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[COMMITTEE PRINT]

SCIENCE POLICY STUDY
BACKGROUND REPORT NO. 4

WORLD INVENTORY OF

"BIG SCIENCE" RESEARCH

INSTRUMENTS AND FACILITIES

REPORT

PREPARED BY THE

CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

TRANSMITTED TO THE

TASK FORCE ON SCIENCE POLICY

COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

NINETY-NINTH CONGRESS

SECOND SESSION
Serial DD

»l,J't!C

DECEMBER 1986

Printed for the use of the Committee on Science and Technology

Gift of

Robertson Dinsmore
March, 1987

Woods He- O-j^^. ,-. K-

^^f^ 01 1987

[COMMITTEE PRINT]

SCIENCE POLICY STUDY
BACKGROUND REPORT NO. 4

WORLD INVENTORY OF

"BIG SCIENCE" RESEARCH

INSTRUMENTS AND FACILITIES

REPORT

PREPARED BY THE

CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

TRANSMITTED TO THE

TASK FORCE ON SCIENCE POLICY

COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
I U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

j NINETY-NINTH CONGRESS

^ ^ SECOND SESSION;

DU'seiial i>D ,

x-=\

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DECEMBER 1986

Printed for the use of the Committee on Science and Technology

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
68-022 WASHINGTON : 1987

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, DC 20402

COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DON FUQUA,

ROBERT A. ROE, New Jersey
GEORGE E. BROWN, Jr., California
JAMES H. SCHEUER, New York
MARILYN LLOYD, Tennessee
TIMOTHY E. WIRTH, Ckjlorado
DOUG WALGREN, Pennsylvania
DAN GLICKMAN, Kansas
ROBERT A. YOUNG, Missouri
HAROLD L. VOLKMER, Missouri
BILL NELSON, Florida
STAN LUNDINE, New York
RALPH M. HALL, Texas
DAVE McCURDY, Oklahoma
NORMAN Y. MINETA, California
BUDDY MacKAY,*' Florida
TIM VALENTINE, North Carolina
HARRY M. REID, Nevada
ROBERT G. TORRICELLI, New Jersey
RICK BOUCHER, Virginia
TERRY BRUCE, Illinois
RICHARD H. STALLINGS, Idaho
BART GORDON, Tennessee
JAMES A. TRAFICANT, Jr., Ohio
JIM CHAPMAN, Texas

Florida, Chairman

MANUEL LUJAN, Jr.,* New Mexico
ROBERT S. WALKER, Pennsylvania
F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, Jr.,

Wisconsin
CLAUDINE SCHNEIDER, Rhode Island
SHERWOOD L. BOEHLERT, New York
TOM LEWIS, Florida
DON RITTER, Pennsylvania
SID W. MORRISON, Washington
RON PACKARD, California
JAN MEYERS, Kansas
ROBERT C. SMITH, New Hampshire
PAUL B. HENRY, Michigan
HARRIS W. FA WELL, Illinois
WILLIAM W. COBEY, Jr., North Carolina
JOE BARTON, Texas
D. FRENCH SLAUGHTER, Jr., Virginia
DAVID S. MONSON, Utah

Harold P. Hanson, Executive Director

Robert C. Ketcham, General Counsel

Regina a. Davis, Chief Clerk

R. Thomas Weimer, Republican Staff Director

Science Poucy Task Force

DON FUQUA, Florida, Chairman

ROBERT A. ROE, New Jersey
GEORGE E. BROWN, Jr., California
TIMOTHY E. WIRTH, Colorado
DOUG WALGREN, Pennsylvania
HAROLD L. VOLKMER, Missouri
STAN LUNDINE, New York
NORMAN Y. MINETA, California
HARRY M. REID, Nevada
RICK BOUCHER, Virginia

MANUEL LUJAN, Jr., New Mexico

ROBERT S. WALKER, Pennsylvania

TOM LEWIS, Florida

DON RITTER, Pennsylvania

SID W. MORRISON, Washington

RON PACKARD, California

JAN MEYERS, Kansas

HARRIS W. FA WELL, Illinois

D. FRENCH SLAUGHTER, Jr., Virginia

RICHARD H. STALLINGS, Idaho

John D. Holmfeld, Study Director
Harlan L. Watson, Republican Staff Member

•Ranking Republican Member.

**Serving on Committee on the Budget for 99th Congress.

<II)

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

House of Representatives,
Committee on Science and Technology,

Washington, DC, September 24, 1986.

To the Members of the Task Force on Science Policy:

We submit herewith the fourth in a series of background studies
prepared for the use of the Task Force on Science Policy. This
Study is a "World Inventory of 'Big Science' Research Instru-
ments and Facilities" which includes specific information about
each facility and an analysis of the extent of international coopera-
tion in their construction and use. The Study was prepared at the
request of the Task Force by the Congressional Research Service.

A significant topic which the Science Policy Study will consider
is the rapidly growing costs of the large research instruments and
facilities which have become necessary in order to conduct leading
edge scientific research in many fields of science. This growing cost
of both their initial construction and their subsequent operation
has led the Task Force to inquire whether, in the future, more reli-
ance on the joint international shouldering of these costs should be
sought.

We are indebted to Mr. William Boesman of the Congressional
Research Service for undertaking the extensive data collection that
made this inventory possible, and to the many experts throughout
the government agencies who contributed. While every effort has
been made to include in the study all the relevant big science fa-
cilities, additions and corrections would be welcome and should be
addressed by the Chairman of the Task Force.

This report with its data base and its analysis will serve as a
solid point of departure for the further work of the Science Policy
Task Force in this area. We commend it to the attention of the
Task Force Members, our witnesses, the members of the Committee
on Science and Technology, and all members of the House of Rep-
resentatives.

Manuel Lujan, Don Fuqua,

Ranking Republican Member. Chairman.

(Ill)

LETTER OF SUBMITTAL

Congressional Research Service,

The Library of Congress,

May 22, 1985.
Hon. Don Fuqua,

Chairman, Committee on Science and Technology,
House of Representatives, Washington, DC

Dear Mr. Chairman: In response to your letter to me of Novem-
ber 2, 1984, I am pleased to provide you with a World Inventory of
Big Science Research Instruments and Facilities prepared by the
Science Policy Research Division under the coordination of William
Boesman of that division. The report represents a large effort at
collecting information on big science facilities and was facilitated
by superb cooperation by several Federal agencies.

I believe that this report will be a useful contribution to the ac-
tivities of the committee's Science Policy Task Force and for the
hearings which you plan to hold this year on the subject of
scientific facilities.

The Congressional Research Service looks forward to continuing
to provide you with assistance in the very challenging activities of
the Science Policy Task Force as well as the other ongoing activi-
ties of the committee.
Sincerely,

Gilbert Gude,

Director.

(V)

CONTRIBUTORS

This project was coordinated and edited by William Boesman of
the Science Policy Research Division. A number of division mem-
bers contributed to the project. Glenn McLoughlin and Marcia
Smith contributed significantly to the chapters on space and aero-
nautics; Fred Sissine to the chapter on high-energy and nuclear
physics; and Nancy Miller to the chapter on supercomputers. Patri-
cia Humphlett, Robert Civiak, Genevieve Knezo, and others also
provided valuable insights, reviews, and inputs.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

A number of people in several agencies and other organizations
provided information without which this report could not have
been completed in time to be useful for the committee in its upcom-
ing hearing on the subject. Those with whom the author and other
researchers at the Congressional Research Service had direct con-
tact are listed below. The efforts of these persons and others in the
agencies who contributed to developing the information on big sci-
ence facilities are gratefully acknowledged.

Department of Energy

James Decker Gerald Peters

Mike Crisp Thomas Walsh

Thomas Kitchens Charles Whited

David Richman Ray Hunter

Thomas Finn Patricia Rice
Carol Sege

National Science Foundation

Albert Bridgewater Marshall Lih

Nancy Ann Brewster William Blandpied

Laura P. Bautz Lawrence A. Lee

Carl Hall Marcel Bardon

William Butcher Marta Cehelsky

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

John Madison Julie Baker

Lawrence Medway Frank Durso

Mark Kleinsarge Frank Elam

Duke Stanford Richard Irwin

Richard Hibbard Lee Saegasser
John Devlin

(VII)

John Rush

Bruce Fonoroff
Kelly Grider

Gary Morton

Bernard Kulp

Deborah Wince

Robertson Dinsmore

Allen Clark

Mitchell Wallerstein
William Spindel

Robert W. Rycroft

VIII
National Bureau of Standards

U.S. Army

Forest J. Agee
E.E. Strobbs

U.S. Navy

Joseph Ck)rrado

U.S. Air Force

Stanley Dickinson

Office of Science and Technology Poucy

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

MTS Systems Corporation

National Academy of Sciences
Norman Metzger

The George Washington University

The quality editorial assistance of the following members of the Research Produc-
tion Staff of the Science Policy Research Division also is gratefully acknowledged:

Shirley S. Williams Kaseem C. Hall

Christine A. Payne Terrence L. Lisbeth

Sandra L. Burr Jeannette E. Porter
Keirina I. Bush

CONTENTS

Page

Contributions and Acknowledgements vii

I. Introduction and Summary 1

A. Introduction 1

B. Summary of International Cooperation 5

II. High-Energy and Nuclear Physics 11

III. Fusion 15

A. Magnetic-Confinement Fusion 15

B. Inertial-Confinement Fusion 16

IV. Materials Science and Engineering 19

V. Astronomy 21

VI. Atmospheric and Oceanographic Science 23

VII. Space 25

A. NASA Infrastructure and Science 25

B. NASA Big Science 26

C. European and Japanese Space Big Science Programs 28

D. Soviet Space Big Science Progi-ams 28

VIII. Aeronautics 33

IX. Supercomputers 37

X. Engineering Science 39

XI. Antarctic Research 41

XII. Biotechnology 43

Appendices:

1. International Big Science Cooperation Supported Under the Summit Sci-
ence and Technology Initiative 45

2. High-Energy Physics Facilities 47

3. Nuclear Physics Facilities 75

4. Fusion Facilities 107

5. Materials Science and Engineering Facilities 141

6. Astronomical Facilities 169

7. Atmospheric and Oceanographic Facilities 183

8. Space Facilities 189

9. Aeronautical Facilities 231

10. Supercomputers 251

11. Engineering Facilities 265

(See the following pages for a detailed table of contents of appendices 2 through 11 showing
individual big science facilities.)

Name or Brief Description Location or Country of dtx''page
'^"^'•^'^'P Numblr

HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS FACILITIES

Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR) U.S 48

Fermilab Proton Synchrotron U.S 49

Energy Saver-Superconducting Proton Synchro- U.S 50

tron.
Tevatron I — Antiproton/Proton Colliding Beam U.S 51

Facility.
Tevatron 11-1,000 GeV Fixed Target Research U.S 52

Facilities.

(ix)

Name or Brief Description ^'^' Owner'^io '''' °^ ^txTage

'^ Number

a)llider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) U.S 53

D-Zero Detector at Fermilab U.S 54

SLAC Linear Accelerator U.S 55

Positron Electron Project (PEP) U.S 56

Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) U.S 57

Stanford Linear Detector (SLD) U.S 58

Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) U.S 59

Cosmotron U.S 60

Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS) U.S 61

Bevatron U.S 61

Cambridge Electron Accelerator (CEA) U.S 62

Princeton-Pennsylvania Accelerator (PPA) U.S 62

Proton Synchrotron (PS) (CERN) Switz.-Int'l 63

Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) (CERN) Switz.-Int'l 63

Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) (CERN) Switz.-Int'l 64

Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP) (CERN) ... Switz.-Int'l 64

LEP Detector-Aleph (CERN) Switz.-Int'l 65

LEP Detector-Delphi (CERN) Switz.-Int'l 65

LEP Detector-L3 (CERN) Switz.-Int'l 66

LEP Detector-Opal (CERN) Switz.-Int'l 66

Proton-Antiproton Collider (CERN) Switz.-Int'l 67

Doris-II F.R. Germany 67

Petra-II F.R.Germany 68

Hera F.R. Ger.-Int'l 68

S5Tichrotron Japan 69

Tristan (Storage Ring) Japan 69

BPS (Synchrotron) P.R.C 70

BEPC (Storage Ring) P.R.C 70

Proton Synchrotron U.S.S.R 71

UNK Proton Synchrotron U.S.S.R 71

VEPP-IV (Storage Ring) U.S.S.R 72

VAPP-IV (Storage Ring) U.S.S.R 72

U-10 (Synchrotron) U.S.S.R 73

NUCLEAR PHYSICS FACILITIES

Coupled Superconducting Cyclotrons (Michigan U.S 76

State).

Indiana University Cyclotron Facility (lUCF) U.S 77

Tandem/ AGS Heavy Ion Facility U.S 78

Arconne Tandem/Linac Accelerator System U.S 79

(Atlas).

Bevalac U.S 80

88-Inch Cyclotron (LBL) U.S 82

184-Inch Cyclotron (LBL) U.S 83

Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) U.S 84

Holifield Heavy Ion Research Facility U.S 85

Bates Linear Accelerator Center U.S 86

A.W. Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory U.S 87

Cyclotron Institute U.S 88

(Dontinuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility U.S 89

(CEBAF).

Synchro-Cyclotron (CERN) Switz-Int'l 89

Low Energy Antiproton Ring (LEAR) (CERN) Switz-Int'l 90

SIN (Cyclotron) Switzerland 90

Linear Accelerator Canada 91

Superconducting Cyclotron Canada 91

Triumf Canada 92

Electrostatic Machine Argentina 92

Electrostatic Machine U.K 93

SARA (Cyclotron) France 93

ALS (Linear Accelerator) France 94

Saturne-II (SjTichrotron) France 94

Ganil (Twin Cyclotrons) France 95

K, D • r r\ ■ •■ Location or Country of j- ''^"

Name or Brief Description Ownershio "'" '^^^^

^ Number

Cyclotron F.R. Germany 95

Linear Accelerator F.R. Germany 96

MP-Tandem (Electrostatic Machine) F.R. Germany 96

Unilac (Linear Accelerator) F.R. Germany 97

Vicksi (Cyclotron) F.R. Germany 97

SIS-18 (Synchrotron) F.R. Germany 98

Nikhef (Linear Accelerator) Netherlands 98

Cyclotron Netherlands 99

Cyclotron Sweden 99

Superconducting Cyclotron Italy 100

XTU Tandem Itlay 100

Cyclotron South Africa 101

Cyclotron - Japan 101

Electrostatic Machine „ Japan 102

Riken (Cyclotron) Japan 102

Numatron (Synchrotron) Japan 103

Cyclotron P.R.C 103

Cyclotron (Gatchina) U.S.S.R 104

Synchrophasatron U.S.S.R 104

Cyclotron (Dubna) U.S.S.R 105

Linear Accelerator U.S.S.R 105

FUSION FACILITIES
Magnetic-Confinement Fusion

Princeton Large Torus (PLT) U.S 109

Princeton Beta Experiment (PBX) U.S 110

Tokamak Fusion Reactor (TFTR) U.S Ill

Doublet III-D U.S.-Japan 112

AlcatorC U.S 113

Impurity Studies Experiment-B (ISX-B) U.S 114

Tandem Mirror Experiment Upgrade (TMX-U)... U.S 115

Mirror Fusion Test Facility (MFTF-B) U.S 116

Advanced Toroidal Facility (ATF) U.S 117

Scyllac U.S 118

C-Stellarator....„ „ „ U.S 119

International Fusion Superconducting Magnet- U.S.-Int'l 120

ic Test Facility (IFSMFT).

Joint European Torus - E.C 121

Tore Supra France 122

Textor F.R. Germany 123

ASDEX F.R.Germany 124

ASDEX-Upgrade F.R. Germany 125

Wendelstein VII AS F.R. Germany 126

JT-60 Japan 127

JFT-2M , Japan 128

Gamma 10 Japan 128

Heliotron-E Japan 129

T-10 U.S.S.R 130

T-15 U.S.S.R 131

Inertial-Confinement Fusion

High-Energy Laser Facility ("Nova") U.S 132

Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator II (PBFA II).... U.S 133

Electron Beam Fusion Accelerator U.S 134

National Laser Users Facility ("Omega") U.S 135

High-Energy Laser Facility ("Antares") U.S 136

High-Energy Laser Facility ("Shiva") U.S 137

Gekko XII Glass Laser System Japan 138

Central Laser Facility ("Vulcan") U.K 139

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FACILITIES

NBS Research Reactor (NBSR) U.S 142

XII

Name or Brief Description ^'^"c^ner'S^""''' °^ ^tf Page

^ Number

Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory U.S 143

(NML).

Tantalus, Alladin U.S 144

High Flux Beam Reactor (HFBR) U.S 145

National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) U.S 145

Stanford SjTichrotron Radiation Laboratory U.S 146

Spallation Neutron Source U.S 147

High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) U.S 147

Oak Ridge Research Reactor (ORR) U.S 148

Cornell High Energy SjTichrotron Source U.S 148

(CHESS).

Intense Pulsed Neutron Source U.S 149

CP5 U.S 149

Ames Research Reactor U.S 150

University of Missouri Research Reactor U.S 150

(MURR).

MIT Research Reactor U.S 151

NRU Reactor Canada 151

Synchrotron Radiation Source (SRS) U.K 152

Dido and Pluto Reactors U.K 152

Spallation Neutron Research SNS U.K 153

Lure France 153

High Flux Reactor (HFR) Fr.-F.R. Ger.-U.K 154

European Synchrotron Radiation Facility Fr.-F.R. Germany 155

(ESRF).

Sitoe Reactor France 156

Melusine Reactor France 156

Orphee Reactor France 157

Hamburger Synchrotron Strahlingslabor (HA- F.R. Germany 157

SYLAB).

Bessy F.R. Germany 158

FRM Reactor F.R. Germany 158

FRJ-2 Reactor F.R. Germany 159

BER-II Research Reactor F.R. Germany 159

High Flux Reactor (HFR) Netherlands 160

DR3 Research Reactor Denmark 160

High Flux Reactor Sweden 161

Max Sweden 161

Adone Italy 162

Australian Research Reactor HIFAR Australia 162

UVSOR Japan.... 163

Kyoto University Reactor Japan 163

Japanese Research Reactor No. 2 Japan 164

Japanese Research Reactor No. 3 Japan 164

INSOR Japan 165

The Photon Factory Japan 165

KEN-1 Japan 166

N-lOO U.S.S.R 166

VEPP-2M, VEPP-3, BEP-4 U.S.S.R 167

Kurchatov I U.S.S.R 167

ASTRONOMICAL FACILITIES

200-Inch Telescope (Mount Palomar) U.S 170

1,000-Foot Radio/Radar Telescope (Arecibo) U.S 171

Four-Meter Telescope (Kitt Peak) U.S 172

CTIO Four-Meter Telescope (Chile) U.S 173

140-Foot Radio Telescope (Green Bank) U.S 174

NRAO Very Large Array (VLA) U.S 174

Sacramento Peak Observatory (Vacuum Tower U.S 175

Telescope).

140-Inch Telescope Chile-Int'l 175

IRAM Interferometer Fr.-F.R. Ger 176

XIII

», T> • r i-> • »■ Location or Country of j- PPf"'

Name or Brief Description Ownershin ''"' ^'^^e

'^ Number

Radio Sternwarte Effelsberg (Effelsberg Tele- F.R. Germany 177

scope).

Australia Telescope Australia 178

Anglo-Australian Telescope Austral ia-U.K 178

MM-Wave Five-Element Synthesis Telescope Japan 179

45-Meter Radio Telescope Japan 180

Six-Meter Optical Telescope U.S.S.R 181

ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC FACILTIES

National Center for Atmospheric Research U.S 184

(NCAR).

Deep Submergence Research Vehicle (DSRV) U.S 185

"Alvin".

Federal Oceanographic Fleet (64 vessels) U.S 186

SPACE FACILITIES

Physics and Astronomy

Orbiting Geophysical Observatories (OGO) U.S 190

Orbiting Solar Observatories (OSO) U.S 191

Orbiting Astronomical Observatories (OAO) U.S 192

Astrophysics Explorers U.S.-Int'l 193

High-Energy Astronomy Observatories (HEAO)... U.S 194

Solar Maximum Mission U.S 195

The Hubble Large Space Telescope (LST) U.S 196

Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) U.S 197

Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO) U.S 197

Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) U.S 198

COS-B E.S.A.-Int'l 198

International Ultraviolet Explorer (lUE) E.S.A.-Int'l 199

Exosat E.S.A 199

Hipparcos E.S.A 200

Ariel 1-6 U.K 200

Japanese Satellites Japan 201

Astron U.S.S.R 202

Lunar and Planetary Probes

Ranger U.S 203

Surveyor U.S 204

Lunar Orbiter U.S 205

Pioneer 10 and 11 U.S 206

Viking 1 and 2 (Orbiters 1 and 2) U.S 207

Voyager I and II U.S 208

Pioneer/Venus (Orbiter and Probe) U.S 209

Galileo (Jupiter Orbiter/Probe) U.S.-F.R. Ger 210

Venus Radar Mapper (VRM) U.S 211

Mars Geoscience Climatology Observer (MGCO- U.S 211

Mars Observer).

Mariner I-X U.S 212

GEOS-1 and GEOS-2 E.S.A 213

Giotto E.S.A 213

International Solar-Polar Mission (ISPM) E.S.A 214

Vega 1 and 2 U.S.S.R 215

Mars 1-7 U.S.S.R 216

Lunar 1-24 U.S.S.R 217

Venera 1-16 U.S.S.R 219

Earth Science

Solar-Terrestrial Explorers U.S.-Int'l 221

Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) U.S 223

Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS).... U.S 224

Solar and Terrestrial Physics

Interkosmos 1-22 U.S.S.R 226

XIV

Name or Brief Description ^''^"?JL°' S""*'^ °'" dtfpage

uwnersnip Number

Prognoz 1-9 U.S.S.R 229

AERONAUTICAL FACILITIES

Wind Tunnels

National Transonic Facility U.S 232

Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel (Langely) U.S 232

16-foot Transonic Wind Tunnel U.S 233

Transonic Dynamics Tunnel U.S 233

Hypersonic Wind Tunnel Complex U.S 234

Eight-Foot High-Temperature Hypersonic Wind U.S 234

Tunnel.

Eight-Foot Transonic Pressure Wind Tunnel U.S 235

20-Inch Mach 6 Wind Tunnel U.S 235

Hypersonic Wind Tunnel Complex U.S 236

Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Complex U.S 236

Unitary Plan Tunnel Complex (Ames) U.S 237

14-Foot Transonic Wind Tunnel U.S 237

6x6 Supersonic Wind Tunnel U.S 238

3.5-Foot Hypersonic Wind Tunnel U.S 238

8x6 Tran/Supersonic Wind Tunnel U.S 239

10x10 Unitary Supersonic Propulsion Wind U.S 239

Tunnel.

6x9-Foot Icing Research Tunnel (IRT) U.S 240

Aerodjmamic Research Facility U.S 240

16-Foot Supersonic Propulsion Wind Tunnel U.S 241

16-Foot Transonic Propulsion Wind Tunnel U.S 241

Von Karman Supersonic Wind Tunnels U.S 242

DTNSRDC Transonic Wind Tunnel U.S 242

Hypervelocity Wind Tunnel No. 9 U.S 243

V/STOL Wind Tunnel U.S 243

Trans/Supersonic Wind Tunnel U.S 244

Two-Meter Transconic Wind Tunnel Japan 244

Structures R&D/Flight Testing

Structures Research and Development Facility.... U.S 245

Compressor Research Facility U.S 245

Aeronautical Test Range U.S 246

Flight Simulators

Flight Control Development Laboratory U.S 246

Differential Maneuvering Simulator U.S 247

Six-Degree-of-Freedom Motion Simulator U.S 247

Flight Simulator for Advanced Aircraft U.S 248

Vertical Motion Simulator U.S 248

Propulsion Systems Laboratory U.S 249

Advanced Simulation Center U.S 250

SUPERCOMPUTERS

NCAR Scientific Computing Facility U.S 252

National Magnetic Fusion Energy Computing U.S 253

Center (LLNL).

LANL Computing and Communications Divi- U.S 254

sion.

NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory.. U.S 255

NASA Numerical Aerodynamic Simulator U.S 256

(NAS).

National Advanced Scientific Computing U.S 257

Center.

Princeton University U.S 257

Cornell University U.S 259

University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign U.S 260

University of California, San Diego U.S 261

Name or Br.ef Description ^^"owner*^hiD """ °^ dtx'page

uwnersnip Number

FSU Supercomputer Computational Research U.S 262

Institute.

LLNL Computer Center U.S 263

ENGINEERING FACILITIES

Ship Hydrodynamics Engineering

DTNSRDC Towing Basin, High Speed U.S 266

DTNSRDC Towing Basin, Deep Water U.S 267

DTNSRDC Towing Basin, Shallow Water U.S 268

Earthquake Engineering

Todotsu Engineering Laboratory (Earthquake Japan 269

Shake Table).

Nuclear Power Reactor Engineering

Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) U.S 269

Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II) U.S 270

Loss-of-Fluid Test Facility (LOFT) U.S 271

Transient Reactor Test Facility (TREAT) U.S 272

Zero Power Plutonium Reactor (ZPPR) U.S 272

JOYO (Fast Flux Test Facility) Japan 273

BOR-60 (Fast Flux Test Reactor) U.S.S.R 273

Isotope Production

Calutron Electromagnetic Isotope Separation U.S 274

Facility.

Weapons Engineering

"Shiva" (High-Energy Physics Simulation) U.S 275

Directed Energy Effects Range (DEER) U.S 275

Trestle (Electromagnetic Pulse Research) U.S 276

Advanced Radiation Technology Facility U.S 276

(ARTE).

Aurora Radiation Test Facility U.S 277

Advanced Test Accelerator (ATA) U.S 277

I. INTRODUCTION A^D SUMMARY

A. INTRODUCTION

This report is an attempt to inventory "big science" instruments
and facilities worldwide and to discuss briefly the extent of inter-
national cooperation in their construction, operation, and utiliza-
tion.

The charge given to the Congressional Research Service by the
House Committee on Science and Technology was to:

. . . include facilities constructed since 1920 at a
cost of approximately $25 million or more in 1984 Dol-
lars or its equivalent. It should include, as well, the
cost, the date of construction, and, if applicable,
the date of decommissioning. The analysis should
cover the extent to which these Big Science facili-
ties have been funded, operated, and used for research
on an international basis. We are also interested in
the potential for obtaining international cooperation
with respect to the support of present and future Big
Science research instruments and facilities and the
modes that have been successful and unsuccessful in
funding, operating and conducting research on an
international basis of such facilities.

In response to this assignment, the Congressional Research Ser-
vice has identified and collected information on U.S. and foreign
big science facilities or groups of facilities 1/ meeting the $25
million (1984 dollars) criterion established by the committee for
this project.

The term "big science" is somewhat indefinite. Historically,
it probably has been understood by most people to include what Harvey
Brooks, for example, defined it to mean in 1968: 2/

. . . the past fifteen years [since about 1953]
have seen even pure science carried out on an

1/ Satellites and oceanographic research vessels are arranged
in groups in the inventory appendices. For example, all ASTROPHYSICS
EXPLORER satellites and all Federal Oceanographic Fleet vessels are
listed together on one page for convenience. Satellites and vessels
are written in capital letters for ease of identification.

2/ Brooks, Harvey. The Government of Science. Cambridge, The
M.I.T. Press, 1968. p. 35.

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entirely new scale. We have the new phenomenon
loosely known as "big science," that is, pure
science carried on with complex and expensive
equipment, and with a large supporting tech-
nological effort. In order of cost, the most
important examples of such big science are space
sciences, high-energy physics, oceanography,
radio astronomy, and optical astronomy.

This study has extended that definition in two ways. First, it has
been extended to include other areas of science that involve large
instruments and facilities that fall within the $25 million criterion
noted above. Thus, to the above list are added here nuclear physics,
fusion, materials science and engineering, atmospheric science, aero-
nautics, and superconducters used for scientific research. Second,
this study also includes in its inventory "big engineering science"
facilities, which fall outside of the "pure science" definition of
big science noted above. Also, brief discussions are included of
antarctic research, because of its relationship to big science in
some respects, and biotechnology, because of its potential to develop
large facilities in the future.

Thus, Che following chapters will deal with, respectively, high-
energy and nuclear physics, fusion, materials science and engineer-
ing, astronomy, atmospheric and oceanographic science, space, aero-
nautics, supercomputers, engineering science, antarctic research,
and biotechnology. Following the body of the report are appendices
that briefly described each U.S. and foreign big science facility
which has been identified in this study. In some instances, it has
not been possible to obtain all the data requested by the committee
for some of the facilities in time to meet the publication date.
This is particularly true of information about construction dates and
costs of foreign high-energy and nuclear physics facilities. All
data in this report are from unclassified sources. Omissions may
exist because of U.S. and foreign national security considerations.

Modes of international cooperation are discussed individually
for each big science facility where the information is available
from the survey carried out by the Congressional Research Service.
In addition, the following chapters briefly discuss international
cooperation in each area of big science. The extent of international
cooperation in big science depends on the balancing of "opportunities
and benefits" versus "difficulties and costs." This varies, of
course, from area to area of big science and from facility to faci-
lity within each specific area of big science. These major factors
have been defined as follows: 3/

3/ Rycroft, Robert W. International Cooperation in Science
Policy: The U.S. Role in Macropro j ec ts . Technology in Society, v. 5,
1983. p. 51-68. (Also published as International Cooperation in

"Major opportunities and benefits" \

— Making greater resources available, in terms of infor-
mation, knowledge, and know-how necessary for any
scientific activity;

— Making possible a wider range of topics and a broader
range of approaches;

— Reducing the financial burden on all participants;

— Speeding up the entire innovation processes, from ba-
sic research to application;

— Reducing wasteful redundancy; and

— Enhancing good will and communication among the parti-
cipants .

"Most significant difficulties and costs"

— Inherent difficulties in meshing disparate national
bureaucracies ;

— Delays in reaching decisions among differing
political and legal systems;

— Complications of varying decision processes, priori-
ties, and competencies;

— Costs of international bureaucracy;

Science: The U.S. Role in Megaprojects. In Emerging Issues in Sci-
ence and Technology, 1982. Washington, National Science Foundation,

1983. p. 1-13.) Also see, Mitchell B. Wallerstein (ed.). Scienti-
fic and Technological Cooperation Among Industrialized Countries:
The Role of the United States. (See especially. Appendix E: Anno-
tated Bibliography, p. 252-259.) Washington, National Academy Press,

1984. 259 p. A study of large international facilities was under-
taken by the National Academy of Sciences in May 1985.

A recent issue of Physics Today magazine has discussed several
aspects of big science. See for example. Havens, William W. , Jr.
Major Facilities for Physics Research. Physics Today, v. 38, Mar.

1985. p. 23-24; and Hebel, L. Charles. Opportunities in Physics
and Major Research Facilities. Physics Today, v. 38, Mar. 1985.
p. 25-26. Other articles in this issue of Physics Today are
referenced as appropriate in the following sections.

The danger that political inertia, which makes pro-
jects hard to start, but even harder to stop, will
dominate;

— The possibility of drains on national research budgets
because of international commitments;

— The tendency to undertake, internationally, only low-
priority projects; and

— The apparent conflict between cooperation and impro-
ving a nation's competitive position.

These types of opportunities and difficulties may well be the
focus, for example, for discussions that have begun in the Congress,
the Administration, and the international scientific community over
the construction of the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC), a big
science high-energy physics facility that may have construction costs
that will fall in the range of $3 to $7 billion, an amount that
dwarfs the costs of most big science facilities listed in this
report . 4/

The 1982 Versailles Summit meeting of the heads of state or
government of the United States, Canada, France, the Federal Republic
of Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the President of
the Commission of the European Communities, as reaffirmed in their
London Summit meeting, emphasized the importance of international
science and technology to the nations involved. As a result of this
initiative, a number of international working groups were established
to deal with several areas of science. Those working groups which
most closely relate to the areas of big science discussed in this
report are solar system exploration (U.S. lead), remote sensing from
space (U.S. lead), high-energy physics (U.S. lead), controlled ther-
monuclear fusion (U.S. -European Community co-lead), fast breeder
reactor design (U.S. -France co-lead), and advanced materials and
standards (U.S. -U.K. co-lead). These initiatives are summarized
briefly in the most recent Title V Report of the President to the
Congress. 5/ The summaries are included in this report as appendix
1. The Title V Report also discusses the current state of U.S.
international cooperation in science in some detail.

4/ SSC: Progress on Magnets, Uncertainty on Foreign Collabor-
ation" Physics Today, v. 38, Mar. 1985. p. 63-66.

5/ Science, Technology, and American Diplomacy, 1985: Sixth

AnnuaT~Report Submitted to the Congress by the President Pursuant to

Section 503(b) of Title V of Public Law 95-426. Mar. 20, 1985.
p. 15-17.

There are a number of bilateral and multilateral agreements
between the United States and foreign nations in the area of science
and technology that provide the means for the international coopera-
tion in big science discussed in the following chapters. Perhaps
the most recent inventory of bilateral technical agreements, listed
by lead agency, partner country, and as government-to-government
agreements was included in the 1980 Title V Report, Science, Techno-
logy, and American Diplomacy 1980. 6/

The following chapters list the facilities identified and brief-
ly discuss international cooperation in each area of big science
discussed in the report.

B. SUMMARY OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

Chapters II through XII and appendices 2 through 11 describe the
big science facilities inventoried in this report and discuss the
international cooperation involved in each area of big science and
for each facility for which the information was obtained. Coopera-
tion in big science varies both by broad area of science — there is
more international cooperation, for example, in high-energy physics
than in optical astronomy — and by individual facility within a spe-
cific area of big science. The following paragraphs of this section
briefly summarize the major trends in international cooperation ac-
cording to the specific areas of big science mentioned above. These
general impressions, of course, may not apply to a specific facility
at any given time. Reference, thus should be made to the individual
sumnaries of each facility set forth in the appendices. 7/

For each of the facilities included in the inventory and briefly
described in the appendices, an attempt was made to determine the
nationality or nationalities of the ownership, the operational fund-
ing, and the management staff of, and the researchers using, the
facility. A review of this information indicated that the facili-
ties, with the few exceptions noted below, are not jointly-owned,
jointly-funded, or jointly-managed, even where there is significant

6/ U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs and
Committee on Science and Technology. Science, Technology and Ameri-
can Diplomacy, 1980. Joint Committee Print, 96th Cong., 2d sess.
Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1980. p. 159-190.

7/ In addition to the references in the preceding footnotes,
also see the following for discussions of political and bureaucratic
factors which affect international cooperation in big science: Nau,
Henry R. National Politics and International Technology: Nuclear
Reactor Development in Western Europe. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1974. 287 p.; and Teich, Albert H. Politics and
International Laboratories: A Study of Scientists' Attitudes In
Albert H. Teich (ed.). Scientists and Public Affairs. Cambridge,
The MIT Press, 1974. p. 173-235.

use of the facilities by non-national researchers. Thus, in general,
international cooperation, unless otherwise noted in the following
discussion, refers only to cooperative use of the facilities by
foreign researchers. For further discussions of such scientific
collaboration in each area of big science, see the individual discus-
sions in chapters II through XII.

High-Energy and Nuclear Physics

These areas of big science in the United States have long his-
tories of international cooperation and such cooperation is expected
to continue. However, the dominant use of the high-energy and nuclear
physics facilities in the United States is by U.S. scientists and not
by foreign scientists. Moreover, all the U.S. big science facilities
in high-energy and nuclear physics are owned, operationally funded,
•and managed by U.S. organizations and personnel. Recent discussions
in the international scientific community and in the Federal legisla-
tive and executive branches about who should build and own the pro-
posed Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) suggest that the Europeans
may be looking to the United States to build and own it alone also
because they, through the European Organization for Nuclear Research
(CERN), are seriously considering their own alternative to the SSC. 8/

In Europe, there is greater international participation in the
ownership of high-energy physics facilities than in the United States.
The big science facilities of CERN, located in Switzerland, are owned,
operationally funded, managed, and staffed multinationally . Moreover,
the HERA storage rings of DESY in the Federal Republic of Germany,
although currently not operating, are owned jointly by the Federal
Republic of Germany, Canada, France, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands,
and the United Kingdom.

The information collected in this report on foreign big science
facilities in nuclear physics is not complete and does not indicate
construction costs or the nationalities of ownership, operational
funding, and management of those facilities.

Fusion

In the area of magnetic-confinement fusion, international colla-
boration has been an important part of the program since its incep-
tion. Most of this collaboration, however, has involved only the
exchange of information. As in the case of high-energy and nuclear
physics, most U.S. facilities are owned, operationally funded, and
managed by U.S. organizations and personnel. The two exceptions
are (1) the Doublet III-D facility, owned and operated by GA Tech-
nologies, Inc., in California, which is operationally funded jointly
with the Japanese, who also have provided about $55 million in hard-
ware; and (2) the International Fusion Superconducting Magnetic Test

8/ Waldrop, M. Mitchell. The Supercollider, One Year Later.
Science", v. 225, Aug. 3, 1984. p. 490-491.

Facility (IFSMTF) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. In the
latter case, the United States owns and operates the basic facility,
but three coils are foreign-owned and an International Executive
Committee is involved in the management of the Large Coil Test at
the facility.

In Europe, the Joint European Torus is owned, operated, managed,
and staffed with researchers from the European Community.

The rather extensive international collaboration of researchers
in the various magnetic-confinement fusion facilities is discussed in
more detail in chapter III.

The inertial-conf inement fusion facilities of the U.S. Govern-
ment are restricted to U.S. researchers because of considerations of
national defense. There may be significant opportunities for inter-
national cooperation, however, at the National Laser Users Facility
("OMEGA") of the University of Rochester, the GEKKO XII glass laser
system at Osaka University in- Japan, and the Central Laser Facility
("VULCAN") of the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the United King-
dom.

Materials Science and Engineering

The majority of research in this area of big science is small-
scale research carried out by individual scientists located at a
large number of universities and national and industrial laborato-
ries, both in the United States and in foreign nations. Inter-
national cooperation generally takes the form of informal information
exchanges and research collaboration on an individual basis.

In Europe, materials science and engineering are conducted at a
number of facilities, but only the High Flux Reactor at the Institut
Laue-Langevin in France is jointly owned and operationally funded by
several countries, in this case by France, the Federal Republic of
Germany, and the United Kingdom. The planned European Synchrotron
Radiation Facility in France will be a joint effort of France and
the Federal Republic of Germany and probably other European nations.

Astronomy

Much radio astronomy involves very long baseline interferometry
(VLBI) facilities used cooperatively by several nations. Moreover,
two U.S. radio astronomical facilities, the Very Large Array (VLA)
and the Arecibo 1,000-foot radio/radar telescope, are unique in the
world and are used by foreign researchers who otherwise would not
have access to such facilities. Of the radio astronomical big sci-
ence facilities identified here, however, only the IRAM Interfero-
meter in France is internationally owned and operated, in that case
by France and the Federal Republic of Germany. It is managed by an
International staff.

Optical telescopes tend to be owned and used exclusively by
Individual countries. The Anglo-Australian Telescope, located in

Australia, and the 140-Inch telescope of the European Southern Obser-
vatory, located in Chile, are exceptions, being jointly ovmed, oper-
ationally funded, and managed by Australia and the United Kingdom in
the first case and by the International European Consortium in the
second case.

A number of astronomical big science facilities are located in
space and are discussed in that chapter. These include such facili-
ties as ORBITING GEOPHYSICAL OBSERVATORIES (OGO), ORBITING SOLAR
OBSERVATORIES (OSO), ORBITING ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES (OAO), HIGH-
ENERGY ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORIES (HEAO), the HUBBLE LARGE SPACE TELE-
SCOPE (LST), the GAMMA RAY OBSERVATORY (GRO), and the INTERNATIONAL
ULTRAVIOLET EXPLORER (lUE). The last one is about the only example
of a satellite used for physics and astronomy that is owned, opera-
tionally funded, and managed jointly by the United States and another
entity, in this case with the European Space Agency (ESA). The
HUBBLE LARGE SPACE TELESCOPE will be managed by the United States,
ESA, and the Federal Republic of Germany and some of the ASTROPHYSICS
EXPLORER satellites involve international cooperation in various
forms (see appendix 6 for details).

