is-
lands)
People
Population: 762,507,000, including Sikkim
and the Indian-held part of disputed Jammu
and Kashmir (July 1985); average annual
growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun — Indian(s); adjective —
Indian
Ethnic divisions: 72% Indo- Aryan, 25% Dra-
vidian, 3% Mongoloid and other
Religion: 83.5% Hindu, 11% Muslim, 2.6%
Christian, 2.0-2.5% Sikh, 0.7% Buddhist,
0.2% other
Language: Hindi, English, and 14 other offi-
cial languages; 24 languages spoken by a
million or more persons each; numerous
other languages and dialects, for the most
part mutually unintelligible; Hindi is the na-
tional language and primary tongue of 30
percent of the people; English enjoys
"associate" status but is the most important
language for national, political, and commer-
cial communication; Hindustani, a popular
variant of Hindi/Urdu, is spoken widely
throughout northern India
Literacy: 36%
Labor force: (1981) about 232 million; 67%
agriculture; more than 10% unemployed and
underemployed
Organized labor: less than 5% of total labor
force
Government
Official name: Republic of India
Type: federal republic
Capital: New Delhi
Political subdivisions: 22 states, 9 union terri-
tories
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution adopted 1950; limited judicial
review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Republic Day, 26 January
Branches: bicameral parliament — Council
of States, House of the People; relatively in-
dependent judiciary
Government leader: Rajiv GANDHI, Prime
Minister (since October 1984); Zail SINGH,
President
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: national and state elections ordi-
narily held every five years; may be
postponed in emergency and may be held
more frequently if government loses confi-
dence vote; last general election in December
1984; state elections staggered
107
India (continued)
Political parties and leaders: Indian Na-
tional Congress, controlled national
government from independence to March
1977; split in January 1978 and 1979; party
currently headed by Prime Minister Rajiv
Gandhi; the Dalit Mazdoor Kisan Party
(DMKP), formed in late 1984 by Charan
Singh of the Lok Dal Party, also absorbed the
Democratic Socialist Party, a breakaway fac-
tion of the Janata Party, and Sharad Pawar's
Congress (S) Party; Janata Party led by
Chandra Shekhar; Bharatiya Janata Party, A.
B. Vajpayee; Communist Party of India
(CPI), C. Rajeswara Rao; Communist Party
of India/Marxist (CPI/M), E. M. S.
Namboodiripad; Communist Party of
India/Marxist-Leninist (CPI/ML),
Satyanarayan Singh; All-India Anna Dravida
Munnetra Kazagham (AIADMK), a regional
party in Tamil Nadu, led by M. G.
Ramachandran; Akali Dal representing Sikh
religious community in the Punjab; Telugu
Desam, a regional party in Andhra Pradesh
led by N. T. Rama Rao; National Sanjay
Front (SVM), led by Maneka Gandhi; Na-
tional Conference (NC), a regional party in
Kashmir, split into factions led by Farooq
Abdullah and G. M. Shah
Voting strength: India Congress, 74%;
Telugu Desam Party, 5%; CPM, 4%; Janata,
1.8%; CPI, 1.1%; DMKP, 0.5%; BJP, 0.4%;
others, 6.6%; 34 seats vacant as of January
1985
Communists: 466,000 members claimed by
CPI, 270,000 members claimed by CPI/M;
Communist extremist groups, about 15,000
members
Other political or pressure groups: various
separatist groups seeking reorganization of
states; numerous "senas" or militant/
chauvinistic organizations, including Shiv
Sena (in Bombay), Anand Marg, and
Rashtriya Swatamsevak Sangh
Member of: ADB, AIOEC, ANRPC, Co-
lombo Plan, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International
Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC,
ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council,
NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy .
CNP: $150 billion (FY82/83 at current
prices), $210 per capita; real growth 1.8%est.
in FY82/83
Agriculture: main crops — rice, other cereals,
pulses, oilseed, cotton, jute, sugarcane, to-
bacco, tea, coffee
Fishing: catch 2.526 million metric tons
(1983); exports $337 million (1982)
Major industries: textiles, food processing,
steel, machinery, transportation equipment,
cement, jute manufactures
Crudesteel: lO.Omillion metric tons of ingots
(1983)
Electric power: 40,000,000 kW capacity
(1984); 144 billion kWh produced (1984), 194
kWh per capita
Exports: $9.4 billion (f.o.b., FY83/84); engi-
neering goods, textiles and clothing, tea
Imports: $15.0 billion (c.i.f., FY83/84); ma-
chinery and transport equipment,
petroleum, edible oils, fertilizers
Major trade partners: US, UK, USSR, Japan
Budget: (FY83/84) central government reve-
nue and capital receipts, $35.8 billion;
disbursements, $37.8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 12.092
rupees=US$l (October 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 61,950 km total (1981); 31,750 km
1.676-meter broad gauge, 25,550 km 1.000-
meter gauge, 4,650 km narrow gauge (0.762-
meter and 0.610-meter); 12,617 km double
track; 5,345 km electrified
Highways: 1,633,400 km total (1979);
515,300 km mainly secondary and about
1,118,000 km gravel, crushed stone, or earth
Inland waterways: 16,000 km; 2,575 km
navigable by river steamers
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,497 km; refined prod-
ucts, 1,828 km; natural gas, 260 km
Ports: 9 major, 79 minor
Civil air: 93 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 345 total, 296 usable; 186 with per-
manent-surface runways; 2 with runways
over 3,659 m, 54 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 96 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair domestic tele-
phone service where available, good internal
microwave links; telegraph facilities wide-
spread; AM broadcast adequate;
international radio communications ade-
quate; 2.6 million telephones (0.4 per 100
popl.); about 174 AM stations at 80 locations,
17 TV stations; domestic satellite system for
communications and TV; submarine cable
extends to Sri Lanka
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Coast
Guard, Paramilitary Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49,
198,429,000; 121,075,000 fit for military ser-
vice; about 8,858,000 reach military age (17)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1985; est. budget $7.3 billion; 17.5% of
central government budget
108
Indonesia
Sumatr
Java
Indian Ocean
New
Guinea
See regional map IX
Land
2,027,087 km2; about the size of Alaska and
California combined; 64% forest; 24% inland
water, waste, urban, and other; 12% small
holding and estate; 8.6% cultivated
Land boundaries: 2,736 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): under
an archipelago theory, claims 12 nm, mea-
sured seaward from straight baselines
connecting the outermost islands (economic,
including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 54,716 km
People
Population: 173,103,000, including East Ti-
mor and West Irian (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun — Indonesian(s); adjec-
tive— Indonesian
Ethnic divisions: majority of Malay stock
comprising 45% Javanese, 14% Sundanese,
7.5% Madurese, 7.5% coastal Malays, 26%
other
Religion: 88% Muslim, 6% Protestant, 3% Ro-
man Catholic, 2% Hindu, 1% other
Language: Indonesian (modified form of
Malay; official); English and Dutch leading
foreign languages; local dialects, the most
widely spoken of which is Javanese
Literacy: 64%
Labor force: 61 million (1982); 66% agricul-
ture, 23% trade and commerce, 10% services
Organized labor: est. 5% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Indonesia
Type: republic
Capital: Jakarta
Political subdivisions: 27 first-level adminis-
trative subdivisions or provinces, which are
further subdivided into 282 second-level
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law,
substantially modified by indigenous con-
cepts and by new criminal procedures code;
constitution of 1945 is legal basis of govern-
ment; legal education at University of
Indonesia, Jakarta; has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 17
August
Branches: executive headed by President
who is chief of state and head of Cabinet;
Cabinet selected by President; unicameral
legislature (DPR or House of Represen-
tatives) of 460 members (96 appointed, 364
elected); second body (MPR or People's Con-
sultative Assembly) of 920 members includes
the legislature and 460 other members (cho-
sen by several processes, but not directly
elected); MPR elects President and Vice Pres-
ident and theoretically determines national
policy; judicial, Supreme Court is highest
court
Government leader: Gen. (Ret.)
SOEHARTO, President (since March 1968)
Suffrage: universal over age 17 and married
persons regardless of age
Political parties and leaders: Golkar (quasi-
official "party" based on functional groups),
Lt. Gen. Sudharmono; Indonesia Democracy
Party (federation of former Nationalist and
Christian Parties), SunawarSukowati; United
Development Party (federation of former Is-
lamic parties), John Naro
Voting strength: (1982 election) Golkar
64.1%, Unity Development 28%, Indonesia
Democracy 7.9%
Communists: Communist Party (PKI) was
officially banned in March 1966; current
strength est. at 1,000-3,000, with less than
10% engaged in organized activity; pre-Octo-
ber 1965 hardcore membership has been
estimated at 1.5 million
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Associa-
tion of Tin Producing Countries, CIPEC,
ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU,
IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, NAM, QIC, OPEC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $90.0 billion (1984), about $530 per
capita; real average annual growth, 6.0%
(1979-83); real annual growth rate 4.5%
(1984)
Agriculture: subsistence food production,
and smallholder and plantation production
for export; main crops — rice, cassava, rub-
ber, copra, other tropical products; food
shortages — rice, wheat
Fishing: catch 2.0 million metric tons (1982);
exports $180 million (1983), imports $8 mil-
lion (1977)
Major industries: petroleum, textiles, min-
ing, cement, chemical fertilizer production,
timber
Electric power: 9,100,000 kW capacity
(1984); 24.3 billion kWh produced (1984), 144
kWh per capita
Exports: $19.8 billion (f.o.b., FY83/84); pe-
troleum and liquefied natural gas ($14.5
billion; 0.9 million b/d), timber, rubber, cof-
fee, tin, palm oil, tea, copper
109
Indonesia (continued)
Iran
Imports: $16.3 billion (FY83/84); rice,
wheat, textiles, chemicals, iron and steel
products, machinery, transport equipment,
consumer durables
Major trade partners: (1983) exports — 46%
Japan, 20% US, 15% Singapore; imports —
23% Japan, 21% Singapore, 15% US, 4% FRG
Budget: (1983-84) expenditures, $18.3 bil-
lion; receipts, $14.4 billion domestic, $3.9
billion foreign
Monetary conversion rate: 1,063
rupiahs=US$l (30 November 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 6,964 km total; 6,389 km 1.067-
meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78
km 0.600-meter gauge; 211 km double track;
101 km electrified; government owned
Highways: 93,063 km total; 26,583 km
paved, 41,521 km gravel or crushed stone,
24,959 km improved or unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 21,579 km; Sumatra
5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Borneo
10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, and Irian Java
4,587 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,450 km; refined prod-
ucts, 456 km; natural gas, 450 km
Ports: 15 ocean ports
Civil air: approximately 150 major transport
aircraft
Airfields: 393 total, 373 usable; 96 with per-
manent-surface runways; 2 with runways
over 3,659 m, 1 1 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 69 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: interisland micro-
wave system and HF police net; domestic
service fair, international service good; radio-
broadcast coverage good; 392,563 telephones
(0.2 per 100 popl.); 251 AM, 1 FM, 14 TV
stations; 1 international ground satellite sta-
tion (1 Indian Ocean antenna and 1 Pacific
Ocean antenna), and a domestic satellite
communications system
»
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National
Police
Military manpower: males 15-49,
43,881,000; 25,964,000 fit for military ser-
vice; about 1,915,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1985, $2. 1 billion; about 10.2% of cen-
tral government budget
375fcm
Persian
Gull
Sfr regional map VI
Land
1,648,000 km2; smaller than Alaska and
Washington combined; 51% desert, waste, or
urban; 30% arable (16% cultivable with ade-
quate irrigation; 11.5% cultivated; 14%
agricultural); 11% forest; 8% migratory graz-
ing and other
Land boundaries: 5,318 km (including areas
belonging to Iran and now occupied by Iraq
during continuing border war)
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 3,180 km, including islands, with
676km
People
Population: 45,191,000 (July 1985, average
annual growth rate 3.1%; figures do not take
into account the impact of the Iran-Iraq war
Nationality: noun — Iranian(s); adjective —
Iranian
Ethnic divisions: 63% ethnic Persian, 18%
Turkic, 13% other Iranian, 3% Kurdish, 3%
Arab and other Semitic, 1% other
Religion: 93% Shi'a Muslim; 5% Sunni Mus-
lim; 2% Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and
Baha'i
Language: Farsi, Turki, Kurdish, Arabic,
English, French
110
Literacy: 48%
Labor force: 12.0 million, est. (1979); 33% ag-
riculture, 21% manufacturing; shortage of
skilled labor; unemployment may be as high
as 35%
Government
Official name: Islamic Republic of Iran
Type: theocratic republic
Capital: Tehran
Political subdivisions: 23 provinces, subdi-
vided into districts, subdistricts, counties, and
villages
Legal system: the new constitution codifies
Islamic principles of government
National holiday: Shi'a Islam religious holi-
days observed nationwide
Branches: Ayatollah ol-Ozma Ruhollah Kho-
meini, the leader of the revolution, provides
general guidance for the government, which
is divided into executive, unicameral legisla-
ture (Islamic Consultative Assembly), and
judicial branches
Government leaders: Ayatollah ol-Ozma
Ruhollah KHOMEINI, "Guardian
Jurisprudent" (since February 1979); Ali
KHAMENEI (cleric), President (since Octo-
ber 1981); Mir Hosein MUSAVI-
KHAMENEI, Prime Minister (since October
1981); Ali Akbar HASHEMIRAF SANJANI
(cleric), Speaker of Islamic Consultative As-
sembly (since July 1980)
Suffrage: universal over age 15
Elections: elections to select a president held
in November 1981; those to select an Assem-
bly of Experts to name Khomeini's successor
held in December 1982; parliamentary elec-
tions held in 1984; next presidential election
to be held during the summer of 1985; next
parliamentary elections to be held in 1988
Political parties and leaders: Islamic Repub-
lic Party (IRP), Ali Khamenei
Voting strength: reliable figures not avail-
able; supporters of the Islamic Republic
dominate the parliament
Communists: 1,000 to 2,000 est. hardcore;
15,000 to 20,000 est. sympathizers; crack-
down in 1983 crippled the party; trials of
captured leaders began in late 1983 and re-
main incomplete
Other political or pressure groups: People's
Strugglers (Mhjahedin), People's Fedayeen,
and Kurdish Democratic Party are armed po-
litical groups that have been harshly but not
completely repressed by the government;
other ethnic minorities, local leaders, and Is-
lamic Committees enforce their political
views through armed militia
Member of: Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, NAM, QIC,
OPEC, Regional Cooperation for Develop-
ment, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WSG, WTO; continued participation
in some of these organizations doubtful under
the new Islamic constitution
Economy
GDP: $118 billion (1984 est.)
Agriculture: wheat, barley, rice, sugar beets,
cotton, dates, raisins, tea, tobacco, sheep,
goats
Major industries: crude oil production (2.3
million b/d in 1984) and refining, textiles, ce-
ment and other building materials, food
processing (particularly sugar refining and
vegetable oil production), metal fabricating
(steel and copper)
Electric power: 11,212,100 kW capacity
(1984); 35.363 billion kWh produced (1984),
807 kWh per capita
Exports: $15.5 billion (est., 1984); 98% petro-
leum; also carpets, fruits, nuts
Imports: $18.5 billion (est., 1984); machin-
ery, military supplies, foodstuffs,
Pharmaceuticals, technical services
Major trade partners: exports — Japan, Italy,
Netherlands, Spain, France, FRG; imports —
FRG, Japan, UK, Italy
Budget: (FY84) proposed expenditures of $42
billion; projected deficit of $3 billion — actual
deficit likely to be higher
Monetary conversion rate: 92.9 rials=US$l
(October 1984)
Fiscal year: 21 March- 20 March
Communications
Railroads: 4,601 km total; 4,509 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge
Highways: 85,000 km total; 36,000 km gravel
and crushed stone, 15,000 km improved
earth, 19,000 bituminous and bituminous-
treated surfaces, 15,000 unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 904 km, excluding the
Caspian Sea, 104 km on the Shatt al Arab
(closed since September 1980 because of
Iran-Iraq conflict)
Pipelines: crude oil, 5,900 km; refined prod-
ucts, 3,900 km; natural gas, 3,282 km
Ports: 4 major (Bandar Abbas, Bandar Azadi,
Bandar Khomeini, and Biishehr), 6 minor
(Khorramshahr destroyed)
Civil air: 44 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 158 total, 128 usable; 75 with per-
manent-surface runways; 14 with runways
over 3,659 m, 16 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 62 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Defense Forces
Branches: Islamic Ground Forces, Navy, Air
Force, and Revolutionary Guard (includes
Basij militia)
Military manpower: males 15-49,
10,462,000; 6,428,000 fit for military service;
about 448,000 reach military age (21)
annually
111
Iraq
200km
See ref ion>l mip V I
Land
434,924 km2; larger than California; 68%
desert, waste, or urban; 18% cultivated; 10%
seasonal and other grazing; 4% forest and
wood
Land boundaries: 3,668 km (including areas
belonging to Iraq and now occupied by Iran
during continuing border war)
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 58 km
People
Population: 15,507,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 3.3%; figures do not take
into account the impact of the Iran-Iraq war
Nationality: noun — Iraqi(s); adjective —
Iraqi
Ethnic divisions:75% Arab, 15-20% Kurdish,
10% Turkic, Assyrian, and other
Religion: 90% Muslim (55% Sh'ia, 40%
Sunni), 10% Christian or other
Language: Arabic (official), Kurdish (official
in Kurdish regions); Assyrian, Armenian
Literacy: about 50%
Labor force: 3.1 million (1977); 30% agricul-
ture, 27% industry, 21% government, 22%
other; severe labor shortage due to war; ex-
patriate labor force est. at 900,000
Organized labor: 1 1 % of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Iraq
•
Type: republic; National Front government
consisting of Ba'th Party (BPI), weak nation-
alist parties, and proadministration Kurds
Capital: Baghdad
Political subdivisions: 18 provinces under
centrally appointed officials
Legal system: based on Islamic law in special
religious courts, civil law system elsewhere;
provisional constitution adopted in 1968; ju-
dicial review was suspended; legal education
at University of Baghdad; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holidays: anniversaries of the 1958
and 1968 revolutions are celebrated 14 July
and 17 July; various religious holidays
Branches: Ba'th Party of Iraq has been in
power since 1968 coup; unicameral legisla-
ture (National Assembly)
Government leaders: Saddam HUSAYN,
President (since July 1979); Izzat IBRAHIM,
Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary
Command Council (since July 1979)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: elections — National Assembly
elections held October 1984; Legislative
Council for the Autonomous Region held
September 1980
Communists: est. 2,000 hardcore members
Political or pressure groups: political parties
and activity severely restricted; possibly
some opposition to regime from disaffected
members of the regime, army officers, and
religious and ethnic dissidents
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Develop-
ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM,
112
OAPEC, QIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $27 billion (1984 est.)
Agriculture: dates, wheat, barley, rice, live-
stock
Major industry: crude petroleum 1 billion
b/d (1984 est.); petroleum revenues, $10.2
billion (1984 est.)
Electric power: 4,759,000 kW capacity
(1984); 14.590 billion kWh produced (1984),
972 kWh per capita
Exports: $10.3 billion (f.o.b., 1984 est.); from
nonoil receipts, $300 million est.
Imports: $13.7 billion (f.o.b., 1984 est.); 14%
from Communist countries (1980)
Major trade partners: exports — France,
Italy, Brazil, Japan, Turkey, UK, USSR, other
Communist countries; imports — FRG, Ja-
pan, France, US, UK, USSR, other
Communist countries (1980)
Budget: public revenues, $17 billion; current
expenditures, $8.9 billion; development ex-
penditures, $11.1 billion (1979 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: .3109 Iraqi
dinar=US$l (October 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,700 km total; 1,123 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 577 km 1.000-meter
gauge; 16 km 1.000-gauge double track
Highways: 20,791 km total; 6,490 km paved,
4,654 km improved earth, 9,656 km unim-
proved earth
Inland waterways: 1,015 km; Shatt al-Arab
navigable by maritime traffic for about 104
km (closed since September 1980 because of
Iran-Iraq war); Tigris and Euphrates naviga-
ble by shallow-draft steamers (of little
importance); Shatt al-Basrah canal probably
navigable by shallow draft vessels
Ireland
Ports: 3 major (Basra, Umm Qasr, Al-Faw),
none in operation due to war
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,821 km; 725 km re-
fined products; 1,360 km natural gas
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 103 total, 94 usable; 50 with per-
manent-surface runways; 5 with runways
over 3,659 m, 50 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good network consists
of coaxial cables, radio-relay links, and
radiocommunication stations; about 500,000
telephones (3.9 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, no FM,
81 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian
Ocean, and 1 Intersputnik satellite station;
coaxial cable and radio-relay to Kuwait, Jor-
dan, Syria, and Turkey
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,545,000;
2,038,000 fit for military service; about
171,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: estimated for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1983, $14.0 billion
North
Atlantic
Ocean
Irish
Saa
See regional map V
Land
70,282 km2; larger than West Virginia; 51%
meadow and pasture, 27% waste or urban,
17% arable, 3% forest, 2% inland water
Land boundaries: 360 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 1,448 km
People
Population: 3,590,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 1.0%
Nationality: noun — Irishman(men), Irish
(collective pi.); adjective — Irish
Ethnic divisions: Celtic, with English minor-
ity
Religion: 94% Roman Catholic, 4% Anglican,
2% other
Language: Irish (Gaelic) and English (offi-
cial); English is generally spoken
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: about 1,173,000(1981); 19.6%
manufacturing; 17.8% agriculture, forestry,
fishing; 16.2% commerce; 8.3% construction;
5.8% government; 5.5% transportation;
26.8% other; 10.9% unemployment (average
1981)
Organized labor: 36% of labor force
Government
Official name: Ireland, Eire (Gaelic)
Type: republic
Capital: Dublin
Political subdivisions: 26 counties
Legal system: based on English common law,
substantially modified by indigenous con-
cepts; constitution adopted 1937; judicial
review of legislative acts in Supreme Court;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: St. Patrick's Day, 17
March
Branches: elected President; bicameral par-
liament (Seanad, Dail) reflecting propor-
tional and vocational representation;
judiciary appointed by President on advice
of government
Government leaders: Dr. Patrick J.
KILLER Y, President (since 1 976); Dr. Garret
FITZGERALD, Prime Minister (since 1982);
Richard SPRING, Deputy Prime Minister
(since 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: Dail (lower house) elected every
five years — last election November 1982;
President elected for seven-year term — last
election October 1983
Political parties and leaders: Fianna Fail,
Charles Haughey; Labor Party, Richard
Spring; Fine Gael, Garret FitzGerald; Com-
munist Party of Ireland, Michael O'Riordan;
Workers' Party, Tomas MacGiolla; Sinn
Fein, Gerry Adams
Voting strength: (1982 election) Dail —
Fianna Fail, 75 seats; Fine Gael, 70 seats; La-
bor Party, 16 seats; independents, 3 seats;
Workers' Party, 2 seats
Communists: under 500
Member of: Council of Europe, EC, EMS,
ESRO (observer), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
113
Ireland (continued)
Israel
(West Bank and Gaza Strip
listed at end of table)
ICAO, ICES, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU,
ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat
Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
CNP: $15 billion (1983), $4,263 per capita;
64.2% consumption, 24.8% investment,
21.9% government, 0.6% inventories;
- 1 1.5% net foreign demand; 0.6% real GNP
(1983)
Agriculture: 70% of agricultural area used
for permanent hay and pasture; main prod-
ucts—livestock and dairy products, turnips,
barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat; 85% self-
sufficient; food shortages — grains, fruits,
vegetables
Fishing: catch 197,000 metric tons (1983); ex-
ports of fish and fish products $97 million
(1982), imports of fish and fish products $36
million (1982)
Major industries: food products, brewing,
textiles and clothing, chemicals and pharma-
ceuticals, machinery and transportation
equipment
Crude steel: 66,000 metric tons produced in
1978
Electric power: 3,335,000 kW capacity
(1984); 11.422 billion kWh produced (1984),
3,210 kWh per capita
Exports: foodstuffs (primarily dairy prod-
ucts), $8.76 billion (f.o.b., February 1982);
computers, live animals, machinery, chemi-
cals, clothing
Imports: $9. 163 billion (c.i.f., 1983); machin-
ery, petroleum and petroleum products,
chemicals, semifinished goods, cereals
Major trade partners: imports — 67.2% EC
(45.3% UK, 8.0% FRG, 4.7% France), 14.7%
US, 1.6% Communist (1983); exports— 68.6%
EC (36.9% UK, 9.9% FRG, 8.3% France),
8.1% US, 1.3% Communist (1983)
Budget: (1984 est.) expenditures, $7. 19 bil-
lion; revenues, $6.08 billion; deficit, $1.11
billion
Monetary conversion rate: 0.9818 Irish
pound=US$l (October 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
»
Communications
Railroads: 2,190 km 1.600-meter gauge, gov-
ernment owned; 485 km double track
Highways: 92,294 km total; 87,422 km sur-
faced, 4,872 km gravel or crushed stone
Inland waterways: limited for commercial
traffic
Pipelines: natural gas, 225 km
Ports: 2 major, 6 secondary, 38 minor
Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 40 total, 36 usable; 13 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: small, modern system
using cable and radio-relay circuits; 779,000
telephones (22.2 per 100 popl.); 24 AM, 14
FM, 74 TV stations; 2 coaxial submarine ca-
bles; planned satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Naval Service, Army Air
Corps
Military manpower: males 15-49, 844,000;
691,000 fit for military service; about 27,000
reach military age (17) annually
Major ground units: 4 infantry brigades and
2 independent battalions
Supply: UK and France are the principal sup-
pliers of army materiel; UK provides 105-
mm light guns and Scorpion light tanks, and
France provides MILAN antitank missiles
and Panhard reconnaissance vehicles; Swe-
den also provides weapon systems, including
RBS-70 surface-to-air missiles, recoilless ri-
fles, and armored personnel carriers
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $250 million; about 2.5% of
the central government budget
100km
Nazararth
Tel Aviv-Yafo
Mediterranean
Sea
Boundary representation
not necessarily authonut
S« regional map VI
Dead Sea
NOTE: The Arab territories occupied by Is-
rael since the 1967 war are not included in the
data below; as stated in the 1978 Camp David
Accords and reaffirmed by the President's 1
September 1982 peace initiative, the final
status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, their
relationship with their neighbors, and a
peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to
be negotiated among the concerned parties;
Camp David further specifies that these ne-
gotiations will resolve the location of the
respective boundaries; pending the comple-
tion of this process, it is US policy that the
final status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip
has yet to be determined (see West Bank and
Gaza Strip "Factsheet"); on 25 April 1982 Is-
rael relinquished control of the Sinai to
Egypt; statistics for the Israeli-occupied Go-
lan Heights are included in the Syria
"Factsheet."
Land
20,720 km2; the size of Massachusetts; 40%
pasture and meadow; 29% unsurveyed
(mostly desert); 20% cultivated; 4% forest; 4%
desert, waste, or urban; 3% inland water
Land boundaries: 1,036 km (before 1967
war)
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
Coastline: 273 km (before 1967 war)
114
People
Population: 4,085,000, excluding West
Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem (July
1985), average annual growth rate 1.6%
Nationality: noun — Israeli(s); adjective —
Israeli
Ethnic divisions: 85% Jewish, 15% non-Jew-
ish (mostly Arab)
Religion: 85% Judaism, 1 1 % Islam, 4% Chris-
tian and other
Language: Hebrew official; Arabic used offi-
cially for Arab minority; English most
commonly used foreign language
Literacy: 88% Jews, 70% Arabs
Labor force: est. 1,400,000 (1984); 29.5%
public services; 22.8% industry, mining, and
manufacturing; 12.8% commerce; 9.5% fi-
nance and business; 6.8% transport, storage,
and communications; 6.5% construction and
public works; 5.5% agriculture, forestry, and
fishing; 5.8% personal and other services;
1.0% electricity and water (1983); unemploy-
ment about 6% (1984 est.)
Organized labor: 90% of labor force
Government
Official name: State of Israel
Type: republic
Capital: Jerusalem; not recognized by US,
which maintains Embassy in Tel Aviv
Political subdivisions: six administrative dis-
tricts
Legal system: mixture of English common
law and, in personal area, Jewish, Christian,
and Muslim legal systems; commercial mat-
ters regulated substantially by codes adopted
since 1948; no formal constitution; some of
the functions of a constitution are filled by
the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the
basic laws of the Knesset (legislature) — relat-
ing to the Knesset, Israeli lands, the president,
the government — and the Israel citizenship
law; no judicial review of legislative acts; le-
gal education at Hebrew University of
Jerusalem; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion, with reservations
National holidays: Israel declared indepen-
dence on 14 May 1948; because the Jewish
calendar is lunar, however, the holiday varies
from year to year; all major Jewish religious
holidays are also observed as national holi-
days
•
Branches: president has largely ceremonial
functions, except for the authority to decide
which political leader should try to form a
ruling coalition following an election or the
fall of a previous government; executive
power vested in Cabinet; unicameral parlia-
ment (Knesset) of 120 members elected under
a system of proportional representation; leg-
islation provides fundamental laws in
absence of a written constitution; two distinct
court systems (secular and religious)
Government leaders: Shimon PERES, Prime
Minister (since September 1984); Chaim
HERZOG, President (since May 1983)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: held every four years unless re-
quired by dissolution of Knesset; last election
held in July 1984; next scheduled for Novem-
ber 1988
Political parties and leaders: Israel currently
has a national unity government comprised
of 8 parties that hold 97 of the Knesset's 120
seats; members of the unity government —
Labor Alignment, Prime Minister Shimon
Peres; Likud Bloc, Vice Prime Minister and
Foreign Minister Yitzhak Shamir (in 1986
Shamir and Peres will trade government po-
sitions); Shinui Party, Minister of
Communications Amnon Rubenstein; Na-
tional Religious Party, Minister of Religious
Affairs Yosef Burg; SHAS, Minister of Inte-
rior Yitzhak Peretz; opposition parties —
Tehiya-Tzomet, Yuval Ne'eman; MAPAM,
Eliezer Grant; Citizens' Rights Movement,
Shulamit Aloni; RAKAH (Communist party),
Meir Wilner; Progressive List for Peace, Mu-
hammad Mi'ari
Voting strength: Labor Alignment, 40 seats;
Likud, 41 seats; MAPAM, 6 seats; Tehiya-
Tzomet, 5 seats; Citizens' Rights Movement,
4 seats; RAKAH, 4 seats; SHAS, 4 seats; Na-
tional Religious Party, 4 seats; Shinui Party, 3
seats; Morasha, 2 seats; Agudat Yisrael, 2
seats; Progressive List for Peace, 2 seats;
Ometz, 1 seat; Kakh, 1 seat; TAMI, 1 seat
Communist: RAKAH (predominantly Arab
but with Jews in its leadership) has some
1,500 members
Other political or pressure groups: Black
Panthers, a loosely organized youth group
seeking more benefits for oriental Jews; Gush
Emunim, Jewish rightwing nationalists push-
ing for freedom for Jews to settle anywhere
on the West Bank; Peace Now critical of
government's West Bank and Lebanon poli-
cies
Member of: FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB— Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, IOOC, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU,
ITU, IWC — International Wheat Council,
OAS (observer), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $24.5 billion (1984, in 1984 prices),
$6,093 per capita; 1984 growth of real GNP
0.0%
Agriculture: main products — citrus and
other fruits, vegetables, beef and dairy prod-
ucts, poultry products
Major industries: food processing, diamond
cutting and polishing, textiles and clothing,
chemicals, metal products, transport equip-
ment, electrical equipment, miscellaneous
machinery, potash mining, high-technology
electronics
Electric power: 3,585,000 kW capacity
(1984); 15.305 billion kWh produced (1984),
3,810 kWh per capita
Exports: $5.5 billion (f.o.b., 1983); major
items — polished diamonds, citrus and other
fruits, textiles and clothing, processed foods,
fertilizer and chemical products, electronics;
tourism is important foreign exchange earner
115
Israel (continued)
Italy
Imports: $8.8 billion (f.o.b., 1983); major
items — military equipment, rough dia-
monds, oil, chemicals, machinery, iron and
steel, cereals, textiles, vehicles, ships, and air-
craft
Major trade partners: exports — US, UK,
FRG, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy;
imports— US, FRG, UK, Switzerland, Italy,
Belgium, Luxembourg
Budget: public revenue $10.4 billion, expen-
diture $15.2 billion (1981)
Monetary conversion rate: the Israeli pound
was allowed to float on 31 October 1977; the
shekel became the unit of account on 1 Octo-
ber 1980 (1 shekel=10 Israeli pounds); 56.21
shekels=US$l (average conversion rate for
1983)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 647 km 1.435-meter single track
standard gauge; diesel operated
Highways: 4,459 km; majority is bituminous
surfaced
Inland waterways: none
Pipelines: crude oil, 708 km; refined prod-
ucts, 290 km; natural gas, 89 km
Ports: 3 major (Haifa, Ashdod, Elat), 5 minor
Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 66 total, 56 usable; 26 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 6 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: most highly devel-
oped in the Middle East though not the
largest; good system of coaxial cable and ra-
dio relay; 1,302, 000 telephones (32.1 per 100
popl.); 11 AM, 24 FM, 54 TV stations; 2 sub-
marine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite
stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Israel Defense Forces; historically
there have been no separate Israeli military
services; ground, air, and naval components
are part of Israel Defense Force*
Military manpower: eligible 15-49,
1,941,000; of 979,000 males 15-49, 616,000
fit for military service; of 962,000 females 15-
49, 603,000 fit for military service; 37,000
males and 35,000 females reach military age
(18) annually; both sexes liable for military
service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1984, $3.7 billion; 32% of central gov-
ernment budget
Sardinia
See rtf ional map V
Land
301,223 km2; slightly larger than Arizona;
50% cultivated, 21% forest, 17% meadow and
pasture, 9% waste or urban; 3% unused but
potentially productive
Land boundaries: 1,702 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 4,996 km
People
Population: 57,149,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 0.3%
Nationality: noun — Italian(s); adjective —
Italian
Ethnic divisions: primarily Italian but popu-
lation includes small clusters of German-,
French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north
and of Albanian-Italians in the south
Religion: almost 100% nominally Roman
Catholic
Language: Italian; parts of Trentino-Alto
Adige region (for example, Bolzano) are pre-
dominantly German speaking; significant
French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta
region; Slovene-speaking minority in the
Trieste-Gorizia area
Literacy: 93%
116
Labor force: 23,272,000 (October 1984);
29.9% industry, 10.6% agriculture, 49.3% ser-
vices (October 1984); 10.2% unemployment
(October 1984)
Organized labor: 50-55% (est.) of labor force
Government
Official name: Italian Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Rome
Political subdivisions: constitution provides
for establishment of 20 regions; five with spe-
cial statute (Sicilia, Sardegna, Trentino-Alto
Adige, Friuli-Venezia Ciulia, and Valle
d'Aosta) have been functioning for some
time, and the remaining 15 regions with reg-
ular statute were instituted on 1 April 1972;
95 provinces, 8,081 communes
Legal system: based on civil law system, with
ecclesiastical law influence; constitution
came into effect 1 January 1948; judicial re-
view under certain conditions in Consti-
tutional Court; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Anniversary of the Repub-
lic, 2 June
Branches: executive — President empowered
to dissolve Parliament and call national elec-
tion; he is also Commander of the Armed
Forces and presides over the Supreme De-
fense Council; otherwise, authority to govern
invested in Council of Ministers; bicameral
legislature — popularly elected Parliament
(315-member Senate, 630- member Chamber
of Deputies); independent judicial establish-
ment
Government leaders: Sandro PERTINI,
President (since July 1978); Bettino CRAXI,
Premier (since August 1983)
Suffrage: universal over age 18 (except in
senatorial elections, where minimum age of
voter is 25)
Elections: national election for Parliament
held every five years (most recent, June
1983); provincial and municipal elections
held every five years with some out of phase;
regional elections every five years (held June
1980)
Political parties and leaders: Christian Dem-
ocratic Party (DC), Ciriaco DeMita (political
secretary); Communist party (PCI),
Alessandro Natta (secretary general); Social-
ist Party (PSJ), Bettino Craxi (party
secretary); Social Democratic Party (PSDI),
Pietro Longo (party secretary); Liberal Party
(PLI), Valerio Zanone (secretary general);
Italian Social Movement (MSI), Giorgio
Almirante (national secretary); Republican
Party (PRI), Giovanni Spadolini (political sec-
retary)
Voting strength: (1983 election) 32.5% DC,
30.5% PCI, 11.3% PSI, 6.6% MSI, 5.2% PRI,
4.0% PSDI, 3.0% PLI
Communists: 1,673,751 members (1983)
Other political or pressure groups: the Vati-
can; three major trade union confederations
(CGIL — Communist dominated, CISL —
Christian Democratic, and UIL — Social
Democratic, Socialist, and Republican); Ital-
ian manufacturers association (Confin-
dustria); organized farm groups
Member of: ADB, ASSIMER, CCC, Council
of Europe, DAC, EC, ECOWAS, EIB,
ELDO, EMS, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB— Inter-
American Development Bank, IFAD, IEA,
IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU,
NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WSG
Economy
GDP: $352.8 billion (1983), $6,208 per cap-
ita; 63.9% private consumption, 18.0% gross
fixed investment, 20.0% government, net for-
eign balance —1.4%; 1982 growth rate
— 1.2% (1970 constant prices)
Agriculture: important producer of fruits
and vegetables; main crops — cereals, pota-
toes, olives; 95% self-sufficient; food
shortages — fats, meat, fish, and eggs
Fishing: catch 406,828 metric tons ( 1 982); ex-
ports $86 million ( 1 983), imports $697 million
(1983)
Major industries: machinery and transporta-
tion equipment, iron and steel, chemicals,
food processing, textiles
Shortages: coal, fuels, minerals
Crude steel: 24 million metric tons produced
(1983), 422 kg per capita
Electric power: 50,561,000 kW capacity
(1984); 186.332 billion kWh produced (1984),
3,269 kWh per capita
Exports: $72.8 billion (f .o.b., 1983); principal
items — machinery and transport equipment,
textiles, foodstuffs, chemicals, footwear
Imports: $80.3 billion (c.i.f., 1983); principal
items — machinery and transport equipment,
foodstuffs, ferrous and nonferrous metals,
wool, cotton, petroleum
Major trade partners: (1981) 45% EC (17%
FRG, 15% France, 6% UK, 3% Netherlands),
14% OPEC (4% Saudi Arabia), 8% US, 3%
USSR, 1% Eastern Europe
Aid: donor — bilateral economic aid commit-
ted ODA and OOF, $8.2 billion (1970-82)
Monetary conversion rate: 1,944.0
lire=US$l (3 January 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 20,085 km total; 16,140 km 1.435-
meter government-owned standard gauge,
8,585 km electrified; 3,945 km privately
owned — 2,100km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, 1,155 km electrified, and 1,845 km
0.950-meter narrow gauge, 380 km electri-
fied
117
Italy (continued)
Ivory Coast
Highways: 294,410 km total; autos — trade
5,900 km, state highways 45, 170 km, provin-
cial highways 101,680 km, communal
highways 141,660 km; 260,500 km concrete,
bituminous, or stone block, 26,900 km gravel
and crushed stone, 7,010 km earth
Inland waterways: 1,600 km for various
types of commercial traffic
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,703 km; refined prod-
ucts, 2,148 km; natural gas, 16,660 km
Ports: 9 major, 1 1 secondary, 40 minor
Civil air: 132 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 147 total, 140 usable; 85 with per-
manent-surface runways; 2 with runways
over 3,659 m, 34 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 39 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: well engineered, well
constructed, and efficiently operated; 21.68
million telephones (38.2 per 100 popl.); 135
AM, 1,837 FM, 1,407 TV stations; 20 subma-
rine cables; 2 communication satellite ground
stations with a total of 5 antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
14,187,000; 11,960,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 46 1 ,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $9.5 billion; about 5.3% of
central government budget
170km
Sec regional map VII
Land
322,463 km2; slightly larger than New Mex-
ico; 52% grazing, fallow, and waste; 40%
forest and wood; 8% cultivated; 322 km of
lagoons and connecting canals extend east-
west along eastern part of the coast
Land boundaries: 3,227 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 515 km
People
Population: 10,056,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 4.0%
Nationality: noun — Ivorian(s); adjective —
Ivorian
Ethnic divisions: 7 major indigenous ethnic
groups; no single tribe more than 20% of
population; most important are Agni, Baoule,
Krou, Senoufou, Mandingo; approximately 2
million foreign Africans, mostly Burkinabe;
about 70,000 to 75,000 non-Africans (40,000
French and 25,000 to 30,000 Lebanese)
Religion: 63% indigenous, 25% Muslim, 12%
Christian
Language: French (official), over 60 native
dialects; Dioula most widely spoken
Literacy: 24%
Labor force: over 85% of population engaged
in agriculture, forestry, livestock raising;
about 1 1% of labor force are wage earners,
nearly half in agriculture, remainder in gov-
ernment, industry, commerce, and
professions
Organized labor: 20% of wage labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of the Ivory Coast
Type: republic; one-party presidential re-
gime established 1960
Capital: Abidjan (capital city changed to
Yamoussoukro in March 1983 but not recog-
nized by US)
Political subdivisions: 25 departments subdi-
vided into 127 subprefectures
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem and customary law; constitution adopted
1960; judicial review in the Constitutional
Chamber of the Supreme Court; legal educa-
tion at Abidjan School of Law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 7 December
Branches: President has sweeping powers,
unicameral legislature (140-member Na-
tional Assembly), separate judiciary
Government leader: Felix HOUPHOUET-
BOIGNY, President (since 1960)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: legislative and municipal elections
were held in November 1980; Houphouet-
Boigny reelected in October 1980 to his fifth
consecutive five-year term; next round of na-
tional elections scheduled for October 1985
Political parties and leaders: Democratic
Party of the Ivory Coast (PDCI), only party;
Houphouet-Boigny firmly controls party
Communists: no Communist party; possibly
some sympathizers
118
Jamaica
Member of: Af DB, CEAO, KAMA, ECA,
ECOWAS, EIB (associate), Entente, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, Niger
River Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GDP: $7.6 billion (1982), $871 per capita; real
average annual growth rate, 1.8% (1982)
Agriculture: commercial — coffee, cocoa,
wood, bananas, pineapples, palm oil; food
crops — corn, millet, yams, rice; other com-
modities— cotton, rubber, tobacco, fish
Fishing: catch 92,469 metric tons (1982); ex-
ports $44.7 million (1979), imports $71.9
million (1979)
Major industries: food and lumber process-
ing, oil refinery, automobile assembly plant,
textiles, soap, flour mill, matches, three small
shipyards, fertilizer plant, and battery fac-
tory
Electric power: 974,000 kW capacity (1984);
2. 133 billion kWh produced (1984), 220 kWh
per capita
Exports: $2.45 billion (f.o.b., 1982 est); cocoa
(30%), coffee (20%), tropical woods (11%), cot-
ton, bananas, pineapples, palm oil, cotton
Imports: $1.85 billion (f.o.b., 1982 est); man-
ufactured goods and semifinished products
(50%), consumer goods (40%), raw materials
and fuels (10%)
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) ODA and OOF (1970-82), $2.7 bil-
lion; US authorizations, including Ex-Im
(FY70-82), $340 million
Major trade partners: (1979) France and
other EC countries about 65%, US 10%, Com-
munist countries about 3%
Budget: (1982), revenues, $2.1 billion; cur-
rent expenditures, $1.9 billion; capital
expenditures and net lending, $0.8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 397.45
Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (October 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 657 km of the 1,175 km Abidjan to
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, line, all single
track 1.000-meter gauge; only diesel locomo-
tives in use
Highways: 46,600 km total; 3,600 km bitumi-
nous and bituminous-treated surface; 32,000
km gravel, crushed stone, laterite, and im-
proved earth; 11,000 km unimproved
Inland waterways: 740 km navigable rivers
and numerous coastal lagoons
Ports: 2 major (Abidjan, San Pedro), 2 minor
Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft, includ-
ing multinationally owned Air Afrique fleet
Airfields: 49 total, 45 usable; 3 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m; 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system above African
average; consists of open-wire lines and ra-
dio-relay links; 87,700 telephones (1.3 per
100 popl.); 3 AM, 17 FM, 11 TV stations; 2
Atlantic Ocean satellite stations; 2 coaxial
submarine cables
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramili-
tary Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,424,000;
1,245,000 fit for military service; 94,000
males reach military age (18) annually
Caribbean Sea
Caribbean Sea
See regional map III
Land
10,991 km2; slightly smaller than Connecti-
cut; 23% meadow and pasture; 21% arable;
19% forest; 37% waste, urban, or other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 1,022 km
People
Population: 2,428,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 1.6%
Nationality: noun — Jamaican(s); adjective —
Jamaican
Ethnic diwsions: 76.3% African, 15.1% Afro-
European, 3.4% East Indian and Afro-East
Indian, 3.2% white, 1.2% Chinese and Afro-
Chinese, 0.9% other
Religion: predominantly Protestant (includ-
ing Anglican and Baptist), some Roman
Catholic, some spiritualist cults
Language: English, Creole
Literacy: 76%
Labor force: 703,000 (1980); 36.4% agricul-
ture, 32.7% services, 16% government, 14.9%
industry and commerce; shortage of tech-
nical and managerial personnel; significant
unemployment
Organized labor: about 33% of labor force
(1980)
119
Jamaica (continued)
Government
Official name: Jamaica
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth, recognizing Elizabeth II as head of
state
Capital: Kingston
Political subdivisions: 12 parishes and the
Kingston-St. Andrew corporate area
Legal system: based on English common law;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, first
Monday in August
Branches: Cabinet headed by Prime Minis-
ter; bicameral legislature — 21-member
Senate (13 nominated by the Prime Minister,
eight by opposition leader, if any; currently
no official opposition because of People's Na-
tional Party boycott of December 1983
election; eight non-Jamaica Labor Party
members appointed to current Senate by
Prime Minister Seaga), 60-member elected
House of Representatives; judiciary follows
British tradition under a Chief Justice
Government leaders: Edward Philip George
SEAGA, Prime Minister (since November
1980); Sir Florizel A. GLASSPOLE, Gover-
nor General (since 1973)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Elections: at discretion of Governor General
upon advice of Prime Minister but within
five years; last held 15 December 1983
Political parties and leaders: Jamaica Labor
Party (JLP), Edward Seaga; People's Na-
tional Party (PNP), Michael Manley;
Workers' Party of Jamaica (WPJ), Trevor
Munroe; Communist Party of Jamaica
Voting strength: in the 1983 general elec-
tions 54 seats were uncontested; in 6
contested seats the JLP won overwhelmingly
against several fringe parties; the PNP and
WPJ boycotted the election; in 1980 general
elections approx. 58.8% JLP (51 seats in
House), 41.2% PNP (9 seats)
Communists: Workers' Party of Jamaica
(Marxist-Leninist)
Other political or pressure groups: Ne»w
World Group (Caribbean regionalists, na-
tionalists, and leftist intellectual fraternity);
Rastafarians (Negro religious/racial cultists,
pan-Af ricanists); New Creation International
Peacemakers Tabernacle (leftist group);
Workers Liberation League (a Marxist coali-
tion of students/labor)
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth,
FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDB— Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS,
PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $3.0 billion (1982), $1,360 per capita;
real growth rate 1984, -1.0% est.
Agriculture: main crops— sugarcane, citrus
fruits, bananas, pimento, coconuts, coffee,
cocoa, tobacco
Major industries: tourism, bauxite mining,
textiles, food processing, light manufactures
Electric power: 1,030,000 kW capacity
(1984); 1.8 billion kWh produced (1984), 754
kWh per capita
Exports: $713 million (f.o.b., 1983); alumina,
bauxite, sugar, bananas, citrus fruits and fruit
products, rum, cocoa
Imports: $1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1983); fuels, ma-
chinery, transportation and electrical
equipment, food, fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports — US 45%, UK
19%, Canada 6%, Norway 5%; imports — US
32%, Venezuela 18%, Netherlands Antilles
12%, UK 10% (1979)
Budget: revenues, $1.0 billion; expenditures,
$1.6 billion (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 4.97 Jamaican
dollars=US$l (January 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
120
Communications
Railroads: 370 km, all 1.435-meter standard
gauge, single track
Highways: 18,200 km total; 12,600 km
paved, 3,200 km gravel, 2,400 km improved
earth
Pipelines: refined products, 10 km
Ports: 2 major (Kingston, Montego Bay), 10
minor
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 48 total, 34 usable; 15 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fully automatic do-
mestic telephone network with 124,300
telephones (6.0 per 100 pop].); 2 Atlantic
Ocean INTELSAT stations; 9 AM, 13 FM, 8
TV stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables
Defense Forces
Branches: Jamaica Defense Force (includes
Coast Guard and Air Wing)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 579,000;
428,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion; 34,000 reach minimum volunteer age
(18) annually
Personnel: 2,974 total
Major ground units: 2 active infantry battal-
ions, 1 reserve battalion
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1985, $22.6 million; about 2.8% of
central government budget
Japan
Kitakyushu
.' Philippine
Sea
^Okinawa
SeerrtiomlmapVllI
Land
372,313 km2; slightly smaller than California;
69% forest; 16% arable and cultivated, 12%
urban and waste, 3% grass
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
except 3 nm in five international straits (fish-
ing 200 nm)
Coastline: 13,685 km
People
Population: 120,691, 000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 0.6%
Nationality: noun — Japanese (sing., pi); ad-
jective— Japanese
Ethnic divisions: 99.4% Japanese, 0.6% other
(mostly Korean)
Religion: most Japanese observe both Shinto
and Buddhist rites; about 16% belong toother
faiths, including 0.8% Christian
Language: Japanese
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: (1983)58.9 million; 52% trade
and services; 35% manufacturing, mining,
and construction; 10% agriculture, forestry,
and fishing; 3% government; 2.7% unem-
ployed
Organized labor: about 30% of labor force
Government
Official name: Japan
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Tokyo
Political subdivisions: 47 prefectures
Legal system: civil law system with English-
American influence; constitution promu-
lgated in 1946; judicial review of legislative
acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Birthday of the Emperor,
29 April
Branches: Emperor is merely symbol of state;
executive power is vested in Cabinet domi-
nated by the Prime Minister, chosen by the
lower house of the bicameral, elective legisla-
ture— Diet (House of Councilors, House of
Representatives); judiciary is independent
Government leaders: HIROHITO, Emperor
(since December 1926); Yasuhiro NAKA-
SONE, Prime Minister (since November
1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: general elections held every four
years or upon dissolution of lower house, tri-
ennially for half of upper house
Political parties and leaders: Liberal Demo-
cratic Party (LDP), Y. Nakasone, president;
Japan Socialist Party (JSP), M. Ishibashi,
chairman; Democratic Socialist Party (DSP),
R. Sasaki, chairman; Japan Communist Party
(JCP), T. Fuwa, Presidium chairman; Clean
Government Party (CGP), Y. Takeiri, chair-
man; New Liberal Club (NLC), Y. Kono;
Social Democratic Federation (SDF), S. Eda
Voting strength: (1983 election) Lower
House— 45.8% LDP, 19.5% JSP, 10.1% CGP,
9.3% JCP, 7,3% DSP, 2.4% NLC, 0.7% SDF,
5% independents and minor parties; Upper
House— 35.3% LDP, 24.3% JSP, 10.5% JCP,
7.8% CGP, 5.7% DSP, 1.2% NLC, 0.0% SDF,
11.8% independents and minor parties
Communists: approximately 470,000 regis-
tered Communist Party members
Member of: ADB, ASPAC, Colombo Plan,
DAC, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB— Inter-Ameri-
can Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC,
IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU,
IWC — International Whaling Commission,
IWC — International Wheat Council,
OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $1,156 billion (1983, at 237.52
yen=US$l); $9,695 per capita (1983); 59%
personal consumption, 28% investment, 10%
government current expenditure, negligible
stocks, and 2% foreign balance; real growth
rate 3.0% (1983); average annual growth rate
(1978-82), 4.2%
Agriculture: land intensively cultivated; rice,
sugar, vegetables, fruits; 72% self-sufficient
in food (1980); food shortages — meat, wheat,
feed grains, edible oils and fats
Fishing: catch 10.8 million metric tons (1982)
Major industries: metallurgical and engi-
neering industries, electrical and electronic
industries, textiles, chemicals
Shortages: fossil fuels, most industrial raw
materials
Crude steel: 97 million metric tons produced
(1983)
Electric power: 168,700,000 kW capacity
(1984); 609 billion kWh produced (1984),
5,075 kWh per capita
Exports: $146.9 billion (f.o.b., 1983); 97%
manufactures (including 25% machinery,
18% motor vehicles, 9% iron and steel)
Imports: $126.4 billion (c.i.f., 1983); 47% fos-
sil fuels, 22.4% manufactures, 12%
foodstuffs, 8% machinery
Major trade partners: exports — 29% US,
23% Southeast Asia, 16% Western Europe,
121
Japan (continued)
Jordan
(West Bank and Gaza Strip
listed at end of table)
12% Middle East, 6% Communist countries,
imports— 27% Middle East, 22% Southeast
Asia, 19% US, 8% Western Europe, 6% Com-
munist countries
Aid: donor — bilateral economic commitments
(ODA and OOF), $31.5 billion (1970-83)
Budget: revenues, $144 billion; expenditures,
$21 1 billion; deficit, $67 billion (general ac-
count for fiscal year ending March 1985)
Monetary conversion rate: 251.40
yen=US$l (2 January 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 21,387 km total (1982); 1,835 km
1.435-meter standard gauge, 19,552 km pre-
dominantly 1.067-meter narrow gauge, 5,690
km double- and multitrack sections, 8,830 km
1.067-meter narrow gauge electrified, 1,804
km 1.435-meter standard gauge electrified
Highways: 1,1 13,388 km total (1980); 510,904
km paved, 602,484 km gravel, crushed stone,
or unpaved; 2,579 km national expressways,
40,212 km national highways, 43,907 km prin-
cipal local roads, 86,930 km pref ectural roads,
939,760 km municipal roads
Inland waterways: approx. 1,770 km; seago-
ing craft ply all coastal "inland seas"
Pipelines: crude oil, 131 km; natural gas,
1,800 km; refined products, 275 km
Ports: 17 Japanese Port Association specifi-
cally designated major ports, 110 other major
ports, over 2,000 minor ports
Civil air: 265 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 181 total, 161 usable; 124 with per-
manent-surface runways; 2 with runways
over 3,659 m; 25 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 50 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic
and international service; 58.0 million tele-
phones (49.5 per 100 popl.); 318 AM stations,
58 FM stations plus 436 relay stations; about
7,800 TV stations (196 major— 1 kw or
greater), and 2 ground satellite stations; sub-
marine cables to US (via Guam), Philippines,
China, and USSR
»
Defense Forces
Branches: Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
(army), Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
(navy), Japan Air Self-Defense Force (air
force), Maritime Safety Agency (coast guard)
Military manpower: males 15-49,
31,516,000; 26,283,000 fit for military service;
about 865,000 reach military age (18) annually
Personnel: Ground Self-Defense Force,
156,000; Maritime Self-Defense Force,
42,100 (including 11, 900 air arm); Air Self-
Defense Force, 43,400; Maritime Safety
Agency, 11,200
Ships: 50 destroyers/frigates, 14 submarines,
50 mine warfare, 8 amphibious, 15 auxiliary
and over 300 surface craft (an additional 520
patrol and service craft operate under the ju-
risdiction of the Marine Safety Agency)
Aircraft: 23 F-15, 130 F-4, and 90 F-104
fighter interceptors; 14 RF-4E reconnais-
sance aircraft; 65 F-l fighter-support
aircraft; 31 C-l, 10 YS-11 transport aircraft;
50 T-l, 70 T-2, 50 T-3, 60 T-33A trainers
Missiles: 6 operational NIKE-Hercules
groups, 8 operational HAWK groups (NIKE
in air force, HAWK in ground force)
Supply: defense industry potential is large,
with capability of producing the most sophis-
ticated equipment; manufactured
equipment includes small arms artillery, ar-
mored vehicles, and other types of ground
forces materiel, aircraft (jet and prop), naval
vessels (submarines, guided missile and other
destroyers, patrol craft, mine warfare ships,
and other minor craft, including amphibious,
auxiliaries, service craft, and small support
ships), small amounts of all types of army ma-
teriel; several missile systems are produced
under US license, and a vigorous domestic
missile development program exists
Military budget: actual for fiscal year ending
31 March 1986, $12.8 billion; 5.98% of total
budget
100km
Boundary representation is
isafl)i authoritative
See regional map VI
NOTE: the war between Israel and the Arab
states in June 1967 ended with Israel in con-
trol of the West Bank; as stated in the 1978
Camp David Accords and reaffirmed by the
President's 1 September 1982 peace initia-
tive, the final status of the West Bank and
Gaza Strip, their relationship with their
neighbors, and a peace treaty between Israel
and Jordan are to be negotiated among the
concerned parties; Camp David further spec-
ifies that these negotiations will resolve the
location of the respective boundaries; pend-
ing the completion of this process, it is US
policy that the final status of the West Bank
and Gaza Strip has yet to be determined (see
West Bank and Gaza Strip "Factsheet").
Land
97,740 km2; slightly larger than Indiana; 88%
desert, waste, or urban; 11% agricultural; 1%
forest
Land boundaries: 1,770 km (1967)
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 26 km
People
Population: 2,794,000, excluding West Bank
and East Jerusalem (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 3.8%
122
Nationality: noun — Jordanian(s); adjec-
tive— Jordanian
Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% Circassian,
1% Armenian
Religion: 90-92% Sunni Muslim, 8-10%
Christian
Language: Arabic official; English widely
understood among upper and middle classes
Literacy: about 70%
Labor force: 463,000
Organized labor: about 10% of labor force
Government
Official name: Hashemite Kingdom of Jor-
dan
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Amman
Political subdivisions: five governorates un-
der centrally appointed officials
Legal system: based on Islamic law and
French codes; constitution adopted 1952; ju-
dicial review of legislative acts in a specially
provided High Tribunal; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
May
Branches: King holds balance of power;
Prime Minister exercises executive authority
in name of King; Cabinet appointed by King
and responsible to parliament; bicameral
parliament with House of Representatives
last chosen by national elections in April
1967, dissolved by King in February 1976,
and reconvened in January 1984; Senate last
appointed by King in January 1984; secular
court system based on differing legal systems
of the former Transjordan and Palestine; law
Western in concept and structure; Sharia (re-
ligious) courts for Muslims, and religious
community council courts for non-Muslim
communities; desert police carry out quasi-
judicial functions in desert areas
Government leader: HUSSEIN I, King (since
August 1952)
Suffrage: all citizens over age 20
Political parties and leaders: political party
activity illegal since 1957
Communists: party actively repressed,
membership estimated at less than 500
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICA'O, IDA, IDB— Islamic Develop-
ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM,
QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $5.1 billion (1983), $1,971 per capita;
real growth rate (1983), 3.7%
Agriculture: main crops — vegetables, fruits,
olive oil, wheat; not self-sufficient in many
foodstuffs
Major industries: phosphate mining, petro-
leum refining, cement production, light
manufacturing
Electric power: 659,000 kW capacity (1984);
2.078 billion kWh produced (1984), 772 kWh
per capita
Exports: $580 million (f .o.b., 1983); fruits and
vegetables, phosphate rock; Communist
share 13% of total (1983)
Imports: $3,036 million (c.i.f., 1983); petro-
leum products, textiles, capital goods, motor
vehicles, foodstuffs; Communist share 7% of
total (1983)
Aid: economic commitments — US, including
Ex-Im (1970-83), $1.2 billion; Western (non-
US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-82),
$744 million; military— US (FY70-83), $1.1
billion
Budget: (1983) total revenue, $1,977 million;
current expenditures, $1,237 million; capital
expenditures, $740 million
Monetary conversion rate: .363 Jordanian
dinar=US$l (1983 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 817 km 1.050-meter gauge, single
track
Highways: 6,332 total; 4,837 paved, 1,495
gravel and crushed stone
Pipelines: crude oil, 209 km
Ports: 1 major (Aqaba)
Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 25 total, 21 usable; 16 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 2 with runways over
3,659 m, 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 3
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate system of
radio-relay, cable, and radio; 81,300 tele-
phones (3 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 2 FM, 24 TV
stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station, 1
Indian Ocean satellite station; 1 Arab satellite
station under construction; coaxial cable and
radio-relay to Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Syria;
radio-relay to Lebanon inactive
Defense Forces
Branches: Jordan Arab Army, Royal Jorda-
nian Air Force, Royal Jordanian Coast Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 630,000;
445,000 fit for military service; 40,000 reach
military age (18) annually
123
Kenya
S« region*! m»p V'll
Land
582,646 km2; slightly smaller than Texas; 66%
mainly grassland adequate for grazing; 21%
forest and wood; 20% arable, 13% suitable for
agriculture
Land boundaries: 3,368 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 536 km
People
Population: 20,194,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 4.2%
Nationality: noun — Kenyan(s); adjective —
Kenyan
Ethnic divisions: 21% Kikuyu, 14% Luhya,
13% Luo, 11% Kalenjin, 11% Kamba, 6%
Kisii, 5% Meru, 1% Asian, European, and
Arab
Religion: 38% Protestant, 28% Catholic, 26%
indigenous beliefs, 6% Muslim
Language: English and Swahili (official); nu-
merous indigenous languages
Literacy: 47%
Labor force: 5.4 million; about 1.1 million
wage earners; 47% public sector, 18% indus-
try and commerce, 17% agriculture, 13%
services
Organized labor: about 390,000
Government
Official name: Republic of Kenya *
Type: republic within Commonwealth
Capital: Nairobi
Political subdivisions: 1 provinces plus Nai-
robi area
Legal system: based on English common law,
tribal law, and Islamic law; constitution en-
acted 1963; judicial review in Supreme
Court; legal education at Kenya School of
Law in Nairobi; accepts compulsory ICJ ju-
risdiction, with reservations; constitutional
amendment in 1982 made Kenya a de jure
one-party state
National holiday: Jamhuri Day, 12 Decem-
ber
Branches: President and Cabinet responsible
to unicameral legislature (National Assem-
bly) of 170 seats, 158 directly elected by
constituencies and 1 2 appointed by the Presi-
dent; High Court, with Chief Justice and at
least 11 justices, has unlimited original juris-
diction to hear and determine any civil or
criminal proceeding; provision for systems of
courts of appeal
Government leader: Daniel T. arap MOI,
President (since 1978)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: Assembly at least every five years;
present National Assembly and President
elected September 1983
Political party and leader: Kenya Africa Na-
tional Union (KANU), Kenya's sole legal
political party; Daniel arap Moi, president
Voting strength: KANU holds all seats in the
National Assembly
Communists: may be a few Communists and
sympathizers
124
Other political or pressure groups: labor
unions
Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU,
IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM,
OAU, UN, UNDP, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $5.5 billion (1983), $295 per capita; real
growth rate, 2.1% (1983 est.)
