World Fishing Fleets
An Analysis of Distant-water Fleet Operations
Past - Present - Future
Volume VI
Western Europe and Canada
NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
U.S. Department of Commerce
World Fishing Fleets:
An Analysis of Distant-water Fleet Operations
Past - Present - Future
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Volume VI
fflS
so
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so
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Western Europe and Canada
Prepared by
The Office of International Affairs
William B. Folsom
David J, Rovinsky
Dennis M. Weidner
^ ^ ^^
November 1993
NCAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-14
NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Silver Spring, Maryland
November 1993
WORLD FISHING FLEETS
Western Europe and Canada
Volume 6.
1.0 Overview 1
2.0 European Community 13
2.1 Belgium 49
2.2 Denmark 57
2.3 France 69
2.4 Germany 81
2.5 Greece 91
2.6 Ireland 101
2.7 Italy 109
2.8 Netherlands 119
2.9 Portugal 131
2.10 Spain 141
2.11 United Kingdom 157
3.0 Non-EC European countries 167
3.1 Cyprus 172
3.2 Faroe Islands 181
3.3 Finland 197
3.4 Greenland 205
3.5 Iceland 213
3.6 Malta 223
3.7 Norway 231
3.8 Sweden 241
3.9 Turkey 251
4.0 Canada 257
5.0 Summary 267
Appendices 275
m
STATISTICAL NOTE
The principal source of statistical data for this study was Lloyd 's Register of Shipping which provided
uninterrupted statistical data from 1975 through June 1992. The Lloyd's Register of Shipping includes worldwide
data for vessels having over 500-gross registered tons (i.e., high-seas fishing vessels) that can be used for tracking
overall trends and making comparisons among countries. There were two problems the authors faced when using
Lloyd's Register: (1) many high-seas vessels are in the 100-499-GRT range, and (2) Lloyd's Register included
Greenland's fleet statistics under Denmark and began including the Faroe Island's fishing fleet statistics under
Denmark beginning in 1987. This caused considerable confusion about ihe size of these three countries' fishing
fleets. Information was also obtained from a variety of other sources:
1) FAO: The authors obtained some fleet data from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Fishery Fleet
Statistics: Bulletin of Fishery Statistics. The FAO statistics also cover the entire world fishing fleet, including small
coastal vessels, but frequently have substantial periods for which no data were available, especially during the early
1970s, late 1980s, and early 1990s. The FAO statistics were, thus, less useful than the Lloyd's Register of Shipping
statistics and were used primarily for general background.
2) OECD: The Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), Review of Fisheries in OECD
Member Countries was another important source, especially for some of the earlier years.
3) Country statistics: The authors also used some individual country studies when data were available for long
enough periods to reveal meaningful trends. These country studies included the Annual Report on German Fisheries
(FRG), Fishery Fleet Statistics (Norway), L'evolution du secteur beige de la peche maritime (Belgium), and Sea
Fisheries Statistical Tables (UK).
Statistics prepared by international organizations and governments range from excellent to poor and, in
some instances, non-existent. Different reporting methods and reporting periods can produce minor variations
between various sources that complicate meaningful comparisons. Some countries collect data on powered vessels
only; some include non-powered fishing vessels in their statistics. Other nations report only vessels over a certain
tonnage while still others include only "decked" vessels (i.e. , those with a deck as opposed to open rowboats without
a deck). Countries also change their reporting methods or periodically refine their data in later years. The authors
recognize that different numbers have been, or can be, cited for the same country's fleet for the same year. This
report attempts to overcome the problem by using a single source (Lloyd's Register of Shipping) and supplementing
the information with other reliable sources as available.
EMPHASIS ON HIGH-SEAS FLEET
The authors have decided for the purposes of this study to define high-seas fishing vessels as vessels of
500-GRT or more. The authors decided to use this definition for analytical simplicity. Existing data sets, such as
those provided by Lloyd's, give worldwide fleet statistics based on the size, but not the deployment of vessels. The
authors have had to rely on such data sets because compiling comprehensive world-wide statistics from national
statistical reports was beyond the resources available for this study. The authors recognize, however, that small
coastal vessels can be shifted from one country to another. Many countries deploy vessels smaller than 500-GRT
on the high-seas. The authors, for example, were faced with the problem of not using statistics which identified
high-seas vessels in the 100- to 499-GRT range, because these vessels were below the 500-GRT cutoff point.
Alternatively, some countries deploy vessels larger than 500-GRT in coastal fisheries. The authors believe that
focusing on vessels of 500-GRT or more, from one respected source, provided an excellent picture of basic trends.
In our study we have used the term "high-seas" to identify vessels over 500-GRT that fish beyond 200-
miles Exclusive Economic Zones. As indicated above, there are many vessels in the 100-GRT to 499-GRT that
can also fish on the high-seas or that fish thousands of miles from their home ports. In many cases we used the
term "distant-water" to identify fishing grounds far from home ports of various countries. Readers are cautioned
that there are a few instances where the terms overlap: vessels under 500-GRT fishing far beyond 200-miles and
vessels over 2,000-GRT fishing close to shore. The authors have attempted to identify "high-seas" versus "distant-
water" fisheries as much as possible, but there were a few cases where the authors simply did not have sufficient
information about certain vessels or fisheries.
VI
A WORD ABOUT REFLAGGING
Reflagging, registering a vessel in another country, is a growing concern for fishery managers around the
world. Reflagging is done for many reasons. The simplest case is a vessel owner in one country selling a vessel
to a new owner in a different country. In other cases, local requirements may require all joint venture fisheries'
vessels to fly the flag of one particular country. In some instances, and particularly for older and less efficient
vessels, fishermen may not be able to operate profitably in one country and may reflag their vessel in another where
taxes, fuel costs, and crew salaries are less onerous. While there are several major reasons for reflagging a vessel,
one reason of growing concern is reflagging to avoid internationally agreed measures for the conservation and
management of living marine resources. By reflagging a vessel with a country that is not a signatory to an
agreement designed to manage and/or conserve living marine resources, a vessel may avoid the
regulations/conservation measures for a regional area. The problem is compounded by the fact that many of the
countries frequently used for reflagging simply do not have the staff to monitor the fishing operations of their
flagged vessels throughout the world. The issue of reflagging is gaining international attention and is the subject of
the proposed Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures for
Fishing Vessels on the High Seas approved by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in
November 1993 for ratification by interested States.
SPECIAL NOTICE: In the preparation of this report, the authors noted that in many instances reflagging simply
involved the transfer of ownership from one owner to another. The reasons for other reflaggings were less clear.
However, the purpose of this project was to identify trends and the results obtained through our research efforts
show that reflagging has increased sharply in the last few years.
Vll
This volume should be cited as: Folsom, Willliam B., David J. Rovinsky and Dennis M. Weidner. Western Europe
and Canada (fishing fleets). Published in: "World Fishing Fleets: An Analysis of Distant-water Fleet Operations.
Past-Present-Future. Volume VI." Prepared by the Office of International Affairs, National Marine Fisheries
Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Conmierce. Silver Spring, Maryland, November 1993.
Prepared by:
Division of International Science, Development and Foreign Fisheries Analysis
The Office of International Affairs, F/IA2
National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA
U.S. Department of Commerce
1335 East- West Highway
Silver Spring, MD 20910-3225
TEL: 301-713-2286
FAX: 301-713-2313
viu
OVERVIEW
West European fishing fleets harvest approximately 12-percent of the world's fish and shellfish. This
harvest is usually sold fresh or is processed into high-value seafood items generating billions of dollars in world
markets. European fishermen operate a range of fishing vessels, from small coastal vessels to super-factory ships.
Unlike fishermen from some Asian countries, the West Europeans tend to fish close to home - in the North Atlantic
and Mediterranean. The European Commimity (EC), however, has worked assiduously to negotiate a network of
fishery agreements on behalf of its member states and over 800 EC-flag fishing vessels currently fish from various
ports along the coast of Africa and into the Indian Ocean. The EC is now attempting to open access to Latin
American waters for their fishing vessels because several important stocks of North Atlantic fish, such as Atlantic
cod, have collapsed in recent years. This has placed a tremendous financial burden on the fishing industries of
many EC countries dependent upon fishing in the North Atlantic region. In 1993, 100-1- West European vessels
were reflagged to foreign registry. This number could double if EC negotiators are unable to negotiate access to
Namibia in 1994 or if the Argentines fail to ratify an agreement allowing EC vessels to fish in their waters in 1994.
CONTENTS
I. Overview 1
II. Introduction 4
Highlights 4
Growth of the high-seas fleets 4
European Community 6
Non-EC Europe 8
Canada 8
Summary 8
Sources 10
Endnotes 11
I. OVERVIEW
There are several important points about West
European and Canadian fisheries that will assist the
reader in comprehending the status of these diverse
fisheries and fleets in 1993:
■ 100-1- reflagged vessels (from Western Europe) are
believed to be fishing in the Atlantic or Pacific Ocean
in 1993.
■ 7 to 8 West European-flag vessels are believed to
be fishing on the high-seas in the South Atlantic or
Pacific Ocean in 1993.'
■ 800-1- West European vessels fish in the North
Atlantic and Mediterranean or in coastal waters of
other countries under bi-lateral fishery agreements
negotiated by the European Community (EC).
■ 300 + West European high-seas fishing vessels will
be redeployed, sold, scrapped, or otherwise
decommissioned between 1993 and 1995.^
■ 270+ of these vessels belong to the EC fishing
fleet and 30+ of these vessels belong to the non-EC
countries.'
■ The EC vessels must be deployed off Argentina or
Namibia in the near future to avoid bankruptcies.
■ If EC negotiators are unable to conclude
agreements with Argentina'' and Namibia, then over
200 additional EC vessels could be converted to non-
fishery use, sold, or scrapped.
■ Non-EC countries have one-third the number of
high-seas vessels and a only few of these vessels
(possibly 30) could be sold to fishermen in other
countries.
■ Canada's East Coast fisheries are facing
tremendous pressure in the face of complete
moratoriums on fishing and this may tempt some
Canadian fishermen to consider selling or reflagging
their vessels in the future.
■ Reflagging became significant in 1993, as 100 +
West European fishermen reflagged their vessels in
Belize, the Cayman Islands, Cyprus, the Dominican
Republic, Honduras, Malta, Panama, or St. Vincent.
CURRENT fflGH-SEAS nSHING
Despite a fleet of nearly 800 high-seas fishing
vessels, only 7-8 West European-flag vessels are
believed to be currently fishing on the high-seas in
the Atlantic and Pacific in 1993. The vessels that
currently fish the high-seas include: the German-flag
Jan Maria, the Dirk Dirk, and the Gerda Maria' and
the Dutch-flag Dirk Diederick, Franziska, Cornelis
Vrolijk Fzn, and Zeeland.^ These vessels are built to
roam the oceans of the world, catching or
"kondiking" (buying), processing, and freezing up to
250 tons of herring, mackerel, or horse mackerel a
day. One tuna purse seiner, the Isabel Tuna, flying
the Cypriot flag, is currently fishing in the Eastern
Tropical Pacific. A Spanish tuna purse seiner, the
Montedaro, reportedly sank in this same area on
July 14, 1993.' The non-EC countries also fish
close to home, in the North Atlantic or Mediterranean
and a few non-EC fishing firms operate a small
number of joint venture operations in distant-water
fisheries.
FUTURE FLEET DEPLOYMENT
EC countries will deploy or decommission
approximately 270 high-seas fishing vessels. Spain,
Portugal, and the United Kingdom will mainly
redeploy their vessels in the next 2 years, but some
vessels may be decommissioned. Greece, France,
Germany, and Denmark, will mostly decommission
their vessels. Some vessels may be involved in joint
venture arrangements allowing the transfer of
ownership in return for access to the resource for a
limited period of time. Most of the Spanish and
Portuguese vessels will be deployed off Namibia and
Argentina as foreign-fiag vessels fishing with coastal
state licenses or as part of a joint venture
arrangement with companies in the coastal country.
• Argentina - The EC initialed an agreement with
Argentina during December 1992. The agreement
was a major policy change for the Argentines who
had previously imposed restrictive conditions for
access.* The agreement will permit 70 EC vessels
to fish off Argentina under a variety of joint venture
arrangements. Most of these vessels will be Spanish.
The agreement has not yet been ratified by
Argentina.'
• Namibia - The EC has not yet been able to
negotiate an access agreement with Namibia, although
it remains a high priority. Namibia has, to date,
rejected all EC offers to negotiate a fisheries
agreement. Namibia ended all foreign fishing in its
200-mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) when it
became independent in 1991. This affected 200
Spanish and 10 Portuguese vessels. Namibian
officials now report that the country's hake stocks are
recovering and that they hope to market this popular
fish in EC markets.'" They will require EC
concurrence to do so. It is likely that bilateral
fishery negotiations between the EC and Namibia will
resume in 1993 or 1994." It is unknown if all 210
EC vessels, which fished there before 1991, will be
able to return to Namibian waters. Those that caimot
will likely be sold, transferred to other non-fishing
operations, or scrapped.
• Indian Ocean - The EC has negotiated a series of
agreements which provide access for EC tuna seiners
to Indian Ocean resources. This fleet may expand
especially if Italian vessels join this fleet.
• Pacific - There is a possibility that some Spanish
or French world-class tuna purse seiners might be
fishing in the Western Pacific Ocean. One Spanish
tuna vessel, the Montedaro, sank in the Eastern
tropical Pacific on July 14, 1993.'^ There are 6 ex-
Spanish tuna vessels currently reflagged in Panama
which may be fishing for tuna in the Pacific, along
with 1 vessel reflagged in Malta and 1 reflagged in
Cyprus.
The non-EC countries are unlikely to redeploy
large numbers of their vessels in distant-water
fisheries. These countries have never operated
extensively beyond the North Sea or North Atlantic
and are unlikely to initiate such high-cost operations
requiring lengthy trips at this time. However,
individual companies may seek to fish under joint
venture arrangements in distant waters, such as off
New Zealand, South Africa, Peru, or possibly even
off Russia. The shift to distant waters will depend
upon the recovery of cod stocks in the North
Atlantic.
are now being sold for a fraction of their original
cost. Some of Greenland's fleet of shrimp trawlers
and cod factoryships could be sold, though in all
probability to other Nordic countries.
REFLAGGING
Reflagging is becoming significant as declining
catches, increasingly severe management measures,
and adverse economic conditions force some
fishermen to seek alternatives to existing regimes.
Danish fishermen reflagged a few vessels in Panama
in an attempt to fish wild Atlantic salmon in 1989-91 .
A Spanish and a Belgian firm currently employs
Taiwanese longliners out of Honduras. Cyprus and
Malta have become important centers for reflagging
in 1993.''' Belize, the Dominican Republic,
Panama, and St. Vincent are all attracting West
European vessels to their registries. Norway recently
encountered several Caribbean-flag countries fishing
between the Russian and Norwegian 200-mile limits
in the Barents Sea.''
DECOMMISSIONING EFFORTS
The EC is the only West European body with a
major, long-term program aimed at reducing the size
of its fleet. The EC's Multi-Annual Guidance
Program (MAGP) is a 10-year effort designed to
reduce the size of the EC fleet by 1996. This
program, however, is primarily aimed at reducing the
size of coastal fishing vessels, although high-seas
vessels will be included. The MAGP calls for
vessels to be permanently withdrawn from EC rolls,
through transfer to non-fishing status, sale to third
countries, or scrapping. The number of EC vessels
that will be decommissioned ultimately depends upon
the success of EC negotiators in gaining access to
Namibian waters and to the success of the Argentine
agreement when it is approved.
The authors believe that approximately 30 non-
EC high-seas vessels could be sold between 1993 and
1995.'^ Icelandic fishermen are likely to sell some
used vessels to reduce operating costs of companies
adversely affected by the current (1991-93) decline in
cod stocks, which are not expected to recover until
1996-98. Norwegian fishermen may also sell some
vessels during 1993-94. Faroese fishing vessels, in
particular, are for sale at attractive prices. The
vessels were built with generous state subsidies and
n. INTRODUCTION
A. IDGHLIGHTS
West European countries deploy some of the
world's most modem and efficient fishing vessels,
which include both coastal and high-seas fleets.
Coastal fleets: West European countries
currently deploy primarily coastal fishing fleets.
The West European coastal fleet in 1992, totaled
nearly 1 10,000 vessels, or about 99 percent of
the total number of fishing vessels deployed by
West European countries (see Appendix 1).'^
This focus on coastal fisheries reflects many
factors including restrictions on access by foreign
countries, lower fuel consumption and operating
costs, and crew work preferences. The portion
of the fleet devoted to coastal fisheries has
remained constant in recent years. West
European fishermen operated about 110,000
vessels in 1975 and while the number declined
during the 1970s and early 1980s, the fleet by
1992 had recovered to about that same number
of vessels. The difference between the West
European fishing fleet in 1975 and the fleet in
1990 is that the EC now controls the bulk of the
fleet (Appendix 1)."
High-seas fleets: West European countries also
deploy high-seas'* fishing fleets. The 1992 West
European high-seas fleet was composed of 653
vessels, '"* a small fraction of the number of
coastal vessels (Appendix 1). While this is less
than 1 percent of the number of vessels in all
size categories, the high-seas vessels (those over
500-Gross Registered Tons, or CRT) account for
about 37 percent of the total fleet in terms of
capacity.
The European fishing fleets have undergone
major changes during the 1970s and 1980s). The
overall number of vessels has not changed, but the
capacity has expanded as the fishermen purchased
larger, more efficient vessels (Figure 1).
■ Medium-to-large:
There has been a gradual reduction in the
number of vessels in the 500- to 999-GRT class
as larger ships have been added to the fleet
(Appendix 10 and Figure 2).
■ Large-to-super:
The number of vessels in the 1 ,000- to 1 , 999-
GRT class increased modestly from 243 vessels
in 1975 to 273 vessels in 1992. The growth in
this class reflects, to a certain extent, the
construction of tuna purse seiners by French and
Spanish fishing companies. These vessels are
currently deployed in the Eastern Atlantic, Gulf
of Guinea, and Indian Ocean.
■ Super-class:
The number of vessels over 2,000-GRT
increased from 55 in 1975 to 79 vessels in 1992
(Appendix 10 and Figure 2). The increase is due
to the construction of "super trawlers and
seiners." Dutch, German, and Irish fishermen
are deploying these super trawlers or seiners for
pelagic and demersal species in the North and
South Atlantic. The vessels are equipped with
processing facilities (producing fishmeal, canned
packs, fillets, other frozen products, and surimi).
B. GROWTH OF THE HIGH-SEAS FLEETS
West European fleets declined during the late
1970s and early 1980s as many older vessels were
withdrawn. The fleet began expanding in 1987 until
overfishing resulted in management demands to trim
the size of the fleet in 1991. While the current
number of high-seas vessels is little changed from
1975, the fleet capacity set an all-time record in 1991
(Appendix 2 and Figure 3). This is significant as the
fleet capacity is a much better indicator of fishing
potential than the number of vessels.
The 3 periods in the growth of the West
European high-seas fishing fleets are shown below:
1975-86: Most West European countries
reported substantial declines in their high-seas
fleets beginning in 1976 after many countries
declared 200-mile EEZs limiting or ending
foreign fishing. The high-seas fleet declined
from 806 vessels in 1976 to 627 vessels in 1983,
or by 22 percent (Appendix 1 and Figure 3).
There was a slight increase in numbers of high-
seas vessels during 1983-86 as fishermen added
3 new vessels for a total of 630 vessels by 1986.
1987-91: West European countries in 1987
began rapidly expanding their high-seas fleet,
from 630 in 1986 to 684 in 1987; this amounted
to 54 new ships in one year! The fleet increase
continued during the next few years reaching 857
vessels in 1991 (Appendix 1 and Figure 3), or by
25 percent. The increase can be seen in both the
EC fleet and non-EC fleet. The increase can be
partially attributed to EC funding programs
designed to modernize the fishing fleets of the
member countries.
1992: The West European high-seas fleet in
1992 included 804 high-seas vessels, including
591 registered with the EC and 213 registered in
non-EC countries. The 1992 total was below the
peak of 857 vessels reported in 1991 and was the
first decline since 1986. The authors do not yet
know if this represents the beginning of an
overall decline or simply a pause in the long-
term increase reponed since 1987.
Most West European high-seas fleets are owned
and operated by fishing firms in EC-member
countries. The EC high-seas fleet is one of the
largest in the world. EC officials believe that the
fleet is overcapitalized and that the overall fleet
capacity significantly exceeds the potential of
available fishing grounds."" EC officials believe that
the high-seas fleet must be reduced, or deployed to
distant-water grounds, to bring fleet capacity in line
with available coastal resources. Despite EC fleet
reduction programs, the number of EC vessels is
little changed from 1975; the 1991 capacity was
718,000-GRT, only slightly below the 740,000 GRT
reported in 1975. Despite the investment in modem,
high-seas vessels by EC fishermen, the fisheries catch
has slowly decreased from 6.7 million metric tons
(tons) in 1980 to 6.5 million tons in 1990 before
increasing to 6.9 million tons in 1992.
The decline in the EC fisheries catch through
1990 was also matched by a decline in groundfish
stocks, caused by overfishing and biological
fluctuations. The decline in groundfish harvests is
particularly important, because these species
command high prices in Western Europe and are vital
to profitable operations of the fishing fleet.
Table l.-EC. Fisheries catch, 1980, 1985, and 1992.
Country
1980
1985
1992
1.000 Metric Tons
Belgium
46
45
37
Denmark
2,028
1,765
1,793
France
788
838
813
Germany
307
225
310
Greece
105
115
149
Ireland
149
231
241
Italy
507
589
510
Netherlands
340
504
443
Portugal
271
306
330
Spain
1,315
1,183
1,350
United Kingdom 847
902
924
Total
6,703
6,701
6,918*
Source: FAO,
Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, Rome,
various years.
♦Preliminary
data.
Of particular concern to the EC has been the
gradual reduction in the catch of Atlantic cod (Gadus
morhua), in recent years. Atlantic cod is highly
prized in European markets and commands high
prices. The decline in its catch from 463,000 tons in
1985 to 333,000 tons in 1990, has significantly
reduced fishermen's profits.
Table 2.
-EC.
Catch of Atlantic cod, 1986-1991.
Country
1986
1987 1988
1989
1990
1991
1,000 Metric
tons
Belgium
8
9 7
5
4
4
Denmark
154
150 128
116
99
85
France
64
48 51
48
44
12
Germany
48
46 46
44
57
34
Ireland
7
9 10
7
4
4
Netherlands 25
21 17
12
12
7
Portugal
47
2 15
25
16
14
Spain
55
42 45
42
27
27
UK
90
113 92
78
70
66
TOTAL:
498
461 411
377
333
253
Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, 1991
Rome, 1993.
The EC catch of Atlantic cod reportedly will decline
further in 1992 and 1993. Poor recruitment,
fluctuating oceanographic conditions, and overfishing
makes it difficult to predict when the cod population
will recover. It is expected to take several years
under the most optimistic conditions.
A similar decline occurred in the North Atlantic
fisheries for haddock {Melaonogrammus aeglefinus,
which declined from 356,000 tons in 1982 to 164,000
tons in 1991), saithe {Pollachius virens), and whiting
(Merlangius merlangus) fisheries. Biological
fluctuations can explain part of the decline, but
overfishing, EC officials claim, is the principal cause
of the decline. The heavy investment in large,
modem fishing vessels during 1987-90 certainly
contributed to the increasing pressure on some of
these stocks.^'
Other European countries, besides the EC
countries, also have high-seas fleets. The Nordic
countries, however, have experience in distant-water
grounds beyond neighboring countries in the North
Atlantic; some have ventured off the coast of
Newfoundland. In many cases the capacity of the
fleets exceeds available stocks and the countries
involved are concerned with how to reduce capacity.
The status of stocks and economic conditions in the
North Atlantic will influence the transfer of other
high-seas vessels into or out of Nordic fisheries.
During 1993, there was an increase in the number of
large Norwegian vessels taking advantage of
recovering cod stocks and the return of capelin
stocks. Iceland has also seen a return in capelin in
recent years. The Faroe Islands, Greenland, and
Iceland, have been adversely affected by declining
catches of Atlantic cod during 1990-93.
C. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
The EC high-seas fishing fleet is overcapitalized.
The Commission of the European Communities
submitted its assessment of the EC fleets in 1991.
EC officials concluded that the existing fleet cannot
be profitably deployed on available fishing grounds. "
Major fishery resources could be severely depleted if
the existing fleet was deployed without major
restrictions on effort. Such effort restrictions,
however, increase operating costs and adversely
affect profitability. EC officials concluded that:
"Stocks of round and flat fish, representing about
35 percent of stocks covered by TACs, are fully
exploited or over-exploited. Tins is causing a
perceptible decline in the volume of landings and
keeping fishermen 's incomes below the optimum
level. ""
1 . The EC fleet
EC countries are some of the most important
fishing countries in the world. While other countries
deploy larger fleets catching more fish (China,
Russia, Japan, Chile, and Peru), few other countries
operate such efficient vessels producing high-quality
fishery products or support such high incomes for
fishermen as do the EC countries.
The 1992 EC high-seas fleet was composed of
about 591 vessels having about 718,000-GRT, down
about 7 percent from the 648 vessels on the EC's
1991 fleet register (Appendix 1 and Figure 4). The
distant-water fleet is only a small fraction of the
estimated 90,000 vessels, registering an estimated 2
million GRT in 1992, which comprises the entire EC
fishing fleet. The EC fleet increased steadily from
52,500 vessels reported in 1975 to an estimated
90,000 vessels in 1992. There was a minor decline
in 1985-86, followed by an increase in 1987 followed
by a gradual decline through 1991 (Appendix 1 and
Figure 4). The EC fleet was increased by the
accession of Greece in 1 98 1 and Portugal and Spain
in 1986; all 3 countries had huge fishing fleets.
Lucrative EC subsidies, designed to modernize the
fishing fleet, also contributed to the growth in the
fleet, beginning in 1984-85. Spanish and Portuguese
fishermen were initially concerned that the EC would
not be sympathetic to their needs when the two
nations joined the EC in 1986. Many felt that
domination by northern Europeans would hurt local
fisheries. EC efforts to assist Spanish and Portuguese
fishermen, by funding many fleet construction
projects, helped stimulate some of the growth and
served to reassure Spanish and Portuguese fleet
owners that the EC was indeed concerned about their
needs. The EC's willingness to allow countries time
to bring their fleets into alignment gave some
fishermen a "window of opportunity" between 1988
and 1992, to exceed fleet size limits without
consequences. The authors also believe that some
fishermen adopted a "go all out" attitude by building
bigger and more efficient vessels and fishing coastal
resources without concern about the consequences.
Many may have also concluded that they would fare
better in future EC fishery schemes if they could
demonstrate a substantial fishery. This may explain
why some countries suddenly began increasing the
size of their high-seas fleets despite signs that the
resources were already fully or even over-exploited.
2. Reducing fleet overcapacity
The EC effort to reduce overcapacity has
included a variety of alternative approaches. EC
rules permit the transfer of vessels to new fisheries or
to non-fishing operations, restricting fishing effort
(requiring fishermen to remain in port for certain
periods of time, restricfing grounds, or limiting
fishing net mesh sizes), or deploying them in distant-
water fisheries. Scrapping or selling the vessels to
other countries, although permitted and encouraged,
is not the normal approach taken by the EC. Most
vessels withdrawn from the fishery are converted to
non-fishery uses including conversion into boats for
offshore oil work, houseboats, research craft, etc. A
few vessels, however, are sold or scrapped.
Transferring vessels to non-fishery status: A
review of the EC's decommissioning programs during
1985-86, shows that many vessels were converted
into vessels designed for offshore oil use in the North
Sea. Many other vessels were converted into
houseboats, research vessels, or other uses.
Restricting fishing effort: EC fishery ministers
have pushed hard to develop alternatives to
decommissioning schemes. Restricted efforts include
increasing the size of mesh to allow younger fish to
escape. The EC Council established a 100 millimeter
mesh size during their meeting on October 28,
1991.^^ Other options include requiring vessels to
remain in port for certain days as part of a "tie-up"
program.^ Limits on landings sizes for mackerel,
anchovy, horse mackerel, scallops, and whiting have
also been enacted. Other measures are being
examined. These methods can provide temporary
relief to vessel owners and to stocks of fish.
However, these provisional measures increase
operating expenses and eventually undermine the
profitability of EC fisheries. These stop-gap
measures are, however, popular with politicians who
must face irate constituents who object to more
serious reductions in Total Allowable Catch (TAC)
quotas or allocations.
Scrapping: Vessels which are in very poor condition
can be sold for scrap. This is a viable option and
scrapping does occur. The financial returns,
obviously, are less than if the vessels can be sold for
other uses. Past experience suggests that vessel
owners will attempt to maximize their investments in
these vessels by converting the vessels to non-fishery
uses and will attempt to sell them as second-hand,
reconverted vessels at prices considerably higher than
prices paid for scrap metal.
Sale to third countries: EC vessels are frequently
sold to third countries. Fishing News International
devotes several pages to the trade in fishing vessels
and EC vessels are frequently included in this
section. The failure of the EC to locate suitable
distant-water fishing grounds, especially for Spanish
vessels, is likely to result in a large number of
Spanish vessels being offered for sale in the coming
years. The authors, however, believe that EC
negotiators will be able to negotiate access to
Namibian waters and thus do not expect to see
significant numbers of vessels being sold in the near
future.^'
Deployment to distant grounds: European
fishermen deployed many of their high-seas vessels in
distant-water fisheries long before the EC was given
the authority to negotiate international fishery
agreements on behalf of EC member states." These
distant-water fisheries changed significantly between
1960 and 1980, as nations extended their 200-mile
fishery limits. By 1980, 200-mile EEZs had been
announced by 93 countries, covering 130 million
square kilometers or nearly 35-percent of the world's
ocean area and almost all of the important fishing
grounds. This global shift in marine jurisdiction
impacted on EC fishing nations and made it
imperative that the EC aggressively seek new outlets
for its fishing fleet.
International agreements have been used
effectively by the EC to deploy its massive fleet to
distant fishing grounds. Many of these agreements
were pre-existing: neighboring state to neighboring
state or bilateral agreements between European
countries and their former colonies. The EC's task,
in many cases, was simply to negotiate extensions of
these treaties on behalf of all its member states. In
other instances, however, negotiations had to be
initiated with new partners. The EC has gone on to
establish an intricate, far-flung series of fishery
accords stretching from the United States to the Baltic
Sea and from Morocco around the Cape of Good
Hope and out into the Indian Ocean. These
arrangements have been negotiated at considerable
expense, although the total cost and an assessment of
the benefits actually accruing to the EC are not
available. An examination of the existing EC
network of fishery agreements is presented in
subsequent sections of this report. The EC would
now like to extend the range of its fishery
arrangements with a series of agreements in Latin
America. Some observers believe that the EC will
encounter more difficulty in negotiating in Latin
America than they encountered in Africa. The ability
of the EC to conclude meaningful fishery accords in
Latin America is yet to be demonstrated.
Some EC-member nations will be impacted more
than others as the EC restructures the Community
fishing fleet to bring fishing capacity in-line with
available resources. Most countries will have to
reduce the number of vessels in their high-seas fleets.
In some instances (especially Spain) the reductions
will be significant and cause considerable economic
dislocation. Some countries, however, will be able
to expand their fleets because they have already
reduced their fleet size and will be in a position to
expand their fleets in the future with vessels better
designed to harvest available resources profitably.
D. NON-EC EUROPE
Non-EC countries, especially the Nordic
countries, also have overcapitalized fleets with
capacities exceeding available resources. The non-
EC high-seas fleets have nearly doubled from 114
vessels in 1975 to 213 vessels in 1992 (Appendix 1
and Figure 5). This is out of a total fishing fleet of
approximately 20,000 vessels of all descriptions.
Much of the increase has been reported by Norway,
but most of the countries involved report expanding
fleets. The Faroe Islands have faced economic
dislocations in recent years and many fishing vessel
owners have faced bankruptcy; these individuals are
attempting to sell their vessels. The same situation is
true in Iceland where poor recruitment, unfavorable
oceanic conditions, and overfishing have resulted in
lower quotas for the lucrative Atlantic cod. This also
has prompted some vessel owners to sell their
vessels. Cyprus, Malta, and Turkey operate only one
or two high-seas vessels. Information on these
vessels and their fishing grounds and operations is
scant.
The non-EC countries, especially the Nordic
countries, have programs similar to the EC to assist
fishermen in modernizing their fishing fleets. These
include subsidies to purchase new vessels or to
upgrade older vessels. Some countries encourage
fishermen operating older vessels to convert them to
other uses or to scrap the vessels. Unlike the EC,
however, the Nordic countries do not have a
systematic program to negotiate access to distant
fishing grounds for their fishermen.
E. CANADA
Canadian fisheries are divided between their
Atlantic and Pacific Ocean fisheries. Atlantic
Canada's fisheries have been buffeted by major
difficulties in recent years as biological fluctuations,
oceanic conditions, and overfishing (by domestic and
offshore foreign fleets) have combined to reduce
stocks of key species to record lows. In 1992-93, the
Canadian Government has promulgated tough new
conservation regimes that virtually stopped all fishing
for some species. Canadian fishermen, in the past,
have shown little or no interest in fishing beyond
their 200-mile EEZs.
F. SUMMARY
The authors project the following basic trends in
the West European high-seas fleets:
1. EC fleet
• Redeployment to Argentina: The EC has
arranged to redeploy 70 EC high-seas vessels to
Argentina. It is not yet clear, however, when the
agreement will be ratified by the Government of
Argentina. EC member states ratified the agreement
in September 1993.'* Some owners are refitting their
vessels for the South AUantic in Spanish shipyards.
• Redeployment to Namibia: The EC is likely to
give considerable priority to negotiations with
Namibia. The authors have no information on the
Namibian Government's view of the EC proposals.
It is likely, however, that the Namibians will demand
considerable remuneration for access to their EEZ,
including EC assistance in launching a local fishing
industry. In addition, Namibian officials may
severely restrict the number of vessels permitted to
operate in their EEZ. Whatever the outcome, it is
likely that EC fishermen will have more limited
access at much higher costs than was the situation
before Namibian independence.
• Stricter EC fleet reduction programs: The
authors expect that the EC will take a much firmer
approach to decommissioning schemes and will
demand significant reductions before allowing
modernization or new vessel construction grants to be
approved. The EC has already announced that it will
not award any grants for new vessel construction in
1993." This reflects a new, tougher approach to the
question of fleet size.
2. Non-EC fleet
The authors believe that it is unlikely that large
numbers of high-seas vessels from the non-EC
Nordic countries will be sold or redeployed in
distant -water fisheries during the next few years.
This is especially true for Norway, where fishermen
are reporting excellent catches. Low recruitment of
northern cod and other high-value species, however,
will adversely affect earnings of Icelandic and
Faroese fishermen. This may force the sale of small
numbers of high-seas vessels from these two
countries. Thus the authors believe that 15-1- vessels
from the Faroe Islands might be sold in the next two
years along with 10-1- vessels from Greenland. The
authors also believe that a few ships, possibly as
many as 5-1- vessels, might be sold by Norwegian
firms for a variety of reasons, including the desire to
purchase more modem vessels. Many of these ships
are likely to be purchased by buyers in South
America or in the Commonwealth of Independent
States, although at this time, this is speculation.
was not a significant in 1991, involved a few vessels
in 1992, but involved over 100 vessels in 1993.
Table 3.— Former West European and Canadian
fishing vessels reflagged in foreign ports, 1993.
Country
Reflagged vessels
Number
Belize
2
Cayman Islands
3
Cyprus
31
Dominican Republic
2
Honduras
(8)
Malta
33
Panama
28
St. Vincent
3
Total 102 - 1 10
Source: Office of Naval Intelligence. U.S. Navy.
Vessels
identified under Honduras are not identified as European vessels,
but have names similar to those found in European fleets. Not all
vessels are recent additions; some of the vessels listed under Malta
have operated under the Maltese flag for over 15 years.
3. Reflagging
West European fishermen began reflagging their
vessels in significant numbers in 1993. Examples of
reflagging by West European vessels have been found
in Belize (a minimum of 2 vessels). Cayman Islands
(3 vessels), Cyprus (31 vessels), Dominican
Republic (a minimum of 2 vessels), Malta (33
vessels), Panama (28 vessels), St. Vincent (a
minimum of 3 vessels). A Belgium company and a
Spanish company are currently operating reflagged
Taiwanese longliners out of Honduras. Reflagging
by European vessels increased dramatically in 1993.
Reflagging of West European and Canadian vessels
SOURCES
Eurofish Reports, various issues.
European Community, Report 1991 from the
Commission to the Council and the European
Parliament on the Common Fisheries Policy,
Commission of the European Communities,
SEC(91) 2288, Brussels, December 18, 1991.
FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, Catches and
Landings, 1991, Vol. 72, United Nations,
Rome, 1993.
Fishing News International. April 1993.
Hinton, Michael. "Estimated Catch and Fleet
Information for the Eastern Pacific Ocean
Tuna Fleet," Inter-American Tropical Tuna
Commission, Report No. 93-23, January 1-July
19, 1993.
Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy.
United States Embassy, Oslo, Norway.
Weidner, Dermis, and Jacobson, Don. "Soviet-Latin
American Fishery Relations," International
Fishery Report, (IFR/88-108) Office of
International Affairs, National Marine
Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Washington, D.C., December 16,
1988.
10
ENDNOTES
1 . The number of vessels actually fishing on the high-seas is uncertain. Most of these vessels normally fish in
the North Atlantic, but are able to move quickly to distant fishing grounds.
2. Estimated.
3. Again, this is an estimate.
4. The EC approved the agreement with Argentina in September 1993. No information is available on the
ratification process by the Government of Argentina. "Ministers Approve EC-Argentine Agreement, Eurofish
Report, September 23, 1993, p. BB/3.
5. These German-flag vessels are owned by Doggerbank Seefischerei, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the
Parlevliet & van der Plas BV of Holland.
6. Three of these vessels are owned by the same Dutch fishing company.
7. Michael Hinton, "Estimated Catch and Fleet Information for the Eastern Pacific Ocean Tuna Fleet," Inter-
American Tropical Tuna Commission, Report No. 93-23, January 1-July 19, 1993.
8. The only country which operated a significant number of vessels in Argentine waters was the Soviet Union.
For details see Don Jacobson and Dennis Weidner, "Soviet-Latin American Fishery Relations," International
Fishery /?eport,(IFR/88-108) Office of International Affairs, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., December 16, 1988.
9. The EC approved the agreement with Argentina in September 1993. No information is available on the
ratification process by the Government of Argentina. "Ministers Approve EC-Argentine Agreement, Eurofish
Report, September 23, 1993, p. BB/3.
10. "Late News: Date for start of Namibia talks nearing," Eurofish Report, April 22, 1993, p. BB/2.
11. EC sources reported that negotiations are to begin i the autumn of 1993. "New Council mandate sought for
Namibian talks," Eurofish Report, May 20, 1993, p. BB/3.
12. Michael Hinton, op.cit.
13. This number could easily reach 60 vessels and is used only as a general guideline.
14. Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy.
15. "Norway acts on fishing in Barents Sea "Loophole," U.S. Embassy, Oslo, Norway, August 18, 1993. The
vessels were registered in Belize, the Dominican Republic, and St. Vincent. The vessels reportedly are backed
by Faroese capital. The vessels were unloading their catch in Iceland.
16. Estimate.
17. The accession of Greece, Portugal, and Spain added- many thousands of vessels to the EC fleet and
withdrew the same number from non-EC fleet statistics.
11
18. Vessels over 500-gross registered tons (GRT) are considered as high-seas fishing vessels. Vessels between
100- and 499-GRT are considered coastal vessels while those under 100-GRT are classified as artisanal or
inshore vessels. Unfortunately, this does not always work out, since some vessels in the 100- to 499-GRT
range are frequently classified as high-seas vessels.
19. Based on data as of June 30th.
20. Report 1991 from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the Common Fisheries
Policy, Commission of the European Communities, SEC(91) 2288, Brussels, December 18, 1991.
21. EC scientists claim that sustainable fisheries require a cod biomass of 150,000 tons and a haddock biomass
of 100,000 tons. These scientists claimed that the biomass was 78,000 tons and 81,000 tons, respectively
during the years 1989-91. It was stated that at this rate the resource in the North Sea would be wiped out
within 5 years. A 40 percent reduction in fishing effort in the North Sea was recommended. Eurofish Report,
September 26, 1991.
22. "Fishing is an economic activity which traditionally offers a poor return on capital. It is at present
suffering from over-investment against increasing shortages of raw materials, resulting above all in excess
fishing capacity. This situation is exacerbated by the fact that over-investment makes the "fishing race" even
keener." Commission of the European Communities, "Report 1991 from the Commission to the Council and the
European Parliament on the Common Fisheries Policy," Sec(91) 2288, Brussels, December 18, 1991, p. ii.
23. Commission of the European Communities, "Report 1991 from the Commission to the Council and the
European Parliament on the Common Fisheries Policy," Sec(91) 2288, Brussels, December 18, 1991, p. ii.
24. This was considerably less than the 120 mm size originally proposed. Eurofish Report, November 7, 1991.
25. The EC Fishery Minister established a "tie-up" program requiring vessels fishing for cod or haddock in the
North Sea and off western Scotland to remain in port for 8 consecutive days each month as a conservation
measure for fragile stocks in those areas. Eurofish Report, December 19, 1991.
26. The authors may be overly optimistic on the chances for success. Namibian waters are clearly of great
importance to the EC. The authors believe that the Namibians will become increasingly interested in selling
their fishery resources, especially the highly prized hake, in European markets. As stocks gradually recover,
the Namibians will become more receptive to EC proposals. The EC have proved themselves to be skilled
negotiators with ample funds at their disposal. It would appear that it is only a matter of time before both
parties reach an amicable solution and fishing can be resumed.
27. Authority for the EC to negotiate international fishery agreements on behalf of member states was given on
October 30, 1976. A systematic approach to negotiating fishery agreements was outlined in the Common
Fisheries Policy enacted in 1983.
28. The EC approved the agreement with Argentina in September 1993. No information is available on the
ratification process by the Government of Argentina. "Ministers Approve EC-Argentine Agreement, Eurofish
Report, September 23, 1993, p. BB/3.
29. "EC agrees grants worth 23 million ECU," Eurofish Report, May 6, 1993, p. BB/1.
12
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
The European Community' (EC) is responsible for managing the fisheries of its member states. Responding
to the increasing worldwide acceptance of 200-mile coastal EEZs, the EC declared a 200-mile EEZ on January 1,
1977. Greece joined the EC in 1981 and was followed by the accession of Portugal and Spain in 1986. This gives
the EC control over fishing grounds from the Shetland Islands to the Canary Islands. The EC also faces the daunting
task of negotiating fisheries arrangements with the countries bordering on the Community's EEZ because of the
many countries and wide range of fishery zones affected. Many of the important fishery stocks are transboundary,
meaning that the effective management of these resources requires cooperative arrangements with neighboring
countries, including: Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Finland, Sweden, and Norway in the North Sea
and Baltic Sea, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Albania, and the former
Yugoslav states in the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas, and Morocco in the Central Eastern Atlantic. EC fishery
zones range from Arctic to saharan waters.
CONTENTS
I. General 13
II. Common Fisheries Policy 14
III. Fleet Modernization 15
IV. International Negotiations 18
V. Future Directions 1993-96 29
Sources 31
Endnotes 34
I. GENERAL
The task faced by the EC is complicated by
responsibilities unique to individual member states.
Denmark is responsible for conducting the
international negotiations for Greenland and the Faroe
Islands. The United Kingdom is responsible for the
Falkland, South Sandwich and South Georgia Islands.
France is responsible for various jurisdictions in the
Atlantic Ocean (St. Pierre and Miquelon and French
Guiana) and the South Pacific (New Caledonia and
Cliperton). These national responsibilities can affect
overall EC goals. The EC negotiated a fisheries
agreement with Argentina, that was influenced by UK
policies on the Falklands, South Georgias and South
Sandwich Islands.
The EC manages one of the world's largest and most
diverse fishing fleets. EC fleets in 1993 fished from
the Baltic and North Atlantic to the South Atlantic,
and into the Indian Ocean. The 1992 EC fleet
consisted of over 90,000 vessels, ranging from small
coastal boats to giant factoryships. Each EC country
deploys some vessels, but is dominated by the
massive Spanish, French, Greek, Italian, Portuguese,
and U.K. fishing fleets. While most of these vessels
were deployed in coastal fisheries, the EC fishermen
also conduct major distant-water operations,
deploying 591 high-seas vessels in 1992.^
13
The EC uses two important approaches in
managing its fisheries: the Common Fisheries Policy
(CFP) and international agreements. Both are key to
controlling the size and deployment of the EC high-
seas fishing fleet.
n. COMMON nSHERIES POLICY
The formulation of the CFP proved a very
difficult undertaking. The EC was formed in 1957.
Member states implemented several important
programs including the difficult task of formulating a
common agriculture policy. The EC fishing industries
constituted an economic activity much smaller than
the EC agricultural sector. Even so, agreement on a
common fisheries policy proved much more difficult
to negotiate. The difficulties escalated when the
United Kingdom entered the Community in 1972.
The UK entry substantially increased the size of
Community waters, adding important fishing grounds
in the North Sea. Britain's already beleaguered
fishing industry's concern over the possibility of
allowing other member countries access to its
extensive coastal grounds further complicated the
formulation of a CFP. As a result, agreement on the
CFP proved elusive. Discussions continued
throughout the 1970s with little progress. EC
fishermen were experiencing increasing difficulties as
major fishery stocks steadily declined because of
expanding fishing effort. Their increasing difficulties
left them unwilling to make the kind of compromises
required to formulate a common Community policy.
Internal EC differences were complicated by major
changes in international legal conventions. During
the 1970s, an increasing number of countries declared
200-mile coastal zones and limited or excluded
distant-water countries. U.K. fishermen who operated
extensively off Iceland were particularly impacted.
Idled distant-water fleets complicated the CFP
negotiations. Additional problems resulted from the
entry of Greece into the Community in 1981,
increasing the size of the EC fleet by 31,000 vessels
(mostly small coastal vessels).
The EC member countries finally reached
agreement on a CFP on January 25, 1983. The legal
basis for EC policy is included in Articles 39, 42,
and 43 of the Treaty of Rome^ and in the Acts of
Accession of Spain and Portugal. The CFP was
designed to take into account events which had taken
place in European and world fisheries requiring
certain new regulatory approaches. These events
include: (1) Changes in the Law of the Sea leading to
the proliferation of 200-mile EEZs which adversely
impacted the fishing fleets of several EC member
states. (2) The declining stocks of many key species
in the EC fishing zones which required the EC to
restrict fishing effort.
The central components of the CFP included:
(1) adjusting the size of the fishing fleet to changing
conditions; and (2) intensifying management regimes
to promote the return of depleted fishery resources to
levels of maximum sustainable yields (MSY).'' The
CFP allowed the EC for the first time to address the
difficult problem of fisheries management on a
Community-wide basis . The CFP includes provisions
for increasing productivity, providing a fair standard
of living for producers, stabilizing markets, and
ensuring the availability of fishery products to
consumers at a reasonable price. A key feature of
any EC management program is regulation of the
fishing fleet.
The CFP contains many provisions affecting the
fishing fleets of member countries. Effort has been
made to limit the fleet, with one EC program paying
member countries to reduce the size of its fishing
fleets.' The EC efforts to regulate the size of their
fishing fleets involve a multi-pronged approach:
• Payments to scrap older fishing vessels;'
• Incentives to move vessels out of depleted or
overfished zones into new fisheries, into
aquaculture operations,' or into non-competing
activities;
• Incentives to enter into joint venture
operations in distant-waters where fishing rights
have been negotiated with non-EC countries.
• Payments to sell vessels to non-EC countries.
Commercial pressures and the loss of distant-
water fishing grounds have affected fleet size.
Some EC programs during the 1980s, however,
have actually promoted vessel construction.
14
m. FLEET MODERNIZATION'
The EC policies on fleet size were a key element
in the negotiations leading to the CFP. It was
unclear to EC officials in the 1970s just what fleet
management policies would be required. The EC
fleet was barely contracting despite higher fuel costs,
lower harvests, and impaired profits due to labor-
intensive aging vessels. The EC reported
approximately 51 , 100 registered fishing vessels of all
types in 1970 versus 50,800 vessels by 1980
(Appendix 17).' Many EC administrators were
convinced in the early 1980s that the problem they
faced was not the size of the EC fleet, but rather how
to modernize the fleet to face the changing realities of
the 1980s. '°
The EC initiated fleet programs in the mid- 1980s
as soon as the CFP was implemented. One EC
program was aimed at fleet reduction and was
designed to replace inefficient and outdated vessels
with more modem vessels. The program, however,
did not prove effective. Different EC programs had
conflicting goals. Other EC programs actually
offered financial assistance to promote vessel
construction. As a result, while the fleet declined in
the early 1980s, the trend was reversed by 1986; the
overall fleet by 1992 had 91,200 vessels as compared
with 50,800 vessels in 1980 and 51,100 vessels in
1970 (Appendix 17 and 18).
EC actions during the 1980s failed to restrict the
expansion of the EC fishing fleet. Fishermen
continued to experience financial problems because
the fleet was badly over-capitalized. Worse still, the
failure to limit fishing effort resulted in the depletion
of several important commercial stocks with severe
adverse economic and social costs to fishery
communities. This increasingly severe problem led
to renewed demands for EC action.
The EC Council of Ministers met in 1990 to
address the matter. The EC decided to control effort
by enacting tough new measures to reduce the size of
the fishing fleet. The EC initially decided to reduce
the fleet by 40 percent as recommended by some
biologists. Political realities, however, have blunted
the sharp cutbacks recommended by biologists. EC
politicians are currently exploring alternative
measures. Some observers believe, however, it is
just such adjustments to political pressures that
prevented the EC from achieving the initial CFP
goals." It is unclear if the new EC measures will
actually succeed in reducing the size of the fleet.
While some observers believe that the tough new EC
measures will finally force countries to withdraw
vessels from their fleets, others question whether the
scaled-back fleet reduction measures will permit
depleted stocks to recover and if so, over what time
frame.
A. FLEET TRENDS, 1983-86
The EC initiated several major programs
affecting EC fishing fleets. The programs were
approved in connection with the long-delayed
agreement on the CFP in late 1983. The EC fleet
projects included efforts to modernize existing vessels
and to build new vessels, as well as to withdraw
older, less efficient vessels from the fleet. Thus, the
fleet (all vessels) went from 83,000 vessels
registering 2.1 million tons in 1983 to 86,000 vessels
registering 2.0 million tons in 1986 (Appendices 14
and 18) . The high-seas fleet went from 260 vessels
registering 0.3 million tons in 1983 to 458 vessels
registering .5 million tons in 1986 (Appendices 1 and
2 and Figure 3). This increase in the number of
vessels can be attributed to the accession of Portugal
and Spain to the EC in 1986, both having major
fishing fleets.
The EC conducted major programs to modernize
existing vessels and build new, more efficient vessels.
In 1985 alone, the EC provided financial support for
753 projects involved in the building or
modernization of fishing vessels. Information on the
total program, unfortunately, is not available. The
authors are not able to demonstrate the number of old
vessels withdrawn as against new vessels or
modernized older vessels. The EC Council also
initiated a program to withdraw older inefficient
vessels from the fishing fleet in October 1983.'' This
Council Directive required member states seeking EC
funding to eliminate fishing vessels to ensure that the
vessels were scrapped, transferred to a third country,
or assigned to purposes other than fishing in
Community waters." All vessels receiving financial
payments were thereafter permanently barred from
fishing in Community waters. As a result of Council
Directive 83/515/EEC, the member states acted to
withdraw a number of fishing vessels from their rolls
(Appendix 26).
15
1985: The EC reported that a total of 122 vessels
were withdrawn. Belgium sold 3 ships to The
Gambia and one to Senegal, turned 1 vessel into a
training vessel and 1 into a pleasure craft, and
scrapped the remaining 4 vessels. Denmark
converted 6 vessels into pleasure craft, scrapped 3
ships and sold one vessel to Greenland. All of the
Dutch boats were sold to Nigeria. The United
Kingdom scrapped a total of 25 vessels, sold 5
vessels, and refitted the rest, mostly for the booming
offshore oil business, pleasure/house boats, or diving.
The vessels ranged from small, coastal vessels (under
50-GRT) to fairly large, high-seas vessels, including
the 1,550-GRT British vessel, the Sir Fred Parkes."*
1986: The EC scrapped 41 vessels, sold 41 vessels
to third countries, and converted another 241 vessels
to other uses. Although it was never officially stated,
it appears that the program was successfully
removing inefficient vessels and replacing them with
more modem vessels.
The EC was faced with a major revision of the
CFP and its fleet management efforts when Spain and
Portugal entered the Community on January 1, 1986.
Both countries, but especially Spain, had large fishing
fleets (Appendices 3 and 18), but limited coastal
fishing grounds on which to deploy its vessels. Both
countries posed the additional problem in that both
their high-seas fleet as well as a substantial portion of
their coastal fleet are cable of operating off
neighboring EC countries with already fully exploited
fisheries. The two countries increased the size of the
EC high-seas fleet by 219 vessels, Portugal (74
vessels) and Spain (145 vessels). Clearly, the overall
EC fleet management effort would have to be
significantly modified.
B. FLEET TRENDS, 1987
EC officials increasingly saw the need to limit
the fishing fleets of member countries. Not only did
the integration of the Spanish and Portuguese fleets
present real problems that would require substantial
adjustments to the CFP, but fleet trends in various
countries reversed. Several countries reported
increases in the size of their fishing fleets. For the
first time in several years, the EC fleet actually
expanded in 1987. The increase in the size of the
fleet began as the spawning stock biomass of Atlantic
cod and haddock, in the North Sea, was beginning to
decline; unfortunately, at that time the declines were
explained away as being a temporary biological
fluctuation. Few fishermen accepted the advice of
scientists who were growing concerned about the
future of some fisheries."
EC member states attempted to correct the
situation in late 1987 when they agreed to establish
target goals for reducing the size of their fishing
fleets. The EC Commission approved the Multi-
Annual Guidance Program (MAGP) for the member
states in December 1987." The MAGP established
the first listing of fishing vessels effective January 1 ,
1987, by tonnage and engine power, and established
decommissioning objectives for December 31, 1989,
1990, and 1991 (Appendix 27).
C. FLEET TRENDS, 1988-89
EC officials concluded in early 1988 that efforts
to control the size of the fishing fleet were not
working. Indeed, the EC fleet was expanding
(Appendices 1-2, 13-14,17-18 and Figure 3-4). The
high-seas fleet, for example, went from 584 vessels
registering 615,000-GRT in 1988 to 607 high-seas
vessels registering 650,000-GRT in 1989. The total
EC fleet, however, declined from 96,700 vessels to
95,200 vessels. The EC temporarily halted the
awarding of grants for new vessel construction in
mid- 1988 because member states were not reducing
fleet tonnage by 3 percent and engine power by 2
percent as agreed in 1987. At the meeting of the EC
Fisheries Council in Cuxhaven, West Germany, in
April 1988, only Deimiark and Portugal were able to
prove that they were not expanding their fleets
beyond EC guidelines. During the December 22,
1988, meeting of the Council, France argued for
additional time to meet the decommissioning
guidelines and the Commission agreed to the French
appeal. Accordingly, funding for vessel
modernization and new vessel construction was
resumed. As part of the agreement, the EC insisted
upon the establishment of an EC register of all
fishing vessels to exist alongside national registers."
The EC continued to administer a fishing vessel
construction and modernization program that allowed
member-state fleets to expand without strict controls.
The result of this policy was that coastal and high-
seas fleets expanded rapidly and the effort to reduce
the overall size of the EC fishing fleet failed. The
implications of this policy became apparent in 1990.
16
D. FLEET TRENDS, 1990-92
The EC Council of Ministers met on June 27,
1990, in Luxembourg. EC officials presented
graphic evidence that the program to limit the size of
the EC fishing fleet was not working. EC Minister
Marin aimounced that a reduction of between 30- and
40-percent of EC fishing capacity would be necessary
to reduce pressure on fishery resources.'* This was
in contrast to the EC's established program to reduce
the size of the fleet by 3 percent in tonnage and 2
percent in engine power between 1987 and 1991."
As a result of the discussions, the EC Council voted
that all grants to build new fishing vessels be
temporarily stopped. EC financial support for
continued building of new vessels was clearly
undermining efforts to reduce the size of the fishing
fleet and to protect fishery stocks. It was apparent
that the MAGP was not keeping pace with fleet
expansion. In 1990, for example, the EC provided
vessel modernization grants for 230 projects, with
Spain receiving funding for 98 projects.^" The EC
Council approved a new program to include small
vessels under 12 meters (m) in length or 9 m between
perpendiculars, under the decommissioning program.
The legislation also amended Regulation (EEC) No.
4028/86 to promote further exploratory fishing
voyages, redeployment operations, joint ventures, and
joint enterprises. Financial assistance to firms
interested in taking advantage of fishing operations,
including those in distant-waters, was promoted under
this amended program.^'
EC fishery officials still face the daimting task of
reducing the existing fleet to a more realistic level
reflecting the availability of exploitable stocks. The
EC high-seas fleet increased from 623 vessels
(670,000-GRT) in 1990 to 648 (718,000-GRT)
vessels in 1991, but the impact of EC fishing fleet
reduction programs was only felt in 1992 when the
fleet declined to 591 vessels (estimated 646,000-
GRT, Appendices 1 and 2). The entire fleet declined
from an estimated 91,200 vessels to an estimated
90,000 vessels in the same period. EC fishermen
continue to experience declining catches of many
traditional species as a result of steady expansion of
the Community fleet during the late 1980s. Further,
EC officials noted that 90 percent of North Atlantic
stocks of cod, haddock, saithe, etc. were overfished.
The resulting lower yields, as well as rising consumer
demand, had combined to make the EC the world's
largest importer of fishery products. The declining
catch in EC waters meant that EC fishermen had to
turn increasingly to the high-seas and other distant-
water grounds.
E. OUTLOOK, 1993-96
EC scientists and administrators are convinced
that a major reduction in the fishing fleet is needed.
EC scientists recommended a 30- to 40-percent
reduction" in fleet capacity if fishing capacity is to
match resources. A fleet reduction of such
magnitude, however, would result in severe financial
and social dislocation, especially in coastal
commimities. EC Ministers, faced with political
pressures from fishery constituencies, agreed to cut
the plaimed reduction of demersal fleets by only 20-
percent and bottom/beam trawlers by only 15-percent
under a compromise reached on November 23,
1992." The reductions, part of the 1993-96 MAGP,
will not require all such vessels to be withdrawn from
the fleet; some reductions will take the form of effort
restrictions (i.e., tie-up programs or increased mesh
sizes). Biologists are concerned, however, that such
half measures may not reduce effort sufficiently to
allow depleted stocks to recover. Because fishing
vessels may not be withdrawn from the fleet, the
planned restrictions will probably not reverse the
declining earnings trend. The 1991 Report from the
Commission to the Council and the European
Parliament on the Common Fisheries Policy
recognized the importance of declining earnings as a
key item affecting EC fisheries in the Executive
Summary.^'' Restrictions on effort increase operating
costs and may have a serious impact on earnings
unless the management programs results in the
recovery of depleted stocks.
Almost all EC countries will have to reduce the
size of their fishing fleets in the next few years if
they are to meet EC 1996 fleet level targets. Such
reductions are likely to occur even if management
programs restricting effort (tie-up programs or
increased mesh size regulations) are used. Two
countries (Greece and the U.K.) report notable
failures to meet 1991 targets (Appendix 28). Several
other countries will have to withdraw substantial
numbers of vessels from their fleet to meet future
targets.
17
EC observers are uncertain about how many
vessels must be decommissioned and how many of
those are likely to be high-seas fishing vessels. The
EC fleet management program projects the
withdrawal of fishing vessels totaling 184,439-GRT
between 1992 and 1996, or approximately 61,500-
GRT annually (Table 5). This suggests that large
numbers of vessels will be decommissioned over the
next few years. The EC will make most of the
reductions in fisheries where resources are depleted,
i.e., primarily coastal fisheries. The EC is less likely
to withdrawal high-seas vessels because they are
usually deployed outside the EC EEZ and as a result
do not normally cause complaints from politically
vocal EC fishery trade associations representing
members conducting coastal fisheries. The Spanish
distant-water fleet may be an exception as such a
large number of vessels remain idle in port. Thus
there is certain to be a considerable EC effort to find
new fishing grounds or to scrap a large number of
vessels.
The MAGP came under criticism in March 1993
for failing to achieve its objectives. The Court of
Auditors Special Report no. 3/93 stated that $400
million-' worth of MAGP grants between 1987 and
1990, made "only a very limited contribution to the
aim of reducing the capacity of the Community fishing
fleet. ""^^ The Auditors noted that decommissioned
vessels were frequently replaced by others with
greater capacity. The Auditors also noted that
modernization programs frequently increased fishing
activity. In their review of the MAGP, the auditors
reported that Belgium, Greece, Ireland, the
Netherlands, and the UK ended 1991 with a greater
fishing capacity than in 1987!-' It was noteworthy
that the EC announced shortly thereafter that it would
not award any grants for vessel construction in
1993.-^
IV. INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATIONS
The second key aspect of the EC's program to
control fishing fleet capacity, especially for high-seas
vessels (although smaller vessels are frequently
involved), is the program to negotiate international
fishery agreements. The EC began negotiating
international fishery agreements in 1977, by signing
an agreement with the United States, and has signed
29 additional agreements between 1977 and 1992.
The authors estimate that the EC paid $844 million in
1992-93 alone for the right to fish in the coastal
zones opened by the various fishery agreements
(Appendix 25).-' In addition to these direct cash
transfers, the EC has made substantial payments for
a variety of related services, such as scientific
research, marketing, and training. The authors have
been unable to estimate the full cost of these
payments.
A. GENERAL
The EC has the legal authority to negotiate
international treaties on behalf of member states.'"
The CFP provides the EC with the mandate to
negotiate fishery agreements and the EC has used this
approach to lessen pressure on heavily fished
domestic stocks. The EC inherited the fishery
agreements negotiated by member states and has
subsequently negotiated an extensive network of
additional fishery agreements with more than 28
countries covering a wide range of fishery activities .''
B. TYPES OF AGREEMENTS
The agreements negotiated by the EC cover a
wide range of activities." While the primary EC
interest is in access to fishing grounds for its fleet,
coastal countries have insisted on a variety of specific
arrangements to meet the needs of their own
industries. While the agreements can be divided into
five basic types, it should be noted that an assortment
of approaches used ins some agreements may include
differing elements as well as differing combinations.
The five basic types of agreements are:
• Access/reciprocal: The EC has negotiated
several reciprocal fishing arrangements to obtain
access for EC fishermen to foreign EEZs in
exchange for access to the EC EEZ. This type
of agreement has been negotiated with northern
tier countries such as Norway, Sweden,
Greenland, and the Faroe Islands.
• Access/surplus stocks: The EC has
negotiated access to stocks that coastal countries
have determined to be surplus. In exchange, the
EC has provided various forms of financial
compensation, from fishing fees to a variety of
other payments, and assistance such as scientific
research and training. The EC's Governing
18
International Fishery Agreement (GIFA) with the
United States is the only example of this type of
international agreement in the northern tier. The
EC has, however, negotiated many such
agreements with African countries. EC
payments to various African countries in 1992-93
amounted to an estimated $817 million in the
form of licensing fee payments, scientific
research assistance, infrastructure development
funds, on-shore training facilities, and joint
venture arrangements (see Appendix 25). These
agreements are critical to the EC distant-water
fisheries, providing access for approximately 50-
60 tuna seiners and longliners and over 600 to
800 trawlers (fish, cuttlefish, and shrimp). ^^
• Market access: The EC has negotiated access
to fish stocks in exchange for special access
programs to the EC market. Under such an
arrangement, the EC has in the past offered
reduced tariff quota rates for certain fish
originating in Canada.
• Joint ventures: The EC has offered special
access to its markets as an inducement to
promote joint ventures. This has usually taken
the form of an EC umbrella agreement with the
coastal country to establish the conditions under
which joint ventures could be negotiated. EC
companies then negotiate with local partners,
usually offering to transfer fishing vessels. This
option does not usually involve financial
payments to the host country. The EC has used
this approach with Argentina in the agreement
signed in December 1992. The EC is also
offering similar arrangements to other Latin
American countries.
• Multilateral organizations: The EC has also
joined many international fishery organizations,
including the International Commission for the
Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), Baltic
Sea Fisheries Commission, Northeast Atlantic
Fisheries Commission (NEAFC), The
Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic
Marine Living Resource (CAMLAR), North
Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO), North
Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization
(NASCO), International Commission for
Southeast Atlantic Fisheries (ICSEAF),
International Council for the Exploration of the
Sea (ICES), General Fisheries Council for the
Mediterranean (GFCM), and other international
bodies. Many of these bodies are responsible for
a variety of management regimes affecting both
the EC and the coastal countries where EC
vessels conduct distant-water fisheries.
C. nSHERY AGREEMENTS
The EC has negotiated international fishery
agreements creating an extensive network of
agreements involving nearly 30 countries stretching
from the island of Dominica in the Caribbean, across
the North Atlantic and down into the South Atlantic
to Argentina andAngola. Other agreements extend
EC distant-water fisheries into the Indian Ocean, as
far as the Maldives. The authors have obtained
considerable details on the EC agreements with
European and North American countries, but the
available information on the EC agreements with
some African countries is less complete.^ Even so,
the available information reveals an impressive
network of fishery agreements developed by the EC.
This network of agreements permits EC fishing
companies to mount extensive distant-water fisheries
as well as participate in a variety of joint ventures,
operating both locally based coastal vessels and
distant-water high-seas vessels. The EC has
negotiated access for a substantial but unknown
number of tuna vessels and trawlers. This effort has
proven costly for the EC. The EC reportedly paid an
estimated $566 million in 1992 alone for foreign
fishing licenses. Early agreements with Morocco
allowed 800 to 1,000 coastal vessels to fish off
Morocco; the latest agreement has placed a limit of
600 vessels on EC countries allowed to fish in
Moroccan waters. The licensing payments, however,
are only part of the cost to the EC which also
provides a variety of other payments for financing
research, training, marketing, and other activities
required under the various agreements. Both
licensing and other payments are substantially larger
than the payments initially involved in the earlier EC
agreements. The increases reflect the increasing
sophistication of the African countries with which
most of these agreements have been negotiated. The
Africans increasingly realize the value of fishery
resources and the EC's need to obtain access to
distant-water ground. The political demands by idled
fishermen appear to be causing member countries to
demand EC funding, even in excess of the value of
fish catches obtained. The African countries, as well
19
as the Latin American countries where the EC would
like to open access, can be expected to escalate their
monetary demands. It is unclear just how willing the
EC will be to meet these demands. Political
pressures from member states with large distant-water
fleets, however, are likely to be intense for several
years as the EC fleet management program forces
countries to reduce fleet sizes.
1. North America
Several EC member countries, especially Spain
and Portugal, have for centuries conducted important
fisheries in the Northwest Atlantic off Canada and the
United States. The increasing fishing effort depleted
stocks and forced Spain and Portugal to act to limit
expanding distant-water fishing by the Soviet Union
and European countries. At first both Canada and
the United States worked through ICNAF.^' When
this proved ineffective, Canada and the United States
declared 200-mile zones requiring foreign countries
to negotiate access.
■ United States: The first fishery agreement the EC
negotiated was with the United States in \911 ?^ The
GIFA gave EC vessels access to surplus fish in the
U.S. 200-mile EEZ." The GIFA provided EC
vessels an opportunity to fish in U.S. waters until the
process of "Americanization" of U.S. fisheries led
the U.S. Government to reduce foreign quotas and
gradually phase-out foreign fleets. By the 1990s,
there were few species with TACs that could not be
fully fished by U.S. fishermen. The only significant
species that was not fully utilized was Atlantic
mackerel where small quantities were available for
foreign fishermen. The U.S. in 1989, for example,
granted a small allocation of mackerel to the
Netherlands." Despite these very limited
opportunities in recent years, the EC has continued to
renew the GIFA each time it has come up for
renewal. The current GIFA is scheduled to expire on
December 31, 1993.
■ Canada: The EC reached agreement with Canada
in December 1981, allowing EC vessels to fish for
surplus stocks inside Canadian waters.^' Another
agreement provided access for French, German,
Italian, and U.K. vessels to Canadian stocks of cod
and squid in exchange for reduced tariff quotas for
Canadian exports of cod, herring, lobsters, and
redfish."^ Previously some EC member states were
allowed to fish in Canadian waters provided they
were members of the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries
Organization (NAFO)."' Spain and Portugal had
negotiated bilateral agreements with Canada which
were in place by 1980, well before the two countries
entered the EC in 1986.'*' The Canadians believe that
they have faced years of difficulties in their relations
with NAFO. The Canadians in particular accused
Spanish and Portuguese fishermen of overfishing
increasingly vulnerable stocks. The Canadians were
especially concerned with fishing on the continental
shelf where it extended beyond the country's 200-
mile EEZ. The relations grew increasingly strained
in the face of Canadian demands for responsible
fishing because of collapsing stocks and the resultant
effect on coastal communities. Canadian officials,
such as Fisheries and Oceans Minister Crosbie, made
increasingly emotional presentations at various
international fora claiming that distantwater fishing
was having a disastrous economic impact on
Canada."' In the 1990s, the EC did take steps to halt
the fishing by member countries of stocks which were
recognized by all authorities as being depleted.
■ Greenland: The EC negotiated a 10-year
agreement with Greenland that went into effect on
January 1, 1985, which allows EC vessels to fish in
Greenland's waters. In exchange, the EC agreed to
pay Greenland financial compensation. Greenland
was allowed to export its fishery products to the EC
free of customs duties or quantitative restrictions
during the course of the agreement. EC fishermen
received a quota totaling 155,000 tons of fish for
harvesting in 1991.'" Fishermen from Germany, the
United Kingdom, France, and Denmark all received
quotas. Included species are: redfish, cod, blue
whiting, capelin, Greenland halibut, marine catfish,
and deepwater shrimp.'*'
2. Northern Europe
Most EC member states had fishing agreements
with bordering countries concluded before the EC
assumed responsibility for fishery negotiations.
Denmark, for example, had fishery agreements with
Sweden, Norway, and the USSR and was a member
of the Baltic Sea Fishery Commission.''*' Many of
these agreements were generally taken over by the
EC during the late 1970s and 1980s. Most of these
agreements provided allocations in exchange for
reciprocal fishing rights.
20
■ Iceland: Unlike many of the other agreements the
EC inherited, the member country agreements with
Iceland did not involve common marine boundaries
and reciprocal fisheries. The Icelandic coastal zone
does not border on EC-member states.'" Several EC
countries, especially Britain, fished extensively off
Iceland, resulting in protracted confrontations. The
EC did not initially negotiate fisheries agreements
with Iceland, the only known agreement being with
Belgium. Belgian officials reached an agreement
with Icelandic authorities in 1975 (amended in 1979)
which allowed them to fish 4,500 tons annually in
Icelandic waters."* The agreement lapsed in 1985
and was not replaced. Iceland resisted fishing
agreements with the EC for many years, concerned
that massive EC fleets could quickly overfish their
resources. In recent years, however, Icelandic fish
processors have expanded their exports to the EC and
have shown an interest in reducing EC import tariffs
on processed, value-added Icelandic seafood
products. On May 2, 1992, Iceland and the
European Community signed an agreement on
fisheries and the marine environment."' The
agreement calls for annual consultations which may
result in the reciprocal granting of access by each
side to fishing vessels of the other party. The
agreement will last for 10 years.'" No quantities
were specified in the agreement which must be
negotiated each year. Although species and grounds
were not identified, it is likely that the fishing
grounds will be limited to the North Sea and that
Iceland will receive access to EC stocks of herring,
mackerel, and blue whiting in exchange for EC
quotas for redfish and possibly capelin in Icelandic
waters.
■ Faroe Islands: Under the terms on an agreement
signed in June 1980, vessels from the EC were
allowed access to waters off the Faroe Islands. EC
vessels from France, Germany, the UK, and
Denmark are permitted to catch cod, haddock, saithe,
redfish, blue ling, ling, and tusk in Faroese waters.
In return, Faroese fishermen are permitted to fish in
EC-claimed waters. '' The Faroese are also allowed
modest tariff concessions when marketing their
fishery products in the European Community. The
EC and the Faroe Islands reached a new agreement
on the terms of fishing in each other's waters in
1982. The terms of the new agreement allowed
Faroese fishermen to catch about 21,000 tons, while
the EC quota in Faroese waters was set at about
19,000 tons." Additionally, Faroese fishermen were
permitted to harvest 750 tons of Atlantic salmon in
1982 and 625 tons in 1983." The two sides
subsequently extended the agreement several times.
EC fishermen in 1992, for example, were permitted
to harvest 44,660 tons in Faroese waters; 25,000 tons
consisted of blue whiting, 7,000 tons of redfish,
5,300 tons of mackerel, 3,600 tons of blue ling and
ling, 2,500 tons of saithe, 1,000 tons of flatfish, 500
tons of cod and haddock, and 760 tons of other
species. EC countries operating off the Faroes in
1992 included Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany,
the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.'"
■ Norway: The EC reached an agreement with
Norway in 1980, which covers fishery stocks that
each party can fish. Access by all parties is allowed.
The agreement has allowed mostly French, German,
and British fishermen to harvest cod, haddock, saithe,
redfish, blue whiting, and halibut in Norwegian
waters. Norwegian fishermen, in turn, are permitted
to fish for mackerel, sprat, blue whiting, and shrimp
in EC waters." Aimual discussions have followed
each year since the initial meetings were held. In
1989, the EC received an allocation of 500,000 tons
in Norwegian waters in exchange for an allocation of
459,000 tons for Norwegian fishermen in the EC
zone. The principal species that the EC received
TACs for in the Norwegian zone for 1989 included
200,000 tons of Norway pout and sandeel, whereas
the Norwegians received an allocation of 215,000
tons for blue whiting in the EC zone.'* Norwegian
authorities have recently been faced by Caribbean-
flag fishing vessels operating in the "loophole"
between the Norwegian and Russian EEZs. There
are two areas which are not covered — one off
Svalbard and the other in the Barents Sea. In mid-
1993, several Caribbean-flag vessels began fishing in
the area."
■ Sweden: The EC negotiated an agreement with
Sweden which entered into force in April 1981 . The
agreement covers joint stocks in the Kattegat. It also
covered fishing for cod, herring, and Atlantic salmon
in the Baltic and North Sea." The quantities
provided in these reciprocal quotas are small.
Annual meetings have been held for many years.
21
■ Finland: The EC and Finland reached a reciprocal
fisheries agreement in July 1983 which allowed EC
vessels access to small quantities of Firmish salmon
in the Gulf of Bothnia. The EC provided small
North Sea herring allocations to Finish fishermen. ''
■ Latvia: The EC and Latvia reached a reciprocal
fisheries agreement in Riga on July 16, 1992, which
was ratified by the EC Council on March 2, 1993.^
It provides reciprocal access to fishing grounds in the
Baltic Sea and fishing quotas, and joint venture
operations will be encouraged. The agreement will
last for 10 years. No quantities or species were
identified.
■ Lithuania: The EC and Lithuania reached a
fisheries agreement in Vilnus on July 14, 1992,
providing fishing quotas and reciprocal access to
fishing grounds in the Baltic Sea. Joint ventures will
be encouraged. The agreement will last for 10 years.
No quantities or species were identified. The EC
Council ratified the agreement on March 2, 1993.*'
■ Estonia: The EC and Estonia reached agreement
on a reciprocal fisheries agreement in Tallin on July
17, 1992. The agreement will permit an exchange of
fishing quotas, provide reciprocal access into fishing
grounds in the Baltic Sea, and establish joint venture
operations that will last for 10 years. No quantities
or species were identified. The agreement was
ratified by the EC Council on March 2, 1993."-
■ Russia: Negotiations between the EC and Russia
have been stalled. While a number of countries
believe that an agreement with Russia is necessary,
others are wary of dealing with Russians, especially
in view of the flood of white fish which disrupted EC
markets in 1993. Thus the status of talks with Russia
remains on hold."