Atmospheric and Oceanographic Science

The major U.S. facilities identified in this area of big science
are the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), the Deep
Submergence Research Vehicle "ALVIN," and about 110 oceanographic
research vessels, particularly those of the Federal Oceanographic
Fleet. No foreign facility similar to NCAR was identified, although
there are several hundred, particularly Soviet, research vessels.
Apparently, most nations which conduct oceanographic research own
and operate their own research vessels.

Space

The facilities specifically identified in this report as space
big science facilities are satellites for conducting physics and
astronomical research, lunar and planetary exploration, and Earth
science. See the discussion in chapter VII concerning the land-based
"infrastructure" which supports these big science facilities, but
which are not themselves big science facilities.

Most U.S. satellites are owned, operationally funded, and man-
aged by the United States. The few exceptions include a few of the
ASTROPHYSICS and SOLAR TERRESTRIAL EXPLORERS (see appendix 8 for
details); the HUBBLE LARGE SPACE TELESCOPE which will be jointly man-
aged by the United States, ESA, and the Federal Republic of Germany;
the GALILEO Jupiter orbiter/probe, which is jointly owned by the
United States and the Federal Republic of Germany; and the INTERNA-
TIONAL ULTRAVIOLET EXPLORER (lUE), which is jointly owned, opera-
tionally funded, managed, and staffed by the United States and the
European Space Agency.

In Europe, there are several example of satellites which are
jointly owned, operationally funded, managed, and staffed by the

European Space Agency: GEOS-1 and GEOS-2; EXOSAT; GIOTTO; INTERNA-
TIONAL SOLAR-POLAR MISSION (ISPM); and HIPPARCOS. In addition, the
COS-B astronomical observatory involves ESA, France, Italy, and the
Federal Republic of Germany.

Some of the Soviet science satellites involve international
cooperation in some forms. INTERKOSMOS, for example, involves some
Eastern Bloc nations; VEGA involves a number of other nations, In-
cluding the United States; and ASTRON Involves France.

It is likely that U.S. international cooperation in space big
science programs will continue to grow in the coming years.

Aeronautics

All of the aeronautical big science facilities Identified for
this report are U.S. owned, operationally funded, and managed, with
the exception of a Japanese wind tunnel. No other foreign facilities
meeting the $25 million criterion have been identified. These facil-
ities include principally wind tunnels, other flight simulators, and
facilities for structural research and development and flight testing.
There apparently is relatively little international cooperation in
the use of these facilities, probably mainly because they are used
to varying degrees for proprietary and military purposes.

Supercomputers

The supercomputers identified in this report are used primarily
for scientific research and all are owned, operated, and managed by
U.S. laboratories. Four National Science Foundation supported Ad-
vanced Scientific Computing Centers are planned at four U.S. univer-
sitites and a Department of Energy supported Supercomputer Computa-
tional Research Institute has been created at another. The levels
of international cooperation at the existing facilities currently
seems to be minimal. No foreign supercomputer facilities primarily
for scientific research meeting the $25 million criterion have been
identified.

Engineering Science

Eighteen "big engineering science" facilities, both U.S. and
foreign, have been identified for this report, although they do not
fall within the classical definition of big science; see the discus-
sion in chapter X. The facilities include those involved in ship
hydrodynamics engineering, earthquake engineering, nuclear power re-
actor engineering, radio isotope production, and weapons engineering.
There is no international ownership, operational funding (with the
following three exceptions), or management of the identified facili-
ties, and there appears to be no adequate generalization about inter-
national cooperation in the use of these facilities. See appendix
11 for details. The three noted exceptions are small amounts of
Japanese operational funding involved in the Fast Flux Test Facility

at the Hanford Engineering Development Laboratory and at the Experi-
mental Breeder Reactor II at Argonne National Laboratory and inter-
national operational funding of the Loss-of-Fluid Test Facility (LOFT)
at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory.

Antarctic Research and Biotechnology

Although not big science in the classical sense, these two areas
are addressed in this report in chapters XI and XII, respectively,
for the reasons discussed there. Although no big science facili-
ties meeting the $25 million criterion have been identified in either
area, research support in Antarctica is broadly multidisciplinary,
reflects the involvement of a wide variety of institutions and Fe-
deral agencies, and includes substantial international cooperation.
Biotechnology is included for discussion because of its potential for
developing big science facilities in the near-term future. Because
of the commercial nature of much biotechnology, however, perhaps
much of the potential international cooperation in that area would
be carried out by multinational corporations.

II. HIGH-ENERGY AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS 9/

High-energy and nuclear physics in the United States have long
histories of international cooperation. Experimental and theoretical
collaboration with Western Europe generally are carried out without
formal international agreements. Europeans have participated in ex-
perimental efforts on the major U.S. accelerators and Americans have
used unique European facilities. This productive collaboration is
expected to continue. Selected interactions with the Soviet Union,
the People's Republic of China, and Japan take place under the auspices
of formal international agreements and also are expected to continue
where they have proven to be mutually beneficial. The formal agree-
ment with the Japanese is part of an overall accord for cooperation
in energy matters. However, cooperation with the Japanese also has
been carried out for many years on an informal basis as it has with
the Western Europeans.

Because high-energy and nuclear physics research is an inter-
national activity, with knowledge freely shared among its practition-
ers, researchers at U.S. high-energy and nuclear physics facilities
have extensive interactions with their foreign counterparts. The
high level of interaction is reflected in the diversity of foreign
scientists using the U.S. facilities as listed in tables 1 and 2 and
briefly described in appendices 2 and 3. 10/

The heavy emphasis on international cooperation at certain
facilities that is discussed in the appendices, however, does not
present a balanced picture of the use of U.S. high-energy and nuclear
physics facilities. Although international cooperation is an impor-
tant element of both programs, the dominant use of U.S. high-energy
and nuclear physics facilities is by U.S. scientists. Furthermore,
all the U.S. facilities listed in tables 1 and 2 and discussed in
appendices 2 and 3 are owned, operated, and managed by U.S. organiza-
tions and personnel, even though there is the extensive collaboration
with foreign researchers as discussed above.

9/ The discussion in this chapter is based largely on informa-
tion supplied by the Department of Energy, Apr. 22, 1985.

10/ Also see: Glashow, Sheldon L. and Leon M. Lederman. The
SSC: A Machine for the Nineties. Physics Today, v. 38, Mar. 1985.
p. 28-37; and Bayn, Gordon. Major Facilities for Nuclear Physics,
Physics Today, v. 38, Mar. 1985. p. 40-48.

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TABLE 1. High-Energy Physics Facilities

Name or Brief
Description

Location or
Country of
Ownership

CORNELL ELECTRON STORAGE RING (CESR)

FERMILAB PROTON SYNCHROTRON

ENERGY SAVER- SUPERCONDUCTING PROTON SYNCHRONTRON

TEVATRON I- ANTIPROTON/ PROTON COLLIDING BEAM

FACILITY
TEVATRON 11-1,000 GeV FIXED TARGET

RESEARCH FACILITIES
COLLIDER DETECTOR AT FERMILAB (CDF)
D-ZERO DETECTOR AT FERMILAB
SLAC LINEAR ACCELERATOR
POSITRON ELECTRON PROJECT (PEP)
STAMFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR (SLC)
STANFORD LINEAR DETECTOR (SLD)
ALTERNATING GRADIENT SYNCHROTRON (AGS)
COSMOTRON

ZERO GRADIENT SYNCHROTRON (ZGS)
BEVATRON

CAMBRIDGE ELECTRON ACCELERATOR (CEA)
PRINCETON-PENNSYLVANIA ACCELERATOR (PPA)
PROTON SYNCHROTRON (PS) (CERN)
INTERSECTING STORAGE RINGS (ISR) (CERN)
SUPER PROTON SYNCHROTRON (SPS) (CERN)
LARGE ELECTRON-POSITRON COLLIDER (LEP) (CERN)
LEP DETECTOR- ALEPH (CERN)
LEP DETECTOR-DELPHI (CERN)
LEP DETECT0R-L3 (CERN)
LEP DETECTOR-OPAL (CERN)
PROTON- ANTIPROTON COLLIDER (CERN)
DORIS-II
PETRA-II
HERA

SYNCHROTRON

TRISTAN (Storage Ring)
EPS (Synchrotron)
BEPC (Storage Ring)
PROTON SYNCHROTRON
UNK PROTON SYNCHROTRON
VEPP-IV (Storase Ring)
VAPP-IV (Storage Ring)
U-IO (Synchrotron)

U.S.
U.S.
U.S.

U.S.

Swltz.-Int'l

Switz.-Int'l

Swltz.-Int'l

Switz.-Int'l

Swltz.-Int'l

Switz.-Int'l

Swltz.-Int'l

F.R. Germany

F.R. Germany-Int'l

Japan

P.R.C.

U.S.S.R.

TABLE 2. Nuclear Physics Facilities

Name or Brief
Description

Location or
Country of
Ownership

COUPLED SUPERCONDUCTING CYCLOTRONS

(Michigan State)
INDIANA UNIVERSITY CYCLOTRON FACILITY ( lUCF)
TANDEM/ AGS HEAVY ION FACILITY

ARGONNE TANDEM/LINAC ACCELERATOR SYSTEM (ATLAS)
BEVALAC

88-INCH CYCLOTRON (LBL)
184- INCH CYCLOTRON (LBL)

LOS ALAMOS MESON PHYSICS FACILITY (LAMPF)
HOLIFIELD HEAVY ION RESEARCH FACILITY
BATES LINEAR ACCELERATOR CENTER
A.W. WRIGHT NUCLEAR STRUCTURE LABORATORY
CYCLOTRON INSTITUTE
CONTINUOUS ELECTRON BEAM ACCELERATOR FACILITY

(CEBAF)
SYNCHRO-CYCLOTRON (CERN)

LOW ENERGY ANTIPROTON RING (LEAR) (CERN)
SIN (Cyclotron)
LINEAR ACCELERATOR
SUPERCONDUCTING CYCLOTRON
TRIUMF

ELECTROSTATIC MACHINE
ELECTROSTATIC MACHINE
SARA (Cyclotron)
ALS (Linear Accelerator)
SATURNE-II (Synchrotron)
GANIL (Twin Cyclotrons)
CYCLOTRON

LINEAR ACCELERATOR
MP-TANDEM (Electrostatic Machine)
UNILAC (Linear Accelerator)
VICKSI (Cyclotron)
SIS-18 (Synchrotron)
NIKHEF (Linear Accelerator)
CYCLOTRON
CYCLOTRON

SUPERCONDUCTING CYCLOTRON
XTU TANDEM
CYCLOTRON
CYCLOTRON

ELECTROSTATIC MACHINE
RIKEN (Cyclotron)
NUMATRON (Synchrotron)
CYCLOTRON
CYCLOTRON (Gatchina)

U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.

U.S.

Switz.-Int'l

Switz.

Canada

Argentina

U.K.

France

F.R. Ger.

Netherlands

Sweden

Italy

South Africa

Japan

P.R.C.

U.S.S.R.

TABLE 2. Nuclear Physics Facilities (continued)

Name or Brief
Description

Location or
Country of
Ovmership

SYNCHROPHASATRON
CYCLOTRON (Dubna)
LINEAR ACCELERATOR

U.S.S.R.
U.S.S.R.
U.S.S.R.

III. FUSION

A. MAGNETIC-CONFINEMENT FUSION n_/

International collaboration has been a valuable part of the U.S.
magnetic-confinement fusion program since its inception. Most of the
collaboration has involved only the exchange of information, that is,
ideas, data, and results. There also have been many joint tasks at
various facilities, which average about one man-year per year. Two
notable exceptions, where substantial Joint funding has taken place,
are the Japanese collaboration on the Doublet-Ill facility with GA
Technologies, Inc., and the collaboration between the United States,
Switzerland, Japan, and the Europeans on the superconducting magnet
technology at the International Fusion Superconducting Magnet Test
Facility (IFSMTF) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Each year typically, for these facilities, there are six person-
nel exchanges between the United States and the Soviet Union in each
direction, involving a total of 25 to 30 persons. Over 100 exchanges
are executed each year, involving more than 200 persons, as part of
the U.S. -Japan agreement. The Doublet-Ill and other portions of the
U.S. -Japan agreement involve the transfer of funds and joint work in
U.S. facilities. Informal exchanges have taken place with European
Community (EC) laboratories since 1958. Exchanges with the European
Community now are arranged between the U.S. and EC laboratories and
are somewhat greater than those with Japan. The United States and
the European Community now are negotiating a formal agreement.

As a member of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
and the International Energy Agency (lEA), the United States parti-
cipates in multilateral activities which support fusion energy deve-
lopment in specific areas. The Large Coil Test at the IFSMTF at the
Oak Ridge National Laboratory involves four countries and is an exam-
ple of a collaboration under lEA auspices. As a consequence of the
Economic Summit process, mentioned in chapter I, a Fusion Working
Group was formed to foster early joint planning. This group recently
has chartered subpanels to identify major future facilities, enhance
near-term collaboration in physics, technology and concept improve-
ment, and administrative impediments. The development of an inter-
national consensus on the nature of the next generation fusion device
is an important objective of the Summit process.

11/ The discussion in this section is based largely on infor-
mation supplied by the Department of Energy, Apr. 16, 1985.

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In regard to the future, there are a number of opportunities to
enhance international collaboration consistent with a strong and
effective U.S. magnetic-confinement fusion program. One area is the
possibility for collaboration on a large-scale, next-step fusion de-
vice. In addition, the U.S. program is pursuing a variety of oppor-
tunities that will strengthen specific elements of its program.
Joint work with the European Community in the impurity control area
on ASDEX-Upgrade (the Federal Republic of Germany), through the Ad-
vanced Limiter project (ALT-III) on TEXTOR (the Federal Republic of
Germany), and potentially on the new long pulse device. Tore Supra
(France) provides examples of international activities that strength-
en the U.S. program. This is also true in regard to the Doublet-Ill
facility and in supporting concept approaches such as the tandem mir-
ror and stellarator facilities.

See table 3 for a list of magnetic-confinement fusion facili-
ties and appendix 4 for brief descriptions of each of these facili-
ties. Vll

B. INERTIAL-CONFINEMENT FUSION

In the area of Inertial-conf inement fusion, eight (six U.S.
and two foreign) facilities have been identified, also see table 3
and appendix 4. There may be significant opportunities for interna-
tional cooperation at the National Laser Users Facility ("OMEGA") of
the University of Rochester, the GEKKO XII glass laser system at
Osaka University in Japan, and the Central Laser Facility ("VULCAN")
of the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the United Kingdom. The
other U.S. facilities are Government facilities involved in research
associated with national defense.

12/ Also see Furth, Harold P. Reaching Ignition in the Tokamak.
Physics" Today, v. 38, Mar. 1985. p. 52-61.

TABLE 3. Fusion Facilities

Name or Brief
Description

Location or
Country of
Ownership

Magnetic-confinement Fusion

PRINCETON LARGE TORUS

PRINCETON BETA EXPERIMENT (PBX)

TOKAMAK FUSION TEST REACTOR (TFTR)

DOUBLET III-D

ALCATOR C

IMPURITY STUDIES EXPERIMENT-B (ISX-B)

TANDEM MIRROR EXPERIMENT UPGRADE (TMX-U)

MIRROR FUSION TEST FACILITY (MFTF-B)

ADVANCED TOROIDAL FACILITY (ATF)

SCYLLAC

C-STELLARATOR

INTERNATIONAL FUSION SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC TEST

FACILITY (IFSMTF)
JOINT EUROPEAN TORUS
TORE SUPRA
TEXTOR
ASDEX

ASDEX-UPGRADE
WENDELSTEIN VII AS
JT-60
JFT-2M
GAMMA 10
HELIOTRON-E
T-IO
T-15

Inertlal-conf Inement Fusion

U.S.

U.S. -Japan

U.S.

U.S.-Int'l

E.G.

France

F.R. Germany

Japan

U.S.S.R.

HIGH-ENERGY LASER FACILITY ("NOVA")
PARTICLE BEAM FUSION ACCELERATOR II (PBFA II)
ELECTRON BEAM FUSION ACCELERATOR
NATIONAL LASER USERS FACILITY ("OMEGA")
HIGH-ENERGY LASER FACILITY ("ANTARES")
HIGH-ENERGY LASER FACILITY ("SHIVA")
GEKKO XII GLASS LASER SYSTEM
CENTRAL LASER FACILITY ("VULCAN")

U.S.

Japan

U.K.

68-022 0-87-2

IV. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 13/

The majority of research supported in this area is small-scale
research carried out by individual scientists located at a large num-
ber of universities, national laboratories, and industrial laborato-
ries. Only a small part of this activity involves the use of large
and expensive facilities.

These same characteristics apply to similar research carried
out by foreign nations. Because of the nature of materials science
and engineering, international cooperation generally takes the form
of informal information exchanges and research collaboration on an
individual basis. In addition, the broad nature of the research and
the large number of individual researchers from many countries make
it difficult to estimate accurately the future potential for coopera-
tion on a facility-by-facility basis, other than the overall assess-
ment that it is expected to remain about the same.

In general, international cooperation in materials science and
engineering research has remained constant over many years. In part,
this reflects the satisfaction of the diverse scientific community
with the current level of cooperation among all of the major coun-
tries involved. This level of international cooperation is expected
to continue. Significant changes probably will not occur with the
present generation of facilities, but may increase in the future if
Larger and more expensive facilities are constructed.

See table 4 for a list of materials and engineering facili-
ties and appendix 5 for brief descriptions of each of these facili-
ties. 14/

13/ The discussion in this chapter is based largely on infor-
mation supplied by the Deparement of Energy, Apr. 16, 1985.

14/ Also see Blume, Martin and David E. Moncton. Large Facili-
ties for Condensed-Matter Science. Physics Today, v. 38, Mar. 1985.
p. 68-76.

(19)

TABLE 4. Materials Science and Engineering Facilities

Name or Brief
Description

Location or
Country of
Ownership

NBS RESEARCH REACTOR (NBSR)

FRANCIS BITTER NATIONAL MAGNET LABORATORY (NML)

TANTALUS, ALLADIN

HIGH FLUX BEAM REACTOR (HFBR)

NATIONAL SYNCHROTRON LIGHT SOURCE (NSLS)

STANFORD SYNCHROTRON RADIATION LABORATORY

SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCE

HIGH FLUX ISOTOPE REACTOR (HFIR)

OAK RIDGE RESEARCH REACTOR (ORR)

CORNELL HIGH ENERGY SYNCHROTRON SOURCE (CHESS)

INTENSE PULSED NEUTRON SOURCE

CP-5

AMES RESEARCH REACTOR

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI RESEARCH REACTOR (MURR)

MIT RESEARCH REACTOR

NRU REACTOR

SYNCHROTRON RADIATION SOURCE (SRS)

DIDO AND PLUTO REACTORS

SPALLATION NEUTRON RESEARCH SNS

LURE

HIGH FLUX REACTOR (HFR)

EUROPEAN SYNCHROTRON RADIATION FACILITY (ESRF)

SITOE REACTOR

MELUSINE REACTOR

ORPHEE REACTOR

HAMBURGER SYNCHROTRON STRAHLINGSLABOR (HASYLAB)

BESSY

FRM REACTOR

FRJ-2 REACTOR

BER-II RESEARCH REACTOR

HIGH FLUX REACTOR (HFR)

DR3 RESEARCH REACTOR

HIGH FLUX REACTOR

MAX

ADONE

AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH REACTOR HIFAR

UVSOR

KYOTO UNIVERSITY REACTOR

JAPANESE RESEARCH REACTOR NO. 2

JAPANESE RESEARCH REACTOR NO. 3

INSOR

THE PHOTON FACTORY

KEN-1

N-lOO

VEPP-2M, VEPP-3 BEPP-4

KURCHATOV I

U.S.

Canada

U.K.

France

Fr.-F.R. Ger.-U.K,

Fr.-F.R. Ger.

France

F.R. Germany

Netherlands

Denmark

Sweden

Italy

Australia

Japan

U.S.S.R.

ASTRONOMY

Much radio astronomy today is, by nature, an international
undertaking in that it involves very long baseline interferometry
(VLBI) facilities in cooperation with other nations. Moreover, two
U.S. radio astronomical facilities — the Very Large Array (VLA) and
the Areclbo 1,000-foot radio/radar telescope — are unique facilities
which, consequently, are used by foreign scientists who otherwise
would not have access to such facilities.

U.S. optical telescopes, on the other hand, tend to be used ex-
clusively by U.S. scientists because other nations tend to have their
own. In addition, an international European consortium owns, oper-
ates, manages, and staffs the 140-inch optical telescope of the
European Southern Observatory which is located in Chile.

All the U.S. astronomical facilities listed in table 5 and
briefly described in appendix 6, whether heavily involved in inter-
national cooperation or not, are owned, operated, and managed by U.S.
organizations and personnel.

A number of astronomical big science facilities located in space
are discussed in chapter VII (see table 9) and appendix 8. Such fa-
cilities include ORBITING GEOPHYSICAL OBSERVATORIES (OGO), ORBITING
SOLAR OBSERVATORIES (OSO), ORBITING ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES (OAO) ,
HIGH-ENERGY ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORIES (HEAO), the HUBBLE LARGE SPACE
TELESCOPE (LST), the GAMMA RAY OBSERVATORY (GRO), and the INTERNA-
TIONAL ULTRAVIOLET EXPLORER (lUE). The latter is about the only ex-
ample of a satellite used for physics and astronomy that is owned,
operationally funded, and managed jointly by the United States and
another entity, in this case the European Space Agency (ESA). The
HUBBLE LARGE SPACE TELESCOPE is managed by the United States, ESA and
the Federal Republic of Germany and some of the ASTROPHYSICS EXPLORER
satellites involve international cooperation in various forms (see
appendix 6).

(21)

TABLE 5. Astronomical Facilities

Name or Brief
Description

Location or
Country of
Ownership

200-INCH TELESCOPE (Mount Palomar)

1,000-FOOT RADIO/RADAR TELESCOPE (Arecibo)

FOUR-METER TELESCOPE (Kitt Peak)

CTIO FOUR-METER TELESCOPE (Chile)

140-FOOT RADIO TELESCOPE (Green Bank)

NRAO VERY LARGE ARRAY (VLA)

SACRAMENTO PEAK OBSERVATORY (Vacuum Tower

Telescope)
140-INCH TELESCOPE
IRAM INTERFEROMETER

RADIO STERNWARTE EFFELSBERG (EFFELSBERG TELESCOPE)
AUSTRALIA TELESCOPE
ANGLO-AUSTRALIAN TELESCOPE
MM-WAVE FIVE-ELEMENT SYNTHESIS TELESCOPE
45-METER RADIO TELESCOPE
SIX-METER OPTICAL TELESCOPE

U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.

U.S.

Chile-Int'l

Fr.-F.R. Germany

F.R. Germany

Australia

Aust.-U.K.

Japan

U.S.S.R.

VI. ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC SCIENCE

In the United States, the National Center for Atmospheric Re-
search (NCAR) was identified as the major facility for atmospheric
research. No similar foreign facilities were identified. Also, the
Deep Submergence Research Vehicle "ALVIN" was identified as a prin-
cipal oceanographic facility exceeding the $25 million construction
cost criterion.

Most of the facilities identified for atmospheric and oceanogra-
phic research are research vessels, see table 6 and appendix 7. The
Federal Oceanographic Fleet consists of 64 research vessels, over
half of which would cost at least $25 million (replacement cost in
1984 dollars) for construction and scientific outfitting. Because of
the large number of research vessels worldwide, only the vessels of
the Federal Oceanographic Fleet are identified individually in appen-
dix 7. However, in addition to the Federal Oceanographic Fleet,
there may be as many as 20 additional U.S. privately-owned research
vessels and perhaps 25 research vessels belonging to academic insti-
tutions, but not part of the University-National Oceanographic Labor-
atory System (UNOLS) which is considered to be part of the Federal
Oceanographic Fleet. 15/

Worldwide, the Soviet Union, with at least 100 oceanographic re-
search vessels, has the largest oceanographic fleet. In the rest of
the world, there are about 225 vessels, the United Kingdom having
the largest number at about 50. To these research vessels should be
added a number of underwater habitats, immobile manned off-shore lab-
oratories, and submersibles , some of which are used for research.

Although a number of vessels belonging to the Federal Oceano-
graphic Fleet cost in excess of $25 million for construction and
scientific outfitting, most of the costs are not for science per se,
but are "infrastructural" costs that are necessary to provide the
environment in which the science can be conducted. The discussions
of the "bricks and mortar" costs of space science in chapter VII and
of the antarctic program in chapter XI are relevant here also.

15/ Information on the Federal Oceanographic Fleet was obtained
from conversations with Captain Robertson Dinsmore, Woods Hole Ocean-
ographic Institution and the report: Committee on Atmosphere and
Oceans. Report of Federal Oceanographic Fleet Study 1984. Washing-
ton, Federal Oceanographic Fleet Coordination Council, 1985. 92 p.
plus appendices. Information on research vessels worldwide was
obtained from Trillo, Robert L. (ed.). Jane's Ocean Technology,
1978. New York, Franklin Watts, Inc., 1978. 820 p.

(23)

TABLE 6. Atmospheric and Oceanographlc Facilities

Name or Brief
Description

Location or
Country of
Ownership

NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH (NCAR) U.S.
DEEP SUBMERGENCE RESEARCH VEHICLE (DSRV) "ALVIN" U.S.
FEDERAL OCEANOGRAPHIC FLEET (64 vessels) U.S.

VII. SPACE

In considering big science facilities, both space and antarctic
research (discussed in chapter XI) must be discussed carefully in
order to distinguish between the infrastructure required to support
the big science facilities and the big science facilities themselves.
In this report, the space shuttles, for example, are not included as
big science facilities because they are, in effect, trucks to take
things into orbit, even if those things are scientific experiments.
Nor are launch pads, tracking stations, and other infrastructure
included in this inventory (see section A).

What are included here as big science facilities are satellites
which conduct physics and astronomical research, lunar and planetary
exploration, and Earth science. These are discussed in section B,
Sections C and D deal with European and Japanese space big science
programs, and Soviet space big science programs, respectively.

A. NASA INFRASTRUCTURE AND SCIENCE 16/

Since 1959 when NASA began operating, a number of major infra-
structural programs have been funded. It is important to emphasize
for the purpose of this report that these programs are not science
programs per se, although they are necessary for the conduct of the
big science projects discussed below. For example, in 1959-1961,
major NASA efforts were directed toward the support of tracking
and data facilities needed for the Mercury Program. During this
period, both the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California
and the Wallops Flight Facility at Wallops Island, Virginia were
expanded to support adequately NASA's space science programs, and
the new Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland begun operations.

From 1961-1968, the major NASA thrust was for the Apollo pro-
gram. Projects included establishing a full range of support fa-
cilities, that is, manufacturing facilities, propulsion test facil-
ities, development of the Saturn family of launch vehicles, land ac-
quisitions, launch complexes at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, and
construction of another new NASA field center (Johnson Space Center,
Texas, which was completed in 1964).

16/ Some information in this section was provided by the NASA
Facilities Engineering Division, Apr. 1985.

(25)

In 1969, major additions were made to the Deep Space Network
tracking and data facilities in Australia and Spain. In the early
1970s, NASA's attention turned to development of the Skylab space
station which was launched in 1973 and hosted three crews between
1973 and 1974. In 1972, President Nixon approved the space shuttle
program, and the first shuttle flight was made in 1981. Currently,
NASA is designing a permanent space station to begin operations in
the early 1990s in accordance with President Reagan's 1984 State of
the Union address in which he directed NASA to develop a permanent
manned presence in space within a decade.

During 1977-1981, NASA constructed the National Transonic
Facility in Langley, Virginia and modified the 40x80 Foot Subsonic
Wind Tunnel at Ames, California. These latter facilities directly
support NASA's aeronautical research program and are discussed in
chapter VIII.

Most of NASA's budget is not for science per se; rather, it is
for science infrastructure, as the term is used here, and for appli-
cations. Table 7 indicates that space science has accounted for
about 10 to 20 percent of the total NASA budget since 1960. Because
space big science is only part of total space science, these figures
represent the upper limits of NASA's budgets which were devoted to
big science^ during this period.

B. l^ASA BIG SCIENCE

The NASA big science program encompasses three major areas:
physics and astronomy, planetary probes, and Earth science. These
three categories include programs begun since 1959, both operational
and defunct, ongoing operations as well as launches, and programs
which are under development.

The programs not considered to be "big science" for the pur-
pose of this report, which does not in any way detract from their
importance to the overall NASA program, include space applications
projects (including weather, communications, and land and ocean re-
mote sensing) and the Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, Skylab, and space
shuttle missions. Although very important scientific work was done
on many of these missions, they are outside the scope of the big
science perspective of this report. Also many programs which cur-
rently are in the planning stages, such as the International Solar
Terrestrial Physics Program (ISTP), are not included because they
may not have specific launch dates or because only "planning" fund-
ing, and not "development" funding, has been provided. Since these
programs may be terminated for any reason without ever having demon-
strated a big science purpose, they are not included here. Finally,
some missions, such as the Solar Mesosphere Explorer, did not meet
the minimum $25 million criterion.

The United States has actively engaged in international coopera-
tion in space since the earliest days of NASA. Section 205 of the
National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 provides for the conduct
of international cooperative programs and, since then, NASA estimates

TABLE 7. Funding for Space Science as a Percentage of Total NASA Budget

Total NASA

Amount for

Percentage for

Fiscal Year

Appropriation a/

Space Science a/

Space Science

1959

184.3

95.5

51.8

1960

523.6

105.6

20.2

1961

964.0

193.3

20.1

1962

1,825.3

345.8

18.9

1963

3,674.1

482.6

13.1

1964

5,099.7

561.2

11.0

1965

5,249.7

554.5

10.6

1966

5,174.9

595.0

11.5

1967

4,967.6

486.9

9.8

1968

4,588.9

428.1

9.3

1969

3,995.3

363.5

9.1

1970

3,749.2

403.1

10.8

1971

3,312.6

400.2

12.1

1972

3,310.1

562.1

17.0

1973

3,407.6

661.4

19.4

1974

3,039.7

681.5

22.4

1975

3,231.1

590.1

18.3

1976

3,551.8

601.5

16.9

Transition Quarter

932.2

157.4

16.9

1977

3,819.1

555.5

14.5

1978

4,063.7

528.6

13.0

1979 (estimate)

4,566.2

625.0

13.7

1980 (request)

4,725.0

726.8

15.4

aj NASA Budget Office.

Source: U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology.

Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications. United States
Civilian Space Programs 1958-1978. Volume I. Committee Print.
97th Cong., 1st Sess. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,
1981. D. 716.

that it has signed more than 1000 agreements with more than 100 coun-
tries for cooperative activities. Many of these are related to sci-
entific training, analysis of remote sensing data, analysis of soil
samples returned by the Apollo missions to the Moon, and so forth,
but there also are many instances of cooperative development of "big
science" spacecraft. As noted in appendix 8, many of the EXPLORER
missions involved international cooperation, the United States has
launched satellites such as HELIOS which were developed entirely by
other countries (in that case, by the Federal Republic of Germany),
with data exchange as the quid pro quo, equipment has been developed
jointly for some missions (for example, the INTERNATIONAL SUN-EARTH
EXPLORERS), and so forth. International cooperation in space has
grown as the economic situations in most countries have made it
difficult for a single country to afford "big science" projects and
as some countries, especially those in Europe and Japan, have devel-
oped their own expertise in building spacecraft.

No space big science projects supported by the Department of
Defense, which now has a larger space R&D budget than NASA, have
been identified. Table 8 shows the funding levels of the space
activities of the U.S. Government. The U.S. and foreign space big
science projects are listed in table 9 and discussed briefly in
appendix 8.

C. EUROPEAN AND JAPANESE SPACE BIG SCIENCE PROGRAMS

Most, if not all, of the space big science in the rest of the
world has been conducted recently by the European Space Agency (ESA).
The big question is cost. It is difficult to be certain that any of
the foreign space programs meet the $25 million criterion, although
the individual ESA programs probably do. For Japan and specific
European countries, space big science programs are included because
cumulatively, at least, these programs probably meet the dollar cost
criterion.

D. SOVIET SPACE BIG SCIENCE PROGRAMS

International cooperation in the Soviet space big science pro-
gram began in 1967. In 1967, the U.S.S.R. and its allies formed the
INTERKOSMOS organization, comprised of the U.S.S.R., Bulgaria, Cuba,
Czechoslovakia, the Democratic Republic of Germany, Hungary, Mongo-
lia, Poland, and Romania. Vietnam was added in 1979, although it has
not yet participated in any big science programs. The INTERKOSMOS
flights, IK-1 through IK-22 have been the most extensive space big
science launches. Other programs include the recent VEGA flights
with France.

Even including the INTERKOSMOS and VEGA programs, the U.S.S.R.
has had fewer big science satellites with less international coopera-
tion than have the United States or ESA. In lunar and planetary
probes, the United States has gone farther and to more planets while
the Soviets have concentrated on Venus and Mars. The Soviets have
had more lunar orbiters and landers, but have not yet landed a man

TABLE 8.

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of the President: 1983 Activities. Washington, U.S. Govt.
Print. Off., 1984. p. 100.

TABLE 9. Space Facilities

Name or Brief
Description

Location or
Country of
Ownership

Physics and Astronomy

ORBITING GEOPHYSICAL OBSERVATORIES (OGO)

ORBITING SOLAR OBSERVATORIES (OSO)

ORBITING ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES (OAO)

ASTROPHYSICS EXPLORERS

HIGH-ENERGY ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORIES (HEAO)

SOLAR MAXIMUM MISSION

THE HUBBLE LARGE SPACE TELESCOPE (LST)

COSMIC BACKGROUND EXPLORER (COBE)

GAMMA RAY OBSERVATORY (GRO)

EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET EXPLORER (EUVE)

COS-B

INTERNATIONAL ULTRAVIOLET EXPLORER (lUE)

EXOSAT

HIPPARCOS

ARIEL 1-6

JAPANESE SATELLITES

ASTRON

,S.-Int'

,S.

.S.

,S.

• S.

,S.

,S.A.

-Int'l

.8. A.

-U,

.S.

.S.A.

.S.A,

.K.

Japan

.S.S.

Lunar and Planetary Probes

RANGER

SURVEYOR

LUNAR ORB ITER

PIONEER 10 AND 11

VIKING 1 AND 2 (ORBITERS 1 AND 2)

VOYAGER I AND II

PIONEER/VENUS (ORBITER AND PROBE)

GALILEO (JUPITER ORBITER/PROBE)

VENUS RADAR MAPPER (VRM)

MARS GEOSCIENCE CLIMATOLOGY OBSERVER

(MGCO-MARS OBSERVER)
MARINER I-X
GEOS-1 AND GEOS -2
GIOTTO

INTERNATIONAL SOLAR-POLAR MISSION (ISPM)
VEGA 1 AND 2
MARS 1-7
LUNA 1-24
VENERA 1-16

,s.

-F

•.R

,s.

.s.

,s.

.s.

,8.

Ger.

Earth Science

SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL EXPLORERS

EARTH RADIATION BUDGET EXPERIMENT (ERBE)

UPPER ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH SATELLITE (UARS)

U.S. -Int'l

U.S.

TABLE 9. SPACE FACILITIES (continued)

Location or
Name or Brief Country of

Description Ownership

Solar and Terrestrial Physics

INTERKOSMOS 1-22 U.S.S.R.

PROGNOZ 1-9 U.S.S.R.

on the Moon. U.S. missions generally are more complex and U.S.
international cooperation has been more tangible since the Inter-
national Geophysical Year in 1958. When it comes to tracking and
data analysis (items which usually are not included in big science,
but which are crucial for its development), the United States has a
far more extensive network with many more countries participating.
Similarly, many countries eventually will have the opportunity to
use the HUBBLE LARGE SPACE TELESCOPE after it is operational.

The Soviet space big science programs included here have their
equivalents in the NASA and ESA programs and are serious efforts to
broaden Soviet knowledge of space. What hampers an understanding of
the Soviet big science program in space is the lack of hard informa-
tion on many of their programs. This is particularly true of the
cost data and of information on land-based facilities such as wind
tunnels and observatories.

VIII. AERONAUTICS

This chapter deals with big science facilities in the area of
aeronautics. This includes principally wind tunnels, other flight
simulators, and facilities for structures research and development
and flight testing. Many of these facilities may be engaged to a
significant extent in big engineering science and could have been in-
cluded in chapter X and appendix 11 just as appropriately as here.

All but one of the big science facilities discussed in this chap-
ter are U.S. facilities, the exception being a Japanese wind tunnel.
No other foreign aeronautical big science facilities meeting the $25
million criterion have been identified. The facilities are listed
in table 10 and discussed briefly in appendix 9. The majority of
the wind tunnels and flight simulators are operated by NASA, although
the Navy operates two wind tunnels, the Air Force four, and the Air
Force and Army each operate one flight simulator facility.

The NASA wind tunnel and flight simulator program is defined as
advancing knowledge of aerodynamics, aviation, and aerospace. Many
of these facilities were constructed in the 19AOs and 1950s, with
funding provided in later years for modifications and updates. The
most recent wind tunnel facility is the National Transonic Facility
at Langley Research Center, built in 1982. The National Transonic
Facility is a state-of-the-art facility used for the most advanced
aerospace testing programs. Of the remaining NASA facilities, sev-
eral are complexes of smaller wind tunnel projects which NASA consi-
ders as together constituting single facilities.

All of the NASA facilities included here have the classic big
science purpose of "science for science's sake," with two important
qualifications. The first is that, although the stated need and
purpose of the facilities are for science, there is some crossover
into testing of instrumentation, maneuverability of aircraft, and
testing of vertical rising aircraft. This is true of almost all of
the facilities listed here. Their primary purpose, however, as de-
fined by NASA, is for conducting science. Second, the percentage of
use of these facilities for civil, proprietary and cooperative, and
military purposes when known, are given in the appendix. Although
for several of these facilities the non-NASA use is somewhat high,
these facilities still are considered to be used primarily for sci-
ence. Even the 8x6 Tran/Supersonic Tunnel at Lewis Research Center
with 55 percent use by civil, proprietary, and cooperative ventures,
is still considered by NASA as being a basic research center.

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TABLE 10. Aeronautical Facilities

Name or Brief
Description

Location or
Country of
Ownership

Wind Tunnels

AERONAUTICAL FACILITIES

NATIONAL TRANSONIC FACILITY
UNITARY PLAN WIND TUNNEL (Langely)
16-FOOT TRANSONIC WIND TUNNEL
TRANSONIC DYNAMICS TUNNEL
HYPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL COMPLEX
EIGHT-FOOT HIGH-TEMPERATURE HYPERSONIC

WIND TUNNEL
EIGHT-FOOT TRANSONIC PRESSURE WIND TUNNEL
20-INCH MACH 6 WIND TUNNEL
HYPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL COMPLEX
LOW-SPEED WIND TUNNEL COMPLEX
UNITARY PLAN TUNNEL COMPLEX (Ames)
14-FOOT TRANSONIC WIND TUNNEL
6x6 SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL
3.5-FOOT HYPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL
8x6 TRAN/ SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL
10x10 UNITARY SUPERSONIC PROPULSION WIND

TUNNEL
6x9-FOOT ICING RESEARCH TUNNEL (IRT)
AERODYNAMIC RESEARCH FACILITY
16-FOOT SUPERSONIC PROPULSION WIND TUNNEL
16-FOOT TRANSONIC PROPULSION WIND TUNNEL
VON KARMAN SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNELS
DTNSRDC TRANSONIC WIND TUNNEL
HYPERVELOCITY WIND TUNNEL NO. 9
V/STOL WIND TUNNEL
TRAN/ SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL
TWO-METER TRANSONIC WIND TUNNEL

U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.

U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.

U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
Japan

Structures R&D/Flight Testing

STRUCTURES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FACILITY
COMPRESSOR RESEARCH FACILITY
AERONAUTICAL TEST RANGE

U.S.
U.S.
U.S.

Flight Simulators

FLIGHT CONTROL DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY
DIFFERENTIAL MANEUVERING SIMULATOR
SIX-DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM MOTION SIMULATOR
FLIGHT SIMULATOR FOR ADVANCED AIRCRAFT
VERTICAL MOTION SIMULATOR
PROPULSION SYSTEMS LABORATORY
ADVANCED SIMULATION CENTER

U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.