Agriculture: main cash crops — coffee, sisal,
tea, pyrethrum, cotton, livestock; food
crops — corn, wheat, sugarcane, rice, cassava;
largely self-sufficient in food
Major industries: small-scale consumer
goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles,
soap, cigarettes, flour), agricultural process-
ing, oil refining, cement, tourism
Electric power: 550,000 kW capacity (1984);
1.686 billion kWh produced (1984), 87 kWh
per capita
Exports: $921.9 million (f.o.b., 1983); re-
exporting of petroleum products, coffee, tea,
sisal, livestock products, pyrethrum, soda ash,
wattle-bark tanning extract
Imports: $1,234.3 million (f.o.b., 1983); ma-
chinery, transport equipment, crude oil,
paper and paper products, iron and steel
products, and textiles
Major trade partners: EC, Japan, Iran, US,
Zambia, Uganda
Budget: (1982/83) revenues, $1.2 billion;
grants, $24 million, current expenditures,
$1.3 billion; net lending, — $8 million
External public debt: $2.9 billion (1982 est.)
debt service payment 23% of exports
Monetary conversion rate: 14.964 Kenya
shillings=US$l (30 September 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Kiribati
(formerly Gilbert Islands)
Communications
Railroads: 2,040 km 1.000-meter gauge
Highways: 55,400 km total; 6,800 km paved,
4,150 km gravel, remainder improved earth
Inland waterways: part of Lake Victoria sys-
tem is within boundaries of Kenya
Pipelines: refined products, 483 km
Ports: 1 major (Mombasa)
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 216 total, 196 usable; 14 with per-
manent-surface runways; 2 with runways
over 3,659 m, 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m,
47 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: in top group of Afri-
can systems; consists of radio-relay links,
open-wire lines, and radiocommunication
stations; 216,700 telephones (1.3 per 100
popl.); 11 AM, 4 FM, 4 TV stations; Atlantic
and Indian Ocean satellite service from 1 sta-
tion
Defense Forces
Branches: Kenya Army, Kenya Navy, 82 Air
Force; paramilitary General Service Unit
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,016,000;
2,472,000 fit for military service; no con-
scription
1100km
t*"*
V"
North Paciftc Ocean
Christmas •
Gilbert • ••
Islands ' Phoenix
Islands
Sijuth Pacific Ocean
See regional mip X
. Line
Islands
Land
About 690 km2; slightly smaller than New
York City
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm (fishing
200 nm)
Coastline: about 1,143 km
People
Population: 62,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 1.6%
Nationality: noun — Kiribatian(s); adjec-
tive— Kiribati
Ethnic divisions: Micronesian
Religion: Roman Catholic, Protestant
Language: English (official), Gilbertese
Literacy: 90%
Labor force: 15,921 (1973); general unem-
ployment rate 4.9%
Government
Official name: Republic of Kiribati
Type: republic
Capital: Tarawa
Branches: unicameral legislature (35-mem-
ber House of Assembly); nationally elected
President
Government leader: leremia T. TABAI,
President (since July 1979)
Political parties and leaders: Gilbertese Na-
tional Party, Christian Democratic Party
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, GATT
(de facto), ICAO
Economy
GDP: $20.4 million (1983 est.), $340 per
capita
Agriculture: limited; copra, subsistence
crops of vegetables, supplemented by domes-
tic fishing
Industry: formerly phosphate production;
supply exhausted by mid-1981
Electric power: 2,700 kW capacity (1984); 8
million kWh produced (1984), 126 kWh per
capita
Exports: phosphate, formerly 80% of exports,
exhausted in 1981; copra accounted for 80%
(A$l. 45 million) in 1982
Imports: $15 million (1979); foodstuffs, fuel,
transportation equipment
Aid: Western (non-US) commitments ODA
and OOF (1970-82), $168 million; Australia
(1980-83), $8.1 million committed
Budget: $15.2 million (1979)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.0392
Australian$=US$l (23 February 1983)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 483 km of motorable roads
Inland waterways: small network of canals,
totaling 5 km, in Northern Line Islands
Ports: 3 minor
125
Kiribati (continued)
Korea, North
Civil air: 2 Trislanders; however, no major
transport aircraft
Airfields: 19 total; 16 usable; 4 with perma-
nent-surface runways, 4 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: 1 AM broadcast sta-
tion; 1,400 telephones (2.33 per 100 popl.)
125km
Yellow
See
See regional map VIII
Land
121,129 km2; slightly smaller than Missis-
sippi; 74% forest, scrub, and brush; 17%
arable and cultivated; remainder waste and
urban
Land boundaries: 1,675 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm; mili-
tary 50 nm)
Coastline: 2,495 km
People
Population: 20,082,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.3%
Nationality: noun — Korean(s); adjective —
Korean
Ethnic divisions: racially homogeneous
Religion: Buddhism and Confucianism; reli-
gious activities now almost nonexistent
Language: Korean
Literacy: 95% est.
Labor force: 6.1 million (1980); 48% agricul-
tural, 52% nonagricultural; shortage of
skilled and unskilled labor
Government
Official name: Democratic People's Repub-
lic of Korea
126
Type: Communist state; one-man rule
Capital: P'yongyang
Political subdivisions: nine provinces, four
special cities (P'yongyang, Kaesong, Chong-
jin, and Nampo)
Legal system: based on German civil law sys-
tem with Japanese influences and
Communist legal theory; constitution
adopted 1948 and revised 1972; no judicial
review of legislative acts; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 9 September
Branches: Supreme People's Assembly theo-
retically supervises legislative and judicial
function; State Administration Council (cabi-
net) oversees ministerial operations
Government leaders: KIM Il-song, President
(since December 1972); KANG Song-san,
Premier (since January 1984)
Suffrage: universal at age 17
Elections: election to SPA every four years,
but this constitutional provision not necessar-
ily followed — last election February 1982
Political party and leaders: Korean Workers'
Party (KWP); Kim Il-song, General Secre-
tary, and his son, Kim Chong-il, Secretary
Communisms: KWP claims membership of
about 2 million, or about 11% of population
Member of: FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, IPU,
ITU, NAM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO; offici?! ob-
server status at UN; does not hold UN
membership
Economy
GNP: $19.6 billion (1984), $998 per capita
Agriculture: main crops — corn, rice, vegeta-
bles; food shortages — meat, cooking oils;
production of foodstuffs adequate for domes-
tic needs
Korea, South
Major industries: machine building, electric
power, chemicals, mining, metallurgy, tex-
tiles, food processing
Shortages: complex machinery and
quipment, coking coal, coal, petroleum, elec-
tric power, transport
Crude steel: 4.3 million metric tons produced
(1983), 224 kg per capita
Electric power: 6,500,000 kW capacity
(1984); 35.5 billion kWh produced (1984),
1, 810 kWh per capita
Coal: 50 million tons (1984)
Exports: $1.40 billion (1983); minerals, met-
allurgical products, agricultural products,
manufactures
Imports: $1.50 billion (1983); petroleum, ma-
chinery and equipment, coking coal, grain
Major trade partners: total trade turnover
$2.9 billion (1983); 54% with Communist
countries, 46% with non-Communist
countries
Aid: economic and military aid from the
USSR and China
Monetary conversion rate: 2 wons=US$l
(December 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 4,535 km total operating in 1980;
3,870 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 665
km 0.762-meter narrow gauge, 159 km dou-
ble track; about 2,940 km electrified;
government owned
Highways: about 20,280 km (1980); 98.5%
gravel, crushed stone, or earth surface; 1.5%
concrete or bituminous
Inland waterways: 2,253 km; mostly naviga-
ble by small craft only
Pipelines: crude oil, 37 km
Ports: 6 major, 26 minor
Defense Forces
Branches: North Korean People's Army (con-
sists of the army, navy, and air force)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,641,000;
2,843,000 fit for military service; 225,000
reach military age (18) annually
Personnel: army 700,000 (reserves 230,000),
navy 33,500 (reserves 40,000), air force
51,000, security forces 38,000, civilian militia
1,760,000 .
Major ground units: 9 corps headquarters, 2
armored divisions, 3 motorized infantry divi-
sions, 35 infantry divisions, 5 armored
brigades, 4 infantry brigades, 1 00,000 special
forces, 2 tank regiments, 5 infantry regi-
ments, 250 artillery battalions, 80 multiple
rocket battalions, 5 FROG battalions, 5 river-
crossing regiments
Ships: 21 submarines, 4 frigates, 18 missile
boats, 32 large patrol craft, 333 fast attack
craft, 30 coastal patrol boats, 99 landing craft
Aircraft: 70 11-28 bombers, 20 SU-7
fighter/ground attack, 290 MIG-15/-17, 700
MIG- 1 9, 1 60 MIG-2 1 , 250 transports, 60 heli-
copters, 190 jet trainers, 4 SAM brigades with
250 SA-2 in 40 sites
140km
ndary representation <s
necessarily authoritative
Cheju-dof
**•
Stc rtfionilmip VIII
Land
98,500 km2; slightly larger than Indiana; 66%
forest, 23% arable (22% cultivated), 10%
urban and other
Land boundaries: 241 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm and 3 nm
in Korea Strait (12 nm fishing zone)
Coastline: 2,413 km
People
Population: 42,643,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 1.5%
Nationality: noun — Korean(s); adjective —
Korean
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous; small Chi-
nese minority (approx. 20,000)
Religion: strong Confucian tradition; perva-
sive folk religion (Shamanism); Buddhism
(including estimated 20,000 members of Soka
Gakkai); Chondokyo (religion of the heav-
enly way), eclectic religion with nationalist
overtones founded in 19th century, claims
about 1.5 million adherents
Language: Korean; English widely taught in
high school
Literacy: over 90%
127
Korea, South (continued)
Labor force: 15.1 million (1983); 47% services
and other; 30% agriculture, fishing, forestry;
21% mining and manufacturing; average un-
employment 4.1% (1983)
Organized labor: about 10% of nonagricul-
tural labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Korea
Type: republic; power centralized in a strong
executive
Capital: Seoul
Political subdivisions: nine provinces, four
special cities; heads centrally appointed
Legal system: combines elements of conti-
nental European civil law systems, Anglo-
American law, and Chinese classical thought;
constitution approved 1980; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
August
Branches: unicameral legislature (National
Assembly), judiciary
Government leaders: CHUN Doo Hwan,
President (since August 1980); LHO
Shinyong, Prime Minister (since February
1985)
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: under new constitution of October
1980, President elected every seven years in-
directly by a 5,000-man electoral college; last
election February 1981; four-year National
Assembly, elected in March 1981, consists of
276 representatives, 184 directly elected and
92 chosen through proportional representa-
tion
Political parties and leaders: major party is
government's Democratic Justice Party
(DJP), Chun Doo Hwan, president, and Roh
Tae Woo, chairman; opposition parties are
New Korea Democratic Party (NKDP), Lee
Min-woo; Democratic Korea Party (DKP), no
president currently named; Korean National
Party (KNP), Lee Man-sup, acting president;
several smaller parties •
Communists: Communist activity banned
by government
Other political or pressure groups: Korean
National Council of Churches; Federation of
Korean Trade Unions; Korean Veterans'
Association; large, potentially volatile stu-
dent population concentrated in Seoul
Member of: ABD, AfDB, Asian-African
Legal Consultative Committee, Asian Par-
liamentary Union, APACL — Asian People's
Anti-Communist League, ASPAC, Colombo
Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, Geneva
Conventions of 1949 for the protection of war
victims, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, IWC— Inter-
national Whaling Commission, IWC —
International Wheat Council, UNCTAD,
UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UNIDO, UN
Special Fund, UPU, WACL— World Anti-
Communist League, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO; official observer statusat UN; does not
hold UN membership
Economy
GNP: $75.3 billion (1983, in 1983 prices),
$1,820 per capita; real growth 9.5% (1983);
real growth 4.3% (1979-83 average)
Agriculture: 25% of the population lives on
the land, but agriculture, forestry, and fish-
ing constitute 16% of GNP; main crops — rice,
barley; food shortages — wheat, dairy prod-
ucts, corn
Fishing: catch 2,793,023 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: textiles and clothing, food
processing, chemicals, steel, electronics, ship
building
Shortages: base metals, lumber, and certain
food grains
Electric power: 13,970,000 kW capacity
(1984); 53 billion kWh produced (1984), 1,261
kWh per capita
Exports: $24.4 billion (f.o.b., 1983); textiles
and clothing, electrical machinery, footwear,
steel, ships, fish
Imports: $26.2 billion (c.i.f., 1983); machin-
ery, oil, steel, transport equipment, textiles,
organic chemicals, grains
Major trade partners: exports — 33% US,
14% Japan; imports— 24% US, 24% Japan
(1983)
Aid: economic— US (FY46-83), $1 1.2 billion
committed; Japan (1965-75), $1.8 billion ex-
tended; military— US (FY46-83) $8.1 billion
committed; other Western aid, ODA and
OOF (1980-81), $707 million
Budget: expenditures, $13.7 billion (1985)
Monetary conversion rate: 822 won=US$l
(4 January 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,106.5 km operating in 1983;
3,059.4 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 46.9
0.610-meter narrow gauge, 712.5 km double-
track, 417.9 km electrified; government
owned
Highways: 53,936 km total (1982); 13,476 km
national highway, 49,460 km provincial and
local roads
Inland waterways: 1,609 km; use restricted
to small native craft
Freight carried: rail (1983) 51 million metric
tons; highway 126 million metric tons; air
(1983) 47,000 metric tons (domestic)
Pipelines: 294 km refined products
Ports: 1 1 major, 32 minor
Civil air: 93 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 129 total, 120 usable; 68 with per-
manent-surface runways; 23 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
128
Kuwait
Telecommunications: adequate domestic
and international services; 4.8 million tele-
phones (121 per 100 popl.); 79 AM, 46 FM,
256 TV stations (57 of 1 kW or greater); 1
ground satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Naval
Marine Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1 1 ,876,000; 8,008,000 fit for military service;
457,000 reach military age (18) annually
Personnel: army 540,000 (reserves
1,100,000), navy 29,000 (reserves 25,000),
marines 20,000 (reserves 60,000), air force
33,600 (reserves 55,000)
Major ground units: 3 army headquarters, 6
corps headquarters, 20 infantry divisions, 3
airborne divisions, 1 mechanized infantry di-
vision, 2 special forces brigades, 2 AAA
brigades, 2 SSM battalions with Honest Johns,
2 SAM brigades, 1 army aviation brigade
Ships: 1 1 ex- US destroyers, 8 frigates, 3 ex-US
Auk corvettes, 11 FAC with SSM; 8 ex-US
large patrol craft; 28 coastal patrol craft, 8
minesweeping vessels, 24 ex-US landing ships
Aircraft: 1 combat wings, 2 transport wings,
18 FGA squadrons (250 F-5A/B/E/F, 70
F-86F, 6 A-10), 4 AD squadrons (70 F-4D/E),
1 COIN squadron (13 OV-10, some A-37), 1
recce squadron (10 RF-5A), 2 ASW squad-
rons (20 S-2A, 10 helicopters), 1 SAR
helicopter squadron (26 UH-H/UH-1B/H),
5 transport squadrons (34 aircraft), 192
trainers
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1985, $4.6 billion;
about 33.6% of central government budget;
for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984,
$4.6 billion; about 33.6% of central govern-
ment budget
ubiyan
See regional map VI
Land
17,818 km2 (excluding neutral zone but in-
cluding islands); slightly smaller than New
Jersey; nearly all desert, waste, or urban; in-
significant forest; 1% cultivated
Land boundaries: 459 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 499 km
People
Population: 1,870, 000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 6.2%
Nationality: noun — Kuwaiti(s); adjective —
Kuwaiti
Ethnic divisions: 39% Kuwaiti, 39% other
Arab, 9% South Asian, 4% Iranian, 9% other
Religion: 95% Muslim, 5% Christian, Hindu,
Parsi, and other
Language: Arabic (official); English widely
spoken
Literacy: about 71%
Labor force: 630,000 (1983 est); 74% ser-
vices, 1 1 % industry, 1 1 % construction; 70% of
labor force is non-Kuwaiti
Organized labor: labor unions, first autho-
rized in 1964, formed in oil industry and
among government personnel
Government
Official name: State of Kuwait
Type: nominal constitutional monarchy
Capital: Kuwait
Political subdivisions: 3 governorates, 25 vot-
ing constituencies
Legal system: civil law system with Islamic
law significant in personal matters; constitu-
tion took effect in 1963; popularly elected 50-
man National Assembly (the 15 cabinet
members can also vote) reinstated in March
1981 after being suspended in 1976; judicial
review of legislative acts not yet determined;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Day, 25 Febru-
ary
Branches: Council of Ministers; legislature —
National Assembly
Government leader: Jabir al-Ahmad al-Jabir
Al SABAH, Amir (since December 1977)
Suffrage: nativeborn and naturalized males
age 21 or over; law requires 20 years resi-
dency after naturalization
Elections: National Assembly elected in Feb-
ruary 1985
Political parties and leaders: political parties
prohibited, some small clandestine groups
are active
Communists: insignificant
Other political or pressure groups: large
(300,000) Palestinian community
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
GATT, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IDE — Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAPEC,
QIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $26.7 billion (1983), $16,162 per capita
GNP(1983)
129
Kuwait (continued)
Laos
Agriculture: virtually none, dependent on
imports for food; approx. 75% of potable wa-
ter must be distilled or imported
Major industries: crude petroleum produc-
tion average for 1981, 980,000 b/d; effective
refinery capacity approximately 0.5 million
b/d; other major industries include petro-
chemicals, retail trade, and manufacturing;
water desalinization capacity 387.6 million
liters per day (1981)
Electric power: 3,987,300 kW capacity
(1984); 15.718 billion kWh produced (1984),
8,940 kWh per capita
Exports: $11.7 billion (f.o.b., 1983 est), of
which petroleum accounted for about 80%
Imports: $10.3 billion (f.o.b., 1983 est.); major
suppliers — Japan, US, FRG, UK
Budget: (1982/83) revenues, $14.9 billion;
expenditures, $11.1 billion
Monetary conversion rate: .30 Kuwaiti
dinar=US$l (October 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,875 km total; 2,585 km bitumi-
nous; 290 km earth, sand, light gravel
Pipelines: crude oil, 877 km; refined prod-
ucts, 40 km; natural gas, 121 km
Ports: 3 major (Ash-Shuwaikh, Ash-
Shuaybah, Mina al-Ahmadi), 4 minor
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 1 total, 5 usable; 4 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 4 with runways 2,440-
3,659m
Telecommunications: excellent interna-
tional and adequate domestic telecom-
munication facilities; 232,000 telephones
(15.3 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM, 3 TV
stations; 1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic
Ocean satellite stations, 1 INMARSAT satel-
lite station; coaxial cable and radio-relay to
Iraq and Saudi Arabia
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, about
463,000; about 281,000 fit for military ser-
vice
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1984, $1.4 billion; 11.2% of central gov-
ernment budget
SterefioiulmiplX
Land
236,804 km2; slightly larger than Utah; 60%
forest; 8% agricultural; 32% urban, waste, or
other; except in limited areas, soil is poor;
most of forested area is not exploitable
Land boundaries: 5,053 km
People
Population: 3,805,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.2%
Nationality: noun — Lao (sing., Lao or Lao-
tian); adjective — Lao or Laotian
Ethnic divisions: 48% Lao; 25% Phoutheung
(Kha); 14% Tribal Tai; 13% Meo, Yao, and
other
Religion: 50% Buddhist, 50% animist and
other
Language: Lao (official), French, and En-
glish
Literacy: 28%
Labor force: about 1-1.5 million; 80-90% ag-
riculture
Organized labor: only labor organization is
subordinate to the Communist Party
Government
Official name: Lao People's Democratic Re-
public
Type: Communist state
130
Capital: Vientiane
Political subdivisions: 16 provinces subdi-
vided into districts, cantons, and villages
Legal system: based on civil law system; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 2 December
Branches: President; 37-member Supreme
People's Council; Cabinet; Cabinet is totally
Communist but Council contains a few nomi-
nal neutralists and non-Communists;
National Congress of People's Represen-
tatives established the current government
structure in December 1975
Government leaders: SOUPHANOU-
VONG, President (since December 1975);
KAYSONE PHOMVIHAN, Chairman (since
December 1975)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections for National Assembly,
originally scheduled for 1 April 1976, have
not yet been held
Political parties and leaders: Lao People's
Revolutionary Party (Communist), Kaysone
Phomvihan, party chairman; includes Lao
Patriotic Front and Alliance Committee of
Patriotic Neutralist Forces; other parties
moribund
Other political or pressure groups: non-
Communist political groups moribund; most
leaders have fled the country
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO,
IMF, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, Mekong
Committee, NAM, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GNP: $525 million, $144 per capita (1983
est.)
Agriculture: main crops — rice (overwhelm-
ingly dominant), corn, vegetables, tobacco,
coffee, cotton; formerly self-sufficient; food
shortages (due in part to distribution defi-
ciencies) include rice
Major industries: tin mining, timber, green
coffee, electric power
Shortages: capital equipment, petroleum,
transportation system, trained personnel
Electric power: 1754,000 kW capacity (1984);
900 million kWh produced (1984), 240 kWh
per capita
Exports: $52 million (f.o.b., 1983 est.); elec-
tric power, forest products, tin concentrates;
coffee, undeclared exports of opium and to-
bacco
Imports: $125 million (c.i.f., 1983 est.); rice
and other foodstuffs, petroleum products,
machinery, transportation equipment
Major trade partners: imports — Thailand,
USSR, Japan, France, China, Vietnam; ex-
ports— Thailand, Malaysia
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries ODA and OOF(1970-82),
$348 million; US (FY70-79), $276 million;
military— US assistance $1.119 billion (1970-
75)
Budget: (1979 est.) receipts, $100 million; ex-
penditures, $191 million; deficit, $91 million
Monetary conversion rate: official — 10
kips=US$l; commercial— 35 kips=US$l;
inward remittances — 108 kips=US$l (Feb-
ruary 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Highways: about 21,300 km total; 1,300 km
bituminous or bituminous treated; 5,900 km
gravel, crushed stone, or improved earth;
14,100 km unimproved earth and often im-
passable during rainy season mid-May to
mid-September
Inland waterways: about 4,587 km, primar-
ily Mekong and tributaries; 2,897 additional
kilometers are sectionally navigable by craft
drawing less than 0.5 m
Ports (river): 5 major, 4 minor
Airfields: 66 total, 51 usable; 10 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: service to general
public considered poor; radio network pro-
vides generally erratic service to government
users; approx. 10 AM stations; 1 TV station;
over 2,000 est. telephones; 1 ground satellite
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Lao People's Army (LPA, which
consists of an army with naval, aviation, and
militia elements), Air Force, National Police
Department
Military manpower: males 15-49, 908,000;
485,000 fit for military service; 44,000 reach
military age (18) annually; no conscription
age specified
131
Lebanon
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
See refionil map VI
Land
10,360 km2; smaller than Connecticut; 64%
desert, waste, or urban; 27% agricultural; 9%
forest; 400,000 hectares under cultivation
Land boundaries: 531 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 225 km
People
Population: 2,619,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 0.7%
Nationality: noun — Lebanese (sing., pi.); ad-
jective— Lebanese
Ethnic divisions: 93% Arab, 6% Armenian,
1% other
Religion: 57% Muslim (Sunni and Sh'ia) and
Druze, 42% Christian (Maronite, Greek Or-
thodox and Catholic, Roman Catholic,
Protestant), 1 % other (official estimates);
Muslims, in fact, constitute a majority
Language: Arabic (official); French is widely
spoken; Armenian, English
Literacy: 75%
Labor force: 650,000(1981); 75% industry,
commerce, and services, 17% agriculture, 8%
goverment; high unemployment
Organized labor: about 65,000
Government
NOTE. Between early 1975 and late 1976
Lebanon was torn by civil war between its
Christians — then aided by Syrian troops —
and its Muslims and their Palestinian allies.
The cease-fire established in October 1976
between the domestic political groups gener-
ally held for about six years, despite
occasional fighting. Syrian troops constituted
as the Arab Deterrent Force by the Arab
League have remained in Lebanon. Syria's
move toward supporting the Lebanese Mus-
lims and the Palestinians and Israel's growing
support for Lebanese Christians brought the
two sides into rough equilibrium, but no
progress was made toward national reconcili-
ation or political reforms — the original cause
of the war.
Continuing Israeli concern about the Pal-
estinian presence in Lebanon led to the
Israeli invasion of Lebanon in June 1982.
Israeli forces occupied all of the southern por-
tion of the country and mounted a summer-
long seige of Beirut, which resulted in the
evacuation of the PLO from Beirut in Sep-
tember under the supervision of a multi-
national force made up of US, French, and
Italian troops.
Within days of the departure of the multina-
tional force (MNF), Lebanon's newly elected
president, Bashir Gemayel, was assassinated.
In the wake of his death, Christian militia
men massacred hundreds of Palestinian refu-
gees in two Beirut camps. This prompted the
return of the MNF to ease the security bur-
den on Lebanon s weak army and security
forces. In late March 1984 the last MNF units
withdrew.
Lebanon continues to be occupied by Israel
in the south and by Syria in the north and
east. Israel and Lebanon signed a withdrawal
agreement on 17 May 1983. The agreement
was never implemented and was subse-
quently voided. A partial Israeli withdrawal
and government attempts to extend its au-
thority have led to renewed factional
fighting. The following description is based
on the present constitutional and customary
practices of the Lebanese system.
Official name: Republic of Lebanon
Type: republic
Capital: Beirut
Political subdivisions: 5 provinces
Legal system: mixture of Ottoman law,
canon law, and civil law system; constitution
mandated in 1926; no judicial review of legis-
lative acts; legal education at Lebanese
University; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 22
November
Branches: power lies with President elected
by unicameral legislature (National Assem-
bly, formerly Chamber of Deputies); Cabinet
appointed by President, approved by legisla-
ture; independent secular courts on French
pattern; religious courts for matters of mar-
riage, divorce, inheritance, etc.; by custom,
President is a Maronite Christian, Prime
Minister is a Sunni Muslim, and president of
legislature is a Sh'ia Muslim; each of nine reli-
gious communities represented in legislature
in proportion to national numerical strength
Government leader: Amine Pierre
GEMAYEL, President (since September
1982); Rashid KARAMI, Prime Minister
(since May 1984)
Suffrage: compulsory for all males over 21;
authorized for women over 21 with elemen-
tary education
Elections: National Assembly held every
four years or within three months of dissolu-
tion of Chamber; security condition's have
prevented parliamentary elections since
April 1972
Political parties and leaders: political party
activity is organized along largely sectarian
lines; numerous political groupings exist, con-
sisting of individual political figures and
followers motivated by religious, clan, and
economic considerations; most parties have
well-armed militias, which are still involved
in occasional clashes
132
Lesotho
Communists: the Lebanese Communist
Party was legalized in 1970; members and
sympathizers estimated at 2,000-3,000
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Develop-
ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC—
International Wheat Council, NAM, OIC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
WSG, WTO
Economy
GDP: $4.2 billion (1980 est.)
Agriculture: fruits, wheat, corn, barley, pota-
toes, tobacco, olives, onions; not self-
sufficient in food
Major industries: service industries, food
processing, textiles, cement, oil refining,
chemicals, some metal fabricating, tourism
Electric power: 922,000 kW capacity (1984);
1.212 billion kWh produced (1984), 465 kWh
per capita
Exports: $690 million (f.o.b., 1983)
Imports: $3.3 billion (f.o.b., 1983)
Budget: (1984 est.) public revenues, $500
million; public expenditures, $1.3 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 7.6 Lebanese
pounds=US$l (October 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 378 km total; 296 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 82 km 1.050-meter gauge; all
single track; most not in use
Highways: 7,370 km total; 6,270 km paved,
450 km gravel and crushed stone, 650 km im-
proved earth
Pipelines: crude oil, 72 km
Ports: 3 major (Beirut, Tripoli, Sayda), 5 mi-
nor
Civil air: 28 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 9 total, 7 usable; 5 with permanent-
surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659
m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; major mil-
itary airfields are Riyaq, Kleiat, and al-Fidar
Air Strip
Telecommunications: rebuilding program
disrupted; had fair system of radio relay, ca-
ble; approx 150,400 telephones (5.0 per 100
popl.); 3 FM, 5 AM, 15 TV stations; 1 Indian
Ocean and i Atlarltic Ocean statellite station,
both inactive; 3. submarine coaxial cable and
radio-relay to Jordan and Syria inoperable
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1982, $272 million; 26% of central
government budget
50 km
See regional mip VII
Land
30,460 km2; slightly larger than Maryland;
15% cultivable, 13% arable, largely moun-
tainous
Land boundaries: 805 km
People
Population: 1,512,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun — Mosotho(sing.), Basotho
(pi.); adjective — Basotho
Ethnic dromons: 99.7% Sotho; 1,600 Europe-
ans, 800 Asians
Religion: 80% Christian, rest indigenous be-
liefs
Language: Sesotho (southern Sotho) and En-
glish (official); also Zulu and Xhosa
Literacy: 55%
Labor force: 426,000 economically active
(1976); 87.4% of resident population engaged
in subsistence agriculture; 150,000-250,000
spend from six months to many years as wage
earners in South Africa
Organized labor: negligible
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Lesotho
133
Lesotho (continued)
Type: constitutional monarchy under King
Moshoeshoe II; independent member of
Commonwealth
Capital: Maseru
Political subdivisions: 10 administrative dis-
tricts
Legal system: based on English common law
and Roman-Dutch law; constitution came
into effect 1966; judicial review of legislative
acts in High Court and Court of Appeal; legal
education at National University of Lesotho;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 4 October
Branches: executive, divided between a
largely ceremonial King and a Prime Minis-
ter who leads Cabinet of at least seven
members; Prime Minister dismissed bicam-
eral legislature in early 1970 and subse-
quently appointed Interim National
Assembly to act as legislative branch; judi-
cial— 63 Lesotho courts administer custom-
ary law for Africans, High Court and subor-
dinate courts have criminal jurisdiction over
all residents. Court of Appeal at Maseru has
appellate jurisdiction
Government leaders: MOSHOESHOE II,
King (since 1966); Dr. Leabua JONATHAN,
Prime Minister (since April 1965)
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: elections held in January 1970;
nullified allegedly because of election irregu-
larities; elections promised in 1985
Political parties and leaders: Basotho Na-
tional Party (BNP), Leabua Jonathan;
Basutoland Congress Party (BCP), Ntsu
Mokhehle; Christian Democratic Alliance
(CDA), C. D. Molapo; National Independent
Party (NIP), A. C. Manyeli
Voting strength: (1965 election) National As-
sembly—BNP, 32 seats, BCP, 22 seats; minor
parties, 4 seats
Communists: negligible, Communist Party
of Lesotho banned in early 1970
Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD. ICAO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $640 million (1982), $455 per capita
Agriculture: exceedingly primitive, mostly
subsistence farming and livestock; principal
crops are corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, bar-
ley
Major industries: none
Electric power: 2,000 kW capacity (1984); 1
million kWh produced (1984), 6 kWh per
capita
Exports: labor to South Africa (deferred re-
mittances $94 million est. in 1983); $30
million (f.o.b., 1983), wool, mohair, wheat,
cattle, peas, beans, corn, hides, skins, tourism
Imports: $450 million (f.o.b., 1983); mainly
corn, building materials, clothing, vehicles,
machinery, petroleum, oil, and lubricants
Major trade partner: South Africa; member
of Southern African Customs Union
Budget: (FY83/84) revenues, $160 million;
current expenditures, $130 million; develop-
ment (capital) expenditures, $50 million
Monetary conversion rate: the Lesotho
maloti exchanges at par with the South Afri-
can rand; 2.1 maloti = US$1 (30 December
1984)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 1.6 km; owned, operated, and in-
cluded in the statistics of the Republic of
South Africa
Highways: approx. 4,221 km total; 508 km
paved; 1,585 km crushed stone, gravel, or sta-
bilized soil; 946 km improved, 2,128 km
unimproved earth
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 28 total, 28 usable; 1 with perma-
nent surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system a modest one
consisting of a few landlines, a small radio-
relay system, and minor radio-
communication stations; 5,920 telephones
(0.3 per lOOpopl.); 2 AM, 2 FM stations; 1 TV
station planned; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Army Air Wing, Police De-
partment
Military manpower: males 15-49, 344,000;
184,000 fit for military service
134
Liberia
North Atlantic Ocean
Sccrt|joni! map VI!
Land
111,370 km2; slightly smaller than Pennsyl-
vania; 40% forest, 30% jungle and swamp,
20% agricultural, 10% other
Land boundaries: 1,336km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
Coastline: 579 km
People
Population: 2,232,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 3.3%
Nationality: noun — Liberian(s); adjective —
Liberian
Ethnic divisions: 95% indigenous African
tribes, including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru,
Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma,
Kissi, Vai, and Bella; 5% descendants of repa-
triated slaves known as Americo-Liberians
Religion: 75% traditional, 15% Muslim, 10%
Christian
Language: English (official); more than 20 lo-
cal languages of the Niger-Congo language
group; English used by about 20%
Literacy: 24%
Labor force: 510,000, of which 160,000 are in
monetary economy; non-African foreigners
hold about 95% of the top-level management
and engineering jobs; 70.5% agriculture,
10.8% services, 4.5% industry and commerce,
14.2% other
Organized labor: 2% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Liberia
Type: republic ifhder military rule since
April 1980 .
Capital: Monrovia
Political subdivisions: country divided into
12 counties
Legal system: new constitution approved by
nationwide referendum in July 1984 super-
ceded old constitution (suspended in April
1980); judicial powers invested in People's
Supreme Court and lower courts
National holiday: National Redemption
Day, 12 April; Independence Day, 26 July
Branches: executive powers held by Head of
State, assisted by appointed Cabinet; legisla-
tive powers held by Interim National
Assembly; independent judiciary
Government leader: Gen. Samuel Kanyon
DOE, President, Interim National Assembly,
and Commander in Chief of the Armed
Forces (since April 1980)
Suffrage: universal at age 18 for property
owners
Elections: military has set 6 January 1986 as
the date for return to civilian rule; presiden-
tial and legislative elections scheduled for 20
October 1985
Political parties and leaders: 13 parties have
formed since lifting of ban on politics in July
1984; chief among them are National Demo-
cratic Party of Liberia, headed by Samuel
Doe; United People's Party, headed by Ga-
briel Baccus Matthews; Liberian People's
Party, headed by Amos Sawyer; and Liberian
Action Party, headed by Tuan Wreh
Communists: no Communist Party and only
a few sympathizers
Member of: Af DB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO,
G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IPU,
IRC, ITU, Mano River Union, NAM, OAU,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $1.06 billion (1982), $492 per capita;
— 5% real annual growth rate (1982)
Agriculture: rubber, rice, oil palm, cassava,
coffee, cocoa; imports of rice, wheat, and live
cattle and beef are necessary for basic diet
Fishing: catch 13,553 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: rubber processing, food
processing, construction materials, furniture,
palm oil processing, mining (iron ore, dia-
monds)
Electric power: 370,000 kW capacity (1984);
1.134 billion kWh produced (1984), 525 kWh
per capita
Exports: $429 million (f.o.b., 1983); iron ore,
rubber, diamonds, lumber and logs, coffee,
Imports: $424 million (c.i.f., 1983); machin-
ery, transportation equipment, petroleum
products, manufactured goods, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: US, FRG, Nether-
lands, Italy, Belgium
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US), ODA and OOF (1970-82), $454
million; US authorizations (including Ex-Im)
(FY70-83), $377 million; Communist (1970-
79), $23.0 million; military commitments US
(FY70-83), $44 million
Budget: (FY84-85) revenues, $315 million;
current expenditures, $258 million; develop-
ment expenditures, $113 million
Monetary conversion rate: uses the US dollar
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
135
Liberia (continued)
Libya
Communications
Railroads: 487 km total; 342 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 145 km 1.067-meter narrow
gauge; all lines single track; rail systems
owned and operated by foreign steel and fi-
nancial interests in conjunction with
Liberian Government
Highways: 10,087 km total; 603 km bitumi-
nous treated, 2,848 km all-weather, 4,313 km
dry-weather
Inland waterways: no significant waterways
Ports: 1 major (Monrovia), 4 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 79 total, 75 usable; 2 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: telephone and tele-
graph service via radio-relay network; main
center is Monrovia; 7,700 telephones (0.5 per
100 popl.); 3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV stations; 1 At-
lantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Armed Forces of Liberia, Liberia
National Coast Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 482,000;
260,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1984, $22.4 million; 5.8% of central gov-
ernment budget
Mediterranean
TRIPOLI Set
Stcr«|loiulntipVII
Land
1,759,540 km8; larger than Alaska; 93%
desert, waste, or urban; 6% agricultural; 1%
forest
Land boundaries: 4,345 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(except for Gulf of Sidra where sovereignty is
claimed and northern limit of jurisdiction
fixed at 32°30'N and the unilaterally pro-
claimed 100 nm zone around Tripoli)
Coastline: 1,770 km
People
Population: 4,003,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 6.5%
Nationality: noun — Libyan(s); adjective —
Libyan
Ethnic divisions: 97% Berber and Arab with
some black stock; some Greeks, Maltese,
Jews, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, Turks,
Indians, and Tunisians
Religion: 97% Sunni Muslim
Language: Arabic; Italian and English
widely understood in major cities
Literacy: 50%
Labor force: 1.5 million, of which about
550,000 are resident foreigners
Government
Official name: Socialist People's Libyan
Arab Jamahiriya
Type: republic; major overhaul of the con-
stitution and government structure in March
1977 established a system of popular con-
gresses, which theoretically controls the
ruling General Secretariat
Capital: Tripoli
Political subdivisions: 10 administrative
provinces closely controlled by central gov-
ernment
Legal system: based on Italian civil law sys-
tem and Islamic law; separate religious
courts; no constitutional provision for judicial
review of legislative acts; legal education at
Law School at University of Libya at Ben-
ghazi; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 Sep-
tember
Branches: paramount political power and
authority rests with the Secretariat of the
General People's Congress, which theoreti-
cally functions as a parliament with a cabinet
called the General People's Committee
Government leaders: Col. Mu'ammar Abu
Minyar al-QADHAFI (no official title; runs
country and is treated as chief of state; Mif tah
al-Ista 'UMAR, Secretary of the General
People's Congress (chief of state in theory but
not treated as such)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: representatives to the General
People's Congress are drawn from popularly
elected municipal committees
Political parties: none
Communists: no organized party, negligible
membership
136
Liechtenstein
Other political or pressure groups: various
Arab nationalist movements and the Arab So-
cialist Resurrection (Ba'th) party with almost
negligible memberships may be functioning
clandestinely
Member of: AfDB, Arab League, FAO, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU,
NAM, OAPEC, OAU, QIC, OPEC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GDP: roughly $26.9 billion (1984 est), $7,175
per capita
Agriculture: main crops — wheat, barley, ol-
ives, dates, citrus fruits, peanuts; 65% of food
is imported
Major industries: petroleum, food process-
ing, textiles, handicrafts
Electric power: 3,872,600 kW capacity
(1984); 11.870 billion kWh produced (1984),
3, 1 70 kWh per capita
Exports: $10.0 billion (f.o.b., 1984); petro-
leum
Imports: $8.0 billion (f.o.b., 1984); manufac-
tures, food
Major trade partners: imports — Italy, FRG;
exports — Italy, FRG, Spain, France, Japan,
UK
Budget: (1984 est.) revenues, $10.50 billion;
expenditures, $10.1 billion, including devel-
opment expenditure of $6.3 billion
Monetary conversion rate: .2961 Libyan
dinar=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 19,300 km total; 10,800 km bitu-
minous and bituminous treated, 8,500 km
gravel, crushed stone and earth
Pipelines: crude oil 3,893 km; natural gas 938
km; refined products 443 km (includes 217
km liquid petroleum gas)
Ports: 4 major (Tobruk, Tripoli, Benghazi,
Misratah), 2 secondary, 15 minor, and 6 pe-
troleum terminals
Civil air: 62 major transport aircraft
.. *
Airfields: 115 total, 105 usable; 35 with per-
manent-surfa'ce runways, 7 with runways
over 3,659 m, 23 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 37 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Defense Forces
Branches: Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab
Jamahariyya (including Arab Army, Arab
Air Force, Arab Air Defense Command,
Arab Navy)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 967,000;
569,000 fit for military service; about 40,000
reach military age (17) annually; conscription
now being implemented
Ruggell
Sec r*f ionil mip V
Land
160 km2; the size of Washington, D.C.
Land boundaries: 76 km
People
Population: 28,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 1.8%
Nationality: noun — Liechtensteiner(s); ad-
jective— Liechtenstein
Ethnic divisions: 95% Alemannic, 5% Italian
and other
Religion: 82.7% Roman Catholic, 7.1% Prot-
estant, 10.2% other
Language: German (official), Alemannic di-
alect
Literacy: 100%
Labor force: 11,368; 5,078 foreign workers
(mostly from Switzerland and Austria); 54.5%
industry, trade, and building; 41.6% services;
4.0% agriculture, fishing, forestry, and horti-
culture
Government
Official name: Principality of Liechtenstein
Type: hereditary constitutional monarchy
Capital: Vaduz
Political subdivisions: 1 1 communes
137
Liechtenstein (continued)
Legal system: principality has its own civil
and penal codes; lowest court'is county court
(Landgericht), presided over by one judge,
which decides minor civil cases and sum-
mary criminal offenses; criminal court
(Kriminalgericht), with a bench of five
judges, is for major crimes; another court of
mixed jurisdiction is the court of assizes(three
judges) for misdemeanors; Superior Court
(Obergericht) and Supreme Court (Oberster
Gerichtshof ) are courts of appeal for civil and
criminal cases (five judges each); an adminis-
trative court of appeal from government
actions and the State Court determine the
constitutionality of laws; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: unicameral legislature (Diet) with
15 deputies elected to four- year terms, he-
reditary Prince, independent judiciary
Government leaders: FRANZ JOSEF II,
Prince (since 1938); Hans BRUNHART,
Head of Government (Prime Minister; since
May 1978); the Prince transferred most of his
executive powers to his son, Prince HANS
ADAM, in August 1984
Suffrage: universal adult male; female suf-
frage limited to national issues
Elections: every four years; last election 1982
Political parties and leaders: Fatherland
Union (VU), Dr. Otto Hasler; Progressive
Citizens' Party (FBP), Dr. Peter Marxer;
Christian Social Party, Fritz Kaiser; Action
Sleeping Beauty (Aktion Dornroschen)
Voting strength: (1982) VU 53.4% (8 seats),
FBP 46.4% (7 seats)
Communists: none
Member of: Council of Europe, EFTA,
IAEA, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
UNCTAD, UNIDO, UNICEF, UPU, WIPO;
considering UN membership; under several
post- World War I treaties Switzerland han-
dles Liechtenstein's customs and postal,
telephone, and telegraph systems and repre-
sents the principality abroad on a diplomatic
and consular level whenever requested to do
so by the Liechtenstein Government
Economy
Liechtenstein has a prosperous economy
based primarily on small-scale light industry
and some farming; metal industry is by far
the most prominent sector; high-frequency
installations, boilers for central heating,
hardware, small machinery, canned goods,
furniture and upholstery, chemical and
pharmaceutical goods, vacuum installations,
optical and measuring instruments, oil tanks,
artificial teeth, ceramics, and textiles are the
principal manufactures, intended almost en-
tirely for export; industry accounts for 52% of
total employment, service sector 44%, and
agriculture and forestry 4%; livestock raising
and dairying are the main sources of income
in the small farm sector; the sale of postage
stamps to foreign collectors, estimated at $10
million annually provides for 10% of state ex-
penditures; companies incorporated in
Liechtenstein solely for tax purposes provide
a further 30% of the state budget; low busi-
ness taxes (the maximum tax rate is 20%) and
easy incorporation rules have induced be-
tween 20,000 and 30,000 holding companies,
so-called letter box companies, to establish
nominal offices in the principality; economy
is tied closely to that of Switzerland in a cus-
toms union; no national accounts data are
available
GNP: approximately $16,900 per capita
(1980)
Agriculture: livestock, vegetables, corn,
wheat, potatoes, grapes
Major industries: high technology, metal
manufacturing, textiles, ceramics, pharma-
ceuticals, food products
Electric power: 23,000 kW capacity (1984);
150 million kWh produced (1984), 5,556
kWh per capita
Exports: (1981) $441 million; 40.5% EC,
32.2% EFTA (23.8% Switzerland), 27.3%
other
Major trade partners: exports (1979) — $466
million; 42% EC, 32% EFTA (24% Switzer-
land), 26% other
Budget: (1980) revenues, $124 million; ex-
penditures, $124 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.15 Swiss
francs=US$l (third quarter 1983)
Communications
Railroads: 18.5 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, electrified; owned, operated, and in-
cluded in statistics of Austrian Federal
Railways
Highways: 130.66km main roads, 192.27 km
byroads
Civil air: no transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: automatic telephone
system serving about 20,020 telephones (77.0
per 100 popl.); no broadcast facilities
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of Switzerland
Branches: Police Department
138
Luxembourg
Troisvierges
Sec regional n»p V
Land
2,586 km2; smaller than Rhode Island; 43.9%
arable, 33% forest, 27% meadow and pasture,
15% waste or urban, negligible inland water
Land boundaries: 356 km
People
Population: 367,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 0.1%
Nationality: noun — Luxembourger(s); adjec-
tive— Luxembourg
Ethnic divisions: Celtic base, with French
and German blend; also guest and worker res-
idents from Portugal, Italy, and European
countries
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, 3% Protes-
tant and Jewish
Language: Luxembourgish, German,
French; most educated Luxembourgers also
speak English
Literacy: 100%
Labor force: (1981) 161,700; one-third of
labor force is foreign, comprising mostly
workers from Portugal, Italy, France, Bel-
gium, and FRG (1981); unemployment 1.0%
(1981 average); 45% services, 42% industry
and commerce, 12% government, 0.5% agri-
culture
Government
Official name: Grand Duchy of Luxem-
bourg
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Luxembourg
Political subdivisions: unitary state, but for
administrative purposes has 3 districts (Lux-
embourg, Diekirch, Grevenmacher) and 12
cantons
Legal system: based on civil law system; con-
stitution adopted 1868; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 23 June
Branches: parliamentary democracy; seven
ministers compose Council of Government
headed by President, which constitutes the
executive; it is responsible to the unicameral
legislature (Chamber of Deputies); the Coun-
cil of State, appointed for indefinite term,
exercises some powers of an upper house; ju-
dicial power exercised by independent
courts; coalition governments are usual
Government leaders: JEAN, Grand Duke
(since 1964); Jacques SANTER, Prime Minis-
ter (since June 1984)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: every five years for entire Cham-
ber of Deputies; latest elections June 1984
Political parties and leaders: Christian Social
Party, Jacques Santer, parliamentary presi-
dent, and Jean Spautz, party president;
Socialist Workers, Robert Krieps, party presi-
dent; Social Democrat, Henry Cravatte,
party president; Liberal, Colette Flesch;
Communist, Dominique Urbany; Indepen-
dent Socialists, Jean Gremling, party
president; Enroles de Force
Voting strength: (1984) Chamber of Depu-
ties— Christian Socialist, 25; Socialist
Workers, 21; Liberals, 14; Communists, 2;
Green Alternative Party, 2
Communists: 500 party members (1981)
Other political or pressure groups: group of
steel industries representing iron and steel in-
dustry, Centrale Paysanne representing
agricultural producers; Christian and Social-
ist labor unions; Federation of Industrialists;
Artisans and Shopkeepers Federation
Member of: Benelux, BLEU, Council of Eu-
rope, EC, EIB, EMS, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU,
ITU, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $4.7 billion, $13.988 per capita (1983);
60.9% private consumption, 17.1% govern-
ment consumption, 24.9% investment, 2.0%
stockbuilding, 4.9% net foreign balance;
-0.5% real GDP growth (1983)
Agriculture: mixed farming, dairy products,
and wine
Major industries: banking, iron and steel,
food processing, chemicals, metal products
and engineering, tires, and banking,
Crude steel: 4.6 million metric tons produced
(1980), 14 metric tons per capita; 6.4 metric
ton capacity (1981)
Electric power: 1,497,000 kW capacity
(1984); 843 million kWh produced (1984),
2,303 kWh per capita
Exports, imports, major trade partners:
Luxembourg has a customs union with Bel-
gium under which foreign trade is recorded
jointly for the two countries; Luxembourg's
principal exports are iron and steel products,
principal imports are minerals, metals, food-
stuffs, and machinery; most of its foreign
trade is with FRG, Belgium, France, and
other EC countries (for totals, see Belgium)
Budget: (1983 est.) revenues, $1.34 billion;
expenditures, $1.16 billion; deficit, $0.18
million
139
Luxembourg (continued)
Monetary conversion rate: 62.0 Luxem-
bourg f rancs=US$l (December 1984); under
the BLEU agreement, the Luxembourg franc
is equal in value to the Belgian franc, which
circulates freely in Luxembourg
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 270 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge; 160 km double track; 162 km electri-
fied
Highways: 5,108 km total; 4,995 km paved,
57 km gravel, 56 km earth; about 80 km lim-
ited access divided highway
Inland waterways: 37 km; Moselle River
Pipelines: refined products, 48 km
Port: (river) Mertert
Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m
Telecommunications: adequate and effi-
cient system, mainly buried cables; 199,000
telephones(54.8 per 100 pop!.); 2 AM, 3 FM, 3
TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army
Military manpower: males 15-49, 96,000;
80,000 fit for military service; about 2,000
reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $40 million; 3.4% of central
government budget
Macau
3km
llha de Coloane
Sec regional map VIII
Land
15.5 km2; smaller than Washington, D.C.;
90% urban, 10% agricultural
Land boundaries: 201 m
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm;
fishing, 12 nm
Coastline: 40 km
People
Population: 393, 000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 3.4%
Nationality: noun — Macanese (sing, and pi.);
adjective — Macau
Ethnic divisions: 98% Chinese, 2% Portu-
guese
Religion: mainly Buddhist; 17,000 Catholics,
of whom about half are Chinese
Language: 98% Chinese, 2% Portuguese
Literacy: almost 100% among Portuguese
and Macanese; no data on Chinese popula-
tion
Government
Official name: Macau
Type: Chinese territory under Portuguese
administration
Capital: Lisbon (Portugal)
Political subdivisions: municipality of Ma-
cau and two islands (Taipa and Coloane)
Legal system: Portuguese civil law system
Branches: 18-member Legislative Assembly,
with Governor and 5 appointed, 6 nomi-
nated, and 6 elected representatives
Government leader: Rear Adm. Vasco Fer-
nando Lecte da Almeida e COSTA, Governor
(since June 1981)
Suffrage: Portuguese, Chinese, and foreign
residents over 18
Elections: conducted every four years
Political parties and leaders: Association to
Defend the Interests of Macau; Macau Dem-
ocratic Center; Group to Study the
Development of Macau; Macau Independent
Group
Communists: numbers unknown
Other political or pressure groups: wealthy
Macanese and Chinese representing local in-
terests, wealthy pro-Communist merchants
representing China's interests; in January
1967 Macau Government acceded toChinese
demands that gave Chinese veto power over
administration of the enclave
Member of: Multifiber Agreement
Economy
GNP: $640 million (1980 est.)
Agriculture: main crops — rice, vegetables;
food shortages — rice, vegetables, meat; de-
pends mostly on imports for food
requirements
Major industries: textiles, toys, plastic prod-
ucts, furniture
Electric power: 123,000 kW capacity (1984);
330 million kWh produced (1984), 870 kWh
per capita
140
Madagascar
Exports: $755.9 million (f.o.b., 1983); textiles
and clothing
Imports: $722.4 million (c.i.f., 1983); food-
stuffs
Major trade partners: exports — 27% US,
22% Hong Kong, 12% FRG, 10% France; im-
ports—39% Hong Kong, 28% China (1983)
Budget: (1982) expenditures, $140.4 million
Monetary conversion rate: 8.0
patacas=US$l (June 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Highways: 42 km paved
Ports: 1 major
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: fairly modern com-
munication facilities maintained for
domestic and international services; 13,000
telephones; 4 AM and 3 FM radio broadcast
transmitters; est. 75,000 radio receivers; in in-
ternational HF radio communication
facility; access to international communica-
tions carriers provided via Hong Kong and
China
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of Portugal
Military manpower: males 15-49, 106,000;
61,000 fit for military service
See regional map VII
Land
592,900 km2; slightly smaller than Texas; 58%
pasture, 21% forest, 8% waste, 5% cultivated,
2% rivers and lakes, 6% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 nm
(economic, including fishing, 150 nm)
Coastline: 4,828 km
People
Population: 9,941,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun — Malagasy (sing, and pi.);
adjective — Malagasy
Ethnic divisions: basic split between high-
landers of predominantly Malayo-
Indonesian origin, consisting of Merina
(1,643,000) and related Betsileo (760,000) on
the one hand and coastal tribes — collectively
termed the Cotiers — with mixed Negroid,
Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry on
the other; coastal tribes include
Betsimisaraka 941,000, Tsimihety 442,000,
Antaisaka 415,000, Sakalava 375,000; there
are also 10,000-12,000 European French,
5,000 Indians of French nationality, and
5,000 Creoles
Religion: more than half indigenous beliefs;
about 41% Christian, 7% Muslim
Language: French and Malagasy official
Literacy: 53%
Labor force: about 3.4 million, of which 90%
are nonsalaried family workers engaged in
subsistence agriculture; of 175,000 wage and
salary earners, 26% agriculture, 17% domes-
tic service, 15% industry, 14% commerce,
11% construction, 9% services, 6% transpor-
tation, 2% miscellaneous
Organized labor: 4% of labor force
Government
Official name: Democratic Republic of
Madagascar
Type: real authority in hands of President
Ratsiraka, although Supreme Revolutionary
Council is theoretically ultimate executive
authority
Capital: Antananarivo
Political subdivisions: 6 provinces
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem and traditional Malagasy law;
constitution of 1959 modified in October
1972 by law establishing provisional govern-
ment institutions; new constitution accepted
by referendum in December 1975; legal edu-
cation at National School of Law, University
of Madagascar; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 26
June
Branches: executive — a 19-member Su-
preme Revolutionary Council (made up of
military and political leaders); assisted by
cabinet called Council of Ministers; unicam-
eral legislative — Popular National Assembly;
Military Committee for Development; regu-
lar courts are patterned after French system,
and a High Council of Institutions reviews all
legislation to determine its constitutional va-
lidity
Government leader: Adm. Didier
RATSIRAKA, President (since June 1975);
Lt. Col. Desire Rakotoarijaona, Prime Minis-
ter
Suffrage: universal over age 18
141
Madagascar (continued)
Elections: referendum held in December
1975 gave overwhelming approval to govern-
ment and new constitution; elections for
Popular National Assembly held in June 1977
and in August 1983; only one political group
allowed to take part in the election, The Na-
tional Front for the Defense of the
Revolution, which presented a single list of
candidates; a presidential election in Novem-
ber 1982 returned President Ratsiraka with
an 80% majority; the challenger, Monja
Jaona, received 20% and was later arrested
after leading demonstrations to protest elec-
tion fraud
Political parties and leaders: seven parties
are now allowed limited political activity un-
der the national front and are represented on
the Supreme Revolutionary Council: Ad-
vance Guard of the Malagasy Revolution
(AREMA), Didier Ratsiraka; Congress Party
for Malagasy Independence (AKFM), Pastor
Richard Andriamanjato; Movement for Na-
tional Unity (VONJY), Dr. Marojama
Razanabahiny; Malagasy Christian
Demcratic Union (UDECMA), Norbert
Andriamorasata; Militants for the Establish-
ment of a Proletarian Regime (MFM),
Manandafy Rakotonirina; National Move-
ment for the Independence of Madagascar
(MONIMA), Monja Jaona; Socialist Orga-
nization MONIMA (VS MONIMA), Jaona
Remanindry
Voting strength: 4.8 million registered voters
(1982); in 1977 local elections. President
Ratsiraka 's AREMA captured approximately
89.5% of the 73,000 available positions on
1 1,400 local executive committees; AKFM
won about 7.3% of the seats, MONIMA 1.7%,
and VONJY 1.4%; UDECMA won only about
45 seats; in the 1983 legislative election
AREMA won 1 17 out of the 137 seats in the
Popular National Assembly
Communists: Communist party of virtually
no importance; small and vocal group of
Communists has gained strong position in
leadership of AKFM, the rank and file of
which is non-Communist
Member of: Af DB, EAMA, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU,
OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $2.5 billion (1984 prov.), about $260
per capita; real growth rate 1.6% (1984 prov.)
Agriculture: cash crops — coffee, vanilla,
cloves, sugar, tobacco, sisal, rice, raffial; co-
coa; pepper; food crops — rice, cassava,
cereals, potatoes, corn, beans, bananas, coco-
nuts, and peanuts; animal husbandry
widespread; imports some rice, milk, and ce-
real
Fishing: catch 48,001 (1982 est); marketed
output— 22,150 metric tons fish (1984 prov.);
6,695 metric tons shellfish (1984 prov.)
Major industries: agricultural processing
(meat canneries, soap factories, brewery,
tanneries, sugar refining), light consumer
goods industries (textiles, glassware), cement
plant, auto assembly plant, paper mill, oil re-
finery
Electric power: 110,000 kW capacity (1984);
420 million kWh produced (1984), 43 kWh
per capita
Exports: $328 million (f.o.b., 1984 prov.); cof-
fee, vanilla, sugar, cloves; agricultural and
livestock products account for about 85% of
export earnings
Imports: $356 million (f.o.b., 1984 prov.);
raw materials, intermediate goods, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: France, US, other EC,
Saudi Arabia; trade with Communist coun-
tries remains a minute part of total trade
Budget: overall government operations (1984
prov.) — total revenues, $417 million; current
expenditures, $295 million; capital expendi-
tures, $149 million
External debt: $2.2 billion disbursed; debt
service payment 30% of exports after re-
scheduling
Monetary conversion rate: 621.12 Malagasy
francs=US$l (October 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,020 km 1.000-meter gauge
Highways: 40,000 km total; 4,694 km paved,
811 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized
soil; remainder improved and unimproved
earth (est.)
Inland waterways: of local importance only;
isolated streams and small portions of Canal
des Pangalanes
Ports: 4 major (Tamatave, Diego Suarez, Ma-
junga, Tulear)
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 152 total, 125 usable; 28 with per-
manent-surface runways; 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 46 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system includes
open-wire lines, coaxial cables, and radio-re-
lay links; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station;
38,200 telephones (0.4 per lOOpopl.); 14 AM,
no FM, 24 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Popular Army, Aeronaval Forces
(includes Navy and Air Force), paramilitary
Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,197,000;
1,344,000 fit for military service; 90,000
reach military age (20) annually
142
Malawi
LILON
Stt rt|ion«lm«p VII
Land
1 18,484 km2; the size of Pennsylvania; 34% of
land area arable (of which 86% is cultivated),
nearly 25% forest, 6% meadow and pasture,
38% other
Land boundaries: 2,881 km
People
Population: 7,056,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 3.3%
Nationality: noun — Malawian(s); adjec-
tive— Malawian
Ethnic divisions: Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuko,
Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni, Asian, Eu-
ropean
Religion: 55% Protestant, 20% Roman Cath-
olic, 20% Muslim; traditional indigenous
beliefs are also practiced by some members
of these groups
Language: English and Chichewa (official);
Tombuka is second African language
Literacy: 25%
Labor force: 344,052 wage earners employed
in Malawi (1982); 52% agriculture, 16% per-
sonal services, 9% manufacturing, 7%
construction, 6% commerce, 4% miscella-
neous services, 5% other permanently
employed
Organized labor: small minority of wage
earners are unionized
Government
Official name: Republic of Malawi
Type: one-party state
Capital: Lilongwe
„ *
Political subdivisions: 3 administrative re-
gions and 24 districts
Legal system: based on English common law
and customary law; constitution adopted
1964; judicial review of legislative acts in the
Supreme Court of Appeals; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Republic Day, 6 July
Branches: strong presidential system with
Cabinet appointed by President; unicameral
National Assembly of 87 elected and up to 15
nominated members; High Court with Chief
Justice and at least two justices
Government leader: Dr. Hastings Kamuzu
BANDA, President (since 1966)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: President Banda designated Presi-
dent for Life in 1970; parliamentary
elections last held June 1983, next scheduled
for 1988
Political parties and leaders: Malawi Con-
gress Party (MCP), post of secretary general
unfilled since death of Dick Matenje in May
1983
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: AfDB, Commonwealth, EC (as-
sociated member), FAO, G-77, GATT,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU,
SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $1.34 billion (1982), $213 per capita;
real growth rate 3.0% (1982)
Agriculture: cash crops — tobacco, tea, sugar,
peanuts, cotton, tung, maize; subsistence
crops — corn, sorghum, millet, pulses, root
crops, fruit, vegetables, rice; self-sufficient in
food production
Electric power: 175,000 kW capacity (1984);
458 million kWh produced (1984), 67 kWh
per capita
Major industries: agricultural processing
(tea, tobacco, sugar), sawmilling, cement,
consumer goods
Exports: $203.5 million (c.i.f., 1983); tobacco,
tea, sugar, peanuts, cotton, corn
Imports: $273.5 billion (c.i.f., 1983); manu-
factured goods, machinery and transport
equipment, building and construction ma-
terials, fuel, fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports — UK, FRG,
US, Netherlands, South Africa; imports —
South Africa, UK, Japan, US, FRG
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-
82), $1.1 billion; US authorized (FY70-83),
$45 million
Budget: 1983 revenues $211.9 million, ex-
penditures $231.9 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.33 Malawi
kwacha=US$l (June 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 754 km 1.067-meter gauge
Highways: 10,775 km total; 2,364 km paved;
381 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized
soil; 8,569 km improved earth
Inland waterways: Lake Malawi, 1,290 km;
Shire River, 144 km, 3 lake ports
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 50 total, 47 usable; 6 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m; 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
143
Malawi (continued)
Malaysia
Telecommunications: fair system of open-
wire lines, radio-relay links, and radio
communication stations; 29,000 telephones
(0.5 per 100 popl.); 7 AM, 13 FM, no TV sta-
tions; 1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Army Air Wing, Army Na-
val Detachment, paramilitary Police Mobile
Unit
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,498,000;
about 854,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1984 $20.1 million; about 6.1% of cen-
tral government budget
Sec region*! m*p IX
NOTE: Established on 16 September 1963,
Malaysia consists of Peninsular Malaysia,
which includes 1 1 states of the former Fed-
eration of Malaya, plus East Malaysia, which
includes the two former colonies of North
Borneo (renamed Sabah) and Sarawak
Land
Peninsular Malaysia: 131,313 km2; larger
than New Mexico; 26% forest reserve, 20%
cultivated, 54% other;
Sabah: 76,146 km; smaller than Nebraska;
34% forest reserve, 13% cultivated, 53% other
Sarawak: 125,097 km; larger than New Mex-
ico; 24% forest reserves, 21% cultivated, 55%
other
Land boundaries: 509 km Peninsular Malay-
sia, 1,786 km East Malaysia
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 2,068 km Peninsular Malaysia,
2,607 km East Malaysia
People
Population: 15,664,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.2%
Peninsular Malaysia: 12,854,000 (July 1985),
average annual growth rate 2.0%
Sabah: 1,279, 000 (July 1985), average annual
growth rate 3.9%
Sarawak: 1,532,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 2.4%
Nationality: noun — Malaysian(s); adjec-
tive— Malaysian
Ethnic divisions: 50% Malay, 36% Chinese,
10% Indian, 4% other
Religion:
Peninsular Malaysia: Malays nearly all Mus-
lim, Chinese predominantly Buddhists,
Indians predominantly Hindu
Sabah: 38% Muslim, 17% Christian, 45%
other
Sarawak: 35% tribal religion, 24% Buddhist
and Confucianist, 16% Christian, 2% other
Language:
Peninsular Malaysia: Malay (official); En-
glish, Chinese dialects, Tamil
Sabah: English, Malay, numerous tribal dia-
lects, Mandarin and Hakka dialects
predominate among Chinese
Sarawak: English, Malay, Mandarin, numer-
ous tribal languages
Literacy:
Peninsular Malaysia: 75%
Sabah: 58%
Sarawak: 55%
Labor force:
Malaysia: 5.58 million (1983); 37% agricul-
ture, forestry, livestock, and fishing; 39%
trade, transport, and services; 22% manufac-
turing and construction
Organized labor: 612,000 (November 1983),
about 11% of total labor force; unemploy-
ment about 6.0% of total labor force (1983),
but higher in urban areas
Government
Official name: Malaysia
144
Type:
Malaysia: constitutional monarchy nomi-
nally headed by Paramount Ruler (King); a
bicameral Parliament consisting of a 58-
member Senate and a 154-member House of
Representatives
Peninsular Malaysian states: hereditary rul-
ers in all but Penang and Malacca where
Governors appointed by Malaysian Govern-
ment; powers of state governments limited
by federal constitution
Sabah: self-governing state within Malaysia
in which it holds 16 seats in House of Repre-
sentatives; foreign affairs, defense, internal
security, and other powers delegated to fed-
eral government
Sarawak: self-governing state within Malay-
sia in which it holds 24 seats in House of
Representatives; foreign affairs, defense, and
internal security, and other powers are dele-
gated to federal government
Capital:
Peninsular Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur
Sabah: Kota Kinabalu
Sarawak: Kuching
Political subdivisions: Instates (including Sa-
bah and Sarawak)
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution came into force 1963; judicial re-
view of legislative acts in the Supreme Court
at request of Supreme Head of the Federa-
tion; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: 31 August
Branches: nine state rulers alternate as Para-
mount Ruler for five-year terms; locus of
executive power vested in Prime Minister
and Cabinet, who are responsible to bicam-
eral Parliament (Senate, House of Repre-
sentatives); following communal rioting in
May 1969, government imposed state of
emergency and suspended constitutional
rights of all parliamentary bodies; par-
liamentary democracy resumed in February
1971
Peninsular Malaysia: executive branches of
11 states vary in detail but are similar in de-
sign; a Chief Minister, appointed by
hereditary ruler or Governor, heads an exec-
utive council (cabinet), which is responsible
to an elected, unicameral legislature
Sarawak and Sabah: executive branch
headed by Governor appointed by central
government, largely Ceremonial role; execu-
tive power exercised by Chief Minister who
heads parliamentafy cabinet responsible to
unicameral legislature; judiciary part of Ma-
laysian judicial system
Government leader: Dr. MAHATHIR bin
Mohamad, Prime Minister (since July 1981)
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: minimum of every five years; last
elections April 1982
Political parties and leaders:
Peninsular Malaysia: National Front, a con-
federation of 10 political parties dominated
by United Malay National Organization
(UMNO), Mahathir bin Mohamad; opposi-
tion parties are Democratic Action Party
(DAP), Chen Man Hin; and Islamic Party
(PAS), Yusof Rawa
Sabah: Berjaya Party, Datuk Harris Salleh;
Sabah Chinese Consolidated Party (SCCP);
opposition United Sabah National Organiza-
tion (USNO), Tun Datuk Mustapha;
opposition Parti Bersatu Rakyat Bumiputra
Sabah (Perkasa), Datuk Pengiran Othman
Rauf
Sarawak: coalition Sarawak National Front
composed of the Party Pesaka Bumipatra
Bersatu (PPBB), Datuk Abdul Taib; the
United People's Party (SUPP), Wong Soon
Kai; and the Sarawak National Party (SNAP),
Datuk James Wong; opposition is Parti Bansa
Dayak Sarawak (PBDS), Leo Maggie
Voting strength:
Peninsular Malaysia: (1982 election) lower
house of parliament; National Front, 132
seats; Democratic Action Party, 9 seats; Is-
lamic Party, 5 seats; independents, 8 seats
Sabah: (March 1981 election) State Assem-
bly—Berjaya Party, 43 seats; USNO, 3 seats;
SCCP, 1 seat; 1 seat vacant
Sarawak: (1979 election) State Assembly Na-
tional Front controls 45 of 48 seats
Communists:
Peninsular Malaysia: approximately 3,000
armed insurgents on Thailand side of
Thai/Malaysia border; approximately 300
full-time inside Peninsular Malaysia
Sarawak: 125 armed insurgents in Sarawak
Sabah: insignificant
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Associa-
tion of Tin Producing Countries, Colombo
Plan, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB— Islamic
Development Bank, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC,
ITU, NAM, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $25.1 billion (1981), $1,750 per capita;
annual growth 5.6% (1983)
Agriculture:
Peninsular Malaysia: natural rubber, oil
palm, rice; 10-15% of rice requirements im-
ported
Sabah: mainly subsistence; main crops — rub-
ber, timber, coconut, rice; food deficit — rice
Sarawak: main crops — rubber, timber, pep-
per; food deficit — rice
Fishing: catch 683,000 metric tons (1982)
Major industries:
Peninsular Malaysia: rubber and oil palm
processing and manufacturing, light manu-
facturing industry, electronics, tin mining
and smelting, logging and processing timber
Sabah: logging, petroleum production
145
Malaysia (continued)
Sarawak: agriculture processing, petroleum
production and refining, logging
Electric power:
Peninsular Malaysia: 2,500,OOOkW capacity
(1984); 10.156 billion kWh produced (1984),
806 kWh per capita
Sabah: 206,000 kW capacity (1984); 604 mil-
lion kWh produced (1984), 490 kWh per
capita
Sarawak: 155,000 kW capacity (1984); 388
million kWh produced (1984), 260 kWh per
capita
Exports: $14.0 billion (f.o.b., 1983); natural
rubber, palm oil, tin, timber, petroleum, light
manufactures
Imports: $1 1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1983)
Major trade partners: exports — 22% Singa-
pore, 20% Japan, 15% EC, 13% US; imports—
25% Japan, 16% US, 14% EC, 14% Singapore
(1983)
Budget: 1985 operating expenditures, $9.1
billion; development expenditures, $2.8 bil-
lion; deficit, $2.7 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 2.371
ringgits=US$l (September 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads:
Peninsular Malaysia: 1,665 km 1.04-meter
gauge; 13 km double track; government
owned
East Malaysia: 136 km 1.000-meter gauge in
Sabah
Highways:
Peninsular Malaysia: 19,753 km total;
15,900 km hard surfaced (mostly bituminous
surface treatment), 3,000 km crushed
stone/gravel, 883 km improved or unim-
proved earth
East Malaysia: about 5,426 km total (1,644
km in Sarawak, 3,782 km in SabahJ; 819 km
hard surfaced (mostly bituminous surface
treatment), 2,936 km gravel or crushed stone,
1,671 km earth
Inland waterways:
Peninsular Malaysia: 3,209 km
East Malaysia: 4,200 km (1,569 km in Sabah,
2,518 km in Sarawak)
Ports:
Peninsular Malaysia: 3 major, 14 minor
East Malaysia: 3 major, 12 minor (2 major, 3
minor in Sabah; 1 major, 9 minor in Sarawak)
Civil air: approximately 28 major transport
aircraft
Pipelines: crude oil, 707 km; natural gas, 379
km
Airfields: 135 total, 133 usable; 29 with per-
manent-surface runways; 7 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 17 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications:
Peninsular Malaysia: good intercity service
provided mainly by microwave relay; inter-
national service good; good coverage by radio
and television broadcasts; 609,288 telephones
(5.13 per 100 popl.); 26 AM, 1 FM, 20 TV
stations; IOCON submarine cables extend to
India; connected to SEACOM submarine ca-
ble terminal at Singapore by microwave
relay; 2 international ground satellite sta-
tions; 1 domestic ground satellite station
Sabah: adequate intercity radio-relay net-
work extends to Sarawak via Brunei; 43,000
telephones (3. 94 per 100 popl.); 14 AM, 1 FM,
7 TV stations; SEACOM submarine cable
links to Hong Kong and Singapore; 1 ground
satellite station
Sarawak: adequate intercity radio-relay net
work extends to Sabah via Brunei; 64,512
telephones (4. 65 per 100 popl.); 5 AM stations,
no FM, 6 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Malaysian Army, Royal Ma-
laysian Navy, Royal Malaysian Air Force,
Royal Malaysian Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,997,000;
2,535,000 fit for military service; 174,000
reach military age (21) annually
External defense dependent on loose Five
Power Defense Agreement (FPDA), which
replaced Anglo-Malayan Defense Agree-
ment of 1957 as amended in 1963
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $1.82 million; about 15% of
central government budget
146
Maldives
200km
Arabian
Sea
"- Male Atoll
•"' '
Sea
S«e rtjion.l map VIII
Land
298 km2; twice the size of Washington, D.C.;
2,000 islands grouped into 19 atolls; about
220 islands inhabited
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): the
land and sea between latitudes 7°9'N and
0°45'S and between longitudes 72°30'E and
73°48'E; these coordinates form a rectangle
of approximately 37,000 nm; territorial sea
ranges from 2.75 to 55 nm; fishing, approxi-
mately 100 nm; economic, approximately
200 nm
Coastline: 644 km (approx.)