3. Mediterranean
The EC has no fisheries agreements with any
Mediterranean country." Spanish, French, Greek,
Italian, and Portuguese fishermen, however, have
fished these waters for generations. Many have
established relationships with Mediterranean
countries, notably Yugoslavia, Libya and Tunisia."
These relationships included joint venture operations,
which were gradually ended during the 1980s.**' The
authors noted periodic press reports during the 1 980s
of incidents and seizures of Italian fishermen by
Tunisian, Libyan or other Mediterranean countries.
The EC signed an agreement providing for a special
EC tariff quota for Tunisian sardines in 1984,"
presumably part of an effort to obtain access for the
Italian fishermen which operated for years off both
Tunisia and Libya. The authors have no other
information on EC -Tunisian or Libyan cooperation.**
4. Western Africa
French, Greek, Portuguese, and Spanish
fishermen have fished along the coast of West Africa
for many generations. Much of this activity was
begun during the colonial administration and fostered
after independence during the 1950s and 1960s by the
contacts developed during the colonial period. It was
important that these bilateral agreements be taken
over by the EC because of the value or quantities of
fish or shellfish being caught in the waters of former
colonies. The tuna and other vessels specified in
each agreement are in many cases the same vessels
permitted by neighboring countries. The EC has
negotiated access to several countries for the same
vessels to allow them adequate access to migratory
stocks. The agreements negotiated by the EC are
generally for a 3-year term that can be easily
renewed. Each of these agreements varies, but
generally the most important element is a lump sum
payment by the EC to the local government. In
recent years, the coastal countries have sharply
escalated the payments demanded. These agreements
reached commonly include some or all of the
following provisions:
• A lump sum payment each years;
• Funds for scientific and technical research
programs involving local fisheries;
• Cooperation with international research
programs;
• Funding for fisheries scholarships or other
fisheries training;
• Employment of indigenous fishermen on EC
vessels;
• Landings of a portion of the catch for local
consumption or for processing at shore-based
plants;
22
• Provisions for statistical reporting on
catches;
• Limits on the number and types of vessels
allowed;
• Use of local shore services;
• Licensing fees, often based on tons of fish
caught, for each of the different fleets licensed to
fish; and
• Creation of joint venture fisheries.
■ Morocco: Morocco is the single most important
country to the EC. Because Spain and Morocco
share a common marine boundary, both Spanish and
Portuguese coastal and distant-water vessels have
operated in Moroccan waters. Approximately 800 to
900 Portuguese and Spanish vessels fish off the coast
of Morocco under bilateral agreements between
Portugal (which expired on December 31, 1987) and
Spain (which expired on January 3, 1988).
Moroccan waters are important to the large number
of Spanish small-boat fishermen supplying fresh fish
to Spanish markets at premium prices. Under the
terms of accession of Portugal and Spain to the EC
on January 1, 1986, the EC assumed responsibility
for renegotiating continued access for member-
country vessels to Morocco's waters. This meant
that a very large number of fishermen in both
countries were desperate for the EC to negotiate
continued access for them. The EC and Morocco
concluded a 4-year fisheries agreement on May 26,
1988. The agreement allowed a fleet of 800 to 900
EC vessels (capacity totaling 100,000 tons) to fish in
Morocco's 200-mile EEZ in exchange for a payment
of $395 million.'"' The treaty was renegotiated on
May 15, 1992. Morocco demanded a much larger
cash payment and the EC agreed to a financial
package of $660 million, almost as much as Morocco
previously demanded for the entire 1988-92 period.™
The EC received permits for 600 vessels (mostly
small coastal vessels), but 140 licenses were issued to
Spanish high-seas vessels and 3 were issued to Greek
high-seas vessels. Licenses were also issued for 20
tuna vessels in the agreement. Other provisions
included a mid-term review in 1994, the ability to
suspend licenses of violators, and the continuation of
preferential marketing of Moroccan canned fish
(unlimited quantities will be allowed to enter the EC
duty-free after 1996). EC credits for scientific
research and training were also provided. Morocco
received the right to station as many as 300 fishery
observers aboard EC vessels. Finally, the EC agreed
to a 2-month annual fishing ban on coastal and high-
seas fishing to allow stocks time to spawn."
■ Mauritania: Mauritania has virtually no domestic
fishing industry. Almost all of the fisheries catch has
been taken by foreign fishermen. Quite a number of
Asian and European countries as well as the Soviet
Union conducted fisheries off Mauritania. '' Greek
fishermen were fishing off the coast of Mauritania,
about 3 years before they joined the EC.'^ Spanish
and French fishermen were also interested in this
region. The EC and Mauritania began negotiations
on a fisheries agreement in 1978 and reached a
tentative agreement in 1979.''' Efforts to negotiate a
longer-term agreement, however, were stalled for
nearly 5 years over the issue of financial
compensation.'^ Agreement on the terms of a long-
term accord was finally reached on May 14, 1987.
Mauritania agreed to allow 41 tuna vessels, mostly
French tuna vessels based in Dakar, Senegal, and
Spanish vessels based in the Canary Islands, to fish
in their waters.'* The EC and Mauritania approved
a new protocol on April 18, 1991, which will remain
in force until July 3 1 , 1993. The protocol permits 38
EC pole-and-line vessels and surface longliners and
25 tuna seiners to continue fishing tuna. It also
allows trawlers to fish 15,000 tons of black hake per
month and 10,000 tons of crustaceans per month
(average monthly harvest)."
■ Senegal: The EC-Senegal fisheries agreement
signed in June 1979, was the first fisheries agreement
between the EC and a developing nation. It covered
fishing rights for a number of small French trawlers,
several tuna vessels, and some Italian freezer
trawlers. The agreement included EC financial
assistance to Senegal. A new protocol was signed on
January 12, 1984.'* Short-term extensions of the
agreement were reached in 1986 to allow negotiations
to continue in the absence of a long-term accord.
Senegalese demands for increased EC payments
resulted in the delays, but agreement was finally
reached in 1987. The final agreement, which ran
from October 1, 1986, until February 28, 1988,
included significantly higher EC payments to Senegal.
The agreement also included provisions for EC
vessels to land some of their catch in Senegal for
23
processing. '' This agreement was followed by an
exchange of letters extending the agreement until
February 28, 1990.*° An additional exchange of
letters extended the agreement until April 30, 1992.*'
The continued agreement permits EC vessels to fish
for tuna, cephalopods, and shrimp in Senegalese
waters. A percentage of the catch must be landed in
Senegalese waters. An $36 million payment was to
be made to Senegal in two equal annual
installments." An extension to the agreement with
Senegal was accepted by the EC Commission on July
22, 1993, retroactive to October 2, 1992, and will
run through October 1, 1994. The latest agreement
permits 79 tuna vessels and trawlers amounting to
31,000-GRT to operate in Senegalese waters in
exchange for an EC payment of $39 million."
■ Gambia, The: The EC first began discussions with
officials in The Gambia in 1984.*^ Negotiations,
however, remained stalled until agreement was finally
reached in 1987.*" The agreement included
provisions for tuna seiners and tuna pole-and-line
vessels, fresh fish trawlers, and shrimp trawlers to
operate in The Gambia's waters in exchange for EC
compensation in the amount of about $3 million.*^
The EC-Gambia fisheries agreement was extended for
3 years effective July 1, 1990. Fishing rights were
given for 40 EC tuna purse seiners, 17 pole-and-line
vessels, and 8 longliners. Licenses were also granted
to fresh fish trawlers and to shrimp trawlers.
Financial compensation in the amount of $4.7 million
was provided in exchange for fishing access.*^ The
EC originally reported to its member states that it did
not intend to renew the EC-Gambia accord when it
expired on June 30, 1993, explaining that few
member states took advantage of the agreement.**
Spain and Greece objected and the agreement will be
extended, although for fewer licenses and at a lower
rate of compensation.*' The U.S. Embassy in Banjul
notes that 434 licenses were issued by The Gambia to
EC vessels between 1985 and 1992. The EC
countries receiving licenses to fish in The Gambia's
waters included: Belgium (2), France (99), Greece
(83), Italy (3), Portugal (8), Spain (237), and the
United Kingdom (2).*
■ Guinea (Bissau): The second international fishery
agreement signed by the EC with a developing
country was with Guinea (Bissau). The agreement
was negotiated in July 1979, and was signed on
February 27, 1980. The 2-year agreement allows 20
EC vessels (mostly French and Italian vessels) to fish
in Guinea's waters in exchange for a payment of
$300 per gross registered ton." The agreement was
extended on March 15, 1983, for a 3-year period.
The new agreement provides for an annual payment
of ECU 1.4 million.'- The agreement was extended
for another 3 years in 1986.'^ The renewal permitted
45 tuna seiners, 25 pole-and-line vessels, and 6
longliners to operate in local waters. An exchange of
letters with Guinean officials extended the agreement
for an additional 2 years, or through 1991.** This
agreement also permitted shrimp trawlers to fish in
Guinean waters. A 2-year agreement allowed EC
fishermen to continue to fish in Guinea Bissau's
waters in exchange for $16 million in grants and
other payments." The agreement, from January 1,
1990, to December 31, 1991, permitted fishing for
shrimp, and cephalopods, and reduced the number of
EC tuna vessels operating in Guinean waters.*
Another extension of the agreement, from June 16,
1991, to June 15, 1993, was announced in Brussels
on October 7, 1991.'^ An additional 2-year extension
was announced in 1993 that was valid through 1995.'*
■ Guinea (Conakry): The EC negotiated a 3-year
agreement in 1980. The agreement included financial
compensation and included EC grants for studies,
training, and scientific research in exchange for
fishing rights for EC vessels." The EC agreed to
make payments worth $9 million in exchange for
access.
■ Cape Verde: The EC signed a 3-year agreement
with Cape Verde in 1990, allowing 21 tuna seiners
and 24 pole-and-line tuna vessels to fish in Cape
Verdian waters.'*' Provisions were also made for the
operation of two bottom longliners and two
experimental cephalopod fishing vessels to operate in
Cape Verde's waters. The EC agreed to pay $3
million for access rights.
■ Sierra Leone: The first discussions of a possible
fishery agreement between Sierra Leone and the EC
came during a visit by Sierra Leone's President,
Siaka Stevens, to Belgium in 1979."" However, the
authors have no record of an agreement until April
25, 1990, when a 2-year agreement was initialled
allowing licenses to be issued for 46 tuna seiners, 43
pole-and-line vessels, and an unspecified number of
trawlers fishing for crustaceans, cephalopods, and
finfish, as well as demersal longliners, in exchange
24
for payments of $6 million in two annual
installments.'"^
■ Ivory Coast: The Ivory Coast is important to EC
fishery interests. Several EC tuna seiners operate out
of Abidjan and substantial quantities of tuna are
landed there for processing by canneries operated by
EC interests. The EC and the Ivory Coast reached a
fisheries agreement in August 1990, which permitted
54 tuna seiners and 35 pole-and-line or longliners as
well as an unspecified number of freezer-trawlers to
fish in Ivorian waters. The EC and the Ivory Coast
extended the agreement until January 1994. The EC
agreed to pay $35.8 million for the right to fish,
including payments for scientific research, stock
studies, training of fishermen, and other studies.'"^
The agreement allows 89 tuna vessels to fish in
Ivorian waters.
■ Sao Tome and Principe: EC and Sao Tome
officials initialed a 3-year fisheries agreement on
September 1, 1983, allowing 27 French tuna vessels
permission to fish in their waters. The EC agreed to
pay for access to these waters."" The agreement was
extended on December 3, 1986. The EC-Sao Tome
agreement was again extended, from June 1, 1990, to
May 31, 1993, in an exchange of letters which
permitted 46 tuna seiners and 5 pole-and-line tuna
vessels to fish in Sao Tome waters. The EC pledged
$2.1 million in compensation in exchange for fishing
rights for 40 tuna seiners and 8 pole-and-line tuna
vessels.'"^ The agreement was extended until May
31, 1996.'°*
■ Equatorial Guinea: EC and Equatorial Guinean
officials initialed a 3 -year agreement on June 27,
1983. The agreement allowed 27 EC vessels (mostly
French and Italian) to fish for tuna in exchange for
financial assistance to develop the nation's
fisheries.'"^ This agreement was extended on June
25, 1963, for an additional 3 years. The new accord
allowed EC vessels to fish for shrimp as well as tuna.
A total of 48 tuna vessels and 1 1 pole-and-line tuna
vessels were allowed to operate.'"* A third renewal,
covering the period between June 27, 1989, and June
28, 1992, was signed on June 2, 1989. The
agreement permits 40 tuna purse seiners and 30
longliners to operate, and shrimping continued under
the renewed accord."* This agreement was also
extended until June 1992. The latest agreement
allows 80 tuna vessels to operate along with stem
trawlers in exchange for $7.9 million in EC
payments.
■ Gabon: The EC and Gabon initialed a fisheries
agreement on February 26, 1988, in Libreville. The
3 -year agreement takes effect on April 15, 1988, and
provides for 54 tuna seiners and 12 longliners. The
agreement also provides 15,000 tons for EC freezer
trawlers. The EC agreed to payments of $1 1 million
in compensation for access to Gabon's waters.""
5. Southern Africa
■ Angola: Angola has a much larger coastline than
the West African countries and very significant
fishery resources. Before independence, the
Portuguese, including Portuguese residents in Angola,
conducted a major fishery in Angola. As a result of
the civil war in Angola the fishing industry has
declined disastrously. The EC concluded an 2-year
agreement with Angola permitting EC fishing on May
3, 1987. The agreement replaces a bilateral
agreement between Spain and Angola. The
agreement provides for 25 tuna seiners and for an
unspecified number of shrimp trawlers to harvest
10,000 tons of fish and shrimp in Angolan waters in
exchange for $25 million.'" The two sides
subsequently extended the agreement from May 3,
1989, to May 2, 1990, in an exchange of letters."^
The extended agreement allowed EC vessels to catch
5,000 tons of shrimp a year and to harvest tuna using
28 vessels. An additional 3 trawlers and 2 longliners
were to fish on an experimental basis. "^ The
agreement was extended on May 3, 1990, to May 2,
1992. The new agreement provided access for 24
shrimp trawlers, 28 tuna freezing vessels, and 5 tuna
seiners. The EC agreed to pay $20 million to Angola
for these fishing rights."''
■ Namibia: Namibia is one of the key countries for
EC fishery interests. Spanish vessels began fishing
off the coast of Namibia in 1962, when Pescanova's
Andrade was first deployed. Many other foreign-flag
vessels enter the important groundfish fishery off the
Namibian coast. South Africa administered Namibia
under a United Nations mandate, but the U.N.
terminated that mandate in 1966. While South Africa
continued to administer Namibia, it declined to
extend a 200-mile zone for Namibia when it declared
a 200-mile zone for South Africa proper."^
According to Namibian Fisheries Permanent
25
Secretary Calle Schlettwein, there were some 300
foreign boats working Namibian waters before
independence. This included approximately 202
Spanish and 12 Portuguese vessels."* The EC
vessels reportedly harvested 260,000 tons of hake
with a value of over $86 million. '" Namibia gained
its independence on March 21, 1990, and
immediately acted to exclude all foreign fishing off
its coast. This action was designed to give heavily
fished stocks a chance to recover and allowed local
authorities time to install their own programs and
goals. Namibian authorities began to patrol their
waters aggressively for violators."* This included the
large Spanish fleet of more than 200 trawlers.
Unfortunately, some Spanish vessel owners continued
to fish illegally in Namibian waters. This led to
confrontations with Namibia and five Spanish vessels
were seized (the average value of each vessel was
$11 million)."' The captains were ordered to pay
$71,000 each in fines or were ordered to serve 2
years in prison. Eight remaining officers were
sentenced to pay $7,100 or spend 6 months in jail.
Pending negotiations with the EC broke off in the
face of continued illegal fishing. The situation in
1993 has changed: stocks have had a substantial
period of time to slowly recover and illegal fishing
had virtually ceased.'-" Local press reports suggested
that the Namibian fishing industry is having a "hard
time" maintaining access to its European markets.'^'
Part of the problem can be attributed to the flood of
Russian-caught groundfish being landed in France;
the flood of cheap imports led to rioting by French
fishermen. The EC responded by imposing minimum
import prices on many groundfish, including hake.
This has impacted the Namibian fishing industry and
threatens to delay the development of Namibia's
fisheries.'" Namibian canned pilchards have begun
to reappear in UK supermarkets and canned tuna
production is projected to increased from 200,000
cases to one million cases in 1994.'-^ It has been
reported that Namibia's fishing quota has risen from
80,000 tons in 1992 to 1 15,000 tons in 1993. '^^
■ Republic of South Africa: There are no direct
fishery agreements between the EC and the Republic
of South Africa. However, the EC has allowed
member states to continue previously negotiated
bilateral fishery agreements with the Republic of
South Africa.'-" Portugal, for example, finalized
bilateral fishery agreements with South Africa on
April 8, 1979, and Spain signed a similar fisheries
agreement with South Africa on March 8, 1982.
Both agreements were initially valid for 10 years and
have since been extended. The latest extention came
in 1993 when the EC permitted both Portugal and
Spain to extend their agreements with the Republic of
South Africa until March 7, 1994.'^* The authors
have few details on European operations in South
Africa. Three companies, probably EC-based,
operate high-seas vessels from South African ports
which are registered in the Cayman Islands.'"
6. East Africa
■ Mozambique: The EC signed a protocol on
fisheries in Maputo on March 18-21, 1983; the
agreement included an EC pledge to contribute $3
million in aid towards an artisanal fisheries project.'^*
The EC and Mozambique , signed a 3-year fisheries
agreement in 1986, effective January 1, 1987, which
permitted 40 tuna vessels to fish Mozambican waters.
The agreement also permitted EC shrimp vessels to
operate off Mozambique. The EC agreed to pay
about $9.6 million for this access. The agreement
included EC assistance for fisheries research.'" An
exchange of letters between the EC and Mozambique
subsequently extended the agreement from January 1 ,
1990, until December 31, 1991. '^^ The exchange of
letters allowed for continued shrimp fishing and for
licenses to be issued for 44 tuna vessels in exchange
for EC payments of $7.5 million.'^'
■ Madagascar: The EC and Madagascar reached an
agreement on fisheries in December 1984,"- but the
agreement was not signed until January 28, 1986.
The agreement allowed 33 tuna vessels to fish off
Madagascar for a 3-year period.'" The agreement
was particularly important to French tuna and shrimp
fishermen. The agreement was amended on
November 12, 1987, and extended from May 21,
1989, to May 20, 1992. The agreement initialed in
1989 allowed the EC to increase the number of tuna
licenses from 40 to 45 vessels. An experimental
shrimp fishing operation was authorized."^ The
agreement has since been renewed and will run
through May 1995. The new agreement permits 50
tuna vessels to fish off Madagascar in exchange for
$2 million in EC payments.'^'
26
■ Tanzania: The EC signed its first fisheries
agreement with Tanzania on December 19, 1990.
The agreement apparently permits fishing for tuna
and shrimp in Tanzania's waters, but few details are
available to the authors.''^ The EC agreed to pay
$678,000 for fishing rights.
7. Indian Ocean
The primary EC interest in the Indian Ocean is
tuna. The EC has successfully negotiated a series of
agreements which provided access for EC tuna
seiners to important Indian Ocean resources in
exchange for fee payments and market access for the
countries involved. In addition, several of the
agreements described above under "East Africa" also
provide the EC access to Indian Ocean tuna grounds.
■ Comoro Islands: The EC and the Comoro Islands
signed a fisheries agreement in Brussels on August
23, 1988. The 3 -year agreement allows EC
fishermen aboard as many as 40 tuna vessels to catch
6,000 tons of tuna aimually in Comoro's waters in
exchange for financial compensation from the EC.'"
The agreement was extended from July 20, 1991, to
July 19, 1994, in an exchange of letters. ''* The EC
agreed to pay $1.7 million for the right to fish in the
Comoros' fishing zone.
■ Mauritius: The EC and Mauritius signed a
fisheries trade agreement in 1984 allowing canned
tuna packed in Mauritius, but imported in raw form
from other countries, to be considered as originating
in Mauritius. The agreement allowed Mauritius to
develop its tuna fishing industry and to continue
exporting canned tuna to the European Community
under favorable terms. This agreement was extended
on July 16, 1985, June 5, 1989, and June 20,
J99Q 139 -j^g g(-. ^j^j Mauritius agreed to a fisheries
access agreement in 1988, which allowed 40 tuna
seiners, and an unspecified number of longliners
and/or trawlers to fish in Mauritian waters. EC
financial assistance was provided in exchange for
fishing rights.'"" The EC agreed to pay $2 million to
Mauritius for access to their fishing grounds in the
latest agreement.
■ Seychelles: The EC and Seychelles officials
signed a 3-year agreement on January 18, 1984,
which allowed 18 EC tuna purse seiners to fish in
waters around the Seychelles. In exchange, the EC
agreed to fees for the right to fish.'"' This agreement
has since been extended and the Seychelles is an
important base for French and Spanish tuna fishing
fleets. The agreement was extended over the years.
An accord reached in 1990, extended the Agreement
until January 1993 and allowed 40 high-seas tuna
seiners to fish off the Seychelles in exchange for
compensation amounting to $11.6 million.'"^ This
agreement was extended until January 17, 1996. The
agreement continued to allow 40 tuna seiners to fish
off the Seychelles, but the financial compensation
package was reduced to $10.8 million.'"^
8. Latin America
European countries have deployed few vessels off
Latin America. While several countries have
expressed an interest beginning in the 1960s, the
greater distances involved, early introduction of 200-
mile zones, highly nationalistic policies, restrictive
laws, and a greater enforcement capability combined
to limit deployment. German and Spanish fishermen
deployed a few trawlers off Argentina (joint ventures)
and Chile (licenses). The Spanish deployed a few
tuna seiners off Ecuador (joint ventures/association
contracts) during the 1970s and 1980s. The French
deployed a few shrimp trawlers off French Guiana,
which is administered as an overseas French
Department. The British decision to declare a 150-
mile zone around the Falklands and issue fishing
licenses provided opportunities for some EC countries
(especially Spain) to fish in the Southwestern
Atlantic, but most of the licenses were issued to
Eastern European and Asian countries.
■ Argentina: Argentina declared a 200-mile zone in
1967, primarily as a result of expanding Soviet
fisheries in the southwest Atlantic. Several European
countries subsequently expressed interest in fishing
off Argentina, but Argentine policies were highly
restrictive. The authors believe that a small number
of European vessels may have obtained access
through joint-venture arrangements, but details are
not available to confirm this. After the 1982
Falklands conflict with the British, the Argentines
tried to negotiate fishery agreements with distant-
water fishing countries. The Argentine diplomatic
effort was aimed at discouraging the distant-water
countries from purchasing British Falkland licenses
and thus providing defacto recognition of British
jurisdiction. The arrangements offered by the
27
Argentines, however, continued to be so restrictive
that none of the distant-water countries with market
economies acceded to the Argentine conditions.
Argentina did finally sign agreements with the Soviet
Union and Bulgaria in 1986.'" While the Bulgarian
agreement proved to be short-lived, the Soviet
agreement endured. As a result, Soviet fishing in the
southwest Atlantic increased from less than 80,000
tons in 1986 to nearly 169,000 t in 1987 and
242,000-282,000 1 annually during 1988-90. Not all
of this catch was harvested within the Argentine 200-
mile zone, but the authors believe a substantial
quantity was.
■ Falkland Islands: Little European fishing was
conducted around the Falkland Islands during the
1960s and 1970s. The British made no attempt to
extend their coastal zones and fisheries enforcement
in the southeast Atlantic was conducted primarily by
the Argentines. This situation changed radically after
the Falklands confiict in 1982. The British
implemented a 150-mile Falkland Islands Protection
Zone (FIPZ) around the Falklands, primarily to
exclude Argentine naval vessels. As a result, distant-
water fishermen began to fish off the Falklands. This
increased effort was initiated by Polish, Japanese, and
Soviet fishermen, but the Republic of Korea has since
become a major participant. The distant-water effort
expanded so sharply that the British Government
became increasingly concerned about squid and other
stocks. The British Falkland Islands Government
implemented a 150-mile Falklands Interim
Conservation and Management Zone (FICMZ) in
1987 and began issuing fishing licenses. Spain and
other European countries also initiated fisheries. The
Spanish fishery is the largest, totaling 59,000 -
85,000 tons annually between 1986-90, mostly squid.
Other participating Western European countries
include Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and
the United Kingdom (See appendix 29-31).'"'
■ Chile: Spain and Chile signed a fisheries access
agreement in 1977, but the authors do not know of
any significant Spanish fishing conducted under the
agreement. Some fishing was conducted by Spanish
vessels, through various joint venture arrangements,
off southern Chile. Few details on these operations,
however, are available. A Chilean publication in
1980 reported on the foreign vessels operated in
Chile, several of which appeared to be Chilean. '■**
One Spanish publication referred to Spanish
operations in 1983, but the authors have no more
recent written reports.'"^ The authors believe that
about 50,000 t of fish were taken by foreign vessels
off Chile in 1991, but most of it by a Japanese joint
venture.''" Spanish longliners apparently conduct
some operations in the southeast Pacific for swordfish
and other species that they are not reporting. Spanish
fishery trade associations have recently complained to
Spanish and Chilean Govenmient officials concerning
Chile's refusal to allow the Spanish vessels to
transship their catch in Chilean ports.''"
■ Peru: The authors know of no fishing by EC-
member countries in Peruvian waters, although there
have been a variety of fishery contacts.""
■ Ecuador: Press reports in the 1970s indicated that
Ecuador granted Spain a fisheries allocation of
60,000 tons,''' but the authors have no information
confirming that Spanish fishermen actually initiated
fishing operations off Ecuador. Various reports
indicate that a small number of Spanish tuna seiners
operated in the Eastern Pacific during the 1970s and
1980s.'" Several of these vessels operated under
joint-venture arrangements or special "association"
contracts provided for under Ecuadorean
legislation.'" The major Spanish-Ecuadorean tuna
joint venture was Conservas Isabella. Several
Ecuadorean companies, such as INEPACA, a U.S.
joint venture, contracted with Spanish seiners to
fish.''" The Spanish operated with Ecuadorean
canners, landing at least part of their catch in
Ecuador. The authors, however, have no details on
these arrangements. The Inter- American Tropical
Tuna Commission reported that the Montedaro, a
Spanish-flag purse-seiner, sank in the Eastern
Tropical Pacific on July 14, 1993.'"
■ French Guiana: French Guiana offers some
limited opportunities for French fishermen as the
small local population conducts only limited fisheries.
The major resource, shrimp, during the 1970s was
harvested primarily by U.S., Japanese, and other
foreign fishermen. French and EC authorities during
the 1980s gradually reduced foreign licenses and
imposed other restrictions on foreign companies as
French companies expanded shrimping operations."*
■ Martinique: Martinique and Guadeloupe fishermen
so intensively fished the limited local grounds that no
opportunities were available for French fishermen.
28
■ Guadeloupe: Guadeloupe fishermen so intensively
fished the limited local grounds that no opportunities
were available for French fishermen.
■ Dominica: EC fishermen registered in the French
Overseas Departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique
will be issued 220 licenses allowing them to fish in
waters belonging to Dominica. The EC will be
limited to using vessels under 40 feet in length (e.g.,
small artisanal craft). EC payments to the
Government of Dominica will total in the
neighborhood of $2.5 million. Dominica is a small
Caribbean island located between Martinique and
Guadeloupe. The EC also agreed to make
approximately $180,000 available for fisheries
training.'"
V. FUTURE DIRECTIONS, 1993-96
EC officials would like to deploy substantial
numbers of vessels on distant-water grounds. There
appears little likelihood that current arrangements
with North American, European, African, and Indian
Ocean countries can be significantly expanded. EC
officials are hopeful that initiatives with Latin
American countries and Nambia will permit the
deployment of a significant number of vessels . There
is also some possibility of future deployment of some
vessels in the Pacific.
A, LATIN AMERICA
The only real success of the EC Latin American
effort to date has been with Argentina. The EC
signed a bilateral access agreement with Argentina in
December 1992, which will provide access for 70 EC
vessels to harvest 250,000 tons of fish in Argentina's
waters for the next 5 years.''* The agreement, which
has been been ratified by the EC'^', does not involve
any payments for access, a feature that marks many
of the agreements the EC has made with African
countries."* Instead, the agreement will include the
establishment of many joint venture operations
between EC and Argentinean business firms. A total
of 35 full-time licenses will be issued, allowing 70
vessels access to Argentina's waters. One-third of
the vessels will fly the EC flag (or national flags) and
two-thirds will become Argentine vessels after three
years and will fly the Argentina flag."'' The
agreement may be automatically extended for an
additional 2 years if there are no formal objections to
the continuation of the agreement.'" One of the first
ships to go will be the Mar de Vigo, the one-time flag
ship of the Spanish freezer fleet based at the port of
Vigo in northern Spain. The ship has been idle for
several years but is being overhauled and readied for
the EC- Argentina fishing program later in 1993.'"
The EC Fisheries Council in 1990 mandated that
the EC Commission pursue access arrangements with
other Latin American countries: Chile, Columbia,
Mexico, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. The EC
has several fisheries assistance projects in South
America, especially focusing on the Andean
countries. The EC, in November 1990, expanded its
fisheries assistance programs to Central America and
granted $16 million to develop fisheries in Costa
Rica, EI Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,
Nicaragua, and Panama.'** The EC Central
American program was designed to study fishery
resources, improve fisheries management, train
artisanal fishermen, support aquaculture, and provide
new fish harvesting and processing techniques for
local shrimp fisheries. This is a pattern followed by
the EC in other regions and suggests that the EC is
carefully studying Latin America for possible future
agreements. Exploratory talks have been held with
Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela.'*'
EC officials have met with fishery officials in
several Latin American countries. The countries
involved appear to have shown little interest in the
EC proposals. The only successful result has been
the 1992 bilateral agreement signed with Argentina.
EC officials are hopeful that the successful conclusion
of the agreement with Argentina will encourage other
Latin American countries to negotiate similar
agreements."** The Argentine success, however, may
be due to a unique set of circumstances related to the
British- Argentine dispute over the Falkland Islands.'"
As a result, the EC may have difficulty reaching
similar accords elsewhere in Latin America. Any
agreements reached with other countries would
almost certainly be on a much smaller scale than the
Argentine agreement. Other Latin American
countries do not have large underutilized stocks of
interest to EC fishermen. The largest underutilized
stock is currently jack mackerel off Chile and Peru.
Both Chile and Peru are currently expanding their
fleets to be able fish jack mackerel in their own
waters. Substantial quantities could be fished outside
29
200-mile zones as the Soviets and other countries did
for years.'*' Such operations, however, involve
increasing international complications. "' In addition,
the low value of the species would probably not
support EC distant-water operations.
B. SOUTHERN AFRICA
EC officials are particularly interested in
regaining access to the important Southern African
trawl fishing grounds off Namibia. Renewing
negotiations with Namibia is a high priority for the
EC. More than 200 Spanish trawlers were formerly
deployed in the Cape hake fishery. Even if the EC
is only able to gain access for some of those vessels,
it would be an important accomplishment for the
depressed Spanish fleet.'™ The authors believe it is
unlikely they will get permission for all of these
vessels to reenter the fishery. Namibian officials
appear, however, to have been reluctant to allow
foreign vessels to return to its EEZ. EC officials
believe that the exclusion of foreign fishing off the
Namibian coast for 2 years has given stocks time to
regenerate.'^' There appear to be many positive
reasons that would make it advantageous for the
Namibian Government to negotiate an accord with the
EC. Not only would licenses generate income, but
the EC would also probably offer development
assistance or joint venture arrangements to help
Namibia develop its own domestic fleet. The EC,
especially Spain, offers a multi-million dollar market
for Cape hake products that would be an important
export market for Namibian fishermen. Thus, it
would appear that both sides have important reasons
to resume serious negotiations.
C. fflGH-SEAS
EC factoryships flying the German and Dutch
flags have been built specifically to fish for pelagic
species on the high-seas. These vessels have fished
off Norway, Scotland, the Falkland Islands, and off
Morocco. These vessels will fish anywhere they can
find fish to catch and harvest. The fleet includes the
German-flag vessels Jan Maria, the Dirk Dirk, and
the Gerda Maria (owned by Doggerbank
Seefischerei, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the
Parlevliet & van der Plas BV of Holland), and the
Dutch-flag vessel Dirk Diederik (owned by Parlevliet
& van der Plas BV of Holland). The Dutch vessels
Cornelis VrolijkFzn, Franziska, and the Zee/and have
also fished on the high-seas and are expected to do so
in the future. '^^ Two Irish vessels, the Veronica and
the Atlantean II. also have the capability of fishing
anywhere in the world, but these vessels have
remained inside Irish waters or in the North Sea since
they were delivered. Obviously there are other
vessels in the EC fleet which could fish on the high-
seas. However, the 8-10 vessels identified above,
were built specifically to fish for pelagic species on
the high-seas. Most other EC vessels normally
would fish inside a nation's 200 mile limit as part of
an EC bilateral fisheries agreement.
D. PACIFIC OCEAN
EC fishermen are unlikely to initiate major
distant-water fisheries in the Pacific during the 1990s.
The costly logistics and elevated operating expenses
probably preclude such initiatives. Major Pacific
fishing grounds are already heavily fished by coastal
countries and important Asian distant-water countries.
There is, however, the possibility that EC tuna
fishermen (French and Spanish) may deploy some
vessels in the Pacific. As long as tuna fishing off the
western coast of Africa and in the Indian Ocean
remains steady, it is unlikely that the EC fishermen
will be forced to move into the Pacific Ocean.
However, it is only prudent to assume that French
and Spanish tuna fisheries may eventually face
declining catches and that there will be pressure to
move into the Pacific Ocean. Most of the EC high-
seas purse seiners range between 1,000-GRT and
1,600-GRT.'" The fleet includes about 20 French
vessels and a similar number of Spanish vessels."''
These vessels are reasonably new (mostly built after
1975) and new vessels being added to the fleet are
larger and more sophisticated. Some observers
believe that the EC fishermen will eventually find it
difficult to maintain profitable fishing in the Indian
Ocean in the face of growing competition; this could
lead them to seek new opportunities in the Pacific
Ocean, although there is no indication that this is
currently being planned. It should be noted,
however, that one Spanish purse seiner, the
Monleclaro, sank in the Eastern tropical Pacific on
July 14, 1993. ''' France: French fishermen currently
appear to have access to adequate grounds. The
French catch of tropical tuna has gone from 120,000
tons in 1989 to 130,000 tons in 1990 to 150,000 tons
in 1991.'™ French fishermen would have some
advantage in Western Pacific operations as they
30
would have access to the waters off French Polynesia
and other French Pacific territories. In addition the
French claim to Clipperton Island also gives them a
claim to Eastern Pacific grounds. Spain: Spanish
fishermen also appear to have access to adequate
grounds. The Spanish catch of tuna in the Indian
Ocean increased from 22,900 tons in 1984 to 38,500
tons in 1985 to 43,200 tons in 1986 to 57,700 tons in
1987 to 114,000 tons in 1988 to 125,000 tons in
1989.'" A small number of Spanish seiners operated
in the eastern Pacific during the 1980s and early
1990s, including one purse seiner, the Montedaro,
which sank in the area on July 14, 1993.'™ Several
of these vessels operated under joint venture contracts
with coastal countries, especially Ecuador. Cyprus:
One tuna purse seiner, the Isabel Tuna, fishes for
tuna in the Eastern tropical Pacific. The vessel was
formerly a Spanish vessel. It registered with the
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (lATTC)
in 1991.
the "loophole," is in international waters between the
Norwegian and Russian EEZs around the Svalbard.
Another "loophole" exists in the Barents Sea between
the Russian and the Norwegian EEZ. After being
expelled from the Svalbard, the vessels moved to the
Barents Sea loophole where they were joined by 4
additional vessels. The 6 vessels were identified as
registered in Belize, the Dominican Republic, and
St. Vincent. The vessels were unloading their
catches in Icelandic ports.""
SOURCES
Chile Pesquero, various issues.
Council of the European Communities, General
Secretariat, Press Release, Brussels, March 15,
1983.
E. REFLAGGING
The authors have found several examples of West
Europeans involved in reflagging. There are, for
example, 8 vessels of unknown origin reflagged in
Honduras with names such as Ekawat Reefer 2,
Focus, Focus No. 101, Glory, La Paloma, Oriente
No. 7, Pilgrim, and Polestar. The La Paloma is a
4,358-GRT vessel and is registered as belonging to
Fortuna Unity Co. Ltd. The Glory is a 2,677-GRT
vessel registered as belonging to Greenbury Trading
Ltd. Three companies operate high-seas vessels out
of ports in South Africa, although the vessels are
registered in the Cayman Islands.'™
In 1993, 18 ex-Spanish vessels, 6-ex-French, 3
ex-Dutch, and 1 ex-UK vessels were reflagged under
Panamanian registry. In 1993, 31 reflagged vessels
were flying the flag of Cyprus, as compared to 3
vessels in 1992 and 1 vessel in 1991. Most of these
vessels were Russian or Polish, with several from the
Netherlands, Norway, Spain, and France (see
Cyprus, table 3). In 1993, Malta's registry included
33 reflagged vessels in its fleet, including 7 vessels
over 500-GRT.
In August 1993, the Norwegian Ministry of
Fisheries reported that they had expelled two
Caribbean-registered fishing vessels from an
international area near the Svalbard. The area, called
Court of Auditors Special Report no. 3/93 - The
implementation of the measures for the
restructuring, modernisation and adaption of the
capacities of fishing fleets in the Community as
reported in "Report highlights limited success of
1987-90 EC fleet restructuring grants," Eurofish
Report, June 17, 1993.
Crosby, John. Minister of Fisheries and Oceans,
Canadian oral intervention. Responsible Fisheries
Conference, Cancun, Mexico, May 7, 1992.
De Pasquale, P. REPORT: on fisheries agreements
benveen the Community and third countries,
drawn up on behalf of the Committee on
Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, European
Parliament, Working Documents, English
Edition, WB(VS1)4505E, Document A-160/86,
November 26, 1986.
Eurofish Report, various issues.
European Community, various Council Directives.
Fishing News International, various issues.
Folsom, William B. "Morocco-EC Fisheries
Agreement, " International Fisheries Report (IFR-
88/71), National Marine Fisheries Service,
NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, July
31
29, 1988.
Folsom, William B. and Dennis M. Weidner,
"Fisheries of Mauritania, 1974, Foreign
Fisheries Leaflet, No. 76-3, Office of
International Fisheries, National Marine
Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Washington, D.C., October 1976
Hinton, Michael. "Estimated Catch and Fleet
Information for the Eastern Pacific Ocean Tuna
Fleet," Inter-American Tropical Tuna
Commission, Report No. 93-23, January 1-July
19, 1993.
Report (IFR-88/88), Office of International
Fisheries, National Marine Fisheries Service,
NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, D.C., September 2, 1988.
Quota Regulations in Norwegian Fisheries Zones,
The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries,
Oslo, August 25, 1989.
Report 1991 from the Commission to the Council and
the European Parliament on the Common
Fisheries Policy, Commission of the European
Communities, SEC(91) 2288, Brussels,
December 18, 1991.
Industrias Pesqueras, various issues.
International Trade Commission, "Tuna: Competitive
conditions affecting the U.S. and European tuna
industries in domestic and foreign markets,"
Report to the Committee on Finance, U.S.
Senate, and the Committee on Ways and Means,
U.S. House of Representatives, Investigation No.
332-291, Under Section 332 of the Tariff Act of
1930, USITC Publication 2339, Washington,
D.C., December 1990.
Jacobson, Don and Dennis Weidner, "Soviet-Latin
American Fishery Relations, 1961-89,"
International Fishery Reports (IFR-89/39), Office
of International Fisheries, National Marine
Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Washington, D.C., May 5, 1989
La Peche Maritime, various issues.
OECD, Review of Fisheries, 1978, Organization for
Economic Co-Operationand Development, Paris,
1979
OECD, Review of Fisheries. 1980, Organization for
Economic Co-Operationand Development, Paris,
1981
Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy.
Official Journal of the European Communities,
various issues.
Quintanilla, Franciso and Dennis Weidner, "Peruvian
bilateral fishery relations," International Fishery
Seafood News, various issues.
Servicio Nacional de Pesca, Anuario Estadistico de
Pesca, 1991, Chile.
The European Community 's Fishery Policy, Office for
Official Publications of the European
Communities, Periodical 1/1985,
Luxembourg, 1985.
Thomas, Tracy. "Cuban Fishery Relations in the
Americas, 1959-88," International Fishery
Reports (IFR-88/59), Office of International
Fisheries, National Marine Fisheries Service,
NOAA, U.S. Department of Corrunerce,
Washington, D.C., June 29, 1988
U.S. Department of Commerce, Fisheries of the
United States, 1990, National Marine Fisheries
Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Washington, D.C., May 1991
U.S. Diplomatic posts, various reports.
Wade, Nick. "Barents Sea 'Hole' Dispute," Fishing
News International, September 1993, p. 1-2.
West Africa, "Siaka reports on EEC visit, October
15, 1979.
World Fishing, various issues.
Zarate, Carlos. INEPACA, personal communications
with Dennis Weidner, December 11, 1979
32
ENDNOTES
1. The European Community (EC) was established on April 8, 1965 and became operational on July 1, 1967.
The EC currently has 12 member states: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Only Luxembourg does not have access
to a coastal area and thus does not engage in marine fishing. The European Community is also identified as the
European Economic Community (EEC); it is identified as EC in this report.
2. Vessels over 500-GRT. EC member states also deploy many high-seas, or distant-water, vessels under 500-
GRT.
3. The Treaty of Rome of 1958 established the European Economic Community.
4. Council Directive of 4 October 1983 concerning certain measures to adjust capacity in the fisheries sector
(83/515/EEC), OfficialJoumal of the European Communities, No. L. 290/15, October 22, 1983.
5. This was announced in Council Directive 83/515/EEC of October 1983 and later amended by Regulation
(EEC) No 4028/86.
6. The early programs were designed to remove old, uneconomic vessels and to replace them with more
modem, efficient vessels. The European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF), for example,
was instrumental in reducing the size of the inshore fishing industry as part of a program to modernize the
fishing industry. Information, Commission of the European Communities, Com (75) 574, p-77.
7. Vessels can be used to haul feed out to aquaculture pens, house crews, lift netting, etc.
8. In our introduction the authors indicated that we would concentrate on high-seas fleets. However, in this
section we were required to deal with the entire fleet (small coastal vessels up to super trawlers).
Unforttmately, many of the policies affecting the size of the fleet were applied across the board. In order to
understand the development of the EC program to control the growth of the fleet it was necessary to investigate
the entire fleet, and not simply the high-seas fleet.
9. The European Community's Fishery Policy, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities,
Periodical 1/1985, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 21.
10. The European Community's Fishery Policy, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities,
Periodical 1/1985, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 21-22. Higher fuel prices were also making it difficult to operate
older, less efficient high-seas vessels.
1 1 . One of the EC officials who helped craft and implement the CFP calls it a disastrous failure. He believes
it is a text-book case of the perils of trying to manage fisheries by modifying the increasingly accurate scientific
assessments as a result of conflicting political demands. Michael J. Holden, The Common Fisheries Policy:
Origin, Evaluation, and Future, (Buckland Foundation: Oxford, 1993), p. 320.
12. Council Directive 83/515/EEC.
33
13. Council Directive of 4 October 1983 concerning certain measures to adjust capacity in the fisheries sector
(83/515/EEC), OfftcialJoumal of the European Communities, No. L. 290/15, October 22, 1983.
14. Vessels withdrawn according to Council Directive 83/515/EEC, OfficialJoumal of the European
Communities, No. C. 276/1, November 1, 1986.
15. The decline in North Sea cod and haddock stocks is explained in the Report 1991 from the Commission to
the Council and the European Parliament on the Common Fisheries Policy, Commission of the European
Communities, SEC(91) 2288, Brussels, December 18, 1991, p. 47.
16. Commission Decision of 11 December 1987 on the multiannual guidance programme for the fishing fleet
(1987 to 1991) forwarded by {Country} pursuant to Regulation (EEC) No 4028/86, Official Journal of the
European Communities, No. L 70/19, March 16, 1988.
17. Commission Regulation (EEC) No 163/89 of 24 January 1989 concerning the fishing vessel register of the
Community, Official Journal of the European Communities. No. L 20/5, January 25, 1989.
18. In December 1990, Fisheries Commissioner Manuel Marin had anounced that the capacity of the EC fishing
fleet must be reduced by at least 40% over the next 10 years if important fishery resources were to be saved.
See: "Marin plans 40% cut in EC fishing capacity over 10 years," Eurofish Report, December 6, 1990, p.
BB/1.
19. "EC Needs Urgent Cut in Fleets Warns Commissioner," Fishing News International, January 1991.
20. Oliver, Tim. "EEC block on new boat grants," Fishing News International, June 1990 and Eurofish Report,
May 10, 1990, pp. BB/1-2.
21. Proposal for a Council Regulation (EEC) amending Regulation (EEC) No 4028/86 on Community measures
to improve and adapt structures in the fisheries and aquaculture sector, COM(90) 358 final. Submitted by the
Commission on 27 July 1990), Official Journal of the European Communities, No. C 243/6, September 9,
1990.
22. Unless otherwise indicated, "fishing fleet" refers to all vessels in a fishing fleet while "high-seas fishing
fleet" refers only to vessels over 500-GRT.
23. Eurofish Report, December 3, 1992, p. BB/1.
24. Report 1991 from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the Common Fisheries
Policy, Commission of the European Communities, SEC(91) 2288, Brussels, December 18, 1991, p. ii.
25. This is an approximate conversion of ECU 350 million at ECUl.OO = US$1.15. The ECU has been
fluctuating in recent months and the actual amount is probably higher.
26. Court of Auditors Special Report no. 3/93 - The implementation of the measures for the restructuring,
modernisation and adaption of the capacities of fishing fleets in the Community as reported in "Report highlights
limited success of 1987-90 EC fleet restructuring grants," Eurofish Report, June 17, 1993, p. BB/1.
27. Court of Auditors Special Report no. 3/93 - The implementation of the measures for the restructuring,
modernisation and adaption of the capacities of fishing fleets in the Community as reported in "Report highlights
limited success of 1987-90 EC fleet restructuring grants," Eurofish Report, June 17, 1993, p. BB/1.
34
28. "EC agrees grants worth 23 million ECU," Eurofish Report, May 6, 1993, p. BB/1.
29. The following description of the various EC fishery agreements is based upon the press reports gathered by
the authors. In some instances, the authors have not been able to obtain complete information from EC and
coastal country sources and as a result some of the individual country discussions may not cover all of the
agreements and extensions.
30. The EC has had jurisdiction over fisheries agreement since 1976.
31. The status of some of these agreements (i.e., with Dominica, Gabon, Sierra Leone and Tanzania) are
uncertain. NMFS may have missed a few countries, but believes our numbers to be fairly accurate.
32. Information that follows was obtained from a number of sources, including: P. De Pasquale, REPORT: on
fisheries agreements between the Community and third countries, drawn up on behalf of the Committee on
Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, European Parliament, Working Documents, English Edition, WB(VS1)4505E,
Document A-160/86, November 26, 1986.
33. The number of vessels involved exceeds the total number of EC high-seas vessels because many of these
vessels are less than 500 GRT, but deployed as high-seas vessels, such as tuna baitboats. Others are EC
owned, but based in coastal country ports.
34. Fishery agreements are widely reported in the European press which the authors follow. The limited
number of publications available on African countries and the authors limited access to African press sources
has impaired the coverage of EC- African negotiations in more detail. Thus the following country text may not
be a complete description of every agreement signed or renegotiated. It does, however, provide a general
overview of EC activities in Africa.
35. The predecessor to NAFO.
36. Agreement concerning fisheries off the coasts of the United States, with Annexes, February 15, 1977.
Signed at Washington, February 15, 1977. Approved by Public Law 95-8, March 3, 1977. Entered into force
on June 9, 1977. The United States had previously signed agreements with individual EC members and these
agreements were gradually assumed by the EC as the responsible authority.
37. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European
Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 54. In 1978, for example, the United States allocated 888 tons of fish to
West Germany, 1,493 tons to France, and 4,125 tons of fish to Italy.
38. U.S. Department of Commerce, Fisheries of the United States, 1990, National Marine Fisheries Service,
NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., May 1991, p. 25. The total North Atlantic
allocation was 37,000 tons in 1989 and this declined to 9,200 tons in 1990; no EC vessels have fished in U.S.
waters since 1989.
39. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European
Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 55.
40. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European
Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 55.
41. NAFO replaced the International Convention for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (ICNAF) on January 1,
1979. Its members included Canada, the USSR, Romania, the German Democratic Republic, the Federal
Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Portugal, Norway, Denmark, and the United Kingdom. OECD, Review of
35
Fisheries, 7978, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Paris, 1979, p. 50.
42. OECD, Review of Fisheries, 1980, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Paris,
1981, p. 52.
43. John Crosby, Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, Canadian oral intervention, Responsible Fisheries
Conference, Cancun, Mexico, May 7, 1992.
44. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European
Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 62.
45. Official Journal of the European Communities, No L 378/57-58, December 31, 1990.
46. OECD, Review of Fisheries, 1978, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Paris,
1979, p. 64.
47. The current Icelandic 200-mile FEZ does, however, overlap the 200-mile FEZ of the Faroes and
Greenland, countries with a close relationship to EC-member Denmark.
48. OECD, Review of Fisheries, 1978, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Paris,
1979, p. 112 and "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the
European Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 56.
49. This agreement was approved by the Council of the European Communities on June 24, 1993.
50. Council Regulation (EEC) No 1737/93 of 24 June 1993 on the conclusion of the Agreement on fisheries and
the marine environment between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Iceland, Official
Journal of the European Communities, No L 161/1, July 2, 1993.
51. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European
Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 54.
52. U.S. Embassy, Brussels, February 8, 1982.
53. U.S. Embassy, Brussels, February 8, 1982.
54. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No 3888/91 of 18 December
1991 laying down for 1992 certain measures for the conservation and management of fishery resources
applicable to vessels registered in the Faroe Islands," No L 367 /59, December 31, 1991.
55. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European
Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 53.
56. Quota Regulations in Norwegian Fisheries Zones, The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries, Oslo, August
25, 1989.
57. "Norway acts on fishing in Barents Sea "Loophole," U.S. Embassy, Oslo, Norway, August 18, 1993.
58. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European
Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 54.
36
59. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European
Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 54.
60. Council Regulation (EEC) No 520/93 of 2 March 1993 on the conclusion of the Agreement on fisheries
relations between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Latvia, Official Journal of the
European Communities, No L 56/5, March 9, 1993.
61. Council Regulation (EEC) No 521/93 of 2 March 1993 on the conclusion of the Agreement on fisheries
relations between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Latvia, Official Journal of the
European Communities, No L 56/9, March 9, 1993.
62. Council Regulation (EEC) No 519/93 of 2 March 1993 on the conclusion of the Agreement on fisheries
relations between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Latvia, Official Journal of the
European Communities, No L 56/1, March 9, 1993.
63. "Danes prepare for workmanlike Council," Eurofish Report, June 17, 1993, p. BB/3.
64. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European
Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 56. The EC has, however, negotiated an agreement with Morocco which
does include fisheries conducted in the Mediterranean.
65. Italy had a fisheries agreement with Tunisia signed on June 19, 1976 and an agreement with Yugoslavia
signed on June 15, 1973, which was later extended until December 31, 1978. OECD, Review of Fisheries,
1978, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Paris, 1979, p. 129.
66. The Greek-Libyan joint venture fishery operations began in 1977 and ended in 1983. OECD, Review of
Fisheries, 1983, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Paris, 1984, p. 97.
67. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No 3213/84 of 6 November
1984 opening, allocating, and providing for the administration of a Community tariff quota for prepared or
preserved sardines falling within subheading.
68. NMFS files on Italian operations off both countries are incomplete.
69. William B. Folsom, "Morocco-EC Fisheries Agreement," International Fisheries Report (IFR-88/71),
National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, July 29, 1988. This IFR provides
an extensive examination of the agreement and its terms.
70. "World Fishing Fleet Study," U.S. Embassy, Rabat, July 1, 1993.
71. "World Fishing Fleet Study," U.S. Embassy, Rabat, July 1, 1993.
72. William B. Folsom and Dennis M. Weidner, "Fisheries of Mauritania, 1974, Foreign Fisheries Leaflet,
No. 76-3, Office of International Fisheries, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Washington, D.C., October 1976.
73. OECD, Review of Fisheries, 191%, Organization for Economic Co-Operafion and Development, Paris,
1979, p. 106.
74. OECD, Review of Fisheries, 1983, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Paris,
1984, p. 97 and Fishing News International, "Mauritania agrees to fishing deal with the European Community,"
37
January 1979.
75. Eurofish Report, "EEC and Mauritania nearer to agreement, April 12, 1984.
76. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No. 4 143/87 of 14 December
1987 concerning the conclusion of the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Islamic
Republic of Mauritania on fishing off the coast of Mauritania and adopting provisions for its application," No. L
388/1, December 31, 1987.
77. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No. 1177/91 of 18 April 1991
on the conclusion of the Protocol setting out, for the period from 1 August 1990 to 31 July 1993, the fishing
opportunities and financial contribution provided for in the Agreement between the European Economic
Community and the Islamic Republic of Mauritania on fishing off the coast of Mauritania," No. L 117/1,
Octobers, 1991.
78. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European
Commimities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 55.
79. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No 559/87 of 23 February 1987
on the conclusion of the Protocol establishing the fishing rights and financial compensation provided for in the
Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the Republic of Senegal on
fishing off the coast of Senegal for the period from 1 October 1986 to 28 February 1988, No. L 57/1, February
27, 1987.
80. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Decision of 3 May 1988 on the conclusion of the
Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters concerning the provisional application of the Protocol setting
out the fishing rights and financial compensation provided for in the Agreement between the Government of the
Republic of Senegal and the European Economic Community on fishing off the coast of Senegal for the period
from 29 February 1988 to 28 February 1990 (88/296/EEC), No. L 127/15, May 20, 1988.
81 . Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Decision of 27 July 1990 on the conclusion of the
Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters concerning the provisional application of the Protocol setting
out the fishing rights and financial compensation provided for in the Agreement between the Government of the
Republic of Senegal and the European Economic Community on fishing off the coast of Senegal for the period
from 1 May 1990 to 30 April 1992 (90/407/EEC), No. L 208/36, August 7, 1990.
82. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Decision of 27 July 1990 on the conclusion of the
Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters concerning the provisional application of the Protocol setting
out the fishing rights and financial compensation provided for in the Agreement between the Government of the
Republic of Senegal and the European Economic Community on fishing off the coast of Senegal for the period
from 1 May 1990 to 30 April 1992 (90/407/EEC), No. L 208/36, August 7, 1990.
83. "Council finally endorses Senegal protocol," Eurofish Report, July 29, 1993, p. BB/3.
84. Eurofish Report, "EEC Commission pursues fisheries agreement with Gambia," January 31, 1985, p. BB/5.
85. Fishing News (UK), "EEC deal with the Gambia," July 5, 1987.
86. Official Journal of the European Communities, Council Regulation (EEC) No. 1580/87 of 2 June 1987
concerning the conclusion of the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government
of the Republic of the Gambia on fishing off the Gambia and adopting provisions for its application, No L
146/1, June 6, 1987.
38
87. Official Journal of the European Communities, Protocol establishing for the period from 1 July 1990 to 30
June 1993 the fishing rights and financial compensation provided for in the Agreement between the European
Economic Community and the Republic of the Gambia on fishing off the Gambia, No L 379/17, December 31,
1990.
88. "L'accord avec la Gambie compromis," La Peche Maritime, June-July 1993, p. 260.
89. "EC-Gambia accord to be renewed," Eurofish Report, May 20, 1993, p. BB/3.
90. "World Fishing Fleet Study," U.S. Embassy, Banjul, The Gambia, June 29, 1993.
91. U.S. Embassy, Bissau, July 2, 1979 and La Peche Maritime, "Publication de l'accord de peche avec la
C.E.E.," July 20, 1980.
92. Council of the European Communities, General Secretariat, Press Release, Brussels, March 15, 1983.
93. Eurofish Report, "Guinea-Bissau agreement extended for three years," No. 239, September 25, 1986. The
new agreement was in force from June 16, 1986 until June 15, 1989.
94. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Decision of 18 December 1989 on the conclusion
of the Agreement in the form of an exchange of letters concerning the provisional application of the protocol
establishing for the period 16 June 1989 to 15 June 1991 the fishing rights and financial compensation provided
for in the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the Republic of
Guinea-Bissau on fishing off the coast of Guinea-Bissau (89/675/EEC), No. I 398/1. December 30, 1989.
95. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European
Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 55.
96. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No 2322/90 of 24 July 1999 on
the conclusion of the Protocol establishing for the period 1 January 1990 to 31 December 1991, the fishing
rights and financial compensation provided for in the Agreement between the European Economic Community
and the Government of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau on fishing off the coast of Guinea-Bissau (90./227/EEC),
No L 125/43, May 15, 1990. The reduction in the number of tuna vessels reflected the desires of the EC.
97. Council Decision on the conclusion of the Agreement in the form of an exchange of letters concerning the
provisional application of the Protocol establishing for the period 16 June 1991 to 15 June 1993, the fishing
rights and financial compensation provided for in the Agreement between the European Economic Community
and the Government of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau on fishing off the coast of Guinea-Bissau, European
Communities, Brussels, October 7, 1991.
98. "Council finally endorses Senegal protocol," Eurofish Report, July 29, 1993, p. BB/3.
99. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European
Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 55.
100. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Agreement between the European Economic Community
and the Republic of Cape Verde on fishing off the coast of Cape Verde," No C 115/9, May 9, 1990.
101. West Africa, "Siaka reports on EEC visit, October 15, 1979, p. 1913.
39
102. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No 1237/90 of 25 April 1990
on the conclusion of the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Sierra
Leone on fishing off Sierra Leone, No L 125/27, May 15, 1990.
103. Official Journal of the European Communities. "Proposal for a Council Regulation (EEC) on the
conclusion of the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Republic of the Ivory Coast
on fishing off the Ivory Coast," COM(90) 374 final, August 3, 1990.
104. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Decision of 22 October 1983 on the provisional
application of the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the
Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe on fishing off Sao Tome and Principe, (83/503/EEC), October
14, 1983. The agreement appears to have been formally signed in Brussels on February 1, 1984.
105. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No 1295/91 of 14 May 1991 on
the conclusion of the Protocol establishing, for the period from 1 June 1990 to 31 May 1993, the fishing rights
and financial compensation provided for in the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the
Government of the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe on fishing off Sao Tome and Principe", No
L 123/1, May 18, 1991.
106. "Council finally endorses Senegal protocol," Eurofish Report, July 29, 1993, p. BB/3.
107. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European
Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 55.
108. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Decision of 11 December 1986 on the conclusion
of an Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters concerning the provisional application of the Agreement
amending the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the Republic of
Equatorial Guinea on fishing off the coast of Equatorial Guinea, signed at Malabo on 15 June 1984 for the
period starting on 27 June 1986," (86/636/EEC), No. L 372/18, December 31, 1986.
109. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No. 1236/90 of 25 April 1990
on the conclusion of the Protocol establishing for the period 27 June 1989 to 26 June 1992 the fishing rights and
financial compensation provided for in the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the
Government of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea on fishing off the coast of Equatorial Guinea," No L 125/17,
May 15, 1990.
110. U.S. Embassy, Brussels, March 14, 1988.
111. U.S. Embassy, Brussels, May 6, 1987.
1 12. Official Journal of the European Communities. Council Decision of 28 July 1989 on the conclusion of the
Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters on the provisional application of the Protocol defining, for the
period 3 May 1989 to 2 May 1990, the fishing opportunities and financial compensation provided for in the
Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the People's Republic of
Angola on fishing off Angola, (89/486/EEC), No L 239/91, July 16, 1989.
113. U.S. Embassy, Brussels, August 4, 1989.
1 14. Official Journal of the European Communities, Council Decision of 27 June 1990 on the conclusion of the
Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters on the provisional application of the Protocol establishing, for
the period from 3 May 1990 to 2 May 1992, the fishing opportunities and financial compensation provided for
in the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the People's Republic of
40
Angola on fishing off Angola, (90/409/EEC), No L 208/41, July 7, 1990.
115. U.S. Embassy, Windhoek, November 2, 1990. An attempt to regulate fishing was begun in 1969 by the
FAO and later with the creation of ICSEAF in 1978.
116. The Spanish fleet included 155 vessels of the National Association of Hake Freezer Trawler Owners
(ANAMER) based out of Vigo, Spain. There were also 40 ships operating with a Spanish association identified
as ASPE and 7 with ANAC for a total of 202 Spanish ships. Eurofish Report, April 26, 1990, p. FS/1 and
Fishing News International, 1990.
117. ECU 100 million. Eurofish Report, May 24, 1990.
118. U.S. Embassy, Windhoek, November 2, 1990.
119. U.S. Embassy, Windhoek, April 16, 1991.
120. However, on April 14, 1993, the Congolese registered Loukoula was boarded and seized by Namibian
fisheries inspectors for fishing without a license inside Namibia's EEZ. The vessel was escorted to Luderitz
where the senior officers, all Spanish nationals, were taken to court. The Loukoula was reportedly owned by a
Spanish company and registered in Panama in 1992, but was officially registered by Pepimex Company of
Pointe Noire in the Congo in 1993.
121. "Fish wars: Namibians catch a Congolese boat, while Europeans restrict their markets," U.S. Embassy
Windhoek, April 20, 1993.
122. "Fish wars: Namibians catch a Congolese boat, while Europeans restrict their markets," U.S. Embassy
Windhoek, April 20, 1993.
123. "Namibian pilchards for canned products," Seafood News, June 1993, p. 6.
124. "Namibian pilchards for canned products," Seafood News, June 1993, p. 6.
125. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Decision of 22 March 1990 authorizing the
Portuguese Republic to extend until 8 April 1991 the agreement on mutual fishery relations with the Republic
of South Africa," (90/149/EEC), No. L 81/37, March 28, 1990.
126. Coimcil Decision of 6 April 1993 authorizing the Kingdom of Spain to extend until 7 March 1994 the
Agreement on mutual fishery relations with the Republic of South Africa (93/205/EEC), Official Journal of the
European Communities, No L 88/45, April 8, 1993 and Council Decision of 6 April 1993 authorizing the
Portuguese Republic to extend until 7 March 1994 the Agreement on mutual fishery relations with the Republic
of South Africa (93/206/EEC), Official Journal of the European Communities, No L 88/46, April 8, 1993.
127. The companies involved are Neptune Trawlers, Pict Holdings, and the South Atlantic Fishing Company.
Neptune and Pict operate out of Durban. It is not known where the three vessels operated by the South Atlantic
Fishing Company are based. S.R. Fordham, Chief Marine Surveyor, Cayman Islands, personal
communications, June 4, 1993.
128. U.S. Embassy, Maputo, March 23, 1983.
129. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No 2143/87 of 13 July 1987
concerning the conclusion of the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government
of the People's Republic of Mozambique on fisheries relations," No. 1 201/1, July 22, 1987. This agreement
41
apparently was signed in Maputo on October 1, 1988 when it entered into force.
130. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Decision of 22 January 1990 on the conclusion of
an Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters concerning the provisional application of the Protocol
establishing, for the period from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 1991, the fishing opportunities and the
financial contribution provided for in the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the
Government of the People's Republic of Mozambique on fisheries relations," (90/41/EEC), No L 22/74 January
27, 1990.
131. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No 1454/90 of 28 May 1990
relating to the conclusion of the Protocol establishing, for the period from 1 January 1990 to 31 December
1991, the fishing opportunities and the financial contribution provided for in the Agreement between the
European Economic Community and the Govenmient of the People's Republic of Mozambique on fisheries
relations," No L 140/1, June 1, 1990.
132. U.S. Embassy, Brussels, January 14, 1985.
133. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Proposal for a Council Regulation (EEC) on the
conclusion of the Agreement amending the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the
Government of the Democratic Republic of Madagascar signed in Antananarivo on 28 January 1986,"
COM(87)86 final, March 6, 1987.
134. U.S. Embassy, Brussels, August 4, 1989.
135. Council Regulation (EEC) No. 983/93 of 6 April 1993 relating to the conclusion of the Protocol defining,
for the period 21 May 1992 to 20 May 1995 the fishing opportunities and the financial contribution provided for
by the Agreement between the European Community and the Government of the Democratic Republic of
Madagascar on fishing off Madagascar, Official Journal of the European Communities, No L 106/1, April 30,
1993 and Protocol.
136. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No 3941/90 of 19 December
1990 concerning the conclusion of the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the United
Republic of Tanzania on fishing off Tanzania, No L 3779/24, December 31, 1990. The document does not
provide any information on the number of vessels authorized to fish in Tanzania's waters nor the terms of
compensation.
137. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Proposal for a Council Regulation (EEC) on the
conclusion of the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Islamic Federal Republic of
the Comoros on fishing off Comoros," COM(88) 30 final, February 15, 1988 and Council of the European
Communities, Press Release, Brussels, July 20, 1988 (7607/88).
138. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Decision of 17 December 1991 on the conclusion
of the Agreement in the form of an exchange of letters concerning the provisional application of the Protocol
establishing the fishing opportunities and financial contribution provided for in the Agreement between the
European Economic Community and the Islamic Federal Republic of the Comoros on fishing off Comoros from
the period from 20 July 1991 to 19 July 1994," (92/9/EEC), No 1\L 6/33, January 11, 1992.
139. Eurofish Report, "Mauritius allowed to continue importing tuna for re-export to EEC," September 27,
1984, and Official Journal of the European Communities, various documents allowing this agreement to be
extended. Other documents may exist.
42
140. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No. 1616/89 of 5 June 1989 on
the conclusion of an Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of Mauritius
on fishing in Mauritian waters. No L 159/1 of June 5, 1989 and Official Journal of the European Communities,
"Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of Mauritius on fishing in
Mauritian waters," No. L. 159/2, June 10, 1989
141. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European
Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 56.
142. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No. 3193/90 of 29 October
1990 on the conclusion of the Protocol defining, for the period from 18 January 1990 to 17 January 1993, the
fishing opportunities and financial contribution provided for in the Agreement between the European Economic
Community and the Republic of Seychelles on fishing off Seychelles," No L 306/1, November 6, 1990.
143. Commission Proposal for a Council Decision on the conclusion of the Agreement in the form of an
exchange of letters concerning the provisional application of the Protocol defining for the period 18 January
1993 to 17 January 1996 the fishing opportunities and the financial contribution provided for by the Agreement
between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Seychelles on fishing off the coast of
Seychelles, (93/C 100/06), COM(93) 90 final. Official Journal of the European Communities, No C 100/23,
April 8, 1993 and Protocol defining for the period 18 January 1993 to 17 January 1996 the fishing opportunities
and the financial contributions provided for by the Agreement between the European Community and the
Republic of Seychelles on fishing off Seychelles, Official Journal of the European Communities, No C 100/26,
April 8, 1993.
144. For details on Argentine-Soviet fishery relations, see Jacobson, Don and Dermis Weidner, "Soviet-Latin
American Fishery Relations, 1961-89," International Fishery Reports (IFR-89/39), Office of International
Fisheries, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Conmierce, Washington, D.C., May
5, 1989, pp. 25-46.
145. None of the other Western European countries reported catches exceeding 10,000 tons. The quantities
referred to are totals taken in the Southwest Atlantic. The authors believe that most of this catch was harvested
off the Falklands, but some may have also been taken on the high-seas outside the Falkland and Argentine
zones.
146. "Pesquero 1979," Chile Pesquero, September 1980.
147. Mareiro, "1983, mejor de lo que esperaba," Industrias Pesqueras, January, 1984.
148. The Servicio Nacional de Pesca (SERNAP) annually reports on factory vessels. The authors believes that
these are primarily foreign-owned vessels. SERNAP Anuario Estadistico de Pesca, 1991.
149. "Prosiguen las protestas de los armadores de la flota palangera congeladora," Industrias Pesqueras, April
15, 1993, p. 35 and "Los armadores de barcos palagreros contrarios a la actitud de las autoridades chileanas,"
Industrias Pesqueras, March 15, 1991, p. 31.
150. Germany has provided fisheries assistance to both the Instituto del Mar (IMARPE) and the Insituto
Tecnologico Pesquero (ITP). The assistance has included various technical exchanges and the construction of
the R/V Humboldt. The Netherlands provided credits to help state companies purchase refrigerated trucks and
used fishing vessels. FLOPESCA, the state company purchasing the vessels, however, experienced major
difficulties operating the vessels. The British have a small technical mission which works with the INP. The
EC itself has sponsored fisheries technical assistance which has included contracting a French company to assist
the Peruvian shrimp culture industry. For details see Franciso Quintanilla and Dermis Weidner, "Peruvian
43
bilateral fishery relations," International Fishery Report (IFR-88/88), September 2, 1988.
151. "Espafla y los bancos de pesca ecuatorianos," Industrias Pesqueras, May 1977 and untitled item, La
Peche Maritime, July 1977.
152. See for example U.S. Embassy, Quito, November 5, 1975.
153. Associated vessels during the 1970s and 1980s continued to be owned by the foreign company, but were
authorized to fly the Ecuadorean flag and are entitled to all the benefits which domestic vessels are entitled to,
such as purchasing fuel at domestic prices and the right to operate in a coastal zone exclusively for domestic
fishermen. The associated vessels, however, have to land their catch in Ecuador and are subject to Ecuadorean
taxes and regulations. "Law of Fisheries and Fisheries Development," Article 29; U.S. Consulate, Guayaquil,
November 26, 1980; and U.S. Embassy, Quito, April 20, 1988. Press reports indicated that the Ecuadorean
Government was considering modifications of the law authorizing the association contracts and some fishery
observers felt this would cause to terminate operations off Ecuador. "Piis puede quedarse sin flota pesquera
asociada," El Universo, February 8, 1989. The authors do not have current details as to whether such
arrangements continue or if the regulations have been modified.
154. Carlos Zarate, INEPACA, personal communications, December 11, 1979 and U.S. Consulate, Guayaquil,
November 26, 1980.
155. Michael Hinton, "Estimated Catch and Fleet Information for the Eastern Pacific Ocean Tuna Fleet," Inter-
American Tropical Tuna Commission, Report No. 93-23, January 1-July 19, 1993.
156. U.S. Consulate, Martinique, October 7, 1987.
157. Commission, Proposal for a Council Regulation (EEC) concerning the conclusion of the Agreement
between the European Economic Community and the Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica on
fisheries (93/C 183/06), OfftcialJoumal of the European Communities, No C 183/11, July 6, 1993 and Protocol
between the European Economic Community and the Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica on
conditions relating to reciprocal access for fishing vessels of both Parties, Official Journal of the European
Communities, No C 183/15, July 6, 1993
158. Eurofish Report, December 3, 1992, p. BB/9.
159. The EC ratified the agreement in September 1993. No word has been received as to the status of the
Argentine Government's ratification of the agreement.
160. The EC did agree to make available ECU 28 million to help in fisheries research, port infrastructure
development, vocational and technical training, and technical development programs in Argentina. Eurofish
Report, December 3, 1992, p. BB/10.
161. These vessels will thus be officially removed from EC rolls as part of the fleet reduction program outlined
in the MAGP for 1993-96. Eurofish Report, December 3, 1992, p. BB/9.
162. The United Kingdom has registered an official reserve on the treaty. The objections involve questions
concerning the demarcation lines between Argentina and the Falkland Islands and questions about migration of
squid into Argentine waters. The issue should not block the implementation of the agreement. Eurofish Report,
December 3, 1992, p. BB/10.
163. This was a headline story in the May 1993 issue of Fishing News International.
44
164. Eurofish Report, November 22, 1990.
165. "Little progress on Latin American accords," Eurofish Report, February 22, 1993, p. BB/1.
166. This thought was recently expressed in an article entitled "Previsible descenso de las exporaciones
Chilenas", Industries Pesqueras, June 1, 1993, p. 38.
167. Argentine officials have been concerned for years over the expanding foreign fishing in the South Atlantic
and the British granting of fishing licenses to foreign fishermen operating off the Falklands. The British and
Argentines have meet periodically to discuss conservation measures in the South Atlantic and while some level
of cooperation has emerged, the Argentines continue to be concerned. Partly in response, the Argentine
Government reversed its policy on foreign fishing in 1992. After years of discouraging foreign fishing, the
Argentine Government began granting licenses to foreign fishermen in 1992.
168. This stock was heavily fished by Soviet, Cuban, and other east bloc countries from the late 1960s to the
early 1990s. For details see Don Jacobson and Dennis Weidner, "Soviet-Latin American Fishery Relations,
1961-89," International Fishery Reports (IFR-89/39), May 5, 1989 and Tracy Thomas, "Cuban Fishery
Relations in the Americas, 1959-88," International Fishery Reports (IFR-88/59), June 29, 1988. Cuba
withdrew from the fishery in 1991 and press reports indicate the Russians withdrew in early 1993.
169. Coastal countries are increasingly concerned about the fishing straddling stocks on the high-seas.
Multilateral discussions addressing this issue are currently underway. A major U.N. sponsored meeting is
scheduled to take place in July 1993 in New York.
170. One report indicated 214 Spanish vessels were operating off Namibia on March 31, 1990, when the
Namibian Government ordered all foreign-flag vessels out of its territorial waters. Obviously the question of
the number of vessels which will be allowed to return is subject to negotiation.
171. Namibia's fishing quota has been increased from 80,000 tons in 1992 to 115,000 tons in 1983. "Namibian
pilchards for canned products," Seafood News, June 1993, p. 6.
172. The vessels reportedly fish in the North Sea, off the Shetlands, north and west of Scotland, as well as west
and south of Ireland. The vessel fishes for mackerel, horse mackerel, herring, and silver smelt. "Pelagics
frozen on-board," Seafood News, July 1993, p. 13.
173. The Gueriden, a French tuna seiner, was launched in October 1991. This tuna purse seiner is listed at
1 ,600-GRT and was expected to fish in the Indian Ocean. It is the newest in a growing number of 1 ,600-GRT
tuna purse seiners in the French fleet assigned to fish for tuna in the Indian Ocean. Other tuna seiners launched
for French companies in 1991 include the Via Mistral (1,600-GRT), and the Gueotec (1,600-GRT).
174. International Trade Commission, "Tuna: Competitive conditions affecting the U.S. and European tuna
industries in domestic and foreign markets," Report to the Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate, and the
Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives, Investigation No. 332-291, Under Section 332
of the Tariff Act of 1930, USITC Publication 2339, Washington, D.C., December 1990, p. 4-1 to 4-2.
175. Michael Hinton, "Estimated Catch and Fleet Information for the Eastern Pacific Ocean Tuna Fleet," Inter-
American Tropical Tuna Commission, Report No. 93-23, January 1-July 19, 1993.
176. Le Marin, January 10, 1992, p. 14. Landings alone are not enough; French fishermen have complained
bitterly about decreasing prices for their tuna at the same time that prices for fuel are increasing.
45
177. Unpublished report from the Institute Espanol de Oceanografia and International Trade Commission,
"Tuna: Competitive conditions affecting the U.S. and European tuna industries in domestic and foreign
markets," Report to the Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate, and the Committee on Ways and Means, U.S.
House of Representatives, Investigation No. 332-291, Under Section 332 of the Tariff Act of 1930, USITC
Publication 2339, Washington, D.C., December 1990, pp. 4-2 to 4-3.