In assessing the potential of the %d.nd tunnel and flight simula-
tor program for future International cooperation, the civil, propri-
etary, cooperative, and military uses of these facilities should be
a serious factor for consideration. Such uses may inhibit interna-
tional cooperation, particularly if the proprietary and military na-
ture of these facilities is tied In with national goals of Increased
U.S. national security and international economic competitiveness.

IX. SUPERCOMPUTERS

Large-scale scientific computers — or supercomputers — play a cri-
tical role In scientific and engineering research. These ultrafast
"number crunchers" are used for modeling and simulating scientific
and engineering problems in areas such as design and simulation of
very large-scale integrated circuits; design of nuclear weapons; de-
sign and analysis of nuclear reactors; magnetic fusion energy re-
search; aerodynamic design and evaluation; meteorological forecast-
ing; and petroleum exploration.

The U.S. Government supports scientific research by providing
access for researchers to state-of-the-art supercomputers in Federal
laboratories and facilities such as the National Center for Atmo-
spheric Research computing facility, the National Magnetic Fusion
Energy Computing Center at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
and the Los Alamos National Laboratory computing center.

In 1985, the Department of Energy began support of the Super-
conducting Computational Research Institute at Florida State Uni-
versity. Also recently, the National Science Foundation announced
its plans to establish four National Advanced Scientific Computing
Centers at Princeton University, Cornell University, the University
of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, and the University of California, San
Diego.

These supercomputer facilities are listed in table 11 and dis-
cussed briefly in appendix 10. 17/

The levels of international cooperation at the existing facili-
ties currently seems to be minimal.

17/ Also see U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research
Service. Supercomputers and Artificial Intelligence: Recent Federal
Initiatives, Issue Brief 85105 (continually updated).

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TABLE 11. Supercomputers

Location or

Name or Brief Country of

Description Ownership

NCAR SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING FACILITY U.S.
NATIONAL MAGNETIC FUSION ENERGY COMPUTING CENTER

(LLNL) U.S.

LANL COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS DIVISION U.S.

NOAA GEOPHYSICAL FLUID DYNAMICS LABORATORY U.S.

NASA NUMERICAL AERODYNAMIC SIMULATOR (NAS) U.S.
NATIONAL ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC COMPUTER CENTER:

— Princeton University U.S.

— Cornell University U.S.
— University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign U.S.

— University of California, San Diego U.S.
FSU SUPERCONDUCTING COMPUTATIONAL RESEARCH

INSTITUTE U.S.

LLNL COMPUTER CENTER U.S.

X. ENGINEERING SCIENCE

As mentioned previously, this study attempts to include big en-
gineering science facilities as well as "classical" big science faci-
lities devoted primarily to pure research. This is done for three
reasons. First, much engineering science is conducted in the "class-
ical" big science facilities like those Involved in high-energy phy-
sics research. Second, the Committee is interested both in the "big"
of big science and in its international aspects. Engineering science
can be both big and international in scope. Third, engineering sci-
ence explicitly has become a major thrust of current science policy,
as evidenced by the reorganization of the National Science Foundation
to include a Directorate of Engineering and the establishment of
federally-supported Engineering Research Centers (ERCs) at major uni-
versities under that Directorate. The recent congressional interest
in legislation proposing the creation of a national technology found-
ation or similar organizations is further evidence of the importance
of engineering science in current science policy.

With that in mind, 18 big engineering science facilities were
identified in several areas, including ship hydrodynamics engineer-
ing, earthquake engineering, nuclear power reactor engineering,
radio isotope production, and weapons engineering. Three of these
facilities are foreign. Because of the difficulty in identifying
such facilities, others, both U.S. and foreign, may be identified
subsequently.

It should be noted here that, in the same way that much engi-
neering science is inherent in the facilities discussed in preceding
chapters and labeled "big science" facilities, much pure science
probably is inherent in many of the facilities listed in table 12
and discussed briefly in appendix 11 as "big engineering" facilities.
Also, as noted previously, many of the aeronautical facilities dis-
cussed in chapter VIII may be engaged to a significant extent in big
engineering science and could be included in this chapter just as
well as in chapter VIII.

There is no international ownership, operational funding (with
the following three exceptions), or management of the identified big
engineering science facilities, and there appears to be no adequate
generalization about International cooperation in their use. There
is Japanese operational funding involved in the Fast Flux Test
Facility at the Hanford Engineering Development Laboratory and the
Experimental Breeder Reactor II at Argonne National Laboratory and
international operational funding of the Loss-of-Fluid Test Facility
(LOFT) at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. Reference can be
made to the discussions of the individual facilities in appendix 11.

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TABLE 12. Engineering Facilities

Name or Brief
Description

Location or
Country of
Ownership

Ship Hydrodynamics Engineering

DTNSRDC TOWING BASIN, HIGH SPEED
DTNSRDC TOWING BASIN, DEEP WATER
DTNSRDC TOWING BASIN, SHALLOW WATER

Earthquake Engineering

TODOTSU ENGINEERING LABORATORY (Earthquake
Shake Table)

Nuclear Power Reactor Engineering

FAST FLUX TEST FACILITY (FFTF)
EXPERIMENTAL BREEDER REACTOR II (EBR-II)
LOSS-OF-FLUID TEST FACILITY (LOFT)
TRANSIENT REACTOR TEST FACILITY (TREAT)
ZERO POWER PLUTONIUM REACTOR (ZPPR)
JOYO (Fast Flux Test Facility)
BOR-60 (Fast Flux Test Reactor)

Isotope Production

CALUTRONS ELECTROMAGNETIC ISOTOPE SEPARATIONS
FACILITY

U.S.
U.S.
U.S.

Japan

U.S.

Japan

U.S.S.R.

U.S.

Weapons Engineering

SHIVA (High-energy Physics Simulation)
DIRECTED ENERGY EFFECT RANGE (DEER)
TRESTLE (Electromagnetic Pulse Research)
ADVANCED RADIATION TECHNOLOGY FACILITY (ARTF)
AURORA RADIATION TEST FACILITY
ADVANCED TEST ACCELATOR (ATA)

U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.

XI. ANTARCTIC RESEARCH 18/

As discussed in the chapter on space, both space and antarctic
research involve large amounts of funds, for work classified as
research and development, that are expended for what may be charac-
terized best as R&D infrastructure. Although such infrastructural
facilities may fall within the "big" of big science, they are not
themselves scientific facilities. The space shuttles are an example.
A similar situation obtains in antarctic research.

The U.S. program in the Antarctic includes a physical plant in
the form of station facilities, ships, and aircraft. Since there
are no indigenous sources of life support or other logistics in
Antarctica, the U.S. effort must provide everything needed to reach
the area and to exist and function there. The U.S. Antarctic Program
(USAP) supports national goals to maintain the Antarctic Treaty, to
ensure that the continent continues to be used for peaceful purposes
only, to foster internationally cooperative research, to protect the
environment, and to ensure equitable and wise use of living and
nonliving resources. The U.S. scientific research program continues
to be the principal expression of national interest and policy in
the Antarctic. Several of the specific elements of the USAP logistics
and science support system probably would satisfy the $25 million
criterion of the inventory, although others of equal significance
would not.

The research supported in Antarctica is broadly multidisci-
plinary, reflects the involvement of a wide variety of institutions
and Federal agencies, and includes substantial international coopera-
tion. 19/

18/ Much of the discussion in this chapter is based on infor-
mation supplied by the National Science Foundation, Apr. 1985.

19/ Further information on the USAP is included in U.S. Con-
gress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Dept . of Housing and
Urban Development — Independent Agencies Appropriations for 1984.
Hearings, 98th Cong. 1st sess. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off,,
1983. p. 4A4-463.

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XII. BIOTECHNOLOGY

No big science facilities in the area of biotechnology have been
identified for this inventory. The subject has been included here,
however, because the potential exists for such facilities to be deve-
loped over the next five to ten years according to some experts in
the field. Should this occur, it would represent a further extension
of the classical definition of big science from "pure" areas like
high-energy physics into more applied and engineering-oriented areas.
In terms of construction costs, biotechnology "big science" facili-
ties in the near-term future likely would be in the neighborhood of
the $25 million level. Because of the comnercial nature of much
biotechnology, perhaps much of the potential international coopera-
tion in this area would be carried out through multinational corpora-
tions rather than through international agreements or practices be-
tween governments and agencies.

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APPENDIX 1

INTERNATIONAL BIG SCIENCE COOPERATION SUPPORTED UNDER
THE SUMMIT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INITIATIVE 20/

(1) Solar System Exploration (U.S. lead). Under this project coordi-
nated by NASA, two primary areas of solar system exploration have
been identified: solar terrestrial research and the study of
planets and small bodies. NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA)
and Japanese representatives of the planning group in the new
International Solar Terrestrial Physics Program (ISTP) met twice
this year to coordinate design studies of spacecraft and ground
systems. Under this Summit project, three joint studies are
underway concerning planetary and small bodies missions, a joint
U.S. -Germany CRAF mission, a joint NASA-ESA mission to Saturn and
its moon Titan, and a NASA-ESA study on primitive body missions.

(2) Remote Sensing from Space (U.S. lead). In 1984, under NOAA's
guidance, this project made substantial progress towards its
objective to enhance international collaboration in remote
sensing activities. The project's panel members established a
streamlined remote sensing coordination group, which met in
September and a group on meteorological satellite cooperation,
which met in November. In October, the countries involved in
the satellite search and rescue program, COSPAS-SARSAT, signed
an agreement which assures services through 1990. Discussions
were also held regarding provision of new remote sensing instru-
ments for flight on the shuttle or satellites. Also, plans are
well underway for holding remote sensing training activities for
developing countries.

(3) High-Energy Physics (U.S. lead). Under DOE's leadership, this
project aims to further international cooperation in high-energy
physics. During 1984, subgroups met to survey high energy physics
plans and programs among Summit nations and to develop long-term,
cooperative plans for construction and sharing of new, major fa-
cilities. Other groups assessed research underway in accelerator
and detector technology areas and explored mechanisms for facili-
tating international collaboration.

20/ Science, Technology, and American Diplomacy, 1985: Sixth
Annual Report Submitted to the Congress by the President Pursuant
to Sec. 503(b) of Title V of Public Law 95-426, Mar. 20, 1985.
p. 15-17.

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APPENDIX 1 (continued)

INTERNATIONAL BIG SCIENCE COOPERATION SUPPORTED UNDER
THE SUMMIT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INITIATIVE

(4) Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion (U. S. -European Communities co-
lead) . The objectives of this project under DOE guidance are to
accelerate world development of a new energy source, using inex-
haustible fuels and possessing potential erivironmental advantages,
and avoid duplication of costly facilities through joint collabo-
ration. In 1984, subpanels met to identify and plan future fa-
cilities required to establish the feasibility of fusion, to
identify near-term fusion physics and technology subjects for col-
laboration, and explore reactor concept improvements.

(5) Fast Breeder Reactor Design (U.S. -France co-lead). Under DOE's
purview, this project aims to provide a stable and supportive at-
mosphere for facilitating orderly breeder development. In 1984,
expanded governmental understandings were reached within Europe
for breeder cooperation, and the project's participants are ex-
amining other cooperative arrangements among this group.

(6) Advanced Materials and Standards (U.S. -U.K. co-lead). This proj-
ect, under NBS leadership, promoted multilateral collaboration in
advanced engineering materials to develop measurement standards
and codes of practice for these materials. By harmonizing the
regulatory systems for advanced technologies, the interest of
free, competitive trade will be advanced. Four technical working
groups have been launched in the areas of Wear Test Methods, Sur-
face Chemical Analyses, Ceramics, and Polymer Alloys or Blends.

APPENDIX 2

HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS FACILITIES

For U.S. facilities, the values in fiscal year 198A dollars are
estimated by escalating construction costs, except where the replace-
ment value is estimated in several cases. Due to advances in techno-
logy, the cost of accelerator replacement would, in most cases, be
much lower than escalated construction costs. In addition, if the
costs of U.S. facilities are compared to those of foreign facilities,
it should be recognized that it is common practice abroad not to
include as construction costs the cost of laboratory manpower and
laboratory services, such as machine shops. Such costs can account
for one-half of the cost of a construction project in high-energy
physics.

The information in this appendix was supplied by the Department
of Energy, April 22, 1985.

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Ithaca, NY., U.S.A.

CORNELL ELECTRON STORAGE RING (CESR)

Floyd R. Newman Laboratory for Nuclear Studies

Cornell University

"Big Science" Descriptor: High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: CESR Is an 8 GeV x 8 GeV electron-
positron colliding beam storage ring facility. It has two inter-
action regions. In one, the focus of research has been the study
of leptons and photons using a segmented sodium iodide detector
(CUSB). The other region contains a large magnetic general pur-
pose detector (CLEO) with which almost everything known about
the bottom quark, has been learned.

Date of Construction: 1977-79 (operational since 1979).

Construction Cost: Original: $20.7 million

1984 $$ : $28 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Management Staff; U.S.

Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: Mainly U.S. (105 scientists from 11
institutions) .

Potential for Future International Cooperation: The Cornell supercon-
ducting radio-frequency cavity technology has been shared through
collaborations with European and Japanese laboratories. High
energy physics has led the way with a long tradition of active
and Intimate international cooperation.

Other Information: A major comprehensive improvement plan has been

Initiated to be completed in FY87 which incorporates storage ring
and detector upgrades. The upgrades will provide the capability
to perform the most precise experiments possible in the CESR
energy range. The estimated cost of these improvements is about
$36 million. The facility will continue to be open to national
and international researchers on the basis of scientific merit of
the experiments proposed.

Batavla, IL., U.S.A.

FERMILAB PROTON SYCHROTRON

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab)

U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This conventional magnet synchro-
tron of 6000-foot diameter provided protons at 400 billion elec-
tron volts (GeV), which was twice the design energy, and various
secondary beams from fixed targets. It is now used at 150 GeV as
an injector into the new superconducting sjmchrotron which up-
graded the facility under the Energy Saver project, described
separately. Other upgrades include Tevatron I and Tevatron II,
also described separately, which integrate extensive new capabili-
ties Into the Fermilab accelerator complex.

Date of Construction: 1968-1974

Construction Cost: Original: $248 million

1984 $$ : $727 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.

Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.

Nationallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.

Nationality(s) of Researchers: Largely U.S., but includes

Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, England, France,
Greece, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Poland, South
Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the U.S.S.R., the Federal
Republic of Germany, and Yugoslavia

Because high-energy physics is an international activity,
with knowledge freely shared among its practitioners, this
laboratory has extensive interactions with people and
Institutions in foreign countries.

Of 348 experiments approved to run at Fermilab, 148 have
had scientists taking part from institutions outside the
United States. Typically, about 600 physicists are involved
in the Fermilab research program each year, of which over
one-fourth are from foreign institutions. Generally, scien-
tists from about 20 countries are Involved in the program
at any one time.

There are three government-to-government agreements in-
volving high-energy physics which affect Fermilab. These
are with the U.S.S.R., the Peoples Republic of China, and
Japan.

Potential for Future International Cooperation; As at all forefront
world hlghenergy physics facilities, beam time is available
without charge for the best research proposals worldwide. Foreign
researchers have provided substantial pieces of capital equipment
for experiments. Such collaboration would be expected to continue.

68-022 0-87-3

Batavla, IL., U.S.A.

ENERGY SAVER - SUPERCONDUCTING PROTON SYNCHROTRON
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermllab)
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor; High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument; The Energy Saver project provided
a ring of over 1000 superconducting magnets which operate at
reduced electric power consumption and have the potential for
1000 GeV operation. The conventional magnet accelerator serves
as a 150 GeV Injector for the Energy Saver accelerator ring. The
Energy Saver was designed to deliver 500 GeV protons to three
external experimental areas and protons at about 800 GeV to an
Internal target. The Energy Saver Is now operating routinely as
part of the overall Fermllab Tevatron capability.

Date of Construction: 1979-1982

Construction Cost; Original: $50.8 million

1984 $$ ; $67 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff; U.S.

Nationallty(s) of Researchers; (See the Fermllab Proton Synchro-
tron on the preceding page for a list of International researchers
and a discussion of international cooperation.)

Potential for Future International Cooperation: See the discussions
under the Fermllab Proton Synchrotron on the preceding page.

Batavla, IL., U.S.A.

TEVATRON I - ANT IPROTON/PROTON COLLIDING BEAM FACILITY
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fennllab)
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: The Tevatron I is an upgrade of
the Energy Saver to reach a 1000 GeV acceleration capability and
to allow the storage of protons and antlprotons simultaneously.
This will provide up to 2000 GeV in reaction energy when two
beams collide head-on, to open up a new era of Important research
opportunities at the highest energies ever made available for
laboratory physics experimentation.

Date of Construction: 1981-1986

Construction Cost: Original: $84.0 million

1984 $$ : $85.5 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.

Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.

Nationallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.

Nationallty(s) of Researchers: (See the Fermllab Proton Synchro-
tron for a list of International researchers and a discussion
of International cooperation.)

In addition, R&D on the lithium lens system for the anti-
proton source represented a significant cooperative effort with
the U.S.S.R., and the Collider Detector Facility at Fermllab
represents an outstanding example of a joint effort with Japan
and Italy.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: See the discussion
under the Fermllab Proton Synchrotron.

Batavla, IL., U.S.A.

TEVATRON II - 1000 GeV FIXED TARGET RESEARCH FACILITIES
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermllab)
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument; The Tevatron II provides the
necessary facilities for a 1000 GeV fixed target experimental
program in existing areas to fully exploit the higher energy of
the superconducting accelerator complex, now referred to as the
Tevatron. Tevatron II provides a unique opportunity for producing
secondary particle beams at higher energies and intensities than
anywhere else in the world. There are four new secondary beams
and eight other upgraded beams. These 12 can be run simul-
taneously. The eight upgraded beams are completed and operating.

Date of Construction: 1982-1986

Construction Cost: Original: $49.0 million

1984 $$ : $50.3 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.

Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.

Nationallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.

Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: (See the Fermllab Proton Synchro-
tron for a list of International researchers and a discussion
of international cooperation.)

Potential for Future International Cooperation: See the discussion
under the Fermllab Synchrotron.

Batavla, IL., U.S.A.

COLLIDER DETECTOR AT FERMILAB (CDF)

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab)

U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor; High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument; This versatile research detector
is capable of recording the results of antiproton-proton colli-
sions at reaction energies up to 2000 GeV; detecting hundreds of
simultaneously created particles; and identifying photons, elec-
trons, muons, and hadrons separately. It measures energies of
charged particles with a strong magnetic field and of all parti-
cles (except neutrions) with massive calorimeters.

Date of Construction; 1981-1986 (See note below.)

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : $54 million (See note below.)

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership; - U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff; U.S.

Nationallty(s) of Researchers; (See the Fermilab Proton Synchro-
tron for a list of international researchers.)

Funding over six years includes about $39 million (In 1984
dollars) from the Dept. of Energy, plus $15 million from Japanese,
Italian, and National Science Foundation-supported collaborators.

Potential for Future International Cooperation; See the discussion
under the Fermilab Proton Synchrotron.

Other Information; This facility is expected to be ready for test run-
ning in 1985 and for its first physics research use In October
1986.

Note; This detector was not built as a construction project. It
was fabricated using capital equipment funds. Therefore, "Date
of Construction" and "Construction Cost" in this case refer to
this type of fabrication.

Batavla, IL., U.S.A.

D-ZERO DETECTOR AT FERMILAB

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermllab)

U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument; This facility provides detection
capabilities complementary to those of the collider detector
(CDF), effectively doubling Tevatron I physics utilization by
operating simultaneously. It is optimized for accurate measure-
ments of energies of electrons, muons, and jets of hadrons. It
has no magnetic field; energies are measured with calorimeters
only. High resolution calorimetry will allow excellent identifi-
cation of missing energy in an Interaction. The D-Zero Detector
has very complete large solid angle coverage.

Date of Construction: 1985-1989 (See note below.)

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : $43 million (est.) (See note below.)

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(8) of Ownership; U.S.

Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.

Nationallty(s) of Management Staffl U.S.

Nationality(s) of Researchers; (See the Fermllab Proton Synchro-
tron for a list of international researchers and a discussion
of International cooperation.)

Potential for Future International Cooperation; See the discussion
under the Fermllab Proton Synchrotron.

Other information:

Note: This detector was not built as a construction project. It
was fabricated using capital equipment funds. Therefore, "Date
of Construction" and "Construction Cost" in this case refer to
this type of fabrication.

Palo Alto, CA., U.S.A.

SLAC LINEAR ACCELERATOR

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC)

U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument; This facility Is a two-mile long
linear electron accelerator (llnac) that can produce Intense
beams of electrons at energies up to 32 billion electron volts
(GeV), or of positrons with energies up to 20 GeV. The electrons
and positrons are used for fixed target experiments to probe the
ultimate structure of matter In ways that reveal more details
than any other probe. The llnac also can be used as the Injector
for the SPEAR and PEP storage rings and will be used to Inject
beams Into the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC). Starting in FY85,
the linear accelerator at SLAC also can be operated for nuclear
physics research using a new off-axis source and injector. The
llnac 's energy will be increased from 32 GeV to 50 GeV for both
electrons and positrons by the end of FY86.

Date of Construction: 1961-1968

Construction Cost; Original; $114 million

1984 $$ : $486 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership: U.S.

Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.

Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.

Nationallty(s) of Researchers: Primarily U.S. but also from

Switzerland, Israel, Japan, the Federal Republic of Germany,
the Netherlands, Italy, Canada, the Peoples Republic of
China, England, and Poland. Users include 138 foreign re-
searchers from 37 foreign institutions.

Because high-energy physics is an International activity,
with knowledge freely shared among its practitioners, this
laboratory has extensive Interactions with people and
institutions in foreign countries.

Typically, about 400 physicists are Involved in the SLAC
research program each year, of which about 15 percent are
from foreign institutions. SLAC has a significant collabora-
tion with the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Peoples
Republic of China (PRC) as consultant to the PRC on building
a 2.5 GeV electron-positron collider and a detector. There
is collaboration on the SLAC Linear Detector (SLD) between
the United States and Italy, Canada, and Great Britain. In

accordance with a U.S. -Japan bilateral agreement, there is
collaboration between these countries on advanced accelerator
R&D and on the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) at the PEP
storage ring.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: Beam time at this

facility, as at all forefront world high energy physics accelera-
tors, is available without charge for the best research proposals
worldwide.

Palo Alto, CA. , U.S.A.

POSITRON ELECTRON PROJECT (PEP)

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC)

U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility is a storage ring
with beams Injected by the SLAC linear accelerator for 30 GeV
interactions using intersecting beams of 15 GeV electrons and 15
GeV positrons. The average radius of the ring is 350 meters.
There are six regions for simultaneous experiments. PEP was a
joint construction project by SLAC and by the Lawrence Berkeley
Laboratory.

Date of Construction: 1976-1979

Construction Cost: Original: $80 million

1984 $$ : $132 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership: U.S.

Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.

Nationality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.

Nationallty(s) of Researchers: (See the SLAC Linear Accelerator

for a list of international researchers and a discussion of

international cooperation.)

Potential for Future International Cooperation: Beam time at this

facility is available without charge for the best research pro-
posals worldwide.

Palo Alto, CA. , U.S.A.

STANFORD LINEAR COLLIDER (SLC)

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC)

U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument; This Is an experimental accelera-
tor used to develop the design and to test key technical Issues
of the linear collider concept as a potentially cost-effective
approach to high luminosity and very high-energy electron-positron
collisions. It also provides a source of electron-positron colli-
sions at 100 GeV center-of-mass energy which Is expected to pro-
vide the earliest capability for producing copious quantities of
Z particles In electron-positron collisions.

Date of Construction; 1984-1986

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ; $110 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.

Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.

Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.

Nationallty(s) of Researchers: (See the SLAC Linear Accelerator

for a list of international researchers and a discussion of

international cooperation.)

Potential for Future International Cooperation: Beam time at this

facility will be available without charge for the best research
proposals worldwide, as at all forefront world high-energy physics
facilities.

Palo Alto, CA. , U.S.A.

STANFORD LINEAR DETECTOR (SLD)

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC)

U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This state-of-the-art second

generation detector for the SLAC Linear Collider has good electro-
magnetic and hadronlc calorlmetry over the complete solid angle,
high resolution measurement of secondary vertices, full instrumen-
tal capability over the complete solid angle, and good particle
identification over a wide range of momentum. It measures the
energy of charged particles with strong magnetic fields and of
all particles (except neutrinos) with massive calorimeters.

Date of Construction; 1985-1989 (See note below.)

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $45 million (See note below.)

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership: U.S.

Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.

Natlonality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.

Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: (See the SLAC Linear Accelerator

for a list of international researchers and a discussion of

International cooperation.)

Potential for Future International Cooperation; See the discussion
under the SLAC Linear Accelerator.

Other information:

Palo Alto, CA., U.S.A.

ALTERNATING GRADIENT SYNCHROTRON (AGS)
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL)
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: High-energy physics (soon also nuclear
physics)

Description of Facility/Instrument: This synchrotron provides pro-
tons on fixed targets at energies up to 33 GeV, and various
secondary beams. The AGS main ring is 800 meters in circum-
ference and contains 240 magnets. Current research focuses on
neutrino Interactions and the study of certain rare decay modes
of the K meson. Other experiments involve the study of inter-
actions of protons, plons, kaons , etc. with target nuclei.
Capability to accelerate polarized protons has been added re-
cently. A link to the Tandem Van de Graaff is being established
to provide the capability to accelerate medium weight heavy tons.

Date of Construction: 1956-1960, upgraded 1966-1971

Construction Cost: Original: $79 million

1984 $$ : $325 million

Present International Cooperation

NatioDality(8) of Ownership: U.S.

Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.

Natlonality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.

Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: U.S. primarily, but also from
Mexico, Japan, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain,
Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, the U.S.S.R., Sweden,
Switzerland, the Federal Republic of Germany, China, and
Yugoslavia

Because high-energy physics is an international activity,
with knowledge freely shared among its practitioners, this
laboratory has extensive interactions with people and institu-
tions in foreign countries.

Of about 300 scientists actively involved In current
utilization of the AGS, some 50 are from 17 foreign Insti-
tutions.

There are collaboration on current experiments with the
Japanese and with the Canadians. The U.S. -Japanese experi-
ment, with Japanese scientists from KEK and from Osaka
University, has been in progress for several years. Japan
has furnished about one-fourth of the manpower and equip-
ment for a detector that cost $4-$5 million total. Canadians
from TRIUMF are participating with the United States In

an experiment to study rare K decay. The Canadian manpower
fraction Is about one-third. They also share detector
costs.

Potential for Future International Cooperation; Beam time at this
facility Is available without charge for the best research
proposals worldwide, as with all forefront world high-energy
physics facilities.

Upton, NY., U.S.A.

COSMOTRON

Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL)

U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (now the Dept. of Energy)

"Big Science" Descriptor; High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility was a three GeV Pro-
ton Synchrotron with a variety of secondary beams.

Date of Construction: Constructed in 19A8-1952 and decommissioned In
1967

Construction Cost; Original; $10 million

1984 $$ : $65 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(8) of Ownership; (Currently

Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding; not
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff; operating)
Nationallty(8) of Researchers;

Argonne, IL., U.S.A.

ZERO GRADIENT SYNCHROTRON (ZGS)
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This was a 12 GeV proton synchro-
tron with various secondary beams.

Date of Construction: Constructed in 1957-1963 and decommissioned in
1979

Construction Cost; Original: $51 million

1984 $$ : $240 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership; (Currently

Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding: not
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: operating)
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers:

Berkeley, CA. , U.S.A.

BE VAT RON

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL)

U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (now the Dept. of Energy)

"Big Science" Descriptor; High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This was a 6.2 GeV protron syn-
chrotron with various secondary beams. After completion of its
operation as a high-energy physics facility, the Bevatron was
placed into service for research in nuclear physics and remains
in use as part of the Bevalac.

Date of Construction: 1950-54 and 61; operation for high-energy
physics ended in 1975

Construction Cost: Original; $20 million

1984 $$ : $105 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership:' (Currently not

Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: operating for

Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: high-energy

Nationallty(s) of Researchers: physics)

Cambridge, MA., U.S.A.

CAMBRIDGE ELECTRON ACCELERATOR (CEA)

Harvard University

U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (now the Dept. of Energy)

"Big Science" Descriptor: High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument; This facility was a six billion
electron volt (GeV) Electron Synchrotron. A later upgrade pro-
vided capability for 3 GeV x 3 GeV electron-positron collisions.

Date of Construction; Constructed in 1956-1962 and decommissioned in
1973

Construction Cost:

Original:
1984 $$ :

$10 million
$50 million

Present International Cooperation
Nationality(s) of Ownership:
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding:
Nationallty(8) of Management Staff:
Nationality(s) of Researchers:

(Currently

not

operating)

Princeton, NJ., U.S.A.

PRINCETON-PENNSYLVANIA ACCELERATOR (PPA)

U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (now the Dept. of Energy)

"Big Science" Descriptor: High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This was a three GeV proton syn-
chrotron with various secondary beams.

Date of Construction: Constructed in 1957-1963 and decommissioned in
1970

Construction Cost:

Original: $22 million
1984$$ : $105 million

Present International Cooperation
Nationality(s) of Ownership:
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding:
Nationality(s) of Management Staff;
Nationality(s) of Researchers:

(Currently
not
operating)

Geneva, SWITZERLAND

PROTON SYNCHROTRON (PS)
CERK

"Big Science" Descriptor: High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This sjmchrotron has a maximum
energy of 28 GeV.

Date of Construction; 1953-1960

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $15 million

Present International Cooperation
Natlonallty(s) of Ownership:
Natlonallty(8) of Operational Funding:
Natlonallty(8) of Management Staff:
Natlonallty(8) of Researchers:

(Multinational)

Geneva, SWITZERLAND

INTERSECTING STORAGE RINGS (ISR)
CERN

"Big Science" Descriptor: High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument:

Date of Construction: 1971, decommissioned in the 1980s

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Natlonallty(s) of Ownership:
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding:
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff:
Natlonallty(8) of Researchers:

(Multinational)

Geneva, SWITZERLAND

SUPER PROTON SYNCHROTRON (SPS)
CERN

"Big Science" Descriptor; High-energy and nuclear physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: In this synchrontron, oxygen ion
beams can be accelerated from 9 to 200 GeV/AMU energy levels.

Date of Construction;

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ;

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership; (Multinational)

Nationality(s) of Operational Funding;
Nationallty(8) of Management Staff;
Nationality(s) of Researchers;

Geneva, SWITZERLAND

LARGE ELECTRON-POSITRON COLLIDER (LEP)
CERN

"Big Science" Descriptor; High-energy physics

Description of Facility/ Instrument ; In this storage ring, positron
and electron particle beams could be collided, each up to a
60 GeV energy level. A Phase II storage ring is planned in
which a positron beam could be collided with an electron beam,
each up to a 130 GeV energy level.

Date of Construction; under construction, due In 1988

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ; $980 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership; (Multinational)

Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding;
Nationality(s) of Management Staff;
Nationality(s) of Researchers;

Potential for Future International Cooperation; Beam time at the

CERN facility is available without charge for the best research
proposals worldwide.

Geneva, SWITZERLAND

LEP DETECTOR- ALEPH
CERN

"Big Science" Descriptor: High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: The Apparatus for LEP pHysics
(ALEPH) has a large superconducting coil enclosing a central
track detector which permits precise momentum determinations
of charged particles over a wide energy range.

Date of Construction: Due in 1988

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : $32 million

Present International Cooperation
Nationallty(s) of Ownership:

Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: (Multinational)
Nationality(s) of Management Staff;
Nationallty(s) of Researchers; ALEPH involves about 300

researchers from 25 research centers in nine countries,

including the United States.

Geneva, SWITZERLAND

LEP DETECTOR-DELPHI
CERN

"Big Science" Descriptor; High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: The Detector with Lepton, Photon,
and Hadron Identification (DELPHI) is designed to provide three-
dimensional measurements, fine grain energy deposition, and par-
ticle Identification over the complete solid angle surrounding
the beam intersection.

Date of Construction; Due in 1988

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ; $30 million

Present International Cooperation
Nationality(s) of Ownership:

Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding; (Multinational)

Natlonality(s) of Management Staff;

Nationality(s) of Researchers; DELPHI involves about 300 researchers
from 30 research institutes in 17 countries, including the
Dnited States.

Geneva, SWITZERLAND

LEP DETECT0R-L3
CERN

"Big Science" Descriptor; High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument; L3 is optimized for high resolu-
tion measurement of energy and momentum for electrons, gamma
rays, and muons at 50 GeV. It uses an 8,000-ton magnet, approxi-
mately 12mxl2mxl2m bismuth germanate crystals for electromagnetic
calorimetry and uranium for hadron calorimetry.

Date of Construction: Due in 1988

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $60 million (est.) (See note below.)

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership:

Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: (Multinational)

Natlonality(s) of Management Staff;

Nationality(s) of Researchers; L3 Involves about 400 scientists,
including about 125 from 12 U.S. institutions. It is the
first major physics collaboration involving Western Europe,
the Soviet Union, the United States, and the People's Re-
public of China.

Other Information: Note; This detector was not built as a construc-
tion project. It was fabricated using capital equipment funds.
Therefore, "Date of Construction" and "Construction Cost" in
this case refer to this type of fabrication. U.S. funding of
the LEP-3 Detector is expected to total $22 million.

Geneva, SWITZERLAND

LEP DETECTOR-OPAL
CERN

"Big Science" Descriptor; High-energy physics

Description of Facility/ Instrument : The Omni Purpose Apparatus for
LEP (OPAL) is designed to cover a wide range of high-energy
physics, much of it unexplored, using well-tested and powerful
techniques and technologies.

Date of Construction; Due in 1988

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ ; $32 million

Present International Cooperation
Nationallty(s) of Ownership:

Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: (Multinational)

Natlonality(s) of Management Staff:

Nationality(s) of Researchers; OPAL involves about 130 researchers
from 21 research institutes in 9 countries, including the
United States.

Geneva, SWITZERLAND

PROTON-ANTIPROTON COLLIDER
CERN

"Big Science" Descriptor; High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: The total center-of-mass energy
of this facility can reach as high as 540 GeV.

Date of Construction; 1981

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ ; $166 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership; (Multinational)

Natlonallty(8) of Operational Funding;
Nationality(s) of Management Staff;
Nationality(s) of Researchers :

Hamburg, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

DORIS-II
DESY

"Big Science" Descriptor; High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument; This Is a storage ring. Its
positron beam can collide with an electron beam, each up to
a 5.6 GeV energy level.

Date of Construction; July 1982

Construction Costs; 1984 $$ ;

Present International Cooperation
Natlonality(s) of Ownership;
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding:
Nationality (s) of Management Staff;
Nationality (s) of Researchers:

Hamburg, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

PETRA-II
DESY

"Big Science" Descriptor: High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument; This Is a storage ring. Its posi-
tron beam Is collided with an electron beam, each up to the 23
GeV energy level.

Date of Construction: October 1983

Construction Cost:

1984 $$

Present International Cooperation
Natlonallty(s) of Ownership:
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding:
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff:
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers:

Hamburg, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

HERA
DESY

"Big Science" Descriptor: High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: These are storage rings In which
an electron beam (30 GeV) will be collided with a proton beam
(820 GeV).

Date of Construction: under construction, due In 1990

Construction Cost:

1984 $$

$394 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(8) of Ownership: The Federal Republic of Germany,

Canada, France, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, and the U.K.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: (Currently
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: not
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: operating)

Tsukuba, JAPAN

SYNCHROTRON
KEK

"Big Science" Descriptor; High-energy physics

Description of Facility/ Instrument ; This synchrotron can accelerate a
proton beam up to 12 GeV.

Date of Construction; March 1976

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Nationality(s) of Ownership;
NationalltyCs) of Operational Funding;
Nationality(s) of Management Staff;
Nationality(s) of Researchers;

Tsukuba, JAPAN

TRISTAN
KEK

"Big Science" Descriptor; High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This is a storage ring with a
positron beam that will collide with an electron beam, each
up to the 30 GeV energy level. A storage ring in which an electron
beam of 25 GeV can collide with a protron beam of 300 GeV is
planned.

Date of Construction; under construction, due in 1986

Construction Cost; 198A $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(8) of Ownership; (Currently

Nationality(8) of Operational Funding; not
Natlonality(8) of Management Staff; operating)
Nationality(s) of Researchers;

Beijing, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

BPS

Institute of High Energy Physics

"Big Science" Descriptor; High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument; This is a synchrotron with a

proton beam that can be accelerated to the 50 GeV energy level.

Date of Construction: postponed indefinitely

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: (Currently

Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: not
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: operating)
Nationality(s) of Researchers :

Bejing, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

BEPC

Institute of High Energy Physics

"Big Science" Descriptor: High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This is a storage ring in which a
positron beam will be collided with an electron beam, each
up to the 2.5 GeV energy level.

Date of Construction: under construction, due in 1987

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership; (Currently

Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: not
Nationality(s) of Management Staff; operating)
Nationality(s) of Researchers:

Serpukhov, U.S.S.R.

PROTON SYNCHROTRON

Institute of High Energy Physics

"Big Science" Descriptor: High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This synchrotron has a proton

beam which can be accelerated to the 76 GeV energy level. It will
be upgraded to 400 GeV protons to be used in conjunction with the
UNK Proton Synchrotron, described on the following page.

Date of Construction: 1967; upgrade under construction, due in 1990

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Nationality(s) of Ownership;
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding:
Nationality(s) of Management Staff:
Nationality(s) of Researchers:

Serpukhov, U.S.S.R.

UNK PROTON SYNCHROTRON
Institute of High Energy Physics

"Big Science" Descriptor: High-energy physics

Description of Facility/ Instrument ; In Phase I, this storage ring

facility will produce 3,000 GeV protons to be collided with the 400
GeV protons produced by the Booster Synchrotron described on the
preceding page. In Phase II, a second storage ring will be built
to supply 3,000 GeV antiprotons and protons to replace the 400 GeV
protons.

Date of Construction: under construction, due in 1990

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $297 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: (Currently

Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: not
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: operating)
Nationality(8) of Researchers:

Novosibirsk, U.S.S.R.

VEPP-IV

Institute of Nuclear Physics

"Big Science" Descriptor; High-energy physics

Description of Facility/ Instrument ; This Is a storage ring. Its

positron beam can collide with the electron beam, each up to a
seven GeV energy level-

Date of Construction: 1979

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Natlonallty(s) of Ownership;
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding:
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff;
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers;

Novosibirsk, U.S.S.R.

VAPP-IV

Institute of Nuclear Physics

"Big Science" Descriptor: Rlgh-energy physics

--Xi;;or.rir^l^°!"nr^e Zi J: c\ru5f :.:!"!;. 1"..^..

beam, each up to 25 GeV energy level.

Date of Construction:

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Natlonallty(s) of Ownership;
N5tl^nallty(s) of Operational Funding:
Natlonallty(s) of Manajtement Staff:
Marlnnalltvrs) of Researchers:

Moscow, U.S.S.R.
U-10
Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics

"Big Science" Descriptor; High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument; This synchrotron has a proton
beam which can be accelerated to the ten GeV energy level.

Date of Construction; October 1961

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Nationality(s) of Ownership;
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding;
Nationality(s) of Management Staff;
Nationallty(s) of Researchers ;

APPENDIX 3
NUCLEAR PHYSICS FACILITIES

For U.S. facilities, the values In fiscal year 1984 dollars are
estimated by escalating construction costs, except where the replace-
ment value Is estimated In several cases. Due to advances In tech-
nology, the cost of accelerator replacement would. In most cases, be
much lower than escalated construction costs. In addition. If the
costs of U.S. facilities are compared to those of foreign facilities,
It should be recognized that It Is common practice abroad not to
include as construction costs the cost of laboratory manpower and
laboratory services such as machine shops. Such costs can account
for one-half of the cost of a construction project in nuclear physics.

The information in this appendix was supplied by the Department
of Energy, April 22, 1985.

(75)

East Lansing, MI., U.S.A.