People
Population: 178,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun — Maldivian(s); adjec-
tive— Maldivian
Ethnic divisions: admixtures of Sinhalese,
Dravidian, Arab, and black
Religion: Sunni Muslim
Language: Divehi (dialect of Sinhala; script
derived from Arabic); English spoken by
most government officials
Literacy: 36%
Labor force: total employment is approxi-
mately 66,000; fishing industry employs 80%
of the labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Maldives
Type: republic
Capital: Male .
Political subdivisions: 19 administrative dis-
tricts corresponding to atolls, plus capital city
Legal system: based on Islamic law with ad-
mixtures of English common law primarily
in commercial matters; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holidays: Independence Day, 26
July; Republic Day, 11 November
Branches: popularly elected unicameral na-
tional legislature People's Council (members
elected for five-year terms); elected Presi-
dent, chief executive; appointed Chief
Justice responsible for administration of Is-
lamic law
Government leader: Maumoon Abdul
GAYOOM, President (since 1978)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Political parties and leaders: no organized
political parties; country governed by the
Didi clan for the past eight centuries
Communists: negligible number
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Common-
wealth (special member), FAO, G-77, GATT
(de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IMF, IMO, ITU,
NAM, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO
Economy
GDP: $74 million (1982), $462 per capita;
real growth rate(est. 1983), 10%
Agriculture: crops — coconut, limited pro-
duction of millet, corn, pumpkins, sweet
potatoes; shortages — rice, sugar, flour
Fishing: catch 30,300 (est.) metric tons (1982)
Major industries: fishing, tourism, some co-
conut processing, garment industry, woven
mats, shipping, coir (rope)
Electric power: 4,690 kW capacity (1984); 9
million kWh produced (1984), 54 kWh per
capita
Exports: US$17.3 million (1982)
Imports: US$46.0 million (1982)
Major trade partners: Japan, Sri Lanka,
Thailand
Budget: (1983 est.) revenues, $22.7 million;
expenditures, $41.65 million (at official rate
of5.50rufiyaa=US$l
Monetary conversion rate: 5.50 Maldivian
rufiyas=US$l, official rate; 7.05 Maldivian
rufiyas=US$l, market rate (August 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: none
Ports: 2 minor (Male, Gan)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m
Telecommunications: minimal domestic
and international telecommunication facili-
ties; 1,060 telephones (0.7 per 100 popl.); 1
TV, 1 FM, 2 AM stations; 1 Indian Ocean
INTELSAT station
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, about $1.8 million
147
Mali
400km
See regional mip VI]
Land
1 ,240,000 km2; larger than Texas and Califor-
nia combined; 75% sparse pasture or desert,
about 25% arable, negligible forest
Land boundaries: 7,459 km
People
Population: 7,735,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.3%
Nationality: noun — Malian(s); adjective —
Malian
Ethnic divisions: 50% Mande(Bambara, Ma-
linke, Sarakole), 17% Peul, 12% Voltaic, 6%
Songhai, 5% Tuareg and Moor
Religion: 90% Muslim, 9% indigenous be-
liefs, 1% Christian
Language: French (official); Bambara spo-
ken by about 80% of the population
Literacy: 10%
Labor force: 3.1 million (1981); 80% agricul-
ture, 19% services, 1% industry and
commerce
Organized labor: National Union of Malian
Workers (UNTM) is umbrella organization
over 13 national unions
Government
Official name: Republic of Mali
Type: republic; military regime in power
since November 1968; began a phased feturn
to civilian rule in June 1979
Capital: Bamako
Political subdivisions: 7 administrative re-
gions
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem and customary law; constitution adopted
1974, came into full effect in 1979; judicial
review of legislative acts in Constitutional
Section of Court of State; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 22
September
Branches: until 1979 executive authority ex-
ercised by Military Committee of National
Liberation (MCNL) composed of 1 1 army of-
ficers; now Cabinet composed of civilians
and army officers; unicameral legislature
(National Council); judiciary
Government leader: Gen. Moussa TRAORE,
President (led Mali as President of MCNL
during 1968-79; President since 1979)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Political parties and leaders: Democratic
Union of Malian People (UDPM), is the sole
political party; under civilian leadership
Elections: constitutional elections took place
June 1979
Communists: a few Communists and some
sympathizers (no legal Communist party)
Member of: AfDB, APC, CEAO, ECA,
ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, Niger
River Commission, NAM, OAU, QIC, OMVS
(Organization for the Development of the
Senegal River Valley), UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $1.0 billion (1982), $138 per capita; an-
nual real growth rate 4.4% (1982)
Agriculture: main crops — millet, sorghum,
rice, corn, peanuts; cash crops — peanuts, cot-
ton, livestock
Fishing: catch 98,000 tons (1981)
Major industries: small local consumer goods
and processing
Electric power: 92,000 kW capacity (1984);
161 million kWh produced (1984), 21 kWh
per capita
Exports: $145.8 million (f.o.b., 1982); live-
stock, peanuts, dried fish, cotton, skins
Imports: $232.6 million (f.o.b., 1982); tex-
tiles, vehicles, petroleum products,
machinery, sugar, cereals
Major trade partners: mostly franc zone and
Western Europe; also with USSR, China
Budget: (1982) revenues, $154 million; ex-
penditures and net lending, $169 million
Monetary conversion rate: 479.875
Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (December 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 642 km 1.000-meter gauge
Highways: approximately 15,700 km total;
1,670 km bituminous, 3,670 km gravel and
improved earth, 10,360 km unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: 1,815 km navigable
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 39 total, 31 usable; 8 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 5 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
148
Malta
Telecommunications: domestic system poor
and provides only minimal service; radio-re-
lay, wire, and radio communications stations
in use; expansion of radio relay in progress;
8,000 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 2
FM, no TV stations; 1 Atlantic and 1 Indian
Ocean satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,691,000;
854,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $24.8 million; about 22.2%
of central government budget
Mediterranean Sea
Sec regioni] map V
.Fill la
Land
313 km2; twice the size of Washington, D.C.;
45% agricultural; negligible forest; remain-
der urban, waste, or other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 25 nm)
Coastline: 140 km
People
Population: 355,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate —0.5%
Nationality: noun — Maltese (sing, and pi.);
adjective — Maltese
Ethnic divisions: mixture of Arab, Sicilian,
Norman, Spanish, Italian, English
Religion: 98% Roman Catholic
Language: Maltese and English (official)
Literacy: 83%
Labor force: 120,419 (1983); 33% services(ex-
cept government), 26% manufacturing, 23%
government (except job corps), 5% agricul-
ture, 5% utilities and drydocks; 8.2%
registered unemployed
Organized labor: approximately 40% of la-
bor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Malta
Type: parliamentary democracy, indepen-
dent republic within the Commonwealth
since December 1974
Capital: Valletta
Political subdivisions: 2 main populated is-
lands, Malta and Gozo, divided into 13
electoral districts (divisions)
Legalsystem: based on English common law;
constitution adopted 1961, came into force
1964; has accepted compulsory 1CJ jurisdic-
tion, with reservations
Branches: executive, consisting of Prime
Minister and Cabinet; unicameral legislature
(65- member House of Representatives); inde-
pendent judiciary
National holiday: Freedom Day, 31 March
Government leaders: Agatha BARBARA,
President (since February 1982); Karmenu
Mifsud BONNICI, Prime Minister (since De-
cember 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18; registration
required
Elections: at the discretion of the Prime Min-
ister, but must be held before the expiration
of a five-year electoral mandate; last election
December 1981
Political parties and leaders: Nationalist
Party, Edward Fenech Adami; Malta Labor
Party, Dominic Mintoff
Voting strength: (1981 election) House of
Representatives — Labor, 34 seats (49% of the
vote); Nationalist, 31 seats (51% of the vote)
Communists: less than 100 (est.)
Member of: Commonwealth, Council of Eu-
rope, FAO, G-77, GATT, ICAO, IFAD, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, IWC— Inter-
national Wheat Council, NAM, UN, UNDP,
UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO
149
Malta (continued)
Martinique
Economy
GDP: $1.12 billion (1982), $3,145 per capita
(1982); 66.2% private consumption, 26.0%
gross investment; 18.4% government con-
sumption, 16.2% net foreign sector; change in
stocks 5.5%; in 1982 real GDP growth was
2.3%
Agriculture: overall, 20% self-sufficient; gen-
erally adequate supplies of vegetables,
poultry, milk, and pork products; seasonal or
periodic shortages in grain, animal fodder,
fruits, other basic foodstuffs; main prod-
ucts— potatoes, cauliflower, grapes, wheat,
barley, tomatoes, citrus, cut flowers, green
peppers, hogs, poultry, eggs
Major industries: tourism, ship repair yard,
clothing, building industry, food manufac-
turing, textiles
Shortages: most consumer and industrial
needs (fuels and raw materials) must be im-
ported
Electric power: 157,000 kW capacity (1984);
703 million kWh produced (1984), 1,972
kWh per capita
Exports: $397.6 million (f.o.b., 1983); cloth-
ing, textiles, ships, printed matter
Imports: $732.5 million (c.i.f., 1983)
Major trade partners: 72% EC (32% FRG,
17% UK, 10% Italy); 4% US (1980)
Budget: (1984) projects $474 million in ex-
penditures, $476 million in revenues
Monetary conversion rate: 2.0 Maltese
pounds=US$l (September 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 January-31 December
Communications
Highways: 1,292 km total; 1,179 km paved
(asphalt), 77 km crushed stone or gravel, 35
km improved and unimproved earth
Ports: 1 major (Valletta), 1 secondary, 1 mi-
nor
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface
runways, 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: modern automatic
telecom system centered in Valletta; 82,700
telephones (26.2 per 100 popl.); 8 AM, 5 FM, 2
TV stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable
Defense Forces
Branches: Armed Forces, Police, Task Force,
Paramilitary Dejima Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 89,000;
73,000 fit for military service
Supply: various facilities and equipment
turned over by the UK in 1965; has received 2
patrol boats, small arms, and mortars from
Libya; vehicles and engineer equipment
from Italy
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $22.8 million; about 5.6% of
central government budget
Sec regions) mip III
Land
1,100 km2; slightly smaller than Rhode Is-
land; 31% crop, 29% forest, 24% waste or
built on, 16% pasture
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200
nm)
Coastline: 290 km
People
Population: 327,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 0. 1 %
Nationality: noun — Martiniquais (sing, and
pi.); adjective — Martiniquais
Ethnic divisions: 90% African and African-
Caucasian-Indian mixture, 5% Caucasian,
less than 5% East Indian, Lebanese, Chinese
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu
and pagan African
Language: French, Creole patois
Literacy: over 70%
Labor force: 100,000; 31.7% service industry,
29.4% construction and public works, 13.1%
agriculture, 7.3% industry, 2.2% fisheries,
16.3% other; 14% unemployed
Organized labor: 1 1% of labor force
150
Government
Official name: Department of Martinique
Type: overseas department and region of
France; represented by three deputies in the
French National Assembly and two senators
in the Senate
Capital: Fort-de-France
Political subdivisions: 3 arrondissements; 34
communes, each with a locally elected
municipal council
Legal system: French legal system; highest
court is a court of appeal based in Martinique
with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe, French
Guiana, and Martinique
Branches: executive, Prefect appointed by
Paris; legislative, popularly elected council of
36 members and a Regional Council includ-
ing all members of the local general council
and the locally elected deputies and senators
to the French parliament; judicial, under ju-
risdiction of French judicial system
Government leader: Jean CHEVANCE,
Prefect of the Republic (since 1981)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: General Council election nor-
mally is held every five years; last General
Council election took place in June 1981; re-
gional assembly elections held February
1983
Political parties and leaders: Rally for the
Republic (RPR), Edmond Valcin; Progressive
Party of Martinique (PPM), Aime Cesaire;
Communist Party of Martinique (PCM),
Armand Nicolas; Democratic Union of Mar-
tinique (UDM), Leon-Laurent Valere
Voting strength: RPR, 1 seat in French Na-
tional Assembly; UDF, 1 seat; Socialist Party,
1 seat
Communists: 1,000 estimated
Other political or pressure groups: Proletar-
ian Action Group (GAP), Socialist Revolution
Group (GRS), Martinique Independence
Movement (MIM), Caribbean Revolutionary
Alliance (ARC)
Member of: WFTU
Economy
GDP: $1.38 billion (19*80), $4,543 per capita
Agriculture: bananas, pineapples, vegeta-
bles, flowers, limited sugarcane for rum
Major industries: construction, rum, ce-
ment, oil refining, light industry, tourism
Electric power: 66,000 kW capacity (1984);
319 million kWh produced (1984), 970 kWh
per capita
Exports: $123 million (1981); refined petro-
leum products, bananas, rum, pineapples
Imports: $703 million (1981); petroleum
products, foodstuffs, construction materials,
vehicles, clothing and other consumer goods
Major trade partners: exports — 56% France
(1978); imports— 62% France, 28% EC and
franc zone, 4.5% US, 5.5% other (1977)
Aid: economic — bilateral ODA and OOF
commitments (1970-81) from Western (non-
US) countries, $3.1 billion; no military aid
Budget: (1981) expenditures, $215 million
Monetary conversion rate: 9.65 French
francs=US$l (January 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,680 km total; 1,300 km paved,
380 km gravel and earth
Ports: 1 major (Fort-de-France), 5 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total; 3 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m
Telecommunications: domestic facilities are
adequate; 68,900 telephones (21.5 per 100
popl.); interisland radio-relay links to Guade-
loupe, Dominica, and St. Lucia; 1 Atlantic
Ocean satellite station; 1 AM, 4 FM, 7 TV
stations
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of France
Military manpower: males 15-49, 84,000
151
Mauritania
325km
See ref ionil map VII
Land
1,030,700 km2; the size of Texas and Califor-
nia combined; almost 90% desert, 10%
pasture, less than 1% suitable for crops
Land boundaries: 5,118 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 70 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 754 km
People
Population: 1,656, 000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.0%
Nationality: noun — Mauritanian(s); adjec-
tive— Mauritania!!
Ethnic divisions: 40% mixed Moor/black;
30% Moor, 30% black
Religion: nearly 100% Muslim
Language: Hasanya Arabic (national);
French (official); Toucouleur, Fula, Sarakole,
Wolof
Literacy: 17%
Labor force: total labor force 465,000 (1981
est.); about 45,000 wage earners (1980 IMF);
47% agriculture, 29% services, 14% industry
and commerce, 10% government; consider-
able unemployment
Organized labor: 30,000 members claimed
by single union, Mauritanian Workers'
Union
Government
NOTE: Mauritania acquired administrative
control of the southern third of Western (for-
merly Spanish) Sahara under a 1975
agreement with Morocco and Spain. Follow-
ing an August 1979 peace agreement with
Polisario insurgents fighting for control of
Western Sahara, Mauritania withdrew from
the territory and renounced all territorial
claims.
Official name: Islamic Republic of Maurita-
nia
Type: republic; military seized power in
bloodless coup 10 July 1978
Capital: Nouakchott
Political subdivisions: 12 regions and a capi-
tal district
Legal system: based on Islamic law; military
constitution April 1979
National holiday: Independence Day, 28
November
Branches: executive, Military Committee for
National Salvation rules by decree; National
Assembly and judiciary suspended pending
restoration of civilian rule
Government leader: Col. Maaouiya Ould Sid
Ahmed TAYA, President and Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: in abeyance; last presidential elec-
tion August 1976
Political parties and leaders: suspended
Communists: no Communist Party, but
there is a scattering of Maoist sympathizers
Member of: AfDB, AIOEC, Arab League,
CEAO, CIPEC (associate), EAMA, EIB (asso-
ciate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IDB — Islamic Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC,
OMVS (Organization for the Development of
the Senegal River Valley), UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GNP: about $730 million (1982 est.), $460 per
capita
Agriculture: most Mauritanians are nomads
or subsistence farmers; main products — live-
stock, cereals, vegetables, dates; cash crops —
gum arabic
Fishing: artisanal fish catch 350,000 metric
tons (1983 est.); commercial fishing exports
312,000 metric tons in 1983
Major industries: mining of iron ore and
gypsum, fish processing
Electric power: 131,000 kW capacity (1984);
114 million kWh produced (1984), 70 kWh
per capita
Exports: $275 million (f.o.b., 1984); iron ore,
processed fish, and small amounts of gum ar-
abic and gypsum; also unrecorded but
numerically significant cattle exports to Sen-
egal
Imports: $215 million (f.o.b., 1984); food-
stuffs and other consumer goods, petroleum
products, capital goods
Major trade partners: France and other EC
members, Senegal, and US
Budget: $225 million budgeted in 1984; $184
million revenues (planned 1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 61.4
ouguiyas=US$l (30 July 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 740 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, single track, privately owned
Highways: 7,540 km total; 1,350 km paved;
710 km gravel, crushed stone, or otherwise
improved; 5,480 km unimproved
152
Mauritius
Inland waterways: 800 km
Ports: 2 major (Nouadhibou and Nouak-
chott), 2 minor
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 32 total, 32 usable; 10 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 4 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: poor system of cable
and open-wire lines, minor radio-relay links,
and radio communications stations; 5,200
telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM
or TV stations; satellite ground station under
construction
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramili-
tary Gendarmerie, paramilitary National
Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 361,000;
175,000 fit for military service; conscription
law not implemented
Supply: primarily dependent on France; has
also received material from Algeria, Mo-
rocco, UK, Spain, and Romania
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $39.4 million; 17% of cen-
tral government budget
15 km
See regional map VII
Land
1,865 km2; smaller than Rhode Island (ex-
cluding dependencies); 50% agricultural,
intensely cultivated; 39% forest, wood,
mountain, rivers, and natural resources; 5%
lakes; 3% built on; 2% roads and tracks; 1%
waste
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 177 km
People
Population: 1,011,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 0.9%
Nationality: noun — Mauritian(s); adjec-
tive— Mauritian
Ethnic divisions: 68% Indo-Mauritian, 27%
Creole, 3% Sino-Mauritian, 2% Franco-Mau-
ritian
Religion: 51% Hindu, 30% Christian (mostly
Roman Catholic with a few Anglicans), 17%
Muslim
Language: Creole, French, English, Hindi,
Urdu, Hakka, Bojpoori
Literacy: 61%
Labor force: 335,000; 29% agriculture and
fishing, 28% government services, 23%
industry and commerce, 20% other; 14% are
unemployed
Organized labor: about 35% of labor force,
forming over 270 unions
Government
Official name: Mauritius
Type: independent state, recognizing Eliza-
beth II as Chief of State
Capital: Port Louis
Political subdivisions: 5 organized munici-
palities and various island dependencies
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem with elements of English common law in
certain areas; constitution adopted 6 March
1968
National holiday: Independence Day, 12
March
Branches: executive power exercised by
Prime Minister and 19-member Council of
Ministers; unicameral legislature (Legislative
Assembly) with 62 members elected by direct
suffrage, 8 specially elected under "best
loser" system
Government leader: Aneerood
JUGNAUTH, Prime Minister (since June
1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: legislative August 1983
Political parties and leaders: the govern-
ment is currently controlled by a coalition
composed of the Militant Socialist Movement
(MSM), A. Jugnauth, and the Mauritian Social
Democratic Party (PMSD), G. Duval; the
Mauritian Labor Party (MLP) faction, led by
party head S. Boolell, voted to leave the coali-
tion in February 1984; the main opposition
parties are the Mauritian Militant Movement
(MMM), P. Berenger, and the Rodrigues
People's Organization (OPR)
Voting strength: MSM, 30 of 70 seats in the
Assembly; MMM, 21; MLP, 11; PMSD, 4;
OPR, 2; and independents, 2
153
Mauritius (continued)
Mexico
Communists: may be 2,000 sympathizers;
several Communist organizations; Mauritius
Lenin Youth Organization, Mauritius
Women's Committee, Mauritius Communist
Party, Mauritius People's Progressive Party,
Mauritius Young Communist League, Mau-
ritius Liberation Front, Chinese Middle
School Friendly Association, Mauritius/
USSR Friendship Society
Other political or pressure groups: various
labor unions
Member of: AfDB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL,
ISO, ITU, IWC— International Wheat
Council, NAM, OAU, OGAM, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $1.1 billion (1983/84 prov.), $1,053 per
capita; real growth rate, 1.2% (1983/84 prov.)
Agriculture: sugar crop is a major economic
asset; over 90% of cultivated land area is
planted in sugar; most food imported
Shortage: land
Major industries: mainly food manufactur-
ing (largely sugar milling); textiles and
wearing apparel; chemical and chemical
products; and metal products, transport
equipment, and nonelectrical machinery
Electric power: 212,000 kW capacity (1984);
464 million kWh produced (1984), 455 kWh
per capita
Exports: $362.3 million (merchandise, f.o.b.,
1983/84 prov.); sugar (59%), textiles; tourism
earned an additional $44 million
Imports: $383.3 million (f.o.b., 1983/84);
food, petroleum products, consumer goods
Major trade partners: all EC countries and
US have preferential treatment, UK buys al-
most all of Mauritius 's sugar export at
subsidized prices; small amount of sugar ex-
ported to Canada, US, and Italy; nonoil
imports from UK and EC primarily, also
from South Africa, Australia, US, and Japan;
some minor trade with China
Budget: central government — (1983/84
prov.) revenues, $245 million; current expen-
ditures, $276 million
Monetary conversion rate: 15.120 Mauritian
rupees=US$l (31 October 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Highways: 1,984 km total; 1,152 km paved,
832 km earth
Ports: 1 major (Port Louis)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 5 total, 4 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m
Telecommunications: small system with
good service; new microwave link to Re-
union; HF radio links to several countries; 2
AM, no FM, 4 TV stations; 37,800 telephones
(4.0 per 100 popl.); 1 Indian Ocean satellite
station
Defense Forces
Branches: paramilitary Special Mobile
Force, Police Riot Units, and Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 270,000;
141,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1981, $4.5 million
800km
Tijuana
See regional map II
Land
1,972,547 km2; three times the size of Texas;
40% pasture; 22% forest; 12% crop; 26%
other, including waste, urban areas and pub-
lic lands
Land boundaries: 4,220 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 9,330 km
People
Population: 79,662,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun — Mexican(s); adjective —
Mexican
Ethnic divisions: 60% mestizo (Indian-Span-
ish), 30% Amerindian or predominantly
Amerindian, 9% white or predominantly
white, 1% other
Religion: 97% nominally Roman Catholic,
3% Protestant
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 74%
Labor force: 21,500,000(1982); 31.4% ser-
vices; 26% agriculture, forestry, hunting,
fishing; 13.9% commerce; 12.8% manufac-
turing; 9.5% construction; 4.8%
154
transportation; 1.3% mining and quarrying;
0.3% electricity; 10% unemployed, 40% un-
deremployed
Organized labor: 20% of total labor force
Government
Official name: United Mexican States
Type: federal republic operating in fact un-
der a centralized government
Capital: Mexico (also known as Mexico City)
Political subdivisions: 31 states and the Fed-
eral District
Legal system: mixture of US constitutional
theory and civil law system; constitution es-
tablished in 1917; judicial review of
legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ juris-
diction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 16
September
Branches: dominant executive, bicameral
legislature (National Congress — Senate, Fed-
eral Chamber of Deputies), Supreme Court
Government leader: Miguel DE LA MA-
DRID Hurtado, President (since December
1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 18; compulsory
but unenforced
Elections: next presidential election to be
held in 1988
Political parties and leaders: Institutional
Revolutionary Party (PRI), Adolfo Lugo
Verduzco; National Action Party (PAN),
Pablo Emilio Madero; Popular Socialist Party
(PPS), Jorge Cruickshank Garcia; Unified So-
cialist Party of Mexico (PSUM), Pablo Gomez
Alvarez; Mexican Democratic Party (PDM),
Ignacio Gonzalez Gollaz; Socialist Workers
Party (PST), Rafael Aguilar Talamantes;
Revolutionary Workers Party (PRT), Jose
Manuel Aguilar Mora; Mexican Workers
Party (PMT), Heberto Castillo Martinez
Voting strength: (1982 presidential election)
74% PRI, 15% PAN, 4% PSUM, 7% other op-
position and annulled
Other political or pressure groups: Roman
Catholic Church, Confederation of Mexican
Workers (CTM), Confederation of Industrial
Chambers (CONCAMIN), Confederation of
National Chambers of Commerce
(CONCANACO), National Peasant Confed-
eration (CNC), National Confederation of
Popular Organizations (CNOP), Revolution-
ary Confederation of Workers and Peasants
(CROC)
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE— Inter-Ameri-
can Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC,
ISO, ITU, IWC— International Whaling
Commission, LAIA, NAMUCAR (Caribbean
Multinational Shipping Line), OAS, PAHO,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GDP: $121.2 billion (1983), $1,601 per cap-
ita; 66% private consumption, 9% private
investment, 8% public consumption, 7% pub-
lic investment (1983); net foreign balance 4%;
real growth rate 1983, -5.3%
Agriculture: main crops — corn, cotton,
wheat, coffee, sugarcane, sorghum, oilseed,
pulses, and vegetables
Fishing: catch 1,100,045 metric tons (1983);
exports valued at $481 million, imports at
$21. 9 million (1982)
Major industries: processing of food, bever-
ages, and tobacco; chemicals, basic metals
and metal products, petroleum products,
mining, textiles and clothing, and transport
equipment
Crude steel: 10 million metric tons capacity
(1982); 6.895 million metric tons produced
(1983)
Electric power: 18,650,000 kW capacity
(1984); 67.8billionkWhproduced(1984), 873
kWh per capita
Exports: $21.399 billion (f.o.b., 1983); cotton,
coffee, nonferrous minerals (including lead
and zinc), shrimp, petroleum, sulfur, salt, cat-
tle and meat, fresh fruit, tomatoes, machin-
ery and equipment
Imports: $7.72 billion (f.o.b., 1983); machin-
ery, equipment, industrial vehicles, and
intermediate goods
Major trade partners: exports— 58% US,
19% EC, 7% Japan (1983); imports— 60% US,
19% EC, 4% Japan
Aid: economic commitments, including Ex-
Im (FY70-83), US authorizations $2.8 billion;
(1970-82) Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF, $3.5 billion; Communist countries
(1970-83), $47 million; military commit-
ments, US (FY70-83), $7.6 million
Budget: 1983 public sector, budgeted reve-
nues, $52.8 billion; budgeted expenditures,
$51.9 billion
Monetary conversion rate: dual exchange
rates — controlled rate 193 pesos=US$l;
"free" rate 209=US$1 (both rates as of 1 Jan-
uary 1985, rates depreciating by 17 centavos
as of 1 January 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 20,680 km total; 19,950 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge; 730 km 0.914-meter
narrow gauge
Highways: 210,000 km total; 65,000 km
paved, 30,000 km semipaved or cobblestone,
60,000 km rural roads (improved earth) or
roads under construction, 55,000 km unim-
proved earth roads
Inland waterways: 2,900 km navigable rivers
and coastal canals
Pipelines: crude oil, 5,134 km; refined prod-
ucts, 6,875 km; natural gas, 9,490 km
Ports: 1 1 major, 20 minor
Civil air: 174 major transport aircraft
155
Mexico (continued)
Monaco
Airfields: 1,961 total, 1,771 usable; 179 with
permanent-surface runways; 3,with runways
over 3,659 m, 27 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 266 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed
telecom system with extensive radio-relay
links; connection into Central American mi-
crowave net; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite
ground antennas; 5.41 million telephones (7.6
per 100 popl.); 630 AM, 1 10 FM, 120 TV sta-
tions; and about 180 low-power relay
stations; 200 domestic satellite terminals
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, Navy, Marine
Corps
Military manpower: males 15-49,
18,887,000; 14,976,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 882,000 reach military age ( 1 8) annually
Military budget: for year ending 31 Decem-
ber 1985, $1.09 billion (proj.); expenditures,
including support of parastatals, 1.4% of cen-
tral government budget
750km
Mediterranean Sea
See regional mtp V
Land
1.9km2; about one-tenth the size of Washing-
ton, D.C.
Land boundaries: 3.7 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 4. 1 km
People
Population: 28,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 1.2%
Nationality: noun — Monacan(s) or Mone-
gasque(s); adjective — Monacan or
Monegasque
Ethnic divisions: 58% French, 19% Mone-
gasque, 17% Italian, 6% unspecified
Religion: 95% Roman Catholicism
Language: French (official), English, Italian,
Monegarque
Literacy: 99%
Government
Official name: Principality of Monaco
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Monaco
Political subdivisions: 1 commune composed
of 4 communal sectors
Legal system: based on French law; new con-
stitution adopted 1962; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 19 November
Branches: legislative branch is composed of
the Prince and National Council of 18 mem-
bers; executive consists of the Prince as Chief
of State, the Minister of State as Head of Gov-
ernment (senior French civil servant
appointed by Prince), and the Council of
Government as Cabinet; judicial authority is
delegated by the Prince to the Supreme Tri-
bunal
Government leader: Prince RAINIER III,
Chief of State (since November 1949)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: National Council every five years;
national election held January 1983; munici-
pal election held February 1983
Political parties and leaders: National and
Democratic Union (UND), Democratic
Union Movement (MUD), Monaco Action,
Monegasque Socialist Party (PSM)
Voting strength: (1978) National Council
UND 18 seats
Member of: IAEA, ICAO, IHO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, UN (permanent ob-
server), UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO
Economy
CNP: 55% tourism; 25-30% industry (small
and primarily tourist oriented); 10-15% reg-
istration fees and sales of postage stamps;
about 4% traceable to the Monte Carlo casino
Major industries: chemicals, food process-
ing, precision instruments, glass making,
printing
Electric power: 8,000 kW (standby) capacity
(1983); power supplied by France (1984)
156
Mongolia
Trade: full customs integration with France,
which collects and rebates Monacan trade
duties; also participates in EC market system
through custom union with France
Monetary conversion rate: 8.40 French
francs=US$l (4 January 1984)
Communications
Railroads: 1.6 km 1.435-meter gauge
Highways: none; city streets
Ports: 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 usable airfield with permanent-
surface runways
Telecommunications: served by the French
communications system; automatic tele-
phone system with about 45,000 telephones
(160.7 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 4 FM, and 4 TV
stations
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of France
550km
Set regional m«p VIII
Land
1,564,619 km2; more than twice the size of
Texas; almost 90% of land area is pasture or
desert waste, varying in usefulness; 10% for-
est; less than 1% arable
Land boundaries: 8,000 km
People
Population: 1,912,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun — Mongolian(s); adjec-
tive— Mongolian
Ethnic divisions: 90% Mongol, 4% Kazakh,
2% Chinese, 2% Russian, 2% other
Religion: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist,
about 4% Muslim, limited religious activity
because of Communist regime
Language: Khalkha Mongol used by over
90% of population; minor languages include
Turkic, Russian, and Chinese
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: primarily agricultural, over half
the adult population is in the labor force, in-
cluding a large percentage of women;
shortage of skilled labor (no reliable informa-
tion available)
Government
Official name: Mongolian People's Republic
157
Type: Communist state
Capital: Ulaanbaatar
Political subdivisions: 18 provinces and 3
autonomous municipalities (Ulaanbaatar,
Darhan, and Erdenet)
Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese, and
Turkish systems of law; new constitution
adopted 1960; no constitutional provision for
judicial review of legislative acts; legal educa-
tion at Ulaanbaatar State University; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: People's Revolution Day,
11 July
Branches: executive — Council of Ministers;
legislative — unicameral People's Great
Hural; judicial — court system; Supreme
Court elected by People's Great Hural
Government leaders: Jambyn BATMONH,
Chairman of the Presidium of the People's
Great Hural (since December 1984);
Dumaagiyn SODNOM, Chairman of the
Council of Ministers (since December 1984)
Suffrage: universal; age 18 and over
Elections: legislative election theoretically
held every four years; last election held June
1981
Political party and leader: Mongolian
People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP),
Jambyn Batmonh, General Secretary (since
August 1984)
Communists: estimated MPRP member-
ship, 81,000(1984)
Member of: CEMA, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA,
ILO, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GDP:$1.20billion(1976est.);averageannual
real growth, 1.6% (1970-77)
Agriculture: livestock raising predominates;
main crops — wheat, oats, barley-
Mayor industries: processing of animal prod-
ucts; building materials; mining
Mongolia (continued)
Morocco
Electric power: 557,000 kW capacity (1984);
1.885 billion kWh produced (1984), 1,000
kWh per capita
Exports: livestock, animal products, wool,
hides, fluorspar, nonferrous metals, minerals
Imports: machinery and equipment, petro-
leum, clothing, building materials, sugar, tea,
chemicals
Major trade partners: nearly all trade with
Communist countries (approx. 80% with
USSR); total turnover about $1.0 billion
(1977)
Aid: heavily dependent on USSR
Monetary conversion rate: 3.3555
tugriks=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,600 km (1981); all 1.524-meter
broad gauge
Highways: 46,700 km total; 700 km hard sur-
face; 46,000 km other surfaces (1981)
Inland waterways: 397 km of principal
routes (1981)
Freight carried: rail — 10.7 million metric
tons, 3,609 million metric ton/km (1981);
highway — 27.8 million metric tons, 1,624
million metric ton/km (1981); waterway —
0.04 million metric tons, 4.7 million metric
ton/km (1981)
Defense Forces
Branches: Mongolian People's Army, Air
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 438,000;
286,000 fit for military service; 20,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Supply: military equipment supplied by
USSR
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1977, 405 million tugriks, 12% of
total budget
S« rcgionil map VII
Land
446,550 km2; larger than California; 51%
desert, waste, or urban; about 32% arable and
grazing; 17% forest and esparto grass
Land boundaries: 1,996 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 1,835 km
People
Population: 24,258,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.9%
Nationality: noun — Moroccan(s); adjec-
tive— Moroccan
Ethnic divisions: 99.1% Arab- Berber, 0.7%
non-Moroccan, 0.2% Jewish
Religion: 98.7% Muslim, 1.1% Christian,
0.2% Jewish
Language: Arabic (official); several Berber
dialects; French is language of much busi-
ness, government, diplomacy, and
postprimary education
Literacy: 28%
Labor force: 6. 1 million (1982 est); 50% agri-
culture, 26% services, 15% industry, 9%
other; at least 20% of urban labor unem-
ployed
Organized labor: about 5% of the labor force,
mainly in the Union of Moroccan Workers
(UMT)and the Democratic Confederation of
Labor (CDT)
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Morocco
Type: constitutional monarchy (constitution
adopted 1972)
Capital: Rabat
Political subdivisions: 39 provinces (includ-
ing 4 in Western Sahara) and 2 prefectures
(Rabat-Sale and Casablanca, which consists
of 5 divisions)
NOTE: Morocco acquired administrative
control in 1976 over the northern two-thirds
of the former Spanish Sahara under an agree-
ment with Mauritania, but the legal question
of sovereignty over the area has yet to be de-
termined. Spain's role as coadministrator of
the disputed territory ended in February
1976. Morocco moved to occupy and assert
administrative control over the former
Mauritanian-claimed (southern) sector of
Western Sahara in August 1979, thereby
establishing a fourth additional province in
the Sahara.
Legal system: based on Islamic law and
French and Spanish civil law system; judicial
review of legislative acts in Constitutional
Chamber of Supreme Court; modern legal
education at branches of Mohamed V Uni-
versity in Rabat and Casablanca and
Karaouine University in Fes
National holiday: Independence Day, 18
November
Branches: constitution provides for Prime
Minister and ministers named by and respon-
sible to King; King has paramount executive
powers; unicameral legislature (Chamber of
Representatives), of which two-thirds are di-
rectly elected and one-third are indirectly
elected; judiciary independent of other
branches
158
Government leaders: HASSAN II, King
(since March 1961); Mohamed KARIM-
LAMRANI, Prime Minister (since November
1983)
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: provincial elections held 10 June
1983; elections for National Assembly held
14 September 1984
Political parties and leaders: Morocco has 1 4
political parties; the major ones are as fol-
lows— Istiqlal Party, M'Hamed Boucetta;
Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP),
Abderrahim Bouabid; Popular Movement
(MP), Mahjoubi Aherdan; National Assembly
of Independents (RNI) formed in October
1978 is progovernment grouping of previ-
ously unaffiliated deputies in parliament,
Ahmed Osman; National Democratic Party
(PND), a splinter group from the RNI formed
July 1981, Mohamed Arsalane El-Jadidi;
Party for Progress and Socialism (PPS), legal-
ized in August 1974, is front for Moroccan
Communist Party (PCM), which was pro-
scribed in 1959, Ali Yata; new promonarchy
party — The Constitutional Union (UC),
Maati Bouabid
Voting strength: progovernment parties
hold absolute majority in Chamber of Repre-
sentatives; with palace-oriented Popular
Movement deputies, the King controls over
two-thirds of the seats
Communists: 2,000 est.
Member of: Af DB, Arab League, EC (asso-
ciate), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IDE— Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study
Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU,
QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $1 1.9 billion (1984 est.), about $500 per
capita; average annual real growth 6-7% dur-
ing 1973-77, 3-4% during 1978-80, 2.0% in
1984 (est.)
Agriculture: cereal farming and livestock
raising predominate; main products — wheat,
barley, citrus fruit, wine, vegetables, olives;
some fishing
Fishing: catch 320,000 metric tons (1983); ex-
ports $165 million (1983)
Major sectors: mining and mineral process-
ing (phosphates, smaller quantities of iron,
manganese, lead, zinc", and other minerals),
food processing, textiles, construction and
tourism
Electric power: 2,100,000 kW capacity
(1984); 6.438 billion kWh produced (1984),
273 kWh per capita
Exports: $2.10 billion (f.o.b., 1984 est.); 38%
phosphates, 62% other
Imports: $3.40 billion (f.o.b., 1984 est.); 29%
petroleum products, 18% foodstuffs, 18%
capital goods
Major trade partners: France, FRG, Italy,
Saudi Arabia
Budget: (1984 est.) revenues, $4.5 billion;
current expenditures, $3.6 billion; develop-
ment expenditures, $2.0 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 8.9
dirhams=US$l (average 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,756 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, 161 km double track; 708 km electri-
fied
Highways: 55,970 km total; 24,700 km bitu-
minous treated, 4,000 km gravel, crushed
stone, and improved earth, 27,270 km unim-
proved earth
Pipelines: 362 km crude oil; 491 km (aban-
doned) refined products; 241 km natural gas
Ports: 10 major (including Spanish-con-
trolled Ceuta and Melilla), 14 minor
Civil air: 17 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 74 total, 70 usable; 26 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 2 with runways over
3,659 m, 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 28
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good system com-
posed of wire lines, cables, and radio-relay
links; principal centers Casablanca and Ra-
bat, secondary centers Fes, Marrakech,
Oujda, Tangier and Tetouan; 241,100 tele-
phones (1.2 per 100 popl.); 14 AM, 6 FM, 47
TV stations; 5 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic
Ocean satellite stations; radio-relay to Gibral-
tar, Spain, and Western Saraha; coaxial cable
to Algeria
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Moroccan Army, Royal Mo-
roccan Navy, Royal Moroccan Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,352,000;
3,306,000 fit for military service; 262,000
reach military age (18) annually; limited con-
scription
159
Mozambique
400km
Mozambique
Channel
^MAPUTO
See regional map VII
Land
783,030 km2; larger than Texas; 56% wood
and forest; 30% arable, of which 1% culti-
vated; 14% waste and inland water
Land boundaries: 4,627 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 2,470 km
People
Population: 13,776,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun — Mozambican(s); adjec-
tive— Mozambican
Ethnic divisions: majority from indigenous
tribal groups; approximately 10,000 Europe-
ans, 35,000 Euro- Africans, 15,000 Indians
Religion: 60% indigenous beliefs, 30% Chris-
tian, 10% Muslim
Language: Portuguese (official); many indig-
enous dialects
Literacy: 14%
Government
Official name: People's Republic of Mozam-
bique
Type: people's republic
Capital: Maputo
Political subdivisions: 10 provinces subdi-
vided into 112 districts; administrators are
appointed by central government
Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law
system and customary law
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
June
Branch: unicameral legislature (People's As-
sembly)
Government leader: Samora Moi'ses
MACHEL, President (since June 1975)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: information not available on fu-
ture election schedule
Political parties and leaders: the Mozam-
bique Liberation Front (FRELIMO), led by
Samora Machel, is only legal party
Communists: FRELIMO is a Marxist orga-
nization and maintains close ties to the Soviet
Union and its allies but has recently taken
steps to improve relations with the West and
neighboring South Africa
Member of: Af DB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO, ITU, NAM,
OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO
Economy
GNP: $2 billion (1983 est.), about $150 per
capita; average annual growth rate —1%
(1971-81)
Agriculture: cash crops — raw cotton, cashew
nuts, sugar, tea, copra, sisal; other crops —
corn, wheat, peanuts, potatoes, beans, sor-
ghum, cassava; imports corn and wheat
Major industries: food processing (chiefly
sugar, tea, wheat, flour, cashew kernels);
chemicals (vegetable oil, oilcakes, soap,
paints); petroleum products; beverages; tex-
tiles; nonmetallic mineral products (cement,
glass, asbestos, cement products); tobacco
Electric power: 2,200,000 kW capacity
(1984); 9.636 billion kWh produced (1984),
718 kWh per capita
Major trade partners: Portugal, South Af-
rica, US, UK, FRG
Budget: (1982) current expenditures, $500
million; revenues, $600 million
Monetary conversion rate: 43.39
meticais=US$l (10 October 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,436 km total; 3,288 km 1.067-
meter gauge; 148 km 0.750-meter narrow
gauge
Highways: 26,498 km total; 4,593 km paved;
829 km gravel, crushed stone, stabilized soil;
21,076 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: approx. 3,750 km of navi-
gable routes
Pipelines: crude oil, 306 km (not operating);
refined products, 280 km
Ports: 3 major (Maputo, Beira, Nacala), 2 sig-
nificant minor
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 255 total, 216 usable; 29 with per-
manent surface runways; 5 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 32 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of
troposcatter, open-wire lines, and radio re-
lay; 57,400 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 9
AM, 3 FM stations; 1 TV station; 1 Atlantic
Ocean satellite station
160
Namibia
(South-West Africa)
Defense Forces
Branches: Mozambique Armed Forces (in-
cluding Army, Border Guard, Naval
Command, Air Force)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,030,000;
1,791,000 fit for military service
Supply: mostly from the USSR and China,
and to a lesser extent from other Communist
countries and Portugal
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1982, $177.4 million; 29.0% of
central government budget
South
Atlantic
Ocean
See regional mip VII
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
Land
824,296 km2; twice the size of California;
mostly desert except for interior plateau and
area along northern border
Land boundaries: 3,798 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
(fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 1,489 km
People
Population: 1,108,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun — Namibian(s); adjec-
tive— Namibian
Ethnic divisions: 85.6% black, 7.5% white,
6.9% mixed; approximately half the Africans
belong to Owambo tribe
Religion: whites predominantly Christian,
nonwhites either Christian or indigenous be-
liefs
Language: Afrikaans principal language of
about 60% of white population, German of
33%, and English of 7% (all official); several
indigenous languages
Literacy: 100% whites, 28% nonwhites
Labor force: about 500,000 (1981); 60% agri-
culture, 19% industry and commerce, 8%
services, 7% government, 6% mining
Organized labor: 6 trade unions, member-
ship almost exclusively white and mulatto
Government
Official name: Namibia
Type: former German colony of South-West
Africa mandated to South Africa by League
of Nations in 1920; UN formally ended South
Africa's mandate on 27 October 1966, but
South Africa has retained administrative
control
Capital: Windhoek
Political subdivisions: 10 tribal homelands,
mostly in northern sector, and zone open to
white settlement with administrative subdi-
visions similar to a province of South Africa
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law
and customary law
Branches: since September 1977 Adminis-
trator General, appointed by South African
Government, has exercised coordinative
functions over zone of white settlement and
tribal homelands, where traditional chiefs
and representative bodies exercise limited
autonomy; Namibian National Assembly ter-
minated February 1983; no elections
scheduled
Government leader: Willem VAN
NIEKERK, Administrator General (since
February 1983)
Suffrage: universal white adult suffrage at
territorial level; lower level elections open to
blacks
Elections: election of Namibian National As-
sembly, December 1978
Political parties and leaders: approximately
45 political parties; the major white parties
include Action Front for the Preservation of
the Turnhalle Principles (AKTUR), also
known as the National Party of South-West
Africa, Kosie Pretorius; Federal Party, Bryan
161
Namibia (continued)
Nauru
O'Linn; Republican Party, Dirk Mudge;
many of the nonwhite parties-belong to the
Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA), a
multiethnic alliance of traditional tribal lead-
ers and the white Republican Party, which is
favored in South Africa; the other multieth-
nic alliance, the largely moribund Namibian
National Front (NNF), consists of the white
Federal Party and various nonwhite groups
opposed to the homeland system, each of
which operates independently; Christian
Democratic Action Party, a primarily
Owambo party formed in early 1982 as a re-
sult of a split in the DTA, Peter Kalangula
Voting strength: (1978 election) Namibian
National Assembly — DTA, 41 seats;
AKTUR, 6 seats; 3 minuscule parties, 1 seat
each; NNF and SWAPO boycotted elections;
15 additional, appointed seats have not been
filled; Assembly prorogued in January 1983
Communists: no Communist Party; SWAPO
guerrilla force is supported by USSR, Cuba,
and other Communist states as well as OAU
Other political or pressure groups: South-
West Africa People's Organization
(SWAPO), led by Sam Nujoma, maintains a
foreign-based guerrilla movement; is pre-
dominantly Ovambo but has some influence
among other tribes; is the only Namibian
group recognized by the UN General Assem-
bly and the Organization of African Unity
Member of: FAO, ILO, UNESCO, WFTU,
WHO
Economy
GDP: $1.5 billion (1983 est.); annual real
growth, -7% (1983)
Agriculture: livestock raising (cattle and
sheep) predominates; subsistence crops (mil-
let, sorghum, corn, and some wheat) are
raised but most food must be imported
Fishing: est. catch 202,000 metric tons
(1982); down by more than a third since 1979;
processed mostly in South African enclave of
Walvis Bay
Major industries: (nearly all for export)
meatpacking, fish processing, copper, lead,
zinc, diamond, and uranium mining, dairy
products
Electric power: 400,000 kW capacity (1984);
1.261 billion kWh produced (1984), 1,170
kWh per capita
Monetary conversion rate: 1 South African
rand=US$.47 (as of 30 December 1984); 2.1
SA rands=US$l
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 2,340 km 1.067-meter gauge, sin-
gle track
Highways: 54,500 km; 4,079 km paved,
2,540 gravel, remainder earth roads and
tracks
Ports: 2 major (Walvis Bay and Luderitz)
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 134 total, 123 usable; 21 with per-
manent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m,
55 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good urban, fair rural
services; radio relay connects major towns,
wires extend to other population centers;
57,400 telephones (6.0 per 100 popl.); 2 AM,
13 FM, 3 TV stations
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of Republic of South
Africa; however, a Southwest African Terri-
tory Force was established 1 August 1980
(includes an air element)
Military manpower: males 15-49, about
248,000; about 148,000 fit for military ser-
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1984, $128.3; 8% of central govern-
ment budget
Sec reflonal map X
Land
20.7 km2; less than one-eighth the size of
Washington, D.C.; insignificant arable land,
no urban areas, extensive phosphate mines
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 24 km
People
Population: 8,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 1.3%
Nationality: noun — Nauruan(s); adjective —
Nauruan
Ethnic divisions: 58% Nauruan, 26% other
Pacific Islander, 8% Chinese, 8% European
Religion: Christian (two-thirds Protestant,
one-third Catholic)
Language: Nauruan, a distinct Pacific Island
language (official); English widely under-
stood and spoken
Literacy: 99%
Government
Official name: Republic of Nauru
Type: republic
Capital: no capital city per se; government
offices in Yaren District
162
Nepal
Political subdivisions: 14 districts
National holidays: Independence Day, 31
January; Constitution Day, 17 May; Angram
Day, 26 October
Branches: President elected from and by
Parliament for an unfixed term; popularly
elected 18-member unicameral legislature
(Parliament); Cabinet to assist the President,
four members, appointed by President from
Parliament members
Government leader: Hammer DEROBURT,
President (since May 1978)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: last held in December 1983
Political parties and leaders: governing fac-
tion, President DeRoburt; opposition Nauru
Party, Lagumot Harris
Member of: Commonwealth (special mem-
ber), ESCAP, ICAO, INTERPOL, ITU,
South Pacific Commission, UPU
Economy
GNP: over $155.4 million (1981), $21, 400 per
capita
Agriculture: negligible; almost completely
dependent on imports for food and water
Major industries: mining of phosphates,
about 2 million tons per year
Electric power: 13,000 kW capacity (1984);
48 million kWh produced (1984), 6,000 kWh
per capita
Exports: $75 million (f.o.b., 1979)
Imports: $11 million (c.i.f., 1979); food, fuel,
water
Major trade partners: exports — 75% Austra-
lia and New Zealand; imports — Australia,
UK, New Zealand, Japan
Monetary conversion rate: 1. 0778 Australian
dollars=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: about 27 km total; 21 km paved, 6
km improved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 minor
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft, one on
order
Airfields: 1 usable with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate intraisland
and international radio communications pro-
vided via Australian facilities; 1,500
telephones (20.8 per 100 popl.); 3,600 radio
receivers, 1 AM, no FM or TV stations; 1
ground satellite station
Defense Forces
No formal defense structure and no regular
armed forces
Military manpower: males 15-49, about
1,800; fit for military service, about 1,000;
about 100 reach military age (18) annually
KATHMANDU
Biritnagar
Stt rtjlonilmip VIII
Land
140,791 km2; the size of North Carolina; 385?
alpine land (nonarable), waste, or urban; 32%
forest; 16% agricultural; 14% permanent
meadow and pasture
Land boundaries: 2,800 km
People
Population: 16,996,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun — Nepalese (sing, and pi.);
adjective — Nepalese
Ethnic divisions: Newars, Indians, Tibetans,
Gurungs, Magars, Tamangs, Bhotias, Rais,
Limbus, Sherpas, as well as many smaller
groups
Religion: only official Hindu kingdom in
world, although no sharp distinction between
many Hindu (about 88%) and Buddhist
groups; small groups of Muslims and Chris-
tians
Language: Nepali (official); 20 mutually un-
intelligible languages divided into numerous
dialects
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: 4.1 million; 93% agriculture, 5%
services, 2% industry; great lack of skilled
labor
163
Nepal (continued)
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Nepal
Type: nominally a constitutional monarchy;
King Birendra exercises autocratic control
over multitiered panchayat system of gov-
ernment
Capital: Kathmandu
Political subdivisions: 75 districts, 14 zones
Legal system: based on Hindu legal concepts
and English common law; legal education at
Nepal Law College in Kathmandu; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Birthday of the King and
National Day, 28 December
Branches: Council of Ministers appointed by
the King; Rastriya Panchayat (National As-
sembly; 112 directly elected, 28 appointed by
King)
Government leaders: BIRENDRA Bir
Bikram Shah Dev, King (since 1973);
Lokendra Bahadur CHAND, Prime Minister
(since July 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: village, town, and district councils
(panchayats) elected by universal suffrage; a
constitutional amendment in 1980 provided
for direct elections to the National Pancha-
yat, which consists of 140 members
(including 28 appointed by the King), who
serve five-year terms; Nepal's first general
election in 22 years was held in May 1981
Political parties and leaders: all political par-
ties outlawed but operate more or less openly;
Nepali Congress Party (NCP), Ganesh Man
Singh, K. P. Bhattarai, G. P. Koirala
Communists.- Communist Party of Nepal
(CPN), B. B. Manandhar; two wings of CPN
are Communist Party of Nepal/Left
(CPN/L), Man Mohan Adhikari, Pushpa Lai
Shrestha, and Communist Party of
Nepal/Right (CPN/R), Dr. Keshar Jung
Rayamajhi; these wings are each split into
several factions
Other political or pressure groups: numerous
small, left-leaning student groups in the capi-
tal; Indian merchants in Terai and capital
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO,
G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU,
NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GDP: $2.4 billion (FY83/84 current prices),
$152 per capita; 9.1% real growth in
FY83/84(est.)
Agriculture: over 90% of population engaged
in agriculture; main crops — rice, corn,
wheat, sugarcane, oilseeds
Major industries: small rice, jute, sugar, and
oilseed mills; match, cigarette, and brick fac-
tories
Electric power: 160,000 kW capacity (1984);
395 million kWh produced (1984), 24 kWh
per capita
Exports: $79.2 million (FY82/83 est.); rice
and other food products, jute, timber, manu-
factured goods
Imports: $431.8 million (FY82/83); manu-
factured consumer goods, fuel, construction
materials, fertilizers, food products
Major trade partner: India
Budget: (FY83/84 revised est.) domestic rev-
enues, $211.2 million; expenditures, $438.3
million
Monetary conversion rate: 17.50 Nepalese
rupees=US$l (October 1984)
Fiscal year: 15 July-14 July
Communications
Railroads: 63 km (1977), all 0.762-meter nar-
row gauge; all in Terai close to Indian border;
10 km from Raxaul to Biranj is government
owned
Highways: 4,136 km total; 1,751 km paved,
556 km gravel or crushed stone, 1,829 km im-
proved and unimproved earth; additionally
322 km of seasonally motorable tracks
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 39 total, 38 usable; 5 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: poor telephone and
telegraph service; fair radiocommunication
and broadcast service; international
radiocommunication service is poor; 10,000
telephones (less than 0. 1 per 100 popl.); 3 AM,
no FM or TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Nepal Army, Royal Nepa-
lese Army Air Service, Nepalese Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,084,000;
2,062,000 fit for military service, 191,000
reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 15
July 1984, $51.1 million; 8.4% of central gov-
ernment budget
164
Netherlands
North
Sea
See regional map V
Land
40,844 km2; the size of Massachusetts,
Connecticut, and Rhode Island combined;
70% cultivated, 8% forest, 8% inland water,
5% waste, 9% other
Land boundaries: 1,022 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 451 km
People
Population: 14,467,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 0.4%
Nationality: noun — Netherlander(s); adjec-
tive— Netherlands
Ethnic divisions: 99% Dutch, 1% Indonesian
and other
Religion: 40% Roman Catholic, 31% Protes-
tant, 24% unaffiliated
Language: Dutch
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 4.9 million (1981); 30% manu-
facturing, 24% services, 16% commerce, 10%
agriculture, 9% construction, 7% transporta-
tion and communications, 4% other; 11.3%
unemployment, September 1982
Organized labor: 33% of labor force
Government
Official name: Kingdom of the Netherlands
Type: constitutional monarchy
•
Capital: Amsterdam, but government resides
at The Hague
Political subdivisions: 1 1 provinces and 4
special municipalities governed by centrally
appointed commissioners of Queen
Legal system: civil law system incorporating
French penal theory; constitution of 1815
frequently amended, reissued 1947; judicial
review in the Supreme Court of legislation of
lower order than Acts of Parliament; legal
education at six law schools; accepts compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Queen's Day, 30 April
Branches: executive (Queen and Cabinet of
Ministers), which is responsible to bicameral
parliament (States General) consisting of a
First Chamber (75 indirectly elected mem-
bers) and a Second Chamber (150 directly
elected members); independent judiciary;
coalition governments are usual
Government leaders: BEATRIX Wilhel-
mina Armgard, Queen (since April 1980);
Ruud LUBBERS, Prime Minister (since No-
vember 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: must be held at least every four
years for lower house (most recent held 8 Sep-
tember 1982); following an amendment to
the constitution that took effect in 1983, elec-
tions are held for the upper house every four
years (most recent August 1983)
Political parties and leaders: Christian Dem-
ocratic Appeal (CDA), Chairman Pieter
Bukman; Labor (PvdA), Max van den Berg;
Liberal (VVD), Jan Kamminga; Democrats
66 (D'66), Jacob Kohnstamm; Communist
(CPN), Henk Hoekstra; Pacifist Socialist
(PSP), Bram van der Lek; Political Reformed
(SGP), Hette G. Abma; Reformed Political
Union (GPV), Jan van der Jagt; Radical Party
(PPR), Herman Verbeek; Democratic Social-
ist 70 (DS'70), Z. Hartog; Rightist Peoples
Party (RVP), Hendrik Koekoek; Reformed
Political Federation (RPF), P. Lamgeler;
Center Party (CP), H. Janmatt; Evangelical
People's Party (EVP), J. Renes
Voting strength: (1982 election) 30.8% PvdA
(47 seats), 29.3% CDA (45 seats), 23% VVD
(36 seats), 4.3% D'66 (6 seats), 2.3% PSP (3
seats), 1.9% SGP (3 seats), 1.8% CPN (3 seats),
1.7% PPR (2 seats), 1.3% RDF (2 seats), 0.8%
GPF (1 seat), 0.8% CP (1 seat); 0.7% EVP (1
seat); two members of the CDA were ex-
pelled from the party in 1984, and they are
now serving as independents
Communists: CPN claims about 27,000
members
Other political or pressure groups: large
multinational firms; Federation of Nether-
lands Trade Union Movement (comprising
Socialist and Catholic trade unions) and a
Protestant trade union; Federation of Catho-
lic and Protestant Employers Associations;
the nondenominational Federation of Neth-
erlands Enter prises; and IKV — Interchurch
Peace Council
Member of: ADB, Benelux, Council of Eu-
rope, DAC, EC, ECE, EIB, ELDO, EMS,
ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDE— Inter-Ameri-
can Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC,
IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INRO, INTELSAT,
International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, IWC—
International Wheat Council (with respect to
interests of the Netherlands Antilles and Suri-
name), NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $131 billion (1983), $9,120 per capita;
61.1% consumption, 18.5% investment,
17.7% government, —.4% inventories, 3.1%
net foreign demand, 0.8% real GNP growth
(1983)
Agriculture: animal husbandry predomi-
nates; main crops — horticultural crops,
165
Netherlands (continued)
Netherlands Antilles
grains, potatoes, sugar beets; food short-
ages— grains, fats, oils
Fishing: catch 328,000 metric tons (1983); ex-
ports of fish and fish products, $416. 1 million
(1982); imports, $150.2 million (1982)
Major industries: food processing, metal and
engineering products, electrical and elec-
tronic machinery and equipment, chemicals,
petroleum products, natural gas
Shortages: crude petroleum, raw cotton, base
metals and ores, pulp, pulpwood, lumber,
feedgrains, oilseeds
Crude steel: 8.6 million metric ton capacity
(1981); 8.2 million metric tons produced, 586
kg per capita (1983)
Electric power: 19,546,000 kW capacity
(1984); 61.354 billion kWh produced (1984),
4,250 kWh per capita
Exports: $71.6 billion (f.o.b., 1983); food-
stuffs, machinery, chemicals, petroleum
products, natural gas, textiles
Imports: $67.8 billion (c.i.f., 1983); machin-
ery, transportation equipment, crude
petroleum, foodstuffs, chemicals, raw cotton,
base metals and ores, pulp
Major trade partners: (1983)exports— 71.3%
EC (13.6% Belgium- Luxembourg, 10.3%
France, 9.0% UK), 4.2% US, 1.9% Commu-
nist; imports— 53.2% EC (22.0% FRG, 10.7%
Belgium-Luxembourg, 8.7% UK), 9.1% US,
5.8% Communist
Aid: donor — bilateral economic aid commit-
ted (ODA and OOF), $10.5 billion (1970-81)
Budget: (1984 est.) revenues, $38.5 billion;
expenditures, $47.6 billion; deficit, $9.2 bil-
lion, at exchange rate of 3.4160 guilders=
US$1 (October 1984); (1983 est.) revenues,
$43. 1 billion; expenditures, $53.9 billion; def-
icit, $10.8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 3.4160
guilders=US$l (October 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,016 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge; 2,850 km government owned (NS),
1,799 km electrified, 1,800 km double track;
166 km privately owned
Highways: 108,360 km total; 92,525 km
paved (including 2,185 km of limited access,
divided highways); 15,835 km gravel,
crushed stone
Inland waterways: 6,340 km, of which 35% is
usable by craft of 900 metric ton capacity or
larger
Pipelines: 418 km crude oil; 965 km refined
products; 10,230 km natural gas
Ports: 8 major, 10 minor
Civil air: 98 major transport air craft
Airfields: 29 total, 28 usable; 19 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 12 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed,
well maintained, and integrated; extensive
system of multiconductor cables, supple-
mented by radio-relay links; 8.03 million
telephones (56.0 per 100 popl.); 7 AM, 33 FM,
29 TV stations; 9 submarine cables; 1 satellite
station with 2 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian
Ocean antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Netherlands Army, Royal
Netherlands Navy/Marine Corps, Royal
Netherlands Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,985,000;
3,381,000 fit for military service; 131,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $4.3 billion; about 9.4% of
central government budget
Islands not shown in true
geographical position
Caribbean Sea
Aruba
\\Curacao
WILLEMSTACT1--^
Sint Maarten
*•
Phtlipsburg
Saba
•
Sint £ ustatiuz
Bonaire
See regional mip III
Land
1,821 kmz; more than one and one-half times
the size of New York City; 95% waste, urban,
or other; 5% arable
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm,
fishing 200 nm
Coastline: 364 km
People
Population: 256,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 1.2%
Nationality: noun — Netherlands Antille-
an(s); adjective — Netherlands Antillean
Ethnic divisions: 85% mixed African; re-
mainder Carib Indian, European, Latin, and
Oriental
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic;
Protestant, Jewish, Adventist
Language: Dutch (official); Papiamento, a
Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect
predominates; English widely spoken;
Spanish
Literacy: 95%
Labor force: 89,000(1983); 65% government,
28% industry and commerce, 1.5% agricul-
ture; unemployment about 16% on Curacao
and about 10% on Aruba (1984 est.)