178. The Spanish catch of tuna in the Pacific was reported at 4,312 tons in 1987 according to Industrias
Pesqueras, "Flota atunera: Una de las mas dinamicas del sector Espaiiol "a pesar de la administracion,""
November 10, 1988, p. 29 and Michael Hinton, "Estimated Catch and Fleet Information for the Eastern Pacific
Ocean Tuna Fleet," Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, Report No. 93-23, January 1-July 19, 1993.
179. The companies involved are Neptune Trawlers, Pict Holdings, and the South Atlantic Fishing Company.
Neptune and Pict operate out of Durban. It is not known where the three vessels operated by the South Atlantic
Fishing Company are based. S.R. Fordham, Chief Marine Surveyor, Cayman Islands, personal
communications with Dermis Weidner, June 4, 1993.
180. "Norway acts on fishing in Barents Sea "loophole," U.S. Embassy, Oslo, Norway, August 18, 1993 and
Nick Wade, "Barents Sea 'Hole' Dispute," Fishing News International, September 1993, p. 1-2.
46
EC COUNTRY REPORTS
47
48
2.1
BELGIUM
Belgium decommissioned its only high-seas vessel, the John, in 1990. Belgium has no vessels to deploy
and the authors are not aware of any plans to build or buy any replacement vessels. A Belgium firm is involved
in the reflagging of Taiwanese longline vessels in Honduras.
CONTENTS
1. General Background 49
2. Fleet Background 49
3. Modernization Programs 50
4. Decommissioning Programs 50
5. Shipyards 50
6. International Agreements 50
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 51
Sources 51
Endnotes 55
1. General Background
The Belgian fishing fleet, one of the smallest
in Western Europe, landed 36,609 tons of fish in
1992. The fleet is deployed in coastal fisheries along
the Belgian coast and neighboring countries and
catches mostly plaice, cod, dogfish, sole, whiting,
turbot, lemon sole, skate, and monkfish. This fish is
landed fresh commanding high prices in the local
market. With a coastline of only about 73 kilometers
there is only a limited future for fishing.' There is
little chance that Belgian vessels will appear in distant
waters in the next few years because the Belgian
coastal fleet is not capable of distant-water operations
and fishermen have no current plans to acquire
distant-water vessels. Belgium is Western Europe's
sixth largest market for fishery products.
2. Fleet Background
The Belgian fishing industry has received
support from the Belgian Government for many
years. The Maritime Credit Act of 1948 was an
early effort by the Belgian govenmient to provide
assistance in the construction of fishing vessels.
Govenunent efforts to modernize or reduce the
fishing fleet are restricted to vessels under 500-GRT
as the country had only one high-seas vessel. Belgian
fishermen operated the John, a 555-GRT vessel, for
nearly two decades, but this vessel was finally
decommissioned in 1990. The Belgian fishing fleet
consisted of 206 vessels with an estimated 27,089-
GRT.2
49
3. Modernization Programs
Belgium has implemented a number of
programs to modernize the country's fishing fleet.
The Maritime Credit Act (Royal Decree of August
23, 1948) allows the Belgian Minister of Transport to
provide financial assistance towards the construction
of new fishing vessels. This takes the form of a
reduced rate of interest on 70 percent of the
investment over 15 years. The grant is only available
if the engine power of the new fishing vessel is
reduced by 10 percent as compared to the old vessel,
and provided the new vessel does not exceed 1,200
horsepower. Belgian state credit assistance is also
available for modernization of existing fishing
vessels. State assistance can reduce interest rates on
a 7-year loan, for example, by 10 percent of the total
investment. When these investments are part of the
European Community Multi-annual Guidance
Program (MAGP), EC financial assistance may also
be made available. Belgium has also received grants
from the EC for modernizing its fishing fleet, but has
not used these funds to purchase high-seas vessels.
4. Deconmiissioning Programs
The Royal Decree of June 29, 1984
identifies the process for receiving decommissioning
grants. The Decree allows grants in the amount of
approximately $10,000 per ton for scrapping, sale to
a third country, or entry of the vessel into a new non-
fisheries category. The Royal Decree of January 24,
1989, increased the size of the grant offered by the
earlier decree. The new program offered greater
premiums for heavier vessels to be decommissioned.
The Royal Decree of October 30, 1991, again raised
the premium and provided greater incentives for the
decommissioning of ships. In order to regulate and
control the Belgian fishing fleet, all fishing vessels
are required to be licensed. The first licensing
system was enacted in the Royal Decree of December
28, 1988, as amended by the Royal Decree of
December 18, 1991. A Belgian fisherman must hold
a government-issued license for the vessel. The
Government restricts new entrants into the already
heavily fished coastal grounds. The owner of a
licensed vessel who wishes to replace the vessel with
a new fishing vessel, must obtain a replacement
license. Replacement licenses are issued only if the
new vessel does not exceed the power and tonnage of
the old vessel. Additionally, the old vessel must be
permanently removed from the Belgian fishing fleet.
The Belgian Government must also comply
with provisions of the EC MAGP to reduce the size
of the fleet. The MAGP for Belgium contains the
following provisions:
The fleet should be maintained close to its
1982 level in terms of tonnage and
horsepower, but modernization of the fishing
industry is allowed to make sure that the
fleet remains economically competitive.
The fleet should remain comprised of small,
owner-operated vessels.
The fleet should remain at approximately
200 vessels with a total horsepower of about
96,000-hp.
Priority should be given to modernizing
coastal vessels (small trawlers and
shrimpers) and then to multi-purpose
vessels, not equipped with a beam trawl.
5. Shipyards
Belgian shipyards produce only a few vessels
each year which replace aging fishing vessels. Most
of the Belgian fishing fleet was built in Belgian
shipyards. The Government does not provide
subsidies to its shipyards for vessel construction.
6. International Agreements
The Belgians negotiated fishing rights for
one vessel, the John, to fish in Icelandic waters, in
1975 before the EC was authorized to negotiate
international fishery agreements on behalf of member
sates. The agreement was extended in 1979 and
expired in 1986.
Belgium, as part of the European
Community, is able to take advantage of access to
distant waters under agreements negotiated by the
EC. Belgian fishermen operate under EC catch
quotas, by species, in different parts of the EC.
They fish for sole off the Isle of Man and in the
Bristol Channel, plaice in the North Sea, and other
species in the Bay of Biscay.' Belgian fishermen are
able to fish and land their catches in Denmark,
France, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.''
50
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans
The John, the only high-seas vessel operated
by Belgium, was decommissioned in 1990. There are
no known plans to develop a high-seas fleet and to
operate in distant waters.
In a recent development, it has been reported
that a Belgian company, identified as Lubmain
International S.A., has registered, licensed, or
chartered 7 Taiwanese vessels using the flag of
Honduras.' Two Belgian vessels averaging 150.5-
GRT obtained licenses to fish in The Gambia's
waters between 1985 and 1992. The authors have no
further information about this venture and assume
that it was an isolated event.
Belgium
50 km
North
Sea
r-'^iin
^'OomJhSs'W
^_/"^.AnlWBf^-^___,
N
v.^
* Kortf ijk
^BftUSSEtS
1
V_ .mo™.
•ui.^)
u.
,- *Chatl«ol
>
S /? BMtOflne. /
SOURCES
"Belgian Fisheries Review, 1988," Eurofish Report,
October 26, 1989, p. SP/1.
Monfort, Marie Christine. "All Ready for the Single
Market," Seafood International, October
1991, p. 55 and "Belgique: L'esprit
d'ouverture," France-Eco Peche, March
1991, p. 25.
Pecher, Charles. Managing Director, Thalassa
Seafoods. "Selling Seafood to Europe:
EC '92 and Beyond," speech given on April
16-17, 1990 in Seattle, Washington.
51
Table 1. --BELGIUM. Number of high-seas fishing vessels, ranked by
tonnage, 1975-92.
Year
Gross Registered Tons (GRT)
500-999
1,000-1,999
Over 2,000
Total
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
1975
555
-
-
-
-
555
1976
555
-
-
-
-
555
1977
555
-
-
-
-
555
1978
555
-
-
-
-
555
1979
555
-
-
-
-
555
1980
555
-
-
-
-
555
1981
555
-
-
-
-
555
1982
555
-
-
-
-
555
1983
555
-
-
-
-
555
1984
555
-
-
-
-
555
1985
555
-
-
-
-
555
1986
555
-
-
-
-
555
1987
555
-
-
-
-
555
1988
555
-
-
-
-
555
1989
555
-
-
-
-
555
1990
555
1 ^
-
-
-
-
555
1991
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1992
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
Source: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of
Shipping, London, UK, various years.
^ The John, a 555.05-GRT vessel based out of Oostende. The ship
operated in Icelandic waters under a special fishing agreement negotiated by
Belgium. The agreement expired in 1986. The John apparently was sold or
scrapped in 1990.
52
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00
CTv
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O
o
o
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CQ
OS
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o
OS
o\
o\
CO
00
oo
OS
00
OS
so
00
OS
00
OS
oo
OS
00
OS
u.
I
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S
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•5-
00
OS
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Table 3. --BELGIUM. Fisheries catch by FAO area, 1975, 1980, 1985-91.
Area
1975
1 1980
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1,000 Metric Tons
Inland
(FAO area 05)
-
-
-
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
Coastal"
(Northeastern Atlantic and
Baltic Sea, FAO area 27)
49.0
46.0
45.0
39.0
40.0
41.1
39.0
41.0
39.4
Distant-water
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total
49.0
46.0
45.0
39.6
40.6
41.8
39.7
41.7
40.2
ource: FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, various years.
'' The distinction between "coastal" and "distant water" can be
misleading, since FAO area 27 stretches from eastern Greenland to the Baltic
Sea and north to the Barents Sea. Belgian fishermen fished off Iceland
between 1975 and 1986, for example.
54
ENDNOTES
1. Charles Pecher, Managing Director, Thalassa Seafoods. "Selling Seafood to Europe: EC'92 and Beyond,"
speech given on April 16-17, 1990 in Seattle, Washington.
2. OECD, Draft Review of Fisheries (Belgium), Paris, 1992.
3. Marie Christine Monfort, "All Ready for the Single Market," Seafood International, October 1991, p. 55 and
"Belgique: L'esprit d'ouverture," France-Eco Peche, March 1991, p. 25.
4. "Belgian Fisheries Review, 1988," Eurofish Report, October 26, 1989, p. SP/1.
5. The vessels are the Chien Hang No. 6 (711-GRT), Fu Yuan No. 6 (708-GRT), Fu Yuan No. 16 (711-GRT),
Hsin Huang No. 201 (706-GRT), Tching Ye No. 277 (725-GRT), Tching Ye No. 236 (726-GRT), and the Yu I
Hsiang Nc. 617 (708-GRT). The vessels are listed as fishing vessels exceeding 500-GRT registered with the
National Mercant Marine of Honduras in 1993. No information is available about these vessels. The vessels
are probably tuna longliners.
55
56
2.2
DENMARK
The Danish high-seas fleet, according to Danish statistics, included only 14 high-seas vessels; 12 in the 500-
999-GRT range and 2 over 1,000-GRT in 1992.' Lloyd's Register reports that the Danish 1992 fleet included 83
high-seas vessels with a total tonnage of slightly less than 94,000 tons.' This fleet fishes from Greenland across
the North -Sea and into the Baltic Sea. Some fishing takes place off northern Norway and in the Bay of Biscay off
France. The Danish fleet is not expected to shift from its traditional North Sea fishing patterns. Approximately
10 Danish vessels attempted to evade strict Danish and international regulations on the harvesting of wild Atlantic
salmon by decommissioning their vessels and reflagging their ships in Panama. Danish authorities seized one of
these vessels, the Onkel Sam, in March 1990, when it stopped at the port of Hirtshals enroute to Poland with its
cargo of salmon.
CONTENTS
1. General Background 57
2. Fleet Background 58
3. Modernization Programs 58
4. Deconmiissioning Programs 58
5. Shipyards 59
6. International Agreements 59
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 60
Sources 60
Endnotes 67
1. General Background
Denmark is the Community's leading fishing
nations, with a catch of nearly 1 .9 million tons in
1992.' Denmark ranked second after Norway in
terms of the total West European catch and 13th in
terms of the total world catch of fishery products in
1991. Danish fishermen receive annual quotas,
typically for cod, haddock, saithe, herring, and
mackerel from the European Community. Denmark's
catch is dominated by sandeels {Ammodytes sp.)
which are caught in prodigious quantities (855,000
tons in 1991) and used mostly to produce fishmeal.
Danish fishermen also catch large quantities of
Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) and Norway pout
(Trisopterus esmarkii). Access to European sprat
{Sprattus sprattus) is limited to vessels under 22
meters. Denmark is a leading European trader in
fishery products. Demnark imports large quantities
of raw fish and processes this fish into high value
seafoods that are exported to markets around the
world."* Denmark exports were valued at over $2.2
billion in 1992.' Denmark's small, aging, fishing
fleet is not expected to grow significantly in the
future, despite remarkably high catches. Denmark's
future requirements for fish and shellfish will
increasingly be met by imports of raw products from
foreign suppliers. An overview of the Danish fishing
industry can be seen in tables 1-6.
57
2. Fleet Background
The Danish high-seas fleet consisted of fewer
than 20 vessels during the decade between 1975 and
1984. Danish statistics show that the high-seas fleet
declined to 14 vessels in 1987 and has remained at
that level through 1992 (table 3). Lloyd's Register,
however, reports that the number of high-seas vessels
increased to 28 ships in 1985 and that the number
increased to 36 vessels in 1986.'* In 1987, Lloyd's
Register included high-seas vessels from the Faroe
Islands in the Danish fleet statistics, which has,
unfortunately, complicated reporting on the high-seas
fleets of the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Denmark
(table 1).
Danish fishermen fish inside their own national
boundaries, in EC waters, in grounds shared with
other Nordic countries (the Skagerrak between
Denmark and Norway and the Kattegat between
Denmark and Sweden), in the Baltic Sea, in waters
off the Faroe Islands and Greenland, and in other
distant waters (tables 5 and 6). Danish fishermen
operating outside the North Sea and Baltic Sea report
catches averaging 65,000 tons for the years 1982-90.^
Denmark's high-seas catch was 47,685 tons in 1991.*
The bulk of the distantwater catch consists of
mackerel species.
The outlook for Denmark's fleet is not good.
The EC is continually reducing the Danish quota for
important species, such as Atlantic cod,' and is
demanding further reductions in the size of the
Danish fleet.'" In 1990, for example, the EC reduced
the Danish catch by 30,000 tons as part of the EC
quota allocation process. The EC in recent years has
announced that a reduction of fleet capacity is needed
to save some stocks, which is certain to hurt the
Danish fishing fleet in the coming years. The Danish
fleet declined from 2,749 vessels (111,500-GRT) in
1991 to 2,574 vessels (104,014-GRT) in 1992."
3. Modernization Programs
The Danish fishing fleet is dominated by small
side trawlers under 25-GRT'" with an average age of
30 years, giving Denmark one of the oldest fishing
fleets in Europe." Financial assistance is granted to
Danish fishermen seeking to modernize their fishing
vessels. The amount of assistance can vary from 10
to 25 percent of the cost of improvements. The
Royal Danish Fisheries Bank offers loans up to 70
percent of the construction cost of new fishing vessels
and up to 60 percent of the cost of second hand
vessels. Interest rates for the loans correspond to the
market rate of interest and repayment is scheduled
over 10 to 20 years. In 1990, the Royal Danish
Fisheries Bank issued $34 million worth of loans for
upgrading fishing vessels. ''' Denmark provides
financial aid for exploratory fishing, with the goal of
developing alternative fishing or of discovering new
fishing grounds. In some instances, the Goverrmient
also encourages fishermen to invest in fish farming.
4. Decommissioning Programs
The Govenmient of Denmark provides financial
assistance to fishermen seeking to permanently
withdraw vessels from Dermiark's fishing fleet. The
payment of assistance is subject to controls enacted
by the European Community pursuant to Council
Regulation (EEC) No. 4028/86 and No. 3944/90.
The Government of Denmark supports withdrawal
programs because it contributes to improving the
profitability of the fishing industry and to the
reduction of overfishing. There are too many boats
chasing too few fish.'^ This is especially true for
cod, which has been overfished in recent years.
There are regulations in Denmark which control the
construction of new fishing vessels to restrict the
growth of the fishing fleet. Denmark also seeks to
ensure a geographic spread of fishing vessels, by size
and location, to avoid concentrations in any one area.
The main elements of the Danish program to
reduce the size of its fishing fleet are EC regulations
which allow entry of vessels of the same capacity to
replace vessels withdrawn from the fleet and which
call for the gradual reduction of the Danish fishing
fleet. In implementing the EC directives, grants are
available for the permanent withdrawal of vessels
from fisheries within EC waters. Denmark
appropriated a total of $6 million between 1984 and
1986 and $45 million for the years 1987-91. The
Danish fishing fleet has been reduced by
approximately 7 percent, from 136,000-GRT in 1987
to 1 19,000-GRT in 1990.'" The authors attribute this
reduction to the EC fleet reduction program."
Danish officials report spending $64.3 million to
scrap 436 vessels (21,306-GRT) between 1987 and
1991 as part of Denmark's decommissioning program
(table 4).'"
58
5. Shipyards
Danish shipyards have a reputation for quality.
Curiously, many of Denmark's vessels are built for
overseas customers. Only a few are built for Danish
fishermen. Danish shipyards began relying on orders
from Greenland, Norway, and Sweden, in the
absence of domestic orders, in 1988, according to
Fishing News International.^^ The article noted that
low cost loans and the skill of the shipyards began
attracting foreign customers as early as 1986. The
situation had not changed significantly by 1990.
Despite good performance and improved prospects,
very few fishing vessels were built. In 1990, for
example, Danish shipyards built only 1 fishing
vessel, '° a shrimp trawler for a company in
Greenland, out of a total of 25 vessels totaling
387,000 GRT worth $1.1 billion. Two years later
the situation still had not changed appreciably. The
Johs. Kristensen Skibsbyggeri AS shipyards built 2
ships in 1992 for Danish fishermen: the Krae Frihed,
a 51 -GRT netter and the Arkona, a 49-GRT beam
trawler.^' It is significant that these vessels are fairly
small and are not likely to fish in distant grounds.
Shipbuilding in Denmark is not in a growth mode and
no major fishery projects are currently anticipated.
6. International Agreements
Denmark is an EC member state and
responsibility for negotiations on fishery issues
belongs to the EC in Brussels. Denmark has,
however, concluded fishery agreements with Norway
and Sweden, within the framework of the Common
Fisheries Policy, concerning fishing in the Skagerak
and Kattegat. The agreement assigns quotas for
fishing in these narrow areas among the 3 countries.
Sweden and the Soviet Union began negotiating
an agreement to divide the "white zone" in the Baltic
Sea between the 2 countries in 1988. Danish
fishermen fished in the "white zone" for many years
in the absence of an agreement between Sweden and
the Soviet Union. Aware that they would soon lose
access to this important fishing zone, the Danes
pressured the EC to initiate negotiations with the
Soviet Union. EC negotiators met with Soviet
officials on September 8-9, 1988, in the first talks
since 1977, when the EC extended its fishery
boundaries. Sweden and the Soviet Union signed a
joint protocol on December 12, 1988, dividing the
Figure 1. Danish high-seas fleet, 1975-92.
"white zone" between the 2 countries, thus ending
years of conflict and shutting Danish fishermen out of
this fishing zone. The dissolution of the Soviet
Union and the reestablishment of Latvia, Estonia, and
Lithuania as independent states has produced 4
separate bilateral fishery agreements in the area.-^^
Discussions between the EC and Russia have not yet
produced an agreement."
Danish negotiators also held talks with officials
of the German Democratic Republic which resulted
in an agreement signed on September 14, 1988. The
agreement recognized Danish sovereignty over waters
around the island of Bomholm. The agreement,
which entered into force on June 14, 1989, divided
the Continental Shelf and fishing zones between the
2 countries. The status of this agreement, following
German unification, is not clear.
Denmark has an unusual relationship with the
Faroe Islands and Greenland. Denmark is
responsible for conducting international fishery
negotiations on behalf of the Home Rule
Governments of both the Faroe Islands and
Greenland. The European Community is responsible
for negotiating all international fishery agreements
affecting Danish fishermen, including fishery
agreements with the Faroe Islands and Greenland.
This places Denmark in the unique position of
seeking to expand access for EC fishermen (i.e.,
Danish fishermen) in waters off Greenland or the
Faroe Islands, while, at the same time being
responsible for negotiating reduced EC fishing in
these same waters.
59
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans
It is likely that the Danish fleet will be slowly
reduced in the next few years and that Danish
importers will increasingly turn to foreign suppliers
(including the Russians) for sources of fish. Trade,
not fleet dispersal, appears to hold the key to
Denmark's future in fisheries. Denmark is expected
to reduce its fleet gradually.'" This will mostly
impact the small vessels that comprise the bulk of the
fleet. The opportunities for improved quotas in the
North Sea and in the area off Denmark are not good.
EC authorities have suggested that reductions of up to
40 percent may be necessary to rebuild overfished
whitefish stocks. Some Danish fishermen have
sought opportunities to fish in distant ports as part of
the EC program to open up access throughout the
world. It is unlikely, however, that this will be a
trend in the future.
Despite the authors view that Danish fishermen
are unlikely to seek opportunties to fish in distant
waters, it should be noted, that at least 10 Danish
fishermen were involved in an attempt to evade tough
Danish regulations governing the harvest of wild
Atlantic salmon by reflagging their vessels in
Panama.^^ One of the vessels was the Onkel Sam
(109.30-GRT and built in 1985). The vessel was
decommissioned by the EC on July 19, 1988. The
owner of the Onkel Sam registered the ship in
Panama which is not a party to the North Atlantic
Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO).
Deimiark, together with many other North Atlantic
countries, belongs to NASCO and abides by the
regulations designed to conserve and protect stocks of
wild salmon. Panama was not a member of NASCO,
and thus Panamanian-flag vessels could legally fish
for wild Atlantic salmon on the high-seas.^' Danish
authorities seized the Onkel Sam in March 1990,
when it stopped at the port of Hirtshals enroute to
Poland." Denmark acted because the NASCO
convention prohibits the transportation or landing of
wild Atlantic salmon by member states.'* The Onkel
Sam was carrying 20 tons of Atlantic salmon when it
was seized." An investigation into the case was
referred to EC courts and is currently being
considered by Danish courts.^" Additional
investigations implicated 6 to 10 Danish fishermen
who were fined for similar illegal fishing." The
loophole that allowed some vessels to legally fish for
Atlantic salmon was closed when the Government of
Panama restricted fishing for salmon by vessels flying
the Panamanian flag.^^
The Danish Government's record of compliance
with EC and other international bodies has, of
course, nothing to do with the activities of a few
individuals. The attempt to harvest Atlantic salmon
is an example of a few fishermen facing bankruptcy
who exploited other means of generating income.
The impact of the activities by a few individuals has
had only a minimal impact on the Danish fishing
fleet. The involvement of a few Danish fishermen in
reflagging or illegal salmon fishing was difficult for
the Danish Government, which prides itself on its
record of compliance with the EC, NASCO, and
other international bodies. The prompt action by the
Danish Government to investigate and prosecute these
cases, and to impose fines or penalties, demonstrates
Denmark's continued adherence to international
principles governing the conservation of living marine
resources.
SOURCES
"Danish shipyards rely on exports," Fishing News
International, January 1989.
"Denmark: European leader in fishing," Special
Danemark, Le Marin, May 1992, p. 7.
Eurofish Report, various issues.
Fiskeriministeriet, Yearbook of fishery statistics,
Denmark, 1991, Danish Ministry of Fisheries,
Copenhagen, January 1993.
Folsom, William, B. Danish Fisheries, 1988,
International Fisheries Report (IFR-89/89),
Office of International Affairs, National Marine
Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of
Commerce, September 29, 1989.
Hansen, Soren. Senior Economic Specialist, U.S.
Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark fax message
dated August 10, 1993 and other reports.
Hulgaard, Erling. Danish Ministry of Fisheries, letter
dated June 10, 1993.
60
Moustgaard, Poul. "Less fish for growing markets,"
Seafood International, March 1990, p. 22.
Parker, Peggy. "DENMARK: Flexibility is Key to
Success," Seafood Business, July /August 1988,
p.69.
REVIEW: The Danish Fishery Sector, 1992, Ministry
of Fisheries, Copenhagen, Denmark, June 1993,
p. 9.
REVIEW: The Danish Fishery Sector. 1990, Ministry
of Fisheries, Copenhagen, July 1991, p. 7.
Urch, Mike. "DENMARK: Europe's No 1 exporter,"
Seafood International, March 1991, p. 27.
U.S. Consulate General, Edinburg, Scotland.
U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark, various reports.
U.S. Embassy, Panama City, various reports.
World Fishing, various issues.
Denmark
Skagerrak
^Sk«gen ''i'°« Islands and
Greenland are sepf^rare
Kattegat
COPENHAGEN
^^si,^^*^ ,V?^(?^*""
L oUanS'
Baltic
Sea
61
Table 1 .--DENMARK. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels,
ranked by tonnage, 1975-92.
Year
Gross R(
jgistered Tons (GRT)
Total
500-999
1,000-1,999
Over
2,000
CRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
1975
6,340
9
1,500
-
-
-
7,840
9
1976
6,840
10
1,500
1
-
-
8,340
11
1977
7,690
11
1,500
1
-
-
9,190
12
1978
8,411
12
1,500
1
-
-
9,911
13
1979
8,751
12
1,500
1
-
-
10,251
13
1980
8,751
12
1,500
1
-
-
10,251
13
1981
12,081
16
1,021
1
2,483
15,585
18
1982
12,155
16
1,021
1
2,483
15,659
18
1983
11,111
15
1,021
1
2,483
14,615
17
1984
11,835
16
4,477
3
2,483
18,795
20
1985
15,963
21
8,377
6
2,483
26,823
28
1986
18,351
25
10,468
8
8,054
3
36,873
36
1987
34,819
47
23,623
17
18,330
7
76,772
7P
1988
39,927
55
34,672
25
25,218
10
99,817
90
1989
39,776
55
33,693
24
30,823
13
104,292
92
1990
41,436
57
31,899
22
35,695
15
109,030
94
1991
35,925
49
33,122
24
31,116
13
100,163
86
1992
35,455
50
27,285
20
31,116
13
93,856
83
Source: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various
years. Note: Includes Faroese fishing vessels after 1987.
Includes vessels from the Faroe Islands beginning in 1987 as depicted in the shaded area.
62
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ipping Statisti
ctor. 1992, M
00
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00
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z
(S
ry statistics, Der
's Register of Sh,
anish Fishery Se-
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REVIEW.
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s, Rome, various year
ailstics, Rome, variou
13
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VO
Table 3. --DENMARK. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels,
ranked by tonnage, 1987-92.
Year
nrn<!<! RpoictprpH Tnn« ^riRT^
500-999
1,000-1,999
Over 2,000
Total
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
1987
IMl
2,117
2
3,090
1
12,454
14
1988
7,260
2,117
2
3,090
1
12,467
14
1989
7,260
1,095
1
3,090
1
11,445
13
1990
7,296
2,111
2
3,090
1
12,497
14
1991
7,278
2,111
2
-
-
9,389
13
1992
8,034
12
2,111
2
-
-
10,145
14
Source: Erling Hulgaard, Danish Ministry of Fisheries, letter dated June 10, 1993. Note: These
statistics do NOT include Faroese or Greenlandic fishing vessels.
Table 4.— DENMARK. Number of fishing vessels scrapped with capacity reduction
subsidies, 1987-91.
Year
Vessels
Tonnage
Danish subsidy
Danish kroner
US dollars
No.
GRT
Million kroner
US$1 Million
1987
47
1,518
27.9
4.4
1988
161
7,786
147.9
22.2
1989
89
3,793
71.5
10.4
1990
68
4,091
66.0
11.6
1991
71
4,118
100.3
15.7
5-Year total
436
21,306
413.6
64.3
Source: Fiskeriministeriet, Yearbook of fishery statistics, Denmark, 1991, Ministry of Fisheries,
Copenhagen, 1993, p. 33.
64
Table 5. --DENMARK. Catch, by fishing area, 1991.
Fishing grounds
Catch
Metric tons
North Sea
1,228,631
Skagerrak
182,732
Kattegat
62,210
Ringkobing & Nissum
847
Liimfiord
110,617
Western Baltic
39,289
0resund
4,264
Eastern Baltic
73,803
Isefjorden
554
Norwegian Sea
1,077
Barents Sea
275
Faroes Islands
4,635
Western Scotland
4,354
English Channel
30,352
Southwest Ireland
3,428
Bay of Biscay
1,349
Eastern Greenland
339
Western Greenland
216
Other
1,659
Total
1,750,631
Source: Fiskeriministeriet, Yearbook of fishery statistics,
Denmark, 1991, Ministry of Fisheries, Copenhagen, 1993,
pp. 47-50.
Note: Fishing grounds shown in the shaded areas are
considered "distantwaters" according to Danish
statistics.
65
Table 6. --DENMARK. Fisheries catch by FAO area, 1975, 1980, 1985-91.
Area
1975
1989
1990
1991
1980
1985
1986
1987
1988
1,000 Metric Tons
Inland
(FAO area 05)
16.4
18.2
22.0
21.1
23.2
24.0
27.0
36.0
36.5
Coastal''
(Northeastern Atlantic and
Baltic Sea, FAO area 27)
1,749.1
2,009.2
1,742.4
1,827.0
1,683.0
1,948.0
1,900.3
1,481.0
1,755.0
Distant-water'
(Northwestern Atlantic,
FAO area 21)
2.0
.9
.4
.6
.4
.3
.3
.3
1.9
Total
1,767.5
2,028.3
1,764.8
1,848.7
1,706.6
1,972.3
1,927.6
1,517.3
1,793.4
Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, various years
'' The distinction between "coastal" and "distantwater" can be misleading, since FAO area 27 stretches from
eastern Greenland to the Baltic Sea and north to the Barents Sea.
' Western Greenland.
66
ENDNOTES
1. Erling Hulgaard, Danish Ministry of Fisheries, letter dated June 10, 1993 and Fiskeriministeriet, Yearbook
of fishery statistics, Denmark. 1991, Danish Ministry of Fisheries, Copenhagen, January 1993.
2. Lloyd's Register for Denmark include statistics for Greenland's fishing fleet and the fishing fleet of the Faroe
Islands after 1987. This has resulted in some confusion when attempting to properly identify the size of the
Danish, Faroese, and Greenlandic fishing fleets.
3. REVIEW: The Danish Fishery Sector, 1992, Ministry of Fisheries, Copenhagen, Denmark, June 1993, p. 9.
4. Peggy Parker, "DENMARK: Flexibility is Key to Success," Seafood Business, July /August 1988, p. 69.
5. REVIEW: The Danish Fishery Sector, 1992, Ministry of Fisheries, Copenhagen, Denmark, June 1993, p.
10.
6. The authors suspect that the increase was attributed to the growth of Greenland's fishing fleet which is
thought to be included in the Lloyd's Register for Denmark.
7. Fiskeriministeriet, Yearbook of fishery statistics, Denmark, 1991, Ministry of Fisheries, Copenhagen, 1993,
p. 168. Denmark defines "distant -waters" as all fishing areas outside the North Sea and the Baltic.
8. Fiskeriministeriet, Yearbook of fishery statistics, Denmark, 1991, Ministry of Fisheries, Copenhagen, 1993,
p. 60.
9. Mike Urch, "DENMARK: Europe's No 1 exporter," Seafood International, March 1991, p. 27.
10. Poul Moustgaard, "Less fish for growing markets," Seafood International, March 1990, p. 22.
11. REVIEW: The Danish Fishery Sector, 1992, Ministry of Fisheries, Copenhagen, Denmark, June 1993, p.
18.
12. REVIEW: The Danish Fishery Sector, 1990, Ministry of Fisheries, Copenhagen, July 1991, p. 7.
13. "Denmark: European leader in fishing," Special Danemark, Le Marin, May 1992, p. 7.
14. REVIEW: The Danish Fishery Sector, 1990, Ministry of Fisheries, Copenhagen, July 1991.
15. "Denmark: European leader in fishing," Special Danemark, Le Marin, May 1992, p. 7.
16. REVIEW: The Danish Fishery Sector, 1990, Ministiy of Fisheries, Copenhagen, July 1991, p. 6.
17. William, B. Folsom, Danish Fisheries, 1988, International Fisheries Report (IFR-89/89), Office of
International Affairs, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, September
29, 1989.
18. Fiskeriministeriet, Yearbook of fishery statistics, Denmark, 1991, Ministry of Fisheries, Copenhagen, 1993,
p. 33.
67
19. "Danish shipyards rely on exports," Fishing News International, January 1989.
20. U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen, March 14, 1991.
21. "1992 Fishing vessel completions," World Fishing, March 1993, p. 50.
22. The 4 agreements are between Sweden and Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia.
23. Discussions over a fisheries agreement with Russia were still being considered by the EC Council in July
1993 with many issues remaining to be settled. Eurofish Report, July 1, 1993, p. BB/4.
24. "The Future of the North Sea," Dana, A Journal of Fisheries and Marine Research, Volume 8, The Danish
Institute for Fisheries and Marine Research, Charlottenlund, 1989.
25. The U.S. Embassy in Copenhagen noted that depressed conditions led a number of Danish fishing vessels,
mostly from the island of Bomholm, to register their vessels under foreign flags. This was done to take
advantage of underutilized fishing quotas or to fish for species protected by international conventions, such as
Atlantic salmon. "Economic indicators for Denmark," U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen, March 13, 1990.
26. Panama was not a signatory to the NASCO treaties limiting the fishing for Atlantic salmon in the North
Atlantic and therefore vessels flying the Panamanian flag were not fishing illegally. There was no way under
the NASCO terms to control the take of Atlantic salmon by Panamanian vessels. "Salmon fishing by
Panamanian-flag vessels," U.S. Consulate General, Edinburgh, January 30, 1991.
27. Poland was also not a signatory to the NASCO accords. The catch was being sold for consumption by
international hotels in Poland. Other reports indicated that a portion of the catch was being shipped to West
Germany. "Economic indicators for Denmark," U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen, March 13, 1990 and "Danes
found guilty of evading salmon restrictions in Panama," Eurofish Report, September 28, 1989, p. FS/2.
28. "Economic Indicators for Denmark," U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen, March 13, 1990.
29. "Economic indicators for Denmark," U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen, March 13, 1990.
30. The U.S. Embassy in Copenhagen reported that the Danish case against the Onkel Sam was referred to the
EC Court which in late 1992 ruled that, although the vessel perhaps violated EC law, the fact that it was legally
a Panamanian vessel, ruled out an EC court case. The case is now back in Danish courts and a final ruling in
pending. Soren Hansen, Senior Economic Specialist, U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark fax message dated
August 10, 1993.
3 1 . A Danish investigation revealed that 3 fishermen leased their vessels to a Panamanian company they
created. Ocean Food Corporation. That company sold the catch of Atlantic salmon to Interfish of Cuxhaven,
West Germany. Interfish was owned by a Danish-bom fish exporter. "Danes found guilty of evading salmon
restrictions in Panama," Eurofish Report, September 28, 1989, p. FS/2. The U.S. Embassy notes that these
cases involved a few fishermen facing bankruptcy and did not represent the actions of the Danish fishing fleet as
a whole. Soren Hansen, Senior Economic Specialist, U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark fax message dated
August 10, 1993.
32. "Salmon fishing by Panamanian-flag vessels," U.S. Embassy, Panama City, Panama, January 31, 1991.
68
2.3
FRANCE
The French high-seas fleet has remained fairly constant for well over a decade. The high-seas fleet, according
to French statistics, included 153 vessels with a capacity of 77,982 Gross Registered tons (GRT) on January 1,
1993.' The French high-seas fishing fleet included 10 large stem trawlers (grande peche chalutiere), 34 tuna vessels
(grande peche thoniere), and 109 trawler/seiner vessels (peche hauturiere)} The French high-seas tuna fleet
operates off West Africa and in the Indian Ocean while most of the trawler/seiner fleet operates off the coast of
Africa. The future of the French high-seas fleet is uncertain; the high-seas fleet (those vessels over 500-GRT)
declined from 106 vessels in 1976 to 85 vessels in 1986, but has since increased to 92 vessels. Most French vessels
operate in areas where the EC has established a bilateral fisheries agreement. One venture in Vietnamese waters
failed and the Commandant Cue, a large factory stem trawler that once fished off Newfoundland, returned to
France. Six French vessels were reflagged in Panama, 3 French-owned vessels were reflagged in St. Vincent, and
2 vessels were reflagged in Cypras in 1993.
COIVTENTS
1. General Background 69
2. Fleet Background 70
3. Modernization Programs 71
4. Decommissioning Programs 73
5. Shipyards 73
6. Intemational Agreements 73
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 73
Sources 74
Endnotes 79
1. General Background
France plays a substantial role in the European
fishing industry, possessing 7,200 vessels during
1992, registering 187,000 GRT.^ Its annual catch
peaked at 910,000 tons in 1989 and then declined to
813,000 tons in 1991. Despite a sizeable catch,
French importers purchased 508,000 tons of fish and
shellfish worth $1.9 billion." Approximately 60-
percent of these imports came from European
countries, with EC members providing 38 percent of
France's 1992 fishery imports.' France, with a
population of nearly 56 million is an important
market for fishery products and premium prices are
paid for fresh seafoods. This has helped the French
fishing industry to develop one of the more important
fishing industries in Westem Europe.
After its total destmction in the Second World
War, the French fishing industry quickly rebounded
in the 1950's and 1960's, before slowing down in the
face of intemational competition and the extension of
69
Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) by many nations
around the world in the mid-1970s.
The Government of France has always been
deeply involved in the fishery. Fishermen, like
farmers, constitute an important political interest
group (there were nearly 23,000 registered fishermen
in France in 1992), and have proven willing to carry
out acts of civil disobedience such as blockading
ports and destroying imported fish on the docks, as
happened in Boulogne in March 1993. As has been
the case for most EC fishermen, the French have
resisted many aspects of the Common Fisheries
Policy (CFP), especially those which allow vessels of
one member state to fish in the waters of another
while restricting overall fishing effort. France has
provided several types of income support and
subsidies for fishing operations, often incurring the
wrath of European Community partners such as the
United Kingdom and Spain.
France is a major player on the world fishing
scene. It maintained 90 to 153 distant-water vessels
in 1992-93.' French vessels are able to fish
anywhere in the world, but they focus their high-seas
efforts in the northeast Atlantic, the western Indian
Ocean, the eastern central Atlantic, and in the
Mediterranean. The principal species in the French
highseas fisheries include tunas, saithe, whiting,
hake, anglerfish, cuttlefish and squid, and lobsters.
2. Fleet Background
French policies regulating the fishing fleet are
rooted in the aftermath of the Second World War.
Much of the French fleet was damaged or destroyed
during the war. Subsequently, the French
Government offered subsidies and other incentives to
encourage the restoration of the fishing fleet.
Between 1945 and 1952 construction of large-scale
vessels was given priority, encouraged by low-
interest loans guaranteed by the state.^ By 1953, the
fishing capacity of the French fleet had increased
tremendously.' French planners began to worry by
the end of the 1950s, that capacity was outstripping
the available resources. As a result, there was a
series of plans to reduce size of the fleet and/or
modernize the fleet during the 1960s. Improved
technology resulted in increased fishing productivity
per vessel, but landings continued to decline. At the
same time, international competition for fish stocks
was intensifying.
Between 1966 and 1975 French fishery
administrators became conscious of international
competition. They reacted to this perceived threat by
shifting away from their previous conservation policy
and encouraging large-scale fishing enterprises. The
French Government believed that large enterprises
were best able to take advantage of technological
innovations in distant-water fisheries, which
represented at the time over half of all French
landings.' New subsidy programs, resulted in the
purchase of new stem trawlers in the early 1970s.
The plans for fleet expansion, however, were
disrupted by an oil crisis in 1973, which caused fuel
prices to double while ex- vessel prices slumped.'"
The next major development in the French
fishery was the declaration of 200-mile exclusive
economic zones by many nations in 1977. The EC
also aimounced a 200-mile limit, extending its
jurisdiction over much of the North Atlantic. Within
EC waters, new quota systems were implemented to
lessen competition among EC fleets. It was around
this time that a "subsidy war" among EC member
states began. Although productivity as measured in
terms of catch per vessel rose over this period, vessel
operators continued to lose money as fuel costs rose
due to the 1979-80 oil crisis. Member states offered
subsidies both for vessel construction (the self-finance
proportion fell to 10%) and for fuel purchases.
Meanwhile, the focus of the French fleet renewal
policy shifted to small-scale ("artisanal" or inshore)
fisheries." One initiative went so far as to promote
sail-powered fishing vessels, which would not require
fuel.'^ The 1981-82 recession in Europe increased
political pressure to expand subsidy programs in the
name of "social peace," as fear of bankruptcies and
unemployment in the fishing sector grew."
AmM \.^______^^j^^_^^_^,^^^^^^^
■» M
1
•
1
liHI
1-
m.
m
3
1 IIIH
1
:m
1S7S 1SM IMS 1M«
»2
1 ■ Vessels ever 5M-GRT aBTennage {
Figure l.-The French high-seas fleet. 1975-92.
70
The EC introduced its Common Fisheries Policy
in 1983 after seven years of negotiations. At the
center of the CFP was a plan to reduce the capacity
of the EC fleet. The large French fleet quickly
became one of the prime targets of this plan. In just
three years (1985 to 1988) the French fleet fell from
14,008 vessels to 8,991 vessels. Since the
introduction of the CFP the French fishing industry
has operated under an atmosphere of crisis.
Problems facing the French industry are not that
unlike those around the world: overcapacity,
depleted stocks, over-harvesting of juvenile fish,
arguments over the proper mesh size on fishing nets,
and the management of quotas.''' Low catches in
France have also led to increased amounts of seafood
imports, as the French catch provides barely half the
total amount consumed.'^ France has one of the
highest seafood consumption levels in Europe; the
average Frenchman eats over 25 kilograms of fish
per year, and over 85 percent of all French
households eat seafood at least twice a week.'*
3. Modernization Programs"
The French government provides financial
assistance to French fishermen through a system of
loans and subsidies designed to promote the
modernization of the French fleet and to encourage
investment in fishing equipment and fishing-related
activities. This government support system was
launched in 1983 and modified in 1986 to introduce
into French law the EC Directive on Aid to Fishing
No. 4028/86. These aid schemes concern non-
commercial and commercial fishing as well as related
investment on land.
A. Aid program for non-commercial fishing:
1 . Subsidies: These subsidies apply to the building
or the "substantial" transformation of vessels of or
above 16 meters (if registered in one of the fishing
ports along the North Sea, the Chaimel or the
Atlantic Ocean), and of or above 18 meters (if
registered in one of the fishing ports along the
Mediterranean). In order to be eligible for this type
of subsidy, fishermen may not own more than one
vessel, whether individually or collectively.
For the building of a new vessel, the subsidy
may not exceed 10 percent of the cost of the original
investment as determined by one of the regional
commissions for the modernization and development
of the non-commercial fishing fleet and of marine
culture, COREMODE (Commission regionale de
modernisation et developement de la flotte de peche
artisanale et des cultures marines), on the basis of the
preliminary contract order. This subsidy should also
fall within the yearly limit set by the Ministry of the
Sea and based on the average cost of 24-meter
vessels subsidized during the previous year.
As for the "substantial transformation" of a
vessel, the subsidy is limited to 50 percent of the
value of a new vessel of the same type, under the
supervision of COREMODE, and on the basis of
costs appearing on the preliminary contract. In order
for regional subsidies to become applicable, these
"substantial transformations" must concern a limited
number of operations, including a change of
propeller, the installation of permanent fishing
equipment or of a refrigeration or freezing section.
The vessel must be between five and fifteen years
old.
2. Loans: Subsidized loans are extended to French
fishermen by regional maritime savings banks
(Caisses regionales de credit maritime mutuel) for the
construction of vessels, the purchasing of second-
hand vessels less than 15 years old, and the
acquisition of basic fishing equipment. They are
based on the level of investment, excluding national,
regional and EC subsidies. However, the total level
of aid from the French government and the EC
subsidies may not exceed levels set by the EC.
The interest rate is set at 5 percent with a 3 to
10-year term depending on the purpose of the loan:
■ for the construction of vessels equal to or above
12 meters, the loan may not exceed:
a 92 percent, in the case of a fisherman who is
less than 40 years old and who has never fully owned
another fishing vessel;
□ 66 percent, in other cases, with a 12-year
term.
71
■ for the constniction of vessels less than 12 meters
long, including trawlers, the loan cannot exceed:
□ 50 percent, in the case of a fisherman who is
less than 40 years old and who has never fully owned
another fishing vessel;
a
term.
20 percent, in other cases, with a 7-year
■ for the substantial transformation of vessels less
than 15 years of age and 12 meters or longer, the
loan cannot exceed:
o 75 percent, in the case of a fisherman who is
less than 40 years old when the transformations are
on a newly-acquired vessel;
□ 50 percent in other cases, with a 7-year term.
■ for the acquisition of second-hand vessels less than
15 years old, with a length greater or equal to 12
meters, the loan cannot exceed:
□ 75 percent, in the case of a fisherman who is
less than 40 years old and who has never fully owned
another fishing vessel;
□ 20 percent, in other cases, with a 10-year
term.
■ for the acquisition of second-hand vessels less than
12 meters long, excluding trawlers, the loan cannot
exceed:
□ 30 percent, in all cases, with a 9-year term.
■ for basic fishing equipment, the loan cannot
exceed:
Q 30 percent, in all cases, with a 3-year term.
B. Aid program for commercial fishing:
1. Subsidies: These subsidies apply to investment
exceeding the limits set for non-commercial fishing
and related to the building or the "substantial
transformation" of vessels and the acquisition of
equipment designed to improve the profitability of
these vessels, such as electronic, fishing, or fish-
processing equipment.
Subsidy levels are set between 22 and 30 percent
of investment costs, depending on the length of the
vessel.
2. Loans: Subsidized loans are intended for
equipment designed to build a new vessel or
transform a vessel. In the case of transformation, the
cost of the project must represent at least 20 percent
of the initial price of the vessel. The loans only
cover 60 percent of the investment.
C. Aid program for investment on land:
1. Subsidies: These subsidies are granted for
investments related to equipment for storage, fish-
processing, etc. They may not exceed 25 percent of
the investment and must fall within EC guidelines.
2. Loans: Subsidized loans, with a 5 percent interest
rate and a 12-year term, are also extended for
"movable" and "immovable" equipment. These loans
may not exceed 85 percent of the total cost of the
investment for "priority" equipment related to
refrigeration, cold chambers, etc. For other
equipment, the loans may not exceed 30 percent of
the investment.
Another recent initiative has been the 1988
decision of the Comite central des peches maritimes
(CCPM) to require permits for the construction or
activation of fishing vessels. Permits have become
necessary for any reworking or improvement of
vessels as well. The CCPM uses criteria based upon
the Multi-annual Guidance Program for its decisions
in individual cases. "
Another area of government emphasis has been
in cooperative applied research for deep-sea
technology development. The Eureka Program, run
in conjunction with Spain and Iceland, has led to the
development of exploration devices which can locate
and count the maximum numbers of profitable species
while reducing the total amount of fuel used in their
capture through variable-speed propellers and anti-
barnacle paint."
72
4. Decommissioning Programs
The most recent decommissioning program was
the Mellick Plan, named after the former French
Minister of the Sea, Jacques Mellick. The French
government carried out this initiative through
December 1991, offering payments to the owners of
vessels which were destroyed or sold outside the EC.
The program was successful, as on January 2, 1992,
the capacity stood at 1 ,057,680 kilowatts (kw).'^" The
social impact of the Mellick Plan is yet to be
appreciated, though hundreds of jobs were lost in the
industry, especially in coastal regions, whose fleets
harvested juvenile fish. As of July 1993, there are
no government initiatives in France explicitly
designed to reduce the fishing fleet.-'
The EC's Multi-armual Guidance Program dating
back to December 1987, mandated that French
capacity decline to 1 ,055,000 kw by January 1 , 1992,
failing which France would forfeit EC fleet
modernization assistance. Efforts by the French
government to reduce the size of the French fleet
have been successful; the capacity of the fleet was
only 2,680 kw above the EC MAGP standard on
January 2, 1992.
5. Shipyards
As recently as ten years ago, France boasted of
dozens of shipyards producing vessels for French and
foreign commercial operators. However, the French
shipbuilding industry has since been in decline, and
the fifteen major shipyards of 1983 have since been
reduced to one (Chantier de 1' Atlantique), which does
not build fishing vessels." Other medium-sized
shipyards like La Societe Nouvelle des Ateliers et
Chantiers concentrate on other sectors of shipbuilding
while turning out the occasional fishing vessel. The
largest yard concentrating on the fishing sector is the
Leroux and Lotz group, most of whose fishing
vessels are delivered to French concerns. In 1991,
Leroux and Lotz delivered two 82-meter tuna freezer
purse seiners which now operate as part of the
French fleet."
Other French shipyards producing fishing vessels
include Ateliers et Chantiers de la Manche (ACM),
whose fishing vessels enjoy a Europe-wide
reputation.-'' ACM maintains two shipyards, one in
Dieppe along the English Channel, the other in St.
Malo along the Atlantic coast. Chantiers Benetau of
St. Hilaire de Riez also does a thriving business in
fishing vessels. Since 1988, Benetau has been
concentrating upon foreign orders, with Cameroon as
a prominent customer."
6. International Agreements
As a member of the European Community,
French fisheries policy is now subordinate to the
Common Fisheries Policy. The Community is also
responsible for international fishery relations. France
is thus a participant in all EC bilateral and
multilateral accords. Its vessels are entitled to
harvest in areas opened to the EC as a whole.
France is active in a number of regional bodies
which control access to a number of fishing grounds,
such as the South Pacific.-* France also maintains a
separate 1972 fisheries treaty with Canada which
governs the activities of French vessels based in St.
Pierre and Miquelon in Canadian Atlantic waters.
French flagged vessels are entitled to quotas in these
waters, though relations with Canada have been
strained due to allegations of overfishing by St.
Pierre vessels. France is also prominent in shrimp
fishing in French Guiana in South America and is
involved in the fisheries of several Pacific island
nations, many of which were once French territories.
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans
French owners of the Commandant Gue, a large
factory stem trawler that once fished off
Newfoundland, attempted to use the vessel as a
floating factoryship to support catches made by
Vietnamese vessels inside Vietnam's 200 mile limit."
The operation apparently did not succeed and the
Commandant Gue has since returned to France. The
owners previously unsuccessfully attempted to use the
vessel to process blue whiting into surimi in the north
Atlantic. The vessel might be reconfigured and sent
out to fish off Argentina on a trial basis, since it is
one of the few very large trawlers left in the French
high-seas fleet. The number of super-trawlers
declined from 3 vessels in 1991 to 2 vessels
averaging 2,425-GRT in 1992.
French trawlers are also involved in many of the
countries where EC vessels are permitted to fish
under bilateral agreements negotiated by the EC.
These include many shrimp trawlers, lobster boats.
73
vessels specialized in catching cephalopodes, and
freezer trawlers harvesting fresh fish. Most of these
trawlers are thought to be under 1,000-GRT in
capacity.
The most dynamic sector of the high-seas fleet is
the French tuna fleet, which consists of 34 high-seas
tuna seiners,-* mostly in the 1,600-GRT range.
These vessels operate in both the Atlantic and Indian
Oceans and consist of very modem, very efficient
tuna seiners. It is logical to assume that some of
these vessels might seek fishing grounds in the
Pacific Ocean if catches begin to decline in their
traditional fishing grounds."
A total of 11 French vessels reportedly were
reflagged in 1993 (table 4).^° Six were reflagged in
Panama, 3 were reflagged in St. Vincent, and 2 were
reflagged in Cyprus. The French vessels reflagged in
Panama include a few old trawlers and some tuna
vessels built in 1981. The vessels registered in
Cyprus includes one small, old vessel and one 442-
GRT vessel built in 1972 (table 4).
SOURCES
"Catches Inadequate: France to Build Strong
Industry," Irish Skipper, October, 1991.
"Enquete," France Eco-Peche, June 1991
Etat de la Flotte, 1993, GERMES, Problemes
Economiques Commerciaux et Humains des
Entreprises de Peche, Union des Armateurs a la
Peche de France, Paris, June 1993
Eurofish Report, various issues.
Fishing News International, various issues.
France Peche, various issues
French Advances in Science and Technology, Winter
1988, p. 6.
La Peche Maritime, various issues.
Le Solleu, Bernard. "La relance de la peche
artisanale: la fin de la periode faste," Le
Marin, 8 September 1983
Meuriot, Eric. "Fishing Fleet Replacement: The
French Policy from 1945 to 1983." Marine
Policy, October 1986
U.S. Embassy, Paris, France, various reports.
Wade, Nick. "Barents Sea 'Hole' Dispute," Fishing
News International, September 1993.
World Fishing, various issues.
France
8a V of
BiSrBV
Corsica\ I
Mptjtterranean ^
Sea
74
Table 1. -FRANCE. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels,
ranked by tonnage, 1975-92.
Year
ss Register
1
Gro
Ed Tons (GRT)
Total
1,000
Over 2,000
500-999
-1,999
CRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
1975
42,752
67
40,720
28
12,284
5
95,756
100
1976
48,526
76
35,830
25
12,284
5
96,640
106
1977
48,446
75
32,265
23
12,284
5
92,995
103
1978
46,447
71
27,246
19
12,284
5
85,977
95
1979
46,430
71
24,343
17
7,284
3
78,057
91
1980
47,360
72
25,490
18
7,284
3
80,134
93
1981
43,025
65
24,745
18
7,284
3
75,054
86
1982
42,457
64
24,430
18
7,284
3
74,171
85
1983
43,676
66
25,160
19
7,284
3
76,120
88
1984
43,865
66
25,563
19
7,284
3
76,712
88
1985
45,295
68
26,500
20
7,284
3
79,079
91
1986
41,419
62
26,338
20
7,284
3
75,041
85
1987
43,688
66
27,485
21
7,284
3
78,457
90
1988
43,243
65
24,580
19
7,284
3
75,107
87
1989
44,872
67
24,367
19
7,284
3
76,523
89
1990
43,111
65
30,939
24
7,284
3
81,334
92
1991
44,035
66
29,637
23
7,284
3
80,956
92
1992
41,286
62
33,934
26
4,849
2
80,069
90
Source:
years.
Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various
75
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Table 3. --FRANCE. --Fisheries catch by FAO area, 1975, 1980, 1985-91
Area
1975
1 1980
1 1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1 .000 Metric Tons
Inland
(FAO area 05)
NA
28.1
30.3
39.3
39.9
41.8
42.4
48.0
46.0
Coastal
NE Atlantic, FAO area
27)
668.0
632.0
625.2
629.4
612.6
637.0
656.6
632.2
535.3
Distant-water:
NW Atlantic, FAO area 21
34.4
22.0
31.9
34.2
18.5
9.3
5.3
5.3
NA
Eastern Central Atlantic,
FAO area 34
56.0
65.2
23.6
33.8
36.0
42.0
48.8
65.9
73.0
Mediterranean & Black
Sea, FAO area 37
47.0
46.4
52.4
55.7
50.3
55.2
70.9
67.5
68.5
Southeast Atlantic,
FAO area 47
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.1
Western Indian Ocean,
FAO area 51
0.0
0.0
68.3
80.4
89.4
102.4
85.1
79.0
87 3
Indian Ocean- Antarctic,
FAO area 58
0.0
0.0
0.8
1.1
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
1.6
Sub-total
137.9
133.6
177.0
205.2
194.7
209.4
210.7
218.3
231.5
Total
805.9
793.7
832.5
873.9
847.2
888.2
909.7
898.5
812.8
Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, various years.
77
Table 4. --FRANCE. Listing of French fishing vessels reflagged in 1993.
Vessel name
Tonnage
Year built
Type
Gross Registered
Tons
CYPRUS:
Fisherman
442
1972
N.A.
Thalie Zachos
121
1956
N.A.
PANAMA:
Alkyona Star
419
1948
Trawler, nes
Antonia Paris
208
1961
Trawler, nes
Ar Breizad
208
1964
Trawler, nes
Guadalquivir
404
1981
Tuna vessel
Guadiana
404
1981
Tuna vessel
Porto Santo
1,823
1962
Factory trawler
ST. VINCENT:
Cape Nord
1,491
1988
Trawler
Klondyke
1,491
1988
Trawler
Nordic II
595
1972
Trawler
Source: Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy and other sources.
78
ENDNOTES
1. Etat de la Flotte, 1993, GERMES, Problemes Economiques Commerciaux et Humains des Entreprises de
Peche, Union des Armateurs a la Peche de France, Paris, June 1993, p.l. This contrasts with Lloyd's Register
of Shipping Statistical Tables which lists 90 vessels over 500-GRT in the French fleet in 1992. The authors
arbitrarily selected 500-GRT as a benchmark used to classify vessels as high-seas vessels. French statistical
tables include 63 vessels that are less than 500-GRT, but are classified as high-seas vessels by French
authorities.
2. Etat de la Flotte, 1993, GERMES, Problemes Economiques Commerciaux et Humains des Entreprises de
Peche, Union des Armateurs a la Peche de France, Paris, June 1993, p.l.
3. "World Fishing Fleet Study for France," U.S. Embassy, Paris, July 22, 1993.
4. Eurofish Report, July 15, 1993, p. SP/1.
5. Eurofish Report, July 15, 1993, p. SP/1.
6. Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, reports 90
vessels for 1992 while Etat de la Flotte, 1993, GERMES, Problemes Economiques Commerciaux et Humains
des Entreprises de Peche, Union des Armateurs a la Peche de France, Paris, June 1993, p.l. reports 153 high-
seas vessels on January 2, 1993.
7. Meuriot, Eric. "Fishing Fleet Replacement: The French Policy from 1945 to 1983." Marine Policy,
October 1986, p. 296.
8. Meuriot, Eric. "Fishing Fleet Replacement: The French Policy from 1945 to 1983." Marine Policy,
October 1986, p. 298.
9. Meuriot, Eric. "Fishing Fleet Replacement: The French Policy from 1945 to 1983." Marine Policy,
October 1986, p. 301.
10. Meuriot, Eric. "Fishing Fleet Replacement: The French Policy from 1945 to 1983." Marine Policy,
October 1986, p. 303.
11. Le Solleu, Bernard. "La relance de la peche artisanale: la fin de la periode faste," Le Man«, 8 September
1983, no. 1889, p. 7.
12. "French Sail: Decision to Build 3 Fuel Saving 'Thoniers'." Fishing News International, February 1981.
13. Meuriot, Eric. "Fishing Fleet Replacement: The French Policy from 1945 to 1983." Marine Policy,
October 1986, p. 304.
14. "Enquete," France Eco-Peche, June 1991, pp. 20-29.
15. "Catches Inadequate: France to Build Strong Industry," Irish Skipper, October, 1991.
16. "Report on the French Fishing Industry," U.S. Embassy, Paris, April 23, 1993.
79
17. The following section was taken verbatim from "World Fishing Fleet Study for France," U.S. Embassy,
Paris, July 22, 1993.
18. La Pecfie Maritime, October 1988, pp. 625-626.
19. French Advances in Science and Technology, Winter 1988, p. 6.
20. One kilowatt is the equivalent of 1.34 horsepower. Le Marin, January 3, 1992.
21. U.S. Embassy, Paris, July 22, 1993.
22. U.S. Embassy, Paris, July 22, 1993.
23. U.S. Embassy, Paris, July 22, 1993.
24. Fishing News International, December 1985, p. 21.
25. Fishing News International, May 1986, p. 35.
26. U.S. Embassy, Paris, July 22, 1993.
27. France Peche, November/December 1990.
28. Etat de la Flotte, 1993, GERMES, Problemes Economiques Commerciaux et Humains des Entreprises de
Peche, Union des Armateurs a la Peche de France, Paris, June 1993, p.l.
29. Two French tuna vessels, Guadalquivir and Guadiana, were reflagged in Panama in 1993.
30. The authors have no information on the sale or reflagging of any other vessels.
80
2.4
GERMANY
The Federal Republic of Germany's (FRG) high-seas fleet declined from 230 vessels in 1950 to only 16 vessels
in 1990.' In 1989, a massive 5,845-GRT pelagic stem trawler, the Jan Maria, was launched in Bremerhaven,
Germany.' The Jan Maria, and her sister ships, the Dirk Dirk, and the Gerda Maria, are able to fish anywhere
in the world and pose significant competition to fishermen operating on the high-seas. Some observers felt that
the vessels might stimulate a rebirth in the FRG fishing fleet. The union of the FRG with the German Democratic
Republic (GDR) on October 3, 1990, temporarily increased the FRG fishing fleet, but most of the former GDR
vessels have since been sold and the FRG is again reducing its role as a high-seas fishing state.
CONTENTS
!. General Background 81
2. Fleet Background 82
3. Modernization Programs 83
4. Decommissioning Programs 83
5. Shipyards 83
6. International Agreements 84
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 84
Sources 84
Endnotes 88
1. General Background
The FRG has a coastline of only 570 kilometers.'
This limits the country's ability to fish and forces
Germans to seek fish from distant fishing grounds.
There are nearly 84 million consumers in the unified
Federal Republic and these consumers enjoy seafood.
Fisheries plays a minuscule role in the nation's
economy despite landings of about 265,000 tons in
1 992 ."* Affluent , quality -conscious German consumers
purchase large quantities of traditional fish, such as
herring, cod, saithe, salmon, and shellfish from
overseas suppliers. Despite increased landings
(thanks in part to the addition of the former GDR's
fisheries catch). West Germany is the seventh largest
importer of edible fishery products in the world.'
FRG imports of edible fishery products in 1992 were
683,000 tons, worth slightly over $2 billion.'
Germany now imports significant quantities of
unprocessed fish which is used to produced finished,
high-value fishery products suited to Germany tastes.
German importers also purchase finished seafood
products for sale in Germany; much of this comes
from Denmark and Holland. Germany is also an
important market for fresh fish and shellfish, such as
farmed Atlantic salmon from Norway.
2. Fleet Background
The FRG operates several distinct fishing fleets,
including mussel harvesting vessels, a cutter fleet
(coastal vessels), and a high-seas fleets The high-
seas fleet includes 3 components: a middle water
fleet, a fleet specializing in the catch of shoaling
species (herring, capelin), and a deep-sea fleet. The
fleets traditionally operate out of Bremerhaven,
Cuxhaven and Rostock.*
te^j
i
1»U
1SI5
14.
!?•
:
1M
o
M
'&i
;;
M
*»
m.
-H
2*
3
•
■Vessels •uer 5#t-GnT "•T«nnaje
Figure 1. Germany's high-seas fleet, 1975-92.
The West Germans pioneered the use of factory
trawlers in distant waters and the "one-boat method
of mid-water trawling."' The Baader fish cutting
machines made it possible for German fishermen to
produce frozen fillets economically at sea.'" The
FRG, thus, should be one of the world's leading
fishing nations. Instead the German fishing industry
has slowly collapsed. There were 40 companies
operating 230 high-seas vessels in 1950. This
declined to 13 fishing firms operating 196 vessels in
1960. Many of Germany's high-seas factory stern
trawlers were built in the 1960s, including the
Othmarschen (1,400-GRT), the Hamburg (1,800-
GRT), the Bonn (2,557-GRT, the first of six
"university" class factory stern trawlers), the
Osterreich (2,700-GRT) and Sonne (2,700-GRT)
launched in 1969. Many of these vessels were well-
designed and well-equipped factory trawlers
considered the "world's finest and most efficient
frozen fillet producing stern trawlers.""
Unfortunately, despite the construction of these
massive vessels, the German high-seas fisheries
declined to 10 firms operating 108 vessels in 1970.''
Fourteen new Bremen-dass stern trawlers were built
in the early 1970's, but the establishment of 200-mile
fishery zones in Germany's traditional fishing
grounds had a major impact on the nation's high-seas
fisheries. There were only 4 firms'' operating 56
high-seas fishing vessels in 1980. The FRG high-
seas fishing fleet of 17 vessels was restructured in
1986 to operate under 2 firms: Deutsche Fisch fang
Union, Cuxhaven GmbH and Bremerhaven Operating
Company.'" Faced with declining stocks and
increasing competition from foreign fishermen, the
German high-seas fleet declined to 14 vessels by
1988. On October 3, 1990, the German Democratic
Republic and the Federal Republic Germany united.
This resulted in former GDR vessels being added to
the FRG fishing fleet; most of these vessels have
since been sold.
a. Loss of traditional grounds:
German distant-water vessels fished off the
United States, Canada, Greenland, the Faroe Islands,
and Norway between 1950 and 1970. Approximately
half of Germany's catch came from distant-waters by
the early 1970s." Many countries established 200-
mile exclusive economic zones in the mid- to late-
1970s and either excluded or phased out foreign
fishing in their waters. The Germans hoped that the
European Community would establish a Common
Fisheries Policy (CFP) that would assist member
states to gain access to former fishing grounds.'* The
creation of the CFP, however, was delayed by
political wrangling.'^ By 1980, the German deepsea
fleet was facing serious difficulties." Reductions in
the FRG quota off Greenland resulted in 14 high-seas
vessels being considered as redundant by 1984."
Norwegian authorities gradually imposed stricter
conditions on vessels operating in their waters; if a
vessel's total catch included more than 15-percent of
undersized fish, the vessel was required to leave
Norwegian waters. Loss of traditional fishing
grounds off Canada and the United States also had a
negative impact on FRG high-seas fleet owners
during the early 1980s. In 1983, the CFP was
established and the EC acted to assign total allowable
catch (TAC) quotas. However, German fishermen
were forced to share their quotas with other EC
members. In retrospect, it is clear that the advent of
200-mile limits hastened the demise of the German
high-seas fishing fleet.
82
b. Growing competition
3. Modernization Programs
Icelandic vessels began landing fresh fish in FRG
ports in the early IQSOs.^" The Icelandic fishermen
were attracted by the high prices and growing
demand for fresh seafood, particularly cod and
redfish, on German markets. As German vessels
struggled to locate new fishing grounds, the Icelandic
fleets began increasing their shipments. Dutch
fishermen also began shipping increasing quantities of
mackerel which kept prices low. Shipments of fresh
fish from Grimsby and Hull, in the U.K., into
German ports were also increasing to the detriment of
German fishermen.-' By 1986, it was apparent that
the FRG fishing fleet was unable to meet the
booming demand for fish in the FRG market and that
imports of fish would increasingly be needed."
Shipments of raw, semi-processed and fully processed
seafoods from Norway and Deimiark have also
increased in recent years at prices that made it
difficult for the German fishing fleet to compete.
c. Declining stocks:
The harvest of many key species, including cod,
hake, haddock, and other groundfish declined as
overfishing, biological fluctuations, and oceanic
conditions reduced the biomass of these species,
especially in the North Sea where competition for
limited resources was growing stronger. Lower
fishing quotas, increasing competition, and loss of
traditional fishing grounds negatively impacted the
German fleet.
d. Other factors:
The decline in the German fishing fleet began in
the 1960s and continued through the 1980s. Except
for a brief flurry of construction during the years
between 1971 and 1974, there were few modem
vessels added to the fishing fleet; by 1986, it was
obvious that the newest vessels - 14 Bremen-class
stem trawlers — could no longer operate profitably.
Efforts to operate joint ventures in Argentina and
New Zealand and in the Seychelles also were
unsatisfactory. Ultimately, it appears that it simply
became more profitable for German processors to
import fishery products from the Netherlands,
Norway, Iceland, and Denmark than to maintain
expensive and continually less efficient vessels.
The FRG fishing fleet boasted of being one of
the most efficient in the world in the 1960s. In 1971-
74, a total of 14 new high-seas Bremen-cleiss stem
trawlers of 3,180-GRT were built in FRG
shipyards." Although FRG shipyards continue to
produce new vessels from time to time, there have
been no other sustained efforts to modemize the FRG
fishing fleet since the early 1970s.
4. Decommissioning Programs
The FRG high-seas fleet decreased from 32
vessels in 1984 to 17 vessels in 1986. Three large
factoryships, the Wesermiiende, Geestemiiende, and
Stuttgart were sold the People's Republic of China as
part of this reduction process. The FRG also sold the
Friedrich Basse to the Republic of Korea; the vessel
had formerly fished off Alaska. -'' The FRG is
obliged to meet decommissioning programs
established by the EC. The FRG has complied
closely with these decommissioning guidelines and is
expected to continue to do so in the future.'^
5. Shipyards
German shipyards produce high quality fishing
vessels, but they did not build many new fishing
vessels between 1974 and 1988. In 1988, the
Mutzelfeldt Werft of Cuxhaven began work on the
first of 2 wet fish trawlers to have been built in
German shipyards in many years. The vessels were
built for Deutsche Fischfang-Union GmbH which also
owns the Kiel and Wiesbaden. In 1989, the Jan
Maria, a 5,845-GRT pelagic stem trawler was
christened in Bremerhaven. The vessel was
specifically built to catch Germany's quota of herring
and mackerel; FRG vessels caught only 18 percent of
the nation's 71,000 ton herring quota in 1987.-*
Most FRG vessels are designed to catch and process
high value cod or other groundfish. The Jan Maria
was built for Katwijk Aan Zee of the Netherlands.
The Dutch company established the German-based
Doggerbank Seefischerei GmbH, a company which
will operate the vessel under the German-flag.
Doggerbank Seefischerei GmbH operated two other
former Dutch factory ships, the Dirk Diederik and the
old Jan Maria. -^ The Cuxhaven, a wet fish filleter
was launched in 1990 from the Muzelfeldwerft yards
in Cuxhaven for Deutsche Fischfang-Union. The
83
vessel was assigned to fish for cod in the North
Atlantic and off Eastern Greenland.^* In 1993, the
Russian Far East ordered a series of 13 longliners to
be built in West German shipyards. The third vessel
in the series was launched by the Elbewerft
Boizenburg GmbH shipyard in August 1993." The
shipyard has recently been privatised and is looking
to modernise Russian vessels.
6. International Agreements
The Federal Republic of Germany is a member
of the European Community, delegating to the EC the
authority to negotiate access and fishing quotas in
foreign EEZs. FRG vessels traditionally share in
agreements negotiated with Greenland, the Faroe
Islands, Norway, and Sweden.
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans
An Icelandic Company, Mtgerdarfelag
Akureyringa, a member of the Icelandic Freezing
Plants Corporation, recently purchased 8 groundfish
trawlers belonging to the Mecklenberger
Hochseefischerei fleet in the former East German
port of Rostock. Mtgerdarfelag Akureyringa
purchased a 60-percent interest in the vessels. The
State of Mecklenberger controls 25.1 percent of the
new corporation, Rostock harbor owns 10 percent,
and the town of Rostock controls 4.9 percent. The
arrangement allows the vessels to land fish in
Icelandic ports. The vessels will fish for oceanic
redfish, which is popular in the German market, off
the southwestern coast of Iceland .^^
The outlook for the FRG high-seas fleet is for
the fleet to slowly continue to decline, although some
modem vessels may be added in the coming years.
The addition of several super-trawlers designed to
fish herring and mackerel did not spur a rebirth in
German fisheries. Likewise, the addition of the
former GDR fishing fleet had only a limited impact
on German fisheries; most of the former-GDR fleet
has been sold or scrapped. The FRG does not appear
to be a major player in high-seas fisheries and this is
unlikely to change in the next few years.
The supertrawlers Jan Maria, the Annie Hillina,
and the Gerda Maria are designed to fish for non-
quota fish (mackerel and horse mackerel) and herring
on the high-seas. These vessels are owned by
Doggerbank Seefischerei, a wholly-owned subsidiary
of the Dutch Parlevliet company. Parlevliet & van
der Plas BV also own the Dirk Diederick and the
Dirk Dirk, some of the largest supertrawlers in the
world also designed to fish for mackerel, horse
mackerel and herring. This one company, operating
these 5 vessels, is capable of fishing for pelagic
species anywhere in the world.
SOURCES
Allgemeine Fischwirtschaftszeitung , February
1986
Burbach, Rolf and Ingo Fiedler, "The German
Fishing Fleet on 3 1 . 12. 1991 , " Annual Report on
German Fisheries, 1991/92, Federal Ministry of
Food Agriculture and Forestry, in cooperation
with the Federal Statistical Office, Boim,
December 1992.
Eurofish Report, various reports.
Fisch International, various issues.
Fishing News International, various reports.
Folsom, William B."The Federal Republic of
Germany's Fisheries, 1989," International
Fisheries Report, IFR-90/89, National Marine
Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of
Commerce, December 14, 1990
Hjul, Peter. The Stem Trawler, Fishing News
(Books) Ltd., London, 1972.
McFeeters, Brian D. "Germany's Fisheries
Market," International Fisheries Report, IFR-
89/98, National Marine Fisheries Service,
NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce,
December 1, 1989.
Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden; Aussenhandel
nach Waren und Landren cited in European
Supplies Bulletin, Sea Fish Industries Authority,
United Kingdom
U.S. Embassy, Bonn, various reports.
World Fishing, various reports.
84
Table 1. -FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels,
ranked by tonnage, 1975-92.
Year
Gross Registered Tons (GRT)
Total
500-999
1,000-1,999
Over
2,000
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
1975
32,756
38
25,453
17
75,519
26
133,728
81
1976
32,104
37
21.201
14
75,519
26
107,644
77
1977
35,137
40
14,474
9
75,512
26
125,123
75
1978
34,736
39
12,689
8
72,834
26
120,259
73
1979
30,895
35
10,961
7
72,834
26
114,690
68
1980
21,055
24
9,717
6
72,834
26
103,606
56
1981
15,174
17
5,237
3
69,981
24
90,392
44
1982
13,567
15
5,888
3
57,473
19
76,928
37
1983
12,407
14
5,888
3
46,673
15
64,968
32
1984
12,407
14
3,938
2
49,229
16
65,574
32
1985
10,474
12
3,938
2
36,736
12
51,148
26
1986
9,026
10
1,943
1
18,150
6
29,119
17
1987
8,543
10
1,943
1
18,150
6
28,636
17
1988
6,556
8
-
-
18,150
6
24,706
14
1989
6,024
7
1,178
1
23,995
7
31,197
15
1990
6,024
7
2,178
2
23,995
7
32,197
16
1991
19,845
23
18,171
10
68,974
23
106,990
56^
1992
5,643
7
19,349
11
32,667
10
57,659
28
Source
years.
Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various
Includes the former East German fishing fleet following unification on October 3, 1990.
85
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Table 3. --FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY. Fisheries catch by FAO area, 1975, 1980, 1985-91.
Area
1975
1 1980
1 1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991'
1,000 Metric Tons
Inland
(FAO area 05)
15.0
18.2
24.0
24.2
24.0
25.1
29.0
31.0
55.3
Coastal"
(Northeastern Atlantic and
Baltic Sea, FAO area 27)
342.1
259.0
171.0
169.5
170.0
176.0
191.0
210.0
277.0
Distant-water:
NE Atlantic, FAO area 21
80.2
23.3
30.4
9.0
8.2
9.0
14.3
9.4
22.9
E Atlantic, FAO area 34
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12.7
NE Pacific, FAO area 67
0
8.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SE Pacific, FAO area 87
4.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sub-toal
84.6
31.3
30.4
9.0
8.2
9.0
14.3
9.4
35.6
Total
441.7
308.5
225.4
202.7
202.2
210.1
234.3
250.4
367.9
Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, various years.
" Includes the catch of the former German Democratic Republic.
'' The distinction between "coastal" and "distant-water" can be misleading, since FAO area 27 stretches from
eastern Greenland to the Baltic Sea and north to the Barents Sea.
87
ENDNOTES
1. The German Ministry for Food and Forestry reported that there were 75 vessels in the FRG high-seas fishing
fleet in 1990. Angela Schindler-Daniels, U.S. Embassy, Bonn, Germany, fax dated September 10, 1993.
2. The vessel and her sister ships were all owned by a Dutch company. The 3 vessels were, however,
registered as German fishing vessels. "Dutch emblem, German flag," Fisch International, May-June 1988, pp.