COUPLED SUPERCONDUCTING CYCLOTRONS

National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL)

Michigan State University

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This construction project Is the
completion of "Phase II" of a two-stage superconducting cyclotron
facility for heavy ions. Phase I, a K500 MeV cyclotron, was
completed in FY82 and has been operational since 1982. The Intense
beam of the K500 MeV machine will be Injected into a K800 MeV
superconducting cyclotron after its construction is completed.
Phase II includes the building to house the cyclotrons and their
associated experimental areas and support facilities, the K800
MeV cyclotron, the beam lines, computing facilities, and experi-
mental equipment.

Date of Construction: 1980-present (Phase II is still under construction.)

Construction Cost: Original: $33 million

1984 $$ : $40 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff; U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Researchers: Mainly U.S. to date.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: Upon completion, this
will be a unique national heavy ion facility attractive also to
scientists from Europe and Japan.

Other Information: Dr. Blosser of Michigan State University (MSU) has
collaborated with Europeans in the design of superconducting
cyclotrons. Dr. Resmlni, before his untimely death, worked at
MSU in preparation for construction of a similar facility at the
University of Milan.

Bloomington, IN., U.S.A.

INDIANA UNIVERSITY CYCLOTRON FACILITY (lUCF)
Indiana University

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: The Indiana University Cyclotron

Facility provides high quality beams of protons, deuterons, helium
Ions, and lithium Ions In energies up to 200 million electron
volts for nuclear physics research. lUCF has been operating as a
national users facility since the first beams available for research
in the spring of 1976. The current demand is running at a rate
about three times that available (5000 hours per year). Comprehen-
sive studies are made of nuclear processes, including fundamental
nucleon-nucleon interactions, tests of charge-symmetry of the
nuclear force, near-threshold production of plons, and detailed
nuclear structure efforts throughout the periodic table.

Date of Construction: 1969-75 (operational 1976).

Construction Cost; Original; $10 million

1984 $$ ; $30 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Nationality(8) of Management Staff; U.S.

Natlonality(s) of Researchers: 350 scientists from 60 Institutions
from 13 countries.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: The addition of a
"Cooler" ring (see below) will enhance the attraction of this
facility to foreign scientists.

Other Information: Construction of a "Cooler" Storage Ring began in

FY83 (total estimated cost, $6 million) with $5.4 million provided
to date and with $0.6 million to be provided in FY86. The "Cooler"
will Introduce new technology into nuclear physics by providing
charged particle beams of light ions with very low emlttance,
small energy spread. It will make practical the use of ultra-thin
targets without loss in beam luminosity.

The application of Cooler ring technology to nuclear physics
was initiated at lUCF. Dr. Pollock, who heads the construction
projects, has cooperated and consulted with several European
laboratories which are undertaking this technology for complemen-
tary nuclear physics research facilities.

Upton, NY., U.S.A.

TANDEM/ AGS HEAVY ION FACILITY
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL)
U.S. Dept . of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: The Tandem Complex consists of two
model MP tandem accelerators which, in the coupled mode, are equiv-
alent to a single 20 million volt terminal tandem. Accelerated
Ions of over 50 Isotopes of 40 different elements are available
for experiments. Using a beam transfer line under construction
"from the Tandem Complex to the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron
(AGS), heavy ions up to mass 32 (sulphur) will be Injected into
the AGS and accelerated up to 14 billion electron volts per
atomic mass unit, seven times higher than the heavy Ion energies
available at the Bevalac . Accelerated heavy Ions from the Tandem
Complex are used for research programs In heavy ion reactions,
nuclear structure, and atomic physics. The Tandem/ AGS facility
will be used to search for evidence of the quark-gluon plasma or
quark matter by the collision of relatlvlstlc heavy ions with
heavy targets like uranium.

Date of Construction; Tandems 1965-1969, Transfer Line 1984-86

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $47 million plus AGS cost

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Natlonallty(8) of Researchers: U.S., England, the Federal

Republic of Germany, Argentina, Brazil, Denmark, and Israel

Because nuclear physics Is an international activity,
with knowledge freely shared among its practitioners, this
laboratory has extensive Interactions with people and insti-
tutions in foreign countries.

More than 95 percent of researchers working at DOE
nuclear physics accelerators are from U.S. institutions. On
approximately equal and reciprocal bases, American nuclear
scientists use foreign facilities.

A heavy ion experiment has been approved for the AGS
when the Transfer Line from the Tandem to the AGS is complete.
About one-fourth of the participants in the first large
experiment planned for the completed Tandem/AGS heavy ion
facility are Japanese and, under a U.S. -Japan Accord, about
$300,000 in equipment will be furnished by the Japanese.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: Beam time at this

facility is available without charge for the best research pro-
posals worldwide.

Argonne, IL., U.S.A.

ARGONNE TANDEM/LINAC ACCELERATOR SYSTEM (ATLAS)
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: ATLAS Includes two component

parts, a tandem Van de Graaff with a nine million volt terminal
potential, and the ATLAS superconducting linear accelerator
(llnac) which raised the accelerating power to the equivalent of
a 50 million volt (terminal) tandem. Heavy ion beams are used
for studies of high-spin nuclear states, fission and fusion re-
actions, quasi-elastic and deep inelastic reactions, and mass
spectrometry. Technical performance of the accelerator em-
phasizes precise timing and energy stability.

Date of Construction: Tandem in 1959-61, ATLAS llnac in 1982-85

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $27.5 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.

Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.

Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.

Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: U.S., Canada, England, Denmark,

the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, Israel, the People's
Republic of China, France, Finland, Australia, Brazil,
Sweden, Belgium, Poland, and Hungary

Because nuclear physics is an international activity,
trlth knowledge freely shared among its practitioners, this
laboratory has extensive Interactions with people and insti-
tutions in foreign countries.

>fc>re than 95 percent of researchers working at DOE
nuclear physics accelerators are from U.S. institutions. On
approximately equal and reciprocal bases, U.S. nuclear sci-
entists use foreign facilities.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: Beam time at this

facility Is available without charge for the best research pro-
posals worldwide.

Berkeley, CA. , U.S.A.

BEVALAC

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL)

U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor; Nuclear physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: The Bevalac Is a combined accel-
erator system, consisting of the SuperHILAC and the Bevatron.
The SuperHILAC Is a linear accelerator capable of accelerating
all elements to energies of 8.5 million electron volts per
nucleon (MeV/AMU). It Is connected by a transfer line to the
Bevatron, which can further accelerate Ions to energies up
to 4.9 GeV for protons, 2.1 GeV/AMU for carbon, or other ions
with energies up to 960 MeV/AMU for uranium. Bevalac research
includes: peripheral fragmentation reactions and studies of in-
ternal momentum; nuclear reactions induced by beams of radio-
active nuclei; central collisions that create extremely hot,
dense nuclear matter complexes; production mechanisms of
plons, kaons, hyperons, and antipartlcles in nuclear matter;
searches for new forms of matter such as plon condensates and
nuclear isomers; searches for evidence of quark-gluon plasma;
and searches for free quarks.

Date of Construction: 1950-54, 1954-57, and 1973-74

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $135 million (estimated replacement
cost)

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.

NationalityCs) of Operational Funding: U.S.

Natlonality(8) of Management Staff: U.S.

Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: U.S., Canada, France, Japan, the
Federal Republic of Germany, the People's Republic of China,
Egypt, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Mexico, South Africa,
Sweden, and Switzerland

Because nuclear physics Is an international activity,
with knowledge freely shared among its practitioners, this
laboratory has extensive interactions with people and in-
stitutions in foreign countries.

More than 95 percent of researchers working at DOE
nuclear physics accelerators are from U.S. institutions.
On approximately equal and reciprocal bases, U.S. nuclear
scientists use foreign facilities. A ten-year-old coopera-
tion with GSI, Darmstadt, the Federal Republic of Germany,
has included development of the Plastic Ball detector.

which Is used for a most significant experiment on the
properties and flow of highly compressed nuclear matter.
The Plastic Ball has been In operation for about three
years. There has been an ongoing collaboration with INS,
Tokyo, Japan, on a magnetic spectrometer at the Bevalac for
about eight years.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: Beam time at this

facility Is available without charge for the best research pro-
posals worldwide.

Berkeley, CA. , U.S.A.

88-INCH CYCLOTRON

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL)

U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics

Description of Facility/Instrument; The cyclotron can accelerate all
Ions from hydrogen through krypton to energies above the Coulomb
barrier for targets as heavy as uranium. The maximum energy Is
35 million electron volts per nucleon. The basic research pro-
gram Is focused In four major areas: Investigation of heavy Ion
reaction mechanisms; production and study of exotic nuclei far
from stability; structure of nuclei at high angular momentum; and
studies of spin-polarization effects and basic symmetry princi-
ples in nuclear Interactions.

Date of Construction:

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : $40.5 million (estimated replacement
cost)

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership: U.S.

Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.

Natlonality(s) of Management Staff; U.S.

Nationallty(s) of Researchers; U.S., Argentina, Belgium, Canada,
Denmark, England, Finland, France, Israel, Japan, the Federal
Republic of Germany, Lebanon, Mexico, the Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan — 53 users from
18 other countries over three years

Because nuclear physics is an international activity,
with knowledge freely shared among its practitioners, this
laboratory has extensive interactions with people and in-
stitutions in foreign countries.

More than 95 percent of researchers working at DOE
nuclear physics accelerators are from U.S. institutions. On
approximately equal and reciprocal bases, U.S. nuclear sci-
entists use foreign facilities.

In connection with a scientific exchange program with
the Jagellonian University, Cracow, Poland, a 60-inch
diameter scattering chamber was constructed [on a National
Science Foundation (NSF) grant] and moved to the 88-Inch
Cyclotron where it is now in use.

There is a formal exchange agreement between LBL and
CNRS (France); a cooperative research grant with scientists

from Buenos Aires, Argentina (NSF funded); and informal ex-
change arrangements with Grenoble, France; Lanchow, China;
and the Weizmann Institute, Israel.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: Beam time at this

facility is available without charge for the best research
proposals worldwide.

Berkeley, CA., U.S.A.

184-INCH CYCLOTRON

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL)

U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor; Nuclear physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This is a cyclotron with maximum
energy of 730 million electron volts (MeV) for protons and 460
MeV for deuterons. The 184-Inch Cyclotron was transferred to
medical use on June 30, 1975, principally for the clinical
treatment of cancer. It has been particularly successful in the
treatment of occular melanoma.

Date of Construction; Constructed in 1940-46 and 1955-57; it ceased
nuclear physics in 1975

Construction Cost: Original; $3.4 million

1984 $$ ; $18.4 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(8) of Ownership; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers:

Los Alamos, NM. , U.S.A.

CLINTON P. ANDERSON (LOS ALAMOS) MESON PHYSICS FACILITY (LAMPF)
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL)
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor; Nuclear physics

Description of Facility/Instrument; This facility is a high-current,
800 million electron volt (MeV) proton linear accelerator about
one-half mile in length. It provides up to 12 simultaneously
operating secondary beams including neutrons, plons, muons, and
neutrons. The research emphasis is on nulcear structure, mecha-
nisms by which plons and protons react with nuclei, basic particle
interactions, and the fundamental weak interaction. LAMPF con-
currently provides proton beams for weapons nulcear research.

Date of Construction; 1967-1972

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : $250 million (estimated replacement
cost)

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.

Nationality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.

Nationality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.

Nationality(s) of Researchers: U.S., Great Britain, Canada,

France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, Australia,
Bangladesh, the People's Republic of China, Columbia, Cyprus,
Egyptj El Salvador, India, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel,
Italy, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway,
South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, and Taiwan.

Because nulcear physics is an international activity,
with knowledge freely shared among its practitioners, this
laboratory has extensive interactions with people and insti-
tutions in foreign countries.

In 1983-84, a dilution refrigerator and frozen spin
polarized target system for both protons and deuterons has
been provided by the Los Alamos National Laboratory for High
Energy Physics (KEK), Japan for a joint research program on
proton-proton and dueteron-deuteron spin dependent scattering.

In 1985-86, a closed-loop, temperature-controlled,
helium-cooled system for proton radiation effects studies was
provided by KFA, Julich, West Germany, for a joint research
program.

Potential for Future International Cooperation; Beam time at this

facility is available without charge for the best research
propHJsals worldwide.

Oak Ridge, TN., U.S.A.

HOLIFIELD HEAVY ION RESEARCH FACILITY
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor; Nuclear physics

Description of Facility/Instrument; The facility includes a 25 mil-
lion volt electrostatic tandem accelerator and the Oak Ridge
Isochronous Cyclotron. Heavy ion projectiles are used to study
nuclear structure and nuclear behavior under a variety of extreme
conditions such as high excitation energy, large angular momentum,
and mass far from the valley of stability.

Date of Construction: Cyclotron 1959-63, Tandem 1974-81

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ ; $54 million (estimated replacement
cost)

Present International Cooperation

NatlonalityCs) of Ownership; U.S.

Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.

Nationality(s) of Management Staff; U.S.

Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: U.S., France, the United Kingdom,
Israel, Denmark, Sweden, the Federal Republic of Germany,
Taiwan, Iran, Poland, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Malaysia,
the Netherlands, Sri Lanka, Finland, the People's Republic
of China, Algeria, India, Greece, and Australia

Because nuclear physics is an international activity,
with knowledge freely shared among its practitioners, this
laboratory has extensive Interactions with people and insti-
tutions in foreign countries.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: Beam time at this

facility is available without charge for the best research pro-
posals worldwide.

Mlddleton, MA., U.S.A.

BATES LINEAR ACCELERATOR CENTER
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor; Nuclear physics

Description of Facility/Instrument; This facility supplies very high
quality electron beams with energies up to 750 million electron
volts. The beams are generated by a linear accelerator and a
beam recirculation system. The experimental program has centered
on high-preclslon experiments which resolve complicated nuclear
structures. A growing program of coincidence measurements is
addressing a variety of important questions including nuclear
collective motion at high excitation energy, nuclear reaction
mechanisms, and fundamental properties of few-nucleon systems.

Date of Construction; 1966-74

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ; $62 million (estimated replacement
cost)

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership: U.S.

Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.

Natlonality(s) of Management Staff; U.S.

Nationality(s) of Researchers; U.S., Canada, the United Kingdom,

Sweden, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Japan, and

Israel

Because nuclear physics is an International activity,
with knowledge freely shared among its practitioners, this
laboratory has extensive interactions with people and insti-
tutions In foreign countries.

A current collaboration involves investigators from
the University of Alberta, Canada, and from SATURNE in
France. Foreign contribution to detector equipment Includes
a polarization polarlmeter and scintillation detectors.

Potential for Future International Cooperation; Beam time at this
facility is available %rtthout charge for the best research
proposals worldwide.

New Haven, CT., U.S.A.

A. W. WRIGHT NUCLEAR STRUCTURE LABORATORY
Yale University
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor; Nuclear physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This Is a MP class Tandem Van
de Graaff accelerator Improved to 13.5 million volts. The ac-
celerator vrlll be removed from operation In June 1985 to permit
conversion to an ESTU class tandem, operating with terminal
potential up to 22.5 million volts. The Wright Nuclear Structure
Laboratory has a broad program of study of nuclear phenomena
ranging from the most fundamental to highly applied research.

Date of Construction; MP 1962-66, ESTU 1985-86

Construction Cost; 198A $$ : $38 million (estimated replacement
cost)

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(8) of Ownership; U.S.

Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.

Natlonallty(8) of Management Staff; U.S.

Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: A representative list Includes

U.S., Israel, Turkey, Italy, France, the United Kingdom, the
Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands, the People's
Republic of China, Taiwan, Australia, Japan, Canada, Lebanon,
and Ireland

More than 95 percent of researchers working at DOE nu-
clear physics accelerators are from U.S. Institutions. On
approximately equal and reciprocal bases, U.S. nuclear sci-
entists use foreign facilities.

Potential for Future International Cooperation; This facility is
dedicated to the educational use of Yale University.

College Station, TX. , U.S.A.

CYCLOTRON INSTITUTE
Texas A&M University
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor; Nuclear physics

Description of Facility/ Instrument ; This Is a sector-focusing, vari-
able energy cyclotron capable of accelerating protons to energies
as high as 55 million electron volts (MeV), deuterons to 65 MeV,
and ^He and alpha particles to 130 MeV. Intense beams of polar-
ized protons and deuterons can be generated. A broad-based pro-
gram In basic and applied science Is carried out at the Cyclotron
Institute. With $7.25 million added by the State of Texas and
the Welch Foundation In 1982, a K=500 superconducting cyclotron
Is being added as an Injector to the existing cyclotron. The com-
pleted facility Is expected to provide beams of 160 MeV deuterons
and 320 MeV alpha particles and heavy Ion beams up to 60 MeV/AMU
for nuclei less than 20 AMU; up to 40 MeV/AMU for nuclei In the
20 to 40 AMU range; and up to 8 MeV/AMU for nuclei as massive as
136 AMU. The construction period Is 1981 to 1986.

Date of Construction; 1964-67

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : $28 million (estimated replacement
cost plus superconducting cyclotron cost)

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.

Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.

Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff; U.S.

Natlonallty(s) of Researchers; U.S., Canada, France, the Federal
Republic of Germany, Japan, Poland, Chile, Mexico, Italy,
Hungary, Australia, Iran, the Philippines, India, the
People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, Sweden, and Syria

There Is a formal exchange agreement with Japan and an
extensive collaboration with CNRS, France.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: This facility Is
dedicated to the educational use of Texas A&M University.

Newport News, VA. , U.S.A.

CONTINUOUS ELECTRON BEAM ACCELERATOR FACILITY (CEBAF)
Southeastern Universities Research Association (SURA)

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility is planned as a
four GeV electron accelerator.

Date of Construction: Planned

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $225 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: (Currently

Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: not
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff: operating)
Nationality(3) of Researchers :

Geneva, SWITZERLAND

SYNCHRO-CYCLOTRON
CERN

"Big Science" Descriptor; Nuclear physics: light ion facility

Description of Facility/Instrument; This facility is a cyclotron which
accelerates proton beams up to the 600 MeV energy level. It can
accelerate carbon ions up to 86 MeV/ AMU energy level.

Date of Construction: 1957-1974

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: (Multinational)

Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding:
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff:
Natlonallty(8) of Researchers:

Geneva, SWITZERLAND

LOW ENERGY ANTIPROTON RING (LEAR)
CERN

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: light Ion facility

Description of Facility/Instrument: This storage ring accelerates
antlproton beams from 5 MeV to 1,370 MeV energy levels. It

also has a stretcher ring with an acceleration and deceleration

capacity.

Date of Construction: 1982

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: (Multinational)

Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding:

Nationallty(s) of Management Staff:

Nationallty(s) of Researchers:

Vllllgen, SWITZERLAND

SIN

Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: meson facility

Description of Facility/Instrument: In this cyclotron, a proton beam
can be accelerated to the 590 MeV energy level.

Date of Construction: 1974

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: Switzerland
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding: Switzerland
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: Switzerland
Nationallty(8) of Researchers; Switzerland

Saskatoon, CANADA

LINEAR ACCELERATOR
University of Saskatchewan

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: electron facility

Description of Facility/Instrument: This linear accelerator can boost
electron beams up to the 300 MeV energy. It also has a pulse
stretcher ring with an additional 300 MeV capability.

Date of Construction; 1964

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Nationality(s) of Ownership:
Nationality(s ) of Operational Funding:
Nationality (s) of Management Staff:
Nationality (s) of Researchers:

Chalk River, CANADA

SUPERCONDUCTING CYCLOTRON
Chalk River Nuclear Laboratory

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics; heavy ion facility

Description of Facility/Instrument: This superconducting cyclotron
has a tandem injector. It can accelerate ion beams up to the
energy level where K=520.

Date of Construction: 1985

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ ;

Present International Cooperation
Nationality(s) of Ownership;
Nationality (s) of Operational Funding;
Nationality (s) of Mangement Staff:
Nationality (s ) of Researchers:

Vancouver, CANADA

TRIUMF

Tri Universities Meson Facility

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: meson facility

Description of Facility/Instrument; This cyclotron can accelerate a
proton beam to the 520 MeV energy level.

Date of Construction: 1974

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Nationality (s) of Ownership:
Nationality (s) of Operational Funding:
Natlonality(s) of Management Staff:
Nationality (s) of Researchers:

Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA

ELECTROSTATIC MACHINE

National Atomic Energy Commission

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: heavy ion facility

Description of Facility/Instrument: This electrostatic machine has a
potential difference of 20 megawatts.

Date of Construction: 1984

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Natlonallty(s) of Ownership:
Nationality (s) of Operational Funding;
Nationality (s) of Management Staff;
Nationality (s) of Researchers;

Daresbury, ENGLAND, U.K.

ELECTROSTATIC MACHINE

Daresbury Laboratory

Science and Engineering Research Council

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: heavy Ion facility

Description of Facility/Instrument: This electrostatic machine has a
potential difference of 20 megawatts.

Date of Construction: 1 983

Construction Cost: 1984 S$ :

Present International Cooperation
Nationality(s) of Ownership:
Nationality (s) of Operational Funding;
Nationality (s ) of Management Staff:
Nationality(s) of Researchers:

Grenoble, FRANCE

SARA

Institute for Nuclear Science

University of Grenoble

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: heavy ion facility

Description of Facility/Instrument: This is a cyclotron with an injec-
tor. The injector can accelerate ions up to an energy level
where K=90. The cyclotron can accelerate an additional amount
equivalent to K=160.

Date of Construction: 1982

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Nationality(s) of Ownership:
Nationality (s) of Operational Funding:
Nationality (s ) of Management Staff:
Nationality(s) of Researchers:

Gif-8ur-Yvette, FRANCE

ALS

Nuclear Physics Dept. of Saclay

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: electron facility

Description of Facility/Instrument: This linear accelerator can boost
electron beams up to the 720 MeV energy level.

Date of Construction: 1968

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Nationality (s) of Ownership:
Nationality (s) of Operational Funding:
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff:
Nationality (s) of Researchers:

Glf-sur-Yvette, FRANCE

SATURNE-II

Saturne National Laboratory

Nuclear Physics Dept. of Saclay

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: light ion facility

Description of Facility/Instrument: This synchrotron can accelerate
protons in a polarized beam up to the 2.3 GeV energy level. It
also can accelerate carbon and argon ion beams up to the 1.1
GeV /AMU energy level.

Date of Construction: 1977, 1984

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Nationality (s) of Ownership:
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding:
Natlonality(s) of Management Staff:
Nationality (s) of Researchers:

Caen, FRANCE
GANIL
Grand Accelerator National d'lons Lourds

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: heavy Ion facility

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility has twin cyclotrons.
Each has the capability of accelerating Ion beams up to the energy
level where K=IOO. energy

Date of Construction; 1 983

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Nationality (s) of Ownership:
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding;
Nationality (s) of Management Staff;
Nationalitv(s) of Researchers;

Jullch, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

CYCLOTRON

Institute for Nuclear Physics

"Big Science" Descriptor; Nuclear physics: light ion facility

Description of Facility/Instrument; This cyclotron accelerates alphc
particle beams up to the 180 MeV energy level.

Date of Construction: 1969

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ;

Present International Cooperation
Nationality(s) of Ownership:
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding:
Nationality (s) of Management Staff:
Nationality (s> of Researchers;

Bonn, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

LINEAR ACCELERATOR
University of Bonn

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: electron facility

Description of Facility /Instrument: This linear accelerator can boost
electron beams up to the 3.5 GeV energy level. It also has a
pulse stretcher ring.

Date of Construction: 1985

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Nationality (s) of Ownership:
Nationality (s) of Operational Funding:
Nationality(s) of Management Staff:
Nationality (s) of Researchers:

Heidelberg, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

MP-TANDEM

Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: heavy ion facility

Description of Facility/Instrument; This is a tandem electrostatic
machine with a potential difference of 13 megawatts. It also
has a 22.5 megawatt pulsed, room temperature linear accelerator.

Date of Construction: 1982

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Nationality (s) of Ownership:
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding:
Nationality(s) of Management Staff:
Nationality (s) of Researchers;

Darmstadt, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

UNILAC

Institute for Heavy Ion Research

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: heavy ion facility

Description of Facility/Instrument: This linear accelerator can accelerate
uranium Ion beams up to the ten MeV/AMU energy level. It was upgraded
to the 23 MeV/AMU.

Date of Construction: 1975

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Nationality (s) of Ownership:
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding:
Nationality(s) of Management Staff:
Nationality (s) of Researchers:

West Berlin, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

VICKSI

Hahn-Meitner Institute for Nuclear Research

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: heavy ion facility

Description of Facility/Instrument: This cyclotron can accelerate

ions up to energy levels where K=127. Its total energy depends
on the charge and mass of the ion.

Date of Construction: 1977

Construction Cost: 198A $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Nationality(s) of Ownership:
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding:
Nationality (s) of Management Staff:
Nationality (s) of Researchers:

Darmstadt, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

SIS-18

Institute for Heavy Ion Research

"Big Science" Descriptor; Nuclear physics: heavy ion facility

Description of Facility/Instrument: This synchrotron can accelerate

neon ion beams up to 1.9 GeV/AMU; uranium ion beams can be accele-
rated to the 0.9 GeV/ AMU energy level. It also has a pulse
stretcher ring which accelerates neon beams to the 0.5 GeV/AMU
energy level and uranium beams to the 0.3 energy level.

Date of Construction: under construction, due in 1990

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Natlonallty(s) of Ownership:
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding:
Nationality (s) of Management Staff:
Nationallty(s) of Researchers:

Amsterdam, THE NETHERLANDS

NIKHEF

National Institute for Nuclear and High Energy Physics

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: electron facility

Description of Facility/Instrument; This linear accelerator can boost
electron beams up to the 500 MeV energy level.

Date of Construction: 1982

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Nationallty(s) of Ownership:
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding:
Nationality (s) of Management Staff:
Nationality (s) of Researchers:

Gronlngen, THE NETHERLANDS

CYCLOTRON

Nuclear Physics Accelerator Institute

-Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: heavy ion facilities

Description of Facility/Instrument: This cyclotron produces proton
beams which can be accelerated to 55 MeV energy level.

Date of Construction: 1970

Construction Cost: 198A $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Nationality(s) of Ownership:
Nationality (s) of Operational Funding:
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff:
Nationality (s) of Researchers:

Uppsala, SWEDEN

CYCLOTRON
University of Sweden

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: light ion facility

Description of Facility/Instrument: This cyclotron can accelerate
proton beams up to the 200 MeV energy level.

Date of Construction: 1984

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Nationality(s) of Ownership:
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding:
Nationality(s) of Management Staff;
Nationality (s) of Researchers:

100

Milan, ITALY

SUPERCONDUCTING CYCLOTRON
Institute of Physlcs/INFN
University of Milan

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: heavy ion facility

Description of Facility /Instrument: This superconducting cyclotron can
accelerate ion beams up to the energy level where K=800.

Date of Construction: 1985

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Nationality(s) of Ownership:
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding:
Nationality (s) of Management Staff;
Nationality (s) of Researchers;

Padova, ITALY

XTU TANDEM

National Laboratory of Legnaro

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: heavy ion facility

Description of Facility/Instrument: This tandem electrostatic machine
has a 16 megawatt potential difference.

Date of Construction: 1981

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Natlonality(s) of Ownership:
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding:
Nationality (s ) of Management Staff:
Nationality (s) of Researchers:

101

Faure, SOUTH AFRICA

CYCLOTRON

National Accelerator Center

"Big Science" Descriptor; Nuclear physics: light Ion facility

Description of Facility/Instrument; This cyclotron can accelerate

proton beaas up to the 200 MeV energy level. It can accelerate
argon ions up to the 660 MeV energy level.

Date of Construction: 1985

Construction Cost; 198A $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Nationality(s) of Ownership;
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding;
Nationality(s) of Management Staff;
Nationality(s) of Researchers:

Osaka, JAPAN

CYCLOTRON

Research Center for Nuclear Physics

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: light ion facility

Description of Facility/Instrument: This cyclotron can accelerate
alpha particle beams up to the 120 MeV energy level. It can
accelerate nitrogen ion beams up to the 215 MeV level.

Date of Construction; 1974

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ;

Present International Cooperation
Nationality(s) of Ownership;
Nationality (s) Operational Funding:
Natlonality(s) of Management Staff;
Nationality(s) of Researchersl

102

Tokal, JAPAN

ELECTROSTATIC MACHINE

Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: heavy Ion facility

Description of Facility/Instrument: This electrostatic machine has a
potential difference of 20 megawatts.

Date of Construction: 1980

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Nationality(s) of Ownership;
Nationality (s) of Operation Funding;
Nationality (s) of Management Staff:
Nationality (s) of Researchers;

Tokyo, JAPAN

RIKEN

Institute for Physical and Chemical Research

"Big Science" Descriptor; Nuclear physics: heavy ion facility

Description of Facility/Instrument: This cyclotron has a linear

accelerator Injector. It can accelerate ions up to the energy
level where K=520.

Date of Construction; 1984

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ ;

Present International Cooperation
Natlonallty(s) Ownership;
Nationallty(s) Operational Funding;
Nationality (s) Management Staff;
Nationality (s) of Researchers;

103

Tokyo, JAPAN

NU MATRON

Institute for Nuclear Studies

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: heavy ion facility

Description of Facility/Instrument: This synchrotron can accelerate
neon ion beams up to the 1.4 GeV/AMU energy level. Uranium ion
beams can be accelerated to the 1.0 GeV/AMU energy level.

Date of Construction: under construction, due in 1990

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Nationality(s) of Ownership:
Nationality (s) of Operational Funding:
Nationality (s) of Management Staff:
Nationality (s) of Researchers:

Lanzhov, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

CYCLOTRON

Lanzhov Institute of Modern Physics

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: heavy ion facility

Description of Facility/Instrument: This is a cyclotron with an
injector. The injector can accelerate ions up to the energy
level where K=69. The cyclotron can accelerate an additional
amount equivalent to K=450.

Date of Construction: under construction, due In 1987

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Nationality (s) of Ownership:
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding:
Nationality (s) of Management Staff:
Nationality (s) of Researchers:

104

Gatchlna, U.S.S.R.

CYCLOTRON

Leningrad Nuclear Physics Institute

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: light ion facility

Description of Facility/Instrument: This cyclotron can accelerate
proton beams up to the one GeV energy level.

Date of Construction: 1967

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Nationality(s) of Ownership:
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding:
Nationality (s) of Management Staff:
Nationality (s) of Researchers:

Dubna, U.S.S.R.

SYNCHROPHASATRON

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: light ion facility

Description of Facility/Instrument: This synchrotron can accelerate
proton beams up to the four GeV energy level. It can accelerate
carbon ions up to the four GeV/AMU energy level.

Date of Construction: 1957

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Nationality (s) of Ownership:
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding:
Nationality (s) of Management Staff:
Nationallty(s) of Researchers:

105

Dubna, U.S.S.R.

CYCLOTRON

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: heavy ion facility

Description of Facility/Instrument: This cyclotron can accelerate
ion beams up to the 23 MeV/AMU energy levels.

Date of Construction: 1980

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Nationality(s) of Ownership;
Nationality (s) of Operational Funding:
Nationality(s) of Management Staff:
Nationality (s) of Researchers;

Moscow, U.S.S.R.

LINEAR ACCELERATOR

Institute for Nuclear Research

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics; meson facility

Description of Facility/Instrument; This linear accelerator includes

a pulse storage ring facility. The proton beam can be accelerated

up to the 600 MeV energy level. It Includes a pulse storage rlne
facility. *

Date of Construction: under construction, due in 1986
Construction Cost; 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation
Nationality(s) of Ownership:
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding;
Nationality(s) of Management Staff:
Nationality (s) of Researchers;

APPENDIX 4
FUSION FACILITIES

In the magnetic-confinement fusion program, there is a strong
evolution of projects. If an initial project works well and it ad-
vances to its next step, it may well incorporate much of the initial
hardware. Each new step may not be considered to be a new device,
even though the name has been modified, since it may involve the
same people, the same basic facility, the same location, the same
general purpose, and much of the same hardware. As a consequence,
in this appendix, the evolution of a specific facility is treated as
one facility rather than several and is described briefly.

These programs in magnetic-confinement fusion involve a wide
variety of international activities including informal information
exchange, informal collaboration by researchers, and formal umbrella
agreements which allow the countries involved to carry out specific
technical projects, such as joint funding of research and hardware.
While each of the programs is involved in some or all of these actl-
ties, the role and level of involvement varies from program to program
and evolves according to scientific need and economic and political
conditions both in the United States and abroad. Since there are so
many factors involved, it is difficult to project the potential for
international cooperation on a facility-by-faclllty basis.

In general, the dollar values given for the magnetic-confinement
fusion facilities are estimates of the equivalent U.S. replacement
values, that is, estimates of what it would cost in 1984 dollars to
build the same facility in the United States. The estimates have been
obtained from staff members of the Department of Energy who have first-
hand knowledge of the facility and from people in the field who have
been involved in building the facility, or a similar facility, as
would be the case with foreign facilities. Estimates have been used
rather than published construction costs because, for several reasons,
the published figures do not reflect the true cost of the facility.
One reason is that the published figures do not Include the value of
the elements carried over from the previous device, which is usually
substantial, nor are the published figures updated to include addi-
tions such as new diagnostics or more neutral beam power. Also, for
the smaller foreign devices, the actual construction costs could not
be found .

(107)

108

There are four cases, however, where published figures rather
than estimates, are given In this appendix. These are three of the
four major tokamak. facilities In the world: the Tokamak Fusion Test
Reactor at Princeton (U.S.), the Joint European Torus (European Com-
munity), and JT-60 (Japan); and the major mirror facility, the Mirror
Fusion Test Faclllty-B at Llvermore (U.S.). In these cases, the
Department of Energy reported the actual or planned costs. For the
foreign facilities, however, there may be some expenses which have
not been reported, but these are not more than ten percent of the
total.

The ability to provide cost estimates for foreign magnetic-con-
finement fusion facilities also varies from program to program and by
facility. The more significant factor, however, is that funding infor-
mation for foreign facilities Is not generally comparable to U.S. cost
estimates because foreign estimates generally include only the cost of
construction materials but not the cost of construction manpower.
Estimates of U.S. construction costs include both.

The information in this appendix on magnetic-confinement and
initial-confinement fusion facilities was supplied by the Department
of Energy in April and May 1985.

109

Princeton, NJ., U.S.A.

PRINCETON LARGE TORUS (PLT)

Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL)

U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Magnetic fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument; PLT is a medium-sized tokamak

device. Its primary objective has been to determine how plasma
parameters scale with device size and heating power. Auxiliary
heating and radio frequency systems were added subsequently.
The present objective of PLT is to investigate ion cycloton
radio frequency (ICRF) heating and lower hybrid current drive.

Date of Construction: 1975

Constructed Cost: 1984 $$ : $50-$70 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality (s) of Ownership: U.S.

Nationality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.

Nationality (s) of Management Staff: U.S.

Nationality (s) of Researchers: U.S., although individual

scientists, as well as teams from foreign programs, have
participated in PLT throughout the year.

110

Princeton, NJ., U.S.A.

PRINCETON BETA EXPERIMENT (PBX)

Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL)

U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor; Magnetic fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument: This was known previously as the
Pololdal Dlvertor Experiment (PDX). The PDX was constructed
as a mainline tokamak device In which impurity ions were to
be removed by magnetically diverting such ions Into a collection
chamber (separated from the plasma). Other objectives were
to investigate impurity control by experimenting with different
startup modes and to evaluate the stability of a D-shaped plasma.

After successfully completing its mission, the device was
modified to Investigate high beta operation in highly shaped
plasmas. Current experiments Involve using a "bean"-shaped
plasma.

Date of Construction: PDX-1979, PBX-1984

Construction Cost: 198A $$ : $50-$70 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
NatiomalityCs) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Ill

Princeton, NJ. , U.S.A.

TOKAMAK FUSION TEST REACTOR (TFTR)
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL)
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor; Magnetic fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument: The TFTR is the major U.S.

tokamak scaling experiment. It has been designed to produce
fusion energy at the breakeven level, using a deuterium-tritium
plasma. One outstanding feature of the experiment is that it
has 30 megawatts of neutral beam power for plasma heating. The
experiment will be used to study the physics of breakeven plasmas
and the engineering aspects of deuterium-tritium operation with
power densities approaching those required for a working reactor.

Date of Construction; 1982

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : $681 million in current year dollars

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership; U.S.

Nationality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.

Nationality (s) of Management Staff; U.S.

Nationality(s) of Researchers; U.S., although individuals from
Japan, the European Community, and the U.S.S.R. have parti-
cipated in experiments on TFTR.

Other Information: Construction on the main TFTR facility began in
1976 and was completed in 1982 with the start of operations.
During the operational phase, additional capacity has been added
to reach full capability. These additions will be completed
in 1986. The peak construction years were 1979-1983. The cost
of $681 million is given in actual (that is, year of expenditure)
dollars and includes all (either incurred or planned and approved)
costs associated with the facility, including R&D, up through
1986.

112

San Diego, CA. , U.S.A.

DOUBLET III-D

GA Technologies, Inc.

U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Magnetic fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument; This facility was known formerly

as Doublet III. Doublet III is a major tokamak facility initiated
to investigate the confinement characteristics and beta limits
of doublet-shaped plasmas. Doublet IIl-D is an upgrade which
will explore the properties of highly shaped, high beta plasmas
with low aspect ratios.

Date of Construction;; 1978 for Doublet III, 1986 for Doublet III-D

Construction Cost; 198A $$ ; $175-$225 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding:

U.S.

Natlonality(s) of Management Staff; U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Researchers; U.S. -Japan

A major part of the Doublet program has been accomplished
in collaboration with the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute
(JAERI). A five-year agreement which was initiated in August
1979 provided for a major upgrading of the base Doublet III
capability, and for an equal sharing of the experimental time
between the U.S. and JAERI physics teams. The collaboration
has proceeded well, with both experimental teams having obtained
Important new results. An extension of the five-year agreement
which started in September 1984 has provided for continued parti-
cipation of several JAERI scientists per year In Doublet III
experiments as equal members of a single scientific team. At
present, the Japanese have contributed about $70 million to
the collaborative effort, of which $55 million is hardware,
and the rest is operating expenses. In addition, the Japanese
have provided about 25 percent of the scientific manpower on the
experiment .

113

Boston, MA. , U.S.A.

ALCATOR C

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Magnetic fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument: Alcator C Is a small, high field
tokamak. The high field allows it to achieve high densities
and good confinement. It currently holds the record for the
product of density and confinement time for all magnetic confine-
ment devices. In recent years it has explored the plasma-RF
radiation interaction and pellet injector tokamak fueling.

Date of Construction: 1978

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $20-$30 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality (s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Other Information: Alcator is now being used as a test bed for the
plasma physics and radio frequency (RF) techniques for the
proposed compact copper ignition device.

114

Oak Ridge, TN., U.S.A.

IMPURITY STUDIES EXPERIMENT - B (ISX-B)
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Magnetic fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument: ISX-B was a small tokamak. It
was designed to study techniques to control impurities. It
was later modified to investigate the stability and transport
of noncircular, high beta plasmas. Significant contributions
were made by the ISX group toward the understanding of the
tokamak beta limit and the energy confinement during neutral
beam auxiliary heating

Date of Construction: 1978, decommissioned in 1984

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $20-$30 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality (s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality (s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationality (s) of Researchers: U.S.

Other Information: ISX-B in its last year was the site of the Joint
European Torus (JET) beryllium test. In this test, ISX-B suc-
cessfully showed that beryllium could be used as a limiter ma-
terial in a neutral beam heated tokamak. This test was performed
under contract to the JET undertaking.

See also JOINT EUROPEAN TORUS (JET).

115

Llvermore, CA. , U.S.A.

TANDEM MIRROR EXPERIMENT UPGRADE (TMX-U)
Lawrence Llvermore National Laboratory (LLNL)
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Magnetic fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument: The objective of TMX~U Is to test
the basic principles of a thermal barrier tandem mirror. The
TMX-U mirror device uses, as basic elements, two mirror cells
placed at either end of a central cell. The mirrors act as
"plugs" to Increase the plasma confinement time in the central
cell. A region known as the thermal barrier is also created
in the plug to isolate electrons in the plug from the center
cell. This thermal barrier helps to increase plugging. Scaling
of the thermal barrier tandem mirror will be tested in the
Mirror Fusion Test Facility (MFTF-B), see next page.