Organized labor: 60-70% of labor force
166
Government
Official name: Netherlands Antilles
Type: autonomous territory within Kingdom
of the Netherlands, enjoying complete do-
mestic autonomy
Capital: Willemstad, Curacao
Political subdivisions: four island territo-
ries— Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, and the
Windward Islands — St. Eustatius, southern
part of St. Martin (northern part is French),
Saba
Legal system: based on Dutch civil law sys-
tem, with some English common law
influence; constitution adopted 1954
Branches: federal executive power rests
nominally with Governor (appointed by the
Crown), actual power exercised by eight-
member Council of Ministers or cabinet
presided over by Minister-President; legisla-
tive power rests with 22-member Legislative
Council; independent court system under
control of Chief Justice of Supreme Court of
Justice (administrative functions under Min-
ister of Justice); each island territory has
island council headed by Lieutenant Gover-
Government leaders: Maria LIBERIA-
PETERS, Prime Minister (since September
1984); Dr. Rene ROMER, Governor (since
1983)
Suffrage: universal age 18 and over
Elections: federal elections mandatorily held
every four years, last regular held 25 June
1982; island council elections every four
years, last held 25 April 1983
Political parties and leaders: political parties
are indigenous to each island:
Curaqao: Movement for a New Antilles
(MAN), Domenico Felip Martina; Demo-
cratic Party (DP), Augustin Diaz; People's
National Party (PNP), Maria Liberia-Peters;
Frente Obrero de Liberacion (FOL), Wilson
"Papa" Godett; Social Democratic Party
(PSD), Efraim Cintje
Aruba: People's Electoral Movement (MEP),
G. F. "Betico" Croes; Aruban Patriotic Party
(PPA), Benny Nisbet; Aruban People's Party
(AVP), Henny Eman; Democratic Party of
Aruba (PDA), Dr. Leo Berlinski
*
Bonaire: Union Party of Bonaire (UPB),
Charles E. R. Ellis; Democratic Party of Bon-
aire, Jopie Abraham; New Democratic
Action (ADEN)
Windward Islands: Windward Islands Dem-
ocratic Party (DPWI), Leo Chance and
Claude Wathey; United Federation of Antil-
lean Workers (UFA); Windward Islands
People's Movement (WIPM); and others
Voting strength: in June 1984 the govern-
ment of Prime Minister Don Martina lost its
majority in the Legislative Council; an in-
terim coalition government was appointed
by the Governor; the coalition controls 15 of
22 seats in the Council and consists of mem-
bers of the PNP, DP, MEP, DPWI, and UPB
parties
Communists: small leftist groups
Member of: EC (associate), INTERPOL; as-
sociated with UN through the Netherlands;
UPU, WMO
Economy
GNP: $131.6 billion (1983), $9,140 per cap-
ita; real growth rate, 7.0% (1978)
Agriculture: little production
Major industries: petroleum refining on Cu-
racao and Aruba; petroleum transshipment
facilities on Curacao, Aruba, and Bonaire;
tourism on Curacao, Aruba, and St. Martin;
light manufacturing on Curacao and Aruba
Electric power: 433,000 kW capacity (1984);
1.517 billion kWh produced (1984), 6,000
kWh per capita
Exports: $6.0 billion (f.o.b., 1980); 96% petro-
leum products, phosphate
Imports: $5.9 billion (f.o.b., 1980); 64% crude
petroleum, food, manufactures
Major trade partners: exports — 46% US, 2%
Canada, 1% Netherlands; imports — 35%
Venezuela, 11% US, 4% Netherlands (1977)
Aid: bilateral ODA and OOF commitments
(1970-79), economic — Western (non-US)
countries $353 million
Budget: (1982) public sector revenues, $373
million; public sector expenditures, $378 mil-
lion
Monetary conversion rate: 1.8 Netherlands
Antillean florins (NAF)=US$1 (February
1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 950 km total; 300 km paved, 650
km gravel and earth
Ports: 5 major (Willemstad, Oranjestad, St.
Nicolaas, Philipsburg, Caracabaai); 6 minor
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 total, 7 usable; 7 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: generally adequate
telecom facilities; extensive interisland ra-
dio-relay links; 56,000 telephones (21.1 per
100 popl.); 1 1 AM, 3 FM, 4 TV stations; 2
submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite
stations
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of the Netherlands
Military manpower: males 15-49, 63,000;
36,000 fit for military service; about 2,600
reach military age (20) annually
167
New Caledonia
136 ktv
Coral Sea
New
Caledonia
NOUMEA
Coral Sea
See regional map X
Land
22,139 km2; larger than Massachusetts; 22%
pasture, 15% forest, 6% arable, 57% waste or
other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200
nm)
Coastline: 2,254 km
People
Population: 153,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 1.7%
Nationality: noun — New Caledonian(s); ad-
jective— New Caledonian
Ethnic divisions: Melanesian 42.5%, Euro-
pean 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%, Polynesian
3.8%, Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%
Religion: over 60% Roman Catholic, 30%
Protestant
Language: French; Melanesian- Polynesian
dialects
Literacy: unknown
Labor force: 50,469 (1980 est); Javanese and
Tonkinese laborers were imported for plan-
tations and mines in pre- World War II
period; immigrant labor now coming from
Wallis Islands, New Hebrides, and French
Polynesia; est. 8% unemployment
Organized labor: labor not organized
Government
Official name: Territory of New Caledonia
and Dependencies
Type: French overseas territory; represented
in French parliament by two deputies and
one senator
Capital: Noumea
Political subdivisions: 4 islands or island
group dependencies — Isle of Pines, Loyalty
Islands, Huon Islands, Island of New Caledo-
nia
Legal system: French law
Branches: administered by High Commis-
sioner, responsible to French Ministry for
Overseas France and Council of Govern-
ment; 42-seat Territorial Assembly
Government leader: Edgard PISANI,
French High Commissioner and President of
the Council of Government (since December
1984); KANAK Provisional Government—
Jean-Marie Tjibaou, President (since Decem-
ber 1984)
Suffrage: universal
Elections: Assembly elections every five
years, last in November 1984
Political parties: white-dominated
Rassemblement pour la Caledonie dans la
Republique (RPCR) — Conservative; Mela-
nesian proindependence Kanak Socialist
National Liberation Front (FLNKS); Mela-
nesian moderate Kanak Socialist
Liberation (LKS)
Voting strength: (1984 election) Territorial
Assembly— RPCR, 34 seats; LKS, 6 seats;
splinter groups, 2 seats; FLNKS boycotted
the election
Communists: number unknown; Palita ex-
treme left party; some politically active
Communists deported during 1950s; small
number of North Vietnamese
Member of: EIB (associate), WFTU, WMO
Economy
GNP: $637 million (1979), $4,000 per capita;
1.0% growth (1977)
Agriculture: large areas devoted to cattle
grazing; major products — coffee, maize,
wheat, vegetables; 60% self-sufficient in beef
Industry: mining of nickel
Electric power: 390,000 kW capacity (1984);
2.1 billion kWh produced (1984), 14,189
kWh per capita
Exports: $257.4 million (f.o.b., 1980); 95%
nickel metal (95%), nickel ore
Imports: $318.2 million (c.i.f., 1980); fuels
and minerals, machines and electrical equip-
ment
Major trade partners: (1980)exports — 54.9%
France; imports— 32.5% France
Budget: (1981) revenues, $187.1 million; ex-
penditures, $168.3 million
Monetary conversion rate: 127.05 francs
CFP=US$1 (December 1982)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,399 km total (1979); 558 km
paved, 2,251 km improved earth, 2,639 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 major (Noumea), 21 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 31 total, 30 usable; 4 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 23,000 telephones (17
per 100 popl.); 5 AM, no FM, 7 TV stations; 1
earth satellite station
168
New Zealand
Jasman Sea
South
Pacific
Ocean
North Island
LLINGTON
I South Island
Dunedin
. Chatham
• Islands
See regional map X
Land
268,676 km2; the size of Colorado; 50% pas-
ture; 16% forest; 10% park and reserve; 3%
cultivated; 1% urban; 20% waste, water, or
other; 4 principal islands, 2 minor inhabited
islands, several minor uninhabited islands
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: about 15,134 km
People
Population: 3,295,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 1.4%
Nationality: noun — New Zealander(s); ad-
jective— New Zealand
Ethnic divisions: 87% European, 9% Maori,
2% Pacific Islander, 2% other
Religion: 81% Christian, 18% none or un-
specified, 1% Hindu, Confucian, and other
Language: English (official), Maori
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 1,325,000(1981); 29.9% manu-
facturing, mining, and construction; 24.2%
commerce and finance; 21.2% services;
10.7% agriculture; 8.3% transportation and
communications; 2% other; unemployment
3.7% (February 1981)
Organized labor: 46% of labor force
Government
Official name: New Zealand
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth, recognizing Elizabeth II as head of
state
Capital: Wellington
Political subdivisions: 239 territorial units
(boroughs, counties, town and district coun-
cils); 657 special-purpose bodies
Legal system: based on English law, with
special land legislation and land courts for
Maoris; constitution consists of various docu-
ments, including certain acts of the UK and
New Zealand Parliaments; legal education at
Victoria, Auckland, Canterbury, and Otago
Universities; accepts compulsory ICJ juris-
diction, with reservations
National holiday: Waitangi Day, 6 February
Branches: unicameral legislature (92-mem-
ber House of Representatives, commonly
called Parliament); Cabinet responsible to
Parliament; three-level court system (magis-
trates, courts, Supreme Court, and Court of
Appeal)
Government leader: David LANGE, Prime
Minister (since July 1984)
Suffrage: universal age 18 and over
Elections: held at three-year intervals or
sooner if Parliament is dissolved by Prime
Minister; last election July 1984
Political parties and leaders: New Zealand
Labor Party (NZLP; government), David
Lange; National Party (NP; opposition), Jim
McLay; Social Credit Political League
(Socred), Bruce Beetham; New Zealand
Party, Bob Jones; Socialist Unity Party (SUP;
pro- Soviet), G. H. "Bill" Andersen
Voting strength: (1981 election) Parlia-
ment— National Party, 47 seats; Labor Party,
43 seats; Social Credit, 2 seats
Communist: CPNZ about 300, SUP about
100
Member of: ADB, ANZUS, ASPAC, Co-
lombo Plan, Commonwealth of Nations,
DAC, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, ISO, ITU, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $16.2 billion(year ending March 1984),
$5,063 per capita; real average annual
growth (1974-84), 1.1%
Agriculture: fodder and silage crops, about
one-half of area planted in field crops; main
products — wool, meat, dairy products; food
surplus country
Fishing: catch 1 1 6,000 metric tons ( 1 982); ex-
ports—80,000 metric tons valued at $1 10
million (1982)
Major industries: food processing, textile
production, machinery, transport equip-
ment, wood and paper products
Electric power: 7,300,000 kW capacity
(1984); 27.08 billion kWh produced (1984),
8,330 kWh per capita
Exports: $5.3 billion (f.o.b., 1983); principal
products — beef, wool, dairy
Imports: $5.3 billion (c.i.f., 1983); principal
products — petroleum, cars, trucks, iron and
steel, petroleum products
Major trade partners: (trade year 1982/83)
exports— 15% Japan, 15% Australia, 14% US,
11% UK; imports— 21% Japan, 20% Austra-
lia, 15% US, 4% FRG
Aid: bilateral economic aid commitments
(ODA and OOF), $338 million (1970-82)
Budget: (1984/85) expenditures, $7.3 billion;
receipts, $6.0 billion; deficit, $1.3 billion
Monetary conversion rate: NZ$2.13=US$1
(8 January 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
169
New Caledonia
13h km
'l Coral Sea
New
Caledonia
Coral Sea
Srtrffional map X
He des Pins
Land
22,139 km2; larger than Massachusetts; 22%
pasture, 15% forest, 6% arable, 57% waste or
other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200
Coastline: 2,254 km
People
Population: 153,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 1.7%
Nationality: noun — New Caledonian(s); ad-
jective— New Caledonian
Ethnic divisions: Melanesian 42.5%, Euro-
pean 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%, Polynesian
3.8%, Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%
Religion: over 60% Roman Catholic, 30%
Protestant
Language: French; Melanesian-Polynesian
dialects
Literacy: unknown
Labor force: 50,469 (1980 est); Javanese and
Tonkinese laborers were imported for plan-
tations and mines in pre- World War II
period; immigrant labor now coming from
Wallis Islands, New Hebrides, and French
Polynesia; est. 8% unemployment
Organized labor: labor not organized
Government
Official name: Territory of New Caledonia
and Dependencies
Type: French overseas territory; represented
in French parliament by two deputies and
one senator
Capital: Noumea
Political subdivisions: 4 islands or island
group dependencies — Isle of Pines, Loyalty
Islands, Huon Islands, Island of New Caledo-
Legal system: French law
Branches: administered by High Commis-
sioner, responsible to French Ministry for
Overseas France and Council of Govern-
ment; 42-seat Territorial Assembly
Government leader: Edgard PISANI,
French High Commissioner and President of
the Council of Government (since December
1984); KANAK Provisional Government—
Jean-Marie Tjibaou, President (since Decem-
ber 1984)
Suffrage: universal
Elections: Assembly elections every five
years, last in November 1984
Political parties: white-dominated
Rassemblement pour la Caledonie dans la
Republique (RPCR) — Conservative; Mela-
nesian proindependence Kanak Socialist
National Liberation Front (FLNKS); Mela-
nesian moderate Kanak Socialist
Liberation (LKS)
Voting strength: (1984 election) Territorial
Assembly— RPCR, 34 seats; LKS, 6 seats;
splinter groups, 2 seats; FLNKS boycotted
the election
Communists: number unknown; Palita ex-
treme left party; some politically active
Communists deported during 1950s; small
number of North Vietnamese
Member of: EIB (associate), WFTU, WMO
Economy
CNP: $637 million (1979), $4,000 per capita;
1.0% growth (1977)
Agriculture: large areas devoted to cattle
grazing; major products — coffee, maize,
wheat, vegetables; 60% self-sufficient in beef
Industry: mining of nickel
Electric power: 390,000 kW capacity (1984);
2.1 billion kWh produced (1984), 14,189
kWh per capita
Exports: $257.4 million (f.o.b., 1980); 95%
nickel metal (95%), nickel ore
Imports: $318.2 million (c.i.f., 1980); fuels
and minerals, machines and electrical equip-
ment
Major trade partners: (1980) exports — 54.9%
France; imports — 32.5% France
Budget: (1981) revenues, $187.1 million; ex-
penditures, $168.3 million
Monetary conversion rate: 127.05 francs
CFP=US$1 (December 1982)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,399 km total (1979); 558 km
paved, 2,251 km improved earth, 2,639 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 major (Noumea), 21 minor .
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 31 total, 30 usable; 4 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 23,000 telephones (17
per 100 popl.); 5 AM, no FM, 7 TV stations; 1
earth satellite station
New Zealand
550 km
Tasman Sea
South
Pacific
Ocean
North Is/and
LLINGTON
j South Island
/Dunedin
"™ Chatham
• Islands
Set regional map X
Land
268,676 km2; the size of Colorado; 50% pas-
ture; 16% forest; 10% park and reserve; 3%
cultivated; 1% urban; 20% waste, water, or
other; 4 principal islands, 2 minor inhabited
islands, several minor uninhabited islands
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: about 15,134 km
People
Population: 3,295,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 1.4%
Nationality: noun — New Zealander(s); ad-
jective— New Zealand
Ethnic divisions: 87% European, 9% Maori,
2% Pacific Islander, 2% other
Religion: 81% Christian, 18% none or un-
specified, 1% Hindu, Confucian, and other
Language: English (official), Maori
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 1,325,000(1981); 29.9% manu-
facturing, mining, and construction; 24.2%
commerce and finance; 21.2% services;
10.7% agriculture; 8.3% transportation and
communications; 2% other; unemployment
3.7% (February 1981)
Organized labor: 46% of labor force
Government
Official name: New Zealand
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth, recognizing Elizabeth II as head of
state
Capital: Wellington
Political subdivisions: 239 territorial units
(boroughs, counties, town and district coun-
cils); 657 special-purpose bodies
Legal system: based on English law, with
special land legislation and land courts for
Maoris; constitution consists of various docu-
ments, including certain acts of the UK and
New Zealand Parliaments; legal education at
Victoria, Auckland, Canterbury, and Otago
Universities; accepts compulsory ICJ juris-
diction, with reservations
National holiday: Waitangi Day, 6 February
Branches: unicameral legislature (92-mem-
ber House of Representatives, commonly
called Parliament); Cabinet responsible to
Parliament; three-level court system (magis-
trates, courts, Supreme Court, and Court of
Appeal)
Government leader: David LANGE, Prime
Minister (since July 1984)
Suffrage: universal age 18 and over
Elections: held at three-year intervals or
sooner if Parliament is dissolved by Prime
Minister; last election July 1984
Political parties and leaders: New Zealand
Labor Party (NZLP; government), David
Lange; National Party (NP; opposition), Jim
McLay; Social Credit Political League
(Socred), Bruce Beetham; New Zealand
Party, Bob Jones; Socialist Unity Party (SUP;
pro-Soviet), G. H. "Bill" Andersen
Voting strength: (1981 election) Parlia-
ment— National Party, 47 seats; Labor Party,
43 seats; Social Credit, 2 seats
Communists: CPNZ about 300, SUP about
100
Member of: ADB, ANZUS, ASPAC, Co-
lombo Plan, Commonwealth of Nations,
DAC, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, ISO, ITU, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $ 1 6. 2 billion (year ending March 1 984),
$5,063 per capita; real average annual
growth (1974-84), 1.1%
Agriculture: fodder and silage crops, about
one-half of area planted in field crops; main
products — wool, meat, dairy products; food
surplus country
Fishing: catch 1 16,000 metric tons (1982); ex-
ports—80,000 metric tons valued at $1 10
million (1982)
Major industries: food processing, textile
production, machinery, transport equip-
ment, wood and paper products
Electric power: 7,300,000 kW capacity
(1984); 27.08 billion kWh produced (1984),
8,330 kWh per capita
Exports: $5.3 billion (f.o.b., 1983); principal
products — beef, wool, dairy
Imports: $5.3 billion (c.i.f., 1983); principal
products — petroleum, cars, trucks, iron and
steel, petroleum products
Major trade partners: (trade year 1982/83)
exports— 15% Japan, 15% Australia, 14% US,
11% UK; imports— 21% Japan, 20% Austra-
lia, 15% US, 4% FRG
Aid: bilateral economic aid commitments
(ODA and OOF), $338 million (1970-82)
Budget: (1984/85) expenditures, $7.3 billion;
receipts, $6.0 billion; deficit, $1.3 billion
Monetary conversion rate: NZ$2.13=US$1
(8 January 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
169
Nicaragua (continued)
Niger
Telecommunications: low-capacity radio-
relay and wire system; connection into
Central American microwave net; Atlantic
Ocean station; 60,000 telephones (2.2 per 100
popl.); 52 AM, 11 FM, 5 TV stations;
Intersputnik communications satellite facil-
ity
Defense Forces
Branches: Sandinista Popular Army, Sandi-
nista War Navy, Sandinista Air Force/ Air
Defense, Sandinista Popular Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49, 676,000;
418,000 fit for military service; 33,000 reach
military age (18) annually
See regional mtp VII
Land
1,267,000 km2; almost three times the size of
California; 7.6% permanent meadow and
pasture, 2.6% arable, 2.3% forest and wood-
land, .02% inland water, 87% other,
remainder desert
Land boundaries: 5,745 km
People
Population: 6,495,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 3.3%
Nationality: noun — Nigerien(s) adjective —
Nigerien
Ethnic divisions: 56% Hausa; 22% Djerma;
8.5% Fula; 8% Tuareg; 4.3% Beri Beri
(Kanouri); 1.2% Arab, Toubou, and
Gourmantche; about 4,000 French expatri-
ates
Religion: 80% Muslim, remainder indige-
nous beliefs and Christians
Language: French (official); Hausa, Djerma
Literacy: 5%
Labor force: 2.5 million (1982) wage earners;
90% agriculture, 6% industry and commerce,
4% government
Organized labor: negligible
Government
Official name: Republic of Niger
Type: republic; military regime in power
since April 1974
Capital: Niamey
Political subdivisions: 1 departments, 32 ar-
rondissements
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem and customary law; constitution adopted
1960, suspended 1974; committee appointed
January 1984 to "reflect" on a new national
charter; has not accepted compulsory ICJ ju-
risdiction
National holidays: Independence Day, 3 Au-
gust; Republic Day, 18 December
Branches: executive authority exercised by
President Seyni Kountche in the name of the
Supreme Military Council (SMC), which is
composed of army officers; office of prime
minister created January 1 983; since Novem-
ber 1983, civilians have held all cabinet
portfolios except Defense and Interior, which
are held by President Kountche
Government leader: Brig. Gen. Seyni
KOUNTCHE, President of Supreme Mili-
tary Council, Chief of State (since 1974);
Hamid ALGABID, Prime Minister (since
November 1983)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: popular elections currently al-
lowed only for choosing representatives for
village Development Councils, which advise
on local economic development
Political parties and leaders: political parties
banned
Communists: no Communist party; some
sympathizers in outlawed Sawaba party
Member of: Af DB, APC, CEAO, EAMA,
EGA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB—
Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU,
ITU, Lake Chad Basin Commission, Niger
River Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM,
OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO
172
Nigeria
Economy
GDP: $2.0 billion (1982), $425 per capita; an-
nual real growth rate —0.8% (1970-1980)
Agriculture: commercial — cowpeas,
groundnuts, cotton; main food crops — millet,
sorghum, rice
Major industries: cement plant, brick fac-
tory, rice mill, small cotton gins, oil presses,
slaughterhouse, and a few other small light
industries; uranium production began in
1971
Electric power: 74,000 kW capacity (1984);
96 million kWh produced (1984), 15 kWh per
capita
Exports: $362 million (f.o.b., 1982); about
75% uranium in 1982, rest livestock, cow-
peas, onions, hides, skins; exports understated
because much regional trade not recorded
Imports: $438 million (f.o.b., 1982); petro-
leum products, primary materials,
machinery, vehicles and parts, electronic
equipment, Pharmaceuticals, chemical
products, cereals, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: France (about half),
other EC countries, Nigeria, UDEAC coun-
tries; US (3.8%, 1981); preferential tariff to
EC and franc zone countries
Budget: (1981/82 prov.) revenues, $234 mil-
lion; current expenditures, $190 million;
capital expenditures, $38 million;
extrabudgetary expendituresss, $215 million
Monetary conversion rate: 422.25
Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 8,547 km total; 3,001 km paved
bituminous, 2,658 km gravel, 2,888 km un-
improved earth
Inland waterways: Niger River navigable
300 km from Niamey to Gaya on the Benin
frontier from mid-December through March
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
4
Airfields: 68 total, 62 usable^ 7 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 19 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: small system of wire
and radio-relay links concentrated in south-
western area; 9,800 telephones (0.2 per 100
popl.); 9 AM, 2 FM, 12 TV stations; 2 Atlantic
Ocean satellite stations, 4 domestic antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, paramilitary
Gendarmerie, paramilitary Republican
Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,408,000;
759,000 fit for military service; about 64,000
reach military age (18) annually
Gulf of
Guinea
See regional map Vll
Land
923,768 km2; more than twice the size of
California; 35% forest; 24% arable (13% of
total land area under cultivation); 41 % desert,
waste, urban, or other
Land boundaries: 4,034 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 30 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 853 km
People
Population: 91,178,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 3.4%
Nationality: noun — Nigerian(s); adjective —
Nigerian
Ethnic divisions: of the more than 250 tribal
groups, the Hausa and Fulani of the north,
the Yoruba of the southwest, and the Ibos of
the southeast comprise 65% of the popula-
tion; about 27,000 non- Africans
Religion: no exact figures on religious break-
down, but last census (1963) showed Nigeria
to be 47% Muslim, 34% Christian, and 18%
indigenous beliefs
Language: English (official); Hausa, Yoruba,
and Ibo also widely used
Literacy: 25-30%
173
Nigeria (continued)
Labor force: est. 35-40 million (1983); 55%
agriculture; 17% industry, commerce, and
services; 15% government
Organized labor: 3.52 million wage earners
belong to one of 42 recognized trade unions,
which are under a single national labor fed-
eration, the Nigerian Labor Congress (NLC)
Government
Official name: Federal Republic of Nigeria
Type: military government since 31 Decem-
ber 1983
Capital: Lagos
Political subdivisions: 19 states, headed by
appointed military governors
Legal system: based on English common law,
tribal law, and Islamic law
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 Oc-
tober
Branches: ruling Supreme Military Council
and Federal Executive Council (cabinet), ad-
visory National Council of State
Government leader: Maj. Gen. Muhammadu
BUHARI, Head of the Federal Military Gov-
ernment and Commander in Chief (since
December 1983)
Suffrage: none
Elections: last national elections under civil-
ian rule held August-September 1983
Political parties and leaders :a\\ political par-
ties banned after 31 December 1983
Communists: the pro-Communist under-
ground comprises a fraction of the small
Nigerian left; leftist leaders are prominent in
the country's central labor organization but
have little influence on government
Member of: AfDB, APC, Commonwealth,
EGA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC,
ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat
Council, Lake Chad Basin Commission, Ni-
ger River Commission, NAM, OAU, OPEC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $67 billion (1982), $760 per capita;
— 4.4% growth rate (1983 est.)
Agriculture: main crops — peanuts, cotton,
cocoa, rubber, yams, cassava, sorghum, palm
kernels, millet, corn, rice; livestock
Fishing: catch 512,000 metric tons (1982);
imports nonprocessed and processed fish
Major industries: mining — crude oil, natural
gas, coal, tin, columbite; processing indus-
tries— oil palm, peanut, cotton, rubber,
petroleum, wood, hides, skins; manufactur-
ing industries — textiles, cement, building
materials, food products, footwear, chemi-
cal, printing, ceramics
Electric power: 3,100,000 kW capacity
(1984); 8. 1 46 billion k Wh produced (1984), 92
kWh per capita
Exports: $10.5 billion (f.o.b., 1983); oil (98%),
cocoa, palm products, rubber, timber, tin
Imports: $12.1 billion (f.o.b., 1983); machin-
ery and transport equipment, manufactured
goods, chemicals
Major trade partners: UK, EC, US
Budget: (1984) revenues, $15.1 billion; cur-
rent expenditures, $7.0 billion
Monetary conversion rate: .8049
naira=US$l (December 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,505 km 1.067-meter gauge
Highways: 107,990 km total 30,019 km
paved (mostly bituminous surface treat-
ment); 25,411 km laterite, gravel, crushed
stone, improved earth; 52,560 km unim-
proved
Inland waterways: 8,575 km consisting of
Niger and Benue rivers and smaller rivers
and creeks
Pipelines: 2,042 km crude oil; 1 20 km natural
gas; 3,000 km refined products
Ports: 6 major (Lagos, Port Harcourt, Cala-
bar, Warri, Onne, Sapele), 9 minor
Civil air: 72 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 87 total, 83 usable; 29 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 1 with runways over
3,659 m, 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 20
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: above-average system
limited by poor maintenance; major expan-
sion in progress; radio- relay and cable routes;
155,000 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 37
AM, 9 FM, 34 TV stations; satellite station
with Atlantic and Indian Ocean antennas,
domestic satellite system with 19 stations; 1
coaxial submarine cable
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
19,548,000; 11,240,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 935,000 reach military age ( 1 8) annually
174
Norway
Sec regional map V
Land
Continental Norway, 324,219 km2; slightly
larger than New Mexico; Svalbard, 62,160
km2; Jan Mayen, 373 km2; 21 % forest; 3% ara-
ble, 2% meadow and pasture; 74% other
Land boundaries: 2,579 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: mainland 3,419 km; islands 2,413
km (excludes long fjords and numerous small
islands and minor indentations, which total as
much as 16,093 km overall)
People
Population: 4,160,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 0.4%
Nationality: noun — Norwegian(s); adjec-
tive— Norwegian
Ethnic divisions: Germanic (Nordic, Alpine,
Baltic) and racial-cultural minority of 20,000
Lapps
Religion: 94% Evangelical Lutheran (state
church), 4% other Protestant and Roman
Catholic, 2% other
Language: Norwegian (official); small Lapp-
and Finnish-speaking minorities
Literacy: 100%
Labor force: 2.024 million (1983); 30.9% ser-
vices; 19.6% mining and manufacturing;
16.7% commerce; 8.8% transportation; 7.6%
construction; 7.2% agriculture, forestry, fish-
ing; 5.7% banking and financial services;
3.3% unemployed
Organized labor: 60% of labor force
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Norway
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Oslo
Political subdivisions: 19 counties, 2 territo-
ries, 404 communes, 47 towns
Legal system: mixture of customary law,
civil law system, and common law traditions;
constitution adopted 1814, modified 1884;
Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to
legislature when asked; legal education at
University of Oslo; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Constitution Day, 17 May
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly
with Crown and parliament (Storting —
Lagting, upper house; Odelsting, lower
house); executive power vested in Crown but
exercised by Cabinet responsible to parlia-
ment; Supreme Court, 5 superior courts, 104
lower courts
Government leaders: OLAV V, King (since
1957); Kare W1LLOCH, Prime Minister
(since September 1981)
Suffrage: universal at age 18 but not compul-
sory
Elections: held every four years (next in
1985)
Political parties and leaders: Labor, Gro
Harlem Brundtland; Conservative, Erling
Norvik; Center, Johan J. Jakobsen; Christian
People's, Kjell Magne Bondevik; Liberal,
Odd Einar D0rum; Socialist Left, Theo
Koritzinsky; Norwegian Communist, Hans I.
Kleven; Progressive, Carl I. Hagen
Voting strength: (1981 election) Labor,
37.3%; Conservative, 31.6%; Christian
People's, 9.3%; Center, 6.7%; Socialist Left
(Socialist Electoral Alliance), 4.9%; Progres-
sive, 4.5%; Liberal, 3.9%; Red Electoral
Alliance, 0.7%; Liberal People's Party
(antitax), 0.6%; Norwegian Communist, 0.3%
Communists: 15,500 est; 5,500 Norwegian
Communist Party (NKP); 10,000 Workers
Communist Party Marxist-Leninist (AKP-
ML, pro-Chinese)
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC,
EC (Free Trade Agreement), EFTA, ESRO
(observer), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA (associate mem-
ber), IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, International
Lead and Zinc Study Group, IPU, ITU,
IWC — International Whaling Commission,
IWC — International Wheat Council,
NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $55. 1 billion in 1983, $13,300 per cap-
ita; 47.9% private consumption; 19.5%
government; 24.5% private investment; net
exports of goods and services 8.1%; 1983
growth rate 3.2%, in 1980 prices
Agriculture: animal husbandry predomi-
nates; main crops — feed grains, potatoes,
fruits, vegetables; 40% self-sufficient; food
shortages — food grains, sugar
Fishing: catch 2.5 million metric tons (1982);
exports $750 million (1982)
Major industries: oil and gas, food process-
ing, shipbuilding, wood pulp, paper
products, metals, chemicals
Shortages: most raw materials except timber,
petroleum, iron, copper, and ilmenite ore;
dairy products and fish
Crude petroleum: 20.7 million metric tons
produced (1983), exports $5.6 billion (1983)
Crude steel: 768,000 metric tons produced
(1982), 185 kg per capita
175
Norway (continued)
Oman
Electric power: 22,915,000 kW capacity
(1984); 1 17.882 billion kWh produced (1984),
28,440 kWh per capita
Exports: $18.0 billion (f.o.b., 1983); principal
items — oil, natural gas, metals, pulp and pa-
per, fish products, ships, chemicals, oil
Imports: $13.5 million (c.i.f ., 1983); principal
items — foodstuffs, ships, fuels, motor vehi-
cles, iron and steel, chemical compounds,
textiles
Major trade partners: 69% EC(34% UK, 19%
FRG, 10% Sweden), 4.3% US (1983)
Aid: donor — bilateral economic commit-
ments(ODA and OOF), $2. 1 billion (1970-82)
Budget: (1982) revenues, $28.3 billion; ex-
penditures, $26.6 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 9.1500
kroner=US$l (2 January 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 4,257 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge; Norwegian State Railways (NSB) op-
erates 4,241 km (2,440 km electrified and 91
km double track); 16 km privately owned and
electrified
Highways: 78,116 km total; 17,699 km con-
crete and bitumen; 19,277 km bituminous
treated; 41,140 km gravel, crushed stone, and
earth
Inland waterways: 1,577 km; 1.5-2.4 m draft
vessels maximum
Pipelines: refined products, 53 km
Ports: 9 major, 69 minor
Civil air: 62 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 96 total, 95 usable; 54 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 12 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 14 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: high-quality domestic
and international telephone, telegraph, and
telex services; 2.20 million telephones (53.5
per 100 popl.); 8 AM, 806 FM, 1,623 TV sta-
tions; 6 coaxial submarine cables; 6 domestic
satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Norwegian Army, Royal
Norwegian Navy, Royal Norwegian Air
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,048,000;
851,000 fit for military service; 33,000 reach
military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $1.7 billion; about 10.7% of
central government budget
250 Km
Gulf of Oman
- TK
MUSCAT
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
Arabian Sea
SM reflonal map VI
Land
About 212,380 km2; about the size of New
Mexico; negligible amount forested; remain-
der desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 1,384 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 2,092 km
People
Population: 1,228,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 3.9%
Nationality: noun — Omani(s); adjective —
Omani
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Arab, with
small Baluchi, Zanzibar!, and Indian groups
Religion: 75% Ibadhi Muslim; remainder
Sunni Muslim, Sh'ia Muslim, some Hindu
Language: Arabic (official); English, Balu-
chi, Urdu, Indian dialects
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: 500,000; 50% are non-Omani;
est. 60% agriculture
Government
Official name: Sultanate of Oman
176
Type: absolute monarchy; independent, with
strong residual UK influence
Capital: Muscat
Political subdivisions: 1 province (Dhofar), 2
governorates (Musandam and Muscat), and
numerous districts (wilayats)
Legal system: based on English common law
and Islamic law; no constitution; ultimate ap-
peal to the Sultan; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive — Sultan, who appoints
45-member State Consultative Assembly to
advise him; legislative — none; judicial — tra-
ditional Islamic judges and a nascent civil
court system
National holiday: National Day, 18-19 No-
vember
Government leader: QABOOS bin Said, Sul-
tan (since July 1970)
Political parties: none
Other political or pressure groups: outlawed
Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman
(PFLO), based in South Yemen
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GCC,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Develop-
ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, QIC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $6.8 billion (1982), $6,300 per capita
est.
Agriculture: based on subsistence farming
(fruits, dates, cereals, cattle, camels), fishing
Major industries: petroleum discovery in
1964; production began in 1967; production
1982, 320,000 b/d; pipeline capacity,
400,000 b/d; copper mine and smelter re-
cently opened
Electric power: 984,000 kW capacity (1984);
2.155 billion kWh produced (1984), 1,820
kWh per capita
Exports: $4.3 billion (f.o.b., 1983), mostly pe-
troleum; nonoil consist mostly of re-exports
and some agricultural goods
Imports: $3.0 billion ( c.i.f., 1983), machin-
ery, transportation equipment, manu-
factured goods, food, livestock, mineral fuels,
lubricants
Major trade partners: exports — 52% Japan,
30% Europe, 8% US; imports— 22% Japan,
19% UK, 18% UAE, 8% US (1983)
Budget: (1983) revenues, $3.7 billion; expen-
ditures, $4.3 billion
Monetary conversion rate: .3454 rial=US$l
(October 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 16,900 km total; 2,200 km bitu-
minous surface, 14,700 km motorable track
Pipelines: crude oil 1,300km; natural gas 850
km
Ports: 1 major (Qaboos, Rayzut), 3 minor
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft, includ-
ing multinational^ owned Gulf Air Fleet
Airfields: 123 total, 1 17 usable; 6 with per-
manent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m, 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m,
54 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of open-
wire, radio- relay, and radio communications
stations; 23,000 telephones (2.2 per 100
popl.); 3 AM, 2 FM, 11 TV stations; 1 Indian
Ocean satellite station, 7 domestic satellite
stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Royal
Oman Police
Military manpower: males 15-49, 275,000;
157,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $1.9 billion; 38.4% of cen-
tral government budget
177
Pakistan
Arabian Sea
Set regional mip Vlll
Land
803,943 km2 (excludes Northern Areas and
Azad Kashmir, the Pakistani-controlled parts
of the former state of Jammu and Kashmir);
larger than Texas; 40% arable, including 24%
cultivated; 34% probably mostly waste; 23%
unsuitable for cultivation; 3% forested
Land boundaries: 5,900 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 1,046 km
People
Population: 99,199,000, excluding
Junagardh, Manavadar, Gilgit, Baltistan, and
the disputed area of Jammu and Kashmir
(July 1985); average annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun — Pakistani(s); adjective —
Pakistani
Ethnic divisions: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pushtan
(Pathan), Baluchi
Religion: 97% Muslim, 3% Christian, Hindu,
and other
Language: Urdu and English (official); total
spoken languages — 64% Punjabi, 12%
Sindhi, 8% Pushtu, 7% Urdu, 9% Baluchi and
other; English is lingua franca
Literacy: 24%
Labor force: 25.24 million (1982 est); exten-
sive export of labor; 52% agriculture, 21%
industry, 8% services, 19% other
Organized labor: negligible
Government
Official name: Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Type: parliamentary, federal republic; mili-
tary seized power 5 July 1977 and suspended
1973 constitution; President Mohammad
Zia-ul-Haq won a special referendum in De-
cember 1984 confirming him as president
through March 1990; he held parliamentary
elections in February 1985 and declared he
would end martial law and reinstate an
amended constitution after the parliament is
seated
Capital: Islamabad
Political subdivisions: four provinces (Balu-
chistan, North- West Frontier, Punjab, Sind),
1 territory (Federally Administered Tribal
Areas)
Legal system: based on English common law
but gradually being transformed to corre-
spond to Koranic injunction; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva-
tions; President Zia's government has
established Islamic Shariat courts paralleling
the secular courts and has introduced Ko-
ranic punishments for criminal offenses;
martial law courts also have jurisdiction to
hear civil and criminal cases; common law
procedures do not apply
National holiday: Pakistan Day, 23 March
Government leader: Gen. Mohammad ZIA-
UL-HAQ, President and Chief Martial Law
Administrator (since July 1977)
Suffrage: universal from age 18
Elections: opposition agitation against rig-
ging elections in March 1977 led to military
coup; military promised to hold new national
and provincial assembly elections in October
1977 but postponed them; in 1979 elections
were postponed indefinitely; elections for
municipal bodies were held in 1979 and
1983; national elections were held in Febru-
ary 1985; political parties were not permitted
to participate
Political parties and leaders: Pakistan
People's Party (PPP), Benazin Bhutto (major
leader) — opposed to accommodation with
Zia; Ghulam Mustapha Jatoi (leading moder-
ate); Tehrik-i-Istiqlal, Asghar Khan; National
Democratic Party (NDP), Sherbaz Mazari
(formed in 1975 by members of outlawed Na-
tional Awami Party— NAP — of Abdul Wali
Khan, who is de facto NDP leader); all the
aforementioned are in the Movement for
Restoration of Democracy (MRD), formed in
February 1981; Pakistan National Party
(PNP), Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo (Baluch ele-
ments of the former NAP); Jamiat-ul-Ulema-
i-Pakistan (JUP), Maulana Shah Ahmed
Noorani; Pakistan Muslim League (PML) —
Pir of Pagaro group; Jamaat-i-Islami (JI),
Tofail Mohammed; Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Is-
lam (JUI), Fazlur Rahman; political activity
restricted but political discussion is permitted
Communists: party membership very small;
sympathizers estimated at several thousand;
party is outlawed
Other political or pressure groups: military
remains dominant political force; Ulema
(clergy), industrialists, and small merchants
also influential
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
IDA, IDB — Islamic Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, IWC—
International Wheat Council, NAM, QIC,
Regional Cooperation for Development, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WFTU, WIPO,
WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: figures reflect impact of rupee deval-
uation in 1982; $31 billion (FY84 est.); $300
per capita (FY84); real growth 4.6% (FY84)
Agriculture: extensive irrigation; main
crops — wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton
Fishing: catch 337,000 metric tons (1982)
178
Panama
Major industries: cotton textiles, steel, food
processing, tobacco, engineering, chemicals,
natural gas
Electric power: 5,068,000 kW capacity
(1984); 19.3 billion kWh produced (1984), 200
kWh per capita
Exports: $2.7 billion (f.o.b., FY84); primarily
rice, cotton (raw and manufactured)
Imports: $6.0 billion (f.o.b., FY84); petro-
leum (crude and products)
Major trade partners: exports — Iran 16%,
US 9%, Japan 8%, Saudi Arabia 7%, UK 5%;
imports — Iran 19%, Saudi Arabia 16%, Japan
13.0%, US 11%, UK 6%
Budget: FY83 — current expenditures, $5.3
billion; development expenditures, $2.2 bil-
lion (reflects impact of rupee devaluation)
Monetary conversion rate: 13.48
rupees=US$l (FY84 average); in January
1982, the rupee was delinked from the US
dollar and floated
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: (1984) 8,822 km 1.676-meter
broad gauge, 535 km 1.000-meter gauge, and
610 km 0.762-meter narrow gauge; 1,037 km
broad gauge double track and 286 km electri-
fied; government owned
Highways: 98,000 km total (1984); 40,000 km
paved, 23,000 km gravel, improved earth,
and unimproved earth road sand tracks
Inland waterways: negligible
Pipelines: 250 km crude oil; 2,269 km natural
gas; 750 km refined products
Ports: 2 major, 4 minor
Civil air: 30 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 114 total, 94 usable; 68 with per-
manent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m, 29 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 38 with runways 1,200-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international
radiocommunication service over micro-
wave and INTELSAT satellite; domestic
radio communications poor; broadcast ser-
vice good; 314,000 telephones (0.3 per 100
popl.); 27 AM, no FM, 16 TV stations; 1
ground satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, Navy, Civil
Armed Forces, National Guards
Military manpower: males 15-49,
23,880,000; 16,251,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 1,202,000 reach military age (17)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1984, $1.98 billion; about 29% of central
government budget
ISStem
Caribbean Sea
North Pacific Ocean
See regional map III
Land
77,080 km2; slightly larger than West Vir-
ginia; 24% agricultural land (1 1 % pasture, 9%
fallow, 4% crop); 20% exploitable forest; 56%
other forest, urban or waste
Land boundaries: 630 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm (continental shelf, including sovereignty
over superjacent waters)
Coastline: 2,490 km
People
Population: 2,038,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 1.8%
Nationality: noun — Panamanian(s); adjec-
tive— Panamanian
Ethnic divisions: 70% mestizo, 14% West In-
dian, 10% white, 6% Indian
Religion: over 93% Roman Catholic, 6%
Protestant
Language: Spanish (official); 14% speak En-
glish as native tongue; many Panamanians
bilingual
Literacy: 90%
Labor force: est 625,000 (January 1982); 45%
commerce, finance, and services; 29% agri-
culture, hunting, and fishing; 10%
179
Panama (continued)
manufacturing and mining; 5% construction;
5% transportation and communications; 4%
Canal Zone; 1.2% utilities; 2% other; unem-
ployed estimated at 20% (January 1984);
shortage of skilled labor but an oversupply of
unskilled labor
Organized labor: approximately 15% of la-
bor force (1982)
Government
Official name: Republic of Panama
Type: centralized republic
Capital: Panama
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 1
intendancy
Legal system: based on civil law system; con-
stitution adopted in 1972, but major reforms
adopted in April 1983; judicial review of leg-
islative acts in the Supreme Court; legal
education at University of Panama; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva-
tions
National holiday: Independence Day, 3 No-
vember
Branches: under April 1983 reforms, a Presi-
dent, two Vice Presidents, and a 67-member
Legislative Assembly are elected by popular
vote for 5-year terms; Supreme Court of Jus-
tice is appointed by the Cabinet, subject to
legislative approval, for a 10- year period
Government leaders: Nicolas ARDITO
BARLETTA, President (since October 1984);
Eric Arturo DELVALLE, First Vice Presi-
dent (since October 1984); Roderick
ESQUIVEL, Second Vice President (since
October 1984)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over
age 18
Elections: seven electoral slates made up of
14 registered political parties were on the
May 1984 ballot with the president and other
winners decided by simple pluralities; may-
oral and municipal elections were held in
June 1984
Political parties and leaders: (registered for
1984 presidential and legislative elections)
National Democratic Union (UNADE; gov-
ernment coalition) — Democratic Revolu-
tionary Party (PRD, official government
party); Republican Party (PR); Liberal Party
(PL); Labor Party (PALA); Panamenista
Party (PP); Popular Broad Front Party
(FRAMPO); Democratic Opposition Alliance
(ADO; opposition) — Christian Democratic
Party (PDC); Authentic Panamenista Party
(PP A); other opposition parties — Popular Na-
tionalist Party (PNP); Popular Action Party
(PAPO); People's Party (PdP, Soviet-oriented
Communist); Socialist Workers Party (PST);
Revolutionary Workers Party (PRT)
Voting strength: in the May 1984 elections
the government coalition received 300,748
votes, narrowly defeating the opposition alli-
ance, which received 299,035 votes; UNADE
won 45 seats in the 67-member Legislative
Assembly, and ADO won the remaining 22
seats
Communists: People's Party (PdP),
progovernment mainline Communist party,
met requirements for certification as a legal
party in 1981; PdP has approximately 35,000
adherents; 1,500 members and sympathizers
of rival Fraccion movement, which split
from PdP in 1974
Other political or pressure groups: National
Council of Organized Workers (CONATO);
National Council of Private Enterprise
(CONEP); Panamanian Association of Busi-
ness Executives (APEDE)
Member of :¥\O, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IDB— Inter-Ameri-
can Development Bank, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU,
IWC — International Whaling Commission,
IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM,
OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $4.286 billion (1983), $2,177 per cap-
ita; real growth (1983), 0%
Agriculture: main crops — bananas, rice, sug-
arcane, coffee, corn; self-sufficient in basic
foods
Fishing: catch 437,000 metric tons (1982); ex-
ports $60.2 million (1981)
Major industries: food processing, bever-
ages, petroleum products, construction
materials, clothing, paper products
Electric power: 1,100,000 kW capacity
(1984); 2.9 billion kWh produced (1984),
l,450kWh per capita
Exports: $347 million (f.o.b., 1983); petro-
leum products, bananas, shrimp, sugar
Imports: $1.35 billion (f.o.b., 1983); petro-
leum products, manufactured goods,
machinery and transportation equipment,
chemicals, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports — 39% US,
10% Mexico, 7% Switzerland, 5% FRG; im-
ports—31% Japan, 20% US, 5% Venezuela,
5% Mexico (1983)
Aid: economic — US, authorized, including
Ex-Im (FY70-83), $382 million; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-
82), $414 million; Communist countries
(1970-83), $5 million; military— US (FY70-
83), $23 million
Budget: (1983) revenues, $906 million; ex-
penditures, $1.13 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1 balboa=US$l
(January 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 278 km total; 78 km 1.524-meter
gauge, 200 km 0.914-meter gauge
Highways: 8,530 km total; 2,745 km paved,
3,270 km gravel or crushed stone, 2,515 km
improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 800 km navigable by
shallow draft vessels; 82 km Panama Canal
180
Papua New Guinea
Pipelines: refined products, 96 km; crude oil,
130km
Ports: 2 major (Cristobal and Balboa), 8 mi-
nor
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 131 total, 128 usable; 42 with per-
manent-surface runways; 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: domestic and interna-
tional telecom facilities well developed;
connection into Central American micro-
wave net; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite antennas;
213,000 telephones (10.0 per 100 popl.); 72
AM, 30 FM, 14 TV stations; 1 coaxial subma-
rine cable
Defense Forces
Branches: Defense Forces of the Republic of
Panama (formerly known as the National
Guard) includes military ground forces (stil!
designated National Guard), Panamanian
Air Force, National Navy, Panama Canal
Defense Force, police force, traffic
police/highway patrol, National Depart-
ment of Investigation, and Department of
Immigration
Military manpower: males 15-49, 523,000;
360,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Military budget: for fiscal year beginning 1
January 1985, $92 million; 3.4% of central
government budget
South Pacific Ocean
New Ireland
New %
Britain Bougainville
*.'"•*.•
Coral Sea
See regional map X
Land
461,691 km2; slightly larger than California;
70% forest, 3% cultivated, 2% pasture, 25%
other
Land boundaries: 966 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic including fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: about 5,152 km
People
Population: 3,326,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun — Papua New Guinean(s);
adjective — Papua New Guinean
Ethnic divisions: predominantly Melanesian
and Papuan; some Negrito, Micronesian, and
Polynesian
Religion: over half of population nominally
Christian (490,000 Catholic, 320,000 Lu-
theran, other Protestant sects); remainder
indigenous beliefs
Language: 715 indigenous languages; pidgin
English in much of the country and Motu in
Papua region are linguae francae; English
spoken by 1-2% of population
Literacy: 32%
Labor force: 1.44 million (1979); 352,500
(1980) in salaried employment; 53% agricul-
ture, 20% government, 17% industry and
commerce, 10% services
Government
Official name: Papua New Guinea
Type: independent parliamentary state
within Commonwealth recognizing Eliza-
beth II as head of state
Capital: Port Moresby
Political subdivisions: 19 provinces
Legal system: based on English common law
National holiday: Independence Day, 16
September
Branches: executive — National Executive
Council; legislature — House of Assembly
(109 members); judiciary — court system con-
sists of Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea
and various inferior courts (district courts, lo-
cal courts, children's courts, wardens' courts)
Government leaders: Sir Kingsford
DIBELA, Governor General (since March
1983); Michael Thomas SOMARE, Prime
Minister (since August 1982)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: preferential-type elections for
109-member House of Assembly every five
years, last held in June 1982
Political parties: Pangu Party, People's
Progress Party, United Party, Papua Besena,
National Party, Melanesian Alliance
Communists: no significant strength
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, CIPEC (asso-
ciate), Commonwealth, ESCAP (associate),
FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, South Pa-
cific Commission, South Pacific Forum, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
181
Papua New Guinea
(continued)
Paraguay
Economy
GNP: $2 billion (1980), $650 per capita; real
growth (1979) 3% est.
Agriculture: main crops — coffee, cocoa, co-
conuts, timber, tea
Major industries: sawmilling and timber
processing, copper mining (Bougainville),
fish canning
Electric power: 720,000 kW capacity (1984);
1.6 billion kWh produced (1984), 477 kWh
per capita
Exports: $960.0 million (f .o.b., 1979); copper,
coconut products, coffee beans, cocoa, copra,
timber
Imports: $935.5 million (c.i.f., 1979)
Major trade partners: Australia, UK, Japan
Aid: economic — Australia, $1,158 million
committed (1976-81); World Bank group
(1968-September 1969), $14.8 million com-
mitted; US, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $125
million; other Western countries, ODA and
OOF bilateral commitments (1980-82), $4.2
billion
Budget: (1983) expenditures, $1.02 million
Monetary conversion rate: ,8658kina=US$l
(February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 19,200 km total; 640 km paved,
10,960 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized
soil surface, 7,600 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 10,940 km
Ports: 5 principal, 9 minor
Civil air: about 15 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 535 total, 436 usable; 15 with per-
manent-surface runways; 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 37 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: Papua New Guinea
telecom services are adequate and are being
improved; facilities provide radiobroadcast,
radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio,
aeronautical radio and international
radiocommunication services; submarine ca-
bles extend from Madang to Australia and
Guam; 45,274 telephones (1.5 per 100 popl.);
31 AM, no FM, or TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Papua New Guinea Defense Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 800,000;
about 443,000 fit for military service
Supply: dependent on Australia
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $29.4 million; about 3% of
central government budget
20J »p.
See region*! map IV
Land
406,750 km2; the size of California; 52% for-
est; 24% meadow and pasture; 22% urban,
waste, and other; 2% crop
Land boundaries: 3,444 km
People
Population: 3,722,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun — Paraguayan(s); adjec-
tive— Paraguayan
Ethnic divisions: 95% mestizo (Spanish and
Indian), 5% white and Indian
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic; Mennonite
and other Protestant denominations
Language: Spanish (official) and Guarani
Literacy: 81%
Labor force: 1. 1 million (1983 est.); 44% agri-
culture; 34% industry and commerce, 18%
services, 4% government; unemployment
rate 15% (1984)
Organized labor: about 5% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Paraguay
Type: republic; under authoritarian rule
Capital: Asuncion
182
Political subdivisions: 19 departments and
the national capital
Legal system: based on Argentine codes, Ro-
man law, and French codes; constitution
promulgated 1967; judicial review of legisla
live acts in Supreme Court; legal education at
National University of Asuncion and Catho-
lic University of Our Lady of the Assump-
tion; does not accept compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 14
May
Branches: President heads executive; bicam-
eral legislature (Senate, Chamber of
Deputies); judiciary headed by Supreme
Court
Government leader: Gen. (Ret.) Alfredo
STROESSNER, President (since May 1954)
Suffrage: universal; compulsory between
ages of 18-60
Elections: President and Congress elected to-
gether every five years (last election
February 1983)
Political parties and leaders: Colorado
Party, Juan Ramon Chaves; Authentic Radi-
cal Liberay Party (PLRA), Miguel Angel
Martinez Yaryes; Christian Christian Demo-
cratic Party (PDC), Alfredo Rojas Leon;
Febrerista Revolutionary Party (PRF),
Euclides Acevedo; Liberal Party (PL), Joa-
quin Burgos; Popular Colorado Movement
(MOPOCO), Miguel Angel Gonzalez Casa-
bianca; Radical Liberal Party (PLR), Percio
Franco
Voting strength: (February 1983 general
election) 90% Colorado Party, 5.6% Radical
Liberal Party, 3.2% Liberal Party; Febrerista
Party boycotted elections
Communists: Oscar Creydt faction and Mi-
guel Angel Soler faction (both illegal); est.
3,000 to 4,000 party members and sym-
pathizers in Paraguay, very few are hard
core; party in exile is small and deeply di-
vided
Other political or pressure groups: Popular
Colorado Movement (MoPoCo) led by
Epifanio Mendez, in exile; National Accord
includes MoPoCo and Febrerista, Radical
Liberal, and Christian Democratic Parties
•
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB— Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU,
LAIA, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GDP: $2.5 billion (1984), $700-900 per capita
(depending on exchange rate); 7% public con-
sumption; 66% private consumption (1983),
28% gross domestic investment, 4-5% real
growth rate (1980); real growth rate 1982,
-2%
Agriculture: main crops — oilseeds, cotton,
wheat, manioc, sweet potatoes, tobacco,
corn, rice, sugarcane; self-sufficient in most
foods
Major industries: meat packing, oilseed
crushing, milling, brewing, textiles, light con-
sumer goods, cement
Electric power: 1,100,000 kW capacity
(1984); 2.9 billion kWh produced (1983), 800
kWh per capita
Exports: $326 million (f.o.b., 1983); cotton,
oilseeds, meat products, tobacco, timber, cof-
fee, essential oils, tung oil
Imports: $551 million (f.o.b., 1983); fuels and
lubricants, machinery and motors, motor ve-
hicles, beverages and tobacco, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports — 21% Brazil,
14% Netherlands, 12% Argentina, 12% FRG,
9% US, 7% Switzerland, 2% Japan; imports—
28% Brazil, 19% Argentina, 7% FRG, 6% US,
5% Japan, 5% UK (1983)
Aid: economic bilateral commitments, US
(FY70-83) $151 million, other Western coun-
tries, ODA and OOF (1970-82) $490 million;
military commitments (FY70-83), US $18
million
Budget: (1983 est.) revenues, $494 million;
expenditures, $741 million
Monetary conversion rate: 240
guaranies=US$l (October 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 970 km total; 440 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 60 km 1.000-meter gauge,
470 km various narrow gauge (privately
owned)
Highways: 21,960 km total; 1,788 km paved,
474 km gravel, and 19,698 km earth
Inland waterways: 3,100 km
Ports: 1 major (Asuncion), 9 minor (all river)
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 884 total, 769 usable; 6 with per-
manent-surface runways; 2 with runway
2,440-3,659 m, 27 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: principal center in
Asuncion, fair intercity microwave net;
64,300 telephones (2.0 per 100 popl.); 35 AM,
21 FM, 5 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satel-
lite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Paraguayan Army, Paraguayan
Navy, Paraguayan Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 885,000;
703,000 fit for military service; 43,000 reach
military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $128.4 million; 14.4% of
central government budget
183
Peru
BQOkm
idary representation is
ol necessarily authoritative
See regional map IV
Land
1,285,216 km2 (other estimates range as low
as 1,248,380 km2); five-sixths the size of
Alaska; 55% forest; 14% meadow and pas-
ture; 2% crop; 29% urban, waste, or other
Land boundaries: 6,131 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coos*/ine:2,414km
People
Population: 19,532,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.4%
Nationality: noun — Peruvian(s); adjective —
Peruvian
Ethnic divisions: 45% Indian; 37% mestizo
(white-Indian); 15% white; 3% black, Japa-
nese, Chinese, and other
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish and Quechua (official),
Aymara
Literacy: est. 72%
Labor force: 5.6 million (1980); 41% govern-
ment and other services, 40% agriculture,
19% industry and mining; unemployment
about 9% (1983 est.)
Organized labor: about 40% of salaried
workers (1983 est.)
Government
Official name: Republic of Peru
Type: republic
Capital: Lima
Political subdivisions: 23 departments with
limited autonomy plus constitutional Prov-
ince of Callao
Legal system: based on civil law system; 1979
constitution reestablished civilian govern-
ment with a popularly elected president and
bicameral legislature; legal education at the
National Universities in Lima, Trujillo, Are-
quipa, and Cuzco; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 28
July
Branches: executive, judicial, bicameral leg-
islature (Senate, Chamber of Deputies)
Government leader: Fernando BELAUNDE
Terry, President (since July 1980); Luis
PERCOVICH Roca, Prime Minister (since
October 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections for president and con-
gress held every five years; elections for a
civilian government were held on 18 May
1980, with the new government installed in
July 1980; election for president and congress
to be held on 14 April 1985 with a possible
second round runoff in May 1985 for presi-
dent if no candidate gets a majority; new
government to be inaugurated on 28 July
1985
Political parties and leaders: Popular Action
Party (AP), Fernando Belaunde Terry;
American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
(APRA), Alan Garcia; Popular Christian
Party (PPC), Luis Bedoya Reyes; United Left
(IU), Alfonso Barrantes
Voting strength: (1980 presidential election)
45% AP, 27% APRA, 10% PPC
Communists: Communist Party of Peru
(PCP), pro-Soviet, 2,000; pro-Chinese (2 fac-
tions) 1,200
Member of: Andean Pact, AIOEC,
ASSIMER, CIPEC, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IADB, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDB — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, INTERPOL, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, ISO, ITU, IWC— International
Wheat Council, LAIA, NAM, OAS, PAHO,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
CNP: $16.3 billion (1983 est.), $875 per cap-
ita; 71% private consumption, 15% public
consumption, 17% gross investment; —3%
net foreign balance (1982); real growth rate
(1983), -11.8%
Agriculture: main crops — wheat, potatoes,
beans, rice, barley, coffee, cotton, sugarcane;
imports — wheat, meat, lard and oils, rice,
corn
Fishing: catch 3.452 million metric tons
(1982); exports — oil, other products, $331
million (1979); meal, $202 million (1982)
Major industries: mining of metals, petro-
leum, fishing, textiles and clothing, food
processing, cement, auto assembly, steel,
shipbuilding, metal fabrication
Electric power: 3,675,000 kW capacity
(1984); 12.7 billion kWh produced (1984), 663
kWh per capita
Exports: $3.0 billion (f.o.b., 1983); copper,
fish and fish products, copper, silver, iron,
cotton, sugar, lead, zinc, petroleum, coffee
Imports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1983); foodstuffs,
machinery, transport equipment, iron and
steel semimanufactures, chemicals, pharma-
ceuticals
Major trade partners: exports — 36% US,
15% Japan, 5% UK, 3% Italy, 3% Germany,
3% France, 3% Belgium (1983); imports —
184
Philippines
40% US, 8% Japan, 8% Germany, 4% France,
3.5% Italy (1983)
Budget: 1982— revenues, $3.6 billion; expen-
ditures, $4.3 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 2394.27
soles=US$l (February (1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,876 km total; 1,576 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 300 km 0.914-meter
gauge
Highways: 56,645 km total; 6,030 km paved,
11,865 km gravel, 14,610 km improved
earth, 24,140 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 8,600 km of navigable
tributaries of Amazon River system and 208
km Lake Titicaca
Pipelines: crude oil, 800 km; natural gas and
natoral gas liquids, 64 km
Ports: 7 major, 25 minor
Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 241 total, 232 usable; 31 with per-
manent-surface runways; 2 with runways
over 3,659 m, 24 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 42 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fairly adequate for
most requirements; nationwide radio-relay
system; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station, 12
domestic antennas; 519,600 telephones (2.8
per 100 popl.); 212 AM, 20 FM, 73 TV sta-
tions
Defense Forces
Branches: Peruvian Army, Navy, and Air
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,681,000;
3,172,000 fit for military service; 182,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $1, 134.0 million; 6.7% of es-
timated GDP
South
China
Sea
Mindanao
See regional map I X
Land
300,440 km2; slightly larger than Nevada;
53% forest, 30% arable, 5% pasture, 12%
other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 0-300
nm (under an archipelago theory, waters
within straight lines joining appropriate
points of outermost islands are considered in-
ternal waters; waters between these baselines
and the limits described in the Treaty of
Paris, 10 December 1898, the US-Spain
Treaty of 7 November 1900, and the US-UK
Treaty of 2 January 1930 are considered to be
the territorial sea); economic, including fish-
ing, 200 nm
Coastline: about 22,540 km
People
Population: 56,808,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.3%
Nationality: noun — Filipino(s); adjective —
Philippine
Ethnic divisions: 91.5% Christian Malay, 4%
Muslim Malay, 1.5% Chinese, 3% other
Religion: 83% Roman Catholic, 9% Protes-
tant, 5% Muslim, 3% Buddhist and other
Language: Pilipino (based on Tagalog) and
English (both official)
Literacy: about 88%
Labor force: 17.8 million (1982 est); 47% agri-
culture, 20% industry and commerce, 13.5%
services, 10% government, 9.5% other
Government
Official name: Republic of the Philippines
Type: republic
Capital: Manila (de facto), Quezon City (des-
ignated)
Political subdivisions: 72 provinces and 61
chartered cities
Legal system: based on Spanish, Islamic, and
Anglo-American law; parliamentary con-
stitution passed 1973; constitution amended
in 1981 to provide for French-style mixed
presidential-parliamentary system; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme
Court; legal education at University of the
Philippines, Ateneo de Manila University,
and 71 other law schools; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; martial
law lifted in January 1981
National holiday: Independence Day, 12
June
Branches: constitution provides for unicam-
eral legislature (Batasang Pambansa) and a
strong executive branch under President and
Prime Minister; judicial branch headed by
Supreme Court with descending authority in
a three-tiered system of local, regional trial,
and intermediate appellate courts
Government leader: Ferdinand Edralin
MARCOS, President (since 1965); Cesar
VIRATA, Prime Minister (since 1981)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory
Elections: next provincial elections (for gov-
ernors and mayors) scheduled for May 1986
Political parties: national parties are
Marcos 's New Society Party (KBL); UNIDO,
a coalition of moderate opposition groups;
and the Liberals, Nacionalistas, and PDP-
Laban; prominent regional parties include
the Mindanao Alliance and the Pusyon
Visaya
185
Philippines (continued)
Poland
Communists: the Communist Party of the
Philippines (CPP) controls about 16,000
armed insurgents; not recognized as legal
party; a second Communist party, the Philip-
pine Communist Party (PKP), has quasi-legal
status
Member of: ADB, ASEAN, ASP AC, Co-
lombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, IRC, ISO, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $32.093 billion (1984 prelim.), $630 per
capita; —5.5% real growth, 1984 prelim.