20-21.
3. This was prior to unification. Reunification added a considerable coastline to Germany, in the Baltic Sea.
4. The German Ministry for Food and Forestry as reported by Angela Schindler-Daniels, U.S. Embassy, Bonn,
Germany, fax dated September 10, 1993.
5. For additional information see: William B. Folsom, "The Federal Republic of Germany's Fisheries, 1989,"
International Fisheries Report, IFR-90/89, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of
Commerce, December 14, 1990 and Brian D. McFeeters, "Germany's Fisheries Markel," International
Fisheries Report, IFR-89/98, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce,
December 1, 1989.
6. Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden; Aussenhandel nach Waren und Landren cited in European Supplies
Bulletin, Sea Fish Industries Authority, United Kingdom, p. 15.
7. This report deals only with the Federal Republic of Germany's fishing fleet prior to reunification in 1990,
although some references are made to the former German Democratic Republic. It is still premature to talk
authoritatively about the fisheries of the unified nation.
8. "German fishing vessel pool is a success, says DFFU," World Fishing, January 1987.
9. Peter Hjul, The Stern Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, 1972, p. 153.
10. Peter Hjul, 772^ Stern Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, 1972, p. 153.
11. Peter Hjul, The Stern Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, 1972, pp. 153-157.
12. "No participation in fisheries umbrella," Eurofish Report, June 20, 1985.
13. "Nordsee" Deutsche Hochseefischerei GmbH (8 vessels in 1984 and 6 ships in 1985), Hanseatische
Hochseefischerei AG (6 vessels in 1984, but none in 1985), Hochseefischerei Nordstem AG (3 vessels in 1984
and only 1 vessel in 1985), and Partenreederei Pickenpack, Hbg (2 vessels in 1984 and 1 vessel in 1985).
Allgemeine Fischwirtschaftszeitung, No. 2, February 1986, p. 33.
14. "Restructured fleet gives trawlers a fresh start," Fishing News International, March 1986, p. 12.
15. "Despite losses since 1976. ..West Germany to stay in deepsea fishing," Fishing News International, March
1983, p. 64.
88
16. "More problems for Schleswig-Holstein cutter fleet," Eurofish Report, May 27, 1981, p. SP/9 and "Bankers
concerned about German fleet's future," Eurofish Report, June 10, 1981, p. FS/2.
17. "A Norwegian view of the German market," Eurofish Report, February 10, 1982, p. FS/4.
18. "Despite losses since 1976... West Germany to stay in deepsea fishing," Fishing News International, March
1983, p. 64.
19. "Further contraction of high seas fleet feared," Eurofish Report, May 24, 1984, p. FS/7.
20. Manfred Koch, Managing Director, Deutsche FischFang-Union GmbH & Company, "West Germany's
fishing fleet," World Fishing, January 1990, pp. 2-3.
21. "German fishing vessel pool is a success, says DFFU," World Fishing, January 1987.
22. Tom Wray, "Supply struggle," Fishing News International, March 1986, p. 11-12.
23. "A Norwegian view of the German market," Eurofish Report, February 10, 1982, p. FS/4.
24. "Chinese to purchase German technology," Eurofish Report, September 11, 1986, p. FS/5.
25. Rolf Burbach and Ingo Fiedler, "The German Fishing Fleet on 31.12.1991," Annual Report on German
Fisheries, 1991/92, Federal Ministry of Food Agriculture and Forestry, in cooperation with the Federal
Statistical Office, Bonn, December 1992.
26. "West Germany's 250-ton-a-day pelagic freezer," Fishing News International, January 1989, p. 40-45.
27. The Dirk Diederick was sold to Mauritania and the old Jan Maria was sold to Peru.
28. "Fresh fish filleter worth waiting for," Fishing News International, July 1990, p. 3.
29. "Third liner launched," Fishing News International, August 1993, p. 24.
30. Ian Strutt, "Iceland Buys into Rostock Fleet," Fishing News International, April 1993, p. 17.
Germany
' Baluc Sea
North Sea <? ^"^
'.c/^
-/"^NcTV
4lostocfca
^C ^ Hamburg )
/ Bremen
BERLIN* ^
^ Hannover'
Leipzig Y^
^ ^onn
Dr«sdon*«\/
S Frankfurt*
^
^ 250 km
Stuttgart
Munich !
89
90
2.5
GREECE
Greece has one of the largest fishing fleets in Europe, but 90 percent of the fleet consists of small, wooden
vessels. The Greek high-seas fleet in 1992 included 17 vessels, including three vessels over 2,000-GRT registering
a total of 6,975 Gross Registered Tons (GRT). Most of the Greek high-seas fishing fleet operates out of ports along
the shores of West Africa, where it has fished for years. There is little to suggest that Greek fishing vessels will
venture into distant-water fisheries beyond their present fishing areas, which also include the Falkland Islands. The
EC is providing grants to modernize the Greek fleet and is attempting to move Greek fishermen into new distant
fishing grounds. Greek vessels might be attracted by fishing opportunities off Argentina that were negotiated by
the European Community in 1992. A Greek fishing company plans to begin fishing in Iranian waters in 1993 or
1994.
CONTENTS
1. General Background 91
2. Fleet Background 92
3 . Modernization Programs 92
4. Decommissioning Programs 92
5. Shipyards 93
6. International Agreements 93
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 93
Sources 93
Endnotes 98
1. General Background
Greek landings of fish and shellfish amounted to
149,000 tons in 1991 valued at $762 million. The
Greek catch included 138,400 tons caught in the
Mediterranean off the coast of Greece and 16,000
tons caught in distant waters. In 1991, the Greek
fishing fleet included 20,860 inshore vessels
averaging slightly under 5 tons (95,000 GRT total),
849 offshore vessels (42,452 tons), and 82 high-seas
vessels (26,000 tons), averaging about 317 GRT per
vessel. Ninety seven percent of the fleet consists of
small, coastal vessels, mostly longliners, gillnetters,
and small trawlers.
The Greek fishery is divided into several
categories: Coastal (Inshore) fishing, which operates
along the Greek coastline, close to natural ports.
Offshore fishing operates in areas in the North
African Mediterranean coast. Distant-water (high-
seas) fishing operates in the Central Atlantic and off
the West African coastline. The vessels in this fleet
include fairly small craft, as well as large vessels.
Sponge fishing takes place off the coast of Greece
and in the Mediterranean.' Despite an extensive
coastline of about 15,000 kilometers and a shelf area
of 57,000 square kilometers, the nation's offshore
resources are not suitable for large harvests. Oceanic
conditions in the Mediterranean, although providing
91
seafood for over a thousand years, are not suited for
high yields. Greek fisheries traditionally are the
source of a modest livelihood for many thousands of
small boat owners, but not for large fishing vessels.
The fishing industry contributes less than 2 percent of
the Gross Agricultural Product of the nation and is
not expected to expand in the future.^ Despite natural
limitations and an aging fleet of small vessels, the
Greek catch has increased from 100,000 tons in 1983
to 165,500 tons in 1992.' Some of this growth
might be attributed to the modernization of the high-
seas or distant-water fishing fleet in recent years.
Greece continues to rely on imports to meet the
seafood requirements of its people. Greek fishery
imports were 58,400 tons worth $218 million versus
exports of 22,100 tons worth $147 million in 1992."
An overview of the Greek fishing industry can be
seen in tables 1-3.
The Greek fleet has some fairly large vessels. In
1976, for example, the fleet included 21 vessels
(13,808-GRT) in the 500- to 999-GRT range, 10
vessels (12,210-GRT) in the 1,000- to 1, 999-GRT
range, and 2 vessels (6,412-GRT) over 2,000-GRT.
This fleet operated in both the industrial and offshore
fisheries.' It was reported that some Greek vessels
were fishing for pilchard, anchovy, horse mackerel,
and hake off Argentina in 1977.'" The increase in
the size of the fleet since 1987 includes the addition
of several vessels over 2,000-GRT (table 1). In
1992, the high-seas fleet included 17 vessels,
including 4 vessels over 2,000-GRT. Some of these
vessels had fished off the Falkland Islands from 1987
to 1990 averaging less than 5,000 tons aimually (table
3 and appendix 29-31).
3. Modernization Programs
2. Fleet Background
The Greek "distant-water"'' fishing fleet went
from 13 vessels catching 12,000 tons in 1961 to a
high of 65 vessels catching 33,700 tons in 1971. The
fleet declined abruptly from 68 vessels landing
21,000 tons in 1976 to 48 vessels harvesting 26,500
tons in 1977 to 46 vessels catching 19,000 tons in
1978. The distant-water fleet declined further to 31
vessels catching 13,500 tons in 1982 shortly after the
country joined the European Community.' The
distant-water fleet reportedly reached 48 vessels in
1987.' Since then the distant-water fleet has grown
to 82 vessels catching 16,000 tons in 1991.'
1975 1980 1985 1990 92
■Vessels over 500-GRT ■••Tonnage
Figure 1. Greece's high-seas fleet, 1975-92.
The Greek government has spent relatively
modest sums of money to modernize the nation's
fishing fleet. Many of the vessels in the Greek
fishing fleet are outdated and programs to alter this
situation were quite modest prior to Greece joining
the EC in 1981." In 1991, the Greek Ministry of
Agriculture spent $98,000 on the replacement or
modernization of fishing vessels, which again is a
small sum when one considers that the Greek fleet
included approximately 21,000 vessels in 1991.
4. Decommissioning Programs
Greece is required to reduce the size of its
fishing fleet in accordance with the EC Multi-Annual
Guidance Program for Fisheries (EEC Regulation
4028/86). No new commercial fishing licenses have
been issued since 1988, except as a replacement for
vessels of similar capacity and engine size. This
prohibition is in accordance with Greek Regulation
(Presidential Decree 261/91). In 1991, Greece spent
$2.9 million on the withdrawal of fishing vessels
(under EEC Regulation 4028/86), and $111,000 for
the withdrawal of beach seiners under 12 meters in
length under the Integrated Mediterranean Program.
The Greek decommissioning program in 1991 was
aimed at reducing the size of the coastal fishing fleet.
A total of 123 vessels were decommissioned in 1991.
The only high-seas vessel decommissioned according
to EC directives that the authors have found is the
Xifias, a 695-GRT vessel built in 1947 and sold to a
third country on November 18, 1988.'^
92
5. Shipyards
Greek shipyards are able to produce small
wooden, coastal vessels and have done so for many
years. In 1988, it was reported that a Greek shipyard
in Piraeus was building a 60-meter long factory-ship
for operations off the Falkland Islands." Another
vessel, the Miastralli II, was also built in a Greek
shipyard; the vessel was designed to fish off Senegal
and Nigeria. The vessel was lengthened in 1989, and
sent to fish for squid off the Falkland Islands.'"
Another vessel, the 28-meter Laconia was launched
in 1990 as pan of the process to modernize the Greek
coastal fleet.''
6. International Agreements
Greek fishermen pioneered the development of
fisheries off Africa by sending freezer vessels down
to the Saharan Bank off Mauritania as early as
1952.'* Other vessels found their way into the Indian
Ocean where they began fishing for shrimp. By the
end of the 1970's, Greek fishermen began facing
tough competition from Spanish, Japanese, and Soviet
fishing fleets." The situation grew more difficult in
the mid-1970s when many nations extended their
fishery zones to 200-miles. This displaced many
foreign vessels that had been fishing off the coast of
Africa. In 1979, the Greeks decided they could not
renew their costly agreement with Mauritania and
shifted their shrimping operations south to Guinea,
Sierra Leone, and Nigeria." When Libya extended
control over its waters out to 50 miles, Greek
fishermen established a joint venture company with
1 1 vessels to operate within those waters. " Landings
from the joint venture operations with Libya were
estimated at 500 tons annually.-" The joint venture
was eventually terminated.
Greece joined the European Community on
January 1, 1981. Greek fishing vessels now operate
in accordance with EC bilateral agreements. Greek
fishing owners operated 90 vessels in overseas waters
in 1991, including: Senegal, Guinea (Conakry),
Guinea (Bissau), The Gambia, and the Ivory Coast.
One Greek vessel was caught fishing for shrimp in
Nigeria's EEZ in 1991. The vessel's captain was
fined $20,000 after being found guilty of catching
and packaging shrimp in Nigerian waters without a
license and labeling packages "Product of Greece."-'
Provisions were made for 3 Greek high-seas vessels
to fish in Morocco's waters between 1992-94 as part
of the new EC-Morocco fisheries agreement signed
on May 15, 1992." Greece has no other bilateral
fisheries agreements. The Greek fisheries off Africa
(FAO area 34) yielded about 16,000 tons of fish out
of a total of 149,000 tons landed in 1991 according
to FAO estimates.
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans
The addition of 4 new vessels over 1 ,000-GRT
in the last few years suggests that Greece has a
capability to fish on the high seas. It is likely that
Greece will continue to fish off West Africa or may
take advantage of the new EC agreement with
Argentina to shift several vessels into those waters.
A Greek firm, Lina Transoceanic Fishing and
Shipping Company, has announced plans to fish in
Iranian waters in 1993 or 1994. The firm will
operate a Greek stem trawler, the Chrissoula, under
contract to Iran. The vessel is currently being
modernized at a Piraeus shipyard." A recent story
from Somalia reports that "pirate trawlers" from
Greece and other countries are illegally fishing for
lobster, crab, and tuna in Somali waters at night. No
documentation exists for this claim made by
Mohamed Abshir Muse of the Somali Salvation
Democratic Front.'''
SOURCES
Eurofish Report, various issues.
European Supplies Bulletin, Aimual Data 1992, Sea
Fish Industry Authority, Edinburgh, 1993
"Financial Support to the Fishing Industry,"
Organization for Economic Co-Operation and
Development, Paris, 1985
Fishing News International, various reports.
Greek Agriculture, Data and Facts, 1982, Ministry of
Agriculture, Athens, 1985.
Kotsolios, M. "The present situation and current
trends in Development of fishing activities in
Greece," Technical Consultation on Stock
Assessment in the Eastern Mediterranean,
93
Athens, Greece, March 28-April 1, 1988, Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations, Rome, 1989, p. 173.
"Somalia: Fish pirates," Seafood Leader , July /August
1993.
Steel, David I. A., "Greek fisheries and accession to
the European Community," Fishery Economics
Research Unit, Occasional Paper Series,
Number 4, Edinburgh, September 1979
U.S. Embassy, Athens, various reports.
"Vessels withdrawn according to Article 24 of
Regulation (EEC) No. 4028/86, OjficialJournal
of the European Communities, No C 320/2,
December 22, 1989.
Greece
►»_,■) Crete
Mediterranean Sea t _ \l^
World Fishing, various issues.
94
Table 1. --GREECE. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels,
ranked by tonnage, 1975-92.
Year
Gross Registered Tons (GRT)
Total
^00
-999
1,000-1,999
Over
? oon
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
1975
14,434
22
12,210
10
6,412
2
33,056
34
1976
13,808
21
12,210
10
6,412
2
32,430
33
1977
13,181
20
9,769
8
6,412
2
29,362
30
1978
13,181
20
8,335
7
6,412
2
27,928
29
1979
12,670
19
8,384
7
6,412
2
27,466
28
1980
12,670
19
8,384
7
3,242
1
24,296
27
1981
12,670
19
8,464
7
3,242
1
24,376
27
1982
10,784
16
8,464
7
-
-
19,248
23
1983
9,624
14
6,152
5
-
-
15,776
19
1984
7,743
11
4,971
4
-
-
12,714
15
1985
7,303
11
4,971
4
-
-
12,274
15
1986
6,378
10
3,805
3
-
-
10,183
13
1987
5,712
9
2,626
2
2,315
1
10,653
12
1988
5,712
9
3,705
3
9,301
4
18,718
16
1989
6,738
10
1,005
1
6,981
3
14,724
14
1990
8,806
12
1,005
1
9,309
4
19,120
17
1991
8,676
12
2,590
2
7,000
3
18,266
17
1992
9,276
13
1,005
1
6,975
3
17,256
17
Source:
years.
Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various
95
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ENDNOTES
1 . M. Kotsolios, "The present situation and current trends in Development of fishing activities in Greece, " Technical
Consultation on Stock Assessment in the Eastern Mediterranean, Athens, Greece, March 28-April 1, 1988, Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1989, p. 173.
2. "A profile of the Greek fishing industry," Eurofish Report. October 15, 1980, p. FS/1.
3. "Greek fish consumption and production up in 1992," Eurofish Report, July 29, 1993, pp. SP/2-3.
4. European Supplies Bulletin, Annual Data 1992, Sea Fish Industry Authority, Edinburgh, 1993, pp. 18-19 and
"Greek fish consumption and production up in 1992," Eurofish Report, July 29, 1993, pp. SP/2-3.
5. Many of these vessels are small, coastal vessels. In 1979, for example, the "high-seas" or "distant-water" fleet
consisted of 27 trawlers and 18 shrimp trawlers. The newest vessel was built in 1960. Most of the vessels built
before 1960, obviously, were fairly small by current standards. David I. A. Steel, "Greek fisheries and accession
to the European Community," Fishery Economics Research Unit, Occasional Paper Series, Number 4, Edinburgh,
September 1979, p. 3. The figures in this section do not match the figures shown in the statistical tables, which
only include vessels over 500-GRT.
6. Greek Agriculture, Data and Facts, 1982, Ministry of Agriculture, Athens, 1985.
7 . M . Kotsolios, "The present situation and current trends in Development of fishing activities in Greece, " Technical
Consultation on Stock Assessment in the Eastern Mediterranean, Athens, Greece, March 28-April 1, 1988, Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1989, p. 173.
8. "Greek fisheries production and trade in 1991," Eurofish Report, July 1, 1993, p. SP/4.
9. David I. A. Steel, "Greek fisheries and accession to the European Community," Fishery Economics Research
Unit, Occasional Paper Series, Number 4, Edinburgh, September 1979, p. 19.
10. "Greece: a problem of access," Fishing News International, August 1980, p. 71.
1 1 . "Financial Support to the Fishing Industry, " Organization/or Economic Co-Operation and Development, Paris,
1985, p. 111-116.
12. "Vessels withdrawn according to Article 24 of Regulation (EEC) No. 4028/86, OfficialJournal of the European
Communities, No C 320/2, December 22, 1989.
13. Ian Strutt, "Biggest factory ship on the way," Fishing News International, August 1988, p. 57.
14. Ian Strutt, "Biggest factory ship on the way," Fishing News International, August 1988, p. 57.
15. "Latest stem trawler launched for Greek fishing fleet," World Fishing, December 1990, p. 28.
16. David I. A. Steel, "Greek fisheries and accession to the European Community," Fishery Economics Research
Unit, Occasional Paper Series, Number 4, Edinburgh, September 1979, p. 2.
98
17. "Development aid for Greek fisheries recommended by parliament committee," Eurofish Report, January 17,
1983, p. BB/6.
18. David l.A. Steel, "Greek fisheries and accession to the European Community," Fishery Economics Research
Unit, Occasional Paper Series, Number 4, Edinburgh, September 1979, pp. 2-3.
19. "Development aid for Greek fisheries recommended by parliament committee," Eurofish Report, January 17,
1983, p. BB/7.
20. "Development aid for Greek fisheries recommended by parliament committee," Eurofish Report, January 17,
1983, p. BB/6.
21. "World Fishing Fleet Study," U.S. Embassy, Lagos, July 2, 1993.
22. "World fishing fleet study," U.S. Embassy, Rabat, July 1, 1993.
23. "Greek trawler seeks first catch in Iran," Fishing News International, July 1993, p. 27.
24. "Somalia: Fish pirates," Seafood Leader, July /August 1993, p. 62.
99
100
2.6
IRELAND
The Atlantic Challenge, launched in 1986, was the first of several ultramodern ships delivered to Irish skippers
m the last few years. The $1 1 million Western Endeavor arrived in 1987. This was followed by the 4,034-GRT
super trawler Veronica and the 4, 042-GRT At lantean II which were delivered in 1988. These ultra-modem vessels
established Ireland as a major fishing power in the North Sea. It was reported that the Irish Government was
planning to spend $179 million for the development of Irish fisheries, including purchase of bigger vessels in 1990.
The Irish high-seas fleet included 8 pelagic vessels registering nearly 12,000-GRT in 1992. Some of these vessels
could be sold; indeed, the Atlantean II was sold shortly after it was delivered. These vessels could also be shifted
to distant-water fishing grounds where they would be able to operate efficiently. To date, however, the skippers
of these vessels have operated only in the North Atlantic.
CONTENTS
1. General Background 101
2. Fleet Background 102
3. Modernization Programs 102
4. Decommissioning Programs 103
5. Shipyards 103
6. International Agreements 103
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 103
Sources 103
Endnotes 107
1. General Background
Irish waters are rich with fish and attracted
fishing fleets from Holland, Spain, France, England,
and Scotland well before Irish fishermen began
harvesting fish off their shores. ' Irish fishermen have
a short tradition of inshore fishing.- The An Bord
lascaigh Mhara (BIM, or the Irish Sea Fisheries
Board) was established in 1952 and was charged with
assisting in the growth of the fishing industry.
Ireland joined the EC in 1972 and extended its
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) to 200 miles in
1976, excluding many of the nations that once fished
within a few miles of the Irish coast. Irish fishermen
were disappointed when the nation joined the
Community because they received a very small quota
in comparison to other EC member states. The EC
provides catch quotas based on historical catches; the
small fleets of wooden dayboats caught comparatively
little fish as compared with other EC countries.'
Thus Ireland was allowed to fish a quota that is less
than 5 percent of the fishery resources inside it's own
200-mile limit. This has caused complaints by Irish
fishermen who see Spanish and other EC vessels
fishing in "their" waters" and who compare their
small quota against the 38-percent awarded to the
United Kingdom.^ The Irish have since argued their
case at the EC for more favorable treatment. It was,
101
thus, especially rewarding to Ireland when the EC
Council of Ministers, in December 1992, reached
agreement on a revised Common Fisheries Policy
(CFP) which was favorable to the Irish; Ireland was
the only European nation to win concessions.' An
overview of the Irish fishing industry can be seen in
tables 1-3.
2. Fleet Background
The Irish fishing industry consists of about 1 ,200
small, low horse-power, inshore vessels. The high-
seas fleet began in 1976 when Irish fishing interests
purchased a 1,921-GRT vessel and a 1,110-GRT
vessel in 1977. These 2 high-seas vessels remained
in operation until 1980 when they were
decommissioned. In 1981, four smaller vessels
(averaging 566-GRT) were added to the fleet and this
number has since fluctuated slightly. The Irish,
under the EC's Multi- Annual Guidance Policy
(MAGP), has been required to reduce the size of
their fishing fleet. Irish fishermen and administrators
have loudly complained that these historical figures
have hurt Irish fisheries and called for more liberal
treatment in the future. Irish fishermen decided to
alter the situation by building new vessels that would
allow them to fish non-quota species (such as blue
whiting, argentines, and scad), as well as horse
mackerel, mackerel, and herring.^ They did this by
ordering the construction of large purse seiners and
stem trawlers from foreign shipyards. The Atlantic
Challenge was the first of several ultramodern ships
■Vessels werSK-oRT • Tornagej
Figure J. Ireland's high-seas fleet, 1975-92.
that were delivered in 1986. The vessel reportedly
was financed entirely by Irish fishermen and was
designed to harvest non-quota species. The $11
million Western Endeavor, also financed entirely by
a Killybegs fisherman, followed in 1987. This was
followed by the arrival of the 4,034-GRT super
trawler Veronica and the 4,042-GRT Atlantean II.
These vessels were built in Swedish and Norwegian
shipyards* and were also designed to fish for non-
quota species. The arrival of these ultra- modem
vessel established Ireland as a major fishing power in
the North Sea It was reported that the BIM was
planning to spend $179 million for the development
of the Irish fisheries, including purchase of bigger
vessels in 1990.^ The Irish high-seas fleet included 8
vessels in 1992.
3. Modernization Programs
The BIM provids funds to fishermen as part of
the Marine Credit Plan and has done so since 1963.'°
In 1981, the Board approved 378 applications for
funding. In that year, a total of $29 million was
spent on the constmction of 10 vessels. The EC's
European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund
(FEOGA) also approved 14 projects for funding in
1981 . Since the inception of the FEOGA program a
total of 1 18 Irish vessels have received funding since
1981." Most of these funds appear to have been
spent on the constmction or modemization of vessels
under 500-GRT. In 1987, the EC brought into force
Regulation No. 4028/86 which established guidelines
for the constmction and modemization of EC fishing
fleets. The new regulation permitted the constmction
of larger fishing vessels than was the case in the past.
The BIM approved grants for the constmction of 22
new fishing vessels in 1990. The EC, under
Regulation No. 4028/86, was providing funding for
43 projects involving the constmction or
modemization of Irish fishing vessels.'- As in
previous years, the funds were used to build or
modernize fairly small fishing craft. The BIM
provided $4.0 million in grants and loan financing for
the constmction of 6 new vessels and modemization
of 96 old vessels during 1992." The EC also
contributed $1.9 million for fleet modemization
during 1992, but this was only half the amount
requested; no EC funds were made available for new
vessel constmction because of the decision by the EC
to temporarily cease new vessel grants until member
states began to decrease the size of their fleets.'"
102
Irish authorities have also unveiled programs to
open up non-quota species to Irish fishermen. A
great emphasis has been placed on developing
aquaculture projects, for example, because they do
not conflict with traditional fisheries. Ireland has
made significant progress in developing salmon,
mussel, and oyster culture. BIM authorities have
also helped fishermen find new species, such as crab,
that can be sold in European markets. BIM
technicians have also worked with local fishermen to
experiment with different types of fishing gear that
will allow fishermen to catch different species of fish.
4. Decommissioning Programs
Ireland, as a member of the EC, is required to
comply with the MAGP established by the EC to
reduce the size of member state fishing fleets. Most
of the day boats in the Irish coastal fleet are already
old and in need of replacement. The BIM imposes
tough standards which require those seeking to build
new vessels to decommission the equivalent tonnage
of old vessels before a new permit is issued.
5. Shipyards
Ireland has some shipyards able to produce
wooden or steel-hulled fishing vessels. Irish
shipyards produce mainly vessels under 500-GRT.
6. International Agreements
Ireland is a member of the European Community
and is subject to international agreements negotiated
by the EC. Ireland does not have any bilateral
fishery agreements with any other country.
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans
There are only 8 high-seas fishing vessels on the
register of Irish vessels. Most other Irish vessels are
fairly small, coastal boats. The high-seas fleet has
been fairly stable in recent years, but one vessel, the
4,042-GRT stem trawler Atlanlean II. was sold in
1989 to a Liberian holding company." The authors
are not aware of any plans to sell any of the
remaining fleet of high-seas vessels. The Atlantic
Challenger, at 8 years, is now the oldest in the fleet.
It is unlikely that the ship will be sold, unless the
owners are interested in building a new vessel; in that
case they must decommission the vessel before they
will be allowed to replace it. The authors believe
that this is unlikely for the immediate future. It was
reported that Ireland's largest stem trawler, the
Veronica, had caught fire and was being towed to
Norway in August 1993.'*
SOURCES
Allen, Hugh. "Ireland must unite her talents,"
World Fishing, March 1993
EC, Regional impact of the EEC's fisheries policy
- Economic and social situation and outlook for
the fisheries sector in certain regions of the
Community: Ireland," Commission of the
European Communities, Intemational Information
on Fisheries, May 1980.
Fishing News International, various issues.
Fitzgerald, Roger. "Ireland's green thumb touches
the sea," Seafood Leader, Spring 1988, p. 102.
Florio, Donna. "Expansion on the Emerald Isle,"
Seafood Business, March/ April 1991, p. 54.
Heskin, Alex. "The Development of a fishery: The
Irish example," Bord lascaigh Mhara, Dublin,
Ireland, printed in Proceedings of the
International Seafood Trade Conference,
Anchorage, Alaska, September 8-12, 1982,
Alaska Sea Grant Report No. 83-2, January,
1983.
Irish Sea Fisheries Board, "Annual Report and
Accounts, 1981," Dublin, 1982.
Irish Sea Fisheries Board, "Annual Report,
1990," Dublin, 1992.
MacSweeney, Tom. "Ireland's forward drive,"
Seafood International, May 1990, p. 26.
The Sectoral Development Committee Report, Irish
Fisheries Organization News, attachment,
October 1984.
World Fishing, various issues.
IDS
Table I .--IRELAND. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels,
ranked by tonnage, 1975-92.
Year
Total
Gross Registered Tons (GRT)
1,000-1,999
Over 2,000
500
-999
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
1975
-
-
-
-
0
0
1976
-
1,921
1
-
1,921
1
1977
3,031
2
3,031
2
1978
-
-
3,031
2
3,031
2
1979
-
-
3,031
2
3,031
2
1980
-
3,031
2
-
3,031
2
1981
2,264
4-
2,264
4
1982
2,130
4
2,130
4
1983
2.880
5''
-
2,880
5
1984
3,426
6
3,426
6
1985
3,426
6'
-
-
-
-
3,426
6
1986
2,890
5"
1,672
r
-
4,562
6
1987
2,890
5
3,552
2'
-
6,442
7
1988
2,347
4
3,690
2
8,076
2t
14,113
8
1989
2,347
4
3,690
2
4,034
1"
10,071
7
1990
2,328
4
3,690
2
4,034
1
10,052
7
1991
2,328
4
3,708
2
4,034
1
10,070
7
1992
2,328
4
5,606
3
4,034
1
11,968
8
Source; Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statislical Tables. Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, vanous years
Includes the stem trawlers Atlantean. Antarctic. Sheanne, and Western Viking which were all reported in 1981 . Another vessel, the Paula,
is thought to be the 5th vessel in this class of vessel, but only 4 vessels are identified by Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables for 1981 .
The new addition could be either the Jasper Sea or the Paraclete.
'^ Includes the Antarctic. Atlantean I. Jasper Sea, Western Viking, Sheanne, and Paraclete. The vessels average 571 -GRT in toimage.
It is possible that the Atlantean was decommissioned in 1986. The vessel was replaced by the Atlantean II in 1988.
' The Atlantic Challenge (1 ,672-GRT) , a purse seiner built at the Mjellem & Karlsen yard in Bergen, Norway The owners plarmed to
concentrate on non-quota species, such as blue whiting and scad. The ship was delivered in April 1986.
Possibly the Western Endeavor.
* The super trawler. Veronica (4,034-GRT), built by the Marstrandsverben yard in Sweden and the Atlantean II (4,042-GRT) built in
Norwegian shipyards. The two ships were designed to fish for non-quota species as well as herring and mackerel.
The Atlantean II was sold to the Lira Shipping Corporation of Liberia and was subsequently leased to a Soviet-owned fishing company
which renamed it the Novator. The sale was necessary because the Irish owners wanted to build a bigger vessel, but were required to sell the
ship in order to receive a new quota under current Irish regulations. No replacement of the vessel has been reported.
104
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ENDNOTES
1 . Dutch fishermen reportedly were fishing off Ireland in 1442. Alex Heskin, "The Development of a fishery: The
Irish example," Bord lascaigh Mhara, Dublin, Ireland, printed in Proceedings of the International Seafood Trade
Conference, Anchorage, Alaska, September 8-12, 1982, Alaska Sea Grant Report No. 83-2, January, 1983.
2. Alex Heskin, "The Development of a fishery: The Irish example," Bord lascaigh Mhara, Dublin, Ireland, printed
in Proceedings of the International Seafood Trade Conference, Anchorage, Alaska, September 8-12, 1982, Alaska
Sea Grant Report No. 83-2, January, 1983.
3. EC, Regional impact of the EEC's fisheries policy - Economic and social situation and outlook for the fisheries
sector in certain regions of the Community: Ireland," Commission of the European Communities, International
Information on Fisheries, May 1980. This document provides an in depth analysis of the Irish fisheries in the
1960s and 1970s.
4. The EC reportedly obtains 25 percent of its total catch from waters off the Irish coast while Irish fishermen are
allowed to harvest only 4 percent of this fish. See: Donna Florio, "Expansion on the Emerald Isle," Seafood
Business, March/ April 1991, p. 54.
5. Roger Fitzgerald, "Ireland's green thumb touches the sea," Seafood Leader, Spring 1988, p. 102.
6. Hugh Allen, "Ireland must unite her talents," World Fishing, March 1993, p. 26. The Irish were granted an extra
7,500 ton allocation of mackerel and gained a further 300 tons of haddock. They were also allowed to increase the
size of the fleet by 3,000 tons to a total of 52,000 tons.
7. Mackerel and herring are quota species.
8. Financing for the Veronica reportedly was arranged by the Norwegian shipyards in cooperation with the
Christiana Bank.
9. Tom MacSweeney, "Ireland's forward drive," Seafood International, May 1990, p. 26.
10. The Sectoral Development Committee Report, Irish Fisheries Organization News, attachment, October 1984.
11. The Irish Sea Fisheries Board, "Aimual Report and Accounts, 1981," Dublin, 1982.
12. The Irish Sea Fisheries Board, "Annual Report, 1990," Dublin, 1992.
13. "Irish fishing industry," World Fishing, March 1993, p. 21.
14. "Irish fishing industry," World Fishing, March 1993, p. 21.
15. The vessel was sold to the Lira Shipping Corporation of Liberia, which leased the ship to a Soviet -owned fishing
company, which renamed the ship the Novator.
16. "Last bids for the Freezer Genesisl," Fishing News International, August 1993, p. 42.
107
108
2.7
ITALY
The Italian high-seas fleet of 27 vessels is expected to decline by 1-4 vessels during the next few years. These
vessels will be sold to third parties and probably will not be replaced. The authors do not anticipate a sudden shift
in Italy's high-seas fleet from their current fishing grounds off West Africa. There is a possibility that Italian
fishermen may wish to engage in a high-seas tuna fishing operation as consumption of tuna in Italy has increased
in recent years.'
CONTENTS
1. General Background 109
2. Fleet Background 110
3. Modernization Programs 110
4. Decommissioning Programs HO
5. Shipyards 110
6. International Agreements Ill
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans Ill
Sources Ill
Endnotes 116
1. General Background
Italy is the second largest country in the EC in
terms of population, after Germany. The country's
7,456 kilometer coastline borders the Adriatic,
Aeonian, Ligurian, Tyrrhenian, and Mediterranean
Seas. Its maritime boundaries touch on those of the
newly independent Slovenia, Albania, Greece, Libya,
Tunisia, Malta, Spain, and France. The Italian
fishing fleet is the third largest in the EC after
Greece and Spain. Most of these are small, coastal
vessels that are manned by one- or two-man crews.
The Italian coastal fishery expanded slowly following
World War II, despite limited resources and
increasing pollution, especially in the Adriatic Sea
which has been subject to massive algae blooms in
recent years. The Italian high-seas fleet was in
operation before the start of World War II. The fleet
reportedly included 12 vessels registering 5,000 GRT
(an average of 417-GRT per vessel). By 1975, the
extension of fishery zones off West African had
begun to impact the Italian fishing fleet in the region;
the number of vessels declined from 95 to 65 vessels
between 1973 and 1975.^ Italy's 60 million
consumers enjoy eating seafood, especially sole,
plaice, hake, red mullet, sea bass, cuttlefish, squid,
rainbow trout, and a variety of mussels.'
Consumption of seafood averages about 15 kilograms
per capita." The Italian fisheries catch has declined
during the past few decades to slightly over 500,000
tons. Imports have increased going from 368,000
tons in 1988 to 410,000 tons in 1992.^ Exports
remain small and stable: 67,000 tons in 1988 to
73,000 tons in 1992.* An overview of the Italian
fishing industry can be seen in tables 1-3.
109
2. Fleet Background
Italian shipyards produced a series of efficient
stem trawlers during the 1960s for operation outside
the Mediterranean, mostly along the coast of West
Africa.' Some of these pioneering vessels included
the Aspa Quareio (1,600-GRT) built in 1965 by
Cantieri Navale Apuania S.A. A smaller vessel, the
Andrea Speat (630-GRT) was also built in 1965 by
Cantiere Navale di Pesaro. The shipyard built the
Luca Speat (780-GRT) in 1987. Nembo {850-GRT)
and Pelago (850-GRT) were built in 1967 for
operations off West Africa. The Storione (1,233-
GRT) also was launched in 1978. Two years later,
the Tontini Pesca Terzo (1 ,580-GRT) was built along
with the Airone (1,251-GRT). By 1977, the Italian
high-seas fleet included 19 vessels licensed to fish
inside the 200-mile EEZ off the United States (see
table below). These vessels ranged in size from the
3,600-GRT trawler Assunta Tontini Madre down to
the 622-GRT Niccla Specchio. All of these vessels
were less than 10 years old, making the Italian high-
seas fleet one of the most modem in the world at that
time. In 1971, the De Giosa Guiseppi (900-GRT)
was built by Soc. Esercizio Cantieri as part of a
series of ships which numbered at least 7 vessels: the
seventh vessel was named the Carlo di Fazio. The
series of stem trawlers built by Italy helped establish
that country as a producer/operator of very fine
fishing vessels. In 1979, the Societia Esercizio
Cantieri SPA launched the Shekeleh (1,600-GRT)
freezer stem trawler for the State Fishing Corporation
of Tema, Ghana and the Anzika, a tuna purse seiner
for the Congo.* The United States became a
customer of 8 tuna seiners in December 1981.' In
1983, Italian shipyards launched the tuna seiners,
Bonnie and Jennifer (1,000-GRT) for customers in
Mexico; the vessel was one of many vessels ordered
by clients from Algeria, the United States, Somalia,
and Angola.'" The high-seas fleet included 26
vessels over 500-GRT by 1984." These vessels were
operating in Angola, Benin, Guinea, Guinea (Bissau),
Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, and the
United States and reportedly harvested 40,0000 tons
of fish and shellfish.'' Despite the rapid growth of
the Italian high-seas fleet in the 1970's, the fleet was
buffeted by losses. From a highpoint of 60 vessels
(57,000-GRT) in 1975 the fleet has steadily declined
to about 27 vessels (26,000-GRT) in 1992. Most
reports dealing with Italy point to the extension of the
200-mile regimes in the mid-1970s as one of the
reasons for this decline. However, the trend has
been consistently downwards without any sudden
changes. Also, unlike many other countries, Italian
fishermen did not significantly increase the size of the
high-seas fleet during the years 1986-89." The pride
of the Italian high-seas fleet, the Assunta Tontini
Madre (3,817-GRT) fished for squid off the United
States until 1983 when it was sold to the Faroe
Islands; the vessel was the largest in hs class and was
never replaced.
3. Modemization Programs
Italy's first fisheries development plan was
officially aimounced in Act No. 41 of Febmary 17,
1982 The program was part of a plan to modemize
Italy's fishing industry and required the govemment
to prepare a new national plan for fisheries every
three years.'" These programs were later
supplemented by similar programs managed by the
EC. The Campbell Shipyards in San Diego,
Califomia delivered the Rio Mare (1, 500-GRT), a
Super Pacific Class tuna seiner for Italy in 1991."
The Rio Mare is one of the few new ships added to
the Italian high-seas fishing fleet in recent years. It
was only 10 years ago that Italian shipyards were
producing tuna seiners for the U.S. tuna fishing fleet.
4. Decommissioning Programs
Italy, as an EC member state, was required to
trim the size of the nation's fishing fleet starting in
1986. The original plan was to reduce the number of
vessels to the size of the entire fishing fleet in 1983.
Most of the reduction in the Italian fleet was aimed at
trimming the size of the small coastal fleet that
operated in the Adriatic and around Sicily."* In
1987, the EC again outlined a plan to reduce the size
of the Italian fleet which also called for the reduction
of the high-seas fleet."
5. Shipyards
Italian shipyards have produced first class fishing
vessels for years. These shipyards have a reputation
for building excellent fishing vessels that have
attracted buyers from around the world. Information
on Italian shipyards in recent years is scant, but there
is nothing to suggest that Italian shipyards could not
resume building new vessels if the Italian industry
decided to rejoin the high-seas fisheries.
110
6. International Agreements
Italy began fishing off the coasts of many
African nations before it became a member of the EC
and before the EC received permission to negotiate
international fishery treaties on behalf of member
states. The EC has since initiated bilateral agreements
with almost all of the countries where Italian vessels
once fished. Italian fishing vessels first began fishing
off the United States in 1972, for example, where it
reportedly caught an average of 16,000 tons of squid
annually.'* Nineteen Italian vessels were licensed to
fish in U.S. waters in 1977 following the extension of
U.S. waters to 200-miles (see table below). Italian
vessels were also fishing for squid and cod off the
coast of Canada and were allowed to fish for hake off
the Namibian coast." The agreement with the United
States, like those of other countries, was replaced by
an agreement with the European Community once
that body was given permission to negotiate
international fishery agreements by its member states.
The Americanization of United States fisheries
gradually led to the phase-out of Italian fishing in
U.S. waters on January 1, 1987. Although the EC
has replaced Italy as the competent authority for
negotiating international agreements, Italian fishermen
were permitted to continue privately fishing initiatives
with Sierra Leone (4 vessels), Nigeria (4 vessels),
and Somalia (2 vessels) as late as 1983.™ Italy's
bilateral fisheries agreement with Yugoslavia was
extended for 6 months in 1978, but was later
terminated.''
Italian high-seas vessels reportedly caught 65,900
tons in distant-waters in 1991 (Table 3). The
majority of this catch was in the Central Eastern
Atlantic region of West Africa where EC agreements
allow Italian vessels to fish under license. A smaller
quantity (less than 10,000 tons) was harvested in the
Southwestern Atlantic Ocean around the Falkland
Islands (see appendix 29-31). Finally, the Italian
fleet caught 16,500 tons in the Western Indian Ocean;
this was not, however, tuna. The Italians did,
however, briefly fish for southern bluefin tuna
{Thunnus maccoyii) in the Western Indian Ocean in
1987-90 with a total catch of 707 tons for the entire
4 years. ^^ The Italian catch in the Indian Ocean in
1991 consisted of a variety of different marine fish
and shellfish suggesting the operation of a fleet of
small vessels." The authors have no information
about Italy's fisheries in the Indian Ocean. Somali
sources, however, recently reported that "pirate
trawlers" from Italy and other countries are illegally
fishing at night for lobster, crab, and tuna in Somali
waters. No documentation exists for this claim made
by Mohamed Abshir Muse of the Somali Salvation
Democratic Front.-"
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans''
The Italian 1992 high-seas fleet of 27 vessels will
doubtlessly continue to decline by 1-4 vessels per
year for the next few years pending some unforeseen
development. These ships will be sold to third
parties and probably will not be replaced. The
authors do not anticipate a sudden shift in Italy's
high-seas fleet from their current fishing grounds off
West Africa.
Consumption of tuna has increased in Italy in
recent years^* and it is possible that Italian fish
processing firms might be interested in establishing a
high-seas tuna fishing venture similar to those
operated by Spain and Italy. Italy, as an EC
member, is eligible for allocations of tuna off West
Africa or in the Indian Ocean. Italian fishermen have
experience fishing for tuna off West Africa and it
would be fairly easy for them to begin fishing tuna.
SOURCES
"Campbell launches first tuna seiner for Italy,"
News Release, Campbell Shipyard, San Diego.
DiPalma, Salvatore. U.S. Regional Fisheries
Attache in Copenhagen, Denmark to William L.
Sullivan, Jr., February 13, 1975.
Eurofish Report, various issues.
FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics - Catches and
landings. 1991, Vol. 72, United Nations, Rome,
Italy, 1993.
Fishing News International, various issues.
Ill
Folsom, William B." Italian canned tuna industry,
1989," International Fisheries Report, IFR-
90/91, National Marine Fisheries Service,
NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Silver
Spring, MD, December 26, 1990.
Hjul, Peter (Editor). The Stern Trawler, Fishing
News (Books) Ltd. London, 1972
"Italy's International Fishing Relations,
International Fisheries Report, IFR-78/12, Office
of International Fisheries, National Marine
Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Washington, D.C., January 20,
1978.
La Peche Maritime, various issues.
Murphy, Yvette and Gian Franco Carrettoni,
"Benvenuti in Italia," Seafood International,
September 1993.
"Somalia: Fish pirates," Seafood Leader,
July /August 1993, p. 62.
U.S. Embassy, Rome, various reports.
World Fishing, various issues
Italy
CagI
\ Sardinia
iVediteiranean
Sea
112
Table 1. -ITALY. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels,
ranked by tonnage, 1975-92.
Year
Gro<« Upoistprpfl Tnn<! rriRTi
To*'>'
O \ /
-999
1,000
500^
-1,999
Over 2,000
CRT
No.
CRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
1975
26,157
38
30,889
22
-
-
57,046
60
1976
25,657
37
27,856
20
4,000
57,513
58
1977
24,386
35
26,486
19
4,000
54,872
55
1978
23,277
33
25,109
18
3,817
52,203
52
1979
21,709
31
25,412
18
3,817
50,938
50
1980
21,709
31
23,769
17
3,817
49,295
49
1981
16,935
24
20,616
15
3,817
41,368
40
1982
16,009
22
21,629
16
3,817
41,455
39
1983
15,190
21
18,952
14
3,817^
37,959
36
1984
14,292
20
18,602
14
-
-
32,894
34
1985
14,619
20
16,339
12
-
-
30,958
32
1986
13,346
18
16,339
12
-
-
29,685
30
1987
13,688
18
17,644
13
-
-
31,332
31
1988
13,688
18
17,644
13
-
-
31,332
31
1989
13,688
18
16,402
12
-
-
30,090
30
1990
13,688
18
16,402
12
-
-
30,090
30
1991
13,073
17
16,402
12
-
29,475
29
1992
13,073
17
13,163
10
-
-
26,236
27
Source:
years.
Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various
' The 3,817-GRT stem trawler, the Assunta Tontini Madre, Italy's largest fishing vessel, was built in Viareggio
in 1976 and fished for squid off the Atlantic coast of the United States. The ship was sold to Faroese fishing
interests in 1986.
113
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Table 3. --ITALY. Fisheries catch by FAO area, 1975, 1980, 1985-91
1 Q'7<
1980
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1,000 Metric Tons
Inland
(FAO area 05)
19.1
34.5
48.2
50.6
55.2
58.2
61.4
57.3
56.7
Coastal
Mediterranean,
FAO area 37
352.0
353.0
500.6
471.1
447.8
452.6
418.6
405.9
425.7
Distant-water:
NW Atlantic, FAO area 21
4.4
9.4
8.6
7.4
0
0
0
0
0
Northeastern Atlantic and
Baltic Sea, FAO area 27
0
2.4
.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
Western Central Atlantic,
FAO area 31
0
0
1.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
Eastern Central Atlantic,
FAO area 34
19.0
33.0
26.3
35.0
40.8
44.3
51.9
33.8
39.5
South Western Atlantic,
FAO area 41
0
0
0
1.0
6.0
10.7
6.3
8.5
9.9
South Eastern Atlantic,
FAO area 47
11.3
3.3
4.1
4.2
6.1
5.7
4.7
0
0
Western Indian Ocean,
FAO area 51
0
13.0
.7
0
6.0
4.5
6.0
14.5
16.5
Sub-total
34.7
61.1
41.3
47.6
58.9
65.2
68.9
56.8
65.9
Total
405.8
448.6
590.1
569.3
561.9
576.0
548.9
520.0
548.3
Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, various years.
115
ENDNOTES
1. See: William B. Folsom, "Italian canned tuna industry, 1989," International Fisheries Report, IFR-90/91,
National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Silver Spring, MD, December 26,
1990.
2. Letter from Salvatore Di Palma, U.S. Regional Fisheries Attache in Copenhagen, Denmark to William L.
Sullivan, Jr., February 13, 1975.
3. Yvette Murphy and Gian Franco Carrettoni, "Benvenuti in Italia," Seafood International, September 1993, pp.
28-29.
4. "Italian fish production and consumption erratic," Eurofish Report, June 17, 1993, p. SP/2.
5. "Italian fish production and consumption erratic," Eurofish Report, June 17, 1993, p. SP/2.
6. "Italian fish production and consumption erratic," Eurofish Report, June 17, 1993, p. SP/2.
7. Peter Hjul, The Stem Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd. London, 1972, pp. 157-160.
8. WorW Fishing, March 1979.
9. "USA tuna seiners from Italian yard," Fishing News International, November 1981.
10. La Peche Maritime, February 20, 1983, p. 101.
1 1 . "Italic: La flotte de peche lointaine: 4 1 bateaux caputurant 40 000 t," La Peche Maritime, December 20, 1984,
p. 677. This number does not agree with the number reported by Lloyd's Register.
12. "Italic: La flotte de peche lointaine: 41 bateaux caputurant 40 000 t," La Peche Maritime, December 20, 1984,
p. 677.
13. One vessel (1,305-GRT) was, however, added to the high-seas fleet in 1987.
14. "Italy curbs fleet with licensing, " Fishing News International, October 1988, p. 5 1 . An excellent, indepth study
of the Italian program to modernize the fishing industry is available in: "Italy... an OECD profile," World Fishing,
February 1991, pp. 19-21.
15. "Campbell launches first tuna seiner for Italy," News Release, Campbell Shipyard, San Diego.
16. "Le plan de restructuration de la flotte de peche," La Peche Maritime, June 1985.
17. "Le plan 1987-1991," La Peche Maritime, April 1988, p. 245.
18. "Italic: La flotte de peche lointaine: 41 bateaux caputurant 40 000 t," La Peche Maritime, December 20, 1984,
p. 677.
19. "Italian distant-water fleet concentrated in US waters," Eurofish Report, August 16, 1984, p. FS/2.
116
20. "Possible USG west African fisheries initiative," U.S. Embassy, Rome, September 16, 1983. No information
is available on when these private agreements expired.
21. An interesting examination of Italy's foreign relations up to 1978 can be obtained from "Italy's International
Fishing Relations, International Fisheries Report, IFR-78/12, Office of International Fisheries, National Marine
Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., January 20, 1978.
22. FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics - Catches and landings, 1991, Vol. 72, United Nations, Rome, Italy, 1993.
23. The 1991 catch in the Western Indian Ocean included scorpionfish, seabreams, porgies, cuttlefish, common
squids, etc.
24. "Somalia: Fish pirates," Seafood Leader, July/August 1993, p. 62.
25. This section was reviewed by the Director of EC and International Relations for the Italian Ministry of the
Merchant Marine who reported that the NMFS analysis was accurate. "National Marine Fisheries Service World
Fleet Study," U.S. Embassy Rome, August 13, 1993.
26. Yvette Murphy and Gian Franco Carrettoni, "Benvenuti in Italia," Seafood International, September 1993, pp.
29.
117
118
2.8
NETHERLANDS
The Dutch operate some of the largest fishing vessels in the world, including 1 3 super-seiners and stem trawlers
that can fish anywhere in the world for extended periods of time. Some of these ships have fished off the Falklands,
Morocco, Peru, and Argentina. These vessels are all fairly new to the Dutch fleet; the super-trawlers Astrid and
Holland were built in 1986. The pelagic super-seiner Cornelis Vrolijk Fzn (at 6,500-GRT) was launched in 1988.
It was followed by the Franziska, Dirk Diederik and Zeeland. All are ultra-modem vessels able to catch, freeze,
and transport large quantities of fish to distant markets. These Dutch vessels for herring, horse mackerel, mackerel
and silver smelt in the North Sea. They are, however, capable of harvesting other species; they have the capacity
to fish anywhere in the world. Three Dutch vessels were reflagged in Panama and another 3 vessels in Cypms in
1993.
CONTENTS
1. General Background 119
2. Fleet Background 120
3. Modernization Programs 121
4. Decommissioning Programs 121
5. Shipyards 121
6. Intemational Agreements 122
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 122
Sources 122
Endnotes 127
1. General Background
The Dutch have fished for centuries' and
Holland's 15 million citizens enjoy eating seafood and
are willing to pay premium prices for fresh fish,
shellfish, and other seafood products, although
herring is the most prized species in Holland.'
Thanks to growing affluence, Dutch per capita
consumption of fish and shellfish reached 14.2
kilograms in 1990.^ Dutch fishermen landed over
434,000 tons of fish and shellfish in 1992, making
Holland the sixth largest fishing nation in the
European Community. Plaice, sole, herring,
mackerel, horse mackerel, cod, shrimp, mussels, and
cockles are important species harvested by Dutch
fishermen. Dutch entrepreneurs export fresh and
value-added seafoods to markets around the world;
the value of Dutch fishery exports went from $512
million in 1980 to $1.4 billion in 1991." Modem
fishing vessels, ports, processing plants, and transport
119
facilities make the Netherlands a vital link in intra-
European trade.' The Dutch fleet in 1990 included
573 coastal vessels (called "cutters"), 148 dredgers
(which harvest cockles, mussels, and oysters), 27
stem trawlers and/or beamers, and 14 high-seas
trawlers.' The high-seas vessels can either fish or
operate as a "klondykers" (buying fish caught by
others), processing and delivering the catch to distant
ports as a "reefer" (refrigerated transport). Dutch
coastal fisheries are tightly regulated and the Dutch
government is attempting to reduce the size of the
coastal fleets in compliance with EC directives. By
all standards, the Dutch fishing fleet is considered
very modem and cost-effective.' Dutch fishermen
also have a reputation for overfishing among other
European fishermen.* This may be attributed to the
size and efficiency of some of Holland's newest
vessels which fish for mackerel, horse mackerel, and
herring in EC waters and on the high-seas.' Dutch
officials report that 1990 and 1991 were very
profitable for Dutch fishermen, thanks to increasing
prices for fish and shellfish on the Dutch and export
markets. An overview of the Dutch fishing industry
can be seen in tables 1-3.
2. Fleet Background
Dutch fishermen faced many of the difficulties
encountered by other European fishermen in the
1970s and 1980s. These included a relatively short
coastline of some 367 kilometers, a large fleet of
small, aging vessels, reliance on distant fishing
grounds (in the English Channel, North Sea, and off
Ireland) and the loss of some of these fishing grounds
when many nations decided to extend their
jurisdictions out to 200-miles. Dutch fishermen also
had to deal with increasingly strict fish quotas and the
problems of overfishing, rising fuel prices, and
unstable prices for fish products in the 1970s and
early 1980s. The Dutch reacted to the challenge by
(1) increasing their imports of fish and shellfish, and
(2) by modernizing their fisheries. The commitment
to modernization can be seen in the development of
their high-seas fishing fleet.
Dutch fishermen were among the first Europeans
to build and operate high-seas fishing vessels. The
Yke (540-GRT), the Cornelis Vrolijk Fzn (606-GRT),
and the Zeehaan (559-GRT) are stem trawlers built
in Dutch shipyards in 1966.'" The Cornelis Vrolijk
Fzn was a popular name, since another trawler
bearing that name was built in 1980; a 1,840-GRT
vessel described as a "jumbo-sized freezer stem
trawler" when the ship was delivered. The Boeier.
a new high-capacity freezer trawler from the
Ysselwerf Shipyard near Rotterdam, was also
delivered in 1980. In 1981, several new Dutch-built
stem trawlers were launched, including: Annie
Hillina, Schoener, Johanna Maria, and Klipper.^'
These new vessels were designed to fish for herring,
horse mackerel, and mackerel. The Dutch catch of
mackerel went from 11,100 tons in 1971 to an
estimated 96,000 tons in 1982. Much of the
mackerel catch was delivered to clients in Africa,
mostly in Nigeria.'^ In 1983, the Dutch began
discussions with the United States and started fishing
off the Atlantic coast of the United States in 1984.'^
This was the same year that the Alida was delivered
to A. van der Zwan of Scheveningen; the vessel was
built to catch and freeze large quantities of
mackerel." The Dirk Dirk (3,019-GRT) was also
delivered in 1984 and briefly held the honor of being
Holland's largest fishing vessel." The Netherlands
had the finest fleet of fishing vessels operating
anywhere in the world by 1984." This was also the
year that Dutch fishery officials first expressed the
concem that the Dutch fleet was growing too quickly
and that quotas might have to be reduced in the next
few years.''' In 1985, the supertrawlers Astrid and
Holland were launched in Dutch shipyards. The
Astrid replaced the Dirk Dirk as Holland's largest
vessel at 98 meters in length." The Dutch
Govemment was required by the EC in 1986 to
reduce the size of its fleet; most of this effort was
directed at the beam trawler fleet and other vessels
under 500-GRT. The Dutch high-seas fleet, which
operated well beyond Holland's fishing grounds, was
also affected." The Dutch fleet began directing their
efforts at horse mackerel and began developing
markets for this fish in Africa and Asia in 1986.^°
Dutch fishermen took delivery of the Tetman Hette
from the Polish Centromor shipbuilding organization
in July 1988. The ship was a B-674-class freezer
trawler designed to fish for herring.^' The third
vessel named Cornelis Vrolijk Fzn (6, 500-GRT) was
launched in 1988." The ship was too big to berth at
its home port!'^ The Dutch Seafrozen Fish
Foundation operates the Cornelis Vrolijk Fzn, which
was the world's largest stem trawler when it was
built in the YVC Ysselwerft shipyards in Rotterdam.
The vessel was able to freeze up to 250 tons per
day, making it the largest pelagic fishing vessel
120
50
20
1975 1980 1985 1990 92
■Vessels CA'er 500-GRT "Tonnage
Figure 1. -The Dutch high-seas fleet, 1975-92.
operated by the Seafrozen Fish Foundation?" The
Franziska, another super trawler, was also delivered
to the same owners in that year. These supertrawlers
are designed to operate far from home ports. The
Franziska reportedly fished off Peru and Argentina
in 1989. The vessel reportedly was fishing for
mackerel, horse mackerel, herring, and silver smelt
in the North Sea, Shetlands, north and west of
Scotland, and west and south of Ireland in 1993."
Another of the supertrawlers was reported fishing off
the Falklands^* and two others off Morocco." The
supertrawler Dirk Diederik was delivered to Parlevliet
& van der Plas BV from the Welgelegen shipyards in
Harlingen, Holland in 1990. The ship is equipped to
catch, grade, freeze, and pack up to 250 tons of
herring, mackerel, and horse mackerel a day. The
ship can store 5,400 cubic meters of fish at -28
degrees.'* The ship is designed to fish in any ocean
of the world and is expected to range the high-seas
seeking mackerel and horse mackerel.-' Another ship
delivered in 1990 was the Zeeland, another super-
class vessel.'"
3. Modernization Programs
Following a significant reduction between 1975
and 1979, Dutch fishermen began ordering new
fishing vessels in 1980.^' The Dutch tax system at
that time encouraged fishermen to invest in larger,
more efficient vessels during periods of high
profitability to avoid high taxes." This would
explain why Dutch fishermen were investing heavily
in the early 1980s, despite reportedly poor landings
during the early part of the 1980s.
The Minister of Economic Affairs, Andriessen,
informed the Dutch parliament on March 5, 1990,
that the State had allocated $7.8 million to
supplement the $49 million previously allocated to the
Dutch shipbuilding industry for 1990. This brings
the total Dutch shipbuilding subsidy to $57 million
for 1990.^ No funds, however, have been identified
by the authors for construction of high-seas fishing
vessels. Dutch authorities report that the fleet
modernization program has come to a temporary end,
because emphasis is now being placed on reducing
the size of the Dutch cutter fleet, to bring the coimtry
into compliance with EC regulations concerning the
size of national fleets.
4. Decommissioning Programs
The Dutch Govenmient has initiated several
major decommissioning schemes in the past 30
years. '^ The first apparently was undertaken in 1975
when 102 vessels were decommissioned followed by
67 additional vessels being decommissioned in 1976.
Altogether, a total of 180 fishing vessels were
withdrawn from Dutch registers at considerable
expense to Dutch taxpayers.'* The move appears to
have been caused by the loss of traditional distant-
water fishing grounds and by the realization that EC
quotas would not permit the Dutch to expand their
fisheries. Decommissioning programs, aimed at
reducing the size of the coastal fleet, continued to
operate in 1991 when 30 cutters were
decommissioned.
Cor Vrolijk of Comelis Vrolijk announced that his
firm had ordered another stem trawler to be built at
the Ijsselwrf Yard YVC of Capelle aan den Ijssel
near Rotterdam. The trawler will be the largest in
the Dutch fleet when it is delivered in June 1994."
5. Shipyards
Dutch shipyards have a reputation for building
some of the largest fishing vessels in the world.
Dutch-built vessels are sold to clients around the
world.
121
Dutch fleet operators are unlikely to continue to
build supertrawlers in the next few years. The
vessels have simply become too large for existing
quotas and the trend in recent construction has been
to build slightly smaller vessels.
6. International Agreements
The Netherlands is a member state of the
European Community and follows EC directives
concerning fishing in international waters. Dutch
high-seas fishermen were allowed to fish for
mackerel and other species off the east coast of the
United States beginning in 1984. This operation
lasted until U.S. fishermen were able to harvest these
species and no surplus stocks were left for allocation
to foreign fleets. The Dutch were among the first to
press for the EC to obtain fishing rights in Peru and
Chile."
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans
The Dutch high-seas fishing fleet of 13 "super"
trawlers and pelagic stem trawlers (those over 1 ,000-
GRT) will fish or buy mostly herring or mackerel
species which they will freeze, transport, and sell
profitably, despite low margins. These vessels
transport fish in bulk to distant markets in Africa and
Asia. The Dutch may begin to target the Iranian
market in the next few years. ^* This fleet will range
from the North to the South Atlantic and could easily
fish in the Pacific or Indian Oceans if resources
become available.
In addition to these vessels, three aging Dutch
fishing vessels, Ihe Anita I. (365-GRT built in 1964),
the Aguas Santas (1,505-GRT built in 1949) and the
Amazonas (1,219-GRTbuiltin 1948) appeared on the
list of fishing vessels reflagged in Panama in 1993.-"
The authors question how the Aguas Santas and the
Amazonas, both over 1,000-GRT, could profitably
operate in Panamanian waters.
Four Dutch fishing vessels were also registered
in Cyprus in 1993. * The Eefeje (84-GRT) and the
Jan Willem (153-GRT) were identified as being
decommissioned from EC rolls on October 24-25,
1988; both were shown to have been transferred to a
third country (that was not identified).
SOURCES
BBH Corporation, "Exporting Seafood Products to
Europe - Germany, the Benelux countries, and
Spain," Seafood Business Report, 1986
Cor de Graaf " The Dutch high-seas fishing fleet,"
Marine International Fisheries Magazine, 1 986,
pp. 15-16.
"Dutch build up fleet despite quota warning," The
Irish Skipper, April 1980.
EC, Commission Decision of 24 April 1985 on the
multiannual guidance program in respect of the
fishing fleet submitted by the Netherlands
pursuant to Council Regulation (EEC) No.
2908/83, Official Journal of the European
Communities, No L 157/38, June 15, 1985.
Eurofish Report, various issues.
Fishing News International, various issues.
Folsom, William B. "The Netherlands Fisheries,
1985-1989, " International Fisheries Report, IFR-
90/75, National Marine Fisheries Service,
NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, D.C., October 26, 1990
Ford, Robert. "The Dutch Mackerel Fishery,"
International Fisheries Report, IFR 84/34,
National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.,
May 4, 1984.
Hjul, Peter (Editor), The Stern Trawler, Fishing
News (Books) Ltd, London, 1972, pp. 167-168.
"HOLLAND: We fish in the name of God," Fish
International, May-June, 1988
Kramer, Peter. "Holland's mighty trawlers," Fw/j/wg
News International, September 1981
Lord, Richard. "Down to the sea with the Dutch,"
Seafood Leader, Spring 1988, p. 189.
Office of Naval Intelligence. U.S. Navy.
122
"Pelagics frozen on-board," Seafood News, July
1993, p. 14.
Seafood International, various issues.
U.S. Embassy, The Hague, various reports.
Wray, Tom. "Exports increase despite supply fears,"
Seafood International, November 1991
World Fishing, various issues.
Netherlands
North „ /)
oea Helder
\ Leeuwanton QfOmngen
123
Table I .--THE NETHERLANDS. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels,
ranked by tonnage, 1975-92.
Year
Gross Registered Tons (CRT)
Total
500-999
1,000
-1,999
Over 2,000
CRT
No.
CRT
No.
CRT
No.
CRT
No.
1975
5,670
10
2,904
2
-
5,672
12
1976
4,500
8
4,437
3
-
4,503
11
1977
3,940
7
4,424
3
3,943
10
1978
6,316
10
3,352
2
-
6,318
12
1979
6,521
10
5,584
4
6,525
14
1980
9,091
14
5,584
4
9,095
18
1981
11,748
18
4,525
3
-
11,751
21
1982
16,191
24
7,949
6
-
16,197
30
1983
16,228
24
6,018
5
16,233
29
1984
15,129
23
1 1 ,662
9
11,367
4"
15,142
36
1985
12,829
20
9,162
7
17.709
6"
12,842
33
1986
12,264
20
6,031
5
22.364
8
12.277
33
1987
8.214
13
8,623
6
21.758
8
8,228
27
1988
12,493
2V
8,981
6
29.027
9-
12,508
36
1989
15,131
26
2,516
2
36.397
10'
15,143
38
1990
15,844
27
4,418
3
42.402
11'
15,858
41
1991
14,749
26
3.872
3
46.634
12
14.764
41
1992
14,749
26
1,079
1
46,634
12
14.762
39
Source: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Stalislical Tables. Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various years
" The authors believe these to include the Alida, Ariadne, Dirk Dirk, and the Zeeland.
" Believed to include the Astria and Holland.
' Presumably includes the Polish-built Tetman Hetle.
' Believed to be the Cornells Vrolijk Fzn.
' Believed to be the Fraziska.
' Believed to be the Dirk Diederik.
124
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Table 3. -THE NETHERLANDS. -Fisheries catch by FAO area, 1975, 1980, 1985-91
Area
1975
1980
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1 .000 Metric Tons
Inland
(FAO area 05)
4.4
2.0
3.8
4.3
5.2
5.4
4.0
3.1
4.1
CoastaH
(Northeastern Atlantic and
Baltic Sea, FAO area 27)
346.1
338.4
500.3
450.5
430.0
379.6
443.0
455.9
433.0
Distant- water:
NE Atlantic, FAO area 21
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
10.9
12.4
4.7
0.0
6.0
SW Atlantic, FAO area 41
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
Sub-toal
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
10.9
13.9
4.7
0.0
6.0
Total
350.5
340.4
504.1
454.8
446.1
398.9
451.7
459.0
443.1
Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, various years
* The distinction between "coastal" and "distant-water" can be misleading, since FAO area 27 stretches from eastern Greenland to the Baltic
Sea and nortli to the Barents Sea.
126
ENfDNOTES
1 . The Netherlands is one of the oldest European fishing nations. See: "HOLLAND: We fish in the name of God, "
Fish International, May-June, 1988, p. 7.
2. Herring is sold fresh, marinated, pickled, salted, smoked, or soused. A Dutch favorite is "maatjes", a pickled
herring product.
3. Seafood consumption in Holland has risen by 31 percent since 1970. Tom Wray, "Exports increase despite
supply fears," Seafood International, November 1991, p. 25.
4. Tom Wray, "Exports increase despite supply fears," Seafood International, November 1991, p. 25 and "The
Netherlands: fish distribution and processing centre of Europe," World Fishing, June 1993, p. 5.
5. See: William B. Folsom, "The Netherlands Fisheries, 1985-1989," International Fisheries Report, IFR-90/75,
National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., October 26, 1990,
BBH Corporation, "Exporting Seafood Products to Europe - Germany, the Benelux countries, and Spain," Seafood
Business Report, 1986, and "The Netherlands: fish distribution and processing centre of Europe," World Fishing,
June 1993, pp. 5-7.
6. For an earlier description of the Dutch fishing fleet see: William B. Folsom, "The Netherlands Fisheries, 1985-
1989," International Fisheries Report, IFR-90/75, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of
Coimnerce, Washington, D.C., October 26, 1990.
7. Richard Lord, "Down to the sea with the Dutch," Seafood Leader, Spring 1988, p. 189.
8. "Dutch processor expresses flatfish fears," Seafood International, November 1991, p. 41.
9. Richard Lord, "Down to the sea with the Dutch," Seafood Leader, Spring 1988, p. 189.
10. Peter Hjul (Editor), The Stem Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd, London, 1972, pp. 167-168.
J 1. Peter Kramer, "Holland's mighty trawlers," Fishing News International, September 1981, pp. 40-41 and "More
new trawlers and carriers for Dutch fleet," Fishing News International, March 1982, p. 25.
12. Robert Ford, "The Dutch Mackerel Fishery," International Fisheries Report, IFR 84/34, National Marine
Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., May 4, 1984. The IFR reported
that Dutch exports to Nigeria increased from 37,000 tons in 1978 to 109,000 tons in 1982.
13. The Netherlands identified the following high-seas vessels that would be authorized to fish off the coast of the
United States in 1984: Alida, Annie Hillina, Ariadne, Arctic, Astrid, Atlantic, Boeier, Caribil, Celtic, Cornells
Vrolijk, Dirk Dirk, Eer Sluis, Hendrika Johanna, Holland, Johanna Maria, Joint Forest, North Pole, Prins
Femhard, and Zeeland.
14. "Danish plant freezes Dutch ship's fish," Fishing News International, April 1984, p. 11.
15. The name Dirk Dirk was later used in the construction of a large vessel in the Federal Republic of Germany
by Dutch fishing interests.
127
16. Tom Wray, "Quality ships for quality catches," Fishing News International, June 1984, p. 31.
17. "Two Ministers' views: Holland - "We do not wish to see further growth of our cutter fleet," World Fishing,
August 1984, p. 5.
18. Pieter Kramer, "Holland's latest supertrawlers," Fishing News International, January 1985, p. 27.
19. EC, Commission Decision of 24 April 1985 on the multiarmual guidance program in respect of the fishing fleet
submitted by the Netherlands pursuant to Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2908/83, Official Journal of the European
Communities, No L 157/38, June 15, 1985.
20. Cor de Graaf, " The Dutch high-seas fishing fleet, " Marine International Fisheries Magazine, 1986, pp. 15-16.
21. "Poland builds for Holland and Iceland," Fishing News International, August 1988, p. 55.
22. "Trawler takes: year to build!," Fishing News International, August 1988, p. 39.
23. Fishing News International, July 1989, p. 13.
24. "120 meter Dutch freezer," Fishing News International, May 1993, p. 3.
25. "Pelagics frozen onboard," Seafood News, July 1993, p. 14.
26. The Dutch began fishing in 1988 (1 ,475 tons of mostly squid) and cotinued through 1990 (3,346 tons of mostly
squid. See appendix 29 and 30 for details.
27. "Fleet curbs working - says Dutch ministry," Fishing News International, November 1989, p. 8.
28. "Pelagic freezer packs 3500 tons on pallets," Fishing News International, December 1990, pp. 32-33. The ship
is similar to the West German pelagic freezer Jan Maria, operated by Doggerbank Seefischerie, which is wholly-
owned by the same Dutch Parlevliet company, which owns the Dirk Diederik and the Dirk Dirk.
29. Parlevliet & Van der Plas operates 5 trawlers, 3 under the German flag and 2 under the Dutch flag. The 5
vessels reportedly catch or purchase (through klondyking) more than 100,000 tons of fish annually! Tom Wray,
"Exports increase despite supply fears," Seafood International, November 1991, p. 26.
30. Apparently renamed after the vessel by that name launched in 1984. Fishing News International reported that
the old Zeeland and the Holland was sold to Russia. "From Holland's YVC yard," Fishing News International,
February 1990, p. 37.
31. "120 metre trawler ordered by Comelis Vrolijk," World Fishing, June 1993, p. 12.
32. "Investment continues in Dutch fleet," Eurofish Report, August 19, 1981, p. FS/3.
33. "Dutch order three more big freezer trawlers," Fishing News International, March 1983, p. 29.
34. "OECD: Dutch increase amount of available shipbuilding subsidy," U.S. Embassy, The Hague, March 13,
1990.
128
35. See also: William B. Folsom, "The Netherlands Fisheries, 1985-1989," International Fisheries Report, IFR-
90/75, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., October
26, 1990.
36. "Dutch build up fleet despite quota warning," The Irish Skipper, April 1980. Most of these vessels were small,
wooden vessels used in coastal fisheries. EC fleet statistics confirm that the Dutch fishing fleet declined sharply
between 1970 and 1979.
37. William B. Folsom, "The Netherlands Fisheries, 1985-1989," International Fisheries Report, IFR-90/75,
National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., October 26, 1990.
38. "Dutch owners fly in," Fishing News International, July 1992, p. 15.
39. Office of Naval Intelligence. U.S. Navy.
40. Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy.
129
130
2.9
PORTUGAL
Portugal's high-seas fishing fleet once included many modem, supertrawlers, but the fleet slowly fell into
disrepair following the loss of Portugal's African colonies and the extension of 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zones
(EEZs) by many countries in the mid-1970s. The high-seas fleet declined from 79 vessels in 1981 to 54 vessels
in 1992. Portugal joined the EC in 1986 and this resulted in an infusion of EC funding to help modernize the
fishing fleet. The Portuguese fishing fleet currently operates off Canada, the Svalbard Islands (off Norway), the
Falkland Islands, Morocco, Mauritania, and Guinea (Bissau) under EC agreements. Portuguese fishing vessels fish
off Spain and South Africa under special bilateral agreements with the Government of Spain and under the terms
of a bilateral agreement with the Republic of South Africa. Distant-water fishing remains an important source of
fish for Portugal's high-seas fleet and the Portuguese could shift their fleet quickly to take advantage of new
opportunities. A few Portuguese high-seas vessels could begin fishing off Argentina or Namibia in the near future.
CONTENTS
1. General Background 131
2. Fleet Background 132
3. Modernization Programs 133
4. Decommissioning Programs 133
5. Shipyards 133
6. International Agreements 133
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 134
Sources 135
Endnotes 139
1. General Background
Portugal has a long tradition of fishing.
Portuguese fishermen first appeared off the coast of
North America long before the arrival of the Pilgrims
in 1620. Fishing, especially for the highly prized
Atlantic cod, was long a mainstay of Portugal's
fisheries. Local fisheries tend to focus on the
harvesting of sardines, using many small purse
seines. Many of Portugal's fishing vessels are small,
wooden boats that operate out of small harbors.
These brightly decorated vessels are attractive, but
not very efficient. Nevertheless, Portuguese
fishermen landed 325,000 tons of fish and shellfish in
1991' (see tables 2-3). The 1991 harvest included
193,500 tons caught in Portuguese waters and
131,500 tons (or 40 percent) taken in international
waters (see table 3).' International waters account
for between 30 and 40 percent of Portugal's total
landings. Portugal's catch in international waters
declined from a high of 160,000 tons in 1986 to a
low of 85,000 tons in 1989, but has since increased,
as vessels displaced from Namibia apparently shifted
their operations into the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries
Organization (NAFO) area off Canada.
131
2. Fleet Background
The coastal fleets contrasted with Portugal's fleet
of modem high-seas vessels in the late 1960s and
early 1970s. The extension of fishery jurisdiction by
many countries to 200-miles and the loss of
Portugal's former African possessions disrupted the
growth of Portugal's fishing fleet and the fleet began
to decline in both number and catch, while growing
older. In 1986, Portugal joined the European
Community and efforts to modernize Portugal's
fisheries have begun to take effect. There is a great
deal of activity associated with modernizing
Portugal's fishing fleet. The Portuguese fishing fleet
consisted of 16,251 vessels registering 186,523-GRT
in 1990 and 14,866 vessels registering 183,306-GRT
on December 31, 1991.'