Date of Construction: 1978 for TMX, 1980 for TMX-U

Construction Cost: Original: $20 million

1984 $$ : $40 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.

Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.

Nationality (s) of Management Staff: U.S.

Nationality (s) of Researchers: U.S., although there has been

modest International collaboration on this device, approxi-
mately one man-year per year. It has been primarily with
the Japanese and to a lesser extent with the Soviets.

Other Information: The project originated in 1978 as TMX (Tandem

Mirror Experiment) at a cost of about $20 million (1978 dollars).
Because of successful results, it was modified in 1980 to TMX-U
(Tandem Mirror Experiment Upgrade) at a cost of about $20 million
(1980 dollars). Since then, there have been a few minor addi-
tions in the areas of pumping power and diagnostics. The current
estimated cost (1984 dollars) for the facility is approximately
$40 million, which Includes the cost of TMX-U, the parts retained
from TMX (about $10 million), and various additions.

116

Livermore, CA. , U.S.A.

MIRROR FUSION TEST FACILITY (MFTF-B)
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Magnetic fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument: The MFTF-B will be the world's
largest tandem mirror experimental fusion device, and it will
be utilized to investigate the physics and engineering perfor-
mance of thermal barrier tandem mirror confinement systems. It
will extend the plasma performance parameters of density, tem-
perature, and confinement into the near reactor regime.

Date of Construction: 1988

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $420 million at completion In current
year dollars

Present International Cooperation

Nationality (s) of Ownership: U.S.

Nationality (s) of Operational Funding: U.S. (planned)
Nationality (s) of Management Staff: U.S. (planned)
Nationality (s) of Researchers: U.S. (planned)

Other Information: MFTF began in 1978 as a single cell mirror and was
changed to a tandem mirror (MFTF-B) in 1980.

117

Oak Ridge, TN. , U.S.A.

ADVANCED TOROIDAL FACILITY (ATF)
Oak. Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Magnetic fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument: ATF Is a torsatron stellarator.
Its purpose is to investigate plasma behavior at high toroidal
beta under "steady-state" conditions and to explore a high beta
mode known as the "second stability" regime.

Date of Construction: 1987

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $50-$70 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.

Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S. (planned)
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S. (planned)
Nationality(8) of Researchers: U.S. (planned)

Potential for Future International Cooperation: ATF is the U.S.

facility from which active collaboration is based in the stel-
larator area. The United States is now completing negotiations
on two agreements formalizing productive work in this field.
One is an International Energy Agency agreement with the European
Community (specifically with the Federal Republic of Germany)
and the other Is an agreement with Spain.

118

Los Alamos, MM., U.S.A.

SCYLLAC

Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL)

U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor; Magnetic fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument: Scyllac was a high beta theta
pinch stellarator. It was designed to achieve betas of one,
and confinement times of 50 microseconds.

Date of Construction: 1972, decommissioned 1977

Constitution Cost; 1984 $$ : $10 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.

Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.

NatlonalityCs) of Management Staff: U.S.

Nationality(s) of Researchers; U.S. There was collaboration
between the United States and the Federal Republic of
Germany on Scyllac. There was one long-term visit to the
United States and several exchanges that lasted for a
few weeks.

Other Information: Scyllac was shut down in 1977 after the con-
figuration was deemed to be unworkable at the reactor level,
and the physics results were not promising.

119

Princeton, NJ., U.S.A.

C-STELLARATOR

Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL)

U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Magnetic fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument: C-Stellarator was a medium-sized,
racetrack-shaped stellarator.

Date of Construction; 1965, decommissioned 1970

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $30-$40 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality (s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality (s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality(s ) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationality (s) of Researchers: U.S.

Other Information: This machine was converted to the ST tokamak in
1970, after the very promising experimental results of the
U.S.S.R. tokamak program became known. ST has been replaced
with a number of medium-sized tokamaks.

120

Oak Ridge, TN., U.S.A.

INTERNATIONAL FUSION SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC TEST FACILITY (IFSMTF)
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Magnetic fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument; This is a facility to evaluate
the performance features of six large-scale superconducting
magnets designed and manufactured by both U.S. and foreign
industrial concerns. The magnets are arranged in a toroidal
array in the IFSMTF and tested individually and collectively
to investigate scalable magnetic coupling effects and forces
on the coil structures and the superconductors.

Date of Construction: 1983

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $36 million in current year dollars

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership; U.S. ovms and operates the facility;

three coils are foreign-owned.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff; U.S. (International Executive

Committee for the Large Coil Task)
Nationality(s) of Researchers: U.S., Japan, Switzerland, EURATOM

The IFSMTF at ORNL is one of two major interrelated
tasks under the Large Coil Test (LCT) organized in 1977
as an international cooperative program to develop, test,
and demonstrate steady-state 8 Tesla field superconducting
magnet coils. The other task under the LCT is the design
and manufacture of six large superconducting coils which
will be tested in the facility. Three of the large coils
are fabricated by U.S. industry and three by foreign par-
ticipants (Japan, Switzerland, EURATOM) under the formal
International Energy Agency agreement.

The total cost of the six coils is estimated to be
$6-$7 million, which includes the costs of development.

121

Culham, ENGLAND, UK.

JOINT EUROPEAN TORUS (JET)

Culham

EURATOM and the European Community

"Big Science" Descriptor: Magnetic fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument: JET is the world's largest

tokamak. It is designed to achieve reactor grade plasmas in
order to provide the information necessary to build the Next
European Tokamak (NET). It is equipped with 20 megawatts of ion
cyclotron radio frequency (ICRF) heating and 15 megawatts of
neutral beam heating. It also is designed with a tritium handling
capability. If the plasma conditions are sufficient, this cap-
ability will be used to create deuterium-tritium plasmas,
which will make it possible to study alpha particle effects.

Date of Construction; 1983

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ; $660 million in current dollars

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership; European Community
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: European Community
Nationallty(3) of Management Staff; European Community
Nationality(s) of Researchers: European Community. At present,

the U.S. collaboration with JET has been limited to exchanges
of information and personnel. The personnel exchanges have
been at the two to three man-years per year rate.

JET represents a major triumph of international col-
laboration in fusion. The ten member states of the European
Community were able to develop a coordinated approach to
their next major step, and conceived a Joint Undertaking for
the JET project.

Other Information; Construction of JET began in 1977 and will end in
1987 when full capability is achieved. The total budgeted con-
struction cost is 533 million ECUs . Most of the funds were spent
between 1978 and 1983. The DOE estimate of the cost in current
(that is, year of expenditure) U.S. dollars is $660 million. The
cost figures for JET may not Include all of the commissioning and
R&D costs.

122

Cadarache, FRANCE

TORE SUPRA

Cen De Cadarache

French Atomic Energy Commission and EURATOM

"Big Science" Descriptor: Magnetic fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument: Tore Supra Is a medium-sized

tokamak which uses superconducting colls to achieve long-pulse
operation. This long-pulse length will allow the project to
study steady-state problems that will be appropriate to the
Next European Tokamak (NET): current drive, current ramp.
Inductive heating recharge, particle removal, and steady-state
heating and profile control.

Date of Construction; 1988

Construction Cost: 198A $$ : $200-$250 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: France

Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: France and EURATOM

(planned)
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: France (planned)
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: France (planned)

Potential for Future International Cooperation: Since the machine Is
under construction, there Is no experimental collaboration.
However, the United States Is now negotiating participation In
the development of a number of pieces of equipment for the device.
These Include developing a steady-state pellet Injector, de-
veloping ergodlc pumped llmlters, and developing the radio fre-
quency (RF) systems. At present, $600,000 to $1 million Is
budgeted In FY86 to achieve work In these areas that could be
best done In collaboration with Tore Supra.

123

Juellch, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

TEXTOR

KFA-Juellch

Federal Republic of Germany and EURATOM

"Big Science" Descriptor: Magnetic fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument: TEXTOR is a medium-sized tokamak.
Its main objectives are to study the plasma wall interaction and
create the data base in this area that will be required for de-
signing the Next European Tokamak (NET). TEXTOR has been built
so that the liner can be quickly removed and replaced.

Date of Construction: 1981

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : $50 to $70 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership: Federal Republic of Germany
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: Federal Republic of

Germany and EURATOM
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: Federal Republic of Germany
Natlonalicy(s) of Researchers: Federal Republic of Germany. At

present, the United States is spending about $1.2 million for
collaboration on TEXTOR. There are also exchanges of per-
sonnel that total about four to five man-years of effort
per year. Most of this effort is directed toward the ad-
vanced limiter test (ALT) pumped llmiter experiments
ALT-I and ALT-II.

124

Garchlng, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

ASDEX

Institute of Plasma Physics

Federal Republic of Germany and EURATOM

"Big Science" Descriptor: Magnetic fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument: ASDEX is a medium-sized tokamak.
Its primary objective is to study the effect that a poloidal
divertor has on the plasma. ASDEX has three megawatts of ion
cyclotron radio frequency (ICRF) and three megawatts of neutral
beam heating- The ASDEX group had made significant contributions
to the understanding and enhancement of tokamak performance. It
was the first device to achieve performance with auxiliary heating
that was comparable to performance with ohmlc heating.

Date of Construction; 1979

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ; $50-$70 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership; Federal Republic of Germany
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: Federal Republic of Germany
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: Federal Republic of Germany
Nationallty(s) of Researchers: Federal Republic of Germany. The

United States supports exchanges of people with ASDEX at the

three to four man-years per year rate.

Potential for Future International Cooperation; The United States and
the European Community /Federal Republic of Germany are now com-
pleting negotiations for a formal collaborative agreement on the
use of this facility. The United States currently has $1 million
budgeted for collaboration.

125

Garchlng, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

ASDEX-UPGRADE

Institute of Plasma Physics

Federal Republic of Germany and EURATOM

"Big Science" Descriptor: Magnetic fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument: ASDEX-Upgrade is a medium-sized
tokamak. It Is currently under construction and will replace
ASDEX when it becomes operational. Its objective is to develop
the pololdal dlvertor physics data base needed to design the Next
European Tokamak (NET).

Date of Construction: 1988

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $80-$100 million

Present International Cooperation

NationalityCs) of Ownership: Federal Republic of Germany
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: Federal Republic of Germany

and EURATOM (planned)
Nationality(s) of Management Staff; Federal Republic of Germany

(planned)
Nationality(s) of Researchers: Federal Republic of Germany

(planned)

Potential for Future International Cooperation: There is an agreement
pending for U.S. collaboration. The United States and the Euro-
pean Community/Federal Republic of Germany are now completing
negotiations for a formal collaborative agreement on the use of
this facility. The funding for this collaboration will be about
$1 million per year.

126

Garchlng, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

WENDELSTEIN VII AS

Institute of Plasma Physics

Federal Republic of Germany and EURATOM

"Big Science" Descriptor: Magnetic fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument: Wendelstein VII AS is a medium-
sized stellarator. One of the main difficulties with stellarators
is their complicated system of continuous helical coils. The
objective of Wendelstein VII AS is to determine if a stellarator
built with modular colls can achieve results comparable to stel-
larators built with continuous helical coils. Modular coils would
greatly increase the attractiveness of the stellarator concept as
a fusion energy source.

Date of Construction; 1988

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $50-$70 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: Federal Republic of Germany
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: Federal Republic of Germany

and EURATOM (planned)
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff: Federal Republic of Germany

(planned)
Natlonality(s) of Researchers: Federal Republic of Germany

(planned)

Potential for Future International Cooperation; At present , the ex-
changes of personnel with Wendelstein VII total between one to two
man-years per year. It is planned to continue this level of col-
laboration when Wendelstein VII AS replaces Wendelstein VII in
1988.

127

Naka, JAPAN

JT-60

Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute ( JAERI)-Naka

Japanese Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI)

"Big Science" Descriptor: Magnetic fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument; JT-60 Is one of the four largest
tokamaks in the world. A feature that Is unique to JT-60 Is Its
outboard pololdal dlverter. It Is equipped with neutral beams,
Ion cyclotron radio frequency (ICRF), and lower hybrid current
drive and heating. This makes Its auxiliary heating systems the
most extensive of all the large tokamaks. JT-60 is also the only
large tokamak that is capable of doing noninductlve current
drive. On the other hand, it is not equipped to handle tritium,
which means that the Japanese will have to rely on JET and TFTR
(discussed previously) for their alpha particle physics.

Date of Construction; 1985

Construction Cost; $947 million in current year dollars

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: Japan
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: Japan
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff: Japan

Natlonallty(s) of Researchers; Japan. At present, there is less
than one man-year in personnel exchanges with JT-60.

Other Information: Construction on JT-60 began In 1978 and will be com-
pleted in 1985. Most of the funds for construction were spent
between 1980 and 1983. The budgeted cost of the facility in
current (year of expenditure) funds is 270 billion yen. There
may be some expenditures not included in this sum, but they are
minor. DOE's estimate of the cost in current U.S. dollars is
$947 million.

128

Tokal, JAPAN

JFT-2M

Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI)-Tokal

Japanese Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI)

"Big Science" Descriptor; Magnetic fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument: JFT-2M Is a medium-sized tokamak.
It serves as a test bed for the radio frequency (RF) heating and
current drive that Is to be used In JT-60. It Is similar in size
and research program to PLT in the United States.

Date of Construction; 1982

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : $30-$50 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership: Japan
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding; Japan
NationalityCs) of Management Staff; Japan
Nationality(s) of Researchers; Japan

Tsukuba, JAPAN

GAMMA 10

Plasma Research Center

Monbusho

"Big Science" Descriptor; Magnetic fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument; GAMMA 10 is the Japanese thermal
barrier tandem mirror experiment. Its parameters are comparable
to TMX-U in the U.S. program. GAMMA 10 is different from TMX-U
in that its end plugs have more axlsymmetry, which Is expected to
Increase radical confinement. On the other hand, the end plugs
are larger than the TMX-U end plugs, and this is a disadvantage.

Date of Construction; 1982

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : $30 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership; Japan
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding: Japan
Natlonality(s) of Management Staff; Japan
Nationality(s) of Researchers: Japan

In designing GAMMA 10, the Japanese collaborated with
scientists from the U.S. mirror program because of their
experience in designing TARA and TMX-U.

129

Kyoto, JAPAN

HELIOTRON-E

Kyoto Dniverslty Plasma Physics Laboratory

Moabusho

"Big Science" Descriptor: Magnetic fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument: Hellotron-E is a medium-sized stel-
larator. It uses neutral beams and gyrotrons to heat the plasma
and Initiate the discharge. It is the first stellarator to initiate
discharge without using any inductive current drive.

Date of Construction: 1980

Construction Cost; 198A $$ : $40-$60 million

Present International Cooperation

NationalityCs) of Ownership: Japan
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: Japan
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: ^Japan

Natlonality(8) of Researchers: Japan. DOE supports personnel ex-
changes at the rate of one to two man-years per year.

Other Info mat ion; This machine complements the new U.S. stellarator
(ATF) being built at Oak Ridge, TN.

130

Moscow, U.S.S.R.

T-10

Kurchatov Institute

"Big Science" Descriptor; Magnetic fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument: T-10 Is a medium-sized tokamak.
It was one of the first medium-sized tokamaks In the world. It
uses gyrotrons to heat the plasma. Its objectives are to explore
high temperature, well confined plasmas and to create the data
base needed for the U.S.S.R. 's next step.

Date of Construction: 1976

Construction Cost; 198A $$ ; $50-$70 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership; U.S.S.R.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.S.R.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff; U.S.S.R.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers; U.S.S.R.

Potential for Future International Cooperation; The United States has
an exchange agreement with the U.S.S.R. The U.S. Dept. of Energy
has sent delegations of five to ten people to review T-lO results.
These exchanges last up to two weeks at a time, but do not occur
every year. This year an exchange of five to seven people Is
planned to study the latest T-10 results.

131

Moscow, U.S.S.R.

T-15

Kurchatov Institute

"Big Science" Descriptor: Magnetic fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument: T-15 Is one of the four largest

tokamaks In the world. Its principal unique feature Is Its super-
conducting toroidal field colls. In spite of the coils being
superconducting, T-15 will not be a long-pulse or steady-state
machine. It will have neutral beams and 90 GHz gyrotrons for
heating. It will continue the investigations of T-10 and try to
achieve reactor grade plasmas.

Date of Construction: 1987

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $400-$600 million

Present International Cooperation

Itetionality(s) of Ownership: U.S.S.R.

Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: D.S.S.R. (planned)
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.S.R. (planned)
Nationality(s) of Researchers: U.S.S.R. (planned)

Potential for Future International Cooperation; The United States and
the U.S.S.R. have an exchange agreement that allows the United
States to send delegations to review the technical work and results.

132

Livermore, CA. , U.S.A.

HIGH-ENERGY LASER FACILITY ("NOVA")
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Inert lal-conflneraent fusion

Description of Facility/ Instrument : NOVA is a ten-beam, high-energy

(70-100 kilo joule) , short-pulse neodymlura glass system and target
chamber. NOVA operates at the second harmonic, but can. In
principle, be converted to third and fourth harmonic operation
with some degradation in beam energy. NOVA is, at present and
for the foreseeable future, the world's most powerful laser
system.

Date of Construction: December 1984

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : $221 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: Unknown. The
laboratory director recently stated before a congressional
committee that the laboratory has not as yet explored the
potential for wider use of the facility beyond its designated
role as an Inertlal-conf inement fusion and weapons physics
research facility.

133

Albuquerque, NM. , U.S.A.

PARTICLE BEAM FUSION ACCELERATOR II (PBFA II)
Sandla National Laboratories
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Inertlal-conf inement fusion

Deticrlption of Facility/ Instrument ; PBFA II Is a pulse power generator
rated at about 3.3 mega Joules delivered to the diode. Present
plans are to operate the machine as a lithium ion accelerator
for focusing experiments and possible target experiments.

Date of Construction; under construction, due in 1986

Construction Cost; 198A $$ ; $45.3 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: None at this time.

134

Albuquerque, NM. , U.S.A.

ELECTRON BEAM FUSION ACCELERATOR
Sandia National Laboratories
U.S. Dept . of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Inertial-confinement fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility is a pulse power
generator rated at about one megajoule at the diode, where
the energy was originally designed to emerge as a beam of
electrons focused in a small spot size. After 1980, the diode
design was changed to emit pos-itive ions (protons) and the
voltage has been raised to permit experiments with lithium
ions. The facility is scheduled to be converted in 1986 to a
weapons effects simulator.

Date of Construction: 1980

Construction Cost: Original : $13.5 million

1984 $$ : $19 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s ) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality(s ) of Management Staff: U. S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers: uTs.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: None.

135

Rochester, NY., U.S.A.

NATIONAL LASER USERS FACILITY ("OMEGA")
Laboratory for Laser Energetics
University of Rochester

"Big Science" Descriptor: Inert lal -confinement fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument; A 24-beam high-energy (one to two
kllojoule), short-pulse neodymlum glass laser system is housed
in the laboratory. The laser is U.S. Government property, the
laboratory that of the University provided by the State of
New York. The laser recently has been converted to operate at
the third harmonic. Work is funded by the U.S. Department of
Energy as well as by a consortium of industrial and utility
sponsors. In addition, the DOE funds experiments by selected
users.

Date of Construction: 1982

Construction Cost:

Original:
1984 $$ :

$20.1 million
$31.3 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality(8) of Management Staff; U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: mainly U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: Substantial, although
the facility is rather specialized. A number of non-fusion ex-
periments have been done and many more could be done given
funding and Interest among researchers.

136

Los Alamos, NM., U.S.A.

HIGH-ENERGY LASER FACILITY ("ANTARES")
Los Alamos National Laboratory
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Inertlal-confinement fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument: ANTARES Is a high-energy (35
kilo joule), short-pulse carbon dioxide laser, consisting of
two power amplifier modules of 12 beams each. The facility
consists of the laser, a target chamber and beam turning and
focusing system, an office, and a warehouse space. The facility
cost is that of all the buildings and equipment.

Date of Construction: September 1983

Construction Cost;

Original :
1984 $$ :

$62.5 million
$82.5 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding;

U.S.

Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation; Essentially none.
The laser system is located in and used by the nuclear weapon
research and development program at Los Alamos.

137

Llvermore, CA. , U.S.A.

HIGH-ENERGY LASER FACILITY ("SHIVA")
Lawrence Llvermore National Laboratory
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Inertlal-conflnement fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument; SHIVA was a 20-beam neodymium
glass laser used for Inertlal fusion target experiments and
related research within the AEC-ERDA-DOE nuclear weapons
programs.

Date of Construction; Commissioned in October 1977 and
decommissioned in December 1980

Construction Cost:

Original:
1984 $$ ;

$25 million
$37 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: (Currently

Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: not
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: operating)
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers :

138

Osaka, JAPAN

GEKKO XII GLASS LASER SYSTEM
Osaka University

"Big Science" Descriptor: Inert ial-confineraent fusion

Description of Facility/Instrument; GEKKO XII is a 12-beani 20
kilojoule/40 tetrawatts neodymium glass laser system with
two separate target experimental rooms. Beams are switched
to the two experimental areas, permitting overlapping experi-
ments. Target chamber 1 is equipped for uniform irradiation
by 12 beams at 1.053 microns or 0.526 microns of spherical
targets. Target chamber 2 is equipped to irradiate flat
plate targets in a 100-degree cone. The system with target
chamber 1 is roughly comparable to the OMEGA laser system at
the Unviersity of Rochester.

Date of Construction; 1984

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ;

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership: Japan
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: Japan
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: Japan
Nationality(s) of Researchers: mostly Japan

Potential for Future International Cooperation; Probably large,
although U.S. classification rules and policy on cooperation
in inertial fusion would severely Inhibit cooperation from
U.S. Inertial Fusion Program laboratory groups.

139

Harwell, ENGLAND, U.K.

CENTRAL LASER FACILITY ("VULCAN")

Rutherford Appleton Laboratory

Science and Engineering Research Council

"Big Science" Descriptor: Laser research

Description of Facility/Instrument; The main Instrument Is a large
neodymlum-doped glass laser which was upgraded In 1980-81 to
provide a range of wavelengths by harmonic generation in non-
linear crystals. As such, it was the first multi-beam com-
pression facility capable of operating at more than one wave-
length.

Date of Construction; 1976; upgraded in 1981

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ;

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: U.K.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding; U.K.
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff: U.K.
Natlonality(s) of Researchers; U.K.

APPENDIX 5

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FACILITIES

These programs carry out a wide variety of international activi-
ties including informal information exchange, informal collaboration
by researchers, and formal umbrella agreements which allow the coun-
tries involved to carry our specific technical projects such as joint
funding of research and hardware. While each of the programs is in-
volved in some or all of these activities, the role and level of in-
volvement varies from program to program and evolves according to
scientific need and economic and political conditions both in the
United States and abroad. Since there are so many factors involved,
it is difficult to project the potential for international coopera-
tion on a facility-facility-basis.

The ability to provide cost estimates for foreign facilities
also varies from program to program and by facility. The more signi-
ficant factor, however, is that funding information for foreign fa-
cilities is not generally comparable to U.S. cost estimates because
foreign estimates generally include only the cost of construction
materials but not the cost of construction manpower. Estimates of
U.S. construction costs include both.

In addition to the facilities included in this appendix, which
are believed to be the main ones, there are several other synchrotron
sources being planned and at various stages of approval. These in-
clude ones at Grenoble, France, which is a combined European effort
(5 GeV); the People's Republic of China (2.8 GeV); the U.S.S.R. (2.5
GeV); Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (1.3 GeV); Taiwan (1.0 GeV); and
India (0.8 GeV).

The information in this appendix was supplied by the Department
of Energy, April 16, 1985, and by the National Bureau of Standards,
April 1985.

(141)

142

Gaithersburg, MD., U.S.A.

NBS RESEARCH REACTOR (NBSR)

Center for Materials Science

National Bureau of Standards (NBS), U.S. Dept . of Commerce

"Big Science" Descriptor: Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument; The NBSR Is a national center for
the development and application of neutron methods in materials
science, chemistry, physics, biology, and radiation standards.
The NBSR is a high-performance 20 megawatt research reactor.
It runs 24 hours per day and has 25 major experimental facilities
which are widely used each year by 250 scientists and engineers
from NBS, industries, and universities. The NBSR is installing
the largest cold neutron source in the country and is planning a
n€w center for cold neutron research with 15 instruments to serve
U.S. needs in these research areas.

Date of Construction; Operational December 1967

Construction Cost: Original: $12 million

1984 $$ : $110 million (including instruments)

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.

Nationality(8) of Operational Funding: U.S.

Nationallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.

Nationality(s) of Researchers: Many foreign visitors engaged in
cooperative research; cooperative R&D agreement between
NBS and the Institut Laue-Langevin (French, German, British
Reactor Center at Grenoble).

Potential for Future International Cooperation: Initiated in 1984.
Significant potential for mutual, cost-effective R&D on neutron
research instrumentation with the Institut Laue-Langevin and
other French and German centers, which will enhance capabilities
at all neutron centers.

143

Cambridge, MA., U.S.A.

FRANCIS BITTER NATIONAL MAGNET LABORATORY (NML)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology

"Big Science" Descriptor: Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument: The National Magnet Laboratory pro-
vides high field facilities for experiments In solid state and low
temperature physics, atomic and molecular physics, chemistry,
materials research, magnet engineering, and materials research.

Date of Construction: 1960

Construction Cost; 198A $$ : more than $50 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff; U.S.

Nationality (s) of Researchers: About 95 percent U.S.; 5 percent
foreign.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: It is expected that in-
ternational cooperation will continue at this level. Several
foreign scientists spend their sabbatical years at NML. Users
from non-U. S. Institutions in 1983-84 were from Poland (1), Japan
(A), France (2), Switzerland (1), Brazil (2), and Finland (1)«

144

Stoughton, Wl., U.S.A.

TANTALUS, ALADDIN

Wisconsin Synchrotron Radiation Center (SRC)

University of Wisconsin

"Big Science" Descriptor; Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument: Tantalus is a synchrotron radia-
tion (SR) source providing radiation in the ultraviolet range up
to 150 eV. It would cost approximately $5 million to duplicate
this 240 MeV storage ring today. Aladdin is an enhanced SR source
with a 1.0 GeV ring with 36 ports designed for very high brightness.
It is currently in the conmissloning stage. The facility Includes
a very soft x-ray source and associated photoemisslon spectrometers.
The construction and instrumentation costs so far are $6 million
and $7.5 million respectively. Another $18 million for an upgrade
can be anticipated. The total capital cost of the SRC is estimated
to be about $44 million.

Date of Construction; 1968 for Tantalus and 1978 for Aladdin.

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : $44 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.

Natlonality(3) of Operational Funding: U.S.

Natlonality(s) of Management Staff; U.S.

Natlonality(s) of Researchers; Primarily U.S. Currently there
is a Canadian Beam Line on Aladdin funded by the Canadian
Synchrotron Radiation Center ($l-$2 million).

Potential for Future International Cooperation: There are probably 10
to 12 foreign users of SRC facilities each year. If foreign
users were Interested In putting up their own beam lines on
Aladdin, this could be accommodated.

Other Information: The beam line instrumentation on Aladdin is estl-
mated to be about $1 million per beam line. It is expected that
20 beam lines will be Implemented immediately with expansion to
30 in several years.

145

Upton, NY., U.S.A.

HIGH FLUX BEAM REACTOR (HFBR)
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL)
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Materials science and engineering

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility Is a high flux

(about 10^^ neutron/cm'^/second) beam reactor used for neutron

scattering, positron source, nuclear physics, Irradiation, and
Isotope production.

Date of Construction; 1965

Construction Cost; Original: $12.5 million

1984 $$ ; $52.1 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers: 80 percent U.S.

Upton, NY., U.S.A.

NATIONAL SYNCHROTRON LIGHT SOURCE (NSLS)
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL)
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument: This is a vacuum ultraviolet
source and an x-ray ring with insertion devices. About 100
separate experiments for biological, medical, chemical, atomic
physics, and materials sciences are conducted. The ring energies
are 0.75 GeV and 2.5 GeV and were commissioned in April 1984 and
July 1985, respectively.

Date of Construction; 1981

Construction Cost: Original; $24 million

1984 $$ ; $29.5 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership; U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.

Nationallty(s) of Researchers: Primarily U.S. with occasional
foreign collaborators.

There are numerous International collaborative research
programs conducted at this facility.

68-022 0-87

146

Palo Alto, CA., U.S.A.

STANFOtU) SYNCHROTRON RADIATION LABORATORY

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center

Stanford University and U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument: This laboratory uses SPEAR (4.0
GeV) and PEP (16 GeV) rings for synchrotron ganuna radiation for
atomic physics, biological sciences, chemical sciences, materials
sciences, industrial processing, and medical sciences. These are
run in a parasitic mode with the high-energy physics research
facility of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.

Date of Construction: (See below.)

Construction Cost: (See below.)

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.

Nationallty(s) of Researchers: Primarily U.S. with occasional
foreign collaborators.

This facility is used for many international research
collaborations.

Other Information: Construction costs are not readily available. The
facility initially began operation in a parasitic mode on the
SPEAR ring of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. It was
built over a number of years on a piecemeal basis by the National
Science Foundation.

See also STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CENTER (SLAC).

147

Los Alamos, NM. , U.S.A.

SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCE

Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL)

U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility provides neutron
scattering from cold to thermal to eplthermal regions. It is
parasitic on the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF).

Date of Construction: 1977, proton storage ring in 1984-85

Construction Cost: Original: $27.5 million

1984 $$ : $48.9 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(3) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Researchers: 95 percent U.S.

Other Information: The cost figures do not Include the fact that this
facility utilizes the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF)

f^ foo?"o?^ °^ protons. The proton storage ring was constructed
In 1984-85.

Oak Ridge, IN., U.S.A.

HIGH FLUX ISOTOPE REACTOR (HFIR)
Oak. Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility produces a high flux
(10^^ neutrons/cm^/sec) for neutron scattering, neutron irradi-
ation, and isotope production.

Date of Construction: 1965

Construction Cost: Original: $15 million

1984 $$ : $62.5 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality (s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: 90 percent U.S.

There Is a U.S. -Japan agreement and informal arrangements.

148

Oak Ridge, TN. , U.S.A.

OAK RIDGE RESEARCH REACTOR (ORR)
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor; Materials science and engineering

Description of Facility /Instrument : This facility provides a flux of
about IC^*^ neutrons/cm'^/second for neutron scattering, neutron
irradiation, isotope production, and engineering.

Date of Construction; 1958

Construction Cost; Original; $5 million

198A $$ ; $24.9 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ovnership; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff; U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Researchers; 90 percent U.S.

Ithaca, NY., U.S.A.

CORNELL HIGH ENERGY SYNCHROTRON SOURCE (CHESS)
Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR)
Cornell University

"Big Science" Descriptor; Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument; This facility is primarily for ex-
tended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) investigations.
CESR works between 4 and 8 GeV. The spectrometers cost $1.3
million in 1981.

Date of Construction; 1967

Construction Cost: Original: $11.5 million

1984 $$ : $44.7 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.

Nationality(s) of Researchersl Primarily U.S. with occasional
foreign collaborators.

Other Information: See also CORNELL ELECTRON STORAGE RING (CESR).

149

Argonne, IL. , U.S.A.

INTENSE PULSED NEUTRON SOURCE
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor; Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility provides neutron
scattering from cold to thermal to eplthermal regions.

Date of Construction: 1981

Construction Cost: Original: $6.4 million

1984 $$ : $7.9 million, but this does not ac-
count for millions of dollars of
surplus equipment used by this
facility.

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Management Staff; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers: 85 percent U.S.

Argonne, IL., U.S.A.

CP-5

Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)

U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor; Materials science and engineering

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility was used for neu-
tron scattering, irradiation, isotope production, and engineering.

Date of Construction; 1954, decommissioned in 1979

Construction Cost: Original; $2.1 million

1984 $$ ; $11,8 million

Present International Cooperation
Nationality(s) of Ownership;

Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding; (Currently
Nationality(s) of Management Staff; not

Nationallty(s) of Researchers: operating)

150

Ames, lA., U.S.A.

AMES RESEARCH REACTOR
Ames Laboratory
U.S. DepC. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor; Materials science and engineering

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility was used for neu-
tron scattering, nuclear physics, and engineering.

Date of Construction: 1965, decommissioned In 1977

Construction Cost; Original; $4.6 million

1984 $$ ; $19.2 million

Present International Cooperation
Natlonallty(s) of Ownership;

Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding; (Currently
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff; not

Natlonallty(s) of Researchers; operating)

Columbia, MO., U.S.A.

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI RESEARCH REACTOR (MURR)
University of Missouri

"Big Science" Descriptor; Materials science and engineering

Description of Facility /Instrument ; This facility Is a research reactor
with a flux of lO-*^* neutrons/cm^/second for neutron scattering,
activation analysis, radioisotope application, radiography, nu-
clear engineering, and nuclear sciences.

Date of Construction; 1966

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ;

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership; U.S.
Nationallty(8) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff; U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers; 95 percent U.S.

151

Cambridge, MA., U.S.A.

MIT RESEARCH REACTOR

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

"Big Science" Descriptor: Materials science and nuclear engineering

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility is used for neutron
scattering, nuclear physics, and nuclear medicine.

Date of Construction: mid-1950s

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Researchers: 90 percent U.S.

Chalk River, CANADA

NRU REACTOR

Chalk River Nuclear Laboratory

Atomic Energy of Canada Limited

"Big Science" Descriptor: Materials science and engineering

Description of Facility/Instrument: This is a facility with a flux of
about 5 X lO^''* neutrons/cm^/second for neutron scattering, nuclear
engineering, nuclear physics, materials testing, irradiation, and
isotope production.

Date of Construction: 1950s

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: Canada
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: Canada
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff: Canada

Nationallty(s) of Researchers: A number of British scientists
are there.

152

Daresbury, ENGLAND, U.K.

SYNCHROTRON RADIATION SOURCE (SRS)
Science and Engineering Research Council

"Big Science" Descriptor; Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument; This Is a 2.0 GeV synchrotron

source dedicated to research In materials science. It has about
18 experimental stations. It began generation In March 1981.

Date of Construction; 1981

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ;

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of OwnershlpT U.K.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding; U.K.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff; U.K.
Natlonallty(8) of Researchers; U7k.

Harwell, ENGLAND, U.K.

DIDO AND PLUTO REACTORS

Atomic Energy Research Establishment

"Big Science" Descriptor; Materials science and engineering

Description of Facility/Instrument; This facility Is a reactor with a
flux of about 2 x lO^** neutrons/cm^/second for neutron scattering,
materials testing, engineering, radiography, and Isotope produc-
tion.

Date of Construction; 1954

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ;

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership; U.K.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding; U.K.
Natlonality(s) of Management Staff; U.K.
Nationality(8) of Researchers; U.K.

153

Harwell, ENGLAND, U.K.

SPALLATION NEUTRON RESEARCH SNS

Rutherford Appleton Laboratory

Science and Engineering Research Council

"Big Science" Descriptor: Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument: This Is a facility for scattering.
Irradiation, and nuclear physics.

Date of Construction: 198A

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.K.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.K.
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff: U.K.
Nationallty(s) of Researchers: U.K.

Orsay, FRANCE
LURE

"Big Science" Descriptor: Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument: This establishment runs three de-
dicated synchrotron sources for materials research. Their ener-
gies are 0.540 (ACO), 0.800 (Super ACO), and 1.800 GeV (DCI).

Date of Construction;

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ;

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership? France
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding; France
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: "France
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: France

In 1983, the Orsay-Stanford group operated the first
storage-ring free electron laser.

154

Grenoble, FRANCE

HIGH FLUX REACTOR (HFR)
InsCltut Laue - Langevln

"Big Science" Descriptor: Materials science and nuclear physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This Is a reactor with a flux of
about lO'^^ neutrons/cin^/ second for neutron scattering, cold and
hot sources, guide halls, nuclear physics, chemistry, and
biology.

Date of Construction; 1971

Construction Cost; Original: $70 million

1984 $$ : $162.9 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: France, Federal Republic of

Germany, U.K.
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: France, Federal Republic

of Germany, U.K.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: Majority are French
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: Mostly European, others are from

the U.S., Canada, Australia, Japan, and the U.S.S.R.

155

Grenoble, FRANCE

EUROPEAN SYNCHROTRON RADIATION FACILITY (ESRF)
European Science Foundation

"Big Science" Descriptor: Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility will be a five GeV
synchrotron radiation machine, 770 meters in circumference, using
intense x-rays to study organic and inorganic materials.

Date of Construction; 1985 or 1986

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $200 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership; France-Federal Republic of Germany
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: France-Federal Republic of

Germany
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff; Mainly France and the Federal

Republic of Germany
Nationality(s) of Researchers: Mainly European

Potential for Future International Cooperation: It is planned that

there will be additional funding by other members of the European
Economic Community.

Other Information: In June 1985, It still was not definite that this
facility will be located in Grenoble or what will be the extent
of participation by other European nations.

156

Grenoble, FRANCE

SITOE REACTOR

Center for Nuclear Studies, Grenoble (CENG)

"Big Science" Descriptor: Materials science and nuclear science

Description of Facility/Instrument: This Is a reactor with a flux of abou
1" neutrons/cm^/second for neutron scattering, nuclear engineering,
nuclear physics, and materials testing.

Date of Construction;

Construction Cost: 1984$$:

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: France
Natlonallty(8) of Operational Funding; France
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: France
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: France

Grenoble, FRANCE

MELUSINE REACTOR

Center for Nuclear Studies, Grenoble (CENG)

"Big Science" Descriptor: Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument: This is a reactor with a flux
of about 10^-* neutrons/cm^/second for neutron scattering and
nuclear science research.

Date of Construction: late 19508

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: France
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding; France
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: France
Natlonallty(8) of Researchers: France 95 percent, Federal
Republic of Germany and others five percent

157

Saclay (Paris), FRANCE

ORPHEE REACTOR

Leon Brllloun Institute

"Big Science" Descriptor: Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument: This is a reactor with a flux of
lO^** neutrons/cm'^/second for neutron scattering, nuclear physics,
guide hall, cold sources, and a hot source.

Date of Construction: 1980

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: France
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: France
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff: France
Nationality(s) of Researchers: France 80 percent, Federal
Republic of Germany 10 percent, others 10 percent

Hamburg, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

HAMBURGER SYNCHROTRON STRAHLINGSLABOR (HASYLAB)

"Big Science" Descriptor; Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument: This is a 5.0 GeV synchrotron
source run in a parasitic mode, from DORIS. It has 24 experi-
mental stations. The laboratory started about 15 years ago.

Date of Construction: 1970

Construction Cost;

1984 $$

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: Federal Republic of Germany
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: Federal Republic of Germany
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff: Federal Republic of Germany
Nationality(s) of Researchers: Federal Republic of Germany

158

West Berlin, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
BESSY

"Big Science" Descriptor; Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument; This is a 0.8 GeV dedicated source
of synchrotron radiation with 21 ports. It has strong usage by
German Industry.

Date of Construction;

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership; Federal Republic of Germany
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding; Federal Republic of Germany
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff; Federal Republic of Germany
Nationality(s) of Researchers; Almost all German

Garchlng (Munich), FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

FRM REACTOR
Technlsche Unlversltat

"Big Science" Descriptor; Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument; This Is a reactor with a flux of
3x10^-* neutrons/cm'^/second for neutron scattering and nuclear
physics research.

Date of Construction; About 1958

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ;

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership; Federal Republic of Germany
Nationality (s) of Operational Funding; Federal Republic of Germany
Natlonality(s) of Management Staff; Federal Republic of Germany
Natlonality(s) of Researchers; Federal Republic of Germany

159

Jullch, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

FRJ-2 REACTOR

Institute for Festkorperf orschung

Kernforschunganlage

"Big Science" Descriptor: Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument : This Is a reactor with a flux of
about lO'^'* neutrons/cm'^/second for neutron scattering, nuclear
physics, guide hall, and cold source use.

Date of Construction; 1962

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ;

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership; Federal Republic of Germany
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding: Federal Republic of Germany
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff; Federal Republic of Germany
Natlonality(s) of Researchers; Federal Republic of Germany

West Berlin, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

BER-II RESEARCH REACTOR
Hahn-Meitner Institute

"Big Science" Descriptor: Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument: This Is a research reactor with
a flux of about 3x10^-' neutrons/cm^/second scheduled to be
upgraded to 2x10^^ for neutron scattering, nuclear physics,
nuclear science, and neutron radiography.