Agriculture: main crops — rice, corn, coco-
nut, sugarcane, bananas, abaca, tobacco
Fishing: catch 1.8 million metric tons (1982)
Major industries: textiles, Pharmaceuticals,
chemicals, wood products, food processing,
electronics assembly
Electric power: 6,486,000 kW capacity
(1984); 23 billion kWh produced (1984), 414
kWh per capita
Exports: $5.348 billion (f.o.b., 1984 prelim.);
coconut products, sugar, logs and lumber,
copper concentrates, bananas, garments,
nickel, electrical components, gold
Imports: $5.928 billion (f.o.b., 1984 prelim.);
petroleum, industrial equipment, wheat
Major trade partners: (1983) exports— 36%
US, 20% Japan; imports— 23% US, 17% Japan
Budget: (1983) revenues, $4.1 billion; expen-
ditures, $4.8 billion (capital expenditures, $.9
billion), deficit, $.7 billion
Monetary conversion rate: (floating) 19.855
pesos=US$l (December 1984); 16.698
pesos=US$l (average 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: total rehabilitation of 474 km
1.067-meter gauge underway; 378 km oper-
able (1982); 34% government owned
Highways: 152,800 km total (1980); 27,800
km paved; 73,000 km gravel, crushed stone,
or stabilized soil surface; 52,000 km unim-
proved earth
Inland waterways: 3,219 km; limited to shal-
low-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels
Pipelines: refined products, 357 km
Ports: 10 major, numerous minor
Civil air: approximately 53 major transport
aircraft
Airfields: 338 total, 289 usable; 68 with per-
manent-surface runways; 9 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 49 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international ra-
dio and submarine cable services; domestic
and interisland service adequate; 707,000
telephones (1.28 per 100 popl.); 267 AM sta-
tions, including 6 US; 55 FM stations; 33 TV
stations, including 4 US; submarine cables ex-
tended to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore,
Taiwan, and Japan; tropospheric-scatter link
to Taiwan; 2 international ground satellite
stations; 1 1 domestic satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine
Corps, Constabulary — Integrated National
Police
Military manpower: males 15-49,
14,232,000; 10,087,000 fit for military ser-
vice; about 597,000 reach military age (20)
annually
Supply: limited small arms and small arms
ammunition, small patrol craft production;
licensed assembly of transport aircraft; most
other materiel obtained from US; naval ships
and equipment from Australia, Japan, Italy,
Singapore, US, and Italy; aircraft and heli-
copters from West Germany, US, Italy, and
the Netherlands
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $404.5 million; about 13.5%
of central government budget
186
160km
See ref ionml map V
Land
312,612 km2; smaller than New Mexico; 49%
arable, 27% forest, 14% other agricultural,
10% other
Land boundaries: 3,090 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(6 nm contiguous zone claimed in addition to
the territorial sea; fishing 200 nm, lateral lim-
its based on geographical coordinates)
Coastline: 491 km
People
Population: 37,236,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 0.9%
Nationality: noun — Pole(s); adjective —
Polish
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% Polish, 0.6% Ukrai-
nian, 0.5% Byelorussian, less than 0.05%
Jewish, 0.2% other
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (about 75%
practicing), 5% Uniate, Greek Orthodox,
Protestant, and other
Language: Polish, no significant dialects
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 19.3 million; 27% agriculture.
32% industry, 41% other nonagricultural
(1980)
Organized labor: new government trade
unions formed following dissolution of Soli-
darity and all government unions in October
1982
Government
Official name: Polish People's Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Warsaw
Political subdivisions: 49 provinces
Legal system: mixture of Continental (Napo-
leonic) civil law and Communist legal theory;
constitution adopted 1952; court system par-
allels administrative divisions with Supreme
Court, composed of 104 justices, at apex; no
judicial review of legislative acts; legal educa-
tion at seven law schools; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Liberation Day,
22 July
Branches: unicameral legislative (Sejm), ex-
ecutive, judicial system dominated by
parallel Communist party apparatus
Government leaders: Army Gen. Wojciech
JARUZELSKI, Chairman of Council of Min-
isters (Premier; since February 1981);
Henryk JABLONSKI, Chairman of Council
of State (President; since March 1972)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: parliamentary and local govern-
ment every four years; March 1984 election
postponed until mid-1985
Dominant political party and leader: Polish
United (Communist) Workers' Party (PZPR),
Wojciech Jaruzelski, First Secretary (since
October 1981)
Voting strength: (March 1980 election)
98.87% voted for Communist-approved sin-
gle slate
Communists: 2.2 million (1984)
Other political or pressure groups: United
Peasant Party (ZSL), Democratic Party (SD),
progovernment pseudo-Catholic Pax Associ-
ation and Christian Social Association,
Catholic independent Znak group; powerful
Roman Catholic Church, Patriotic Move-
ment of National Rebirth (PRON)
Member of: CEMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
1CAO, ICES, IHO, Indochina Truce Com-
mission, IMO, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, Korea
Truce Commission, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, Warsaw Pact, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GNP: $203.7 billion in 1983 (1982 dollars),
$5,570 per capita; 1983 growth rate 3.8%
Agriculture: self-sufficient for minimum re-
quirements; main crops — grain, sugar beets,
oilseed, potatoes, exporter of livestock prod-
ucts and sugar; importer of grains
Fishing: catch 715,000 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: machine building, iron
and steel, extractive industries, chemicals,
shipbuilding, food processing
Crude steel: 16.2 million metric tons pro-
duced (1983), about 441 kg. per capita
Electric power: 28,173,000 kW capacity
(1984); 131 billion kWh produced (1984),
3,550 kWh per capita
Exports: $16.703 billion (f.o.b., 1983); 46.3%
machinery and equipment; 29.1% fuels, raw
materials, and semimanufactures; 11.1%
light industrial products, 8.1% agricultural
and food products; 5.4% other (1983)
Imports: $16.023 billion (f.o.b., 1982); 25.7%
machinery and equipment; 39. 1% fuels, raw
materials, and semimanufactures; 11.4% ag-
ricultural and food products; 6.4% light
industrial products, 17.4% other (1983)
Major trade partners: $32.726 billion (1983);
64% with Communist countries, 36% with
West
187
Monetary conversion rate: 138 zlotys=US$l
(February 1984)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 27,176 km total; 23,969 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 397 km 1.534-meter
broad gauge, 2,810 km narrow gauge; 8,843
km double track; 3,828 km electrified; gov-
ernment owned (1983)
Highways: 291,166 km total; 67,537 km con-
crete, asphalt, stone block; 114,904 km
crushed stone, gravel; 116,675 km earth
(1982)
Inland waterways: 4,040 km navigable rivers
and canals (1983)
Pipelines: 4,000 km for natural gas; 1,600 km
for crude oil; 322 km for refined products
Freight carried: rail — 414.5 million metric
tons (1983), 118.1 billion metric ton/km
(1983); highway— 1,397.2 million metric
tons, 34.0 billion metric ton/km (1983); wa-
terway— 14.28 million metric tons, 1.5
billion metric ton/km (1983)
Ports: 4 major (Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin,
Swinoujscie), 12 minor (1979); principal in-
land waterway ports are Gliwice, Wrotcaw,
and Warsaw (1979)
Defense Forces
Branches: Polish People's Army, Internal De-
fense Forces, National Territorial Defense,
National Air Defense Forces, Air Force Com-
mand, Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,397,000;
7,460,000 fit for military service; 256,000
reach military age (19) annually
Ships: 4 submarines, 1 principal surface com-
batant, 1 patrol combatant, 23 amphibious
warfare ships, 23 mine warfare ships, 50
coastal patrol-river/roadstead craft, 19 am-
phibious warfare craft, 26 mine warfare
craft, 3 underway replenishment ships, 5
fleet support ships, 10 other auxiliaries
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1984, 211.9 billion
zlotys; 8.7% of total budget
Portugal
Azores and Madeira
Islands are not shown
See regional map Vand VII
Land
Portugal, 92,082 km2, including the Azores
and Madeira Islands; slightly smaller than In-
diana; 48% arable; 31% forest; 6% meadow
and pasture 5% waste, urban, inland water, or
other
Land boundaries: 1,207 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including h'shing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 860 km; excludes Azores (708 km)
and Madeira (225 km)
People
Population: 10, 045,000 (July 1985), includ-
ing the Azores and Madeira Islands; average
annual growth rate 0.5%
Nationality: noun — Portuguese (sing, and
pi.); adjective — Portuguese
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous Mediterra-
nean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira
Islands; citizens of black African descent who
immigrated to mainland during decoloniza-
tion number less than 100,000
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, 1% Protes-
tant sects, 2% other
Language: Portuguese
Literacy: 80%
Labor force: 4.6 million (1983); 37% services,
36% industry, 27% agriculture; unemploy-
ment, 10.2% (June 1984)
Organized labor: about 45% of Portuguese
labor is organized; the Communist-domi-
nated General Confederation of Portuguese
Workers — National Intersindical (CGTP-IN)
represents about half of the unionized labor
force; its main competition, the General
Workers Union (UGT), is organized by the
Socialists and Social Democrats and repre-
sents a little less than half of unionized labor
Government
Official name: Portuguese Republic
Type: republic, first government under new
constitution formed July 1976
Capital: Lisbon
Political subdivisions: 18 districts in main-
land Portugal; Portugal's two autonomous
regions, the Azores and Madeira Islands, have
4 districts (3 of them in the Azores); Macau,
Portugal's remaining overseas territory, was
granted broad executive and legislative au-
tonomy in February 1976; Portugal has not
officially recognized the unilateral annex-
ation of Portuguese Timor by Indonesia
Legal system: civil law system; constitution
adopted April 1976 and revised October
1982; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the
constitutionality of legislation; legal educa-
tion at Universities of Lisbon and Coimbra;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
National holiday: 25 April
Branches: executive with President and
Prime Minister; unicameral legislature (pop-
ularly elected Assembly of the Republic);
independent judiciary
Government leaders: Gen. Antonio dos San-
tos Ramalho EANES, President (since June
1976); Mario SCARES, Prime Minister (since
June 1983)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: national elections for Assembly of
the Republic normally to be held every four
years; Assembly elections held April 1983;
national election for President to be held ev-
ery five years, second constitutional
president elected in December 1980; local
elections to be held every three years, last
elections in December 1982
Political parties and leaders: Portuguese So-
cialist Party (PS), Mario Soares; Social
Democratic Party (PSD), formerly the Popu-
lar Democratic Party (PPD), Rui Machete;
Social Democratic Center (CDS), Francisco
Lucas Pires; Portuguese Communist Party
(PCP), Alvaro Cunhal; Party of Democratic
Renewal (PRD), Herminio Martinho
Voting strength: (1983 parliamentary elec-
tion) Socialists, 36.3%; Social Democrats,
27.0%; Center Democrats, 12.4%; Commu-
nists (in a front coalition called the United
Peoples Alliance— APU), 18.2%; (1982 local
elections) Democratic Alliance (AD), which
consists primarily of the PSD and the CDS,
41%; PS, 32.0%; APU, 21.5%
Communists: Portuguese Communist Party
claims membership of 200,753 (December
1983)
Member of: Council of Europe, EFTA, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICES, ICO, IDE— Inter-American Develop-
ment Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IOOC, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC— International
Wheat Council, NATO, OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $20.7 billion (1983); 15% government
consumption, 69% private consumption; 30%
fixed capital formation; —1% change in
stocks; — 13% net exports; real growth rate
-0.5% (1983)
Agriculture: generally underdeveloped;
main crops — grains, potatoes, olives, grapes
for wine; deficit foods — sugar, grain, meat,
fish, oilseed
Fishing: catch 315,277 metric tons (1982)
188
Qatar
Major industries: textiles and footwear;
wood pulp, paper, and cork; metalworking;
oil refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine
Crude steel: 668,833 tons produced (1982),
69 kg per capita
Electric power: 5,115,000 kW capacity
(1984); 16.555 billion kWh produced (1984),
1, 648 kWh per capita
Exports: $4.5 billion (f.o.b., 1983); principal
items — cotton textiles, cork and cork prod-
ucts, canned fish, wine, timber and timber
products, resin, machinery, and appliances
Imports: $8.0 billion (c.i.f., 1983); principal
items — petroleum, cotton, industrial ma-
chinery, iron and steel, chemicals
Major trade partners: 58% EC, 6% US, 2%
Communist countries, 20% other developed
countries, 12% less developed countries
Aid: economic authorizations — US, includ-
ing Ex-Im, $1.5 billion (FY70-83); other
Western countries (ODA and OOF), $686
million (1970-82); military authorizations —
US, $367 million (FY70-83)
Budget: (1983) expenditures, $9.7 billion;
revenues, $8.8 billion; deficit, $0.9 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 160.85
escudos=US$l (October 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,602 km total: state-owned Por-
tuguese Railroad Co. (CP) operates 2,830 km
1.665-meter gauge (432 km electrified and
426 km double track), 760 km meter gauge
(1 .000 m); 1 2 km (1 . 435-meter gauge) electri-
fied, double, nongovernment owned
Highways: 57,499 km total; 49,537 km paved
(bituminous, gravel, and crushed stone), in-
cluding 140 km of limited-access divided
highway; 7,962 km improved earth; plus an
additional 4,100 km of unimproved earth
roads (motorable tracks)
Inland waterways: 820 km navigable; rela-
tively unimportant to national economy,
used by shallow-draft craft limited to 297
metric ton cargo capacity
Pipelines: crude oil, 1 1 km .
Ports: 1 major, 34 minor
Civil air: 34 major transport aircraft
Airfields (including Azores and Madeira Is-
lands): 69 total, 66 usable; 35 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
over 3,659 m, 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m,
12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities are generally
adequate; 1.57 million telephones (14.0 per
100 popl.); 47 AM, 55 FM, 66 TV stations; 5
submarine cables; 3 Atlantic Ocean satellite
antennas (on mainland and Azores)
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,418,000;
1,979,000 fit for military service; 90,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $690 million; about 10.2%
of central government budget
45 km
Gulf of Bahrain
~* Persian Gulf
See regional map VI
Land
About 1 1,000 km2; smaller than Connecticut;
negligible forest; mostly desert, waste, or ur-
ban
Land boundaries: 56 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 563 km
People
Population: 301,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 3.4%
Nationality: noun — Qatari(s); adjective —
Qatari
Ethnic divisions: 40% Arab, 18% Pakistani,
18% Indian, 10% Iranian
Religion: 95% Muslim
Language: Arabic (official); English is com-
monly used as second language
Literacy: 40%
Labor force: 104,000(1983); 85% non-Qatari
in private sector
Government
Official name: State of Qatar
Type: traditional monarchy; independence
declared in 1971
189
Qatar (continued)
Reunion
Capital: Doha
Legal system: discretionary system of law
controlled by the ruler, although civil codes
are being implemented; Islamic law is signifi-
cant in personal matters; a constitution was
promulgated in 1970
National holiday: Independence Day, 3 Sep-
tember
Branches: executive — Amir and Council of
Ministers; legislature — State Advisory Coun-
cil
Government leader: Khalifa bin Hamad Al
THANI, Amir and Prime Minister (since
February 1972)
Suffrage: no specific provisions for suffrage
laid down
Elections: constitution calls for elections for
part of State Advisory Council, a consultative
body, but no elections have been held
Political parties and leaders: none
Other political or pressure groups: a few
small clandestine organizations are active
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
GATT(de facto), GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDB—
Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAPEC, QIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $7.6 billion (1983); $27,000 per capita
(1983)
Agriculture: farming and grazing on small
scale; commercial fishing increasing in im-
portance; most food imported; rice and dates
staple diet
Major industries: oil production and refin-
ing; crude oil production averaged 295,000
b/d (1983); oil revenues accrued $1.8 billion
(est.) in FY83, representing 75% of govern-
ment revenue
Electric power: capacity 1,316,000 kW
(1984); 4.149 billion kWh produced (1984),
14,250 kWh per capita
Exports: $3.3 billion (f.o.b., 1983), of which
petroleum accounted for $3.0 billion
Imports: $1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1983)
Budget: (FY83) revenues, $3.8 billion; expen-
ditures, $3.7 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 3.64 Qatar
riyals=US$l (October 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 840 km total; 490 km bituminous;
350 km gravel; undetermined mileage of
earth tracks
Pipelines: crude oil, 235 km; natural gas, 360
km
Ports: 2 major (Ad Dawhah, Umm Said), 1
minor
Airfields: 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways, 1 with runways over 3,659
m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 3 usable; 3 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659
m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern system center
in Doha; 70,000 telephones (26.1 per 100
popl.); 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean
satellite station; tropospheric scatter to Bah-
rain; radio-relay to Saudi Arabia; 2 AM, 1
FM, 3 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Sea Arm, Air Force, Police
Department
Military manpower: males 15-49, 128,000;
69,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1978, $157 million; 7.3% of cen-
tral government budget
190
SAINT DENIS
See regional map VII
Land
2,512 km2; about three times the size of New
York City; two-thirds of island extremely
rugged, consisting of volcanic mountains;
48,600 hectares (less than one-fifth of the
land) under cultivation
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 201 km
People
Population: 537,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 1.1%
Nationality: noun — Reunionese (sing, and
pi.); adjective — Reunionese
Ethnic divisions: most of the population is of
thoroughly intermixed ancestry of French,
African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, and
Indian origin
Religion: 94% Roman Catholic
Language: French (official); Creole widely
used
Literacy: over 80% among younger genera-
tion
Labor force: primarily agricultural workers;
high seasonal unemployment
Government
Official name: Department of Reunion
Type: overseas department of France; repre-
sented in French Parliament by three
deputies and two senators
Capital: Saint-Denis
Legal system: French law
Branches: Reunion is administered by a Pre-
fect appointed by the French Minister of
Interior, assisted by a Secretary General and
an elected 36-man General Council; in 1974
France created an elected 45- member Re-
gional Assembly to coordinate economic and
social development policies; in 1981 both the
General Council and the Regional Assembly
received greater authority for fiscal policy
Government leader: Michel BLANGY,
Commissioner of the Republic (since Febru-
ary 1984)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: last municipal and General Coun-
cil elections in 1983; parliamentary election
June 1981; Regional Assembly election Feb-
ruary 1983
Political parties and leaders: Reunion Com-
munist Party (RCP), Paul Verges; Popular
Movement for the Liberation of Reunion,
Georges Sinamale; other political candidates
affiliated with metropolitan French parties,
which do not maintain permanent organiza-
tions on Reunion
Voting strength: (parliamentary election
1981) Union for French Democracy Rally for
the Republic coalition elected two deputies;
the Socialists elected one deputy; in the 1983
Regional Assembly election, leftist parties re-
ceived 45.7% of the vote
Communists: Communist Party small but
has support among sugarcane cutters and the
minuscule Popular Movement for the Liber-
ation of Reunion (MPLR) and in Le Port
District
Member of ': WFTU
Economy
CNP: not available
Agriculture: cash crops — almost entirely
sugarcane, small amounts of vanilla and per-
fume plants; food crops — tropical fruit and
vegetables, manioc, bananas, corn, market
garden produce, some tea, tobacco, and cof-
fee; food crop inadequate, most food needs
imported
Major industries: 12 sugar processing mills,
rum distilling plants, cigarette factory, 2 tea
plants, fruit juice plant, canning factory, a
slaughterhouse, and several small shops pro-
ducing handicraft items
Electric power: 180,000 kW capacity (1984);
570 million kWh produced (1984), 1,065
kWh per capita
Exports: $128 million (f.o.b., 1980); 90%
sugar, 5% rum and molasses, 4% perfumes
essences, 1% vanilla and tea
Imports: $871 million (c.i.f., 1980); manufac-
tured goods, food, beverages, tobacco,
machinery and transportation equipment,
raw materials and petroleum products
Major trade partners: France and Mauritius
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-
81), $4.0 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 7.974 French
francs=US$l (31 October 1983)
Fiscal year: probably calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,745 km total; 2,168 km paved,
300 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized
earth
Ports: 1 major (Port des Galets)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 2, 440-3,659
m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate system for
needs; modern open-wire line and radio-
relay network; principal center Saint-Denis;
radiocommunication to Comoros Islands,
France, Madagascar; new radio relay route to
Mauritius; 71,500 telephones (14.0 per 100
popl.); 2 AM, 9 FM stations; 1 TV station with
17 relay transmitters; 1 Indian Ocean satellite
station
Defense Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49, 155,000;
81,000 fit for military service; 7,000 reach
military age (18) annually
191
Romania
BUCHAREST 6 B/ack
* Constant*' "'""
Cr.iov.
Secrefionalmap V
Land
237,499 kmz; slightly smaller than Oregon;
44% arable, 27% forest, 19% other agricul-
tural, 10% other
Land boundary: 2,969 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 225 km
People
Population: 22,772,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 0.5%
Nationality: noun — Romanian(s); adjec-
tive— Romanian
Ethnic divisions: 88.1% Romanian; 7.9%
Hungarian; 1.6% German; 2.4% Ukrainian,
Serb, Croat, Russian, Turk, and Gypsy
Religion: 80% Romanian Orthodox; 6% Ro-
man Catholic; 4% Calvinist, Lutheran,
Jewish, Baptist, and other
Language: Romanian, Hungarian, German
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 10.5 million(1983); 37.8% indus-
try, 29.2% agriculture, 33% other
nonagricultural (1983)
Government
Official name: Socialist Republic of Roma-
Type: Communist state
Capital: Bucharest
Political subdivisions: 40 counties; city of
Bucharest has administrative status equal to a
county
Legal system: mixture of civil law system
and Communist legal theory that increas-
ingly reflects Romanian traditions;
constitution adopted 1965; legal education at
University of Bucharest and two other law
schools; has not accepted compulsory ICJ ju-
risdiction
National holiday: Liberation Day, 23 August
Branches: Presidency; Council of Ministers;
the Grand National Assembly, under which is
Office of Prosecutor General and Supreme
Court; Council of State
Government leaders: NicolaeCEAU§ESCU,
President of the Socialist Republic (head of
state; since 1967); Constantin DASCA-
LESCU, Prime Minister (since May 1982)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: elections held every five years for
Grand National Assembly deputies and local
people's councils
Political parties and leaders: Communist
Party of Romania only functioning party,
Nicolae Ceausescu, Secretary General (since
March 1965)
Voting strength: (1980 election) overall par-
ticipation reached 99.99%; of those
registered to vote (15,631,351), 98.52% voted
for party candidates
Communists: 3,400,000 (November 1984)
Member of: CEMA, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $109.7 billion in 1983 (1983 dollars),
$4,860 per capita; 1983 real growth rate,
1.1%
Agriculture: net exporter; main crops — corn,
wheat, oilseed; livestock — cattle, hogs, sheep;
consumer and food supplies weak
Fishing: catch 244,000 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: mining, forestry, construc-
tion materials, metal production and
processing, chemicals, machinebuilding,
food processing
Shortages: iron ore, coking coal, metallurgi-
cal coke, cotton fibers, natural rubber
Crude steel: 12.6 million metric tons pro-
duced (1983), 559 kg per capita
Electric power: 17,805,000 kW capacity
(1984); 71.647 billion kWh produced (1984),
3, 1 60 kWh per capita
Exports: $11.0 billion (f.o.b., 1983); 31.8%
machinery and equipment; 23.7% fuels, min-
erals, and metals; 16.2% manufactured
consumer goods; 13.5% agricultural materi-
als and forestry products; 14.8% other (1981)
Imports: $8.7 billion (f.o.b. 1983); 31.8% ma-
chinery and equipment; 23.7% fuels,
minerals, and metals; 11.6% agricultural and
forestry products; 3.9% manufactured con-
sumer goods; 10.1% other (1981)
Major trade partners: $19.7 billion in 1983;
51% non-Communist countries, 49% Com-
munist countries (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 23.2 lei=US$l
(October 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1 1,1 10 km total; 10,506 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 559 km narrow gauge,
45 km broad gauge; 2,367 km electrified,
2,424 km double track; government owned
(1980)
192
Rwanda
Highways: 73,364 km total; 29,228 km con-
crete, asphalt, stone block; 38,880 km asphalt
treated, gravel, crushed stone; 5,256 km other
(1980)
Inland waterways: 1,660 km (1980)
Pipelines: 2,735 km crude oil; 1,429 km re-
fined products; 6,400 km natural gas
Freight carried: rail — 274.6 million metric
tons, 75.5 billion metric ton/km (1980); high-
way— 451.2 million metric tons, 11.7 billion
metric ton/km (1980); waterway— 12.3 mil-
lion metric tons, 2.3 billion metric ton/km
(1980)
Ports: 4 major (Constanta, Galati, Braila,
Mangalia), 7 minor; principal inland water-
way ports are Giurgiu, Turnu Severin, and
Orsova
Defense Forces
Branches: Romanian People's Army, Secu-
rity Troops; Patriotic Guard, Air and Air
Defense Forces, Romanian Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,637,000;
4,757,000 fit for military service; 187,000
reach military age (20) annually
Ships: 3 patrol combatants, 6 mine warfare
ships, 81 coastal patrol-river/roadstead craft,
30 mine warfare craft, 2 material support
ships, 2 fleet support ships, 4 other auxiliaries
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1984, 11.7 billion lei;
about 3.8% of total budget
See regional map VII
Land
26,338 km2; the size of Maryland; almost all
arable land; about 33% cultivated; about 33%
pasture
Land boundaries: 877 km
People
Population: 6,246,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 3.7%
Nationality: noun — Rwandan(s); adjective —
Rwandan
Ethnic divisions: 85% Hutu, 14% Tutsi, 1%
Twa (Pygmoid)
Religion: 65% Catholic, 9% Protestant, 1%
Muslim, rest indigenous beliefs
Language: Kinyarwanda and French offi-
cial; Kiswahili used in commercial centers
Literacy: 37%
Labor force: 2.7 million (1983); 93% agricul-
ture, 3% industry and commerce, 3%
government, 1% services
Government
Official name: Republic of Rwanda
Type: republic; presidential system in which
military leaders hold key offices; new con-
stitution adopted 17 December 1978
Capital: Kigali
Political subdivisions: 10 prefectures, subdi-
vided into 143 communes
Legal system: based on German and Belgian
civil law systems and customary law; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme
Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris-
diction
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July
Branches: executive (President, 16- member
Cabinet); unicameral legislative (National
Development Council); judiciary (4 senior
courts, magistrates)
Government leader: Maj. Gen. Juvenal
HABYARIMANA, President and Head of
State (since 1973)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: national elections, including con-
stitutional referendum and presidential
plebiscite, held December 1978; National
Development Council elected and President
reelected in December 1983
Political parties and leaders: National Revo-
lutionary Movement for Development
(MRND), General Habyarimana (officially a
"development movement," not a party)
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: AfDB, KAMA, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM,
OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $1.537 billion (1983), $270 per capita;
real growth rate (1984 est), 2.9%
Agriculture: cash crops — mainly coffee, tea,
some py rethrum; main food crops — bananas,
cassava; stock raising; self-sufficiency declin-
ing; country imports foodstuffs
193
Rwanda (continued)
St. Christopher
and Nevis
Major industries: mining of cassiterite (tin
ore) and wolfram (tungsten ore), agricultural
processing, and production of beer, soft
drinks, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods,
textiles, cigarettes
Electric power: 42,000 kW capacity (1984);
132 million kWh produced (1984), 22 kWh
per capita
Exports: $114 million (f.o.b., 1983 est);
mainly coffee, tea, cassiterite, wolfram, py-
rethrum
Imports: $182 million (c.i.f., 1983 est.); tex-
tiles, foodstuffs, machines, equipment
Major trade partners: US, Belgium, FRG,
Kenya
External debt: $225 million (1983), external
debt ratio 4.5% (1983)
Budget: (1983 est.) revenues, $161.5 million;
current expenditures, $164.3 million; devel-
opment expenditures, $30.6 million
Monetary conversion rate: 100.96 Rwanda
francs=US$l (August 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,688 km total; 460 km paved,
1,725 km gravel and/or improved earth, re-
mainder unimproved
Inland waterways: Lake Kivu navigable by
shallow draft barges and native craft
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 8 total, 8 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system with low-
capacity radio-relay system centered on
Kigali; 4,600 telephones (0. 1 per 100 popl.); 2
AM, 5 FM, no TV stations; SYMPHONIE sat-
ellite station, 1 Indian Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, paramilitary, Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,334,000;
676,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $34.4 million; 14% of cen-
tral government budget
,S«ndv Point TowiH. „, Saint
\Chnstopher
Caribbean Sea
See refionsl map III
Land
261 km2; about one-third the size of New
York City; 40% arable, 33% waste and built
on, 17% forest, 10% pasture
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 135 km
People
Population: 44,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate —0.3%
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro
descent
Nationality: noun — Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s);
adjective — Kittsian, Nevisian
Religion: Anglican, other Protestant sects,
Roman Catholic
Language: English
Literacy: 80%
Labor force: 20,000 ( 1 98 1 )
Organized labor: 6,700
Government
Official name: Federation of St. Christopher
and Nevis
194
St. Lucia
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth, recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of
State
Capital: Basseterre, St. Christopher; Charles-
town, Nevis
Political subdivisions: 1 1 districts
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution of 1960; highest judicial organ is
Court of Appeal of Leeward and Windward
Islands
Branches: legislative, 11-member popularly
elected House of Assembly; executive, Cabi-
net headed by Prime Minister; separate
Nevis Island Legislature and Nevis Island As-
sembly headed by Premier
Government leaders: Dr. Kennedy Alphonse
SIMMONDS, Prime Minister (since 1980);
Clement Athelston ARRINDELL, Governor
General (since 1981)
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Elections: at least every five years; last elec-
tion held June 1984
Political parties and leaders: St. Christo-
pher-Nevis Labor Party (SKNLP), Lee
Moore; People's Action Movement (PAM),
Kennedy Simmonds; Nevis Reformation
Party (NRP), Simeon Daniel
Voting strength: (June 1984 election) House
of Assembly— PAM, 6 seats; SKNLP, 2 seats;
NRP, 3 seats
Communists: none known
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth,
IBRD, ISO, OAS, UN
Economy
GNP: $41.6 million (1982), $950 per capita;
3.9% real growth in 1982
Agriculture: main crops — sugar on St. Chris-
topher, cotton on Nevis
Major industries: sugar processing, tourism,
cotton, salt, copra
Electric power: 13,500 kW capacity (1984);
30 million kWh produced (1984), 682 kWh
per capita
Exports: $30.6 million (1983); sugar
Imports: $47.3 million (1983); foodstuffs,
manufactures, fuel
Major trade partners: exports — 50% US,
35% UK; imports— 21% UK, 17% Japan, 11%
US (1973)
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments, in-
cluding Ex-Im, from Western (non-US)
countries (1970-81), $15 million; no military
aid
Budget: (1982) revenues, $23 million; expen-
ditures, $23 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean dollars=US$l (February 1984)
Communications
Railroads: 58 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge
on St. Christopher for sugarcane
Highways: 300 km total; 125 km paved, 125
km otherwise improved, 50 km unimproved
earth
Ports: 1 major — Basseterre, St. Christopher,
and 1 minor — Charlestown, Nevis
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m
Telecommunications: good interisland
VHF/UHF/SHF radio connections and in-
ternational link via Antigua and St. Martin;
about 2,400 telephones (5.0 per 100 popl.); 2
AM, 5 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal St. Christopher- Nevis Po-
lice Force
North
Atlantic
Ocean
Caribbean
Sea
Sec regional nup HI
Land
619 km2; about one-fifth the size of Rhode
Island; 50% arable, 23% wasteland and built
on, 19% forest, 5% unused but potentially
productive, 3% pasture
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 158 km
People
Population: 122, 000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 1.1%
Nationality: noun — St. Lucian(s); adjec-
tive— St. Lucian
Ethnic divisions: 90.3% African descent,
5.5% mixed, 3.2% East Indian, 0.8% Cauca-
sian
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic, 7% Protes-
tant, 3% Church of England
Language: English (official), French patois
Literacy: 78%
Labor force: 45,000(1979); 43.4% agricul-
ture, 38.9% services, 17.7% industry and
commerce; 13% unemployment (1979)
Organized labor: 20% of labor force
195
St. Lucia (continued)
St. Vincent and
The Grenadines
Government
Official name: St. Lucia
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth, recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of
State
Capital: Castries
Political subdivisions: 16 parishes
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution of 1960; highest judicial body is
Court of Appeal of Leeward and Windward
Islands
Branches: bicameral legislative (Senate,
House of Assembly); executive, Cabinet
headed by Prime Minister
Government leaders: John G. M. COMP-
TON, Prime Minister (since February 1975);
Sir Allen LEWIS, Governor General (since
December 1982)
Suffrage: universal adult over age 18
Elections: every five years; last election held
May 1982
Political parties and leaders: United
Workers' Party (UWP), John Compton; St.
Lucia Labor Party (SLP), Julian Hunte; Pro-
gressive Labor Party (PLP), George Odium
V0ij'ngsireng</i: (1982 election) House of As-
sembly— UWP, 14 seats; SLP, 2 seats; PLP, 1
seat
Communists: negligible
Member of: CARICOM, FAO, G-77, GATT
(de facto), IBRD, 1C AO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, IMO, NAM, OAS, PAHO, UN,
UNE SCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $141.4 million (1983), $1,190 per cap-
ita; 3.1% real GDP growth (1982)
Agriculture: main crops — bananas, coco-
nuts, sugar, cocoa spices
Major industries: garments, electronic com-
ponents, beverages, corrugated boxes,
tourism, lime processing, tropical agriculture
Shortages: food, machinery, capital goods
Electric power: 18,500 kW capacity (1984);
56 million kWh produced (1984), 467 kWh
per capita
Exports: $42.07 million (f.o.b., 1982); ba-
nanas, cocoa
Imports: $1 19 million (c.i.f., 1982); food-
stuffs, machinery and equipment, fertilizers,
petroleum products
Major trade partners: exports— 49% UK, 9%
Barbados; imports— 36% US, 19% UK, 10%
Trinidad and Tobago (1979)
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments,
ODA and OOF, Western (non-US) countries,
(1970-81), $34 million; no military aid
Budget: (1982 proj.) revenues, $47 million;
expenditures, $56 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean dollars=US$l (February 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 760 km total; 500 km paved; 260
km otherwise improved
Ports: 1 major (Castries), 1 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways, 1 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439
Telecommunications: fully automatic tele-
phone system with 9,500 telephones (8.0 per
100 popl.); direct radio-relay link with Marti-
nique and St. Vincent; interisland tropo-
scatter link to Barbados; 3 AM stations, 1 TV
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal St. Lucia Police Force
KINGSTOWN
Bequia
f "JGeorget
( JSai
\tjvinc
<nt
Vincent
North
Atlantic
Ocean
Caribbean
Sea
$Mustique
•JfCa
See refional map 111
Land
389 km2 (including northern Grenadines);
about twice the size of Washington, D.C.;
50% arable, 44% forest, 3% pasture, 3% waste
and built on
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 84 km
People
Population: 102,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 1.4%
Nationality: noun — St. Vincentian(s) or Vin-
centian(s); adjectives — St. Vincentian or
Vincentian
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro
descent; remainder mixed, with some white,
East Indian, Carib Indian
Religion: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Cath-
olic
Language: English, some French patois
Literacy: 82%
Lafcor/ora?:61,000(1979est.); about 20% un-
employed (1978)
Organized labor: 10% of labor force
196
San Marino
Government
Official name: St. Vincent and the Grena-
dines
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth
Capital: Kingstown
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution of 1960; highest judicial body is
Court of Appeal of Leeward and Windward
Islands
Branches: unicameral legislature (House of
Assembly), judiciary (Supreme Court)
Government leaders: James "Son" MITCH-
ELL, Prime Minister (since 1984); Joseph
Lambert EUSTACE, Governor General
(since February 1985)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Elections: every five years; most recent 18
July 1984
Political parties and leaders: New Demo-
cratic Party (NDP), James "Son" Mitchell; St.
Vincent Labor Party (SVLP), Hudson
Tannis; Progressive Democratic Party (PDP),
Randolph Russell; People's Democratic
Movement (PDM), Parnel Campbell and
Kenneth John; People's Political Party (PPP),
Clive Tannis; United People's Movement
(UPM), Renwick Rose and Oscar Allen;
Movement for National Unity (MNU), Ralph
Gonsalves
Voting strength: (1984 election) House of As-
sembly—NDP, 9 seats; SVLP, 4 seats
Member of: CARICOM, FAO, G-77, GATT
(de facto), IMF, IMO, OAS, UN, UPU,
WFTU
Economy
GNP: $69.6 million (1981), $628 per capita;
2% real growth in 1982
Agriculture: bananas, arrowroot
Major industries: food processing
Electric power: 10,000 kW capacity (1984);
22 million kWh produced (1984), 220 kWh
per capita
Exports: $32.7 million (f.o.b., 1982 est); ba-
nanas, arrowroot, copra
Imports: $61. 6 million (c.i.f., 1982 est.); food-
stuffs, machinery and equipment, chemicals
and fertilizers, minerals and fuels
Major trade partners: exportsi-75% UK,
13% Trinidad and Tobago (1979); imports
30% UK, 20% Trinidad and Tobago, 9% Can-
ada, 9% US (1976)
Aid: economic — bilateral economic commit-
ments, ODA and OOF, from Western (non-
US) countries, (1970-81), $25 million; no
military aid
Budget: (1982) revenues, $25 million; expen-
ditures, $36 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean dollars=US$l (February 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: approx. 1,000 km total; 300 km
paved; 400 km improved; 300 km unim-
proved
Ports: 1 major (Kingstown), 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 3 with permanent-
surface runways, 1 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: island — wide fully
automatic telephone system with 6,050 sets
(4.6 per 100 popl.); VHF/UHF interisland
links to Barbados and the Grenadines; new
SHF links to Grenada and St. Lucia; 2 AM
stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal St. Vincent and the Grena-
dines Police Force
See regional map V
Land
62 km2; about one-third the size of Washing-
ton, D.C.; 74% cultivated, 22% meadow and
pasture, 4% built on
Land boundaries: 34 km
People
Population: 23,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 1.6%
Nationality: noun — Sanmarinese (sing, and
pi.); adjective — Sanmarinese
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language: Italian
Literacy: 97%
Labor force: approx. 4,300
Organized labor: Democratic Federation of
Sanmarinese Workers (affiliated with
ICFTU) has about 1,800 members; Commu-
nist-dominated General Federation of
Labor, 1,400 members
Government
Official name: Republic of San Marino
Type: republic (dates from 4th century A.D.);
in 1862 the Kingdom of Italy concluded a
treaty guaranteeing the independence of San
Marino; although legally sovereign, San Ma-
rino is vulnerable to pressure from the Italian
Government
197
San Marino (continued)
Capital: San Marino
Political subdivisions: San Marino is divided
into 9 castles" — Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore,
Chiesanuova, Dogmanano, Faetano,
Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San Marino,
Serravalle
Legal system: based on civil law system with
Italian law influences; electoral law of 1926
serves some of the functions of a constitution;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Anniversary of the Libera-
tion of the Republic, 5 February
Branches: the Grand and General Council is
the legislative body elected by popular vote;
its 60 members serve five-year terms; Coun-
cil in turn elects two Captains-Regent who
exercise executive power for term of six
months, the Congress of State whose mem-
bers head government administrative
departments, and the Council of Twelve, the
supreme judicial body; actual executive
power is wielded by the Secretary of State for
Foreign Affairs and the Secretary of State for
Internal Affairs
Government leaders: Giordano Bruno
REFFI (Socialist), Secretary of State for For-
eign and Political Affairs and for Information
(since July 1978); Alvaro SELVA (Commu-
nist), Secretary of State for Internal Affairs
and Justice (since July 1978); Dr. Emilio
DELLA BALDA (Unitary Socialist), Secre-
tary of State for Budget, Finance, and
Planning (since July 1978)
Suffrage: universal (since 1960)
Elections: elections to the Grand and General
Council required at least every five years; last
election was held 29 May 1983
Political parties and leaders: Christian Dem-
ocratic Party (DCS), Clara Boscaglia; Social
Democratic Party (PSDS), Alvaro Casali; So-
cialist Party (PSS), Remy Giacomini;
Communist Party (PCS), Umberto Barulli;
Unitary Socialist Party (PSU), Emilio Delia
Balda; Committee for the Defense of the Re-
public (CDR), leader unknown
Voting strength: (19a3 election) 42.1% DCS,
24.4% PCS, 14.8% PSS, 13.9% PSU, 2.9%
PSDS
Communists: approx. 300 members (number
of sympathizers cannot be determined); the
PCS, in conjunction with the PSS, PSU, and
PSDS, has led the government since 1978
Other political parties or pressure groups:
political parties influenced by policies of
their counterparts in Italy; the two Socialist
parties are not united
Member of: ICJ, International Institute for
Unification of Private Law, International
Relief Union, ITU, IRC, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WTO; observer status in
NAM
Economy
Principal economic activities of San Marino
are farming, livestock raising, light manufac-
turing, and tourism; the largest share of
government revenue is derived from the sale
of postage stamps throughout the world and
from payments by the Italian Government in
exchange for Italy's monopoly in retailing to-
bacco, gasoline, and a few other goods; main
problem is finding additional funds to fi-
nance badly needed water and electric power
systems expansions
Agriculture: principal crops are wheat (aver-
age annual output about 4,400 metric
tons/year) and grapes (average annual output
about 700 metric tons/year); other grains,
fruits, vegetables, and animal feedstuffs are
also grown; livestock population numbers
roughly 6,000 cows, oxen, and sheep; cheese
and hides are most important livestock prod-
ucts
Electric power: power supplied by Italy
(1984)
Manufacturing: consists mainly of cotton
textile production at Serravalle, brick and tile
production at Dogane, cement production at
Acquaviva, Dogane, and Fiorentino, and
pottery production at Borgo Maggiore; some
tanned hides, paper, candy, baked goods,
Moscato wine, and gold and silver souvenirs
are also produced
Foreign transactions: dominated by tourism;
in summer months 20,000 to 30,000 foreign-
ers visit San Marino every day; several hotels
and restaurants have been built in recent
years to accommodate them; remittances
from Sanmarinese abroad also represent an
important net foreign inflow; commodity
trade consists primarily of exchanging build-
ingstone, lime, wood, chestnuts, wheat, wine,
baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide
variety of consumer manufactures
Monetary conversion rate: 1704.0 Italian
lire=US$l (January 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: about 104 km
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: automatic telephone
system serving 7,700 telephones (25. 7 per 100
popl.); no radiobroadcasting or television fa-
cilities
198
Sao Tome and Principe
llha do -
Principe**
Santo Antonio
Pedras
Tinhosas
Gulf
of
Guinea
llha de
Sao Tome
SterefiomlmipVII
Land
963 km2 (Sao Tome, 855 km2 and Principe,
109 km2; including small islets of Pedras
Tinhosas); slightly larger than New York City
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (eco-
nomic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: estimated 209 km
People
Population: 88,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 0.8%
Nationality: noun — Sao Tomean(s); adjec-
tive— Sao Tomean
Ethnic divisions: mestico, angolares (descen-
dents of Angolan slaves), forros (descendents
of freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers
from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape
Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on
the islands), and Europeans (primarily Portu-
guese)
Religion: Roman Catholic, Evangelical Prot-
estant, Seventh Day Adventist
Language: Portuguese (official)
Literacy: est. 50%
Labor force: most of population engaged in
subsistence agriculture and fishing; some un-
employment, but labor shortages on
plantations and for skilled work
Government
Official name: Democratic Republic of Sao
Tome and Principe
Type: republic
Capital: Sao Tome
Legal system: based on Portuguese law sys-
tem and customary law; constitution adopted
December 1975; has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holidays: Martyr's Day, 4 Febru-
ary; Independence Day, 12 July; Armed
Forces Day, first week in September (varies);
Farmer's Day, 30 September
Branches: President heads the government
assisted by a cabinet of ministers; unicameral
legislature (elected National Popular Assem-
bly)
Government leader: Dr. Manuel Pinto DA
COSTA, President (since 1975)
Suffrage: universal for age 18 and over
Elections: da Costa reelected May 1980 by
Popular Assembly; Assembly elections held
March-April 1980
Political parties and leaders: Movement for
the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe
(MLSTP), Manuel Pinto da Costa
Communists: no Communist party, proba-
bly a few sympathizers
Member of: AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IMF, ITU,
NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO
Economy
GDP: $30 million (1981 est.); per capita in-
come $300(1981 est.); average annual growth
rate 10% (1981 est.)
Agriculture: cash crops — cocoa, copra, coco-
nuts, coffee, palm oil, bananas
Fishing: catch 2,700 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: light construction, shirts,
soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp processing
Electric power: 4,300 kW capacity (1984); 7
million kWh produced (1984), 78 kWh per
capita
Exports: $8.8 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.);
mainly cocoa (90%), copra (7%), coffee, palm
oil
Imports: $20.0 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.); food
products, machinery and electrical equip-
ment, fuels
Major trade partners: main partner Nether-
lands, followed by Portugal, US, and FRG
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-
81), $583 million; US (FY77-83), $2.7 million;
Communist countries (1970-83), $23 million
Budget: (1981 est.) central government bud-
get $22.0 million; (1979 est.) revenues, $15.7
million; current expenditures, $10.4 million;
capital expenditures, $9.1 million
Monetary conversion rate: 46.2051
dobra = US$l (December 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Ports: 1 major (Sao Tome), 1 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: minimal system; 1500
telephones (1.7 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, 2 FM,
no TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite
ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy
199
Saudi Arabia
l m«p VI
Land
Estimated at about 2,149,690 km2 (bound-
aries undefined and disputed); one-third the
size of the US; 98% desert, waste, or urban;
1% agricultural; 1% forest
Land boundaries: 4,537 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(plus 6 nm "necessary supervision zone")
Coastline: 2,510 km
People
Population: 11, 152,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 3.3%
Nationality: noun — Saudi(s); adjective —
Saudi Arabian or Saudi
Ethnic d ivisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-Asian
Religion: 100% Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: 52%
Labor force: about one-third (one-half for-
eign) of population; 45% commerce, services,
government, and other; 30% agriculture; 15%
construction; 5% industry; 5% oil and mining
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Type: monarchy
Capital: Riyadh; Foreign Ministry and for-
eign diplomatic representatives located in
Riyadh
Political subdivisions: 14 provinces
Legal system: based on Islamic law, several
secular codes have been introduced; com-
mercial disputes handled by special
committees; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 23 September
Branches: King rules in consultation with
royal family and Council of Ministers
Government leader: FAHD bin 'Abd al-
'Aziz Al Sa'ud, King and Prime Minister
(since 1982)
Communists: negligible
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GCC,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, International Maritime
Satellite Organization, INTERPOL, ITU,
IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM,
OAPEC, QIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $108 billion (FY84 est.), $10,335 per
capita; annual growth in nonoil GDP in con-
stant 1969/70 prices approx. 7% (1981-84)
Agriculture: dates, grains, livestock; not self-
sufficient in food except wheat
Major industries: petroleum production 4.5
million b/d (1984); oil revenue payments to
Saudi Arabian Government, $39 billion
(FY84); basic petrochemicals, cement pro-
duction and small steel-rolling mill and oil
refinery; several other light industries, in-
cluding factories producing detergents,
plastic products, furniture
Electric power: 18,802,000 kW capacity
(1984); 52.702 billion kWh produced (1984),
4,882 kWh per capita
Exports: $48 billion (f.o.b., 1983); 99% petro-
leum and petroleum products
Imports: $39 billion (c.i.f., 1983); manufac-
tured goods, transportation equipment,
construction materials, and processed food
products
Major trade partners: exports — Japan, US,
France; imports — US, Japan, FRG
Budget: FY84 appropriations, $75.4 billion;
current expenditures, $31.9 billion; capital
expenditures, $43.5 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 3.56 Saudi
riyals=US$l (October 1983)
Fiscal year: follows Islamic year; the 1984-85
Saudi fiscal year covers the period 22 April
1984 to 22 March 1985
Communications
Railroads: 575 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge
Highways: 63,000 km total; 28,000 km bitu-
minous, 39,000 km gravel and improved
earth
Pipelines: 6,000 km crude oil; 150 km refined
products; 2,200 km natural gas, includes
1,600 km of natural gas liquids
Ports: 6 major (Jiddah [Jeddah], Dammam,
Ra's Tanura, Qizan, Jubail, Yanbu'), 17 mi-
Civilair: 162 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 184 total, 156 usable; 59 with per-
manent-surface runways; 9 with runways
over 3,659 m, 24 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 85 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good system exists,
major expansion program completed with
extensive microwave and coaxial cable sys-
tems; 790,000 telephones (8.0 per 100 popl.);
21 AM, 2 FM, 63 TV stations; 2 Atlantic and 2
Indian Ocean satellite stations; radio- relay to
Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAR, and
Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait
200
Senegal
Defense Forces
Branches: Saudi Arabian Land Forces, Royal
Saudi Naval Forces, Royal Saudi Air Force,
Saudi Arabian National Guard, Frontier
Force, Coast Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,981,000;
1,704,000 fit for military service; about
103,000 reach military age (18) annually
See regional map VII
Land
196,192 km2; the size of South Dakota; 40%
agricultural (12% cultivated); 13% forest;
47% built up, waste, or other
Land boundaries: 2,680 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 150
nm (fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 531 km
People
Population: 6,755,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun — Senegalese (sing, and
pi.); adjective — Senegalese
Ethnic divisions: 36% Wolof, 17.5% Fulani,
16.5% Serer, 9% Toucouleur, 9% Diola, 6.5%
Mandingo, 4.5% other African, 1% European
and Lebanese
Religion: 92% Muslim, 6% indigenous be-
liefs, 2% Christian (mostly Roman Catholic)
Language: French (official); Wolof, Pulaar,
Diola, Mandingo
Literacy: 10%
Labor force: 1,732,000; 70% subsistence agri-
cultural workers; 175,000 wage earners —
40% private sector, 60% government and
parapublic
Organized labor: majority of wage-labor
force represented by unions; however, dues-
paying membership very limited; major
confederation is National Confederation of
Senegalese Labor (CNTS), an affiliate of gov-
erning party
Government
Official name: Republic of Senegal
Type: republic under multiparty democratic
rule; (early in 1982, Senegal and The Gambia
formed a loose confederation named Sene-
gambia, which calls for the eventual inte-
gration of their armed forces, economies and
monetary systems, and foreign policies)
Capital: Dakar
Political subdivisions: 10 regions, subdivided
into 30 departments, 95 arrondissements
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem; constitution adopted 1960, revised
1963, 1970, and 1981 Judicial review of legis-
lative acts in Supreme Court (which also
audits the government's accounting office);
legal education at University of Dakar; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 4
April
Branches: government dominated by the
President; unicameral legislature (120-mem-
ber National Assembly), elected for five
years; President elected for five-year term by
universal suffrage; judiciary headed by Su-
preme Court, with members appointed by
President
Government leaders: Abdou DIOUF, Presi-
dent (since January 1981)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: presidential and legislative elec-
tions held February 1983; Socialist Party
holds 111 of 120 seats
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party
(PS), Abdou Diouf ; Senegalese Democratic
Party (PDS), Abdoulaye Wade; 13 other
small uninfluential parties
201
Senegal (continued)
Seychelles
Communist*: small number of Communists
and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: students,
teachers, labor, Muslim Brotherhood
Member of: AfDB, APC, CEAO, KAMA,
ECA, ECOWAS, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB—
Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, QIC, OMVS
(Organization for the Development of the
Senegal River Valley), UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $2.5 billion (1983), $400(1983)per cap-
ita; real growth - 14.3% in 1983
Agriculture: main crops — peanuts (primary
cash crop); millet, sorghum, manioc, maize,
rice, livestock; deficit production of food
Fishing: catch 2 1 3,000 metric tons ( 1 982); ex-
ports $120 million (1982)
Major industries: fishing, agricultural pro-
cessing plants, light manufacturing, mining
Electric power: 184,000 kW capacity (1984);
725 million kWh produced (1984), 110 kWh
per capita
Exports: $438 million (f.o.b., 1983); peanuts
and peanut products, phosphate rock, fish,
petroleum products (reexport)
Imports: $820 million (f.o.b., 1983); food,
consumer goods, machinery, transport
equipment, petroleum
Major trade partners: France, other EC, and
franc zone
Budget: (1983/84) public revenues, $500 mil-
lion; current expenditures, $517 million;
capital expenditures, $99 million
Monetary conversion rate: about 479.8
Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (December 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 1,034 km 1.000-meter gauge; 70
km double track
Highways: 13,898 km total; 3,461 km paved,
6,741 km gravel or graded earth, 3,696 km of
unimproved roads
Inland waterways: 1,505 km
Ports: 1 major (Dakar), 3 minor
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 25 total, 22 usable; 10 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 17 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: above-average urban
system, using radio-relay and cable; 40,200
telephones (0.8 per 100 popl.); 8 AM stations,
no FM, 1 TV station; 3 submarine cables; 1
Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramili-
tary Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,505,000;
759,000 fit for military service; 70,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1985, $66.9 million; about 8.8% of cen-
tral government budget
Aldabra
.Islands
VICTORIA*
Amir ante : Mahe
Isles ", • Island
Indian Ocean
Farquhar
Group
Se« rtfionil mip VII
Land
280 km2; less than two-thirds the size of New
York City; 54% arable land, nearly all culti-
vated; 17% woods and forest; 29% other
(mainly reefs and other surfaces unsuited for
agriculture); 40 granitic and 50 or more coral-
line islands
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 491 km (Mahe Island 93 km)
People
Population: 66,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 0.9%
Nationality: noun — Seychellois (sing, and
pi.); adjective— Seychelles
Ethnic divisions: Seychellois (mixture of
Asians, Africans, Europeans)
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic, 8% Anglican,
2% other
Language: English and French (official);
Creole
Literacy: 60%
Labor force: 15,000 in monetized sector (ex-
cluding self-employed, domestic servants,
and workers on small farms); 49% govern-
ment, 19% industry and commerce, 18.5%
agriculture, 13.5% services
202
Organized labor: 3 major trade unions
Government
Official name: Republic of Seychelles
Type: republic; member of the Common-
wealth
Capital: Victoria, Mahe Island
Legal system: based on English common law,
French civil law, and customary law
National holidays: 5 and 29 June
Branches: President, Council of Ministers,
People's Assembly
Government leader: France Albert RENE,
President (since June 1979)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: general election held June 1979
gave 98% approval to Rene as only presiden-
tial candidate on yes/no ballot; reelected in
June 1984 with 92% of vote
Political parties and leaders: Rene, who
heads the Seychelles People's Progressive
Front, came to power by a military coup in
June 1977; until then he had been Prime Min-
ister in an uneasy coalition with then
President James Mancham, who headed the
Seychelles Democratic Party; Rene banned
the Seychelles Democratic Party in March
1978 and announced a new constitution in
March 1979 that turned the country into a
one- party state
Communists: negligible, although some
Cabinet ministers espouse pro-Soviet line
Other political or pressure groups: trade
unions, church
Member of: Af DB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, NAM, OAU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP; $150 million (1983 esl); $2,310 per
capita (1983 est); real growth rate —0.2%
(1981 est.)
Agriculture: islands depend largely on coco-
nut production and export of copra;
cinnamon, vanilla, and patchouli (used for
perfumes) are other cash crops; food crops —
small quantities of sweet potatoes, cassava,
sugarcane, and bananas; islands not self-suf-
ficient in foodstuffs and the bulk of the,
supply must be imported; fish is an important
food source
Major industries: tourism is laYgest industry;
processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing,
small-scale manufacture of consumer goods,
coir rope factory, tea factory
Electric power: 20,000 kW capacity (1984);
52 million kWh produced (1984), 787 kWh
per capita
Exports: $2.8 million (f .o.b., 1982); cinnamon
(bark and oil) and copra account for about
60%; fish 35%; tourism earned an additional
$32.5 million
Imports: $80.9 million (f.o.b., 1983); manu-
factured goods about 25%; food, tobacco, and
beverages almost 20%; machinery and trans-
port equipment almost 20%; and petroleum
products about 20%
Major trade partners: exports — UK, Italy,
Bahrain, Japan
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1978-
82), $184 million; US(FY78-83), $8.7 million;
Communist countries (1970-83), $10 million
Budget: (1983) revenues, $59 million; grants,
$13 million; current expenditures, $65 mil-
lion; development expenditures, $16 million;
net lending, $9 million
Monetary conversion rate: 7.28 Seychelles
rupees=US$l (31 October 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 215 km total; 145 km bituminous,
70 km crushed stone or earth
Ports: 1 small port (Victoria)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 total, 7 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: direct radio commu-
nications with adjacent islands and African
coastal countries; 8,300 telephones (11.9 per
100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM stations; 1 TV sta-
tion; Indian Ocean satellite station; USAF
tracking station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 16,000;
8,000 fit for military service
Supply: infantry-type weapons and ammu-
nition from Tanzania, USSR, and China
203
Sierra Leone
Horth
Atlantic
Ocean
See regional mip VII
Land
7 1 ,740 km2; slightly smaller than South Caro-
lina; 65% arable (6% cultivated), 27% pasture,
4% swamp, 4% forest
Land boundaries: 933 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 402 km
People
Population: 3,883,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun — Sierra Leonean(s); adjec-
tive— Sierra Leonean
Ethnic divisions: over 99% native African
(30% Temne, 30% Mende, 2% Creole), rest
European and Asian; 13 tribes
Religion: 60% Muslim, 30% indigenous be-
liefs, 10% Christian
Language: English (official); regular use lim-
ited to literate minority; principal
vernaculars are Mende in south and Temne
in north; " Krio, " the language of the resettled
exslave population of the Freetown area, is
used as a lingua franca
Literacy: about 15%
Labor force: about 1.5 million; most of popu-
lation engages in subsistence agriculture;
only small minority, some 65,000, earn wages
Organized labor: 35% of wage earners
Government
Official name: Republic of Sierra Leone
Type: republic under presidential regime
since April 1971
Capital: Freetown
Political subdivisions: 3 provinces; divided
into 12 districts with 146 chiefdoms, where
paramount chief and council of elders consti-
tute basic unit of government; plus western
area, which comprises Freetown and other
coastal areas of the former colony
Legal system: based on English law and cus-
tomary laws indigenous to local tribes;
constitution adopted 1978; highest court of
appeal is the Sierra Leone Court of Appeals;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Republic Day, 19 April
Branches: executive authority exercised by
President; unicameral parliament consists of
104 authorized seats, 85 of which are filled by
elected representatives of constituencies and
12 by Paramount Chiefs elected by fellow
Paramount Chiefs in each district; President
authorized to appoint up to seven members;
independent judiciary
Government leader: Dr. Siaka Probyn STE-
VENS, President (since 1968); Sorie Ibrahim
KOROMA, First Vice President (since April
1971); Francis Minah, Second Vice President
(since May 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: the Constitution of Sierra Leone
Act, 1971, has been replaced by the Constitu-
tion of Sierra Leone, 1978, which provides
for one-party rule; Dr. Siaka Stevens was
named as the first Executive President under
the one-party constitution; the President's
tenure has been extended from five to seven
years; next presidential election June 1985
Political parties and leaders: All People's
Congress (APC), headed by Stevens
Communists: no party, although there are a
few Communists and a slightly larger num-
ber of sympathizers
Member of: AfDB, AIOEC, Commonwealth,
EGA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, Mano
River Union, NAM, OAU, QIC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP. (current factor cost) $1 billion (1983/84
est.); real growth rate 0.5% (1983/84)
Agriculture: main crops — palm kernels, cof-
fee, cocoa, rice, yams, millet, ginger, cassava;
much of cultivated land devoted to subsis-
tence farming; food crops insufficient for
domestic consumption
Fishing: catch 65,500 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: mining — diamonds, iron
ore, bauxite, rutile; manufacturing bever-
ages, textiles, cigarettes, construction goods; 1
oil refinery
Electric power: 96,000 kW capacity (1984);
210 million kWh produced (1984), 55 kWh
per capita
Exports: $104 million (f.o.b., 1983/84); dia-
monds, iron ore, palm kernels, cocoa, coffee
Imports: $126 million (f.o.b., 1983/84); ma-
chinery and transportation equipment,
manufactured goods, foodstuffs, petroleum
products
Major trade partners: UK, EC, US, Japan,
Communist countries
Budget: (1983/84) revenues, $109 million;
current expenditures, $146 million; develop-
ment expenditures, $68 million
Monetary conversion rate: (official) 2.5
leones=US$l (October 1983)
201
Singapore
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: about 84 km 1.067-meter narrow
gauge privately owned mineral line operated
by the Sierra Leone Development Company
Highways: 7,460 km total; 1,225 km bitumi-
nous, 490 km laterite (some gravel),
remainder improved earth
Inland waterways: 800 km; 600 km naviga-
ble year round
Ports: 1 major (Freetown), 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 14 total, 11 usable; 5 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair telephone and
telegraph service; 16,000 telephones (0.5 per
100 popl.); INTELSAT Atlantic Ocean satel-
lite ground station; 3AM stations, 1 FM, 2 TV
stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 853,000;
414,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
10km
^Sentosa
Singapore Strait
*»•
t)
Mam Strait
See regional map IX
Land
618 km2; smaller than New York City; 31%
built on, roads, railroads, and airfields; 22%
agricultural; 47% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 193 km
People
Population: 2,562,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 1.2%
Nationality: noun — Singaporean(s), adjec-
tive— Singapore
Ethnic divisions: 76.7% Chinese, 14.7% Ma-
lay, 6.4% Indian, 2.2% other
Religion: majority of Chinese are Buddhists
or atheists; Malays nearly all Muslim; minor-
ities include Christians, Hindus, Sikhs,
Taoists, Confucianists
Language: Chinese, Malay, Tamil, and En-
glish (official); Malay (national)
Literacy: 84.2%
Labor force: 1,142,374 (June 1982); 29.5%
manufacturing, 28.5% services, 22.3% trade,
11.4% transport and communication, 6.3%
construction, 1.0% agriculture and fishing,
1.0% other
Organized labor: 18.6% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Singapore
Type: republic within Commonwealth
Capital: Singapore
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution based on preindependence State
of Singapore constitution; legal education at
University of Singapore; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 9 August
Branches: ceremonial President; executive
power exercised by Prime Minister and Cabi-
net responsible to unicameral legislature
(Parliament)
Government leaders: Dr. YEOH Ghim Seng,
Acting President (as of 28 March 1985); LEE
Kuan Yew, Prime Minister (since June 1959)
Suffrage: universal over age 20; voting com-
pulsory
Elections: normally every five years
Political parties and leaders: government —
People's Action Party (PAP), Lee Kuan Yew;
opposition — Barisan Sosialis (BS), Dr. Lee
Siew Choh; Workers' Party (WP), J. B.