Portugal's fishing fleet, the third largest in the
EC is an aging fleet. In 1990, there were 16,000
registered vessels including 14,000 vessels that
operated within 50 kilometers of the Portuguese
coastline (mostly under 9 meters in length). The
"coastal fleet" (Azores and Madera) consisted of
1,960 trawlers, purse seiners, and multi-purpose
vessels measuring over 9 meters, with a GRT not
exceeding 180-GRT, and powered by engines of over
25 kilowatts (kw)."* The coastal fleet fishes for
demersal and semi-pelagic species, such as hake,
pouting, and horse mackerel. This fleet also fishes
for shrimp and lobster. Purse seiners concentrate on
fishing for sardines, which account for half of
Portugal's trade in fishery products. Multi-purpose
vessels fishing for scabbardfish, octopus, hake, red
grouper, meagre, and seabass. The high-seas fleet
consists of approximately 108 vessels' which
traditionally operate in the North Atlantic (off
Norway and Svalbard), the Central Eastern Atlantic
(Morocco, Mauritania, and Guinea), and in the South
Atlantic (from Angola to South Africa). In recent
years, Portuguese high-seas vessels have begun
operating in the Falkland's fishing grounds.' The
catch peaked at 9,800 tons in 1988 (mostly hake) and
declined to 1,500 tons in 1992. Only two Portuguese
vessels, the Murtosa and the Pardelhas, are licensed
to fish in the Falkland's EEZ in 1993.
One of the first high-seas trawlers built in
Portugal was the Santa Issuable (2,056-GRT) which
was launched by the Estaleiros Sao Jacinto of Aveiro
for Empresa de Pesca de Aveiro Ltda. in 1965. The
vessel was built as a saltfish and a freezer stem
trawler for fishing off Labrador and Newfoundland,
Canada.' The Praia de Ericeira (1,138-GRT),
launched in 1967, was the first of five freezer
trawlers built to operate on the Atlantic hake grounds
off southern Africa.^ The Luis Ferreira de Carvalho
(2,389-GRT) was launched in 1969 as a freezer
trawler designed to fish for cod in the northwest
Atlantic' All of these vessels established Portugal as
a high-seas fishing nation able to build and operate
vessels over 2,000-GRT. By 1976, there were 13 of
these giant trawlers listed in Portugal's fleet. There
followed a period when many nations extended their
fisheries jurisdictions out to 200-miles. This
coincided with Portugal's loss of its colonies in
Africa and a major change in govemment that caused
tremendous dislocations in the country. It was during
this time that Portugal's high-seas fleet of 2,000-GRT
vessels gradually declined; by 1992 there were only
2 vessels in that range in Portugal's fishing fleet. In
1982, the Portuguese tuna superseiner, the Tunamar
(1 ,200-GRT) was launched by Campbell Industries of
the United States.'" The vessel was later reported
using a helicopter to search for tuna while fishing off
Cape Verde." By 1983, there were 24 firms
belonging to the Portuguese Long Distance Fleet
Association (ADAPLA).'' The year 1983 was
gloomy for many reasons, but the loss of the
lucrative cod fishing grounds off North America was
one key reason. Many Portuguese fishermen were
calling for the Govemment to allocate funds to scrap
these old vessels or to modemize the fleet.'' During
the next two years the Portuguese began negotiations
on entry into the EC and problems with access to
Spanish waters became a major problem for both
countries.'" When Portugal joined the EC on January
1, 1986, the fleet was described as "colorful, but
inefficient" and "unable to compete with the modem
efficiency and competition of its new neighbors. '^
The EC announced that for the first 10 years of
membership, the renovation of the Portuguese fishing
fleet would receive priority.'* The newest vessel in
the Portuguese fishing fleet is the Iris Do Mar, built
in the Sao Jacinto shipyards in Portugal. The vessel
is 69 meters long (no tonnage figure available) and is
built to fish for cod and other demersal species in the
North Atlantic using Baader filleting equipment. The
vessel will have an endurance of 22,000 miles and
150 fishing days. The vessel was built using EC
grants and was expected to begin fishing in Febmary
1992."
132
3. Modernization Programs
The Portuguese Council of Ministers allocated
$150 million to rebuild the Portuguese fishing fleet in
1983. The five year plan includes funding for the
construction and outfitting of 370 vessels, including
150 vessels for the artisanal fleet, 34 trawlers for the
industrial/pelagic fleet, 34 vessels for coastal
fisheries, 20 tuna seiners, and 15 freezer trawlers.
The plan also called for the modernization of 60
fishing vessels. The program was designed to
increase the tonnage of the Portuguese fishing fleet
from 292,000-GRT in 1981 to 496,000-GRT by
1987." Despite this announcement, modernization
of the Portuguese fleet lagged and many of the
vessels were 10 to 15 years old when Portugal joined
the EC on January 1, 1986. On July 4, 1986, the EC
announced a program to modernize Portugal's aging
fleet." The purpose of the program was to
restructure the fishing fleet by replacing obsolete
vessels and modernizing vessels in service. The plan
called for 70 vessels to be modernized and over $55
million in funds to be spent modernizing the fleet.
The Multiannual Guidance Program (MAGP) for the
Portuguese fleet called for continued modernization
of the fleet including redeploying fishing activities in
coastal areas.-"
Funding for fleet modernization between 1986
and 1990 amounted to $165 million and was
provided primarily by the EC and the Government
of Portugal. Funding for upgrading the fishing fleet
amounted $20 and $145 million was earmarked for
the construction of 127 new vessels. Approximately
$211 million were used for modernizing Portugal's
aging port infrastructure and fish processing
industry.^'
4. Decommissioning Programs
The EC's Multiannual Guidance Program
(MAGP) for the Portuguese fleet called for a slight
reduction in the size of the fleet from 216,000-GRT
in 1986 to 210,000-GRTby 1991, while the fleet was
being modernized. Portuguese fishermen took
advantage of EC decommissioning programs to
decommission 45 vessels between 1987 and 1988.--
The decommissioned vessels included the Rio Lima
(1,329-GRT) which was sold to a third country in
1988, the Capitao Ferreira (735 -GRT) which was
scrapped, the Nuno Filipe (1,299-GRT), and the
Senhora do Mar (1,161 -GRT) which were both sold
to third countries in 1988." The Portuguese high-
seas fleet declined from 74 vessels in 1986 to 54
vessels in 1992, a decrease of 20 vessels since
Portugal joined the EC.
5. Shipyards
The Mar de Hielo (approximately 2,056-GRT)
was built in Portuguese shipyards for delivery to a
customer in Spain in 1966, thus establishing
Portuguese shipyards as qualified to produce high-
seas fishing vessels. -'' Portuguese shipyards still have
the capacity to produce high-quality vessels, but
appear to have lagged behind the Spanish in the
development of new and innovative fishing vessels
after the 1970s and into the 1980s. Fishing News
International in July 1992 reported that the Sao
Jacinto shipyards, which were working on the Iris Do
Mar, a large stem trawler, was also busy attempting
to work on a variety of new trawlers being built
thanks to the availability of EC grants to Portuguese
fishermen.^
6. International Agreements
Prior to accession to the European Community,
Portugal negotiated agreements with the German
Democratic Republic, Japan, Morocco, Mozambique,
South Africa, Spain, and the Soviet Union.
Portuguese fishermen also had historical fishing
interests in Angola, Canada, Gambia, Guinea
(Bissau), and Senegal. Upon entry into the EC, the
responsibility for negotiating new or replacement
agreements shifted to the Community.^*
In accordance with the EC accession treaty,
Portugal's third country agreements were guaranteed
by the EC. In the case of a new country agreements,
with whom the EC holds no fishing agreement, the
EC agreed to negotiate agreements to ensure the
traditional fishing activities of the member state are
not disrupted.
Since accession to the EC in 1986, the only
bilateral fishing agreement retained by Portugal is the
fishing agreement with the Republic of South Africa
signed in 1979. This treaty entered into effect in
1988 and provides Portugal with an annual fishing
quota of 700 tons."
133
A special 10-year "transitory regime" between
Portugal and Spain was approved when Portugal and
Spain joined the EC. According to this agreement,
the following may operate within the Portuguese 12-
mile limit:
■ 21 Spanish trawlers; only 1 1 ships may fish at any
given time. Species fished are mainly hake and
mackerel The same rules apply to Portuguese vessels
fishing in Spanish waters.
■ "Palangreiero" ships: Permission for 75 vessels to
operate north of Peniche, Portugal, and 15 vessels to
fish south of the port of Peniche.
■ Fishing for tuna is permitted by 70 Spanish vessels
from May to July of each year.
Border agreements: Prior to joining the EC, Spain
and Portugal both signed border agreements designed
to control fishing in each other's waters. These
agreements include the Minho border agreement
(signed January 31, 1986) and the Guadiana border
agreement (signed December 12, 1986). The Minho
border agreement includes the following restrictions
on fishing by Spanish vessels within 12-miles of the
Portuguese coast:
• traditional fishing: 26 Spanish vessels
• "gamelas" fishing: unlimited number of vessels
• sardine fishing: 10 Spanish vessels
The Guadiana border agreement permits:
• net fishing: 7 Spanish vessels.
• razor clam trawling: 14 Spanish vessels.
• conch trawling: 10 Spanish vessels.
With regard to the agreement for the Guadiana
river, fishing is allowed by 2 Spanish vessels and
conch fishing by 10 vessels (see table 3 for catch
statistics)
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans
Portugal is certain to return to the lucrative hake
fishing grounds off Namibia if the European
Community is able to negotiate an agreement with
that country in the next 1-2 years. Namibian waters
provided Portugal with a catch that reached 45,400
tons in 1987.^* Portuguese vessels are certain to
continue fishing in the NAFO area off Canada.
Portuguese catches in the NAFO region went from
59,800 tons in 1989 to 75,300 tons in 1991 and
included 13,357 tons of Atlantic cod." Fishing off
Spain, Morocco, Mauritania, and Guinea (Bissau) are
likely to continue as well as off the Svalbard Islands
off Norway. Portuguese vessels fished off the
Falkland Islands between 1987 and 1992 and 2
Portuguese vessels were licensed to fish those waters
in 1993. The Portuguese catch in the Falklands
amounted to only 1,500 tons in 1992 (appendix 29-
31).
The authors are not certain of any future plans to
fish in any special waters, but it is possible that
Portuguese vessels may wish to return to fishing off
Senegal, Guinea (Conakry), Sierra Leone, and Cape
Verde in the future; harvests in these areas were
fairly small in recent years and it may not justify a
return to these areas. The U.S. Embassy in Lisbon
reports that EC Regulation (EC) 4828/86 and
Regulation (EC) 3944/90 stimulated the creation of
joint ventures during 1991 and 1992 and has resulted
in a number of projects being submitted in 1993.
This, the Embassy reports, has reopened access for
a number of Portuguese fishing companies to fish in
the EEZs of many African nations .^°
The U.S. Embassy in Lisbon also noted that an
EC-Russia fisheries agreement could open the Barents
Sea to cod fishing by a number of EC vessels;
Portugal would support an EC effort to negotiate a
treaty with the Russians that would open the doors to
cod resources. '' The Embassy also notes that
Portugal would welcome Norway's joining the EC,
since access to Norwegian waters would likely be a
requirement for EC membership; Norwegian waters
have ample resources of cod and the Portuguese
would certainly appreciate the opportunity to fish in
those waters.'- There is also some indication that
the Portuguese are considering fishing opportunities
along the coast of Chile and Peru."
134
SOURCES
Datapescas difusao, Gabinete de Estudos e
Planeamento das Pescas, Secretaria de Estado
das Pescas, Lisboa, 1989.
Eurofish Report, various issues.
Fishing Gazette, various issues.
Fishing News International, various issues.
Hjul, Peter (Editor). The Stem Trawler, Fishing
News (Books) Ltd., London, 1972, p. 217.
Jndustrias Pesqueras, various issues.
Official Jounral of the European Communities,
various issues.
Programa de Orientagao Plurianual para a Frota,
1992-1996, Lisbon, 1991.
Recursos da Pesca, Serie Estatistica 1991, Volume
5, A-B, Gabinete de Estudos e Planeamento das
Pescas, Lisboa, August 1992
Seafood Magazine, various issues.
U.S. Embassy, Lisbon, Portugal, various reports.
World Fishing, various issues.
Portugal
8e|8^y7 A/o'es ;ind Made*
Islands ate ntii shoiv
135
Table 1 .--PORTUGAL. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels,
ranked by tonnage, 1975-92.
Year
Gross Registered Tons (GRT)
Total
500-999
1,000-1,999
Over 2,000
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
1975
11,702
16
57,434
44
26,653
12
95,789
72
1976
12,006
17
57,434
44
29,053
13
98,493
74
1977
12,103
17
61,974
47
29,035
13
103,112
11
1978
12,578
17
63,558
48
27,004
12
103,140
11
1979
14,086
19
63,558
48
27,004
12
104,648
79
1980
14,086
19
67,599
50
19,897
9
101,582
78
1981
13,989
19
70,484
52
17,735
8
102,208
79
1982
13,227
18
73,667
54
11,239
5
98,133
11
1983
13,274
18
75,654
55
8,834
4
97,762
11
1984
12,592
17
74,320
54
8,834
4
95,746
75
1985
12,592
17
73,134
53
8,834
4
94,560
74
1986
12,592
17
73,440
53
8,834
4
94,866
74
1987
14,824
20
72,137
52
4,764
2
91,725
74
1988
13,351
18
72,223
52
4,764
2
90,338
72
1989
12,584
17
69,733
50
4,764
2
87,081
69
1990
12,572
17
69,508
50
4,764
2
86,844
69
1991
12,826
17
59,912
43
4,764
2
77,502
62
1992
12,046
16
50,865
36
4,764
2
67,675
54
Source: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various
years.
136
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Table 3.- Portuguese fisheries catch, by fishing grounds, both domestic and international, 1986-91.
Fishing grounds
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
Metric tons
DOMESTIC:
Portuguese
243,118
209,179
210,563
198,432
199,194
193,536
INTERNATIONAL:
North Atlantic:
Northeast Atlantic
Fisheries Organization
98,135
82,134
40,269
49,760
67,333
75,317
Svalbard/Norway
5,096
3,692
2,469
2,479
1,695
973
South Atlantic:
Angola
-
-
1,200
-
-
-
Namibia"
36,310
45,444
31,472
25,155
-
-
South Africa"
-
-
870
1,569
1,199
1,492
Falkland Islands
-
-
10,442
9,676
5,897
3,243
Eastern Central Atlantic and Mediterranean
Spain^
-
2,448
3,266
2,916
3,285
3,984
Morocco:
Joint venture operations'*
13,195
9,335
9,959
8,031
7,200
5,801
EC fishery agreements
1,908
4,054
4,165
6,420
7,542
8,553
Mauritania
5,152
42
455
1,533
1,848
2,085
Senegal
-
-
90
41
-
-
Guinea (Conakry)
-
-
-
84
39
-
Guinea (Bissau)
1,563
1,803
2,654
2,214
Sierra Leone
-
-
980
813
-
-
Catch in international waters
159,796
147,149
107,200
110,280
98,692
103,662
TOTAL CATCH
402,914
356,328
317,763
308,712
297,886
297,198
Source: Recursos da Pesca, Serie Estatistic
i 1991. Volumes
, A-B, Gabinete i
le Estudos e Plan
iamento das Pes
cas, Lisboa, 1989
-1991 and
Datapescas difusao, Gabinete de Esmdos e Planeaniento das Pescas, Secretaria de Estado das Pescas, Lisboa. various years.
" Namibia declared independence on March 21, 1990 and ordered all foreign fishing vessels out of its waters shortly thereafter.
^ Portugal was permitted to maintain its bilateral fisheries agreement with the Republic of South Africa after it joined the EC in 1986.
' Under a bilateral agreement with Spain which permitted vessels from both countries to fish in each others waters.
"* The EC-Morocco fisheries agreement permitted Portuguese fishing firms to establish joint venture fishing companies with Moroccan fishermen as a special
source of fish.
138
ENDNOTES
1. Recursos da Pesca, Serie Estatistica 1991, Volume 5, A-B, Gabinete de Estudos e Planeamento das Pescas,
Lisboa, August 1992, p. 15.
2. This quantity, however, does not appear in their national catch statistics. Recursos da Pesca, Serie Estatistica
1991, Volume 5, A-B, Gabinete de Estudos e Planeamento das Pescas, Lisboa, August 1992, p. 161.
3. Recursos da Pesca, Serie Estatistica 1991, Volume 5, A-B, Gabinete de Estudos e Planeamento das Pescas,
Lisboa, August 1992, p. 7.
4. A kilowatt is 1.34 horsepower.
5. This figure was provided by the U.S. Embassy in Lisbon and includes some vessels under 500-GRT. Lloyd's
Register shows 54 high-seas vessels over 500-GRT as listed under Portugal .
6. This section was provided by "Portuguese response for world fishing fleet study," U.S. Embassy, Lisbon, July
27, 1993. For details on Portugal's catch in the Falkland's EEZ see appendix 29-31.
7. Peter Hjul, The Stern Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, 1972, p. 217.
8. Op.Cit., p. 218.
9. Op.Cit., p. 217.
10. "Tunamar 1 delivered to TUNAMAR S.R.L.," Fishing Gazette, March 1982, p. 54.
11. "Helicopteros para la pesca del atiin," Industrias Pesqueras, December 15, 1982.
12. "List of Portuguese long distant fleet (ADAPLA) association members," U.S. Embassy, Lisbon, October 14,
1983.
13. "PORTUGAL: Access of isolation?" World Fishing , April 1985, p. 9.
14. "PORTUGAL: Access of isolation?" World Fishing , April 1985, p. 9.
15. "EEC membership problems for Portuguese fishing fleet," Eurofish Report, May 23, 1985.
16. "Portugal is going to enlarge its fish Xand^mgs," Seafood Magazine, September/October 1985, p. 9.
17. "Portugal," Fishing News International, July 1991.
18. "Pescar o dobro dentro de 6 anos." Reprinted as a Weekly Highlight by the National Marine Fisheries Service,
NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce on November 12, 1982.
19. Commission Decision of 4 July 1986 on the guidance program for the fishing fleet submitted by Portugal for
1986 in accordance with Council Regulation (EEC) No 2908/83, Official Journal of the European Communities,
No L 205/45, July 29, 1986.
139
20. Commission Decision of February 9, 1990 amending Decision 88/150/EEC on the multiannual guidance
program for the fishing fleet (1987 to 1991) forwarded by Portugal pursuant to Regulation (EEC) No 4028/86,
OfficialJoumal of the European Communities, No. L 66/23, March 14, 1990.
21. "Portugal's response for world fishing fleet study," U.S. Embassy, Lisbon, July 27, 1993.
22. Vessels withdrawn according to Article 24 of Regulation (EEC) No 4028/85, Official Journal of the European
Communities, No C 320/2, December 22, 1989.
23. Vessels withdrawn according to Article 24 of Regulation (EEC) No 4028/85, Official Journal of the European
Communities, No C 320/2, December 22, 1989.
24. Peter Hjul, The Stern Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, 1972, p. 217.
25. "Portugal," Fishing News International, July 1991.
26. "Portugal's fleet and fishery," World Fishing, April 1986, p. 6.
27. "Portuguese response for world fishing fleet study," U.S. Embassy, Lisbon, July 27, 1993.
28. Datapescas difusao, Gabinete de Estudos e Planeamento das Pescas, Secretaria de Estado das Pescas, Lisboa,
1989.
29. Leonor Ramos, Porugal's Groundfish Sector, U.S. Embassy, Lisbon, Portugal, August 26, 1993, p. 2.
30. Nina M. Fite, Economic Officer, U.S. Embassy, Lisbon, Portugal, fax dated August 27, 1993.
31. Nina M. Fite, Economic Officer, U.S. Embassy, Lisbon, Portugal, fax dated August 27, 1993.
32. Nina M. Fite, Economic Officer, U.S. Embassy, Lisbon, Portugal, fax dated August 27, 1993.
33. Programa de Orientagao Plurianual para a Frota, 1992-1996, Lisbon, Portugal, 1991, p. 32.
140
2.10
SPAIN
The Spanish 1992 high-seas fleet of 204 vessels (235,000-Gross Registered Tons, GRT) is the largest in
Western Europe.' Many of these vessels were excluded from Namibia's lucrative hake fisheries when Namibia
gained independence in 1990 and extended its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) to 200-miles. Some Spanish vessels
were shifted to fishing off the Falkland Islands, but most were left idling in their home port of Vigo, Spain. The
EC agreement with Argentina will allow some of these vessels to shift to South American waters. Many, however,
will remain unemployed. Most Spanish vessel owners hope that the EC will resume negotiations with Namibia and
reach an agreement permitting Spanish vessels to begin fishing in these waters in the near future. Some Spanish
vessel owners have grown increasingly desperate; one company reflagged its vessels as a Congolese ship and
attempted to fish in Namibia's waters. The vessel was caught. It is likely that a number of Spanish vessels will
be sold in the next few years, especially if the EC is unable to negotiate a fishing agreement with Namibia.
Alternatively, there will be increasing pressure on the EC to negotiate additional fishing agreements in Latin
America where Spanish fishermen have the advantage of a common language. The long-term outlook for more
Spanish vessels to fish off South America is good. Spanish tuna seiners currently fish off the coast of West Africa
and in the Indian Ocean. These modem tuna seiners could easily move into the Pacific Ocean if catches in
traditional waters begin to decline. One Spanish purse seiner, the Montedaro, sank in the Eastern Tropical Pacific
on July 14, 1993 and several Spanish tuna vessels were reflagged in Panama in 1993. Spain remains Western
Europe's single, largest potential source of vessel displacement.
CONTENTS
1. General Background 141
2. Fleet Background 142
3. Modernization Programs 143
4. Decommissioning Programs 143
5. Shipyards 143
6. International Agreements 144
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 145
Sources 146
Endnotes 152
1. General Background any other European country. The Spanish have a
love of seafood and the average Spaniard consumes
Spain is the second largest fishing nation (after 30 kilograms of seafood products annually.^ Spain's
Denmark) in the European Community, with a 1992 access to the Atlantic and Mediterranean, has
catch of 1.4 million tons. Fisheries play a key role contributed to the growth of a large fishing industry
in the Spanish economy, accounting for 1% of total and fleet.'' Spain dominates the world hake and
Gross Domestic Product.^ This is more than that of squid markets.* The Spanish have the largest distant-
141
water fleet in Western Europe.^ This fleet is capable
of fishing anywhere in the world. Despite a massive
fishing fleet, Spanish businessmen imported nearly
800,000 tons of fish and shellfish worth
approximately $2.9 billion in 1992 versus exports of
270,000 tons worth $690 million. An overview of
the Spanish fishing industry can be seen in tables 1-3.
2. Fleet Background
Spain was one of the pioneers in the development
of distant-water fishing utilizing on-board freezing
facilities. One of Spain's first distant-water ventures
began in 196r when Pescanova, S.A. sent a
refrigerated side trawler, the Andrade, to fish for
hake off southern Africa and another side trawler, the
Lemos, to the Patagonian shelf off South America.*
Pescanova next converted a former passenger ship,
Galicia, into a factory mothership supplied by a fleet
of 10 small stem trawlers off South America. The
operation was not as successful as hoped, despite
abundant supplies of hake. The company decided to
build a vessel that could fish for hake in distant
waters and process and freeze the catch for long
periods of time. The first ship was the Villalba
(1,604-GRT) built in 1963.' Other Spanish
companies realized the effectiveness of building high-
seas stem trawlers and the boom in constmction
began. In 1967, Spanish shipyards delivered the Mar
de Vigo (2,938-GRT), one of the largest stem
trawlers built in Europe at that time.
The Spanish fishing fleet of the 1990s consists of
three sectors: inshore (bajiira), offshore (alturd), and
high-seas {gran altura).'° The high-seas fleet fishes
off West Africa, Latin America, and New Zealand,
as well as in the North Atlantic off Greenland and
Newfoundland. These vessels harvest hake, squid,
cod, and octopus." Most of the high-seas fleet
operates from Vigo, an Atlantic port in the province
of Galicia in northwest Spain straddling the border
with Portugal. The ships catching cod in the Grand
Banks off Newfoundland typically use La Comna,
further up the coast toward the Bay of Biscay. The
majority of Spain's processing plants and canneries
are also located in Vigo.'- The Spanish fleet is the
largest in Westem Europe, averaging 190 high-seas
vessels over 500-GRT during the past decade.
The Spanish high-seas fleet in 1992 included 204
vessels (235,000-GRT)." Spain's fishing partners
have long considered the fleet to be oversized.'"
This problem first surfaced in 1970 when massive
building and intensive fishing resulted in lower
catches in hake grounds. As a result, some trawlers
were sold to Cuba and the Spanish Govemment
ceased providing financial assistance for the
constmction of hake freezers.'^ The size of the
Spanish fleet was a point of contention as Spain
negotiated accession to the European Community in
the early 1980's." Other European nations feared the
consequences of unfettered Spanish access to their
fishing grounds. Fleet rationalization thus became a
priority for both the Spanish govemment and the
European Community. As early as 1981, a Spanish
ministerial order prevented further expansion by
Spanish vessels into EC waters." The Spanish
govemment also put in place a series of scrapping
and conversion schemes in order to reduce the
capacity of the Spanish fleet to Community norms
under the first and second Multiannual Guidance
Programs (MAGP)." With accession into the EC in
1986, the Spanish fleet became eligible for EC grants
to support fleet reduction. Spain took full advantage
of such programs, and by 1987 represented one third
of the Community budget for fleet reduction."
Not surprisingly, Spanish fishermen and vessel
owners have complained about EC fleet reduction
initiatives. They have argued that the EC's Common
Fisheries Policy (CFP) responded to the needs of
northem Europe, whose small fleets (with the
exception of French tuna vessels) rarely fish beyond
Community waters. Continuing the CFP as before
despite the addition of the distant water capacity of
the Spanish and Portuguese fleets would "condemn
the Spanish fleet to extinction through a complete
lack of interest or ability to find more imaginative
formulas which would be beneficial to the
Community as a whole."-" Spain's lack of national
cohesion has complicated Madrid's efforts to lead
uniform national and external fishery policies. Both
the Basque and Catalonian regional governments see
themselves as representing distinct sociological
nations, and as such resist any centralization of power
in Madrid. The Basques are the most prolific fishers
in Spain, and have strongly resisted efforts to restrict
their fleets (or even to impose quotas on them).
Basque fishermen are quick to take the law into their
own hands, having gone so far as to deny Spanish
and Community jurisdiction over fisheries by
negotiating their own bilateral fishing accords with
the Azores^' and a number of African states."
142
3. Modernization Programs
As of 1985, the majority of Spanish vessels were
over twenty years old." During the 1980's, the
Government of Spain instituted a series of programs
to encourage the replacement of old vessels. The
Credito Social Pesquero (CSP) granted lines of credit
to the builders of new fishing vessels until 1985,
when Madrid's Industrial Credit Bank assumed
responsibility for CSP programs.-'' CSP credits
covered 30 percent of the cost of new vessels.
Uncertainty over the availability to fish stocks,
especially in third party waters, has forced the
European Commission to insist that fleet renewal
programs not allow the capacity of the fleet to
expand, to the degree that new vessels would be
constructed only if they replaced individual vessels of
greater or equal tonnage." In 1987, Madrid signed
agreements with the "autonomous communities" of
Galicia, Catalonia, Valencia and the Basque
provinces, providing for the joint financing of
modernization subsidies aimed particularly at the
artisanal fleet, largely overlooked by EC-sponsored
initiatives.'* The 1987-91 MAGP mandated the
renewal of 25% of the Spanish fleet, at a cost of $1.8
billion over five years." As part of the overall
approach to fleet modernization, the Spanish
government (aided by the EC) has also offered grants
and subsidies to cover 35 % of the cost of upgrading
the infrastructure of 150 Spanish ports. ^*
The U.S. Embassy in Madrid reports that Spain
received EC funding for 216 vessel modernization
projects in 1991.-' EC support totaled $10.5 million
and represented 18-percent of the total cost of the
projects. The Government of Spain contributed $3.8
million to these projects. The Spanish Government
also supported 68 modernization projects,
contributing 14 percent of the $12.9 million in total
costs.'"
In July, 1993, the Fisheries Department of the
Province of Galicia aimounced a $1.4 billion plan to
scrap the region's entire fleet of 8,000 aging vessels
in favor of 3,000 new and larger vessels. '' The plan
is a combination of modernization and restructuring
of the fleet. The current regional tonnage of
166,000-GRT will fall to 139,000-GRT as many old
vessels are scapped. The province intends
particularly to reduce the number of inland vessels,
and to seek EC and Spanish state funding. The
Province hopes to reduce the overall size of the
Galician fleet and to increase the average size of the
remaining vessels for reasons of safety and
economy."
4. Decommissioning Programs
The Spanish Government has also offered grants
to owners of vessels willing to remove them from the
fishing industry. The most recent program has come
within the framework of the 1992-96 MAGP, which
requires Spain to remove 52,000 GRT from its fleet.
Spain will offer $418 million to participating vessels
with 60% of the funding coming from Brussels."
The MAGP targets the artisanal and South Atlantic
fleets in particular for reduction. Direct Spanish
Government assistance for decommissioning of
Spanish vessels under the MAGP totaled $43.1
million in 1991. '''
5. Shipyards
Spanish shipyards have an excellent worldwide
reputation for the construction of fishing vessels, and
fill numerous orders for both domestic and foreign
owners. Spanish shipyards concentrate around Vigo,
the primary Spanish fishing port. Vigo yards include
Barreras, Santo Domingo and Freire. Spanish
shipyards began producing high quality stem trawlers
for foreign fishermen in the early 1970s.
Spanish shipyards underwent a construction
"boom" in 1986-88. Production of new ships
inceased as follows :''
1986: 18 vessels (14,000-GRT). Average size:
777-GRT.
1987: 50 vessels (31,189-GRT). Average size:
624-GRT.
1988: 125 vessels (30,248-GRT). Average size:
242-GRT.
1989-90: Not available.
1991: 52 vessels (49,637-GRT).''' Average 955-
GRT.
The reasons for the rapid growth in vessels has
been explained as follows:"
143
• General prosperity of Spain during those
years,
• opportunities in the Falklands,
• opportunities off Namibia, and,
• a new law in Spain favoring construction of
new vessels.
It might also be added that new EC funding also
favored the construction of new vessels during those
years. The result was significant growth in the size
of the high-seas fleet (Table 1).
This process has continued through the 1990s, but at
more modest levels. In 1991 the Pasajes-based Guria
yard built the Txori Berri (81 meters) to fish for tuna
in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.'* In 1992 the
Russian Federation placed an order for twenty tuna
freezer vessels with the Astilleros de Heulva worth
$200 million.-" Among the vessels built was the
Radios, a 69 meter, 1,520-GRT vessel.'^ Naval
Guijon also received an order for 15 factory trawlers
which will join the Russian Far East fleet.'" In 1993,
the shipyards of Factorias Vulcano and Naval Gijon
were busy completing construction on two 105-meter
factory stem trawlers for delivery to Russian owners.
The Vladimir Stanhinsky and Gijon were ready for
delivery in June 1993. The Mikhail Drozdov is
scheduled for delivery in August 1993 along with the
Kapitan Nazin. Two more ships will be delivered to
Russian fishermen in January 1994 and two final
ships in June 1994. This was part of a 15-ship
construction program for Russian buyers at Spanish
shipyards."- The Russian order was worth $540
million and reportedly is the world's biggest fishing
vessel contract.''^
The agreement provides access for 600 Spanish
vessels (mostly in the 100-GRT range) to fish on a
daily basis. These are smaller vessels that deliver
fresh fish to markets in Spain on a daily basis; fresh
fish and shellfish command premium prices in Spain.
The EC agreement with Morocco was renewed on
May 13, 1992. The new accord imposed a two-
month annual fishing ban on coastal and high-seas
fisheries. The number of vessels permitted to fish in
Moroccan waters was limited to only 600 vessels,
including 143 high-seas vessels for Spanish fishing.
There is also a quota for 28 licenses for tuna
vessels."* The importance of Morocco to Spain's
fisheries can be seen in the price tag paid by the EC
for access: $341 million per year. The EC-Morocco
agreement and the agreement with Mauritania allows
Spanish fleets operating from Las Palmas in the
Canary Islands to fish for a variety of fish and
cephalopodes; most of the catch is frozen and shipped
to the mainland or exported to markets in the Orient.
Spanish fishermen take advantage of the EC's
agreement with various West African countries to fish
for shrimp, finfish and tuna. Spanish vessels also
fish for tuna in the Indian Ocean thanks to EC
agreements in that area. Spanish vessels began
fishing in the prolific squid fishery off the Falkland
Islands following the conflict between the United
Kingdom and Argentina over these remote islands.
The Spanish catch off the Falkland was minor until
1986 when it nearly reached 60,000 tons. Since
then, Spanish fishermen have caught between 65,000
tons and 85,000 tons annually under license."^ The
Spanish catch, which consists mostly of squid, hakes,
and blue whiting, reached 88,000 tons in 1992 (see
appendix 29-30 for details on the Spanish catch in the
Falkland's EEZ). Thirty-four Spanish fishing
companies received licenses to fish off the Falkland
Islands in 1993 (table 5)."'
6. International Agreements
Before accession to the European Community,
Spain maintained numerous bilateral agreements with
the EC itself (signed in April, 1980),"" the United
States, Canada, and a host of African countries. In
1986, the EC assumed responsibility for these
agreements, although a Spain-South Africa agreement
remained in effect as of 1991."^
The EC agreement with Morocco allows Spain
access to its single most important fishing ground.
The Spanish fishing fleet suffered some setbacks
when many nations established 200-mile EEZs. The
Spanish fishing fleet was slowly replaced from waters
off New England as U.S. fishermen gained
experience in catching squid once caught by Spanish
vessels."' Charges of overfishing cod stocks in
waters off Canada led to diplomatic confrontations
between the EC and Canada and ultimately to a
reduction in cod quotas for EC vessels fishing in the
Northeast Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO)
area.'" The reduction of cod quotas in the NAFO
area was strongly resisted by Spanish fishermen until
the stock nearly collapsed. ''
144
The Spanish fleet faced its most serious setback
when Namibia declared independence in March 1991
and ordered all foreign vessels out of its newly
declared 200-mile EEZ." The announcement
impacted 202 Spanish vessels fishing off Namibia."
Unfortimately, some Spanish vessel owners continued
to fish illegally in Namibian waters. This generated
strong resentment in the newly independent state and
led to several Spanish vessels being seized for illegal
fishing. Severe fines were imposed and several
vessels and their catches were confiscated. Pending
negotiations with the EC broke off in the face of
continued illegal fishing. Many of these 202 vessels
returned to Vigo where they have been tied up for
several years. A few vessels were able to switch to
fishing grounds off Canada or the Falkland Islands.
The situation for m.ost of these vessels, however, has
grown increasingly desperate. The loss of these
important fishing grounds might help explain the
reversal in the steady growth of the Spanish high-seas
fleet through 1991 and the decommissioning of 15
ships in 1992.
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans
Returning many of Spain's fleet of idle trawlers
to fishing off Namibia is a primary goal of most
Spanish fleet owners. If they fail to accomplish this
goal in the next 1-2 years, it is possible that most of
these vessels will have to be sold. Spanish fleet
owners are also concerned with fighting off
reductions mandated in the MAGP. Again, if
Spanish fleet owners are unable to regain access to
Namibian waters, they will have no alternative,
except to comply with EC fleet reduction
directives. . .or possibly to seek alternative approaches
to fishing, including the possibility of reflagging their
vessels. Eighteen Spanish vessels were reflagged in
Panama in 1993 (table 4).
Spanish fleet owners have begun preparation for
moving some of their idled fleet into waters of
Argentina as part of the newly negotiated agreement
with that country. This will allow a significant
number of vessels to shift into new grounds, but will
continue to leave many vessels idle. The Spaniards
hope that some of those remaining vessels will be
allowed to resume fishing off Namibia and that the
oldest vessels can be decommissioned in compliance
with EC directives.
The Spanish tuna fleet is also very modem and
successfully fishing for tuna off West Africa and in
the Indian Ocean. This fleet, much like the French
tuna fleet, might seek opportunities in the Pacific
Ocean if catch levels begin to decline in their current
fishing grounds. The Spanish, unlike the French,
will have to wait for the EC to forge new fishery
agreements since they do not have any EC-sanctioned
ties in the Pacific region. Those unwilling to wait
can reflag their vessels. One Spanish tuna vessel, the
Isabel Tuna, was reflagged in Cyprus in 1990 and
has been fishing in the Eastern Tropical Pacific for
the past few years. The Spanish have either sold or
reflagged at least 5 tuna vessels in Panama (table 4).
It should also be noted that a Spanish-flag purse
seiner, the Montedaro (879-GRT), sank in waters in
the Eastern tropical Pacific on July 14, 1993.5'' jjjjj
suggests that Spain may already be investigating, if
not actively fishing, tuna in the Pacific."
One important distinction sets Spanish fishermen
apart from many other European fishermen: they are
actively fishing throughout the world and have years
of experience fishing in distant-waters throughout the
world (table 3). While other nations may have large
fleets of modem vessels, many of their fishermen
have remained close to home. The Spanish, by
contrast, appear willing to fish from waters off the
Antarctic to the Arctic. Spanish fishermen represent
the single largest group in Europe that is able to fish
anywhere in the world.
A vital, and as yet unanswered question, is
whether the EC will be able to negotiate access to
Namibia and Argentina - and possibly other Latin
American countries. If the EC fails to do so, it is
possible that some Spanish vessel owners could
decommission their vessels from EC rolls and reflag
their vessels in other countries. ^^ This could pose a
very serious problem for fishery administrators
around the world.
145
SOURCES
Arbex, Juan Carlos. Pescadores Espanoles, I,
Secretaria General de Pesca Maritima, Ministerio
de Agricultura, Pesca, y Alimentacion, Marid,
1990
"Canada works to save decimated Atlantic fisheries,"
The Christian Science Monitor, July 15, 1993
Eidel'man, D.Ya., "Mirovoe Rybopromyslovoe
Sudostroenie v 1991 godu," Rybnoe Khoziastvo,
N.2, 1993, pp. 17-18 and reprinted as "World
Construction of Fishing Vessels in 1991,"
translated by the Office of International Affairs,
National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S.
Department of Commerce, June 1993.
Eurofish Reports, various issues.
"Euzkadi: Ecoutez la difference," France-Peche,
November-December 1990, p. 31.
Fishing News International, various reports.
Hinton, Michael. "Estimated Catch and Fleet
Information for the Eastern Pacific Ocean Tuna
Fleet," Inter-American Tropical Tuna
Commission, Report No. 93-23, January 1-July
19, 1993.
Hjul, Peter (Editor). Tlie Stern Trawler, Fishing
News (Books) Ltd., London, 1972
Industrias Pesqueras, various issues.
La Agricultura, La Pesca y la Alimentacion
Espanolas en 1991, Ministerio de Agricultura,
Pesca y Alimentacion, Secretaria General
Tecnica, Madrid, 1992.
La Peche Maritime, various issues.
Leigh, Michael. European Integration and the
Common Fisheries Policy, London: Croon
Helm, 1983
Lord, Richard, "The Spanish Seafood Industry,"
Seafood Business, July- August 1991
Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy.
Official Journal of the European Communities,
various issues.
"Pescadores or Pirates? The EC's High Seas
Cowboys," Seafood Leader, July /August 1992
U.S. Consulate General, Barcelona, Spain, various
reports.
U.S. Consulate General, Casblanca, Morocco, report
dated July 1, 1993.
U.S. Embassy, Madrid, Spain, various reports.
World Fishing, various reports.
Spain
300 km
Bay ot B'scay
C^^-C^^o ^'^SI^J;^
in ''•^" Zaragoza.
Barcelona/
y ' Valladolid
^^
Salamanca
/ MADRID , ,
^ Valencia ,
C Balearic
\
I D Balearic
I „' ^ ^ Alicante
V Cordoba •
p Islands
■,,.„ Savilla MjlJSjy
Mediterianean
Sea
a. ani,i \y^
Strait ot
C'hralrar
" •■•''"'<" '
146
Table 1. -SPAIN. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels, ranked by tonnage, 1975-92.
Year
rii-ncc Dnni'cft^i-oH Tnnc H^WT\
Tnt«l
«»»/
-1,999
500-999
1,000
Over 2,000
CRT
No.
CRT
No.
CRT
No.
GRT
No.
1975
65,083
93
94,313
69
25,051
10
184,447
172
1976
69,324
98
106,441
78
27,707
11
203,472
187
1977
68,300
97
107,094
78
29,768
12
205,162
187
1978
69,657
99
111,843
82
24,832
10
206,332
191
1979
66,911
96
105,000
77
15,087
6
186,998
179
1980
61,478
87
98,555
73
15,087
6
175,120
166
1981
58,304
83
94,258
69
12,372
5
164,934
157
1982
50,136
70
93,982
69
12,372
5
156,490
144
1983
49,704
69
91,892
67
12,372
5
153,968
141
1984
52,945
74
88,369
64
9,657
4
150,971
142
1985
53,387
75
86,967
62
14,310
6
154,664
143
1986
54,871
78
86,792
62
11,982
5
153,645
145
1987
64,116
90
99,944
72
14,841
6
178,901
168
1988
69,488
96
117,736
85
16,968
7
204,192
188
1989
71,300
98
141,361
102
25,509
11
238,170
211
1990
71,436
100
145,656
105
25,650
11
242,742
216
1991
76,708
109
133,073
96
32,097
14
241,878
219
1992
70,232
99
119,706
86
44,693
19
234,631
204^
Source:
years.
Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various
' The U.S. Embassy in Madrid, reported 173 vessels (628,041-GRT) registering more than 500-GRT in the
Spanish fleet in 1992 as compared with 204 vessels (234,631-GRT) reported by Lloyd's Register of Shipping
Statistical Tables. The authors are unable to explain the difference in the two sources. "World Fishing Fleet:
Spain," U.S. Embassy, Madrid, August 5, 1993.
147
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Table 3. --SPAIN. Fisheries catch by FAO area, 1975, 1980, 1985-91
Area
1975
1980
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1.000 Metric Tons
Inland
(FAO area 05)
14.2
33.0
26.2
11.1
28.7
29.6
30.7
29.1
29.2
Coastal"
(Northeastern Atlantic and
Baltic Sea, FAO area 27)
652.0
462.0
627.1
607.3
627.0
627.1
569.4
591.5
568.8
Distant-water:
North Fastem Atlantic,
FAO area 21
122.0
40.0
66.2
83.8
83.2
63.7
63.5
28.9
36.3
Western Central Atlantic,
FAO area 31
0.0
0.0
1.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.4
1.8
1.6
Eastern Atlantic,
FAO area 34
387.3
453.0
383.4
322.9
333.0
365.9
356.7
338.3
338.6
Mediterranean & Black Sea
FAO area 37.
139.4
150.0
140.3
143.3
135.7
128.2
141.3
141.9
126.7
Southwestern Atlantic
FAO area 41
0.0
0.0
9.2
58.5
61.1
84.5
82.7
68.8
60.6
South Eastern Atlantic,
FAO area 47.
197.2
128.0
188.1
199.5
195.6
192.6
195.7
142.3
93.1
Atlantic- Antarctic,
FAO area 48.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Western Indian Ocean,
FAO area 51.
3.5
0.0
40.9
46.0
60.2
101.3
117.4
107.4
95.1
Sub-toal
849.4
771.0
829.6
854.0
869.3
936.2
959.7
829.4
752.0
Total
1,515.6
1,266.0
1,482.9
1,488.5
1,525.0
1,592.9
1,559.8
1,450.0
1,350.0
Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, various years
*■ The distinction between "coastal" and "distant-water" can be misleading, since FAO area 27 stretches from eastern Greenland
to the Baltic Sea and north to the Barents Sea.
149
Table 4. --SPAIN. Spanish vessels reflagged in Panama, 1993.
Vessel name
Tonnage
Year built
Type of vessel
Gross Registered Tons
Acuario Dos
436
1959
NA
Acuario Uno
436
1959
NA
Adarra
232
1962
NA
Al-Nassim
937
1991
NA
Al-Shafq
937
1992
NA
Albacora Caribe
2,058
1990
Trawler
Albacora Diez
1,281
1977
Tuna vessel
Albacora Nueve
1,281
1976
Tuna vessel
Albacora Seis
1,836
1976
Tuna vessel
Alicante
270
1950
Trawler, nes
Alnajma Albaidha
937
1992
Trawler, nes
Arcay
541
1974
Trawler
Arcay Dos
1.293
1965
Refrigerated trawler
Cascabel
199
1967
Trawler, nes
Dushinka
612
1965
Refrigerated trawler
Mar Caribe 2
2,396
1969
Factory trawler
Mariano Otero
1,213
1983
Tuna vessel
Txori Aundi
2,030
1984
Tuna vessel
Source: Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy.
150
Table 5. -SPAIN. Spanish fishing vessels licensed to fish in the Falkland Islands, 1993.
1
Gross Registered Tons
1
1,344
1 A 1
Arpon
856
1,024
Beatriz Nores
Chicha Touza
644
Codeside
529
Conbaroya Tercero
554
Eguzki
1,665
Esperanza Meduina
1,866
Farpesca Cuarto
789
Ferralemes
1,072
Fiasco
865
Fragana
554
Hermanos Touza
1,140
Heroya Primero
1,612
Isia Alegranza
655
Isla Montana Clara
633
Jugamar
1,127
La Penuca
1,272
Loitador
1.267
Nuevo Alcocero
2,849
Patricia Nores
1070
Pescapuerta Cuarto
1,627
Pescavigo Dos
1,632
Pescavigo Uno
2.511
Playa de Galicia
1.021
Playa de Mogor
750
Playa de Pesmar
688
Principado de Asturias
1,527
Puente Ladeira
868
P>uente Pereiras
1,093
SU
2156
Tasarte
475
Telleiro
2074
Teucro
760
Source: Falkland Islands.
151
ENDNOTES
1. Spanish statistics listed 300 high-seas vessels in 1991 as compared to 219 vessels listed by Lloyd's Register of
Shipping Statistical Tables for vessels over 500-GRT. Spanish statistics include vessels in the 100- to 499-GRT
range. This is another example of the problem associated with using 500-GRT as a baseline for identifying high-
seas vessels.
2. "Une flotte de quelque 13,000 bateaux," La Peche Maritime, January 1991, p. 41.
3. Lord, Richard, "The Spanish Seafood Industry," Seafood Business, July-August 1991, p. 63., "World Fishing
Fleet: Spain," U.S. Embassy, Madrid, August 5, 1993, and La Agricultura, La Pesca y la Alimentacion Espanolas
en 1991 , Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentacion, Secretaria General Tecnica, Madrid, 1992.
4. "World Fishing Fleet: Spain," U.S. Embassy, Madrid, August 5, 1993 reported the total fleet at 20,244 vessels
of 628,041-GRT in 1992. The Embassy noted that there were 85,156 fishermen enrolled in Spain in 1992.
5. Lord, Richard, "The Spanish Seafood Industry," Seafood Business, July-August 1991, p. 63.
6. Lloyd's Register of Shipping identifies 204 vessels (234,63 1-GRT) over 500-GRT in the Spanish fleet. The U.S.
Embassy in Madrid, reported 173 vessels (628,041-GRT) over 500-GRT in the Spanish fleet in 1992. The authors
are unable to explain the difference in the two sources. "World Fishing Fleet: Spain," U.S. Embassy, Madrid,
August 5, 1993.
7. Spanish fishermen began fishing off the coast of Newfoundland beginning in 1540 and have a long history of
fishing in distant waters. Juan Carlos Arbex, Pescadores Espanoles, I, Secretaria General de Pesca Maritima,
Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca, y Alimentacion, Marid, 1990, p. 33.
8. Peter Hjul, The Stern Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, 1972, p. 183 and Juan Carlos Arbex,
Pescadores Espanoles, 1, Secretaria General de Pesca Maritima, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca, y Alimentacion,
Marid, 1990, p. 237.
9. Peter Hjul, The Stern Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, 1972, p. 183.
10. Lord, Richard, "The Spanish Seafood Industry," Seafood Business, July-August 1991, p. 63.
11. Lord, Richard, "The Spanish Seafood Industry," Seafood Business, July-August 1991, p. 64.
12. Lord, Richard, "The Spanish Seafood Industry," Seafood Business, July-August 1991, p. 63.
13. Spanish statistics report 302 high-seas vessels licensed to fish in distant waters in 1991.
14. "We are the market," Fishing News, July 20, 1984, p. 8. Spain's EC partners refer to the Spanish fleet as "The
New Armada."
15. Peter Hjul, The Stern Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, 1972, pp. 183-184.
16. Leigh, Michael. European Integration and the Common Fisheries Policy, London: Croon Helm, 1983, p. 176.
17. Leigh, Michael. European Integration and the Common Fisheries Policy, London: Croon Helm, 1983, p. 177.
152
18. For example, the second MAGP called on Spain to reduce its fleet from 631,838-GRT in January 1987 to
604,750-GRT in December, 1991. A total of 58,852 tons of the reductions were to come from vessels fishing in
third country waters. Official Journal of the European Communities, August 30, 1991, p. L241/47.
19. Eurofish Report, June 23, 1988, p. FS/2.
20. "What Is Happening to the Spanish Fishing Industry?" Industrias Pesqueras, January 1, 1990.
21. "Euzkadi: Ecoutez la difference," France-Peche, November-December 1990, p. 31.
22. "Pescadores or Pirates? The EC's High Seas Cowboys," Seafood Leader , July/ August 1992, p. 90.
23. "Modernisation of Fleet Goes Ahead," Eurofish Report, May 22 1985.
24. "Spain Planning 76 New Fishing Vessels This Year," Eurofish Report, October 24, 1985.
25. "Spanish 1986 Guidance Program Approved by Commission," Eurofish Report, October 2, 1986.
26. "Renovarse o morir," Industrias Pesqueras, October 15, 1987, p. 3.
27. "EI 25% de la flota pesquera sera renovada antes de 1992," Industrias Pesqueras, August 15, 1988, p. 24.
28. "Big Grants for Ports and Boats," Fishing News International, January 1990, p. 21.
29. "World Fishing Fleet: Spain," U.S. Embassy, Madrid, August 5, 1993.
30. "World Fishing Fleet: Spain," U.S. Embassy, Madrid, August 5, 1993.
31. "Galicia: Rebuild entire fleet," Fishing News International, Supplement on Galicia, Spain, July 1993, p. 1.
32. "Rebuild Entire Fleet--Says Plan for Spanish Region's Future," Fishing News International, July 1993,
Supplement on Galicia, Spain, p. 1.
33. "Espaiia propone la reduccion de 52.000 TRB en los proximos cinco anos," Industrias Pesqueras, June 15,
1991, p. 7.
34. "World Fishing Fleet: Spain," U.S. Embassy, Madrid, August 5, 1993.
35. "Crise de la flotte: historique," La Peche Maritime, June-July 1993, pp. 319-320. The article quoted from
Irulustrias Pesqueras.
36. Eidel'man, D.Ya., "Mirovoe Rybopromyslovoe Sudostroenie v 1991 godu," Rybnoe Khoziastvo, N.2, 1993,
pp. 17-18 and reprinted as "World Construction of Fishing Vessels in 1991," translated by the Office of
International Affairs, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, June 1993. The
article provides no information about the different vessels launched.
37. "Crise de la flotte: historique," La Peche Maritime, June-July 1993, pp. 319-320. The article quoted from
Industrias Pesqueras.
38. "Atlantic Start for Tuna Ship," Fishing News International, November 1991, p. 46.
153
39. "Russian Order Revives Spanish Shipyard," Eurofish Report, May 21, 1992, p. FS/5.
40. "Astiileros de Huelva in Midst of Russian Order," World Fishing, April 1993, p. 25.
41. "Naval Guijon Ahead of Schedule With Russian Factory Trawlers," World Fishing, April 1993, p. 26.
42. "Latest Russian giant leaving Spain," Fishing News International, May 1993, p. 8.
43. "Six ships still to build - in world's biggest fishing vessel contract," Fishing News International, August 1993,
pp.22-23.
44. Leigh, Michael. European Integration and the Common Fisheries Policy, London: Croon Helm, 1983, p. 168.
45. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Draft Review of Fisheries 1991 (Spain), Document
AGR/FI(92)8/PART10, p. 7.
46. "World fishing fleet study," U.S. Consulate General, Casablanca, Morocco, July 1, 1993.
47. Enrique Lopez Veiga (interview), "Ni Falklands ni Malvinas: caladeros del Atlantico sur," Industrias Pesqueras,
March 15, 1987, pp. 15-18.
48. "Late Falklands license rush," Fishing News International, June 1993, p. 41.
49. Spanish fishermen noted that their catch of squid went from 9,000 tons in 1977 to nothing by 1980. Miguel
Maiza Esnaola, "Equilibrio y Desequilibiro 1," Industrias Pesqueras, March 15, 1983, p. 12.
50. The Spanish fisheries magazine, Industrias Pesqueras, noted that Spanish cod fishermen harvested 241,200 tons
in Canadian waters in 1966 and that the catch dropped to 25,960 tons in 1980 and has since nearly disappeared.
Miguel Maiza Esnaola, "Equilibrio y Desequilibiro I," Industrias Pesqueras, March 15, 1983, p. 12.
51. Canadian Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, Ross Reid, launched a "last-ditch" effort to save what little remains
of Canada's once-rich Atlantic cod fishery at the United Nations in July 1993. He noted that cod stocks have
declined from 40,000 tons in 1988 to about 6,000 tons at present. Canada fears that only a tiny fragment remains
of what was once a vast concentration of hundreds of millions of fish. Canadians fear that this small concentration
could easily be overfished by large fleets of foreign fishing vessels just outside of Canada's 200-mile EEZ. "Canada
works to save decimated Atlantic fisheries," The Christian Science Monitor, July 15, 1993, p. 9.
52. The Spanish catch off Namibia went from a TAC of 135,000 tons in 1978 to 55,845 tons in 1981. This,
however, was ended when Namibia declared independence in 1990 and ordered all vessels out of its waters.
Miguel Maiza Esnaola, "Equilibrio y Desequilibiro 1," Industrias Pesqueras, March 15, 1983, p. 12.
53. The Spanish fleet included 155 vessels of the National Association of Hake Freezer Trawler Owners
(ANAMER) based out of Vigo, Spain. There were also 40 ships operating with a Spanish association identified as
ASPE and 7 with ANAC for a total of 202 Spanish ships. Eurofish Report, April 26, 1990, p. FS/1 and Fishing
News International, 1990.
54. Michael Hinton, "Estimated Catch and Fleet Information for the Eastern Pacific Ocean Tuna Fleet," Inter-
American Tropical Tuna Commission, Report No. 93-23, January 1-July 19, 1993.
154
55. The authors realize that some of the 18 vessels could have been sold to Panamanian fishermen in a legal, above-
board manner. It is also possible that Spanish fishermen have established joint venture operations with Panamanian
fishing interests. However, it is also possible that some of these vessels have been reflagged. Reflagging could
be done to avoid Spanish taxes, safety regulations, or other restrictions. Reflagging could also be undertaken to
allow Spanish fishermen to harvest species that are tightly controlled in Europe. These vessels could operate out
of Spanish ports or they could operate far from Panama, seeking only a legal presence on Panamanian registries.
56. The idea is not as farfetched as it may appear. A Spanish firm, identified as Interburgo, S.A., has licensed a
ship identified as Sekishu (the name could be Japanese or Chinese), 991.37-GRT, in Honduras under registration
number L- 192 1792. The authors have no additional information about this vessel, but a 991 -CRT represents a fairly
large vessel. In addition, there is a vessel identified as La Paloma (4,358-GRT) registered in Honduras; the
Government of Honduras, however, does not have any information about the owner of this vessel or the original
flag state of the vessel. It is possible that the La Paloma (the name means "dove" in Spanish) could be of Spanish
origin. A 4,358-GRT vessel is a large vessel.
155
156
2.11
UNITED KINGDOM
The United Kingdom's (UK) fishing fleet of high-seas vessels ranked among the largest and most modem in
the world less than two decades ago. The loss of the UK's traditional fishing grounds off Iceland during the "Cod
Wars" of the 1970s, however, signaled the end of British dominance in high-seas fishing, the UK high-seas fleet
declined to only 18 vessels in 1986. The fleet has since enjoyed a modest resurgence, more than doubling to 41
vessels. This was partially the result of the Falkland's War, which opened up the island's huge squid resources to
UK fishermen and partially as a result of EC grants to modernize the fishing fleet. The UK fleet fishes primarily
in the North Atlantic. If the UK fleet continues to expand, some vessels may begin to fish in other distant-water
fisheries, because several key North Atlantic species have been overfished in recent years.
CONTENTS
1. General Background 157
2. Fleet Background 158
3. Modernization Programs 159
4. Decommissioning Programs 159
5. Shipyards 159
6. International Agreements 159
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 160
Sources 160
Endnotes 164
1. General Background
UK fishermen landed 589,000 tons of fish and
shellfish worth nearly $695 million in 1992.' This
was not sufficient to meet the demands of the island's
57 million consumers and represents a decline when
compared with earlier years; UK fishermen landed
811,000 tons and ranked as the EC's third largest
producer of fish and shellfish in 1990. British
importers purchased 473 ,000 tons of seafood products
worth $1.7 billion from overseas suppliers in 1992,
as compared with exports of 410,000 tons worth $0.9
billion.^ UK fisheries are divided among its main
regions and include: England and Wales, Scotland,
Northern Ireland, the Charmel Islands, and the Isle of
Man. Scottish fishermen normally produce the lion's
share of UK fisheries followed by England and
Wales. ^ The UK consumer is somewhat conservative
in taste, preferring cod, haddock, saithe, plaice,
mackerel, and herring. Dogfish is typically used to
prepare "fish and chips," which is enjoyed as an
inexpensive seafood meal. Scottish producers of
farmed Atlantic salmon have expanded production
significantly in recent years and can now meet most
157
of the nation's demand for fresh and smoked salmon.
Shrimp (prawns), Norway lobsters, crabs, mussels,
scallops, and other shellfish are also popular items.
UK fishermen are very independent and many
downplayed or resisted efforts by scientists or fishery
managers in the UK and the EC to warn them about
deteriorating stock conditions or conserving species.''
This led to overfishing of key species, such as cod,
haddock, herring, and plaice in the North Sea and
whiting in the Irish Sea.' EC Fisheries
Commissioner Manuel Marin reported in December
1990, that reductions of as much as 40 percent were
needed to restore some North Sea stocks.' Fleet
reductions, special net mesh sizes and patterns, and
other programs are being implemented or studied as
a means of reducing by-catches of important species
and allowing the key species to recover. Despite
these problems, the UK fishing fleet appears healthy
and landings of fish and shellfish appear steady. An
overview of the United Kingdom fishing industry can
be seen in tables 1-3.
2. Fleet Background
The strong point of the UK fleet had always
been its distant-water capacity. Foremost among this
was the block freezer stem trawler fleet, which
originated in 1961 with the launching of the freezer
trawler Lord Nelson. In 1962 the Junella followed,
another freezer trawler with a 350 CRT capacity.'
These vessels fished in the Northwest and Northeast
Atlantic, as well as off the coasts of South Africa,
Australia, and South America.* The UK fleet
operated successfully from the 1960s until the early
to mid-1970s.
The decline in the UK fishing fleet was signalled
by the move of many nations to extend their national
jurisdiction beyond the traditional 3 to 12 miles. The
most significant setback to the UK fleet came in 1972
and in 1975 when Iceland extended control over its
fisheries to 50 miles and then to 200 miles. These
lucrative fishing grounds had attracted hundreds of
UK fishing vessels and Iceland's move sparked a
bitter confrontation known as the "Cod Wars."
Ultimately Iceland prevailed and the UK fishing fleet
was forced out of the area. This pattern was
followed elsewhere in the world as many nations
extended their exclusive economic zones to 200
miles. The UK high-seas fleet declined from 143
vessels in 1975 to 18 vessels in 1986 (see table 1).
In 1982, The Boyd Line sold the two largest UK
freezer stem trawlers, the Arctic Buccaneer and the
Arctic Galliard, both 86 meters in length, to Fletcher
Fishing of New Zealand.' The sale of the freezer
Pict in 1986, marked the end of the UK freezer
trawler fleet. Vessel owners continue to blame the
British government for having been unwilling to
support its fleet, as is the case with other EC states.'"
UK fishermen believe they have fared poorly
since their nation's entry into the EC. They have
complained that other nations have won the right to
fish in UK waters at the same time that the overall
UK fishing effort has been curtailed, leaving the UK
even worse off than it had been before 200-niile
limits were established." They also argue that
Britain has been unwise in following EC guidelines to
the letter while other member states have repeatedly
ignored or failed to enforce these guidelines.'^ Flag
of convenience vessels have become a major concern
in the industry. A loophole in UK legislation allowed
foreign vessels (especially 62 Spanish vessels in
1984'^) to register under the British flag, allowing
those vessels to fish within Community waters, as
well as to evade stricter national regulations on the
Continent. A 1984 law required British flagged
vessels to be managed, directed, and controlled from
within the UK. In 1990, the UK Government
tightened these rales considerably, forcing all
operators in UK fishing waters to make at least four
visits to UK ports each year. "*
The UK high-seas fleet underwent a dramatic
reversal in 1988, when it doubled in size from 20
vessels to 41 vessels. This growth can be partially
attributed to the Falkland's War, which opened up
that island's fishery resources to British fishermen
and also to the EC's vessel modemization program;
most of the British high-seas fleet has continued to
fish in the North Atlantic in recent years. This is
somewhat curious, since fishery biologists and
administrators have wamed fishermen of declining
stocks in the North Atlantic for several years. The
UK high-seas fleet included 51 vessels in 1993."
158
3. Modernization Programs
The UK government was reluctant to offer
grants for modernization throughout most of the
1980s. Grants that were available were more often
than not sponsored by the European Commission in
Brussels. '* The U.K. Ministry of Agriculture,
Fisheries, and Food (MAFF) devised a program of
"Seafish grants" which were available for the
replacement of vessels lost at sea and for vessels 15
years and older. Under the program, modernization
and replacement projects took priority over new
vessels. MAFF approved 40 applications for grants
through 1987, when the govenmient decided to scale
down the program.'^
4. Decoimriissioning Programs
The MAFF announced in 1991 that there was
"no prospect of the introduction of a
decommissioning scheme."'* The announcement was
premature; on May 11, 1993, the Sea Fish
(Conservation) Act was passed which provides for
approximately $39 million in decommissioning funds
for UK fishermen." The most recent
decommissioning scheme dates back to 1984, when
Lxjndon and the EC offered grants of $600 per ton
decommissioned, which resulted in the withdrawal of
dozens of vessels from the fishing industry.^"
Nonetheless, the present govenmient cites the "mess"
the program created as justification for not
introducing another plan. There has recently been a
great deal of concern on the part of vessel owners,
who complain that current conservation policies (such
as quotas) are not effective. The market for second-
hand vessels is presently such that sales to third
parties would not be a viable option, those in the
industry argue.-' In the 1992 election campaign, the
opposition Labour Party promised to implement a
decommissioning program if elected, ■■' and European
Community fisheries officials have actively
encouraged the U.K. to set up a scheme to reduce
fleet size."
5. Shipyards
The UK shipbuilding industry has become more
optimistic over the last few years. The downsizing of
the 1980's seems to have made the industry more
competitive, and shipyards like Harland and Wolff of
Belfast have been receiving large commercial orders
since 1990.^" U.K. shipyards, which have recently
completed fishing vessels, include Napier. Ltd. in
Scotland, which has clients from as far away as New
Zealand," Cochrane Shipbuilders of Selby,
Yorkshire,^* Campbeltown Shipyard, which produced
a special vessel to carry live salmon," and James N.
Miller and Sons of St. Monans, builders of the
Ulysses II, a 27 meter seiner/trawler.'* UK yards
face their stiffest competition from aggressive Eastern
European shipyards, especially those in Poland.'' A
likely area of future activity is joint ventures with
Asian shipyards. British yards have already
undertaken negotiations with potential Japanese and
Korean partners.
6. International Agreements
Since the UK is a full member of the European
Community, the European Commission in Brussels is
responsible for UK external relations in the fisheries.
EC fishery agreements have provided access to
British vessels. In particular, UK fishermen
regularly harvest Arctic cod in northern Norwegian
waters under an EC-Norway agreement, though
Norway has threatened to terminate the agreement on
several occasions.'" At the same time, Britain
continues to maintain a handful of agreements with
third parties. Britain is currently negotiating with
Argentina over fishing conservation measures around
the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic within the
framework of the Convention for the Preservation of
Living Antarctic Sea Resources. '' The two countries
have been struggling to rebuild a South Atlantic hake
fishery. Britain also has fisheries treaties with
Canada dating back to the late 1970's.
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans
UK fishing vessels are not likely to take
advantage of the EC agreement with Argentina, but
will continue to fish off the Falkland Islands. Most
UK vessels, however, will fish in the North Sea in
their traditional fishing grounds. Continued reductions
in Total Allowable Catches (TACs) in the North Sea
and Irish Sea could stimulate some UK fishing
companies to seek opportunities in more distant-
waters. Joint ventures or distant-water operations
most likely would occur in South Africa, Australia,
or New Zealand. UK fishermen will be particularly
interested in watching whether Norway joins the EC,
since Norwegian waters are rich in many species
prized by UK consumers. If Norway joins the EC,
159
then UK vessels would ultimately be able to fish in
Norwegian waters.
UK fishermen appear to have resisted the
temptation to fish in distant waters, although one
former UK-flag vessel, the Arctic Cavalier (764-
GRT, built in 1960), was recently reflagged in
Panama. The only other UK vessel known to the
authors as having been reflagged in recent years is
the Triton, a 39-GRT-vessel built in 1972. The
vessel likely was sold to a Cypriot fishermen.
SOURCES
Eurofish Report, various issues.
European Supplies Bulletin, Annual Data, 1991, Sea
Fish Industry Authority, Edinburg, 1993.
Fishing News, various issues.
Fishing News International, various issues.
"Fleet Suffers Shattering Blow as Two Top UK
Freezers Sail With Crews to New Zealand," The
South African Shipping News and Fishing
Industry Review, March 1982
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics - Catch
and Landings, Rome, various years.
Irish Skipper, various issues.
Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy.
Report from the Commission to the Council and the
European Parliament on the Common Fisheries
Policy, Commission of the European
Communities, SEC (91) 2288, Brussels,
December 18, 1991.
Seafood International, various issues.
"UK Agrees to Negotiate Fishing Activities
Conservation," La Nacion, reprinted in FBIS
Daily Report-Latin America, 13 May 1993.
U.S. Embassy, London, various reports.
World Fishing, various issues.
United Kingdom
h Shetland
^ Islands
Hebrides
North
Atlantic Jt
North
Sea
Edinburgh
^Newcastle
\ijpon Tyne
' Irish 7 \
Sei i \
uw©rpoo|_
English Channel
160
Table 1.--UK. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels, ranked by tonnage, 1975-92.
Year
1
(jro
ss Registered ions (ti
rRT)
Tol»i 1
-
-1,999
Over 2,000
500-999
1,000
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
1975
76,872
105
48,992
38
-
-
125,864
143
1976
59,234
82
56,096
43
-
-
115,330
125
1977
50,871
71
49,044
38
-
-
99,915
109
1978
41,144
58
46,660
36
-
-
87,804
94
1979
32,375
46
47,852
37
-
-
80,227
83
1980
27,300
40
47,773
37
-
-
75,073
11
1981
12,709
19
45,392
35
-
-
58,101
54
1982
12,794
19
28,832
23
-
-
41,626
42
1983
9,924
15
23,439
18
-
-
33,363
33
1984
7,931
12
21,417
16
-
-
29,348
28
1985
7,017
11
17,398
12
-
24,415
23
1986
6,541
10
11,820
8
-
18,361
18
1987
7,576
11
13,303
9
-
-
20,879
20
1988
16,179
23
25,087
17
2,031
1
43,297
41
1989
16,599
24
21,441
15
4,602
2
42,642
41
1990
15,975
24
18,364
13
7,482
3
41,821
40
1991
16,699
25
17,051
12
4,602
2
38,352
39
1992
16,544
25
18,180
13
7,024
3
41,748
41
Source: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, Lx)ndon, U
years.
K, various
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Table 3. --UNITED KINGDOM. Fisheries catch by FAO area, 1975, 1980, 1985-91
Area
1975
1980
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1,000 Metric Tons
Inland
(FAO area 05)
-
-
13.4
13.2
15.2
16.7
19.4
16.0
19.2
Coastal'
(Northeastern Atlantic and
Baltic Sea, FAO area 27)
977.5
831.2
885.2
843.1
933.8
919.4
799.6
781.1
809.2
Distant-water:
NE Atlantic, FAO area 21
2.2
0.9
-
-
0.8
0.9
3.7
1.3
0.1
SW Atlantic, FAO area 41
-
-
-
-
3.5
8.9
9.3
1.4
2.0
S Atlantic, FAO area 48
-
-
-
-
-
0.1
ngl
0.1
0.1
W Indian Ocean, FAO area
51
-
-
2.8
2.3
-
-
-
-
-
Sub-toal
2.2
0.9
2.8
2.3
4.3
9.9
13.0
2.8
2.2
Total
979.7
832.1
901.4
858.6
953.3
946.0
832.0
799.9
830.6
Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, various yeafs
' The distinction between "coastal" and "distant-water" can be misleading, since FAO area 27 stretches from eastern Greenland
to the Baltic Sea and north to the Barents Sea.
163
ENDNOTES
1. European Supplies Bulletin, Annual Data, 1991, Sea Fish Industry Authority, Edinburgh, 1993, p. 52.
2. European Supplies Bulletin, Annual Data, 1991, Sea Fish Industry Authority, Edinburgh, 1993, pp. 53-61.
3. Food and Agriculture Organization, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics - Catch and landings. United Nations, Rome,
various years.
4. "Comment," Seafood International, February 1991, p. 5.
5. Report 1991 from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the Common Fisheries Policy,
Commission of the European Communities, SEC (91) 2288, Brussels, December 18, 1991, pp. 46-47.
6. "Marin plans 40% cut in EC fishing capacity over 10 years," Eurofish Report, December 6, 1990, p. BB/1.
7. Tim Oliver, "Freezer Fleet Felled by Government Neglect," Fishing News, July 11, 1986, p. 6.
8. Tim Oliver, "Freezer Fleet Felled by Government Neglect," Fishing News, July 11, 1986, p. 6.
9. "Fleet Suffers Shattering Blow as Two Top UK Freezers Sail With Crews to New Zealand," The South African
Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review, March 1982, p. 29.
10. Tim Oliver, "Freezer Fleet Felled by Government Neglect," Fishing News, July 11, 1986, p. 6.
11. Ian ManSween, "The UK Fishing Industry in the Eighties," Eurofish Report, June 11, 1980, p. FS/6.
12. Tim Oliver, "Freezer Fleet Felled by Govenmient Neglect," Fishing News, July 11, 1986, p. 6.
13. This was 2 years before Spain joined the European Community.
14. "UK Tightens Fishing License Rules for Foreigners," Eurofish Report, November 22, 1990, p. FS/1.
15. Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy.
16. "British Fleet Cutback with EEC Help," Fishing News International, September 1984, p. 2.
17. "Grant Approval Not Automatic," Fishing News, November 27, 1987.
18. "No Prospect of Scrapping Cash," Fishing News, February 22, 1991.
19. "UK Sea Fish Act passed amid fishermen's protests," Eurofish Report, May 20, 1993, p. FS/1.
20. "Britain's Fishing Fleet Continues to Run Down," Irish Skipper, September, 1985.
21. "No Prospect of Scrapping Cash," Fishing News, February 22, 1991.
22. "Labor Pledge on Decommissioning," Fishing News, March 15, 1991.
164
23. "The EEC Backs Decommissioning," Fishing News, November 4, 1988.
24. U.S. Embassy, London, September 13, 1991.
25. "Scottish Naval Architect Remains Busy," World Fishing, March 1991, p. 46.
26. "Order for 125 ft. Stem Trawler," Fishing News, March 10, 1989.
27. "Campbeltown Shipyard Wins £1M Order for Live Salmon Transporter," World Fishing, November, 1988,
p. 34.
28. Jim Mair, "Ulysses Set for Trawling," Fishing News, July 29, 1988, p. 8.
29. U.S. Embassy, London, September 13, 1991.
30. "Norway Ban Would Be Total Disaster," Fishing News, November 17, 1989, p. 4.
31 . "UK Agrees to Negotiate Fishing Activities Conservation," La Nacion, reprinted in FBIS Daily Report-Latin
America, 13 May 1993, p.l.
165
166
NON-EC COUNTRIES
The non-EC fishing countries in Western Europe in 1993 include Cyprus, the Faroe Islands, Finland,
Greenland, Iceland, Malta, Norway, Sweden, and Turkey. Greece joined the EC in 1981 and Portugal and Spain
became members in 1986. Sweden is currently being considered for membership in the EC and is expected to join
that body in 1995. The Faroe Islands and Greenland, although independent, have their international relations and
defense administered by Denmark. These nations operate their fishing fleets independently, in contrast to the 12-
member EC which operates as a single body. The non-EC high-seas fishing fleet declined from a high of 436
vessels in 1978 to a low of 166 vessels in 1987, shortly after Portugal and Spain joined the Community (Appendix
1 and Figure 5). The fleet has since increased to 213 vessels in 1992. These expanding fishing fleets are largely
deployed on coastal grounds.
CONTENTS
I. Country Summaries 167
II. Limitations to Fishing 168
III. Controlling Fleet Expansion 169
IV. Potential for Relocating Fleets 169
Sources 169
Endnotes 170
I. COUNTRY SUMMARIES
The non-EC fishing fleets included about 19,000
vessels registering about 508,000 tons in 1992. This
included approximately 2 1 3 high-seas fishing vessels
registering over 214,000 gross registered tons.
Unlike the EC, where fishing is controlled by a
central authority, the fishing industries of the non-EC
countries of western Europe are the responsibilities of
each individual country. The growth or decline of
the fishing industry, thus, is a matter of developments
in each individual country. A summary of the fishing
industry of each non-EC country follows.
• Cyprus: One tuna purse seiner, Isabel Tuna, was
registered on the Cypriot list of fishing vessels in
1991. The vessel fishes in the Eastern Tropical
Pacific. There were 3 high-seas vessels on the
Cypriot fishing fleet in 1992 and this jumped to over
30 vessels in 1993. Many of the vessels registered in
Cyprus in 1993 were well over 500-GRT, including
a former Russian reefer registering 11,755-GRT.
One of the largest fishing vessels was the Galina, a
4,038-GRT factory trawler built in Poland.
• Faroes: The Faroese fleet increased in the mid-
1980s as a result of government subsidies. In 1987,
statistics about the Faroese fishing fleet were listed
under Denmark by Lloyd's Register, and no further
statistical breakdown of information is available for
that country.' In the 1990s, severe economic
problems associated with the previous administration,
caused many fishing companies to go bankrupt and
many fishing vessels have been sold in recent
167
months. Most of the Faroese fleet fishes in the North
Sea and has shown little interest in distant-water
operations, although one company attempted to begin
a fishing operation off South Africa and another
company recently began fishing in New Zealand.
• Finland: The last Finnish high-seas vessel was
sold in 1981 and has not been replaced. Finland is
unlikely to return to high-seas fishing.
• Greenland: The Royal Greenland Trade Company
bought its first high-seas vessel in 1964. The high-
seas fleet includes around 25 vessels, but statistical
information about Greenland's fishing fleet is not
published by Lloyd's Register. The fleet expanded
rapidly in the 1980s, fishing for deepwater shrimp
and cod. In the 1990s, however, the cod resource
declined and this resulted in economic dislocation,
causing some vessels to be sold. There are also too
many vessels fishing for shrimp and this fishery is
being trimmed.
• Iceland: The high-seas fleet grew modestly in the
1970s, in part due to the displacement of foreign
fishermen from Icelandic coastal waters, reaching 33
vessels in 1987. This was followed by rapid
expansion from 42 vessels in 1988 to 61 vessels in
1992. High prices for fresh fish in UK and German
ports prompted many Icelandic fishermen to invest in
new vessels. The decline in the biomass of Atlantic
cod, however, has hurt the industry and caused some
fishermen to sell their vessels.
• Malta: There is one high-seas vessel registered in
Malta, but the authors have no information about the
vessel and its operations.