Date of Construction:

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: Federal Republic of Germany
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding: Federal Republic of Germany
Nationality(s) of Management Staff; Federal Republic of Germany
Nationality(s) of Researchers: 80 percent German and 20 percent
others

160

Petten, THE NETHERLANDS

HIGH FLUX REACTOR (HFR)

ECN Petten

Netherlands Energy Research Foundation ECN

"Big Science" Descriptor: Materials science and nuclear science

Description of Facility/Instrument; This Is a reactor with a flux of
about SxlO^*^ neutrons/cm^/second in trap for neutron scattering,
nuclear physics, and multipurpose testing reactor uses.

Date of Construction; 1961

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: The Netherlands
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: The Netherlands
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: The Netherlands
Nationality(s) of Researchers; The Netherlands

Roskllde, DENMARK

DR3 RESEARCH REACTOR
Rlso National Laboratory

"Big Science" Descriptor; Materials science

Description of Facility/ Instrument : This is a research reactor with
a flux of about lO^** neutrons/cm^/second for neutron scattering,
nuclear physics, guide halls, cold sources, and neutron produc-
tion.

Date of Construction;

Construction Cost; 198A $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership; Denmark
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding; Denmark
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff; Denmark
Nationallty(s) of Researchers; Denmark

161

Studsvlck, SWEDEN

HIGH FLUX REACTOR
Studsvlck Energiteknlk

"Big Science" Descriptor; Materials science and engineering

Description of Facility/Instrument: This is a reactor with a flux of
about 2x10^** neutrons/cm^/second for neutron scattering, nuclear
physics, and nuclear engineering.

Date of Construction; early 1960s

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership; Sweden
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding; Sweden
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff; Sweden
Natlonality(s) of Researchers; Sweden

Lund, SWEDEN
MAX

"Big Science" Descriptor; Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument; This is a 550 MeV synchrotron
source.

Date of Construction;

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: Sweden
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding; Sweden
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff; Sweden
Nationality(8) of Researchers: Sweden

162

Frascotl, ITALY

ADONE

"Big Science" Descriptor: Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument: This Is a 1.55 GeV source of syn-
chrotron radiation run In a parasitic mode. There are six experi-
mental stations on five beamllnes.

Date of Construction:

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: Italy
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: Italy
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: Italy
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers; Italy

Sutherland, AUSTRALIA

AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH REACTOR HIFAR

Lucas Heights Research Laboratories

Australian Atomic Energy Commission Research Establishment

"Big Science" Descriptor: Materials science and engineering

Description of Facility/ Instrument ; This Is a research reactor with a
flux of about 5 x 10^^ neutrons/cm2/second for neutron scattering,
irradiation. Isotope production and nuclear physics research.

Date of Construction; 1980

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership; Australia
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: Australia
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff; ^Australia
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: Australia with some U.K. re-
searchers

163

Osaka, JAPAN

UVSOR

Institute of Molecular Science

"Big Science" Descriptor; Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument: This is a 0.6 GeV synchrotron
radiation source dedicated to materials science. It has 200
scientists.

Date of Construction:

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: Japan
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: Japan
Nationality(s) of Management StafTl ^Japan
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: Japan

Osaka, JAPAN

KYOTO UNIVERSITY REACTOR
Research Reactor Institute
Science Council of Japan

"Big Science" Descriptor; Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument; This is a five megawatt research
reactor. A new 30 megawatt Kyoto University High Flux Reactor
Is planned.

Date of Construction; 1964, upgraded 1967

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership; Japan
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding; Japan
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff; Japan
Nationality(s) of Researchers: Japan

This facility has some foreign scientists on long- and
short-term assignments.

164

Tokal, JAPAN

JAPANESE RESEARCH REACTOR NO. 2

Tokai Research Establishment

Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute

"Big Science" Descriptor; Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument; This Is a ten megawatt CP-5 re-
actor producing a flux of 2 x 10'-^ neutrons/cm^/second . It
Is equipped with 13 horizontal beams and Irradiation facilities.

Date of Construction: January 1957 through October 1960

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

NatlonalltyCs) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: U.S.

mum

Tokal, JAPAN

JAPANESE RESEARCH REACTOR NO. 3

Tokal Research Establishment

Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute

"Big Science" Descriptor: Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument: This Is a reactor with a maxl

thermal flux of 2.7 x 10^^ neutrons/cm2/second. It operates

at ten megawatts with eight neutron scattering horizontal beams
and many irradiation facilities. An upgrade will be finished
by 1988. It will operate at 20 megawatts and produce 2.7x10
neutrons/cm2/second. It will have a cold neutron source.

Date of Construction: January 1959 through September 1962

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: Japan
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: Japan
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff": Japan
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: Japan

165

Tokyo, JAPAN

INSOR

Institute for Solid State Physics

Institute of Nuclear Science, University of Tokyo

"Big Science" Descriptor; Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument: This is a 0.4 synchrotron radia-
tion source for dedicated materials science use.

Date of Construction; 1974

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership; Japan
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding; Japan
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff; Japan
Nationallty(s) of Researchers: Japan

Tsukuba, JAPAN

THE PHOTON FACTORY

"Big Science" Descriptor: Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility has 2.5 and 0.6 GeV
synchrotron radiation sources dedicated to materials science.

Date of Construction: 1982

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership; Japan
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: Japan
Natlonality(s) of Management Staff: Japan
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: Japan

166

Tsukuba, JAPAN

KENS-1
KEK

"Big Science" Descriptor: Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument; This is a facility for neutron
scattering and nuclear physics research.

Date of Construction; 1980

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ;

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ovmership; Japan
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding; Japan
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: Japan
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers; Japan

Karkhov, U.S.S.R.

N-lOO

Karkhov Physics Institute

"Big Science" Descriptor; Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument; This is a 0.100 GeV synchrotron
source dedicated to materials science.

Date of Construction:

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ;

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership; U.S.S.R.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.S.R.
Natlonality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.S.R.
Nationality(s) of Researchers; U.S.S.R.

167

Novosibirsk, U.S.S.R.

VEPP-2M, VEPP-3, BEPP-4
Institute of Nuclear Physics

"Big Science" Descriptor: Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility has 0.7, 2.2, and

5-7 GeV storage rings for vacuum ultraviolet/soft x-rays, x-rays,
and Intense x-ray sources.

Date of Construction;

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of OvnershipT U.S.S.R.
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.S.R.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff; ^U.S.S.R.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers; uTs.S.R.

Moscow, U.S.S.R.

KURCHATOV I
Kurchatov Institute

"Big Science" Descriptor; Materials science

Description of Facility/Instrument; This is a 0.45 GeV synchrotron
source dedicated to materials science.

Date of Construction:

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership; U.S.S.R.
Natlonallty(8) of Operational Funding; U.S.S.R.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff; U.S.S.R.
Nationallty(s) of Reaearchers; U.S.S.R.

APPENDIX 6
ASTRONOMICAL FACILITIES

The information in this appendix was supplied by the National
Science Foundation and the D.S. Air Force, April 1985.

(169)

170

Mount Palomar, CA. , U.S.A.

200-INCH TELESCOPE

Palomar Observatory

California Institute of Technology

"Big Science" Descriptor; Optical astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument: This is a 200-inch aperture optical
telescope and associated instrumentation.

Date of Construction: 1948

Construction Cost: 1984 $$: $58 million estimated replacement cost

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Researchers; U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation; International collabora-
tions are arranged on a case-by-case basis.

171

Areclbo, PR., U.S.A.

1000-FOOT RADIO/RADAR TELESCOPE

Arecibo Observatory

National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC)

"Big Science" Descriptor: Radio astronomy, radar astronomy, and atmo-
spheric physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: NAIC, with headquarters at

Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y., provides unique instrumenta-
tion and facilities for basic research in radio astronomy, radar
astronomy, and atmospheric physics. The major NAIC observing
instrument is a 1000-foot diameter fixed reflector which together
with sensitive receivers and very high-power transmitters is the
world's largest radio/radar telescope.

Date of Construction: Completed in 1963, upgraded in 1974

Construction Cost: Original: 18.1 million

1984 $$ : 46.1 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.

Natlonality(s) of Researchers; Mostly U.S.A. with some foreign
nationals.

The NAIC Arecibo Observatory always has had a strong
component of international cooperation in its research
operations. Aside from foreign scientists regularly making
use of the lOOO-foot telescope for competitively-reviewed
observing programs, in recent years NAIC has participated in
numerous Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) experi-
ments with intercontinental baselines, which are continuing;
coordinated incoherent scatter radar observations of the
ionosphere In support of International World Day programs,
also continuing; hosted support for temporary on-site in-
strumentation of foreign institutions (for example, German
50 MHz middle-atmosphere radar and French meteor radar; and
engaged in international research campaigns (for example,
search for radio pulsations from gamma ray sources and
simultaneous measurements for Faraday rotation measures of
pulsars).

Potential for Future International Cooperation: This is very high due
to the international nature of radio astronomy which involves very
long baseline interferometry. Also, atmospheric physics research
using incoherent scatter radars is strongly international in
nature.

172

Kitt Peak, AZ., U.S.A.

FOUR-METER TELESCOPE

Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO)

National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO)

"Big Science" Descriptor: Astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility Is a four-meter
aperture telescope.

Date of Construction: 1965-1973

Construction Cost: Original: $10.7 million

1984 $$ : $30 million ,

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
"Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Researchers: U.S. and foreign

Potential for Future International Cooperation; Time on the tele-
scope Is available to all qualified scientists on a competitive
basis .

173

Cerro Tololo, CHILE (U.S.A.)

CTIO FOUR-METER TELESCOPE

Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO)

National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO)

"Big Science" Descriptor; Astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument; This U.S. four-meter aperture

telescope, located in Cerro Tololo, Chile, is the largest optical
telescope in the Southern Hemisphere.

Date of Construction; 1967, became operational in 1976

Construction Cost; Original: $10. A million

198A $$ : $27.5 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Nationality(8) of Management Staff; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers: U.S. and foreign

The University of Chile has an agreement with the ob-
servatory for scientific cooperation in astronomical re-
search. Each year, the observatory employs students from
Chilean universities.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: Time on the telescope
is available to all qualified scientists on a competitive basis
with preference to scientists from North and South America.

174

Green Bank, WV., U.S.A.

140-FOOT RADIO TELESCOPE

National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)

"Big Science" Descriptor; Radio astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument: This 140-foot radio telescope has
a fully steerable parabolic mirror with receiving equipment.

Date of Construction; 1964

Construction Cost; Original; $13.5 million

1984 $$ ; $41.6 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers; U.S. and foreign

Potential for Future International Cooperation; This facility is part
of the international Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI)
network.

Socorro, NM., U.S.A.

NRAO VERY LARGE ARRAY (VLA)

National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)

"Big Science" Descriptor; Radio astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument; This facility is an aperture syn-
thesis radio telescope comprised of 27 antennas with receiving
equipment .

Date of Construction; 1972-1979

Construction Cost; Original; $78.5 million

1984 $$ ; $139 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Researchers; U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: This facility con-
ducts worldwide Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) experi-
ments.

175

Sunspot, NM. , U.S.A.

SACRAMENTO PEAK OBSERVATORY (VACUUM TOWER TELESCOPE)
Air Force Systems Command

"Big Science" Descriptor: Solar astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument: The vacuum telescope built at

Sacramento Peak was designed to provide Information on the cause
of solar flares, methods for predicting their occurrence, and for
determining the effects of solar activity on the Earth's upper
atmosphere.

Date of Construction: Began in 1966, placed in operation in 1969

Construction Cost: 198A $$ : $21 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers: Mainly U.S.

CHILE

UO-INCH TELESCOPE

European Southern Observatory (ESQ)

"Big Science" Descriptor: Optical astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility includes a 140-inch
optical telescope and associated instrumentation.

Date of Construction: mid 1970s

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : probably more than $25 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership: International European Consortium
Mationality(s) of Operational Funding: International European

Consortium
Nationality (s) of Management Staff: International European

Consortium
Nationality (s) of Researchers: International European

Consortium

Potential for Future International Cooperation: The project is designed
as an international collaboration among France, the Federal Repub-
lic of Genaany, the Netherlands, and Sweden.

176

Plateau de Bure, FRANCE

IRAM INTERFEROMETER

Instltut de Radio Astronoraie Milllmetrlque

"Big Science" Descriptor: Radio astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility has three 15-meter

diameter antennas to be used simultaneously as an aperture synthesis
telescope. It will be usable to a minimum wavelength of 0.75 milli-
meters. It has baseline tracks of 320 meters east-west and 192 meters
north-south.

Date of Construction; 1984-1988

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : About $20 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: France-Federal Republic of Germany
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: France-Federal Republic of

Germany
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: International
Nationality(s) of Researchers: International, primarily French-
German

Potential for Future International Cooperation: This is a joint French-
German research institute with headquarters in Grenoble, France.
International collaboration on individual scientific projects will
occur. Each project will be evaluated on the merits of scientific
value and appropriateness for this instrument on a case-by-case
basis.

177

Effelsberg, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

RADIOSTERNWARTE EFFELSBERG (EFFELSBERG TELESCOPE)
Max Planck Institute fur Radioastronomle
Max Planck Gesellschaft

"Big Science" Descriptor: Radio astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument: This is a 100-meter, fully steer-
able, parabolic reflector. It Is usable to a minimum wavelength
of seven millimeters. It is used primarily in the wavelength
range of 21 centimeters to 7 millimeters. It is the largest
single antenna, fully steerable radio telescope in the world.

Date of Construction: 1973

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : About $23 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: Federal Republic of Germany
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: Federal Republic of Germany
Natlonality(s) of Management Staff: Federal Republic of Germany
Nationality(s) of Researchers: Federal Republic of Germany

Potential for Future International Cooperation; Observing time is

awarded on the basis of scientific merit and appropriateness for
this instrument. Proposals for time from scientists outside the
Institute are evaluated and time allocated on a case-by-case
basis .

Other Information: In principle, this facility is for the sole use of
Institute staff scientists. In practice, between 25 and 50 per-
cent of the telescope time has gone to scientists outside of the
Institute.

178

New South Wales, AUSTRALIA

AUSTRALIA TELESCOPE

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)

"Big Science" Descriptor; Radio astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument: The six 20-meter antennas are used
simultaneously as a synthesis radio telescope.

Date of Construction; 1984-1987

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ; $22 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership; Australia
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding; Australia
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff; Australia
Natlonality(s) of Researchers; Australia

Potential for Future International -Cooperation; Australia may desire
to enlist international cooperation to add additional elements to
this array telescope which would extend the baseline coverage for
dedicated very long baseline interferometry observations.

Coonabarabran, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA

ANGLO-AUSTRALIAN TELESCOPE
Anglo-Australian Observatory

"Big Science" Descriptor; Optical astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument; This facility is a 150-inch
optical telescope.

Date of Construction; 1974-75

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : probably more than $25 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership; Australia-U.K.
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding; Australia-U.K.
Nationality (s) of Management Staff; Australia-U.K.
Nationality (s) of Researchers: some non-Australia-U.K. observers

179

Nobeyama, JAPAN

MM-WAVE FIVE-ELEMENT SYNTHESIS TELESCOPE
Nobeyama Radio Observatory
Tokyo Astronomical Observatory

"Big Science" Descriptor: Radio astronomy

Description of Facility/ Instrument ; The ten-meter diameter antennas

are to be used simultaneously as an aperture synthesis telescope.

Date of Construction; 1985

Construction Cost; 1984 $$; $25 million estimate, see below.

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership; Japan
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding; Japan
Nationality(s) of Management Staff; Japan
Nationality(s) of Researchers: Japan

Potential for Future International Cooperation; Collaboration on
individual scientific projects is welcomed. The merits of
projects will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

Other Information: This telescope and the Nobeyama 45-meter tele-
scope, see the next page, were funded together and built during
the same period. The total construction funds for both tele-
scopes was $50 million.

180

Nobeyama, JAPAN

45-METER RADIO TELESCOPE
Nobeyama Radio Observatory
Tokyo Astronomical Observatory

"Big Science" Descriptor: Radio astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument: This is a 45-meter diameter, fully
steerable, parabolic reflector. It can be used to a minimum
wavelength of about three millimeters.

Date of Construction; 1984

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $25 million estimate, see below.

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: Japan
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding: Japan
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff; Japan
Nationality(s) of Researchers: Japan

Potential for Future International Cooperation; Collaboration on indi-
vidual scientific projects is welcomed. The merits of projects
will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

Other Information; This telescope and the five-element synthesis tele-
scope (see preceding page) were funded together and built during
the same period. The total construction funds for both telescopes
was $50 million.

181

Zelenchukskaya, U.S.S.R.

SIX-METER OPTICAL TELESCOPE
Special Astrophyslcal Observatory
U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences

"Big Science" Descriptor: Optical astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument: This is a six-meter diameter pri-
mary mirror optical telescope.

Date of Construction; 1978

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : Probably more than $25 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership; U.S.S.R.
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.S.R.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff; U.S.S.R.
Nationality(s) of Researchers; U.S.S.R.

Potential for Future International Cooperation; Occasional collabora-
tion may be possible for scientific projects on an individual,
case-by-case basis.

APPENDIX 7
ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC FACILITIES

The information In this appendix was supplied by the National
Science Foundation, April 1985 and the Woods Hole Oceanographlc Insti-
tution, May 1985, and from the following two publications: Committee
on Atmosphere and Oceans. Report of Federal Oceanographlc Fleet Study

1984. Washington, Federal Oceanographlc Fleet Coordination Council,

1985. 92 p. plus appendices; and Trillo, Robert L. (ed.). Jane's
Ocean Technology 1978. New York, Franklin Watts Inc., 1978. 820 p.

(183)

184

Boulder, CO., U.S.A.

NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH (NCAR)

"Big Science" Descriptor; Atmospheric science

Description of Facility/ Instrument; Atmospheric science research

laboratories, scientific computers, and research facilities such
as aircraft and radars.

Date of Construction; 1966

Construction Cost; Original; $ 5.5 million

1984 $$ ; $65 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership; U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff; U.S.

Natlonality(8) of Researchers; 89 percent U.S. and 11 percent
foreign

Potential for Future International Cooperation; Scientific visitors;
joint research field experiments, such as the Hydrologic Atmo-
spheric Pilot Experiment in France in FY85-86, Solar Eclipse
Expeditions, and Joint International cooperative programs.

Other Information; NCAR has participated in many cooperative inter-
national programs. Examples include the Indo - U.S. Cooperative
Program in Hoonson Prediction; U.S. - Peoples Republic of China
Cooperative Program; Indo - U.S. Science and Technology Initiative;
and the Eighth Session of the Joint U.S. - U.S.S.R. Working Group
on Protection of the Environment.

Additionally, NCAR has participated in major international
research field experiments such as the Global Atmospheric Re-
search Program, the ALPINE and MONSOON experiments, and numerous
solar eclipse expeditions.

See also NCAR SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING FACILITY.

185

Woods Hole, MA., U.S.A.

DEEP SUBMERGENCE RESEARCH VEHICLE (DSRV) "ALVIN"
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

"Big Science" Descriptor; Oceanography

Description of Facility/Instrument: DSRV ALVIN Is an untethered,

manned submersible capable of operation at depths of 4000 meters.
It is a national oceanographic facility jointly funded by the
National Science Foundation (NSF), the Office of Naval Research,
and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Date of Construction: 1964, converted 1973-74

Construction Cost; Original; $950,000

1984 $$ ; more than $25 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff; U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Researchers: Usually U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: Japanese scientists
(JAMSTEC) have expressed interest in exchanging submersible time
in ALVIN for the SHINKAI 2000. At present, no firm plans have
been made for any International programs.

Other Information; In 1974, ALVIN participated in the first major

sea floor spreading study as a part of the French-American Mid-
Ocean Undersea Study (FAMOUS). This expedition also Included
the French submerslbles CYANA and ARCHIMEDE and was the first
to be carried out by ALVIN using the new titanium sphere which
replaced the original steel sphere.

DSRV ALVIN was constructed by Litton Industries in 1964
at a cost of $950,000. In 1974, the original steel pressure
hull was replaced with one fabricated from titanium, increasing
the depth capability from 1800 to 4000 meters. The best esti-
mates for new construction of a submersible similar to ALVIN
and capable of operating at 6000 meters are that it would cost
in excess of $25 million in 1984 dollars. A 6000 meter cap-
ability would permit exploration of 97 percent of the world's
ocean floor.

186

U.S.A.

FEDERAL OCEANOGRAPHIC FLEET

"Big Science" Descriptor: Oceanography

Description of Facility/Instrument: The Federal oceanographlc fleet
consists of 13 Navy oceanographlc research ships operated by
civilian crews; 20 NOAA ships operated by the NOAA Corps and
civilian personnel; 5 Coast Guard Icebreakers, also used for
general oceanographlc research and for support of NSF's Antartlc
research program; 2 ships operated by the U.S. Geological
Survey; 2 ships operated by the Environmental Protection Agency
for water quality monitoring; 2 ships operated by the National
Science Foundation; and 20 ships operated by 14 academic Insti-
tutions under the University — National Oceanographlc Laboratory
Systems (UNOLS).

Other than the UNOLS fleet , the vessels are owned and
operated by the Federal Government, with the exception of the
two NSF vessels which are leased from a private firm. About
half of the UNOLS fleet (the larger ships) are owned by the
Federal Government. The other half (the smaller ships) are
owned by some of 14 academic institutions which operate the
ships.

Date of Construction; 1929-1981

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : (See the note below.)

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership; U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff; U.S.
Natlonality(3) of Researchers! mainly U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation; There are a number of
existing cooperative programs with foreign nations, involving
several bilateral agreements. The potential is good for con-
tinued International cooperation.

Other Information;

Note: Those vessels below which have an asterisk each cost over
$25 million in construction plus scientific outfitting costs.

U.S. Navy Oceanographlc Fleet

*BOWDITCH ; 1945, precision echo sounding, mapping and

charting

*DUTTON
*HESS
*WYMAN
*CHAUVENET

1945, mapping and charting

1965, mapping and charting

1971, general oceanography, mapping and charting

1970, mapping and charting

187

U.S.A.

*HARKNESS
*SILAS BENT

*KANE

*WILKES

*BARTLETT
*DE STEIGUER
*LYNCH
ACANIA
*HAYES

1971, mapping and charting

1965, general oceanography, precision echo

sounding

1967, general oceanography, precision echo

sounding

1971, general oceanography, precision echo

sounding

1969, general oceanography

1965, general oceanography

1929, general oceanography

1971, reassigned in 1983 from oceanographlc

duties

NOAA Oceanographlc Fleet

*DISCOVERER

1964,

♦RESEARCHER

1968,

♦SURVEYOR

1959,

sound

*FAIRWEATHER

1967,

*RANIER

1967,

*MT. MITCHELL

1966,

*MILLER FREEMAN

1967,

resea

PIERCE

1962,

WHITING

1962,

MCARTHUR

1965,

DAVIDSON

1966,

OREGON II

1967,

ALBATROSS IV

1962,

TOWNSEND CROMWELL

1963,

DAVID STARR JORDAN

■ 1964,

DELAWARE II

1967,

CHAPMAN

• 1979,

FERRELL

1968,

RUDE

1966,

HECK

1966,

*OCEANOGRAPHER

: 1964,

general oceanography

general oceanography, precision echo
iing

mapping and charting

general oceanography, fisheries
irch

mapping and charting

fisheries research

mapping and charting

inactive

U.S. Coast Guard Polar Icebreakers

*POLAR STAR
*POLAR SEA
♦GLACIER
♦NORTHWIND
♦WESTWIND

1976, ice worthy, general oceanography

1978, ice worthy, general oceanography

1953, ice worthy, general oceanography

1945, ice worthy, general oceanography

1943, ice worthy, general oceanography

U.S. Geological Survey Ships

*S.P. LEE
POLARIS

1967, multi-channel seismlcs
1965, mapping and charting

188

U.S.A.

Environmental Protection Agency Oceanographlc Ships

ANTELOPE

SIMONS

CARSON

1967, general oceanography
1939, general oceanography
1967, converted In 1978, deactivated In 1981

Na 1 1 onal Science Foundation Oceanographlc Ships

HERO

*GLOMAR CHALLENGER
*JOIDES RESOLUTION
*POLAR DUKE

1966, out of service. Ice worthy, general

oceanography

1968, out of service, deep-sea drilling

1978, deep-sea drilling, geology

1978, oceanography, supply of NSF Antartlc

program.

University-National Oceanographlc Laboratory System (UNOLS)

♦MELVILLE
*KNORR
*ATLANTIS II

*T. WASHINGTON

*T.G. THOMPSON
*CONRAD

OCEANUS
WECOMA
ENDEAVOR
GYRE
MOANA WAVE

ISELIN
NEW HORIZON
CAPE FLORIDA
CAPE HATTERAS
ALPHA HELIX
CAPE HENLOPEN
VELERO IV
R. WARFIELD
E. B. SCRIPPS
SPROAL

1969, general oceanography

1963, general oceanography, precision echo

sounding, submersible handling

1965, general oceanography, precision ocean

sounding, multi-channel selsmics

1965, general oceanography

1962, general oceanography, multi-channel

selsmics, precision echo sounding

1975, general oceanography

1976, general oceanography
1973, general oceanography

1973, general oceanography, multi-channel

selsmics

1971, general oceanography

1978, general oceanography

1981, general oceanography

1965, general oceanography

1975, general oceanography

1948, general oceanography

1967, general oceanography

1965, out of service

1981, general oceanography

APPENDIX 8

SPACE FACILITIES

The information in this appendix was supplied by the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 1985.

(189)

190

U.S.A.

ORBITING GEOPEIYSICAL OBSERVATORIES (OGO)
NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space: physics and astronomy

Description of Facility/ Instrument: These observatories conducted experi-
ments within the Earth's atmosphere and magnetosphere, and in
cislunar space (between the Earth and the Moon). The first two
observatories, although launched, failed mechanically in orbit
(OGO-1 and OGO-2). Subsequent missions (OGO-3, 4, 5, and 6) had
varied success In obtaining data. All operations have been ter-
minated since OGO-6, (7/14/72).

Date of Construction: 1964-1969 (launches)

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : $228.4 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.

Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Other Information:

OGO - 1(A)
OGO - 11(C)
OGO - III(B)
OGO - IV(D)
OGO - V(E)
OGO - VI(F)

Launched

September 5, 1964
October 14, 1965
June 7, 1966
July 28, 1967
March 4, 1968
June 5, 1969

191

U.S.A.

ORBITING SOLAR OBSERVATORIES (OSO)
NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space: physics and astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument: Eight spacecraft out of nine were
successfully launched for continuous observation of the Sun.
These observations added to knowledge of the Sun In x-ray, ultra-
violet, and Infrared wavelengths, and studied celestial objects
as well.

Date of Construction: 1962-1975 (launches)

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : $171.1 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership; U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff; ^U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Researchers; U.S.

OSO-8 had French instrumentation for ultraviolet spectroscopy.

Other Information;

OSO - 1(S-16)
OSO - 2(B-2)
OSO - C
OSO - 3(E)
OSO - 4(D)
OSO - 5(F)
OSO - 6(G)
OSO - 7(H)
OSO - 8(1)

Launched

March 7, 1962
February 3, 1965
Failed to orbit
March 8, 1967
October 18, 1967
January 22, 1969
August 9, 1969
September 29, 1971
June 21, 1975

192

U.S.A.

ORBITING ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES (OAO)
NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space: physics and astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument: Three satellites were launched suc-
cessfully, but one failed In orbit. The two completely successful
missions gathered Information on several stars, nebulae In the
ultraviolet range, and information on the coronas of stars.

Date of Construction: 1966-1972 (launches)

Construction Cost; 198A $$ : $336.4 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: U.S.

The Mullard Space Science Laboratory In the U.K. sup-
plied gamma ray Instrumentation for the OAO-C mission.

Other Information; OAO - 1(A): Successfully launched on April 8, 1966,
but lost power In orbit and did not complete mission.

OAO - II(A2): Successfully launched on December 7, 1968, success-
fully completed mission, no longer operational.

OAO - B: Failed launch on November 30, 1970.

OAO - C (Copernicus): Successfully launched on August 21, 1972,
completed mission objectives, no longer operational.

193

U.S.A.

ASTROPHYSICS EXPLORERS
NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space: physics and astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument: EXPLORER projects for x-ray,
gaooa-ray, and ultraviolet ray explorations.

Date of Construction: 1961-1983 (launches)

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : Total cost undetermined

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: D.S. (Except where

Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S. international

Hatlonallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S. cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Researchers: U.S. is noted below.)

Other Information: X-RAY ASTRONOMY EXPLORERS: EXPLORER 42 was launched
from Kenya in 1970. EXPLORER 53, launched in 1975, successfully
broadened the knowledge of x-ray sources, discovering 200 when 40
had been known previously. EXPLORERS 42 and 53 also are known
as SAS-1 and SAS-3, respectively.

Two international cooperative ventures in this field were the
Astronomical Netherlands Satellite (ANS), launched in 1974, and
the Ariel 5 (U.S.-U.K.), launched in 1974, which broadened the
knowledge of "bursters," new x-ray sources and ultra-violet
emissions.

GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY EXPLORERS: EXPLORER 11 (1961) and
EXPLORER 48 (1972) both relayed data on gamma-ray emissions from
the cosmic background and gamma-ray point sources. EXPLORER 48
also investigated cosmic ray gas and the Vela supernova remnant.

RADIO ASTRONOMY EXPLORERS: EXPLORER 38 (also known as RAE-1,
1968) and EXPLORER 49 (also known as RAE-2, 1973) were to map out
the galaxy in the 10 to 400 megahertz region, which cannot be
studied from Earth. The satellites also have provided information
on cosmic background noise, solar radio bursts, and radio emissions
from Earth.

ULTRAVIOLET ASTRONOMY EXPLORERS: The International Ultra-
violet Explorer (lUE), launched in 1978, is still operational, at
a total cost of $37 million. Primarily a U.S. venture, this Is
also a cooperative venture with the British Science Research
Council and the European Space Agency (ESA). The satellite is
used to determine the various spectra of hot stars, cool stars,
the Interstellar medium, x-ray sources, extragalactic objects.

194

and objects within the solar system. Accomplishments Include the
first ultraviolet observation of a supernova, high resolution
ultraviolet spectrum of a star in another galaxy, and observation
of globular clusters-

INFRARED ASTRONOMICAL SATELLITE (IRAS): This satellite was
launched in January 1983 to survey the infrared light in the
Earth's sky. It ceased operation in December 1983. The project
included cooperation with the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.
The total cost was $95 million.

U.S.A.

HIGH ENERGY ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORIES (HEAO)

Marshall Spac<> Flight Center

NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space: physics and astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument: These three missions have been
successful in determining the source of x-ray sources, partic-
ularly from the stars. In addition, HEAO-3 has studied the
origin and nature of gamma and cosmic rays.

Date of Construction; 1977-1979 (launches)

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ; $250 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(8) of Ownership; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Nationallty(8) of Management Staff: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Researchers: U.S.

The HEAO-2 mission used an x-ray spectrometer supplied
by the Netherlands. The HEAO-3 mission Included French
experimentation for analysis of the Isotropic composition
of galactic radiation.

Other Information; These satellites are no longer operational, al-
though their data still are being analyzed;

Launched

HEAO-1 : August 12, 1977
HEAO-2 : November 13, 1978
HEAO-3 ; September 20, 1979

195

U.S.A.

SOLAR MAXIMUM MISSION
Goddard Space Flight Center
NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space: physics and astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument; This mission studies the Sun. To
date, It has studied 1500 solar flare-ups and flare-related pheno-
mena. This satellite was retrieved by astronauts and repaired
for continued use.

Date of Construction; February lA, 1980 (launch)

Construction Cost: 198A $$ : $90 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: U.S.

This mission Included U.K. x-ray Instrumentation.

196

U.S.A.

THE HUBBLE LARGE SPACE TELESCOPE (LST)

Marshall Space Flight Center

NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor; Space: physics and astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument; This space telescope Is designed
to significantly expand optical capability for observing the
universe. The telescope will have five scientific instruments:
the High Resolution Spectrograph; the Faint Object Spectrograph;
the Wide Field Planetary Camera; the Faint Object Camera; and the
High Speed Photometer.

Date of Construction: Currently being constructed. The launch date
is scheduled for the second half of 1986.

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : Projected total cost: $1,175 million
to $2,000 million.

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.

Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.

Natlonallty(8) of Management Staff: U.S. - ESA - Federal Republic

of Germany
Nationallty(s) of Researchers: U.S. - ESA - Federal Republic of

Germany

Potential for Future International Cooperation: Although specifics

have yet to be determined, both German and European Space Agency
participation in instrumentation and use of the Hubble Telescope
is planned. Also, British image-processing software packages
will be included.

197

U.S.A.

COSMIC BACKGROUND EXPLORER (COBE)
Goddard Space Flight Center
NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space: physics and astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument; The purpose of this satellite
will be to observe cosmology through the measure of light.

Date of Construction: Currently being constructed. The launch date
in early 1988.

Construction Cost: 198A $$ : Projected total cost: $125 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: This is as yet
undetermined.

U.S.A.

GAMMA RAY OBSERVATORY (GRO)
Goddard Space Flight Center
NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor; Space: physics and astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument: To explore emissions from gamma-
ray spectrum (1 MeV-30 GeV).

Date of Construction: Currently being constructed. The launch date
Is early 1988.

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : Projected total cost: $475 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
NatlonalltyCs) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: It is planned that this
mission will Include a German telescope for the measurement and
analysis of gamma-rays.

198

U.S.A.

EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET EXPLORER (EUVE)

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space: physics and astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument: This low-Earth orbiting satellite
Is planned for surveying the sky for ultraviolet sources.

Date of Construction; Late 1988, projected launch

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $140 million

Present International Cooperation

N3tlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff; U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers; U.S.

EUROPE

COS-B

E.S.A., Center for Nuclear Studies (France), and the Max Planck Insti-
tute for Extraterrestrial Physics (Federal Republic of Germany)
European Space Agency (E.S.A.)

"Big Science" Descriptor; Space; physics and astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument: This satellite Is a remotely con-
trolled astronomical observatory for the study of radiation
emitted from known and assumed sources of gamma-rays. It Is
still operational.

Date of Construction: August 1975 (launch)

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership; E.S.A. , France, Italy, and the

Federal Republic of Germany
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: E.S.A., France, Italy,

and the Federal Republic of Germany
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: E.S.A., France, Italy, and

the Federal Republic of Germany
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: E.S.A., France, Italy, and the

Federal Republic of Germany

199

EUROPE

INTERNATIONAL ULTRAVIOLET EXPLORER (lUE)

European Space Agency (E.S.A.), NASA, and the Science and Engineering
Research Council (U.K.)

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space: physics and astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument: This satellite has obtained ultra-
violet spectra from objects ranging from planets, planetary
nebulae, supernova remnants, galaxies, and quasars.

Date of Construction: January 26, 1978 (launch)

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: E.S.A.-U.S.
Natlonallty(8) of Operational Funding; E.S.A.-U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: E.S.A.-U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: E.S.A.-U.S.

This program Involves extensive international coopera-
tion, including two other satellites and six ground tele-
scopes worldwide.

EUROPE

EXOSAT

European Space Agency (E.S.A.)

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space: physics and astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument: This E.S.A. satellite was launched
by Ariane (France). Its purpose is to determine the positions
and examine the structures of celestial x-ray sources. Its most
common mode of operation will be the use of lunar occultatlon,
that is, taking account of the time and speed of disappearance of
celestial objects behind the lunar disc.

Date of Construction: May 26, 1983 (launch)

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership: E.S.A.
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: E.S.A.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: E.S.A.
Nationallty(s) of Researchers: E.S.A.

The satellite Involved European participation (U.K., the
Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands, and European
industrial flms in addition to E.S.A.). It was launched
by the United States on May 26, 1983.

200

EUROPE

HIPPARCOS

European Space Agency (E.S.A.)

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space: physics and astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument: This satellite will study and mea-
sure the five main astrometrlc positions of the stars, and their
distance, position, and proper motions. The survey of HIPPARCOS
will Include 10,000 selected stars.

Date of Construction: 1987-1988 (projected launch)

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: E.S.A.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: E.S.A.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: E.S.A.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: E.S.A.

UNITED KINGDOM

ARIEL 1-6

Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Satellite Control Center

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space: physics and astronomy

Description of Facility/Instrument: These six satellite launches

studied Ionosphere, atmospheric ozone, radio astronomy, atmos-
pheric physics, meteorology, micrometeorltes , ionospheric plasmas,
magnetic fields, galatlc x-rays, and high-energy astrophysics.

Date of Construction: 1962-1979 (launches)

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership: U.K.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.K.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: U.K.
Nationallty(s) of Researchers: U.K.

Other Information:

Launched

ARIEL 1 (UK 1)
ARIEL 2 (UK 2)
ARIEL 3 (UK 3)
ARIEL 4 (UK 4)

ARIEL 5 (UK 5);
ARIEL 6 (UK 6):

April 26, 1962, ionospheric and solar studies
May 27, 1962, atmospheric ozone
May 5, 1967, atmospheric physics
December 9, 1971, ionospheric plasmas, magne-
tic fields
October 15, 1974, galactic x-rays
June 2, 1979, science satellite

201

JAPAN

JAPANESE SATELLITES

Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science (ISAS) and

National Space Development Agency (NASDA)

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space

Description of Facility/Instrument: These satellites cover a variety
of science flights, Including ionospheric and astrophysics ex-
periments. A crucial part of Japanese space history was the 1969
agreement *d.th the United States, making available to Japan tech-
nological information for future flights.

Date of Construction: 1971-1984 (launches)

Construction Cost:

198A $$

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: Japan
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: Japan
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: Japan
Nationallty(s) of Researchers: Japan

Other Information:

SHINESEI SS-1 (Mu 4S-3):

DENPA REX SS-2 (Mu 4S-4):
TAIYO SRATS (Mu SS-3, 3C-2)!
CORSA SS-4:
DME ISS:

KYO KKO (EXOS A):
UME 2:

JIKIKEN (EXOS B):
HA KUCHO (CORSA B) :
HINOTORI (ASTRO A):
HINOTORI (ASTRO B) :
EXOS C:

Launched

September 28, 1971,

ionospheric plasma, solar
radio waves, cosmic rays

August 19, 1972, radio explora-
tion, ionospheric plasmas

February 24, 1975, solar radia-
tion, thermosphere

February 4, 1976, cosmic radia-
tion, x-ray (failed to orbit)

February 29, 1976, ionospheric
soundings (malfunction in
flight)

February 4, 1978, scientific
experimentation

February 16, 1978, ionospheric
sounding

September 16, 1978, scientific
experimentation

February 21, 1979, scientific
experimentation

February 21, 1981, scientific
experimentation

February 20, 1983, scientific
experimentation

February 14, 1984, scientific
experimentation

202

U.S.S.R.

ASTRON
U.S.S.R.

"Big Science" Descriptor; Space physics and astronomy

Description of Facility /Instrument: Launched in 1983, the ASTRON
satellite is a large observatory-class satellite performing
celestial observations in the x-ray and ultraviolet wavelengths.

Date of Construction: March 23, 1983 (launch)

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Nationality (s) of Ownership: U.S.S.R. -France
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.S.R. -France
Nationality (s) of Management Staff: U.S.S.R. -France
Nationality (s) of Researchers: U.S.S.R. -France

Other Information: The participation of French scientists is to
develop an ultraviolet telescope.

203

U.S.A.

RANGER
NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor; Space: lunar and planetary probes

Description of Facility/Instrument: These probes were Intended to
photograph the surface of the Moon up to the moment of landing
Impact. Difficulties in initial orbits and transmission meant
that a successful probe did not occur until RANGER 7. Early
failures were blamed on poor management, inadequate ground testing,
and degrading and deterioration of equipment during flight.

Date of Construction: 1961-1965 (launches)

Construction Cost:

1984$$ : $468.9 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding:

Nationallty(s) of Management Staff:
Natlonality(s) of Researchers; U.S.