Jeyaretnam; United People's Front (UPF),
Harbans Singh; Singapore Democratic Party
(SDP), Chiam See Tong; Communist Party
illegal
Voting strength: (1984 election) PAP won 77
of 79 seats in Parliament and received 63% of
the vote; WP and SDP won one seat each
Communists: 200-500; Barisan Sosialis infil-
trated by Communists
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Co-
lombo Plan, Commonwealth, G-77, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO,
ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
205
Singapore (continued)
Solomon Islands
Economy
GDP: $16.0 billion (1983), $6,395 per capita;
7.8% average annual real growth (1973-83),
7.9% (1983)
Agriculture: occupies a position of minor im-
portance in the economy, self-sufficient in
pork, poultry, and eggs; must import much of
its other food requirements; major crops —
rubber, copra, fruit and vegetables
Fishing: catch 19,099 metric tons (1983), im-
ports—99,099 metric tons (1983), exports
56,046 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: petroleum refining, elec-
tronics, oil drilling equipment, rubber
processing and rubber products, processed
food and beverages, ship repair, entrepot
trade, financial services
Electric power: 2,691,000 kW capacity
(1984); 8.6 billion kWh produced (1984),
3,400 kWh per capita
Exports: $21.0 billion (f.o.b., 1983); petro-
leum, rubber, manufactured goods
Imports: $27.0 billion (c.i.f., 1983); major re-
tained imports — capital equipment,
manufactured goods, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports — US, Malay-
sia, Japan, Hong Kong, Thailand, Australia,
FRG; imports — Japan, US, Malaysia, Saudi
Arabia
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries (1970-82), $490 million;
US, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $575 mil-
lion; military— US (FY70-82), $2 million
Budget: (FY83/84) revenues, $4.7 billion; ex-
penditures, $7.5 billion; deficit, $2.8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 2.20 Singapore
dollars=US$l (8 January 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 38 km of 1.000-meter gauge
Highways: 2,314 km total (1980); 2,006 km
paved, 308 km crushed stone or improved
earth
Ports: 3 major, 2 minor
Civil air: approx. 30 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 6 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659
m, 2 with runways 2,440-3, 659m, 1 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good domestic facili-
ties; good international service; good radio
and television broadcast coverage; 700,000
telephones (26.5 per 100 popl.); 13 AM, 4 FM,
2 TV stations; submarine cables extend to
Hong Kong via Sabah, Philippines; 1 ground
station to Hong Kong via Sabah, Malaysia; 1
ground satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Army Re-
serve, Singapore Armed Forces (SAF)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 764,000;
599,000 fit for military service
Ships: 6 missile attack boats, 19 coastal patrol,
13amphibious ships, 2coastal minesweepers,
1 auxiliary
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 March 1985, $1.09 billion; about
1 1.9% of central government budget
South
Pacific
Ocean
Santa Isabel
Yandina <^
HONIARAJT '- .a/? /
Guadalc!naT^ristobal
Coral Sea
See region*! map X
Land
NOTE: This archipelagic nation includes
southern Solomon Islands, primarily Guadal-
canal, Malaita, San Cristobal, Santa Isabel,
Choiseul; northern Solomon Islands consti-
tute part of Papua New Guinea.
Land
About 29,785 km2; slightly larger than Mary-
land
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: about 5,313 km
People
Population: 273,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 3.7%
Nationality: noun — Solomon Islander(s); ad-
jective— Solomon Islander
Ethnic divisions: 93.0% Melanesian, 4.0%
Polynesian, 1.5% Micronesian, 0.8% Euro-
pean, 0.3% Chinese, 0.4% other
Religion: almost all at least nominally Chris-
tian; Roman Catholic, Anglican, and
Methodist churches dominant
Language: English (official), local languages
Literacy: 60%
206
Somalia
Labor force: 20,631 economically active
(1980); 30% forestry and fishing, 28.2% social
services, 10.8% manufacturing, 9.6% com-
merce, 7.7% construction, 7.1% transpor-
tation and communications
Government
Official name: Solomon Islands
Type: independent parliamentary state
within Commonwealth
Capital: Honiara on the island of Guadalca-
nal
Political subdivisions: 4 administrative dis-
tricts
Legal system: a High Court plus Magistrates
Courts; also a system of native courts
throughout the islands
Branches: executive authority in Governor
General; unicameral legislature (38-member
National Parliament)
Government leaders: Sir Baddeley DEVESI,
Governor General (since July 1978); Sir Peter
KENILOREA, Prime Minister (since No-
vember 1984)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 21
Elections: every four years, latest October
1984
Political parties and leaders: United Party,
Peter Kenilorea; People's Alliance Party, Sol-
omon Mamaloni, National Democratic
Party, Bartholemew Ulufa'alu
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, G-77,
GATT (de facto), IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
IMF, UN, UPU
Economy
CNP: $110 million (1980), $460 per capita
Agriculture: largely dominated by coconut
production with subsistence crops of yams,
taro, bananas; self-sufficient in rice
Electric power: 15,000 kW capacity (1984);
30 million kWh produced (1984), 114 kWh
per capita
Exports: $68.4 million (1981); copra, timber,
fish
*
Imports: $72.2 million (1981); energy fuels
Major trade partners: exports — Japan 37%,
UK 11%, Australia 3%; impotts— Australia
31%, Singapore 16%, Japan 15%, UK 9%
(1981)
Aid: economic commitments from Western
(non-US) countries, ODA (1979), $13.3 mil-
lion
Budget: (1979) million revenues, $22.45 mil-
lion; expenditures, $37.3 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.222 Australian
dollars=US$l (February 1984)
Communications
Railroad: none
Highways: 834 km total; 241 km sealed or all-
weather
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 5 minor (including Honiara, Gizo,
Yandina)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 25 total, 23 usable; 2 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 5 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: 4 AM, no FM, no TV
stations; 2,000 telephones, no TV sets; one
ground satellite station
350km
Gull ol Aden
Indian Ocean
See regional map VII
Land
637,657 km2; slightly smaller than Texas; 32%
grazing; 14% scrub and forest; 13% arable
(0.3% cultivated); 41% mainly desert, urban,
or other
Land boundaries: 2,263 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 3,025 km
People
Population: 7,595,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun — Somali(s); adjective —
Somali
Ethnic divisions: 85% Somali, rest mainly
Bantu; 30,000 Arabs, 3,000 Europeans, 800
Asians
Religion: almost entirely Sunni Muslim
Language: Somali (official); Arabic, Italian,
English
Literacy: 60%
Labor force: about 2.2 million; very few are
skilled laborers; 70% pastoral nomad, 30% ag-
riculturists, government employees, traders,
fishermen, handicraftsmen, other
207
Somalia (continued)
Organized labor: General Federation of So-
mali Trade Unions, a government-controlled
organization, established in 1977
Government
Official name: Somali Democratic Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Mogadishu
Political subdivisions: 16 regions, 60 districts
National holiday: 21 October
Branches: President dominates political sys-
tem; Cabinet carries out day-to-day
government functions; unicameral legisla-
ture (National People's Assembly) exists but
has little power
Government leader: Maj. Gen. Mohamed
SIAD Barre, President (since October 1969)
Political party and leader: the Somali Revo-
lutionary Socialist Party (SRSP), created on 1
July 1976, is sole legal party; Maj. Gen.
Mohamed Siad Barre is general secretary of
the SRSP
Elections: parliamentary elections held 31
December 1984
Communists: probably some Communist
sympathizers in the government hierarchy
Member of: AfDB, Arab League, EAMA,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB—
Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $1.875 million (1982 est), $375 per
capita
Agriculture: mainly a pastoral country, rais-
ing livestock; crops — bananas, sugarcane,
cotton, cereals
Major industries: a few small industries, in-
cluding sugar refining, tuna beef canning,
textiles, iron rod plant, and petroleum refin-
ing
Electric power: 47,000 kW capacity (1984);
62 million kWh produced (1984), 9 kWh per
capita
Exports: $101 million (f.o.b., 1983); livestock,
hides, skins, bananas
Imports: $407 million (c.i.f.., 1983); textiles,
cereals, transport equipment, machinery,
construction materials and equipment, pe-
troleum products; also military materiel in
1977
Major trade partners: exports — Saudi Ara-
bia 84%, Italy 6% (1981); imports— UK 29%,
Italy 21%, FRG 13% (1981)
External debt: $1.2 billion (1983 est.); exter-
nal debt service 17% of exports of goods and
services
Budget: (1983 est.) revenues and grants, $278
million; current expenditures, $216 million;
development expenditures and transfers,
$143 million
Monetary conversion rate: 26.0 Somali
shillings=US$l (September 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 17,215 km total; 2,335 km bitumi-
nous surface, 2,880 km gravel, and 12,000 km
improved earth or stabilized soil
Pipelines: 15 km crude oil
Ports: 3 major (Mogadishu, Berbera,
Kisimayo)
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 59 total, 47 usable; 6 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 2 with runways over
3,659 m, 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 19
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: poor telephone and
telegraph service; radio-relay system cen-
tered on Mogadishu connects a few towns;
6,000 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 1 Indian
Ocean satellite station; 2 AM, no FM stations,
1 TV station
Defense Forces
Branches: Somali National Army (including
Navy, Air Force, and Air Defense Force)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,483,000;
801,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
208
South Africa
Set rtfionll m.p VII
Land
1,221,037 km2 (includes enclave of Walvis
Bay, 1,124 km2; Transkei, 44,000 km2, and
Bophuthatswana, 38,000 km2); four-fifths the
size of Alaska; 86% desert, waste, or urban;
12% cultivable; 2% forest
Land boundaries: 2,044 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 2,881 km, including Transkei
People
Population: 32,465,000 (July 1985), includ-
ing Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Kwazulu,
Lebowa, Transkei, and Venda; average an-
nual growth rate 2.4%; Bophuthatswana
1 ,623,000 (July 1985), average annual growth
rate 3.9%; Ciskei 763,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.3%; Kwazulu 4,347,000
(July 1985), average annual growth rate 4.6%;
Lebowa 2,208,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 4.5%; Transkei 2,960,000
(July 1985), average annual growth rate 3. 4%;
Venda 412,000 (July 1985), average annual
growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun — South African(s); adjec-
tive— South African
Ethnic divisions: 69.9% African, 17.8%
white, 9.4% Colored, 2.9% Indian
Religion: most whites and Coloreds and
roughly 60% of Africans are Christian;
roughly 60% of Indians are Hindu, 20% Mus-
lim
Language: Afrikaans, English (official); Afri-
cans have many vernacular languages,
including Zulu, Xhosa, North and Soulh So-
tho, Tswana
Literacy: almost all white population literate;
government estimates 50% of Africans liter-
ate
Labor force: 8.7 million economically active
(1980); 53% agriculture, 27% miscellaneous
services, 8% manufacturing, 7% mining, 5%
commerce
Organized labor: about 7% of total labor
force is unionized (mostly white workers); Af-
rican unions represent less than 15% of black
labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of South Africa
Type: republic
Capital: administrative, Pretoria; legislative,
Cape Town; judicial, Bloemfontein
Political subdivisions: 4 provinces, each
headed by centrally appointed adminis-
trator; provincial councils, elected by white
electorate, retain limited powers
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law
and English common law; constitution en-
acted 1961, changing the Union of South
Africa into a republic; possibility of judicial
review of Acts of Parliament concerning dual
official languages; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Republic Day, 31 May
i
Branches: president is chief of state, head of
government, and chairman of cabinet;
tricameral legislature — House of Assembly
(whites), House of Representatives (Col-
oreds), and House of Delegates (Indians)
elected directly by respective racial elector-
ates; judiciary maintains substantial
independence of government influence
Government leaders: Pieter Willem BO-
THA, President (since September 1984)
Suffrage: general suffrage limited to whites
over 18 (17 in Natal Province) and to Coloreds
and Indians over 18
Elections: must be held at least every five
years; last white election April 1981; last Col-
ored and Indian elections August 1984;
because of the introduction of a new constitu-
tion in 1984, the next white elections
probably will be delayed until 1989 to coin-
cide with nonwhite elections
White political parties and leaders: National
Party, P. W. Botha; Progressive Federal
Party, Frederick Van Zyl Slabbert; New Re-
public Party, Bill Sutton; Conservative Party,
Dr. Andries P. Treurnicht; Herstigte Na-
tional Party, Jaap Marais
Colored political parties and leaders: Labor
Party, Allan Hendrickse (majority party);
People's Congress Party, Peter Marais
Indian political parties and leaders: Na-
tional People's Party, Amichand Rajbansi
(majority party); Solidarity, J. N. Reddy
Voting strength: white parliamentary
seats — National Party, 125; Progressive Fed-
eral Party, 27; Conservative Party, 18; New
Republic, 8
Communists: small Communist Party illegal
since 1950; party in exile maintains head-
quarters in London; Moses Mabhida, Joe
Slovo «
Other political groups: (insurgent groups in
exile) African National Congress (ANC), Oli-
ver Tambo; Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC),
John Pokela
Member of: GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFC, IHO, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, IMF, INTELSAT, ISO, ITU,
IWC — International Whaling Commission,
IWC— International Wheat Council, UN,
209
South Africa (continued)
Soviet Union
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
(membership rights in IAEA, ICAO, ITU,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, and WMO suspended
or restricted)
Economy
GDP: $79 billion (1983), about $2,500 per
capita; —3% real growth in 1983
Agriculture: main crops — corn, wool, wheat,
sugarcane, tobacco, citrus fruits; dairy prod-
ucts; self-sufficient in foodstuffs
Fishing: catch 577,152 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: mining, automobile as-
sembly, metalworking, machinery, textile,
iron and steel, chemical, fertilizer
Electric power: 23,800,000 kW capacity
(1984); 1 14.668 billion kWh produced (1984),
3,617 kWh per capita
Exports: $18.2 billion (f.o.b., 1983, including
gold); wool, diamonds, corn, uranium, sugar,
fruit, hides, skins, metals, metallic ores, asbes-
tos, fish products; net gold output $8.9 billion
(1983)
Imports: $14.4 billion (f.o.b., 1983); motor ve-
hicles, machinery, metals, petroleum
products, textiles, chemicals
Major trade partners: US, FRG, Japan, UK,
France; member of Southern African Cus-
toms Union
Bu<fg<>MFY1983/84est.)revenues,$16.6bil-
lion; current expenditures, $18.4 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 2.1 SA
rand=US$l (30 December 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 35,530 km total (includes Na-
mibia); 34,824 km 1.067-meter gauge, of
which 6,143 km are multiple track; 16,006
km electrified; 706 km 0.610-meter gauge
single track
Highways: 229,690 km total; 80,796 km
paved, 148,894 km crushed stone, gravel, or
improved earth
Pipelines:93l km crude oil; 1,748 km refined
products; 322 km natural gas
Ports: 1 major (Durban, Cape Town, Port
Elizabeth, Richards Bay, Saldanha Bay, East
London, and Mossel Bay)
Civil air: 76 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 915 total, 831 usable; 106 with per-
manent-surface runways; 3 with runways
over 3,659 m, 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m,
199 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: the system is the best
developed, most modern, and highest capac-
ity in Africa and consists of carrier-equipped
open-wire lines, coaxial cables, radio-relay
links, and radiocommunication stations; key
centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Dur-
ban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, and
Pretoria; 3.21 million telephones (13.1 per
100 popl.); 14 AM, 286 FM, 67 main TV sta-
tions with 450 relay transmitters; 1
submarine cable; 1 satellite station with 1 In-
dian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Medical
Services
Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,732,000;
4,659,000 fit for military service; 279,000
reach military age (18) annually; obligation
for service in Citizen Force or Commandos
begins at 18; volunteers for service in perma-
nent force must be 17; national service
obligation is two years; figures do not include
Bophuthatswana, Transkei, and Venda
Military budget: for year ending 31 March
1985, $3.1 billion; 15.1% of central govern-
ment budget
Arctic Ocean
Baltic S
Tha Unitad Su»l Govarnmanl hit not rccogn.iad
mlo ll>« SOVLVI Union Othar boundary rapraaanlation
« not ntcaltanl, author'talna
Set regional mip\ 111
NOTE: The US Government does not recog-
nize the incorporation of the Baltic States
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into the Soviet
Union.
Land
22,402,200 km2; nearly two and one-half
times the size of the US; 35.5% forest, 16.8%
pasture and hay, 10.2% cultivated, 37.5%
other
Land boundaries: 20,619 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 46,670 km (incl. Sakhalin)
People
Population: 277,930,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 1.0%
Nationality: noun — Soviet(s); adjective — So-
viet
Ethnic divisions: 52% Russian, 16% Ukrai-
nian, 32% among over 100 other ethnic
groups, according to 1979 census
Religion: 18% Russian Orthodox; 9% Muslim;
3% Jewish, Protestant, Georgian Orthodox, or
Roman Catholic; population is 70% atheist
Language: Russian (official); more than 200
languages and dialects (at least 18 with more
than 1 million speakers); 75% Slavic group,
210
8% other Indo-European, 12% Altaic, 3%
Uralian, 2% Caucasian
Literacy: 99.8%
Labor force: civilian 147 million (midyear
1982), 20% agriculture, 80% industry and
other nonagricultural fields; unemployed not
reported; shortage of skilled labor reported
Government
Official name: Union of Soviet Socialist Re-
publics
Type: Communist state
Capital: Moscow
Political subdivisions: 15 union republics,
consisting of 20 autonomous republics, 6
krays, 123 oblasts, 8 autonomous oblasts, and
10 autonomous okrugs
Legal system: civil law system as modified by
Communist legal theory; revised constitution
adopted 1977; no judicial review of legisla-
tive acts; legal education at 18 universities
and 4 law institutes; has not accepted com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: October Revolution Day, 7
November
Branches: executive — USSR Council of Min-
isters, legislative — USSR Supreme Soviet,
judicial — Supreme Court of USSR
Government leaders: Mikhail GOR-
BACHEV, General Secretary of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party (since 1 1
March 1985) Nikolay Aleksandrovich TIK-
HONOV, Chairman of the USSR Council of
Ministers (since 23 October 1980)
Suffrage: universal over age 18; direct, equal
Elections: to Supreme Soviet every five
years; 1,499 deputies elected in 1984; 71.4%
party members
Political party: Communist Party of the So-
viet Union (CPSU) only party permitted
Voting strength: (1984 election) 184,006,350
persons over 18; allegedly 99.95% voted
Communists: over 18 million party members
Other political or pressure groups:
Komsomol, trade unions, and other organiza-
tions that facilitate Communist control
Member of: CEMA, Geneva Disarmament
Conference, IAEA, IBEC, ICAC, ICAO,
ICCAT, ICCO, ICES, ILO.'lMO, Interna-
tional Lead and Zinc Study Group, INRO,
IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International
Whaling Commission, IWC — International
Wheat Council, UN, UNESCO, UPU, War-
saw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GNP: $1,843 billion (1983, in 1983 geometric
mean prices), 6,763 per capita; in 1983 per-
centage shares were — 53% consumption,
34% investment, 13% government and other,
including defense (based on 1970 GNP in ru-
bles at adjusted factor cost); average annual
growth rate of real GNP (1971-83), 3.1%, av-
erage annual growth rate (1976-83), 2.2%,
(1983)3.6%
Agriculture: principal food crops — grain (es-
pecially wheat), potatoes; main industrial
crops — sugar beets, cotton, sunflowers, and
flax; degree of self-sufficiency depends on
fluctuations in crop yields, particularly grain;
large grain importer over past decade
Fishing: catch 9.9 million metric tons (1983);
exports 453,384 metric tons (1983), imports
320,132 metric tons (1983); exports exclude
canned fish, canned crab, and caviar
Major industries: diversified, highly devel-
oped capital goods industries; consumer
goods industries comparatively less devel-
oped
Shortages: fertilizer, feed, natural rubber,
bauxite and alumina, tantalum, tin, tungsten,
fluorspar, molybdenum, and finished steel
products
Crude steel: 172 million metric ton capacity
as of 1 January 1984; 152.5 million metric
tons produced in 1983, 562 kg per capita
Electric power: 306,000,000 kW capacity
(1984); 1,465 billion kWh produced (1984),
5,305 kWh per capita
Exports: $91.652 billion (f.o.b., 1983); petro-
leum and petroleum products, natural gas,
metals, wood, agricultural products, and a
wide variety of manufactured goods (primar-
ily capital goods)
Imports: $80,440 billion (f.o.b., 1983); grain
and other agricultural products, machinery
and equipment, steel products (including
large diameter pipe), consumer manufac-
tures
Major trade partners: $172.1 billion (1983
total turnover); trade 56% with Communist
countries, 30% with industrialized West, and
14% with less developed countries
Aid: economic — total extended to non-Com-
munist less developed countries (1954-81),
$22 billion
Official monetary conversion rate: 0.743
rubles=US$l (1983 average)
Communications
Railroads: 143,600 km total; 141,467 km
1.524-meter broad gauge; 1,833 km mostly
0.750-meter narrow gauge; 1 12,915 km
broad gauge single track; 46,800 km electri-
fied; does not include industrial lines (1983)
Highways: 1,479,300 km total; 421,000 km
asphalt, concrete, stone block; 352,000 km as-
phalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 706,300
km earth (1983)
Inland waterways: 137,900 km navigable,
exclusive of Caspian Sea (1983)
Freight carried: rail — 3,851 million metric
tons, 3.6 billion metric ton/km (1983); high-
ways— 26.4 billion metric tons, 486 billion
metric ton/km (1983); waterway — 606.7
million metric tons, 273.2 billion metric
ton/km, excluding Caspian Sea (1983)
211
Soviet Union (continued)
Spain
Pipelines: 75,000 km crude oil and refined
products; 155,000 km natural gas (1983)
Ports: 53 major (most important — Lenin-
grad, Riga, Tallinn, Kaliningrad, Liepaja,
Ventspils, Murmansk, Arkhangel'sk, Odessa,
Novorossiysk, Il'ichevsk, Nikolayev, Sevasto-
pol, Vladivostok, Nakhodka); over 180
selected minor; 58 major inland ports (some
of the more important — Astrakhan, Baku,
Gorkiy, Kazan, Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk,
Kuybyshev, Moscow, Rostov, Volgograd,
Kiev (1982)
Defense Forces
Branches: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Defense
Forces, Air Forces, Strategic Rocket Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49,
6.5,461,000; 55,070,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 2,058,000 reach military age (17)
annually
Bay of Biscay
• Islands
Mediterranean Sea
Canary Islands. Ceuta. and Melilla
are not shown
See re|ioiul mip V ind VII
Land
504,782 km2, including Canary (7,51 1 km2)
and Balearic Islands (5,025 km2); the size of
Arizona and Utah combined; 41% arable and
crop, 27% meadow and pasture, 22% forest,
10% urban or other
Land boundaries: 1,899 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 4,964 km (includes Balearic Is-
lands, 677 km, and Canary Islands, 1 , 1 58 km)
People
Population: 38,629,000 (July 1985), includ-
ing the Balearic and Canary Islands and
Ceuta and Melilla (two towns on the Moroc-
can coast); average annual growth rate 0.5%
Nationality: noun — Spaniard(s); adjective —
Spanish
Ethnic divisions: composite of Mediterra-
nean and Nordic types
Religion: 99% Roman Catholic, 1% other
sects
Language: Castilian Spanish; second lan-
guages include 17% Catalan, 7% Galician,
and 2% Basque
Literacy: 97%
Labor force: 13.2 million (1984); 43% ser-
vices, 24% industry, 16% agriculture, 9%
construction; unemployment now estimated
at nearly 20.5% of labor force (September
1984)
Organized labor: labor unions legalized April
1977; represent no more than a quarter of the
labor force (1983)
Government
Official name: Spanish State
Type: parliamentary monarchy defined by
new constitution of December 1978, that
completed transition from authoritarian re-
gime of the late Generalissimo Franco and
confirmed Juan Carlos I as monarch, but
without the exceptional powers inherited
from Franco on being proclaimed King 22
November 1975
Capital: Madrid
Political subdivisions: metropolitan Spain,
including the Canaries and Balearics, di-
vided into 50 provinces, which form 17
autonomous regions assuming numerous
powers previously exercised by the central
government; also five places of sovereignty
(presidios) on the Mediterranean coast of Mo-
rocco; transferred administration of Spanish
Sahara to Morocco and Mauritania on 26
February 1976
Legal system: civil law system, with regional
applications; new constitution provides for
rule of law, established jury system as well as
independent constitutional court to rule on
unconstitutionally of laws and to serve as
court of last resort in protecting liberties and
rights granted in constitution; does not accept
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 24 June
Branches: executive, with King's acts subject
to countersignature, Prime Minister
(Presidente) and his ministers responsible to
lower house; bicameral legislature — Cortes
Generates, consisting of more powerful Con-
gress of Deputies (350 members) and Senate
(208 members), with possible addition of one
to six members from each new autonomous
region; judiciary, independent
212
Government leaders: JUAN CARLOS I,
King (since November 1975); Felipe GON-
ZALEZ Marquez, Prime Minister
(Presidente; since December 1982)
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: parliamentary election 28 Octo-
ber 1982 for four-year term; local elections
for municipal councils April 1983; regional
elections staggered
Political parties and leaders: principal na-
tional parties, from right to left — Popular
Alliance (AP), Manuel Fraga Iribarne; Popu-
lar Democratic Party (PDP), Oscar Alzaga;
Liberal Union (UL), Jose Antonio Segurado;
Social Democratic Center (CDS), Adolfo
Suarez; Spanish Socialist Workers Party
(PSOE), Felipe Gonzalez Marquez; Spanish
Communist Party (PCE), Gerardo Iglesias;
chief regional parties — Convergence and
Unity (CiU), Jordi Pujol, in Catalonia; Re-
publican Left of Catalonia (ERG), Herribert
Barrera; Basque Nationalist Party (PNV), Ro-
man Sudure; Basque radical coalitions
Popular Unity (HB) and Basque Left (EE);
Andalusian Party (PA), Luis Urunuela; Dem-
ocratic Reform Party (PRD), Antonio
Garrigues Walker
Voting strength: (1982 parliamentary elec-
tion in lower house) PSOE 46%, and 202 seats
(26 seats over a majority); AP, PDP, and UL in
coalition 25.4%, 106 seats; UCD 7.31%, 12
seats; PCE 3.9%, 4 seats; CiU 3.7%, 12 seats;
CDS 2.9%, 2 seats; PNV 1.9%, 8 seats; HB1%,
2 seats; EE .47%, 1 seat; ERC .47%, 1 seat; PA
.33% 0 seats
Communists: PCE membership has de-
clined from a possible high of 160,000in 1977
to roughly 60,000 today; the party lost 64% of
itsvotersand 20deputiesin the 1982 election;
remaining strength is in labor where it domi-
nates the Workers Commissions trade union
(one of the country's two major labor cen-
trals), which claims a membership of about 1
million; experienced a modest recovery in
1983 municipal election, receiving 8% of the
vote
Other political or pressure groups: on the ex-
treme left, the Basque Fatherland and
Liberty (ETA) and the First of October
Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO) use
terrorism to oppose the government; free la-
bor unions (authorized in April 1977) include
the Communist-dominated Workers Com-
missions (CCOO); the Socialist General
Union of Workers (UGT), and the smaller in-
dependent Workers Syndical Union (USO);
the Catholic Church; busine'ss and landown-
ing interests; Opus Dei; university students
Member of: Andean Pact (observer),
ASSIMER, Council of Europe, ESRO, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES,
ICO, IDA, 1DB — Inter-American Develop-
ment Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, International Lead
and Zinc Study Group, INTERPOL, IOOC,
IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat
Council, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG, WTO; applied for full membership in
the EC 28 July 1977
Economy
GNP: $156.4 billion (1983); 70% private con-
sumption, 12% government consumption,
19% gross fixed capital investment; — 1% net
exports; real growth rate 2.3% (1983)
Agriculture: main crops — grains, vegetables,
fruits; virtually self-sufficient in good crop
years
Fishing: catch, 1,248,882 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: textiles and apparel (in-
cluding footwear), food and beverages,
metals and metal manufactures, chemicals,
shipbuilding, automobiles
Crude steel: 12.7 million metric tons pro-
duced (1983), 332 kg per capita
Electric power: 37,815,000 kW capacity
(1984); 1 19.887 billion kWh produced (1984),
3,120 kWh per capita
Exports: $19.76 billion (f.o.b., 1983); princi-
pal items — iron and steel products,
machinery, automobiles, fruits and vegeta-
bles, textiles, footwear
Imports: $29.2 billion (c.i.f., 1983); principal
items — fuels (40%), machinery, chemicals,
iron and steel, vegetables, automobiles
Major trade partners .-(1983) 48% EC, 7% US,
8% other developed countries, 3% Commu-
nist countries, 33% less developed countries
Aid: economic commitments — US authori-
zations, $1.9 billion, including Ex-Im (FY70-
83); other Western bilateral (ODA and OOF),
$545.0 million (1970-79); military authoriza-
tions—US (FY70-83), $1.6 billion
Budget: (1983 central government) revenues,
$26 billion; expenditures, $34 billion; deficit,
$8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 169.96
pesetas=US $1 (October 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 16,282 km total; Spanish National
Railways (RENFE) operates 13,543 km
1.668-meter gauge, 6,156km electrified, and
2,295 km double track; FEVE (government-
owned narrow-gauge railways) operates
1,821 km, of predominantly 1.000-meter
gauge, and 441 km electrified; privately
owned railways operate 91 8 km, of predomi-
nantly 1.000-meter gauge, 512 km
electrified, and 56 km double track
Highways: 149,352 km total; 82,070 km na-
tional 2,433 km limited-access divided
highway, 63,042 km bituminous treated,
17,038 km intermediate bituminous, con-
crete, or stone block; the remaining 67,282
km are provincial or local roads (bituminous
treated, intermediate bituminous, or stone
block)
Inland waterways: 1,045 km; of minor im-
portance as transport arteries and contribute
little to economy
Pipelines: 265 km crude oil; 1,719 km refined
products; 1,130 km natural gas
Ports: 23 major, 175 minor
Civil air: 142 major transport aircraft
213
Spain (continued)
Sri Lanka
Airfields: (including Balearic and Canary Is-
lands) 117 total, 113 usable; 61 with
permanent-surface runways; -4 with runways
over 3,659 m, 20 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 33 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: generally adequate,
modern facilities; 13.3 million telephones
(35.0 per 100 popl.); 175 AM, 293 FM, 1,405
TV stations; 20 coaxial submarine cables; 2
satellite stations with total of 5 antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,310,000;
7,565,000 fit for military service; 344,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $3.5 billion; 10.2% of the
central government budget
100km
Ste rrgiom! map VIII
Indian Ocean
Land
65,610 km2; about one-half the size of North
Carolina; 44% forest; 31% waste, urban, or
other; 25% cultivated
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm; also
pearling in the Gulf of Mannar)
Coastline: 1,340km
People
Population: 16,206,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 1.8%
Nationality: noun — Sri Lankan(s); adjec-
tive— Sri Lankan
Ethnic divisions: 74% Sinhalese; 18% Tamil;
7% Moor; 1% Burgher, Malay, and Vedcloh
Religion: 69% Buddhist, 15% Hindu, 8%
Christian, 8% Muslim, 0.1% other
Language: Sinhala (official); Sinhala and
Tamil listed as national languages; Sinhala
spoken by about 74% of population; Tamil
spoken by about 18%; English commonly
used in government and spoken by about 10%
of the population
Literacy: 87%
Labor force: 4 million; 15% unemployed;
employed persons — 45.9% agriculture,
13.3% mining and manufacturing, 12.4%
trade and transport, 26.3% services and
other; extensive underemployment
Organized labor: about 33% of labor force,
over 50% of which employed on tea, rubber,
and coconut estates
Government
Official name: Democratic Socialist Repub-
lic of Sri Lanka
Type: independent state since 1948
Capital: Colombo
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 24 ad-
ministrative districts, and four categories of
semiautonomous elected local governments
Legal system: a highly complex mixture of
English common law, Roman-Dutch, Mus-
lim, and customary law; new constitution 7
September 1978 reinstituted a strong, inde-
pendent judiciary; legal education at Sri
Lanka Law College and University of Co-
lombo; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 22
May
Branches: the 1978 constitution established a
strong presidential form of government un-
der J. R. Jayewardene, who had been Prime
Minister since his party's election victory in
July 1977; Jayewardene was elected to a sec-
ond term in October 1982 and will serve until
1989 regardless of whether Parliament is dis-
solved; the current Parliament was extended
until August 1989 by a national referendum
held in December 1982
Government leader: Junius Richard
JAYEWARDENE, President (since 1978)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: national elections ordinarily held
every six years; must be held more frequently
if government loses confidence vote; the con-
stitution was amended in August 1982 to
permit the President to call early presidential
election
214
Political parties and leaders: Sri Lanka Free-
dom Party (SLFP), Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias
Bandaranaike; Lanka Sama Samaja Party
(LSSP; Trotskyite), C. R. de Silva; Nava Sama
Samaja Party (NSSP), V. Nanayakkara;
Tamil United Liberation Front, A.
Amirthalingam; United National Party
(UNP), J. R. Jayewardene; Communist
Party/Moscow, K. P. Silva; Communist
Party/Peking, N. Shanmugathasan;
Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (People's United
Front), M. B. Ratnayaka; Janatha Vimukthi
Peramuna (JVP; People's Liberation Front),
Rohana Wijeweera; All-Ceylon Tamil Con-
gress, Kumar Ponnambalam
Voting strength: (October 1982 presidential
election) UNP 52.91%, SLFP 39.07%, JVP
4.18%, All Ceylon Tamil Congress 2.67%,
LSSP .9%, NSSP .27%
Communists: approximately 107,000 voted
for the Communist Party in the July 1977
general election; Communist Party/Moscow
approximately 5,000 members (1975), Com-
munist Party/Peking 1,000 members (1970
est.)
Other political or pressure groups: Buddhist
clergy, Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups; far-
left violent revolutionary groups; labor
unions; Tamil separatist groups
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, Colombo Plan,
Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC,
ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO; is applying for
membership in ASEAN
Economy
GDP: $4.9 billion (1983), $31 6 per capita; real
growth rate 4.9% (1983)
Agriculture: agriculture accounts for about
25% of GDP; main crops — rice, rubber, tea,
coconuts
Fishing: catch 21 1,000 metric tons(1982 est.)
Major industries: processing of rubber, tea,
and other agricultural commodities; con-
sumer goods manufacture; garment industry
Electric power: 642,000 kW capacity (1984);
2.1 billion kWh produced (1984), 132 kWh
per capita
Exports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1983); tea, rub-
ber, petroleum products, textiles
•
Imports: $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1983); petroleum,
machinery, transport equipment, sugar
Major trade partners: (1982) exports— 14%
US, 6% UK; imports— 15% Saudi Arabia,
14% Japan
Budget: (1983) revenues, $1.0 billion; expen-
ditures, $1.7 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 25.990
rupees=US$l (October 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 January-31 December
Communications
Railroads: 1,496 km total (1980); all 1.435-
meter broad gauge; 102 km double track; no
electrification; government owned
Highways: 66,176 km total (1979); 24,300 km
paved (mostly bituminous treated), 28,916
km crushed stone or gravel, 12,960 km im-
proved earth or unimproved earth; in
addition, several thousand km of tracks,
mostly unmotorable
Inland waterways: 430 km; navigable by
shallow-draft craft
Pipelines: crude, 14 km; refined products, 55
km
Ports: 3 major, 9 minor
Civil air: 8 major transport (including 1
leased)
Airfields: 14 total, 10 usable; 10 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international
service; 75,000 (est.) telephones (0.5 per 100
popl.); 16 AM, 2 FM stations; 1 TV station;
submarine cables extend to India; 1 ground
satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, Navy, Police
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,301,000;
3,378,000 fit for military service; 188,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $117.6 million, 5% of cen-
tral government estimated budget
215
Sud
an
See regional mip VII
Land
2,505,813 km2; over one-fourth the size of the
US; 37% arable (3% cultivated); 33% desert,
waste, or urban; 15% grazing; 15% forest
Land boundaries: 7,805 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(plus 6 nm "necessary supervision zone")
Coastline: 853 km
People
Population: 21,761,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun — Sudanese (sing, and pi.);
adject i ve — Sudanese
Ethnic divisions: 52% black, 39% Arab, 6%
Beja, 2% foreigners, 1 % other
Religion: 70% Sunni Muslim in north, 20%
indigenous beliefs, 5% Christian (mostly in
south)
Language: Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta
Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-
Hamitic, and Sudanic languages, English;
program of Arabization in process
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: 8.6 million (1979); roughly 78%
agriculture, 12% services, 10% industry; la-
bor shortages for almost all categories of
employment coexist with urban unemploy-
ment
Government
Official name: Democratic Republic of the
Sudan
Type: republic under military control since
coup in May 1969
Capital: Khartoum
Political subdivisions: 8 regions
Legal system: based on English common law
and Islamic law; in September 1983 Presi-
dent Nimeiri declared the penal code would
conform to Islamic law; some separate reli-
gious courts; permanent constitution
promulgated April 1973; legal education at
University of Khartoum and extension of
Cairo University at Khartoum; accepts com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 Jan-
uary
Branches: President and Cabinet; unicam-
eral legislature (151-member National
People's Assembly); regional assemblies
Government leader: General Abdel Rahman
SUWAR EL DAHAB, Chairman, Transi-
tional Military Council (since 9 April 1985)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: presidential referendum last held
in 1983
Political parties and leaders: all political par-
ties outlawed since May 1969
Other political or pressure groups: Muslim
Brotherhood has participated actively in gov-
ernment since 1977; Ansar Muslim sect and
National Unionist Party do not participate
directly in government
Member of: AfDB, APC, Arab League, FAO,
G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA,
IDB — Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
216
Economy
GDP: $7.31 billion at current prices (FY84),
$346 per capita at current prices (FY83)
Agriculture: main crops — sorghum, millet,
wheat, sesame, peanuts, beans, barley; not
self-sufficient in food production; main cash
crops — cotton, gum arabic, peanuts, sesame
Major industries: cotton ginning, textiles,
brewery, cement, edible oils, soap, distilling,
shoes, Pharmaceuticals
Electric power: 450,000 kW capacity (1984);
1.419 billion kWh produced (1984), 67 kWh
per capita
Exports: $790 million (f .o.b., FY84 proj.); cot-
ton (31%), gum arabic, peanuts, sesame; $40
million exports to Communist countries
(FY82)
Imports: $1.8 billion (c.i.f., FY84 proj.); tex-
tiles, petroleum products, foodstuffs,
transport equipment, manufactured goods
Major trade partners: UK, FRG, Italy, US,
Saudi Arabia, France, Egypt, Japan
Budget: (FY84) public revenue $1.24 billion,
total expenditures $2.9 billion, including
development expenditure of $498 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.32 Sudanese
pounds=US$l (October 1984) official; 2.60
Sudanese pounds=US$l free market (Octo-
ber 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 5,516 km total; 4,800 km 1.067-
meter gauge, 716 km 1.6096-meter gauge
•plantation line
Highways: 20,000 km total; 2,000 km bitumi-
nous treated, 4,000 km gravel, 2,304 km
improved earth; remainder unimproved
earth and track
Inland waterways: 5,310 km navigable
Pipelines: refined products, 815 km
Ports: 1 major (Port Sudan)
Suriname
Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 89 total, 79 usable; 9 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 4 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 32 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: large system by Afri-
can standards, but barely adequate; consists
of radio relay, cables, radio communications,
and troposcatter; domestic satellite system
with 14 stations; 68,500 telephones (0.4 per
100 popl.); 4 AM, no FM, 2 TV stations; 1
Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air De-
fense Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,006,000;
3,059,000 fit for military service; 229,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 14
September 1985, $211.5 million; 10% of cen-
tral government budget
North Atlantic Ocean
-*=~
PARAMARIBC
See regional map IV
Land
163,265 km2; slightly larger than Georgia;
negligible arable land, meadow and pasture;
76% forest; 16% built on, waste, or other; 8%
unused but potentially productive
Land boundaries: 1,561 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 386 km
People
Population: 377,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 1.8%
Nationality: noun — Surinamer(s); adjec-
tive— Surinamese
Ethnic divisions: 37% Hindustani (East In-
dian), 31% Creole (black and mixed), 15.3%
Javanese, 10.3% Bush Negro, 2.6% Amerin-
dian, 1.7% Chinese, 1.0% Europeans, 1.7%
other
Religion: Hindu, Muslim, Roman Catholic,
Moravian, other
Language: Dutch (official); English widely
spoken; Sranang Tongo (Surinamese, some-
times called Taki-Taki) is native language of
Creoles and much of the younger population
and is lingua franca among others; Hindi; Ja-
Literacy: 65%
Labor force: 100,000; unemployment 20%
(1983)
Organized labor: approx. 33% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Suriname
Type: military-civilian rule
Capital: Paramaribo
Political subdivisions: 9 districts, each
headed by District Commissioner responsi-
ble to Minister of Internal Affairs, Local
Administration, and Justice; 100 People's
Committees" installed at local level
Legal system: suspended constitution; judi-
cial system functions in ordinary civil and
criminal cases
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
November
Branches: civilian government controlled by
the military
Government leaders: Lt. Col. Desire
BOUTERSE, Army Commander and
strongman (since February 1980);
Lachmipersad Frederick RAMDAT-
MISIER, Acting President (figurehead; since
February 1982); Willem Alfred UDEN-
HOUT, Prime Minister (since February
1984)
Suffrage: suspended
Elections: none planned
Political parties and leaders: 25 February
National Unity Movement (November 1983)
established by Bouterse; regular party activ-
ity officially suspended, although some
continue low-level functioning; leftists (all
small groups) — Revolutionary People s Party
(RVP), Michael Naarendorp; Progressive
Workers and Farmers (PALU), Iwan Krolis
217
Suriname (continued)
Swaziland
Member of: ECLA, FAO, GATT, G-77, IBA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDB— Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL,
ITU, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $1.298 billion (1983); $3,250 per capita
(1983); real growth rate -3.3% (1983)
Agriculture: main crops — rice, sugarcane,
bananas
Major industries: bauxite mining, alumina
and aluminum production, lumbering, food
processing
Electric power: 400,000 kW capacity (1984);
1.4 billion kWh produced (1984), 3,784 kWh
per capita
Exports: $429 million (f.o.b., 1982); alumina,
bauxite, aluminum, rice, wood and wood
products
Imports: $457 million (c.i.f., 1983); capital
equipment, petroleum, iron and steel, cotton,
flour, meat, dairy products
Major trade partners: exports — 41% US,
33% EC, 12% other European countries; im-
ports—33% EC, 31% US, 16% Caribbean
countries (1977)
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments, in-
cluding Ex-Im— US (FY70-83), $2.5 million,
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF
(1970-82), $1.4 billion; no military aid
Budget: revenues, $289 million; expendi-
tures, $441 million (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.76 Suriname
guilders=US$l (November 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 166 km total; 86 km 1.000-meter
gauge, government owned, and 80km 1.435-
meter standard gauge; all single track
Highways: 8,800 km total; 1,000 km paved,
5,400 km bauxite gravel, crushed stone, or
improved earth
Inland waterways: 1,200 km; most impor-
tant means of transport; oceangoing vessels
with drafts ranging from 4.2 m to 7 m can
navigate many of the principal waterways
while native canoes navigate upper reaches
Ports: 1 major (Paramaribo), 6 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 39 total, 38 usable; 4 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: international facili-
ties good; domestic radio-relay system;
27,500 telephones (6.3 per 100 popl.); 6 AM,
10 FM, 6 TV stations; 2 Atlantic satellite sta-
tions
Defense Forces
Branches: National Army (including Infan-
try Battalion, Military Police Brigade Navy
[company-size], Air Force)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 71,000;
43,000 fit for military service
Military budget: 1983, $41.8 million; 8.2% of
central government budget
Set rcfioml mip VII
Land
17,363 km2; slightly smaller than New Jersey;
mostly crop or pasture
Land boundaries: 435 km
People
Population: 671,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun — Swazi(s); adjective —
Swazi
Ethnic divisions: 96% African, 3% European,
1% mulatto
Religion: 57% Christian, 43% indigenous be-
liefs
Language: English and siSwati (official); gov-
ernment business conducted in English
Literacy: 65%
Labor force: 195,000; over 60,000 engaged in
subsistence agriculture; 55,000-60,000 wage
earners, many only intermittently, with 36%
agriculture and forestry, 20% community
and social services, 14% manufacturing, 9%
construction, 21% other; 12,000 employed in
South Africa (1982)
Organized labor: about 15% of wage earners
are unionized
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Swaziland
218
Type: monarchy; independent member of
Commonwealth since September 1968
Capital: Mbabane (administrative)
Political subdivisions: 4 administrative dis-
tricts
Legal system: based on South African Ro-
man-Dutch law in statutory courts, Swazi
traditional law and custom in traditional
courts; legal education at University of
Botswana and Swaziland; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Somhlolo (Independence)
Day, 6 September
Branches: constitution was repealed and Par-
liament dissolved by King Sobhuza II
(deceased August 1982) in April 1973; new
bicameral Parliament (Senate, House of As-
sembly) formally opened in January 1979;
80-member electoral college chose 40 mem-
bers of lower house and 10 members of upper
house; additional 10 members for each house
chosen by King; executive authority vested in
the King or Queen (with the advice of the
Supreme Council of State), whose assent is
required before parliamentary acts become
law; King's authority exercised through
Prime Minister and Cabinet who must be
members of Parliament; judiciary is part of
Ministry of Justice but otherwise indepen-
dent of executive and legislative branches;
cases from subordinate courts can be ap-
pealed to the High Court and the Court of
Appeal
Government leaders: Head of State, Ntombi
THWALA, Queen Regent (since September
1983); Prince Bhekimpi DLAMINI, Prime
Minister (since March 1983)
Suffrage: universal for adults
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: AfDB, FAQ, G-77, GATT (de
facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU,
SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
Economy
GDP: approximately $580 million (1983),
about $900 per capita; annual real growth
1.7% (1979-82)
Agriculture: main crops — maize, cotton,
rice, sugar, and citrus fruits
Major industry: mining
Electric power: 1 15,000 kW capacity (1984);
150 million kWh produced (1984), 230 kWh
per capita
Exports: $330 million (f.o.b., 1983); sugar, as-
bestos, wood and forest products, citrus, and
canned fruit
Imports: $464 million (f.o.b., 1983); motor
vehicles, chemicals, petroleum products, and
foodstuffs
Major trade partners: South Africa, UK, US;
member of South African Customs Union
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-
82), $280 million; US (FY70-83), $73 million
Budget: 1983/84 (est.)— revenues, $170 mil-
lion; current expenditures, $120 million
Monetary conversion rate: the Swazi
lilangeni exchanges at par with the South Af-
rican rand; 2.1 emalangeni=US$l (30
December 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 515 km 1.067-meter gauge, single
track
Highways: 2,853 km total; 510 km paved,
1,230 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized
soil, and 1,113 km improved earth
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 27 total, 27 usable; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system consists of car-
rier-equipped open-wire lines and low
capacity radio-relay links; 15,400 telephones
(2.3 per 100 popl.); 4 AM, 8 FM, 1 1 TV sta-
tions; Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Swaziland Umbutfo Defense
Force, Royal Swaziland Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 146,000;
84,000 fit for military service
219
Sweden
Gotebo
See regional map V
STOCKHOLM
Baltic
Sea
Land
449,964 km2; larger than California; 55% for-
est, 1% arable, 2% meadow and pasture, 36%
other
Land boundaries: 2,196 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 3,218 km
People
Population: 8,338,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 0%
Nationality: noun — Swede(s); adjective —
Swedish
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white popu-
lation; small Lappish minority; est. 12%
foreign born or first generation immigrants
(Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians,
Greeks)
Religion: 93.5% Evangelical Lutheran, 1.0%
Roman Catholic, 5.5% other
Language: Swedish, small Lapp- and Finn-
ish-speaking minorities; immigrants speak
native languages
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 4.35 million; 31% private ser-
vices; 30.6% government services; 21.9%
mining and manufacturing; 7.2% construc-
tion; 5.2% agriculture, forestry, and fishing;
0.9% electricity, gas, and waterworks; 3.5%
unemployed (1983 average)
Organized labor: 80% of labor force
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Sweden
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Stockholm
Political subdivisions: 24 counties, 278
municipalities (townships)
Legal system: civil law system influenced by
customary law; a new constitution was
adopted in 1975 replacing the Acts of 1809,
1866, and 1949; legal education at Universi-
ties of Lund, Stockholm, and Uppsala;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
National holiday: no national holiday; King's
birthday, 30 April, celebrated as such by
Swedish embassies
Branches: legislative authority rests with uni-
cameral parliament (Riksdag); executive
power vested in Cabinet, responsible to par-
liament; Supreme Court, 6 superior courts,
108 lower courts
Government leaders: CARL XVI Gustaf,
King (since September 1973); Olof PALME,
Prime Minister (since September 1982)
Suffrage: universal but not compulsory over
age 18; after three years of legal residence
immigrants may vote in county and munici-
pal but not national elections
Elections: every three years (next in Septem-
ber 1985)
Political parties and leaders: Moderate coali-
tion (conservative), Ulf Adelsohn; Center,
Thorbjorn Falldin; People's Party (Liberal),
Bengt Westerberg; Social Democratic, Olof
Palme; Left Party-Communist (VPK), Lars
Werner; Swedish Communist Party (SKP),
Roland Pettersson; Communist Workers'
Party, Rolf Hagel
Voting strength: (1982 election) 45.9% Social
Democratic, 23.6% Moderate Coalition,
15.5% Center, 5.9% Liberal, 5.6% Commu-
nist, 3.8% other
Communists: VPK and SKP; VPK, the major
Communist party, is reported to have
roughly 17,800 members; in the 1982 elec-
tion, the VPK attracted 308,899 votes; in
addition, there are 4 other active Communist
parties, for which membership figures are
not available; in the 1982 elections, these par-
ties obtained an additional 6,500 votes
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC,
EC (Free Trade Agreement), EFTA, ESRO,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB— Inter-American
Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, INTELSAT,
International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IPU, ISO, ITU, IWC— International Whal-
ing Commission, IWC — International
Wheat Council, Nordic Council, OECD,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG
Economy
GDP: $86.9 billion, $10,434 per capita
(1983); 53.3% private consumption, 12.7%
private investment, 29.7% government con-
sumption; 6.0% public investment; 1.0%
change in stock building; 0.9% net exports of
goods and services; 1983 growth rate, 2.3%
Agriculture: animal husbandry predomi-
nates, with milk and dairy products
accounting for 37% of farm income; main
crops — grains, sugar beets, potatoes; 100%
self-sufficient in grains and potatoes, 85%
self-sufficient in sugar beets
Fishing: catch 259,000 metric tons (1982), ex-
ports $76 million, imports $199.1 million
Major industries: iron and steel, precision
equipment (bearings, radio and telephone
parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper
products, processed foods, motor vehicles
220
Switzerland
Shortages: coal, petroleum, textile fibers,
potash, salt, oils and fats, tropical products
Crude steel: 3.9 million metric tons produced
(1982), 468 kg per capita
Electric power: 36,841,000 kW capacity
(1984); 112.885 billion kWh produced (1984),
13,544 kWh per capita
Exports: $26.28 billion (f.o.b., 1983); machin-
ery, motor vehicles, wood pulp, paper
products, iron and steel products, metal ores
and scrap, chemicals
Imports: $25.022 billion (c.i.f., 1983); ma-
chinery, motor vehicles, petroleum and
petroleum products, textile yarn and fabrics,
iron and steel, chemicals, food, live animals
Major trade partners: EC 46. 1%, other de-
veloped 33.9%, non-OPEC less developed
countries 7.7%, OPEC 7.2%, CEMA 3.0%
(1982)
Aid: donor — economic aid commitments
(ODA and OOF) (1970-82), $4.8 billion
Budget: (1984/85) revenues $28.0 billion, ex-
penditures $38.1 billion, deficit $10.1 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 8.7 kronor=US$l
(1 November 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 12,518 km total; Swedish State
Railways (SJ)— 11,179 km 1.435-meter stan-
dard gauge, 6,959 km electrified and 1,152
km double track; 182 km 0.891-meter gauge;
117 km rail ferry service; privately owned
railways — 511 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, 332 km electrified; 371 km 0.891-
meter gauge electrified
Highways: classified network, 97,400 km, of
which 51,899 km paved; 20,659 km gravel;
24,842 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 2,052 km navigable for
small steamers and barges
Ports: 17 major and 30 minor
Civil air: 65 major transports
Airfields: 262 total, 258 usable; 136 with per-
manent-surface runways; 9 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 89 with runways 1,220-.
2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic
and international facilities; 7.13 million tele-
phones (85.5 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 343 FM,
814 TV stations; 9 submarine coaxial cables, 2
Atlantic Ocean satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Swedish Army, Royal Swed-
ish Air Force, Royal Swedish Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,086,000;
1,848,000 fit for military service; 62,000
reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1985, $2.7 billion proposed; about 7.4%
of proposed central government budget
80l>m
See reg lontl map V
Land
41,228 km2; the size of Massachusetts,
Connecticut, and Rhode Island combined;
43% meadow and pasture, 24% forest, 20%
waste or urban, 3% inland water
Land boundaries: 1,884 km
People
Population: 6,512,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 0.2%
Nationality: noun — Swiss (sing. & pi.); adjec-
tive— Swiss
Ethnic divisions: total population — 65%
German, 18% French, 10% Italian, 1% Ro-
mansch, 5% other; Swiss nationals — 74%
German, 20% French, 4% Italian, 1% Ro-
mansch, 1% other
Religion: 49% Catholic, 48% Protestant, 0.3%
Jewish
Language: total population — 65% German,
18% French, 12% Italian, 1% Romansch, 4%
other; Swiss nationals— 74% German, 20%
French, 4% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 3.05 million, about 706,000 for-
eign workers, mostly Italian; 42% services,
39% industry and crafts, 11% government,
7% agriculture and forestry, 1% other; ap-
proximately 0.8% unemployed in October
1983
221
Switzerland (continued)
Organized labor: 20% of labor force
Government
Official name: Swiss Confederation
Type: federal republic
Capital: Bern
Political subdivisions: 23 cantons (3 divided
into half cantons)
Legal system: civil law system influenced by
customary law; constitution adopted 1874,
amended since; judicial review of legislative
acts, except with respect to federal decrees of
general obligatory character; legal education
at Universities of Bern, Geneva, and Lau-
sanne and four other university schools of
law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
National holiday: National Day, 1 August
Branches: bicameral parliament (National
Council, Council of States) has legislative au-
thority; federal council (Bundesrat) has
executive authority; justice left chiefly to
cantons
Government leader: Kurt FURGLER, Presi-
dent (1985; presidency rotates annually)
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: held every four years; next elec-
tions 1987
Political parties and leaders: Social Demo-
cratic Party (SPS), Helmuth Hubacher,
president; Radical Democratic Party (FDP),
Yann Richter, president; Christian Demo-
cratic People's Party (CVP), Hans Wyer,
president; Swiss People's Party (SVP), Fritz
Hofmann, chairman; Labor Party (PdA),
Armand Magnin, chairman; National Action
Party (NA), Hans Zwicky, chairman;
Independents' Party (LdU), Walter Biel,
president; Republican Movement (Rep); Lib-
eral Party (LPS) Rud Thi Sazrasin, president;
Evangelical People's Party (EVP), Paul
Gysel, president; Maoist Party (POSH/PSA);
Green Party (GP); Autonomous Socialist
Party (PSA), Werner Carobbio, secretary;
Progressive Swiss Organization (POS),
George Degen, secretary
Voting strength: (1983 election) 23.4% FDP,
22.8% SPS, 20.5% CVP, 11.1% SVP, 3.5% NA,
2.9% GP, 16.1% others
Communists: about 5,000 members
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC,
EFTA, ELDO (observer), ESRO, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDB—
Inter-American Development Bank, IEA,
IFAD, ILO, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, ITU, IWC— International Wheat
Council, OECD, UNESCO, UPU, World
Confederation of Labor, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO; permanent ob-
server status at the UN; does not hold UN
membership
Economy
GNP: $100.2 billion (1983), $15,390 per cap-
ita; 60% consumption, 22% investment,
0.13% government, —1% net foreign bal-
ance; real growth rate 0% (1983)
Agriculture: dairy farming predominates;
less than 50% self-sufficient; food short-
ages— fish, refined sugar, fats and oils (other
than butter), grains, eggs, fruits, vegetables,
meat
Major industries: machinery, chemicals,
watches, textiles, precision instruments
Shortages: practically all important raw ma-
terials except hydroelectric energy
Electric power: 16,690,000 kW capacity
(1984); 56.203 billion kWh produced (1984),
8,650 kWh per capita
Exports: $25.6 billion (f.o.b., 1983); principal
items — machinery and equipment, chemi-
cals, precision instruments, metal products,
textiles, foodstuffs
Imports: $28.6 billion (f.o.b., 1983); principal
items — machinery and transportation equip-
ment, metals and metal products, foodstuffs,
chemicals, textile fibers and yarns
Major trade partners: 57% EC, 22% other
developed, 4% Communist, 15% less devel-
oped countries
Aid: donor — bilateral economic aid commit-
ted, ODA and OOF (1970-82), $1.1 billion
Budget: receipts, $8.45 billion; expenditures,
$9.0 billion; deficit, $0.55 billion (1983)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.44
francs=US$l (third quarter 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 5,157 km total; 2,952 km govern-
ment owned (SBB), 2,879 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge; 73 km 1.000-meter narrow
gauge; 1,432 km double track, 99% electri-
fied; 2,203 km nongovernment owned, 710
km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 1,418 km
1.000- meter gauge, 75 km 0.790-meter
gauge, 100% electrified
Highways: 62,145 km total (all paved), of
which 18,620 km are canton and 1,057 km
are national highways (740 km autobahn);
42,468 km are communal roads
Pipelines: 314 km crude oil; 1,046 km natural
gas
Inland waterways: 65 km; Rhine River —
Basel to Rheinfelden, Schaffhausen to
Constanz; in addition, there are 12 navigable
lakes
Ports: 1 major (Basel), 2 minor (all inland)
Civil air: 89 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 75 total, 72 usable; 42 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 2 with runways over
3,660 m, 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 16
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic,
international, and broadcast services; 4.98
million telephones (77.0 per 100 popl.); 7AM,
209 FM, 1,203 TV stations; 1 satellite station
with 2 Atlantic Ocean antennas
222
Syria
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,707,000;
1,475,000 fit for military service; 50,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1985, $1.9 billion;
20.1% of proposed central government
budget
See region*! map VI
Land
185,180 km2 (including 1,295 km2 of Israeli-
occupied territory); the size of North Dakota;
48% arable, 29% grazing, 21% desert, 2% for-
est
Land boundaries: 2, 1 96 km (1967) (excluding
occupied area 2,156 km)
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 35 nm
Coastline: 193 km
People
Population: 10,535,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 3. 7%
Nationality: noun — Syrian(s); adjective —
Syrian
Ethnic divisions: 90.3% Arab; 9.7% Kurds,
Armenians, and other
Religion: 74% Sunni Muslim; 16% Alawite,
Druze, and other Muslim sects; 10% Chris-
tian (various sects)
Language: Arabic (official), Kurdish, Arme-
nian, Aramaic, Circassian; French and
English widely understood
Literacy: about 50%
Labor force: 2.3 million; 37% miscellaneous
services, 32% agriculture, 31% industry
(including construction); majority unskilled;
shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: 5% of labor force
Government
Official name: Syrian Arab Republic
Type: republic; under leftwing military re-
gime since March 1963
Capital: Damascus
Political subdivisions: 13 provinces and city
of Damascus administered as separate unit
Legal system: based on Islamic law and civil
law system; special religious courts; constitu-
tion promulgated in 1973; legal education at
Damascus University and University of
Aleppo; has not accepted compulsory ICJ ju-
risdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 17
April
Branches: executive powers vested in Presi-
dent and Council of Ministers; power rests in
unicameral legislative (People's Council);
seat of power is the Ba'th Party Regional (Syr-
ian) Command
Government leader: Lt. Gen. Hafiz al-
ASSAD, President (since February 1971)
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: People's Council election Novem-
ber 1983; presidential election February
1985
Political parties and leaders: ruling party is
the Arab Socialist Resurrectionist (Ba'th)
Party; the Progressive National Front is dom-
inated by Ba'thists but includes independents
and members of the Syrian Arab Socialist
Party (ASP), Arab Socialist Union (ASU), So-
cialist Unionist Movement, and Syrian
Communist Party (SCP)
Communists: mostly sympathizers, number-
ing about 5,000
223
Syria (continued)
Tanzania
Other political or pressure groups: non-Ba'th
parties have little effective political influ-
ence; Communist Party ineffective; greatest
threat to Assad regime lies in factionalism in
the military; conservative religious leaders;
Muslim Brotherhood
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB— Islamic Develop-
ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITU,
IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM,
OAPEC, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GDP: $19.7 billion (1983), $1,964 per capita;
real GDP growth rate 3% (1983)
Agriculture: main crops — cotton, wheat,
barley, tobacco; sheep and goat raising; self-
sufficient in most foods in years of good
weather
Major industries: textiles, food processing,
beverages, tobacco; petroleum — 163,000b/d
production (1982), 220,000 b/d refining ca-
pacity
Electric power: 2,257,000 kW capacity
(1984); 5.93 billion kWh produced (1984), 588
kWh per capita
Exports: $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1983); petroleum,
textiles and textile products, tobacco, fruits
and vegetables, cotton
Imports: $7.3 billion (f.o.b., 1983); petro-
leum, machinery and metal products,
textiles, fuels, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports — Italy, Roma-
nia, US, USSR; imports— Iran, FRG, Italy,
Saudi Arabia
Budget: 1983 — revenues $5.4 billion (exclud-
ing Arab aid payments); expenditures $8.6
billion
Monetary conversion rate: 3.925 Syrian
pounds=US$l (official rate, February 1984);
two other officially sanctioned rates — the
"parallel" and "tourist" rates are determined
by the government guided by supply and de-
mand
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,543 km total; 1,281 km standard
gauge, 262 km 1.050-meter narrow gauge
Highways: 16,939 km total; 12,051 km
paved, 2,625 km gravel or crushed stone,
2,263 km improved earth
Inland waterways: 672 km; of little impor-
tance
Pipelines: 1,304 km crude oil; 5 15 km refined
products
Ports: 3 major (Tartus, Latakia, Baniyas), 2
Civil air: 1 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 77 total, 71 usable; 27 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 21 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system currently
undergoing significant improvement;
472,000 telephones (4. 7 per 100 popl.); 9 AM,
no FM, 40 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satel-
lite station; 1 Intersputnik satellite station
under construction; 1 submarine cable; coax-
ial cable and radio-relay to Iraq, Jordan,
Turkey, and Lebanon (inactive)
Defense Forces
Branches: Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab
Air Force, Syrian Arab Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,316,000;
1,298,000 fit for military service; about
109,000 reach military age (19) annually
Land
942,623 km2 (including islands of Zanzibar
and Pemba, 2,642 kmz); more than twice the
size of California; forest 45%, meadow and
pasture 37%, inland water 6%, arable 4%,
crop 1%, other 7%
Land boundaries: 3,883 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 nm
Coastline: 1,424 km (this includes 113 km
Mafia Island, 177 km Pemba Island, and 212
km Zanzibar)
People
Population: 21,733,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun — Tanzanian(s); adjec-
tive— Tanzanian
Ethnic divisions: mainland — 99% native Af-
rican consisting of well over 100 tribes; 1%
Asian, European, and Arab; Zanzibar —
almost all Arab
Religion: mainland — 33% Christian, 33%
Muslim, 33% indigenous beliefs; Zanzibar —
almost all Muslim
Language: Swahili and English (official); En-
glish primary language of commerce,
administration, and higher education; Swa-
hili widely understood and generally used for
communication between ethnic groups; first
224
language of most people is one of the local
languages; primary education is generally in
Swahili
Literacy: 79%
Labor force: 208,680 in paid employment
(1983); 90% agriculture, 10% industry and
commerce
Organized labor: 15% of labor force
Government
Official name: United Republic of Tanzania
Type: republic; single party constitutionally
supreme on the mainland and on Zanzibar
Capital: Dar es Salaam
Political subdivisions: 25 regions — 20 on
mainland, 5 on Zanzibar
Legal system: based on English common law;
permanent constitution adopted 1977, re-
placed interim constitution adopted 1965;
Zanzibar has its own constitution but remains
subject to provisions of the union constitu-
tion; judicial review of legislative acts limited
to matters of interpretation; legal education
at University of Dar es Salaam; has not ac-
cepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Union Day, 26 April; Inde-
pendence Day, 9 December
Branches: President Julius Nyerere has full
executive authority on the mainland; Na-
tional Assembly dominated by Nyerere and
the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary
Party); National Assembly consists of 233
members, 72 from Zanzibar, of whom 10 are
directly elected, 65 appointed from the
mainland, and 96 directly elected from the
mainland (these numbers are slated to be
changed when amendments to the Constitu-
tion are approved)
Government leaders: Julius Kambarage
NYERERE, President (Chief Minister 1960-
62; President since 1962); Ali Hassan
MWINYI, Vice President (since April 1972)
and President of Zanzibar (since October
1980); Salim Ahmed SALIM, Prime Minister
(since November 1979)
Suffrage: universal adult over age 18
Political party and leader: Chama Cha
Mapinduzi (Revolutionary Party), only po-
litical party, dominated by Nyerere; has
considerable power over domestic policies
and the enforcement of them
Voting strength: (October 1980 national
elections) close to 7 million registered voters;
Nyerere received 93% of about 6 million
votes cast; general elections scheduled for
late 1985
Communists: a few Communist sympathiz-
ers, especially on Zanzibar
Member of: AfDB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU,
SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $4.2billion(1984),$210per capita; real
growth rate, 0.6% (1984 prelim.)