• Norway: The Norwegian high-seas fleet is
growing the fastest, expanding from 72 vessels in
1975 to 139 vessels in 1992. The recovery of capelin
and Atlantic cod stocks in recent years helps explain
the growth of the Norwegian fleet. The majority of
the Norwegian fleet fishes in the North Atlantic and
shows little interest in shifting to distant fishing
grounds, although a few individuals have attempted
to find opportunities far from Norwegian waters.
• Sweden: Swedish fishermen have expanded their
high-seas fleet in recent years to a total of 8 vessels.
This is surprising given the problems associated with
Baltic fisheries and the authors are unable to explain
why the Swedish fleet has expanded.
• Turkey: Only one high-seas vessel is registered in
Turkey. The authors have no information about this
vessel and its operations.
n. LIMITATIONS TO nSHING
Most Nordic countries extended their
jurisdictions to 200 miles in the mid-1970s. It was
natural for Nordic fishermen to replace foreign
fishermen and this explains why the Faroe Islands,
Iceland, and Greenland all expanded their fleets in the
1970s. Other countries, such as Finland, Norway,
and Sweden, had few options; they were excluded
from their former fishing grounds and were forced to
fish inside their own waters. Many of these nations
have now reached the point where it is increasingly
difficult to expand their fisheries. Even Iceland,
which displaced foreign fishermen during the 1970s
and early 1980s, is now reporting depleted stocks.
As a result, the non-EC fishermen increasingly face
the same difficulties obtaining access to adequate
stocks that EC fishermen face. Most of these
countries have large fleets of vessels that could be
deployed in distant- water fisheries, but they are
unlikely to do so. Most vessels built for Nordic
fishermen are built to operate in Arctic conditions,
which limits their effectiveness to cold waters. The
Norwegians, fortunately, are the exception. They
have ample room to fish off their coasts and have
seen tough management regimes help cod stocks
return to Norwegian waters in abundance. The
Norwegians are among the few fishermen in the
world that are catching good quantities of Atlantic
cod in 1992-93.
ni. CONTROLLING FLEET EXPANSION
The non-EC Nordic countries have also
maintained incentive programs to control the growth
of their fishing fleets. The programs, however, have
generally failed to limit fleet expansion. Norway and
Iceland are the two major non-EC fishing countries.
Efforts to limit the Norwegian and Icelandic fleets
appear to have stimulated the expansion of the fleet
by withdrawing older, less efficient vessels. The
168
fishermen have used the Government incentives to
build more modem, efficient vessels with a larger
fishing capacity.
rV. POTENTIAL FOR RELOCATING FLEETS
The authors believe that the non-EC Nordic
countries will not relocate large numbers of high-seas
fishing vessels in the immediate future. This is
especially true for Norway; landings of cod and other
species have increased in Norway and shipyards are
busy building new high-seas fishing vessels^ for
Norwegian and other fishermen around the world.
There is always the possibility that small numbers of
vessels could be deployed in distant-water fisheries or
sold to fishermen in developing countries.
Norwegian and Icelandic fishermen, however, have
little experience with distant-water operations outside
the North Atlantic. The complexity of such
operations suggests that they are unlikely to shift their
operations beyond the North Atlantic in the 1990s.
Used vessel sales are another possibility. Such sales,
however, have not been extensive in the past, even
during periods of declining catches. Major
reductions in fishing effort could possibly heighten
interest in selling vessels. Icelandic and Norwegian
fishery officials and businessmen have shown some
interest in Latin American countries. Such interest,
however, centers more on the sales of new vessels
and equipment than the sale of used vessels. The
downturn in fishing off the Faroe Islands, however,
has impacted that nation's fisheries and may lead to
a reduction in the relatively small Faroese fishing
fleet. Some Faroese vessels might be sold to third
parties, possibly in South America or Russia. The
authors would not be surprised if as many as 30
Nordic vessels were sold in the next one to two
years.
Cyprus, Malta, and Turkey operate only a few
large fishing vessels and are not expected to alter
their fishing patterns significantly in the next few
years. Cyprus and Malta, however, have become
centers for reflagging operations and this process
could continue in the future.
An in-depth analysis of the fisheries of the
various non-EC fisheries follows in the "Country
Reports" which follow. These reports provide
greater information on present and future
developments for fleet deployment in the non-EC
countries of Western Europe.
SOURCES
World Fishing, March 1993
169
ENDNOTES
1. No statistical information is available from Lloyds Register of Shipping.
2. In 1992, Norwegian shipyards launched several new, high-seas vessels including the Ligrunn (768-GRT) for
a French owner, the Vigri (1,217-GRT) for an Icelandic owner, the Northern Osprey (2,700-GRT) for a
Canadian firm, the Bjarne Nilsen (528-GRT) for a Norwegian owner, the Tjaldur (688-GRT) for an Icelandic
firm, and the Amaltal Colombia (1,900-GRT) for a New Zealand firm. World Fishing, March 1993, pp. 51-54.
170
NON-EC COUNTRY REPORTS
171
3.1
CYPRUS
Cyprus is a small country with very limited fishery resources. It has fishing grounds suited only for small
fishing vessels. Any vessels over 100-Gross Registered Tons (GRT) are unlikely to be operated by local fishermen,
but are reflagged for operations in other areas. Cyprus had a only one reflagged vessel, the tuna purse seiner Isabel
Tuna, on its registry in 1991. There were 3 reflagged vessels registered in 1992 and 31 reflagged vessels flying the
Cypriot flag in 1993. Cyprus now appears to be a major European center for reflagging. It appears likely that
other vessels will reflag in Cyprus in the future.
CONTENTS
1. General Background 172
2. Fleet Background 173
3. Modernization Programs 173
4. Decommissioning Programs 173
5. Shipyards 173
6. International Agreements 173
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 174
Sources 174
Endnotes 179
1. General Background
Cyprus, a small island about the size of
Connecticut, has only limited resources inside its
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The island's
Greek and Turkish populations clashed in 1974,
resulting in two de facto autonomous zones: a Greek
area controlled by the Cypriot Government (about 65-
percent of the island) and a Turkish-Cypriot area (35-
percent of the island, which declared itself the
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus on November
15, 1983). The conflict uprooted the lives of the
island's inhabitants and disrupted fishing patterns.
The island has a small fleet of mostly wooden vessels
that catch only modest quantities (1,500 to 2,600
tons) of fish and shellfish for sale in local markets.
The arrival of a growing number of tourists has
stimulated the demand for fresh fish. Cypriot
fishermen landed an estimated 2,690 tons of fish and
shellfish in 1992. Cyprus is a major center for
maritime vessels that enjoy special regulations and tax
incentives for registering under the Cypriot flag.
One tuna seiner, the former Spanish-flag Isabel Tuna,
began fishing in the Pacific Ocean flying the Cypriot
flag in 1991. There were 3 reflagged vessels in 1992
and 31 fishing vessels flying the Cypriot flag in 1993.
Few of these vessels are expected to fish in Cypriot
waters; most have been reflagged and will fish far
from Cyprus.
172
2. Fleet Background
The Cypriot fishing fleet is considered small by
most standards. The nation's fishing fleet consists
mostly of small rowboats or wooden sailboats. The
trawler fleet has fluctuated greatly during the past 3
decades. In 1952, for example, the trawl fleet
consisted of 10 vessels. The fleet remained at 12
vessels between 1961 and 1979, when the number
declined to 8 vessels.' In 1974 hostilities divided the
island into two de facto autonomous areas, a Greek
area controlled by the Cypriot Government and a
Turkish-Cypriot area.^ The conflict resulted in the
loss of nearly 40 percent of the fishing grounds and
disrupted fishing for many years.
The Government of Cyprus first attempted to
control fishing off the coast of Cyprus by limiting the
number of trawlers to 10 licensed Cypriot trawlers in
1952.' This number was increased to 12 trawlers in
1961." The number of trawlers fluctuated between 10
and 12 until 1979, when the number declined to 9
vessels.^ The Cypriot trawler fleet typically consisted
of 8 medium-sized wooden trawlers and 3 medium-
sized steel trawlers.* The Fisheries Department of
Cyprus implemented several programs to restrict
fishing effort in 1982. One measure was to restrict
the number of trawlers allowed to fish. The
government also enacted closed fishing seasons.
Between 1982 and 1984 the trawler fleet included
only 8 vessels, which included 2 high-seas vessels (a
570-GRT vessel and a 2,584-GRT vessel). The
artisanal fleet grew rapidly as tourists visited Cyprus
and began paying high prices for fresh fish; the
fishing fleet reached 97 artisanal fishing boats in 1986
and in 1988 grew to 117 inshore vessels and 2
licensed trawlers.^ A new vessel (a 1,533-GRT) was
added in 1987. Another new vessel, a 5,624-GRT
vessel, appeared on Cypriot rolls in 1992. The
authors have no information about these vessels. It
is highly unlikely that these giant vessels are fishing
in coastal waters off Cyprus or that they are fishing
to supply the tourist trade on Cyprus (table 1).
The Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission
(lATTC) reported that the Isabel Tuna, a Cypriot-flag
tuna purse seiner, entered the lATTC tuna fishing
grounds for the first time in 1991.* The U.S.
Department of State advised the Government of
Cyprus of United States laws regarding requirements
for countries with purse seine vessels fishing for tuna
in the region.' On March 12, 1992, the Economic
Officer of the U.S. Embassy in Nicosia met with
officials of the Government of Cyprus to review the
question of Cypriot-flag vessels fishing for tuna in the
Pacific. Cypriot officials indicated that a directive
has been sent to all fishing vessels flying the Cypriot
flag concerning U.S. regulations.'" The Isabel Tuna
fished for yellowfin tuna in the lATTC area of the
Pacific throughout 1992 and into 1993." The FAO
statistical table does not reflect any catches in the
Pacific Ocean (FAO area 87) for 1991 (table 2).
In August 1993, the Office of Naval Intelligence,
identified 31 fishing vessels reflagged in Cyprus; the
vessels ranged from the Triton (a 39-GRT vessel built
in the UK in 1972) to the Klaipedskii Bereg (1 1,755-
GRT Russian refrigerated vessel built in East
Germany in 1990). See table 4 for a listing of
reflagged vessels registered in Cyprus in 1993.
3 . Modernization Programs
All new fishing vessels entering the Cypriot
fishing fleet reportedly at limited to 250-horsepower
engines and must displace an old vessel of a similar
size. This, reportedly, has limited the growth of the
Cypriot fishing fleet to a total of 8 trawlers.'^
4. Decommissioning Programs
The authors are not aware of any
decommissioning programs.
5. Shipyards
Cypriot shipyards probably can build and repair
small wooden boats and possibly some steel-hulled
vessels. The authors have very little additional
information about Cypriot shipyards.
6. International Agreements
Cypriot trawlers once fished off the coasts of
Egypt and Israel where they averaged about 500
kilograms of fish on a daily basis. No additional
information is available to the authors about
international fishery agreements reached by Cyprus
and other countries.
173
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans
The authors have no information about the
operations of the Cypriot high-seas fleet, except for
the Isabel Tuna.
SOURCES
FAO Country Profiles, "CYPRUS: The high-priced
luxury food," Fishing News International,
January 1980, p. 37.
Farrugio, H. "L'Exemplaire amenagement de la
peche a Chypre," Equinoxe, June 24, 1988, p.
37.
Cyprus
Mediterranean Sea
Ri20karpasg/i/
Kyrenia
United NatJoni\ V~T — ^ — ^~
BuMer Zone TuthshCypn,,!'
aamtmstsrsa afsdl
vFamagusta
Area cofitrolled by Cyprus _
Gcve'nmef^t CSree* aftmj J Lafnaca
^Paphos
Vssilikos
EpiatoprS rLimassol
Mediterranean Sea
Garcia, S. and A. Demetropoulos, "Management of
Cyprus fisheries," FAO Fisheries Technical
Paper, No. 250, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1986,
p.l.
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission,
Quarterly Report, Fourth Quarter, 1991, ISSN
1048-6259, La Jolla, 1992, p.25.
"Regulations governing the harvesting and
exporting of yellowfin tuna in the Eastern
Tropical Pacific Ocean," U.S. Department of
State, Washington, D.C. January 22, 1992.
U.S. Embassy, Nicosia, various reports.
World Factbook, 1991, Central Intelligence
Agency, Washington, D.C
174
Table 1. -CYPRUS. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels, ranked by tonnage, 1975-92.
Y(»ar
r^rncc noCTicforoH Tnnc /tf^DT^
Total
500-999
1,000
-1,999
Over 2,000
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
1975
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1976
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1977
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1978
1,227
2
1,176
1
-
-
2,403
3
1979
544
2,653
2
-
-
3,197
3
1980
570
-
-
-
-
570
1
1981
570
-
-
2,584
1
3,154
2
1982
570
-
-
2,584
1
3,154
2
1983
570
-
-
2,584
1
3,154
2
1984
570
-
-
2,584
1
3,154
2
1985
570
-
-
4,885
2
5,455
3
1986
570
-
-
2,584
1
3,154
2
1987
570
1,533
2,584
1
4,687
3
1988
570
1,533
2,584
1
4,687
3
1989
-
-
1,533
-
-
1,533
1
1990
-
-
1,519
-
-
1,519
1
1991
-
-
1,737^
-
-
1,737
1
1992
-
-
1,737
5,624
2
7,361
3
Source: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK,
various years.
This vessel presumably is the Isabel Tuna which was first listed on the lATTC fleet list in 1991.
175
Table 2.--CYPRUS. Fisheries catch by FAO arej
I, 1975, 1980, 1985-91
Area
1975
1980
1985
1986
1989
1990
1991 1
1987
1988
1,000 Metric Tons
Inland
(FAO area 05)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Coastal
(Mediterranean,
FAO area 37)
1.0
1.3
2.4
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.6
Total
1.1
1.4
2.5
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.7
2.7
2.7
Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, various years.
176
Table 3. -CYPRUS. Listing of reflagged fishing vessels registered in 1993.
Country and
year the
Previous
Vessel type
Name
Tonnage
vessel was
built
flag
{^niintrv
YftAr
Gross Registered Tons
Admiral Zavoiko
1,899
Norway
1991
Russian
Factory trawler
Aleksey Chirikov
1.899
Norway
1990
Russian
Factory trawler
Atlantis IX
152
Australia
1979
Australia
N.A.
Avangard
2,649
Norway
1989
Russian
Factory trawler
Buccaneer I
152
Australia
1879
Australia
N.A.
Bukhta Naezdnik
1,899
Norway
1991
Russian
Factory trawler
Caribic II.
3.431
Japan
1972
Japanese
Factory trawler
Chiquita Abava
7,390
Poland
1992
Reefer
Eefeji
100
Netherlands
1985
N.A.
Fisherman
442
France
1972
N.A.
Galina
4,038
Poland
1992
Factory trawler
Gerda
492
Netherlands
1989
Netherlands
N.A.
Grand Fisherman
375
Iceland
1977
N.A.
Isabel Tuna
2,161
Spain
1991
Tuna purse seiner
Jan Wiilem'
153
East Germany
1968
N.A.
Klaipedskii Bereg
11,755
East Germany
1990
Russian
Reefer
Kurpie
8,864
Poland
1988
Poland
Reefer
Lenabella
106
Poland
1967
Cutter
Mary Rose
106
Poland
1967
Cutter
Mys Vindis
1,899
Norway
1991
Russian
Factory trawler
Naftilos III.
118
Australia
1978
N.A.
'' Decommissioned from EC rolls on October 20, 1988. No information available on the new buyers
of the vessel.
" Decommissioned from EC registry on October 24, 1988. No information on the new buyer.
177
Nafiilos IV.
122
Australia
1979
N.A.
Novik
1,899
Norway
1991
Russian
Factory trawler
Petr Iljin
1,919
Norway
1992
Russian
Factory trawler
Poolsler
129
East Germany
1970
N.A.
Rex
626
Japan
1973
N.A.
Santa Maria
105
Netherlands
1961
N.A.
Sterkoder
1,899
Norway
1991
Russian
Factory trawler
Thalie Zachos
121
France
1956
N.A.
Triton
39
U.K.
1972
N.A.
Vilyuchinskiy
1,899
Norway
1990
Russian
Factory trawler
Source: Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy
178
E^fDNOTES
1. H. Farrugio, "L'Exemplaire amenagement de la peche a Chypre," Equinoxe, June 24, 1988, p. 37.
2. The World Factbook, 1991, Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, D.C., p. 77. The report notes that the
UK maintains military bases in Cyprus which account for the remaining 5 percent of the land area.
3. S. Garcia and A. Demetropoulos, "Management of Cyprus fisheries," FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, No.
250, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1986, p.l.
4. S. Garcia and A. Demetropoulos, "Management of Cyprus fisheries," FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, No.
250, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1986, p.l.
5. S. Garcia and A. Demetropoulos, "Management of Cyprus fisheries," FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, No.
250, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1986, p.l.
6. FAO Country Profiles, "CYPRUS: The high-priced luxury food," Fishing News International, January 1980,
p. 37.
7. "Agriculture in Northern Cyprus," U.S. Embassy, Nicosia, October 17, 1989.
8. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, Quarterly Report, Fourth Quarter, 1991, ISSN 1048-6259, La
JoUa, 1992, p. 25.
9. "Regulations governing the harvesting and exporting of yellowfin tuna in the Eastern Tropical Pacific
Ocean," U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. January 22, 1992.
10. "GOC response on yellowfin tuna," U.S. Embassy, Nicosia, March 13, 1992.
11. Inter- American Tropical Tuna Commission, Quarterly Report, First Quarter, 1993, ISSN 1048-6259, La
Jolla, 1993, p. 35.
12. H. Farrugio, "L'Exemplaire amenagement de la peche a Chypre," Equinoxe, June 24, 1988, p. 37.
179
180
3.2
FAROE ISLANDS
The Faroese fishing fleet in 1 992 consisted of 2 1 7 wooden and steel vessels (59 , 539-GRT) , including 25 modem
high-seas trawlers that normally fish the rough waters of the North Atlantic. The Faroe Islands have been buffeted
by economic dislocation and the decline in lucrative whitefish stocks. Many ultra-modem Faroese trawlers are for
sale at "bargain" prices and many have been sold to customers around the world. Additional Faroese high-seas
trawlers are expected to be sold in the next 2-3 years. The Faroe Islands remain dependent upon distant-water
fishing grounds, primarily off Labrador, Greenland, and Norway, for approximately half of their catch. Although
one distant-water venture off South Africa was attempted (which failed) and one venture in New Zealand began in
1990, the Faroese are not expected to seek distant fishing grounds outside of the North Atlantic in the near future.
CONTENTS
1. General Background 171
2. Fleet Background 172
3. Modernization Programs 173
4. Decommissioning Programs 173
5. Shipyards 174
6. Intemational Agreements 174
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 175
Sources 175
Endnotes 183
1. General Background
The Faroe Islands, a remote group of 18 islands
situated between Scotland and Iceland, have a long
tradition of fishing. The Faroes' 200-mile Exclusive
Economic Zone (EEZ) includes 274,000 square
kilometers of fishing grounds. This area is
influenced by the mixing of the warm Gulf Stream
and cold northem currents; this confluence generates
large quantities of plankton and results in excellent
feeding conditions for many species of fish. The
basis of the Faroese economy is fishing. Exports of
fishery products account for over 90 percent of the
nation's total foreign exchange earnings. In recent
years, the catch of "traditional" species, cod,
haddock, and whiting, declined as the loss of distant
fishing grounds, biological fluctuations, and
overfishing have slowly taken their toll. The Faroese
Government responded to the loss of distant fishing
grounds and the decline in lucrative local species by
providing massive subsidies to both the fishing fleet
and onshore processing industries. The subsidy
program, although well intentioned, added further
pressure on overfished local stocks and eventually
undermined the economic efficiency of the industry,
leading to bankruptcies in the 1990s. Despite
massive subsidies, the Faroese catch declined from
390,000 tons in 1987 to 251,000 tons in 1992.'
In early 1993, the Faroese Home Rule
Government, in agreement with the Danish
Government, established a Faroese/Danish working
group, called the "Structural Committee" to review
the short-term and long-term consequences of the
Faroese fishing fleet. The study, which was released
on July 1, 1993, deals with the "fresh fish" (coastal)
181
fleet and does not deal with the high-seas fleet. The
committee acknowledged that the Faroese fishing fleet
was too large for the available resources, but did not
recommend a reduction in the size of the fleet. ^ The
committee did not want to propose measures which
would increase unemployment, widen the income
gap, or add increased pressure on public budgets. It
has, therefore, recommended that the number of
fishery licenses in the Faroe Island's coastal fleet be
kept at the July 1, 1993 level. ^ An overview of the
Faroese fishing industry can be seen in tables 1-7.
2. Fleet Background
The first Faroese vessel to begin fishing in distant-
waters was the Fox, a 28-year old sloop purchased
from a fisherman in Grimsby, England in 1870."
The vessel, was used to fish off Iceland. Many
Faroese fishermen followed in these footsteps by
buying used boats in England for fishing off Iceland.'
A century later, the Faroese fishing fleet was
profitably fishing in 3 different zones: coastal waters
(inside the Faroese 200-mile EEZ), middle waters
(off Iceland, eastern Greenland, the North Sea, the
Baltic, Norway, and Rockall, UK), and distant-
waters (Newfoundland, western Greenland, off
Norway, including the Norwegian Sea and the
Barents Sea, shown in table 6). The establishment of
200-mile EEZs in the mid-1970s, however, adversely
affected the Faroese fishing industry and caused a
period of painful economic readjustment for the
whole Faroese economy.* In the early 1980s,
recognizing the loss of their former fishing grounds,
and faced with possible overfishing of their own
waters, the Government embarked on a program to
3(
25
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Figure 1.— Faroese high-seas fishing fleet,
1975-92.
modernize the Faroese fisheries. The Govenunent's
plan was twofold: first, to support the construction of
new vessels which could fish for new species of fish,
thereby reducing pressure on overfished species.
This included the construction of vessels which could
trawl in very deep waters within the Faroese 200-
mile zone. Second, it was designed to modernize
both onshore and offshore processing, to produce
higher quality products at more competitive prices for
export customers. One of the first vessels purchased
under this program, was the Reynsatindur, a 3,800-
Gross Registered Ton (GRT) vessel designed to catch
and process abundant stocks of blue whiting for
conversion into surimi (minced fish meat). This
vessel was purchased from Italy in 1983^ as part of
the program to shift the operations of the fishing fleet
away from traditional species; blue whiting was
abundant and production of the value-added surimi
appeared to be logical. The potential pitfalls of the
massive subsidy program, however, were becoming
clear as early as 1985,* but rather than reducing
subsidies, the Home Rule Government spent more
money on the modernization of the fleet. In 1986,
the Government earmarked $188 million to build 19
new vessels, including 4 shrimp trawlers, 1 or 2
scallop trawlers, 4 longliners, 4 blue whiting
trawlers, and 5 or 6 other vessels to replace outdated
vessels.' The increased size of the Faroese high-seas
fishing fleet could be seen in the period 1983-86
(tables 1 and 2 and figure 1). The Faroese highs-seas
fishing fleet in 1988 consisted of 35 vessels;'" 13
shrimp trawlers," 15 purse seiners and blue whiting
trawlers and 7 saltfish trawlers and longliners.'^ The
high-seas fleet declined to 25 vessels by 1990 as
economic dislocations forced many companies to
reduce their operations or sell off their vessels (table
3).
Fishing beyond the Faroese 200-mile EEZ
remains an important source of fish to Faroese
fishermen; 123,000 tons out 25 1 ,000 tons were taken
in high-seas fisheries in 1992 (Table 6 and figure
2)." More than half of the cod and all of the shrimp
caught in 1992 came from waters outside of the
Faroe Islands.'" It is noteworthy that the Faroese
catch of cod has declined from 43,900 tons in 1989
to 20,800 tons in 1992. The catch of shrimp went
from 14,000 tons to 10,900 tons during the same
period. Landings of haddock and saithe also declined
signficantly during the same years. In 1992,
however, the catch of blue whiting, capelin, and
182
mackerel increased and this helped reverse the
decline in landings which bottomed out at 231,670
tons in 1991. '^
The largest high-seas fleet operator is J.F.
Kjolbro of Klaksvik. The firm operates 4 trawlers
which fish in the Barents Sea, Greenland, and
Labrador. The company produces saltfish aboard
their vessels for exports to Spain, Italy, and Greece. ""
The company purchased two of their massive stem
trawlers, the Sundalberg and another vessel, from
Norway in October 1988 and February 1989. '^
Fishing and the national economy are closely
linked in the Faroe Islands. Huge investments in
infrastructure since the early 1970s, together with
investments in, and significant subsidies to, the
fisheries sector eroded the country's economic basis
and resulted in a $1.3 billion debt by 1990.'* The
fishing industry generates $400 million in export
earnings aimually and accounts for over 90 percent of
the nation's total export earnings. This is far below
the amount needed to keep pace with the massive
subsidy program which has sapped the country's
economic strength." During the past few years,
subsidies to the fishing industry have been gradually
reduced and a complete halt in subsidy expenditures
is planned for the next few years.^"
3 . Modernization Programs
The Faerasemes Realkreditinstitut provides first
mortgages for up to 50 percent of the value of a new
fishing vessel. The Denmark Fiskeribank grants
second mortgages (15- to 20-percent) and the Faroese
Government provides, under certain circumstances,
the third mortgage."' An additional source of loans
for large fishing vessels or comes from Denmark
Skibskreditfond.^'
Following the creation of many new 200-mile
EEZs, the Government of the Faroe Islands
embarked on a program to modernize both the fleet
and onshore processing sectors. Funds were made
available to encourage fishermen to look for new
species of fish. Many fishermen, stimulated by these
subsidized programs, invested heavily in ultra-
modem, and very expensive, new fishing vessels in
the late 1980s."
The Faroese high-seas fishing fleet in 1990
consisted of 25 high-seas fishing vessels registering
24,700-GRT. The fleet includes one super purse
seiner registering just over 2,000-GRT (Table 1).
The outlook for the Faroese fisheries, including the
high-seas fleet, remains clouded by both economic
and biological considerations.
Despite gloomy predictions about the fishing
industry. Fishing News International reported that
Faroese buyers were negotiating with Fishery
Products Intemational of Newfoundland, Canada
concerning the potential purchase of 15 stem
trawlers.^'' Thus, despite problems the fishing
industry appears optimistic and it is possible that the
Faroese fishing fleet could expand in the near future.
■ C«ASTAL MMIULE □»IST*NT|
Figure 2. -Faroese fisheries catch, by fishing
grounds, 1989-92.
4. Decommissioning Programs
Unfortunately, the modemization program failed
to halt the country's declining catches. Faced with
growing economic difficulties, the Faroese decided to
scrap many of their vessels in early 1989." Many of
the vessels purchased in 1987 and 1988 are now laid
up as they are unable to compete economically in
world markets without continued subsidies,
particularly in the face of declining stocks at home
and abroad. As a result, vessels- which cost $15
million to build only a few years ago are being
offered for sale for half that price." Since 1989,
there has been a continuous reduction of the fishing
fleet. This is due mainly to bankruptcies among the
owners of fishing vessels. A decommissioning
program adopted by the Government of the Faroe
Islands in 1990 has also had an impact on this
reduction." The Faroese fishing fleet has been
183
reduced by some 20 percent since 1989, both by sale
to buyers in overseas markets as well as by
scrapping.
The target is for a further reduction in the size of
the fleet and sales of Faroese vessels have continued
well into 1993. Four Faroese trawlers, for example,
were sold at auction in South Africa after
accumulating debts while attempting to fish off
Namibia. On March 1, 1993, the Sudurhavid,
Midhavid, Ferina Suna and Ferina Star were sold at
auction to South Africa's Irvin & Johnson, a firm
identified only as Oceanos, and a firm identified as
Namibian Sea Fisheries.'* Seventeen Faorese fishing
vessels were auctioned off in June 1993, as banks
sought to recover their investments. Another 30 to
40 vessels are now available for sale. The auction
attracted buyers from as far away as New Zealand.
Prices for some of these vessels were 40 to 50
percent below normal prices."
The Faroese Government provides subsidies to
fishermen willing to scrap their vessels. No
information is available on the amount of these
subsidies.'"
5. Shipyards
United States.'^ The U.S. -Faroe agreement expired
on July 1, 1991. Most negotiations are bilateral and
include an exchange of species desired by Faroese
fishermen (cod, whiting, haddock, and shrimp) for
species desired by other fishermen (mostly blue
whiting, herring, and sand eel).'' In recent years, the
Faroese, (with the assistance of Denmark), have
reached new agreements with Russia, Latvia,
Lithuania, and Estonia. The new agreements
provides a 1993 quota for blue whiting as follows:
Russia (140,000 tons), Latvia (12,000 tons),
Lithuania ( 10,000 tons), and Estonia (6,000 tons). In
exchange, the Faroese received quotas for other
species including cod, capelin, herring, sprats,
Atlantic salmon,'* and shrimp."
Ten years after most nations extended their EEZs
to 200-miles, the Faroese fisheries were still highly
dependent upon distant-waters for almost half their
catch. The 1992 Faroese fisheries catch included
72,000 tons caught in "middle" waters and 51,000
tons in "distant" waters (table 6). In exchange for
1993 quotas of 222,281 tons of fish in waters of
other countries, the Faroese gave quotas of 272,160
tons to other nation's to fish in their waters (table 7).
Foreign-flag vessels harvested 160,000 tons in
Faroese waters in 1992.'*
The Faroese have 2 large shipyards and several
smaller shipyards which undertake both repairs and
the construction of new vessels. Vessels up to about
2,000 tons deadweight can be built in the Faroe
Islands. The Skala Shipyard built the Heygadrangur
as a blue whiting processor. The ship was built in
1988 as part of the program to develop offshore
resources; the original owner was unable to pay for
the ship and, as a result, it was eventually sold at a
bargain price to a buyer in Orkney, Scotland."
6. International Agreements
The Faroese have been fishing in international
waters for over a century. During the last 100 years,
the Faroese fisheries became dependent on distant
fishing grounds for well over half their total fisheries
catch. In the 1970's, increasing numbers of countries
extended their EEZ to 200-miles. The Faroe Islands
established a 200-mile EEZ on January 1, 1977.
They quickly initiated negotiations to maintain access
to their former fishing grounds with the EC,'^
Iceland," Norway, the USSR, Canada, and even the
The continued reliance on distant-waters has
contributed to the gradual decline in the Faroese
catch. This has been especially true for Atlantic cod.
Landings of this prized fish have declined from
Canada across the North Atlantic to Great Britain
with disastrous consequences for Faroese and local
fishermen alike. This biological phenomenon has led
to some bankruptcies and forced the sale of some
fishing vessels." Biological disruptions in distant
fishing grounds, overfishing in local waters, and
highly subsidized fishing fleets have impacted the
Faroese and made it difficult to predict accurately the
future of this important fishery.
The Faroe Islands did not join the European
Community with Denmark when the Danes joined the
EC in 1973. An autonomous trade agreement with
the EC was reached in 1974. This agreement was
replaced by a bilateral trade agreement in 1992,
which permits most Faroese products to enter the EC
free of duties. The Faroese parliament has recently
decided to remain outside the EC; it is thought that
the advantages of full membership would be
outweighed by its disadvantages.""
184
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans
Economic difficulties can result in the sale of
vessels at any time. Many Faroese fishing vessels
have already been sold to foreign buyers.
Economic difficulties may also force fishermen
to seek opportunities in distant-waters. In 1990, a
Faroese company reached an agreement with
Waigunuei Trawlers on the North Island of New
Zealand to establish a joint venture operation. The
Faroese owner had sent his Polarborg I to fish for
orange roughy, hoki, and squid. The vessel was
scheduled to arrive in New Zealand on August 8,
1990."' The Polarborg I was built in a Norwegian
shipyard as a wet fish/freezer trawler for bottom and
pelagic fishmg in 1988."' Previously a Faroese effort
to fish off Namibia was attempted, but the venture
failed and the vessels were sold at auction in South
Africa in an attempt by banks to recover some of
their expenses. These efforts appear isolated.
Faroese fishermen are not expected to seek
distant fishing grounds where fishing conditions and
species are different from those of the North Atlantic.
It is likely, however, that Faroese fishermen will seek
to maintain their access to their traditional fishing
grounds in the North Atlantic. The Faroese will look
to Deimiark for assistance in negotiating new annual
agreements with the EC and countries such as
Greenland, Canada, Iceland, Norway, Russia and the
Baltic countries.
SOURCES
Danielsen, Birger. "Bread for the Faroes - fish for
the world," Faroe Isles Review, Volume 1, No.
1, 1976, p.45.
"Faer0emes banker ramt af pengemangel" and
"Lavvande i landskassen," Berlingske Tidende,
August 6, 1993.
Faroese Business Environment, 1990, The Faroese
Government, Copenhagen, 1990, p. 29.
Faroese Statistical Bulletin, May 1992, p. 15.
"Fish export decline, inflation cause crisis in
Faeroes," Hufvudstadsbladet , Helsinki (in
Swedish), April 16, 1985, p. 14.
Fishing News International, various issues.
Folsom, William B. "Faroe Islands Fisheries Sector,
1989-90," International Fisheries Report (IFR-
90/09), National Marine Fisheries Service,
NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce,
February 9, 1990.
Seren Hansen, Senior Economic Specialist, U.S.
Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark
Hulgaard, Erling. Danish Ministry of Fisheries, fax
dated August 6, 1993
Johanse, Tryggvi. Faroese Government Office, letter
to Erling Hulgaard, dated June 3, 1993
Milazzo, Matteo. "The Faroese Fishing Industry,"
International Fisheries Report (IFR-78/42),
National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S.
Department of Commerce, 1978
Palme, Christian. "Hard Times for fishing — Debts
hurting Faeroes," Dagens Nyheter, Stockholm,
May 28, 1985, p. 10.
Scudder, Bernard. "Faroe Islands aim to stay one
step ahead," Seafood International, September
1991, p. 39
World Fishing, various issues.
Faroe Islands
(pari of the Danish realm)
North skJvoy'^
Atlantic b
Ocean
185
Table 1. --FAROE ISLANDS. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels,
ranked by tonnage, 1975-90.
Year
Gross R
Bgistered Tons (GRT)
500-999
1,000-1,999
To*al
Over 2,000
-
y
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
1975
8,709
12
1,036
-
-
9,745
13
1976
10,285
14
1,036
-
-
11,321
15
1977
10,269
14
1,036
-
-
11,305
15
1978
11,211
15
1,036
-
-
12,247
16
1979
10,303
14
1,036
-
-
11,339
15
1980
10,872
15
1,036
-
-
11,908
16
1981
10,178
14
4,226
3
-
-
14,404
17
1982
9,440
13
4,226
3
-
-
13,666
16
1983
9,444
13
4,226
3
-
-
13,670
16
1984
10,785
15
5,262
4
3,816
P
19,863
20
1985
10,905
15
6,380
5
6,089
2
23,374
22
1986
12,355
17
6,380
5
6,089
2
24,824
24
1987"
10,083
14
12,923
11
4,942
2
27,948
27
1988
11,897
16
14,908
12
2,016
1
28,821
29
1989
11,973
16
13,980
11
2,016
1
27,969
28
1990
10,465
14
12,234
10
2,016
1
24,715
25
Sources: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various
years (1975-1986). Information in the shaded area is from Tryggvi Johansen, Faroese Government Office,
Copenhagen, Denmark in a letter to Eriing Hulgaard, June 3, 1993 (1987-1990).
' The Reynsatindur, a 3,816-GRT vessel, was designed to fish for blue whiting for conversion into surimi.
This was part of the effort to move the Faroese fishing industry away from reliance on traditional species. The
vessel was built in 1976 by an Italian fishing company that fished for squid off the United States Atlantic coast.
The Italians sold the vessel to the Faroese in 1983.
'' The fleet figures for 1987-90 were provided by Tryggvi Johansen, Faroese Government Office,
Copenhagen, Denmark in a letter to Eriing Hulgaard dated June 3, 1993. The table is shaded to draw the
reader's attention to this detail. All other figures were provided by Lloyds Register of Shipping Statistical
Tables.
186
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Table 3. --FAROE ISLANDS. -High-seas fishing fleet, by type and tonnage of vessel, 1987-1990.
Vessel type
1987
1988
1«
ISO
\^yy, II
Number
Tonnage
Tonnage
Number
Tonnage
Number
Tonnage
Number
500-999-GRT:
Factory stem trawlers
3
2,472
4
3,423
3
2,576
3
2,576
Freezer stem trawler
4
2,944
4
2,944
5
3,867
5
3,867
Wet-fish trawler
2
1,299
4
2,867
4
2,867
3
2,083
Purse seiners
5
3,368
4
2,663
4
2,663
3
1,939
Sub-total
14
10,083
16
11,897
16
11,973
14
10,465
1,000-1,999-GRT
Factory stem trawlers
4
4,429
5
6,414
5
6,673
5
6,348
Freezer stem trawlers
4
4,714
4
4,714
4
4,714
3
3,645
Purse seiners
3
3,780
3
3,780
2
2,593
1
1,087
Fishing vessels, nei
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1,154
Sub-total
11
12,923
12
14,908
11
13,980
10
12,234
Over 2,000-GRT
Factory stem trawlers
1
2,926
-
-
-
-
-
-
Purse seiners
1
2,016
1
2,016
1
2,016
1
2,016
Sub-total
2
4,942
1
2,016
1
2,016
1
2,016
TOTAL FLEET
27
27,948
29
28,821
28
27,969
25
24,715
Source: Tryggvi Johansen,
'aroese Go\
'emment Of
ice, Copen
hagen, Denr
nark in a le
tter to Erlinj
I Hulgaard,
June 3, 1993
188
Table 4. --FAROE ISLANDS. Fisheries catch by FAO area, 1975, 1980, 1985-91
Area
1975
1980
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1.000 Metric Tons
Inland
(FAO area 05)
Negl.
Negl.
Negl.
Negl.
Negl.
Negl.
Negl.
Negl.
Negl.
Coastal"
(Northeastern Atlantic and
Baltic Sea, FAO area 27)
264.0
263.0
369.8
346.9
382.6
348.2
297.4
276.7
233.9
Distant-water
(Northwestern Atlantic,
FAO area 21)
22.0
12.1
4.2
5.3
6.9
11.7
12.5
10.5
12.2
Total
286.0
275.1
374.0
352.2
389.5
359.9
309.9
287.2
246.1
Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, various years.
" The distinction between "coastal" and "distant-water" can be misleading, since FAO area 27 stretches from
eastern Greenland to the Baltic Sea and north to the Barents Sea.
189
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Table 6. --FAROE ISLANDS. Catch by Faroese vessels, by fishing ground, 1989-92.
Fishing ground
1989
1990
1991
1992
Metric tons, live weight
Faroese waters: \
Coastal waters
144,438
154,226
145,666
128,255
Sub-total
144,438
154,226
145,666
128,255
Middle fishing grounds:
Iceland
18,550
28,980
9,036
16,191
East Greenland
and Jan Mayen
8,182
887
1,126
9,538
Denmark Strait, Hatton Bank,
and Rockall
47
4
19
4,746
Baltic Sea
4,499
3,558
2,992
602
North Sea, west of the British
Isles, and the Skagerak
87,895
44,622
19,345
24,511
Norwegian waters
6,943
11,297
12,534
16,449
Sub-total
126,116
89,348
45,052
72,037
Distant fishing grounds:
Canada and Flemish Cap
1,761
5,782
6,476
3,543
West Greenland
480
233
247
319
Barents Sea:
Northern Norway
4,245
2,704
3,586
11,034
Gray zone
3,086
4,712
6,004
5,105
Russian zone
9,625
2,707
16,369
22,893
Svalbard
4,251
5,891
6,020
5,359
Other
9,500
2,492
2,250
2,312
Sub-total
32,948
24,521
40,952
50,565
TOTAL CATCH
303,502
268,095
231,670
250,857
Source: Faroese Statistical Bulletin, May 1993, p. 15.
191
Table 7. --FAROE ISLANDS. Faroese quotas in foreign waters and foreign quotas in Faroese waters, by country, 1992-1993.
Country
Faorese quotas in foreign waters
Foreign quotas in Faroese waters
1992
1993
1992
1993
Metric tons
Russia
36,696
30,300
122,200
142,200
Norway
59,145
57,750
58,700
55,900
Iceland
6,500
6,000
-
-
Canada
800
800
-
-
EEC
110,735
111,305
45,660
46,060
Estonia
720
1,925
6,000
6,000
Latvia
1,520
4,630
12,000
12,000
Lithuania
760
5,395
6,000
10,000
Other, nes
3,886
4,176
-
-
TOTAL
220,762
222,281
250,560
272,160
Source: Faroese Statistical
Bulletin, May 1993, p.
Ui.
Table 8.— FAROE ISLANDS. Faroese quotas in foreign waters and foreign quotas in Faroese waters,
by species, 1992-1993.
Species
Faorese quotas in foreign
waters
Foreign quotas in Faroese
waters
1992
1993
1992
1993
Metric tons
Cod and haddock
17,001
22,330
500
500
Other demersal species
16,941
15,841
21,360
20,560
Mackerel
13,360
13,930
22,300
23,700
Herring
3,160
7,060
0
0
Capelin
45,000
27,000
0
0
Sprat and horse mackerel
9,000
19,800
0
5,000
Norway pout, sandeels, etc.
38,000
38,000
5,000
0
Blue whiting
72,000
72,000
197,000
220,000
Shrimp
4,150
4,150
0
0 1
Other species
2,150
2,170
2,400
2,400
TOTAL
220,762
222,281
248,560
272,160
Source: Faroese Statistical BuUetii
1, May 1993, p.
J-ll
192
ENDNOTES
1. Faroese Statistical Bulletin, May 1992, p. 15.
2. Seren Hansen, Senior Economic Specialist, U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark, fax dated August 10,
1993.
3. Saren Hansen, Senior Economic Specialist, U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark, fax dated August 10,
1993.
4. Bernard Scudder, "Faroe Islands aim to stay one step ahead," Seafood International, September 1991, p. 39
and Birgir Danielsen, "Bread for the Faroes - fish for the world," Faroe hies Review, Volume 1, No. 1, 1976,
p.45.
5. Birgir Danielsen, "Bread for the Faroes - fish for the world," Faroe Isles Review, Volume 1, No. 1, 1976,
p.45.
6. Faroese Business Environment, 1990, The Faroese Govenmient, Copenhagen, 1990, p. 29.
7. Christian Palme, "Hard Times for fishing — Debts hurting Faeroes," Dagens Nyheter, Stockholm, May 28,
1985, p. 10. and "3,800-ton Italian trawler refits for blue whiting," Fishing News International, June 1983.
8. "Fish export decline, inflation cause crisis in Faeroes," Hufvudstadsbladet , Helsinki (in Swedish), April 16,
1985, p. 14.
9. "Faroes see future in new trawlers," Fishing News International, March 1986, p. 53.
10. Faroe Islands, World Fishing, October 1988, p. 46. This is above the author's estimate of 26 vessels, but is
probably accurate.
11. These vessels can be quite large. The Faroe Prawns, built by Norway's Langsten Slip for P/F Chlamys of
Tvoroyri in the Faroe Islands registered 2,015-GRT. The vessels was delivered in January 1987. "Another ship
from Norway for Faroe prawn fleet," Fishing News International, March 1987, p. 27.
12. The Lloyds Register, unfortunately, listed the Faroese fishing fleet together with the Danish fishing fleet
beginning in 1987.
13. Faroese Statistical Bulletin, May 1993, p. 15.
14. Faroese Statistical Bulletin, May 1993, p. 39.
15. Faroese Statistical Bulletin, May 1993, p. 16.
16. Faroese Statistical Bulletin, May 1993, p. 39.
17. "Two more for Faroe," Fishing News International, July 1988.
18. Faroese Business Environment, 1990, The Faroese Govenmient, Copenhagen, 1990, p. 33.
193
19. William B. Folsom, "Faroe Islands Fisheries Sector, 1989-90," International Fisheries Report (lFR-90/09),
National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, February 9, 1990. The situation in
the Faroe Islands continues to face serious problems. Erling Hulgaard, Danish Ministry of Fisheries, fax dated
August 6, 1993 and "Fasroemes banker ramt af pengemangel" and "Lavvande i landskassen, " Berlingske
Tidende, August 6, 1993.
20. Tryggvi Johanse, Faroese Government Office, letter to Erling Hulgaard, dated June 3, 1993. This was in
response to a draft of the report sent to Mr. Hulgaard by the authors.
21. Faroese Business Environment, 1990, The Faroese Govermnent, Copenhagen, 1990, p. 60.
22. Faroese Business Environment, 1990, The Faroese Govenmient, Copenhagen, 1990, p. 60.
23. The U.S. Embassy in Copenhagen reports that subsidies include operational support, guarantees, and
preferential loans. No monetary values are provided for these subsidies, but they are probably as large as
Government price and income supports which amounted to $84 million in 1989 and $38 million in 1992. Seren
Hansen, Senior Economic Specialist, U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen, Deimiark, fax dated August 10, 1993.
24. Fishing News International, April 1993, p. 42. It was later reported that Canadian-origin vessels, back by
Faroese capital, and registered in Belize, the Dominican Republic, and St. Vincent, were fishing in the so-called
"Loophole" between the Norwegian FEZ and the Russian FEZ in the Barents Sea. "Norway acts on fishing in
Barents Sea "Loophole." U.S. Embassy, Oslo, August 18, 1993. The authors have no information linking the
meetings in early 1993 with the alleged involvement off Norway in mid- 1993.
25. Ian Strutt, "Faroe starts major scrapping scheme," Fishing News International, June 1989, p. 58. Strutt
reported: "A political decision has been taken in the Faroe Islands to reduce the fleet by 30 percent."
26. William B. Folsom, "Faroe Islands Fisheries Sector, 1989-90," International Fisheries Report (IFR-90/09),
National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, February 9, 1990.
27. "Faroes Start Major Scrapping Scheme," Fishing News International, June 1989, p. 58.
28. "Faroe Fleet Auctioned in Cape Town," Fishing News International, April 1993, p. 42.
29. "Faroese clings on to newer ships - despite fleet auction," Fishing News International, July 1993, p. 42.
30. Saren Hansen, Senior Economic Specialist, U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark, fax dated August 10,
1993.
31. "Big vessels sell-off gathers pace," Fishing News International, August 1990, p. 56.
32. The Faroe-EC fisheries agreement was negotiated in 1974 and ran through 1991, when it was renegotiated.
Under the agreement the Faroes can export fishery products to Denmark duty free. Similar exports to the UK
and Ireland are permitted at a reduced quota.
33. On April 17, 1991, the Governments of Iceland and the Faroe Islands agreed that the Faroese would end
their open sea salmon quota for 3 years, beginning in 1991. Iceland gave the Faroese an increased allocation of
halibut as part of their program to protect wild Atlantic salmon. U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen, April 25, 1991.
34. Matteo Milazzo, "The Faroese Fishing Industry," International Fisheries Report (IFR-78/42), National
Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1978 provides a comprehensive look at the
various international fishery agreements negotiated by the Faroe Islands in 1977-78.
194
35. Bernard Scudder, "Faroe Islands aim to stay one step ahead," Seafood International, September 1991,
p. 43.
36. These are probably salmon that have been released into the Baltic by Swedish, Finnish, or other countries as
part of salmon enhancement programs.
37. Faroese Statistical Bulletin, May 1993, p. 11.
38. Faroese Business Environment, 1990, The Faroese Govenmient, Copenhagen, 1990, p. 110 and Tryggvi
Johansen, Faroese Government Office, Copenhagen, Denmark in a letter to Erling Hulgaard dated June 3,
1993.
39. William B. Folsom, "Faroe Islands Fisheries Sector, 1989-90," International Fisheries Report (IFR-90/09),
National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, February 9, 1990.
40. Tryggvi Johansen, Faroese Government Office in a letter to Erling Hulgaard, dated June 3, 1993.
41. "Big ship sell-off gathers pace," Fishing News International, August 1990, p. 56.
42. "Versatile trawlers delivered to Faroes..." World Fishing, July 1988, p. 23.
195
196
3.3
FINLAND
Finland's only high-seas vessel was sold in 1981 and has never been replaced. Finland is not expected to
play a role in high-seas fisheries in the next few years.
CONTENTS
1. General Background 197
2. Fleet Background 197
3. Modernization programs 197
4. Decommissioning Programs 198
5. Shipyards 198
6. International Agreements 198
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 199
Sources 199
Endnotes 203
1. General Background
Commercial fishing is not a major economic
activity in Finland and the fishing industry appears to
be declining in importance. The fisheries catch
declined in the past decade as has the size of the
fishing fleet and the number of fishermen. Finland
imported 31,000 tons of fish in 1991 and 1992 and
exported nearly 2,000 tons in both years. An
overview of the Finnish fishing industry can be seen
in tables 1-3.
species.^ Most of the commercial fishing takes place
in the Baltic Sea where growing pollution, increased
competition, and declining stocks have made fishing
less attractive in the past few decades. Much of the
Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) catch is used as
mink feed or increasingly as protein feed for rainbow
and brown trout in hatcheries.'
3. Modernization programs
2. Fleet Background
The Finnish fishing fleet has remained
unchanged at about 500 registered vessels during the
past 10 years.' The fleet includes about 100 herring
vessels and approximately 400 vessels used for
fishing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) or other
The Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and
Forestry administers a rebate program for the
construction of new fishing vessels. The program
originated in the 1950's and the last revisions to the
law were made in 1976. The Government provides
an interest subsidy for loans raised by fishermen in
private banks for an eight-year period. The interest
on the loans is linked to the base rate." Fishermen
197
pay 5-percent interest while the Government rebates
the remaining part of the base rate and an addition of
one percentage point. At the 1993 base rate level of
6-percent, the Govenmient's contribution is 1 -percent
plus 1 -percent. The rebate program has decreased
over the years. At the end of the 1980's, loans worth
approximately $3.5 million were authorized; the
value of these loans declined to about $2.2 million in
1992 and will be $0.8 million in 1993. Should
Finland join the EC, the system of providing interest
subsidies for construction of new fishing vessels in
Finland may end. There are few subsidy programs
for modernizing the fishing fleet, except for the
rebate program.'
4. Decommissioning Programs
The authors are not aware of any
decommissioning programs.
purchased 10-percent of the shares of Masa. The
Norwegian firm next purchased the Finnish
Government's shares (27-percent) and those of the
other owners in 1991.'
Finnish shipyards are reportedly doing very
well, with more orders now than they have had in the
past 10 years. Most of this work involves building
liquid natural gas (LGN) vessels, cruise ships, or
other specialty vessels. '°
6. International Agreements
Finland is located between Russia to the
east, Estonia and Lithuania in the south, Sweden to
the west, and Norway to the north. Countries located
around the Baltic Sea have negotiated fishery
agreements with their neighbors over the course of
many years.
5. Shipyards
There are 3 main shipyards in Finland:
HoUming, Rauma-Repola, and Warsila. The Holming
company built the scientific research vessel,
Akademik Mstislav Keldysh, a 5,500-GRT, in early
1983, for the USSR Academy of Sciences. The
shipyard also built a series of 3 scientific research
vessels in the 2,600-GRT range for the USSR in
1983 as well.*" The Holming shipyard is still
operational .
Rauma-Repola won major orders from the
Soviet Union in the mid-1980s and became very
dependent upon the USSR for its operations. The
company built 3 floating fish factories for the Soviet
Union.' Rauma-Repola also built the Antarctic
research ship, the Akademik Fedorov, for the USSR
in hopes of winning future orders. The problem of
dealing with special bilateral agreements with the
Soviet Union (involving barter arrangements)
complicated the arrangement of building vessels for
the USSR.* Rauma Repola merged with United
Paper Mills in 1990 and shortened its name simply to
Repola.
In 1986, the Wartsila shipyard merged with
a part of the state-owned Valmet shipbuilding facility;
after various financial and structural rearrangements,
the resulting company emerged as Masa Yards. In
1990, the Norwegian conglomerate, Kvaemer A/S
Finland, as a member of the Baltic Sea
Fishery Commission (BSFC), receives modest catch
quota for cod, herring, sprat, and Atlantic salmon.
Sea trout are not subject to quotas since they can be
artificially raised for release into the sea. Each
BSFC country, after receiving its aimual catch quota,
can exchange these quotas on a bilateral basis with
other member countries.
Finland, under the BSFC regime, negotiated
agreements with Estonia and Lithuania allowing
fishermen from those two countries to catch Atlantic
salmon and herring in Finnish waters in the Gulf of
Finland and in the northern part of the Baltic Sea. In
exchange, Estonia and Lithuania have given Finnnish
fishermen permission to fish for herring in their
fishing zones.
Finland negotiated a similar agreement with
Sweden covering the northern Baltic Sea and the Gulf
of Bothnia. The two countries have agreed that
Atlantic herring, salmon, and cod can be caught by
each countries' fishermen on an equal basis in their
respective fishing zones. The agreement does not
include European sprat (Sprattus sprattus) which
spends most of its life in the southern part of the
Baltic Sea. Finnish fishermen prefer catching herring
in the Swedish zone while Swedish fishermen prefer
catching cod in Finnish waters. The quotas and
respective bilateral fishing agreements are valid for
one year at a time.
198
After the Baltic states became independent,
the borders changed in such a way that the Russian
fishing zone in the Baltic Sea diminished. Finland
and Russia have not negotiated a new bilateral
fishery agreement. However, an existing fishery
agreement covering historic areas between the two
countries remains effective. The agreement allows
Finland to lease some old fishing grounds near Kotka
where Finnish fishermen traditionally fished before
World War II.
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans
Finland currently does not operate a high-
seas fleet. The outlook for the fleet of coastal fishing
vessels is not good; the fleet has steadily declined
over the past few years and this trend is expected to
continue.
Finland
SOURCES
"Finnish yard to build three giant Soviet factory
vessels," World Fishing, October 1986.
Review of Fisheries, 1988. Organization for
Economic Co-Operation and Development,
Committee for Fisheries, Paris, 1989.
U.S. Embassy, Helsinki, various reports.
199
Table 1. --FINLAND. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels,
ranked by tonnage, 1975-92.
Year
r^ _
_j ^Ti- /r^
T\rr^\
To
^~"
VI I u
5s Registereu loiis v*jivij
tal
500-999
1,000-1,999
Over 2,000
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
1975
581
1,299
1
-
-
1,880
2
1976
581
-
-
-
-
581
1977
581
-
-
-
-
581
1978
581
-
-
-
-
581
1979
581
-
-
-
-
581
1980
581
-
-
-
-
581
1981
581
-
-
-
-
581
1982
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1983
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1984
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1985
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1986
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1987
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1988
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1989
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1990
-
-
-
0
0
1991
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1992
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
Source
years.
Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables. Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various
200
ON
I
m
00
0\
3
T3
G
00
43
&
>
O
d
z
<
z
s;
ON
On
O
ON
ON
OS
00
o\
OO
00
ON
OO
ON
NO
00
On
00
ON
OO
ON
00
On
So
oo
o
o
■5
S
I
o
o
o
w
o
o
o
NO
00
ON
in
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r-
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00
uu
w
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NO
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o
o
NO
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00
60
is p^
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fc
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c
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8
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fN
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1^
On
NO^
00
ON
ON
ON_^
o^
ON
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oo'
00
00
o
no"
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no'
ON
00
en
ON
C3
O
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2 S g
« c S
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00
U
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o
o
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ON
00
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ON
o
m
ON
On
On
in
m
ON
ON
a.e
c
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t-i
ex
u
to
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- o
ope
■ S ^
cx n
ex a
C t/5 ON
S'l^ ON
o ^
>> O -^
^2
u
CX t~<
" I-
s ^
O (^
K. ° ^
■o S oj
i3
« P.
4> ra
.2 )^ "^ ■«
^ ON t^
gNON
.5:
00
C3
iJu i5
.2 pu
u
X
^ ^
O
o
d
<
'S^-^ "iTN
u C
00 <u
eg =3
e
D
UJ
>^ < -a
I § §
tJU C^ "^
w t« q^
> 00 re
S3 u
I ^^
o
Table 3. --FINLAND. Fisheries catch by FAO area, 1975, 1980, 1985-91
Area
1975
1980
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1.000 Metric Tons
Inland
(FAO area 05)
23.0
32.4
32.4
33.0"
9.0
8.2
9.4
9.7
7.4
Coastal"
(Northeastern Atlantic and
Baltic Sea, FAO area 27)
87.1
111.0
103.0
98.2
98.0
113.0
101.1
87.7
75.4
Total
110.1
143.4
135.4
131.2
107.0
121.2
110.5
97.4
82.8
Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, various years.
^ The Finnish Game and Fishery Research Institute (Riista- ja kalatalouden tutkimuslaitos) questioned the FAO
catch statistics for inland waters. The Insitute provided catch statistics that reflect landings of about 5,000 tons for
the years 1980 to 1986, followed by a gradual decline to 3,300 tons in 1990. Inland catch statistics for Finland
were provided by Stephanie Miley, Economic Office, U.S. Embassy, Helsinki, Finland fax message, July 23, 1993.
See table 2 for additional discrepancies between Finnish statistics and FAO statistics.
" The distinction between "coastal" and "distant-water" can be misleading, since FAO area 27 stretches from
eastern Greenland to the Baltic Sea and north to the Barents Sea.
202
ENDNOTES
1. Stephanie Miley, Economic Office, U.S. Embassy, Helsinki, Finland fax message, July 23, 1993.
2. Stephanie Miley, Economic Office, U.S. Embassy, Helsinki, Finland fax message, July 23, 1993. The Atlantic
salmon, in this instance, probably are raised by Finnish authorities and released into the wild to maintain stocks of
Atlantic salmon.
3. The U.S. Embassy reported that mink breeding has diminished considerably during the past few years. Stephanie
Miley, Economic Office, U.S. Embassy, Helsinki, Finland fax message, July 23, 1993. The FAO reports that
Finland produced 18,000 tons of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The U.S. Embassy reports that brown trout
{Salmo trutta) is frequently grown in pens or are released into the wild as a means of supplementing declining
catches.
4. The base rate is an administrative reference rate determined by the Central Bank and the Parliamentary
Supervisory Board, which applies to some domestic mortgages and consumer loans. Stephanie Miley, Economic
Office, U.S. Embassy, Helsinki, Finland fax message, July 23, 1993.
5. Review of Fisheries, 1988. Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Committee for Fisheries,
Paris, 1989.
6. Brochures published by the Hollming Ltd. Shipyards which were received by the National Marine Fisheries
Service in December 1983.
7. "Fiimish yard to build three giant Soviet factory vessels," World Fishing, October 1986, p. 12.
8. U.S. Embassy, Helsinki, April 27, 1988.
9. Stephanie Miley, Economic Office, U.S. Embassy, Helsinki, Finland fax message, July 23, 1993.
10. Stephanie Miley, Economic Office, U.S. Embassy, Helsinki, Finland fax message, July 23, 1993.
203
204
3.4
GREENLAND
Greenland has a small, but modem fishing fleet. Large, steel vessels are needed to operate safely in icy Arctic
waters where fishing conditions are often harsh. Greenland's fisheries are overcapitalized and the Government is
encouraging Greenland fishermen to sell their vessels and get out of fishing; this is especially true for Greenland's
shrimp fishery. Thus, some Greenlandic vessels may be sold in the next few years. Because these vessels are built
for cold-water operation, it is likely that they will be sold only to firms operating in extreme northern or southern
climates.
CONTENTS
1. General Background 205
2. Fleet Background 207
3 . Modernization Programs 207
4. Decommissioning Programs 207
5. Shipyards 208
6. International Agreements 208
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 209
Sources 209
Endnotes 212
1. General Background
Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat or "Land of Man")
is the world's largest island. Almost 84 percent of
the country is covered with a thick mantle of polar
ice. Small, isolated coastal villages are scattered
along the nation's ijords and rocky shoreline.
Fishing and hunting are important sources of food
and income for many Eskimo (Inuit) inhabitants.
Greenland is fortunate to have access to large
quantities of deepwater shrimp, an important source
of revenue to this country. Fishing for wild salmon is
limited to native fishermen and is a source of
traditional food. Fishermen do, however, deliver
wild salmon to the Greenland Government-owned
Royal Greenland, the nation's largest seafood
processing firm, which exports its products
throughout the world.
Greenland is the largest island in the world,
stretching 2,670 kilometers (km) from north to south
and 1,050 km from east to west. Geographically the
island is part of the North American continent, but
the island's inhabitants look to Denmark for
205
administrative and economic support, trade, cultural
ties, military protection and diplomatic
representation. The current Home Rule system was
introduced under Danish Act No. 577 of November
29, 1978, and gave Greenland the status of a distinct
community within the Kingdom of Denmark. The
island has a total mass of 2.2 million square
kilometers (km^), which includes 1.8 million km^ of
polar ice nearly 3 km deep in some places. A lack of
arable land and Greenland's harsh Arctic climate
(where temperatures have been recorded as cold as
minus 70° C) make agriculture difficult, if not
impossible. The nation is sparsely populated, with
only 55,500 inhabitants living in 133 settlements.
Most of these settlements are located along the
southern and western coasts of Greenland. Few roads
connect these remote villages, which can be isolated
for months during winter. The largest town is the
capital, Nuuk/Godthaab, which has a population of
about 12,000. Maintenance of a social welfare
system similar to Denmark's has given the public
sector a dominant role in the economy and has
contributed to severe economic dislocation in recent
years. With limited resources (there is potential for
platinum and gold mining, but zinc and lead mines
have recently closed) there are not many alternatives
available to the Home Rule Government. Tourism,
however, is a resource that the Home Rule
Government hopes to expand in the future.'
Greenland is fortunate to have a 39, 100 km. coastline
and access to a continental shelf of nearly 500,000
km-. Fishing is Greenland's most important industry,
accounting for over 95 percent of export income and
about 25 percent of total income. The fishing
industry directly employs 3,000 people. Another
10,000 to 12,000 people -- one quarter of the
population - are partly dependent upon fishing for
their livelihood.
Greenland was administratively controlled by
Denmark from 1774 to 1978, when Home Rule was
introduced. Fishing is regulated by the Home Rule
Executive {Landsstyre). Greenlandic officials set the
Total Allowable Catch (TAG) according to
recommendations of the North Atlantic Fisheries
Organization (NAFO), the North Atlantic Salmon
Conservation Organization (NASCO), and the
International Council for the Exploration of the Seas
(ICES). Fishing quotas are allocated to fishermen
registered to fish in Greenland's waters. Vessels over
80-GRT need a license to fish in Greenland's
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). These vessels are
regulated by individual vessel quotas specifying which
species they are allowed to fish. Special rules apply
to shrimp and salmon fisheries. The Landsting
(Greenland Assembly) grants fishing licenses to
foreign vessels fishing certain species and quantities,
either in accordance with international agreements or
by special agreement with the Landsstyre. Normally,
10 percent of the catch must be landed in Greenlandic
ports for processing. The production of sea-cooked
shrimp for direct export, however, is permitted.
There is a tax on shrimp caught in Greenlandic
waters but not landed for processing. In 1987, the
shrimp tax raised about $10 million. Revenues were
expected to increase to about $12 million in 1988.
Starting as a unit tax per kilogram, the shrimp tax in
1991 was changed xo an ad valorem tax of 11-
percent. Effective July 1, 1992, the shrimp tax was
reduced to one-percent. Trawlers producing sea-
cooked shrimp for export require a license and export
permit from Home Rule authorities. In 1990, the
Landsting adopted a Fisheries Act permitting trade of
shrimp fishing quotas. The Act was designed to
increase flexibility in the industry and reduce catch
capacity.
Fishermen in Greenland landed slightly less than
101,200 tons of all species during 1992 compared
with 113,600 tons in 1991. Northern deepwater
shrimp (Pandalus borealis) and Atlantic cod (Gadus
morhua) were important species in 1992, accounting
for 71,300 tons and 10,400 tons respectively.
Shrimp is a high-value product that has grown in both
quantity and value since 1980, when only 36,000 tons
were landed. Greenland's cod population, however,
is weak and catches are expected to decline in the
next few years. Fishermen also harvested Greenland
halibut (14,000 tons), and Greenland cod (1,700
tons). Harvests of redfish, salmon, wolffish,
grenadier, capelin and other species were under 500
tons during 1992. Greenland's cod stocks have
fluctuated dramatically during the past 60 years.
Thanks to generally warm oceanic conditions, the
stock of cod off the coast was abundant, yielding
catches exceeding 300,000 tons aimually. Catches of
Atlantic cod in Greenland peaked at nearly 450,000
tons in 1964. Over-fishing, changes in sea
temperatures, and poor recruitment have since led to
significant decreases in the size of the Greenland cod
population and resulted in lower landings. The total
Atlantic cod catch was 89,900 tons in 1990, of which
206
Greenlandic vessels caught 54,900 tons. Landings
declined to 42,500 tons in 1991 (26,900 tons by
Greenlanders) and then to 20,300 tons in 1992
(10,400 tons by Greenlanders). Scientific studies
conducted by the Greenland Fisheries Research
Institute reveal that the stocks of cod found off
Greenland have not recovered from the serious
declines of the 1960s. Since the 1960s, poor
recruitment has been the rule, rather than the
exception. Only the 1973 and 1984 year-classes were
of any significance. The population has since shifted
towards the southern coasts of Greenland. The
outlook for recovery of Greenland's cod fishery does
not appear good and an annual catch of 10-20,000
tons is the best that can be projected by fishery
biologists for the foreseeable future. Greenland's
shrimp fishery began in the late 1950s and early
1960s following the failure of the cod fishery; poor
landings of cod forced fishermen to seek alternative
species. Fortunately, Greenland had huge offshore
resources of small, coldwater shrimp. The harvest of
these shrimp has grown substantially. Greenland's
shrimp landings were 71,300 tons in 1992. The
strong increase in landings have decreased deepwater
shrimp prices. Lower shrimp prices and rising
operating costs hurt some of Greenland's shrimp
fishermen.
2. Fleet Background
There were 462 fishing vessels registered in
1990, including 39 large trawlers over 500-GRT.
Most of Greenland's fishing fleet (80 vessels) sails
out of the port at Nuuk, which includes 19 trawlers
over 500-GRT- (Table 1 and 2).
yard as a 50-meter long wet fish trawler."
Negotiations for the purchase of 2 additional trawlers
were initiated and the vessels were expected to arrive
in 1971.' Royal Greenland began fishing for
deepwater shrimp with an 800-GRT vessel (un-
named) in 1973.* By 1978, Greenland had 6 vessels
(4,329-GRT) in operation and this increased to 8
vessels (6,067-GRT) in 1981.' The trawler Siku
(1,650-GRT) arrived following a refit in Danish
shipyards in 1983; the vessel, the former British
trawler Junella was expected to fish for cod. Other
additions to Greenland's fleet was the Auveq (the
former Danish trawler Helen Basse) and the Thor
Trawl (2,557-GRT former West German trawler
Tubingen)} In 1984, the Nokasa underwent a
modernization process in a Danish shipyard (11
meters were added to the length of the ship) and the
ship returned to Greenland to resume shrimping.' In
1985, the Tasiilaq (1,376-GRT) was delivered to
Greenland by the Orskov Christensens shipyards in
Denmark. This reportedly was the 15th trawler built
for Greenland by that shipyard.'" The Vilhelm Egede
(1,100-GRT), the M. Rakel (1,100-GRT) and the
Quipoqqaq (1,700-GRT) were all delivered to Polar
Seafoods of Nuuk in 1985." In 1986, the Greenland
Government aimounced that it would invest $26.6
million in buying new and used trawlers and factory
vessels to fish redfish, halibut, cod, and capelin as
part of the nation's fleet modernization program.'^
The Nanoq Trawl (2,340-GRT) was one of the latest
vessels built for Greenland. The ship, built in a
Norwegian shipyard, was delivered in 1989 and was
designed to fish for shrimp.'^
4. Decommissioning Programs
Lloyd's Register includes Greenland's fishing
fleet statistics under Denmark. This,
unfortunately, causes problems in compiling
statistical information. The authors have not
included information about Greenland's high-seas
fleet in its statistical presentations. Tables 1 and
2 provides information on Greenland's fishing
fleet.
3. Modernization Programs
The Royal Greenland Trade Department began
investigating the use of large stem trawlers in 1964.^
Greenland's first trawler, the Nuk arrived in May
1969. The Nuk was built in the Ankerlokken Verft
The Government of Greenland was modernizing
and expanding its fleet up to 1990, when cod landings
declined from 87,000 tons in 1989 to 56,000 tons in
1990. The loss of this high valued species impacted
the industry. The northern shrimp fishery was also in
difficulty, although the catch increased from 65,000
tons in 1989 to 73,000 tons in 1990. Despite the
increase, the competition was so great that
profitability was begirming to decline. The
Greenland Home Rule Authority granted loans to
companies willing to withdraw their vessels from the
shrimp fleet in an effort to make the fishery more
profitable. In 1990, Royal Greenland sold 3 of its
trawlers as part of a restructuring program designed
to cut losses. The sale of these 3 vessels, plus the
207
loss of the Carl Egede, which caught fire while
docked in the Svenborg shipyard in Denmark,
reduced Royal Greenland's fleet to 12 stem
trawlers.''* Greenland's fishing industry in 1991-93
continued selling its fishing fleet. The Polar
Princess, a large cod and shrimp trawler, owned by
Polar Scallops and financed by Norway's Christiana
Bank, was sold to Royal Greenland in December
1991 . Royal Greenland also purchased the Ango and
Abel Egede and sold two vessels, the Manitsoq and
Sisimiut in 1991. The 76-meter-long Simiutaq, built
in 1973 for Norwegian owners (formerly named
Atlantic), was also for sale. The vessel joined the
Greenland fleet in 1986 and was operated by Royal
Greenland as a cod vessel until it was reportedly sold
to another Greenland company. Another vessel owned
by Royal Greenland, the Sisimiut, has been sold to
Chile. Other trawlers for sale in recent months
include Ice Trawl Greenland's 46 m Qasiaqiaq and
Qoornqoq. These are all very large, well-equipped
vessels and the sales suggest economic difficulties
within the fishing industry.
According to a fleet reduction plan approved by
the Landsting (Greenland Assembly) in early 1993,
the trawler fleet should be reduced to 21 vessels by
the end of 1993, of which one-third will be owned by
Royal Greenland. The Home Rule Government has
set aside $15 million to finance withdrawal of vessels
from fishing, and to promote distant water fishing by
Greenlandic vessels."
5. Shipyards
Greenland Shipyards consists of 6 yards at
Qaqortoq, Paamiut, Nuuk, Maniitsoq, Sisimiut, and
Aasiaat. The shipyards are equipped to offer
maintenance and repair services to the fleet. The
shipyards can repair and maintain vessels built of
steel, wood, and glass-reinforced polyester.'* There
is no information available as to construction of new
vessels in Greenland's shipyards.
6. International Agreements
For many years Greenland was administratively
controlled by Denmark. From 1774 to 1985, the
Royal Greenland Trade Department controlled many
facets of Greenland's economy, including fisheries.
In 1979, the population of Greenland passed a
referendum introducing Home Rule. Greenland
established a 200-mile EEZ in 1977, subjecting
foreign fishing in Greenland's waters to international
agreement. Greenland currently permits fishing by
member states of the European Community (EC),
Iceland, Norway, Russia, and Japan. Greenland has
"special relations" status in the EC because it is a
self-governing administrative area of Denmark. The
1992 quota for all countries in Greenland's waters
amounted to 167,545 tons (141,445 tons on the
eastern coast of Greenland and 26,100 tons off
western Greenland) and 167,395 tons of fish and
shellfish in 1993."
European Community: Greenland initially joined
the EC following Home Rule. In 1982, however,
Greenland voted to withdraw from the EC, effective
February 1, 1985. Because of its relationship with
Denmark, however, Greenland kept the status of an
overseas territory associated with the Community. In
view of Greenland's special relationship, and as
spelled out in the protocol to the Treaty Amendment
on Greenland's withdrawal from the EC, fishery
products were granted access to the Community
without tariff and quantitative restrictions. In
exchange, Greenland grants EC vessels fishing
licenses (within the framework of the EC-Greenland
fisheries agreement). This agreement was reached in
1985 and remained in force until December 31, 1989,
when it was renegotiated. The EC must, however,
pay Greenland fishing fees, which were $37 million
in 1989 and $46 million in 1990 and 1991 . Payments
are expected to decline slightly in 1992 and 1993.
These fees have nothing to do with the actual catch
but represent a fee paid for the right to fish in
Greenland's waters.'*
EC fishing quotas in Greenland's EEZ totaled
slightly over 167,400 tons in 1990 and 155,000 tons
of fish and shellfish in 1991. The quotas were
divided as follows: Germany (110,300 tons), UK
(96,900 tons), France (4,260 tons), and Denmark
(3,930 tons). Quota allocation by species included:
redfish (52,320 tons), cod (34,000 tons), blue whiting
(30,000 tons), capelin (30,000 tons), Greenland
halibut (5,200 tons), marine catfish (2,000 tons), and
deepwater-shrimp (2,850 tons). More than 80
percent of the quota was allocated to waters off
eastern Greenland and the remaining 20 percent from
waters off western Greenland. Catches are smaller
than quotas."
208
Norway: The Governments of Norway and
Greenland reached an agreement on fishing rights for
cod in late 1991. The agreement gives Greenland a
TAG for cod in the North Sea and Barents Sea in
exchange for Norwegian fishing in Greenland's 200-
mile exclusive economic zone. The agreement was
arbitrated by Denmark.
Russia: The Governments of Greenland and the
Soviet Union were very near an agreement allowing
the USSR access to redfish and halibut in waters off
southern Greenland in exchange for Barents Sea cod
and shrimp quotas. Royal Greenland A/S,
Greenland's fish trading company, reached a fishing
agreement with the Soviet Arkangelsk Trawler Fleet
Co. during July 1991. The agreement provided for
Arkangelsk to fish 21,000 tons of Royal Greenland's
fish quotas from August to December 1991 . AH fish
were landed and processed in Greenland. The talks
broke off in January 1991 in protest against the
Soviet crackdown in Lithuania. On March 7, 1992,
after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, a five-year
fisheries agreement was signed by Denmark,
Greenland, and Russia covering the framework and
principles for reciprocal fishing in Greenland and
Russian waters.'"
Japan: Representatives of the Japan Deep Sea
Trawlers Association and Royal Greenland have
established cooperative agreements allowing Japanese
fishennen to fish in Greenland's waters. In 1990, the
quota was set as follows: redfish (7,000 tons), turbot
(500 tons), and other species (500 tons). The fee
(reportedly $1.8 million) was payable in 3
installments. Each Japanese trawler was required to
carry a Greenland enforcement officer at the expense
of the trawler. Japanese fishermen have operated in
Greenland's waters since 1985 except in 1989 when
negotiations were not concluded). The Japanese
fishing quota is expected to be gradually reduced over
the next 3 years as part of a long-term program to
reduce foreign fishing. In 1988, Japan received a
quota of 23,200 tons (including amounts for redfish,
turbot, Atlantic herring, capelin, whiting, and squid).
While there was no commercial fishing in 1989, the
Japanese Marine Fishery Resource Research Center
sent the trawler Shinkai Mam to conduct exploratory
fishing in Greenland's waters. The vessel reportedly
caught 1,989 tons during the exploratory fishing
cruise.
International organizations: Greenland participates
in several international fishery organizations,
including the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation
Organization (NASCO), the Northwest Atlantic
Fisheries Organization (NAFO), the North-East
Atlantic Fisheries Commission, (NEAFC), and the
International Whaling Commission (IWC).
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans
Most of Greenland's large vessels are owned by
Royal Greenland, which has already trimmed the size
of its fleet. Whether additional sales will take place
is unknown. It should be noted that most of
Greenland's fleet of large shrimp trawlers are
designed for work in Arctic waters; these vessels can
only work effectively in cold waters and buyers for
these vessels are likely to come from countries where
fishing conditions are harsh. These vessels, for
example, are unlikely to be sold to African, Asian, or
South American countries with only a few exceptions;
Argentina and Chile might be able to use these
vessels in their cold-water fisheries.