U.S.

Other Information:

Launched

RANGER 1
RANGER 2

RANGER 3
RANGER 4
RANGER 5

August 23, 1961
November 18, 1961

January 26, 1961
April 23, 1962
October 18, 1962

BLOCK I: Successfully launched,
but did not escape Earth's orbit.

BLOCK II: Came close to the Moon
(3, 5) and landed on the farslde (4),
All had limited technical success.

RANGER 6
RANGER 7
RANGER 8
RANGER 9

January 30, 1964
July 28, 1964
February 17, 1965
March 21, 1965

BLOCK III: First full success with
7, 8, 9. All transmitted photos and
landed on the Moon. However, further
RANGER programs were cancelled.

204

U.S.A.

SURVEYOR
NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space: lunar and planetary probes

Description of Facility/Instrument: These probes soft-landed on the
surface of the Moon, relayed pictures, and analyzed lunar soil.
This program aided the United States in its basic understanding
of the Moon's surface, as well as providing practical data for
later Apollo flights.

Date of Construction: 1966-1968 (launches)

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $468.9 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding:
Nationality(s) of Management Staff:
Nationallty(s) of Researchers: U.S.

U.S.

Other Information:

Launched

SURVEYOR I
SURVEYOR II

SURVEYOR III
SURVEYOR IV

SURVEYOR V
SURVEYOR VI
SURVEYOR VII

May 30, 1966, successful soft landing.
September 20, 1966, communications lost just

before lunar Impact.
April 17, 1967, successful soft landing.
July 14, 1967, communications lost just before

lunar Impact.
September 8, 1967, successful soft landing.
November 7, 1967, successful soft landing.
January 7, 1968, successful soft landing.

205

U.S.A.

LUNAR ORBITER
NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space: lunar and planetary probes

Description of Facility/Instrument; Complementing the SURVEYOR pro-
grams, the LUNAR ORBITERS took photographs of the lunar surface
from lunar orbit, converted these directly Into electronic sig-
nals, and transmitted them back to Earth. This provided Increased
knowledge of both the lunar surface and space telecommunications.

Date of Construction: 1966-1967 (launches)

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $162.3 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Other Information:

Launched

LUNAR ORBITER I
LUNAR ORBITER II
LUNAR ORBITER III
LUNAR ORBITER IV
LUNAR ORBITER V

August 10, 1966, successful relay of pictures-
November 6, 1966, successful relay of pictures.
February 5, 1967, successful relay of pictures.
May A, 1967, successful relay of pictures.
August 1, 1967, successful relay of pictures.

206

U.S.A.

PIONEER 10 AND 11
Ames Research Center
NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space: lunar and planetary probes

Description of Facility/Instrument: These two missions were part of

the PIONEER Program for Jupiter (10) and Saturn (11). PIONEER 10
made the first reconnaissance of Jupiter and was the first to
leave the solar system and search for its heliospheric boundary.
PIONEER 11 Investigated Saturn and the outer solar system.

Date of Construction: 1972-1973 (launches)

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $180 million (Total program cost.

PIONEER 10 and 11 cost undetermined at
this time.)

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Other I-nformation: PIONEERS 1 through 9 were applications-oriented
Only with PIONEER 10 did this program become more

satellit

:es.

Only with PI(

science

ori(

2nted.

Launched

PIONEER

10:

1972

PIONEER

11:

1973

207

U.S.A.

VIKING I AND 2 (ORBITER I AND 2)

Jet Propulsion (VIKINGS) and Langley (ORBITERS)

NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor; Space: lunar and planetary probes

Description of Facility/Instrument: Both VIKING landers soft landed on
Mars, searched for life, and analyzed soil and measured meteorology
near the surface. The ORBITERS Imaged the surface, mapped Mars, and
determined atmospheric structure and composition.

Date of Construction: 1975 (launches)

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $950 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Natlonallty(8) of Researchers: U.S.

This mission Included French and Swedish Instrumentation.

Other Information:

Launched

VIKING 1 and ORBITER 1: August 20, 1975
VIKING 2 and ORBITER 2: September 9, 1975

208

U.S.A.

VOYAGER I AND II

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor; Space: lunar and planetary probes

Description of Facility/Instrument; VOYAGER I encountered Jupiter and
Saturn during 1979 to 1981 to study their atmospheres, satellites,
and rings; to search for the heliospheric boundary; and to inves-
tigate interstellar space. VOYAGER II encountered Jupiter and
Saturn during 1979 to 1981. It is scheduled to encounter Uranus
In 1986 and Neptune in 1989.

Date of Construction: 1977 (launches)

Construction Cost: 198A $$ : $350 million.

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality (s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Researchers: uTs.

Other Information:

Launched

VOYAGER I : September 5, 1977

VOYAGER II: August 20, 1977

209

U.S.A.

PIO^fEER/VE^fUS (ORBITER AND PROBE)

Ames Research Center

NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space: lunar and planetary probe

Description of Facility/Instrument: A satellite designed to penetrate
and Investigate the atmosphere of Venus, produce a (radar) map of
Its surface, measure the temperature of the surface (probe),
collect data on the Venuslan Ionosphere, and make ultraviolet
spectrometer observations of Halley's comet.

Date of Construction: 1978 (launch)

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $190 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers; U.S.

The PIONEER/VENUS ORBITER had French and British Instru-
mentation.

68-022 0-87-8

210

U.S.A.

GALILEO (JUPITER ORBITER/PROBE)
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space: lunar and planetary probe

Description of Facility/Instrument: This project will continue exami-
nation of the Jovian atmosphere, physical environment, and moons.
This project includes an ORBITER, which will image Jovian atmos-
pheric conditions for data examination.

Date of Construction: 1986, projected launch

Construction Cost; 198A $$ : $910 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership; U.S. and Federal Republic of Germany
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.

Nationality (s) of Researchers: U.S. and Federal Republic of
Germany

Potential for Future International Cooperation: This project has in-
cluded the following German participation: for the ORBITER, dust
instrumentation; for the PROBE, helium measurement instrumenta-
tion; and for the launch, propulsion system and 13 German
scientists.

211

U.S.A.

VENUS RADAR MAPPER (VRM)
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space: lunar and planetary probe

Description of Facility/Instrument: This probe will map Venus with a
synthetic aperture radar and investigate the origin and evolution
of planet study morphology and composition.

Date of Construction: First half of 1988, projected launch

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : $400 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: As yet undetermined.

U.S.A.

MARS GEOSCIENCE CLIMATOLOGY OBSERVER (MGCO— MARS OBSERVER)
Jet Propulsion Laboratory

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space: lunar and planetary probe

Description of Facility/Instrument: A satellite to determine the glo-
bal, elemental, and minerologlcal character of Mars.

Date of Construction: 1990, projected launch

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $375 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: ^U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: As yat undetermined.

212

U.S.A.

MARINER I-X
NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space: lunar and planetary probes

Description of Facility/Instrument: Planetary probes of Venus (I,
II, V, X), Mars (III, IV, VI, VII, VIII, IX), and Mercury (X).
Mariners I and III, although successfully launched, failed to
complete their missions. Data received from successful missions
Include atmospheric temperature and terrestrial photographs.
Mariner VIII was unsuccessfully launched.

Date of Construction: 1962-1973 (launches)

Construction Cost; 1984 $$: Estimated at $1,487 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Other Information:

Launched

MARINER I
MARINER II
MARINER III
MARINER IV
MARINER V
MARINER VI
MARINER VII
MARINER VIII
MARINER IX
MARINER X

July 22, 1962, failed mission.

August 27, 1962, successful flyby of Venus.

November 5, 1964, failed mission.

November 28, 1964, successful flyby of Mars.

June 14, 1967, successful flyby of Venus.

February 25, 1969, successful flyby of Mars.

March 27, 1969, successful flyby of Mars.

May 8, 1971, unsuccessful launch.

May 30, 1971, successful flyby of Mars.

November 3, 1973, successful flyby of Venus

and Mercury.

213

EUROPE

GEOS-1 AND GEOS-2

European Space Agency (E.S.A.)

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space: lunar and planetary probes

Description of Facility/Instrument: GEOS-1, launched In 1977, failed
to achieve Its original orbit, but did achieve an unplanned orbit
which lasted 14 months. GEOS-2, launched in 1978, has achieved
its mission of providing data on how the near-Earth environment
reacts to phenomena occurring In outer space.

Date of Construction: 1977-1978 (launches)

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: E.S.A.
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: E.S.A.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: E.S.A.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: E.S.A.

Other Information:

Launched

GEOS-1 1977

GEOS-2 1978

EUROPE

GIOTTO

European Space Agency (E.S.A.)

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space: lunar and planetary probe

Description of Facility/Instrument: This satellite is due to be

launched in 1985 to encounter Halley's Comet in 1986. The satel-
lite will investigate the matter left in Halley's wake which
many researchers believe is the earliest matter left over from
the creation of the universe.

Date of Construction: July 1985 (projected launch)

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: E.S.A.
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding: E.S.A.
Nationallty(8) of Management Staff: E.S.A.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: E.S.A.

214

EUROPE

INTERNATIONAL SOLAR-POLAR MISSION (ISPM)
European Space Agency (E.S.A.)

"Big Science" Descriptor; Space: lunar and planetary probe

Description of Facility/Instrument: This satellite *d.ll provide de-
tailed exploration of the solar environment and multi-angled
observations of the Sun.

Date of Construction; 1985 (projected launch)

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership; E.S.A.
Natlonality(8) of Operational Funding; E.S.A.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff; E.S.A.
Nationallty(s) of Researchers; E.S.A.

215

U.S.S.R.

VEGA 1 AND 2
U.S.S.R.

"Big Science" Descriptor; Space: lunar and planetary probes

Description of Facility/Instrument: The purpose of these two satel-
lites was to study Venus and Halley's Comet. As the satellites
pass Venus, the spacecraft will drop off landers. Balloons de-
veloped by the French will slowly drift through the atmosphere of
Venus and make "in situ" measurements.

Date of Construction; 1984 (launches)

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ;

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership; U.S.S.R. and others

Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.S.R. and (see below)

others
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.S.R. and others
Nationality(s) of Researchers; U.S.S.R. and others

Besides the U.S.S.R., eight other countries are directly
participating in the VEGA program; Austria, Bulgaria, Czecho-
slovakia, the Democratic Republic of Germany, France, Hungary,
Poland, and the Federal Republic of Germany. The United States
has agreed to track the balloons dropped in the atmosphere of
Venus for the French. The United States also will track the
Soviet spacecraft as they reach Halley's Comet and provide E.S./
with data so it can target its GIOTTO spacecraft towards the
Comet .

Other Information: Launched

VEGA 1 : December 15, 1984

VEGA 2 ; December 21, 1984

216

U.S.S.R.

MARS 1-7
U.S.S.R.

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space: lunar and planetary probes

Description of Facility/Instrument: The purpose of these satellites
was to gather data and relay pictures and information on Mars.
Four attempts at achieving survivable landings were unsuccessful.
Only one probe (MARS 5) is considered a full success.

Date of Construction: 1971-1973 (launches)

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Nationality (s) of Ownership: U.S.S.R.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.S.R.
Nationality (s) of Management Staff: U.S.S.R.
Nationality (s) of Researchers: U.S.S.R.

Other Information:

Launched

MARS 1

MARS 2

MARS 3

MARS 4

MARS 5

MARS 6

MARS 7

November 1, 1962, partial success, communication
failed, passed Mars.

May 19, 1971, intended to soft-land on Mars;
partially successful, returned data from or-
biter, but the lander destroyed. This satellite
carried a French stereo experiment for photo-
graphing the surface.

May 28, 1971, successful, returned orbital data
and survived landing on Mars, but only for 20
seconds. This satellite carried a French
stereo experiment for photographing the surface.

July 21, 1973, partially successful, returned
data in flyby of Mars, but did not enter orbit.

July 22, 1973, successful, returned data and
pictures.

August 5, 1973, partial success returned data
from flyby of Mars, but lander signals ceased.
This satellite carried French experiments for
photographing the surface and for studying the
proton and electron fluxes enroute to Mars.

August 9, 1973, partial success, returned data
from flyby of Mars, but the lander missed its
mark upon landing. This satellite carried
French experiments for photographing the sur-
face and for studying the proton and electron
fluxes enroute to Mars.

217

U.S.S.R.

LUNA 1-24
U.S.S.R.

"Big Science" Descriptor; Space: lunar and planetary probes

Description of Facility/Instrument: This was an extensive lunar program
by the Soviets which included "hard" landers, soft landers,
orblters, and sample return vehicles. Three spacecraft sent
back approximately 330 grams of lunar soil by automated means:
two were roving vehicles (LUNOKHODS) which would travel over the
lunar surface for extended observation and experiments.

Date of Construction: 1959-1974 (launches)

Construction Cost;

1984 $$

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.S.R
Nationality (s) of Operational Funding: U.S.S.R.
Nationality (s) of Management Staff: U.S.S.R.
Nationality(s) of Researchers: U.S.S.R.

Other Information:

Launched

LUNA 1

: January 2, 1959, to strike the Moon, It missed
the Moon and entered solar orbit.

LUNA 2

September 12, 1959, to strike the Moon, It was
a success.

LUNA 3

October 4, 1959, to photograph the Moon. It
succeeded and returned pictures of 70 percent
of the far side of the Moon.

LUNA 4

April 2, 1963, partial success. It attempted to
soft land on the Moon, but missed the Moon and
entered solar orbit.

LUNA 5

May 9, 1965, partial success. It attempted a
soft landing on the Moon, but missed the Moon
and went Into solar orbit.

LUNA 6

: June 8, 1965, partial success. It attempted a
soft landing on the Moon, but missed the Moon
and went Into solar orbit.

LUNA 7

October 4, 1965, partial success. This intended
soft landing, retrofitted early, fell on the
Moon.

LUNA 8

December 3, 1965, partial success. This
intended soft landing, retrofitted early, fell
on the Moon.

218

U.S.S.R.

LUNA 9
LUNA 10
LUNA 11
LUNA 12
LUNA 13
LUNA 14
LUNA 15
LUNA 16
LUNA 17
LUNA 18
LUNA 19
LUNA 20
LUNA 21

LUNA 22
LUNA 23

LUNA 24

January 31, 1966, soft landing on Moon, returned
27 pictures.

March 31, 1966, successful Moon orbit, returned
physical measurements from lunar orbit.

August 24, 1966, partial success. It failed to
return pictures from the lunar orbit.

October 22, 1966, success. It returned pictures
from the Moon.

December 21, 1966, success. It returned pic-
tures and soil density measures.

April 7, 1968, success. It returned data on
lunar mass distribution.

July 13, 1969, partial success. The lunar orbit
was a success, but the landing failed.

September 12, 1969, success. It made an automated
sample return.

November 10, 1969, success. It landed an auto-
mated roving vehicle for long-term exploration.

September 2, 1971, partial success. The lunar
orbit was a success, but it crashed on landing.

September 28, 1971, success. It returned photos
and other data.

February 14, 1972, successful. It made an auto-
mated sample return.

January 8, 1973, successful soft Moon landing.
It placed an automated roving vehicle for long-
term exploration.

May 29, 1974, success. It returned pictures and
data.

October 28, 1974, partial success. It landed
safely, but the drill was damaged so no sample
was returned.

August 9, 1976, successful soft landing on the
Moon. It made an automated sample return of
soil.

219

U.S.S.R.

VENERA 1-16
U.S.S.R.

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space: lunar and planetary probes

Description of Facility/Instrument: These spacecraft had the mission
of gathering data on Venus. Some sent back pictures from the
surface of Venus and performed analysis of the atmosphere and
soli. Two are currently operating (VENERA 15 and 16) and are
planning radar mapping of the surface from orbit.

Date of Construction: 1961-1983 (launches)

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.S.R.
Nationality (s) of Operational Funding: U.S.S.R.
Nationality (s) of Management Staff: U.S.S.R.
Natlonality(s) of Researchers: U.S.S.R.

Other Information:

VENERA 1

VENERA 2

VENERA 3

VENERA 4

VENERA 5

VENERA 6

VENERA 7

VENERA 8

VENERA 9

Launched

February 14, 1961, partial success. The
communications failed, but it did pass Venus.

November 12, 1965, partial success. The
communications failed, but it did pass Venus.

November 16, 1965, partial success. The
communications failed, and it struck. Venus.

June 12, 1967, success. It returned direct
readings of the atmosphere.

January 5, 1969, success. It returned direct
readings of the atmosphere near the surface.

January 10, 1964, success. It returned direct
readings of the atmosphere near the surface.

August 17, 1970, successful soft landing. It
sent back data on the atmosphere and surface of
Venus.

March 27. 1972, success. Atmospheric data and
soil analyses were returned.

June 8, 1975, success. It returned pictures and
other data.

220

U.S.S.R.

VENERA 10

VENERA 11

VENERA 12

VENERA 13

VENERA 14

VENERA 15

VENERA 16

June 14, 1975, success. It returned pictures
and other data.

September 9, 1978, success. It returned data
from the surface.

September 14, 1978, success. It returned data
from the surface.

October 20, 1978, success. It soft-landed on
March 1, 1982.

November 4, 1981, success. It soft-landed on
March 5, 1982.

June 2, 1983, success. It achieved orbit on
October 19, 1983. It carries radar.

June 7, 1983, success. It achieved orbit on
October 14, 1983. It carries radar.

221

U.S.A.

SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL EXPLORERS
NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space: earth science

Description of Facility/Instrument: These were the EXPLORER missions
which had Earth-oriented and solar-oriented purposes

Date of Construction; Launches began in 1959; many still are
operational

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : Total cost undetermined

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership; (U.S. with some inter-

Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding; national cooperation

Nationality(s) of Management Staff: as discussed in detail

Nationallty(8) of Researchers; below.)

Potential for Future International Cooperation: See below.

Other Information;

AIR DENSITY EXPLORERS

EXPLORERS 9 (launched 1961), 19 (1963), 24 (1964), and 39
(1968) were 12-foot Inflatable spheres designed to measure the
upper atmosphere and lower exosphere and to determine air density
as a function of latitude, season, and local solar time.

ATMOSPHERE EXPLORERS

Five U.S. ATMOSPHERE EXPLORERS [EXPLORERS 17 (launched 1963),
32 (1966), 51 (1973), 54 (1975), and 55 (1975)] and eight inter-
national satellites [U.K. -U.S.: ARIEL 2 (1964), 3 (1967), 4
(1971); Italy-U.S.: SAN MARCO 1 (1964), 2 (1967), 3 (1971), 4
(1974); and U.S. -Federal Republic of Germany: AEROS (1972)] were
designed to collect temperature composition density and pressure
data to permit the study of the physics of the atmosphere.

ENERGETIC PARTICLE EXPLORERS

Four EXPLORER missions [EXPLORER 12 (launched 1961), 14
(1962), 15 (1962), and 26 (1964)] were designed to study injection
trapping and loss mechanisms of the Earth's radiation belts.
International cooperation projects for similar purposes were
conducted with the United States by the European Space Agency
(ESA) [ESRO IIA (launched 1967), and ESRO IIB (1968)] and the
Federal Republic of Germany [AZUR (1969)].

222

GEODETIC EXPLORERS

EXPLORERS 29 (launched 1965) and 36 (1968).

IONOSPHERIC EXPLORERS

Four U.S. [EXPLORERS 8 (1960), 20 (1964), 22 (1964), and 27
(1965)] and nine International satellites [U.K. -U.S.: ARIEL 1
(1962) and ARIEL 4 (1971); U.S. -Canada: ALOUETTE 1 (1962), ISIS-X
(1965), ISIS A (1969), and ISIS B (1971); U.S. -France: FR-1
(1968); and the European Space Agency (ESA) : ESRO I (1969) and
ESRO IB (1969)] were designed to determine the nature, dynamic
behavior, and distribution of changed particles, electrons, and
ions as observed from above the ionosphere.

MAGNETOSPHERE EXPLORERS

General: EXPLORERS 6 (1959) and 10 (1961) were designed to
measure radiation levels in space. EXPLORER 45 (1971) was designed
to measure ring currents and magnetic storms.

In jun-Hawkeye : EXPLORERS 25 (1964) and 40 (1968) were de-
signed to measure the radiation of atomic ions into the Earth's
atmosphere. EXPLORER 52 (1974) was designed to measure the solar
wind and magnetic field interactions in the polar regions of the
Earth.

Interplanetary Monitoring Platforms (IMPs): Ten missions
[EXPLORERS 18 (1963), 21 (1964), 28 (1965), 34 (1966), 34 (1967),
35 (1967), 41 (1969), 43 (1971), 47 (1972), and 50 (1973)] were
designed to study interplanetary magnetic fields between the
Earth and the Moon. [1984 $$ : $80 million]

International Sun-Earth EXPLORERS (ISEE): U.S.: ISEE 1
(1977); U.S.-E.S.A.: ISEE 2 (1977) and ISEE 3 (1978). ISEE 2
had Swedish instruments and ISEE 3 had Swedish, Dutch, and British
instruments. These satellites were designed to study the solar-
terrestrial relationships at the outermost boundary of the mag-
netosphere. [1984 $$ : $60 million]

Dynamics EXPLORER A/B: Launched in August 1981 to image the
polar caps. It continues to investigate the plasma of the mag-
netosphere. [1984 $$ : $52.9 million]

Active Magnetospheric Particle Trace EXPLORERS (AMPTE):
Launched on August 16, 1984, to study entry windows, entry
mechanisms, energization, and transport of energetic particles in
magnetospheric radiation. International participation in the
program includes the Federal Republic of Germany (spacecraft and
experiments), United States (spacecraft, experiments, launch
site, and operations), and the U.K. (extreme ultraviolet camera).

SOLAR-PHYSICS EXPLORERS

EXPLOPvERS 7 (1959), 20 (1964), 37 (1968), and 44 (1971) were
designed to monitor solar x-rays and solar radiation.

223

U.S.A.

EARTH RADIATION BUDGET EXPERIMENT (ERBE)

Goddard Space Flight Center

NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor; Space: earth science

Description of Facility/Instrument; This is a three-satellite system,
Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS), NOAA-F, and NOAA-G.
The three-satellite ERBE system will measure thermal and solar
radiation of the entire Earth at some time each day. Each
satellite will contain two instruments: a scanner and non-
scanner to measure radiant Intensities and solar Intensities.

Date of Construction; 1984-1986 (launches)

Construction Cost; 1984 $$; $130 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff; U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Other Information:

To Be Launched

ERBE ;

1984

NOAA F:

1985

NCAA G:

1986

224

U.S.A.

UPPER ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH SATELLITE (UARS)

Goddard Space Flight Center

NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor; Space: earth science

Description of Facility/Instrument: The UARS mission will provide
the first Integrated global measure of ozone concentration;
chemical species that affect the ozone; energy inputs; temperature
readings; and measurement of the stratosphere and mesosphere.

Date of Construction: 1989, projected launch

Construction Cost: 1984 $$: $707 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonality(8) of Operational Funding: U.S.
NationalityCs) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: Unknown at this time.

225

U.S.S.R.

IK 5 : December 2, 1971, studied charged particles and

low frequency electromagnetic waves. Czecho-
slovakia and the U.S.S.R. provided the equipment.
There were participating tracking stations In
Czechoslovakia, the U.S.S.R., and the Democratic
Republic of Germany.

IK 6 : April 7, 1972, studied the chemical composition

and energy spectrum of cosmic rays. The equip-
ment was made In the U.S.S.R. according to
specifications made in Hungary, Mongolia, Poland,
Romania, Czechoslovakia, and the U.S.S.R. A
meteorite experiment was developed and manufac-
tured in Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and the U.S.S.R.

IK 7 : June 30, 1972, continued short-wave radiation

and hard x-ray studies. It observed solar
flares not seen from Earth stations. It carried
equipment from the Democratic Republic of Ger-
many, Czechoslovakia, and the U.S.S.R.

IK 8 : December 1, 1972, the satellite carried equip-

ment from Bulgaria, the Democratic Republic of
Germany, Czechoslovakia, and the U.S.S.R. The
first IK satellite was launched from Plesetsk,
where specialists from participating Eastern
Bloc countries observed the launch.

IK-9/K0PERNIK 500 : April 19, 1973, measured solar radiation and the

ionosphere. It also commemorated the 500th
birthday of Copernicus. The equipment was
Polish, Czechoslovaklan and Soviet. The data
were received at ground stations in the U.S.S.R.
and Czechoslovakia.

IK-10 : October 30, 1973, the payload carried East German

and Soviet equipment to determine the concentra-
tion and temperature of ionospheric electrons,
Soviet apparatus to measure magnetic field
variation, and Czechoslovaklan equipment to
study low-frequency electric oscillation of
plasma.

IK-11 : May 17, 1974, measured solar ultraviolet and

x-ray radiation in the upper atmosphere of
Earth. The experiments were provided by the
Democratic Republic of Germany, the U.S.S.R.,
and Czechoslovakia.

226

U.S.S.R.

INTERKOSMOS 1-22 (IK 1-22)
U.S.S.R.

"Big Science" Descriptor; Space: solar and terrestlal physics

Description of Facility/Instrument; This Is a series of satellites

specifically designed to foster cooperation between the U.S.S.R.
and Its allies as well as selected Western countries. The space-
craft primarily make studies of the upper atmosphere, although
two have been devoted to oceanographlc research.

Date of Construction: 1969-1981 (launches)

Construction Cost;

1984 $$

U.S.S.R. plus extensive Eastern Bloc

Present International Cooperation
Nationallty(3) of Ownership:

participation
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.S.R. plus extensive

Eastern Bloc participation
Natlonality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.S.R. plus extensive

Eastern Bloc participation
Nationallty(8) of Researchers: U.S.S.R. plus extensive Eastern

Bloc participation

Other Information:

INTERKOSMOS 1 (IK 1);

IK 2

IK 3

IK 4

Launched

October 14, 1969, to study the effects of solar
ultraviolet and x-ray radiation on the structure
of the upper atmosphere. It carried equipment
from the U.S.S.R., the Democratic Republic of
Germany, and Czechoslovakia.

December 25, 1969, studied the ionosphere,
electronic temperatures near the payload, and
electronic concentration between the payload
and ground receiving stations. It carried
Instruments from Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia.
The principal tracking stations included two In
Poland and seven in the U.S.S.R.

August 7, 1970, studied the Interactions between
solar activity and the radiation belts of Earth,
and electromagnetic oscillations in the upper
Ionosphere. It carried Czechoslovaklan and
Soviet experiments.

October 14, 1970, studied the effects of solar
ultraviolet and x-ray radiation. It had equip-
ment from the Democratic Republic of Germany,
Czechoslovakia, and the U.S.S.R.

227

^ U.S.S.R.

IK-12 : October 31, 1974, continued studies of the

atmosphere and ionosphere and flow of micro-
meteorites. It carried equipment from Hungary,
Czechoslovakia, the Democratic Republic of
Romania, and the U.S.S.R.

IK-13 : March 27, 1975, studied dynamic processes In the

magnetosphere and polar ionosphere. It carried
equipment from Czechoslovakia and the U.S.S.R.

IK-IA : December 11, 1975, studied low-frequency eletro-

magnetic fluctuations in the magnetosphere to
measure micrometeoritic Intensity. It carried
equipment from Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia,
and the U.S.S.R.

IK-15 : June 19, 1976, introduced a new payload called

automatic universal orbital station (AUOS)
which carried a greater volume and weight of
scientific equipment than previous payloads,
and could be controlled at any point in its
orbit, not just over ground command stations.
A new unified telemetrlc system (YeTMS) for
digital transmission also was Included. Parti-
cipants in the telemetrlc system Included Hungary,
Poland, the Democratic Republic of Germany,
Czechoslovakia, and the U.S.S.R.

IK-16 : July 27, 1976, continued studies of ultraviolet

and x-ray radiation from the Sun and the effect
of radiation on the Earth's upper atmosphere
equipment came from Czechoslovakia, the Democratic
Republic of Germany, the U.S.S.R. and Sweden.
Simultaneous observations of the Sun were made
by Bulgaria, Hungary, the Democratic of Republic
of Germany, Czechoslovakia, and the U.S.S.R.

IK-17 : September 24, 1977, continued previous experi-

ments on the relationship between solar activity
and the Earth's upper atmosphere. It carried
equipment from Hungary, Romania, Czechoslovakia,
Bulgaria and the U.S.S.R.

IK-18/MAGI0N : October 24, 1978, conducted studies of electro-
magnetic relationships between the Earth's
magnetosphere and ionosphere and of low-frequency
radio waves in the circumterrestial plasma.
The MAGION satellite separated from IK-18 and
went in a trajectory very close to the parent
satellite and conducted similar studies of

228

U.S.S.R.

low-frequency electromagnetic fields. MAGION
was the first artificial satellite to be
developed and built by Czechoslovakia.

IK-19 : February 27, 1979, experiments continued on the

Earth's Ionosphere, wave processes, and radio
propagation In the Ionospheric. The equipment
and experiments Included those from Bulgaria,
Poland, Czechoslovakia and the U.S.S.R. Data
from IK-19, IK-18, MAGION, and two U.S. satel-
lites were jointly analyzed by scientists In
the Soviet Union, the United States, and Japan.
The Soviets combined the results from IK-17,
IK-18, and MAGION Into a program they
called "International Investigations of the
Magnetosphere. "

IK-20 : November 1, 1979, oceanographic research on

zones of biological productivity In the ocean
and sea surface temperatures. The equipment
was developed in Hungary, the Democratic Re-
public of Germany, Czechoslovakia, and the
U.S.S.R.

IK-21 : February 6, 1981, the satellite was designed to

study the ocean and land masses; locate areas
of high bloproductlvlty and pollution and ice,
water, land, and water boundaries; and define
optical thickness of the atmosphere and thermo-
dynamic temperatures of the ocean's surface.
The equipment was from Hungary, the Democratic
Republic of Germany, Romania, Czechoslovakia
and the U.S.S.R.

IK-22 /BULGARIA 1,300: August 7, 1981, for ionospheric and magneto-
spheric studies. The IK-BULGARIA satellite was
named to commemorate the 1,300th anniversary of
the founding of Bulgaria. Of the 15 instruments
carried by IK-BULGARIA, 12 were from Bulgaria.
This included instrumentation for studying ions
and electrons in near-Earth space, studying per-
manent and varying electronic fields, deter-
mining weak emissions of light and ultraviolet
radiation, and laser reflectors for goedetlc
studies.

229

U.S.S.R.

PROGNOZ 1-9
U.S.S.R.

"Big Science" Descriptor: Space: solar and terrestlal physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: These were Earth-orbiting satel-
lites used primarily to study the magnetosphere with the exception
of PROGNOZ 9, which performed radio astronomy.

Date of Construction: 1972-1983 (launches)

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ :

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership: U.S.S.R.
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.S.R.
Nationality (s) of Management Staff: U.S.S.R.
Nationality (s) of Researchers; U.S.S.R.

These satellites involved a number of Instances of
cooperation with the United States and other Western nations
as well as with nations of the Eastern Bloc.

Other information:
PROGNOZ 1
PROGNOZ 2

PROGNOZ 3

PROGNOZ 4

PROGNOZ 5

PROGNOZ 6

PROGNOZ 7

PROGNOZ 8

PROGNOZ 9

Launched

April 14, 1972, magnetospheric studies.

June 29, 1972, magnetospheric studies and French
solar wind experiment.

February 15, 1973, magnetospheric studies and
French solar wind experiment.

December 22, 1975, magnetospheric studies and
French solar wind experiment.

November 25, 1976, magnetospheric studies and
French solar wind experiment.

September 22, 1977, magnetospheric studies,
French ultraviolet experiments, and Czecho-
slovaklan experiments for solar flares.

October 30, 1978, magnetospheric experiments.
The satellite carried Swedish, French, Czecho-
slovakian, and Bulgarian experiments. There
also was coordinated data analysis with PIONEER/
VENUS, (U.S.), ISEE (U.S. -international),
PROGNOZ 7, and VENERA 11 and 12.

December 25, 1980, magnetospheric experiments.
The satellite carried Polish, Czechoslovakian,
and Swedish experiments.

July 1, 1983, radio astronomy. It carried French
and Czechoslovakian experiments.

APPENDIX 9
AERONAUTICAL FACILITIES

The information in this appendix
Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Navy, and the U.S. Army, April 1985.
was obtained from National Aeronautics
nautical Facilities Catalogue, Volume
U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1985. 288 p.;

was supplied by the National
the U.S. Air Force, the U.S.
Information on wind tunnels
and Space Administration Aero-
1, Wind Tunnels. Washington,
and Office of Science and Tech-

nology Policy. Aeronautical Research and Technology Policy, Volume
II: Final Report. Washington, Executive Office of the President,
Nov. 1982. (various pagination).

(231)

232

Langley, UT. , U.S.A.

NATIONAL TRANSONIC FACILITY
Langley Research Center
NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Aerodynamics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This national transonic wind
tunnel facility is used for transports; maneuvering aircraft;
and correlation with flight performance. Its purpose is high
Rn testing. (Use: 40 percent civil, proprietary, and cooper-
ative; 40 percent military; and 20 percent NASA unique.)

Date of Construction: 1982

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $146 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality (s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationality (s) of Researchers: U.S.

Langley, UT., U.S.A.

UNITARY PLAN WIND TUNNEL
Langley Research Center
NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor; Aerodynamics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This wind tunnel is used for

Supersonic testing of aerodynamic configuration and propulsion
airframe interactions, military aircraft, supersonic transport,
configuration development, and advanced concepts. (Use: 6 per-
cent civil, proprietary, and cooperative; 8 percent military; and
86 percent NASA unique).

Date of Construction: 1954, updated in 1979

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $101.8 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Researchers: U.S.

233

Langley, UT., U.S.A.

16-FOOT TRANSONIC WIND TUNNEL
Langley Research Center
NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Aerodynamics

Description of Facility/ Instrument ; This wind tunnel is used for
propulsion and airframe integration and multi-force measuring
system diagnostic instrumentation. This is the largest transonic
tunnel available to NASA. (Use: 27 percent military and 73
percent NASA unique).

Date of Construction; 1941, modified and updated in 1975

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $89.7 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Langley, UT. , U.S.A.

TRANSONIC DYNAMICS TUNNEL
Langley Research Center
NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Aerodynamics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility is used for aero-
elastics and flutter model tests; for flutter clearance; and
stores/wing flutter active control. (Use: 7 percent civil,
proprietary, and cooperative; 45 percent military; and 48 percent
NASA unique) .

Date of Construction: 1959, modified in 1980

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $61.3 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Operational Fundfng; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Researchers: U.S.

68-022 0-87-9

234

Langley, UT. , U.S.A.

HYPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL COMPLEX
Langley Research Center
NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Aerodynamics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This Hypersonic Wind Tunnel Complex
IS used for three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer studies.
The complex includes a Mach 20 tunnel, hypersonic helium tunnels,
a hypersonic nitrogen tunnel, and a Scramjet Test Facility.

Date of Construction: 1952, upgraded through 1983

Construction Cost: 198^ $$ : $49 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
NatiDnality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers: UTS.

Langley, DT., U.S.A.

EIGHT-FOOT HIGH-TEMPERATURE HYPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL

Langley Research Center

NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor; Aerodynamics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This tunnel Is capable of large-
scale temperature, pressure, and Mach number simulation for
structures and propulsion. This facility Is also used for evalu-
ating hypersonic and space structures, Ram/Scram jets and
missiles, and aero/thermodynamlcs. (Use: 10 percent military
and 90 percent NASA unique.)

Date of Construction; 1964

Construction Cost; 198A $$ ; $43.6 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality (s) of Management Staff; U.S.
Natlonallty(B) of Researchers; U.S.

235

Langley, UT. , U.S.A.

EIGHT-FOOT TRANSONIC PRESSURE WIND TUNNEL

Langley Research Center

NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor; Aerodynamics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility conducts variable
Reynolds number testing over a Mach number range In support of
aerodynamic research.

Date of Construction: 1953, upgraded In 1980

Construction Cost: 198A $$ : $40 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff; U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers; U.S.

Langley, UT. , U.S.A.

20-INCH MACH 6 WIND TUNNEL
Langley Research Center
NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor; Aerodynamics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This tunnel measures heat transfer

pressures, forces and moments, skin friction equilibrium temperatures,
boundary layers, and flow profiles.

Date of Construction: 1958, upgraded in 1982

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $38.1 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Nationality(8) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationality(8) of Researchers: U.S.

236

Langley, UT., U.S.A.

HYPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL COMPLEX
Langley Research Center
NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor; Aerodynamics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This wind tunnel complex Includes a
Mach 8 variable density tunnel that can measure heat transfer,
pressure, force, and flow visualization data, and a Mach 6 high
Reynolds number tunnel that Is capable of fundamental aero-
dynamics and fluid dynamics studies over a large Reynolds
number Range.

Date of Construction: 1952, upgraded in 1958

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : $38 million

Present International fipoperatlon

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership; U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff; U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Researchers; U.S.

Ames, CA. , U.S.A.

LOW- SPEED WIND TUNNEL COMPLEX

Ames Research Center

NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor; Aerodynamics

Description of Facility/ Instrument ; This complex has wind tunnels to
test airplane and aerospace craft, including a 40x80 wind tunnel;
80x120 wind tunnel; static stand; anechoic chamber; a 7x10 wind
tunnel, and a 12-foot pressure tunnel. They are used for testing
V/STOL; helicopters; propulsion airframe Integration; engines
and nozzles; propulsion/ Nacelle wings in large-scale subsonic
testing; static performance and noise; and airframes in tunnel
scale.

Date of Construction; 1941 (modified in 1944, 1972, 1974, 1982, 1983)

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : $260 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership; U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Management Staff; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers; U.S.

237

Ames, CA. , U.S.A.

UNITARY PLAN TUNNEL COMPLEX
Ames Research Center
NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Aerodynamics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility Includes a system
of tunnels: Il-foot transonic; 9X7 foot supersonic; 8X7 foot
supersonic. The tunnels are used for military aircraft, missile
tests, and propulslon/alrf rame Integration. (Use: ll-foot
transonic tunnel; 19.9 percent civil, proprietary, and coopera-
tive; A3. 7 percent military; and 36.4 NASA unique. 9X7 foot
supersonic tunnel; 42.5 percent civil, proprietary, and coopera-
tive; 26.8 percent military; and 30.7 NASA unique.)

Date of Construction: 1955

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $146 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Ames, CA. , U.S.A.

14-FOOT TRANSONIC WIND TUNNEL

Ames Research Center

NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Aerodynamics

Description of Facility/ Instrument : This facility is used primarily
for performance and stability and control testing of aircraft
configurations.

Date of Construction: 1956

Construction Cost: 1984$$ : $58 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers; U.S.

238

Ames, CA., U.S<A.

6X6 SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL
Ames Research Center
NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor; Aerodynamics

Description of Facility/Instrument; This wind tunnel provides sub/

trans/ supersonic tests of larger models. It Is used for missile
aerodynamics, high studies, boundary layer control, and comformal
Inlet aerodynamics. (Use: 53.2 percent civil, proprietary,
and cooperative; 23.5 percent military direct; and 23.3 percent
NASA unique.)

Date of Construction; 1948

Construction Cost; 198A $$ : $42.3 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership; U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Management Staff; U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Researchers; U.S.

Ames, CA. , U.S.A.

3.5-FOOT HYPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL

Ames Research Center

NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor; Aerodynamics

Description of Facility/Instrument; This tunnel is used for high
stress test development of aerodynamic materials.

Date of Construction; 1960, upgraded in 1972

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $35 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff; U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: uTs.

239

Lewis, OH., U.S.A.

8X6 TRAN/SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL

Lewis Research Center

NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor; Aerodynamics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility, for aerodynamic
and propulsion cycle testing, is needed for military aircraft
and missiles transport aircraft; propulsion system and component
performance testing; and turboprop performance and aeroelastlc
research. (Use: 55 percent civil, proprietary, and cooperative
and 45 percent NASA unique.)

Date of Construction: 1949

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $80.2 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Lewis, OH., U.S.A.

10X10 UNITARY SUPERSONIC PROPULSION WIND TUNNEL

Lewis Research Center

NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Aerodynamics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility is used for military
aircraft; supersonic transports; engine/inlet integration;
engine nozzle Interaction; and high distortion turboprop perfor-
mance and aeroelastlc research. Tests are continuous flow and
aerodynamic. (Use: 4 percent civil, proprietary, and coopera-
tive; 62 percent military; and 34 percent NASA unique.)