Agriculture: main crops — cotton, coffee, si-
sal on mainland; cloves and coconuts on
Zanzibar
Major industries: primarily agricultural pro-
cessing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine),
diamond mine, oil refinery, shoes, cement,
textiles, wood products
Electric power: 429,000 kW capacity (1984);
1.127 billion kWh produced (1984), 53 kWh
per capita
Exports: $396 million (f.o.b., 1984); coffee,
cotton, sisal, cashew nuts, meat, cloves, to-
bacco, tea, coconut products
Imports: $831 million (c.i.f., 1984); manufac-
tured goods, machinery and transport
equipment, cotton piece goods, crude oil,
foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports — FRG, UK,
US; imports— FRG, UK, US, Iran
External debt: $2.8 billion (1983); debt ser-
vice ratio 68.1% (1984— not including IMF)
Budget: (1984/85) revenues, $891.8 million;
current expenditures, $1.017 billion; devel-
opment expenditures, $359.5 million
Aid: economic aid commitments from West-
ern (non-US) countries (1970-79), ODA and
OOF, $100 million; US, including Ex-Im
(FY70-80), $200 million
Monetary conversion rate: 17 Tanzanian
shillings=US$l (14 June 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067-
meter gauge; 2,595 km 1.000-meter gauge,
6.4 km double track; 962 km Tan-Zam Rail-
road 1.067-meter gauge in Tanzania
Highways: total 34,260 km, 3,620 km paved;
5,529 km gravel or crushed stone; remainder
improved and unimproved earth
Pipelines: 982 km crude oil
Inland waterways: 1,168 km of navigable
streams; several thousand km navigable on
Lakes Tanganyika, Victoria, and Malawi
Ports: 3 major (Dar es Salaam, Mtwara,
Tanga)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 101 total, 94 usable; 11 with per-
manent-surface runways; 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 47 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of open
wire, radio relay, and troposcatter; 96,600
telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, no FM,
2 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Tanzanian People's Defense Force
includes Army, Navy, and Air Force; para-
military Police Field Force Unit
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,569,000;
2,624,000 fit for military service
225
Thailand
Stt rrfional mtp IX
Land
514,820 km2; about the size of Texas; 56%
forest, 24% farm, 20% other
Land boundaries: 4,868 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 3,219 km
People
Population: 52,700,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 1.9%
Nationality: noun — Thai (sing, and pi.); ad-
jective— Thai
Ethnic divisions: 75% Thai, 14% Chinese,
11% other
Religion: 95.5% Buddhist, 4% Muslim, 0.5%
other
Language: Thai; English secondary language
of elite; ethnic and regional dialects
Literacy: 84%
Labor force: 23.4 million (1981 est); 76% ag-
riculture, 9% industry and commerce, 9%
services, 6% government
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Thailand
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Bangkok
Political subdivisions: 73 centrally con-
trolled provinces
Legal system: based on civil law system, with
influences of common law; legal education at
Thammasat University; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Birthday of the King, 5
December
Branches: King is head of state with nominal
powers; bicameral legislature (National As-
sembly— Senate appointed by King, elected
House of Representatives); judiciary rela-
tively independent except in important
political subversive cases
Government leaders: BHUMIBOL
ADULYADEJ, King (since June 1946); Gen.
(Ret.) PREM TINSULANONDA, Prime
Minister (since March 1980)
Suffrage: universal at age 20
Elections: last held April 1983
Political parties: Social Action Party, Thai
Nation Party, Thai People's Party, Thai Citi-
zen Party, Democrat Party, Freedom and
Justice Party, Nation and People Party, New
Force Party, National Democracy Party;
other small parties represented in parliament
along with numerous independents
Communists: strength of illegal Communist
Party is about 1,000; Thai Communist insur-
gents throughout Thailand total an estimated
7,000, perhaps as low as 2,000
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, ASPAC,
Association of Tin Producing Countries, Co-
lombo Plan, GATT, ESCAP, FAO, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $40.3 billion (1983), $790 per capita;
5.8% real growth in 1983 (8.2% real growth,
1975-79)
Agriculture: main crops — rice, sugar, corn,
rubber, manioc
Fishing: catch 1.9 million metric tons (1982);
major fishery export, shrimp, 20,150 metric
tons, about $138 million (1983)
Major industries: agricultural processing,
textiles, wood and wood products, cement,
tin and tungsten ore mining; world's second
largest tungsten producer and third largest
tin producer
Shortages: fuel sources, including coal and
petroleum; scrap iron; and fertilizer
Electric power: 4,976,000 kW capacity
(1984); 19.1 billion kWh produced (1984), 370
kWh per capita
Exports: $6.3 billion (f .o.b., 1983); rice, sugar,
corn, rubber, tin, tapioca, kenaf
Imports: $10.2 billion (c.i.f., 1983); machin-
ery and transport equipment, fuels and
lubricants, base metals, chemicals, and fertil-
Major trade partners: exports — Japan, US,
Singapore, Netherlands, Hong Kong, Malay-
sia; imports — Japan, US, FRG, UK,
Singapore, Saudi Arabia; about 1% or less
trade with Communist countries
Budget: (FY83) estimate of expenditures,
$7.7 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 27 baht=US$l
(November 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
Communications
Railroads: 3,800 km 1.000-meter gauge, 97
km double track; 140 km 1.000-meter gauge
under construction from Chachoeng Sao to
Sattahip
Togo
Highways: 34,950 km total; 16,244 km
paved, 5,353 km improved earth; 13,373 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 3,999 km principal wa-
terways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of
0.9 m or more throughout the year; numerous
minor waterways navigable by shallow-draft
native craft
Pipelines: natural gas, 600 km
Ports: 2 major, 16 minor
Civil air: 30 (plus 2 leased) major transport
aircraft
Airfields: 131 total, 106 usable; 56 with per-
manent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m, 12 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 29 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: service to general
public adequate; bulk of service to govern-
ment activities provided by multichannel
cable and radio-relay network; satellite
ground station; domestic satellite system be-
ing developed; 496,558 telephones (1.1 per
100 popl.); approx. 150 AM, 20 FM, 10 TV
transmitters in government-controlled net-
works
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai
Navy (includes Royal Thai Marine Corps),
Royal Thai Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
13,604,000; 8,349,000 fit for military service;
about 634,000 reach military age (18) annu-
ally
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
September 1985, $1.3 million; 19.45% of cen-
tral government budget
S»rttion.lnnpVH Bight of Benin
Land
56,980 km2; slightly larger than West Vir-
ginia; nearly 50% arable, under 15%
cultivated
Land boundaries: 1,646 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 30 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 56 km
People
Population: 3,018,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 3.1%
Nationality: noun — Togolese (sing, and pi.);
adjective — Togolese
Ethnic divisions: 37 tribes; largest and most
important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye; under
1% European and Syrian-Lebanese
Religion: about 70% indigenous beliefs, 20%
Christian, 10% Muslim
Language: French, both official and lan-
guage of commerce; major African languages
are Ewe and Mina in the south and Dagomba
and Kabye in the north
Literacy: 18%
Labor force: 78% agriculture, 22% industry;
about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided
between public and private sectors
Organized labor: one national union, the Na-
tional Federation of Togolese Workers
Government
Official name: Republic of Togo
Type: republic; one-party presidential re-
gime with a centralized national
administration
Capital: Lome
Political subdivisions: 21 circumscriptions
Legal system: French-based court system
with a court of appeals
National holiday: Independence Day, 27
April
Branches: strong executive President; uni-
cameral legislature (National Assembly);
separate judiciary, including State Security
Court, established in 1970; a new constitution
was endorsed by referendum in 1979 that
provided for an elective presidential system
and a 67-member National Assembly
Government leader: Gen. Gnassingbe
EYADEMA, President (since 1967)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: to be held every seven years; last
held in December 1979; General Eyadema,
the sole candidate, was elected by almost
100% of votes cast
Political party: single party formed by Presi-
dent Eyadema in September 1969, Rally of
the Togolese People (RPT); structure and
staffing of party closely controlled by govern-
ment
Communists: no Communist Party; possibly
some sympathizers
Member of: Af DB, CEAO (observer),
EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, ENTENTE, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
227
Togo (continued)
Tonga
Economy
GNP; $950 million (1982 est.), about $340 per
capita; 3.2% real growth in 1982
Agriculture: main cash crops — coffee, cocoa,
cotton; major food crops — yams, cassava,
corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum, fish
Fishing: catch 14,000 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: phosphate mining, agri-
cultural processing, cement, handicrafts,
textiles, beverages
Electric power: 172,000 kW capacity (1984);
452 million kWh produced (1984), 154 kWh
per capita
Exports: $202 million (f.o.b., 1982); phos-
phates, cocoa, coffee, palm kernels
Imports: $390 million (f.o.b., 1982); con-
sumer goods, fuels, machinery, tobacco,
foodstuffs
Major trade partners: mostly France and
other EC countries
Budget: (1982 proj.), revenues, $243.1 mil-
lion; current expenditures, $219 million;
development expenditures, $89 million
Monetary conversion rate: 479.875
Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (December 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 570 km 1.000-meter gauge, single
track
Highways: 7,562 km total; 1,505 km paved,
1,257 km improved earth, remainder unim-
proved earth
Inland waterways: section of Mono River
and about 50 km of coastal lagoons and tidal
creeks
Ports: 1 major (Lome), 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 11 total, 11 usable; 2 with perma-
nent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: fair system based on
network of open-wire lines supplemented by
radio-relay routes; 9,800 telephones (0.4 per
100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM, 3 TV stations; 1
Atlantic Ocean satellite station and 1
SYMPHONIE station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramili-
tary Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 659,000;
343,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
South
Pacific
Ocean
Ha'apai
Group' _•':.'
Vava'u
Group
NUKU'ALOFA*,
X
Tongatapu
Group
See regional map X
Land
997 km2 (169 islands, only 36 inhabited);
smaller than New York City; 77% arable, 13%
forest, 3% pasture, 3% inland water, 4% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed):
rectangular/ polygonal claim (12 nm for Mi-
nerva Reef)
Coastline: 419 km (est.)
People
Population: 107,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 1.9%
Nationality: noun— Tongan(s); adjective —
Tongan
Ethnic divisions: Polynesian; about 300 Eu-
ropeans
Religion: Christian; Free Wesleyan Church
claims over 30,000 adherents
Language: Tongan, English
Literacy: 90-95%; compulsory education for
children ages 6-14
Labor force: agriculture 10,300; mining 600
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Tonga
Type: constitutional monarchy within the
Commonwealth
228
Trinidad and Tobago
Capital: Nuku'alofa, on Tongatapu Island
Political subdivisions: three main island
groups (Tongatapu, Ha'apai, Vava'u)
Legal system: based on English law
Branches: executive — King, Cabinet, and
Privy Council; unicameral legislature — Leg-
islative Assembly composed of seven nobles
elected by their peers, seven elected repre-
sentatives of the people, eight Ministers of the
Crown; the King appoints one of the seven
nobles to be the speaker; judiciary — Supreme
Court, Magistrate's Court, Land Court
Government leaders: Taufa'ahau TUPOU
IV, King (since December 1965); Prince
Fatafehi TU'IPELEHAKE), Premier (since
December 1965)
Suffrage: all literate, tax-paying males and
all literate females over 21
Elections: supposed to be held every three
years, last in April 1978
Communists: none known
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, FAO,
ESCAP, GATT (de facto), IFAD, ITU, South
Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation,
South Pacific Bureau Forum, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO
Economy
GNP: $50 million (1980), $520 per capita
Agriculture: largely dominated by coconut
and banana production, with subsistence
crops of taro, yams, sweet potatoes, bread-
fruit
Electric power: 5,000 kW capacity (1984); 8
million kWh produced (1984), 75 kWh per
capita
Exports: $7 million (1979); 65% copra, 8% ba-
nanas, 7% coconut products
Imports: $29 million (1979); food, machin-
ery, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports — 36% Austra-
lia, 34% New Zealand, 14% US; imports 38%
New Zealand, 31% Australia, 6% Japan, 5%
Fiji (1979)
Aid: economic commitments — Western*
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-
81), $77 million
Budget: (1981-82) revenues, 14,744,237
pa'anga; expenditures, 14,735,833 pa'anga
(est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.0778
pa'anga=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 198 km metaled road
(Tongatapu); 74 km (Vava'u); 94 km unsealed
roads usable only in dry weather
Ports: 2 minor (Nuku'alofa, Neiafu)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 1,285 telephones (1.4
per 100 popl.); 1 1,000 radio sets; no TV sets; 1
AM station; 1 ground satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army
carborough
Caribbean Sea
Trinidad
North Atlantic
Ocean
See refional mtp III
Land
5,128 km2; the size of Delaware; 41.9% farm
(25.7% cultivated or fallow, 10.6% forest,
4.1% unused or built on, and 1.5% pasture);
58.1% grassland, forest, built on, wasteland,
and other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 362 km
People
Population: 1,1 85,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 1.5%
Nationality: noun — Trinidadian(s),
Tobagan(s); adjective — Trinidadian,
Tobagan
Ethnic divisions: 43% black, 40% East In-
dian, 14% mixed, 1% white, 1% Chinese, 1%
other
Religion: 36.2% Roman Catholic, 23%
Hindu, 13.1% Protestant, 6% Muslim, 21.7%
unknown
Language: English (official), Hindi, French,
Spanish
Literacy: 95%
Labor force: about 473,000 (est. 1979-81);
23.0% service; 20.0% mining, quarrying, and
manufacturing; 17.4% commerce; 15.7%
229
Trinidad and Tobago
(continued)
construction and utilities; 13.5% agriculture;
7.5% transportation and communication;
2.9% other
Organized labor: 30% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Trinidad and To-
bago
Type: parliamentary democracy
Capital: Port-of-Spain
Political subdivisions: 8 counties (29 wards,
Tobago is 30th)
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution came into effect 1976; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme
Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris-
diction
National holiday: Independence Day, 31
August
Branches: bicameral legislature (36-member
elected House of Representatives and 31-
member appointed Senate); executive is
Cabinet led by the Prime Minister; judiciary
is headed by the Chief Justice and includes a
Court of Appeal, High Court, and lower
courts
Government leaders: George Michael
CHAMRERS, Prime Minister (since 1981);
Ellis Emmanuel Innocent CLARKE, Presi-
dent (since 1976)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections to be held at intervals of
not more than five years; last election held 9
November 1981
Political parties and leaders: People's Na-
tional Movement (PNM), George Chambers;
United Labor Front (ULF), Basdeo Panday;
Organization for National Reconstruction
(ONR), Karl Hudson-Phillips; Democratic
Action Congress (DAC), Arthur Napoleon
Raymond Robinson; Tapia House Move-
ment, Michael Harris
Voting strength: (1981 election)55% of regis-
tered voters cast ballots; House of
Representatives— PNM, 26 seats; ULF, 8;
DAC, the 2 Tobago seats
Communisms: People's Popular Movement
(PPM), Michael Als; February 18 Movement
(F/18), James Millette; Workers' Revolution-
ary Committee (WRC), John Poon
Other political pressure groups: National
Joint Action Committee (NJ AC), radical anti-
government Black-identity organization;
Trinidad and Tobago Peace Council, leftist
organization affiliated with the World Peace
Council; Trinidad and Tobago Chamber of
Industry and Commerce; Trinidad and To-
bago Labor Congress, moderate labor
federation; Council of Progressive Trade
Unions, radical labor federation
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth,
FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, Interna-
tional Coffee Agreement, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDB — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, IWC— International
Wheat Council, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GNP; $7.316 billion (1982), $6,651 per cap-
ita; real growth rate (1983), -2.6%
Agriculture: main crops — sugar, cocoa, cof-
fee, rice, citrus, bananas; largely dependent
upon imports of food
Fishing: catch 4,461 metric tons (1980)
Major industries: petroleum, chemicals,
tourism, food processing, cement
Electric power: 1,009,000 kW capacity
(1984); 2.6 billion kWh produced (1984),
2,226 kWh per capita
Exports: $2.4 billion (f.o.b., 1983); petroleum
and petroleum products, ammonia, fertil-
izer, chemicals, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus;
includes exports of oil under processing
agreement
Imports: $2.5 billion (c.i.f., 1983); crude pe-
troleum (33%), machinery, fabricated metals,
transportation equipment, manufactured
230
goods, food, chemicals; includes imports un-
der processing agreement
Major trade partners: exports — US 57%,
Netherlands 6%; imports — Saudi Arabia
31%, US 26%, UK 10%
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments, in-
cluding Ex-Im (FY70-82), US, $320 million;
(1970-82) other Western countries, ODA and
OOF, $118 million
Btidget: (1982) consolidated central govern-
ment revenues, $3. 1 billion; expenditures,
$4.0 billion (current, $3.0 billion; capital,
$973 million)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.37 Trinidad
and Tobago dollars=US$l (November 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: minimal agricultural system near
San Fernando
Highways: 8,000 km total; 4,000 km paved,
1,000 km improved earth, 3,000 km unim-
proved earth
Pipelines: 1,032 km crude oil; 19 km refined
products; 904 km natural gas
Ports: 2 major (Port-of-Spain, Chaguaramas
Bay), 7 minor
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 7 total, 5 usable; 3 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent interna-
tional service via tropospheric scatter links to
Barbados and Guyana; fair local service; 1
Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 86,900 tele-
phones (7.0 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV
stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Trinidad and Tobago Defense
Force, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service
Military manpower: males 15-49, 340,000;
243,000 fit for military service
Tunisia
Mediterranean
Sea
See regional map VII
Land
163,610 km2; about the size of Missouri; 43%
desert, waste, or urban; 28% arable and tree
crop; 23% range and esparto grass; 6% forest
Land boundaries: 1,408km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 12 nm exclusive fisheries zone fol-
lows the 50-meter isobath for part of the
coast, maximum 65 nm)
Coastline: 1,143 km (includes offshore is-
lands)
People
Population: 7,352,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.4%
Nationality: noun — Tunisian(s); adjective —
Tunisian
Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% European,
less than 1% Jewish
Religion: 98% Muslim, 1% Christian, less
than 1% Jewish
Language: Arabic (official); Arabic and
French (commerce)
Literacy: about 62%
Labor force: 1.9 million, 32% agriculture;
15%-25% unemployed; shortage of skilled
labor
Organized labor: about 360,000 members
claimed, roughly 20% of labor force; General
Union of Tunisian Workers (UGTT), quasi-
independent of Destourian Socialist Party
•
Government
Official name: Republic of Tunisia
Type: republic
»
Capital: Tunis
Political subdivisions: 23 governorates (prov-
inces)
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem and Islamic law; constitution patterned
on Turkish and US constitutions adopted
1959; some judicial review of legislative acts
in the Supreme Court in joint session; legal
education at Institute of Higher Studies and
Superior School of Law of the University of
Tunis
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 June
Branches: executive dominant; unicameral
legislative (National Assembly) largely advi-
sory; judicial, patterned on French and
Koranic systems
Government leaders: Habib BOURGUIBA,
President (Prime Minister in 1956; President
since 1957; President for Life since Novem-
ber 1974); Mohamed MZALI, Prime Minister
(since April 1980)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: national elections held every five
years; last elections 1 November 1981
Political party and leader: Destourian So-
cialist Party is official ruling party; two small
parties — Movement of Social Democrats and
Movement of Popular Unity — legalized in
1983
Voting strength: (1981 election) over 95%
Destourian Socialist Party; 3.23% Social
Democrats, under 1% Popular United Move-
ment, under 1% Communist Party
Communists: a small number of nominal
Communists, mostly students; Tunisian
Communist Party legalized in July 1981
Member of: AfDB, Arab League, AIOEC,
FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead
and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU,
IWC — International Wheat Council, NAM,
OAPEC, OAU, QIC, Regional Cooperation
for Development, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $8.3 billion (1984 est), $1,150 per cap-
ita (1982); 57% private consumption, 16%
government consumption, 29% gross fixed
capital formation; average annual real
growth (1980- 83), 4%
Agriculture: main crops — cereals (barley and
wheat), olives, grapes, citrus fruits, and veg-
etables
Major sectors: agriculture; industry — min-
ing (phosphate), energy (petroleum, natural
gas), manufacturing (food processing and tex-
tiles), services (transport, telecommuni-
cations, tourism, government)
Electric power: 1,070,000 kW capacity
(1984); 3.271 billion kWh produced (1984),
454 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 51% crude
petroleum, 17% textiles, 15% phosphates and
chemicals, 5% other
Imports: $3.0 billion (f.o.b., 1984)
Major trade partners: France, Italy, FRG,
Greece
Tourism and foreign worker remittances:
$934 million (1984)
Budget: (1984 prelim.) total revenues, $2.88
billion; operating budget, $2.5 billion; capital
budget, $1.0 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 0.80 Tunisian di-
nar (TD)=US$1 (30 August 1984)
231
Tunisia (continued)
Turkey
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 2,089 km total; 503 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 1,586km 1.000-meter
gauge
Highways: 17,762 km total; 9,970 km bitumi-
nous; 1,421 km improved earth; 6,371 km
unimproved earth
Pipelines: 797 km crude oil; 86 km refined
products; 742 km natural gas
Ports: 5 major, 14 minor; 1 petroleum, oils,
and lubricants terminal
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 28 total, 25 usable; 12 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 5 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m; 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: the system is above
the African average; facilities consist of open-
wire lines, multiconductor cable, and radio
relay; key centers are Safaqis, Susah, Bizerte,
and Tunis; 188,500 telephones (3.0 per 100
popl.); 1 8 AM, 4 FM, 1 4 TV stations; 3 subma-
rine cables; ARABSAT satellite back-up
control station under construction; coaxial
cable to Algeria; radio-relay to Algeria,
Libya, and Italy
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,777,000;
992,000 fit for military service; about 83,000
reach military age (20) annually
Mediterranean Sea
See regional map VI
Land
780,576 km2; twice the size of California;
35% crop, 25% meadow and pasture, 23%
forest, 17% other
Land boundaries: 2,574 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm,
except in Black Sea, where it is 12 nm (fishing
12 nm)
Coastline: 7,200 km
People
Population: 51,259,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun — Turk(s); adjective —
Turkish
Ethnic divisions: 85% Turkish, 12% Kurd,
3% other
Religion: 98% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 2%
other (mostly Christian and Jewish)
Language: Turkish (official), Kurdish Arabic
Literacy: 70%
Labor force: 18. 1 million (1983); 61% agricul-
ture, 27% service, 12% industry and
commerce; surplus of unskilled labor (1982)
Organized labor: 10-15% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Turkey
Type: republican parliamentary democracy
Capital: Ankara
Political subdivisions: 67 provinces
Legal system: derived from various conti-
nental legal systems; constitution adopted in
November 1982; legal education at Universi-
ties of Ankara and Istanbul; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva-
tions
National holiday: Republic Day, 29 October
Branches: executive — President empowered
to call new elections, promulgate laws
(elected for a seven-year term); unicameral
legislature (400-member Grand National As-
sembly); independent judiciary
Government leaders: Gen. Kenan EVREN,
President (since 1982); Turgut OZAL, Prime
Minister (since 1983)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: according to the 1982 Constitu-
tion, elections to the Grand National
Assembly to be held every five years; most
recent election 6 November 1983
Political parties and leaders: military leaders
banned all traditional parties from taking
part in the parliamentary election of Novem-
ber 1983 and banned many prominent party
leaders from taking part in politics for 10
years; three new parties allowed to take part
in the election — Motherland Party (MP),
Turgut Ozal; Populist Party (PP), Necdet
Calp; Nationalist Democracy Party (NDP),
Turgut Sunalp; additional parties permitted
to take part in local elections in March
1984— Social Democratic Party (SODEP),
Erdal Inonii; Correct Way Party (CWP),
Yildirim Avci
Voting strength: (1983 election) Grand Na-
tional Assembly — Motherland Party, 211
seats; Populist Party, 117 seats; Nationalist
Democracy Party, 71 seats
232
Turks and Caicos Islands
Communists: strength and support
negligible
Member of: ASSIMER, Council of Europe,
EC (associate member), ECOSOC, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA,
IDB — Islamic Development Bank, IEA,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITC,
ITU, NATO, OECD, QIC, Regional Cooper-
ation for Development, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $51.0 billion (1983), $1,079 per capita;
3.4% real growth 1983, 4.2% average annual
real growth 1973-83
Agriculture: main products — cotton, to-
bacco, cereals, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, and
livestock products; self-sufficient in food in
average years
Major industries: textiles, food processing,
mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron miner-
als), steel, petroleum
Crude steel: 1.76 million tons produced
(1982)
Electric power: 7,291,000 kW capacity
(1984); 31.932 billion kWh produced (1984),
640 kWh per capita
Exports: $5,728 million (f.o.b., 1983); cotton,
tobacco, fruits, nuts, metals, livestock prod-
ucts, textiles and clothing
Imports: $9,235 million (c.i.f., 1983); crude
oil, machinery, transport equipment, metals,
mineral fuels, fertilizers, chemicals
Major trade partners: (\9f&) exports— 19.0%
Iran, 14.6% FRG, 7.4% Italy, 6.4% Saudi Ara-
bia, 5.6% Iraq; imports— 13.2% Iraq, 11.4%
FRG, 10.3% Iraq, 8.6% Libya, 7.5% US
Budget: (FY83) revenues, $9.6 billion; expen-
ditures, $11.2 billion; deficit, $1.7 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 415.62 Turkish
liras=US$l (October 1984)
Communications
Railroads: 8,156 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge; 204 km double track; 204 km electri-
fied
•
Highways: 60,954 km total; 38,298 km bitu-
minous; 16,169 km gravel or crushed stone;
4,180 km improved earth; 2,155 km unim-
proved earth
Inland waterways: approx. 1,200 km
Pipelines: 1,288 km crude oil; 2,145 km re-
fined products
Ports: 4 major, 8 secondary, 16 minor
Civil air: 30 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 117 total, 97 usable; 61 with per-
manent-surface runways; 3 with runways
over 3,660 m, 26 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 25 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair domestic and in-
ternational systems; trunk radio-relay
network; 2.39 million telephones (5.3 per 100
popl.); 20 AM, 27 FM, 181 TV stations; 2 sat-
ellite ground stations, 1 submarine telephone
cable
Defense Forces
Branches: Land Forces, Navy, Air Force,
Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49,
12,548,000; 7,426,000 fit for military service;
about 527,000 reach military age (20) annu-
ally
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $2.5 billion; 21.4% of cen-
tral government budget
North At/antic
Caicos Oce'n
Islands
CockburrL-J GRAND TURK
Harbour-W ICockburnfl
Town) 0
Turks
. Islands p
North Atlantic
Ocean
See regional mip III
Land
430 km2; about two-thirds the size of New
York City; more than 30 islands, including 8
inhabited; largest is Grand Caicos
People
Population: 7,436 (1980)
Ethnic division: majority of African descent
Religion: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist,
Methodist, Church of God, Seventh-day Ad-
ventist
Language: English (official)
Literacy: about 99%
Labor force: some subsistence agriculture;
majority engaged in fishing and tourist indus-
tries
Organized labor: St. George's Industrial
Trade Union (Cockburn Harbor), 250 mem-
bers
Government
Official name: Turks and Caicos Islands
Type: British dependent territory; constitu-
tion introduced in 1976
Capital: Cockburn Town on Grand Turk Is-
land
Fiscal year: calendar year
Political subdivisions: 3 districts
Turks and Caicos Islands
(continued)
Tuvalu
(formerly Ellice Islands)
Legal system: probably based on English
common law
National holiday: Commonwealth Day, 31
May
Branches: executive, bicameral legislature
(Executive Council, 14-member Legislative
Council), judicial (Supreme Court)
Government leader: Nathaniel FRANCIS,
Chief Minister (since March 1985); Christo-
pher J. TURNER, Governor (since 1982)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Elections: last 1984 for 11 Legislative Coun-
cil seats
Political parties and leaders: People's Demo-
cratic Movement (PMD), Oswald Skippings;
Progressive National Party (PNP), Norman
Saunders
Voting strength: PDM, 3 seats, PNP, 8 seats
Communist: none known
Economy
GNP: $15 million (1980)
Agriculture: corn, beans
Fishing: catch 395.76 metric tons (1981)
Major industries: fishing, tourism; formerly
produced salt by solar evaporation
Exports: $2.5 million (1982); crawfish, dried
and fresh conch, conch shells
Imports: $20.9 million (1982); foodstuffs,
drink, tobacco, clothing
Major trade partners: US (lobster, conch,
tourism) and UK
Budget: revenues, $5.9 million; expendi-
tures, $7.2 million (1981/82)
Monetary conversion rate: uses the US dollar
Fiscal year: probably calendar
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 121 km, including 24 km tarmac
Ports: 4 major (Grand Turk, Salt Cay,
Providenciales, Cockburn Harbor)
Civil air: Air Turks and Caicos (passenger ser-
vice) and Turks Air Ltd. (cargo service)
Airfields: 1 total, 7 usable; 4 with permanent-
surface runways; 4 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: cable and wireless ser-
vices (932 telephones, 1981); 1 AM station
(21,500 radio receivers, 1982)
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of UK
Branches: police
Nanumea 1 35 km
.Mufao
Nanumanga
,Nui
tVat1upu
FUNAFUTI»-*-(*
Funafuti
South Pacific Ocean
See regional mtp X
Nurakita
Land
NOTE: On 1 October 1975, by Constitu-
tional Order, the Ellice Islands were formally
separated from the British colony of Gilbert
and Ellice Islands, thus forming the colony of
Tuvalu. The remaining islands in the former
Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony are now
named Kiribati. Tuvalu includes the islands
of Nanumanga, Nanumea, Nui, Niutao,
Vaitupu, and the four islands of the Tuvalu
group formerly claimed by the United
States — Funafuti, Nukufetau, Nukulailai
(Nukulaelae), and Nurakita (Niulakita)
Land
26 km2; less than one-half the size of Manhat-
tan
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: about 24 km
People
Population: 8,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 1.7%
Nationality: noun — Tuvaluans(s); adjec-
tive— Tuvaluan
Ethnic divisions: 96% Polynesian
Religion: Christian, predominantly Protes-
tant
234
Uganda
Language: Tuvaluan, English
Literacy: less than 50%
Government
Official name: Tuvalu
Type: independent state with special
membership" in the Commonwealth, rec-
ognizing Elizabeth II as head of state
Capital: Funafuti
Branches: executive — Prime Minister and
Cabinet; unicameral legislature — 12-mem-
ber House of Parliament judicial — High
Court, 8 island courts with limited
jurisdication
Government leaders: Dr. Tomasi PUAPUA,
Prime Minister (since September 1981); Sir
Eiatau Penitala TEO, Governor General
(since October 1978)
Elections: last general election September
1981, next September 1985
Political parties: none
Member of: GATT (de facto), SPC, UPU
Economy
GNP: $4 million (1980 est), $570 per capita
Agriculture: limited; coconut palms, copra
Electric power: 2,600 kW capacity (1984); 3
million kWh produced (1984), 375 kWh per
capita
Exports: copra— $26,789 (1981)
Imports: $2.8 million (1981); food and min-
eral fuels
Major trade partners: UK, Australia
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries, ODA (1970-79), $22 mil-
lion
Budget: (1983 est.) revenues, $2.59 million;
expenditures, $3.6 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.0778 Australian
dollars=US$l (February 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 8 km gravel
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor (Funafuti) and Nukufetau
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 usable with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: 1 AM station; about
300 radio telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.);
4,000 radio sets
See regional map VII
Land
235,885 km2; slightly smaller than Oregon;
45% forest, wood, and grass; 21% inland wa-
ter and swamp, including territorial waters of
Lake Victoria; about 21% cultivated; 13% na-
tional park, forest, and game reserve
Land boundaries: 2,680 km
People
Population: 14,733,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun — Ugandan(s); adjective —
Ugandan
Ethnic divisions: 99% African, 1% European,
Asian, Arab
Religion: 33% Roman Catholic, 33% Protes-
tant, 16% Muslim, rest indigenous beliefs
Language: English (official); Luganda and
Swahili widely used; other Bantu and Nilotic
languages
Literacy: 52%
Labor force: estimated 4.5 million; about
250,000 in paid labor; remainder in subsis-
tence activities
Organized labor: 125,000 union members
Government
Official name: Republic of Uganda
235
Uganda (continued)
Type: republic
Capital: Kampala
Political subdivisions: 10 provinces and 34
districts
Legal system: provisional government plans
to restore system based on English common
law and customary law to reinstitute a nor-
mal judicial system; legal education at
Makerere University, Kampala; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva-
tions
National holiday: Independence Day, 9 Oc-
tober
Branches: government that assumed power
in December 1980 consists of three
branches — an executive headed by a Presi-
dent, a unicameral legislature (National
Assembly), and a judiciary; in practice Presi-
dent has most power
Government leader: Dr. (Apollo) Milton
OBOTE, President (since December 1980)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: general election (held December
1980) elected present National Assembly;
winning party then named President
Political parties: Ugandan People's Congress
(UPC), Democratic Party (DP)
Voting strength: (December 1980 election)
National Assembly UPC, 74; DP, 51; other, 1
Communists: possibly a few sympathizers
Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICO, IDA, IDB— Islamic Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GDP: $4.8 billion in 1982 (est); real growth
rate 5.0% (1983/84 est.)
Agriculture: main cash crop — coffee
(180,600 metric tons produced in 1983/84,
est.); other cash crops — cotton, tobacco, tea,
sugar, fish, livestock
Major industries: agricultural processing
(textiles, sugar, coffee, plywood, beer), ce-
ment, copper smelting, corrugated iron
sheet, shoes, fertilizer
Electric power: 200,000 kW capacity (1984);
525 million kWh produced (1984), 35 kWh
per capita
Exports: $380 million (f.o.b., 1983/84 est.);
coffee (98%), cotton, tea
Imports: $509 million (c.i.f., 1983/84 est.);
petroleum products, machinery, cotton piece
goods, metals, transport equipment, food
Major trade partners: exports — 41% US,
10% UK, 8% France; imports— 32% Kenya,
18% UK, 11%FRG(1982)
Budget: revenues, $473 million (FY82/83);
grants, $5 million, current expenditures,
$434 million; development expenditures, $85
million; other, $157 million
Monetary conversion rate: 495.0 Uganda
shillings=US$l (31 October 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 1,216 km, 1.000-meter gauge sin-
gle track
Highways: 27,540 km total; 2,504 km paved;
5,036 km crushed stone, gravel, and laterite;
remainder earth roads and tracks
Inland waterways: Lake Victoria, Lake Al-
bert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, Lake
Edward; Kagera River, Victoria Nile
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 38 total, 34 usable; 5 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 1 with runways over
3,659 m, 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 12
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system with ra-
dio-relay and communications stations in
use; 61,600 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 9
AM, no FM, 9 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT station
Defense Forces
Branches: Uganda National Liberation
Army (including army and air force), para-
military Police Special Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, about
3,223,000; about 1,735,000 fit for military
236
United Arab Emirates
Persian Gull
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
Set rt|ion»l m.p VI
Land
83,600 km2; the size of Maine; almost all
desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 1 ,094 km (does not include
boundaries between adjacent UAE states)
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
for all states except Sharjah, where claimed
limit is 12 nm (economic, including fishing,
200 nm)
Coastline: 1,448 km
People
Population: 1,320,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 4.4%
Nationality: Noun — Emirian(s), adjective —
Emirian
Ethnic divisions: Emirian 19%, other Arab
23%, South Asian 50% (fluctuating), other ex-
patriates (includes Westerners and East
Asians) 8%; fewer than 20% of the population
are UAE citizens (1982)
Religion: Muslim 96%; Christian, Hindu, and
other 4%
Language: Arabic (official); Farsi and En-
glish widely spoken in major cities; Hindi,
Urdu
Literacy: 56.3% est.
Labor force: 541,000 (1980 est.); 85% indus-
try and commerce, 5% agriculture, 5%
services, 5% government; 80% of labor force
is foreign
•
Government
Official name: United Arab Emirates (com-
posed of former Trucial States)
Member states: Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, al
Fujayrah, Ra's al-Khaymah, Sharjah, Umm
al-Qaywayn
Type: federation; constitution signed De-
cember 1971, which delegated specified
powers to the UAE central government and
reserved other powers to member shaykh-
doms
Capital: Abu Dhabi
Legal system: secular codes are being intro-
duced by the UAE Government and in
several member shaykhdoms; Islamic law re-
mains influential
National holiday: 2 December
Branches: executive — Supreme Council of
Rulers (seven members), from which a Presi-
dent and Vice President are elected; Prime
Minister and Council of Ministers; unicam-
eral legislature — Federal National Council;
judicial — Union Supreme Court
Government leaders: Shaykh Zayid bin Sul-
tan Al NUHAYYAN of Abu Dhabi, President
(since December 1971); Shaykh Rashid ibn
Sa'id Al MAKTUM of Dubai, Vice President
(since 1971) and Prime Minister (since April
1979)
Suffrage: none
Elections: none
Political or pressure groups: none; a few
small clandestine groups are active
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IDB — Islamic Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, QIC,
OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WTO
Economy
GDP: $27.5 billion (1983), $22,710 per capita
Agriculture: food imported; some dates, al-
falfa, vegetables, fruit, tobacco raised
Electric power: 5,178,000 kW capacity
(1984); 13.58 billion kWh produced (1984),
10,760 kWh per capita
Exports: $15.3 billion (f.o.b., 1983); $12.8 bil-
lion in crude oil, $2.5 billion consisting mostly
of gas, reexports, dried fish, dates
Imports: $8.3 billion (f.o.b., 1983); food, con-
sumer and capital goods
Major trade partners: Japan, EC, US
Bt.dge,!:(1982est.)current expenditures, $6.6
billion; development, $1.9 billion; revenue,
$8.8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 3.671 UAE
dirhams=US$l (October 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,000 km total; 1,800 km bitumi-
nous, 200 km gravel and graded earth
Pipelines: 830 km crude oil; 870 km natural
gas, including natural gas liquids
Ports: 1 major, 18 minor
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 43 total, 30 usable; 20 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 5 with runways over
3,659 m, 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 4
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate system of
radio-relay and coaxial cable; key centers are
Abu Dhabi and Dubai; 241,000 telephones
237
United Arab Emirates
(continued)
United Kingdom
(20.0 per 100 popl.); 8 AM, 3 FM, 9 TV sta-
tions; 3 INTELSAT stations with 1 Atlantic
and 2 Indian Ocean antennas; plan subma-
rine cables to India and Pakistan; tropo-
spheric scatter to Bahrain; radio-relay to
Saudi Arabia
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 547,000;
379,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $1.9 billion; 40% of central
government budget
Hebrides^
^•Shetland
i Islands
ft.' Orkney
Islands
North
Atlantic
Ocean
English Channel
See regional mip V
Land
243,977 km2; slightly smaller than Oregon;
50% meadow and pasture, 30% arable, 12%
waste or urban, 7% forest, 1% inland water
Land boundaries: 360 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 12,429 km
People
Population: 56,437,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 0.1%
Nationality: noun — Briton(s), British (collec-
tive pi.); adjective — British
Ethnic divisions: 81.5% English, 9.6% Scot-
tish, 2.4% Irish, 1.9% Welsh, 1.8% Ulster,
0.8% other; West Indian, Indian, Pakistani
2%
Religion: 27.0 million Anglican, 5.3 million
Roman Catholic, 2.0 million Presbyterian,
760,000 Methodist, 450,000 Jewish (regis-
tered)
Language: English, Welsh (about 26% of
population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic
(about 60,000 in Scotland)
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: (1982) 26.08 million; 54.4% in-
dustry and commerce, 29.9% services, 7.6%
self-employed, 6.6% government, 1.5% agri-
culture; 12.5% unemployed (early 1984)
Organized labor: 40% of labor force
Government
Official name: United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: London
Political subdivisions: 650 parliamentary
constituencies
Legal system: common law tradition with
early Roman and modern continental influ-
ences; no judicial review of Acts of
Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion, with reservations
National holiday: celebration of birthday of
the Queen, 16 June
Branches: legislative authority resides in Par-
liament (House of Lords, House of
Commons); executive authority lies with col-
lectively responsible Cabinet led by Prime
Minister; House of Lords is supreme judicial
authority and highest court of appeal
Government leader: ELIZABETH II, Queen
(since 1952); Margaret THATCHER, Prime
Minister (since 1979)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: at discretion of Prime Minister,
but must be held before expiration of a five-
year electoral mandate; last election 9 June
1983
Political parties and leaders: Conservative,
Margaret Thatcher; Labor, Neil Kinnock; So-
cial Democratic, David Owen; Communist,
Gordon McLennan; Scottish National, Don-
ald Stewart; Plaid Cymru, Dafydd Wigley;
Official Unionist, James Molyneaux; Demo-
cratic Unionist, Ian Paisley; Social
Democratic and Labor, John Hume; Sinn
Fein, Gerry Adams; Alliance, John
Coshnahan; Liberal, David Steel
238
Voting strength: (1983 election) House of
Commons — Conservative, 397 seats (42.4%);
Labor, 209 seats (27.6%); Social Democratic-
Liberal Alliance, 23 seats (17 Liberal, 6 SDP)
(25.4%); Scottish National Party, 2 seats; Plaid
Cymru (Welsh Nationalist), 2 seats; Ulster
(Official) Unionist (Northern Ireland), 1 1
seats; Ulster Democratic Unionist (Northern
Ireland), 3 seats; Ulster Popular Unionist
(Northern Ireland), 1 seat; Social Democratic
and Labor (Northern Ireland), 1 seat; Sinn
Fein (Northern Ireland), 1 seat
Communists: 15,961
Other political or pressure groups: Trades
Union Congress, Confederation of British In-
dustry, National Farmers' Union, Campaign
for Nuclear Disarmament
Member of: ADB, CENTO, Colombo Plan,
Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ELDO, ESRO,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB— Inter-American
Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study
Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC,
ITU, IWC — International Whaling Com-
mission, IWC — International Wheat
Council, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $460.0 billion (1983), $8,214 per cap-
ita; 60.3% consumption, 16.4% investment,
21.7% government; 0.1% stockbuilding, 1.1%
net foreign balance, real growth 3.4% (1983)
Agriculture: mixed farming predominates;
main products — wheat, barley, potatoes,
sugar beets, livestock, dairy products; 62%
self-sufficient (1982); dependent on imports
for more than half of consumption of refined
sugar, butter, oils and fats, bacon and ham
Fishing: catch 744,966 metric tons (1983);
imports 707,000 metric tons (1983), exports
379,000 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: machinery and transport
equipment, metals, food processing, paper
and paper products, textiles, chemicals,
clothing
Crude steel: 15.0 million metric tons pro-
duced (1983); 266 kg per capita (1983); 25.4
million tons capacity (1981)
Electric power: 94,333,000 kW capacity
(1984); 280.05 billion kWh produced (1984),
4,970 kWh per capita
Exports: $ 96.5 billion (f.o.b., 1982); machin-
ery, transport equipment, petroleum,
manufactured goods, chemicals, foodstuffs
Exports: $91.4 billion (f.o.b., 1983); manufac-
tured goods, machinery, fuels, chemicals,
semifinished goods, transport equipment
Imports: $99.2 billion (c.i.f., 1983); manufac-
tured goods, machinery, semifinished goods,
foodstuffs, consumer goods
Major trade partners: exports — 43.4% EC
(10.0% FRG, 9.4% France, 9.0% Nether-
lands), 13.8% US, 1.9% Communist (1983);
imports— 45.7% EC(14.8% FRG, 7.8% Neth-
erlands, 7.7% France), 11.4% US, 2.3%
Communist (1983)
Aid: donor — bilateral economic aid commit-
ted (ODA and OOF) (1970-82), $13 billion
Budget: (national and local government, in-
cluding nationalized industries) FY84 (est.)
revenues, $193.9 billion; expenditures,
$179.9 billion; deficit $14 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 0.833 pounds
sterling=US$l (December 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: Great Britain— 17,249 km total;
British Railways (BR) operates 17,230 km
1.435-meter standard gauge (3,718 km elec-
trified, 12,591 km double or multiple track),
and 19 km 0.597-meter gauge; several addi-
tional small standard gauge and narrow
gauge lines are privately owned; Northern
Ireland Railways (NIR) operates 332 km
1.600-meter gauge, 190 km double track
Highways: United Kingdom, 362,982 km to-
tal; Great Britain, 339,483 km paved
(including 2,573 km limited-access divided
highway); Northern Ireland, 23,499 km
(22,907 paved, 592 km gravel)
Inland waterways: 3,219 km publicly
owned; 605 km major commercial routes
Pipelines: 933 km crude oil, almost all insig-
nificant; 2,907 km refined products; 1,770
km natural gas
Ports: 9 major, 15 secondary, 190 minor
Civil air: 618 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 570 total, 351 usable; 249 with per-
manent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m, 37 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 139 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern, efficient do-
mestic and international system; 29. 1 million
telephones (51.7 per 100 popl.); excellent
countrywide broadcast; 100 AM, 317 FM,
1,784 TV stations; 33 coaxial submarine ca-
bles; 4 earth satellite stations with a total of 8
antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Army, Royal Navy, Royal
Air Force, Royal Marines
Military manpower: males 15-49,
14,034,000; 11,902,000 fit for military ser-
vice; no conscription
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1984, $24.1 billion; about 19.7% of
central government budget
239
United States
This "Factsheet" on the US is provided solely
as a service to those wishing to make rough
comparisons of foreign country data with a
US "yardstick. " Information is from US open
sources and publications and in no sense rep-
resents estimates by the US Intelligence
Community.
Land
9,372,614 km2 (contiguous US plus Alaska
and Hawaii); 32% forest; 27% grazing and
pasture; 19% cultivated; 22% waste, urban,
and other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 19,924 km
People
Population: 238,848,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 0.9%
Ethnic divisions: 80% white; 1 1 % black; 6.2%
Spanish origin; 1.6% Asian and Pacific Is-
lander; 0.7% American Indian, Eskimo, and
Aleut (1980)
Religion: total membership in religious bod-
ies 134.8 million; Protestant 73.479 million,
Roman Catholic 50.45 million, Jewish 5.92
million, other religions 4.968 million (1982)
Language: predominantly English; sizable
Spanish-speaking minority
Literacy: 99.5% of total population 15 years
or older
Labor force: 115.786 million (includes 2.208
million members of the armed forces in the
US); unemployment rate 7.2% (1985); 10.41 1
million unemployed (January 1984)
Organized labor: approximately 17.4 million
members; 18.8% of civilian labor force (1984)
Government
Official name: United States of America
Type: federal republic; strong democratic
tradition
Capital: Washington, D.C.
Political subdivisions: 50 states and the Dis-
trict of Columbia; dependencies include
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, Vir-
gin Islands, American Samoa, Wake and
Midway Islands, Johnston Atoll, and King-
man Reef; under UN trusteeship Caroline,
Marshall, and Northern Mariana Islands
Legal system: based on English common law;
dual system of courts, state and federal; con-
stitution adopted 1789; judicial review of
legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ juris-
diction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 July
Branches: executive (President), bicameral
legislature (House of Representatives and
Senate), and judicial (Supreme Court);
branches, in principle, independent and
maintain balance of power
Government leaders: Ronald REAGAN,
President (since January 1981); George
BUSH, Vice President (since January 1981)
Suffrage: all citizens over age 18, not com-
pulsory
Elections: presidential, every four years(next
November 1988); all members of the House
of Representatives, every two years; one-
third of members of the Senate, every two
years
Political parties and leaders: Republican
Party, Frank J. Fahrenkopf, Jr., chairman;
Democratic Party, Paul G. Kirk, Jr., chair-
man; several other groups or parties of minor
political significance
Voting strength: 40% voter participation
(1982 congressional election); 53.9% voter
participation (1984 presidential election) Re-
publican Party (Ronald Reagan), 59% of the
popular vote (525 electoral votes); Demo-
cratic Party (Walter Mondale), 41% (13
electoral votes)
Communist*: Communist Party member-
ship, claimed 15,000-20,000(1983); general
secretary, Gus Hall; in the 1980 presidential
election the Communist Party candidate re-
ceived 43,896 votes; Socialist Workers Party
membership, claimed 1,800; national secre-
tary, Jack Barnes; in the 1980 presidential
election, the Socialist Workers Party candi-
date received 48,650 votes
Member of: ADB, ANZUS, Bank of Interna-
tional Settlements, CCC, CENTO, Colombo
Plan, DAC, FAO, GATT, Group of Ten,
IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICEM,
ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB— Inter-American
Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study
Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, IWC—
International Whaling Commission, IWC —
International Wheat Council, NATO, OAS,
OECD, PAHO, SPC, UN, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: (September 1983 prelim, seasonally
adjusted at annual rates) $3,363.3 billion;
(September 1983 prelim., seasonally adjusted
at annual rates) $2,186.5 billion (65%) per-
sonal consumption, $501.0 billion (14.9%)
private investment, $701.8 billion (20.9%)
government, — $25.9 billion ( — .07%) net ex-
ports; $14,300 per capita; annual growth rate
6.8% (1984)
Agriculture: food grains, feed crops,
oilbearing crops, cattle, dairy products
Fishing: catch 4 million metric tons (1982);
13.0 Ib per capita consumption (1981); im-
ports $4.173 billion (1981); exports $1.156
billion, (1981); est. value, $2.388 billion(1981)
Crude steel: 75.6 million metric tons pro-
duced (1983)
Electric power: 686,453,000 (public utilities
only) kW capacity (1984); 2,651.569 billion
(net) kWh produced (1984), 1 1.216 kWh per
capita
Exports: $200.5 billion (f.o.b., 1983); machin-
ery, chemicals, transport equipment,
agricultural products
240
Uruguay
Imports: $269.9 billion (c.i.f., 1983); crude
and partly refined petroleum, machinery,
transport equipment (mainly new automo-
biles)
Major trade partners: exports — $33.72 bil-
lion Canada, $20.966 billion Japan, $11.816
billion Mexico, $10.644 billion UK, $9.291
billion FRG (1982); imports— $46.476 billion
Canada, $37.743 billion Japan, $15.565 bil-
lion Mexico, $13.094 billion UK, $11.974
billion FRG (1982)
Aid: obligations and loan authorizations, in-
cluding Ex-Im (FY82), economic $11.2
billion, military (FY82) $4.2 billion
Budget: (1984) receipts, $666.5 billion; out-
lays, $841.8 billion; deficit, $175.3 billion
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
Communications
Railroads: 270,312 km (1981)
Highways: 6,198,994 km, including 88,641
km expressways (1981)
Inland waterways: est. 41,009 km of naviga-
ble inland channels, exclusive of the Great
Lakes
Freight carried: rail — 1,430.0 million metric
tons, 1,175.0 billion metric ton/km (1982);
highways — 830.05 billion metric ton/km
(1982); inland water freight (excluding Great
Lakes traffic) — 512.0 million metric tons,
312.24 billion metric ton/km (1982); air —
9,500 million metric ton/km (1982)
Pipelines: petroleum, 278,035 km (1981);
natural gas, 418,018 km (1981)
Ports: 44 handling 10.9 million metric tons or
more per year
Civil air: 2,699 commercial multiengine
transport aircraft, including 2,504 jet, 159
turboprop, 36 piston (1982)
Airfields: 15,422 in operation (1981)
Telecommunications: 182,558,000 tele-
phones (791 telephones per l,000popl.)i
4,689 AM, 3,380 FM, 1,132 TV broadcast sta-
tions; 477 million radio and 142 million TV
receivers (1982)
Defense Forces
Branches: Department of the Army, Depart-
ment of the Navy (including Marine Corps),
US Coast Guard, Department-of the Air
Force
Military manpower: 2,116,800 total;
790,800, army; 581,000, air force; 553,000,
navy; 192,000, marines (1982)
Military budget: $205.0 billion (1983);
$231.0 billion (1984 est.); $264.4 billion (1985
proj.); 29.1% of central government budget
(planned, 1985)
'<*,
_MONTE VIDEO
Sec re|ionil map IV
Land
176,215 km2; the size of Washington; 84% ag-
ricultural (73% pasture, 11% crop); 16%
forest, urban, waste, and other
Land boundaries: 1,352 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm (fishing 200 nm; overflight and naviga-
tion permitted beyond 12 nm)
Coastline: 660 km
People
Population: 2,936,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 0.3%
Nationality: noun — Uruguayan(s); adjec-
tive— Uruguayan
Ethnic divisions: 85-90% white, 5-10% mes-
tizo, 3-5 black
Religion: 66% Roman Catholic (less than half
adult population attends church regularly),
2% Protestant, 2% Jewish, 30% nonprofessing
or other
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 94.3%
Labor force: about 1.28 million (1981); 19%
manufacturing; 19% government; 16% agri-
culture; 12% commerce; 12% utilities,
241
Uruguay (continued)
construction, transport, and communica-
tions; 22% other services; unemployment
more than 15% (1984 est.)
Organized labor: government authorized
non-Communist union activities in 1981 for
the first time since 1973 military takeover
Government
Official name: Oriental Republic of Uru-
guay
Type: republic
Capital: Montevideo
Political subdivisions: 19 departments with
limited autonomy
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law sys-
tem; most recent constitution implemented
1967 but large portions are currently in sus-
pension and the whole is under study for
revision; legal education at University of the
Republic in Montevideo; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
August
Branches: executive, headed by President;
bicameral National Congress (Senate and
House of Deputies); national judiciary
headed by court of justice
Government leaders: Julio M. SANGUI-
NETT1, President (since March 1985);
Enrique E. TARIGO, Vice President (since
March 1985)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: last November 1984; elections
held every five years
Political parties and leaders: National
(Blanco) Party, Wilson Ferreira; Frente
Amplio Colition, Liber Seregni; Colorado
Party, Julio Sanguinetti Enrique Tarigo,
Jorge Pacheco Areco
Voting strength: (1984 elections) 41% Colo-
rado, 34.9% Blanco, 21.7% Frente Amplio,
2.4% Civic Union, 0.5% Radical Christian
Union
Communists: 5,000-10,000, including for-
mer youth group and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Christian
Democratic Party (PDC); Communist Party
(PCU), proscribed in 1973; Socialist Party of
Uruguay (PSU), proscribed in 1973; National
Liberation Movement (MLN) — Tupamaros,
leftist revolutionary terrorist group, pro-
scribed and now virtually annihilated
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB— Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU,
LAIA, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GDP: $5.4 billion (1983), $1,817 per capita;
89% consumption, 13% gross investment,
-2.0% foreign; real growth rate 1983,
-4.7%
Agriculture: large areas devoted to extensive
livestock grazing; main crops — wheat, rice,
corn, sorghum; self-sufficient in most basic
foodstuffs
Major industries: meat processing, wool and
hides, textiles, footwear, leather apparel,
tires, cement, fishing, petroleum refining
Electric power: 1,300,000 kW capacity
(1984); 5 billion kWh produced (1984), 1,709
kWh per capita
Exports: $1.256 billion (f.o.b., 1982); wool,
hides, meat, textiles, leather products, fish,
rice, furs
Imports: $706 million (c.i.f., 1983); fuels and
lubricants (37%), metals, machinery, trans-
portation equipment, industrial chemicals
Major trade partners: exports — 22% LAIA;
21% EC, 8% US, imports— 39% LAIA (13%
Brazil, 11% Argentina), 15% EC, 7% US
(1981)
Aid: economic commitments — US autho-
rized, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $78
million; other Western countries, ODA and
OOF (1970-82) $124 million; Communist
countries (1970-83), $65 million; military-
US authorized (FY70-82) $39 million
Budget: (1983 est.) revenues, $854 million;
expenditures, $960 million
Monetary conversion rate: 57.75 new
pesos=US$l (August 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,000 km, all 1.435-meter stan-
dard gauge (1 .435 m) and government owned
Highways: 49,900 km total; 6,700 km paved,
3,000 km gravel, 40,200 km earth
Inland waterways: 1,600 km; used by coastal
and shallow-draft river craft
Ports: 1 major (Montevideo), 9 minor
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 95 total, 91 usable; 14 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: most modern facili-
ties concentrated in Montevideo; new
nationwide radio-relay network 294,300
telephones (9.9 per 100 popl.); 82 AM, 4 FM,
22 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite sta-
tion
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 679,000;
552,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1980, $283.6 million; 16% of cen-
tral government budget
242
Vanuatu
(formerly New Hebrides)
Espiritu
Santo
Luganvi
South
Pacific Ocean
Cor il Sea
PORT VILA
See ref ionil map X
Land
About 14,763 km2; about the size of Connect-
icut; over 80 islands
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm (fishing
200 nm)
Coastline: about 2,528 km
People
Population: 134,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun — Vanuatuan(s); adjec-
tive—Vanuatuan
Ethnic divisions: 90% indigenous Melane-
sian; 8% French; remainder Vietnamese,
Chinese, and various Pacific Islanders
Religion: most at least nominally Christian
Language: English and French (official); pid-
gin (known as Bislama or Bichelama)
Literacy: probably 10-20%
Government
Official name: Republic of Vanuatu
Type: republic, formerly Anglo-French con-
dominium of New Hebrides, independent 30
July 1980
Capital: Port- Vila
Political subdivisions: four administrative
districts
Legal system: unified system being created
from former dual French and British systems
Branch: unicameral legislature (39-member
Parliament), elected November 1983
Government leader: Father Walter Hadye
LINI, Prime Minister
Political parties and leaders: National Party
(Vanuaaku Pati), chairman Walter Lini
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, G-77,
IFC, IMF, ITU, South Pacific Forum, UN
Economy
Agriculture: export crops of copra, cocoa,
coffee, some livestock and fish production;
subsistence crops of copra, taro, yams
Electric power: 10,000 kW capacity (1984);
20 million kWh produced (1984), 154 kWh
per capita
Exports: $24 million (1980); 24% copra, 59%
frozen fish, meat
Imports: $53 million (1980); 18% food
Aid: Australia (1980-83), $14.4 million
Monetary conversion rate: 102.034
vantus=US$l; 1.0778 Australian
dollars=US$l (February 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: at least 240 km sealed or all-
weather roads
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor (Port- Vila, Luganville)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 30 total, 24 usable; 2 with perma-
nent-surface runways, 2 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: 2 AM broadcast sta-
tions; 2,400 telephones (2.4 per 100 popl.); 1
ground satellite station under construction
Defense Forces
Personnel: no military forces maintained;
however, a paramilitary force is responsible
for internal and external security
243
Vatican City
260 meters
See region*! map V
Land
0.438 km2
Land boundaries: 3 km
People
Population: 1,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 0. 1%
Ethnic divisions: primarily Italians but also
many other nationalities
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language: Italian, Latin, and various other
languages
Literacy: 100%
Labor force: approx. 700; Vatican City em-
ployees divided into three categories —
executives, office workers, and salaried em-
ployees
Organized labor: none
Government
Official name: State of the Vatican City
Type: monarchical-sacerdotal state
Capital: Vatican City
Political subdivisions: Vatican City includes
St. Peter's, the Vatican Palace and Museum,
and neighboring buildings covering more
than 13 acres; 13 buildings in Rome and Cas-
te! Gandolfo, the Pope's summer residence,
although outside the boundaries, enjoy extra-
territorial rights
Legal system: Canon lawsof 1929 serve some
of the functions of a constitution
National holiday: 30 June
Branches: the Pope possesses full executive,
legislative, and judicial powers; he delegates
these powers to the President of the Pontifical
Commission, who is subject to pontifical ap-
pointment and recall; the administrative
structure of the Roman Catholic Church is
known as the Roman Curia; its most impor-
tant temporal components include the
Secretariat of State and Council for Public
Affairs (which handles Vatican diplomacy)
and the Prefecture of Economic Affairs; the
College of Cardinals act as chief papal advis-
ers
Government leader: JOHN PAUL II, Su-
preme Pontiff (Karol WOJTYLA, elected
Pope 16 October 1978)
Suffrage: limited to cardinals less than 80
years old
Elections: Supreme Pontiff elected for life by
College of Cardinals
Communists: none known
Other political or pressure groups: none (ex-
clusive of influence exercised by other
church officers in universal Roman Catholic
Church)
Member: IAEA, INTELSAT, ITU, IWC—
International Wheat Council, UPU, WIPO,
WTO; permanent observer status at FAO,
OAS, UN, and UNESCO
Economy
The Vatican City, seat of the Holy See, is sup-
ported financially by contributions (known as
Peter's pence) from Roman Catholics
throughout the world; some income derived
from sale of Vatican postage stamps and tour-
ist mementos, fees for admission to Vatican
museums, and sale of publications; industrial
activity consists solely of printing and pro-
duction of a small amount of mosaics and
staff uniforms; the banking and financial ac-
tivities of the Vatican are worldwide; the
Institute for Religious Works (IOR) carries
out fiscal operations and invests and transfers
funds of Roman Catholic religious communi-
ties throughout the world; the Administra-
tion of the Patrimony of the Holy See
manages the Holy See's capital assets; the
Vatican announced an operating deficit of
$25 million for 1981
Electric power: 2, 100 kW (standby) capacity
(1984); power supplied by Italy
Monetary conversion rate: the Vatican issues
its own coinage, which is interchangeable
with the Italian lira; 1690.25 lira=US$ 1
(February 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: none (city streets)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: 2 AM and 2 FM sta-
tions; 2,000-line automatic telephone
exchange
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of Italy
244
Venezuela
Caribbean Sea
Boundary representai
not necessarily authi
Sec regional map IV
Land
912,050 km2; more than twice the size of
California; 21% forest; 18% pasture; 4% crop-
land; 57% urban, waste, or other
Land boundaries: 4,181 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
plus 3 nm contiguous zone for customs and
sanitation (economic, including fishing, 200
nm)
Coastline: 2,800 km
People
Population: 17,810,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 3%
Nationality: noun — Venezuelan(s); adjec-
tive— Venezuelan
Ethnic divisions: 67% mestizo, 21% white,
10% black, 2% Indian
Religion: 96% nominally Roman Catholic,
2% Protestant
Language: Spanish (official); Indian dialects
spoken by about 200,000 Amerindians in the
remote interior
Literacy: 85.6%
Labor force: 5.5 million (1984); 27% services;
22% commerce; 16% agriculture; 16% manu-
facturing; 9% construction; 7% transporta-
tion; 3% petroleum, utilities, and other
Organized labor: 32% of labor force*
Government
Official name: Republic of Venezuela
Type: republic
•
Capital: Caracas
Political subdivisions: 20 states, 1 federal dis-
trict, 2 federal territories, and 72 island
dependencies in the Caribbean
Legal system: based on Napoleonic code;
constitution promulgated 1961; judicial re-
view of legislative acts in Cassation Court
only; dual court system, state and federal; le-
gal education at Central University of
Venezuela; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July
Branches: executive (President), bicameral
legislature (National Congress — Senate,
Chamber of Deputies), judiciary
Government leader: Jaime LUSINCHI,
President (since February 1984)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18, though rarely enforced
Elections: every five years by secret ballot;
last held December 1983; next national elec-
tion for President and bicameral legislature
to be held December 1988
Political parties and leaders: Social Christian
Party (COPEI), Rafael Caldera, Luis Herrera
Campins; Democratic Action (AD), Jaime
Lusinchi, Carlos Andres Perez; Movement
Toward Socialism (MAS), Teodoro Petkoff,
Pompeyo Marquez
Voting strength: (1983 election) 56.8% AD,
34.5% COPEI, 4.17% MAS, 4.53% others
Communists: 3,000-5,000 members (est.)