SOURCES
Eurofish Report, various issues.
Fishing News International, various issues.
Greenland, Lalaallit Nunaat, 1990, Statistical
Yearbook, pp. 21-22.
Hansen, Soren. Senior Economic Specialist, U.S.
Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark, fax dated August
10, 1993
Hjul, Peter (Editor), The Stem Trawler, Fishing
News (Books) Ltd., London, England, 1972, p. 216.
Hulgaard, Erling. Danish Ministry of Fisheries,
personal communications.
U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark, various
reports.
World Fishing, various issues.
209
Table 1. --GREENLAND. Fishing fleet, by fishing port, 1983-85 and 1987-90
Fishing port
1983
1984
1
1
1990
1985 1 1987
1988
1989
Number of vessels
Nanortalik
34
32
30
26
25
26
24
Qaqortpq
25
23
27
25
23
25
27
Narsaq
15
14
13
17
19
18
18
Paamiut
63
63
63
57
56
56
58
Nuuk
62
74
69
75
80
80
80
Maniitsoq
59
54
52
53
50
50
47
Sisimiut
32
27
31
34
37
39
42
Kangaatsiaq
16
17
18
18
18
20
20
Aasiaat
15
14
15
17
19
19
20
Qasigiannguit
23
21
20
21
20
19
20
Ilulissat
60
61
56
58
62
61
63
Qeqertarsuag
8
12
13
14
14
15
14
Uummannaq
9
11
11
9
8
8
12
Upemavik
2
2
2
3
7
12
12
Avanersuaq
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Tassiilaq
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
Ittoqqortoormiit
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
Total fleet
427
433
424
432
443
453
462
Source: OECD, Country Reports, various years and Statistisk Arbog Grenland 1990, p. 391.
210
Table 2. --Greenland. Fishing fleet, by vessel size, 1977-81, 1984-86 and 1989-90.
I
Vessel classification
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981 I 1984
1985
1986 I 1989
1990
Number of vessels
5 - 49.9 GRT
277
282
288
291
335
370
367
359
365
373
50 - 99.9 GRT
12
12
12
13
14
12
14
19
21
100 - 499.9 GRT
10
15
21
27
29
23
26
32
29
500 GRT and over
16
22
24
37
39
Total
298
310
321
330
383
429
424
423
453
462
Source: OECD, Country Reports, various years and Statistisk Arbog Gronland 1990, p. 391.
Greenland
<parl of the DKi'v.'-h rcainij
Arctic Ocean
SOOk"
Qeqenarsuat
Davis Sirail
NUUK
(GODTHABU^
211
ENDNOTES
1. Telephone discussion with Eriing Hulgaard, Danish Ministry of Fisheries, on July 30, 1993.
2. Soren Hansen, Senior Economic Specialist, U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark, fax dated August 10, 1993
based on Statistisk Arbog Gronland 1990, p. 391.
3. Andrew W. Anderson, "Fisheries: 500 CRT stem trawler proposed for Greenland by RGTD," U.S. Embassy,
Copenhagen, December 17, 1965.
4. Peter Hjul (Editor), The Stern Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, England, 1972, p. 216.
5. Andrew W. Anderson, "Two new stem-trawlers for Greenland," U.S. Embassy, January 5, 1970 (letter).
6. "Greenland," World Fishing, December 1973.
7. Eurofish Report.
8. "Greenland gets three big trawlers," Fishing News International, August 1983.
9. "Greenland trawler is longer and higher," Fishing News International, June 1984.
10. "New trawler is yard's 15th for Greenland," Fishing News International, June 1985, p. 18.
1 1 . Peter D. O'Neill, "Independent Greenland gets ready to fish on her own," Fishing News International, August
1985, pp. 14-15.
12. "Greenland to develop fleet," Eurofish Report, June 16, 1986.
13. "Nanoq Trawl delivered by Langsten shipyard for Greenland owners," World Fishing, April 1989, p. 32.
14. "Trawler sales cut Greenland losses," Fishing News International, May 1990.
15. Seren Hansen, Senior Economic Specialist, U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark, fax dated August 10, 1993
16. Greenland, Lalaallit Nunaat, 1990, Statistical Yearbook, pp. 21-22.
17. Seren Hansen, Senior Economic Specialist, U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark, fax dated August 10, 1993
18. Telephone discussion with Eriing Hulgaard, Danish Ministry of Fisheries, on July 30, 1993.
19. Telephone discussion with Eriing Hulgaard, Danish Ministry of Fisheries, on July 30, 1993.
20. Seren Hansen, Senior Economic Specialist, U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark, fax dated August 10, 1993
212
3.5
ICELAND
Iceland has a long tradition of fishing. Most of its fishing takes place in the frigid waters of the North Atlantic
within its 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Iceland's high-seas fleet increased dramatically from 28
vessels in 1984 to 61 vessels in 1992. Icelanders fish in the North Atlantic and until recently showed little interest
in distant-water fishing. Iceland, however, has vessels built to fish in distant waters and it is likely that Icelandic
companies will increase their catch in internationals waters in the near future. Reductions in cod quotas, which were
reduced by 25 percent in the 1993-94 fishing year,' will impose economic hardships on some Icelandic firms,^
possibly resulting in the sale of some Icelandic vessels to foreign buyers. Iceland and the European Community
reached agreement on fisheries and the marine environment on June 24, 1993. This agreement provides for annual
consultations on the allocation of fishing possibilities and could lead to an exchange of access in the coming years.
CONTENTS
1. General Background 213
2. Fleet Background 214
3. Modernization Programs 215
4. Decommissioning Programs 215
5. Shipyards 215
6. International Agreements 215
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 216
Sources 216
Endnotes 220
1. General Background
Fierce gales and icy conditions require sturdy
vessels in order to operate safely in the waters around
Iceland. Despite a doubling of the high-seas fleet
from 30 vessels in 1986 to 61 vessels in 1992, the
Icelandic catch declined from 1.7 million tons 1.5
million tons in the same years. The return of capelin
from 254,400 tons in 1991 to 794,600 tons in 1992
and a projected harvest of over 1 million tons in
1993,^ helped increase quantities landed. But these
increases have been offset by a decline in cod catches
which traditionally have provided an excellent source
of revenue for the Icelandic economy. Iceland's cod
catch peaked at 390,000 tons in 1987.
Iceland's Fisheries Management Act sets fishing
quotas based on the Marine Research Institute's
(MRI) research on the state of the various fish stocks.
The Ministry of Fisheries has reduced the fishing
quotas in recent years in order to secure a larger
catch in later years. From the catch quotas for the
1993-94 fishing year, it is estimated that the value of
the fish catch (in real terms) will decline in 1993 by
213
6 percent." The value of the total fish catch in 1993
will be about 0.5-percent lower in real terms than in
1992.^ In spite of quota reductions and reduced
revenue from the fishing sector, most stocks around
Iceland are in good shape. However, the cod
resource, which accounts for approximately half the
marine fishing industry's income, has diminished
during the past years. Recent research by the MRI,
based on 1993 recruitment, suggests that cod stocks
are now stronger than during the past seven years.
This might result in improved catches in the future,
depending on other external factors, such as weather
and oceanographic conditions.* The fishing industry
is the backbone of the Icelandic economy, providing
about 75-percent of the nation's export revenues.
Cod accounts for about half the industry's earnings.^
In 1991, the cod catch was 307,000 tons worth $368
million; in 1992 the cod catch declined to 266,000
tons worth $320 million.* Icelandic fishermen are
now switching to ocean perch, capelin, and shrimp to
offset the reduction in cod quotas. Diversification into
new areas (especially capelin) helped increase the size
of the Icelandic catch, but not the value; the catch
increased from 1 . 1 million tons worth $863 million in
1991 to 1.6 million tons worth only $844 million in
1992.' An overview of the Icelandic fishing industry
can be seen in tables 1-3.
2. Fleet Background
Iceland is an island nation with a tradition of
fishing dating back hundreds of years.'" Iceland
declared a 50-mile fisheries limit in 1972." This
resulted in the "Cod War" in 1973 with British
fishermen who had regularly fished these lucrative
grounds. The Icelanders eventually won the fight to
manage fishery resources off their coasts, which
helped to spur the development of a fleet of large
fishing vessels able to operate in the harsh conditions
of the North Atlantic.'- Iceland's first stem trawlers,
mostly under 500-Gross Registered Tons (GRT),
were purchased from Norwegian and Japanese'^
shipyards shortly after 1970. The first high-seas
vessels, ranging from 700- to 1,000-GRT, were built
in Poland'" and Spain." Some second-hand vessels
were also purchased from Norway and the UK during
this time.'* Many of these large Spanish and Polish
vessels were plagued by frequent breakdowns.
Iceland's declaration of a 200-mile Exclusive
Economic Zone (EEZ) in 1975'^ spurred further
purchases of vessels from abroad. However, most
of the vessels in the 1 ,000-GRT class were sold in
1975; only one vessel in the 1,047-GRT class
remained in the Icelandic fleet inventory between
1977 and 1982. Icelandic shipyards began building
mostly small stem trawlers in 1981 when the first
stem trawler was delivered. '* The Icelandic high-seas
fleet expanded so quickly during the 1970s, that by
1979, the National Research Council reported that the
fleet was 40 percent over capacity for available stocks
and that a reduction was needed. The number of
Figure 1. Iceland's high-seas fleet, 1975-92.
vessels has since decreased from approximately 1 ,000
vessels in 1980 to about 950 vessels in 1993." The
high-seas fleet remained stable at approximately 30
vessels between 1981 and 1986. The decline in
vessels was due in part to an increase in the cost of
diesel fuel.^*^ Many vessels built after 1980 were
designed to conserve fuel. The Icelandic high-seas
fleet expanded from 33 vessels in 1987 to 61
vessels registering 52,000 tons in 1992. The high-
seas fleet, included 13 vessels over 1,000-GRT.
In 1993, the Icelandic Company, Utgerdarfelag
Akureyringa, a member of the Icelandic Freezing
Plants Corporation, recently purchased 60 percent of
the shares in the former East German fishing
company Mecklenberger Hochseefischerei fleet in
Rostock.^' The company operates a fleet of 8
processing trawlers. This arrangement does not
allow the German vessels to operate as Icelandic
fishing vessels and their home port is still Rostock,
Germany." The vessels will fish for redfish beyond
200-miles off the southwestem coast of Iceland."
The Icelandic fishing fleet is currently fishing for
redfish using newly designed deepwater trawl gear
(600 to 700 meters deep) off southwest Iceland in
intemational waters.'^"
214
3. Modernization Programs
Efforts to modernize the fleet first took place in
the early to mid-1970s. The high-seas fleet underwent
significant expansion between 1986 and 1992.
Icelandic shipyards are producing a number of
modem, fuel-efficient vessels and vessels are also
purchased from foreign shipyards or as second-hand
imports.
Because of the unused capacity of the Icelandic
fishing fleet, the government regulates all purchases
and registrations of new vessels. Furthermore, there
are no subsidized programs to modernize the high-
seas fishing fleet."
Icelandic fishermen continue to purchase modem
vessels from foreign shipyards; the Arnar, a 2,700-
GRT factory stem trawler was delivered to
Skagstrendingur H/H by the Mjellum & Karlsen
Verft A/S of Norway in 1992.-* Two 688-GRT
autoliners, the Tjaldur I and Tjaldur II, were also
delivered to Icelandic buyers by Norwegian shipyards
in 1992." An Icelandic buyer took delivery of a
factory stem trawler from the Spanish shipyard of
Santodomingo in Vigo, Spain in July 1993. The
vessel is ice-strengthened for bottom and mid-water
trawling in the Arctic.-' Other deliveries included the
Otto Whalde, Orftssey, Vigri, and Baldur
Thorsteinsson.
4. Decommissioning Programs
The catch of several important stocks, such as
cod, are at historic lows.^' The Icelandic
government, as a consequence, has prohibited any
increase in the number of vessels weighing 10 tons or
less.-"* The Government acted because many of these
small vessels are not cost-effective and because they
are difficult to regulate.
The Government of Iceland created the Fisheries
Restructuring Fund in 1990 to promote fleet
reduction. Owners of decommissioned vessels may
apply for final cessation premiums or sell the renewal
rights for their vessels to other vessel owners, who
may then commission their own new vessel. The
Fisheries Restmcturing Fund is financed by
obligatory annual contributions from owners of
vessels weighing at least 10 tons (which in tum are
potential grant recipients).^' $3.6 million was paid to
the owners of 27 fishing vessels who decommissioned
their vessels in 1992. These vessels had a total
capacity of 1,500 GRT. Up to 30-percent of a
vessel's insurance value can be paid by the
Government of Iceland to fishermen willing to
decommission their vessels. This can amount to a
maximum of $800,000 per ship.^^
5. Shipyards
Historically, Icelandic shipyards have built
various types of fishing vessels. However, the over-
capacity of the current fleet and govemment-
subsidized shipyards in Norway, Poland and other
countries, have resulted in few vessels being built in
Iceland in the past decade. The largest shipyards are
the Slippstodin hf, Stalvik hf, and Skipasmidastod
Njardvikur hf. Most Icelandic shipyards focus on
ship repairs and various service with the fishing
industry and not on building new vessels"
6. International Agreements
Iceland has signed bilateral fishery agreements
with Norway, Belgium, and the Faroe Islands. The
agreement with Belgium was signed on November
28, 1975. The agreement initially allowed 12 Belgian
vessels to fish in Icelandic waters; it was reduced to
8 vessels in 1979 and 7 vessels in 1981, and was
allowed to expire in 1985. The agreement with the
Faroe Islands was signed on March 20, 1976, and
gave both parties allocations of fish in each country's
waters. Similar agreements were reached with
Norway on March 10, 1976; these agreements were
amended in May 1980 and June 1984. The
agreements permit only small amounts of cod, blue
whiting, herring, capelin, or other species to be
caught during specified times. The total catch by
Belgian, Faroese, and Norwegian fishermen in
Iceland's fisheries zone amounted to 25,400 tons in
1982, 19,600 tons in 1983, and 10,800 tons in 1984.
Iceland, Norway, and Greenland have an agreement
on the joint exploitation of the capelin stock around
Jan Mayen Island.^"
Iceland and the United States concluded a
Governing Intemational Fisheries Agreement (GIFA)
on August 23, 1984. The agreement technically
allowed reciprocal access by fishermen of the United
States to Icelandic waters in exchange for access by
Icelandic fishermen to U.S. waters. Icelandic
officials stated that allocations were not available in
215
Icelandic waters and thus no U.S. fishery was
allowed to develop. In December 1988, the North
Pacific Fishery Management Council approved an
application by an Icelandic fishing firm to harvest
30,000 tons of Pacific cod for joint venture
processing. A large Icelandic stem trawler, the
Andri I (formerly the Roman I. , a large UK freezer
stem trawler) arrived in Alaskan waters in December
1989.'^ The late arrival of the vessel in Alaskan
waters enabled it to take only a tiny fraction of its
1989 Pacific cod quota. No Pacific cod quota was
available in 1990, but a permit was issued to the
Andri I to operate in the 1990 yellowfin sole joint
venture fishery. This fishery was closed on March 5,
1990, when Prohibited Species Catch Limits for
halibut were reached; the Andri 1 reportedly had
harvested 18 tons of yellowfin sole and other species
by that date. This quantity was too small to justify
continued operation of the vessel and the Icelandic
owners of the vessel sold the vessel to Faroese
fishing interests on March 15, 1990.'* Icelandic
authorities have renewed the GIFA with the United
States since it was signed, despite the absence of any
fisheries activity between the two countries.
Iceland resisted fishing agreements with the EC
for many years, concemed that massive EC fleets
could quickly overfish their resources. In recent
years, however, Icelandic fish processors have
expanded their exports to the EC and have shown an
interest in reducing EC import tariffs on processed,
value-added Icelandic seafood products. On May 2,
1992, Iceland and the European Community signed
an agreement on fisheries and the marine
environment." The agreement calls for annual
consultations which may result in the reciprocal
granting of access by each side to fishing vessels of
the other party. The agreement will last for 10
years.'* It was made in conjunction with the
European Economic Area.''
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans
The reduction in cod quotas, however, is
expected to make fishing less profitable for some
fishing companies and may result in economic
difficulties.'" This has resulted in some companies
seeking new opportunities in distant-waters such as
the "Loophole" area of the Barents Sea.
It was recently reported that an Icelandic stem
trawler will be leased to BBGL in Murmansk and
Arkangelsk Rybprom in Russia. The vessels will fish
for cod in the Barents Sea. The Russians will gain
experience aboard the ship and the Icelanders will
keep the catch. If all goes well, an Iceland-Russian
joint venture fishing company might be established.'"
Icelandic vessels have also fished in Namibian
waters and are seeking to receive quotas in 1993-94.''^
No other information is available on the number or
types of vessels involved in this fishery. Icelandic
companies are also reported looking at joint venture
operations in Chile.'" One Icelandic vessel. Grand
Fisherman (375-GRT) was reflagged in Cypms in
199344
In summary, it is likely that Icelandic fishing
companies may increasingly seek new opportunities
in distant waters.
SOURCES
Eurofish Report, various issues.
Fishing News International, various issues.
Folsom, William B. "Icelandic Fishery Landings and
Outlook," International Fishery Report, 91/97,
National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Silver Spring,
Maryland, December 20, 1991.
News from Iceland, various issues.
Office of Naval Intellligence, U.S. Navy
U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, various reports.
U.S. Embassy, Windhok, Nambia.
World Fishing, various issues.
216
Table 1. -ICELAND. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels,
ranked by tonnage, 1975-92.
n-n.
ss Registered Tons (G
Total
I ear
v»ro,
Kl J
500-999
1,000-1,999
Over 2,000
CRT
No.
CRT
No.
CRT
No.
CRT
No.
1975
19,500
23
3,404
3
-
-
22,904
26
1976
20,207
24
1,047
1
-
-
21,254
25
1977
19,523
23
1,047
1
-
-
20,570
24
1978
19,024
23
1,047
1
-
-
20,071
24
1979
21,041
26
1,000
1
-
-
22,041
27
1980
22,581
28
-
-
-
-
22,581
28
1981
22,640
29
1,047
1
-
-
23,687
30
1982
22,688
29
1,047
1
-
-
23,735
30
1983
22,420
28
-
-
-
-
22,420
28
1984
22,420
28
-
-
-
-
22,420
28
1985
23,002
29
-
-
-
-
23,002
29
1986
23,486
30
-
-
-
-
23,486
30
1987
23,987
31
2,048
2
-
-
26,035
33
1988
30,335
40
2,048
2
-
-
32,383
42
1989
33,462
45
3,304
3
-
-
36,766
48
1990
31,935
43
10,960
9
-
-
42,895
52
1991
34,820
47
12,196
10
-
-
47,016
57
1992
35,502
48
16,382
13
-
-
51,884
61
Source:
years.
Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various
217
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00
Table 3.--ICELAND. --Fisheries catch
by FAO area, 1975, 1980, 1985-91
Area
1975
1980
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1.000 Metric Tons
Inland
(FAO area 05)
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.8
CoastaP
(Northeastern Atlantic and
Baltic Sea, FAO area 27)
968.0
1,514.4
1,680.0
1,658.0
1,632.2
1,759.0
1,505.2
1,507.0
1,050.7
Distant-water:
Northwestern Atlantic,
(FAO area 21)
16.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Eastern Central Atlantic
(FAO area 34)
11.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Total
996.0
1,514.9
1,680.5
1,658.7
1,632.7
1,759.6
1,505.7
1,507.7
1,051.5
Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fist
lery Statistii
~s, various y
ears.
' The distinction between "coastal" and "distant-water" can be misleading, since FAO area 27 stretches from eastern
Greenland to the Baltic Sea and north to the Barents Sea.
Iceland
Greenland Sea
219
ENDNOTES
1. "Cod quota slashed 25%," News from Iceland, July 1993, p. 1. Iceland's cod quota has been reduced by
more than 40 percent since 1991 and Icelandic scientists do not expect a recovery before 1998. The 25 percent
reduction in 1992-93 is responsible for a 4 percent reduction in Iceland's Gross National Product.
2. One Icelandic company, the owner of the Safco Endeavour, was unable to complete refitting the vessel in a
Danish shipyard following the purchase of the ship from it's Danish owners. The vessel previously fished off
the Falkland Islands. "Iceland project halts," Fishing News International, July 1993, p. 43.
3. David G. Wagner, Economic/Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, Iceland, fax message,
September 24, 1993.
4. David G. Wagner, Economic/Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, Iceland, fax message,
September 24, 1993.
5. David G. Wagner, Economic/Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, Iceland, fax message,
September 24, 1993.
6. David G. Wagner, Economic/Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, Iceland, fax message,
September 24, 1993.
7. "Iceland's cod catch in decline," U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, June 2, 1993.
8. "Icelandic fishing industry statistics," U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, May 28, 1993.
9. "Icelandic fishing industry statistics," U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, May 28, 1993.
10. For additional information see: William B. Folsom, "Icelandic Fishery Landings and Outlook,"
International Fishery Report, 91/97, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Silver Spring, Maryland, December 20, 1991.
1 1 . This gave Iceland control over 216,000 square kilometers of ocean off its coastline.
12. Bernard Scudder, "A video in every home, a trawler in every fjord," News from Iceland, November 1985.
13. The Japanese vessels included the Arnar, Bjartur, Brettingur, Orangey, Hoffell, Ljosafell, Olafur Bekkur,
Pall Pdlsson, Raudinupur, and Vestmannaey. All were 462-GRT vessels built with 1972 with Niigata 2,000-hp
engines.
14. The Ogri was one of the vessels built in Poland. The ship was a top money earner in 1979, with much of
the catch being landed directly in British and West German ports. "Iceland's trawler might. Fishing News
International, October 1980, pp. 54-55.
15. "Icelandic trawlermen design for fuel economy, monitor every stage of consumption," The South African
Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review, September 1980, p. 47. The Kaldbakur was one of the vessels
built in Spain. The vessel was the most successful ship in the Icelandic fleet in 1979 with a total catch of 5,619
tons.
220
16. The Stella Kristina and Stella Karine were built in Norway for fishermen in the Faroe Islands. "Iceland's
trawler might. Fishing News International, October 1980, pp. 54-55. The Skipaskagi (formerly the Glen
Carron, 297-GRT), Baldur (formerly the Glen Urquhart, 295-GRT), and the Haforn {Glen Moriston, 296-GRT)
were UK trawlers sold to Iceland by J. Marr and Son Ltd of the UK in 1982. "British firm converts three
trawlers for sale to Iceland," National Fisherman, September 1982, p. 52.
17. This gave Iceland control over 758,000 square kilometers of ocean off its coast.
18. The Hilmir was built in the Slippstodin shipyards as a combination blue whiting-capelin fishing vessel. The
Stalvik shipyard in Reykjavik was also producing a trawler for delivery in 1981. "Iceland: home yards can,"
Fishing news International, October 1980, p. 56.
19. David G. Wagner, Economic/Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, Iceland, fax message,
September 24, 1993.
20. The price of Russian heavy fuel oil went from $187 in September 1979 to $270 per ton in December 1979.
Iceland was paying $330 per ton for gas oil in 1979, which was mixed with cheaper Russian fuel oil. The
Icelandic fleet in 1981 was using an estimated 170,000 tons of fuel oil. "Cheap fuel grows costly," News from
Iceland, January 1981, p. 5.
21. Jon Sigurdsson, Consulate General of Iceland in New York City, NY in a fax to the authors dated August
8, 1993 and David G. Wagner, Economic/Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, Iceland, fax
message, September 24, 1993.
22. Jon Sigurdsson, Consulate General of Iceland in New York City, NY in a fax to the authors dated August
8, 1993 and David G. Wagner, Economic/Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, Iceland, fax
message, September 24, 1993.
23. Ian Strutt, "Iceland Buys into Rostock Fleet," Fishing News International, April 1993, p. 17 and Jon
Sigurdsson, Consulate General of Iceland in New York City, NY in a fax to the authors dated August 8, 1993.
24. "Oceanic catches pay for Icelandic fleet," Fishing News International, July 1993, p. 18.
25. David G. Wagner, Economic/Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, Iceland, fax message,
September 24, 1993.
26. "1992 Fishing Vessel Completions," World Fishing. March 1993, p. 52.
27. "1992 Fishing Vessel Completions," World Fishing. March 1993, p. 54.
28. "New ice-class trawlers for Norway and Iceland," Fishing News International, July 1992, p. 43.
29. "Iceland's Cod Catch in Decline," U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, June 2, 1993. The Icelandic cod catch has
fallen from 390,000 tons in 1987 to 150,000 tons for the 1993-94 quota. The last time it was this low was
1919.
30. "Icelandic Fishing Industry," U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, May 11, 1993.
31. "Icelandic Fishing Industry," U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, May 11, 1993.
32. News from Iceland, April 1993, p. 12B.
221
33. David G. Wagner, Economic/Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, Iceland, fax message,
September 24, 1993.
34. David G. Wagner, Economic/Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, Iceland, fax message,
September 24, 1993.
35. "Floating factory heads for Alaska," Fishing News International, December 1989, p. 39.
36. "Icelandic Fishing Vessel Andri I sold," U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, March 15, 1990.
37. This agreement was approved by the Council of the European Communities on June 24, 1993.
38. Council Regulation (EEC) No 1737/93 of 24 June 1993 on the conclusion of the Agreement on fisheries and
the marine environment between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Iceland, Official
Journal of the European Communities, No L 161/1, July 2, 1993.
39- David G. Wagner, Economic/Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, Iceland, fax message,
September 24, 1993.
40. "Large-scale rationalization needed to meet cutbacks," News From Iceland, August 1993, p. B-6.
41. "Company to operate in Barents Sea," News from Iceland, p. 81.
42. "IMI -- New Namibian fisheries guidelines," U.S. Embassy, Windhok, September 1, 1993.
43. David G. Wagner, Economic/Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, Iceland, fax message,
September 24, 1993.
44. Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy.
222
3.6
MALTA
Malta had only one vessel registering more than 500-Gross Registered Tons (GRT) in 1992, but this increased
to 7 vessels in 1993. There were, in fact, a total of 33 reflagged vessels flying the Maltese flag in 1993, ranging
from the Malout flOS-GRT) to the Norfisk II. (2,656-GRT). The vessels included former Libyan, Norwegian,
Spanish, Ukranian, and UK-flag fishing vessels. Most of the vessels are fairly small (under 200-GRT) and several
have been in Malta's fishing fleet for over 15 years. Malta, however, recently added 7 fishing vessels over 1,000-
GRT. The authors believe that as many as 17 vessels may have been reflagged in Malta in 1993.
CONTENTS
1. General Backgroimd 223
2. Fleet Background 223
3. Modernization Programs 224
4. Decommissioning Programs 224
5. Shipyards 224
6. International Agreements 224
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 224
Sources 225
Endnotes 229
1. General Background
2. Fleet Background
Malta is a small Mediterranean country
consisting of three islands, Malta, Gozo, and
Comino. It is about twice the size of the District of
Columbia. The total area of the islands is 320 square
kilometers (km). The country has a coastline of 140
kilometers. Malta has an exclusive fishing zone that
extends out for 25 nautical miles and a territorial sea
that extends out 12 miles. Malta, located 93 km
south of Sicily, had 275 registered full-time
fishermen and 1,231 part-time fishermen at the end
of 1992.' The country reported a catch of 539 tons
of fresh fish for 1992, 37 tons of which was
exported, while it imported nearly twice this amount
in frozen fish. The importation of fresh fish is
strictly controlled. -
Malta's fishing fleet consists of large numbers of
privately owned small, wooden boats with a few
small steel trawlers. There were 724 fishing vessels
registered in Malta in 1977, including 709 small
wooden boats, 11 fiberglass boats, and 4 steel ships.'
The steel-hulled vessels included the Hannibal and
the Resound, which were built for a joint venture
fishing company involving Malta and Libya and the
and Malout which was loaned or given to Malta by
Morocco in the mid-1970s. Lloyd's Register of
Shipping Statistical Tables lists one high-seas vessel
registered as a fishing vessel in Malta.'* The vessel,
reportedly 998-GRT, first appeared on Malta's rolls
in 1982. The ship was not listed during 1983-84 and
then reappeared in 1985. At the end of 1992, there
was a total of 1,417 local fishing vessels. Of these.
223
only 30 were over 15 meters in length; 1,270 of the
remaining vessels were under 9 meters long. In
addition, there are an estimated 14 other fishing
vessels (over 15 meters in length) operated by
offshore registered companies in Malta. These
vessels are not, however, allowed to fish within the
Maltese fishing zone or land any fresh fish in Malta.
No further details on these vessels are available, but
some are thought to be included in the list of vessels
shown in table 2.' In 1993, there were 33 vessels
over 100-GRT flying the Maltese flag. This included
two vessels over 2,600-GRT and 4 vessels over
1,000-GRT. It appears that as many as 17 foreign-
flag vessels might have been reflagged in Malta in
1993. Information about the fleet is contained in
tables 1 and 2.
People's Republic of China helped Malta build "one
of the largest ship-repair docks in southern Europe."'
The Govenmient of Malta encourages local
fishermen to upgrade their fishing vessels and
equipment. It gives grants amounting to 40% of the
value of the boat, up to a maximum of $33,000, if
the purchased boat is imported, and up to $17,500, in
the case of locally built vessels. Grants are also
given for the purchase of new navigational and other
fishing equipment and the replacement of marine
engines. During 1992, the Maltese government gave
a total of Lm 48,000 in grants to private fishermen.
The government has also undertaken to reconstruct
the fish market, installing electric winches in most of
the important slipways and dredge fishing ports.'"
3. Modernization Programs
6. International Agreements
The Government of Malta embarked upon a fleet
modernization program in 1976. The plan called for
the construction of 14 to 36 trawlers, well beyond the
2 trawlers recommended by the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations* which also
provided financial assistance. Experts from North
Korea, Greece, and Scotland were called in to
provide advice. By 1977, five trawlers had been
delivered, but landings were poor and only two of the
original vessels (the Hannibal and Nalout) were
operating by 1978. In 1978, Malta was forced to
import $4.5 million worth of canned, fresh, and
frozen fish to meet the needs of the island.' The
socialist government then turned to Libya for
assistance in the form of a joint venture.
4. Decommissioning Programs
The authors are not aware
decommissioning programs in Malta.
of any
5. Shipyards
Malta served as an important port for the Royal
Navy during World War II and reportedly has the
ability to build or repair wooden and steel vessels. In
1973, the President of the Mexican company
Astilleros Unidos de Mexico held talks with officials
of the Malta Drydocks. It was reported that Malta
Drydocks would build 12 shrimp trawlers for Brazil
and 6 trawlers for Venezuela on behalf of the
Mexican company.' It has also been reported that the
Malta and the Libyan Arab Jamahirija agreed to
establish a joint venture fishing company in
September 1978." The company, called "Stad U
Staghn" (Maltese for "Fish and Get Rich") was to
operate 16 trawlers in Maltese and Libyan waters and
to market the catch in both countries.'^ Malta
reportedly received a $4.4 million loan from the
Kuwait Fund for Economic Development to purchase
6 to 8 of the vessels." Ten small trawlers were to
have been built in the Malta Drydocks. ''' By 1982
only 2 of the joint venture's fleet of 3 vessels
remained; the Hannibal (operated by a Maltese crew)
and the Resound (operated by a Bulgarian crew) .
The third vessel (presumed to be the Malout) was out
of service because no crew was available to man the
vessel." The Maltese-Libyan fishing company
reported $2 million in losses between 1978 and
1984." During the 1 970s and early 1980s, Malta and
Morocco had cooperative agreements in fisheries. In
1978, the Government of Morocco loaned Malta two
trawlers, the Wahoud and the Malout, as training
ships to help the island's fishing industry." Malta
and Senegal signed a cooperative fisheries agreement
on January 24, 1979, which reportedly allowed
Maltese-built fishing vessels to fish in Senegalese
waters as part of a Malta/Senegal joint venture
fishing company.'* Malta also has reached
cooperative agreements with Tunisia" and has
cooperated with Japan in fisheries.-" At present,
Malta has no valid international fishing agreements,
but it is a member of the General Fisheries Council
for the Mediterranean.^'
224
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans
The U.S. Embassy in Valletta reports that Malta
has no fleet dispersal plans."
SOURCES
"Agreement signed to create joint Libya-Malta
fishing company," International Fisheries
Report, IFR-78/133, National Marine Fisheries
Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Washington, D.C., August 17,
1978.
Central Office of Statistics, Census of Agriculture
and Fisheries, 1976-77, Department of
Information, Valletta, 1978
Fishing News International, various issues.
"Malta Drydocks to build trawlers," The Malta
Economist, June 1973
"Malta seeks trawl fleet," The Fisherman,
September 5, 1975
"Maltese speech in China causes Soviet walkout,"
New York Times, November 4, 1977.
Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy
U.S. Embassy Valletta, various reports.
Malta
X Rabat , — ^ „
Mediterranean
Sea
Mediterranean
Sea
225
Table 1. --MALTA. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels,
ranked by tonnage, 1975-92.
Year
Gross Registered Tons (GRT)
Total
500-
1,999
999
1,000-
Over 2,000
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
1975
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1976
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1977
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1978
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1979
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1980
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1981
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1982
998
1
-
-
-
-
998
1
1983^
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1984
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1985
998
-
-
-
-
998
1986
998
-
-
-
-
998
1987
998
-
-
-
-
998
1988
998
-
-
-
-
998
1989
998
-
-
-
-
998
1990
998
-
-
-
-
998
1991
998
-
-
-
-
998
1992
998
-
-
-
-
998
Source:
years.
Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various
' The authors have no information to explain why the vessels were not listed in 1983-84. The Office of Naval
Intelligence of the U.S. Navy has no information about a vessel registering 998-GRT in its files.
226
Table 2. --MALTA. Listing of reflagged fishing vessels registered in 1993.
Name
year the
built
p,«..,;„..o
Vessel type
flag
vessel was
r^mintrv
Year
Gross Registered Tons
Acros No. 2.
284
Japan
1974
Stem trawler
Acros No. 3.
299
Japan
1977
Stem trawler
Antonio Gancitano
194
Italy
1971
Vessel, nes
Areos
183
Italy
1971
Libya
Vessel, nes
473
East Germany
1963
Stem trawler
Anon II
Canarino
199
Italy
1971
Libya
Vessel, nes
Cidamino
199
Italy
1971
Vessel, nes
Dnestr
1,361
USSR
1970
Ukraine
Factory trawler
268
Netherlands
1957
Stem trawler
tlenaki r.S.
165
Italy
1974
Stem trawler
Izaro
1,539
Spain
1976
Spain
Tuna vessel
1,300
Spain
1975
Spain
Factory trawler
Koi 41 ni
214
Japan
1971
Refrigerated trawler
Kurema Mam
Leonidas
148
Greece
1974
Stem trawler
168
Italy
1973
Stem trawler
Madonna dell 'Alto
Mare Sec
Maloui^
105
Italy
1975
Libya
Stem trawler
Manwel
173
East Germany
1974
Libya
Vessel, nes
245
Netherlands
1965
Stem trawler
Maria Bemadette
194
Italy
1970
Stem trawler
Norfisk I.
2,655
Poland
1973
UK
Factory trawler
Norfisk II.
2,656
Poland
1973
UK
Factory trawler
North Sea Surveyor
1,237
Norway
1986
Norway
Refrigerated trawler
Italy
1973
Stem trawler
Osiride
196
'' A vessel reportedly given or loaned to Malta by Morocco in the mid-1970s.
227
Palma Prima
195
Italy
1974
Libya
Stem trawler
Paola Bassi
194
Italy
1972
Stem trawler
Queen Mary Three
174
Spain
1974
Stem trawler
ResouncF
145
U.K.
1970
Stem trawler
S. Terenzio
199
Italy
1972
Vessel, nes
Saint Martin
781
Poland
1967
Stem trawler
Salvatore Gancitano
199
Italy
1972
Stem trawler
Sicula Pesca
150
Italy
1981
Stem trawler
Taxiarchis
284
France
1956
Stem trawler
Trionfale
132
Italy
1956
Stem trawler
Source: Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy
■^ One of 4 steel-hulled vessels operated as a joint venture fishing company with Libya in 1977. The Hannibal
was not listed as operating in 1993. The names of the other 2 vessels are not available.
228
ENDNOTES
1. "Help for Gozo fishermen," and "Maltese pay out," Fishing News International, May 1990 and October 1989
respectively, and fax from Paul Andersen, Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy Valletta, August 20, 1993.
2. Fax from Paul Andersen, Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy Valletta, August 20, 1993.
3. Central Office of Statistics, Census of Agriculture and Fisheries, 7976-77, Department of Information, Valletta,
1978, p. 75.
4. The Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy, reports that the former Japanese vessel Kurema Maru (214-GRT)
was listed on Malta's registry of fishing vessels. The Kurema Maru was built in 1971 as is identified as a
refrigerated trawler.
5. Fax from Paul Andersen, Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy Valletta, August 20, 1993.
6. "Malta seeks trawlers from Arabs," Fishing News International, April 1978, p. 15.
7. FAO Country Profiles, "Malta," Fishing News International, August 1980, p. 70.
8. "Malta Drydocks to build trawlers," The Malta Economist, June 1973, p. 6. The article did not explain why a
Mexican company was building shrimp trawlers for Brazil and Venezuela.
9. "Maltese speech in China causes Soviet walkout," New York Times, November 4, 1977.
10. Fax from Paul Andersen, Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy Valletta, August 20, 1993.
11. "Malta to start trawler fleet," Fishing News International, June 1978.
12. "Malta seeks trawlers from Arabs," Fishing News International, April 1978, p. 15.
13. "Malta to start trawler fleet," Fishing News International, June 1978 and "Malta/Libya fisheries agreement,"
U.S. Embassy, Valletta, August 1, 1978.
14. For information on the Malta/Libya joint venture see: "Agreement signed to create joint Libya-Malta fishing
company," International Fisheries Report, IFR-78/133, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., August 17, 1978.
15. "Big losses for Malta-Libya trawler venture," Fishing News International, August 1982.
16. "Maltese Economic/Commercial Developments, December 1985," U.S. Embassy, Valletta, January 8, 1986.
17. "Return trip," Fishing News International, February 1979.
18. "Malta/Senegal trade agreement signed," U.S. Embassy, Valletta, January 30, 1979.
19. "Malta/Senegal Trade Agreement Signed," U.S. Embassy, Valletta, January 30, 1979.
229
20. "Malta seeks trawl fleet," The Fisherman, September 5, 1975, p. 10. The Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S.
Navy, reports that the former Japanese vessel Kurema Maru (214-GRT) was listed on Malta's registry of fishing
vessels. The Kurema Maru was built in 1971 as is identified as a refrigerated trawler. The vessel could be a gift
to Malta by the Government of Japan as a training vessel. The authors have no further information about this
vessel.
21. Fax from Paul Andersen, Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy Valletta, August 20, 1993.
22. Fax from Paul Andersen, Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy Valletta, August 20, 1993.
230
3.7
NORWAY
The Norwegian high-seas fleet of 139 vessels as of 1992, is equipped to process a variety of fish and
shellfish and to deliver a high quality product to customers around the world. The Norwegian high-seas fleet' began
expanding rapidly in 1986, peaking at 143 vessels in 1990. Substantial catches of cod, capelin, Atlantic herring,
Atlantic mackerel, sandeels, and other species in recent years are keeping Norwegian fishermen busy harvesting
these species in domestic waters. Norwegian shipyards produce high quality vessels that are sold to fishermen all
over the world. Seven Norwegian factory trawlers fished off Australia and New Zealand in 1992. These distant
operations have not proven profitable. A shift in Norway's fishing fleet to distant grounds is not anticipated.
Several Caribbean-flag vessels have recently begun fishing in international waters between Norway and Russia.
CONTENTS
1. General Background 231
2. Fleet Background 232
3. Modernization Programs 232
4. Decommissioning Programs 233
5. Shipyards 233
6. International Agreements 234
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 235
Sources 235
Endnotes 239
1. General Background
Norway is Western Europe's leading producer of
fish and shellfish by virtue of its harvest of 2.4
million tons of fish and shellfish in 1992.' Norway
controls some of the richest fishing grounds in the
world. Norwegian waters provide excellent
conditions for spawning and growth of healthy stocks
of fish. Fishing is important to the people of coastal
Norway as well as to the nation's social structure.'
Fisheries is also a vital economic activity for the
country: The value of the 1992 catch was $784
million and Norway's exports of fishery products
amounted to 1,235,000 tons worth $2.1 billion."
Exports of fishery products in 1992 rank third after
petroleum and metals and constitute about 7.0 percent
of the nation's exports in terms of value.' Fishing is
important along the country's 21,925 kilometer
coastline, and especially in isolated fishing villages.
The most important species in Norwegian marine
fisheries are Atlantic cod, Atlantic herring, mackerel,
and capelin. Unlike all North Atlantic countries (from
Canada to Greenland to Iceland to the United
Kingdom), Norway has seen a return of Atlantic cod
stocks. Norway's catch of Atlantic cod went from
231
161,000 tons in 1991 to 213,000 tons in 1992. The
value of Norway's exports of cod products was
nearly $590 million in 1992.* In addition to cod,
Norwegian fishermen also benefited from a
resurgence in capelin stocks; the catch of capelin
went from 92,000 tons in 1990 to 576,000 tons in
1991 to 808,000 tons in 1992. The catch of Atlantic
herring has declined in recent years, but accounted
for 220,000 tons in 1992. Atlantic mackerel landings
were 207,000 tons in 1992. Norway pout (165,000
tons), Saithe (160,000 tons), blue whiting (154,600
tons), horse mackerel (106,000 tons), sandeels
(92,800 tons), haddock (38,000 tons), redfish (35,000
tons), sprat (32,500 tons), ling (21,400 tons), and
Greenland halibut (1 1 ,000 tons), were also important
fish caught in Norwegian waters in 1992. Harvests
of Norway lobster and deepwater shrimp provide
valuable income for these prized shellfish. Norway
is also the world's leading producer of farmed
Atlantic salmon and 1992 exports of 123,500 tons of
fresh, chilled or frozen salmon (excluding fillets)
generated $604 million in export earnings!^ Fish
stocks are healthy and Norwegian fishermen are
among the few enjoying a profitable season. The
main product forms are fresh, frozen, dried, and
salted fish as well as fishmeal and oil and a variety of
caimed products. The boom in Norway's production
of farmed salmon has led to the development of new,
value-added products. The resumption of commercial
whaling in Norway might lead to consumer boycotts
of Norwegian fishery products that would be a
setback to the fishing industry. An overview of the
Norwegian fishing industry can be seen in tables 1 -3 .
2. Fleet Background
Norway has a total fishing fleet of about 17,000
vessels, making it the leader among the non-EC
nations of Western Europe. The Norwegian fishing
fleet consists mainly of small coastal vessels which
range from small, one-man boats to large trawlers
and purse seiners. The number of vessels in the fleet
has declined in recent years. The Norwegian high-
seas fleet had its origin in the 1960s and 1970s.' The
Gadus I (1,530-GRT) and Gadus II (1,600-GRT)
were built in 1969 and 1970 respectively and were
the first Norwegian stem trawlers over 1,000-GRT.'
By 1975, the fleet consisted of 8 vessels over 1,000-
GRT fishing the Norwegian quota of Arctic cod off
the coast of Finnmark and in the Barents Sea. '" The
Norwegian high-seas fleet grew slowly though the
1980s. The fleet expanded from 98 vessels in 1985
to 143 vessels in 1990, as fishermen began ordering
large vessels (over 1,000-GRT) with on-board
processing equipment. Norwegian fishermen
eventually plan total of 30 fully equipped factory
vessels able to process approximately 200,000 tons of
cod at sea." This expansion program was taking
place at the same time that the fleet of smaller-sized
boats was being gradually reduced.'^ It was also
reported that 33 of the 40 ringblock vessels operating
in northern Norway were 20 or more years old and
replacement programs for modernizing the
ieao
1935
IVesses wei SOOQRT ■ 'bnnags
Figure 1. -Norway's high-seas fleet, 1975-92.
Norwegian fleet were needed." The Norwegian fleet
also includes a number of large, pelagic purse seiners
that fish for herring and capelin. The Norwegian
high-seas fleet in 1992 included 75 vessels in the 500-
to 999-GRT class, 52 vessels in the 1,000- to 1,999-
GRT class and 12 vessels over 2,000-GRT as shown
in table 1 .
3. Modernization Programs'''
The National Fishery Bank (NFB) is charged
with providing credit to promote the development of
the Norwegian fishing fleet. The NFB provides
mortgage loans and administers aid programs. In
1991, the NFB provided loans amounting to $416
million, which included $340 million in first
mortgage loans. The NFB loan program covers 70
percent of the total investment in a fishing vessel.
Loans are provided for a maximum period of 12
years at 12.5-percent (1990-92). Second mortgages
are also available. Shipowners were limited to a
maximum loan of $77 million in 1990 and to $54
232
million during 1991-93. NFB investment grants are
also available for the financing of coastal fishing
vessels in regions where fishing is the main activity.
The modernization program appears to be very
effective. The high-seas fleet increased from 72
vessels in 1975 to 143 vessels in 1990, before
decreasing to 139 vessels in 1992.
4. Decommissioning Programs
Norway has a long history of supporting efforts
to decommission old and ineffective fishing vessels.
One of the programs was initiated in 1979 and ended
with the scrapping of 124 vessels." Another
program ended in 1982 with 140 vessels over 15
meters in length being decommissioned.'* Most of
these early programs were aimed at the large number
of small vessels which dominated the Norwegian
fishing fleet. During the last 3-4 years, these
programs have been increased. Recent initiatives
include:
Financial support for the scrapping of old vessels
(mostly coastal vessels). Since 1978, the
Government has spent approximately $148
million on the scrapping of 950 vessels.
Financial support for the sale of larger, offshore
vessels to other nations, leading to the permanent
withdrawal of the vessels from Norwegian
fisheries.
Financial support for the laying-up of vessels for
a limited period.
Reduction in the financial support for operational
costs in Norwegian fisheries.
In addition to these financial programs, the
Government of Norway has also initiated
administrative programs limiting the growth of the
Norwegian fishing fleet. These programs include:
Restrictions on loans for investment in vessels,
gear, and other equipment and reduction in
investment subsidies.
Strict limitations on the granting of new licenses
for replacement of licensed vessels.
Regulations on the rate of replacement in the
fishing fleet.
Possibilities for the merging of quotas of licensed
vessels in the Norwegian cod fishery. This
allows one vessel to benefit from another vessel's
cod quota, provided the second vessel is
withdrawn from the cod fishery on a permanent
basis.
The program to reduce the fishing fleet appears
to be less effective than the program to modernize the
fleet in recent years. In 1992, 34 vessels were
withdrawn.
5. Shipyards
Norwegian shipyards rank among the best in the
world. Ten Norwegian shipyards reported building
19 new fishing vessels in 1992." These vessels
ranged in size from the 24-GRT Hans Robert built by
Arctic Boat A/S in Guasvik for Hans Karisari of
Vadso to the 2,700-GRT Northern Osprey built for
M.V. Osprey Ltd., of Halifax, Nova Scotia, in
Canada by the Mjellum & Karlsen Verft A/S of
Bergen. The Sterkoder A/S shipyards were also
active in the construction of six 1,900-GRT factory
stem trawlers for the Rider Shipping Corporation of
Monrovia, Liberia. Four of these stem trawlers were
delivered: Peter, Iljin,'^ Admiral Nevelskoj, and
Victoria.^^ One ship, the Mikhail Levashov was not
delivered due to lack of funding. The last vessel, the
Amaltal Colombia, was sold to the Amatal Fishing
Company, Ltd. of Auckland, New Zealand.
Norwegian shipyards also built fishing vessels for
customers in France (Ligrunn, 768-GRT ), Iceland
(Vigri, 1,217-GRT, Amar [no GRT reported],
Tjaldur and Tjaldur II, 688-GRT), and Poland {John
Erik, 492-GRT and Baldvin Torsteinsson [no GRT
reported]). On April 29, 1993, the Norwegian
shipyard Soviknes Verft AS delivered an ultra-
modem autoliner to Nichimo Co. Ltd. of Japan with
the unusual name oiKapitan Kartashov ( 1 ,079-GRT) .
The vessel will operate out of Vladivostok for a
Russian company affiliated with Nichimo and will
fish for Pacific cod, halibut, and rockfish. This is
the first of two identical vessels for Nichimo; the
second vessel, the Kapitan Samoilenko, was
delivered on June 11, 1993.^° Norwegian shipyards
are able to produce highly efficient fishing vessels
and are an important source of new vessels for
fishermen aroimd the world.
233
6. International Agreements
Norway holds annual fishery consultations with
a number of countries. In 1992, discussions were
held with Russia, the EC, the Faroe Islands,
Greenland, Sweden, and Poland. In each instance,
access for Norwegian fishing vessels or fishing
quotas are sought in exchange for reciprocal access to
Norwegian grounds or fishing quotas. Norway also
participated in the North East Atlantic Fisheries
Commission (NEAFC) and in the Northwest Atlantic
Fisheries Organization (NAFO).
Russia: A series of negotiations between Norway
and Russia during 1992 resulted in several bilateral
agreements covering several species. These
agreements provided for quotas for Arcto-Norwegian
cod (356,000 tons) and capelin (1,084,000 tons), and
set up rules governing the by-catch of Greenland
halibut. These accords cover both the Norwegian
Sea and the Barents Sea.
European Community: Norway and the EC came
to an agreement on quotas in the North Sea. The
agreement included allocations of joint stocks
betweeen the two parties. Norway received a quotas
of 112,610 tons of herring and 54,415 tons of
mackerel in the North Sea. Norway was also
allowed 232,000 tons of blue whiting in an area
including the EC's EEZ as well as that of the Faroe
Islands.
Iceland: Norway and Iceland reached an agreement
on reciprocal fishing on March 10, 1976. These
agreements have since been amended. The
agreement permits small quantities of cod, blue
whiting, herring, capelin, and other species to be
caught by Norwegian vessels in Icelandic waters and
Icelandic vessels in Norwegian waters during
specified times.
Faroe Islands: Norway and the Faroe Islands have a
reciprocal fisheries agreement which allows
fishermen from each country to fish in waters of the
other country.
Greenland: The Governments of Norway and
Greenland reached an agreement on fishing rights for
cod in late 1991. The agreement gives Greenland a
TAC for cod in the North Sea and Barents Sea in
exchange for Norwegian fishing in Greenland's 200-
mile exclusive economic zone. The agreement was
arbitrated by Denmark.
Sweden: There is a special tripartite agreement
between Norway, Sweden, and Denmark dating back
to 1966 which lasts until 2001. The agreement
allows fishermen from each country to fish up to 4
nautical miles from the baselines in the area of the
Skagerrak and the northern part of Kattegat,
irrespective of fisheries zones. The EC has assumed
legal responsibility to negotiate on behalf of Deimiark
in 1978.2'
Jan Mayen: Norway has agreements with the EC,
Iceland, Greenland, Russia, the Faroe Islands, and
Poland concerning cooperation in the management of
capelin stocks which migrate between the Fishery
Zone around Jan Mayen and the Icelandic and
Greenland zones.*' The agreements also allow for
fishing of blue whiting in the region.
Norway experienced problems with Caribbean-
flag fishing vessels in 1993. Two Caribbean-flag
vessels were discovered fishing in the "loophole"
around the Svalbard. The area is in international
waters around the Svalbard which is jointly
administered by Norway and Russia. A second
"loophole" exists in the Barents Sea between the
Russian and Norwegian EEZs in the Barents Sea."
The trouble started during the summer of 1993
when Norway expelled two Caribbean-registered
fishing vessels from the area around Svalbard. The
vessels had sold their catch of cod in Iceland.
Following their expulsion, the vessels sailed to the
Barents Sea loophole, where they were joined by 4
other vessels.""
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans
The Government of Norway in 1991 studied the
possibilities of government support for fishing in
distant-waters. The Government concluded that no
policy was needed to encourage or discourage
Norwegian fishermen from fishing in distant-waters.
The Norwegian fleet is free to operate anywhere it
wishes, provided its activity is consistent with
international agreements and the legislation of coastal
states. Norwegian fishermen established joint venture
operations off New Zealand in 1989 and fished there
for 2 years. The venture apparently was not
234
successful and no catches have been reported for
1991 (table 3). FAO catch data also indicates that
Norwegian vessels fish in the Eastern Central
Atlantic, where they average under 2,000 tons per
year (table 3). Norwegian vessels caught 1,400 tons
(mostly illex squid) in the Falkland's EEZ in 1990;
they have not returned since that year (see Appendix
30). Norwegian vessels fish in waters off western
Greenland (table 3). Norway's total distant-water
catch of 5,100 tons was only a tiny fraction of the
nation's total catch of 1,980,000 tons in 1991.
Hansen, Torstein Assistant Director General and
Krisin Alnes, Sr. Executive Officer, Royal
Ministry of Fisheries, letter to Ivar 0sby,
Embassy of the United States, Oslo, Norway
dated April 22, 1993.
Hjul, Peter. The Stem Trawler, Fishing News
(Books), London, 1972, pp. 168-176.
Larsen, Birger. Royal Norwegian Embassy,
Washington, D.C.
Norwegian high-seas vessels are mostly built to
operate in the cold waters of the North Atlantic. It
is unlikely that these vessels can operate profitably in
many other fisheries, although one large Norwegian
vessel, Mys Vindis, (1,899-GRT) was reflagged in
Cyprus in 1993." In the past, vessels have
generally been sold to other Nordic countries or to
the UK where they have been used to fish in the
North Atlantic. Norwegian fishing vessels are
routinely sold to fishermen in Greenland, the Faroe
Islands, Scotland, and other northern countries.
Some vessels have been reconfigured to work in the
offshore oil fields.
Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy.
0sby, Ivar. Embassy of the United States, Oslo,
Norway various communications.
The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries, Quota
Regulations in Norwegian Fisheries Zones for
1989. Oslo, August 25, 1989, p.4.
U.S. Embassy, Oslo, Norway, various reports.
Wade, Nick. "Norway Ends Scrapping Programme,"
Fishing News International, July 1981, p. 3.
In summary, at the present time it is unlikely that
Norwegian high-seas vessels will be deployed beyond
the North Atlantic groundfish, pelagic, or blue
whiting fishing grounds in the foreseeable future.
Vessels built in Norwegian shipyards, however, are
likely to appear in distant-water fisheries throughout
the world.
World Fishing, various issues.
SOURCES
Eurofish Report, various issues.
European Supplies Bulletin, Annual Data, 1992, Sea
Fish Industry Authority, Edinburgh, 1993.
Fishing News International, various issues.
Food and Agriculture Organization, Fishery Statistics,
Catches and Landings, 1990, Volume 70, United
Nations, Rome, 1992.
France Peche, September 1987.
235
Table 1. -NORWAY. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels, ranked by
tonnage, 1975-92.
Year
Gross Registered Tons (GRT)
Total
500
OQO
1 AAA
-1,999
Over 2,000
1,UUU
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
1975
45,088
64
10,822
8
-
55,910
72
1976
52,374
73
7,054
5
-
59,428
78
1977
51,899
73
8,366
6
-
-
60,265
79
1978
59,209
82
13,016
10
-
-
72,225
92
1979
60,636
84
20,169
16
2,909
1
83,714
101
1980
59,354
82
19,124
15
2,909
1
81,387
98
1981
56,799
79
19,727
16
5,092
2
81,618
97
1982
56,501
79
21,968
18
7,648
3
86,117
100
1983
56,982
79
22,045
18
5,001
2
84,028
99
1984
56,701
79
27,638
21
5,001
2
89,340
102
1985
57,507
79
24,317
19
-
-
81,824
98
1986
62,297
85
30,122
23
2,425
1
94,844
109
1987
63,268
87
43,806
32
12,015
5
119,089
124
1988
63,655
87
60,651
42
20,692
9
144,998
138
1989
57,226
78
71,516
50
30,850
13
159,592
141
1990
56,817
79
73,974
52
28,550
12
159,341
143
1991
54,550
76
78,489
55
26,132
11
159,171
142
1992
54,359
75
73,429
52
28,188
12
155,976
139
Source: Lloyd's Register of
London, UK, various years.
Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping,
236
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Table 3. --NORWAY. Fisheries catch by FAO area, 1975, 1980, 1985-91
Area
1975
1 1980
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1.000 Metric Tons
Inland
(FAO area 05)
-
8.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.5
Coastal"
(Northeastern Atlantic and
Baltic Sea, FAO area 27)
2,485.0
2,395.4
2,115.2
1,907.0
1,948.0
1,840.0
1,900.1
1,688.1
2,090.3
Distant-water:
NE Atlantic, FAO area 21
53.0
5.3
2.1
5.4
0.4
2.0
5.3
16.9
5.1
Eastern-Central Atlantic,
FAO area 34
13.0
-
1.3
1.4
1.0
1.3
2.0
1.8
-
South-Central Pacific,
FAO area 81
-
-
-
-
1.2
4.0
Sub-toal
66.0
5.3
3.4
6.8
1.4
3.3
8.5
22.7
5.1
Total
2,551.0
2,409.0
2,119.0
1,914.2
1,949.8
1,843.6
1,909.1
1,711.3
2,095.9
Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fish
ery Statistic
•s, various y
ears.
' The distinction between "coastal" and "distant-water" can be misleading, since FAO area 27 stretches from eastern Greenland
to the Baltic Sea and north to the Barents Sea.
238
ENDNOTES
1. Mr. Birger Larsen, Fisheries Attache, Royal Norwegian Embassy, Washington, D.C. notes that the term "high-
seas" is not appropriate for the Norwegian fleet which mostly fishes in coastal waters. He did note that some
Norwegian vessels fish in distant waters.
2. Food and Agriculture Organization, Fishery Statistics, Catches and Landings, 1990, Volume 70, United Nations,
Rome, 1992, p. 89.
3. "Norway has jurisdiction over some of the world's richest fishing grounds; the following is an overview of its
fisheries," World Fishing, July 1990, p. 8.
4. Birger Larsen, Fisheries Attache, Royal Norwegian Embassy, Washingto, D.C, personal communication on
September 30, 1993.
5. "First semester 1993 Norwegian foreign trade," U.S. Embassy, Oslo, August 9, 1993.
6. Central Bureau of Statistics, as cited in European Supplies Bulletin, Annual Data, 1992, Sea Fish Industry
Authority, Edinburgh, 1993, p. 35-37.
7. Based on an exchange rate of 7.35 Norwegian kroner = US$1.00.
8. Peter Hjul, TJie Stem Trawler, Fishing News (Books), London, 1972, pp. 168-176.
9. Peter Hjul, The Stern Trawler, Fishing News (Books), London, 1972, p. 171.
10. "Vessels that Attract the Young Men..." Fishing News International, March 1978, p. 21.
11. Eurofish Report, April 14, 1986.
12. France Peche, September 1987, p. 42.
13. Eurofish Report, February 13, 1986, p. FS/1.
14. Letter from Torstein Hansen, Assistant Director General and Krisin Alnes, Sr. Executive Officer, Royal
Ministry of Fisheries, to Ivar 0sby, Embassy of the United States, Oslo, Norway dated April 22, 1993. This letter
provides details on the information which is presented in this report.
15. Nick Wade, "Norway Ends Scrapping Programme," Fishing News International, July 1981, p. 3.
16. Fishing News International, June 1983.
17. "1992 Fishing Vessel Completions," World Fishing, March 1993, pp. 51-54.
18. A vessel identified as the Petr Iljin was registered in Cyprus in 1993. The vessel was built in Norway in 1992
and registered 1,919-GRT. The authors suspect that this was one of the vessels delivered to the Liberian firm and
may have been renamed or it may be one vessel instead of the reported 2 vessels.
19. The vessels were apparently destined for Russian fisheries.
239
20. "MV Kapitan Kartashov," World Fishing, June 1993, p. 65 and "Autoliners sail from Norway," Fishing News
International, August 1993, p. 23.
21. The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries, Quota Regulations in Norwegian Fisheries Zones for 1989, Oslo,
August 25, 1989, p.4.
22. The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries, Quota Regulations in Norwegian Fisheries Zones for 1989, Oslo,
August 25, 1989, p.4.
23. "Norway acts on fishing in Barents Sea "loophole," U.S. Embassy, Oslo, Norway, August 18, 1993.
24. "Norway acts on fishing in Barents Sea "loophole," U.S. Embassy, Oslo, Norway, August 18, 1993.
25. "Norway acts on fishing in Barents Sea "loophole," U.S. Embassy, Oslo, Norway, August 18, 1993, Office
of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy, and Nick Wade, "Barents Sea 'Hole' Dispute," Fishing News International,
September 1993, pp. 1-2.
26. Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy.
Norway
240
3.8
SWEDEN
The Swedish high-seas fleet grew from 3 vessels in 1988 to 8 vessels in 1992 before declining to 7 vessels in
1993. All of these vessels are under 1,000-Gross Registered Tons (GRT). Sweden's coastal fishing vessels tend
to be heavier than coastal vessels in warmer climates in order to operate savely in the harsh northern weather. It
is unlikely that Sweden's vessels will move to distant fishing grounds in the near future.
CONTENTS
1. General Background 241
2. Fleet Background 242
3 . Modernization Programs 242
4. Decommissioning Programs 242
5. Shipyards 242
6. International Agreements 243
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 243
Sources 243
Endnotes 248
1. General Background
Fishing is not a significant industry in Sweden.
It is, however, of importance to many coastal
communities. Sweden's catch peaked at around
400,000 tons in 1964 when nearly 200,000 tons of
Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) were landed. The
collapse of the North Sea herring stock, however,
signaled a contraction of Sweden's fisheries which
declined by half and never fully recovered.' Swedish
fisheries were impacted again in the 1970s, when
many nations extended their exclusive fishery zones
to 200 miles, excluding Swedish fishermen from their
traditional fishing grounds.' Many fishermen sold
their vessels and sought other occupations during this
time.' Sweden's landings have fluctuated near the
250,000 ton level for the past two decades, but the
catch totaled 320,000 tons in 1992." Swedish high-
seas vessels traditionally fish for herring and
mackerel in the North Sea and other species in the
Baltic,' the Skagerrak, and the Kattegat. With the
decline in Swedish fisheries, seafood processors have
turned to foreign suppliers to meet the growing
demand for seafood in Sweden and Europe. In 1992,
Sweden imported 100,000 tons of fish and shellfish
valued at approximately $437 million.* Processing
241
seafood is an important business in Sweden today.
Annual consumption of fishery products is around 26
kilograms of fish per capita; two thirds of this fish is
imported and one-third caught by Swedish
fishermen.^ Modest quantities of herring and
industrial fish (i.e., fish used for reduction into
fishmeal and fishoil) are landed in Denmark which is
the major market for these types of fish.* Sweden
has a 2,862 kilometer coastline consisting of many
bays, coves, and islands. The Swedish shelf area
includes 165,295 square kilometers. The country
also has some 100,000 lakes covering about 38,000
square kilometers. This has attracted many
individual fishermen who operate small fishing boats
from many ports. Unfortunately, the low salinity of
the Baltic yields only a few species of fish. Without
access to distant fishing grounds, the Swedish fishing
effort has been increasingly limited.' For additional
information on Sweden's fishing industry refer to
tables 1 to 3.
Sweden's high-seas fleet in 1992 consisted of 8
vessels, all under 1,000-GRT. The Swedish high-
seas fleet in 1993 included: Argos (985 -GRT), Ganthi
(534-GRT), Ginneton (534-GRT),Z^von (511-GRT),
Polar (690-GRT), Teaterskeppet (774-GRT), and the
Torland{l\e-GKl)}^
3. Modernization Programs
In 1984-85, the Swedish government allocated
just under $6 million in state aid to modernize the
Swedish fishing fleet. The program included low
interest loans for vessel construction, subsidies for
new vessels, and funds to assist fishermen shifting
into more profitable types of fishing.'^ Similar
programs were reported for 1991-92 by the
Government of Sweden; slightly more than $0.8
million was made available for the construction of
new fishing vessels, and the purchase of second-hand
vessels.
2. Fleet Background
The total fishing fleet (powered vessels) has
gradually declined from 4,000 vessels in 1981 to
1,638 licensed fishing vessels in 1992.'° The high-
seas fleet grew from 3 vessels in 1988 to a high of
8 vessels in 1992 (table 1 and figure 1)."
i»u
1SI5
■Vossels aver 5M-GRT •■T^nnajo
Figure I. Sweden's high-seas fishing fleet,
1975-92.
The Govenmient budget for support to Swedish
fisheries for the 1992-93 fiscal year was $5 million.
The ceiling for credit guarantees to fishing companies
has been $9.4 million in the loan program for FY
1992-93.'"
As of FY 1993-94, the fishery loan program will
be abolished. Government support for modernizing
the fishing industry will only be provided in the form
of credit guarantees in the future. The allocation for
FY 1993-94 will be $3.3 milllion and the funds will
be used for modernization, supporting idle vessels,
and improving quality controls in the fishing industry.
Of the total amount, a litfle more than half is
earmarked for the modernization of the fishing fleet. '^
4. Decommissioning Programs
The Swedish government has introduced
scrapping subsidies as part of an overall program to
modernize the country's fleet of small, aging
vessels."
5. Shipyards
Between 1976 and 1978, there was one 2,508-
GRT vessel operating under the Swedish flag. That
vessel was decommissioned in 1979, and has never
been replaced. A 1,181-GRT vessel began operating
in 1980, but was sold or otherwise decommissioned
in 1987 and it also has never been replaced.
Swedish shipyards produce mostly small craft for
local fishermen. However, on occasion they have
produced very large vessels. The Irish super trawler,
Veronica (4,034-GRT), for example, was built by the
Marstrandsverben yard in Sweden. The Veronica is
242
one of the largest fishing vessels in Europe and
demonstrates that Swedish shipyards can produce
world-class fishing vessels.
6. International Agreements
The extension of 200-mile fishery zones in the
mid- 1970s prompted Sweden to establish its own 200-
mile EEZ on January 1, 1978. This gave Sweden
control over approximately 160,000 square kilometers
of ocean, mostly in the Baltic where Sweden has a
long tradition of fishing. It also required Sweden to
negotiate maritime boundaries with its neighbors,
including Finland, the Soviet Union, Poland, the
German Democratic Republic, Denmark, and
Norway. In addition to settling their maritime
boundaries, the Swedish government also negotiated
a series of bilateral agreements with its neighbors
which permitted Swedish fishermen to fish in many
of their traditional fishing grounds in exchange for
foreign access to Swedish waters. Sweden and the
Soviet Union, for example, negotiated an agreemnt to
divide the "white zone" in the Baltic Sea in 1988. A
joint protocol was signed on December 12, 1988,
ending years of conflict. The dissolution of the
Soviet Union and the reestablishment of Latvia,
Estonia, and Lithuania as independent states has
produced 4 separate bilateral fishery agreements in
the area." Sweden and Poland signed an agreement
in 1993 allowing 20 Swedish vessels to fish for
herring and sprat and 4 Swedish vessels to fish for
salmon within the Polish 40-mile EEZ. No
information was made available on what Polish
fishermen received from Sweden."
Fishing in the Baltic Sea is also coordinated by
the International Council for the Exploration of the
Sea, which establishes total allowable catches on an
annual basis for its member states. Quotas for the
Baltic Sea are set by the International Baltic Sea
Commission in Warsaw. The Baltic Sea Fishery
Commission reduced catch quotas for cod to 23,900
tons in 1992, which amounted to a reduction of
nearly 41 percent. Sweden also negotiated access
agreements to the North Sea with the European
Community and with Norway. Access and fishing
quotas in the Skagerak are established through annual
tri-lateral talks with the EC, Sweden and Norway.
Access to the Kattegat involves bilateral talks between
Sweden and the European Community.
Sweden applied for membership in the European
Community in July 1991, and negotiations began in
the spring of 1993 with the goal of accession by
January 1, 1995. Sweden is likely to face the
prospect of reducing its fishing fleet when it joins the
EC according to a 90-page report prepared by the
EC." Sweden would be bound by EC regulations
once it joins the body and negotiations with other
countries will thereafter be the responsibility of the
EC. Swedish fishermen, however, will also be in a
position to resume fishing in grounds belonging to the
EC and will be able to take advantage of some
agreements concluded by the EC with other
countries. Thus, the future holds promise for a
leaner fishing industry, but one that will have access
to more fish.
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans
The Swedish high-seas fleet has grown modestly
since 1988 when only 3 vessels were registered with
more than 500-GRT. These vessels are mostly
coastal craft that are built to withstand the rigors of
fishing in northern waters and are not necessarily
designed for fishing in distant-waters. The fleet now
consists of 7 vessels. It is unlikely that these vessels
will move to distant fishing grounds in the near
future.
SOURCES
Aimex to the Worldwide Fisheries Marketing Study:
Prospects to 1985 (SWEDEN), Industry, Trade
and Commerce, Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa,
November 1979.
Cole, Bruce. "Management rebuild Sweden's fishing
industry," National Fisherman, July 1979.
Eurofish Report, various issues.
Fagerblad, Bo. Economic Section, U.S. Embassy,
Stockholm, Sweden, fax dated August 11, 1993.
"Fisheries in Sweden," Fact Sheets on Sweden, The
Swedish Institute, November 1978.
Svensk Fisk, Ekonomisk Forening cited in European
Supplies Bulletin, Annual Data, 1992, Sea Fish
Industry Authority, Edinburgh, 1993, p. 47.
243
Mulllins, Rose. Sweden: A high fish consumption
market. The Centre for International Business
Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova
Scotia, August 1978, p 6.
Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy.
Pownall, Peter. "Swedish fisheries showing signs of
recovery after crisis in late 1960s and early
1970s," Australian Fisheries, June 1979, p. 11.
U.S. Embassy, Stockholm, various reports.
World Fishing, various reports.
Sweden
Gull
ol
Sund5V3ll7 Bothnia
Gavle
Uppsala
^Karlstad V
• ^STOCKHOLM
Jonkoping
' ( 0Golland
Kallegal \ Iff .ma sali.c Sea
Malmpy r Kaflskrona
Gotebor^
244
Table 1. -SWEDEN. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels,
ranked by tonnage, 1975-92.
Year
Gro
ss Registered Tons (GRT)
Total
500-999
1,000-1,999
Over 2,000
CRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
1975
985
1
-
-
-
-
985
1
1976
1,765
2
-
-
2,508
1
4,273
3
1977
1,765
2
-
-
2,508
1
4,273
3
1978
1,765
2
-
-
2,508
1
4,273
3
1979
1,744
2
-
-
-
-
1,744
2
1980
1,744
2
1,181
-
-
2,925
3
1981
2,536
3
1,181
-
-
3,717
4
1982
1,777
2
1,193
-
-
2,970
3
1983
1,777
2
1,193
-
-
2,970
3
1984
1,777
2
1,193
-
-
2,970
3
1985
2,300
3
1,193
-
-
3,493
4
1986
2,683
3
1,193
-
-
3,876
4
1987
1,759
2
1,193
-
-
2,952
3
1988
2,275
3
-
-
-
-
2,275
3
1989
2,991
4
-
-
-
-
2,991
4
1990
3,502
5
-
-
-
-
3,502
5
1991
4,744
7
-
-
-
-
4,744
7
1992
5,419
8
-
-
-
-
5,419
8
Source: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping,
London, UK, various years.
245
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Table 3. -SWEDEN. Fisheries catch by FAO area, 1975, 1980, 1985-91
Area
1975
1980
1 1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1,000 Metric Tons
Inland
(FAO area 05)
10.2
10.0
3.0
3.2
4.0
5.2
6.0
5.9
5.5
Coastal'
(Northeastern Atlantic and
Baltic Sea, FAO area 27)
205.0
231.0
237.0
212.0
211.0
246.0
252.2
254.2
239.5
Total
215.2
241.0
240.0
215.2
215.0
251.2
258.2
260.1
245.0
Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, various years
" The distinction between "coastal" and "distant-water" can be misleading, since FAO area 27 stretches from eastern
Greenland to the Baltic Sea and north to the Barents Sea.
247
ENDNOTES
1. Peter Pownall, "Swedish fisheries showing signs of recovery after crisis in late 1960s and early 1970s,"
Australian Fisheries, June 1979, p. 11.
2. 200-niile fishing zones established by the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, and the United
Kingdom virtually closed the North Sea to Swedish fishermen. This resulted in many high-seas fishermen
leaving the fishery and promoted the Swedish government to begin negotiations with its neighbors. Rose
Mulllins, Sweden: A high fish consumption market. The Centre for International Business Studies, Dalhousie
University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, August 1978, p 6.
3. Bruce Cole, "Management rebuild Sweden's fishing industry," National Fisherman, July 1979.
4. A harvest of over 300,000 tons is a considerable quantity that makes Swedish fisheries reasonably important
when weighed among other nations.
5. Fish species in the Baltic include freshwater eels, salmonids, and some cod and herring. The Baltic and the
Gulf of Bothnia contain brackish water and have low productivity. Growing industrial and agricultural pollution
have reduced the productivity of these waters.
6. Svensk Fisk, Ekonomisk Forening cited in European Supplies Bulletin, Annual Data, 1992, Sea Fish Industry
Authority, Edinburgh, 1993, p. 47.
7. Peter Pownall, "Swedish fisheries showing signs of recovery after crisis in late 1960s and early 1970s,"
Australian Fisheries, June 1979, p. 20.
8. This pattern was reported as far back and 1979 and may go back even fiirther. Annex to the Worldwide
Fisheries Marketing Study: Prospects to 1985 (SWEDEN), Industry, Trade and Commerce, Fisheries and
Oceans, Ottawa, November 1979 and Bo Fagerblad, Economic Section, U.S. Embassy, Stockholm, Sweden,
fax dated August 11, 1993.
9. "Fisheries in Sweden," Fact Sheets on Sweden, The Swedish Institute, November 1978.
10. Bo Fagerblad, Economic Section, U.S. Embassy, Stockholm, Sweden, fax dated August 11, 1993.
11. The U.S. Embassy in Stockholm reported that there were only 4 vessels of 500-GRT and over in 1992. Bo
Fagerblad, Economic Section, U.S. Embassy, Stockholm, Sweden, fax dated August 11, 1993.
12. Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy.
13. "Sweden: Adapting to the time," World Fishing, November 1987.
14. Bo Fagerblad, Economic Section, U.S. Embassy, Stockholm, Sweden, fax dated August 11, 1993.
15. Bo Fagerblad, Economic Section, U.S. Embassy, Stockholm, Sweden, fax dated August 11, 1993.
16. "Sweden: Adapting to the time," World Fishing, November 1987.
248
17. The 4 agreements are between Sweden and Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia.
18. "Sweden granted quotas in Polish EEZ," Eurofish Report, April 7, 1993, p. FS/4.
19. "EC Commission says "yes" to Swedish accession," Eurofish Report, August 13, 1992, p. BB/2.
249
250
3.9
TURKEY
Turkey has one stern trawler, the Papila /., registering 997-Gross Registered Tons (GRT). The authors have
no information about its operations. Turkey is not likely to begin high-seas fishing in distant-waters in the near
future. It is, however, likely to fish in areas of the Black Sea and in the Mediterranean where it may come into
conflict with other coastal states in the region.
CONTENTS
1. General Background 251
2. Fleet Background 252
3. Modernization Programs 252
4. Decommissioning Programs 252
5. Shipyards 252
6. International Agreements 252
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 252
Sources 252
Endnotes 256
1. General Background
Turkish fishermen caught 365,000 tons of fish
and shellfish in 1991, including 317,000 tons of
marine fish and 47,200 tons of inland species. The
main species caught were European anchovy (91,000
tons), Mediterranean horse mackerel (30,000 tons),
mullets (28,000 tons), and whiting (23,000 tons).