Date of Construction: 1955

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $70 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s'' ■?f Ownership: U.S.
Nationallty( - . cf Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonallty(s' of Management Staff: U.S.
Natlonaltty(s) of Researchers: U.S.

240

Lewis, OH., U.S.A.

6x9-FOOT ICING RESEARCH TUNNEL (IRT)

Lewis Research Center

NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Aerodynamics

Description of Facility/Instrument; This subsonic IRT Is used to study
the effects of Icing on aircraft components. Instrumentation is
available for measuring cloud parameters and for determining drag
characteristics of airfoils.

Date of Construction; 19A4, upgraded in I98A

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $40 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership; U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers; U.S.

Dayton, OH., U.S.A.

AERODYNAMIC RESEARCH FACILITY

Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories

U.S. Air Force

"Big Science" Descriptor; Aerodynamics

Description of Facility/ Instrument: Wind tunnel complex dedicated to
research in the subsonic through hypersonic region.

Date of Construction: 1959 and continuing

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $95 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership; U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation; For Western Bloc
nations only.

241

Tullahoma, TN., U.S.A.

16-FOOT SUPERSONIC PROPULSION WIND TUNNEL
Arnold Engineering Development Center
U.S. Air Force

"Big Science" Descriptor; Aerodynamics

Description of Facility/ Instrument; This tunnel Is used for both
aerodynamic and propulsion system testing.

Date of Construction; 1954

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ; $550 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership; U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Management Staff; U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers; U.S.

Tullahoma, TN., U.S.A.

16-FOOT TRANSONIC PROPULSION WIND TUNNEL
Arnold Engineering Development Center
U.S. Air Force

"Big Science" Descriptor; Aerodynamics

Description of Facility/Instrument; This facility conducts force and
moment pressure, dynamic stability, jet effects, decelerator de-
ployment, internal duct flow, and flutter buffet tests.

Date of Construction; 1952

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : $300 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Management Staff; U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers; U.S.

242

Tullahoma, TN., U.S.A.

VON KARMAN SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNELS
Arnold Engineering Development Center
U.S. Air Force

"Big Science" Descriptor; Aerodynamics

Description of Facility/Instrument: These tunnels are used for force
and moment pressure, heat transfer, dynamic stability, cold
flow jet effects, and free flight tests.

Date of Construction: 1954

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $151 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Carderock, MD., U.S.A.

DTNSRDC TRANSONIC WIND TUNNEL

Aviation and Surface Effects Department

David Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center (DTNSRDC)

"Big Science" Descriptor: Aircraft and missile aerodynamics

Description of Facility/ Instrument: Continuous-flow wind tunnel with
7x10 foot transonic test section (Mach 0.2 to 1.15) and 12x15
foot low speed test section (Mach 0.05 to 0.2). Stagnation pres-
sure 0.3 to 1.5 atmospheres. Captive trajectory system for study
of the behavior of aircraft-launched weapons.

Date of Construction: Tunnel with high speed test section commissioned
in 1957 and upgraded in 1983-84. Low speed test section scheduled
for 1987 commissioning.

Construction Cost;

Original: $5 million
1984 $$ : $50 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers; U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation; There are no plans

under active discussion, but a possibility of future international
cooperation lies in the fact that this facility is exceptionally
accurate and efficient in its captive trajectory mode of operation.
This is an area of growing importance in connection with efforts
to reduce the observability of tactical aircraft.

243

Silver Spring, MD., U.S.A.

HYPERVELOCITY WIND TUNNEL NO. 9

Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak Laboratory

U.S. Navy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Hypersonic aerodynamics

Description of Facility/Instrument: The Hypervelocity Wind Tunnel is

a unique facility which provides ground simulation of aerodynamics
and aerothermal conditions required for the design and performance
evaluation of reentry vehicles, decoys, and interceptors at Mach
numbers of 10 and lA. It currently simulates reentry flow condi-
tions from 40,000 feet to about 200,000 feet which is the critical
moderate altitude regime of interest to strategic missile systems
and defensive Interceptor systems.

Date of Construction; 1972-1976

Construction Cost: Original; $17.6 million

1984 $$ : $30.6 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership; U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Management Staff; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Other Information: There have not been any cooperative Tunnel-9 testing
efforts with foreign governments to date. Tunnel 9 is utilized
primarily to support Department of Defense programs and, to a
lesser degree, NASA programs.

Philadelphia, PA., U.S.A.

V/STOL WIND TUNNEL
Boeing Vertol Company

"Big Science" Descriptor; Aerodynamics

Description of Facility/ Instrument ; This tunnel tests fixed-wing in-
ground effect, powered models, high angle of attack, helicopter,
and jet aircraft performance.

Date of Construction: 1968, upgraded in 1980 and 1982

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : $40 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Owner: uTs.
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers: U.S.

244

Dallas, TX., U.S.A.

TRANS/ SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL
Vought Corporation

"Big Science" Descriptor: Aerodynamics

Description of Facility/Instrument; This facility is used for testing
aircraft, spacecraft and missile configurations for force and
moment pressure, inlet performance, flutter, buffet and jet effects.

Date of Construction; 1958, upgraded in 1972 and 1975

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ; $25 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers; U.S.

Tokyo, JAPAN

TWO-METER TRANSONIC WIND TUNNEL
National Aerospace Laboratory

"Big Science" Descriptor: Aerodynamics

Description of Facility/Instrument; This test facility is used for
data acquisition of aerodynamic design of airplanes and other
configurations under development and for calibration of aero-
d3mamic computational methods.

Date of Construction; 1960

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ; $200 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: Japan
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding; Japan
Nationality(s) of Management Staff; Japan
NationalityCs) of Researchers: Japan

245

Dayton, OH. , U.S.A.

STRUCTURES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FACILITY
Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories
U.S. Air Force

"Big Science" Descriptor; Aerodynamic structures research and develop-
ment

Description of Facility/Instrument; Aircraft structural research and
development testing, including high temperatures testing.

Date of Construction: 1959 with improvements over the next five years

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : $80 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership; U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: For Western Bloc
countries only.

Dayton, OH., U.S.A.

COMPRESSOR RESEARCH FACILITY

Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories

U.S. Air Force

"Big Science" Descriptor; Turbine engine engineering research

Description of Facility/Instrument; Electrical drive system for
turbine engine compressor engineering research with fully
automated state-of-the-art computer controls for detailed
study of steady-state and transient compressor phenomena with
immediate data analysis.

Date of Construction; 1979

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ; $94 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(8) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers; U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation; For Western Bloc
countries only.

246

Edwards, CA. , U.S.A.

AERONAUTICAL TEST RANGE

Dryden Flight Research Facility

NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor; Flight testing

Description of Facility/Instrument: This is a facility to control,
monitor, and conduct tests and experimental research in real
time and to conduct flight research on all classes of manned
aircraft and RPRVs. (Use: 75 percent military and 25 percent
NASA unique.)

Date of Construction; 1945, modified in 1980

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : $33.9 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers; U.S.

Dayton, OH., U.S.A.

FLIGHT CONTROL DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY

Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories

U.S. Air Force

"Big Science" Descriptor; Flight control engineering research

Description of Facility/Instrument; The Large Amplitude Multlmode
Aerospace Research Simulator (LAMARS), the predominant flight
simulator in the laboratory, consists of an electrohydraulic five
degree-of-f reedom motion system.

Date of Construction: 1980 and continuing over the next five years

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $45 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers; U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation; For Western Bloc
nations only.

247

Langley, UT., U.S.A.

DIFFERENTIAL MANEUVERING SIMULATOR

Langley Research Center

NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Flight simulation

Description of Facility/Instrument; This facility Is capable of dual
high fidelity large amplitude visual scene simulation for exten-
sive up-and-away maneuvering, high angle of attack departures,
spin entry and recovery, and alr-to-alr combat. The facility
Is unique within government for research on alr-to-alr combat
and spin prevention and alleviation. (Use: 25 percent civil,
55 percent military, and 20 percent NASA unique).

Date of Construction: 1971

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $23.3 million (without computer)

Present International Cooperation

Natlonality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Natlonality(8) of Researchers: U.S.

Ames, CA. , U.S.A.

SIX-DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM MOTION SIMULATOR

Ames Research Center

NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Flight simulation

Description of Facility/Instrument: This simulator is used for
handling qualities research and assessments for takeoff and
landing of vertical rising aircraft. (Use: 100 percent
military).

Date of Construction: 1964, currently undergoing modification.

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $15.4 million (without display system
and computer)

Present International Cooperation

Nationality (s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality (s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers: uTs.

248

Ames, CA. , U.S.A.

FLIGHT SIMULATOR FOR ADVANCED AIRCRAFT

Ames Research Center

NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Flight simulation

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility is used for

handling qualities research and assessments in critical take-off
and approach landing phases of flight. It is unique for demon-
strating "high lateral motion fidelity." The 100-foot lateral
travel enhances study of critical maneuvers such as lateral
slideslip during landing approach and engine failure. (Use: 10
percent civil, proprietary, and cooperative; 55 percent military;
and 35 percent NASA unique.)

Date of Construction: 1969

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : $25.7 million (not Including the visual
system and computer)

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Ames, CA. , U.S.A.

VERTICAL MOTION SIMULATOR
Ames Research Center
NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor: Flight simulation

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility handles qualities

research and assessments in critical take-off and approach/landing
phases of aircraft. Its capability of vertical travel enhances
the studies of critical maneuvers, particularly for VTOL and
STOL operations. (Use: 25 percent civil, 15 percent military,
and 60 percent NASA unique.)

Date of Construction: 1981

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $11.4 million (without visual system
and computer).

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality (s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationality (s) of Researchers: U.S.

249

Lewis, OH., U.S.A.

PROPULSION SYSTEMS LABORATORY

Lewis Research Center

NASA

"Big Science" Descriptor; Aerodynamics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility provides full-scale
testing with simulated speed and altitude. It is needed for
engine systems research; performance; control; engine/nozzle
tests; and systems dynamics studies (stagnation stall and flutter).
(Use: 54 percent military and 46 percent NASA unique.)

Date of Construction: 1952, modified in 1972

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $170.5 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality (s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality (s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationality (s) of Researchers: U.S.

68-022 0 - 87 - 10

250

Huntsvllle, AL., U.S.A.

ADVANCED SIMULATION CENTER

Army Missile Laboratory

Army Missile Command, Redstone Arsenal

U.S. Army

"Big Science" Descriptor; Hardware-in-the-loop simulation facility

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility has the capability
to accommodate missile guidance and control, signal processing,
autopilot, and sensor hardware in a real-time, time critical
simulation, thereby reducing the need for actual flight tests.
It can be used throughout the missile system life cycle from
early development through deployment. It has a capability for
radio frequency, infra-red, electro-optical, and millimeter wave
guidance systems.

Date of Construction: 1971-1975

Construction Cost: Original: $50 million

1984 $$ : about $115 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: This facility has co-
operated with Israel and the U.K. It is preparing to cooperate
with the international consortium of companies from the United
States, Federal Republic of Germany, France, and Great Britain on
the Terminally Guided Warhead for the Multiple Launch Rocket
System. It also welcomes any opportunity for international co-
operation with nations friendly to the United States and is
willing to accommodate their staff members as part of the team
conducting the hardware-in-the-loop simulations or to provide the
total team itself.

APPENDIX 10
SUPERCOMPUTERS

The information in this appendix was supplied by the National
Science Foundation and by each of the organizations at which the
supercomputers currently are located, March and April 1985.

(251)

252

Boulder, CO., U.S.A.

NCAR SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING FACILITY

National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)

U.S. National Science Foundation

"Big Science" Descriptor; Supercomputers for atmospheric science

Description of Facility/Instrument; The facility has two Cray 1 ma-
chines. It serves the computational needs of members of the U.S.
atmospheric science community who address problems in the theory
of weather prediction, climate studies, severe storm research,
ocean circulation, and the influences of the Sun, land, and oceans
on the atmosphere. The facility serves approximately 1500 to
2000 outside users and 500 on-site users, but no overseas users.

Date of Construction; The center began operating in 1963. It acquired
its first Cray machine in 1977.

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ ; $25-30 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationality (s) of Researchers: U.S.

Other Information: The NCAR Scientific Computing Facility Is managed
by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, a con-
sortium of 49 universities.

253

Llvermore, CA., U.S.A.

NATIONAL MAGNETIC FUSION ENERGY COMPUTER CENTER
Lawrence Llvermore National Laboratory (LLNL)
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Supercomputers for magnetic fusion energy
research

Description of Facility/Instrument; This is a large-scale computing
facility which enables scientists to study the physics of mag-
netically-confined plasmas by means of computer simulations and
engineers to design models needed In fusion reactor studies. The
Center serves 3500 individual users In 58 universities, 19 indus-
trial concerns, and 23 laboratories. The users access the Center
through five gateways dispersed throughout the United States
which communicate by means of 56 K baud satellite channels. Its
large-scale computers Include two Cray 1 machines; one Cray XMP,
and one Cray 2 scheduled for delivery in May 1985. The users are
supported by a staff of 85 professionals.

Date of Construction; The center began operating in July 1974. It ac-
quired Its first Cray around 1977.

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $33-$40 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.

Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: Some users are not U.S. citizens,
but such use is sporadic.

Potential for Future International Cooperation; There are current dis-
cussions regarding possible use by Japanese researchers for a
potential U.S. -Japan joint effort in magnetic fusion energy re-
search.

Other Information; This center is managed by the University of Cali-
fornia under contract with the U.S. Dept. of Energy.

See also LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY COMPUTER
CENTER, which is used for national security classified work.

254

Los Alamos, NM. , U.S.A.

LANL COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS DIVISION
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL)
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor; Supercomputers mainly (about 70 percent) for
nuclear weapons research; about 30 percent for a number of other
, research areas.

Description of Facility/Instrument: Four Cray 1 machines and two Cray
XMPs. The entire Computing and Communications Division serves
about 5000 users in LANL and about 2000 remote users. The largest
outside user is the Defense Nuclear Agency. In addition, the
facility is accessed by Dept. of Energy contractors and other
Federal agencies.

Date of Construction; The Division acquired its first Cray 1 In Novem-
ber 1976.

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : $60 million for the six Cray machines

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(8) of Ownership: U.S.

Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.

Nationallty(8) of Management Staff; U.S.

Nationallty(8) of Researchers; The facility is not used directly
by foreign researchers. However, it is possible to get dial-
up access from anywhere in the world to two unclassified
Cray 1 machines.

255

Princeton, NJ., U.S.A.

NOAA GEOPHYSICAL FLUID DYNAMICS LABORATORY

Environmental Research Laboratories

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Dept. of Commerce

"Big Science" Descriptor; Supercomputers for meteorology, atmospheric
sciences, and oceanography

Description of Facility/Instrument: The laboratory has two Cyber 205
machines (manufactured by Control Data Corporation) for modeling
and simulating those physical processes that govern the behavior
of the atmosphere and the oceans as complex fluid systems.

Date of Construction: The laboratory began operating In 1955. It
leased Its first Cyber In June 1982 and Its second in November
1983.

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ; The charge for the annual lease of the
supercomputers is $5 million. The value of the lifetime lease
of eight years Is $40-45 million. The purchase price is $25-30
million.

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ovnership; U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.

Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: Mainly U.S., plus foreigners parti-
cipating in International programs (generally 10 to 20 visiting
scientists who stay one to two years).

256

Moffett Field, CA., U.S.A.

NASA NUMERICAL AERODYNAMIC SIMULATOR (NAS)

Ames Research Center

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

"Big Science" Descriptor: Supercomputers for computational aerodynamics

Description of Facility/Instrument; Plans call for the facility to be
centered around two high-speed processors which will be the most
advanced cotmnerclally available supercomputers. The first, a
Cray 2 supercomputer. Is scheduled for delivery In 1985. The
system also will have long-haul telecommunications links to allow
access to the NAS by remote users. The system Is being designed
so that more advanced hardware can be added as It becomes avail-
able In future years. The NAS will assist In simulating the
three-dimensional flow of air over aircraft, thus complementing
NASA's wind tunnels used In aerodynamic design and testing. The
NAS will be available to other users Including government labora-
tories, university scientists, and aeronautical Industries.

Date of Construction; NAS Is scheduled to be fully operational by 1986.

Construction Cost: 198A $$ : NASA estimates the cost of the NAS to
be approximately $120 million for FY84 to FY88. NASA received
$43.5 million for the NAS In FY84 and FY85 and has requested
$28.2 million for FY86.

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.

Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.

Nationality (s) of Management Staff: Not yet operational, probably

all U.S.
Natlonallty(8) of Researchers: Not yet operational, probably all

U.S.

257

Princeton, NJ., U.S.A.

NATIONAL ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING CENTER at the
John Von Neumann Center
Princeton University

"Big Science" Descriptor: Supercomputers for scientific and engineering
research

Description of Facility/Instrument: The supercomputer will be a Cyber
205 manufactured by Control Data Corporation, connected to form
megawords of memory and ten gigabytes of storage. The machine
will be upgraded to the ETA-10, a multiprocessor supercomputer
which currently is being developed by ETA Systems, Inc., a spin-
off of Control Data, and will be available in 1987. Also Included
are an extensive files system and graphics subsystem. The center
will be managed by the Consortium for Scientific Computing, a
collection of 12 universities. The facility will be supported
partially by the State of New Jersey.

Date of Construction: Late 1985 or early 1986.

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : $123.5 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff; Not yet operational.
Nationality(s) of Researchers: Not yet operational.

Other Information: In response to the expressed need of U.S. researchers
for access to supercomputers, the National Science Foundation
(NSF) announced in February 1985 the selection of four institutions
that will receive approximately $200 million over the next five
years to establish and operate National Advanced Scientific Com-
puting Centers. Awards will range from $7 million to $13 million
per year over the grant period. Each award will have a cost-sharing
provision in which the States, industries, and institutions will
contribute an amount that will approximately double the NSF award.
The centers should be available for use by the scientific and
engineering research communities in late 1985 or early 1986. Plans
call for the supercomputer centers to be connected via a nationwide
highspeed data network that will allow researchers to communicate
with the centers from any location. In addition to providing
high quality advanced computing systems for researchers, the
centers will educate students and researchers in the use of super-
computers.

The cost includes five years of funding for facility operations
and maintenance. The NSF component of the funding for this facility
will be $69.2 million. The remainder will be supplied from local
sources.

258

See also the NATIONAL ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING CENTERS
to be established at the Center for Theory and Simulation in
Science and Engineering at Cornell University; the University of
Illinois; and the University of California at San Diego.

259

Ithaca, NY., U.S.A.

NATIONAL ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING CENTER at the
Center for Theory and Simulation in Science and Engineering
Cornell University

"Big Science" Descriptor: Supercomputers for scientific and engineering
research.

Description of Facility/Instrument: The supercomputer at this center
will be a pioneering combination of an IBM 3084 QX mainframe
computer with 128 megabytes of main storage attached to a number
of FPS 164 and 264 scientific processors which are manufactured
by Floating Point Systems. The center will be supported partially
by the State of New York.

Date of Construction; Late 1985 or early 1986.

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $65.4 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff; Not yet operational
Nat:ionality(s) of Researchers: Not yet operational

Other Information: In response to the expressed need of U.S. researchers
for access to supercomputers, the National Science Foundation
(NSF) announced in February 1985 the selection of four institutions
that will receive approximately $200 million over the next five
years to establish and operate National Advanced Scientific Com-
puting Centers. Awards will range from $7 million to $13 million
per year over the grant period. Each award will have a cost-
sharing provision in which the States, industries, and institu-
tions will contribute an amount that will approximately double
the NSF award. The centers should be available for use by the
scientific and engineering research communities in late 1985 or
early 1986. Plans call for the supercomputer centers to be con-
nected via a nationwide high-speed data network that will allow
researchers to communicate with the centers from any location.
In addition to providing high quality advanced computing systems
for researchers, the centers will educate students and researchers
in the use of supercomputers.

The cost Includes three years of funding for facility opera-
tions and maintenance. The NSF component of the funding for this
facility will be $21.9 million. The remainder will be supplied
from local sources.

See also the NATIONAL ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING CENTERS
to be established at the John Von Neumann Center at Princeton
University; the University of Illinois; and the University of
California at San Diego.

260

Drbana-Champalgn, IL., U.S.A.

NATIONAL ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING CENTER
University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign

"Big Science" Descriptor; Supercomputers for scientific and engineering
research

Description of Facility/Instrument: The facility will be centered
around a Cray XMP/24 supercomputer with four million words of
memory and an additional 128 million words of high-speed memory
on a solid state device. There will be a close connection between
this center and the newly-established Center for Supercomputer
Research and Development in Urbana, which is involved in the
design of supercomputer hardware and software. The facility will
be supported partially by the State of Illinois.

Date of Construction; Late 1985 or early 1986.

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : $76.1 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(8) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: Not yet operational.
Nationality(s) of Researchers: Not yet operational.

Other Information: In response to the expressed need of U.S. researchers
for access to supercomputers, the National Science Foundation
(NSF) announced in February 1985 the selection of four institutions
that will receive approximately $200 million over the next five
years to establish and operate National Advanced Scientific Com-
puting Centers. Awards will range from $7 million to $13 million
per year over the grant period. Each award will have a cost-
sharing provision in which the States, industries, and institutions
will contribute an amount that will approximately double the NSF
award. The centers should be available for use by the scientific
and engineering research communities in late 1985 or early 1986.
Plans call for the supercomputer centers to be connected via a
nationwide highspeed data network that will allow researchers to
communicate with the centers from any location. In addition to
providing high quality advanced computing systems for researchers,
the centers will educate students and researchers in the use of
supercomputers .

The cost includes five years of funding for facility opera-
tions and maintenance. The NSF component of the funding for this
facility will be $43.9 million. The remainder will be supplied
from local sources.

See also the NATIONAL ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING CENTERS
to be established at the Tohn Von Neumann Center at Princeton
University; the Center for Theory and Simulation in Science and
Engineering at Cornell University; and the University of California
at San Diego.

261

San Diego, CA. , U.S.A.

NATIONAL ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING CENTER
University of California at San Diego

"Big Science" Descriptor: Supercomputers for scientific and engineering
research

Description of Facility/Instrument; The facility is to be managed by

GA Technologies. It will be centered around a Cray XMP/48 machine.
Including four parallel processors and eight megawords of memory,
a state-of-tbeart supercomputer manufactured by Cray Research
Corporation. A consortium of 19 universities around the Nation
will be connected via high-speed networks to the San Diego center.
The facility will be supported by the State of California.

Date of Construction: Late 1985 or early 1986.

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $96.1 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: Not yet operational
Natlonality(s) of Researchers: Not yet operational

Other Information: In response to the expressed need of U.S. researchers
for access to supercomputers, the National Science Foundation
(NSF) announced in February 1985 the selection of four institutions
that will receive approximately $200 million over the next five
years to establish and operate National Advanced Scientific Com-
puting Centers. Awards will range from $7 million to $13 million
per year over the grant period. Each award will have a cost-sharing
provision in which the States, Industries, and institutions will
contribute an amount that will approximately double the NSF award.
The centers should be available for use by the scientific and
engineering research communities in late 1985 or early 1986.
Plans call for the supercomputer centers to be connected via a
nationwide highspeed data network that will allow researchers to
communicate with the centers from any location. In addition to
providing high quality advanced computing systems for researchers,
the centers will educate students and researchers in the use of
supercomputers.

The cost includes five years of funding for facility opera-
tions and maintenance. The NSF component of the funding for this
facility will be $58.4 million. The remainder will be supplied
from local sources.

See also the NATIONAL ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING CENTERS
to be established at the John Von Neumann Center at Princeton
University; the Center for Theory and Simulation in Science and
Engineering at Cornell University; and the University of Illinois
In Urbana-Champaign.

262

Tallahassee, FL., U.S.A.

FSU SUPERCOMPUTER COMPUTATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Florida State University (FSU)

"Big Science" Descriptor; Supercomputer for research In computational
science.

Description of Facility/ Instrument ; The current Cyber 205 Is scheduled
to be replaced by an ETA-IO supercomputer In January 1988, although
it may be provided on a test-site basis In the fall of 1986 If It
Is available by then.

Date of Construction: May 1985, to be updated In 1988

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $19 million plus associated equipment
costs (see note below)

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff; U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers; U.S.

Other Information: The Department of Energy received $7 million in
fiscal year 1985 appropriations to begin funding the FSU super-
computer facility. It is planned that Department of Energy re-
searchers and contractors will use the facility about 65 percent
of the time. The other 35 percent of the time will be allocated
to Florida State University, other universities in Florida, univ-
ersities in the Southern University Research Association, and
Industry. Until the present, the departments of meteorology
and physics at Florida State University have been the largest
users.

Note: The current value of the installed equipment is about
$15 million ($12 million for the Cyber 205 and $3 million for
other hardware). The total cost of the supercomputer equipment
over the five-year period of the cooperative agreement between
Florida State University and the Department of Energy is estimated
to be at least $19 million plus associated equipment costs.

263

Llvermore, CA., U.S.A.

LLNL COMPUTER CENTER

Lawrence Llvermore National Laboratory (LLNL)

U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Supercomputers primarily for nuclear weap-
ons research

Description of Facility/Instrument; The facility has four Cray 1 and
one Cray XMF machines.

Date of Construction: acquired first Cray 1 In 1979

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $50-$60 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff; U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: The classified nature
of this work prohibits outside access. Researchers must have
security clearance.

Other Information: See also NATIONAL MAGNETIC FUSION ENERGY COMPUTER
CENTER at Lawrence Llvermore National Laboratory.

APPENDIX 11
ENGINEERING FACILITIES

The information In this appendix was supplied by the U.S. Navy,
the Department of Energy, the U.S. Air Force, the U.S. Army, the
National Science Foundation, and the MTS Systems Corporation.

(265)

266

Carderock, MD., U.S.A.

DTNSRDC TOWING BASIN, HIGH SPEED

Ship Performance Department

David Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center (DTNSRDC)

"Big Science" Descriptor: High performance craft/torpedo/towed body,
high-speed hydrodynamics

Description of Facility/Instrument: Concrete fresh water basin 2968
feet long, 21 feet wide, and 10 feet deep for 1168 feet and 16
feet deep for 1800 feet with a pneumatic wavemaker which can
generate waves up to 2 feet high and 40 feet long. Three towing
carriages operate with top speeds of 35, 50, and 70 knots over
the basin on tracks. Typical tests performed on this facility
include: resistance, self -propulsion, and static stability in
calm water; seakeeping and propulsion evaluations in head or
following waves; planar motion experiments; open water propeller
characterizations of large propellers; unsteady propeller blade
force measurements; hydrodynamic forces on hydrofoils, planning
boats, and other high speed craft operating in calm water and in
waves; towed body experiments; knot-meter calibrations.

Date of Construction: 1941, 1947 (doubled length and added 50 knot
towing carriage), 1980 (added 70 knot towing carriage).

Construction Cost: Original: (1941) $4 million

1984 $$ : $45 million (including three towing
carriages)

Present Internationa

il Cooperation

U.S.
Funding:

Nationality(s)

of Ownership:

Nationality(s)

of Operational

Nationallty(s)

of Management !

Staff: U.S

•

Nationality(s)

of Researchers

: U.S.
Cooperati(

Potential for Future International

jn;

Excellent

Other Information: The Center's Ship Performance Department partici-
pates on a continuing basis in activities with the International
Towing Tank Conference, American Towing Tank Conference, Inter-
national Exchange Program (ABC-17 Ship Hydrodynamics), NATO Ex-
change Program, NSMB Co-op Research Program, and miscellaneous
experimental work for various foreign companies and governments.

267

Carderock, MD., U.S.A.

DTNSRDC TOWING BASIN, DEEP WATER

Ship Performance Department

David Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center (DTNSRDC)

"Big Science" Descriptor: Surface ship/submarine resistance, propulsion,
seakeeplng, stability, and control characterizations

Description of Facility/Instrument: Concrete fresh water basin 1886
feet long, 51 feet wide, and 22 feet deep with a pneumatic wave-
maker capable of generating waves up to 2 feet high and 40 feet
long. A towing carriage operates over the basin on tracks at
speeds up to 20 knots. Typical tests performed on this facility
Include: resistance and self-propulsion In calm water; open
water propeller characterizations; seakeeplng and propulsion
evaluations In head or following waves; unsteady propeller blade
force measurements; wake surveys; knot-meter calibrations under
simulated dynamic conditions; vertical and horizontal planar
motion experiment; hydrodynamlc forces on submerged bodies, foils,
etc.; towed body experiments.

Date of Construction: 1947

Construction Cost: Original: $6 million

1984 $$ : $30 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: Excellent

268

Carderock, MD., U.S.A.

DTNSRDC TOWING BASIN, SHALLOW WATER

David Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center (DTNSRDC)

"Big Science" Descriptor; Surface ship resistance and propulsion
characterization

Description of Facility/Instrument : Concrete fresh water basin 1192
feet long, 51 feet wide, and 22 feet deep, including a shallow
water section 303 feet long and 10 feet deep which can be used
to simulate rivers, canals, and restricted channels. A towing
carriage operates over the basin on tracks at speeds up to 18
knots. Typical tests performed on this facility include: resis-
tance and self-propulsion in calm water; open water propeller
characterizations; self-propelled model steering maneuvers;
unsteady propeller blade force measurements; wake surveys;
knotmeter calibrations under simulated dynamic conditions;
vertical planar motion experiments; hydrodynamic forces on
submerged bodies, foils, etc.; towed body experiments;
longitudinal wave cut experiments.

Date of Construction: 1941

Construction Cost: Original: $4 million

1984 $$ : $25 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: Excellent

Other Information: The Center's Ship Performance Department partici-
pates on a continuing basis in activities with the International
Towing Tank Conference, American Towing Tank Conference, Inter-
national Exchange Programs (ABC-17 Ship Hydrodynamics), NATO
Exchange Program, NSMB Co-op Research Program, and miscellaneous
experimental work for various foreign companies and governments.

269

Tadotsu, JAPAN

TADOTSU ENGINEERING LABORATORY
Nuclear Power Engineering Test Center

"Big Science" Descriptor; Earthquake research

Description of Facility/Instrument; Large shake table (15 x 15 meters)
for evaluating damage to structures due to earthquakes.

Date of Construction; 1980

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ; About $112 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership; Japan
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding; Japan
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff; Japan
Natlonality(s) of Researchers; Japan

Richland, WA. , U.S.A.

FAST FLUX TEST FACILITY (FFTF)

Hanford Engineering Development Laboratory (HEDL)

U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor; Nuclear reactor research

Description of Facility/Instrument; This is a 400 megawatt -thermal (no
electricity production) Fast Flux Test Facility with peak neutron
flux of 70x10^" neutrons/cm^/second, cooled by liquid metal
sodium at 800° F, inlet to reactor and 1,050° F outlet. It has
three operating sodium loops, fueled by uranium-plutonium dioxide.
It is capable of operating with closed loops to 1,400° F. The
facility has interim examinations of fuel capabilities and
operates with sophisticated, instrumental test assembles.

Date of Construction; Began in 1970, criticality was achieved in 1980.

Construction Cost; Original; $640 million

1984 $$ ; more than $1 billion

Present International Cooperation

Nationality (s) of Ownership; U.S.

Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding: 98 percent U.S., 2 percent

Japan
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers;

Potential for Future International Cooperation: There is substantial
interest from foreign countries, with Japanese dollars now in-
cluded In the base program activities in FFTF.

270

Idaho Falls, ID., U.S.A.

EXPERIMENTAL BREEDER REACTOR II (EBR-II)
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear reactor research

Description of Facility/Instrument; This reactor provides 62.5 mega-
watts-thermal; 19.5 megawatts-gross electrical; 95 percent uranium
metal 67 without enriched U-235 cooled with sodium. It is used
to test fuels and reactor operational characteristics.

JJate of Construction: Began in 1958, criticality was achieved in 1963

Construction Cost: Original: $30 million

1984 $$ : more than $100 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality (s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding; U.S. -Japan
Nationality (s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationality (s) of Researchers: U.S. -Japan

Potential for Future International Cooperation: There is good

potential for international cooperation, joint programs, and the
exchange of personnel.

271

Idaho Falls, ID. , U.S.A.

LOSS-OF-FLUID TEST FACILITY (LOFT)

Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL)

U.S. Dept . of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear reactor research

Description of Facility/Instrument: LOFT is an approximately 1/30-scale
light water pressurized reactor for simulated response to a loss-
of-coolant accident and for source term fission product experiments.
It has a design ppwer of 55 megawatts (thermal) and design pressure
and temperature of 2,500 psig and 650'F. It has a 5-1/2 foot core
length and a 24-inch equivalent core diameter. The facility is
mounted on double-width railroad flat car to enable its removal
from the containment facility.

Date of Construction: Began in 1976, criticality was achieved in 1978

Construction Cost: Original : $ 65 million

1984 $$ : $110 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of OwnershipT U.S.

Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S., U.K., Federal Republic

of Germany, Japan, Sweden, Finland, Spain, Switzerland, Austria

Nationality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.

Nationality(s) of Researchers" uTs. , U.K., Federal Republic of

Germany, Japan, Sweden, Finland, Spain, Switzerland, Austria

Potential for Future International Cooperation: None. It is scheduled
Co be decommissioned and decontaminated in 1986.

272

Idaho Falls, ID., U.S.A.

TRANSIENT REACTOR TEST FACILITY (TREAT)
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor; Nuclear reactor research

Description of Facility/Instrument: TREAT Is an air-cooled thermal
reactor designed to test reactor fuels and materials under
conditions simulating various types of nuclear excursions.
It has the capability to obtain full temperatures up to
600°C, reactor periods as short as 20 milliseconds, an
energy release of 2,500 megawatts, and shaped power tran-
sients under computer control. Fuel motion measurements
can be made with a neutron hodoscope.

Date of Construction: Began in 1957, criticality was achieved in

1959
Construction Cost: Original; $ 2 million

1984 $$ : $75 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers: U.S., U.K.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: No near-term interest
is evident.

Mi to, JAPAN

JOYO

O-arai

Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation (PNC)

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear test reactor

Description of Facility/Instrument: This 100 megawatt-thermal (no
electricity production) fast flux test reactor is fueled with
uraniura-plutonium dioxide enriched to 23 without U-235 and cooled
with sodium. It is used to test fuels and reactor operational
characteristics.

Date of Construction: Began in 1970, criticality was achieved in 1977

Construction Cost: Original: more than $25 million

1984 $$ : more than $50 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership; Japan
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: Japan
Nationality (s) of Management Staff: Japan
Nationality (s) of Researchers: Japan-U.S.

273

Idaho Falls, ID., U.S.A.

ZERO POWER PLUTONIUM REACTOR (ZPPR)
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear reactor research

Description of Facility/Instrument: ZPPR Is a split table critical
facility designed for study of the physics of nuclear power
breeder systems. Its matrix Is made up of two 14xl4x5-foot
assemblies of matrix tubes mounted on separate steel tables.
Its output power Is less than 100 watts. It simulates com-
mercial reactor cores of 1,000 megawatts (electric).

Date of Construction: 1968, criticality was achieved In 1969

Construction Cost; Original : $ 20 million (including fuel)

1984 $$ : $170 million (including fuel)

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Researchers; U.S. and Japan

Potential for Future International Cooperation; There is a possible
cooperative program between the Dept. of Energy and the Japanese
Jupiter 3 program.

Dinltrovgrad, U.S.S.R.

BOR-60

Scientific and Research Institute for Atomic Reactors

U.S.S.R. State Committee for Utilization of Atomic Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor; Nuclear reactor research

Description of Facility/Instrument; This is a 60 megawatt-thermal fast
flux test reactor fueled with 90 percent enriched U-235 uranium
oxide cooled with sodium. It is used to test fuels and sodium
components .

Date of Construction;

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : more than $25 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership; U.S.S.R.
Nationality (s) of Operational Funding; U.S.S.R.
Nationality(8) of Manageaent Staff; U.S.S.R.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers;

274

Oak Ridge, TN., U.S.A.

CALUTRONS ELECTROMAGNETIC ISOTOPE SEPARATIONS FACILITY
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor: Physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: This facility provides very high
current mass separations. Feed material is vaporized, ionized,
electromagnetically accelerated, and magnetically focused to
impinge on a target. Isotopes of a given mass collect separately
from those of another mass. Runs are from 50 to hundreds of
hours.

Date of Construction; 19A4

Construction Cost; Original; $110 million (see note 1 below).

1984 $$ : $200 million (see note 2 below).

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Other Information: The calutrons provide the only U.S. means of pro-
ducing separated stable isotopes critically needed for research
in the physical sciences and as precursors to produce short-lived
radioisotopes used for nuclear medicine. These isotopes are sold
internationally for research, medical, and industrial applications.

Note 1. The 1944 construction project produced 1156 separators

at a cost of about $2 billion. The 1984 facility has 63
separators or about one percent of the original.

Note 2. This estimated figure was not obtained by applying 40

years of escalating costs to the 1944 number. It is the
result of a 1984 analysis by calutron staff.

275

Albuquerque, MM., U.S*A.

"SHIVA"

Air Force Weapons Laboratory

U.S. Air Force

"Big Science" Descriptor; High-energy physics

Description of Facility/Instrument: X-ray simulation device and pulse
power system for research on the effects of very high-energy
x-rays on matter.

Date of Construction: 1984

Construction Cost: 198A $$ : $27 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: None because of
national security considerations.

Albuquerque, NM., U.S.A.

DIRECTED ENERGY EFFECTS RANGE (DEER)
Air Force Weapons Laboratory
U.S. Air Force

"Big Science" Descriptor: Laser and particle beam research

Description of Facility/Instrument: The facility contains laser and
particle beam devices with assorted range equipment for research
on high-energy lasers and their effects.

Date of Construction: 1984-85

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $50 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonallty(8) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: None because of
national security considerations.

276

Albuquerque, NM., U.S.A.

TRESTLE

Air Force Weapons Laboratory

U.S. Air Force

"Big Science" Descriptor; Electromagnetic pulse research

Description of Facility/Instrument: Large, all-wood structure for air-
craft electromagnetic pulse (EMP) experimentation.

Date of Construction; 1979

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ : $60 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff: U.S.
Nationality (s) of Researchers: U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: None because of
national security considerations.

Albuquerque, NM., U.S.A.

ADVANCED RADIATION TECHNOLOGY FACILITY (ARTF)
Air Force Weapons Laboratory
U.S. Air Force

"Big Science" Descriptor: High-energy laser research

Description of Facility/Instrument: High-energy CO2 laser and asso-
ciated support equipment.

Date of Construction: Constructed in 1977 and decommissioned in 1984.

Construction Cost; 1984 $$ ; $27 million

Present International Cooperation

Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff; ^U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers: U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation: None because of
national security considerations.

277

Adelphi, MD., U.S.A.

AURORA RADIATION TEST FACILITY
Harry Diamond Laboratories
U.S. Army

"Big Science" Descriptor; Non-destructive testing and engineering

Description of Facility/ Instrument: AURORA is the largest flash x-ray

machine and is used to test electronics systems for nuclear hardening
purposes.

Date of Construction; 1970-1971, modified in 1984-1985

Construction Cost; Original: $20/$1.6 million

1984 $$ ; $48 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationality(8) of Ownership; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Operational Funding; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Management Staff; U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Researchers; U.S.

Potential for Future International Cooperation; Limited due to
military use.

Livermore, CA., U.S.A.

ADVANCED TEST ACCELERATOR (ATA)

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)

U.S. Dept. of Energy

"Big Science" Descriptor; Electron beam research

Description of Facility/Instrument; This induction linear accelerator
produces a 50 megawatt, 10,000 amp pulsed electron beam of 50
nanosecond duration for air propagation experiments for military
applications and free electron laser research at infrared wave-
lengths. It can be used in magnetic-confinement fusion research.

Date of Construction: 1979-83

Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $55 million

Present International Cooperation

Nationallty(s) of Ownership: U.S.
Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding: U.S.
Nationallty(s) of Management Staff; U.S.
Nationality(s) of Researchers; U.S.

68-022 (296)

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