Other political or pressure groups:
FEDECAMARAS, a conservative business
group
Member of: Andean Pact, AIOEC, FAO,
G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
IDB — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU,
IWC — International Wheat Council, LAIA,
NAMUCAR (Caribbean Multinational Ship-
ping Line), OAS, OPEC, PAHO, SELA,
WFTU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GDP: $66.4 billion (1983), $3,860 per capita
(1983); 58.8% private consumption, 13.6%
public consumption, 24.1% gross investment
(1982); real growth rate - 1.7% (1982)
Agriculture: main crops — cereals, fruits,
sugar, coffee, rice
Fishing: catch 2 1 3,000 metric tons ( 1 982); ex-
ports $1.6 million (1979), imports $19.7
million (1980)
Major industries: petroleum, iron-ore min-
ing, construction, food processing, textiles
Crude steel: 1.9 million metric tons produced
(1982)
Electric power: 12,700,000 kW capacity
(1984); 36.5 billion kWh produced (1984),
2,110kWh per capita
Exports: $15.7 billion (f.o.b., 1984 prelim.);
petroleum (95%), iron ore
Imports: $7.5 billion (f.o.b., 1984 prelim.)
Major trade partners: imports — 44% US,
7.4% Japan, 4.7% Italy, 4.5% FRO; exports—
25% US, 9.5% Canada (1981)
Budget: revised 1983— revenues, $18.6 bil-
lion; expenditures, $18.4 billion, capital $110
billion
Monetary conversion rate: 4.3 preferential,
7.5 commercial, and 12.5 free market
bolivares=US$l (December 1984)
245
Venezuela (continued)
Vietnam
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 419 km total; 240 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge all single track, government
owned; 179km 1.435-meter gauge, privately
owned
Highways: 77,785 km total; 22,780 km
paved, 24,720 km gravel, 14,450 km earth
roads, and 15,835 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 7,100 km; Orinoco River
and Lake Maracaibo accept oceangoing ves-
sels
Pipelines: 6,370 km crude oil; 480 km refined
products; 2,480 km natural gas
Ports: 6 major, 17 minor
Cit>i7 air: 58 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 259 total, 238 usable; 104 with per-
manent-surface runways; 7 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 82 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern expanding
telecom system; 2 satellite ground stations;
1.38 million telephones (8.5 per 100 popl.);
168 AM, 25 FM, 57 TV stations; 3 submarine
coaxial cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite sta-
tion with 2 antennas, and 3 domestic satellite
stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air
Forces, Armed Forces of Cooperation (Na-
tional Guard), Marines, Coast Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,328,000;
3,287,000 fit for military service; 193,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1983, $1,091 million;
about 6.2% of central government budget
See region*! map IX
South
China
Sea
Bound a' y representation is
:essanly aulhonlative
.Ho Chi Minh City
Land
329,707 km2; the size of New Mexico; 50%
forest; 14% cultivated; 36% urban, inland wa-
ter, and other
Land boundaries: 4,562 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 1 2 nm
plus 12 nm contiguous customs and security
zone (economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 3,444 km (excluding islands)
People
Population: 60,492,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.4%
Nationality: noun — Vietnamese (sing, and
pi.); adjective — Vietnamese
Ethnic divisions: 85-90% predominantly
Vietnamese; 3% Chinese; ethnic minorities
include Muong, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Man,
Cham; other mountain tribes
Religion: Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist, Ro-
man Catholic, indigenous beliefs, Islamic,
and Protestant
Language: Vietnamese (official), French,
Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal languages
(Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)
Literacy: 78%
Labor force: approximately 29 million, not
including military
Government
Official name: Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Type: Communist state
Capital: Hanoi
Political subdivisions: 36 provinces, 3
municipalities under central government
control, 1 special zone
Legal system: based on Communist legal the-
ory and French civil law system
National holiday: 2 September
Branches: bicameral legislature (Council of
State, National Assembly); highly centralized
executive nominally subordinate to National
Assembly
Government leaders: LE DUAN, Commu-
nist Party Secretary General (since
December 1976); TRUONG CHINH, Chair-
man, Council of State (since July 1981)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: pro forma elections held for na-
tional and local assemblies; latest election for
National Assembly held on 25 April 1976
Political parties and leaders: Vietnam Com-
munist Party (VCP), formerly known as the
Vietnam Workers Party, headed by Le Duan
Communists: probably more than 1 million
Member of: ADB, CEMA, Colombo Plan,
ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT,
IRC, ITU, Mekong Committee, NAM, UN,
UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
CNP: $14.8 billion, $245 per capita (1983)
Agriculture: main crops — rice, rubber, fruits
and vegetables; some corn, manioc, and sug-
arcane; major food imports — wheat, corn,
dairy products
246
Wallis and Fuluna
Fishing: catch 445,000 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: food processing, textiles,
machinebuilding, mining, cement, chemical
fertilizer, glass, tires
Shortages: foodgrains, petroleum, capital
goods and machinery, fertilizer
Electric power: 1,795,000 kW capacity
(1984); 4.5 billion kWh produced (1984), 75
kWh per capita
Exports: $652 million (1983); agricultural
and handicraft products, coal, minerals, ores
Imports: $1,550 million (1983); petroleum,
steel products, railroad equipment, chemi-
cals, medicines, raw cotton, fertilizer, grain
Major trade partners: exports — USSR, East
European countries, Japan, other Asian mar-
kets; imports — USSR, East Europe, Japan
Aid: accurate data on aid since April 1975
unification unavailable; estimated annual
economic aid on annual basis is — USSR, $600
million or more; East European countries,
$150 million; non-Communist countries, $50
million; international institutions, $50 mil-
lion; value of military aid deliveries since
1975 are not available
Monetary conversion rate: 10.7 dong=US$l
(November 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 2,816 km total; 2,224 1.000-meter
gauge, 130 km standard gauge, 230 km dual
gauge, 212 km unoperablc
Htg/iu)ays:41,190kmtotal;5,471 km bitumi-
nous, 27,030 km gravel or improved earth,
8,690 km unimproved earth
Pipelines: 100 km, refined products
Inland waterways: about 17,702 km naviga-
ble; more than 5,149 km navigable at all
times by vessels up to 1.8-m draft
Ports: 9 major, 23 minor
Civil air: military controlled
Airfields: 217 total, 128 usable; 46 with per-
manent-surface runways; 1 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 28 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
14,185,000; 9,014,000 fit for military service;
671,000 reach military age (17) annually
Supply: dependent on the USSR and East Eu-
ropean Communist countries for virtually all
new equipment; produces negligible quanti-
ties of infantry weapons, ammunition and
explosive devices (Vietnam possesses a huge
but dated inventory of US-manufactured
weapons and equipment captured from the
RVN)
Military budget: no expenditure estimates
are available; military aid from the USSR has
been so extensive that actual allocation of
Vietnam's domestic resources to defense has
not been indicative of total military effort
MATAUTUJN
South Pacific Ocean
lie Futuna
S*t regioni) map \
Land
About 207 km2; about the size of New York
City
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 12 mil (fishing
200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)
(.'.oast line: about 129 km
People
Population: 12,000 (July 1985) average an-
nual growth rate 2.5??
Nationality: noun Wallisiun(s), Fulunan(s),
or Wallis and Kutnna Islanders; adjective —
Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna Is-
lander
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Polynesian
Religion: largely Roman Catholic
Government
Official name. Territory of the Wallis and
Futuna Islands
Type: overseas territory of France
Capital: Matu Uru
Political mbditrtxions: three districts
Hranchcs: territorial assembly of 20 mem-
Ix-rs; popular election of one deputy to
National Assembly in Paris and one senator
247
Wallis and Futuna
(continued)
Western Sahara
(formerly Spanish Sahara)
Government leaders: Mirhel KUHN-
MUNCH, Superior Administrator and
President of Territorial Assembly
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every five years
Economy
Agriculture: dominated by coconut produc-
tion, with subsistence crops of yams, taro,
bananas
Electric power: 1,000 kW capacity (1984); 1
million kWh produced (1984), 83 kWh per
capita
Exports: negligible
Imports: $3.4 million (1977); largely food
stuffs and some equipment associated with
development programs
Aid: (1978) France, European Development
Fund, $2.6 million
Monetary conversion rate: 127.05 Colonial
Francs Pacifique (CFP)=US$1 (December
1982)
Communications
Highways: 100 km of improved road on
Uvea Island (1977)
Ports: 2 minor
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 148 telephones (1.2
per 100 popl.)
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of France
200km
See regional map VII
Land
266,770 km2; larger than Utah; nearly all
desert
Land boundaries: 2,086 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
(fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 1,110km
People
Population: 91,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 1.8%
Nationality: noun — Saharan(s), Moroccan(s);
adjective — Saharan, Moroccan
Ethnic divisions: Arab and Berber
Religion: Muslim
Language: Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Ar-
abic
Literacy: among Moroccans, probably nearly
20%; among Saharans, perhaps 5%
Labor force: 12,000; 50% animal husbandry
and subsistence farming, 50% other
Organized labor: none
Government
Official name: Western Sahara
Type: legal status of territory and question of
sovereignty unresolved — territory parti-
tioned between Morocco and Mauritania in
April 1976, with Morocco acquiring the
northern two-thirds, including the rich phos-
phate reserves at Bu Craa. Mauritania, under
pressure from the Polisario guerrillas, aban-
doned all claims to its portion in August 1979;
Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly
thereafter and has since asserted adminis-
trative control there; the Polisario's
government in exile seated as an OAU mem-
ber in 1984, while guerrilla activities
continue into 1985
Government leader: Muhamad ABDEL-
AZIZ, President of Sahara Democratic Arab
Republic (since October 1982) and secretary
general of the Polisario (since August 1976)
Economy
GNP: not available
Agriculture: practically none; some barley is
grown in nondrought years; fruit and vegeta-
bles in the few oases; food imports are
essential; camels, sheep, and goats are kept by
the nomadic natives; cash economy exists
largely for the garrison forces
Major industries: phosphate, fishing, and
handicrafts
Shortages: water
Electric power: 60,000 kW capacity (1984);
78 million kWh produced (1984), 876 kWh
per capita
Exports: in 1982, up to $5 million in phos-
phates, all other exports valued at under $3
million
Imports: up to $30 million (1982); develop-
ment, fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: Morocco claims ad-
ministrative control over Western Sahara
and controls all trade with the country; West-
ern Sahara trade figures are included in
overall Moroccan accounts
248
Western Samoa
Aid: small amounts from Spain in prior years;
currently Morocco is major source of support
Monetary conversion rate: uses Moroccan
dirham; 8.9 dirham=US$l (1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 6,100 km total; 500 km bitumi-
nous treated, 5,600 km unimproved earth
roads and tracks
Ports: 2 major (El Aaiun, Dakhla)
Civil air: no data available
Airfields: 16 total, 16 usable; 3 with perma-
nent-surface runways, 3 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Savai'i
South Pacific Ocean
Upolu
South Pacific Ocean
See regional map X
Land
2,934 km2; the size of Rhode Island; com-
prised of 2 large islands of Savai'i and Upolu
and several smaller islands, including
Manonoand Apolima; 65% forest; 24% culti-
vated; 11% industry, waste, or urban
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 403 km
People
Population: 163,000 (July 1985), average an-
nual growth rate 0.9%
Nationality: noun — Western Samoan(s); ad-
jective— Western Samoa
Ethnic divisions: Samoan; about 12,000
Euronesians (persons of European and Poly-
nesian blood), 700 Europeans
Religion: 99.7% Christian (about half of
population associated with the London Mis-
sionary Society; includes Congregational,
Roman Catholic, Methodist, Latter Day
Saints, Seventh Day Adventist)
Language: Samoan (Polynesian), English
Literacy: 90%
Labor force: about 37,000 (1983); about
22,000 employed in agriculture
Organized labor: none
Government
Official name: Independent State of West-
ern Samoa
Type: constitutional monarchy under native
chief; special treaty relationship with New
Zealand
Capital: Apia
Legal system: based on English common law
and local customs; constitution came into ef-
fect upon independence in 1962; judicial
review of legislative acts with respect to fun-
damental rights of the citizen; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 Jan-
uary
Branches: Head of State and Executive
Council; unicameral legislature (47-member
Legislative Assembly); Supreme Court,
Court of Appeal, Land and Titles Court, vil-
lage courts
Government leaders: MALIETOA
Tanumafili II, Head of State (since 1962);
Taisi Tupuola Tofilau ETI, Prime Minister
(since March 1976)
Suffrage: 45 members of Legislative Assem-
bly are elected by holders of inatai (heads of
family) titles (about 12,000 persons); two
members are elected by universal adult suf-
frage of persons lacking traditional family
ties
Elections: held triennially, last in February
1982
Political parties and leaders: no clearly de-
fined political party structure
Communists: unknown
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF,
South Pacific Forum, South Pacific Commis-
sion, UH, WHO
Economy
GNP: $130 million (1978), $770 per capita
249
Western Samoa (continued)
Yemen Arab Republic
(North Yemen)
Agriculture: cocoa, bananas, copra; staple
foods include coconuts, bananas, taro, yams
Major industries: timber, tourism, light in-
dustry
Electric power: 21,000 kW capacity (1984);
51 million kWh produced (1984), 315 kWh
per capita
Exports: $9 million (f.o.b., 1982); copra
43.3%, cocoa 32.3%, timber 2.0%, mineral
fuel, bananas
Imports: $38 million (c.i.f., 1982); food 30%,
manufactured goods 25%, machinery
Major trade partners: exports — 31% FRG,
26% New Zealand, 1 2% US, 2% Australia; im-
ports—30% US, 28% New Zealand, 10%
Australia, 6% UK (1981)
Aid: economic commitments — US (FY70-
83), $10 million; Western (non-US) countries,
ODA and OOF (1970-82), $144 million
Budget: (1982 est.) revenues, $36.9 million;
expenditures, $37.6 million; development ex-
penditure, $34.9 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.533 WS
tala=US$l (February 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 784 km total; 375 km bituminous,
remainder mostly gravel, crushed stone, or
earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 principal (Apia), 1 minor
C«tn7 air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 3,800 telephones (2.5
per 100 popl.O; 50,000 radio receivers; 1 AM
station
Defense Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49, 39,000;
20,000 fit for military service
Red Set \
See refionil mtp VI
Land
194,250 km2 (parts of border with Saudi Ara-
bia and South Yemen undefined); slightly
smaller than South Dakota; 79% desert,
waste, or urban; 20% agricultural; 1 % forest
Land boundaries: 1 ,528 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(plus 6 nm "necessary supervision zone")
Coastline: 523 km
People
Population: 6,058,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun — Yemeni(s); adjective —
Yemeni
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-Arab
(mixed)
Religion: 100% Muslim (Sunni and Shi'a)
Language: Arabic
Literacy: 15% (est.)
Labor force: approximately one-third ex-
patriate laborers; remainder almost entirely
agriculture and herding
Government
Official name: Yemen Arab Republic
250
Type: republic; military regime assumed
power in June 1974
Capital: Sanaa
Political subdivisions: 11 provinces
Legal system: based on Turkish law, Islamic
law, and local customary law; first constitu-
tion promulgated December 1970, sus-
pended June 1974; has not accepted com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Proclamation of the Re-
public, 26 September
Branches: President, Prime Minister, Cabi-
net; People's Constituent Assembly
Government leaders: Col. 'Ali 'Abdallah
SALIH, President (since 1978); 'Abd al-'Aziz
'ABD AL-GHANI, Prime Minister (since
1983)
Communist; small number
Political parties or pressure groups: no legal
political parties; in 1983 President Salih
started the General People's Congress, which
is designed to function as the country's sole
political party; conservative tribal groups,
Muslim Brotherhood, and leftist factions —
pro-Iraqi Bathists, Nasirists, National Demo-
cratic Front (NDF) supported by South
Yemen — exert political influence
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, QIC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO
Economy
GNP: $3.8 billion (FY79), $544 per capita
Agriculture: sorghum and millet, qat (a mild
narcotic), cotton, coffee, fruits and vegetables
Major industries: cotton textiles and leather
goods produced on a small scale; handicraft
and some fishing; small aluminum products
factory
Yemen, People's
Democratic Republic
of (South Yemen)
Electric power: 195,000 kW capacity (1984);
500 million kWh produced (1984), 80 kWh
per capita
Exports: $11 million (f.o.b., 1981); qat, cot-
ton, coffee, hides, vegetables
Imports: $1,748 million (f.o.b., 1981); textiles
and other manufactured consumer goods,
petroleum products, sugar, grain, flour, other
foodstuffs, and cement (worst export/import
ratio in the world)
Major trade partners: China, South Yemen,
USSR, Japan, UK, Australia, Saudi Arabia
Budget: (1981) total receipts, $1,066 million;
current expenditures, $1,569 million; devel-
opment expenditures, $590 million
Monetary con version rate: 5.740 rials= US$ 1
(October 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 4,000 km total; 1, 775 km bitumi-
nous; 500 km crushed stone and gravel; 1,725
km earth, sand, and light gravel
Ports: 1 major (Al Hudaydah), 3 minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 21 total, 15 usable; 4 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 7 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system still inade-
quate but improving; new radio-relay and
cable networks; 35,000 telephones (0.6 per
100 popl.); 3 AM stations, no FM, 5 TV sta-
tions; 1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station; tropospheric scatter to South
Yemen
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,140,000;
635,000 fit for military service; about 66,000
reach military age (18) annually
280km
See regional map VI
Land
322,968 km2; the size of Nevada; (border with
Saudi Arabia and North Yemen undefined);
only about 1% arable (of which less than 25%
cultivated)
Land boundaries: 1,802 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
plus 6 nm "necessary supervision zone" (eco-
nomic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 1,383km
People
Population: 2,211,000, excluding the islands
of Perim and Kamaran, for which no data are
available (July 1985); average annual growth
rate 2.9%
Nationality: noun — Yemeni(s); adjective —
Yemeni
Ethnic divisions: almost all Arabs; a few Indi-
ans, Somalis, and Europeans
Religion: Sunni Muslim, some Christian and
Hindu
Language: Arabic
Literacy: 25%
Government
Official name: People's Democratic Repub-
lic of Yemen
Type: republic; power centered in ruling Ye-
meni Socialist Party (YSP)
Capital: Aden; Madin at ash Sha'b, adminis-
trative capital
Political subdivisions: six governorates
Legal system: based on Islamic law (for per-
sonal matters) and English common law (for
commercial matters); highest judicial organ,
Federal High Court, interprets constitution
and determines disputes between states
National holiday: 14 October
Branches: unicameral legislature (People's
Assembly); Supreme Cabinet
Government leaders: 'Ali Nasir Muhammad
al-HASANI, Chairman of the Presidium of
the Supreme People's Council, YSP Secretary
General (since 1980); Heydar Abu Bakr al-
'ATTAS, Chairman of the Council of
Ministers (since February 1985)
Suffrage: granted by constitution to all citi-
zens 18 and over
Elections: elections for legislative body, Su-
preme People's Council, called for in
constitution; none have been held
Political parties and leaders: Yemeni Social-
ist Party (YSP), the only legal party, is
coalition of National Front, Ba'th, and Com-
munist Parties
Communists: unknown number
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB—
Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO,
IMF, IMO, ITU, NAM, QIC, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $792 million (1978 est), $430 per cap-
ita (1980)
251
Yemen, South (continued)
Yugoslavia
Agriculture: cotton is main cash crop; cere-
als, dates, qat (a mild narcotic), coffee, and
livestock are raised, and there is a growing
fishing industry; large amount of food must
be imported (particularly for Aden); cotton,
hides, skins, dried and salted fish are ex-
ported
Major industries: petroleum refinery at Lit-
tle Aden operates on imported crude; 1981
output about one-half of rated capacity of
170,000 b/d; oil exploration activity
Electric power: 195,000 kW capacity (1984);
427 million kWh produced (1984), 200 kWh
per capita
Exports: $38 million (1980)
Imports: $670 million (f.o.b., 1980)
Major trade partners: North Yemen, East
Africa, but some cement and sugar imported
from Communist countries; crude oil im-
ported from Persian Gulf, exports mainly to
UK and Japan
Budget: (1980) total receipts $495 million,
current expenditures $280 million, develop-
ment expenditures $200 million
Monetary conversion rate: 0.3425
dinar=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,600 km total; 1,700 km bitumi-
nous treated, 630 km crushed stone and
gravel, 3,270 km motor able track
Pipelines: refined products, 32 km
Ports: 1 major (Aden), 4 minor
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 46 total, 31 usable; 5 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 10 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: small system of open-
wire, radio-relay, multiconductor cable, and
radio communications stations; only center
Aden; estimated 10,000 telephones (0.6 per
100 popl.); 1 AM, no FM, 5 TV stations; 1
Indian Ocean satellite antenna; tropospheric
scatter to North Yemen
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 479,000;
268,000 fit for military service
Adriatic
Sea
Ste regional m>p V
Land
255,804 km2; the size of Wyoming; 34% for-
est, 32% arable, 25% meadow and pasture,
9% other
Land boundaries: 3,001 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 1,521 km (mainland), plus 2,414
km (offshore islands)
People
Population: 23,137,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate —0.7%
Nationality: noun — Yugoslav(s); adjective —
Yugoslav
Ethnic divisions: 36.2% Serb, 19.7% Croat,
8.9% Muslim, 7.8% Slovene, 7.7% Albanian,
5.9% Macedonian, 5.4% Yugoslav, 2.5% Mon-
tenegrin, 1.9% Hungarian, 4.0% other (1981
census)
Religion: 41% Serbian Orthodox, 32% Ro-
man Catholic, 12% Muslim, 3% other, 12%
none (1953 census; later information unavail-
able)
Language: Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Mac-
edonian (all official); Albanian, Hungarian,
Italian
Literacy: 85%
252
Labor force: 9.7 million (1983); 29% agricul-
ture, 24% mining and manufacturing, 11%
noneconomic activities; (est.) unemployment
about 15% of domestic labor force
Government
Official name: Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia
Type: Communist state, federal republic in
form
Capital: Belgrade
Political subdivisions: six republics with two
autonomous provinces (within the Republic
of Serbia)
Legal system: mixture of civil law system
and Communist legal theory; constitution
adopted 1974; legal education at several law
schools; has not accepted compulsory ICJ ju-
risdiction
National holiday: Proclamation of the So-
cialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 29
November
Branches: bicameral legislature (Federal As-
sembly—Federal Chamber, Chamber of
Republics and Provinces) constitutionally su-
preme; executive includes cabinet (Federal
Executive Council) and the federal adminis-
tration; judiciary; the State Presidency is a
collective, rotating policymaking body com-
posed of a representative from each republic
and province, Veselin Djurahovic presides as
President of the Republic until May 1985,
when he will be replaced by the represen-
tative from the Province of Vojvodina,
Radovan Vlajkovic
Government leader: Milka PLANING, Pres-
ident of the Federal Executive Council (since
1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: Federal Assembly elected every
four years by a complicated, indirect system
of voting
Political parties and leaders: League of
Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) only; lead-
ers are 23 members of party Presidium,
selected proportionally from republics, prov-
inces, and Yugoslav People's Army, with the
President rotating on an annual basis and the
Secretary rotating every two years; current
president is Ali %14Sukrija from Kosovo (un-
til June 1985)
Communists: 2.1 million party members
(June 1982)
Other political or pressure groups: Socialist
Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia
(SAWPY), the major mass front organization
for the LCY; Confederation of Trade Unions
of Yugoslavia (CTUY), Union of Youth of Yu-
goslavia (UYY), Federation of Yugoslav War
Veterans (SUBNOR)
Member of: ASSIMER, CEMA (observer but
participates in certain commissions), FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, IDA, IDE— Inter-American Develop-
ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC,
ITU, NAM, OECD (participant in some ac-
tivities), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $122.3 billion (1983 est., at 1983
prices), $5,364 per capita; real growth rate
-1.9% (1983)
Agriculture: diversified agriculture with
many small private holdings and large agri-
cultural combines; main crops — corn, wheat,
tobacco, sugar beets, and sunflowers; occa-
sionally a net exporter of foodstuffs and live
animals; imports tropical products, cotton,
wool, and vegetable meal feeds
Fishing: catch 66,841 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: metallurgy, machinery
and equipment, oil refining, chemicals, tex-
tiles, wood processing, food processing
Shortages: electricity, fuels
Crude steel: 4.2 million metric tons produced
(1983), 183 kg per capita
Electric power: 17,115,000 kW capacity
(1984); 68.412 billion kWh produced (1984),
2,980 kWh per capita
Exports: $9.9 billion (f.o.b., 1983); 52% raw
materials and semimanufactures, 31% con-
sumer goods, 17% equipment
Imports: $12.2 billion (c.i.f., 1983); 79% raw
materials and semimanufactures, 15% equip-
ment, 6% consumer goods
Major trade partners: 58% non-Communist
countries; 42% Communist countries, of
which 26% USSR (1983)
Monetary conversion rate: 188.32
dinars=US$l (November 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year (all data refer to
calendar year or to middle or end of calendar
year as indicated)
Communications
Railroads: 9,393 km total; 9,393 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge; 891 km double track;
3,320 km electrified (1983)
Highways: 116,300 km total; 59,500 km as-
phalt, concrete, stone block; 37,300 km
asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 19,500
km earth (1983)
Inland waterways: 2,600 km (1982)
Freight carried: rail — 88.9 million metric
tons, 25.7 billion metric ton/km (1981); high-
way— 189.1 million metric tons, 19.6 billion
metric ton/km (1981); waterway — 22.7 mil-
lion metric tons, 4.2 billion metric ton/km
(excluding international transit traffic)
Pipelines: 1,373 km crude oil; 2,760 km natu-
ral gas; 150 km refined products
Ports: 9 major (most important: Rijeka, Split,
Koper, Bar, and Ploce), 24 minor; principal
inland water port is Belgrade
253
Yugoslavia (continued)
Zaire
Airfields: 140 total, 137 usable; 48 with per-
manent-surface runways, 23 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 20 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: 4.6 million radios, 1.9
million telephones (1979)
Defense Forces
Branches: Yugoslav People's Army — Ground
Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense
Forces, Frontier Guard; Territorial Defense
Force; Civil Defense; People's Militia (police)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,016,000;
4,856,000 fit for military service; 184,000
reach military age (19) annually
Ships: 7 submarines, 2 principal surface com-
batants, 76 coastal patrol-river/roadstead
craft, 40 amphibious warfare craft, 31 mine
warfare craft, 2 fleet support ships, 9 other
auxiliaries
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1984, 246.6 billion di-
nars; about 4.1% of national income
Bounds'
not necessa'ily aulhonta
See regional map VII
Land
2,345,409 km2; one-fourth the size of the US;
45% forest, 22% agricultural (2% cultivated
or pasture), 33% other
Land boundaries: 9,902 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 37 km
People
Population: 32,985,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 2.9%
Nationality: noun — Zairian(s); adjective —
Zairian
Ethnic divisions: over 200 African ethnic
groups, the majority are Bantu; four largest
tribes — Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and
the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up
about 45% of the population
Religion: 50% Roman Catholic, 20% Protes-
tant, 10% Kimbanguist, 10% Muslim, 10%
other syncretic sects and traditional beliefs
Language: French (official), English, Lin-
gala, Swahili, Kingwana, Kikongo, and
Tshiluba
Literacy: 40% males, 15% females
Labor force: about 8 million, but only about
13% in wage structure
Government
Official name: Republic of Zaire
Type: republic; constitution establishes
strong presidential system
Capital: Kinshasa
Political subdivisions: eight regions and fed-
eral district of Kinshasa
Legal system: based on Belgian civil law sys-
tem and tribal law; new constitution
promulgated February 1978; legal education
at National University of Zaire; has not ac-
cepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 30
June; Anniversary of the Regime, 24 Novem-
ber
Branches: President elected originally in
1970 for seven-year term; Marshal Mobutu
reelected July 1984; limits on reelection re-
moved by new constitution; unicameral
legislature (310-member National Legisla-
tive Council elected for five-year term); the
official party is the supreme political institu-
tion
Government leader: Marshal MOBUTU Sese
Seko, President (since 1965); KENGO Wa
Dondo, First State Commissioner (prime
minister; since November 1982)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: elections for rural collectivities'
urban zone councils, and the Legislative
Council of the Popular Movement of the
Revolution were held June- September 1982;
presidential referendum/election held July
1984; presidential election/referendum
scheduled for 1991
Political parties and leaders: Popular Move-
ment of the Revolution (MPR), only legal
party
Voting strength: Mobutu polled 99.6% of
vote in the 1984 election
Communists: no Communist party
254
Zambia
Member of: AfDB, APC, CIPEC, EAMA,
EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, ITC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM,
UDEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $3.4 billion (1981), $110 per capita;
3.0% real growth (1984 est.)
Agriculture: main cash crops — coffee, palm
oil, rubber, quinine; main food crops — man-
ioc, bananas, root crops, corn; some provinces
self -sufficient
Fishing: catch 102,415 metric tons (1980)
Major industries: mining, mineral process-
ing, consumer products (including textiles,
footwear, and cigarettes), processed foods
and beverages, cement
Electric power: 2,412,000 kW capacity
(1984); 4.96 billion kWh produced (1984), 154
kWh per capita
Exports: $1.424 million (f.o.b., 1983 est.);
$1.611 million (1984 est.) copper, cobalt, dia-
monds, petroleum, coffee
Imports: $ 1.041 million (f.o.b., 1983 est.);
$1.130 million (1984 est.) consumer goods,
foodstuffs, mining and other machinery,
transport equipment, fuels
Major trade partners: Belgium, US, France,
and West Germany
Budget: (1984 est.) revenues, $603 million;
current expenditures, $609 million; capital
expenditures, $28 million
Monetary conversion rate: 37.534
zaires=US$l (August 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 5,254 km total; 3,968 km 1.067-
meter gauge (851 km electrified), 125 km
1,000-meter gauge; 136 km 0.615-meter
gauge, 1,025 km 0.600-meter gauge
Highways: 145,050 km total; 2,350 km bitu-
minous, 46,230 km gravel and improved
earth; remainder unimproved earth
•
Inland waterways: comprising the Zaire, its
tributaries, and unconnected lakes, the wa-
terway system affords over 15,000 km of
navigable routes
Pipelines: refined products, 390 km
Ports: 2 major (Matadi, Boma), 1 minor
Civil air: 57 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 319 total, 283 usable; 26 with per-
manent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m, 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m,
65 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: barely adequate wire
and radio-relay service, 30,300 telephones
(0.1 per 100 pop!.); 10 AM, 3 FM, 17 TV sta-
tions; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station and 13
domestic satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National
Gendarmerie, Logistics Corps, Special Presi-
dential Brigade
Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,417,000;
3,748,000 fit for military service
Livingston*
Set regional map VII
Land
752,614 km2; larger than Texas; 61% scat-
tered wood and grass, 13% dense forest, 10%
grazing, 6% marsh, 5% arable and under cul-
tivation
Land boundaries: 6,003 km
People
Population: 6,770,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun — Zambian(s); adjective —
Zambian
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% African, 1.1% Euro-
pean, 0.2% other
Religion: 50-75% Christian, 1% Muslim and
Hindu, remainder indigenous beliefs
Language: English (official); about 70 indige-
nous languages
Literacy: 54%
Labor force: 402,000 wage earners; 375,000
Africans, 27,000 non- Africans; 23% govern-
ment and miscellaneous services, 19%
construction, 15% mining, 10% manufactur-
ing, 9% agriculture, 9% domestic service, 9%
commerce, 6% transport
Organized labor: approximately 238,000
wage earners are unionized
255
Zambia (continued)
Government
Official name: Republic of Zambia
Type: one-party state
Capital: Lusaka
Political subdivisions: nine provinces
Legal system: based on English common law
and customary law; new constitution
adopted September 1973; judicial review of
legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional
council; legal education at University of
Zambia in Lusaka; has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 24
October
Branches: modified presidential system; uni-
cameral legislature (National Assembly);
judiciary
Government leaders: Dr. Kenneth David
KAUNDA, President (since October 1964);
Nalumino MUNDIA, Prime Minister (Feb-
ruary 1981)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Elections: general election held 27 October
1983; next general election scheduled for
1988
Political parties and leaders: United Na-
tional Independence Party (UNIP), Kenneth
Kaunda; former opposition party banned in
December 1972 when one-party state pro-
claimed
Voting strength: (1983 election) 63.5% of eli-
gible voters participated; Kaunda, who was
the only candidate for President, received a
93% "yes" vote; National Assembly seats
were contested by members of UNIP
Communists: no Communist party, but so-
cialist sympathizers in upper levels of
government and UNIP
Member of: AfDB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM,
OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $2.9 billion (1981), $476 per capita; real
growth rate, 1.8% (1981)
Agriculture: main crops — corn, tobacco, cot-
ton; net importer of most major agricultural
products
Major industries: transport, construction,
foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, textiles, and
fertilizer
Electric power: 1,920,000 kW capacity
(1984); 10.091 billion kWh produced (1984),
1, 539 kWh per capita
Exports: $1 ,030 million (f .o.b., 1983); copper,
zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco
Imports: $1,060 million (c.i.f., 1983); ma-
chinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs,
fuels, manufactures
Major trade partners: EC, Japan, China,
South Africa
Budget: (central government, 1983) reve-
nues, $860 million (est.); expenditures, $1,070
million (est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.831 Zambian
kwachas=US$l (July 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,204 km, all 1.067-meter gauge;
13 km double track
Highways: 36,370 km total; 6,500 km paved,
7,000 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized
soil; 22,870 km improved and unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: 2,250 km, including
Zambezi River, Luapula River, Lake Tan-
ganyika; Mpulungu is small port on Lake
Tanganyika
Pipelines: 1,724 km crude oil
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 128 total, 114 usable; 11 with per-
manent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m, 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m,
18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities are among
the best in Sub-Saharan Africa; high-capacity
radio relay connects most larger towns and
cities; 67,300 telephones; ( 1 .0 per 100 popl.); 9
AM, 2 FM, 10 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean
satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, paramilitary Po-
lice Mobile Force, Police Paramilitary
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,413,000;
737,000 fit for military service
256
Zimbabwe
200km
Set rrgmnil map VII
Land
391,090 km2; nearly as large as California;
40% arable (of which 6% cultivated), 60% ex-
tensive grazing; of this total 48% worked
communally by Africans, 39% owned by Eu-
ropeans (farmed by modern methods), 7%
national land, 6% other
Land boundaries: 3,017 km
People
Population: 8,667,000 (July 1985), average
annual growth rate 3.3%
Nationality: noun — Zimbabwean(s); adjec-
tive— Zimbabwean
Ethnic divisions: about 97% African (over
77% members of Shona-speaking subtribes,
19% speak Ndebele); about 3% white, 1%
mixed and Asian
Religion: 50% syncretic (part Christian, part
indigenous beliefs), 25% Christian, 24% in-
digenous beliefs, a few Muslim
Language: English (official); ChiShona and
Si Ndebele
Literacy: 45-55%
Labor force: 1,048,000(1981); 35% agricul-
ture; 25% mining, manufacturing,
construction; 40% transport and services
Organized labor: about one-third of Euro-
pean wage earners are unionized, but only a
small minority of Africans
•
Government
Official name: Republic of Zimbabwe
Type: independent; a British-style par-
liamentary democracy
Capital: Harare
Political subdivisions: eight provinces
Legal system: Roman-Dutch
Branches: legislative authority resides in a
Parliament consisting of a 100-member
House of Assembly (with 20 seats reserved for
whites) and a 40-member Senate (10 elected
by white members of the House, 14 elected
by the other members of the House; 10 chief s,
5 from Mashonaland and 5 from Matabele-
land, elected by members of the Council of
Chiefs; 6 appointed by the President, on the
advice of the Prime Minister); executive au-
thority lies with a Cabinet led by the Prime
Minister; the High Court is the superior judi-
cial authority
Government leaders: Rev. Canaan Sodindo
BANANA, President (since April 1980); Rob-
ert MUGABE, Prime Minister (since April
1980)
Suffrage: universal over age 18; for at least
seven years after independence (1980),
white, mixed, and Asians vote on a separate
roll for 20 seats in the House of Assembly
Elections: at discretion of Prime Minister but
must be held before expiration of five-year
electoral mandate
Political parties and leaders: Zimbabwe Af-
rican National Union (ZANU), Robert
Mugabe; Zimbabwe African People's Union
(ZAPU), Joshua Nkomo; Conservative Alli-
ance (CA), Ian Smith; independent white
(former RF) members of Parliament, Chris
Andersen; United African National Council
(UANC), Bishop Abel Muzorewa; others
failed to win any seats in Parliament
Voting strength: (February 1980 elections)
ZANU (also known as ZANU-PF), 57 seats;
ZAPU (also known as the Patriotic Front), 20
seats; CA, 9 seats; independents, 1 1 seats;
UANC, 3 seats
Communists: negligible
Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77.GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITO, NAM, OAU,
SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $6.6 billion (1982), $870 per capita; real
growth 12% (1980 and 1981), 2% (1982)
Agriculture: main crops — tobacco, corn, tea,
sugar, cotton; livestock
Major industries: mining, steel, textiles,
chemicals, vehicles
Electric power: 1,280,000 kW capacity
(1984); 5.606 billion kWh produced (1984),
670 kWh per capita
Exporfs:$1.12billion(f.o.b., 1983), including
net gold sales and reexports; tobacco, asbes-
tos, cotton, copper, tin, chrome, gold, nickel,
meat, clothing, sugar
Imports: $1.43 billion (f.o.b. 1982); machin-
ery, petroleum products, wheat, transport
equipment
Major trade partner: South Africa
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-
81), $446 million; US, including Ex-Im (1980-
83), $229 million; Communist countries
(1970-83), $59 million
Budget: (FY83/84 est.) revenues, $1.82 bil-
lion; expenditures, $2.223 billion; deficit,
$400 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.26
Zimbabwean dollars= US$1 (July 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
257
Zimbabwe (continued)
Taiwan
(China listed in
alphabetic order)
Communications
Railroads: 3,394 km 1.067-meter gauge; 42
km double track; 12% of railroad is electri-
fied
Highways: 85,237 km total; 12,243 km
paved, 28,090 km crushed stone, gravel, sta-
bilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth;
21,807 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Lake Kariba is a potential
line of communication
Pipelines: 8 km refined products
Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 484 total, 448 usable; 21 with per-
manent-surface runways; 2 with runways
over 3,659 m, 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m,
29 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system was one of the
best in Africa but now suffers from poor
maintenance; consists of radio-relay links,
open-wire lines, and radio communication
stations; principal center Harare, secondary
center Bulawayo; 236,500 telephones (3. 1 per
100 popl.); 8 AM, 15 FM, 8 TV stations; satel-
lite station under construction
Defense Forces
Branches: Zimbabwe National Army, Zim-
babwe Air Force, Police Support Unit,
People's Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,859,000;
1,142,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1984, $377 million; 13.7% of central
government budget
See refionilmip VIII
Land
32,260 km2 (Taiwan and Pescadores); the size
of Maryland and Delaware combined; 55%
forest, 24% cultivated, 6% pasture, 5% other
(urban, industrial, waste, or water)
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 1,240 km Taiwan, 327 km Pesca-
dores
People
Population: 19,358,000, excluding the popu-
lation of Quemoy and Matsu Islands and
foreigners (July 1985), average annual
growth rate 1.5%
Nationality: noun — Chinese (sing., pi.); ad-
jective— Chinese
Ethnic divisions: 84% Taiwanese, 14% main-
land Chinese, 2% aborigine
Religion: 93% mixture of Buddhist, Confu-
cian, and Taoist; 4.5% Christian; 2.5% other
Language: Mandarin Chinese (official); Tai-
wanese and Hakka dialects also used
Literacy: about 89.7%
Labor force: 7,266,000(1983); 19% agricul-
ture, 40% industry and commerce, 30%
services, 7% civil administration; 1.6% unem-
ployment (1983)
Organized labor: about 15% of 1978 labor
force (government controlled)
Government
Official name: Taiwan
Type: one-party presidential regime
Capital: Taipei
Political subdivisions: 16 counties, 5 cities, 2
special municipalities (Taipei and Kao-
hsiung)
Legal system: based on civil law system; con-
stitution adopted 1946, though 1948
amendments set most of the constitution
aside; martial law declared in 1949 still in
effect; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
National holiday: 10 October
Branches: five independent branches (execu-
tive, legislative, judicial, plus traditional
Chinese functions of examination and con-
trol), dominated by executive branch;
President and Vice President elected by Na-
tional Assembly
Government leaders: CHIANG Ching-kuo,
President (since March 1978); YU Kuo-hua,
Premier (since June 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: national level — Legislative Yuan
every three years; National Assembly and
Control Yuan every six years; no general elec-
tion held since 1948 election on mainland
(partial elections for Taiwan province repre-
sentatives in December 1969, 1972, 1975,
1980, 1983, and 1984); local level— provin-
cial assembly, county and municipal -
executives every four years; county and
municipal assemblies every four years
Political parties and leaders: Kuomintang, or
National Party, led by Chairman Chiang
Ching-kuo
258
Voting strength: (1983 Legislative Yuan
elections) 62 seats Kuomintang, 1 9 seats inde-
pendents; 1981 local elections, with 63%
turnout of eligible voters, Kuomintang re-
ceived 71% of the popular vote, non-
Kuomintang 29%
Other political or pressure groups: loose co-
alition of oppositionist/independent
politicians has emerged in the past six years
Member of: expelled from UN General As-
sembly and Security Council on 25 October
1971 and withdrew on same date from other
charter-designated subsidiary organs; ex-
pelled from IMF/World Bank group
April/May 1980; member of ADB and seek-
ing to join GATT and/or MFA; attempting to
retain membership in ICAC, ISO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IWC— Interna-
tional Wheat Council, PCA; suspended from
IAEA in 1972 but still allows IAEA controls
over extensive atomic development
Economy
GNP: $56.6 billion (1984 est), $2,985 per cap-
ita; real growth, 8.8% (1984)
Agriculture: most arable land intensely
farmed — 60% cultivated land under irriga-
tion; main crops — rice, sweet potatoes,
sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, citrus fruits;
food shortages — wheat, corn, soybeans
Fishing: catch 930,582 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: textiles, clothing, chemi-
cals, electronics, food processing, plywood,
sugar milling, cement, shipbuilding
Electric power: 13,071,000 kW capacity
(1984); 45.5 billion kWh produced (1984),
2,390 kWh per capita
Exports: $30.4 billion(f.o.b., 1984 est.); 20.5%
textiles, 18.8% electrical machinery, 9% gen-
eral machinery and equipment, 9%
telecommunications equipment, 7.4% basic
metals and metal products, 5.4% foodstuffs,
2.5% plywood and wood products
Imports: $21.6 billion (c.i.f., 1984 est.); 25%
machinery and equipment, 17.7% crude oil,
1 1.9% chemical and chemical products, 6.7%
basic metals, 6.3% foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports — 49% US,
10% Japan; imports— 29% Japan, 23% US,
8.6% Saudi Arabia (1983)
Aid: economic commitments — US authori-
zations, including Ex-Im (FY46-82), $4.6
billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF (1970-81), $275 millfon; military-
US (FY46-81), $4.4 billion authorized
Budget: central government expenditure,
$42.5 billion (FY83)
Monetary conversion rate: NT (New Tai-
wan) $39.7=US$1 (October 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: about 1,075 km common carrier
lines and over 3,800 km industrial lines; com-
mon carrier lines consist of the 1.067- meter
gauge 708 km West Line and the 367 km East
Line; a 98.25 km South Link Line connection
is under construction; common carrier lines
owned by the government and operated by
the Railway Administration under Ministry
of Communications; industrial lines owned
and operated by government enterprises
Highways: network totals 18,800 km (15,800
km are bitumous or concrete surface); 2,500
km are crushed stone or gravel surface; and
500 km are graded earth
Pipelines: 615 km refined products, 97 km
natural gas
Ports: 5 major (Kaohsiung, Keelung, Hualien,
Suao, and Taichung), 4 minor (Tanshui, Tai-
nan, Tapeng, and Makung)
Airfields: 40 total, 39 usable; 32 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 3 with runways over
3,659 m, 17 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 8
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: very good interna-
tional and domestic service; 3.6 million
telephones; about 100 radio broadcast sta-
tions with 270 AM and 12 FM transmitters;
12 TV stations and 6 repeaters; 8 million ra-
dio receivers and 3.6 million TV receivers; 2
259
INTELSAT ground stations; tropospheric
scatter links to Hong Kong and the Philip-
pines available but inactive; submarine
cables to Okinawa (Japan), the Philippines,
Guam, Singapore, and Hong Kong
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy (including Marines),
Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,235,000;
4,115,000 fit for military service; about
212,000 currently reach military age (19) an-
nually
Military budget: announced expenditures
for national defense for fiscal year ending 30
June 1985, $3.8 billion; about 39.4% of cen-
tral government budget; however, total
military expenditures may be closer to $4.46
billion or about 50% of the central govern-
ment budget
West Bank and
Caza Strip
Boundary repfeSf
not necessarily aulh
GAZA STRIP
(Israeli occupied
status to be determined}
Mediterranean f
Set
See regional map VI
NOTE: the war between Israel and the Arab
states in June 1967 ended with Israel in con-
trol of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. As
stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and
reaffirmed by the President's 1 September
1982 peace initiative, the final status of the
West Bank and the Gaza Strip, their relation-
ship with their neighbors, and a peace treaty
between Israel and Jordan are to be negoti-
ated among the concerned parties. Camp
David further specifies that these negotia-
tions will resolve the respective boundaries.
Pending the completion of this process, it is
US policy that the final status of the West
Bank and the Gaza Strip has yet to be deter-
mined. In the view of the United States, the
term "West Bank" describes all of the area
west of the Jordan River under Jordanian ad-
ministration before the 1967 Arab-Israeli
war. However, with respect to negotiations
evisaged in the framework agreement, it is
US policy that a distinction must be made
between Jerusalem and the rest of the West
Bank because of the city's special status and
circumstances. Therefore, a negotiated solu-
tion for the final status of Jerusalem could be
different in character in some respects from
that of the rest of the West Bank.
Land
West Bank— 5,858.1 km2 (includes West
Bank, East Jerusalem, Latrun and "Jerusa-
lem No Man's Land," and the northwest
quarter of the Dead Sea; excludes Mt. Sco-
pus); less than one-half the size of North
Carolina; Gaza Strip — 363.3 km2; larger than
Washington, D.C.
Land boundaries: West Bank— 480.2 km;
Gaza Strip — 72.1 km
Water
Coastline: West Bank — none; Gaza Strip —
39.7 km
People
Population: total, 1,443,000 (July 1985); av-
erage annual growth rate 2.7%; West Bank
(including East Jerusalem)— 930,000 (July
1984), average annual growth rate 3.3%;
Gaza Strip— 508,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 3.7%
Nationality: West Bank — to be determined;
Gaza Strip — to be determined
Ethnic divisions: West Bank — 84% Palestin-
ian Arab and other, 12% Jewish, 4% Bedouin;
Gaza Strip — 99.8% Palestinian Arab and
other, 0.2% Jewish
Religion: West Bank— 80% Muslim (pre-
dominantly Sunni), 12% Jewish, 7% Christian
and other; Gaza Strip — 99% Muslim (pre-
dominantly Sunni), 0.8% Christian, 0.2%
Jewish
Language:
West Bank: Arabic; Israeli settlers speak He-
brew; English widely understood
Gaza Strip: Arabic; Israeli settlers speak He-
brew; English widely understood
Literacy: West Bank — statistics unavailable;
Gaza Strip — statistics unavailable
Labor force:
West Bank: (excluding Israeli Jewish settlers)
29.6% small industry, commerce, and busi-
ness; 24.7% construction; 22.6% agriculture;
and 23.1% service and other (1983)
Gaza Strip: (excluding Israeli Jewish settlers)
30.7% small industry, commerce and busi-
ness; 26.1% construction; 25.2% service and
other; and 18.0% agriculture
Government
The West Bank and the Gaza Strip are cur-
rently governed by Israeli military
authorities and their civil administrations. It
is US policy that the final status of these areas
will be determined by negotiations among
the concerned parties. These negotiations
will determine how this area is to be gov-
erned.
Economy
GNP: West Bank— $999 million (1982); Gaza
Strip— $486 million (1982)
Agriculture: West Bank — olives, citrus, and
other fruits, vegetables, beef, and dairy prod-
ucts; Gaza Strip — olives, citrus, and other
fruits, vegetables, beef, and dairy products
Major industries: the Israelis have estab-
lished modern industries in the settlements
and industrial centers (3 in West Bank and 1
in Gaza Strip); generally small family busi-
nesses that produce cement, textiles, soap,
olive wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl
souvenirs; Gaza Strip — generally small fam-
ily businesses that produce cement, textiles,
soap, olive wood carvings, and mother-of-
pearl souvenirs
Electric power: the Israel Electric Corpora-
tion, Ltd., exported 201.3 million kWh
during 1982; the 1983 export is estimated at
255 million kWh (exported is understood to
mean power provided to occupied territories)
West Bank: bulk of installed capacity con-
tained in two diesel powerplants —
Jerusalem-Shoufat plant (22,000 kW) and
Nablus plant ( 1 9,600 k W); total estimated ca-
pacity for all West Bank powerplants is
45,000 kW (1984); 90 million kWh produced
(1984), 60 kWh per capita
Gaza Strip: no known installed capacity;
power probably obtained from Israel
Exports: West Bank— $206.9 million (1983);
Gaza Strip— $168.5 million (1983)
260
West Bank and
Gaza Strip (continued)
Imports: West Bank— $462.4 million (1983);
Gaza Strip— $329.5 million (1983)
Major trade partners: West Bank — Jordan
and Israel; Gaza Strip — Egypt and Israel
Budget: within the occupied territories, each
municipality has its own budget; the follow-
ing data represent the sum of the revenues
and expenditures of the municipalities in
each area for fiscal year beginning 1 April
1983
West Bank: revenues, $15.2 million; expen-
ditures, $24.3 million
Gaza Strip: revenues, $12.0 million; expendi-
tures, $16.7 million
Monetary conversion rate:
West Bank: units of currency used are Israeli
shekel (56.21 =US$1, 1983 average), Jorda-
nian dinar (0.36=US$1, 1983 average), and
US dollar
Gaza Strip: units of currency used are Israeli
shekel (56.21=US$1, 1983 average), Egyp-
tian pound (1.43=US$1, February 1983
average), and US dollar
Communications
Railroads: West Bank — none; Gaza Strip —
one abandoned line throughout the entire
territory
Highways:
West Bank: small, poorly developed indige-
nous road network; Israelis have improved
major axial highways
Gaza Strip: small, poorly developed indige-
nous road network; Israelis have improved
major axial highways
•
Pipelines: West Bank — none; Gaza Strip —
none
Ports: West Bank — none; Gaza Strip — facili-
ties for small boats at Gaza
Civil air: West Bank — statistics unavailable;
Gaza Strip — statistics unavailable
Telecommunications: West Bank — no local
radio or TV stations; Gaza Strip — no local ra-
dio or TV stations
261
Appendix A
The United Nations System
M*in committees
Standing and procedural
committees
Other subsidiary organs of the
General Assembly
UNRWA: United Nations Relief
and Works Agency for Palestine
Refugees in the Near East
UNCTAD: United Nations
Conference on Trade and
Development
UNICEF: United Nations
Children's Fund
UNHCR: United Nations Office
of High Commissioner for
Refugees
WFP: World Food Program
UNTTAKi United Nations
Institute for Training and
Research
UNDP: United Nations
Development Program
UNIDO: United Nations
Industrial Development
Organization
UNEP: United Nations
Environment Program
UNU: United Nations
University
HABITAT: United Nations
Center for Human Settlements
UNFPA: United Nations Fund
for Population Activities
United Nations Special Fund
World Food Council
Trusteeship Council
Security Council
General Assembly
International Court
»f Justice
Secretariat
Economic and
Social Council
1 Regional Commissions
1 Functional Commissions
1 Sessional, standing, and ad
hoc committees
• Principal organs of the United
Nations
• Other United Nations organs
D Specialized agencies and other
autonomous organizations
within the system
' UNDOF: United Nations
Disengagement Observer Force
' UNFICYP: United Nations
Force in Cyprus
' UNIFIL: United Nations Interim
Forces in Lebanon
' UNMOGIP: United Nations
Military Observer Group in
India and Pakistan
• UNTSO: United Nations Truce
Supervision Organization
• Military Staff Committee
IAEA: International Atomic
Energy Agency
r D GATT: General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade
i
I ILO: international Labor
Organization
— D FAO: Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United
Nations
— Q UNESCO: United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and
Cultural Organization
— D WHO: World Health
Organization
— D IMF: International Monetary
Fund
D IDA: International
Development Association
C3 IBRD: International Bank for
Reconstruction and
Development
" —O IFC: International Finance
Corporation
-Q ICAO: International Civil
Aviation Organization
D UPU: Universal Postal Union
— D ITU: International
Telecommunication Union -
— D WMO: World Meteorological
Organization
— D IMO: International Maritime
Organization
— D WIPO: World Intellectual
Property Organization
— D IFAD: International Fund for
Agricultural Development
Based on a chart from the UN Chmnicle
262
Appendix B
Selected UN
Organizations
Principal Organs
GA
General Assembly
SC
Security Council
ECOSOC
Economic and Social Council
TC
Trusteeship Council
ICJ
International Court of Justice
Secretariat
Other organs
UNCTAD
UN Conference on Trade and Development
TDB
Trade and Development Board
UNDP
UN Development Program
UNICEF
UN Children's Fund
UNIDO
UN Industrial Development Organization
Regional Economic
Commissions
ECA
Economic Commission for Africa
ECE
Economic Commission for Europe
ECLA
Economic Commission for Latin America
ECWA
Economic Commission for Western Asia
ESCAP
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
Specialized
Agencies and
Other autonomous
Organizations
Within the
System
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization
IBRD
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)
ICAO
International Civil Aviation Organization
IDA
International Development Association (IBRD Affiliate)
IFAD
International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFC
International Finance Corporation (IBRD Affiliate)
ILO
International Labor Organization
IMF
International Monetary Fund
IMO
International Maritime Organization
ITU
International Telecommunication Union
UNESCO
UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
UPU
Universal Postal Union
WFC
World Food Council
WHO
World Health Organization
WIPO
World Intellectual Property Organization
WMO
World Meteorological Organization
GATT
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
263
Appendix C
Selected International
Organizations
A
AAPSO
Afro- Asian People's Solidarity Organization
ADB
Asian Development Bank
AfDB
African Development Bank
AIOEC
Association of Iron Ore Exporting Countries
ANRPC
Association of Natural Rubber Producing Countries
ANZUS
ANZUS Council; treaty signed by Australia, New Zealand, and
the United States
APC
African Peanut (Groundnut) Council
Arab League (League of Arab States)
ASEAN
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASPAC
Asian and Pacific Council
ASSIMER
International Mercury Producers Association
B
BENELUX
Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg Economic Union
BLEU
Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union
C
CACM
Central American Common Market
CARICOM
Caribbean Common Market
CARIFTA
Caribbean Free Trade Association
CCC
Customs Cooperation Council
CDB
Caribbean Development Bank
CEAO
West African Economic Community
CEMA
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
CENTO
Central Treaty Organization
CIPEC
Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries
Colombo Plan
Council of Europe
D
DAC
Development Assistance Committee (OECD)
E
EAMA
African States associated with the EEC
EC
European Communities
ECOWAS
Economic Community of West African States
EFTA
European Free Trade Association
EIB
European Investment Bank
ELDO
European Space Vehicle Launcher Development Organization
EMS
European Monetary System
ENTENTE
Political-Economic Association of Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Niger,
Upper Volta, and Togo
ESRO
European Space Research Organization
G
G-77
Group of 77
GCC
Gulf Cooperation Council
I
IADB
Inter-American Defense Board
IATP
International Association of Tungsten Producers
IBA
International Bauxite Association
IBEC
International Bank for Economic Cooperation
ICAC
International Cotton Advisory Committee
ICCAT
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas
ICCO
International Cocoa Organization
ICEM
Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration
ICES
International Cooperation in Ocean Exploration
ICO
International Coffee Organization
IDB
Inter-American Development Bank
IDE
Islamic Development Bank
IEA
International Energy Agency (associated with OECD)
264
I IHO
International Hydrographic Organization
International Lead and Zinc Study Group
IIB
International Investment Bank
INRO
International Natural Rubber Organization
INTELSAT
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
IOOC
International Olive Oil Council
IPU
Inter-Parliamentary Union
IRC
International Rice Council
ISO
International Sugar Organization
ITC
International Tin Council
IWC
International Whaling Commission
IWC
International Wheat Council
L LAIA
Latin American Integration Association
N NAM
Nonaligned Movement
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
O OAPEC
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
OAS
Organization of American States
OAU
Organization of African Unity
OCAM
Afro-Malagasy and Mauritian Common Organization
ODECA
Organization of Central American States
OECD
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
QIC
Organization of the Islamic Conference
OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
P PAHO
Pan American Health Organization
S SADCC
Southern African Development Coordination Committee
SELA
Latin American Economic System
SPC
South Pacific Commission
U UDEAC
Economic and Customs Union of Central Africa
UEAC
Union of Central African States
UPEB
Union of Banana Exporting Countries
W WEU
Western European Union
WFTU
World Federation of Trade Unions
WPC
World Peace Council
WSG
International Wool Study Croup
WTO
World Tourism Organization
Appendix D
Country Membership in Selected Organizations
Country
International Organizations
ADB ARAB ASEAN
LEAGUE
CACM CARICOM CEMA EC Ci-77 CCC IDB" IDBb INTELSAT LAIA
NATO OAPEC OAS
a Inter-American Development Bank
b Islamic Development Bank
Not a member of UN
266
United Nations Organizations
OAU OECD QIC OPEC SEI.A WFTU FAO CATT IAEA IBRD ICAO ICJ IDA IKAD IFC ILO IMF IMO ITU UNESCO UPU WHO WMO
d Ceased to participate in 1961
e Suspended
267
Country
International Organizations
ADB ARAB ASEAN
LEAGUE
CACM CAHICOM CEMA EC G-77 CCC 1DB" lDBb INTELSAT LAIA
NATO OAPEC OAS
German Democratic
Republic
Germany, Federal
Republic of
268
United Nations Organizations
OAU OECD O1C OPEC SELA WFTU FAO GATT IAEA IBRD ICAO ICJ IDA IFAD IFC ILO IMF IMO ITU UNESCO UPU WHO WMO
269
Country
International Organizations
ARAB ASEAN
LEAGUE
CACM CARICOM CEMA EC C-77 CCC IDB' IDBb INTELSAT LA1A
NATO OAPEC OAS
St. Vincent and
the Grenadines
270
United Nations Organizations
OAU OECD QIC OPEC SELA WFTU FAO CATT IAEA IBRD ICAO 1C] IDA IFAD • IFC ILO IMF IMO ITU UNESCO UPU WHO WMO
271
Country
International Organizations
ADB ARAB ASEAN CACM CARICOM CEMA EC G-77
LEAGUE
CCC IDE" IDBb INTELSAT LAIA
NATO OAPEC OAS
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland'
Syria
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Tonga'
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Tuvalu c
Uganda
Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Vanuatu
Vatican Cityc
Venezuela
Vietnam
Western Samoa
Yemen Arab Republic
Yemen, People's Demo-
cratic Republic of
Yugoslavia
Zaire
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Taiwan c
272
United Nations Organizations
OAU OECD QIC OPEC SELA WFTU FAO CATT IAEA IBRD ICAO ICJ IDA IFAD fFC ILO IMF IMO ITU UNESCO UPU WHO WMO
273
Appendix E
Conversion Factors
To Convert From
To
Multiply By
To Convert From
To
Multiply By
Acres
Hectares
0.4046856
Meters, cubic
Tons, register
0.353147
Acres
Kilometers, square
0.004046856
Miles, nautical
Kilometers
1.852
Acres
Meters, square
4046.856
Miles, statute
Centimeters
160934.4
Centimeters
Meters
0.01
Miles, statute
Meters
1609.344
Centimeters, square
Meters, square
0.0001
Miles, statute
Kilometers
1.609344
Degrees, Fahrenheit
Degrees, Celsius
subtract 32 and
multiply by 5/9
Miles, square
Hectares
258.9998
Miles, square
Kilometers, square
2.589998
Feet
Centimeters
30.48
Ounces, avoirdupois
Grams
28.349523
Feel
Meters
0.3048
Ounces, avoirdupois
Kilograms
0.028349523
Feet
Kilometers
0.0003048
Ounces, troy
Pounds, troy
0.083333
Feet, cubic
Liters
28.316847
Ounces, troy
Grams
31.10348
Feet, cubic
Meters, cubic
0.028316847
Pints, liquid
Milliliters
473.176473
Feet, square
Centimeters, square
929.0304
Pints, liquid
Liters
0.473176473
Feet, square
Meters, square
0.09290304
Pounds, avoirdupois
Grams
453.59237
Gallons, US liquid
Liters
3.785412
Pounds, avoirdupois
Kilograms
0.45359237
Gallons, US liquid
Meters, cubic
0.003785412
Pounds, avoirdupois
Quintals
0.00453592
Grams
Ounces, troy
0.032151
Pounds, avoirdupois
Tons, metric
0.000453592
Grams
Pounds, troy
0.002679
Pounds, troy
Ounces, troy
12
Hectares
Kilometers, square
0.01
Pounds, troy
Grams
373.241722
Hectares
Meters, square
10,000
Quarts, dry
Liters
1.101221
Indies
Centimeters
2.54
Quarts, dry
Dekaliters
0.1101221
Inches
Meters
0.0254
Quarts, liquid
Milliliters
946.352946
Inches, cubic
Milliliters
16.387064
Quarts, liquid
Liters
0.946352946
Inches, cubic
Liters
0.016387064
Quintals
Tons, metric
0.1
Inches, cubic
Meters, cubic
0.000016387064
Tons, long
Kilograms
1016.047
Inches, square
Centimeters, square
6.4516
Tons, long
Tons, metric
1.016047
Inches, square
Meters, square
0.00064516
Tons, metric
Quintals
10
Kilograms
Ounces, troy
32.15075
Ton-miles, long
Ton-kilometers, metric
1.635169
Kilograms
Pounds, troy
2.679229
Ton-miles, short
Ton-kilometers, metric
1.459972
Kilograms
Tons, metric
0.001
Tons, register
Meters, cubic
2.831685
Kilometers, square
Hectares
100
Tons, short
Kilograms
907.185
Liters
Milliliters
1000
Tons, short
Tons, metric
0.907185
Liters
Meters, cubic
0.001
Yards
Centimeters
91.44
Meters
Millimeters
1000
Yards
Meters
0.9144
Meters
Centimeters
100
Yards, cubic
Liters
764.5549
Meters
Kilometers
0.001
Yards, cubic
Meters, cubic
0.7645549
Meters, cubic
Liters
1000
Yards, square
Meters, square
0.836127
274
The World (Guide to Regional Maps)
Arctic Ocea
05 120 135 150
The United SUt«* Government h» not recognued
the incorporation of Elton*, Latvia, and Lithuania
into tha Soviet Union Other boundary repreientation
i. not ..«..„„!, .Oih«,,.t,,. Arctic Ocean
iC^^L
U.S.
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ION
st and South Asia
VIII
U.S.'*
CHINA
*'*Hon9 Kong [U K i
Macau
V PHILIPPINES
Southeast Asia
,,Map IX
Oceania
Map X
S SOLOMON
>, v ISLANDS IUVALU
FIJI*
Oceania
Map x
NEW
ZEALAND,
ItALANU
800234 (545038) 4-85
Map
30112046485964
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