Carp, tuna, bluefish, sea bream, seabass, mussels,
oysters, shrimp, and crayfish are other important
species caught by Turkish fishermen. The Turkish
catch has declined sharply from the high of 675,000
tons landed in 1988. This is the result of dramatic
reductions in the harvest of European anchovy
(Engraulis encrasicolus) since 1988. Most fish are
consumed fresh, but some processing does take place,
such as canning, smoking, or drying. There are
12,000 coastal villages settled on the Turkish coast
and along the shores of inland lakes. Fishing is a
family tradition employing father and son, typically
using a small wooden boat. Turkish fisheries are
geographically divided by region: Marmara Sea (927
kilometer coastline), Mediterranean (1,577 km
coastline). Black Sea (1,695 km), Aegean Sea (2,805
km), the Istanbul Strait, and the Canakkale Strait and
islands ( 1 ,329 km). ' Turkish fisheries increased from
120,000 tons in 1966 to a high of 676,000 tons in
1988, before declining to an estimated 360,000 tons
251
in 1992. Most of the Turkish marine harvest comes
from the Black Sea. An overview of the Turkish
fishing industry can be seen in tables 1-3.
2. Fleet Background
The capacity of the Turkish fishing fleet is, in
the words of Turkish authorities, "at the lowest level
among the Mediterranean countries."^ The fishing
fleet of approximately 8,000 vessels is mostly in the
1-GRT to 5-GRT range and most of these vessels are
equipped with motors. The vessels do not have on-
board freezing equipment.' None of the vessels are
suitable for deep-sea fishing." The Turkish fishing
fleet included about 36,600 small, wooden vessels
under 10 meters in 1984.^ A number of new wooden
vessels over 25 meters and built with steel hulls were
added to the fleet in the early to mid-1980s. Turkey
purchased a 997-GRT vessel in 1980 which appears
to have remained active in it's fisheries through 1992.
Another vessel, a 743-GRT craft, was active between
1984 and 1989. The authors have no further
information about either vessel.
3. Modernization Programs
The Turkish fishing fleet underwent a
modernization program in the mid-1980's, with most
of the small (under 10 meters) wooden boats being
replaced by larger (over 25 meters) wooden boats
with steel hulls.' This may explain why the Turkish
fishing fleet declined from 36,600 vessels in 1984 to
only 8,000 vessels a few years later. In 1987, the
Government of Turkey began studying a plan to
begin high-seas fishing under action plan number
124.' A Turkish fishing company purchased the
Papila I., a 997-GRT vessel, in 1980 and operated
this vessel through 1993. The vessel was built in
1979 and is listed as a factory trawler. A second
vessel (743-GRT) operated between 1984 and 1987.
The authors have no information about that vessel.
In 1993, the Turkish fleet included 12 vessels,
including the Papila I. The remaining vessels were
between 100-GRT and 500-GRT.
4. Decommissioning Programs
The authors are not aware
decommissioning programs in Turkey .
of any
5. Shipyards
Turkish shipyards are able to build, maintain,
and repair wooden vessels and small steel-hulled
vessels.
6. International Agreements
Turkey borders on Greece, Bulgaria, Syria, Iraq,
Iran and Armenia. It shares maritime boundaries with
Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Georgia and Russia in
the Black Sea and Cyprus in the Mediterranean.
Turkey established a 200-mile Exclusive Economic
Zone (EEZ) in the Black Sea on December 5, 1986.
Turkey signed an agreement with the USSR in 1990
that provided for scientific, economic, and technical
cooperation. The agreement also permitted each
country to harvest surplus fish in the territorial waters
of the other country. The authors do not know if this
agreement has been continued by the newly
independent states in the region, but suspect that
Ukraine and Georgia would be the most interested in
negotiating fisheries accords with Turkey.
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans
The authors have no information regarding the
operation of Turkey's fishing fleet.
SOURCES
"Expansion potential for Turkish fishing industry,"
Eurofish Report, April 13, 1989
OECD, Review of Fisheries in OECD Member
Countries, Organization for Economic Co-
operation and Development, Paris, 1989.
"Project proposal for developing the production
and export of fisheries," Department of
Externally Financed Projects, General
Directorate of Project and Implementation,
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Rural
Affairs, Ankara, August 1987
Wray, Tom. "Turkey stocks develop," Fishing
News International, August 1988.
252
Table 1. --TURKEY. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels,
ranked by tonnage, 1975-92.
1
Total
Year
Gross Registered Tons (GRT)
^(KV
-999
1,000-1,999
Over 2,000
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
GRT
No.
1975
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1976
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1977
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1978
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1979
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1980
997
P
-
-
-
-
997
1
1981
997
1
-
-
-
-
997
1
1982
997
1
-
-
-
-
997
1
1983
997
1
-
-
-
-
997
1
1984
1,740
2
-
-
-
-
1,740
2
1985
1,740
2
-
-
-
-
1,740
2
1986
1,740
2
-
-
-
-
1,740
2
1987
1,740
2
-
-
-
-
1,740
2
1988
1,740
2
-
-
-
-
1,740
2
1989
1,740
2
-
-
-
-
1,740
2
1990
997
1
-
-
-
-
997
1
1991
997
1
-
-
-
-
997
1
1992
997
1
-
-
-
-
997
1
Source:
years.
Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various
" The Papila I. built in 1979 and purchased in 1980.
253
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ENDNOTES
1. "Project proposal for developing the production and export of fisheries," Department of Externally Financed
Projects, General Directorate of Project and Implementation, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Rural Affairs,
Ankara, August 1987, p. 2.
2. "Project proposal for developing the production and export of fisheries," Department of Externally Financed
Projects, General Directorate of Project and Implementation, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Rural Affairs,
Ankara, August 1987, p. 2.
3. "Project proposal for developing the production and export of fisheries," Department of Externally Financed
Projects, General Directorate of Project and Implementation, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Rural Affairs,
Ankara, August 1987, p. 3.
4. "Expansion potential for Turkish fishing industry," Eurofish Report, April 13, 1989, p. SP/9. This statement
conflicts with the statistical information in Lloyd's Register which shows that one vessel over 500-GRT is listed as
being a Turkish fishing vessel.
5. Tom Wray, "Turkey stocks develop," Fishing News International, August 1988, p. 58.
6. Tom Wray, "Turkey stocks develop," Fishing News International, August 1988, p. 58.
7. OECD, Review of Fisheries in OECD Member Countries, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and
Development, Paris, 1989, p. 186.
256
CANADA
Canada is not a participant in high-seas fisheries although it maintains an active interest in high-seas fishing
due to its history as one of the world's richest fishing grounds. Foreign vessels have fished in waters off Canada
since the fifteenth century, shipping home thousands of tons of Atlantic cod and other fish and shellfish. Canada
and France have been involved in complex negotiations since both countries extended their Exclusive Economic
Zones to 200 miles; the French islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon both lie close to Newfoundland and the
French have claimed rights to fish in these waters. Canada has also been required to deal with countries fishing
in the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) area off its coasts and with fishing fleets operating
beyond Canada's 200-niileEEZ, but harvesting transboundary stocks offish. Canadian fishery officials have also
dealt with reflagged vessels (flying the flags of Panama and Honduras) appearing in their waters in recent years.
Canada has been a strong supporter of responsible fishing.'
Canadian fishermen and government officials were able to manage their fisheries effectively for many years,
but recently the catch of many key species has declined. An indefinite moratorium on the harvest of Atlantic
cod and other groundfish off the coast of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia has had a major impact on the fishing
industry of Atlantic Canada. The adverse economic conditions in Atlantic Canada prompted some fishermen
and fishing companies to sell some of their assets in an effort to remain viable. In early 1993, Fishing News
International reported that Faroese businessmen had gone to Canada to discuss the sale of 15 vessels. The
authors have no information whether a sale was concluded.
257
ENDNOTES
1. John Crosby, Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, Canadian oral intervention. Responsible Fisheries
Conference, Cancun, Mexico, May 7, 1992.
258
CANADIAN COUNTRY REPORT
259
260
4.1
CANADA
Increasing restrictions on Atlantic Canada's fisheries have hurt the operations of many fishermen and fishing
companies in Canada. This may prompt some Canadian fishermen or companies to sell their vessels in an
attempt to trim their operating costs or to leave Canadian fisheries. The Canadian Government will remain
vigilant in monitoring foreign-flag vessels fishing inside their 200-mile EEZ and will argue for responsible fishing
in international bodies dealing with the issue of transboundary stocks.
CONTENTS
1. General Background 261
2. Fleet Background 262
3. Modernization Programs 262
4. Decommissioning Programs 262
5. Shipyards 262
6. International Agreements 263
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 263
Sources 263
Endnotes 266
1. General Background
Canada is the second largest country in the
world, covering an area of slightly less than 10
million square kilometers (km). Canada's coastline
of 244,000km ranks among the world's largest and
opens onto what were once some of the world's
richest fishing grounds. As recently as 1988,
Canada harvested 1.6 million metric tons, with cod,
haddock, hake, lobsters, scallops, salmon, and crabs
as the major species. Nearly one-fifth of the catch,
mostly cod, was exported to the United States.
However, a combination of overfishing and a
dramatic fall in North Atlantic ocean temperatures,
have led to declines in the stocks of groundfish
(Table 1).
In 1992, the Government of Canada imposed
a two-year moratorium on the Newfoundland cod
fishery, which has since been extended indefinitely
and now covers other species of groundfish. This
moratorium has led to unemployment for over
50,000 fishermen and plant workers in Atlantic
Canada, causing a great deal of social dislocation.
It has also called attention to accusations of
overfishing just outside the Canadian EEZ. Thus,
Canada has signed an agreement with the EC
designed to regulate high-seas fishing, and has
pushed for a United Nations convention that would
give coastal states greater authority to restrict
fishing just outside their EEZs.
261
2. Fleet Background
3. Modernization Programs
In 1992, the Canadian fishing fleet included 550
vessels registering over 100-GRT with a gross
tonnage of 186,333-GRT.Most of these, 375 vessels,
were in the "medium" range (e.g, 100-GRT to 499-
GRT) and 175 vessels were classified as over 500
tons.' None of these vessels operated beyond
Canada's 200-mile EEZ. The vast majority of
Canadian fishing vessels are skipper-owned inshore
day vessels less than 35 meters in length and under
25-GRT. These commercial vessels typically restrict
their fishing to coastal areas off Greenland and
Labrador, as well as in the North Atlantic. These
inshore vessels provide fish to processing plants
located throughout the four Atlantic provinces of
New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island,
and Newfoundland. Vessels based in British
Columbia, on the Canadian Pacific coast, rarely
venture beyond Canadian waters in the Gulf of
Alaska.
Canada introduced several factory freezer
trawlers into its fleet during the late 1980's. This
introduction caused a great deal of acrimonious
debate between the federal and Newfoundland
governments. Newfoundland Premier Brian
Peckford warned that use of factory freezer trawlers
would increase the northern cod harvest, hastening
depletion of the stock and destroying jobs in
onshore processing plants.^ Provincial Fisheries
Minister Tom Rideout also argued that fish frozen
at sea was of an inferior quality to that purchased
on land.' Fishing companies retorted that only
factory freezer trawlers could produce large catches
in quantities that would make exporting feasible.
National Sea Products purchased the 75-meter Cape
North from West Germany in 1986 for $6.5 million,
which became its first freezer trawler. The Cape
North makes two-month tours in the North Atlantic
with crews of 60."
In 1986, the "Pearse Report" on the Canadian
fleet concluded that too many vessels remained in
Canadian waters given the stocks available. The
report led primarily to a reduction in the Pacific
fleet (based in British Columbia) from 6,000vessels
in 1984 to 4,400 in 1986.' Since 1983, the
Department of Fisheries and Oceans has attempted
'o reduce the Atlantic purse seine fleet.'
The Government of Canada bases its vessel
replacement rules upon the overall measurement of
vessel capacity in order to allow vessel owners
greater replacement flexibility. Where fishing
capacity exceeds available groundfish resources
(largely anywhere in Canadian waters) vessel
replacement rules are aimed at maintaining vessel
and fleet capacity at existing levels, preventing
further build-up of excess harvesting capacity.
Vessels may be replaced with new ones of equal or
smaller capacity.' While the Department of
Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) regulates the entry of
new vessels into the Canadian fishing fleet, it does
not offer subsidies for vessel construction. The
most significant fleet subsidy is the Fishing Vessel
Insurance Program (FVIP), which provides below-
market cost insurance coverage and benefits for all
eligible Canadian fishing vessels, while maintaining
full cost recovery on operations. During 1991-92,
the Plan provided about $200 million in coverage to
over 6,200vessels.*
4. Decommissioning Programs
The Government introduced the Northern Cod
Income Replacement Program in February, 1993.
The program attempted to move away from transfer
payments to unemployed fishery workers toward
voluntary retirement and retraining. The Northern
Cod Early Retirement Program encouraged cod
fishermen and plant workers aged 55 to 64 to accept
early retirement, which included the
decommissioning of skipper-owned vessels. A
special federal pension would apply to workers until
they turned 65, when they could collect from the
Canada Pension Plan. Fishermen under 55 had the
option of surrendering their groundfish licenses to
DFO for a lump-sum payment averaging $39,000.
Younger fishermen and plant workers could enroll
in federally sponsored retraining programs for non-
fishing industries, or more intensive skills training
for those intending to remain in fishing.
5. Shipyards
Canadian shipyards produce mainly inshore
vessels for individual fishermen. Few high-seas
vessels are built in Canada. Much of the business
that Canadian shipyards receive comes from DFO
contracts to build patrol vessels.
262
6. International Agreements
As a major coastal state, it is not surprising that
Canada is party to a number of multilateral fishery
agreements. Canada is a member of the NAFO and
hosts its general secretariat in Dartmouth, Nova
Scotia. NAFO plays an important role in Canadian
international fisheries policy, since it has the
authority to impose quotas upon foreign vessels
outside the Canadian EEZ in the North Atlantic.
Canada also participates actively in United Nations
fishing-related activities; it is a party to conventions
governing the use of driftnets, and is a leading
advocate of a UN convention on highseas fishing.
While Canada offers quota allocations within its
EEZ to foreign fleets for species which Canadian
vessels decline to harvest, these allocations are not
within the framework of bilateral fishing accords.'
Canada nonetheless maintains bilateral accords with
a handful of nations. In 1972, Canada and France
negotiated an agreement setting out rules of access to
Canadian waters for French fishermen based in St.
Pierre et Miquelon, two French islands off the
southern coast of Newfoundland. The Canada-United
States Free Trade Agreement of 1989 provides for a
special dispute settlement mechanism that the two
parties have used on a number of occasions to settle
fishery trade disputes. The Canada-U.S. fisheries
relationship is extensively institutionalized, including
the Pacific Salmon Commission, the International
North Pacific Fisheries Commission, and the
International Pacific Halibut Commission. The two
countries also maintain a joint enforcement agreement
under which one of the states will prosecute its own
fishermen charged with violating the laws of the other
partner.
SOURCES
"Canadian Allocations to Foreign Fleets Inside
Canada's 200-Mile Zone, " Fisheries and Oceans,
Canada Backgrounder, March 1993.
"Canada plans early cuts in Atlantic purse seiner
fleet," Fishing News International, September
1983, p. 56.
"DFO Appoints General Manager to Fishing
Vessel Insurance Plan," News Release, Fisheries
and Oceans Canada, December 23, 1992.
"Table 1: Size of Trawlers and Fishing Vessels,"
Statistical Tables, June 1992, p. 27.
"Hard work and old movies," Halifax Chronicle-
Herald, September 2, 1987.
"Rideout Reaffirms Stand Against Factory Freezer
Trawlers," Atlantic Fishermen, January 1, 1988.
"Still too many boats in Canadian fishery," Fishing
News International, December 1986, p. 52.
U.S. Consulate General, Halifax,
various messages.
Nova Scotia,
"Vessel Replacement Rules for Atlantic Inshore
Fishery," News Release, Fisheries and Oceans
Canada, June 23, 1989.
7. Fleet Dispersal Plans
Given the crisis in the Atlantic fisheries, there
will be very little if any room for the addition of new
vessels to the Canadian fleet, especially when Canada
has been doing its utmost to force foreign vessels
further from its shores. The overall depressed state
of North Atlantic stocks makes expansion into this
area very unlikely. Given the tremendous losses in
jobs in Atlantic Canada (unemployment levels
approach 30% in Newfoundland), many vessel
owners see themselves as pushed to the point of
desperation. The sale of Canadian vessels to foreign
owners is a real possibility.
263
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ENDNOTES
1. "Table 12: Size of Trawlers and Fishing Vessels," Statistical Tables, June 1992, p. 27.
2. "Factory Freezer Trawler Approval: Peckford vs. Ottawa--Again," U.S. Consulate, Halifax, November 18,
1985.
3. "Rideout Reaffirms Stand Against Factory Freezer Traw\eTs," Atlantic Fishermen, January 1, 1988.
4. "Hard work and old mowics," Halifax Chronicle-Herald, Septemher 2, 1987.
5. "Still too many boats in Canadian fishery," Fishing News International, December 1986, p. 52.
4. "Canada plans early cuts in Atlantic purse seiner fleel," Fishing News International, Septemher 1983, p. 56.
7. "Vessel Replacement Rules for Atlantic Inshore Fishery ," News Release, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, June
23, 1989.
8. "DFO Appoints General Manager to Fishing Vessel Insurance Plan,"A'ew5 Release, Fisheries and Oceans
Canada, December 23, 1992.
9. "Canadian Allocations to Foreign Fleets Inside Canada's 200-Mile Zone," Fisheries and Oceans, Canada
Backgrounder, March 1993.
Canada
iabradoi
Sea
266
SUMMARY
267
268
FUTURE OPERATIONS
The shift in West European high-seas fleets will involve mostly the European Community and the Nordic,
Canadian, or Mediterranean fleets only minimally. The EC high-seas fleet will shift slowly and predictably between
1994 and 1996. Morocco will remain critical to the EC, especially Spain. Africa will also be an important area
for EC fishermen and fishing is expected to remain more or less constant, since the EC renegotiated its agreements
with most African countries in 1993 and these agreements will remain in place until 1996. Negotiations with
Namibia were begun in September 1993 and may allow EC vessels to resume fishing in 1994. No major changes
are expected in the Indian Ocean in the next few years. Argentina must ratify the agreement reached allowing EC
vessels to fish in Argentina's waters; this could open the door for 70 EC vessels. Some EC vessels may seek to
fish in the Pacific Ocean in the next few years, but this remains speculative.
CONTENTS
I. Major Factors 269
II. Wildcards 270
III. Future Operations 270
1994 270
1995 271
1996 271
IV. Reflagging 272
Endnotes 274
I. MAJOR FACTORS
The future expansion of European high-seas
fishing will be influenced by a number of critical
factors. These issues can be summarized as follows:
■ Groundfish stocks from Canada to western
Greenland are not expected to recover before the
end of the decade.
■ Much of the shift will be dependent upon the
success (or failure) of the EC in concluding an
agreement with Namibia and ratifying the
agreement with Argentina.
■ EC fishing vessels are likely to continue
fishing in the NAFO area, despite depleted
stocks, in order to maintain a continuous historic
presence in the fishery.
■ The Nordic countries are unlikely to join their
EC neighbors in seeking opportunities in distant
waters and these countries are expected to
remain in the North Atlantic fishing grounds.
■ EC negotiators will focus their efforts on Latin
America in the next few years, and could
succeed in opening doors to Chile and Peru.
This remains speculative.
269
■ Russia might allow Germany, the
Netherlands, or Norway access to their fish
resources in the North Pacific in exchange for
access to lucrative European markets, currency,
or technology.
■ The EC fleet will be reduced in size by
184,000-GRTbetween 1993-96as a result of the
Multi-annual Guidance Program. This will
reduce the size of the EC high-seas fleet, but
details are not available.
■ The Nordic fleets will remain in the North
Atlantic. Few vessels will seek opportunities in
distant waters, but some vessels may be sold to
fishermen in distant countries or a few may
seek joint venture opportunities in distant-
waters.
■ Two Mediterranean countries, Cyprus and
Malta, are becoming centers for reflagged
vessels.
■ Canadian fishermen or companies are
unlikely to seek opportunities in distant waters,
but may sell some of their vessels.
n. WILDCARDS
There are always unexpected developments
which could alter fishing patterns in Europe. The
following is a list of events that would have an
impact on high-seas fishing by European fleets:
■ The collapse of more North Atlantic stocks.
■ The sudden recovery of cod, haddock or
saithe stocks in the North Atlantic.
■ The imposition of stricter rules on fishing in
the North Atlantic by the EC or other
countries.
■ An increase in fuel costs.
■ The EC fails to negotiate an agreement with
Namibia or Argentina does not ratify the
agreement with the EC'
ra. FUTURE OPERATIONS'
The authors projected the operations of the EC
and non-EC fleets based on FAQ catch data for
1991 (figures 12-14). These projections are
reasonably accurate for 1994-95, but are less certain
for 1996. For example, most of the EC's bilateral
agreements with African countries were renewed in
1993. Thus, it is safe to assume that fishing quotas
in West Africa will not be changed until 1996. The
idea that European vessels will fish in the Pacific
Ocean by 1996 is speculation. There is, obviously,
no way that the authors can accurately predict
future catch rates and fishing grounds given the
complex nature of international fisheries, even for a
few years. Readers are cautioned that our projections
are only educated "guesses "that can easily be wrong.
A. 1994
Northwestern Atlantic:
The failure of groundfish stocks off Canada is
expected to reduce fishing by Spain, Portugal, and
France in waters of the Northwestern Atlantic
Fisheries Organization (NAFO) in 1994.' The
Canadians have demonstrated that cod and other
stocks have been seriously overfished and the EC
has recognized this situation. Greenland also has
serious problems with groundfish stocks and this
will affect fishing by Dutch, German, and others.
Eastern Central Atlantic:
Fishing off West Africa is expected to remain
unchanged between 1993 and 1995. The reason is
that bilateral agreements with West African nations
were renegotiated in 1993 and will remain in place
until 1996. Thus, catches will remain mostly
unchanged for most of the EC countries now fishing
in the region. This assumes no major biological
fluctuations that would affect landings.
Southeastern Atlantic:
Negotiations between the EC and Namibia are
scheduled to begin in September 1993. The authors
project (perhaps prematurely) that an agreement
with Namibia will be reached in 1994 and that some
Spanish and Portuguese vessels may be able to
resume fishing for Cape hake {Merluccius capensis)
in these waters; the initial catches will be modest,
but will increase in the future.
270
Southwestern Atlantic:
Fishing in the waters around the Falklands will
remain mostly unchanged, with most of the catch of
cephalopodes going to Spanish high-seas vessels
(about 90,000 tons). A few Portuguese (3,000 tons)
and Italian vessels (3,000 tons) may fish under
licenses issued by U.K. authorities. In addition, the
vanguard of the EC fleet is projected to arrive in
Argentina during 1994 and fishing will begin, albeit
at reduced levels. A few Portuguese or Greek
vessels are expected to benefit from the agreement.
The French may send one or two large stem trawlers
to the region to "test the waters" in 1994 or 1995''
Some of the large pelagic vessels from the
Netherlands or Germany could be attracted to the
region if catches are good and problems are
minimal.'
complement of 70 EC vessels should be in operation
in Argentina's waters and harvests should increase.
However, the EC-Argentina agreement requires that
half of the EC fleet (35 vessels) become Argentina-
flag vessels; thus the catch of those vessels will be
listed by Argentina and not the EC. Dutch or German
high-seas may start "klondiking" fish from EC or
local vessels.^
Indian Ocean:
Fishing in the Indian Ocean will increase slightly as
newer, more efficient vessels are added to the French
and Spanish tuna fleets in the region. Italian vessels
are expected to continue to fish for non-tuna species
in the region, but may be increasingly attracted by
the idea of fishing for these highly migratory species
in these waters (Figure 16).
Indian Ocean:
Spanish and French tuna vessels will continue to fish
for tuna in the Indian Ocean while Italian vessels fish
for a variety of other marine species in the region
(see Figure 15).
B. 1995
Northwestern Atlantic:
The groundfish resources of the NAFO area, from
Canada to Greenland, are projected to remain
depleted; few vessels will find opportunities to
expand their catch in the northwestern Atlantic in
1995.
Eastern Central Atlantic:
Fishing off West Africa, from Morocco to Sao Tome
and Principe will remain stable. No major increase
or decrease is anticipated until the African countries
renegotiate their bilateral agreements with the EC in
1996.
Southeastern Atlantic:
Fishing from Angola to Namibia and South Africa, is
expected to increase as Spanish, French, and
Portuguese vessels resume their former effort off
Namibia. Modest fishing off South Africa will
continue under agreement.*
Southwestern Atlantic:
The waters off the Falklands and Argentina, are
expected to yield more fish to EC vessels, especially
from Spain, Portugal, the UK, and Italy. The full
C. 1996
Northwestern Atlantic:
Groundfish resources in the NAFO region, between
Canada and Western Greenland, are projected to
remain poor during 1996 (and possibly through 1998,
despite drastic efforts to rebuild stocks). Thus, this
area should not produce an increase in fishing effort
and catches in 1996.
Eastern Central Atlantic:
The catch of EC vessels off West Africa will see a
modest decline, as Morocco trims the size of the
Spanish fleet of day boats fishing off its coast in 1996
as they have done in the past. Many other African
countries will impose greater financial requirements
on the EC for continued access as most bilateral
agreements are due for renewal in 1996. The EC is
expected to continue to maintain ties with most
African nations from Morocco south to Sao Tome
and Principe and will continue to pay for access to
African fishing grounds.
Southeastern Atlantic:
Fishing in the waters off Namibia, will plateau as EC
vessels reach the maximum levels allowed under EC-
Namibian agreements, probably in the area of
100,000 tons of cape hake. It is possible that Dutch
or German-flag high-seas vessels' may be attracted
to pelagic fish stocks off southern Africa or may be
able to klondike fish from Angolan, Namibian, South
African, or Mozamibican fishermen for sale
elsewhere in Africa.
271
Southwestern Atlantic:
Fishing off Argentina, will plateau as the 35 EC
vessels permitted to fish in the region operate at full
capacity. If the agreement proves profitable to both
EC and Argentine fishing companies, then new fish
may be added to the list of target species or quotas
might be increased. Fishing off the Falklands is
likely to be regulated at 1993 levels by UK
authorities.
Indian Ocean:
Catches of tuna in the Indian Ocean may reach a
peak as more and more Spanish and French tuna
vessels fish for this species. Italian investors may
decide to send tuna vessels into the Indian Ocean to
obtain sources of tuna."*
Western Central Pacific:
Reduced catches or increased competition in the
Indian Ocean might push Spanish and French tuna
vessels into the Pacific Ocean in search of tuna.
The French would likely be the first,'" operating
from bases in New Caledonia or French Polynesia."
Southwestern Pacific:
It is possible that some UK fishing vessels may feel
the pinch of increasing EC restrictions on fishing in
the North Atlantic and seek new opportunities in
distant-waters. They are likely to seek out joint
venture possibilities in Australia or New Zealand
where the language and culture are similar.
Norwegian vessels, which have been fishing in these
waters, may also demonstrate that these waters are
worth fishing.''
Southeastern Pacific:
It is possible that EC negotiators will open doors to
fishing off Chile and Peru to Spanish, Dutch, or
German high-seas stem trawlers or purse-seiners.
The vessels might be attracted by large schools of
jack mackerel which are found within 200-miles of
the coast as well as beyond 200-miles. Jack
mackerel are not normally attractive to West
Europeans, but there are several Dutch and
German high-seas vessels" ideally suited to fish for
these species. EC negotiators have shown some
interest in these waters, but overtures have been
rejected by Latin American authorities in the
region. Still, if the Argentine agreement proves
profitable, it is likely that similar agreements might
possibly be reached with officials in Chile and Peru.
Access to Chilean or Peruvian waters, obviously, is
speculative and may never be realized.
Northwestern Pacific:
Finally, it is possible that Danish, Dutch, German,
or Norwegian high-seas stem trawlers and purse-
seiners might be invited to fish off the coast of
Russia. It is only a matter of time before the
Russians realize that high-quality products generate
high income and that joint ventures with Europe's
most efficient seafood companies could show them
how to produce the best seafood products, or show
them how to gain access to the lucrative European
seafood market. Altematively, access to some of
their species could help earn them hard currency.
The Russians might, for example, offer access to
excess quantities of pelagic species or Alaska
pollack, or Pacific cod, which the Europeans could
process for sale in European markets. The
Russians might even offer limited access to Pacific
salmon with the expectation that the Europeans
could produce high-value products for sale on world
markets (Figure 17). All of this is highly speculative
and might never come to fruition.
IV.REFLAGGING
The likelihood of West European fishermen
selling, converting, scrapping, or reflagging their
vessels is a real possibility if EC negotiators fail to
win access to Namibian waters or if Argentina fails
to ratify the agreement with the EC. The fate of
between 70 and 170 Spanish and Portuguese vessels
(possibly more) remains in the balance. EC vessels
from other countries will be decommissioned under
the MAGP. Finally, it is possible that some EC
vessel owners will find restrictions on fishing in the
North Sea too costly. Many captains or owners of
vessels could decommission their vessels and some
may reflag their vessels and seek opportunities to
fish elsewhere where restrictions are different.
Reflagged European vessels are likely to target
cod, haddock, saithe, and other whitefish or will
seek herring, mackerel, horse mackerel, or hake
species. They will fish anywhere in the world where
these species can be found. It is always possible
that individual fishermen may seek to reflag their
vessel in an attempt to circumvent local or
272
international laws protecting anything from Atlantic
salmon to bluefin tuna.
It is unlikely that many EC vessels will reflag
their vessels to fish for tuna, in the Atlantic or
Indian Ocean because opportunities for fishing tuna
in these waters already exist. However, some
Spanish vessels have been reflagged allowing them
to fish for tuna in the Pacific Ocean. It is unlikely
that any vessels will reflag to fish blue whiting, since
that species is found in abundance and ample
quotas for that species exists in the North Atlantic.
It is possible that some fishermen might reflag their
vessels to fish for shellfish (shrimp, crab, or
lobster), since most shellfish are high-value species
caught well inside coastal waters. Reflagging would
allow some fishermen to fish well inside coastal
waters of developing nations where stocks are
abundant, but where fisheries are still relatively
undeveloped..
The authors do not expect Canadian fishermen
to reflag their vessels, but the severe economic
dislocations being suffered in Atlantic Canada may
prove too great; some fishermen might be attracted
to reflagging their vessels, but this is considered
highly unlikely.
In summary, reflagging will continue, and could
increase considerable between 1994 and 1996. This
possibility will likely become a serious probability if
the EC fails to gain access to waters in southern
Africa and Latin America in 1994.
273
ENDNOTES
1. The EC ratified the agreement with Argentina in September 1993.
2. Forcasting the future, obviously, is based on guesses and speculation. In some cases, the authors are
reasonably confident of their projections. In other cases, particularly for 1996, the projections are based on
speculation; these events could take place, but there are few assurances to back up these assumptions.
3 . Despite general acceptance of the low level of resources off Atlantic Canada, EC vessels are expected to
continue fishing in the area to maintain a historic fishing effort in the region. This is necessary if the EC
wishes to claim or justify future quotas in the area when stocks recover.
4. The Commandant Gut, one of the larger (1,596-GRT) trawlers remaining in the French fishing fleet,
returned to France in 1992-93, after an unsuccessful venture in Vietnamese waters. The vessel would be a
logical candidate to fish in Argentina's waters under the EC umbrella. The Capitaine Pleven II (2,435-GRT)
would be another vessel able to fish in Argentina's waters.
5. The German-flag Jan Maria, Dirk Dirk, and Gerda Maria and the Dutch-flag Dirk Diederick and Cornelis
Vrolijk Fzn. would be especially suitable.
6. Portugal and Spain both have bilateral fishing agreements with the Republic of South Africa.
7. The German-flag Jan Maria, Dirk Dirk, and Gerda Maria and the Dutch-flag Dirk Diederick and Cornelis
Vrolijk Fzrt. would be especially suitable.
8. The German-flag Jan Maria, Dirk Dirk, and Gerda Maria and the Dutch-flag O/r^ Diederick and Cornells
Vrolijk Fzn. would be especially suitable.
9. This is speculation and is not based on substantive information or data.
10. The Isabel Tuna, flying the Cypiot flag began fishing in the Eastern Tropical Pacific in 1992 and a Spanish
tuna purse seiner, the Monteclaro, sank in the area on July 14, 1993. It is always possible that one or two
individual vessels may fish for tuna on an ad hoc basis. The authors, in this instance, are referrring to a
permanent base involving more than one or two vessels.
11. The key word is "might". It is also possible that this will not occur.
12. Again, this is speculation by the authors.
13. The German-flag Jan Maria, Dirk Dirk, and Gerda Maria and the Dutch-flag Dirk Diederick and Cornells
Vrolijk Fz«. would be especially suitable.
274
APPENDIX SECTION
PART I. STATISTICAL TABLES
A. GENERAL STATISTICS
275
276
APPENDIX SECTION
1. General fleet statistics
277
Appendix 1. --Western Europe. High-seas fishing fleet versus total fishing fleet, 1975-92.
Year
High-seas Vessels
Total
High-seas
Fleet
Regional Fleets
Total Fleet
(estimated)
EC
Non-EC
EC
Non-EC
Number of Vessels
1975
406
392
798
52,539
57,036E
109,575
1976
390
416
806
52,606
53,336E
105,942
1977
367
416
783
52,357
54,354E
106,711
1978
342
436
778
52,613
55,864E
108,477
1979
322
435
757
51,893
58,455E
110,348
1980
309
419
728
50,826
59,559E
110,385
1981
295'
388
683
81,578
32,037E
113,615
1982
279
374
653
82,667
30,379E
113,046
1983
260
367
627
83,229
30,176E
113,405
1984
260
374
634
91,602
29,526E
121,128
1985
255
376
631
93,125
27,933E
121,058
1986
458"
172
630
85,919
27,115E
113,034
1987
518
166
684
97,943
26,124E
124,067
1988
584
189
773
96,662
24,894E
121,556
1989
607
197
804
95,211
21,385E
116,596
1990
623
203
826
91,209
20,122E
111,331
1991
648
209
857
96,173
20,95 IE
117,124
1992
591
213
804
90,000E
19,000E
109,000
Sources: Lloyd's Register of Snipping Stanslical Tables. Lloyds Register of Shipping, London, UK, vanous years (high-seas fleet only);
Fishery Fleet Statistics, Bulletin of Fishery Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, various years;
Annual Report on German Fisheries, Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculhire and Forestry, Bonn, various years; krsberetning
vedkommende Norges Fiskerier, Fiskeridireccktoratet. Fiskeflaten, various issues. L'evolution du secteur beige de la peche maritime,
Conseil Central de I'Economie. Commission Consultative Speciale de la Peche. Bruxelles. various years; Sea Fisheries Statistical Tables,
Government Statistical Service, London, various years. (E) = Estimate,
" Greece joined the EC on January 1, 1981.
" Portugal and Spain joined the EC on January 1, 1986.
278
Appendix 2. --Western Europe. Tonnage of high-seas fishing fleet versus total fishing fleet, 1975-92.
Year
High-seas Vessels
Total
High-sea
Fleet
Regional Fleets
s
Total Fleet
(estimated)
EC
Non-EC
EC
Non-EC
Gross Registered Tons
1975
426,461
404,716
831,177
1,196,624
1,509,440
2,706,064
1976
392,446
431,252
823,698
1,188,878
1,619,659
2,808,537
389,624
434,630
824,254
1,165,496
1,549, 149E
2,714,645
1977
366,058
349,200
715,258
1,153,254
1,565,767E
2,719,021
1978
1979
344,274
441,728
786,002
1,092,701
1,697,414
2,790,115
1980
331,040
421,947
752,987
1,087,586
1,713,220
2,800,806
319,446
395,300
714,746
2,140,995
566,210E
2,707,205
198r
1982
287,969
386,260
674,229
2,118,966
516,575E
2,635,541
1983
262,469
378,969
641,438
2,098,895
506,497E
2,605,392
1984
255,160
386,204
641,364
2,081,182
514,830
2,596,012
1985
241,520
389,110
630,630
2,055, 355E
519,237E
2,574,592
465,167
152,922
618,089
1,985,861E
588,893E
2,574,754
1986"
1987
532,580
155,501
688,081
2,056,1 17E
702,774
2,758,891
1988
614,683
187,081
801,764
2,020, 371E
542,199
2,562,570
1989
650,488
203,620
854,108
1,984,634E
532,663
2,517,297
669,643
209,252
878,895
1,997,934E
530,525E
2,528,459
1990
718,416
214,663
933,079
1,994,030E
508,289E
2,502,319
1991
1992
645,860
222,635
■ ■■„„,■„„ V,„,!.,!^„
868,495
T„U„. TTTT
1,900,000E
500,000E
2,400,000
Fishery Fleet Statistics, Bulletin of Fishery Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, various years;
Annual Report on German Fisheries, Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry, Bonn, various years; krsberetning
vedkommende Norges Fiskerier, Fiskeridireccktoratet, Fiskeflaten, various issues, L'evolution du secteur beige de la peche maritime,
Conseil Central de rEconomie, Commission Consultative Speciale de la Peche, Bruxelles, various years; Sea Fisheries Statistical Tables.
Government Statistical Service, London, various years. (E) = Estimate.
'^ Greece joined the EC on January 1, 1981.
'' Portugal and Spain joined the EC on January 1, 1986.
279
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Appendix 5. -Non-EC countries. Number of high-seas fishing vessels, 1975-92.
Year
Non-European Connnunity states
Total
Faroe
Islands
Finland
Iceland
Norway
Sweden
Other*
Number of Vessels
1975
13
2
26
72
1
0
114
1976
15
25
78
3
0
122
1977
15
24
79
3
0
122
1978
16
24
92
3
3
139
1979
15
27
101
2
3
149
1980
16
28
98
3
2
148
1981
17
30
97
4
3
152
1982
16
-
30
100
3
4
153
1983
16
-
28
99
3
3
149
1984
20
-
28
102
3
4
157
1983
22
-
29
98
4
6
159
1986
24
-
30
109
4
5
172
1987
-'
-
33
124
3
6
166
1988
-
-
42
138
3
6
189
1989
-
-
48
141
4
4
197
1990
-
-
52
143
5
3
203
1991
-
-
57
142
7
3
209
1992
-
-
61
139
8
5
213
Source: LI
oyd's Register o
t Shipping StatL
■tied Tables. U
oyd's Register o
f Shipping, Lon
don, UK, vario
us years.
" Includes Cyprus, Malta, and Turkey.
' Included under Denmark beginning in 1987.
282
Appendix 6. --Non-EC countries. Tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels, 1975-92.
Year
Faroe
Islands
Non-European Community states
Finland
Iceland
Norway
Sweden
Other^
Total
Tonnage of fleet
1975
9,745
1,880
22,904
55,910
985
91,424
1976
11,321
581
21,254
59,428
4,273
96,857
1977
11,305
581
20,570
60,265
4,273
96,994
1978
12,247
581
20,071
72,225
4,273
2,403
111,800
1979
11,339
581
22,041
83,714
1,744
3,197
122,616
1980
11,908
581
22,581
81,387
2,925
1,567
120,949
1981
14,404
581
23,687
81,618
3,717
4,151
128,158
1982
13,666
23,735
86,117
2,970
5,149
131,637
1983
13,670
22,420
84,028
2,970
4,151
127,239
1984
19,863
22,420
89,340
2,970
4,894
139,487
1985
23,374
23,002
81,824
3,493
8,193
139,886
1986
24,824
23,486
94,844
3,876
5,892
152,922
1987
26,035
119,089
2,952
7,425
155,501
1988
32,383
144,998
2,275
7,425
187,081
1989
36,766
159,592
2,991
4,271
203,620
1990
42,895
159,341
3,502
3,514
209,252
1991
47,016
159,171
4,744
3,732
214,663
1992
51,884
155,976
5,419
9,356
222,635
Source: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various years.
Includes Cyprus, Malta, and Turkey.
283
284
APPENDIX SECTION
2. Fleet, by tonnage
285
Appendix 7. -Western Europe. High-seas fishing vessels in the 500-999 GRT class, 1975-92.
Year
Belgium
Denmark
Faroe
Islands
Finland
France
Germany
(FRG)
Number of vessels
1975
9
12
67
38
1976
10
14
76
37
1977
11
14
75
40
1978
12
15
71
39
1979
12
14
71
35
1980
12
15
72
24
1981
16
14
65
17
1982
16
13
-
64
15
1983
15
13
-
66
14
1984
16
15
-
66
14
1985
21
15
-
68
12
1986
25
17
-
62
10
1987
47k
_i
-
66
10
1988
55
-
-
65
8
1989
55
-
-
67
7
1990
57
-
-
65
7
1991
-
49
-
-
66
23m
1992
-
50
-
-
62
7
Source: LI
oyd 's Register o
/ Shipping Stall
stical Tables. L
loyd's Register
ot Shipping, Lo
ndon, UK, vari
years.
^ Includes vessels from the Faroe Islands.
' Included under Denmark beginning in 1987.
■" On October 3, 1990, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) was reunited the the German Democratic
Republic (GDR). This resulted in 16 ex-GDR fishing vessels in the 500- lo 999-GRT range being added to the
FRG fleet. Most of these vessels were sold in 1991-92.
286
Appendix 7. -Western Europe. Number of high-seas fishing vessels in the 500-999 gross registered tons class,
1975-92, continued...
Year
Greece
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Number of vessels
1975
22
23
-
38
10
64
1976
21
24
-
37
8
73
1977
20
23
-
35
7
73
1978
20
23
-
33
10
82
1979
19
26
-
31
10
84
1980
19
28
-
31
14
82
1981
19
29
4
24
18
79
1982
16
29
4
22
24
79
1983
14
28
5
21
24
79
1984
11
28
6
20
23
79
1985
11
29
6
20
20
79
1986
10
30
5
18
20
85
1987
9
31
5
18
23
87
1988
9
40
4
18
21
87
1989
10
45
4
18
26
78
1990
12
43
4
18
27
79
1991
12
47
4
17
26
76
1992
13
48
4
17
26
75
Source: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, L
years
oyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various
287
Appendix 7. --Western Europe. Number of high-seas fishing vessels in the 500-999 gross registered tons class,
1975-92, continued...
Year
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
U.K.
1 1
Other"
Number of vessels
1975
16
93
1
105
0
1976
17
98
2
82
0
1977
17
97
2
71
0
1978
19
99
2
58
2
1979
19
96
2
46
1
1980
19
87
7
40
2
1981
19
83
3
19
2
1982
18
70
2
19
3
1983
18
69
2
15
2
1984
17
74
2
12
3
1985
17
75
3
11
4
1986
17
78
3
10
4
1987
20
90
2
11
4
1988
28
96
3
23
4
1989
17
98
4
24
3
1990
17
100
5
24
2
1991
17
109
7
25
2
1992
16
99
8
25
2
Source: LI
oyd 's Register o
7 Shipping Stan
stical Tables, L
loyd's Register
of Shipping, Lo
UK, various years.
" Includes Cyprus, Malta, and Turkey.
288
Appendix 8. -Western Europe. High-seas fishing vessels in the 1,000-1,999 GRT class, 1975-92.
Denmark
Faroe
Finland
France
Germany
(FRG)
Year
Cyprus
Islands
Number of vessels
1975
-
-
1
28
17
1976
-
-
28
14
1977
-
-
25
9
1978
1
-
23
8
1979
2
-
19
7
1980
-
-
17
6
1981
-
3
-
18
3
1982
-
3
-
18
3
1983
-
3
-
18
3
1984
-
3
4
-
19
2
1985
-
6
5
-
19
2
1986
-
8
5
-
20
1
1987
17°
j>
-
20
1
1988
25
-
-
21
-
1989
24
-
-
19
1
1990
22
-
-
19
2
1991
24
-
-
24
10"
1992
20
-
-
23
11
Source: LI
oyd 's Register c
/ Shipping Stall
stical Tables, L
oyd's Register
ot Shipping, Lo
ndon, UK,
various years.
° Includes fishing vessels from the Faroe Islands beginning in 1987.
P Listed under Denmark beginning in 1987.
" On October 3, 1990, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) was united with the former German
Democratic Republic (GDR). This resulted in the addition of several former GDR fishing vessels to the FRG
fishing fleet. Some of these vessels were sold in 1991-92.
289
Appendix 8. --Western Europe. Number of high-seas fishing vessels in the 1,000-1,999 gross registered tons
class, 1975-92, continued...
Year
Greece
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Number of vessels
1975
10
3
-
22
2
8
1976
10
1
1
20
3
5
1977
8
1
2
10
3
6
1978
7
1
2
18
2
10
1979
7
1
2
18
4
16
1980
7
-
2
17
4
15
1981
7
1
-
15
3
16
1982
7
-
-
16
6
18
1983
5
-
-
14
5
18
1984
4
—
-
14
9
21
1985
4
-
-
12
7
19
1986
3
1
1
12
5
23
1987
2
2
2
13
6
32
1988
3
2
2
13
6
42
1989
1
2
2
12
2
50
1990
1
2
2
12
3
52
1991
2
2
12
3
55
1992
1
3
3
10
1
52
Source: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various
years.
290
Appendix 8. --Western Europe. Number of high-seas fishing vessels in the 1,000-1,999 gross
registered tons class, 1975-92, continued...
Year
Portugal
n K"
Spain
Number of vessels
1975
44
69
-
38
1976
44
78
-
43
1977
47
78
-
38
1978
48
82
-
36
1979
48
77
-
37
1980
50
73
37
1981
52
69
35
1982
54
69
23
1983
55
67
18
1984
54
64
16
1985
53
62
12
1986
53
62
8
1987
52
72
9
1988
52
85
-
17
1989
50
102
-
15
1990
50
105
-
13
1991
43
96
-
12
1992
36
86
-
13
Source: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London,
UK, various years.
291
Appendix 9. --Western Europe. High-seas fishing vessels over 2,000 GRT, 1975-92.
Year
Cyprus
Denmark
Faroe
Islands
France
Germany
(FRG)
Greece
Ireland
Number of vessels
1975
-
-
-
5
-
-
1976
-
-
-
5
-
-
1977
-
-
-
-
1978
-
-
-
-
1979
-
-
-
-
1980
-
-
-
-
-
1981
1
-
-
-
1982
1
-
-
-
-
1983
1
-
-
1984
1
1
-
-
1985
2
2
-
-
-
1986
1
3
2
-
-
-
1987
1
7'
_b
2
1
-
1988
1
10
-
■1
4
2
1989
-
13
-
3
3
1
1990
-
15
-
4
1
1991
-
13
-
-
I
1992
2
13
-
2
3
1
Source: LI
oyd's Register o
/ Shipping Stall
stical Tables, L
loyd's Register
of Shipping, Lo
ndon, UK, van
ous years.
' Includes fishing vessels from the Faroe Islands beginning in 1987.
'' Included under Denmark begiiming in 1987.
292
Appendix 9. -Western Europe. Number of high-seas fishing vessels over 2,000 gross registered tons, 1975-92,
continued...
Year
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
U.K.
Number of vessels
1975
-
-
-
12
10
-
-
1976
-
-
13
11
1
-
1977
-
-
13
12
1
-
1978
-
-
12
10
1
-
1979
-
1
12
6
-
-
1980
-
1
9
6
-
-
1981
-
2
8
5
-
-
1982
-
3
5
5
-
-
1983
-
2
4
5
-
-
1984
-
4
2
4
4
-
-
1985
-
6
-
4
6
-
-
1986
-
8
1
4
5
-
-
1987
-
8
5
2
6
-
-
1988
-
9
9
2
7
-
1
1989
-
10
13
2
11
-
2
1990
-
11
12
2
11
-
3
1991
-
12
11
2
14
-
2
1992
-
12
12
2
19
-
3
Source: LI
oyd 's Register c
/ Shipping Statis
tical Tables, Llo
yd's Register o
Shipping, Lon
don, UK, varioi
IS years.
293
Appendix 10. --Western Europe. High-seas fishing vessels, ranked by tonnage, 1975-92.
Year
Gross Registered Tons (GRT)
Total
500-999
1,000-1,999
Over 2,000
Number of vessels
1975
500
243
55
798
1976
501
246
59
806
1977
487
236
60
783
1978
485
236
57
778
1979
468
238
51
757
1980
449
232
47
728
1981
413
224
46
683
1982
395
220
38
653
1983
386
209
32
627
1984
387
211
36
634
1985
392
203
36
631
1986
395
202
33
630
1987
414
231
39
684
1988
452
267
54
773
1989
457
282
65
804
1990
461
296
69
826
1991
480
293
84
857
1992
452
273
79
804
Source: LI
oyd 's Register of Shii
opins Statistical Tables
, Lloyd's Register o
Shipping, London,
UK, various years.
294
Appendix 11. --EC countries. High-seas fishing vessels, ranked by tonnage, 1975-92.
Year
Total
Gross Registered Tons (GRT)
500-999
1,000-1,999
Over 2,000
Number of vessels
1975
268
107
31
406
1976
251
107
32
390
1977
240
95
32
367
1978
224
86
32
342
1979
206
86
30
322
1980
194
85
30
309
198r
183
25
30
238
1982
181
74
24
279
1983
175
65
20
260
1984
169
67
24
260
1985
170
63
22
255
1986"
256
173
29
458
1987
290
195
33
518
1988
318
222
44
584
1989
327
228
52
607
1990
332
234
57
623
1991
348
227
73
648
1992
319
207
65
591
Source: L/<
jyd 's Register of Shii
7ping Statistical Tables
, Lloyd's Register o
Shipping, London,
UK, various years.
'^ Greece joined the EC and is included in this statistical table beginning in 1981.
^ Portugal and Spain joined the EC in 1986 and are included in this statistical table beginning in 1986.
295
Appendix 12. -Non-EC countries. High-seas fishing vessels, ranked by tonnage, 1975-92.
Year
Gross Registered Tons (GRT)
Total
500-999
1,000-1,999
Over 2,000
Number of vessels
1975
232
136
24
392
1976
250
139
27
416
1977
247
141
28
416
1978
261
150
25
436
1979
262
152
21
435
1980
255
147
17
419
1981'=
230
142
16
388
1982
214
146
14
374
1983
211
144
12
367
1984
218
144
12
374
1985
222
140
14
376
1986'
139
29
4
172
1987
124
36
6
166
1988
134
45
10
189
1989
130
54
13
197
1990
129
62
12
203
1991
132
66
11
209
1992
133
66
14
213
Source: LI
oyd 's Register oj Shi
pping Statistical Table
r, Lloyd's Register o
Shipping, London,
UK, various years.
" Greece joined the EC in 1981. Data for Greece is included in Appendix 1 1, and has been removed from
this table, beginning in 1981.
' Portugal and Spain joined in the EC on January 1, 1986. Data for Portugal and Spain were included in
Appendix 11 and has been removed from this table beginning with 1986.
296
APPENDIX SECTION
3. Total Fleet
297
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APPENDIX SECTION
4. Number of fishermen
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APPENDIX SECTION
B. EC INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
313
Appendix 25. --EC. International fishery agreements, by country, 1977-1993.
Country
First treaty
signed
Current treaty
stanjs
Payn
nents
Vessels licensed to fish in local
waters
Tuna
Fish&
shellfish
Year
ECU
thousand
USSI
thousand
Number of
Vessels
Tonnage
CARIBBEAN
Dominica
1987
6/93-6/96
2,050
2,481
None
NA'
Sub-total
2,050
2,481
NORTH AMERICA
Canada
1979
Special tariffs on certain Canadian products
Greenland
1985
1/90-12/94
34,250
38,627
None
NA
United States
1977
Access to surplus U.S. fish species
Sub-Total
34,250
38,627
NORTHERN EUROPE
Faroe Islands
1980
Special quota allocations
Finland
1983
Special quota allocations
Iceland
Special tariff arrangements for some Icelandic fishery products.
Norway
1980
Special quota allocations for reciprocal fishing rights.
Sweden
1981
Exchange of quotas (*)
Latvia
1992
Recipocal fishing rights.
Lithuania
1992
Reciprocal fishing rights.
Estonia
1992
Reciprocal fishing rights.
WEST AFRICA
Angola
1987
5/92-5/94
16,700
18,834
32
9,150
A total of 220 licenses were issued for small, artisanal vessels under 40 feet in length.
314
Cape Verde
1990
9/91-9/94
2,450
2,763
45
420
Equatorial Guinea
1983
6/89-6/92
6,500
7,331
80
9,000
Gabon
1988
3 years
9,150
10,319
66
NA
Gambia, The
1987
7/90-6/93'
3,950
4.455
65
17,270
Guinea (Bissau)
1980
6/93-6/95
12,450
14,041
32
15,000
Guinea (Conakry)
1980
1/92-12/93
7,100
8,007
37
12,000
Ivory Coast
1990
1/91-1/94
6,600
7,443
89
6,300
Mauritania
1979
8/90-7/93
28,658
32,320
63
26,950
Morocco
1988
5/92-5/96
545,500
615,215
26
97.287
Sao Tome & Principe
1983
6/93-5/96
1,900
2,143
51
None
Senegal
1979
10/92-10/94
31,800
35,864
79
31,000
Sierra Leone
1990
2 years
5,350
6,034
89
10,300
764,770
Sub-total
678,108
EAST AFRICA
Madagascar
1984
5/92-5/95
1,675
1,889
50
None
Mozambique
1983
1/90-12/91
6,250
7,049
44
4.800
Tanzania
1990
3 years
560
632
NA
NA
Sub-total
8,485
9,569
INDIAN OCEAN:
Comoro Islands
1988
7/91-7/94
1,400
1,579
40
None
Mauritius
1988
12/90-11/93
1,620
1,827
40
None
Seychelles
1984
1/93-1/96
9,600
10,827
40
None
Sub-total
12,620
14,233
120
0
Total:
701,263
790,884
Fisheries Policy," SEC(91) 2288, Brussels, December 18. 1991. p. 39 and other EC documents. (*) Since 1980, the EC has been paying Sweden an
annual contribution towards the costs of salmon breeding. This contribution amounted to ECU 765,000 (US$926,000) in 1981 .
Exchange rate converted at US$1.00 equals ECU0.89 (or ECUl.OO = US$1.13) based on market rate on August 10, 1993..
The EC has agreed to extend the agreement, but negotiators have not yet met. The number of licenses will be decreased as will the level of
payments according to preliminary information.
315
316
APPENDIX SECTION
C. EC DECOMMISSIONING PROGRAMS
317
Appendix 26. -EC. Fishing vessels withdrawn under provisions of Council Directive 83/515/EEC and
Article 24 or Regulation (EEC) No. 4028/86.
11
Country
Vessels decommissioned
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
Number of vessels
Belgium
10
4
3
-
-
Denmark
10
154
18
110
25
France
0
5
1
3
1
Germany, FRG
0
15
-
15
-
Greece
0
67
35
32
-
Italy
0
29
1
/
16
-
Netherlands
5
4
-
3
1
Portugal
0
45
21
24
-
United Kingdom
97
NA
NA
NA
NA
TOTAL
122
323
85
203
27
Source: Vessels withdrawn according to Council Directive 83/515/EEC, Official Journal of the European Communitie
No. C. 276/1, November 1, 1986 and Vessels withdrawn according to Article 24 of Regulation (EEC) NO. 4028/86,
Official Journal of the European Communities, No C, 320/2, December 22, 1989.
318
Appendix 27. --EC. Fishing fleet size on January 1, 1987, and the projected size of the fleet on
December 31, 1989, 1990, and 1991.
Country
1987
Decommissioning Objectives
1989 1990
Gross Registered Tons
1991
25,165
24,785
22,870
21,340
Belgium
Denmark
136,894
133,403
122,899
119,400
198,000
197,612
195,671
194,119
France
137,761
137,079
133,672
130,946
Greece
Germany, FRG
51,500
51,270
50,120
49,200
Ireland
58,845
57,355
49,903
43,941
Italy
302,986
299,507
282,114
268,198
82,400
80,640
71,840
64,796
Portugal (Mainland)
188,218
n.a.
n.a.
184,459
s)
4,602
n.a.
n.a.
6,000
Portugal (Azore
Portugal (Madeira)
15,850
n.a.
n.a.
19,081
623.719
620,207
602,642
588,590
Jjpam
United Kingdom
163,410
161,231
150,336
141,620
1,964,185
1,738,304
1,659,197
1,810,350
TOTAL FLEET
Sources: Official Journal of the European Communities, Legislation,
January 19, 1989, p. BB/2.
Volume 33, March 14, 1990, and Eurofish Repo
319
Appendix 28. --EC. Fishing fleet size for 1991, the actual size of the fleet in 1992, and projections for 1996.
Country
1991 Target
(12/31/91)
Actual size
(01/01/92)
Over/Under
1996 Target
(12/31/96)
Gross Registered Tons
Belgium
21,340
27,089
5,749
17,992
Denmark
119,188
126,831
7,643
81,560
France
201,601
195,969
-5,632
180,378
Greece
130,946
162,395
31,449
123,014
Germany, FRG
83,335
78,341
-4,994
74,764
Ireland
48,750
50,693
1,943
51,595
Italy
269,198
267,471
-1,727
249,182
Netherlands
64,796
NA
0
NA
Portugal (Mainland)
186,449
165,447
-21,002
167,503
Portugal (Azores)
19,081
16,546
-2,535
18,267
Portugal (Madeira)
6,000
6,000
0
6,485
Spain
673,303
644,989
-28,314
618,773
United Kingdom
193,027
214,733
21,706
173,455
TOTAL FLEET
1,930,878
1,929,415
-1,463
1,744,976
Source: Eurofish Report
December 3, 1992, p
. BB/4-8.
320
APPENDIX SECTION
D. FALKLAND ISLANDS CATCH STATISTICS
321
Appendix 29. -FALKLAND ISLANDS. West European catch in the 150-mile Falkland Islands Protection Zone (FIP
by country and species, 1987-88
Year/species
France
Greece
Italy
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
U.K. 1 Total
Metric tons
1987:
Loligo squid
65
9
476
0
71
1,330
137
2,088
Illex squid
1,361
1,690
4,056
0
327
44,871
2,146
54,451
Marti alia
1
0
1
0
0
0
5
7
Hakes
208
234
444
0
134
9,874
678
11.572
Blue whiting
0
107
0
0
0
58
45
210
Hoki
0
0
0
0
0
98
9
107
Kingclip
0
9
10
0
2
370
32
423
Toothfish
5
0
1
0
0
15
0
21
Red cod
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Rays
0
20
54
0
4
203
29
310
Other
14
103
119
0
5
4,290
456
4,987
Total:
1,654
2,172
5,161
0
543
61,109
3,537
74,176
1988:
Loligo squid
0
103
67
66
383
6,278
136
7,033
lilex squid
0
2,603
3,320
1,406
1.322
30,653
5.080
44,384
Martialia
0
4
1
0
9
37
1
52
Hakes
0
95
179
0
6,588
39.129
2.578
48,569
Blue whiting
0
6
0
0
73
707
68
854
Hoki
0
1
0
3
64
1,383
196
1,647
Kingclip
0
0
12
0
227
1,392
130
1,761
Toothfisb
0
0
0
0
27
36
21
84
Red cod
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Rays
0
0
55
0
468
724
180
1.427
Other
0
10
22
0
687
4,121
475
5.315
Total:
0
2,822
3,656
1,475
9,848
84,460
8.865
111.126
Source: Falkland
Islands Fish
enes Develo
pmem, vane
>us years.
322
Appendix 30. --FALKLAND ISLANDS. West European fisheries catch in the 150-mile Falkland Islands Protection Z
(FIPZ), by country and species, 1989-90.
Year/species
Greece
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
1
Spain
U.K. 1 Total
Metric tons
1989:
Loligo squid
0
5
0
0
14
2,109
3
2,131
Illex squid
4,482
10,274
4,581
0
8,693
63,033
12,033
103,096
Martialia
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hakes
174
84
0
0
385
11,906
299
12,848
Blue whiting
44
0
0
0
0
328
8
380
Hoki
73
0
0
0
1
399
33
506
Kingclip
23
2
0
0
9
752
23
809
Toothfish
3
0
0
0
0
1
3
7
Red cod
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Rays
4
0
0
0
23
670
53
750
Other
57
5
0
0
20
2,491
86
2,659
Total:
4,860
10,370
4,581
0
9,145
81,689
12,541
123,186
1990:
Loligo squid
0
0
0
2
24
1,214
19
1,259
Illex squid
3,112
4,407
3,342
1,324
5,276
45,270
1,525
64,256
Martialia
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Hakes
0
0
3
26
509
10,373
10
10,921
Blue whiting
0
0
0
0
72
2,624
1
2,697
Hoki
0
0
0
28
233
1,756
4
2,021
Kingclip
0
0
1
2
39
712
0
754
Toothfish
0
0
0
2
1
184
0
187
Red cod
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Rays
1
2
0
3
26
764
0
796
Other
10
8
0
- 3
199
2,487
3
2,710
Total:
3,123
4,417
3,346
1,390
6,379
65,385
1,562
85,602
Source: Falkland
Islands Fish
eries Develo
pment, various
years.
323
Appendix 31. --FALKLAND ISLANDS. West European catches in the ISO-mile Falkland Islands Protection Zone (FI
by country and species, 1991-92
Year/species
Italy
Portugal
Spain
UK 1
Total
Metric tons
1991:
Loligo squid
2,335
3,054
35,509
1,921
42,819
niex squid
56
132
1,167
58
1,413
Martialia
0
0
0
0
0
Hakes
4
49
6,027
7
6,087
Blue whiting
0
4
5,980
0
5,984
Hoki
0
10
2,990
0
3,000
Kingclip
1
3
843
1
848
Toothfish
0
1
975
1
977
Red cod
14
22
2,297
3
2,336
Rays
0
13
1,076
1
1,090
Other
0
0
819
0
819
Total:
2,410
3,288
57,683
1,992
65,373
1992:
Loligo squid
2,167
1,395
60,843
0
64,405
Illex squid
179
24
947
0
1,150
Martialia
0
0
1
0
1
Hakes
186
23
3,092
0
3,301
Blue whiting
149
1
9,862
0
10,012
Hoki
54
48
5,087
0
5,189
Kingclip
14
6
870
0
890
Toothfish
21
3
626
0
650
Red cod
80
36
4,169
0
4,285
Rays
40
13
1,227
0
1,280
Other
35
0
1,053
0
1,088
Total:
2,925
1,549
87,777
0
92,251
Source: Falkland
Islands Fish
eries Develc
)pment, vari
Dus years.
324
APPENDIX SECTION
PART II. GRAPHICS
325
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344
APPENDIX SECTION
PART III. PHOTOGRAPHS
345
346
Photograph l.-The 5,845-GRT German-flag vessel Jan Maria built in 1988, represents the latest in
high-seas fishing capability. The vessel can fish, process, and transport fish anywhere in the world.
Photograph 2.— The German-flag vessel Dirk Dirk is another massive high-seas pelagic fishing vessel
able to operate anywhere in the world, as a "klondiker" (buying fish from others) or as a fishing vessel
in it's own right.
347
348
Photograph 3. —The Nuevo Alcocero, a 2,859-GRT Spanish trawler may fish in Namibia or Argentina
in the future.
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Photograph 4.- The De Giosa T is a 1,245-GRT trawler buih for the Italian fishing fleet in 1970.
349
350
APPENDIX SECTION
PART IV. MAP
351
352
Europe
802012 (B01266) 7-92
INDEX
355
356
INDEX
Page
Anchovy 11, 94, 256
Angola 28, 111, 135, 137, 141, 275
Annie Hillina 86, 124, 125
Argentina .... 1, 6, 7, 13, 16, 22, 30, 32, 76, 85, 90, 94, 95, 119, 125, 130, 141, 147, 148, 163, 214, 269,
274-277
Atlantic cod 1, 10, 12, 19, 62, 135, 137, 147, 172, 173, 189, 211, 236, 257
Atlantic Ocean 6, 16, 73, 112, 266
Atlantic salmon vii, 8, 22, 24, 57, 64, 84, 161, 188, 202, 203, 210, 213, 236, 277
Baltic Sea . 12, 13, 22-25, 59, 57, 62, 63, 71, 84, 90, 99, 108, 116, 131, 151, 167, 194, 196, 202, 203, 206,
224, 243, 247, 251
Barents Sea . . 8, 24, 34, 59, 70, 71, 76, 90, 99, 108, 131, 138, 151, 167, 186, 187, 194, 196, 206, 213, 220,
224, 236, 238, 239, 243, 251, 257, 261
Belgian fishermen 54, 55, 59
Belgium v, 10, 14, 13, 18, 21, 23, 24, 27, 49, 54, 55, 57-59, 220
Canada ... 1,6, 13, 21-23, 75, 84, 85, 112, 130, 135, 137, 146-148, 163, 187-189, 196, 197, 236, 238, 239,
257, 261, 266, 267, 268, 274-277
Cape Verde 27, 136, 138
Caribbean-flag 8, 24, 231, 239
Central Atlantic 72, 79, 93, 116, 141, 151, 224, 239, 243, 275, 276
CFP (see also Common Fisheries Policy) 16-19, 21, 72, 73, 84, 85, 103, 145
Chile 11, 30-32, 34, 35, 126, 138, 212, 214, 221, 274, 276
Common Fisheries Policy 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18-20, 35, 63, 72, 73, 75, 84, 103, 144-146, 148, 161
Comoro Islands 29
Comoros 30
Conversion 11, 21, 145, 186, 190
Comelis Vrolijk Fzn 6, 33, 119, 124, 125, 128, 275, 276
Council Directive 17, 18
Council of Ministers 18, 19, 103, 136
Cypriot 6, 163, 172, 177, 178
Cypriot-flag 177
Cyprus .... 6-8, 12, 14, 33, 34, 69, 76, 80, 119, 126, 147, 167, 172, 173, 172, 177-181, 221, 238, 239, 256
Danish fishermen 8, 62-65
Denmark v, 7, 10, 13, 16, 18, 19, 23, 24, 55, 57, 62-71, 84, 85, 111, 113, 144, 167, 172, 186-189,
191-193, 196, 210, 211, 212-214, 238, 239, 246, 247
Deployment vi, 7, 12, 16, 30, 32, 173
Dirk Diederick 6, 86, 275, 276
Dirk Dirk 6, 33, 81, 86, 125, 128, 275, 276
Dominica 21, 22, 31
Dominican Republic 6, 8, 14, 34, 187, 239, 257, 261
Dutch fishermen 85, 103, 124, 125
Eastern Central Atlantic 72, 79, 116, 141, 224, 239, 275, 276
Ecuador 30, 31 , 33
Equatorial Guinea 28
Estonia 13, 25, 64, 188, 197, 203, 247
357
Factoryships 1, 8, 16, 33, 85
Falkland Islands 30-33, 90, 94, 112, 130, 138, 141, 147, 153, 163, 213
Falklands 16, 30-32, 119, 125, 138, 146, 147, 275, 276
Faroe Islands . . . v, 10, 12-14, 16, 21, 24, 57, 62, 64, 67, 68, 84, 86, 112, 167, 173, 181, 186-190, 192-197,
218, 220, 238, 239, 246
Finland 13, 24, 167, 172, 173, 197, 202-206, 247
Fishing effort 10, 11, 17, 18, 22, 72, 162, 173, 177, 246, 275, 276
France . . 7. 10, 13, 16, 19, 23, 24. 27, 29, 33, 34, 55, 57, 69, 72, 73, 75-80, 103, 111, 145, 148, 181, 182,
213, 232, 236, 238, 240, 257, 267, 275
French fishermen 26, 29, 31, 33, 73, 74, 267
French Guiana 16, 30, 31, 75
FRG (see also Germany) v, 81, 84-86, 89
Gabon 21 , 28
Gambia 18, 26, 27, 55, 95, 137
GDR (see also Germany) 81, 84, 86, 89
Gerda Maria 6, 33, 81, 86
German fishermen 84, 85
Germany . 7, 10, 13, 19, 23, 24, 31, 64, 81, 84, 85, 84-87, 89, 90, 111, 124, 127, 178, 181, 182, 213, 219,
231, 266, 274, 275
Greece 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 17, 20, 21, 27, 31, 90, 93-95, 97-99, 111, 167, 187, 228, 231, 256
Greenland . v, 8, 10, 14, 16, 18, 21, 23, 59, 57, 62-64, 70, 71, 84, 86, 90, 99, 108, 131, 144, 151, 167, 172,
173, 181, 186, 187, 189, 194, 196, 206, 205, 210-214, 216, 220, 224, 236, 238, 239, 243, 246, 251,
266, 274-276
Guinea (Conakry) 27, 95, 138, 141
Haddock 10, 11, 19, 20, 24, 62, 85, 103, 161, 186-188, 197, 236, 266, 268, 274, 277
Holland 6, 33, 84, 103, 119, 124, 125, 127, 128
Honduras 6, 8, 14, 32, 34, 49, 55, 148, 257, 268
Horse mackerel 6, 11, 33, 86, 94, 103, 119, 124, 125, 135, 197, 236, 256, 277
Iceland . v, 8, 10, 12, 13, 17, 23, 24, 59, 75. 85, 86, 125, 156, 161, 167, 172, 173, 181, 186, 188, 189, 196,
197, 212, 213, 218, 219, 218-221, 223, 224, 236, 238, 239, 246, 257
Indian Ocean . 1, 9, 12, 16, 22, 29, 32, 33, 69, 72, 79, 94, 112, 113, 116, 141, 147, 151, 167, 269, 275-277
Ireland 10, 13, 21, 33, 70, 100, 103-108, 124, 125, 161, 166, 188
Irish fishermen 9, 103, 104
Italian fishermen 25, 108, 112, 113
Italy 10, 13, 23, 25, 27, 31, 108, 111-116, 186, 187, 231, 232, 275
Ivory Coast 27, 95
Jan Maria 6, 33, 81, 86, 125, 275, 276
Latvia 13, 24, 25, 64, 188, 197, 247
Liberia 105, 106, 238
Lithuania 13, 24, 64, 188, 197, 203, 213, 247
Mackerel . 6, 11, 23, 24, 32, 33, 62, 85, 86. 94, 103. 106, 119, 124-127, 135, 137, 161, 187, 197, 231, 236,
238, 246, 256. 276. 277
Madagascar 29
MAGP (see Multi-annual Guidance Program) 7, 19-21, 32, 54, 75, 103, 104, 136, 145-147, 277
Malta 6-8, 12, 14, 34, 111, 167, 172, 173, 223, 228-231
Maltese 14, 223, 228, 229
Martinique 31
Mauritania 26, 34, 86, 94, 130, 135, 137, 141. 147
Mauritius 30
358
Morocco . . 12, 13, 22, 25, 26, 33, 34, 95, 119, 125, 130, 135, 137, 141, 146, 148, 228, 229, 231, 269, 275,
276
Mozambique 29, 137
MSY (maximum sustainable yield) 17
Multi-amiual Guidance Program 7, 54, 75, 94, 274
Namibia 1, 6, 7, 13, 28, 29, 32, 33, 130, 135, 137, 141, 146-148, 188, 189, 269,' 274-276
Net mesh 11,161
Netherlands 10, 13, 21, 23, 24, 31, 34, 55, 85, 86, 119, 124-128, 130, 131, 181, 182, 231, 274, 275
New Caledonia 16, 276
Nigeria 18, 94, 95, 111, 112, 125
North Atlantic . vii, 1, 6, 7, 10, 16, 20, 22, 23, 64, 72, 76, 86, 100, 135, 136, 141, 144, 156, 162, 172, 173,
181, 189, 210, 213, 218, 236, 239, 257, 266, 267, 274, 276, 277
North Sea . . vi, 7, 10, 11, 13, 16, 19, 24, 33, 55, 57, 62, 64, 68, 70, 73, 85, 100, 104, 119, 124, 125, 161,
163, 172, 186, 196, 213, 231, 238, 246, 247, 277
Norway . v, 8, 12-14, 13, 21, 23, 24, 33, 34, 57, 62, 63, 76, 84-86, 105, 106, 130, 135, 138, 141, 161, 163,
167, 172, 173, 181, 182, 181, 186-189, 196, 197, 203, 212, 213, 218-220, 231, 236-240, 242, 243,
246,247,257, 261,274
Pacific Ocean 6, 7, 13, 14, 31, 33, 34, 76, 141, 147, 148, 177, 178, 269, 274, 276, 277
Panama 6-8, 14, 29, 32, 34, 57, 64, 66, 69, 76, 80, 119, 126, 141, 147, 148, 152, 163, 257, 268
Peru 7, 11, 31, 32, 86, 119, 125, 126, 138, 274, 276
Portugal 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 17-19, 22, 23, 26, 27, 29, 31, 130, 135-141, 144, 167, 266, 275
Portuguese fishermen 11, 23, 25, 135-137
Reflagging vii, 6, 8, 14, 34, 49, 57, 64, 65, 147, 148, 173, 172, 178, 267, 274, 277
Russia . . 7, 11, 13, 25, 64, 125, 138, 173, 188, 189, 197, 203, 212, 213, 220, 231, 238, 239, 247, 256, 257,
266, 274, 276
Saithe 10, 20, 24, 62, 72, 84, 161, 187, 236, 274, 277
Sao Tome and Principe 28, 275, 276
Scallops 11, 161, 212, 266
Scrapping 7, 11, 54, 145, 162, 187, 188, 237, 240, 247
Senegal 18, 26-28, 94, 95, 111, 137, 138, 141, 229
Seychelles 30, 85
Sierra Leone 21, 27, 94, 111, 112, 138, 141
South Africa 7, 28, 29, 130, 135, 137, 141, 146, 161, 163, 172, 181, 188, 189, 275
South Atlantic 9, 13, 16, 22, 29, 32, 34, 126, 135, 141, 145, 163
South Georgia Islands 16
South Pacific 16, 75
South Sandwich Islands 16
Spain . 7, 8, 10-13, 17-19, 22, 23, 25-34, 72, 75, 103, 111, 113, 124. 127, 130, 137, 141, 144-153, 162, 167,
181, 187, 218, 219, 231, 232, 266, 269, 275, 277
Spanish fishermen 25, 30, 31, 33, 141, 144, 145, 147, 148
St. Pierre and Miquelon 16, 75
St. Vincent 6, 8, 14, 34, 69, 76, 187, 239
Stem trawlers . . 28, 69, 72, 84, 85, 106, 111, 119, 124, 126, 144, 146, 161, 178, 187, 193, 211, 212, 218,
236, 238, 275, 276
Sweden 13, 21, 23, 24, 62-64, 86, 106, 167, 172, 173, 203, 238, 241, 246-251
TAG 11, 85, 147, 210, 213, 238
Taiwanese fishermen 8, 14, 49, 55
Tanzania 21,29
The Gambia 18, 26, 27, 55, 95
Transferring 11
359
Tuna . 6, 7, 9, 14, 21, 22, 25-31, 33-35, 55, 69, 75, 76, 80, 95, 108, 111-113, 136, 137, 141, 145-148, 152,
172, 177, 178, 179, 181, 231, 256, 275-277
Tuna purse seiners 7, 9, 27, 28, 30, 33
Turkey 12, 13, 167, 172, 173, 251, 256, 257, 259, 260
Turkish fishermen 256
UK . V, 10, 16, 21, 24, 26, 29, 34, 57, 67, 72, 77, 88, 97, 106, 114, 129, 139, 149, 156, 161, 162, 161-166,
172, 177, 178, 179, 186, 188, 191, 204, 213, 218, 220, 222, 223, 230, 231, 239, 241, 249, 258,
275, 276
United Kingdom . . 7, 10, 13, 16, 18, 23, 24, 27, 31, 32, 55, 72, 84, 87, 103, 147, 156, 161, 166, 167, 236,
246, 257
United States ... vi, 12, 14, 21-23, 35, 84, 85, 111, 112, 114, 125, 126, 136, 146, 177, 188, 190, 220, 237,
240, 266, 267
USSR (see also Russia) 23, 188, 202, 213, 231, 257
Western Atlantic 116
Whiting . . 10, 11, 23, 24, 54, 72, 76, 103, 106, 147, 161, 186-188, 190, 197, 213, 218, 220, 236, 238, 239,
256, 277
360
361
362
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